neural-commons/tokenization-corpus · Datasets at Hugging Face

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The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the fifth edition of the contest. It took place at the Ahoy' indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, the Netherlands on 8 December 2007, Dutch broadcaster AVRO was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was "Make A Big Splash". Results Score sheet 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points received: All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points. Commentators – TBC (ARMTV) (non-participating country) - TBC (SBS) (non-participating country) - TBC (İTV) – TBC (BTRC) - André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys and Jean-Louis Lahaye (RTBF) (non-participating country) - Dejan Kukrić (BHRT) – TBC (BNT) – TBC (CyBC) – TBC (GPB) – TBC (ERT) (non-participating country) - No commentator (IBA) – TBC (LRT) – Milanka Rašik (MKRTV) – TBC (PBS) – Marcel Kuijer (AVRO) – TBC (RTP) – TBC (TVR) - Olga Shelest (RTR) – Duška Vučinić-Lučić (RTS2) – TBC (TV4) - Timur Miroshnychenko (NTU) References Other websites 2007 in Europe 2007 in music 2000s in the Netherlands Rotterdam Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Irma Aguirre Martínez (born 21 December 1934), commonly known as Irma Dorantes, is a Mexican actress, singer, and equestrian. She was born in Mérida, Yucatán. Her career lasted from 1948 until 2014. She sang "La Flor de la Canela". She played supporting roles in telenovelas such as Cuando me enamoro (2010). Dorantes was married to actor Pedro Infante from 1953 until his death in 1957. They had one child. References Other websites 1934 births Living people Equestrians Mexican movie actors Mexican television actors Mexican stage actors Mexican singers
Thomas Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare (17 March 1919 – 2 February 2020) was an Irish mercenary leader and adventurer. He was known for his military activities in Africa and tried to lead a coup d'état in the Seychelles. Hoare died on 2 February 2020, aged 100. References 1919 births 2020 deaths Military people Centenarians Irish people
Chigy is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Vallées-de-la-Vanne. References INSEE Former communes in Yonne
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On an Instrument for ascertaining the Dew Point. 61 it can be satisfactorily proved that such works can be made reproductive, and handed down to posterity as the triumph of the infant age of Victoria, and worthy of the times in which we live. Arr. IX.—On the Construction of an Instrument for ascer- taining the Dew Point. By R. BROUGH SMYTH, Esq., C.E., F.G.S., &c. [Read before the Institute, 6th May, 1857.] GREAT difficulty is experienced by Meteorologists in deter- mining the dew point by direct experiment. In very hot countries, or in those places where the air is very dry, Daniell’s beautiful invention is almost valueless. I need not state the objections to the black and white bulbs of Daniell: they are known to all who have ever used a hygrometer systematically, and compared the results with the dry and wet thermometers. Mr. Glaisher has emphatically protested against the use of Daniell’s instrument in hot countries, and indeed has very properly pointed out the liability to error when it is used, under any circumstances, by inexperienced persons. Even with the utmost care the best result is seldom within 0:25°. An ordinary method of obtaining the temperature of the dew point is by a silver cup, and a freezing mixture. The cup is partly filled with water, and is cooled down by stirring in the refrigerating compound until a deposit of dew takes place on the outer surface of the cup, and at the moment when. the dew is observed the temperature of the liquid is taken by a thermometer. Now all I have to offer as a contribution to the instru- mental aids of the Meteorologist is, an improvement on this last method. The drawing shows at a glance the plan I would propose. The bulb of the standard Kew thermometer A is placed close to the inner edge of the thin gold cup B. Within the gold cup there is a copper vessel, C, connected by a (Y) pipe with the exterior cups C, E, and F. These are filled with water, and the temperature of Æ is supposed to be reduced to 33°, or lower when it may be required, by a freezing mixture. By turning the stopcocks, z x, the observer can cause the gold cup to be filled with water at any required 62 New Australian Plants. temperature with great facility, and without withdrawing his attention from his instrument. It is presumed that the water and the outer edge of the gold cup will be of the same temperature ; for after the liquids at different temperatures have passed through, and over the copper vessel, C, they will be well mixed before acting on the bulb of the ther- mometer, or the edge of the cup. By the stopcock y the water, if it be too cold or too hot, can be easily run off into a waste cup. By this arrangement, though I have not yet proved it by actual observation, it is believed that the dew point can be obtained with minute accuracy, say within 0°10°. The instrument is easily portable. All the parts can be unscrewed and packed away; and it does not render neces- sary the use of a liquid lke ether, which is very difficult to carry, and which wastes and deteriorates rapidly during the summer in this country. ART. X.—Account of some New Australian Plants. By Dr. FERDINAND MUELLER. {Read before the Institute, 5th August, 1857.] Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN—It is not without hesitation that I submit to the Institute a limited number of plants, which have, perhaps, no other claims on your attention but their novelty; and I should have retained them for pub- lication in a Phytological Journal, but for a desire of recog- nizing publicly in Australia the recent contributions of some scientific friends towards our knowledge of the indigenous vegetation. It offers, however, likewise, the opportunity to show how much the wonderful works of Nature remain to be revealed in our own country. ; Some of the plants which I have the honor to exhibit are selected from a Herbarium formed by Mr. Hill, the Super- intendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, a gentleman of keen observation, and great ardour for botanical research. Others were communicated by Mr. Charles Stuart, who suc- ceeded last season in forcing his way into ‘the wilderness of Mount Lapérouse, in South-western Tasmania, and through whose exertions new features of its alpine flora have been unveiled. Others of these plants were discovered during a journey throngh the Grampians, performed by my zealous
FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR REPORT OF A PUBLIC MEETING HELD AT CAMBRIDGE 21 OCTOBEE, 1882, TO CONSIDER A Ht max id TO PROFESSOR BALFOUR. - MEMORIAL TO PROFESSOR BALFOUR. On Saturday, 21 October, a large and influential meeting was held in the Lecture-Room of Compara- tive Anatomy at the New Museums, Cambridge, to consider the most appropriate form of Memorial to the late Professor Balfour. The Vice-Chancellor presided, supported by the Master of Emmanuel, Professor Westcott, Professor Humphry, Professor Newton, Professor Fawcett, Professor Jebb, Profes- sor Huxley, Professor Henry Smith, Professor Mose- ley, Professor Williamson, Professor Ray Lank ester, Dr Michael Foster, etc. There was a large attend- ance of members of the Senate, and of Under- graduates, many of whom had been pupils of Professor Balfour. The Vice-Chancellor (Dr Porter, Master of Peterhouse) said that it would be unnecessary for him to detain the meeting with observations of his own in the presence of so many eminent persons who were about to speak. They must all feel that they were met together on a peculiarly sad occasion. Cambridge, in common with the world of science at large, was mourning the loss of her last appointed 1—2 4 Professor, an ardent student of natural science, and singularly gifted in the use of the most refined methods of analysis in the solution of the intricate problems of Biology. He would not attempt to describe the attain- ments of Professor Balfour, for he did not feel himself competent to do so, and, in the presence of the distinguished persons he saw around him, it would be out of place for him to attempt such a task. He was sure that many would recall the eloquent words in which Professor Huxley had spoken at the annual dinner of the Philosophical Society, some eleven months ago, of the grand achieve- ments which Professor Balfour had made in Bio- logical Science. When they considered how young he was, how much he had done, and what brilliant promise there was of what he would have accom- plished if his life had been spared, it would be felt that the University had sustained a loss, the great- ness of which it would not be easy to exaggerate. Six months ago one of the greatest philosophers this country had known sitice Newton had been taken from them, but the death of Charles Darwin had nothing of sadness in it, for after a long life devoted to science, he had completed his work, and by the establishment of the theory with which his name is connected effected a revolution, the greatness of which even this generation will probably hardly realise. But now they had to lament one prema- turely cut off in the prime of life, in the full vigour of his intellectual manhood. On this present occa- sion they had met together for the purpose of raising a memorial which should be of an enduring cha- racter, which should perpetuate the name of Balfour in connection with the study of Biology at Cam- bridge, and keep the memory of his methods of scientific investigation, and of his genial and attrac- tive character, ever fresh among them. He would 0 not longer detain them from the great pleasure of listening to the distinguished speakers who were to follow him. He would only add that letters had been received from many distinguished individuals who regretted their inability to be present, and who sympathised with the object of the meeting. Among these were the President of the Royal Society ; Pro- fessor Allen Thomson ; Professor Turner of Edin- burgh ; Professor Allman ; the Head Master of Harrow; the Warden of All, Souls College, Oxford ; Mr Henry Pelham, Exeter College, Oxford ; Sir Frederick Pollock ; the Master of Magdalene ; Pro- fessor Adams ; Professor Dewar ; Professor Stuart ; Mr Marlborough Pryor, and many others. Professor Paget, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge, rose to move the first Resolution: "That a Memorial to Professor Balfour be established in the University of Cambridge." He said that since he had been requested to move that Resolution, he had been con- tinually wishing some one else had been asked, some one who could have found, more readily than he could, suitable terms to give full expression to the grief which all must feel at the untimely loss of Professor Balfour ; at the cutting short of a life which was in itself so valuable, and of so great promise ; at the loss to the world of science ; to the world of Cambridge ; and especially to his many personal friends. They were many, for all who knew him had a warm regard for him, not merely as a scientific man, but for his gentleness, his kindness, and his manliness, which unfortunately for him and for them he exercised in Alpine climbing. Exercise he always thought he must have, and he took to Alpine climbing when he con- scientiously gave up his favourite sport of deer- stalking, because he was not willing, without neces- G sity, and for mere sport, to inflict suffering upon harmless animals. A memorial to Professor Balfour, such as was proposed, would not be a mere expression of the sorrow of his friends who had lost him. They meant it to be a memorial of his scientific work and personal character. What his scientific work was there were those present who could speak with an authority to which he had no pretension. But the memorial to Professor Balfour would be a memorial not only to his achievements in science, but to the spirit with which he pursued it. He loved science for science sake, and pursued it with a spirit which they all trusted would never be want- ing in that place — the spirit in which it had been pursued by such men as Sedgwick, Miller, and Clerk-Maxwell. Balfour was the last example that had been taken away from them, and his had been a bright one. They must do what they could to keep it in remembrance, in the hope of influencing future generations. Cambridge, he thought, owed him a memorial. Earnest and untiring as he had been, in the pursuit of science, he was equally un- tiring in helping others to pursue it ; and for him a memorial at Cambridge was, he thought, a suitable memorial, and especially suitable, as his attachment to Cambridge was well known. No attractions else- where would have induced him to leave Cambridge.' The memorial of Balfour might remind them there in Cambridge not only of his attachment to science, but of his attachment to his University. Subse- quent Resolutions would bring before them the form which it had been suggested that the memorial should take, in order that those connected with Cambridge might be encouraged to imitate him ; and no doubt conditions would be devised, which, while they definitely connected the memorial with Cambridge, would be in harmony with that liberal 7 and large spirit in which he himself would have welcomed merit whencesoever it might come. Professor Henry Smith, M.A., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford, seconded the Resolution. He said : " I feel very grateful for being allowed to address this meeting because it gives me an opportunity of expressing the warm interest which the resident members of my own University take in the proposal now under your consideration. There is such a true sympathy, and, I may say, such an intimate union between the two ancient Universities, that it needed not so great a loss as you have sustained in Pro- fessor Balfour to awaken a feeling of the deepest regret at Oxford. The name of Professor Balfour, I need not say, is, and has been for a long time, familiar to us. We looked upon him as one of those chosen spirits of whom but few in any generation are given to any University : as one of those who delighted to take part in the advancement of science, and who had the greatest gifts for advancing it, but who also delighted to teach others, and to commu- nicate to them the spirit which animated himself. Those of us who had closely watched his career had learned to look on the achievements of his early prime as an earnest of even greater promise for the future. Many of us had had the pleasure of knowing him personally. During the last three or four years he had paid frequent visits to Oxford, and the opportunity was thus afforded to us of forming an acquaintance with him. To know him was to love him, and when the sad news of his death reached us, there were not a few among us who felt that they had lost a valued friend. In the movement to establish a memorial to his honour, you may be assured of our warmest sympathy. It is true that his name needs no such commemoration ; 8 for he had achieved for himself an enduring place in the history of science. But it has heen truly said by the mover of this Resolution that it is right in itself and due to this University, that his great eminence, and his brilliant example, should be per- petuated by such a Foundation as that which is now- proposed. One word more. We in Oxford especially rejoice that you should associate this memorial with the University of Cambridge. A commemorative foundation attached to no particular place, to no living society, may run the risk of seeming cold and lifeless. But when you propose to establish a memorial connected with the home, and with the sphere of the studies, of the person whom you desire to commemorate, with the place where his mind was trained, and where his best work was done — a place too which he loved with his whole heart — there is, it seems to me, a fitness in such a proposal which must appeal directly to us all." The Reverend E. W. Blore, M.A., Senior Fel- low and Vice-Master of Trinity College, in supporting the Resolution, said that he did not propose to waste their time — as that hour of the day was valuable — in a number of superfluous remarks. On the pre- sent occasion he took it that there were no objections to be met, and no opposition to be overcome. He took it that all of those who had come together were all of one mind in the matter, and, therefore, why should he try to persuade those already persuaded, that the resolution was a very right and proper one? He must say for the members of his own college, which also had the honour of being the college of Professor Balfour, that when first they were informed that it was purposed to provide a memorial to their lament- ed friend, that suggestion was received with enthu- siasm, and more especially by those who had been in daily contact with Mr Balfour and his work. 9 In that enthusiasm lie took his full share. It was, perhaps, not his business to speak upon the form the memorial was to take, but it seemed to him (he would just say so much) to be a form that would do great honour to Professor Balfour both at present aud in future generations. It was just the form that he would have chosen for himself. He would ven- ture upon one remark of a practical character, namely, that he felt certain that contributions would be forth- coming which would enable them to carry out the proposal successfully by gifts of simple admiration and affection. There would not be the least necessity for putting pressure upon any unwilling contributor. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, spoke nearly as follows : " After the admirable speeches in support of the memorial to which you have listened, it might appear that there was nothing left for me to say. There is one side of Balfour's life, however, on which I do feel competent to speak : and that is, his intimate connection with the study of Morphology at Cam- bridge. It is now just seven years since he came into residence here after getting his Fellowship at my College, and since he first began to lecture. In the Long Vacation of that year, 1875, he gave a short course of lectures on Embryology, and in the following term he began that course on Mor- phology, which he continued in successive years until it was interrupted by an attack of typhoid fever in February last. That course began in a small room placed at his disposal by Professor Newton, of whose kind assistance in so doing he always felt and spoke most gratefully. The room was not large enough to hold more than ten or twelve students, to which small number the class was at first limited. The number, however, rapidly increased ; and when he ceased to lecture in February last, his class con- 1—5 10 siated of ninety students. This fact is of itself sufficient to shew what an admirable teacher he was. There is one point of special importance in con- nexion with his teaching to which I must briefly refer. He was not content with merely giving admirable expositions of his subject, but he followed up his lectures by going into his laboratory, and endeavour- ing to become personally acquainted with his pupils. To many people the work of demonstration would seem miserable drudgery. He did not take that view. In spite of the absorbing nature of his own private work, and in spite of the intense pleasure he derived from research, he gave up a considerable amount of time in order that he might personally direct the teaching of his pupils. In that way they got to know liim, and he impaired to them some of the enthusiasm with which he himself was fired. He did this not simply to those who attended his advanced lectures, but also to those who attended his elementary ones ; and I know that many under- graduates who had the strictest eye to their own business, became very enthusiastic about him, and were almost induced to desert their professional studies in order to follow Morphology. My hearers will not therefore be surprised when I tell them that in the last course of lectures which he gave, on a subject which had no practical application in life, the pursuit of which led to no position and to no honours, he had a class of twenty students studying the most complicated problems. To the School of Morphology here his loss, I need hardly say, has been crushing. The particular memorial which it is proposed to erect to him is, from the point of view of those who worked with him, the best that could possibly be devised, because it will help to cany on the work which he had be<nin. Balfour's work will always be his best me- 11 morial. We can add nothing to that ; but we can shew that his spirit is still living amongst us and that we are anxious to go on in the way in which he directed us." The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor Huxley proposed the second Resolu- tion : " That the Memorial take the form of a Fund, to be called the Balfour Fund, for the promotion of Research in Biology, especially Animal Mor- phology." He said that it would be superfluous for him to express his own personal feelings regarding the merits of Mr Balfour, whose remarkable capa- city and still more remarkable character they had all admired, for these qualities had been most accurately and sympathetically put before them by previous speakers. It was no exaggeration to say that to his eyes, and to those, he took it, of many of his age, Professor Balfour seemed to be like that Lycidas of whom Milton spoke : ' dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.' But there could be no question that, how- ever remarkable a man's capacity might be, his earlier or his later development, his more or less fortunate course of life, depended largely upon surrounding circumstances. He had a certain melancholy pleasure in reflecting that he himself happened long ago to have been one of those circumstances, which might have been favourable, rather than otherwise, to the career in which Mr Balfour distinguished himself. He was reminded the other day — he had quite forgotten it — that a paper which Mr Balfour read whilst a boy at Harrow School had been sent to him for his judgment ; and that afterwards— and that he had not forgotten — 12 when Mr Balfour was a candidate for the Natural Science Fellowship at Trinity College, he happened to be one of the examiners. Among the many faults and failures which a man who had lived to his time of life looked back upon, he rejoiced that he was at any rate free from having to reproach himself for having failed to discern the very remarkable powers foreshadowed, and indeed largely exercised, on those two occasions, by the friend and fellow-worker whom they had lost. In the Resolution which he had to move there were two words which would strike every one who had had to do with the world of science so long as lie had, as having a certain novelty about them, when compared with the language which would have been used thirty or forty years ago. He alluded to the words ' research,' and ' morphology.' In former days a man of intellectual distinction was too often con- tent with being learned. At the present time a happy change had come over science, at any rate in that respect, and if a man sought distinction, he must not only know that which was known, but he must help in the continual spread and enlargement of the boundaries of knowledge. And, agaiu, with respect to the word ' morphology,' he supposed that 30 or 40 years ago it would hardly have conveyed any other meaning than such as arose out of its con- nection with the wild speculations of a certain school of continental philosophers. But to him, in the particular branch of science with which he was con- nected, it seemed that it might be called ' the new learning.' It had become a great system of doctrine, and had accumulated an enormous mass of carefully coordinated facts. The discovery of these required methods of investigation of which no one, when he was a young man, had had the slightest conception. A man who would be a master in that field must have three qualifications. In the first place, the 13 mastery of the practical methods ; in the second place the power of precise and accurate observation ; in the third place, a certain vividness of the imagina- tion which would enable him to seize upon the in- tellectual significance of fact without stepping beyond the limits of fact. In these three qualifications he had never met with anyone more marvellously girted than the friend whose loss they had now to deplore. He appealed to those present— for in that room there might possibly be some who had known Pro- fessor Balfour better than he had done, though he doubted if there could be any who esteemed him more highly or loved him more sincerely— he ap- pealed to them to say whether (supposing that his singular modesty— his almost shrinking modesty- could have allowed him to anticipate the occurrence of such a meeting as the present one) they could imagine any form of memorial more entirely grateful to his feelings than that which was now proposed. The suggestion was to raise no mere monument in stone or brass, the value and meaning and the power of which died with the generation and the feelings that had given it life ; but they proposed to establish at Cambridge a fund which would be a perennial spring of activity in the direction in which Mr Balfour had so much distinguished himself. They hoped that generation after generation of young men, who, had he lived, would assuredly have been helped by his most generous aid, always readily and freely ' given, might yet, in that sort of vicarious way, profit by the fact that he had lived, and been loved as he had been by so wide a circle of devoted friends. _ At the opening of his speech he had spoken of Lycidas, and they would remember the conclusion of the Monody : ' Henceforth thou art the genius of the shore In thy large recompense, and shalt be good To ail that wander in that perilous flood.' > 14 . Professor Humphry, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, said he had the greatest pleasure in seconding the resolution which had been proposed with so much feeling by him who, being one of the first of living biologists, was well able to speak with authority as to the ability of the late Professor Balfour. He had the further pleasure in doing so as one of those who knew the late Professor Balfour well and had worked with him. The word ' crushing ' had been used by Mr Sedgwick, and he could say that never in his life had he felt so tho- roughly crushed and depressed as on that Sunday afternoon when, on returning to his home, he was met with the sad intelligence that Balfour's life had been lost in the Alps. It seemed impossible to realise such overwhelming intelligence. It seemed hard to believe, nay, almost impossible to believe, that that noble figure one was in the habit of meet- ing on foot and on bicycle, in our roads and streets, had passed away ; that that face, so full of intelli- gence, so full of thought, so full of force mingled with gentleness, breaking so often into that charming smile, Avould be seen no more. Those words which were used of him on a late solemn occasion were sin- gularly appropriate: "When the ear heard him, then it blessed him ; when the eye saw him, it gave witness of him." One could scarcely yet realize that he who had shown so great love for the large subjects of his own work and so great ability in solving its diffi- culties; he who might be called the teacher of Europe in his own particular subject ; he to whom all biologists were looking with expectation for the future; he who was his own fellow-labourer in that very room, where he was wont to occupy the place in which the Vice-Chancellor then sat; that he should no more in this room fill the benches with students who hung upon his words, and that the 15 latest addition to the Professoriate at Cambridge, which they all hoped would have been one of the most potent, and would have proved one of the noblest in the long roll of the great and illustrious names which have already adorned it, should have passed away before attaining anything like ma- turity; that he who had shewn his attachment to tliis University, and had clung to it in spite of the alluring attractions of Edinburgh and Oxford, clung to it by virtue of his attachment to the place, to his friends, and, above all, to the man who had brought him forward, who had encouraged him in every effort, he meant -to Dr Michael Foster; that he had been swept away from them by the treacherous precipices of an Alpine gorge. Again he would say, one could scarcely realize it. But alas! so it was, and, so far as he could judge, Cambridge had had, in his time, no greater loss, though its losses had been great and heavy. Whewell, Sedgwick, Henslow, Maxwell and many others had passed away, but he believed that never had there been in his time, or perhaps at any pre- ceding time, such a loss to Cambridge as that of Balfour. No person had passed away so full of promise of great things to come, assured by great things already done. The memorial was one which promised usefulness in the future. He was per- fectly well aware that there were some persons who had objection to what were called 'utilitarian' memorials. He certainly had no sympathy with that objection. He felt that the most honourable memorial to any man was that which continued his usefulness after he was gone, giving as it were a living force to him when he was dead, making him an abiding impulse in his own special work, and a stimulus to the spirits of others therein. Above all when, so far as we heard from others who knew him best, and so far as one could judge 16 for oneself, there could not have been any memorial selected which would have been so consonant with his own feelings had he been able to express them. He need, therefore, say no more. He heartily seconded the Resolution. ♦ The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor Newton, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, moved the third Resolution : "That the proceeds of the Fund be applied : (1) to establish a Studentship, the holder of which shall devote himself to original research in Biology, especially Animal Morphology ; (2) to further, by occasional grants of money, original research in the same subject." He said that after the tribute of honour and af- fection which had already been bestowed, it seemed quite unnecessary for him to add any words of his own to those eloquent phrases. But it was while in that room, and in that building, in connection with the present affair, that he fully felt for the first time what one of our poets had so expressively written as to ' The touch of the vanished hand, And the sound of the voice that is still.' His friend, Mr Sedgwick, was kind enough to men- tion a slight incident that had happened to him in regard to their friend so lately lost. It would always be one of the brightest of his recollections that lie had fortunately been able to further Professor Bal- four's objects j but he could only say that in helping him to carry on his researches, and to give those lectures which had been of such service in regard to the subject which he studied, he had simply done what he believed to be his duty, and what every 17 other Professor in this University would have done. He found a young man capable of giving, and will- ing to give instruction; and he put no obstacle whatever in the way of his doing so. But it was not merely in the simple giving of instruction that Pro- fessor Balfour was so conspicuous. He was above all things a student, and hence it was not inap- propriately that most of those who had considered the business before them that day had determined that the Memorial should take the form which he had to propose. There was no one who throughout the whole of his career had remained more thoroughly a student, and it was in consequence of that that he became so celebrated as a teacher. There was one near him at present who, illustrious as he had been as a teacher, had been still more illustrious as a student, that is to say, as one devoted to research. And, if he looked further round the room, many others presented themselves in the same way. It was therefore, he thought, not at all inappropriate that the Balfour Memorial should take the form proposed, and he moved that it be applied in the manner he had already stated. Professor E. Kay Lankester, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy at University College, London, said he felt it a great privilege to be present on that occasion, and to speak a few words in support of the Resolution before the meeting, because he should think that probably there was no one not at present connected with the University of Cambridge, who had so much cause to feel the loss of their dear friend as himself. For many years he had been associated with Professor Balfour in the editorship of 'The Quarterly Journal of Micro- scopical Science.' Besides that, they had constantly made expeditions together, and done zoological work 1—9 IS together of various kinds. In fact it was a mere accident— Balfour's attack of typhoid fever— which had prevented their going together to the sea-side this very summer, for the purpose of investigating some marine organisms, instead of Balfour's under- taking alone the expedition to the Alps which had led to such a terrible result. In the midst of such great grief, it was some satisfaction to find that Balfour's friends in the University of Cambridge had determined that the work he was engaged in, and which he had carried on with so much success, should not be allowed to flag or droop more than was absolutely necessary. The establishment of a Studentship to be held from time to time by a person who was to devote himself to research during his tenure of it, seemed to him the best way of keeping up such a study of Morphology as Balfour had himself carried on. Kesearch in Animal Mor- phology, it was well known, was unremunerative ; the man who devoted himself to it must be sup- ported, during the time he was carrying it on, by some form of endowment • and he thought that this Studentship, which, he was glad to see, was not to be limited to members of the University of Cam- bridge, would have a very stimulating effect in pro- moting the study of Morphology by young men at a critical period in their career. In the University of Oxford there was a Studentship of a somewhat similar kind, given many years ago by Dr Ratcliffe, and known as the Ratcliffe Travelling Fellowship ; it had had a great effect in enabling young men to carry on scientific investigations, who othei-wi.se would not have been able to pursue them. He cordially seconded the Resolution. The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor "Williamson, Professor of Chemistry at University College, London, in proposing the 19 fourth Resolution : " That a Committee be appointed to collect subscriptions and to draw up conditions, under which, with the sanction of the subscribers at a future meeting, the Fund shall be offered to the University," said that very few words from him were needed to commend it to the cordial acceptance of that meeting, for there was hardly any nobler or more effective incentive to great deeds than the con- templation of great and noble work done by those who had passed away. And if it was useful to hold up to admiration and imitation the lives and deeds of great men who had lived long enough to make a deep and abiding mark on history, surely it was par- ticularly desirable that such action should be taken in the case of one who had only entered on a career of the very highest and greatest distinction. For they all felt not merely that they had lost a personal friend, but that the world at large had sustained a severe loss, by Professor Balfour's melancholy death. Such be- ing their feelings, it was natural and proper that men should think of what could be done, and worthily done, to give effect to the feelings they all entertained ; to establish some memorial worthy of so great a man ■ to do in his name something which would be of permanent use. He could not doubt that the efforts which were now being made, and the scheme which was now being elaborated, would be fruitful of great results — results such as Balfour himself would have wished to have had brought about. He might perhaps be permitted to throw out an idea which had sprung up in his mind, for the con- sideration of those gentlemen who would draw up and, he had no doubt, would admirably and carefully draw up — the regulations under which the Student- ship was to be awarded. He could not help feeling that if each earnest high-minded young man who became a Balfour Student had presented to him in such a form as Dr Foster could draw it up, a living 20 picture of what the man was, and what he had done — a description of his personal habits and life, and an intelligible outline of the services he had rendered to science — with, if possible, a good portrait at the beginning — he would feel stimulated and encouraged to use his best and noblest efforts to imitate the life and deeds of Balfour. Such a book would say, as it were, " Try to be like him and to do such things as he did." Professor "Williamson then read the Resolution, and said that he had no doubt that those called to serve upon the Committee would be induced to do their best in a matter into which their hearts so thoroughly entered. Professor Westcott, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge, said that when he looked at the names upon the paper he could not but feel how thoroughly unworthy he was per- sonally to take any part in the proceedings of that afternoon ; but yet he was deeply grateful to those who had arranged the meeting, that they had found a place in it for his office. He was quite prepared to recognize that he knew less about Natural Science than anyone in the room, but he would not recognize that any one in the room felt a keener interest in it than he did. He should be faithless to the study in some degree committed to his charge if he did not hold that belief most thoroughly. He would not quote the famous Latin line Homo sum nihil humanum a me alienum puto as adequately describing the range of his interest : he held that he should be expressing the thoughts and feelings of those who taught, and of those who studied, Theology at Cambridge if he changed it to Theologus sum, nihil in rerum natura a me alienum puto. He felt that it was one of the great privileges of a University that those who pursued different 21 studies there were brought together in close and most sympathetic fellowship. It was a great advan- tage to have the power of coordinating their thoughts, and interpreting their conclusions by constant per- sonal intercourse. Differences of opinion must arise among persons engaged in following out special sub- jects by their characteristic methods; but bethought that they all gained something by comparing their results, by comparing their methods, and by recog- nizing 'at least a tendency towards a fuller harmony of truth than any of them could hope to attain to separately. , i i • A t Those who were acquainted with the history ot the University knew how close the connexion be- tween the study of physical science and the chair which he had the honour to occupy had always been. He would venture to be a prophet, for he had faith in the future, and to express his belief that when his successor some three centuries hence stood in his place, he would be able to declare that the con- nexion between Theology and Morphology had been not less close. For himself he was ready to admit that even the slight knowledge which he had been allowed to gain of recent discoveries in Physiology had enabled him to hold with a clearer vision and a firmer grasp truths which he held to be most pre- cious, and which had been specially entrusted to his guardianship. And at least he could affirm this, that if those who should study science here in the future, should study it in the spirit of his friend Mr Balfour, the result which he had ventured to anticipate would certainly be attained. He had first known Mr Balfour as a boy at Harrow. He did not pursue with any enthusiasm the studies which it was his duty to guide, but he recognized his independence and force of character, and was not surprised on his return to Cambridge to find the mark which he had made. He rejoiced 22 that during the last few years of his life he had been allowed to discuss with him, from time to time, great problems of life and thought. Had they attempted to formulate their opinions, it is probable that wide differences would have been found between bhem, but in the case of such' a nature as Mr Balfour's, he could not admit that formulated opinion was a measure of spiritual difference. He was a man to whom he would not have shrunk from laying open the deepest feelings of his own heart, as he knew that he would have received such an expres- sion of his convictions with sympathy; while, on the other hand, Mr Balfour would not have withheld from him his own convictions, had he thought that the expression of them would have helped him in his work. He felt sure, for he could not have wholly misinterpreted his views, that Mr Balfour held those two great central truths — the unity of life and the progress of life — which seemed to him to lead, it might be by distant conclusions, to the essential principles of that Faith, which it was his great privilege to declare in the University. He had much pleasure in seconding the Reso- lution, which was carried unanimously. Dr Michael Foster, Trinity Prselector in Phy- siology, who was received with prolonged applause, proposed the fifth Resolution : " That the Committee be instructed (1) that the value of the Studentship be not less than £200 a year ; (2) that while it is desirable that the Student- ship should be in some way closely con- nected with this University, persons other than members of this University shall be eligible to it ; 23 (3) that it be not given away by competitive examination ; U) that in framing regulations both for the conduct of the Student and the award of occasional grants, the primary object of the Fund, namely the furtherance ^of original research, be closely adhered to." He spoke nearly as follows : " The Resolution which has been placed in my hands is mainly of a practical character ; and, with your permission, I will do what I feel able only to do. I will confine myself entirely to remarks upon that Resolution. It has been determined that the memorial shall be established in the form of a fund; it has been thought desirable that the framing of a scheme for the carrying out of that memorial should be entrusted to a committee, and the Resolution which you have just passed lays down the general principles which are to guide that committee. _ The one which I now propose to you for your considera- tion formulates more distinctly and more closely what we believe to be your wishes in this matter, and lays down certain lines to guide the committee in their decisions. The instructions seem to me so just, as hardly to need any defence on my part, and yet, perhaps, it will be well if I say a word or two concerning them. The key-note of them, it seems to me, has been already struck by my friend Mr Adam Sedgwick, who said, very justly, that what we are now attempt- ing, though called a memorial, is not really such. For our friend Mr Balfour's real memorial is to be found partly in his work, and this is open to all the world without any effort on our part, partly in the hearts of us who knew him, and this we cannot give to others. What we now wish to do is not proposed as necessary to keep his memory alive, but with the 24 view of connecting his name with some useful thing, with something which shall be of benefit on the one hand to biological research, and, on the other hand, to that University which he loved so well. The first instruction to the Committee is, " That the value of the Studentship be not less than £200 a year." The idea of that instruction is somewhat on this wise. A young man who has attended such lectures as those of our dear friend, and has gone through a certain amount of instruction under such a teacher, shares more or less the enthusiasm of that teacher. He is by his influence led to think, and to his mind thus awakened, what he sees and hears and reads suggests a number of problems, which he would love above all things to work out. We all find, as we get older, that the real seed-time of life is in our young years : in the years of early man- hood. That is the time when new ideas come to us. Men frequently spend their whole lives in laboriously working out the few bright thoughts which flashed into their minds in their early years. Is it not important then to take care of this precious but passing time 1 But in a large number of cases the young man filled with enthusiasm for his studies, is obliged by pecuniary necessity to leave those studies, and to enter upon some practical line of life — to go to the bar, to become a doctor, or to enter into business; and the studies he once so loved are soon forgotten by him; other things fill his mind and absorb his energies, so that the learning to which he was once devoted gains no help, or at most some trifling assistance only, from him in after life. The idea of the proposed Studentship is that certain persons chosen according to conditions, to be agreed upon hereafter, having discovered such an enthusiastic man of promise, shall thereby be enabled to give him the wherewithal to live for two, three, or more years, in order that during that time he may devote 25 himself entirely to inquiry and thus contribute to the advance of learning. Probably he will in conse- quence achieve a name and secure a position, and thus be able to give his whole life to science. In one word it is wished to put the man connected with Balfour's name in some such position favourable for prosecuting original work as Balfour himself through his private circumstances enjoyed. It seems to those who have drafted these Kesolutions that £200 a year will be on one hand sufficient to enable an enthusiastic man to live without denying himself, and, on the other hand, will not be a sum so large as to tempt people who have no real call for a scientific life to become candidates for the Student- ship. The second instruction to the Committee : " that while it is desirable that the Studentship should be in some way closely connected with the University, persons other than members of this University shall be eligible to it "—is simply a carrying out of the principle which I have just laid down, that the memorial shall be of benefit to the University, and at the same time, to biological learning. It may prove desirable for biological learning that a young man presenting himself should have the benefits conferred by the Studentship, even if he happen not to be connected with the University. In such a case, the University itself will be in the end the gainer; for it will benefit by young men of talent being attracted to it from various parts of the country. "While it seems desirable that in some way or other the appointment and the work of the student should be connected with the University (the details of the connection will of course have to be worked out by the Committee), and although in all proba- bility the student will generally be chosen from the University, it ought to be in the power of those to whom the management of the Studentship will be 20 entrusted to select persons outside the University, if they think that biological research will thereby be benefited. The third instruction is : " that it be not given away by competitive examination." Now in this University we have acquired extraordinary skill in examinations. It has been very justly said that in carrying on the studies of this University we have developed the machinery of examination to such per- fection that there is a great probability that at an examination the best man will be brought so near to his proper place as to be put number two on the list. But in biology we are in this respect behind the other studies, we could hardly hope to reach even this success; indeed a biological competitive examination is one of the very worst devices for selecting men; and we have great hope that, by adopting other means, the really best man may be very often chosen. Besides, this Studentship is not to be regarded as a reward for past work ; it is not to be regarded even as an acknowledgment of merit; it is intended simply to enable what without it might remain as mere "promise" to develope into actual fruitfulness. Upon those who will hereafter have the management of the Fund will be laid the responsibility of selecting, not necessarily the clever- est or the most brilliant man, but the man who in their judgment will best carry out the objects of the Fund; that is to say, the man who seems most likely to devote himself with success to biological The last instruction: "That in framing regu- lations both for the conduct of the Student and the award of occasional grants, the primary object of the Fund, namely the furtherance of original research, be closely adhered to," really embraces all the others. It is hoped, and indeed confidently expected, that the amount of money ultimately placed at the disposal 27 of the Committee will be sufficient not only to main- tain the student — for it is intended that the £200 a year shall be in reality a subsidy for sustenance — but to make grants to defray the expenses of his work. It may, for instance, be necessary to send him to Australia, or New Zealand, or the interior of Africa, in order to settle problems in the place where alone they can be settled. There may arise expenses in the way of material and apparatus, far too heavy for the student himself to bear. Those unacquainted with biological researches are perhaps hardly aware how expensive they frequently are ; many a valuable piece of work has been stopped for sheer want of funds. And the usefulness of the Fund will be immensely increased if the yearly income permits occasional grants for other inquiries than those of the student himself. If the Fund becomes as large as we have every hope it will, its distribu- tion will need to be guarded jealously ; and there is one danger against which this instruction is es- pecially directed. In this University, and elsewhere, where teaching is going on, there is a very great danger of talent being swallowed up in teaching. Now without discussing the question whether teach- ing ought to be self-supporting, I may venture at all events to place this before you : that, as com- pared with teaching, the returns of which are rapid and fairly certain, original research reqrrires careful nursing. And by this fourth instruction it is in- tended that the Committee should frame such regu- lations that the student shall suffer no temptation to be led away from strictly original research in order to undertake formal teaching, and that no part of the Fund shall be used to aid mere tuition. Teach- ing in a large sense it will be impossible to prevent, lor wherever investigation is being carried on teach- ing is quickened and strengthened. That indeed is one of the great indirect benefits which the Student- 28 ship will confer upon the University. Not only will the carrying out of original research be in itself of great value, but every part of biological study here will be in some way or other benefited by it. At the same time experience warns us that it is necessary that the student should be kept as far as possible from that formal teaching into which so many of us are drawn, in order that he may not be hindered in that original research which it is the great object of the Fund to encourage." Professor Moseley, Linacre Professor in the University of Oxford, said, in seconding the Reso- lution : The late Professor Balfour was distinguished in everything he took up, and there was scarcely a single branch of learning in which educated people were interested in whiph he was not deeply interested himself. It might therefore appear that since this Stu- dentship was being founded chiefly for the encourage- ment of 'research alone, they, as it were, were about to create a memorial which would be related to a certain side of his character only ; but such was not in reality the case, for it was impossible to say whether he was most distinguished as a teacher or as a researcher ; and there could be no doubt that the reason why he was so excellent a teacher was that he had been so remarkably successful as an original investigator. He thought that it was becoming more and more apparent, every day, that no person was qualified to teach science who had not added something himself to the stock of knowledge of the science which he professed. The best possible training for a man who was to be a teacher was, that he should have been taught by research. There was no doubt there- fore that by acting as was now proposed they would not only be practically carrying on the work which Professor Balfour would most have liked to see progress, but, at the same time, they would be 29 adopting the best possible mode for training teachers, who might, perhaps, to some extent, approach to his excellency in that matter. The Resolution was carried unanimously. Joseph Prior, M.A., Senior Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, proposed the sixth Resolution: "That His Grace the Chancellor. The High Steward. The Vice-Chancellor. The Master of Trinity College. The Master of Saint John's College. The Master of Gonville and Caius College. The Master of Trinity Hall. The Master of Magdalene College. The Master of Emmanuel College. The Lord Lyttelton. John Ball, F.R.S., 10, Southwell Gardens, S. Kensington, London. Thomas George Bonney, B.D., P.B.S., Professor of Geology in University College, London. Henry Bowman Brady, F.R.S., Hillfield, Gateshead, New- castle-on-Tyne. William Turner Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., Assistant Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. John Evans, F.R.S., Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Society. Michael Foster, LL.D., F.R.S., Trinity Prmlector in Phy- siology. George Griffith, M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, Science Master at Harrow School. Walter Heape, 17, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge. Thomas Henry Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor at the School of Mines, South Kensington Museum. Richard Claverhouse Jebb, M.A., 'Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. Edwin Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology in University College, London. John Gray M'Kendrick, M.D., Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow. Arthur Milnes Marshall, M.D., S. John's College, Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Owens College, Manchester Henry N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., Linacre Professor in the University of Oxford. 30 Joseph Shields Nicholson, M.A., Professor of Political Eco- nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Henry Francis Pelham, M.A., formerly Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. William Kitchen Parker, P.R.S., Hunterian Professor. Sir W. Frederick Pollock, Part., 59, Montagu Square, London. George John Romanes, P.B.S., 18, Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, London. Henry John Stephen Smith, F.R.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford. Allen Thomson, M.D., F.R.3., 66, Palace Gardens Terrace, London. William Turner, Professor of Anatomy in tlte University of Edinburgh. John Couch Adams, M.A., F.R.S., Lowndean Professor. Charles Cardale Babington, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Botany. William Lloyd Birkbeck, M.A., Downing Professor of the Laws of England. Arthur Cayley, M.A., F.R.S., Sadlerian Professor. Edwin Charles Clark, M.A., LL.D., Regius Professor of Civil Law. Sidney Colvin, M.A., Slade Professor of Fine Art. James Dewar, M.A., F.R.S., Jaclcsonian Professor. Henry Fawcett, M.A., Professor of Political Economy. Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity. Thomas McKenny Hughes, M.A., Woodwardian Professor. George Murray Humphry, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy. Benjamin Hall Kennedy, D.D., Regius Professor of Greek. Alexander Francis Kirkpatrick, M.A., Regius Professor of Hebrew. Henry Newell Martin, M.A., Professor of Natural Science in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Alfred Newton, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Com- parative Anatomy. George Edward Paget, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physic. George Gabriel Stokes, M.A., F.R.S., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. James Stuart, M.A., Professor of Mechanism. Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity. Richard Dacre Archer-Hind, M.A., Trinity College. Edward Vernon Arnold, M.A., Trinity College. Augustus Austen-Leigh, M.A., King's College. Edward William Blore, M.A., Trinity College. 31 Henry Bradshaw, M.A., King's College. Oscar Browning, M.A., King's College. John Frederick Bullar, B.A., Trinity College. John Willis Clark, M.A., Trinity College. Thomas Dale, M.A., Trinity College. George Howard Darwin, M.A., F.B.S., Trinity College. Francis Darwin, M.A., Trinity College. Albert George Dew-Smith, M.A., Trinity College. Lucas Ewbank, M.A., Clare College. Herbert Foxwell, M.A., St John's College. Walter Holbrook Gaskell, M.D., F.R.S., Trinity College. James Whitbread Lee Glaisher, M.A., F.B.S., Trinity College. Basil Edward Hammond, M.A., Trinity College. John Maxwell Image, M.A., Trinity College. Henry Jackson, M.A., Trinity College. Courtney Stanhope Kenny, M.L., Downing College. John Newport Langley, M.A., Trinity College. Henrv Latham, M.A., Trinity Hall. Arthur Sheridan Lea, M.A., Trinity College. Walter Leaf, M.A., Trinity College. Arthur Temple Lyttelton, M.A., Trinity College. Donald M°Alister, M.A., St John's College. Frederic William Myers, M.A., Trinity College. William Davidson Niven, M.A., Trinity College. John Peile, M.A., Christ's College. Frederick Pollock, M.A., Trinity College. Joseph Prior, M.A., Trinity College. George Walter Prothero, M.A., King's College. Marlborough Robert Pryor, M.A. , Trinity College. Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., Trinity Hall. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Trinity College. William Napier Shaw, M.A. , Emmanuel College. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A. , Trinity College. Edward Bernard Tawney, M.A., Trinity College. Henry Mai-tyn Taylor, M.A., Trinity College. Coutts Trotter, M.A., Trinity CoUege. John Venn, M.A., Caius College. Arthur Woolgar Verrall, M.A., Trinity College. Sydney Howard Vines, M.A., Christ's College. James Ward, M.A., Trinity College. James Edward Cowell Welldon, M.A., King's College. Theodore Beck, Trinity College. William Hay Caldwell, B.A., Caius College. Charles Silvester Evans, Clare College. Boger Neville Goodman, St John's College. Sidney Frederick Harmer, King's College. 32 Arthur Everitt Shipley, Christ's College. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, Trinity College Walter Frank Welldon, B.A., St John's College. be the Committee, with power to add to their num- ber, aiid that seven be a quorum ; that John "Willis Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, and Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, be Secretaries to the Committee; and that John Willis Clark be Treasurer to the Fund." He said that after all the eloquence and scientific knowledge which had been displayed by the previous speakers in settling the great questions of principle, viz. that there should be some Memorial, and that that Memorial should take a certain form ; he had simply to move the appointment of a Committee, which, being a mere matter of detail, happily re- quired no eloquence. The Committee suggested comprised Heads, Professors, and other eminent members of the University, and also distinguished men of science outside our walls, who admired the genius of the late Professor Balfour, and loved his character. The number of names was large, but four times the number could be found, willing and eager to join such a Committee, and make any sacrifices in such a cause. It was not necessary to say anything as to the peculiar appropriateness of proposing that Mr J. "W. Clark and Mr Adam Sedgwick should be the Secre- taries. The first was the firm friend and constant associate of the late Professor ; the latter had been his favourite pupil, and was now the only man in Cambridge who could fairly be looked to to supply his place in any adequate degree. It might not be obvious to some why in the presence of so many Professors and eminent men who would feel it an honour to address the meeting, he should appear to intrude himself upon them. He would simply mention that he had been connected S3 with the late Professor for a longer period than most Cambridge men, having been his College Tutor when he came up in 1870 as a freshman. Although, after a short time, he was no longer in a position to teach Mr Balfour anything, or even to learn from him, their friendship remained, and he felt sure that during the whole period of their intercourse, no one could have admired or loved him more than he had done. George Griffith, M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, Science Master of Harrow School, said that at that late hour he would not detain the meeting with any words of his except to second the motion. The resolution was unanimously agreed to. Professor W. K. Parker, F.RS., Hunterian Professor in the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land, said that it was his agreeable duty to propose a vote of thanks to the Vice-Chancellor for presiding on that occasion. He wished besides doing that to say that he disagreed with one of the remarks made by the last speaker, who had said that Mr Adam Sedgwick had been the favourite pupil of the late Professor Balfour. He always thought that he had himself been his favourite pupil. He certaiuly had no siucerer friend, and he was certain no young man could regard him with a more childlike reverence than he had done. He used to have the gratifica- tion of frequent visits from Professor Balfour to discuss matters connected with the work in which they were both engaged, and he felt that his presence was still wiih him ; he could not lose the sense of his presence. Professor Huxley, with his usual masterly eloquence, had quoted Milton's ' Lycidas ' ; he would suggest to his Cambridge friends that ano- ther line of that fine poem should be placed over the door of the Morphological Laboratory : 'Lycidas, our sorrow, re not dead.' 34 S. H. Vines, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, said that he had very great pleasure in seconding the Resolution. He wished to thank the "Vice-Chancellor not only for presiding at that meet- ing, but for convening it, and thus giving to the friends of Professor Balfour an opportunity of ex- pressing their feelings and of taking steps to give practical effect to them. The Vice Chancellor said that he felt he had no special claim upon the thanks of that meeting. Their thanks were clue in the first place to those eminent men of science from London and Oxford who had honoured them with their presence, and contributed so greatly to the success of the pro- ceedings and to the object they had in view ; and in the second place to Dr Michael Foster and Mr J. W. Clark for the care and forethought with which the resolutions had been prepared, and all other pre- liminary arrangements had been made. He hoped that in a short time the Committee would have at its head the illustrious name of the Chancellor, who had done so much for the promotion of the study of Physical Science at Cambridge. He regretted that the office which he had filled that day by virtue of the accident of his being Vice-Chancellor, had not fallen to the lot of one more intimately con- nected with Science than he was. It would have been more appropriate if the Master of Emmanuel, whose acquaintance with Natural Science was so extensive, had occupied the chair on that afternoon. It had however given him much pleasure to do what he could to promote the objects of the meet- ing, and he now wished to thank them for their kindness. There was one other matter to which he wished to refei\ He had heard expressions of regret, in which he fully joined, that no personal memorial of 35 Professor Balfour was to accompany the scientific memorial. He was glad to be able to state that he had been informed by Mr J. W. Clark that it was believed that sufficient materials existed for both a portrait arid a bust ; and that arrangements had been made for securing a copy of the latter, should it prove satisfactory, for the Morphological Laboratory. J. W. Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, said that he would inaugurate his office of Treasurer by stating that the family of the late Professor Balfour had expressed their intention of giving £3000 to the Memorial, to which sum Dr Michael Foster proposed to add £1000, which Professor Balfour had bequeathed to him for any scientific purpose to which he might think proper to apply it. There was therefore £4000 in hand to start with. The Meeting then separated. CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, 31. A. 4 SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY TRESS.
Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016. Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017. Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84. References Other websites Official website Robert Osborne's column in The Hollywood Reporter 1932 births 2017 deaths Deaths from renal failure Disease-related deaths in New York City American movie actors American television actors American stage actors American voice actors American historians LGBT actors LGBT writers Gay men American LGBT people Actors from Washington Writers from Washington
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Vogtareuth is a municipality in Rosenheim, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria. References Municipalities in Bavaria Rosenheim (district)
<p>I have data that looks like the following:</p> <pre><code>Task \| Number A \| 1 B \| 2 C \| 2 D \| 3 E \| 3 F \| 3 </code></pre> <p>There are two columns. One with tasks and the other with values. My goal is on Google Sheets, when the user enters in a task and a number, that the code will check against all the other numbers</p> <p>So for instance, if I have the above data, and the user enters again </p> <p>F \| 3</p> <p>that the code will reject this user input</p> <p>Below is the code. I have run it, and in the alert boxes, the equation </p> <pre><code> ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue() == ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue() </code></pre> <p>uniformly validates to false. So the following code will declare 3 == 3 is actually a false statement. The question is why? And, how can I correct this problem?</p> <pre><code> function checkEntry(){ //store the range as that cell var rng = ss.getRange(8, 2) //ui.alert(rng.getValue()); var dict = {} var i = 2 var k = 1 //check the sheet for(i=2;i<=last;i++){ ui.alert(ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue()); ui.alert(ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue()); ui.alert(ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue() == ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue()); } </code></pre>
The Fabulous Texan is a 1947 American western movie directed by Edward Ludwig and starring Wild Bill Elliott, John Carroll, Catherine McLeod, Albert Dekker, Andy Devine, Patricia Knight, Ruth Donnelly, Harry Davenport, Johnny Sands. It was distributed by Republic Pictures. Other websites 1947 movies 1940s western movies American western movies Movies directed by Edward Ludwig
Patrick Kennedy left Ireland in (February 16, 1823 – November 22, 1858) was an Irish farmer, businessman, and politician who moved to East Boston, Massachusetts from County Wexford, Ireland. He was born in New Ross, Ireland. He was the father of businessman/politician P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), the grandfather of businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969), and the great-grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Early life Patrick Kennedy was the youngest son of farmer James Kennedy Sr. (1770-1840), and Maria Maiden (1779-1836). Adulthood At the age of 26, Kennedy decided to leave Ireland, largely because he knew that a third-born son had virtually no hope of running his family's farm. His good friend at Cherry Bros. Brewery in New Ross, Patrick Barron, who taught Kennedy the skills of coopering, had come to that conclusion months earlier and left for America. In October 1848, Patrick Kennedy decided to follow. Patrick Kennedy arrived in Boston on April 22, 1849, having sailed from Liverpool, England on the Washington Irving, a substantial packet ship from the East Boston yard of Donald McKay. Patrick Barron helped settle him into Boston life and organized his coopering job on Noddle's Island (present-day East Boston). Not long after, Barron's cousin Bridget Murphy (1821-1888), who was the daughter of Phillip Murphy (1771-1850) and Mary Barron (1776-1846), made her way to Boston. She and Kennedy were married in the Holy Redeemer Church on September 26, 1849, by Father John Williams, who later became Boston's Roman Catholic Archbishop. Children Patrick and Bridget had five children: Mary L. Kennedy (1851-1926), who married Lawrence M. Kane (1853-1924). Joanna L. Kennedy (1852-1926), who married Humphrey Charles Mahoney (1854-1923). John Kennedy III (1854-1855), died young from cholera. Margaret M. Kennedy (1855-1929), who married John Caulfield (1856-1928). P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), a businessman and politician who married Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923). Death Patrick Kennedy died on November 22, 1858, from tuberculosis at age 35. Kennedy family
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Cui-i nam'prudentius dicare decebat, quam Tibi , qui Auguda: luci- dumfydus, i^Iendores Perufi-. nprum hodrorum Saplentia j ac pigiiitate Orbi notorum , licet a a . a mca fv , repra?- fit tefiis ' Eruditorum tuonim labomnn ab adolefcetiti^ fpcdatrix nobi- Jiflima , ubi Atavorum tuorutn nobilium vefiigiis infiftens , ra- turn fecifii avitam tuam Nobi; ijtatem non Xe decore afficere fed Te illi fiimmuni deous affeiv re. Nonne Legalibiis Dogrmdti- fciis ibi (eri6 ineumhens, ad ma- , gnaTenatura ofiendifti? >^on ne Guberniis Ecclefiafticas Di- tionis ^ pracipu^/ Viterhenfis XJrl)is, ^cAnconas defignatus'^ fbluin JuftitLEE exercitium , mo- Jtes incorrupti , puhliciirn coift- rnodum/quotidianae fuere tuas exeixitationes ? TTe admirer , & Antonii, exfublimi- l3us ,xuis gloriofis Atavis^uniu^^ pjTEE/ulis Pefufinl Gregis opti- i liii 5 imaginem veneror i acieiii ^ Unentisih'Te verto^ & Avtmaili tui ' ■ . _ ' "i . -C DlgiNz-Ccl by Ciiioglc k me^ inlcitia expreffbs fentas ? 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XIL nunc in difficillimis EccleV^ iiaftici Dortiinii negotiis. ex iitni v luss Aulae prcecellentibus Vir^^ Te felegit ad haec dirigenda , optim&mquc finem traduceii- fia.MuIta deTe edicerem, tui- que lUuftriffimi Progenie ; pri- ma reticeo , ahimitui m<ideftii cderthus ; recunda fi feritiQ pr^- tereo , quia Augufta? , UrbibuP- Digitized by Google 3 Tl qua pluribu^ nota - Unum ^«-T«'r'^ciaTH^^lbi pluA^ quam confentaneuni' , eltquc Augudini Adagiutn , Securitai iaudh in laude Dei ejiy uhi Lati^ da/or fecurut efl^ ubi mn times . ve de Laudato eruhefcat r Vive jgitur Praful veheratiflime Ion gi annorum ferie , melius pro* Kram > vive -^ternitati > Vigi* lanti^^qua regis , Sapienti^i qua nobiles Goncives tuos exemplo inftnits, Pietate , qu^ in dies To perficis , quae majores Tibi omi* . nantur Dignitates; Ego thajorlpl qiio poffum", obfequio venera* bundus me ftbicriba ; . J>ominationistuiIllfia2>&Re* . verendifsimse } : Jx Coenobio M. GHveti" Neap. Kal; JuhU 17} i. ^ . ' ' J ' " j* i .iP ©. Michael Anselm Belfortl ► 1 . * Yfl ■ j WCXORI BlNRYpLO!; k c 1,', V- V ■ '. B VhrtAth tri§d^ 4^€strfi^ ‘ wmadmQp^srl titbit buk^ but FatrifOymUajn cr«. comia expouefs s, tahu euins in^bac It ctVtch. ^ ac ^tekbrt I . Vntverfitats Bruditi floruere ^ ut pd exponertdas ‘ hud^i 'inchent ^ infiamment •> Ltch ego invites- ft Un dia colerem y ex filotmpulfu^ 6b^ Jequfi'g'^atid fas nttbi ftt dicere,Jo^ fepbi Patrii met » Fietatis, Integvi^ tath-^ Prudentiaque CultoriSy tax rfpwV quamvh ruditlr » Sclentiit ' tdeet vota deprompfi ; DiffiGilUmursfi tttmeit agU(m mnet. enumetare Per> fttfini Lycai Uruditot Scriptontet ^ Legum lnterpretes'f cum qmmplu-^ ( rimi numeftntur^* Hoc territus dif^ ^ ficultate ^ Laurum, PelUnum^ Cri* ftpoltum 9 Alexi um > Ba hfiri num Pe^ tufttiot Htftorlograpbos evoI>uendQ tnetui cejjit i ipft fiqaltkm phYes^ ac cekhres mpendere labor es , ErU’^ 1 ' dkorum Turtente memoriapenret » ^ 4 qut Dtniti/i?<j by Google 3 etjtxheahrttitonef fie at ienuB tonjlitiiiiitt 9 attttmcft liietBoduvnjt ihtmt de toruia fdcin 0 i^ut rfotaf i ^Mltimos a ^vi Herdas^ dtefignando\ iit'lncuUnihr plaud$i 'Obfermrttla mea dtn)otum Moni^ [kdentum \ Per Alph abet urn ’ Fam» ^has f talium- illuftrrvfm ^rvru^ • 'fontet yenumero ^ ui facllm ad hoi, inveniendot fit via : Multum iter eft , ait Seneca Philofophorttm ' ralium , Eruditorumqae maximus i per prJBcepta, bteve , & effieax p^r "exempla documetitutn; ut Homines ^ientiis fe dicent- ma jorum infpjU ciendo exempfet 9 (e6i:ando'veftigla i Hoc Innuit FsBura » oc Sculptura Artium nohiiijftfMe , qttis marmorU^ btts , telit Atavornm illufirium exd frirnnnt vttltus 9 »t Farna aternoi reddat - , nt confangttineos • pofterof ^ue inftraant , : J^orma Operam ^Principis moderxrtur SitbditQsi Pq-r, iris vita comptaa ac compefita Filia’' turn mores corrigit l I>ucii vhtuta 'fiiiUtes periculh feaheret^eritnti ‘ T * ' Sic Digiii?oci t, CiOcn^Ic uc Orjgtna* libus qalearh Pollsris^ adJuatur dd S^hntiM couqakefdai % ;^pj. qd zedurn in, Scten^ ji^ajus JnJlammindur^ intrd fiufii rmnta Panti^feifam maxmof iramwai os^ Innoci^tifim Ul^de ^nctr . ComJtibas,\9 fiaf^nnm 'fert ^ri^ipera » BenMi^t(mJfL \iia » T beoh» igumqufi ceUbrtm^FxfptteA C^kfiU jutt V^^Pivind SapUfUid irnbutm^ .pUtati^ ^ HumtiiiaufqkiUo^ t.bla, iCbxffti^tcarjmyUn$»imifiar^^^ CMfi^fupTpel^^ jipfs f & ^Cixerfs afiervari tkcuverunt: Pri^, mut ijf Laurentiauh Bujilic A 'k Sc^ CMUdm i».GufmM» Ec^efiA « Tem^ fBs prtifgBb magnified ixtruBU • ^Cxlijiinut JpQntA JVeapoJf h Arcs MovA Pont4^tt$Mi ctffit VrbfS 9 & Or-* ^Hs admrttthmbms ^ ^ ad Benedi^ Minos rscepus in Moms Cafino fc cam Safint^.^Aipa Amice Zrt- :^.V^ « 5 ^or >• ( ifOY'h'unc Behikm ^sgillatum meiU fum laborem i PerttfiftCi Co^ti pm extvlht gut Le^uf FrtHcipU Sapientes 'plurtmos ed^ikre i auos'i Baftolutn j ’ Ba'Mtn Statute^ lum ^ Joanttm Tauiurri^ 7iVJ J 4 f.j Tx iaaltuk fqatSeni', 'grtii’Uenuim cirrigatar ^iu bve feriohet^fi^ Volumine i FltitarcbhUm'eipmentO- rare rf/£7i«» : - QuiTquis'tmiiV haU facihatd^ .'SHsettitWIlt ebVvqUoa ‘itttit i'jb^or Sapkirit^teit petlutS- '^d'ii cldaiitticiim i bl'erT 'dret rigU 'iut I Midas : aertige tmev >'• fid , ^amrv^d^^-" x:':" r.- -/v ■ ■> '•'^u << ' -.V'^ J 1 -xtF’/f ;l\; v'^i ic^ ■'■'* Di3 ■ rrcl by Googic r , XI, 1 M Qfecn«]lone df^^ve^’t^cpit^Ur K dj Rfto P«d re p ^ 4A^ 9 ^^liJjecc^M di ^JSologna ^.Abb^l^^ ,^eiierak OUvetana ♦ ii ififm^^fiu IJtsratQtum Ftirupnoruji^ ' rMi^monakt. epmppftp. 4al Rmo,Pa- J?i.^\|chel’i^igeip Bfijfort^ 4^ , Perugia , Abbate OiivetanQ j yi hp " ' trovato tutta.la integrita della Fe- , de » € de! -^p^I eoft umi \| E pe\|^6 fl <(pu& ammettere alia public^ ftampa* . •' - . V . - rit r i^c^P^SpirafifioM. , d/ JVa- ^ ^poUOiivctam^ T^ologo del Mqnillera ddM9^M Olheta d}'I\Japli\ A Vendo lafbttofcrittp rivedii- to per ordine del Rmo Padre D. AlelTandrp Zambeccari , Gene- rale della Cpngregazione Oiiveta- il Lyceum d^fg^iftara > f<;u a 6 rato^ C'.cmj^lc r(^ori^: Petujhtorum ^mpoflio dal Rmo Padre Abbate D. Michel’ Anaefo Belforti di Pe- fUgia , e non avendovi ritrovato cola contra li Dogttri % 't fi > btioiH coftumi , an»i pieno di dottcma ,($ di pietii ♦ io reputo degno di ufcire alia lu^ cblle ^mpesr in fedtdi chc , &c. " ^ Napoli 1 5. Marao ]t75v Jb P-i3iufipp9 JdiiitiUfkihft <?# Pifioja, ProfePprc^ di Sacra )Teologio % t hitHftannah di Metafifica ia G/lV ‘ wo di JS^oii . Nos 1 Digiti2£:;:! by Goo^lc xiii NOS D. VALERI ANUS ’ MIGN ANELLI DE SENi’s, * .-i /Abbas Gciieralis Olivetanus . , 4 ^ , • V ^ C U M Librum i cu! titiilus ; L’icaarn^ Auguflum i feu Lf* ter at or urn Peruf norum Memorial el a Patre D.Michaele Ange/o Belfort ti Perufino, ejufdem Congregatio* nis Olivetang Abbate compofitumf aliqui ex noflris Theo/ogis reco- gnoverlnt , & dignum prselo cea- fuerint > ut in iucem edi poflit ii« bcr6 eonccdimus , fi iis , ad' quos fpe£lat , ica videbitur . Datum Mediolani in noitro Mdnaderio S. ViSoris ad Corpus . ^ Die 22* Oftobris 1727. D.VaIerianus Mignanclli deSenis Abbas Generaiis Olivetaiius • D, Mar fit at Campof ampler I de Patavio » Aljhat S, Ma- ria de Riperia, & Cancel- ' lariat Olivetanat . 3 7 EMI. Digitized by Goo^qlc <£M1NENTISS1I^ SIGNORE, 1 [J^£lioe Mofca umilifllmo Servo di V; £. » dedderando dare al- ia (lampa uti Libro del P. Abbatot ^Belfocti.Olivetaao » iutitolato: caum AuguJiam > JJprratorum Ferufinorum Mmorhle : Supplica incbinato V. £. a corntnetterne la ^iViiione a cTii le placer^ 9 cbe della £irazU &c* 9 ut Deus . . i 'pH Ganogirm Vanahfii revidear^ 6 * referat . ^eapi 3 iMartii 17 j u P. ANTONIUS CANONICUS ^ CAST£LL1 Via GEN. • I , jp. Petrus Marcus Gyptius * Canonictts Deputatus • e . , \ [ i, i i • ’ . ' • ' * . ^ V. • * IMINENTISSIME PRINCEPS. J UfTa Em.Tuaeattente executus^ Librum » cui tltulus Lycaum Augitfittm Abbate a 8 Oli- Diyl^Jr ibyCiDOglt Olivetaiio I D. Michaefe Angela Belforti a Perufio coiicinnt^ elucu« ‘bratunv pericgi , niHilqiie In eo dci Dosmatibu5 > & Ethicae Chl^- llianas C^nonibus coutrarium repe^ ru Quaprbpter inutilitatem eorum, dc i^eteriim famiiiis notit ia de« Icftantiir* Bobiikwi virorum ejceiiv- p!tttn , 8c Perurini& Civitatis arna* ftieiituth typis inandandum cenf^^’ fi Em. Tusbl acceflerit authon'ta^ > cut me tot^ aiiimi devotione fub^ mitto . * Neapoirxv.'Kaieiid^ Moccxxxi. ; ‘I . ' • ,• • flumUrmut^ ’AdiiWjJtmu^ OifPequtmtfs.Famitius Domtiiicus Vanaleda • Attenta retrofcrtpta rdqtione Ifn^ frimatuf I^eap» Menfe Mail 1731 * B. ANTONiUS CANONICUS CASTELLI VIC. GEN. » D. Petrus Marcus Gyptius Cauoivicus Deputatus ECCEL- k. * EdCBt'LENTlSSi ' ^IGNORE !. « . -V- >t • 4 ^ F ^EiJcc Mofca Stsmpatpre , ftrp- pHcando efpone a VlEc. cqnw ^eiidera^llampare un^ Operetta in* t oUtdV Lyc^m ■ Auguflum^ fef) U4 teratorum Ferufinontm Memorialed ^Alpba^iicQ OfUne jNobilium » Ci* ^tiumqae Pr^mili arum difpopUim ; ' ’Author i t> 4 MicWele 'Angelo BfeU forti a Perupo y OHvetano Abbate\ Per tairfo fujiplica i’Ecc. Sua cbnii fnett^ne la ievfAotie’ a chi meglip le pater^ i perottenerhe le foiite li- cenze^ l^avi^agrazia^ ut Deus &c. ’ ■ ','.5 ‘W. ^ • '^9S»^,’JiJ^4DJo\Baptilla de Vtca nfideqh in.fcripth refer at* [- MAZ2ACCA.a.A Ri'tTLXOA R. GJOVENE H, PISaCAnEr. VENTURA R.CASTELLI R, P£YRIR. ‘ .-'ry H > ' Prsvifim per S. Exe.\Weap»li i>ji, , ■ ■' t Maftellonus . % ■ f EXCEL. ■ L Cou‘>Ic excelxektiss:. prii^geps. T E > Excellentiflime Princeps, maiidante , rece^riii Opurcii- liW , ciijus tituliis; 9 hycaum Au^ guftifm , ff!U,Literatoriitra Ptivufino* Tum Mtmorlale, AuBorc D^Mk^ba's f k AngiUBclforu a Per ufio^ Qllvei* lotto Abbaxe y Regiis juribu s y bo-^L nifque moribus ianoxiuni» .Patrfi ^ebaritate refcEtum, flk'adttiftdriam Literariam adoroandam pejtitile t '‘idque adea^'fi Tibi. itavpUceAt > ’^cenfeo typis mandaci.poflVK Neaped** li XI ii.'Kalendas Juntas mqccxxxu T ui ^PrlncepsJExcellentllfime' Al Obfe<iuerttijJimus Client " Johani>es"Baj>tilli Vreus • ■Vi fa fupradiBa relatione Imprimo-^ tuty&' in publiaattane Jer>»etitrRe^» Frag. . - - • ^ , , MAZZACCAKA R.DLLOA R. GIOVENE R. PISACANER. VENTURA R. CASTELU R. PEYRXR.^ Provifum per SExc, I^oplMek* JeMaii 173 : 1 . . 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X ^ » • ‘i- , P Auilts • ;; Philippus Pliilippus altc# • ;,'• . ■ Q, Uattrepaai • ;. : ■ , R: R Amen • • Roffi i ^4oIfim ^ RoflJni , .Rifftellf : itufcelii. ^d)ertl . Rajodoli • - •- ■ ' AHid» . . iM y \ ,l.l\| : 119 ,- '■" J20 * ■ • f^iL ' ihi^ •- --i-a'i. ' r 'm a. Rai* i , CiOOgIc . , Digij. 1 L » ♦ / T V.' P J »•■ t* r:r'45 ' A 1 '■<rr •, ■ '. •* »" isst" l&^fialdi ^btonxi! ■'n y' ^ ihid^ iW<#. ' ^ * yV*V ^ •n > J' S. • ' ■ r-,= V- •• J •"? yi\ y ■ S^nfi • Scotti • $ia}ufli » STotr} • ^ ^25 ‘lJ2i5J » .•» - ■it > t < An?- • "vs ^ .-'•if 'j JSalvlK'cf I j^aiEfcucCi r ^ ■ l^rama^cm » tri • c 1 ^ 139 - \r' • ' iBi a* ]SAWbfltini\ : it t. V' ,• ^Veri ; Uki^t* *** -''t I •> ' '-c4 ) V « >04(4^ Sac- v<» f -■ - Digitized by Google . Auusliini ^ Seljari Serrighr Salvatdri • peYufmrU^ Sfirpijam • i %• > V ibh V 3^ ibid* \ CogffomitthjBfcpeHct » iTromatiuy. , \y-, \ 'ibp^^ Stcphanus 0'i-^i, : ^ t « y ■-£ , \ 1 t: .. S'. Olomei ; - Torfeiii ^ Titi,* Tramontana.v Tbrretti.ji ' . Trmothel » Tanzinr . TraijquilH^ Tomaceili • Tmnoli ^ Toil. ' v • t >•* • -W 13S <- . ibidt m . ibid. ; •i-?. 140^ - . f ^41 ■ 1 • ibid, i4 ibiii • - i.' A. m' Digitized by Google jutkxU TeYupnsrun\^Gl Cdg»omtml Expiries t Fjp Homafeilus . _V;-;-.r yv BAidU VerRugiloii « ViW, . Vincioli. Vcgha . ■ ^ • Verduccioli* Valcriani. Viti . u Copamtxls BpififM .y . - V '• M V.' Goccionus • Vftlendnus. ^ : 4» vIJO 153 mi. m 5 i » r << U 4 Wd. ^ i ■ V* . . f ^ /•:■ ,..M r ;■ . • » * ti St" . s S' !» INDEX Digitized by ^ iooglc IN D E X \4Uqtiortm tx\ Oliwtdnk t Bi^0q Ven^tabiUum , & Commit^ if- • • inif litm* j. ' M Arcus Antoalus rufio. ** VIncentius ^ o I ^ ^ - "lio . , »• rx\ , THeodofius ^ Bononii; . ^ ProthaHus de Affifio . BsrnabAS Fantiiccl do nia^ w P ctrus dc SenfeE , * ,/ - ^ Jo: Frana/bus ^.^M^iofano,, Andreas i Tuderta • ' Aiitonius de LaudE . Francifcus ex NeapoU . ' Tlburtius ^ Brixi^ ♦ Jofeph ^Laudd.., Carolus a Xacci , Michael de Aritnino Petrus Gaped a Neapoli . l^eWiit Siculus . '■ de P«^ Tr€vi» * 5 ^ Bonoa* S 7 #^/V. 158 tbidt ibid 160 Hid. Hid, '■ 1^4 Hid. Bo* r xxxlv Jtt^ex AUqtiorumy Bcnedtffcus Angelis yKeapblita- nus ^ ^ " j6z Onujjljrius Sifola a Njeapoli. ihid* Honoratus a MedioJano , ihli* l^icolaus Pa^em a Ncapoli . jd^' INDEX : . C • . . • ' 'i <, ■ V I N D E X \ ‘ 'Ad Suh/crtp^orum Obfiqudm l ♦' e ArpIuy EreinTta • v ^ Franclfcus Ercmrta. lh)L tdelphonfus Manna ra . t66 r Jofepfi Cefard .. * j Jbidi Alexander Poggi* . ]36i^or vf y !. . w, } I V Meldiior Reviglioni I ’ ' Jbtd. , JfGohus Vecelli^ - . i6S JofephjSirus VigJnV ' V' Antonlus Oigiati- Dominicus /V fplanatl .’ • • ; i i $9 ChriftppTiorus Cev^, , \ ^Uid. Jo: Baptifttt ,del Mfro • Jb/d. f^auIusTliomasMarrana* ; ajp© ■ CherubiflUsCaVallinil ^ Jb/d. Alexander BiiTgbs ; ' V 171 PauiusBellanti * * ^ ‘ Jp; Francifrus Ol/vieri ’ Benediao XUL Pontifici Maxil ' ^ ' ■ • iri Ca, r V, txxvi IfidefC ad Suhfcripu Carolo VI. linperatori.' ^ j 74 In Cellula Ven. Simplicii « .175 In Tumulo ejufdora • 1^6 Viuejufiiem. 177 F r t .* ■ . ^ t • •’ i t * !■ k j . 1 ■ r vv- ' A t. “ . C O R R I G R. Bdir$ghnf’s. Floramonti ^ •* * ^ * ' t -t ^ f* »' • ' 4 <• ► • Jt W . ; ‘-iL i pag. 2 f‘ n' '• \ ’ III'-* f • . 'V 1 ^ L fc . ^ •■) ■% t r.\ ■ ■ 1 , • . i - • , -i 4., V < :• ■ • ^ f f. ' Digitized by Google- a: . ’irS . J Familf B ARTQLig^^fEVER VS . qui LegisPrjMceps,pK3icla^" ^ — matur , Sc qiiidero jure me-; ^ rito : In arambiJts. enim jStatytis' Iiie^flibiis gus^SenteuFfam Eruditi venerantiir , fequuiuar : Plura exa-^ ravit Vokimiim Sole^kriora « qiui\|B» . ipfurti a dir^ roarte^iVt\|iMtcciivi% nobis eireptum,^adhuc vivum fex , wnt : ,TumuIo ciiuditur Peruiii Tnii: Templo Conventual itira S. Fran^^ cifCi , ubi hxec inffnciuatur ; Ofia* BartoU FRAJ^ICFSCyS , BSrtoIi Ne-c pos:, £ccleri£& 4 ^$inae Pr»feftus',’ > Optimi Paftbris * explevit partes moruiiT moderatione , yjgikntiS , Sapj’entiS . Piofe£t'6^plusdo6h‘jn^' ' quam fanguine Magno Patruo pro* plor , buju&latinis notis yitam^x- ' prelfit-f ad propriis af^ibus- cele^ , ‘ . , ' A * brio-* C.-’ • '.1 -I * M Digitized by Google — 1 A Eps parnilfh AJphani I briori eloquentja exaravit : Poft triginta annos , quibus i^lsinum Epifcopatum optime rexlt , extre- mum fubji't diem, fama aetembm yifiurus • ACCURSiyS j^Propatrui Bar- toii imitatus dotes, jus civile optw me calluit , de quo .Coaliliorum Volumen effbrmavit : Aliis , divei> t filque Sc ien til’s eruditus , de ejus Sapiciitia Pofteri plura experiun- tw Sapient!® incrementa . TYNDARI'S , Patri Gymnafu infignis Doctor , „iaibi juris prUi- denti® explanavit Dogmata: Evul.^ gavit Librum de Tcllibus , Inge- j ml -fui pecuiiare tellimonium ; 'Apud Concives magni eft habitus,^ Atavorum luorum yeftigia. ipfe fe- CUtUS . i .. . ; . AyOYSIUS f JunTprudenti® Majorum foorum more fedulb iii.i,, cubuit : Benedi^ino Coetui adrcri-’. ptu^ , vit® honeftatc exceilu.it Eccleli® ^ Martino V. Epi- f fcopusdefiguaw ,, legCiS plyrima^ 1 • ' ' cie. I 1 Ex ^ Glencisconfcripfit exempio ipF© potiflima Lex: AnnoMccccv. Mors? invidaOrbi euiji rapuip , aft non Famam iuteremit . • BERN ARDINUS , Juris Con- ftiltus celeber « cxaravit enini Le» gum Cpiifultationes , quajs Pofte- ri promuigarunt : Taurmenfem y &,Firmanam Cathedram refpuit in Patrio Gymnafiq libens po6lor, ubi laudey Auguftje Univerfitati ad&glt.; Afvid Urbanym VII. Pon- tificein Maximum pro Cpncivibys Legatioiie funftus., Penifias' vaii- du.m adjumentum depredicatur ; An. MDXQ. ibidem objit Erudico^ rum lacrymis . ALPHAN.US ’ Matfiematicis jiiftru^us prJBceptis plura prsecla.. rb compofuit ; Pro PatriS. pJuric:^ L^^tum agens , fiii gloria , Peru-, lii ^pno, ftiulta abfolvjt ; ABrariq Apoftolicp triginta praefuit aiuiis vigila QtiA ^ fed, plus incprrupta Fi- de : Corpore claiiditur prope/Ma-f gfli Pfonvj Sar!Pog?aphum;Au:4/i>ii»t > . A ^ cj'us Dig ' . C-,)Oj(l( 4 , Famtllh Alpbani • cjus autem homen gloriofum per Conciviiim ora pervolat. JOANNES BAPTISTA , Ma- gni Bartoli Qener , qui ejus Do- ^rin« integerrimus Cuftos plura in Jure'Civili compofuit » quibus inultos na^lus eft fibi plaufus » fi* mulque noftro Augufto Gymnafio. NICOLAUS pluribus in Scien- tiis eruditiis, Philofophi^ * Mathe- matica,, ac JunTprudentia enituit; EximiusCanfariim Defenfor , fo- liiis JuftiticB Maecenas depredica- liir : Uti Doflorem infignem Bar- tolus commendat, cui titulo profe- ^6 qusBcunque laudcs meritb ce- dunt . * ^ ' > THOMAS SEVERUS Eru- ditioiii, folerteraddiaus Enidito- rum encomia comparavit : De Ita- iicls Uteris praecepta exponens , 5c Ciceronlano Idiomati ferib incum- bcns , varias condidiC Epiftolas i fane in hoc fcfibendig9»tfef xem- . . ’ . . , I . .4 - pht,^' ■ '• :•' ; EUPHRASIA ; plufiuirt virtue . V -- 7 turn 396 P&m W^ -4nfideK ~f turn rpjen^ore praefiil^ns , pu€tate, fiowilqiie.eruditiane aMfit . Glau* flralUim , vwlgd Gia/ilTarutn , Coe^ nobii Montis Liicis olucubrata eft. Hiftoriam > de fe multa confcfjbeiW da reiiiiquens , . ' . ..... ’Ex Familia Attfidfii i •. B ALTHASSAR , hqvus Efo* quentisB' Cicem. jure merto inclame^ur tant^ enim facundl^ €rat inftruftus > ut ft'upbrem exci» taret : Mu fas quoque mirifice co* luit > &;,Gr»cas Jiteras calluit i^Va- ^aaa? Bibliotheca& iGiiftos ^ lirbix corapara vft plaufus : /Celftt Uvcrc An. MDcxiv, • MARCUS ANTQNIUS,Nur^ fi«-Pr»fe6lus , pluriupi Scientia-^ rum peritia illuftris » iegalibus Sta* tutis ei^t^ult 'i j^tus plura edidit carmina : ApuoCIemeqteni VOI* Cubiculgrius r Condvimn M«cenatem feprabui^;, acpro L©- giftis wlta eyicit . , ; V ' A I jO- t.' r- ’ -if % 4 Digitized by Google t Ek E amt ltd Aitfidu • , .JOSEPH 9 rafS priidentiu prftdi* tus , noftro /Evo pro IJtibus inter Nobiles fedandis Tra6tatufn evul- ' gavit publics^ utiiitati i propria gloriae . ' : ' - ' MARCUS ANTONIUS JuJ nior prssdi^li Filius, utriufque Le- gis Do^lor* Aulse Romanae multis fib hinc annis Prafulj Juftiti® Icon in Urbe ,'ubiqiie<praBdicatur .-Mo- rum modetatione clartis, in S^-rl Officii Tribunali Afleflbr « plur^ impendit labbres hoc Annojubilai WDCcxxv. Afsumptus eft ad Epi* fcopatum terufinum \ Benedi^o Xill. , Pontiftoe fane optiiTO,'& ab Cbclem CardinalitiS dignitate natus MDccxxiix. Objit Romii MDCCXXX. LVllI,, pf^b;; rum mcerorcv. ^ v ' ' . ’ ' : Ek Farntlid Arfiguccil A RRIGUCIUS, Legalibu® Ra:. tutis ceicberrimus 5 non Jb» Ifitn Patria t Patavium, ubi pubBBb ' . •. ~ ■ do-' Dtgitized C u BxFamtUh'Antgucci I f dqcuit , Italia tota ; Apud Sumrtios Ppnti-- ficeijtGlernentejTi'V'II. 3 ^i^iilum JII. Lpgaius,n}iilta impetrat ex Fa- ina, Doftrina; Decedit An.MpLix^ • » • * 7 Familf^ Antlgnola • , * ‘ . - '•; > •' OGE RI US , vAIter Im^rato- mm G«far .5 €nim\ armiTque iliuftrts , non minf^s A- cadem wSs , qu am eaflijra cel e ber r i im ejus pt^l^nti^ proclamantizr : Pe- rufin^mm Gymnajiuin , ubipubl/- cd Legalia praecepta tradidit-, mulr turn ejiis Sapientiae debet > Lucay Tiphernum , Boiionia > ubi Prsefes Jmperavft:, plura ab eju's.pmdenti^ accepit, universlm utiiia; Commen- tariirm in^'Jus^ Gh^ eppcieavftv, Erttditis jgratum^; Eik Familfd Armannl Staffa • U COLINUS » Legalium Dog- matiim peritiffimas &. fibf » ^ PatrisB decus accrevit : Bartolo Legiftarurn Principi fere fimilii- mus , quodcunque ejus refponfura, pro re6^^ regula cujufcunque De- crcti defervire poteft i Volumen I/Cgate edidit An.MCixxci^ : LUDOVICUSf Strenus Mile^; Militumque norma 5 fcripfit enini ^ de Re Militari , quo Traftatu in .bello proficuus , etiafn in Pace Pa- trias iHilitatem, pro qua objit , um^ ce adamavk » " Ex Farnilth AursU » ^ L UDOVICUSr , yir profea^ ' omnibus numeris abfblutus j Si dignitatem fpeftes , Lateranen* iis Baiilicse Canontcus afFuIget i Si erudftionem conteropleris,Baro- iiii celebrium Annaltum Compila- tor cxtitit Ani.Mi>cxxxiv. Elogia ' plUM - Ex AureH^l f>Ittra'infcripfit,5 IlluftriiMn Pami-^ liariimStirpesp^fteritati expoRiit^ Ipfe Sapi&riti^ celebriof , Ex eadem-F«mUi^ e\|us proftf6iir A^ecla Fraiicifciis^ Cathedralis no-r Hr© ‘^vo>ArchidKconuS', Scien^ tifs illuftris , ^ Statiitis Legaijbu;^ ^ ■ polHtosrpublicus ia patrio Gymna-t Oo6^or « & fn Sactis j^caderiiiis eloquensTan^ Orator ; \Ex Earning e 'ASSAR p de ILegAllhusjyp^' I matibus ben^eritas, & ia Augufto' Lic^o' foiers 'JDo^or;^ i P/ures Italian Urbes. Judex integet-r* ! fim^srexiti enramrade fin's Gdn- ‘ I civibus pofteritatr dofiavit,, fibl — j femper decus , & honorV ^ v . * NICOLAUS, pietate ia ' \| nicj dauftris commendabi/is ; infu- j las Rpipcopales a S. Pio' Vr obiatas • J cbpftariccr , fubmlfs^ refpui't , Pj* I Caaobittip tnal4 ouptaFum ad A Chriftupi Coiivbrlarui^ ia^itutbff « -j -■ ‘ 'T -A - 5 - i?ceni- \| Digitized by Coogle lO Ex Fmilih Ah$ i Panitentiise Statuta eis propofiiit ; Theologus f & Conci'omtbr ptura. de his praeclare fcripfit J ’Cominen- tarra ,Sacr^ Scripture exaravit * duoquti Concionuiti voIiiFnIna:P'oe» • ta fini'ul , ac Hiftoricus Saiiftonirti Gufmatii vitas carminibus expref- (it j Pr0fe6i6 infalicabilis Vir , hI Wots- ei requiem retribuiflet Aiii wdlxxxvi u : LUDOVICUS „ optimus Juris Confultu's : PlUra de Legibus ef- formavit, Pofteris Lex, maxirriura- que Exerhpium i & Pecufiu^ l/ufci verfitatis decus • ^ GALEATIliiSi ArcMte^uS, Wathematjcus'ciomnieiida-bUiSi Ma* triti fiiae Artis momimeuta expb-* fuit , infignis Ganobti > vijFgb,/’E« fcurialu , Delineator t Genuetifilini Martial is Machinatbr , Pofteritati» Auguft® glorias perpettials pro te* flaracnto tradidit » Morte tus An.Mbr xxi I. ' * . SANGTES « Augitftinfenfiiiqi ' ^ Schbiarum d^us ; Pbilofopfius, ad - ‘ Theo. 'Pufldfltid Ale^K 'i#j Theologus celeb©r >pf»ciare de'H^ turaUbuS'fcripnt . ’ ^ , - ViNCENTiUSaapatrlaLfcgb ^laudabiJitcdbegemedocuitinutro- quejure, de quibus pJura fcrip(?tt ' Koiiiah% 'Kbtae Auditar .Juftiti^ iJoruit-^ -Epifcdpus Perufinus'delr- ,gnatus S* Carolo Borromeo charils 4mt , nam peculidri aelo , diaritate ♦ferveiui Gr^om /ibi’creditum^giiw / •bernavit An.x'i^j quibtis traalai^iis cedi £ viv ere Secula xv'i rf -* :: . J AGIOBUS !» ' iDojni tiicani co^us -AJummzs coiuinendabilis ^ non mii' Ciauflra , qciafn'Ecctefias iiiui ftravit : fnibi Thologia floruit, hrc in Flopantinpo ATchiepifdop^fu v^- ri Paftoris dotibus enituit : Sermo- ries valde pertftiles ^exporbit^ aft pperHjus.i)ertrtiHi^'<loctt]it ’i ^ I ) HILIPPUS,' Mofarain G^txw rHoftris S' TalB Pftet* «etebi» %)fe faMli>is /.PfiB^pa ' A <f (lu D\|ij ’ 'cJ by C^ooglc 'l^x FamUih Alberti. fua.carmixia corrigenda ohtuirt'i Carniiiu undec^uaque fententiis re-t fertiedidit Remra Perufinariint commentaria quocjue evtilgavlt An. A^DLXXXv - ‘ . HIERONYMUS, Phllofoplitts^ MathcmaticuSv 9- Aftronomirs ia Turreao Oymnafio. dignofcitur ^ Sc quidem piaacjarus: Inibi Jiiri& , pruden.tiam docuit 9 & in FariiaiTo. iatina cecmit carmiiia vEXeiut viye- xe An, MDCLXV^ ' i Pius 9 MfidicinS' 'commenclabi-- lis, in Augufto GymnafiO hanc pu#^ biicc«xpc^iut.FloruitAn.A{i>c£xxv. , EferFmili^d’e.Angelhl. EBASTIANUS V Theologia l3 Scholai]ti’CS;9 Myilica^ Morali «Iarus , difjLTetione Spirituum illui- ftrior ,.Beat^e Golumbie Dbminica!^ nae in Spirit u Pater ejus pietatemr •excQluift, “anirartHTque direxit; Pbt- Ipfopbiac , AftronojnijB qiioque iii> ;tontu$ 9, ClauilcA de60ta;^ t k * ExFamtllh Andreo^, rj y it : Mo wens An. mdxxv^ , Rofte- ris Colunibae vium exarando ie vi- tumprwbiiit Ex Familid AndnoU . A NTONIUS-, OJiveti Pa/m® fcecunda, Canonicis, acTiieo^ togls ppasceptis Hnbutus , his pro- enituit i Oiivetani , ac Pera- fini Coe^^tus ;pcseclatum. Oruameii* turn .. . " V ' t •I > Ex Famflid-AttPtqmrn ^ . J ACOBUS » politionbusliteris- excu/tus , etiam Poeta iHuftiris d/gnoTcicur r Hi/ldricus pr»c/arti& Perufiiiornm fucinorai exaravitt Epi/lolaruftt unjLib[» i Orationum aU" ’ V terum yoiumen edidit,ac'£pigram« ^ nwtar eyulgavit r Msdio/anenfittnis Ducis Secretariusj 8t Imjus primai^ B ti» . Urbis Moderator prudenti^ . .exQelluit ,:;&-Goi/egiumjS; G^e^ I gofU Per.uiii..ditaus > etiam e»t»8^ ‘ lU ■ Digi'-?-. ■ i. . C'( t4 Cogftt>nftfth I rls Natlonibus ^proriicuus pre{iicii« tur'. Cognomsms Epcper^s ^ I , , A ntonia i magms labo- rum exercitationibus adSer- yorum B. Virginis Geheralatum eve^liis , fummo$ excitavit plau» fus fapfentia » ac prudentia : Ppu- „ dentia namque fapienter impeiuvit, Sapientid pnrdsnter doeuit Scri- pfit iuculent^r in Li brum IV. Sen- tent ia rum . . ATHANASIITS » JOliv'etanus Praeful', ftudiorum zelo , & varia- xum Sciehtiarum notiti^ illuftris ^ Ipelebrandus . • ; ALEXANDERjipiufquam'Bar^ folus ; de Legibus enim ante Ba>- t.olum fcripftt', Jurium ProfeflToiL feus exemplar . / ' .. A N dRE a S , Theologus magnl nominis , & Servoruiii B. Virginis primus Moderator: Script t circa Theologioi volwtnejO; Eruditisgra- tum • ■ AN. 0 Co$^omifihEKp£ft^l 15 ANJ3RE AS alter , - Minoruai ' Oblervanttse Generaiis : pe Do^- matibiis Theologicis plura fcripli« Immaculatg Conceptioni? acer- riHius J^fopugnatOr •; de hac Volu- mea edtdiWenetiisAovMJDcxxjc i^ ■Ek EamtUh Mothonl i , G .UIDOBALDUS^ tiegiili ' Ftaitcrorafn fkligurne cla* rUS, Scj‘efiti5t:lirior5 Ma» tiietnaticf ^nim fecttlmi fedul'b i'tt- ttjntns i plura de liat fcripfit, chfo Monrfs^r-,^4aria» iv^^ieStirpfis Ditidnefti prtideits texit » Jiibditfe , ^iKjd rar6 evienit , de defideria eStcitaVit Ex Edinllih lBa^hiil A NGELUS, meram tregantrS cbnfpictitis , ftoii rti6dibcritqt imbuttiS textititt Ad Rc- 'Jd Diyiiided : / GoO‘^lc 'j Ex Pamtli^ T ,Recinetenfem Epifcopatumeveftus An.MCDix. Veri Paftoris explevic munw . Deo , Poputirque grains : Plures conipofuit Decifiones. ' ASTORRES , Minervae , Mar- tifque fiDguUre decus : Juris pru^ denti® eximius Doftor, Patrias re- paravit Leges: Strenuus Miles Pal- mas adauxit fu®FortitudinisCo- ronam'. Objit An.Mu. . BALLEONIUS, Juris Conful- ^tus Bartolo encomia. auxitV Philo- fophus Ariftoteliea explanavity .agnbvit Atcai>ajFiorcntinam Rem* public^ Prastor direxit ; Ad v oca., tus Conciftorialis in Urbe cpmmu* nes excitavit plaufus ; cotara Ale- xandro YL. peroravit « Orationera Pofteris _ promulgans , . apud q.uos jperpetub peculiarem excitat opi. Bioiiem . - U CAMILLUS, Perufinl Gymm- fii excelienr Doftor 5 Rotas in Ur- be Auditpt , miilta^^eloquentia ex- ornatus Leoni X.. Sapient urn Fau- toti ^ ^xatus fuit ; -gcriy fit ej uclite Confiliis , -!& PefiMiones 'cxara- yit . Moritur An. mdxxxiv. , POMINICUS / Pr»dlc^torum ^Ordinis, decus ^ TheIogi\|..clarus > Inquifitoris Uiubrijc. gpadu‘ illu- ftris I, multa fcripfit , S evulgavit: Vitam . Ghrifti folut^roratione , Sc Catharin® Sefienfis faciiiora car- .mine expreffit : Perufini fui Coeno- bii Hi ftoriographiis ^quam pi lira gdnotavit ; Tandem mdlxxvi. fii- premum objit diem . ' HERCULES»'Paftorum ExeW plar > Parnafli peculiare ornameii'- fum 9 Urbevetanus faliitatus fcopus 9 zela V-& pru'denti^ rmper^-^ vit : Verfu Heroico vitas Sanflg^ xum efformavit , ,qiias iii fuis opeii ribus expr^i^^^ ^ . ■ JOANNE^WOREAS^ Pe-' inifinor um ufl» :,® J u Hi- II®. Coiig£eg%^priis -BenedijSljnis Wonacbis pbft' Cluniacenes Coe- nobitaSjPerufiqam S.Petri Appftoi li Abhatiatn ContuHt : ' LegalibuS ^atutis commeiidabUis^ jn^qre Ca- hdnico Digitized by Google i 8 FaYntlfh Ba^ioni • nonico, fcripfit . M<Jritar Anilo MCDIL. ' . ’ * MALATESTA' , Vir lindequa- que dotibiis exornatus ; EpifcopiiS PifaiirenOs defighatus » Apud Ro- tnanoriim Imperatorem Legatus % Rerum adminiftratiorte Fideiis, ze- lo ,ac vigilantia praefuit : De Le- . gationibus Germanica ac Urbini fcr i pfi t: Mortales exuv ias <iepofuit An.MDtiit. , PETRUS ,Pradetitia illuftfis PIctate clarior, 'ATchite6lafa com^ inendabllls ; Hujus facultatis Mo- numeiltum Oratorium S. Philippi Nerii Pefufii ; Scripfit de Juventi^ te educanda ,, & monita pro Filiis fcviilgavi't • Tumulo claiiditur Ai)« mdccv. in Templo S.Doralnici Pc- iruHi > CAlipiiUS , Oratorii S. Phi!, lippi N erii Presbyter > pietate, mow ffitm' b'bneftate , Infirmorum curt laudabilis : Affiduo in Pflanitentiae iSacramenti adminiftratione intenw tus • “ . * " A * I Google Ex FttmUih B^Uofii . 19 fiilget ; Perufi« Sapientibus. dlu- turnos drcat labores, erudka de ed- Tuni'fa6tis voiumiip.exaraiis » quo Poflerorum fibi plaufus parat • ^bjit Mi>ccxxVii. ' CORN E L I A ^ Mubebris Scientife Oraculum ;- fic iilam ad- ^niratuS'eft PauIus'IIL Pont* Aiax. nc tiiirS eloquent Iprsdieam : La- trin-is etfam /'ac’ Glacis, litetjs eni- tuit : Ut earn audiret 9 priedi6ku'$ Porttife>c Gcfinobiuiii Monialmm , \ulg6 /e Paver e,Ord inis Servoruna ingreffus eft .ubi ‘praeclarum Sa- pientisB Ornamentijm. fplk afful- lit. V, . Ex Familih Bigazzini F RANCISCUS , P€rufi« Ni. tdE,'Par»aifi decuSi Oratorutti Magnus; Fato'cefliit MixLiri I i i HIERON YMUS, GymnafiiPe. jrufini glom , ornamentdm-; Mu&i farum cultof' pdeaiata eVulgavit $ M«- the- Dl't 'lZC-d Ly- Cii>0^k‘ ^20 E96 Ftimilth Bigazzlm* thematic^ » ac Aftronomia clarult $ edidlt Progiioftica An, mdxxi r r- ^Fatalibus iftibus ceflit Anno MDLXXI I. HIERONYMUSJunior » Pra- patrui imitatus date^., omnigen^ eruditione inftruflus , Hiftorifs praecipue 9 & legalibus Dogmatf- bus daruit z De his facUkatibusr plura fcripfit. Odogenarius objit, An.MDC£iix, - . ^ PHIUPPUS ; alter Cato in quiete 9 fete Alexander in bello » providus fuae Patrras ; In Politic* % Si Militari. fcripfit An.Mcccvi. £x FamiUh Benincafa I B ENINCAS A 9 Pifan® 9 & Pe. rufinx Univerfitatis Dodor , iTurren® ornamentumrVivens prXr clar^ docuit ; mortuus luculenlet docet -Volumine edito Aii.molx 1 > cui Titultis , de Adionibus , - ' ALEXANDER9 Michaens An- geli FrattiS;prudenti\| prxditi^ - . '' " res Digilizod by C'toogi Efi Bintffcafi, it" i jpes imitatus , Alterius Fratris , qui l nune eft fuperftes,Societatis Jefu I & Concionatoris Celebris fopien-' tiam asquavit Romanae Rotce i Auditor , decifiones Juftitia ihcor- . I rupta cumu/atas , uti/itati publ/cas I -dicavit: Romg quadregenaritis mo- ( ritur All. MDCxciv. In Tempio I Philipplnorum tiimulatur decore t ejus Dignitati congrao : Moriens Perufii cor ' fepeliendum teftatus eft in Tempio Divi Dorhinlci -fub qus fimiiacrum vivid6 ipfum re-. pr®fentans quod St Affiiies com pleverunt • CORNELIUS 9 Inlignis Juris Confultus • Gymnafii Perufini pu- bl icus Oo6lor > fblo nomine doce- bat r De Paupertate volumen eviil- gavic , quamplura -de Jure Can oni- , & Civili . * * ■* * • t ■I ■, Ex PamtUi Baldeltt . -V. , L UCIUS , utriulque Juris Do^ * ^ patrio Lic^o L^gum ■ ' ' In- a 2 Bx. Famrh' i BMplli. • Iiiterpres , poiitioribus: Ljteri^ oruatus., Magnp Pr»ceptori Aio . Bonciario gtatusfiiit: Latino idior mate 'evulgavit. lit^ras , ipfe Elo- queiidsp QWnientum . Ex Famine Bonf empi • - ik NDREAS , Paftor PerirfinuS Capituli precibus renuncia- tps a S»l]rbano V. Pontibce Bene- di6lino y & inter Pontifices Bene- di^iiiiips » quorum numerus quin* quagenarius deputatur , ultimo : In -Dignitate Dignitatis Majellas ipfe dignofcitur ...Pro Ciericis Le- ges compofuit-, fuis aflihus ipfe efficacies documenturo : Mori tut A-n.Mcccxc. ■ - , } JACQBUS jEpiTcppuSiEfinns, Concilit Conftantienfis decus3 la- nocentio VII. familiaris egregiis animi dotibus 5' Hiftodcus com- tnendabilis S. Floriani Martyris in- ventiqnem cvulgayit , uj>i ejuis pie- tas I Siipicutig eiucelcU • . ' ' ' LE- Digitized by Ci Esi Familih Bonternpi v 2 g LELIUS 9. n^agni Andrese Car- dinalis Genitor : Sapienti» addi- 61 us 9 plu.ra evulgavit iii Jure , S-Cientificis gratiffima. Philofqphiis, laiidabilis Naturae rimavit Arcana ^ fimulquq fuaB S^-piqucias. monumeii-, ta . ■ ^ PA ULUS » in faeculp Juris In- ' terpres , intra-Carmelltarum glo- rlofa clauflraThepl.ogus illuftris,& SpcbonicJB Univerfitat-js Do6lox : P-ietatq aiiteoi cei^bripr : Mors illi non pepercit An. MecciiiB. ■ Aft etfam nunc vjvitj-Voiumine ediio 4 e Theoiogi^i . ^ PaULUS Junior, Perufinarum Legiun, Reftavrator vjurifta excei- Jen5[,9 ^ Janxjenfiujn illuftris Hi^, ftoricus » Pbilpiophus 1 ThcplO; gufqnq ado^duni cp^mendabilis 9 uni.co verbp Sapientum ExempUr Ceeulo xvi# - ^ . V Ex FarniVd Boncamil • . B ONCAMEIUS RomanusSe* iiator An.MCDiL. I genis Scientiis illuftrior : Perufii publicus Legum Interpres ,lauda- biliter docuit : Senatoris potefta* tern in Urbe tutatus eft , praecU piium Tiirren® decuS'. -JACOBUS , Epifcopus Bono- nienfis An.MCcviL.Iiiter Conven- tuales Concionibus « atque Theo- logiS excellens , de bac , atque de Arcaius Pbilofopblcis fcripfit 5 Gonciones multas exaravit , libi » poftenfque proficiiaS. MARIOTTUS, ScatutorumPe- riifinorum R'eformatorr Legumque OrSeulum 5 jpfo enim coiifultante, omnes filentium fervabant : Statu- la evulgavit, ubi Pofteritas Sapien# tiam Doaoris tarn illuftris. admi- ratur. , PAULUS , in ClauftFis Mmo. rita , apud feculum Orator facet illuftris; Concioiies pofteris emifit, quern r 'f ^ . -• '^Bk FaieniJU J^ficamhf •' if ^ <i^ehi .^a^nlim .Paultinr procla-v , .ftiant'^‘^> / ’ 1 ' " ' ' • 'P A y t V S J a nior V In iiocen tip; VI I. ;gratus R qmk ab ipfo Senator , : defignaUir : Pfud'^Ofeif; rexit , Eio- ' ' qiiio prQVidit : Scr/pfit er.ndite re^?;.' gulas pro Vrbe gubernand5 , ipfe fuorum morum h one ft.or tim Mode-' ' rator . ... ■ : ' ' f ■ ■■:»* Ex Faraillh Capra P AVLVS , eeleber juris Cpn^ fultus:iii PatifiQ doceps Gyb[i« naiiar. Difcipulorum p.r®. magijS frequent!^ Aula ; Cairi-^ piUtiones injus Gompofuit > Juri Co-noWco notulas addidic , Do^d.- rum normani . • , , ^ » . BENEDICTVS , yujgb Caj^rs vocatus , voce Caprae^perfimilis , quo Famtiiy titjulum eoipnidt^vit : Ingenio fummo inftru5lus^ Verir titatls apiatp^ , rDo^qr Juris infi> guts vocatus eft : Piura in Juf®,. evuJgavit ; SepelituF' in Tempid* ' B, ^ ■' jJJ^url. • • ■A- Digitized by Google H6 Efi EamlUh Benedetti Capra. D. AuguftiniPenifii feculoxrv. - PAVLVS TETIVS , pr^dixFli DifcipuUis , Legura laudabilis Do- ftor, & Scientiariim Confanguhiet AlTecla jScripfitinJure^ Pofterls beneficus . . BENEDICTVS Junior, Lcgum > Perufii publicus Do 6 tor 5 Lucenfi, & Maceratenii Rotae prudenter, ac fcJcntifice praefuit , Rethor laudan- -dus I maribus , ^:oinitate commen- dabiliors longos ducat dies Patri® decori • PAVLVS » Abbas, acVifitator Olivetanus monacbali Oblervantia praditus pietate indfuit ^ & pliiri- bus fcientiis aflidub intentus, pr®- cipue edidit Librum de Sacris Ru- bricis Eruditis gratiim 5 Objit wnccxxvii. < / • * Ex Famllfd Barigiani • B ENEDICTVS, pluribus fcientiis inftru6tus , Patri© Vniverfitatis wnamentum , Eega- lia Ex Faml Ua Lert^hn / . 2 7 Ha dogmata interpretatus eft: Con- ^ filia plura fcripfit-, quibiis priidcn' tcr'.ac erudite Pofterosedocet . DIONYSIVS , vix adolefcens Leges interpretatus eft publicus in' Patria Do6lor: Seiiex patrias com- pefcuit rixas : Procurator Reipu- blicce F/orcntin® , utriiifquc Sici- liae Regum Confiliarius i muitS prudeiiti^ ehituit ; fcripfit plura , confiHa : Fato cedit mdxxxv. ♦ Ex hac Familii-N.N. noftro VO, BibJiotlieeag Perufin® ab indy- to Profpero Podiani fummoiabo- ^ re , impenfifque erefl® Cuftos , in Theologia claruit. Ex FamiUh Earzt ^ ‘ ^ '•’*• . ■ • B ARZIVS'f' Juris 'Courultus- infignis , ex Familia , iiti di- ftitant 9 S. Conftantii Martyris , Epifcopi Perufi ni ; Epifcopiis Ca- in , Nunciufq; apudCarolum VIE ' Gallorum Priucipem , apud popu- los magnam na^us«ft veueratio** B 2. n'em, Digitized by Google tietn.j Rcgiciuft fuit ac^ceptfflirnus^* Plura in'jujre fcripfit, miilta edidU; ’ robrtalitatem e.xpiet AilmcdiB. V BEt^EPlCXVS , Legifta com- inendabiJis : Peruiiae» Ferr;irji», Bo- nonips j Ticini r- Scbis ^ Patayii -p >f‘rDrettti» purlieus' Dbaor , de ' Jjerlculum fec^€ ; Sigirmundi Impe. ratoris Confilianus « JPrlncipi’s na eft ben-byolcHtiaini ^ra6latuni DiTcuflioimm edidit ‘: Objit PeruGi Ab-mcdx. * io Tempio D.Augufti-- ^ pirPeni^ I ^roulaiur .. • ^ ‘ - , 'kxFAmilia Batttpi m ’ A K T i NO R V S flo]fu»t An; MDCXXxv. Jdfi hnentus ali- ^qua de - ii pc e V u /gav i t P ofte r IPatneegue proiieuuSe ; v ' ; ► \'V Ex pamili^,BahftrJttf * .t. ; Y ^ONARDYS/EpircopiiVco: ' JLi Joffenfis An.MDi i u > S^ Gon^ ' ventualium bx Goa- * • / ^ •“ V ^ ■ ' cio-. r ''' ‘ / ■ > 'T ^ ; ■ - ’T'- ^ ^ J % Digitized ly/ Googk Ea Farallta B'alejlrintl . ’2'^', donator > ^ Theologusf noa ‘garis fiabetiiri.zelo, ac pirate pcieV iitusTurd's Rhbdum obTidentibi^ • reilitit. Scripfit de Sacrii OffttoriS,' - fimulque de Thcolbgld • ‘ ASTjERIVS/ f. Poeta laudabili^ « & Hiftoriciis non vulganV ? HiftoW riam Sacri AriHiii Beatiffimce Vir-» ginis typis concefliti ilJiufque com^ mentaria^ An. 'MDcxJfvi'. ^ • ALEXANDER Jnreexcelluit; TurrenajjPerufiniqiie Lyc^l Hiftq* riam texuit. Volumen de 'GenCbus luci dedit : -Momlitatem explei. An. MDcDx. : \ > « : EaFamiU^BcirioUm I 1 , B ald VS , profeftb Magni di perfe^iffinia Imago ; Pjfis i Perufir,utriufqne LegHs pubiic.us Do£i:or, Rom® Advocates ’ ftoffalitf eiuxit ; -'multa ftripfit dff Jure Givili . Ferfe ofiogeiiarius fe- -- pelitu^ MXD/ Perufir in Templo. Seryoium , ail non Fani^ • - ■ ; B J I^Q* JO Eti Famtlih Bar toll \ ONVPHRIVS • -Juris, Doaor infignis » Ladislai NeapolisPrinci- fls Confiliarius, multa enituit pru- dentil 5 docuit fagax , Confilia* 8c Refponfa edidit , multa in Jure fcripfit ,, aureum ynWcrfitatis Pe- ,'rufin £E decus. LEOf Canonugi-IaudabilfS Pro- feflbr 3 Mores moderatus proprios, aliis morum regulas contexuit:Do- cuit in Patrio Lycgo Juris Canoni- ei compendium evuIgavit»Orbi Li* terario pcmtile . - . ; MARCVS ANTONI V$,Pe. nifinl CoIlegU r ex ejus agnomlne Bartolini,Fuiidaior> Extrusion In Jure enituiti , eruditione excelluit $ aft pietate illuftrior Adolefcentum tam exteforum> quam patriorum ex animo progrefliis anhekns, pras- iJiftiitn Collegium pluribiis ccnfi* bus ditatum jpfis teftatum Voluic $ mortaies depofuit exuvias Anno iioLxxvr. . • . MARIAN VS, digriltatibus pol- lens » apud Imperatorem Nuncius, ' , Ro- X. *** Diyitiz. ; by Gixj^U Ex F amt It a Barnahei 2 1 1 Rom® Rofae Auditor foliitatus eff; De Jure benemeritus Deciiiones , icripftt'. " ' . }■ ' V ■ ' , RICCARDVS, .prator^f ac . Poeta iilutlris ; ixiagni Pici Mirao* , duiani encpurm na^us eR - A* Ma* ximliiano Imperatore poetic4 kurp xoronatus eft, Geneik laudis. Cpropa .* . - ' ’ , Vi Ex Famine BarndbeFl H IERONYMVS , Congrega. tibnh Oraiorii 'Presbyter latino idiomate ekruie ;HiftoricU3 iplers , ;CardinaUs ^ron^l vitm ;^didtt ; Plura alia ftriisfit ;vPeiM^ fyto cedjt An/'Mi>cLxii> - . SGSPiO v> ppUtior^s Idtcala. excellens Prg.ceptoris Bonchril pe^ euH^ris prsedicetur gloria : Latino idiomate exaravit £piftolas rtyplL" que conceftrt rPpfte^iianb£j\|tifto».. iatupi ideam • - ..cl • •> ' .''.V . . ■ ' . ' ■ '■ - B 4 ^ E^ . Digitized by Google • Ex FamtUh Bacchlal G ALIFFVS , cxcellens Legum Interpfes : Juris plura effor- Tiiavit Repertoria : Seneftute gra- ^atiis I difclpulis e Domo ad Gym-, hafium deportatur, ade 6 Auditor!- 'i)us gratus , projficiiiis aderat: Sub- tilis L^gum Do^oris titulum na- ftus eft . Ex Familih Baffi . B AFFVS 9 Medicus commen- dabilis , eruditione etiam eni* ^tuit : Perufiae antiquitatem9 Ludo- . Gallorum Principis mores extulit ; Decedit AnnoMDCviL. * ' in Tempio D.Hiefonymb facro Pe- rufii conditur • c JOANNES B APTISTA , Me- ^ica Arte excel/ens j. Perufini Ly- cxi publiciis Dqflor: Multade Re medicS exaravit : Aftrologian) non adjuvare Medieinam docuit, tVCVLLVS, Poeta laudabilis, ' ' : 'Me. L . 1 i:y C^OOglc y — Bfi F ami Uh Baffi . . J j Medicos^ folers • Hiftoriographus illudiis : Patriam Antiquitatetni pliiribiis demouftravrt ; ^ viyis GX* cedit Anno mdcxxxiV. ft. . ^ " r * '• ; < Ex Famine BaJlarini • S ANCTESyflorefcentibus annis Legutq InterpreS) coram Juris Perltioribus fut peri(;ulum fecit s Patrti Lyc»i Doctor maximas fibi comparavit laudes : Pilis publiciis Bartoli Antefignani . fui Coninjenr tator, pofterorum captayit jplaufus: Floruit MDCXLV. Ex FamiUa BartokiU , • ' * C iESAR 9 Epifcopus zelofer* venSf politioribus Literis cla- xus , Philofophia , ac Jurifprudeit' tia illuilris ^ Edidit Deciiioqe^ Sy* nodales pro Clericis diem Aiprc^, paum claudit An.MoqxxxiY* ■. ", <r • . ^ •— V . ' ..... > ' : • ' > • s* B S Digrti2i:! Ly ‘^sOOglc V Ex Familfi BoccoU i ' TE GIDIVS , Medicui commen* /■ A dahili&,. qui fcieuti^ aliis fibique pravidit % alHs medendo,. fi- bi gioriatn comparando s fcripHt medicamcnta pro Canibus Lepora- liis .. , BALTHASSAR » Plii/ofophia: Claruit f Medicina excelluit % Vie prdfe£l^ commendabiiis ^ .afiidir^ iltidiis iiitentusj De Medickia plu^ tx erudite 'compofuft , Pbilofophiier Ctiemiduita exaravit » otii perpe^ tuus Adverfarius * Ex FcmtUi EoxcIamm. P tTRXS PAVLVS^ Marei Antonii Patruus ,, huiufque •Saplentisg Fons ; ceiebrisi in utro^ •qufe Jure Interpres etiamTheoIo ‘giS ekruit:; Sacraa OratUri® inten- tus y Eioquenti^ e^rcelluit ;. typis conceilit epill;alas» Marco Antonio Kepot\|diie£kas An.Mqcxiii. , quas Digil Esc Famine Bonciarll * merits hujus Sapientite nuncupaa fits fit ideam » MARCVS ANTONIVS, Hu: uianarum literarumReftaurator»lu* iisB Homeius; ade6 (ludiis intentuif fuit , ut oculorumkicemamiferit; Cudodia Bibliotheca Ambroiiail«> tarn Celebris , renunciata » etiam Cathedris Bononise » Pifarunique vale dixit,ut patrium ditarct Gym- jiaHuni fua fapientid r Pluribus evulgatis , atque optima evulgatis^ Moritur mocxvi^ - . - MARIVS , Fratris celeberrinu imitatus mores >^dudia eloquent tise exercuit » ac Poeh addi^us % plaufus ua^lus ell t Latino idioma- te evulgavit Epiilolas '> Grfecam Linguam caliuit t^Florefcentihus iinnis decedit ^ attapieii matures meritis » ' ^ Epi Favfhilla BelU. A LBERTVS» tltiilo pulchjer , aft animo pulchriorj fapientiSf cnini clarus » patrio Gymnafio lau- des adauxit : Juris Doftor , de Fi£ deicommiflis multa exaravit. ^ - Ex F amt ltd BuoncagnanU N Profeflione Minorita 9 Scfen- H tils indgnis : Thcologix , & Macrae Scriptur»-' interpretatione clarus has pubtice docuit: Concicui Aum duo edidit volumina » ^ ' Ex Fdmllid Bottaftjt 4 , * T IMOTHEVS • Theoldgi®; Poefis , Hiftoriarumque de- cus I Vicarius Generalis inter Do- niinici clauftra gforiofa > Ducis Sabaudia a Confeffionibus extitit; aft SapientiS illiiftrlor Traffcatum .de Contraflibus exaravit tpluriufn liiiguarum idiomate peritus » fer- Ex FamtUh Berardi l gy money quamplures confcripfit ; fu- premitm diem fubjit mdxci. > - Ex Eamilih Berardi i M ARCVS TVLLIVS , C«raJ ris imago Pofterorum exem- plar 5 Re militari iiliiftris , de Bello trai^latum typis'coiicelfit '. * Ex Familth Bovarhu L EANDER 9 vir omnibus ferfc fcientiis imbutus'-, carmine , & eruditione cIaruit;.Artem Agra» tix inVrbe exercuitj Italica carmi- >ia typis tradidit •, rar^ Comitate » fubrniilioneque etiam exoriiatus^ Principibus. quoque gratus exti- Ex FamtUd Brunacci I ICOLAVSjD.Thopi® Aqui- natis Condifcipuius: Theolo- gies Facultdte exccliult » ita. ut * Al. 3 ^ Ex Familia Brunacci • Albertus Magnus Praeceptor d© ipfo afferuerit » Nicolaus eft, alter Thomas ^ cujus etiam in pietate Imago agnofciturj quo Gufmgni illuftravit clauftra » •Ex Familih Bami * a f NEAS eruditione» atque elo- JtXli quentia illuftris , Mufis gra- tus , Vrbi clarus > -multa Poemata typis conceflit Ah.mdlxxxvu. % ft- tut etiam Oxationem pro Xifto V.. Ex'FamiU^ Bufgari •. A ntoni V Hiftoriaruitl ftudiis addi6Ius ComitisMar-^ Iciani Stirpem^ faciiioraque defcri- pfit ; "Deflit fere nonagenarius , aft plus merito maturus » . Agnominis Expertesi * . V / • B ARNABASi Olivetanus * Ge- peralUise Dignitatis faonos . Sa** • r-^ I . Agnomhh Expirt 'es Z 29 Sapletitia illuxit f Mathematlcsex- ^elluit) & pletate nemini fecuuduss ^ vivis excedit An. molxix* BENEDICTVS a Torfiano^ ^inorum Obfervai^ise Generaiis » Vir erudltioiie, 8t fcientiis confpU cuus > Typis conceiTitLibrum^ cui titulus : La Qixama dsl raradifi ,. An.MBcxxiy* ^ \c. Ex FamiUa Crifpoht I G i^SAR* variarum Sciential rUm t^otiti^ confpicuus • at PoeQ Celebris l Patril decor^ zelo* inilafiiinatus.». Hiilp* iriam Auguftac fcripfit, poftea cyui- gatam An. mociv. Liters ejns ad celebremBpnciarium in pretio flinty & Saplentis femina vocantur • • DIONYSIVS > eloquens Ora- tor, ac Do£ior Juris in Patria Viii- verfitate : Variis in fcientiis appxl- me peritus plura compofuit i CefTit J^ivere An.MocLu VE- Dl« by G()< -‘jIc 40 Ex Fvmilih CrtfpoJU ^ VESPASIAN VS, gradu Cano- nicus » Scicntia Poeta 5 hac comu- ftes captavit plalifus . ■ FAVSTINVSi Legiini Doftor, 'Romans Rots Auditor : Innocen- .iii Xll. Pontificis ter Maximi,Pr5- latus Domefticus ; Vltimum clau- 'dit diem MDCcxxvii. Ex Fmili^ Canta?allM • A NTONIVS I Jignitate Audx- .toris Romans Rots clarus » &Pontificj Nicolao V. gratus » aft univerfo Literatorum Coetui gra» tior ; Lege enim , & Philofophia fuit illuftris , & politioribus literts ceiebrior . Decifiones pin res, con icripfit , defiitque, vivere Roms LVDOVIGVS , Juris Doaor iJluftris : Pifis ,, Perulii » Patavii publice docuit i plura in Lege ad« notavit » Patris 9 Oxbi Literario, Benemeritus- , ' / . . 4i t . E]i Farntlth ComitoH r N EAPOLEO, VIr uudequa. que celebrandus: Pietate, ze» " ‘ lo laudabilis Collegium Perufinuni ^ Clerlcorum S.PauIi erexit : Digni- tate EpiTcopali confpicuus , pru- ■ dens PeruHi grcgem rexit ; Roma- XI® Rot® Auditor juftus doeuit! Plura evulgavit , pr®fertim Mora- ^lium Libriim; carmine quoque eni- tuit: Prafulum Perufinorum no. tam contexuit ; Excedit mocxxiv* PAVLVS , Societaiis Jefu pr«- ; di6li Germanus Prater , Theologi^ •Moral! cnituit i de qua plura ev.ul- gavit : Politiorrbus ifteris illuftris fuit r Scdis Apoftolio® Propugna- tor* Interdiftum Pauli V. acritfcr .defendit : O^togenarius , mefitifq; ^ plenus occumbit mdcxxvi. PETRVS 9 Ganonibus celeber in Romana Sapientia doeuit/: in Romani Rot^ Auditor juftus de- crevit , quo iibi t . & Patri® Jaudes ‘adegit. • £x Familih Coffoli A KGELVS FRANCISCVS? , in iitroque Jure Doflor illii- ilris : In Patrio Gymiiafio docuit » Injure fcripfit , 8c in eadem facul- tace plura evulgavit Au.mdcvl. FORTVNATVS , Profeffione Klinorita , aeque pius » ac fapiens : Fro Montibus Pietatls plura exa- ravit Anno Mccc.,Vir profeftb hac parte ceiebrandus . FRANCISCVS , Juris iaudabi- lis Do€ioT, Patrios illuftravit iares PeruHni Gymnafii utriufque Juris Inter pres t Bis Vrbis Senator falu- tatus, Giorios vixit>Legiscoiaimea« dabilis Scriptor . ONVPHRIVS * in Serapbic6 .Ordine inter Cappuccinos adfcitus,^ Pietate clarus » in laboribus con- fpicuus extitit • Omnium San6lb- tlim vitas in unum congedit* Peru- , iii Beatos laiidibus extuiit » & dbi encomia aiienis encqmiis efforma* %U. " JA. Digi-', .‘St • Ex l^amilthCoppoU * 43 JACOBVS , Ahimi amplitudi- iie illullris , Pietate commendabi- lis, Theologii Celebris, Perufmi . Canobii Miiiorum* vulgb Montis^ .Fundator dignofeitur j Beato enirri * .^gidio folum amplumad hoc ea^- citandum donavit,ciijtis vitam exa- ravit $ proprise laudis monumeii- turn* RAINERIVS , ante Bartolup .laudabilisjuris Interpres; plura in . Lege com pbfurt , cui ipfe Bartolus plaudit: Floruit feculo xiv.a Chri- 4 li Natali . e ROGERIVS, Bartolf , & BaJdi encomia captav it , ante bos eiiim de Jure fcripfit, pacriifque in Scho- lls docuit ; Peruhi deebre » Bx Familih Qiha • , lERONYMVS ; •pluriW Scientiis addi6lus » primum y olumen Statutorum PeruCnoruin texuit,t Rari pollens menioria car^- niina plura cecinit > mufis pergra- tWS . ■ EXr rjiijiiiZw'J by xjtMiglc Ex Famtli^ delta Gorgna • P ETR VS PHILIPPVS , cefe- bris Juris Doftor : PiTauri~» Ferrariae > Perufii publicus Legum ‘Interpres Patriam extuJit : Princi^ pibus gratiis , Concivibus » Difci-. 'pulifqub acceptus de fe defideria excitavit . Fato cedens mcdlxxii.^ PJura injure typiS conceffit . ‘ - CORNELIVS , fingulari a Na- tura ingenio inftruflus Natiirte ri- matus eft arcana ; de'AgricuItura TrJftatiiin confcripfit 9 conimuniS utiiitatis Magifter. E(e Famtlfa Coppola • I VUS 9 Romas , & Perufii publi- cs docuit:Dignitatibus pollens Famofi Piccinini Militis> Ducifque ftrenui Conf^liarius t Rom® Ad^o- catus Conciftorialis % Florentin® 9 & Senenfis Reipublic® Pr®tor pru- dentiu claruit : BisVrbis Senator illuftris Ofbi Regiminis pr®cepta expo- ^ JB>! FatnflihColomhf • 4$ expofuit ; aliqua injure evulgavit Sapientibus grata , omnibus^^utliia. ' Ex Famtlih Colornhi , . N ICOLAVS I Piato Perufinus proc/amatus ; fubtili fpecu- Jatione praeditus , ClauHra Domi- iiicana incoluit , in qUibus Theo- logus celeber dignofcitur ; Sacri ApoftoHci Palatii Magifter Aulas Romanas , Perufinas fuit illuftrij . Pkira in Theologia confcripfit .. Objit MDXxvii. nuiiquam memorial moriturus . FRANCISCVS ; etlam ipfe Philofophlcis fpeculationibus in- tentus , PJato vuJg6 dlflus 1 Medi- ci Arte Hyppocrates. De his facul- tatibus plura compofuit .. Le^uras SlmpliclOm Inftitutor 9 Pofteri multum ei debent . Fato cefllC MDti I r. . * - ' . HIERONYMVS , Vir iindei quaque eruditione coiifpicii u's. De Chrifti Natali edidit difquifitlo- nem , f'oogk '^6 Ex FamiUa Campan ) « nem Aii.mdcxix. De AngelicK , & Humana Hierarchic tra£lavit, fcri- pfit : Poefi etiam floruit , hac enim Pfalterium ^ & Canticam €xpla na- vit. EpircoporiimPeriifi norum Hi* ftoricus y de fe plaufus seternos ex- citavit* . « Ex Eam 'tlfh Campanl . X NTONIVS, literis politiori- bus celeber » has Perufii , Sc Patavii decuit . Mufis gratus car- minibus excelluit, lauro , fub qua cum Mater peperit, hoc prsefignaii- te. A’ Pio II, Pontifice Crotonien- fis Epifcopus renunciatus , in hao Digaitate eloquentiC enitnit , Ger- manis etiam Principibus peroravit, ut arma iiiTurcas caperent , Orbi Cattholicoproficiius ; Vftam For- tis Brachii PeruIini,nobilis, & flre- nui Ducis confcripfi t . Senis e me- dio excedit MDCLXxyii. • - ^ . ■ # • » . . . ' \ ^ ' Ex : t s CjiHi' N lE^ FamlUh Corromctf/f . 47 OSEPH ROSGIOLVS , M!- iforita , Theojdgia, ^ Goncid* xiatoria pr^darus^ fa per has Facu^. tates fcripfit i ap voluniina evulga- yit . In Co^nobio Perufino.t vulg6 il'Monte 9 feVvatur' lapis fanguine Chrifti afperlks ui Circumcifione ilice pietatis lignaculum ^ ac do^ iium • Ek Famllih Coppti\ F a R R I T I V , Maceratenfis Rotas A’Uditor , Juris Periifii publicus ProfelTor y 'Retliar elo- qi/eiis , Rtrufcas Linguas ftudiofus:- £didit Orationem Vermcula lin- gua , 'Eriiditis gratam . Turrena , nobilis ejus.Stirps a probo. adole? fcen te , jcjui in dks Scieatiis ie in* ftriiit ^ plura fp&rat . . Ex <.■4 ' \ Digitized by Google > Ex Farntlih Cenci • • • L VDOVICVS , Juris Celebris Doftor patrium Gymnafiurn, Legum Interpres ornavi t:De Cen- Tibus Traaatum edidit . Prudentii prseditLis pluries ad Principes Le- gatus mittitur Patrio pro bono i Oaogeiurius Naturas concedit . ibiDcxxxvii. - . ; . Ex FatniUh Caporali . J OANNES BAPTJSTA , Poe- ta commendabiliSf Architeaii- la , & Mathematica enitult . Ve- truvif Commentator Tolers Volu- men Bononise edidit mdxxxvi. Ifa- iica carmina. polleritati obtulit . Scieutiis , Artibufque affluens ma- guus celebratur V de firmandfs Ar- cibus doqiimenta fcripfit , nominis fui gloriofum Monumentuin . Ci£SAR * Juris utriufque Do- ftor, ac Poeta illuftris utroque me- tro; Vernacula lingua excelluit, iepido Digitized by Goin. t , 'Ex FamUth Caporalf . ; 49 lepKdoeniln Stylo , fere edicerem , ^ quis>Gglarem iequavit? Piui^ evul- .gavit omnibus gratiflima Pracor Atri® prudentia prxftitit , Objit . * apud Caftilionem Lacus TranfioieT ni.MD.ci. Fama fuperftite . . ’ ' ExFamiUhCatalucci. A NTONIUS; Juris Doaor, do Legibus aliqua folerteredidit Perufii MDcvL^ , Juris feguacibus grata ,;Perufini,Gymnabid€Qus. • ■ ' ■ / / • ■■ ■ . - - Ex Farnilih Coppetta . ' F RANCISCUS , Poeta fan^" magni nominis , Italo metro', plura exaravit , plura edidit . Dal vidicaxarmina proprio carmine ex-" preflit. Floruit Seculoxvi. ^ re- paratS falute . ' •, 1, . ^ ■ so Ex FamiUa Contuccl * ' F RANCISCUS, EpiTcopus Re- clnecenfis, magnus Legurti Db^ ft or. In Rota Romana Auditor, Jijftiti® incorrupt® iJluxit Lumen. Public® utilitati ejus prodiere De. cifioiies ad ejus gloriam » ac Patri® incrementiim • . _ v Ex EarnUth GardoUnl . , * j * . , N Legifta maxim® fam®'' iSia« A lerni , ac Perufii do.cuit . Piura Juris fcripfit , & dednens vi- vere ipsa morte plaufus fibi compa- ravit . ‘ ^ ' yj' , • ~ Ex FcttnillhContoU ^ C LAUDIUS » variarum Scien- tiarum notitia coufpicuus » Sz latino Metro iliuftris . Epigramma- ta edidit.ParnalH r ac Patri®' orna- mento . Deliit vivere initio Sccull y XI , Mufarum. ni^rore • Ex Digitize^’ Ex F ami It a. a attl . F ELIXt prbfeflione Cbiivenciia- liSjThcologicis^ dogmatibus <fx- cellens, Concionatoria clarus . Pfu- raediditt Hiftoriarumque pentus PatriiB fadnora » illuftres hujus Fi^ lios typis conceflit. E’ medio exce^. ditMDCXMli.i - ' Ex F dmilih Qalidoni * • • F RANCISCUS maria , Ju- ris ProfelTor Patria in Cathe- dra ; fuper hoc aliqua fcripfit . Mu* farum ciiltor cdmiiiibus excelliut ad propri® iaudis tiitamen • < \ . • * Ex-Farnilih Cepari . V IRGILIUS/,.Societatis Jefu . .Aflecla , variiii Eriiditionei ^ommeiidandus ; Sanftorum exara- vit vitas, de CanonizationeTra^la- tum cbnfcripfit , ficoti de honefta AiniddS ipfe cum Sapienti^ fatni- 0 \ V Digitized by Google '^2 ' Ex FarnlUh Cepars I iiaris » .extinguitur mdcxxxi* f' Ex FamtUaCaftqldf . ' - ' R ESTAURUS .JuriTprudentig feri; Reftaurator : Confilio Caroli V. Imperatons $ in Titulom lt)(litutionum Tra^atum edidit : Ncpotuin Pauli III. Pontific/s Pre- ceptor , (los Legibus inftrtuit ; Vi- ta ftuigitur Mtonx-. Sapienti® la^ crymis , Ex Familtd Camalti . \ UCAS ANTONIUS , Patrio - LycaoMedicse facuitatis Pro- feflfor , ..bac fibi miiltas comparavit laudes ; at publics? utilitati confu lerct Opus evu/gavit Tub titulo , il Reggimenio.t ad Talutem in calori-" bus trahendam . , . ■ i 4 m •• Digitized by GoogI< * Ex Familih Conadi • J OANNES » Dq^ihicani Cee- tus Collega Theologus nob vulgaris Gufmani ampliavit Gym- nalia , 5c fibi ampia paravit eiico» mia : Terrie' Sanftas CommilTarius zeio-Fiael excelluit ; De ilia hifto* riciim traclatum fcripfi^* * ; ■ ^ ‘ . 1 * • Ex FamlUd Cardainti H ORAxfuS , Rethor elo- quens, Grascam etiam callult lingu^m ; Mufarum Cultor plura ' ejcarayit carmina. Eloquently, Em- . ditionifque ejus elogium; Patrio in ' GymnafioRethoricorum Profeffori; latino idiomate fcriplit Epiftolas^ c ab Eruditis in pretio habitas: Vati- " cana Bibliotheca Humanioribus in Literis ejus peritiarti (ervat , lucu- bratiqnefque zelo cuftodit . c j- .1 r Digitized by Googir FamlUa Carofi , . P XACIDUS , Olivetanus Pr®- f'ul , Canonica clarus , atqiie admodum laudabilis : Bibliothec®. Montis Morcini luftitutor, Adole- /centibus OlivetaniCoetus ad fcien- tiasinancifcendas ampluih aperuit aditum : Objit MDliix. Epc FanjJl/^ Cartuhttl * H ieronymus, pecuiiari in: genio inftru^lus Poefi mcu- buit , Parnuili decore , Patriae glo- ria , fui ornaineiito-; Amoris vcna- tioiieni , ^tnifeo metro edidit An. MDX'Xv, , qyo communem captavit amorein: De univerfaii Redemptio- lie Tra;^tatum fcripfit Itaio carmi- ne , propriae Eruditipnis teflimo- iiium ^ ‘ ExFmilia Calgografi . H ieronymus /injure do:' 6lor faniam celebrem adeptus ed : Zelo Patri.'e gubernaiidse plu* ra volumina edidit mdxxi i i** jura Tiirreni vindJSantia : Statuta ejus expofuit ad firmum Pertifii decus. :• Ex FmfUh Coflanthi •’ F ULVIUS , Celebris Juris Pro- feifor j fuper Inilitutiones Ju-' ftiniani ]e6liones edidit molxvi. Aik plura injure fcrip/it y.fuft Sa* pien tias peculkre.ornamentum • . ExEamiUhOrefeimbehi P ETRUS PHILIPPUS , pru- dentiS illuftris , Lege peritus tnultos naftus eft plaufus ; Publico ’comodo Perufina correxit Statuta rabrum Regulam « Pofterorum do-, ' cunujnta A nno mdxx v i {6 'Ex Familih Cai/neni . J OANNES FRANGISCUS , Orator maximus i Poeta exi- rnius » In Patrio Gymnafio Retho- ^ricorijm Profeflbr duo I'cripfit erii- dita volumina , Epiffoiarum uiium, alterum Carminiim • Oe Elogiis^ & Oratiouibus Librum typis concef- fit MDXXXi 1 ., laurbs Mufarum iia- ftus eft , ejus Saplentia fertum . > 'Ex Familia Chrilliam P ETRUS PAULUS , Augu- ? ftae ’BibliothecsB Cuftos , Hi-”’ ftbriae Ecclefiaftlcae publiciis Do- ^or , plitrium notitia Sdentiafum commendabilis; Vivat ad fui , Tur- leiKe utilitatem 9 commoda » . ? ' t V ; Cognomitih Expertes ^ e ORRADUS, Epifcopus AflTi* fienfis 4 non mlniis -zelo, quam pletate iliuftris 5 conftUutio- ues - Ciiinomnh Expert is . lies pro Ciericis edidiCf ipfe morum obfeevantiS . laudabilis ; ( fapienti^. - fuit prjeclariis., plus tamen Chrifti .dogmata refeivit . ’ - > . CYNUS , Legiim Idea Statu^ . Vtorum Civilium Princeps . Ant& Baldum plura injure fcripfit Juris PrudentiJB Magifter 9 fane Perufi- ng-UniverfiCatis fuigentifllmum Sy- ‘ di^ . . ^ COSMASf Abbas Olivctanus^ .variarum cognitione . feiehtiarum celebrandiis 9 qaibus fibi 9 Patrias Congregationi plaufus na^us ell • Bx BamtUh Dmtes I "I I GNATIUS 9 profefllone Ort^ nis Prsedicatorum , Dignitate Epifeopus Alaterarius 9 MagU fterio Geograph isB , & Cofmogra- ph lie ‘Dp^lor in Bohonienfi Gym- iViiio . Mathematipus eximiusjplu- G 5 r» • - V > ^ CO oy C'.'xyk f . 5» • , Ex F ami lid Danns* ra de hac Facultate evulgavit . Fa^ mam communem nafliis^apud Pon- tilices Gregorium Xill., & Xiftum V.magni habitus, Cofmi etiam'Flo» rentiae Duels Celebris venerationem captavit > dignus^sBternhm vivece • ni mors invida nobis ra\|)ui(rec An» ^OLXXXVI. V " , - JOANNES BAPTISTA , Ma- thematicus Magni Noininis, Vejje* tlisyltalicarum Vrbium nobiiidima'i tc linguiari., hanc facultatem ex* 'plaiiavit . Narrant alas fibi aptaife i ac fuper Adriaticas , ae Tranfimeni undas evolando propria? artis expe- nmenta obtulifse. ad fui nominis' celebritatem • " . JVLIVS , etiam ipfe Mathema- llcd , & Afohitc6lura clarus , Arti* i)^s quafr congenitis Stirpi , FamU Ihseque DantesT imprefllt adnou- tiones ad ornamenta ArchitefturSe, & Opus de Aliuvione Tyberisjdies claufit MDL’Xxy. Fama ejus ubique fuperftite . ' - . , PETR VS VINGENTiVS , ce. - " ” ' * . " iebris • 'Ex PamHih. Dantes, lebn's Architeftus , ac Mathemati- cus ; in Poeticis fuit praclarus,' . JDan te ejus Stirpi nomen imponen- te , cum ailtea Rf inaldorum ftem- ■fha: jaftitaretjimpreflit folertercom- ' ' mentum fupra Spheram Bofchi ... THEODQR A , fexti muliebn ». • * plufquam vir irigenio , nammagna- inter Mathematicos celebratur* mb Magiftra ; nepotem enim fuum JgnatiUm pras^epris hujus fciehtifi- ca; Artis indruxiti illuftremque<^ " formavit , quo mihi fas fit dicere Aduliearum prodigium . .. VINCENTIUS ,Statuarius,ac 'Piftor Celebris ; aft Architeftura excelluit $ Statuariorum nobiJio- rum exaravit' vitas , aft potiiis pro-, priaib evulgavit . Floruit Seculo Xvi.^ " Ex Pamtlih Danzetta , J OANNESj inPatria Univer^- tate Juris Doctor; erudite fcrU ^fit de Legibus , Stirpem illu- , Q 6 ftrans, i Digitized by Google 4o FamtUh Danzetta , ilrans , ac futuris confulens gla* SIX . ^ Ejus Imago fiftat » ac venetetur Archidiaconus Danzetta noftro patrii Gymnafii Doftor» El^, quens Orator i Poeta commendabi- 1\|S • . ; J ' . ’I- . • V ' . t . • ■ Ex Familih'Vionyfi , J OANNES BAPTISTA , Eld- quentia clarult, ut optimus di- gnofcatur Orator, m forlaii ejus Epiftol® typis conceffae Bonciarii EpiftoJas squent ; his tamen.unitas propriam non deperduut gloriamL ^ T ■ .. ' » ■ • ; ExPamtUhDoni * T? ULVIUS f noftrS ®tate Poeta JL* illufiris, Mufis gratos identi- erudite canit , dignus ut plura 'propriorum earminum pofteritaii dpuet^ ■ . Efc Familth Eugeni . F RANGISCUS , Theologik claruit 5 Francifgi Xaverii Imago Socictatem Jefu ia- .greflTiiS jJapofliam poftea perrexit » Apoftoiico muneri pietatem con- 'jmjgens fol^im fecum Brcvia-riuin. .tiilit j ’iangulois. fui Fratribus nee vale dixit , divina Sapientia poU -dens . Floruit Seculi xvi i. . FULVIUS , fublimis Famae in ' Jure Doftor , itiultum decoris Pa- trife peperit , ac libi aeternam lau- • dem paravit: aliqua injure evulga- ^jt , Legillis grata . ■ , ' MARCVS ANTONIVS > .liior eloquentia pcrfeelebris , Juris .ujCrhirque notitii iliiiftrior . Pr^ • cipibus gratus, fu® nobili Stirpi laudes adcgit:Fidei fiiicerus ciiftos, ad ipfurn tanqualn Legum Oracb- him omnes confluebant; Volumiiia i . ConfilibruiTi, & Criminalium com-^ Di. 62 Ex Familih Eugeni . pofuit, ac pluribiis fcient/ls iiiftm- 61 us gloriofus objit mdxvic. . marcvs ANTONIVS Ju. nior , Advocatus Conciftonalis 9 ^potitis dicam praedifti Marci Antb- . nil fidilTima imago • injury Do6lor “ clarus depredicatuT : Principum/f Tomniumq; captavit benevokxitiam» -4itque Aul® Romame gratus Con-‘ • fidtatiouum in ejus comodum , ac Gonfiliorum' cxaravit volumiiJa j Eloquio ctiam prtsflitit, majora £\|flurus , n\ Fatum terns eripuii^ . fet mdclvi j , ■ \ r AN GEL VS , Serapbici Ordinis .Magifter, Theologus non vulgaris* aliqua in bac facultate exaravit^ de Sacramentis volumen edidit WDCxxv. Templumilluftre S..Ma- ,.riw Apparente'Neapolis fuis excl- taVit , fuae Pietatis moiiDmciftiim Annis plenus» plus mentis afHuens diem extremum claudit * nunquam plaufibus obituruj: , & in pras^^’fto Templo tumulatur . Bx Famine Ercohni * ' w' V INCENTIVS Senior, Juris celeberrimus Interpres , in .patrio Gymnafio docult ; Piura fcripfit 9 pliira evulgavit » in omniV bus idem } Sapientias videlicet Sy- dus : Legum Praeceptor, vulgari titiilo inflgnitus communes na^tus* plaufus * Morit MDXV. FRANCISCVS i Juris Conful- tus Dofior 9 de hoc inulta typis conceflit ,.fcientificis pergrata. Pa- triae Maecenas vqcetur 9 nam pr'f> ipsa multos infumpfu labores , & coniiliis profult Floruit Anno MDfiXXIII. OGTAVIANVS , Eruditione commendabilis, Etrufco Metro ii- - luflris , aft Jure clarior r multa 'ita- lice compofuit.9 Mufis grata , pro* priae laudis memoriale ,* ^ .VINCENTlVSJunior, Gufnia- iil Aflfecla , & Perufii Epifcopus , S.Pontifici Pio V.gratUS. In Tbeo- logia , ac Sacr» ^eripturae notltiS cift- i • ^4 Familih ErcoJattt • cUrus 9 pfetate clarior extitJty pau* peribus Pater , difcolis feverus Ju* i,dex ; fcripfit aliqua in TheoIogiS f ,ac Philofophia , & opinione San- ^flita^tis defunflus MDLXXxvi. Mo- ' ' jiumentum ab ipfo vivente fibi ere- tum in Ghoro Templi Perufini D. Dominico dicati vivum nobis per- ,,petu 6 fervat • ^ ' LVCAS , Eioquehtia ’clarus , .fimulque Poefi plura in Pbctica jmpreiTit; alia erudite fcripfit. Stir-* pis 9 ac Patriae laude . Floruit An. .MOeXX. / • ^ . jf ’ . F. Ex Eamilih Eknnzi . C ONSTANTIVS , utriuf- que Legis Doftor , mul- tifq;Scientiis indru^iis » ihemoricE prodigium Jus totum Ci- vile ad yerbum recitabat : Legis Commentaria exaravit , Publico li tilia 9 ftbique gloriofa • Ex FarmltaFloretiZf . 6^ VIRGILIVS, Epifcopus Nuce- ■' riniis, Vir undequaque eruditus : .Con clones compofuit , Sacras ejus eloqueiitiae teftimonium Objit MDcvit. Faniilije Stirpifq; Infolabl- libiis lacrymis . • Eic FamtUh Fhnnti • , * »' .•*** * . - * • • F LORAMONTIVS , Vir pro- fe6l6 eruditus ; Graecam jin-’ guam calluit , & humananii^l^ite- rarum ftudiofiflimus edidit;LibrUm in Epiftolas Bonci'arii : Compen- dium Epidolarum texiu’t fcriben- • datum , ac peculiari ingenio inftru-, , , ftus I talentum, ut. verbis Evange-^ licis utar^ fibi creditum diiplica- tiim reportavit . FRANCISCVS, Poefi addi^us. Juris confultus etiam Celebris viv xit ; plura confcripfit carmina Mu-; farum decore , p'roprise laudis in- Memento. v Digitized by Google €6 Ex Famine. FumagloU . C iTISAR , eximius in Jure Ma-^ o;fter;plitra exaravit, & Lcgis Commentaria evulgavit MDLXfie. ,Vir profeft6Perufioi Gymnafii de. cus . ' HIERONYMVS , Elpquentl^ confpicuus » Prudentiae maximum lumen afFulfit jiublica utilitate , ac' cofnodo^ Edidit Idiiium mdcxx. -■ ' • .'v c • Ex FaYAilih Ferretti • . . ■ H ORATIVS , Artis miracu-i . lum: In parva Arcai quae in- flrumenta vitic neceffaria , quje or- natui congrira « quae Qomoditati confbna mirabilit^r, inc/udebat: Pluribus Principibus fus Artis ac induilrias dona obtiilit : Vnum ex hjs Neapolis in noftro Coeno- bio Montis Oliveti , ubi degebat , ’ efformatum , Pro-Rex » nobiiitaS, oinnerque mirati maxiqTfum depre- dicarunt ; plufquain o^logeuarius FctmtUa Ferretti • 6y ex laboribus infumptis coccus cffe- ftus , Divinse Voluntati conformis pie vivebat <% Sc mortuus 9 cre- ditnus , beatam ceternitatem eft af-. fccutus , iicuti temporaneam glo- .riam femper aflequitur • Floruit fe- cuk)xvni. , . . Ex Famfli^ F roll f erf • H IERONYMVS , Hiftoricus cdmmendabilisjfuinmo enirn^ labore fuorum Concivium facinOra compilavit , Hiftoriam texuitPa. triiS'laudibus intentus • S' Ex FarnlUa FkdentioIa> • J OANNES, Mjporum obfervan- tiae Clauftralis, Theoiogica Fa- cultate illuftris, Teri^ San^sc Cu- ftos pietatem coin it , Fidem defen« dit . Hiftoriam'Terrse Sanfl® com** pofuit^ de Pofteris benemeritus • <5S . Epc Familia Felictant I M ^ATTHi^;VS , Jurlfta con- * fpicuusimufta de Lege con- fcripfitj prudentia autem'excelJeus ad Principes legationes habuit pro Patria RepUblica mullo labore , aft nomiuis fatna seterna . Objit feculo XIV. ' , ? ^ . Ex Famine Flanchi • P HILIPPVS » Celebris in utrd^ que jure Doctor, patrii Gym- naHi laudum zclo percitus rubt\|ii« ter docuit; Canonicam folerter ex« planayiti Anno mdxxxix. plura de hac Facilitate edidit publico modo , ac bono . : r , I* ' . • » Cognorntms Expertes . I P HIGERIYS « magni iiominis Prafiil ; Zelo, PrudehtiaiPie-^ tate confpicuus Perufinam rexit Eccienam : Coepifcopi S.^ Erculani * HU # 'i -j ' dogfiomtfjfs Experte's I Hiftoriam texiiit , multa de fe con. fcribenda reliquit: Clementem &VrbaaumIV. Pontifices Sum' mos fed u 16 excepit fuJ , ac Patriae cncomio . Morti occumbit AniVo jMCCljtV# PHILIPPVS f Tbeologus com- mciidabilis , Seraphic? Conventua- lium Ccetus Magiflert Pietate prx* . clams 9 virtutibtis exornatus , qiii Cce'nobiuitiNeapolitanum Conveii- tiialiifm'S. Mariae'Apparente propd Carthufiam a fundamentis erexic fuonim Fratrum incremento > prae- cipue Perufinorum , qui foli iinico Reverendiflimo Generali fubje^i Wc degunt. Nonagenariiw mqritur An.MDcxxixj^, aft abjit^non objit^ fic erudite' in ejus tumufe in praedi* S. Mariae Apparent^ Tcmpld adnotatur. .. > * ‘ v • Cigitiod by Google r . * Ba! Familih GrazhttJ . F RANCISCVS , Pcrufiinis Antilles fub Beiiediflo XII. Pontifice ,p/o , ac maximo in Benedi^tinopum Pontificmn coe- tu, non miniis do6lrina» quam pie- tate exceljens,-ac prseftans zelopro ^ fuis Ciericis leges rcripfitiiiiftaurai \itqiie Cathedralem proprii ■norai+- nis i - . MATTHiEVS r fub LadfsIao NeapolitaiiorumRege Secretarius, plurium rcicntiamm no t itta; laud a dus t gubernio Pro.Rex commens} dabilis proponitur. Qbjit » ad piau« CbuS ' vivens’ lepelitbr in Tempio Perufino Dominico facrum . ‘ - HIERON YMVS , Vir fane eru-^ , ditus , Hiftoriae.praecepta tradidit , atq ue carmine exceiieps Cieopatram dereripfit . Juris; Do6lpf - nobilem Stirpem extulit ; qiiamplurium Principum Secrftarius elbquio , > &pru- Dtgitiz. Ex Fam$lia QiglhU 7 1 St prudentia excelluic • Patr'se bo- no 9 ac incremento . ' ANTONlVSi AdvocatUB Con- ciftorialis An.MCccL., Juris Doftor laudabilis ^ Rerponforuni LiCrum exaravit , Eruditis gratitm> ac iaiu ' dibus dignum • f « ^ Ex Familih GsglioU • J OANNES THOMAS , plu- riiim iTOtitia fcientiafum cele* bris : Irt Patavino, ac Perufino Ly- Cieo libcralium Artium ProfefTor , inultani'adeptus eft famatn : la Phi^ lorophia,ac Theologia confpicuus* etiamjure^ac Mathematica enituit: Parnadi incola, latino » atque tstru- fco carmitie cecinit : plura fcripfit * ntulta edidit r Mors invlda nobis rapuit MDCXXxvi. fama ejus femper ’ fuperftite . - * v • ^ ' ‘ THOMAS % ' publicus PataVii liegiim Doftot’ , Philofophia exi- fniuS'pFiorutt initio feculi xv i i, / •ncomiia;Secundi Lahcellotti Digitized by Google • Ex Familih Gbemii • vetsni ehtus j defut tetris viv ere.', plaufibus fempet viftutus • * * * Ex Gberardi ... C /ESAR , in; pa trio GytnnaGo . Legis Do 6 lor , in Aula Ro- mana utriufque Signature Refe- rendarius, poteftaie Epifcopiis Ca- merinenfis , Dignitate Cardiiftlis ampliflimusv^ Paulo V. .admo- dtim gratliS extitlt ; In Lege p!ura compofiiit, Epiftolas latino idioma- te exaravit : Rapuit cum Mor§ fere: quinquagenaiiuin mdxxih«. , 4 , , \ . , Ex FaraFd Qftfdahf ti l ^ B ENEDlCTVS,c»Ieftibus^af- fluens benedi^ipnibus^plurin bus. fcientiis inftcuftus, Perufii pu- blicusJurisDoftor extitit: Marti-. • ni y.. Pontificis PraBceptorADigni- tate Epifcopus , & p.pina?i^ Jbe-. faurarius',. Collegii, S. Hierpn^nf; ,Perufii Fundator dignofcitpr ;^!^-?, migrat MCDXXiX/ ’ V- 1 • J ^ - J . V . V .;'. y >■ . Bx Ejamilih Grtfaldl I V > • - A®^BUS , Juris Do^f .exu» ^ rttus 9 Mufis gpprjme grattis-; evulgavit Tragedias , ac de Cfuce . , poema : Ob] it MDcx XIV* . > " , ‘ PAULUS 3, The'oidgus er.ijditui, J?hilofbphia iflams Dominici iJlu^ ftravit dauftra j Oathalicae Fidei ■ Declfiones edidit , plura. in Theo- Ib^ fdfipfit , fereScholaeT-homif ftic® Oraeal«ni-5. mortdkat^ ex-> .pleti^Dcix. . " • ■ • Bx Fam/l/a .Gar^pha»i . / ■"» " . , •y ■ C AROLUS^ TheoioguS' Ordji, pis IPfaBdiGatprum , in Sacra Scr^jtura pefittts , Oratprii clarus^ • conimunemcaptavi;; famam,.vTbco- ' ' logiam^Moralem edidic .j & Sacri - TextUS CpnTmenCa . .. GARQFANU^v Perufi,f^publ I- cus J u r ix Dod:ar : R oni «; acja Judex wnperavirr Paeta optinii minis itaUca. carmina , ac Fabuias “ D " Cq- Digitized by Google «4 Farnllia' OUianl • Gomicas compofuit omnium utili- tati. * ^ EfcFamitiaOUianl^ D IOMEDES^; juris Cpnfiiltus laudabiHs , evulgavit Addi- tiones ad Municlpale Jus Perufii ; Floruit MDcxxx. BARTHOLOMJEUS , Juris Do- ■ftor PeruGnum raunicipal^Jusim- ptedit Pofterorum Utilitate • — Etc Familih Guglhlmi • • .'tV . ' ' ' . ' ^ ... F RANCISCLIS , Iitriufquo Juris Doaor'celebrandus ; Erudite fcripfit indiac facultate, quod evul- gavit mdCxxxv. Pro merito digm- ‘ tates obtintiit r Eques cnim^-aura- / tus prociamatus eft 9 propriac Sa- pient j« fertum'. " ' ‘ GUGLIELMUS", Bartboli Ge- ner, ab Ipfo Legum’Prineipe Do- iftoris foleitinis titulo decoratus : Juris utriulque Interpres Juftitias Digitized by Google Bx FamtUaQaglielmf , ’ ’VinSex.innbtuit: Pliixegltalia Ur-\ bes Judex rfexit 9 Patria?, ac fui no-. /-Wiriis faina.'. ‘ ■ HIERONYMUS , GufrmmAfie-^. da 9 Epifcoptis dign^ate , Tfeeolb-. - gi^ , ac gube^nk) elaruft : Conciliq Trident;no adfuit; 'de Opere fex dieriini opus coufcripfit 9 operlbus* gloriofiSiipfe pknusj Mx- Famlih Gas - 1 ^ '■ % B AR-tHOLOM^US,'profeflione Minorita Canonum Doftor in Patfio Gymtiafib 9 CDneionatov. - fia laudandus ; Pbllofophia* The(>r iogta»'Maxhemat{ca darus, Eptfco-, . pus Nemoncenfts crcatus eft a Cje- ineute VI. Ponti^ce Beuedidikio. ^ < ejus.'do6lrina Avenione lifiis eft { Plura evuIgavitThpoIogica^&Coii- cioiwtork ^ , • ^ IX a ♦ £x Digitized by Googit f > .j, ' GuidanlU - 4 ^> ' '••'t J OAHNES ANGELUS , Orato-: tia excellens $ Thebldg^us Ec- elefifi^ Cath€4rali>, Abvocatus Con- ciilorialis iiiuxit .Rpth^ricorufti jjublicusrPe'rufa Do£lor, tanti h,a- ut fere Cicero voca;etu« PliiVa, jfegantk^ exaravit , 'aft pfjs. . hymilitate nil' evulgavit r Obji t •jptuagenvius i' ’ J ENTILrs ;^Mecli’ca Arifr con* ^ fpicuuSjJoannisXXI. Ponti- fficl? Medicus renunciatus „ Aul« ji:Di[rian3e illuxit 5 Plura in fuS Pro^ feflioJtie- fcripfi t f bi ♦. Orbi /uji- lia.' - - ■ % 3x Farniitu Qtfajlufefri^ ^ f * \ ^ AULLia/GuTmani Difcfpulus, ^ celejj)fis 'Concipnator 'Afiiio ' aiiccLXXVir .{yolumina^Coocionpm jJ^lc V ■.V . ■ r . . , EaYtMh (iiiajiaferrL ^ . praslo tradidit i Sactfie eju^ Etudi^ v tionis moAumentum , ^ t . . Ex Famine GirWl I, * \ J OANNES ‘BAPTISTA '/Poetir - commeAdabilis riVletro Etr]ufc<\|Jt^ iConftantini fabinora defcripHt) ajus > ' * ingehii eAcomium \ , - - / E» FamiU^QalU\l : H ieronymus , A rchivji * = Wici Compi/a^or laboribus J - - lunimis , Pemfi« aAtiquitates reffi- : tuft : Veterum-i liovorumque Tai beilioAUiti 'cdidit tabui^i^ pUbilco bdao^, ae commodo .. >. ExFmiVfhOalUmlUli-’:^^ A 'KTONIUS MARIA Sai^rda^^"' \ ; pietatecomniefidabiliar^nno . inDcxxv.PraBlo'dfidic Traaatum de ^ Pali per ttfte ipfev if tutibuf divers : ' Scripfit^AP$€diea0 iApremento.* ^ ;.c.. '. j = Ea: ■ ' K> •V Digitized by Google 78 . ' ' Ex Fdtnilih Guidelli . H Ic Magiftex Generalis Augu- ftinenfium "proclafnatiis ell t Vir fummae prudentia: 9 ac rcgimU* Ijis. Concillo TriHentlno interfutt* con'Gionem ad Patres hahens’; plu- ra edidit 9 pcjecipue notas in totunl Auguftinum i Objit mdlxxv. Coghoraltiit Expsrtes • . G 'ASPAil. » Gufmani Aflecla , V ir iftgenio- 9 memcrria pollens , Theologia claruit 9 Orator laiida^ bills de Concionatoria Icripfit Po^ ijerorum commcdo . - H. lERONYMUS, OliVeta- norum Abbas General^r facris litcrrs deditns 9 b'>s alVidu6' operam* dedit ' ad Afcetic» nficrementum, 9 fincjue anirtii profe- ^umjVir fan^ piitS) 8 c iapiens: Mo- titur Mcqxxxi I ^ ’ Ex L- • Ex Jovia l ' A lexander., Perufii , it Parmce Legum laudabilis Interpres » decus Stirpi adepius eO: : Motitur Parmce xn^ CBVO o^logenarius. . : ' ’ Cogrtomittis Export es^ J ACOBUS > Auguftlnenfis Reft* gione f poteftatc Terracing £• pifcopus » /Theologuj^ commenda^ ’ bills :Scrip.tit in quatuor Sentential' rum Libros: Prudens rexit^ Som piensdocuit* JACOBUS alter » Ordinb^Praedit catorum ; Narnienfis EpiTcopus (a- lutatus « zeio , Be fapientia Gregem rexit ; Hiftoriam fui' EpifcbpattiS' fcripfit , fuse.- glociis , ac Pofteriil’ proficuus , JACOBUS 9 hoc titulo tertius ; Rgthorica claruS » politioribus li« ' P 4 _ 4. ^ ' .'^ ' C^gnomnh EiipeTtes.l teriu orrifetus moxiic. .De mOc!^ cQiicionandi Opus' imprefllt , \e'r~ . .j^tr4 tt rvp^I if«.a tlf t Ilf l:c fi 1 1^- !«• [•. hiim'Oei.^^vaug^lijiatttibLis peril t le ■• . ' : . , . JOA.imES ^ Benediainus ^pro- > fa]wentii iliuftris jpi^ta te jlluftrior j ,Kac duaus- Xocf. fagr^: inyirit, horum^ue ^ xiagj Pofteivis wiftn^ndavit . ' .;J<\|JANKVs after* Minorca roa- , gnae Hlpi^ Gonclpi3Nitor,Ordinis fui ampfhkator in Hungarise, Bpeift’ig- -qjue \|!kgl;iis .' Ab ^^nociqntjo IV* prO;]pideJiuSi Pace> ad l^arlarotuin , < Re^fein Le^tus viuultum pro Eidp ; i lAbof^Vix'; De liac feeregwnationej 'Qpu^.iaifcFjpf^^ pi?tatis% ac, , iapientla^ moniim^ntiim .-f. .; JSjpORtlSj Miiiorum oblervaii/ tisss Claiiftralis Vir feientiiSvaddiV, . «r« ^ * ^ tia? Claiiftralis Vir leientiisv^di Sirs 9 & in.Caponica apprime perji., " tus ; Tra 6la t ii m <'d e Reftit u t i ohp, ‘ compof u i jirjp ft i^s , & (a\|^iens^ i P - ^ rmt ' . w — - « A. V’ ■- c ~ .. ' '• ■ " . . > Dij jed by :v. vl- N K ■ >\.y M’ ' y- Ex P^mlM X • ..; ■ 1 ~ . i V . ••• • # ^ AROLrtS » Art9 Retlj6fic0 . v^nerandas , Urbi\, ac f triaj •iiotus - eximiani » ob' Wuditicwiem ^ Rtimae italo carmiao: jBr«/^a/»r<w» Tmpreffit ,-.qya etiam mortaus mjdclxxh^, Fam\|viy^i^ . ret.,. • •■•■ ■: '■ ' ■ 'v.^^ IfE- APO^EO ,'Prude»tla , at^e ^ Eruditione' praBciatus i Ludovici • •' XIV. Fraiicarum Regis ^ Secretis, .. & I taJici’ idioma^tis interpf es^i Pa» - trie Stirpi decus im6lu5 eft : e^ulv •gayit italic^ TfagicPmediaro^rudi^:. ’ Jis^gratain . . ^ . -CBx Fumili^ Lattc^Uhtti r v« • ■ ' I R OBERTUS T.vcelebrts' Legiitii Do5lor .j^Sc.ripfit iii ut roquet Jure, Perufio , Or&t utilrs , , vivere >iDtxxxii;i;, ^ iibu5 vi^kurus-# j. , ; ' • , - • • / ♦' r. D 5 JOAHj ; K I Digitized by Google E96 Familia Lance Hot tl . ' JOANNES PAULUS, Legis Cji- .nonicis Princeps ; primus enim ex Pauli IV.' Poatifigis Summi jiiffu CaQones conipilavit,eorumque me- thodumlitveait « acin quatuar lAm bros diftributos typis coiiceflit ^ Tanti ejus Fama vigehat, utex r0i-. metis regiouibus D.ifcipuii Peru- , Hum adlrent « folitmjoauuem Pau- 'JumaucHturi^, <$elebratun » O6I0- ■ genarius moritur mdxic. ; Et.ia 'Tetnplo Perufiiio Divi Francifcf fepulcro’claiiditur , ubi ipfe adhuc' vivens fibi mertuo tumulum para- ^ vit , Epigraphe OFiiavit , AUGUSTIN US, OlivetanuS Pras* fiilj.Theologus nou vtdgaris erUdi- ^ tione prxclarus: Dft Opere fex die* rum Tra6latum impreffit , cui titu- hi^Pem Optfex^i fcientifiaim fati& opus \ Theologis utile » atque gra- * turn t Dcfiit vivere ]MDCVL. '» Oli veti' Temper Palma frugifera . SECUNDUS 01 .,Auguflin!germa- nus Frater« germanufque fapientia* aft eruditione jpfumde^vicit . Vo* ^ ■ lu. Digitized by GoogI ni FamlU^L(Mcelhiti . fumftia,Og'^/ f Barfdiiqnijtii^o* ria Oiivetana , Sav^io chi I'indpvid > > aliaque rO\|)era^ejus funt j fiacc . typis J)Fodiere: Labai^idfum opiU»; 1 ^ ■ MaUti^a aJk kiet, ^xii T<x^ ‘ mis comppeheiifa, qii4' viam.0rato<fc>- ' .rife»® fternit de qttacqmque fermones efformandos : Parifips^- ubi hand, typis ittand^at , extre- - ' mum claudit diem "omaiuin tueefove * , ^ An.Mbcviit, , . - ^ ' OGTA VHlg/rOw;cdrii Centre ' gatronis Presbyter.t fwaedidisotuiit’ v Fratserr , pietate iiinfhis » erudition he priBcIanjS'* Politioribus li^fferfts- cxofiiajtus^' has“ in Patrio Cymna- fio edoauit trigintaquatijof "annoi* . rum decurfa j. in folurS. oratiquf ali^iiA edidit * 'iil«iit‘ium.^vrrc^runl Hfftoriamcqnfcrrpfit f Ccenobia, Edtflefias dom\|!iiJavit ^ ^^ibiis Tu^on'^^ irena gldtio^ e^tmciatirn EphlinH fidum y oluifHm ^xarfVit r£)eee<hq - MDCtXXK- . '■ Digitized by CiOOgle Epi Fawlih Laurt » m e ft R ISTOPHORUS, Eques rofolymitanus'eruditjone , ac, p4eta.te ill uftris.Poeli addiftiis piu- , ra compofuiciFabuIas Etrufco idio- mate imprelTit , Fabulam abfum^iis Mpexiiix. JOANNES BAPTISTA , politio-. ribus bteris, atque etuditione cora- inendabilis : Perufino in Gymna'fiq^ Artes liberales profeflTus 6 ft: Urba- ni VIII, Cubic ulari us , Pontifici t Sapieptibufque.gratus extitit ; lu« cuienter» fimulqiie erudite fcrijiiit* , Epc Emilia LsoneiH • J OANNES BAPTISTA , Cano 2 iium Profeffor Celebris : No* publice Perufii docuit , pliira hisTcripfit, plura impreflit ad com- ' muiiem utllitatem f Floruit feculq fextodecimb • / Digitizad by Famil/h Lara^ardJ y F RANCISCVS , Do£korJuriS commendabilis: Epifcopus Ve-, rulanus faiutatus aelo » ac pruden- tia rext^t. Scripfit in Jure, inter. Pe^, rulii iludiofos celebrandus • r . • Ex F ami lid L^cilli . . - • * • • J OANNES GEORGIYS , plu^ ' rium Scientiaruiticultor « Mu- fariim Familiaris , unionem Artis* cum Narturil cecinit , Annoque, MCccL. fiunc'Traftatum.evulgavit, Inter Eruditos uti Sapiens veneran- dys . . . ^ . • ' ;• . Cognmittis Bxpertei I S LEO MAGN VS , prop^ Pe- . V rutiutn in, oppida natiis jure . Turren* deciis peculiare digiwfca- tur ; Ad Cathedrajn Pontificiam . eve6lus , Sacrce Scripturas notitiS % pio guberxilo cdebratuf 9 limulque Ho- CogmmtnU E Xpert es I Homiliis , quibus cajteris doquro ac'IingUSfe latiivie pr«ftantia pr§ftat» Admodum laudabiiis ab omnibils di* gnofcatur , colitur . - • LAVRENTiyS ^ Erudltione ; ^PoefrJaudabifis adnotatur ^ Hi- iloricus'prudeiis vitam f & ^nnus KlagnI Piccinihi Ducis ilrenui compofuit 9 facinora Perufinorum defcripfit^ ingenii acumine Celebris, yixit An.MccccLX. . J.VCIVS i^MILIVS, Eloquen- cfaeus , Ciceroais estate Retho ijconim Principis- contra Cxfiris interfeftores concionem in Senatu habuit Aiigiiflss Pemfiie pJaDfUk - LEONARDVS 9 Congregatio* nis CalTineniis Alumnus, Pietate $ Doftrina illuftris . Poeta coinmeii- dabilis Elegias de Chiifto 9 & Vir- gine exaravit 9 plura alia feripfit propriieerudttionis^^tneitioria . Flo* ruit MDXVJI9 > ■ ■ ' . * * ■ M. ■ • ■ ♦ Familfi Mm coni • P HlLlPPVS , noftra -jBtattt' Eques coinmendabiiiS^ gl(v rii& seio incenfus viros fui9 StirpI^'Hl^uftres typis conceflit , fui laude , Vrbjs cneomio', Patrije in. cremento.-^ ’ ' ♦ ' ; Ex Famine Monaldt . • . j ... - ^ . H OR ATI VS, Dignitat^ Epi. fcopus Perufinijs j Eniditio ne''commendflbili^-f in Addemiis Maecenas ; Volumen fermonuin evuigavit proprii 2eli , & fapientiae iHonumentum ' :• “ MONA LDVS Senior^ conciOi' oibus celeber , Theologfi pr^cia<a- ' ^ rus-: Port ProciiratGfis Gerrmliif Conventualiuminclauftris gradum, Melpbitanus Epifeopus renuncia- tur. Oanonica perinis typi j facro-^ • rum C^nqnum SuiAmom cqnc«ilit . De 1 by (Google 4 t c \ f ■ '•/> • « ' ■!■• • r • . > ■ ' ^ ExFmUih MonMi : / De Theologia plura Ccripfit'ad Po« llerorani Eruciitioiiera . •, s "• . , / . MON A LD Vs ‘ J anior , prefer- ' fidne MindfiUfHiflQfiis^'laudtf- , p’fetate venerabilis. De Vi^ .bjf® Scrtptoribus SumiPaiji texMit, de fe aliis trad^da rei/quit . ' ' BENEpiCl^ VS , S. R.E.^Cwdi. . nail’s Epifeppus^ PerUfinus , liegiini . Doftpry Romanae Retae 'antea ' , Auditpr, Ben’eni^ Legatus , v/r omiiibiis, niimeirxs abfolutuS- app^ tjaj^ :^'EyuJgavit voiumen Decifio^ • J?ato efedit MDcviA, - ' . ‘ ' V ' . » - < • . ' r - / • . EkSarhlUh MmtffemUl* .ERIT^VS> e^Jeber JtiriS'fio- * — : 6tpr 5 Statutorum> PeruftiMi-i / ri^ni^-elta^^t^atorV Confifipruinvo- iMmeri cdflicripfit; ©bjic iijpiii pros. - - yl^rum moerore • . ' * a ^ > DIOMEDES. 5 parnaffl depus / Etru feo » & iatino-caTminppolluit; . aJiqua > .pdidft^i Sapientibus.^ Ai jucunda .r]^ P\|o]pexcrutn aci^o^a«, s . tiOm '^xaua.A' 'r' Digitized by Google ^ . ’ Ex Far/irli^ Monte/pvrellf^* S^i tiones add.idit Ppeta^i'm exerc-ita- / . tipnes ,ejiis Jgruditionis ligoaciigi lUm • ■■ • ‘r- ■■^' ,.> ' JOANNES PETRVGCIV?, Juris infignis Do^or ,. Phijprpphi4 r * JaudabiHs 5 . Typis tradidft Librum- Confiliorum* Tdtum Jus.Qvilp , . <Canon\|cumqnfe cbmpilavit^ fane Jfav feprum 'Eruditaruni_ mifac.ultt^ ' Fioriiit feaylo xy i> - . ' .0 • < F RANCISCVS' filter ^ ‘^ladlo ettira , & calamp ixeek • Iiiit ; jpfsefuit Arpi KomansgS.Aii„-f;' ' g^^i ; fiipra Vrb6m Leottiiiara .Tra-« * ^ ^atum-habuit MOiiB. , ' . /> ; RVBIN.VS 5^rn AuguilpJGyni^ naiip Juris Dpftor univerlaiis Fa?i; ^ ?. m5e^-5c-npmlnis . Patria? ^afcnPr in ^ ^ * “• * » ' - - w . • • * • ipfo . Catbedras^'celebres. Patav ji - Bonpiiiae , Pifaruni epntempftt, y.e* ^ ras-^TurreiWB filius • -Fatp* cedit. WPCXXI IX. -V -. V -. ■ - . ■ • NIGOLAViS , Vir eruditipne. " -. ' com- < V %>' •v • Digitized by Google Ex FamlUa Montmelint mcndabihs ,P4)eta non vulgaris, & pietate laudandus : Plura Etrufco carmine cecinit , aft omnia Tub mo- dio occulult . Mortalitatcm explet WDCCXXIII. . " F RANCISCVS , Poetica. cla-; rus , Ethica calebrandust Du- els Mantuas Confiliarius prudentia jenituit : Evulgavit de Poctiea yo- lumifla duo i Artis fu,«'gloriofum monumentum ..** . . . CONSTANTIVS , Juris Do: ^or , Poeta laudabilis latina, etru» . leoque metro feripfit. Patrios de- core , pro qua pfudentia^ pollens « apud Pontibces Legatus niagni eft habitus . ‘ - •: - ■- LVDOVIGVS , Legis Doctor prsclariis, aft Poeta illuftriorj plu« isL typis tradidit poemata , Faipae' armonias etiam .evulgayit »;perpe« tuum fuse Famse t^imomum • H I I>I P P I/ S^in^nisjiiris _ GoHfbltiis , Poeta cogime^ dabilis ^ Ejus^Sapi^ntiSB TheatrUra extitit Paj}ienfis , febnonienfis, Pi- fa’na Firmana' > ' ac ■ Maeeraten f?s V/niveffitas i Plura 'de Lege typisi ^oiiceffet, Stirp/s , P^ufifiqi^^ iwau- * Ex Fa^tM Manfitetl- »-• •sf- A ' NDREAS^ inter Jus's ! r^s perceiebris prediea'tur 5 ' " fu miiifi laburc piura Legis coinpila-f ,:r Vit Pofterorum utiilltate 5 dignus . 1 wt Longos duceret diesv sft .Wors ^ * i knmaturum-eunj; ^apuit, e& quo e€-: vlebh'orvivet • ^ - E E O N A R D U S» Gtifmani Alu^tiaus , Magifter^Generalis dims. atqiJc Apbftelid'^^Pa’k^^^ J Plura' de Tbeolb\|ia -Icfipfit asqubt^ p38&> afe do€li»^ : Cds^obU-Perulir^' . '.i nf Bibliothecaui extruxit-Anaa MpDLXXV, . •rAt- 1 . .. Digitized by Google -8 . Eit FamiUiGttiiem . H Ic Magiftejr Generalis Augu- ftlnenfium 'proclarnatiis eil : Vir fummae prudentia: 9 ac rcgimi-* i)Is. Concilio Trident InGt interfutt* cdiiGionem ad Patres habens’; plu- ra edidtt 9 pisecipue notas in totum Auguftinuni ; Objit mdlxxv. _ Coghomittn Experts G ASPA«, » Gufmani A ffecia 9 Vir irfgenia j meraoriS 'poll€nS‘9 Tiieoiogia claruit,9 Orator Jauda* bilis de Concionatoria fcripfit Po* fteror ura comincdo . - ur lERONYMUS 9 Ollv'eta- norum Abbas Generali^, facris literis deditus t his aflidud' operanr dedit ad Afcetica rpcrementum, 9 fuique anirtil profe« iSlumjVir ranfe .prtis, & iapiens: Mo* litur UQUfXxxi Hi - - * • 19 • Ex * • * . <»- A lexander., Perufii , Parmae Legum laudabilis Interpres , decus StirpI* adepius eil : Moritur Paring cevo o^ogenarins, ’ - Cognomhis Expert is V'' J ACOfiUS > Augiidinenfis RelL gione , potedate Terracinae £• pifc^us » /Theologu^ commenda- bilis.'Scripfit in quatuor Sententia* rum Libros: Prudens rexit^lSi^ piensdocuit • JACOBUS alter t Ordinis Praedi-] catorum > Narnienfis Epifcopus &• lutatus f zelo , Sc fapientia Gregem rexit ; Hiftoriam fur Epifcbpatti^ fcripfit , fuae^gtorijs , ac Pofter^' proficuus . JACOBUS 9 hoc titulo tertius » Rethorica claruS' 9 politioribus li« ' P4 teris Digitized by Google Jo ’ C^gnomhls Expertes • teris ornTatus mdxiic. De modo concionandi Opus impreflit , ver- bum Dei evangelijjantibus peruti- le « . . JOANNES , Benediftinus pro- fefliohe , fapienti^ iliuftris j pietate .illuftriorj hac duftus Loca facra PaieftinaB iiivifit, horumque Hifto-j Viam Porter is caiiimenclavit • • JOANKtS aiter» AlinorLta , ma- , gnae Ifimte ConGlonator,Ordinis fui amptitlcator in Hungarife, Boeitiig- -que Regnis . Ab Innocentio IV. prO’Fideliuiii Pace adTartarorupi Regem Legatus » mulcum pro Fide i iboraVi-t ; De Iiac Peregrinatione Opus infcripfit » fua; pietatis , ac. iapientlaR moniimentum . • . ISipORUSj Minoriim obfervan/ tiX Clauftralis , Vir feientiis addi-.* fills 9 & in Gationica apprime peri-, tus 9 Trafbatum de Rertitutione,- ‘ cbmpofuit Jurtus , 8 i fapiens ; Flo- : rttit MOLX* i . » 1 ; Bx P^Umil^ L0^a •' •'ft ■ - • . , .•.«•• - m ARDLliS , Ar.t^ Retfidfic^r venewndos ^ Urbi ^ ae Pa- . tri® ^flottts ■ eximianr^ob^ bfuditicwieml Rcuiias italo carmhi©' £r«/d^i/»rWifhpreffit ,'.qua etkm > mortuus a^DCLXXU. 'a. -. ■ ' . ’ • ■ «r . » .' - r€t •-.' ■■ ^ ^ j ' ' NEfAPOLEO , Prudeat^ , Erudition©' praciat us Ludovici « XIV. Fraricdirum Regis ^'Sec^tis,.,. & italici idiornajtislnterpFes, Pa* - tti« * S tirpi decUS. eft ^ e«aU- 'gayit ijalic^ Tra^’coihediaro - ; tis^graiafn . ; - ' V ' Bx F^miU^ haftc^lktti * R i OBEj^TUS r.v-GelebrW Xegi^ ' ^ . Do£lor.;^Scripfi t iii utroqu^ Jure, ,s Perufio , Of6i utihS4i'^Ceft\|^y vivere MDLXx.XM ii, wbique pki^ vi fibus vi^urus-^ ‘ - ^ , ^ W . . • w ur . « Digitized by Google ■ ■ ' »■ E9i FatniIJa Lance Hot if • JQ AN N ES P AU'LUS , Legis Ca-V ,nonicae Princeps ; primus, eiiiro P4uli IVv'PoatifiQis SuHjpii juflTu ' Gaaones corapilavit jCotu mque me- tiix)d uml i^eQit » acm bros di^H b atbs ty piah xrencelfit -f’ .Tanti ejuS’Fam vige^ , titjex.r#^. rdgioiiiliis 'Qrfcipuii Perii-^ fiMitt adireiit t .fol&iw J^i»inpsm Pau* apdatJirK, <leUbratifci i O^Of j - genarius morttur mdxic. ; Et. ia ' j 'Tempk> Pbufiiio Djvi Francifd i -fepulcf'c'claifdltaix)^ afe ipfe acHtjjc' vivetiafibl pa^ra^ v ylt , Epigrapbe dfcavit v ^ AUGGSTiNUSjOIivetani^S Pra* ^ fal^Tfaes^ogfiPS n«w^ vt«Ig8j?ia c^UdT-^ tioiie prackrus: Opere.fex die, rum Trar^latum impreffit , eui titu« vlusJ>m O/?;7«>V fcleotaficirm1aii& ^ ' opus^lf^ Tlieologis utde > atque gra taitt'i .Dcfiit vivere. jMDCV* 1 j« V OIk vfetpfetThper Palma fni^fera . - ’ .SECUKOUSOk, Augiiftitttgerma- iii«i Prater, gfirmaiiu%ie fapientiai, a fi wuditibii’e jpfum ^vieit • ■ . <w • ■ — .T- - ^ • I _ # Ex FamlUh LcMcelloiti . ~ luminajOggf d}, t FarfallqniiHi^Q* ria OHvetana ^ Sauio chi I'indovU ' * ' ^ , ft >a,- aliaq'ue , Opera ejus Tunt > hccc . ' typis prodie're : Laboriofum opuf ^ js^at/ti^a aft latet, xx 1 1 . To^ ' mis comprehenfa, qiid^ viam Orato - ribus fternit de quacqmque re ad fermones efformandos : ParififS>- ubi haiic typis mand^at , extre* - ’ mum ciauditdiem'omniunimG&rofe An.mDcv 1 1. , IV, ^ OGTAVIUS fOratorii Congrei gationis Presbyter » pr«di 6 fcoturn v Prater , pietate liluftris » eruditio- ne praeclarus • Politioribus lilferis' cxoruatus . has“ in Patrio Gymna- ^ — - • fio edocuit trigiiicaquatuor anno« rum decurfu ; ia folur^ oration^ aliqtia edidjt illuftrilim virorum Hiftoriam confcrrpfit » Goenobia, Ecdebas coinpiiavit % quibus Tus» rena glorioia ertunciatur t Ephsme* ridum volumfna exaravit ; Decedit MDCLXXI, ^ " Digitized by Google FamfUa Lauri . ■ m e fiRlSTOPHORUS, Eqiies Hlei^ rofolymitanus'eriiditione , ac. peta,te illuftris.Poefi addiftiis pju-- ra CDmpofuitiFabuIas Etrufco idio- niate impreflit , Fabulam abfunaeiis Mpexiiix. JOANNES BAPTISTA , politic^ ribus literis, atque etuditione com- mendabdis : Perufino in Gymna'fio, Artes'liberales profeflTus 6ft: Urba- ni VIH. CubicuJaritis , Pontifici r. Sapieptibufque.gratus extitit 5 lu-^ ouIenter> fimulqiie erudite fcripfit. , \Ex Fmilih LsoneiH i ‘ „ I- . : ' • ‘ J OANNES BAPTISTA , Otrio^ num ProfeflTor Celebris : Nos publice Perufii docuit , pliira hisTcripfitj plura impreflit ad com- munem utilicatem « Floruit (eculq fextodeciaio . - ' . •p RANCISC vs , -I/o^O!rJuns^ commendab'ijis; Epifcp'lpiig; ruiaiTps,.faiutatus aelo:, ac pr\|4d«^’ tik rex-rt . Scr/ pfi t e^.inter, riifii iludiofos celdbranaus • -r v j • — -7 — ' — - -7- ^ ^ ■•»,.» 4^ — w - rium Scientiftf uM«ultot. V farum Faniinaris , umonemhArtiiH cum Na^urii , cccjuit , Amip^e; Mcccii 4i unc-Traila t um.^y u I ga^vi t», inter £f;_udit.of uti Sapiens yeneran; d^s \ 1/50 MAe^VS ^^prppe w ruriutnin,oppido mtiisf jurec Tarfen?c degiis pectiliare dignofca-- tur : Ad, Cfthedrapi Pont/ficiam eyeflus. Sac raei Scrip turas notitiS » pio guberaio ^^kbratu# 9 fimuiqde Ho CogmminU Expertes . Homillis , quibus casteris eloquro ; ac lingUSfc latixvje prajflantia pr^ftat, ftdmodum laudabilis abomiiibvis di'^ gnofoitur , colitur . ■ - LAVRENTiySV Erudltione ; ^bPoefrlaudabilis adnotatiir‘5 Hi- iloriciis'priideiis vitam," & fiinits Magni Picciniiii Duds ftrenui cornpofalt » facinora Pcnifinorum defcripfui ingenii acumine Celebris^ ' yixit An.MccccLX. • ' J.VCIVS ^MILIVS, Eldquetx- efacus , Ciceroais «tate Retho- liconim PrincipiS' Contra Caefarrs iat^rfeftores concionem in Senatu habuit’Auguft^PeriififiB plaftfu. . LEONARDVS,Congregatk>-r- nis Caffinenfis Alumnus!, Pietate % Doftrina illuftris . Pbeta cainmen- dabilis Elegias de Cbrifto « & Vir-' gine exaravit j plura alia fcripfit^ proprij^ eruditionis'ineittoria • Flo- ruit MDXVJl* ' > ' ■ ■ M. ■- ♦ - Ea FamiUi Minic^ni ; . P hilipp VS, noftrs estate Eques commendabiliS, glcu rijfe zjeJq incenfus viros fuaa Stirpii^ltuftres ty pis conceflit , fui laude , Vrbjs cneomio‘» Patrije iam crementoA' 1 „ • ' Ex Pam // d Monaldl . ' - • * — .4 H ORATIVS , Dignitate Epl- fcopus Perufiniis , Eruditio- nc"' commeudabiliS-, in Acideniiis ' Maecenas ; Volumen rermonun]i evuijgavit^proprii zeli , & faplentin ra®numentuin- . ' - ' , ■ MONA LD VS Senior ; i>ibns celeber ; Tbeologi^ pr^cla^' ' ^ ru5L : Poft Procuratofls Generalwf Conventualiumin^Iauitris gradum, Melpbitanus Epifeopus renuncia- tur ^ Canomca peritiis typii facto^ ^ . rum Canaaum Summam conceffit r . . ^ De Digitized by Google Ex FamtUh Monaldi , / ' De Theologia plura fcripfit ad Po- flerorani Eruditionem . • MON ALDVS Junior , profef- fione Minorita f Hifloriis' laiida- bilis f pietate venerabilis. De Vi^- briie Scriptoribus Summam texuit> de fe aliis tradenda reliquit . ' * BENEDIC'PVS , S.R.E. Cardi. nalis Epifcppus Perufinus , llegum . Doftpr * & Romanas Rot(e -antea • Auditor, Bonbni® Legatus » vir omnibus numeris abfolutus appa* ruit ; EvuJgavit voiumen Decifio; ^ra . Fato cedit MDcvUi* . EkSaxAtllh MontcffenlH . • r P ERIT^VS> celeber Juris I)o- . £lor ; Statutorum Perufino- rum Reflaurator • Confifiariiin vo* lumen confcripfit: Objit mdii. pro- ^ borum mcerore , . , DIOMEDES , Parnaffl decus Etrufco , & Jfttino carmine polluit; ^ aliqua metfo edidit « Sapientibus.^ ^ jucunda : Ip Propercium adnota>.. Fotrritlth Montefperellt^» 8^V ^ 4 fiottes add,idit Ppetawim exertjlta^ , tipiies ,ejus fiTUciiti 9 ais figoacu?* vl luoi . - ^ V.' '' 4 '. ' > JOANNES PETRVGCI VS , - i ^ Ju r is in (ignis Do^or > Ph il ofophi^ • ' ^ . laudabiHs'i. Typis trfidldit Librum- . ConfilioruiTT- Tdtum J^us Civile , ^ Canonicumqufe cbmpilavitj fan^ ia-t' bornm Eruditorum /miiaeuiuni • • '' Floruit feaulo xv^i^ ^ . o " 1 ^ ’ . • f ■* Ex FumUi MdntemsUm . fr-j? ■ F RANCISCVS- filter ^ ■ 0 Mib ciiim , & calamp %ceL liiit ; pjy&fuit Arpi Komansg 5»An-^ ' , g^H i fupra Vrbem Leottinam . Tra-y' ‘ t : ' ^atuni fiabuit MDiiK/ , - . - ,v RVBIN.VS » Auguftp Gyni^ naiio Juris Do^or univerfalis F%rt;^ ni^c^' ^-iiGinmis . Patria? '"atoor in ipfo Cathedras/celebres P-atkvii Bononix , Pirarum cantempfit, ye: j ; ms Xurreoas filius •. ’Fato* cedit. ' WDCXXl I X-. /•- . ; , V - ■ • NIGOLAVJJ Vir eruditioiie ,. * • C0TIV* ^• <> * ' ; _ . . .<u Digi‘i- : . ^'iooolc ^0 Ex Famlla MontemeJini* mendabilis > Poeta non vujgarisi 8c pietate iaudandus : Plura Etrufco carmine cecinit , aft omnia fub mo- dio occuluit'. Mortalitatem explet MDCCXXill. . ' RANCISCVS , Poetica. cla-f rus , Ethica celebrandust Du^ ■ CIS Mantua Confiliarius prudentia cnituit : EvuVgavit de Poetica vo- lumiAa duo , Artis fua'gloriofum • monumenium .: . ^ . CONSTANTIVS . Juris Doi 8tor f Poetaiaudabilis latino, etru» , icoque metro fcripfit Patrice de« core , pro qua pfiidenti^i pollens , apud Pontifices Legatus niagni eft " habitus . ' - - - . • LVDOVIGVS , Legis Lh^iot prsBcIariis, aft Poeta illuftriorj plu- ra typis tradidit'poemata , Fan?» arnionias eeiam .evulgavk ». j^rpe- tuum fuss Famse teftimomum . ft ' * ' ■ ^ 'jfx Famine „ ..' '. ' V'.'-- - '• • H I If I P Pllf Siinf^nij^tiris Cdfifui tasi 5 : Pg e tar cboime^ dabiljis ►'EjusiSapi^nti» TfteatrUm eJttitit P^ienfis , Bbnonieflfis^ Pi« fa'na Fifmatia , ' ac ■ Maceraten fis Univeffitas i Pliira !de Lege typiS Couceffi't, • . E^Fof^lliu Mixnfuet^h, . A NDREAS> inter Juki's Do^bo* ^t§s perceiebris 'predicaltur 5 furrim£i labcre'^plura Legis cbispiJa- v • - Vit Pofterorum- utilita^te ; dignus wt Longbs duceret diesv 8ft , Mors. immatiirjjm €41^ rapiixt, e?: quo ee- •jiebriorvivet i >v - S- L E O M A R D US GitTmaai . . * ' j Almtimis, Magifter.GeiieralisiOr^-^ . \| dinis atqije Apbftolkd' Palati'U ^ ' -j Plin'a'de Theologi44cfipfit ®qijbXj . j ^‘»s. r arc do^la? ; Geeqpbii4^eru4H- ' " nf Bibliotbecam extruxIt-AaiO!^ • VVw hAy. 4 Digitized by Google ✓ '93 F ami a h Mdnfuetl: RA VNERIUS jXeguniperitif- fi^us , Sapient4jm‘Pr«ceptor •, Pe- rufina; Vniverfitatls fydus Volii- . mina Rerponfipnum folum fcripfit nt Artis ilia dsfideria excitaret \ ' ' * . . . • ^^xFamiHd Martelli. , ■■ (. H IERONYAWS , AbWs , ^ Cancellarjiis Oiivetanus, aft . Thelogid .prac/arior quam p/u- ' rjbus annis explanavit j Objic tocjtxxxix. . . ' ' * ' £x Familf d Maltmpl ; S EB ASTI ANUS, SapientiliH luftris, moribus ce/ebrior,Ora- toria commendabiiis ; Latino idio- mate edidit Epiftolas?, Eruditis ac- ceptas , Dilcjpulis ceiebrandas . . MARCUS ANTONIUS .‘p/«: ribus Scientiis perittis eruditione ciaruic fui ^vi Hiftoriam edidit MocxxXv, , . : I 91 "Ex Farnflid.Mangioftf • V ALENTINt/S , Vi'r puis ; ^ . do 6 ius 9 prudens « Rever'en- - diilimi Patrls Generalis Societatis Jefu Afliftens; Sci/pfit de.Votis Societatis ; Epitome ipfiu^ Legum exaravit De Thcologi^ MoraU ali* qua typis conceflit pluribus aniiis fiujus Facultatis Dodlor.: Floruit feculoxvi. ' , Ex FamlUh Manctni . T ROIL US , in ftiidiis Medici- ne afliduus 9 Celebris Doctor .Mineratur t.Parnain Incola multa metro compofuit' ad fuas levahdas .vigilias , quibus Patrie ^ Orbi prb- fuit , Hyppocratis Fidelis AflTecIa,. Floruit initio Secwli Decimifepti* lui • * , . , . * . . . . , Ex . .■» Digitized by Google EicFitmtllhJiiiQlffiTsii . G OSMAS-* do£lrina , itiorum furtvitate laudabiliS-jBoiionlscj & Ravenn® Ardiiepircopus zslo ^ juftitia, Si exempio ithixit t.Cardi- - mlis^ renunclatus -, Peui -tandem -Gathedram afcmdit fub titulo Itt- 'iibcentii Edidlt CoiirtitutiO’ nes Apnftolicas • Objit MCDVi.' Ex FarntU^ M&Yhlarl , N icolaus » facra erudftione exofna'tiis , zelo Caiholica; Fidei exarfit . Pluribus Ecdefiis'E- pifcopus datus ©iongfienlem apfid Infideios verus Paftor , & Paterfi-- deliteV rexit Ait.mcdxiv. Hiftoji- >’CUS conitnendabilis EcciefiJS Vrb&- vet^nas , Typhernenfis » CalUenfis Fa6la pofteris commendavit • ExFamWh'MatthUl M ATTIOLUS , Vir omnium . ftre Scientiaruih fertp exor- natus : Philofophiam Aftrono- miam rfacram Theologiam calluit; Aftronomia aiitem excell uit , Me- dicina enituit^ u commiini Medico^ rum opinione habitus. Princeps : Bononienfem , P^tavinam t Penifi- nam Vhlverfitatem fua fajjlentia il- luftravit « ac Orbem totum Medici. t\x voluminibus praelo datisiorna- vit , magnaque utilitate ditavit . Objit MCDLXXX. Ex Famtlih Menni . V JNCENTIUS , Poeta illu- ftris 9 idiomate ctriifco lau- •dabilis : Italico metro Typis tradi- dit j^ncidem Maronis\ & Lingute ^Italicas regulas cciirpofuic . .. . 5 . L , r ^ )' . ' 1 i- «-• '.B'pc Fayoftt'^ • ' '■■ * . • » F ULVJUS i/ pltirii^os Scientils politiodliJUS Jiteris - iilu^jriop‘extUH ; H ^ biMs"Perwfiiiomjfn Epifcbporucp fe-» ri6ni coac<ini'Ui,vit.‘ pe Scrijitonbiis , Artium, Scieotiarumque-Gatalor gy^nedidit, , y\ ' ' ' ' Bx FaryMta Marp Ifftfi ^ v' ' ■ . . . - ► . I . 1 W yf ARCUS ANTOl?IUS,pe- jyi jufini Uycai Doaor Leges - iivilcs chUuij 5 de liis.-sliqya typis ^conceflit Mbcxxxy. • V^‘ ' ; ‘V.-’ ■ . ' ' ' . '.r. .v‘ Ex Famllia M ARCVS ANTaNIV/S , iii- figiiis, TfeeGlogia Doaor a g ‘pergfatus aiiinium levaii- Idutn mqtrice aliqua typis coiicepit iippir,* '■ , ..Jl.- ' L B99 Digitizr- £> TmiliaMaturanJt . 91 F RANCISCUS , politjoribu5 -'literis pollens in Feruling .Vniverfitate iiteraruin etwm Grae> garum Doctor il/uxit : Oratoria, & Poetic^ ciarus de liac vdiumen edi.- ; fuper TulUi Rdthvrhdm fcri^" - pfit , atque Hiftoricus comraehda- - bilfs Conciviiim fiiorum tnemorias texuit, FamiM Maphi . , B i:RN A RDIN US, Juris iitriu f. que Doctor , Parmenlis Aca^ demia ipfiim Pr/marium Civiiis Ju- ris Incerpretem audivitiSeries - nomica , Diirertationes muitipliees U. praelo concefla mdclxvi. , ejus Do- ■ • Qxinas flint Oracula . “ - ' ■¥' R ANCISCJUS ANilS5\|? . F cSemualiOm Provinpah. . Minifter V PuWicus Periifin® yn«- ^tfitatts 'rhealogus^Conc.o^w^ ^ . tiS nrbfuit. Moritur MDCC^fW-Hn-v^ BiatUlOS ' '• > . Cognmhis ik » ARt^JS , excelleris Battoli ' M ' Affecii , Aii-McD.Civihbus. Btatutis Otbi illlixit : Scriplit <? ConfiUis . , ^ ' .r \ » • N.' as f » ' • J O BUS alter; , Bartoluss 'CiicomiV ejus v ■ ftrmiiif IJo6lrjn^ derai^t, j»oH me^ita , aam Juns mo- ^Jiumenta prado data’ eucn p]au& loq uiintur MDLv» M orii m dtiaW ta- te , & grayita^Vcel^brandiis Goa- civiutt) captayit benevolent tatn ^ac Pofterorum vehe^at/on^* . ' ExFamUi^JVardacCf, \x. r •y. - •' * ■' A HTONiUS MARIA, Mace. rat®, Perufii publicus J^e- gum' Interpres , Poefi et/am enf- tUJt : In utnTque Facultatibu's plu* ra exaravit ad FamiJiffi , Patriaque gloriam ! Ciartiit iiiitid jfeculi xvn. • W y •1 . ? - • Xrt’ E i ►« W fCll » • I ^ 1 ■i. r- f-- Digitized by Google / lOO E^c NsyI J OSEPH Vir profe£l6 eximius^j Philofophia * ac Mathematica infiguis.Theologia.acRethor,ca etiam clatiiif. Grxcoidiomate lau- dabilis , Leg'bufqueperitus , poe- fi etiam promptus exutit . Jus in pattio Gymtiafio , ac Porte- ros inftruxit Evulgando C<OTmen- tatia in Taeitum , & Juns Ttaaa- ‘“fRANCISCUS , faudabilis : Publicus i“ vetfitate MathematiciE D^or, Pa- tavinam Cathedram ultrb oblatam refpuit , utPatrix commod\|S mler- Ex Familih Narit. J OSEPH ANDREAS, publkus Rethoricorum Leftor Anno WDccxxiv. in Perufino LycfEO * ac ' TurrenseClerjcoruiuColleoio.I lu- ra cdicerem id ejus modeftia ve ret, I Ex Famfith JVarde, lor ret , qu® tamen loquitur invita li- cet airidii6 metricis cantibus » ora- ' tionumqiie eloqucntia . Cognomtnh Expertes 2- N icolaus, Ordinis Servd^ rum Beatiflim® V/rginis Ge- neraj/s Magiftcr Anno ®tatis fu® trigefimotertio; matdrus eaim me- ntis , ac Theologia clarus in patrio Gymnafiodociiit , ac.Conftanticnli , Conciiio adfuit: Metaphyfic® efxa- ravit volumen , & Logic® Com* mencaria edldit , ejus Sapientift In* Bgne fertum • o. Ex Famtllh DegPOddt 2 V G ALEOTTUS , pitirium notitia Scientiarum illu- ilris , PoeH addi^us co- micas pr®lo tradidjt Fabulas , Otio inimicas > animi fo/amen , morum Magiftras . E- j HIE* DigUizod by Google EicFaYiiflih Degl' Odd! , HlErtOHYMUS, utriufque ju. po6lpr Qommendabilis j Dighi- tate Sigilatura& Refereridariiis » Scieiitia Legiim peiritiflimus pliira in Cangnica exaravif : Fiorefcenti- • bu;s annis mortem opetiit mdcxxi. Y jf b nifl&r-o»e » Pa;tria? lacrynji $> , , . JAGOBUS .Senier., 'Minorit'a 5 4Mi^rus > pe^nitoDfi^ » non minus pietato 9 quam fapieiitia claru$; ilia mor^ honeftos invexit , hac fub- tjlitei; docuit , in Philolbphia , ac T/jeolpgia ihifignis tXo^orjS' Scot! AfTeclai Speciiium' Tui Ordiois edi- P ‘ 4£{ jJffimb ruaruiayiitutumexein* • ' • ♦ ' . V ^ r. ' ■ . _ JACOB V:S Junior ^ Eruditione laudabilis , Dignitate Archidiacoi ' nus Peruf^ice, Auguftosque Cathe- dral is niorum honeftate iUuxIt.Vi- tam Venerabjlis Marijfi a Typher- .qp Ordinij' Seryorutfi B. Virgrnis edidit i^ficut Literas latino idioma* te . Floruit feoulo xvri. 70b]it MpCLXXV., - „-5FC>RTlA i Uberalibus/Arti- . . - . ^ ' bus Ex F am It a Vegl'Oddi» 103 bus peritus , Jure profe£l6 ex'cel- iuit : Sydiis vociietur Tycinenfis » Pataviiii y Pifani , Parmenlis , Ma- ceratenfis , Perufini Gyrpnafii , ubi pub] icl:!t»egali4 dognw ta propofui t j! plura Juris praelQ concefiit.Orbls commodo . LVppyipVSiCatHedralisPe- nifin® 'Arcftipresbyter , Turrense Rot® Auditor , in patrio Lrycaso l/Cgis Interpres , Orator commeu* dabrlis ♦ Epifcopus Jam faluta^idus h Clemente Xl.Pontifice sequepio, ac fapientc , nJ fppnte renuilfet, ui;' ftudiis majoti follicittidine vaciaret,' Immaturum nobi$ Mors rapui( M2KCXXV1. ! Ex FawUd Oxdadei J . J OANNES VINCENTIVS, Juris peritus Do6lor , fui nobi- lis generis Perufii Fundator ; pliira injure eviilgavit . Objit mdcii i. , ^ Bonciario celebri ejus funus illti- Bratur panegirica Oratione , ‘ E 4 RO- 104 Famtjia Ondadei RODVLPHVS , Jurifpruden- tix etiam ipfe praecjarus Doftor - politioribus literis ornatus Patrlam ilkiftravlt : Scripfit Additioncs ad Confilia Joannis Vincentii Patris • Floruitin fine feculi xvi. . ' = Eic Farailia Oddt • M ARCVS ANTONIVS , di. gnitate Epifcopus , ErudJ- tione illuftris , latino metro lauda- bilis: Roma Vicergerensjlhixit , Perufina Ecclefiie Praful , zelo , & prudentid enituit : Edidit Confti- tutiones pro- Clericis , carmina la- tino idiomate evulgavit ; Merit ur MDCxi IX. Pauperum , Vrbis , Pe.i rufii lacrymis . “ , Ex Farnilth Oradtni . . V INCENTIVS , Aftronomia celebrandus: Scripfit dc Ad- jc, 6 lione Literarum, etrufca Lin- gua ; Futurorum compofuit Pro- V • -- gno- Ex FarnUta Oradhi • i ojf gnolli®i . Floruit mdxxv^^. . JULIUS , Epifcopus PerufiniisJ antea Romans Rot« 'Auditor, Le- gatus ad Pontifices , & CaroIumV. Imperatorem j adhosgradus gra-' diim conftitueratSdentia> vigiliis, * ac laboribus . Patavii » ac Perufii publicus Legis Interpres Stirpem illuflravit. Fato cedit mdlxxi 1 1 ., cujus mortem lacrymis profecutus Gregorius XIIL ' lie ad Patres alloa cutus eft; amifimus virum doftifli^ mum , & integerrimum . MARCUS ANTONIUS, Juris Do6lor prseclarus Perufii publice Legem expJanavjt : Ad Vticenfem Epifeopatum evedus , femper pro- fiiit prudent ia, . Ex FamiUd OttavJafif • P AULUS , Domlnicani emtus peculiare Lumen : Pietate , & regular! obfervantia laudabilis , Sa^, picntld nuiii Tecundus appariiit : E 5 P/«? Digitized by Google jjoS' Ex FMUh Otta^jhnl . Plus quagiquadraginta anni\|\|(erii- -.fir lnquiritor , &enignitate » rimul- qtieijuftitia OTimtus extitit uObjic die XV II. Eteeembris i y, C^lis , ut pie putamus > pcrpetud vi^aws; . . '■'r'v Fckwli^ dsllct peftifAi > ^ GOLli^OS y Legifta mfi- g»is Paiti- <fecus naflus ^ eft, praelo'dato voluimne Kerp^ftanum .Fldrujt feculo xv. FRANCISCUS , Kroirj® Audi- • Dfecifiones pubjicd eOmmodo - ^fefcripfit ; Familiarum Eu^p« vo ' lumen compafiiit . BENEDI€TUS, » Jiiff laudan- ^dus> atl Paeticainfigniori Jure ali» 'profult i carmine proprid nobilf > genib indulfit : De Etnailci^tis ad Fidei Cbmmifta 'volumen cdidit ViJoe 4 1 1 iv - • , , , ''' •• '■ ' . ’ f A* £x Digiti2ed by C^i G pqftpc annis ' Perufii pubiicc docuit : Ctemens - y 1 1;.- Pautifi^x univerraiis Via-- brig caufas ad Guliclnium Perunurn - trafmrfit , aliqua iq jur^ edidit pu- blico bono'., - - B ALt>U$ f- nooriiw, ac J uri? . ritia alter Perufmus Baldusr. P loru:it^MCDi.xx 1 1 .» Tra^at us pluh lei^de jure corqpofuGt * . • ANGELUS Senior , Advoeatiii ^CJonciftofialis Roman® illuxijf Au. I«; Patayii, P^ertifu Leges explana. .\it ; Philofop^hia.etii^'elar^ f ^ .pJura^ edidit^jpublico coitimpdof Objit. M<:i>vn».. ,',.ac fe^Iitur ill Tempi o ServorumB. Yirgiiiis orb-^, Ijium mqerpre .. , ^ , ^ AN GELUS Junror> iaParnalTo illuildSj plura metro cecinit>& £ 6 the- Digitized r ' • . ‘ip8 Ex F ami It a Perl^Ji . thedralisCanoniciis honcftrs mori- bus enituit. Floruit.MDCxxxvu,, •» _ « * Ex Familia Perotu . ‘ ‘ N icola VS , Oxaton® fpfen- - didum fydus, carminibus per- cekbns , linguls variis peritirs, Fi- derici III Itrtperatoris Confiliaritisv Archiepifcopus Sipoutinus renun- _ , Ciatus efl a Pio H. Pontifice Opti- mo. Legatus apud Principes inte- ^ritate » prudcntia enituit . Conci- lio Ferrarenfi^ac Florentino adfuit^ plura exaravit , plura edidit , pr®- cipue deLiteris humanis . Floruit initio feculi xv. TORQUATUS , Urbani VIII. Ciibiciilarius , Epifcopus Amert- ' nus, humunioribiis litcris , ac Poe- ■fi excelluit ; Pr®lo tradidit carmU m 1 Epiftolas j telle Bonciarioj lau- dabiles . JOANNES MARIA, ®tate no- •lira Cathedralis Theologus, & pu- bllcus Canonutn liuerpres 9 facra - Seri- Digitizcci by Google E:i F aril iUh Perottl 1 09 ' ScripfurcB ie^tione profe6l6 com-’ ’ mendabilis depredicatur . Ex Emilia Podiani I M arius » Poefi » ac Oratorio illuRrfs ^Scientrarum, ac po- litiorum Literarum zelo Augufl® Bibliotheca jecit fundairicnca volu- minibiis earn ditans . Plura erudite ilripfit , metro plura compofuit % - Patrkm pubiice laudavit : 'Dies claudiC MDXXXix. ■ ■ PROSPER , Eruditorum maxi- mus,' inter Perufinps Marii veftigia prolcquens Bibliothcc® Auguftas Inftitutor dignorritut ; Incredibile opinatiir folum Civem tam copiofa, ac varia emifTe voiumina , propria defpiciens comriioda pro publico _bono. Moritiir mdcxv. Aflidub ta- menvivit in Bibliothecae Budioiifi Cultoribus . - HORaTIVS , fere alter Cicero ad Principes peroravit,eruditaB Po- fteritatis, ac Stirpis encomio . Digitized by Google 1 1'o Ek Fttwtilii P^'OUi • ■ LVCAS ALBERTVS.vit ma.- - cnl nominis , nam RethoricS , Ma- rtematlcS , PhilofophiS , Med.cinS folerter commendatur : De Pefte.S: Febtibus ,& de Oculorum Nature Traftatusedidit.Sc HyppocratisitJ patrioLycso fuit Interpres .• FRANCISCVS, inComtBdns exarandis jacundus, prssclarus;- has evuloavit coronjuni laetitias , atque Utilitati .. Eps Fam}U^ Fuccidi • M AVR'VS . inter Oliveti Ve- nerabiles recenfitus , Sacris ■ literis addiaus. devota exaravit volumina . Moral! Theologia ira- butus plurium Monialium Aicete- «!orum Perufii Magifter extltit . Moritir MiKB. Sanaitatis opmio^v & ■. J : > Ill Ex FarnlUh Faulucci • J OANNES ^4ARIAs Orduiis Frasdicatorum Doftar', Theo- j iogi^ claruit: Hiftoriis.- etiam excel- iuit P ofterorum cpmmodo ; Amiii* li j quo B. Virgo defponfata Tuit> hiftoriam edidit'. Fioruit MDC. JOANNES BAPTISTA , Con. . gregationis Cappuccinorum Coii- cionator » Sacra? Oratorias decus praenotatur i. Poefi addiftus plura cecinit carmina , Studiorum ferio. rum obJeftamenta * . ' . / ASCANIVS* Poeta non vulga- ris aliqua poetica iropreflit , eruditf ejus Mufje teftimonium: Floruit fe- culo XVI, , ^ ^ CONSTANTIVS, Cathedra- lis Archidiaconus , politioribus Li- n teris addiaus, grasco, & latino eloJ quio excelluit : Latino jdiomatc I cvulgavit Epiftoias s fupremumYu- 1 bitdiem Jtocxxiix. ANGELVSi Abbas Olivetanus ! variariim notitia /cientiarum Pa- i tri* t ! I Digitized by Google 1 1 2 Ex Familih PciuJucci . tri® decws acerevit . FVLVIVS , Pauli, V. , Grego- rii Xlll. Cubiciilariirs, fapientia il- luftris : Hdmanioribus literis dedi- tus Epiftolas exaravit ^ ac ad do- fturn virtim Lauriim iiiLfit » cjua. cvuIgataePofterofum eniditio funU Fioniit feculo XVI.- , e. • Ex Earning Fatrlz ] . t * • “■ V INCENTIVS , HumanionV ■ bus Literis dedJtus > has f€- diiib adamavit : Protonotarius Apoftolicus Patriae illuxit : Publi- co commodo Laurctaiiani hidoriant texuit ; LVCAS ALBERTVS, Epirco^ pus Perufinus Coiicionatoria iilu-< ftrls, qiia pluries faum Gregem pa- vit ;.Templum»- Francifco a Pau-^ la facrum, magnificum profe^ib ex- tufit ; Plures ferfnones confcripfit Eruditis gratos : Floriut in fine fe- culixvii,.-. Ex Digitized 1" 1 1 ? Ex Famine PelUni l P O M P £ V S j Hiftoriis clams peculiar! ftudio patriam Hifto- riam fideJiter texuit tribus voiumi* Jiibus contentamiDies duxit Anno ‘ Mdc. - . Ex Famillh PafcoU , A lexander, inVrbe pu» bi icus Romany Sapient!^ Do* ftor : Traftatum de Febribiis edi« dit, & alia evulgavit : Adhuc fu- perftes eft . . . Ex FarniUh Puzi . P ETRVS , Matbematica 9 PhiV iofophia, AftrologiS celebran- dus , publicc has facultates docuit omnium incremento , Opus Oro- fcQpale typisdedit# Farmlla^ Pertnhl • P ETR VS » tali a Natiira indi-' tus metro , ut per horas inte- gras improvifo caneret : Carmi- ba ejus Principibus ,-Vrbano VlII. Poetse cejebri grata fuere • Ex Faratlih Foftf I / L VDOVICVS,Legum Doftor; Piceni Praetor , plus comitate, quam feverls X»®g.Ibus rex it: Typi’s donavit, Opiijf' (!©■ .MaiiuteDe.iidS An.MDCivj^ - Ex Fcmtlth Pantoccf^ H IPPOLYTVS , fummi no- minisJDratar, Minorita pro- feffione : Pliiribus (bientiis inten- tus , labqris lletit prodigium: Poe- ta , & Aftronomus inftgnis » poji- tioribiis literis etiam excelluit ; De Ailroiiomia Traflatum evulgavit • Digitized by ;I/5 E»6 Famish Porta foie • A ngel VS , Dominican] Ordi- nis Theoiogus commendan-- dus , Concionatoria egregius , pie- tat«, Sczelo infignior: Poenit€iv. tiarius Poatificis EpiTcopus fa,, lutatus multum fuo Gregi profuit: ReguJas Tertiario fuo Ord/ni fcri- pfit » & beatus habitus morltur Mcccxxxiv.Corpus quiefcit in fuQ Templo Perulii . . ' Fx FamiUa Pahitari . V 'INCENTIVS , ^Eruditione laudabiiis ; Metro , & fc^u- ta Oratione excellens, fcripfit Ora- {ioaes plures ; Epigrammata ^r«Io tradidit • Objic MDCVC* Px FamlUh Pilot ci . R OCCVS , humanioribus lite-' ris deditiis ^ pro Pofterorum ' ' com- ji6 Ex FdmtU^'PilofCi » commodo Methodum etrufcae elo^ cutionis compofuit • Ex Famm Plat! . 0 O CTAVIANVS, Philofophus ' commendabiIis>Medicina 5 pu- blicus Doftorj Perufinas Academias cx inftitutoribus unus . Infenfato- rum Hiftoriam compofuit, fu« Sa- pientise fertuni . Floruit mdxc* Ex Familfd Provedalt ^ , V INCENTIVS, multisaddi.’ 6 lus fcientns,plures infcien- tiis inftruxit : De Donis Beat® iVirgiiiis egit , ac Tra 6 latum edidit ><Dxxxvi. Huic plura intexuitacl xPofterorum profe 6 lum . CogtJornhts Expfirtei . P AVLVS , profeflione Minon- ta, in fcculo Canonifta exccl- Icns , Gvmualii patrii fuit Do^ori ' Sa- Cognomlnh E Xpert es I iiy Sapientia divina. imbutus mt>lior evafit . Floruit (eculo xiv. PHILIPPVS , Scraphicus Mi- ^ HOrita, Nicolao III. Pontifici gra- tus 9 Sapientia eruditoOrbi gratif- fimus 9 imm6 Ordini fuo , cujus Hiftoriam texuit . Floruit feculo XIII. PHILIPPVS alter, Conveiitua- ~ liSfVirtutibus^acTheologia claruSt Cosnobium Neapolitanum S. Ma- ricE Apparente extruxit . Objit MDCXX. PL ACID VS 9. Theologia com- •mendabilis \| ac Procuratoris Olive- tanoruni Generalis dignitate iilu- ftris. Ex FamtliH ^^ttropattf* S IMEON , Advocatus Concl- ftorialis 9 Legum , prcEcel- lens Doftor : ConAantrenfi Coucilio interfuit ad Catholics' - Ec- Digitized by Google i i 8 Esc F-amillh ^mttrdpdnt. Ecclcfiae profe6lus : A/iqiia de Jure confcripfit ; dies tluxit feculo X'lv. Ex FamiUa Ranhri . S PASCHALIS II. , Penifii filius t uti ab aliquibus ad- A. notatur , ex cojtu Benedi- (5iino, zelo, Sapientia, pietate con- fpicuus : Clericos Gallos ad Perfe- ^ion^m traduxit: Concilia celebra- vit, carceres fub/linuit pro Catho- lieae Ecclefias commodo : Diem fiH premuiti objit Mcciixx.,at ejus me- moria nuiiquam excidct .• RAINERIVS Senior, Legibus, flc Eloquentia illuftris : Hiftoriam unius fafti folerter defcriplit in Cojiiobio S.Petri Pcrufii : S. Petro Dainiano , Benedi6tIno , undequa- qiie perft6Io , familiaris -extitit , quod^ejiis pictatem inmiit . RAINERIVS -Junior , Juris Confultus celebratiflinius : Aiiqua in Digitized by Google Esc Familth Rant erf . 119 •injure compofuit , ac pr«Io tradi- dit Pofterorum commodo; Floruit feculo XV. BARTOLVS , nomine , & la- ' pientia rScripfit multa Confiliaiac fere Legum Principem aequavit. Esc F ami lih RoJJt . G ASPAR , Celebris Juris Con- fultiis evulgavit Opusde Be- neficiorum Refervatione : Orator magnificus pro Provincia Itali® Conciiio Conftantienfi interfuit : Aliud Opus de Confillls prcelo tra- didit . - LEMMIVS, Mathematicus lau- dabilis , Sc in Patrio Lyc»o hujus P Facultatis explanator ;* Evulgavit. " Sifiema muficum 9 modum obfer- vandi line inftrumento Cometas : Floruit MDCLX. '• MARCVS, injure peritillimiis, apud Aiiconitanos Conllitutiones pro iplis edidit , magnum Contro- verfillis rublidium . Ex Digitized by Google azo ' Ex FcimiUh Ridolfiai • R AINALDVS , Jurifprudentia inclytiis , Oratoria (imulque Pdetica laudandus : Docuit in pa- trio Gymnafio » & difcipulos ma* gni noininis , etiam S. K. E. Cardi- iiales > habuit ; InminoribiisC/e- mentem Vni. , & Paulum V. Au- ditores confpexit : In foliita Ora- tione , fimiilque Po^fi multa praeio dedit : Objit MDC. Ex F ami Ha Roffitii . T homas , Minomm Obfer- vantias Collega, facra Orato- ria » & Theologia fuit admodum commendabilis: Paradoxa Condo, natoria praelo concelTit Mottiii* ^x FaraiUh RaJidH . J OANNES BAPTISTA,Ma. thematica , ^ Medicinu com- mendandus : Politioribus Litcris ornatu^ Digitized by Googic " ^ y.(n na fi d, M ed Lea n» d bcu i iqma* ^ ' <e laHnq Epiftplas edidit , pfofe- 6ld Auguft;t Schol« Ofiiameiitum JsiDLXXlIX. . . j. f ' £x FamilU RufeeV^ lERONYMUS Pr^ r ‘TlERONYMUS.^VPr«fid€i^ i 1 <j^eneraJ 0 B Cafli^seafiiiin.'" -/j denter rexit r Pfiilofophia , Th.eo^ . - ""i logia., flc AftroJogid laudabilfs 5 .Vi ^Comiiicndam Saii6li Spiricus Ro^^ Tj mx , direaionem Florentini Hofpi.-' i J tails, libens refpuLt ; plura de Ma- - . - 1 thematLe^ partibus fcriplk. Flo--’ \| luit fticiito XVI' ‘ \ ' ' ! " ' ' ■ - ■ '! * ■ * ■ : i Ex FamiUa Rob^rti n >! '* • j ' -^1 H IERONYMUSjConvent.iw- , ^ lium Theo/dgus iiluftris.', Ipfe Scqtus iIH plaulit cum publi- ce Periifii 4ocjeret t ’Aftrononiiam F omni Digitized by Google 122 Ex fdwUWRoberti dmttibus fubtiliterexpofult 5 pr«- lo dedit formalitates de Eate.Senex (iiprcfniini claudit diem pictatc, commendabilis . \ ' ‘ •* Es FamiU^ RaftdoU • ' 1 A SCANIVS , injure peritus,' -C^irdiiialis Valerii ppifeopi iVcconenfis Vicarius Generali’s pic- tate,, ac fapientia Gregi Catholico prof ,it ; Muita fcrlpfit de Re Sa- cra , aeSanftis , fibi ipfi d^cus . ^ ‘E?c FarniUh RainMi » A ’ SCANIUS r,magni nominls Legifta : Perufii publicedo- cuit : Plorentias » Romse Auditor , prudenter, ac fcientifice rexitj Elo qiiential confpicuus , fortiter pero. lavit i plura injure compofuit, fue fapientix fruftus . 4 EftFamilf^ Roix^nii . F E I' I X » Cfleriobii ' Perufini • Alumaiis , Generali’s Conven- tualiuni S. Francilci i^xxvii. re- nunciatus Rom$ Aii.mdcvc;* majo- res adepcus eft plaufus Theologiam ‘ doce'ns m publico Patavii Lycsco annis x x x vi r. Evulgavit Sacras poeticas Lucubratlones « Enchiri- dion Rethoricorum > & Diale^i. * cum 9 Genealogiam Gentis Corne- ll® Veiiet®. Objit.Patavii mdccu. ♦ £'x F ami li a Ricci • ' • I C ONSTANTIVS , Eloquen- .tia laudabilis ; Mufis pergra- tus multa Italo metro conferipfit j Librufn Bononi® edidit $ cui Titu^- lus ; La Mafcfjera Trionfante • Flo- ruit MoexL, . - ’ F ^ Ex Digitized by Google , Efc FdmiU^ RoJ^lU n O^or ROSELlbl , S. Mafi» Populi Ppriifii Parocliys vi- gllans,«tatc noft'ra; Rethorica? pr^-s : ^ Ceptis ^Tnbutus>loi>go teippore hssc ^ tradidit.in auguilo Gymftafio.Pa ‘‘ ^<6CQr€ , ac^oiiini&d6 » ^ •a. ' Esc Famine Rtpa y C i^SAR , S. Mauntii iiq«€S , EfUaitibne Jlluftris., antiqua- - riws px^mjus : Imaginum antiqua- ^ ' ' rum CrofKxlog ias. ed Idit I c. jnfj^ Jcieiitificojs Hcroas ip^c collo- candiis , -ficut Iconalqgiam » opus, . OratoribuSjCoqpjpnatioribus, Poe-^ > " ' tis', Piaoribus ,, Sculptoribus uti- > - • - ' 1 - Ex altera FamVui Rita . _ , ^ ‘ V ♦ • ■ ' ■ ■ J OSEPt^> MARIA vMInprita .Tlieolog.uscommendabiliSjPriu- ' ** „ cipibjbW gTatus,SJS.SfpuIchri Hiero- -9 ' • . fo- --.ii «r>faL^ Ex aheYa Faynilia Rt,pct l 12^' foJymitain ^uftos yigilans , foJer- ^ ter imperavit , toti Ordini impera* turus » nJ Mors Invida fexagena- rium>rapuiflret , I’lnprovifQ cprre' • ptum accidenti m Cgnobio Monti Perufino A n.Aipccxx 1 1 1 , — • N i, . Ex FiipiJiiSfgxoreJfi^^^ > G UIDVS, Minolum Obfe«\ . vantiae Ciauflralfe^ Tbeo- Jogii darns , Matbenia ti* illuftris . Mdraii profedb inftrii- 6lus 9 de.eo gloriatur magnus Bar* tolus , €u}uS in fpirltu prasc^eptor extitit : Circa &cultates aliqiia compofurt, Eruditis gr^ta, utHia LEANDERjMartis, Muiahii^^ CuItpjCf X^eoni X. Pontifici grattis, qui ejus^ carpiinibus ^admodm# deieflabatur ; Ab Ale^^ndro VI.' in exiftiinatione habitus , qui eiim tranfmirit ad'Turcarum fras- iwndos iinpctua; FJorentiie bl&^i'iiccK - F j, ^\i6, Bx- FaYniMStgftOfdlL ‘ -Turn to.imentorum Pt«&6iui» ani- ;\ini 4lr«nuitatem ofteiidit 1 Mathe- jnaticus. Iai$dandus * etiam nunc dc-^ i. fideratiir. - BitBcmHikSenJljr >- • I . . • Juris Do i>4t\|io ^^yeflea , Philofoplius ; Kurfics Priefc- Patria ad Pnii- • cipiesL'^ ra jiifmi tlSu^-Paulus. ULejugt OratidLitibus'^plaufi -qua?: edid i r Aliqua Ju^j^p^lo-dedit ; Mori tut MULXXiigiC^ - ' . ' B£KNARDmVS f, AftreTidl miis celeber i. Dc Ccfeiis ,. & Aftris; - iriulta confcrlpfit M'nc.prQpEii i i\ge-? nii mbnurnentum . f ' GUIDVSv# idlomate etruicb- , ac JErUditionC’ccnfpicTtius ; Literaruni voluipina » ac plu'ia alia ^xaravit . Poiletorum cominbdo ; ‘ ; £:c i» ■ > Digitizccrby Googic;, Ex Tamili h Scmt ,, X SCANIU$ .Juris (iiviirs'Do^ 4\ £i:or» Perufii Legafia dogma* -ta explauavic : In Coniuibricen^ Academic eriidrtc inllruxit. A’ Lu« fitano RegeEques renunclatus^hoc ejus Doftrin® extit j,t teitjiaoliy ^ Gr®cis lite^ls exornsiS^ii^^a^tbfm foiUiitx Vir profeft^Jeii^peil^u^ dandus.t Peruiu D Oftor Me BARt6LU.edef .dignoicititf ifed niajori .titulo ejus Sapiential ftaeres, ^ fer& alfi- nisyBartolietiafr^ enepmia i PluraTcrlpfit confilia,, qute omni- bus utilia y in omnium iaude perfej verant . , . ' • ^ -iff >2,8 Ex "Eamillh Sotil* \ •■ r^' r I. 'V ■’t * ’ ^ MLJ F ranciscvs gherivs . Epifcppus Cervi®,in Perufiao Gyinnafib Juns peritus , zelo im- peravit » fapientiS docuit : praelb dedit Indicem Tribunaliiim ad Pp- fterorum documentum . ^ JOANNES PAVLVS , Mufa-* >um Cultor? politiorum Lit'erarum PraBceptor : Maximum Jo: PauU ornamentum' gloria Bonciarium Difcipiilum; habuiffe efformaflc fya folertlfi: Carmina aliqua fcri- pfit all Literae Kumariiores pftecu ejus deciis ' ‘ " ■f 4 Ex VarntUa Saht . S "' ALVVS, Canonic^ clariiSjEpI-^ \ fcopus Pertifinus , prudentia % zelo commendabiiis . Ante S. Ray- tnunduni Deere tales collegrt ; Gre- gorrirm IX. comitante Perufiuo Se- natu excepit ^ eoiuit : £’ vita cef- - ' .fit > i. , <'»; ^ 4 DK)i'tf iL.i?' Ex FaraUla , 129 fit Mccvit. , feii poti^ts Auguftiirn. fydus occidit • LAVRENTIYS, PrlmiisOIiV vetanoruni' cKipliciter Moderator : Humant , & Diviiia Sapientm iiit. ' but us morura moderatione iUuxit : Agrorum menfuris iio.titiS»ac fcien- - tiaenkuit . Objk mdcxv. Probo- riim, Sapientu«i‘mo\|rpre, etf^o^o^** genarfus . ^ HORAnt/S , Litcrii ^itip* ribus peVitiflimus ; Poeta illuftws cecipi^ lingua etrufca , - & . cantus edidit , proprisB Mufje encomia • ' ‘ 41 Ex Pamilih Salvucet i •ft ^ I M ARCVS ANTOKIVS,gtt. CIS , ac latinis I/teris prJBela^ rus > Bonciarlo Magiftro nomine > & fcieiitia perfimiirs. Mufarum cuU^. tor, Idylium rexturmBoriciarii ' Tub ejus tJtulo edidit ; varia prselo de« » (St , & mdfs trigenarujm nobis ra>-; ' puit Eruditorum lacr-YinLS < • - PA V tvs, Regis Sicilia Biblid^r i . F S • tlie- n '•4 ^ ■ V. 1 36 Ex FamlUh Sahuccu thecarius , Statutoriim Pcrufiuo- riim priidens IiiflitutoriAdoJefceris Virorum Aiigufta:. extulit facino- ra : Boccacci encomia meruit ,, qui fa tetur ex Phiiologia , ^ Tropo- logiii Pauli cognitiones pro. Deo- rum Geoealogia fumpfiffe Juris, etiam, illufl^s Doctor Perufino in LyciiBo eni tuit. FI omit feculo x 1 v.. IIVRIN.VS. , Theologia Moral! prJBceliuit PhilofophiS illuxit Humana rum: Literatum: Amator ,/ Academic. Iiifenfatorum. uiuis Fundatoribus. coiitur , veneratur . Scripdt de PhiJofophia » Specula-. tionibns acriter iiiteutuS . . ' Ex F'nmilfh: Saccitcci. \ . C OMES , faiie infignis Leg'ifta: PhilofopfMa ill uliriSi pruden- ^ tia comrhendabilis. PrJetoc Medio- lanum iiiciy tarn , & pet antiquam Urbem rexit MCDX. Piura injure fcriplit Turreiiie ornameato # - AL- Ex Famine Saccucti . 13 1\ ALPHONSYS» Canonicoruru S. Salvatoris Procurator Generalis,' Aulac Reman® illuxlt , proprr®i & • nobili fu® Congregationi profuit: Eioquentia clariflimus edidit Di* feeptationem > cui Titulus , Lenta confultandiFeftinatia MDcma.cuifi Eriiditorum Faude v qpNSTANTIVS , Pr®pofituS 'GeneraJis Barnabitarum r Sc Theo« Jogus illullris. : Erudite docuit* be- nigne gubetnaVit , de qua adhuc obfequens apud fuos. memoria vi- get : Vienn® ftia Collegia perluftrans. Floruit feculaxvii. . Ex Fa miifd Scar a muccia, % A LOYSIVS ^ Pcnicilla cele* bris , calamq comraendabilis: Typis couceflit 0pus h Finezz^ del Pennollo ,^ficut yiventibus utiV le , fic Pbfteris proficuum . Floruit MDctxxiv, F 6 Digitized by Google 31 J Esc FatmiUh SvK^trf A t^GELVS , faiic innocently t & fapientj^ Angelas , elatus .ad Minoruni Generalatum mcdl. rotlfts virtutum exempio 9 qu^ni fciperlo gubernavit : PcenitentiS aufterus I ejus Innpcentice illaCii- ftos fuic : Inqulfitor S. Offic\|i_to- tiiis VmbriaB , St Theologus infi- gnis Commcntaria ii\ quart. Libc. Sententjarum compofuit;’ CqntFft Graecos Flor0tino ConcUio Inter- '/ait , & a .S* Antonina Vi? magnar Sclentis di6tus : CardinaUs ab £li«* genio IV» defignatus erat 9 ni Pe- tnortalcs depofiiiiTet exuvias accDLHi. 9 fepelitur ibi in Tempi© , ^nventualium . ' . " ^ ^ , Eic PamHh Setts » . ; A NSELMVS 9: Servortrm Bet- t® Virgiiijjs ProvMicialis 9 Theologia , Cgncioiiatoria# A ftro- logia enitult ; iScri^(j[tvC©Binienta> % _ r* V ExFamiUhSQttll’ jgj m Philofophias » & Theologlte ; piura Concionuni volumina exara- vic , ac metricis notis illuftris extU tit 5 gloriofos claudit diesMDCi i Epi Familii S eraphini^ * M ICHAEJL ANGELySTi AIh bas OiivetanU;S' ,facrarum 1-iteFamin Qriiamentiim. Vicarius, ac Pro^rator Gcneraiis Congre- gatfonis annis noveki fahitatuf Vrbi , ^Congregation! enituit pru- dently, & regimine i AlonaHicae au^ ftcritatis Icon , folitudinls amatof Epifbopatum fefpuit : Fato cedic ilDCViii. / Ex Familia Sahhatinii ; " C arolus i plurium fcientiai rum notitiS confpicuus ; Hu- nianloribus iiteris , &,Poefi inten- ■tns varia edidifvotujniha i Tcripfit Epilcpporum SecretariuitiiThetau, ruin Lingtfssilebracas , ficut Con- i' . . cor. Ex t^amiUa Sabbat tni % cordia^n Philofopborum cum Me- dicis;prcxbiis,& prudens fupremiim diem claudit proborum lacrymis : Floruit feculo VII* ^ ^ ' Ex Famine SaJJt * - M ‘ C HRISTOPHORUS , Patrli Lyc®tRe£tor annisL quadra- gnua, maximo difcipuloruni frii* 6 lu . Oratoria commendandus , de bac pliira edidit volumina . Objit MDX* • ‘ f ' ^ ^ Ex Famtlih Sever/ •. M ARCVS ANTONIVS, Fifi mi publicus Legum Do^orj politioribus- literis celebrior » no- minis famam adeptus eft: De Legi- bus Traftatum exaravit , Eiuditis, gratuoi.. Ex FamtUk Sinejt * M ARCVS ANTONIYS,Boii. ciiirii celebci&DiTcipuIusiefus encorai* capUvit y Mufis. gratus carmiiii ceciniti typii coiiceflit E- piflolas ad Prwceptorem, Fioruit iuJtiQ feculixvi K ExFamUlk Saccbt ,• . ’ V INCENTIVS' , Erudi'tione Eloquent/a ilJuftiis 5 Poeft addiftus. ParnalTi ampliavit tlecus ; Varia coiLfcrjpfi.t OpufcUla folutai & vin 6 l^ oratione . Floruit initia feculixvii^ . Ex Fanrilik Saccbini N SACCHINIJefuita.Hifto^ rictis, ) plus , ac , Commentaria Ph ilofophJ^sQcTheom logix fcripfit , & de Modo fluden^ di traftavit 5 Priidentia imbutus Secretarius. Societatis Jefu renun- 4 1 - EfiC Famirih Saccblni . - »■ tus eft . jMoritur mDcxxv > ExFamiUh Sellari • 'iT G REGb.Ord.Pr^.jqurR om® Indlcis Sccretamis bis mille Articulos fecondiim D, Thomairt defeiiid'ji ; poftea Sacri Apoftotici ’ Palatii Magifter fub Clemente XI.» ^ innocentio XIII. , Benedifto XIII* TJieolegia , ac fep'tem Tomis fupra 1 , BulfamViiigenitus editis comtnei> 5 tandeiij ^^Benedi^lo XIII* ^ ad ^^ardinalitiaip Dignitaten^ An: KR>ccxxii«. ^ aiini dim dimidi^ deetfrftira abjit , fed non objit f^rc crfloge^iarm^ 'V V - •^v' 'Ex FatfilJia S^rrigbi * - .. s ' v. Ik • _ HQMAS, Ppeta.cieleber , Lt- teriS' Hiimanioribus clartrs «^ Andreaifi* V^tetfauus encomU^^ iUi ^arttdit > ; :■ - StC •. b - 4 • ^ X.t i i. Ex - a « A 137 Ek Pamflth Salvator I * ; v INCENTIUS, DoaorMe* dicce Facultatis in .Patrio Gymnaflo , quam' erudite docuit » & laudabiliter exercuit.Objit pluf- quam feptiiagenarius feculb xv 1 1 ly JOANNES BAPTISTA , pr«- di6ti Nepos ; etiam Medicam cultatem in Vnlverfitate Pertjfi-. na expianavit .. Solutiones- ad ^ibnes Simpliciiim inultas exarjf-" vit , Eruditis pergraUS 9 Quii>qw^- S ' TROMAT.IUS' # ante Dan- ) /tepi , ^ Petr.aRG%aqjfctal^ metri > Au ft oFr A’ sP^rarcbl ^ toJIitur , Pertrfii deeoie ii' ; • * ■' STEPHAN^ViCalilinalkil ^jDignitate , politiori- bus'literis aft illiiftridr:; typis cbi^s- ceflit Conftitutfones pfiireSjac pl.u* ^ res Epiftblas > Rara prudeiitw im- butuS: . jft- ri 3 B Co^nomintt ^ Xpert es . butus PeruficB ^ htete Pontifici* Legacus Patrias fedavitrixas^Objit MCChlV* ' Ex Famillh Tokma$ • S CIPIO i Vir Eruditjonc.con* fpicuus :Cardina(js Montal- ti ^ qui ported fuit Xiftus V. Pontifex , Secretarius , Epiftolasr A’ernacul^ Jtngua edidit, iicut aiiud iVdlumen * cUi Titulus , il G$atdi^ po dff ren ipi . Objit mdcxxx , ExFamiUhTorrelli^ R osa TVS , ^mditiflimus Le* gift a rum ^ Poeta non vuJga- lis^ 5 pJura edidit carminibus cx- prcfla , pi Lira Jus continentia • Flo- ruit feculi XVI I * initio . ' ♦ Efi Famine Tsti * P L A C I b U S » Oltvctaiius , Aftronomia excelleus in Tici- . nenfi Academia Mathematicas pu- blicus Doftor i. plura evulgavit Eruditis grata i A’ Loredanorin- ter Sapieiues commendato , plaufi- bus extoliitur • Librum Dierum Decretoriorum > Phifiomathemati- ca ejus opus funt . Moritui: Papi« MDCXil ixx« Ex FimUta Ttomontfunci- J OANNES B APTiSTA , Cap: pucCinorum Seraphicus AIum-» nus , Poeta commendabii is ? abqua carmiiu compofuit B. Felici plau- dens » ejus Sanflkatcm evulga'vrt laudabili volumlne. Floruit initio feculixvir* - FR ANCISC VS, etiam ipfe car- ~ minibus illudris ,, prselo tradidit voluinen » cut titultis, Cma Sagra^ qusB animis levandis infervit * Ex Digitized by Googlc 140 Ex Famtlta Tortetti . . . F ABIUS 9 Celebris Juris Cori- fultus , in Florentina Repu- blica Rotae Auditor 9 prudens re- xit ^ juftus decr^vit ; tria fcripfrt Confiliorum volumina 9 unum pras- lo tradidit ; diem fupremum claudit IfpVC. Ex Fa rnt It a T irnot hei . A nton I- US , CanonicS, & Theologia pcritus , vitam Bartoli exaravit j Canonicae Lail-, celibtti notulas addidit , quas lo tradidit, Objit mdlxxxi v. TIMOTHEUS , Protonotarius Apoftolicus morali Theologia > 8 c Jure civili iliuftrisj de hoc plura evulgavit 9 ab ipfis incunabilis Sa- pientiac addiftus T Floruit feculi XV 1 2 . imtio • VamtUh Tanztni , 141 J ACOBUS* Regnf,Nea poll ta- rn* Confilianus, civili Jure pe- \ “ ' rltus » publicamad utilitatcm Con- riliorum volumcii compofnit , pro- priae Sapientiae aBternum moiiumeii* ♦ turn . Ex FamtUh ^ranquilH V INCENTIUS, Hi-ftor/a Eru. ditus , Penifii , Etrunre fa- fta enumeravjt : Civitatnm pcftes a mundi initio ad fua tempora pr§- ,* iotradidit* ac Tra^latum de Pe- fte * imraortairbus plaufibus di- gnus . " Ex FamlUa Tomacelll . B ENEDICTUS 9 Theologus Dominicanus i Concionator prasciarusjHaerefimi inre6lator,Fra- ticellorum rc6lam confutavit ; In quart. Libr. Sententiarum fcripfit, mul- Digitized by Google 142 Ex FamniaTomacellt ^ 'Hiultas Conciones exaravij , ac de Paupertate Tra 6 latum compofuic , Vir undequaque commendairdus • • Floruit feculo XI 1 1. Ex FamiUh TinmVt • J OANNES , -Medicin® .Profef^ for y PhiiofophiS laudabilis ; de hac plura typis coiiceflit , Litera- nim humanarum zelo percitus Aca- demiam Infenratbnim Perufinam '' partim inftituit bonorum plauli- bus , fui gtori^ • Ex Famine 7ofi • D Oaor TOSI, noftro Oratoria celebrandus ; lllu. ftriumPerufi norum Legiftarum AH. . fecla , nuiii recundus.fuit . Cdgnomtms Eicpertet ^ r HI ‘HOMASELLUS , Grd. Pr§.= \ dicatorum Alumnus, D.Tho- Aquinatis Difcipulus, qiio MS-, giftro Theologus magni noniinis - cnituici Gufmani fane , ac Turrenae fuigidum fydus . Floruit mccxvc# . ■ V. Ex FamtliiV&am , feii B ALDVS, Legum.Prmcepsri =magni Bartoli Difcipulus j • at Praeceptorem Doflrina- TUm varietate fuperavitj fic ini' Bat-^ -toJus p/aufit j Gymhafiucri eft va* cuum Baido^abftnte ^ iic€:t linde-, quaqUe refeftum : Bononiae, Pcru- li« » Fhorentiae, Patavii^demum-TiV cini regiidocuit , ubi- fepttiageiia- , rius mori^tiir mcd. Baldi hortatti ^ i ^ . Gregorius Xl. Pontifex , olim di Difcipulus , ex Av^enione Ko. , mam FoiUificiao) Sedem retulit I ta - T ^ ' I©*' Di-:!' /; J ' ^l< V 1^4 FamiUh'VMdh, 'loriim plaufu , !n Sciiifinate Vrba- VII. folerter ciim fru^lu pero^ rav it , profe^b maximum Legum fydus. Ejus tumulus eft iuTempJo D. Franelfci Ticini , , FEDERICVS,, etfi Vbaldoxu^ ^ liltimus , ’ ratioiie dignitatis, hoc loco adaotetur . IirGivili Jure pe- ri tus , avkae Nobilitati gloriairi adauxit ; A’ Clemente X. , Opti- mo.Poatifice > Cardinalitia Digni- tate donatus » fere viginti annis ""earn tenuit Stirpis decore, Objit Kdclxxxxi. L “ALEXANDER, Baldi Imlfa- . -A tus dotes , Jure civili enitui^ feri- pEcvolumina Rerponfox-unj , Con-. liliorum,.. Floruit feeiiTo xv. ANGELVS primus., perftclus Legum DofldtgJ-^atavii, Floreatias, Boaonia:, Perufi^ 1 varia Juris edi- ; “di tjfeVolujmnHjferc alter Baldus: Fa- '‘■""to'ceiTit. FiOfcntia feptuageparius xfe^^cbxxi 1 1 .; ' > angel, VS. fecundus', Civilis 'f k •' ^’uris Profeftor'' , afilduis iaXe-uHis. ^ ■ . labo- v» f-. •* .. r-i Oi^tized by GoogIe • ExFarnlUhmaW.. '-> 4 ^ laboribus plura eyufgavit volurnf na , fu® Sapient!® ornamenta • ANGELUS 4e??ius, \ Xifto IV. Advocatus Concidbrhlis cleans , a F ederico Ilf. ImperaCore Comes Palatinus falntatus eft'; Dcccm vo: lumfnt Rerponfonmi, Confiliorufif luci'commiiit , ficut Commentarii iiijus Jiiftinian! ; ’Qocuit pubiice Ferrari® ,'Perufi® , qu« ipfiim utt magnum Bakfum.-depredicant ; Pev' rufii moritur (enex mcdvi r ic. I FRANCISCUS Senior , magni* Baldi Genitor, Pbi/ofbphia pr®cia-' rus ; circa banc 'ftfcultatem pfura Icripfic ad Scientiam nancircen.'- dam mcitamenta li - > Baldi Films r;,imm6 perfeSi fllins' raago ; piibliefc Ticini PeruHi’ Qocuit j^Advocatus OonciftorMlis^ remmeiatus, Gregorii XU. uti Ma-' . gifter veiieratur ; al'iqua in Fa. re edidit , Floruit mcd; , FRANCISGVS alter . Cardi- nalis ampliffimusv. liberalibus difei-^ G ■ - , ; pj;. i 4^ Ex Fant! Sa V&aldi , . jplinis i ‘&.huniaxupribus Uteris ex- cellent , docuit Legem' ra Patrio . JLyc»o ; tanti ejus fententiae habi- ' ' to; , ut Vrbanus VII.’ maximus fa- ne PontUex , iiias praelp tradiderit Juflltlas commodis,Obj»t’MDcxxvx« GALEATIVS » -aimis adole- . feens « Sapiential fheiitis maturus : PiCus , IP&riifii pubiicus Legum In- terpres , politlprlbus^ Jiteris excel lensde AUpquiis utl Bondarii Dlfcipiiius* traflavit , & tria volu* inlna edidlt ; invkk immatii- xUm rapuij&;» ne Bajdum Prptppa^ rcnteni fuperaret;. . ‘ HIERONYMVS , OrdinlsSe- raphici d.e Obfervantla Alumnus . PifistPcfufli publite Philofoplmm tra^avlc t. Cpmmexitaria in Arifto- ■ lelem ex>mpofuit •; plurAalla Philo- foph ica/eripfi t\|dj gnus V baldpr um JFilius • » ■ . . , JOANNES ?ENOBIVS ’ ximiis Legumlpterprcs ; PeriiUi »• Sc Papia; publicc docuit forum 9 & OonfiriPrum' voipjnea. feri- fcripfit ; Prudenti^ hnbucus t pltirium PHnc^pum Coitfiiiari^s vi^i xit : Mbrffflir mcO. • \ . f M A TTH ^ V S', Sacra Rortwir©' Auditor t Epifcoptis Perufinu^ Movii 1.9 ad hos gradiis gradum fe« cit Jure civill , Ybaldorum Hare- ditate » i» qu^ profcftbi elaruit : ' Plurajuris ej^aravit 9 praslo tra- didit :'\loritur MDX. NICOLA VS> A . fus Sapientiamwcelcberjuns Cen^ fuitus e^iiiu Nuncius Ppntii^ciu^' ^ ad Ludovicum^Xl. Gatlorum Re- gem prudentid enituif ; Romana Rdta Auditor jttde jud/cavft ) ty- pis conceflTt Tra^atum de Succel^ iibnibus' ab inteftato ’ Fato ceflit MCDXVIC. , • ^ ' ' PETRVS' ScHior 9 Advacstua Concidorial is ftrb Mart i no ‘V.Pon- tifice 9 Canoiiico in’ Jure excel- ’ Jens fua Scirpi laudes a>iix)t , cujus Arborem folert^r efformavit; D« Jure Canonico utfira compiUiut . Floruit initio feculi XV, G 2 P£. jr'4^ Ex Familta Vl?;af(ii \ - / PETRVS Junior » Yjr non mi- nus integritate. , .quam Jure ex- cellens , Per Antonomaiaim Doflor vocabatur : Iniperatori gratiis Pa- triae profuit 9 fcripfit injure Gano- iiico • -s . : , • ; PETRVS alter, calamo fimul , . & gladio illuftris In -patrio Gy m- laabo Canonum Interptes , in Bello fubjulio ll. Miranduiae Obftdiohi^ InterfuLt cI^us.Miles; Plura (cri- .pfit de Canoqijoo Jurp,.& aliqua^ ledidit. Qbjit^oLxxxii.- ^ • •X/ Ex EamUimmyic^S': $ \ T J ETRVS , PhilofpphiaceJeber^ >. . Medi^ina f rsB^^larus, Puiruum. Traftatiim fcripfit , fuse Artis ex- perimentum# ^ r - . TROILV'S , Medicina commen- dabijis , hujiis facuItatisPerufii In- terpres extitit, Method.um meden- di propofuit, Adrio.tationes iqHip!; pocratetn , & Goienuinconfcriplit fuje Virtutis notain , . JENEAS Digitized Ijy CoDglc V ' Ex Eawlia VermlgHalt, 14^ ^NEAS » • magni nonw’nis Juris Confultus : Docuit in patrio Ly- CJeos 'Legum denominabatur Ima- go ; PoeG excellens , m^imani ca-] ptavit famam r evulgavit volumen ConGlioriinii& Rerponforum: Mo- rrturMDCVE/ JOANNES MARIA , Advoca-: tus Conciftorialis , 'in patrio Gym^ nafio Juris DoSor r ConGiioruni Civilium , & Criminalium volum&f^ compofirit publico* commodo . ' HIERONYMVS r'maxim® fa* mse Medicus r In Hippocratem , & Galenuin notas coitfcripGt ^ iliedi* , ’ cinales' qu»f\|iones cjraravit , * Tur* • gloriw incremcat^^ ^ ^ J Digitized by Google r^o . * •••• ■ \ExPar(ulliVibt.‘ ' > -.1 ' . U GOX<INUS,Bene<ti£ljaus Mo- ^nP^nifmo Afaeterio .S.Petwt Ad J^ifcpp^tuRi 'P or nupi <iffun[>phtus Mnno Mcccxxxi. , piotate , &: ch-a- ikMopre^pm ^bernavit : InvCa- Po^or , frripfft'^iipFa Gna^ mni iBiwiediaiiii A^miiai irampfum P^cjrettuni . • * RAYN.PlljvS laDtc Bartolum Poiftpr pr^lo ^dit Xra- :^at^ai .d[€ l^p^c^bus^-aiia^phifa cifc^ JttSfipipppfyijt ijj^feisgarlQil , Juns Piiiacipis , .<ajcpmk>^ Vi^'t mth fgcMxvy; B A L L E O N' V S Advoca** tus Conciftonalis .Rom® > Sc Pe- f ufi« raagnus Legum DoSIof : Pe- culiati prudentift pr®ditus patrias fedavit rlxas: Pro Vmbria, ac Pe- ru fio ad Pontjfices Legatus » mult* obtinuitjDe Jure pJura cpmpofuit ; Oftogenariu5 ihorltur Mocxi. » * 5 Ex FamUta Vhchli • \ r INCIOL VS /variis Scjientii:^ [ appf ime £ri\|ditQS;» TarUrum • quoque Lingwum notitia inftru* 'iftus , anti(}uitatuiii fuit Scrutatori/- Poeta noil' vtilgaris muita vin 6 l$ isiratione <coQfcripfit;Signaturfl^ Re^ fercndarius Clementi VIII. gratu5 9 foli'im publicsB iluduit Commodu tati ‘ . ' . •• HIACYNTHUS * Juris Inter- fjres commendabiliStin patno Gym** 'nafio publipe docetiPolitioruin Li- terarum > & Hifloriie amator zwftro ^vo typis tradidit Apologiam ptq iuS nobili » &y^ufta Stirpe; Cop- pettae PoetJB Perufini Celebris car-; - minat Jo; Angeli Guidareili Rethai^ ris Perufini, noftrS sitate q^fpicui* varia compilavit ., & publi’cae ' luci concept : Genuenfis Rotse Audi- tor » Doftrina » Juftitia, Prudently, r encomia communia adipircitur ^ C 4 o / • * ' -* . ..-r' • Digitized by Google 1^3 Ex F ami U a VegUa . P tTRVS-DIONYSlVS , cefc- ber Mathematicus » & Perufi- . m Lycaei fplendor » praelo trad/- dit Conipucuni Ecclebadicum , 8i CeometriamPrafticanr I ficut Tra* ftatum de Linea, refta . Floruit ItOCXXII,’ , . , . . ' Ex F araiIihVerducctdJi\ . ip E L.1 X y Protonotarius Ap«>- J? ilolicus, Hidoricus.clarus -nodochii Perttfini Hiftoriam texuH MDcLXXi I . Ingeuio maximo imbu- tus y foluta.y & ymfta oratipiie ^leliuit 3 plura de his Tciipfit ^ plura jedidiu. / . - V Ex " - ' Efi P(WiiUi v ^ ^ 0 ‘ , . ' ‘ ' S ^ . 'H i , , • ^ . I- - ‘ •>>v .' * . t %• V N N'l B A 1. 1 tVI fe®'' ’ fcidiTtiiS orh^tus/'i : tI^' crrituit , ficuti piet^te V utP'fecejPr^.^ r ilTirxit 5 plura/prCBlcrcdncefflK ' iibcixxxvii; HiftoritfM PeruilaftjEQ, ■ compoflii t ► • ‘ N ^ " -' "• " , ^ * • V P" ■ . ■.^. ■'" - '1 .• \ ^V- ,> . >4-' . Ex' ‘ -iT -A' r ■ jf- ■'V'BO VlGVS f Wfdici# C9i^ , nieiidabili'? j cS^rminira brna"- mentrs tlaTUs ,' plura conTbripfil^i Phllofopbl^, Medicin-a imbutus,"i» ^ ^ marbbjj hac'^uti^'ur'Patrise fplbti^bw : re -j, ac commodit y ru«( 5 pie Sapier^ ,», V. -N .'.v> V‘>' ' . v ■ • * '-"S •‘■^.'^ ‘ ■ " • ' PPogmiffi^nh'Exprtn > ■' f,- ^ Vi ' ' X,' 7 GpCfi^IONi;® Epiicopi» J ' Sutriniis , Seraphicus Aiunt- nus' y^Flonut leGuIo xi.v. Theplo- gus magnl noittihiV^ plura de hac $cientia compofrdt : GoiiciQnatorl- ; \ ..V G' S. ‘ ■ - ■ I >■1 1 -- Digitized by Google i ^ I - 1,54 ‘ Co^tiomhh Expertes bus Prxceptor , in Scripturi ' plura adnotavit , prop.ris , & alio- r,^m Faros proficuus • ^ . ; • VAi^ENTINUS > Dominicani C^tus T^eojc^Ufi iliuflris « quo giQriatur.,.uti Pragc£ptiprie» ma^fius ' de Vio Cajetanus i fcri? pfit in AriiloteliS MetaphyOcain^ Vir profefl6 memoria di^nus, quia - Thcologprum fydu$ . . . Ultimo loco iiftac , qoia meriti$ , Prater me us PHILIP** jp.VS , Philofophis V ac Po6ibpr Co^egi'a4is : Txiginta an* l^pr^m /patio in Patrip Gyi^naFio Hfpppcratem interprstatus efl • ' $imp\|icium Lector multas Prohff- pones propofuit non folium mats* rta , fed & iatino idiomate'non rpernendas • Longo tempore vi* vat , ut roagis fe fcientiis inflruat » ' ^ Pafris cpmniodis yivat . * ' : ■ ' •- .* , -..44 peo Optimo ) Fini Ultimo* , • . -Laus • •f ' - I •’ * , * ^ ' I a • » » 4 t. ' ■ . , , ALL ■ ' . r 1 Digi^i'Od by jC^odgk JJS A L 1 Q_U 1 Ex Olii>eta»ls PitW-t lUufires.^y' Quorum meminic - Ventrchilit Ahhas -^ V D. M A u R u S- ' PUCCIOLI i A' PeRUSIoI &UVETANUS'. / M ARCVS ANTONIVS Perafinus, Ofivcti Vili x utor digttiflimus : Aa* • fteritatc fumm^ , orandi ailidui* tate anacof itica : ModeRiS , Cha* riute , Paticntia prsedams % fube^. fe,, non; pr^efl^e MU ia votls fuit j • •Tennis Vfcibus gubernio fc abdica- vit; vivens cum Chrifto efTe cupie bat ,, moriens pro certo efle fpe* ' . ramus: Hoc eteriit in CaBobio Sa» xivivi All; MDLxxxv- VINCENTIVS? ^ Trevillo , m- ter Oiivetano$ Pr«fules Abbas Ti- ' Cl d tu« • .1 - - Digitized by Google tularis. : Pluribiis annis vitam ii» Monafterio Regali Montis Oliveti ' Neapolis tradiixit vinutibus , tton'' - teniporis aiiguftiis Iii Qellula per- petub.folitarius » noflurnis /diur- .nifque horis etiam Senex iatentus ^ ■ liominum confortia vitans > facilius- Peo ad h £efit fe r v o rc/ch a ritat is: M ck • nachis benigiius, omnibus amabilis^ ' ^ fiipefnce Legi obtemperans , Cha* ' ritatrs exenrplura omnjbuSproponi- , ■ , .tur : BeatifTimas Virgi.iiis peculiaris ‘ 'Cultor f devote expirat An^MDic; . THEODOSl VS,^nonienrisPf§- .Ful , Claufliralium Vututum Aufteritatis Monafticae- Exemplar': ' Fervor Charitatis in ipfoTummus ^ eflerbuit ; ->Mdrti proxirnua* vitae aternbe fe dignum praebuit j base in * ^vexba prolocutiis in Vorni HO .morimtur 3 ire ultima fVerba proferens Beatum in Caelo pie . credimus An.MDci I. , . V PROTASiVS ab.Aflifio j pro-- Ibitatis pecuiiacis Sacerdos : Fl6^e-. . Iceatibus annis objVt pcoborum mg- ' c . tore Cj^kivjIc .>57 rorc MDXic.Confummata&Virtutis Monachus , pr®cipue enitult Cha- .ritate , & Purltate > Simplicitatis » Devotioms , ObedientraB , Pauper tatis gloripfum Exemplar , verum fecit » Kaptus eft malitil muta« : ret Intelleftum ejus .. * ^ - . BARNABAS Fantueci ,-Bono- nlenfis , Trebienfis Reformations . Monachus } Benedi^ina? Oifeipit- uae aelo effervuit ;* plura in Corv- igregatione obivit munepa.omniuoi laude . Pie quievit An. MDXiic. PETRYSSeneiifiSjAndreaeAru minenfisiinter nos venerabilis Prsc- ^ fulls , folers Difcipultis 9 Pauperta- tis >'Obedienti{e 9 & Simpl^citatiS Cuftos integerrimus, Prseceptorera expreflit; VigiHis i Orationibus ^9 jejuniis afliduus 9 pr»ClpUG noftur- w- nis horis , quo-horam extrem'ajm praeveniens fanfte ob'jit mdciv. JOANNES FRANCISCVS i Mediolano per xiix. annorum fpa- .tium in Clivatenfi Coenobio folit^- ric degens ;B. Benuidi Xnftitutotis Affe- Alicia piam vitaw traduxjt , Ora- tionum , Vigiliarum. J^niorutn Stiii v prxcipui noOlWnarum D4nitati;ficC.lod^n«s.^n. tBs\ ad.Cxlum . uti pi« opmamut, evolavit MDCV !• r^nrk AKDREAS . Supertor Coeno- bii Tttilettini S.;Sylveari , tutibus Tudertumilluftravu . lJuus emm SLramcnir * Miniftex vexbo » & ‘’.P”' , * tes edocuit.Pie .n.ot.tur mdcxxi . Vivit adhuc opinione pi , cu~ juj fit teftis Vrbis maror , populi in cjus'ftinexB / ANTONIVS, vi'xit folitaritis in Onobio Saxitn- vi politioribus virtutibtts intentusi ad Txebiutn Rcformatioms Afcete- ,ium ex Obedlentii pergens .n nete Populus wftes ei prcid)t , in^etus pretatis tcftiroonium , ejuf- one venerationis monumentum . Jftignonius Ttebil Digitized by Co^ogl qija;nap eum fropheta/Te tdftatur , quo cdebrior fit e\|us faixia » pieu- tifque opiiiio • ^ Ali/jtticx Oblath OlhitanU^HaU Ms ex, eodm Vetter ak. , , . Mauro . » • F RANCISCV5 ex NeapoJi, Smiplicitati's , ^ Obedient i» Vir: Fiaelitas in ipfo fumma, yptip ^jrvensi in pnjnes Benignita^s peculiari$ , quibus^ CPimqMnes ea- ptavit piaufus . Moritur , TJBVRTIVS Brixkttfts , Mo- naebalium Vir^utum Idea » Cfiaci- tas^f Hiirailita5,i Orationis fervor^, Patientia,qu5 fere nunquaro iru per^ ^eitiJSf prgBcipue in illo eluxere 9 in- firnjprum eWfA (bJlicita\,^ Seduljb Choro incumbensu nb^urni^tdiur- nifque horis afliduus /fic Pqeniten- tiae, & Eupharifti Sacramenta pr^-. ven/ebat 1 obfequebafur . Jn Mon- tis Oliveti Archko^npbio degeps " ipult/s annifidqd Uluftravirprecum fer- ^ Digitized by • i ■ ; i66 fervorei ex qiio calfirm genibirs obduxeratj profe6ir6 verus Anacb- rita Aretii ultimum cl'audit diem ItfDViC. JOSEPH a LauJd , Crucifixa^ uti Joa^rnes » femper proxinxis ; in Ceenobid enini extra Laudam Vil- ' lx nova , ubi imago Chrifti Cruci- ,fixi colitiir 9 die no6i:eque'" idea- tidem precibds intentus , Ke^ara- torem Orbis ad mifecicordiam ex- eitabat ; Pauperum Fautor eonim Jacrymas attraxit morte praeventus , ; C^ROLVS a XaccS , Vir (im- plex, ac reftus: Aufteritatis, Obe** dieirtia;',' a<r Paupertatis- Cuftos > ' Dei ,fibitilnumqtxe captavit amo- rem : Quiet i rarb , precibus identi- ■ jdem ihtentusjrion Oblaf., fed Coe* Hobitarum Exemplar Hluxit * ' ^ MICHAEL* Ariminenfis , For- tuna qjaiiper, Spiritu dives ofto boras orationibus vacans Deo in* ferviebat ,, Amdre in patiperes fum- too , quos proprio cibd reflaura- bat; ; by Ciqogle ■ bat : B. Virginis pecub’aris Cultor uti Patronam vewerabatur : Jejur uio fane rigido , Vinura nun^-- quam» carnes rar6 deguftavit, facro .. - Ettcharifti® cibo fe fubftentans s - Oftogeiiarius dies duudij mjdcx* . Alt qtti eicMod^f i^h Olivet anii , • ^etate commendabfles n P ETRVS Capycrus Sconditus^ ^ Neapolit;, Prasful Montis Oli- vet! integerrfmus ; Humilitate > ae •pictate iaudabi]is,perfe6li Monachi ir^Hoccntiam exf^ciiittCelltrUmVe- nerabilis Simpircii in Monte Olive- to Neapolfs pofitam' iit profpe6lu: -Januae lateralis Bibiiotliecse iiico- . iuityfed potitis vitam aemuktus eft; 'Vir omnibus numeris, abfolutiis Neapolitan® Nationis novum ad Yirtutes Exemplar . . ^ PLACIDVS j Abbas Siculus J pietate , & prudentia commenda- , bills , fema eft nwrtem fibi prcedi- - vxifle,eju5 innocenjti® teftimonium^ ^ ' BE- Digitized by Google BENEDICTVS de Angelis a Neapoli » Atrbas Titularis Con- cionator non vulgaris t pcrft^io-_ rutn virtutuffl ftiidiofiffinius cu- jXjs cogtiom I 111 a ngol ici ^ r€ fponde- rufit mores ; QbjU f©cv>c. ONVPHRIVS Sifola de Nea- poli, ihter.Olivetanos novella Olx- j<^a admoduni frtigiferaj' anno xtatis fuse noiio inter clauftra adfcriptus^ folo quatiio.r annorum decurfu muU 'tos num^avijt dies ; Obedientia in jpfo exafta ♦ amor- in Deum fervi- dus , Hurojlitas peculiaris , puritas '‘Angelica , Milndi averfio impfaca- bilisi poftgravem inorbunu patien. tiS (ingulari ab iplb deyi: 6 tum , in- ter Crticifixi ampkxus expiiat in Monte Oliveto Neapolis die .ftfto S.Stepbani anno mdc^xii'i . /Etatis XII f. , Tyronib^is Oiiveti Perft- . ^ionis idea . - - ' HONO R A TVS Mediolanen fis; Nation! Neapolitah« adfcfiptws , ,Oblatus , afccticis virttJtibus com- meadabilis , <jui brans , morte pr^- ■ ' ven- V ‘ » ! -Digitized by G003IC: . > v -. ■» 4 . X v ' . . , ■ ■ ‘ .. ^ i6i ventus , trt 1i^c%e^a^rii)pit j eii AiTgeii^adftaQC^ §» Sis p^cipiMS pietatis nolis^^^i3xp<raV^ m\|scc^v n. 1 9 . Ka I S ep te m^is ' . ; < ’ . NJCQLAVS Paften^ a Neapg^ K 9 cseJefii Sapienlin iirtbiittis , ha.c. libi sfcteriiita'temljeatani, pi« lit crc- dlrniis ,pEOvidtt;,i^i5 fluxas fslidr tati^ aiiram f^mper dssfpeyit morum mocJeratioHe , ac fimodentia : Poft pltirium r.menifium impoctuna? fe,- bri$ e^gitaticHiem man tUc:, Anno -Mccxxv.. ^ k: . ' . . • . .1 • ; I N I s; t ^ J > -■ X -y .. f ■ -J - » ■• Ai I : - ^ ^ 1 / 1 i ♦ V G A-ROL.yS Ereiwita , Bdgr- £US cwrgiiie, ao hobiliutej mtjhdl ly^cebrJs 'deliciifque' .lc<3fltempt(S' >- foli coiv* tehiplatioai, ac folhudini iiwentus, perfe1£l.arum Yif^rtutn Perufii plu- rium anaorufticiirfi^^pmnilias: iWu- xit Idea y ac ExeiQ'p^af /Flo;:uirre-^ cutp FRANClS€VjS :E^iittta> Bel gicus j-quinqua^Int'a prape annis - humili ill Gel fa deli t«ie /. vir.tutf- biis, ac lapieacia excujtus 5 morbos diviho innixusaiixiiio fUgavitjDcBi monefque a corporibus ex^iiit 5 \| eju^ G/w.ritati » ‘ac"fcrvid;i’sOratio^ iiibus mirltum defect Perufrna Givi • j tas, pr«Gip.ud in La%mis - i folantlis r fttblevandis : CarolLftii - I pradi6^ Alfecfa i» contemneiidS' fe- , enfe 4iQfeil4tAte-avita 'i pdm j?is, com- \| modis^rrciileandis , ut pfc Gtedib > i fern? , ^affecutux eft C«ki m. A nno ^ ^ * MDccxxix.;Nonageoariurcetate,iri j PemfinaUrbe# IDEL- ' i Dior red by G««»glc %66 IDELPHONSVS MANNA- ^ ;RA , Iiifuber , RR. Ciericorum ReguIaTi’um S. Patili du?ptici vlc^ PrJcpofitus Generalis t Concionar tor Celebris itr tota Italia , ad Epi- (copatunri Bobienlcmeve^ltss ill. Cle- mente XI. Pone;Max«, verf Paftori® . partes explevit . Objit MDCcx'xvr. JOSEPH CESAREI , Olivet t y'icarius Generalis mdccxx i x^om- iiium platifu defionatus fu^ Nea- ’ politanseNatibni femper prbficuust abundantibs p'roderrt Supremus OUvetanoTum Moderator , ANNIBAL MARCHESE , Pa. tritius Neapolitaiuis t Vir feientiis excultus ' , italiCo carrtiine dams , etrufeo enim metro ‘’edidit Vitam , ac faci.nora'exprelbt Ca roll. VI. I in- peratorisi Tragnediam Sacrain coii- feripfrt : valeat , iS: vivat dib . ALEXAi^DER ROGGt, cenfis I Gongregiitionis^Maicrs Dd Prspolit'us ' Generalis I ' Co nciona- tor beleber Coilegii Medtolanen. fis fu« Congregafioiiis Infti tutor' ' 's ■ exri- . .k i6f . dfctlti't; Dignitati fTrimarit& ultr^iac libens ceditt ut fibi ipfi perfcftiori- bus Virtutibusco,nfLiiat,aeCQnfcf- fioiiibus aflidub inteiUiu;,oBogena>« f jus licet«alienpru utilitatibus pro-, . videat; adhuc vivicin fuaGoIlegio Neapolitano S. Mavix in Porticu • Doflor ALB UZJ MedioJanen f:s, vananiraScientiarum nitore'cbnfpi- cuustBibliothec^ Anitbrofiatiss folers Cuflos , ac Orator iacer fane cele- brandus t Imma turns moritur Sa- ; pientum ni(srbre initio fi^uli xviir. Civiii', kc Canonico jureimbu* . tus MELCHIOR RE viGLlONI, ' Virtutunv exemplar illuxit : Fabri- cs S. Petri Neapoiis Sccretarius omnia (ervavit t immb adauxit pro- borum « improborumque en.eomf is: In Hofpitaii Neapolitano SS» Tri- iiitatis inleryiens. humiliima obivie fnunia: Prsdi^Ioi^i fams eiHinciat, mortis die,Fatd cedit acDcxxvr . , Sl Neafioli tumuip.ckuditur m£c* xlefii Don^$ profeliTs SbckUtis Je<f fu^Hujus veAigiis iiinilitPronepot • “ McL . m ' 4 . ’ * Digitized by Googlc Melchlor^OIiVetanus, Scientlarutn^ * PietatjTque Ornamentum .» . . JACOBUS VECELLI Vene- tus , Sapientia , ac Priidentia com* mendabilis : Bis IllullriflifTiie Con- gregationis'SoiTjmafchae Pr^pofut^ . Generalis propter fuas egregias do- tes, nnimi, morumqiie.benignLta- te4n.adhuc, injuorum iiienfioria vl- viis perfevetat ; rupremum'-claudjt diem MDCcxx I V. „ JOSEPH SIRUS VIGHI Pa- pienfis j'^ini-morimvGeneralis^pie- tate , fcienti'ifqj exornatus benigne imperavit , to'ti Subditorum Ccetui gratus : Ad otium protcrendufn , . Animi crudeIemTyrannum,poft fu. premum regimen quQtidieexercita^ tioniBusrMathematicis fe committiu ANTONIVS OLGIATI NqJ vocomenfis , Goncionator Sc Hi- ftbricus inter Cappuccinos . opti* itjus ; Duplic-i vicc Provinjciaiis fuis pracfuic Alumnls’ furnma pruden* tia T ^virtutum oninnim Nutrice f- mul ti fqne vi r Hi 1 1 b us pollens'; Fat o cedit MDccxxix. , OO- DOMINICVS ASPLANATI Januenfis , inter Oiivetanos Na- tionis Fiorenting Praeful admodum commendabilisj Si pietatem fpeflcsy peculiaris ; fl fcientiam contemple- ris, varia, ac erudita; fi zeJum, pr«- fervidus , quo notitris recpnditis nodram Congregationem illudrat^ quibus adhuc viduus Literariug Olivetanoriim Cactus , ne memoria. bujufce eruditi laboris apud Pode<* ros pereat, hlc majori, quo poffum, obf^quio innuo . CHRISTOPHORUS CEVA,’ Mediolaiienfis,dSocJcru,Rethor,ac PoetaXatinus fane eximius .‘ Apud ipfum iub ejus difciplina Perufii in ined pubertate indruebar ,plurids admiratus fum profiuitatem ejus mentis, carmina enim de repente ia« tino metro ficdiftitabat » ac fi lege- ret f piis pra^ditus moribus decedit, fed non^iiVEruditorum memoriS • Floruit An. mdclxxx IV. ^ JOANNES BAPTISTA DEL WIRO Neapolitanus, Cadiiienfis H' Con- '170 Coiigrcgationls Procurator Gene- rali’s vigilantiflimus » eximius fane Vir : Bibliothecce Vatican® annis ’j,plunbus integerrimiis Guftos « Sa- pientibus ipiis (luporem excitavit Scfentiarum varietate , cqiicinnita- te fermonis , variarum Linguarum, peculiariter Graci idiomatis peri- tia: dignus ut ad majora evehere- tur nVFatum » aft’potiiis ejus de* miflio , vetaflet, Deceflit anno boc >IDCCXXXI. , JEt. fu® LXXIV. Or. ibis Literarii mcerore Neapoli in (S, Severinl Coenobio . PAULUS THOMAS MAR- - RANA Januenfis , in Olivetanie Congr^gatione Theologus com- ^ inendabilisj panegiricis orationibus ctiam enituit '» a Benedi6lo XIII. * Pontificie fane Opt inlo , ad AfcuU'. Hum Epifcopatum iiiMarcbia affuirt- . ptus eft Aii.'xiDCcxxv 1 1 i., i^ratls :(xx i IX. » pr®claris ejus animi do« tibus fu®‘D:oecefi profuturus • CHERUBINUS CAVALLINt ^Juliana iftSrcilia^ AbbaS Oiiveta- ■ nus. D.yi::zectb'; Go(^k j r * nas,vir rummopere laudanclusrPie* tas in ipfo pecii'lidrist anifnaruin zt- lus projfervichis , afliduus enHH Sai cramenti PcenItentisB Minifter in Xempio noftro Urbis, tanqu^m praCandeiabrum pofitus,Virtutuin exemplar iliuxity ilnaut 'Qobii/ores Roman® foemin® ad ipfuiri confliie- rent , ut folers eas in fplritu dirige-’ ret:Nobnitim noftrarum Monia/ium Rom® inTurriS Speculorum Ceno- bio Direaor;ac Confeiraritis. ex'tra- ordinarius , mult&m illis in fpiricu profuit j tandem o6togenaritis oc^ ciibuit in noftrojiilianenfi Afcete- rio Anno mdcc r x. die v i . Julif tafi ' opinione virtutis.ut popalus ei vc- ftes abTciderit ad venerationem fb» landam ; in ejus tumiWo adeft Epi- graphes . ' « , ALEXANDER BURGOS Si- culus, inter, ConventualesS.Theo* logi® Magifter, Univerfitatum Lu- minare iplendidumjRom^ enimiPa- taviiiPerufii publictis Doctor feien- tias ipfas illuftravit promptitudine H 2 in- Digitized by Google \| ingeniijcIarS fagacitate, explanatio- ne fubtilijad Catanenfem Epifcopa- tuii#uve£lus An,MDccxxvi., ipfam . Dignitatem decore affecit ; aft proh Dolor V Vix Catficdram Epifco- palem afceiidit , quod fexagenarius occubuit j m^^tuVus Caelo . - PAULUS BELLANTI,OIive- tanus a Xacca Cflvitate, pietate,ra- pienciS\,' 8c, fpirituum difcretione^ pollens., fpiritualia, ac politica do- cumenta expreffit Mon/alibus Be- nediftinis Coehobii S. CathariiiJe ‘ejiirdem Urbis Anno mdclvi j,- JO: FRANCISCUS OLIVIE- RI , Canoniciis Collegiatcs Vifti , moderatls excultus moribus , Sa- pientia fingularis : Miifis gratiis multa cecinic , prascipue, latino me- tro, in quo Ovidium imitatus,nil in ipfius carminibus,faS fit dicere, de- fiderandum-. Longos traducat dies publico bono , -prasrertim Adole- fcentum Vifti , ubi V iearius* Gene- rali's S. Officii degit • ♦ " . * Bfi- Digitized by Googli Benedicto XI ll. Pont. -Optimo, Urfinae Familice Ornamento, k Urbis.Neapelis Luminari prcclarOj, Gufmanae Stirpis nunc ma'ximo, Eccieriadicorum Padorum Ideas 9 Qui Aiifteritatis CuItOr Pauperum Asiium , Delictarum, Dignitat.Contemptor • Invitus » Bplfcopus, Cardiaaiis , Pontifex . Creatur , proclamatur, el igitur. Ab Anno mdccxxiv, Ufque ad Annum mdccxxx. imperavit Annis 9 Urbis, Orbifq; rollicitus,providus> Dignus, ut longioies duceret dies. .Aft aetenitlm vivit 9 Pie ut credimus , Ad Catho,4ci Gregis incolumitateiU Chrifticolis e Cf loPjropugnacuiuni. ‘ % ^ H 3 Ant* Digitized by Google A»l^ limplura Month Olhet* . JVeapolltanur/i , CARQLO VI. AUSTRIACO ; Inter Monarchas Illuftri/ t . • jPro MafcuUna Pvok impetranda* ’ ** V « — * * DEIP ARi£ M ARlAi# Virginii^ue pitBclarce Supplex Parthenope vota depromc; Maxima deHclerantur Principum Maximo '■^/'AfR O Ij O. V X. ' - Invito Duci ^ polerci Ecclefije Defeiuori j , Mafculina Proles , . Potiiis dicam ; ' Fidei .Tutameni Vaticeni firmum Propugnaculum ,, , Bceviiis exprimain Alter Carolus. , Super Cg Uttla VENiSlMPLICU CELBNiTANI ; A’NeapolI , Abbatis Oliveiany eft attte Januam Later flJem Bihlhtbeca^ Mantn Oliveti Nanpolh* . y£N.'SlMPj;-lCIiy: CELEijT Aiifl . . Olivetajius PraefiU ; Hlc i«:Terris dfilituit , Cpntemplati<Hiibas » Auderitati intentus t . Meliiis dicam ■ •>** ■* H5c Terris, C«iirq; tiotxrs apparuir* ^ ybi mortuus Mpcft. » iEt.JLxuf < . Meipofi^ piQxtiSim vivet. IttTumulo \ VEN. SIMPLICII. , I - ' , Oliveti Prxful . - Hfc jacet , Immb erlgitor « .Genitricis Parthenope * ' Oipniiimque plaufur Mundo mortuiis mdcBs % jSttBxix* Ctslo , pie ut crediimis * ^^ternClm redivivus . Puperni G>»aritate fervidiis , Aiifteritate in fe rigid Hac fibi noxius 9 lll^ de aliis perenniter benemerilus. Caducam defpexit gloriara % Sibi undequaque negle6lus • Sic pro illo verum Adagium \|n p3emori4 ssternE erit Julius • VITA ■ ■.-“■■ -• ■■ ■■ JTt • \ VITA BKEViS » VERSIMPUCH C E L E N f A N I. ' '• V Enerab. Simplicius Ce* LENTA Ni- Abbas Olive- tauus, , oriuiidusa Givi-- tate Jnyeuatii » ex'FamiHa ,nobili , . .?aG peraatiqua Iiujus Orbis , Na^tis • eil Neapoli amjo 1 58^. 1 & a ge- nitoribus Jo:.Hierony<rrva„ & Cor- nelia Vopircoi.pqjbil'i Jilveaatgi foe- inina, hpneftis moribus ornatisj foU lieite educates eft^Baptizatum'Iega titulo Scipionis in Paiochi^ -Advo- cate extra portam Regalem.Nea- .polis ; Vix aipios pube^tatis ajtti- gerattquod .Ob’vetuin ingte^us ell, •Painia frugi%% f^turUs ; . Benedi;- ftinis, cahdidilque amiftihus orna- •ttis, plus cand.ida^fum virtutum ha- .Wtus induit , quarum' prefervida exercitatio , proh^fatum ! ficut in aliis.infignibus Oiiveti Bliis.con- tigit f v. Digitized by Google ’17S VhaBrevh ^ tfgit ad nos non pervenit 5 at ex ejus fcripto ^quod fervatur in Ty- focinioNeapolitano Montis Olive- ti 9 ejus coeleftis vita , inorum inte- gritas j Monallica Oblerv.antia di« gnofci poteft , profe6l6 Oliveta- • iiorum perfe^fciorum norma ^xutd- rus.’Sk igitur ipfe alloquitun Cum fec’oTcior in quocunqUe inftanti de beneficiis a Deo mihi collatis 9 jpli, . grates h’umillimas reddo 9 de pecea to-rum meorum ingratitudine do- leo 9 vellem peccatofes omnes ad Supernani Bonitittsm ‘convertere * imm6:, fi fas eflTet mihi 9 ipfum pec- catum extinguere r Die Lunas SS* Trinitati quodeUnque meum opus offero* "Si hoc fanguim prctiofo^, ' quern JefuS^in Horto effudit 9 ad- jle6lo9 grefldfque m'eoi^ cum Chrifti greflrbus Qt Getfemani ad 'Annx palatium effotrfiatis, conformo; Pa- triarcharum , Ptophetarum CcBttls pro prdfeftu meo in fibc die devo- te invoco 9 velut/ in’principio mor- fsUis infirmitatis inc effingo > ut fe- D, / • * l^an, CeUntani • 17 ^. • ; ' , 11 ^ id .raqrtfti me p^P\|^q^uu^ * " confjderem :- Marti® ii^pqdum Sufe- "" 1 periio Kegi qpeta , mea diq> % cunj cruore ik Chrifto inter fiagella effu,p ^ fa ilj\|a conjungo , ^ itmeri jefu i Palatio .Aiiuae ad Caipham itfer i ' mej^ connector: Apaftolqri^m pa- . ,trociniumjavofOxmprbumq;meupi ' ] . .ad^mo r tem pr operate refine 61 qj^Me <lie"»^d Chriftum veiuti AiiiV’ in«me« Spoftfiijn accurjq, Marty-. >um fa^^l^ipem. qti mter^qrerit ' pro n>e cqpio j, opet^ mea cum fe- nis Redei^toris ^iptexq 1 gr^lius meos etim. ipfius gjpeflEbrus a4 A* /,.j ,trium. Pilati^ cO»formo\, ^ diem i ‘ ultimum, a Div4n^ Bomtaie pr^ meispeccatiXiiVconfeflipnc abluen- ' ■ d^ mihi-conceffirn^ eonfidero . f i V is Juce Jefmn meuai foliici tumPa^ i .flpre m ,i n iequarx PootfB ce^ fan^q^ ' \i Patro nos meo®nVenetqj;i opera mi^ j ! cum Chrifti fari^qine i ^aem , i ftiiin^depontione ad crHcifig^qdum dlffudit,'codjui\|go;,iti«era mea cum j OiriHi .itinere a Pilatb ^Hfro- ' ' • H 6 ' dtm H Digitized by Google i8o VitaBrevh dem conneflo , &' viaticum San* ftifliiiium me fumptiiruna confide- ro. Die -Veneris Jefum meum uti Redemptorem invdco, Cbnfeffores» Sanflofque Ccenobitas Interceffo* ires cupio opera mea cum Jefu cruore, quern' ex manuum»& pedum plagis fparfit 1 commifceo , veftigia mea cum Chrifti veftigiis ab Hero- de ad PiJatum unio , & Extremcc Drif^ionis diem eflfe jiidico : Sabba- to Ddminurh veluti Salvatorem de^ ' precor>opera mea. cum Jefu fangui- ne ex lateri« vulneremanaate con- juiigo y muiieres San6las ad mei tu- telam devott defidero , , vertigo mea cum Ghrifto Criicenv bajulan- te f conjungp , 55: mortis meae diem itffe judico . Dominica die ad ChTU flum veluti Judicem appropinquo , 'diem Refurrefkionis meae elfe refle- ‘fto , quodcunque opus meum cum Redemptoris cruore in Criice dif- fufo commifceo Angelos taaquam Advocates imploro,ac veftigia mea cum Jefu veftigiis ^ Ccenaculo ad ' -Hor. ~-T 1 Vert, Slmplicif 'CeUntanf . i8r ' Hortum adne6lo; Opera^mea devo« ta ThefaufO fpiri^uali iitcJudo , ut proficua cupio Iniidelibiis « Hiere* , ticis f Peccatoribus , cuips mdrta* Ji proximis , tribulationibus fpiri* tualibus , ac corporeis ^xagitatis « morti proximis 9 animabus in Pur* gatorio degentibus : Hos aftus dt* ^ iucul6 exerceo, Deo me offero> pro beneBciis mihi collatis ^ Superna Bonitate grates reddo> Supremum Nunien humillitne adoroy de pec- ^ catis meis doieo , hafque a6lione5 cum Jeru,& Virginis operibus coo- jungp ^ in omnibus operibus meis pati vellem ^ pro obje^o diei iJlius [ Deum meum decexno^amoris a^us JudorumyAngeiorumque omnium, . ac animarum purgantium v^luH I aftus meos in Numinis obfequium cupio: Adju^oriumjn T^n^is infpl- rationibus meritorum -Gbriijbi 9 ac Virginis Matris 9 Orationumque ' JuBorum ardenter cupio ; de pec- catis commifTts doleo ac doiorem ilium 9 q.ui Chridum in horto^fEi- xit> Digitized by Google rfj ' , VSta Sremi y ' xrt, pbfHdere c^pio v‘ac -pcBiikefN tiara illagi V quara’A^naeliGrit® geG- leruiit >^^X€icer^ valexera, iVt pro- ^ - \|>6fitutTt- de cofrjgend^ patefar , vCfirjefe 5., Gum dran^bus ' amoris -a^i- . bus ;‘q.uoS«rga>Deuni elicoerunt * i fKciuntV Gi^ickntquG omnex^^ ; """ Purgantiuni a^m^fSpiritufque cf- ! ieiles frigidam amorera meum eon- ] iie^D '5 teferm P%\|xis, genitique Fi- lif iSplritusr»li»i aii'Xitia, Juftoruni ; 'preees> Sanguinis Ghrifti juv, amen, animarum Purgatorii adjul;oriiK», ^ -ipebementer Gupio . I>ie unicp tres " afbus coatricionis efformare qon.or> . valde mane , in merrdie, &Jer6i. , b\|en% hacom^ns pro ^rpori^ ^ firmi ta te dapes cum Verb^hiinj^ nis #po[iis indut4«dapibus commi^ceo , quidquid gufhmi^ dele6i:at , abhor- reorquidquid palafo ki^pidum»am- i ae pro benefa^tonbus de- MatutinfimfeGitanS f pro '^Infideiibus , & Fddeii^ evangclizan- \|libu%» ac pro' iW^ tbrmentffpfti- ^ ^ cxoro » Uiidtsaeoj^rpfo Ditj ii-j: , (j.oo^le VlniSmpVidiCihntanl..,]L^^ ' ’ jb^eficio iijeHabili EuGhawftici Sa»- ► - ’ cramenti » qtio a<C Sup«e\|»ws% plufquam IfraelJtas in Dererti>, abi. ' ' bunife reficit , -& pro difpoiitiohe' . ;ad Miflam offero: Ad H«reticorum. ' converfionero»& mearum a£^ionuai ‘ profe^lura Primarn Horarutn recito; . i ' Tertiam ad calami tates omnCs iu* . gandas dirigo ; Scxtam pro Saeer- \j dotibuS) ut re^e fuum minifterium < adimpleant \ Nonam fwo Ecclefws \ neceliitatibus oflfeto ; Ve%eras pro , ^ animarum falute >. & corporum in- ^ coliwnrtate laborantibus ; Comple- toriura pro . CatfaoUds , qut Jnter HseretiGos degunti atque.Infideles, vfil inter peccatores^VMiffisadftans prp^ljiirimall concontu eicoroiChd- ro aifi Ileus: t laudare intendo , i cum EcdefiS triompb^pte, mill tan-' ^te ; ac purgantc : Ante ftudium ali- qiias dra-tioiies , reicito. a^ mei intd- le^Lis; illuftrationem'J rAd aceedens -Pfafinam Mi far ere pro gratiad^ ' ’ ffllone recito » confcleii^a^^- v .1 f 184 . . Vita Brevh . iheam fcrutor jex le^ko furgens Mt^ farerct & Credo . Neceffarios a.dus eliciens cum aftibus natiirabbus Chrifti ne6ko, atque aftiones indif* fercntes ad Dei gloriam refero ; Klentalit^r orans 9 me antea Dep offera 9 de peccatis doleo^ Numeu adoro 5 gratiarum a 6 lioncs , obla- tiones , ac petitiones in fine ellcio: Vicibiis duabus in die i^iterno Pa- tri me offero , praecipue.niemotiom 9 ,intelle6lum Filio 9 Spiritui San£lo voluntatem , Chrifti Humanitati partem fenfuivam , & v^etatiyam Animae : VirgUii Matri humilita- ,teni 9 ac Caftitatem meam commen- do ) M.ichaelem , Archangelum ad vincendas tentationes implorOjCu- . ftodem Angelitm ut fenfus tueatiir meos, atque adjutoriurn San^orum Patrocinantlum exopto : B.Virgi. -nis Officium fic dhftribuo , Matuti- . num pro periculis yitandis>Pridiam , pro Peccatoriim converfionei Ter- rtiam pro Inftdelibiis , atque Haere- 9 pr»cipue Anglis ; & CatKp* ' ^ Hco- Vett» SmpltcU Cdentanl . 1 8 j liceriim viSioriis , Sex tarn pro ten- tatis 9 ac calamitatibus oppreflis « Koiiam proAnimarum Reftoribiis, Vefperas pro Monachis, ac Moniai* libus recito: Compldtorium tandem offero pro Defun6tis, ac pro Sacer- dotibus , ae Claudralibus > ut cadi vivant,& a mundcfhdc vitiiiVn era-' dicetur cxVirginis Intemcrat» Pa- trdcinio: Signum campanse audiens foiitas pieces ad Myderii Incama- tionis memoriam. recito , Mariae ^ratulqr , quod Dei Mater « iimul> que Virgo ab Archangcio Gabriele faiucetur : Rofarium recitans pro \|>ropria Congregatione , Superiori'- bus, Moiiachifque offero, prsccipul pro Coenobio Romano , ac Afcete- • rio 9 ubi immoror: Triginta Mars a , cum quinqtie ex ma- nibus Virginis Matris ejusFilio di- ce , Deo grates referens 9 quod me creavit , redemit , Glaudra vo^' cavit , ad Sacerdotium eye^it , quod mihi Orationis rhentalis do- num contulerit ^ Triiiitatem eifdein ' Digitized by Googlc i p r rS6 Vita Brel)} t . precU>iis obteftor , ut proreflloneiii me^m fervem } & circa ipfam deffe* 6kt)is delcac : MKTasaudiens prp hi5> quibu^ ex aliquo motiv.o tenear.« S^upremo Numini offero: In Eucha- viftias fumptione vota iterum de- promo: Multas preces ( qua; utl plurimae non enumerantur) pro mp^ & pluribus qiiotidie fundo : Quo* cunque die particulariter confcien* tiam meam oxatninof ac aJiis duabus .irijcibus » feilicet antd prandium^ & quktem:Hora vigedroS prim^ mor* pragparfttionem quotidi^ , exer^ ceo, ac affidub Voluntati divina; mecommitto, 6c femper patlvel- , . km : Surgens veflem Monachalem • exofculor , Deo grates exkibens ^ quod ad Statum^Regularem me evocare drgnatus eft » preces fundo u<<i Vocatiotti me» refpondeam > fic Ven. Simplicius in fcripto^^ me fi* delit^rtranfufqpto^ailoqultur ver* aacuia lingua'. - < - Hujus metbodi Vitam quis noa y^et cum antiquorum ^^ypti “ • . ^ Ana- V- ■ ■ ■■ ^ ' * Jk- . Ven, Cekfttani • 187 Anachofitarum^ cum MonadiOfUfli p€rfc6liorum Ordinis D.Benediftit & primorum Oliveti vita.cpmpa^ ♦ randam ? Si Cliinacus , CafGaivus perfeftipnis'praecepta prpppaerent, quid ainplius hprtarentur , cum Ideam perre6iionis Evangelicae in vita Celentani admireimir , Chari- tatis fervprera, cxcellenticrum vir- tutum exercitatipnes* ptii afliduam {ogam, Bernardi genuintiin fiiinm effe -cPBtempIcmur : Proh dclor ! ' itcrum dico » qucd ejiis aufteritas » cieteraque facinpra ad noftram nc- tiliam non acceffcre ; etiam tempo- libus iiodris Neapolitan! Ccenobii Mouachalem Obferv an tiam P r i nci- pes ipit r ficut quondam Rex AU phonfus-fccundusAragPuenfisjlau^ dibiiis. toUereflt , & B pmdia.* pr<^ prium regale minifterium in noftris nienfis npbis non ofierrent , fieuti laudatiffimus , benignu% Alphon- fus ♦ faltem Congregationem no- itram bcnevolentia'^ fpcciali .vene- mentur ; Qu» fcripta , vel per tra^ * ' di- 4 Digitized by Googlc P^/ta Brevh ditionem de ipfo accepi , 8c quse in mea Chronologia OlivetanS innui,. in ejus obfequium iteriim repeto j cseleftes profe6l6 numeravit dies » nec cum David lacrymis hos profe- quipoteratj dies mei ikut umbra praetereunti ac diceret, inutiles pe- reunt : Fervor Charitatis in ipfo fUmmus , auderitas maxima , zeius Animarum fe'rvidus 9 adidub Sacra^ mento Pcenitentiae Minider inten- tus; tanto in Deum amore ardebat utpluries inextatim raptus vifus fit* 8c aiiquando fplendida luce pr^« fulgens 9 8c pluribus ^ terrd palmis eiatus ; fpiricu etiam aliquo modo Prophetiae imbutus apparuit , nam tini> Midie Venerabilis Prsfulis in- fervienti) ait9 Orathnes apudDeum nibil prodefie confiio .culpa rnorta^ Ihi 8c hoc de iilo veridcabatur: Ul- timo indrmitate correptus a R. 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A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The parts of the vertebrate skeleton are: Braincase: A braincase or cranium protects the brain. Vertebrae: A series of short, stiff vertebrae are separated by joints. This internal backbone protects the spinal cord. The joints between the vertebrae let the backbone bend. Bones: support and protect the body's soft tissues and provides points for muscle attachment. Gill arches: Gill arches in the pharynx of fish and some amphibians support the gills. In the majority of vertebrates some of the arches have evolved into other organs, such as jaws. Examples of vertebrates are mammals, birds, and fish. A few tens of thousands of species have been identified. The term "fish" is used to describe at least four different kinds of vertebrates. Distinctions Vertebrates dominate amongst the animals in virtually all environments. They include the largest animals in each main ecosystem, though not the largest living things (because that would include trees). They are the only animals which have an adaptive immune system. These two facts may be connected. Taxonomy and classification Subphylum Vertebrata Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) Myxini Hyperoartia (lampreys) †Conodonta †Pteraspidomorphi †Thelodonti †Anaspida †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks") Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amphibia (amphibians) Amniota (amniotic eggs) Sauropsida (reptiles and birds) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes and tuatara) Testudines (turtles) Archosauria (archosaurs) Crocodilia (crocodilians) †Pterosauria (pterosaurs) Dinosauria (dinosaurs) Aves (birds) Synapsida (mammal-like tetrapods) Mammalia Related pages Invertebrate Vertebrate brain References Other websites Tree of Life Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
<p>I'm developing a DSL for building API wrappers, named <a href="https://github.com/rafalchmiel/hendrix/tree/0.1.0" rel="nofollow">Hendrix</a>. I am having problems with the testing of the DSL. As it is a API wrapper, it needs to interact with external services. I am not sure how to approach this in terms of testing. I'm using RSpec and tried configuring VCR with WebMock, but no luck. How am I supposed to test this particular scenario if I don't have direct access to what request is being made?</p> <p>This is my <code>spec_helper.rb</code>:</p> <pre><code>$VERBOSE = nil require 'simplecov' require 'coveralls' SimpleCov.formatter = SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter[ SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter, Coveralls::SimpleCov::Formatter ] SimpleCov.start { add_filter '/spec/' } lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__) $LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib) require 'hendrix' require 'vcr' VCR.configure do \|c\| c.cassette_library_dir = 'spec/cassettes' c.hook_into :webmock end RSpec.configure do \|config\| config.treat_symbols_as_metadata_keys_with_true_values = true config.run_all_when_everything_filtered = true config.filter_run :focus config.order = 'random' config.extend VCR::RSpec::Macros end </code></pre> <p>The project is in its early stages (working towards version 0.1.0 at the moment). The syntax of the DSL is as follows:</p> <pre><code>require 'hendrix' Hendrix.build 'Jimi' do base 'https://api.github.com' client :issues do action :issue, '/repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number' end end Jimi.issue('rafalchmiel', 'hendrix', 1) # => {"url"=>"https://api.github.com/repos/rafalchmiel/hendrix/issues/1", # "labels_url"=> ... Jimi.issue('rafalchmiel', 'hendrix', 1).title # => "Implement parameters in actions" </code></pre> <p>In most specs, I'm testing what the methods from the master module (in this case <code>Jimi.issue</code> etc) return and whether it is in a <code>Hashie::Mash</code> format. How would I test this? I don't know where to start.</p>
<p>I have a number of CSV files which I need to compare to one 'Master List', and determine, based on a unique ID, if these other files contain entries for that key.</p> <p>What would the easiest way to do this in Python be? I.e what kind of structures would you suggest I read the data into, and how would you suggest I iterate through it?</p> <p>Here is an example of the data and output I am looking for.</p> <pre><code>Master List Unique ID : File Name : File Version : Responsible Party J578221 : Expander : 1.23 : Joe Bloggs KK89821 : Top : 0.9 : Mike Smith Location X Region : File Name : Unique ID USA : Acme Expander : J578221 USA : Acme Tail : MK33431 Location Z Reqion : File Name : Unique ID : Date Added China : Expander : J578221 : 03-04-2012 HK : Acme Top : KK89821 : 06-07-2012 Output: Unique ID : File Name : File Version : Responsible Party : In Location X : In Location Z J578221 : Expander : 1.23 : Joe Bloggs : YES : YES KK89821 : Top : 0.9 : Mike Smith : NO : YES </code></pre>
<p>Like we can do, poll/epoll/select on an fd, we can not on msg queue id. I found some non standard methods to make msgqueue-id to fd, but afterall its a non standard. So my question is, Why linux geeks, not implemented poll/select on msg queue id ? Does that lead to serious issue ?</p> <p>I need to implement such sort of mechanism. How can I do that ?</p>
Our God's Brother () is a 1997 Polish Italian German biographical drama movie directed by Krzysztof Zanussi and is based on the 1950 play of the same name by Karola Wojtyły. It stars Scott Wilson, Christoph Waltz, Wojciech Pszoniak, Riccardo Cucciolla, Jerry Flynn. Other websites 1997 drama movies 1990s biographical movies Polish movies Italian drama movies German drama movies Movies based on plays Movies directed by Krzysztof Zanussi
Coleshill ( ) is a town in Warwickshire, England. It is named after the River Cole, which flows through the town. It is about east of Birmingham and about northwest of Coventry. In 2011, 6,481 people lived there. References Towns in Warwickshire
<p>I have 3 columns</p> <p><div class="snippet" data-lang="js" data-hide="false" data-console="true" data-babel="false"> <div class="snippet-code"> <pre class="snippet-code-css lang-css prettyprint-override"><code>.bookingTotals.middleRow { height: 315px; bottom: 400px; } .bookingTotals.row { height: 400px; bottom: 0; margin-left: 920px; /margin-right: 55px;/ }</code></pre> <pre class="snippet-code-html lang-html prettyprint-override"><code><div id "myParent"> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> //some stuff <div> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> //some stuff <div> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> <div style="height:50px;"> //top stuff </div> <div class="bookingTotals middleRow"> //middle stiff that fills the gap </div> <div class="bookingTotals row"> //bottom stuff that i want fixed to the bottom </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></code></pre> </div> </div> </p> <p>I want to split the last column into 3 layers where the top and bottom <code>div</code> heights are known. So I want the middle <code>div</code> to fill the space between.</p> <p>What actually happens is that this footer <code>div</code> is displayed outside <code>myParent</code> as if it had no relation to it. What am I doing wrong?</p>
134 DESCRIPTION OF NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. By tHE Rev. J. E. Tenrson Woops, F.L.S., F.G.S. [Read 8th November, 1875.] The following marine shells have been placed at my disposal for description by Mr. W. Legrand, of Hobart Town, and the Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Mr. Legrand, who has one of the finest collections of shells in the southern hemisphere, has been a collector for years, and has become thoroughly familiar with the marine fauna of our coast. Mr. Atkinson has occu- pied himself with dredging for some years, and has been the only conchologist who has sought for novelties in that way in Tasmania. He has also been indefatigable in his efforts to advance the success of conchology in the Island, and it is owing to his efforts alone that some of the very interesting species here described have been brought to light. I also observed two new species from a small collection placed in my hands by Mr. Justin Browne and the Curator of the Museum, Mr. Roblin. To all these gentlemen I take this opportunity to return my thanks. In this list the measurements are always the greatest length, width, or height, as the case may be. In bivalves length means in every case from the umbones to the margin ; width the greatest measurement in the opposite direction ; and height the thickness of both valves united. All dimen- sions in French millimetres. PISANIA TASMANICA n. s. P. t. fusiformi-elongata, alba, nitente, liris transversalibus subtillissimis, plicisque minutis, rotundatis, subdis- tantibus, creberrime cancellata ; anfractibus 7, convexis, declivis, ad suturam constrictis, varicibus eburneis, sub-obsoletis, ornatis ; apertura ovali, labro eburnco, incrassato ; labio vix calloso. Long. 20. Lat. 7. Aper long. 7. P. shell fusiformly elongate, white, shining, very thickly cancellate, with very fine transverse lirz and small rounded, subdistant plaits; whorls 7, convex, sloping, constricted at the suture, ornamented with ivory white sub-obsolete varices ; aperture ovate, outer lip ivory white, thickened; inner lip scarcely callous. Rare, D’Entrecasteaux Channel. It was not without diff- culty that I separated this species from P. reticulata, which it resembles in every respect, except that it is very much smaller, shining white, with two or three regular varices on each whorl. There are no varices in P. reticulata, and none are noticed by A. Adams (Zool. Proc. 1854, p. 188, sp. 39), whose description is hardly sufficiently detailed. In old specimens of that shell the cancellated structure causes the plaits to be very granular, and it isa dull shell of a purple 135 brown color, but young specimens are more livid, and faintly banded with chestnut. PURPURA LITT ORINOIDES, n.s. P. t. acuminato-orata, viridescenti alba ; spira clata, acuminata, mamillata; anfractibus 6, angulatis et supra bicurinatis, liris trunsversalibus, rotundatis (interstitiis @quan- tibus) ct squamatis, lamellis longitudinalibus, imbricatis cuncellatis ; apertura acnté ovata, intus atro-violascente tincta ; labio sub-planato, partim atro-violucca cneausto ; labro vie crenato. Long. 15. Lat. 8. P. shell acuminately ovate, greenish white, spire produced acuminate, mamillate; whorls 6,angulate and bicarinate above, with tranverse rounded lire (equalling the interstices in width), and cancellated with scaly imbricate lamellæ ; aperture acutely ovate, stained deep blackish purple within; inner lip somewhat flattened and partly enamelled, blackish purple ; outer lip slightly crenulate. Long Bay, Southport, common. This shell approaches in habit the P. Flindersi of Adams, and Angas, but it is much sinaller and more like a Littorina, while the other resembles a Trophon. Its deep violet black mouth is very characteristic. P. Flindersi has a violet mouth, but very much paler and clouded. TROPHON UMBILICATUS, n.s. T. t. ovata, lutea vel pallide castanea, solida ; spira eluta, anfrac 5-G, superne angulatis et concavis, con- spicue longitudinaliter plicatis (ult. anfr. 8) et transversim conferte liratis, liris magnis et parvis alternantibus, magnis planatis, et supra plicas squamato-imbricatis ; squamis post columellam validis, elevatis, canaliculatisque ; ad suturas costis lirisque obsoletis ; labro extus crenato intus dentato ; labio columellari expanso ; umbilico squamis imbricatis, rotundatis marginato. Long. 27. Lat. 15. T. shell ovate, yellow or pale chestnut, solid, spire raised ; whorls 5-6, angulate above and concave, conspicuously plicate lengthwise (8 in the last), and transversely thickly lirate, liræ alternating large and small, the larger flattened, squamately imbricated over the plaits ; sguamæ behind the columella valid, raised and eanaliculate; at the sutures, the plaits and lire obsolete; outer lip erennlate outside and toothed within ; columella lip expanded, umbilicus margined with rounded im- bricated scales. Rather uncommon, East Coast. At one time I considered this a Tasmanian variety of T. Hanleyi, Ang. but a com- parison of many specimens shows me that the present is an entirely different shell, very much more scabrous. The um- bilicus and its margin are also peculiar and distinct. TROPHON CLATHRATUS, R.S. T. t. parva, fusiformi, turrita, fulva; spira acuminata; anfractibus 8, convexis, declivibus, validis, longitu- dinaliter costatis, costis rotundatis, subdistantibus, liris distantibus, clevatis, clathratis ; apertura lata, intense rufo fulva (fasciata ?), lubro tenure; canali subelongata recurreo. Long. 9. Lat. 4. T. sheil small fusiform, turretted, brownish; spire aeu- 136 minate ; whorls 8, convex, sloping, validly ribbed lengthwise, with rounded sub-distant ribs, and latticed with e'evated distant liræ; aperture wide, of deep reddish brown (doubt- fully: banded) ; outer lip thin, canal subelongate and recurved. Rare, Bass Straits? A small very conspicuously latticed and turretted shell,in every way distinct from those pre- viously described, which have no valid transverse lire. It might be mistaken for a Clathurella, but that it has a true Trophon mouth and canal. TROPHON BRAZIERI, n.s. T.t. parva, ovata, fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, sordide alba, spira subturrita, quasi acuta, mamillata, anfractibus 7 ,costulato-varicosis, levigatis vel tenuissime striatis, ultimo anfractu varicibus sex, rotundatis, distantibus, medio convexis; aper- tura ovata, encausta, fauce castanea, labio tenui, intus indistincte spiraliter fulvo-fasciata; columella antice subtuberculuto; canali subelongato recurvo. Long. 10. Lat. 5 mil. T. shell small, ovately fusiform, attenuate at both ends, sordidly white, spire sub-turretted, almost acute, mamillate ; whorls 7, with rib-like varices, smooth or finely striate, last whorl with six, rounded, distant varices, which are convex in the middle, aperture ovate, enamelled; mouth chestnut; outer lip thin, indistinctly brown banded within; columella subtuberculate anteriorly ; canal sub-elongate, recurved. Long Bay, rather common, small, the enamelled chest- nut mouth and narrow form easily distinguish it. TROPHON GOLDSTEINI. T.t. abbreviato-fusiformi, lamelloso-varicosa, sordide alba, spira subturrita ; anfractibus 8, convexis, superné angu- latis'et coronatis, liris substantibus, subelevatis (ult. anfrac. 4, duobus basim versus inter varices obsoletis), transversim cinctis ; liris supra varices non transeuntibus; varicibus antice squamosis, flexuosis ; apertura ovata, intus encausta, castanea et fulvo-fasciata ; labro varicoso ; columella contorta ; canali contorto et flexuuso. Long. 16. Lat. 8 mil. T. shell abbreviately fusiform, lamellosely varicose, sordidly white, spire sub-turretted; whorls 8, convex, angulate and coronate above, girdled transversely with distant sub-raised liræ (in last whorl 4, the two towards the base between the varices obsolete), liræ not passing over the varices, which are anteriorly squamose and flexuous; aperture ovate, enamelled and chestnut brown banded within; outer lip varicose; colu- mella twisted; canal twisted and flexuous. Long Bay, a very pretty lamellose Trophon which I have dedicated to an old and most painstaking fellow labourer in Australian Conchology, Mr. J. R. Y. Goldstein, of Warnam- bool, Victoria. TROPHON AUSTRALIS, n.s., T.t. ovata, utrinque acuminata, sordida, viridescenti : anfractibus 6, convexis superne angulatis, obsolete long. costatis; et transversim tenuiter liratis; ultimo anfractu costis 10, 137 antice evanidis: spira acuta; apertura orata; labro tenui; columellu planata; canali longiusculo paulatim recurvo. Long. 16. Lat. 9. T. shell ovate, acuminate at each end, sordidly greenish ; whorls 6, convex, angular above, obsoletely ribbed length- ways, and finely tranversely lirate; ribs on last whorl 10, vanishing anteriorly; spire acute; aperture ovate, outer lip thin; columella flattened ; canal somewhat long and slightly recurved. Long Bay, rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson, a more globose form than any except T. Hanleyi, Angas, of which it is about one- half the size, and in no way scabrous, the ribs being very in- distinct. FUSUS SPICERI, n.s., F.t. elongata, turrita, solida, rufo-castanca vel lutea, striis lævibus transversalibus (alternantibus parvis et maj.) et costulis undulatis longitudinaliter obsolete plicata ; spira (sæpé con- torta) superné sensim attenuata; apice mamilata vel decollata ; anfr. in medio rotundatis; apertura ovata, eanali longiusculo, recto, termi- nato ; labro simplici tenui; labio inconspicuo ad suturam tenuiter canaliculato, columella encausta. Long. 25. Lat. 9. - Anf. 8. F. shell elongate, turretted, solid, reddish chestnut or yellow, cancellate, with smooth transverse striæ (large and small alter- nating), and undulating longitudinal lines; obsoletely plicate, lengthwise ; spire (which is often contorted), gradually atten- uated above ; apex mamillate or decollate, whorls rounded in the middle; aperture ovate, terminated by a somewhat long straight canal ; outer lip, simple, thin ; inner lip inconspicuous, slightly channelled at the suture; columella enamelled. King’s Island, somewhat common. W. Legrand. FUSUS LEGRANDI, m.s. F.t. subelongata, fustformi, fulvo-fusca, solidiuscula ; anfractibus 7, subdeclivis longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, in ultimo anfr. obsoletis; spiraliter liratis; liris albis, rotundatis, maj. et min. aliquando (speciatim ult. anfrac.) alternantibus, siperné obsolete muricatis ; interstitiis epidcrmidé, subsquamosis, tenuissimeque clathratis ; sutura constricta; apertura pyriformi-oblonga ; columella plano-concava ; labro tenui, intus lirato. Long. 38. Lat. 15. Apert. et can. 23. F. shell subelongately fusiform, brownish yellow, somewhat solid; whorls 7, a little sloping, with longitudinal plicate ribs, which are obsolete in the last whorl; spirally lirate with white elevated rounded lire, which sometimes, especially in the last whorl, are large and small alternately and obsoletely muricate above ; latticed in the interstices with a somewhat scaly, very thin epidermis; suture constricted, aperture pyri- formly oblong; columella flatly concave; outer lip thin and lirate within. Rare, East Coast. Mr. Legrand tells me that this species seldom exceeds the dimensions given. It is very different 138 from F. Tasmaniensis, Ad. and Ang. which is pyriform. Its nearest representative is F. muricatus Montague (in Testacea Britannica as Murex m.), but in that species the coste are much more distinct. SIPHONALIA CLARKE S. testa parva, turrita, subfusiformi, livida ; maculis rufo-fuscis sub peripheriam ornata ; anfractibus (6), de- clivis, superné angulatis, regione suturali concava ; costis radiantibus, (in ult. anfr. 12) obtusis, rotundatis, infra obsoletis, interstitiis con- cavis costis paulo superantibus ; lirulis spiralibus superné et supra costas obsoletis; canali brevi, vie curvato; apertura ovata; labro intus dentato ; labio inconspicuo. Long. 27. Lat. 9. S. shell small, turretted, sub fusiform, livid (or brown—it varies in color much as Columbella semiconvexa) with reddish brown spots under the periphery; whorls sloping, angulate above, and concave at the suture; radiately ribbed (ribs 12 in last whorl) ribs obtuse, rounded, obsolete below, and narrower than the interstices, spirally lirate ; liræ obsolete above and on the ribs; canal short sloping, but scarcely curved ; aperture ovate ; labrum toothed within ; lip inconspicuous. From the very full and concise descriptions of Siphonalia fuscozonata, by Mr. Angas “ Zool, Proc. 1865,” p. 56, our only Australian species, I am able to pronounce this species distinct and new. It is much larger, the ribs more numerous, the color livid instead of white, and the lire obsolete or absent, and lip toothed within. The brown spots are often deeply shaded at the summit of the ribs, and form a kind of fascia on the upper whorls. The labrum is often thickened into a kind of varix. At Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel, Legrand and Atkinson. I have dedicated this interesting species to my dear friend and fellow labourer, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., &c, so long and eminently connected with the history of Australian geology. SIPHONALIA TURRITA, n.s. S.t. fusiformi-elongata, castanea vel livida; superne maculis rufo-fulvis zonata, posticé lineis subtillissimis punctatis rufo-castaneis cincta ; spira elata, costata ; anfractibus 7, con- veris ; ultimo obsoleté nodoso-costato ; apertura ovata, intus maculata et fasciata, fasciis interuptis; labro acuto; labio concavo; canali obliqué elongato. Long. 16. Lat. 7. S. shell fusiformly elongate, chestnut or livid, zoned above with reddish brown spots, and posteriorly girdled with very fine lines of reddish chestnut points ; spire elevated, ribbed ; whorls 7, convex, last obsoletely nodosely ribbed ; aperture ovate, spotted and banded with interrupted color within ; outer lip acute ; inner lip concave; canal obliquely elongated. Long Bay, rare, Coll. Legrand. A shell very closely re- sembling S. clarkei, but more fusiform with a longer canal, and 139 tho last whorl nearly smooth, as the ribs are almost obsolete. The spire is also much turretted, and the outer lip thin and not dentate. The lines of minute dots are also peculiar. Inside the upper zone of spots appears as a serics of longi- tudinal lines of a nut brown color. COMINELLA TASMANICA, 21.8. C.t. ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, in apicé acenta, alba, interdum virescenti ct obscuré fasciata, spira costata et mamillata ; anfractibus 8, convexis, superné subcanaliculatis, lirisque elevatis cinctis, striis longitudinalibus subtilioribus cancellatis ; aper- tura acuté vrata; labio simplici tennis, erpenso, obsolcté lirato ; labio encausto, cunalr paullulum curvato. Long. 30. Lat. 17. Long apert. 15. Lat. 8. C. shell ovately acute, somewhat solid, with acute apex, white, somctimes greenish and obscurely fasciate; spire costate and mamillate; whorls 8, convex, subcanaliculate above, encircled with lire and cancellated with very fine longitudinal striæ; aperture acutely ovate; outer lip simple, thin obsolete, lirate, inner lip enamelled; ceanal slightly curved, Long Bay. Not uncommon. Rev. H. D. Atkinson, W. Legrand. This characteristic Cominella is distinguished from C. costatum by being double the size; its distinct raised lire, the absence of any costz on the last whorl and the color. CERITHIOPSIS ATKINSONI, var, A very distinct variety of Mr. Angas’s C. crocea (P.Z.8. 1871 p. 16). It is larger and narrow, of sordid yellow color, instead of orange, and the ribs are not equal, the lower being small. It has however, the fine longitudinal striz between the 1ibs. Dredged by the Rev. H. D. Atkinson in Long Bay, 10 fathoms sand. CONUS TASMANICUS. n.s. C.t. parva, subpyriformi-turbinata, coronata, tenui, sub-inflata, levi, nitente, antice striis distantibus validis cincta ; castanea, tribus lineis fulvo alboque maculatis oblique zonata ; ad suturas conspicue albo-fulvo maculata; anfractibus 6, transversim rugosé striatis, labro tenui. C. shell small, subpyriformly turbinate, coronate, thin, sub- inflated, smooth, shining, with anterior valid distant striæ; chestnut, zoned with three white and fulvous spotted lines; con- spicuously spotted with white and fulvous at the sutures, whorls 6, transversely rugosely striate, outer lip thin. Very rare. Coll. W. Legrand. Quite distinct from any other Australian form by its color and small coronate habit. Mirra TASMANICA. n.s. M.t. orata, utrimque attenuata, badia, lineis lutco-albis bi-tri-fasciata; spira subelevata, acuminata ; anfrac- tibus 7, planulatis; longitudinaliter crebré costata, costis parvis, subobsoletis; liris transversalibus subtillissime cinctis; apertura angusta; columella quadriplicata. Long. 13. Lat. 5. Long aper- ture 6}. M. shell ovate, attenuate at both ends, brown, with two or 140 three yellowish white transverse bands; spire subelevate, acuminate ; whorls 7, flattened, thickly ribbed lengthwise with small obsolete ribs, and very finely girdled with transvorse lire; aperture narrowed ; columella quadriplicate. Rare, Coll. Legrand. The fine ribs are most prominent on the upper whorls. There is a shell very closely allied to this which I have marked as variety æ, where the ribs are larger and continuous, and another variety where they are smooth, and the whorls coronate. MITRA SCALARIFORMIs. n.s. M.t. parva fusiformi-turrita, pallide, lutea, linea albida indistincte zonata; spira acuta; anfractibus 7, rotundatis, eleganter crebré costatis, costis validis, equalibus, rotundatis lævibus, nitentibus, antice in ult. anfr. evanescentibus; apertura latiuscula ; labro tenui acuto; columella triplicata. Long. 10. Lat. 4. Long aper. 4. M. shell small, fusiformly turretted, pale yellow, zoned with an indistinct white line; spire acute; whorls 7, rounded, elegantly thickly ribbed with valid equal smooth shining ribs, which disappear on the last whorl. Aperture rather wide, outer lip thin, acute, columella triplicate. Long Bay, rather rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Avery pretty shell, theribsand somewhat turretted spire give it a scalariform aspect. It is somewhat dull in color. MITRA LEGRANDI. n.s. M.t. minuta, spira sub-turrita, tumida, translucente, nitente, rufo-fulva, alba et linea fulva tenui zonata s anfractibus 5, costatis, costis validis, rotundatis, nitentibus, apertura ovali, columella triplicata, Long. 5. Lat. 24. Long apert. 24, M. shell minute, spire sub-turretted, tumid, translucent, shining, reddish fulvous white, zoned with a slender fulvous line; whorls 7, ribbed with valid shining rounded ribs ; aperture oval, columella triplicate. King’s Island, rare. A very small shell, varying somewhat in the shades of its coloring, and not unlike JL tasmanica, above described, except that its ribs are more permanent and larger in proportion to its size. MITRA TERESLE. n.s. M.t. parva oblongo-ovata, tenuiscula, ni- tente, subventricosa, badia, albida bifasciata; spira breviuscula, viæ acuta; anfractibus 5, lævibus tumidis, conspicué nitentibus, ad suturam tenuissimé canaliculatis; apertura ovata, intus bifasciata, columella triplicata. Long. 7. Lat. 3}. Long apert. 34. M. shell small, oblong ovate, somewhat thin, shiny, sub- ventricose, brown, with two whitish bands; spire somewhat short, scarcely acute, whorls 5, smooth, tumid, shining con- spicuously, finely canaliculate at the suture, aperture ovate, bifasciate within, columella triplicate. Rare, King’s Island. A shining banded shell of the series of our M. pica, but much smaller. The coloring seems very } 141 persistent, and, therefore, the species not easily mistaken. I confess, however, that if this species could lose the white bands, and were to have the mouth lirate within, I should regard it as a varicty of J. scita. I think the lire are not persistent in the latter, and, therefore, the shell may be the same. Mirra scita. n.s. M. t. parva, ovata, nitente, undique intense badia, spira obtusé rotundata, apice mamillato; anfractibus 6, lavibus tumidis, sutura tenuiter impressa ; apertura latiuscula, intus badia, lirata; columella triplicate. Long. 8. Lat. 33. Long apert. 4}. M. shell small, ovate, shining, entirely pure deep brown ; spire obtusely rounded, apex mamillated, whorls 6, smooth, tumid, suture finely impressed; aperture rather wide, brown within, lirate, columella triplicate. King’s Island, somewhat common. Coll. Legrand. Speci- mens which had been mixed with JL teresie. Very distinct from its size, and intense uniform coloring, though belonging to the series of which If. badia is a large representative. MANGELIA ATKINSONI. n.s. M.t. parva, ovata-fusiformi, tumidi- uscula, alba, nitida, epidermidé ferruginea induta, linsis obtusé angulatis zonata; spira mamillata; anfractibus 6, costatis, costis validis (ult. anfr. 6) rotundatis; apertura ovata, superné acuta; labro acuto, labio simplici, replicato. Long. 3. Lat. 2 mill. M. shell small, ovately fusiform, somewhat tumid, white, shining, clothed with a ferruginous epidermis; zoned with obtusely angular lines, spire mamillate, 6 whorls, ribbed, ribs yalid, rounded (in the last whorl 6), aperture ovate, acute aboye ; outer lip acute; lip simple replicate. Rare, East Coast. Coll. Legrand. The minute angular zone on this shell is not easily seen even under the miero- scope, because of the ferruginous epidermis. This shell has boen dedicated to the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, whose dredging operations have done so much to develop the knowledge of Tasmanian conchology. CLATHURELLA PHILOMENA, n.s. C. t. elonguto-fusiformi, turrita, parca, nitente, alba, ad suturam pallidissime fulva fasciata ; apice acuta, fulva; anfraetibus 7, declivis, superné angulatis, covexiusculis, longitwlinaliter plicatis ; plicis costiformibus, rotundatis, regularibus al suturas arcuatis, transcersim liratis ; liris supra plic. transeuntibus, distantibus; apertura ovali; labro inerassato, postice profunde sinuato ; labio reflexo plus minusve fulvo tincto. Long. 11. Lat. 3$ C. shell elongately fusiform, turretted, small, shining, white, very palely white banded at the suture; apex acute, fulvous ; whorls 7, sloping, angular above, somewhat convex, plicate, lengthwise, with rib like plaits, which are rounded regularly and bent at the suture; transversely lirate, lire passing over the plaits; aperture oval; outer lip thickened and deeply 142 sinuate posteriorly; inner lip thickened, more or less tinged fulvous brown. A small, almost cylindrically turretted form, with the apex and base tinged brown, and banded. The well defined ribs give it a pretty sculptured appearance. Rather common. Hast Coast. MANGELIA IMMACULATA. a.s. M. t. fusiformi-turrita, alba, ni- tente, spira acuta; anfractibus 9, declivis, ad suturas canaliculatis ad angulum obsoleté tuberculatis, transversim obsoleté liratis ; apertura ovali ; labro tenui, sinu conspicuo; labio simplici, superné tubcrculato, Long. 17. Lat. 6. M. shell fusiformly turretted, white, shining; spire acute, whorls 9, sloping; canaliculate at the sutures, anculate and obsoletely tuberculate above, transversely obsoletely lirate, aperture oval; outer lip thin; sinus conspicuous, lip simple, tuberculate above. King’s Island, rare. A white, somewhat elegant species, with a true Pleurotoma spire. MANGELIA MEREDITHLE, m.s. M. t. turrita, fusiformt, gracili, spira quam apertura longiore ; nitente, diaphana, alba, fasciis pallide castanea creberimé cincta; anfractibus 6, declivis, superné angulatis et concavis longitudinalter plicatis plicis opacis, nitentibus, distantibus, curvatis, ad suturam angulatis ; interstitiis subtillissime striatis; striis æœtate evanescentibus ; apertura angusto ovali; labio simplici; labro extus sub-varicoso, intus levi; margine acuto. Long. 13. Lat. 5. M. shell turrettedly fusiform, graceful, spire longer than the aperture, shining diaphanous white, very thickly girdled with pale chestnut bands; whorls 6, sloping, angulate and concave above, plicate lengthwise with opaque, shining, distant curved plaits, which are angulate at the suture ; interstices very finely striate, striæ disappearing with age; aperture narrowly oval; lip simple, outer lip subvaricose outside, smooth within, margin acute. Bass’s Straits, moderately common. A very pretty por- cellaneous shining shell, with the ribs distinct, and opaque white. It varies much in coloring, sometimes the chestnut bands are numerous, and of various shades and thickness, at others confined to a simple fascia at the sutures, or the shell is quite white and shining. DRILLIA ATKINSONI. n.s. D.t. accuminato-turita, fusca, spira acuta, apice mamillato; anfrac. 9, superné angulatis convexis, de- clivibus, long. costatis, costis parvis, distantibus, subacutis, ult. anfrac. 16, supra angulum et ad suturam validis et transversim tenuiter valide liratis, liris magnis et parvis alterantibus, elevatis, supra cost. tran- seuntibus et ibi subnodosis; apertura alba, late ovata; labro tenut, expanso, incurvo incrassato, intus levi, postice profundé sinuato ; labio planato, levi. Long. 13. Lat. 5. D. shell acuminately turretted, dusky, spire acute, apex 1483 mamillate, whorls 9, angled above, convex, sloping, ribbed lengthwise with small distant subacute ribs (in the last whorl 16), which persist over the angle to the suture, transversely finely validly lirate, with small raised liræ, alternately large and small, which pass over the ribs, and there become subno- dose; aperture white, broadly ovate; outer hp thin, cx- panded, incurved, thickened, smooth within, deeply sinuate behind, lip flattened, smooth. Rare, Long Bay, dredged from a sandy bottom at 10 fathoms, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. A very pretty shell, finely sculptured, usually very well preserved. TURRITELLA GRANULIFERA. u.s. T. t. acuminato-turrita, cras- siuscula, lutea superné et infra fulro fuseiatu; anfractibus 12, con- Jfertim longitudinaliter striatis, striis undulosis; transversim unicat- matis, carina granulosa, et obsolete, infra et supra costatis; apertura subquadrata ; labro in medio sinuato. Long. 25. Lat. 8. T. shell acuminately turretted, somewhat thick; yellowish, with brown bands above and below, whorls 12, thickly lougi- tudinally striate, with undulating striæ; transversely one keeled; keel granulose and obsoletely ribbed above and below, aperture subquadrate ; outer lip sinuate in the middle. A very distinct species, with a granular keel, which is of rare occurrence in the genus. Port Arthur, somewhat common. TURRITELLA ACUTA. T. t. acutissime laneeolato-turrita, alba, ad basim acuta angulata et concava; anfractibus 15, planulatis, liratis ; ct longit. unduloso striatis ; striis, sub-lamellosis ; apertura oblique ovata. Long. 30. Lat. 6. T. shell very acutely lanceolately turretted, white, acutely angulate and concave at the base, whorls 15, flattened, 7 lirate and longitudinally undulatelv striate, with lamellar and very minutely dentate strie; aperture oblique, ovate. Long Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. TRUNCATELLA TASMANICA. 7.5. T. t. decollata cylindraceo-turrita, parva, tenui, nitente, pallida; anfractibus 5 (won decoll. 7) convexi- uscilis, plicis parvis sub-acutis,coifertissime instructis (in ult. anfrac. 50-35) apertura pyriformis; superné angulata et suleata ; labro bimarginato sub-expanso, labio infleco. Long. 7. Lat. 3. T. shell decollate, cylindrically turretted, small, thin, shining, pale fulvous, whorls 5 (if not decollate 7), somewhat convex, furnished very thickly with small subacute plaits (in last whorl 30-35); aperture pyriform, angulate and sulcate above; outer lip bi-marginate sub-expanded ; lip reflected ; peristome continuous. Bass Straits, common. The plaits or ribs on the shell are very like those on most Scalaria. For my own part I think, it very difficult to distinguish the species from T. teres, Pfr., 144 T. scalarina, T. Yorkensis, and T. Brazieri, the last three of Dr. James Cox. These are all Australian, and, as I believe, varieties of one species. I, however, mark the Tasmanian variety as above for future investigators. TENAGODUS WELDII. n.s. T. t. volubilis laxa, tenuis, alba, dia- phana, nitidula, levigata infime flavescente; anfractibus circ. 6, obliqué subtillissime striatis; rima in anfractibus tribus primis clausis, deinde apertis, marginibus subundulatis, acutis ; apertura basi emar- ginata, marginibus trreqularibus, acutis, apice septo hemisphwrico clauso. Long. 12. Diam. aperture 2 mil. T. shell loosely twisted, thin, white diaphanous, somewhat shining, smooth, yellow below; whorls about 6, obliquely finely striate ; cleft, closed in the three first whorls, then open with subundulating acute margins, aperture emarginate at the base, margins acute, irregular, apex closed with a hemispherical septum, East Coast, somewhat common. A thin very small shell, closely rolled together at the apex, and then rapidly unfolding. It differs from the Z. Australis, not only in its very much smaller size, but also in the slit being entirely open without any small rounded foramina in the upper part. I have dedi- cated this interesting species to His Excellency the Governor, F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G. It may be a variety of Thylacodes decussatus, Gmel., but that is much larger, and of delicate rose color. EULIMA MIcANS. n.s. E.t. minuta, obtusé-turrita, paulo curvata, translucida, polita, albida, apice mamillato, anfract. 7, superné planatis lævissimis, penultimo rotundato, ultimo subinflato ; apertura pyri- formi; labro tenui producto, labio reflexo. Long. 3. Lat. 15 mil. E. shell minute, obtusely turretted, slightly curved, trans- lucid, polished, whitish, apex mamillated, whorls 7, flattened above, extremely smooth,penultimate rounded,last subinflated ; aperture pyriform, outer lip thin,produced ; inner lip reflected. Long Bay. A unique specimen of a very minute, very highly polished translucid Eulima. TURBONILLA MARIÆ. T. t. elongata, turrita, tereti, solidiuscula, opaca, lactea; anfractibus 12, vix couveris vel planulatis ; costis nume- rosis, declivibus, crassis, rotundatis, lævibus; interstitiis inconspicuis, parvis latitud. costis equantibus; anfractu ultimo costis ad peripheriam vix obsoletis ; basi levi, nitenti, convexo ; apertura ovali, postice angulata antice producto et everso. Long. 10. Lat. 2. T. shell elongate, turretted, terete, somewhat solid, opaque, milky white, whorls 12, scarcely convex, or flattened; with numerous thick, sloping, rounded, smooth ribs ; interstices small, inconspicuous, equalling the ribs in width; last whorl with the ribs scarcely obsolete at the periphery ; base smooth, 145 shining, convex; aperture oval, angulate posteriorly, and anteriorly produced and everted. King’s Island, Bass Straits, common, closely resembling some species from Japan. Large for a Turbonilla. TURBONILLA TASMANICA, n.s. T.t., subulato-turrita, nivea, solidiuseula ; anfractibus normalibus 8, rotundatis, suturis impressis ; costis elevatis, rotundatis, nitentibus, subconfertis, interstitiis lævibus ; costis in ult. anfr. desincntibus ; apertura ovata ; antieé incrassata, 2 anfr. apicalibus inflatis, levibus. Long. 7. Lat. 2. T. shell subulately turretted, snowy white ; somewhat solid, normal number of whorls 8, which are rounded, with the suture impressed ; ribs elevated, rounded, shining, somewhat numerous, with the interstices smooth; ribs ceasing in the last whorl, aperture ovate, thickened in front, two apicial whorls inflated and smooth. King’s Island, not numerous. The peculiar inflation of the tivo apicial whorls makes it doubtful whether the specics does not belong to the genus Truncatella, but no truncate specimens were scen by me. The mouth is not entire nor rimate. CITHARA TASMANICA. n.s. O.t., fusiformi, utrinqué attenuata, cburnea, inter liras pallidissime rufo tincta; spira elata quam apertura longiore; anfractibus 7, convexis, postice angulatis ct superné exca- vatis ; eleganter longitudinaliter costatis (in ult. anfra, 12-14), et trans- versim, regulariter lirutis; costis anjulatis levibus nitentibus; liris latis planatis; apertura anguste ovata, labro tenui. Long. 12. Lat. 5. C. shell fusiform, attenuate at both ends, ivory white, between the liree tinged with very pale red; spire raised and longer than the aperture, whorls 7, convex, angular behind and excavate above, elegantly ribbed lengthwise (12-14 in last whorl), transversely regularly lirate; ribs angular, smooth, shining; liræ broad, flattened, aperture narrowly ovate, outer lip thin. East Coast, rare. Mr. Justin Browne. A delicate, ivory white shell. SYRNOLA BIFASCIATA. n.s. S.t. parva, acuté elongata, temui, witenti, cornea, pallidé fulva bifasciata, polita, subtranslucida ; an- Fractibus 10, convexiuseulis, longitudinaliter tenuiter striatis, sutura impressa ; apice mamillata ; apertura pyriformi; labro tenui; labio refleco, plica inconspicua, postica. Long. 7. Lat. 2. 8. shell, small, acutely elongate, thin, shining, horny, with two pale fulvous bands, polished, sub-translucid ; whorls 10, somewhat convex, finely striate lengthwise ; suture impressed ; apex mammillate ; aperture pyriform, outer lip thin; inner lip reflexed, plait inconspicuous, posterior. Long Bay, 10 fathoms. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Legrand Only one specimen seen. Syrnola is a genus erected for banded translucent Odostomia. 146 RissoINA GERTRUDIS. n.s. I0.t. minuta, turrita, subulata, sub- pyramidalis lactea, trunslucenti, tenui; anfrac. 8, convexiusculis, cre- berrime plicatis, plicis parvis, rotundatis subobsoletis; ult. anfrac. basim versus spiraliter subtillissime striato; sutura late marginata ; apertura semilunari ; labro medio dilatato et incrassato; labio con- spicuo, flexuoso, antice rimato. Long. 45. Lat. 13. P. shell minute, turrettedly subulate, sub-pyramidal, milky- white, translucent, thin; whorls 8, somewhat convex, very thickly plicate with small rounded subobsolete plaits; last whorl most delicately spirally striate towards the base ; suture broadly margined ; aperture semilunar ; outer lip dilate in the middle and thickened; inner lip conspicuous, flexuous, rimate anteriorly. King’s Island, rare. I have only seen two specimens of this very minute shell, which is near to J. nivea, A. Adams, but smaller, and the sutures marginate. RIssOINA (SETIA) BRAZIERI, 1.8. .t. minuta, turbinato-con- oidea, subumbilicatu, alba, laté fulvo unifasciata ; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, levigatis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato; apertura rotun- data, superné angulata ; peristoma integra, Operculum corneum 8- spir. Long. 3, Lat. 2. Testu aliquundo epidermide intense olivaceo induta. R. shell, minute, turbinately conoid, subumbilicate, white, with one broad fulvous band; whorls 5, rounded, smooth, last angulate at the periphery, aperture rounded, angular above; peristome entire. Operculum horny, 3 spiral. This shell is sometimes clothed with a deep olive epidermis. Isthmus Bay, Bruni Island, where it is very plentiful, en- tangled in confervoid growths on the rocks. CINGULINA AUSTRALIS. n.s. Ct. minuta, subulata, turrita, tenui, nitente, diaphaneo-alba, anfractibus 7, carinis elevatis, rotundatis, spiralibus instructis, interstitiis lævibus; carinis in ultim. anfrac. 5, deinde 4, 3, etc.; sutura profunde impressa; apertura oblonga, in- tegra ; labro crassiusculo ; basi convexo, liris spiralibus (2) elevatis, rotundatis, ornato. Long. 2. Lat. 2. C. shell minute, subulate, turretted, thin, shining, trans- parently white, whorls 7, furnished with elevated rounded spiral keels, with smooth interstices ; keel in the last whorl 5, then 4, 3 &c.; suture deeply impressed; aperture oblong, entire ; outer lip somewhat thickened; base convex, ornamented with two spiral rounded elevated liræ. Badger Island, rare. An extremely minute turretted white shell, with elevated spiral keels, &c. DUNKERIA FASCIATA., 22.8. D.t. minuta, turrita, utrinque clathrata, translucente,pallidé lutea fasciata ; anfractibus 6, convexis, bicarinatis, liris paucis elevatis, nitentibus spiralibus, transversalibus pulcherrime cancellatis ; labio simplici columella arcuata. Long. 35-4. Lat. 2. D. shell minute, turretted, latticed all over, translucent and 147 touched with pale yellow; whorls 6, convex, bicarinate and beautifully cancellate, with a few elevated, shining, spiral and transverse lire; outer lip simple, columella arcuate. Bass Straits, rather common, but so minute that the shell easily escapes notice. I may be wrong in assigning the specics to the genus Dunkcria. The lattice pattern is so large, and the transverse and spiral ribs, which form it, are so far equal, that it makes a unique form. Rissoa (CINGULA) MARLE. L0.t. minuta, ovato-conica, sub-turrita, translucente, fumoso-cornea, lutea obscure fusciuta, anfractibus 4; ventricosis, declivibus, levigatis, nitentibus; apertura integru, semi- lunari, postice anguluta. Long. 24. Lat. $. R. shell minute, ovately conical, sub-turretted, translucent, smoky horn, and obscurely banded with yellow; whorls 4, ventricose, sloping, smooth, shining; aperture entire, semi- lunar, angulate posteriorly. King’s Island, common ; a very minute shiny species. Diara TUMIDA. n.s. D.t. minuta, pyramidato-tumida ; albida, ad suturas sup. et infra luteo fusciata ; anfrac. 6, planulatis, tumidis, obliqué plicatis ; plicis subobsoletis; apertura circuluri, labio refleso. Long. 2}. Lat. 1. D. Shell minute, pyramidally tumid, whitish, banded with yellow above and below the sutures, whorls 6, tumid, but somewhat flattened, obliquely plicate, plaits almost obsolete, aperture circular; lip reflexed. Swansea, rare. Coll. Legrand. DIALA TESSELLATA. n.s. D.t. elongata, conica, sub-nitente, alba, ad sutur. fuscia fulvo maculata cineta ; anfraetibus 6, basi marginatis, planulatis; ultimo anfrac. angulato ; apertura ovali, integra, antice sub-refieca ; labro tenui; labio antice subexpanso et reflexo. Long. 64. Lat. 4. D. shell elongately conical, somewhat shining, white and girdled at the sutures with a fulvous spotted band ; whorls 6, margined at the base and flattened; last whorl angulate ; aperture oval, entire, sub-reflexed anteriorly ; outer lip thin ; inner lip anteriorly sub-expanded and reflexed. Common in shallow places. A pretty white shell, with a graceful narrow band of brown spots at the suture. The mouth is faintly emarginate. There is a white variety of this shell, as well as one marked with three or four lines of long purplish spots. DIALA PUNCTATA. ns. Dt., elongata, conica, sordide alba, lineis rufo-puuctatis, crebré cinctis ; anfractibus 6, tumide-planatis, spirali- ter sulcatis ; ultimo anfraetu ad peripheriam obtusé angulato ; sutura -A ; apertura ovata; labro tenni; labio reflezo. Long. 74. = 3. D. shell elongately conical, sordidly white, thickly girdled 148 with reddish spotted lines ; whorls 6,tumidly flattened, spirally sulcate ; last whorl obtusely angulate at the periphery, suture impressed, aperture ovate, outer lip thin, inner lip reflexed. D’Entrecasteaux’s Channel, very common, but in all the specimens, except a very few, the spiral grooves and punctuate markings were worn away, and the shell smooth and snowy white. LITTORINA HISSEYIANA. n.s. L. testa minutissima, globoso-tur- binata, tenui, ventricosa ; spira brevi, obtusa, spiraliter densé striata, albida, strigis olivaceis angulato-undulutis, sepe confluentibus picta; anfractibus (5 ) rotundatis ; apertura orbiculari, integra ; labro interno subreflexo, acuto ; columella subperforata. L. shell extremely minute, globosely turbinate, thin, ven- tricose, spire short, obtuse, densely spirally striate, whitish, with angulately undulate olive streaks, which are often confluent; whorls 5, rounded; aperture orbiculate, entire ; internal lip sub-reflexed, acute, columella sub-perforate. Dimensions.—These shells are microscopic. They vary some- what in size, but the largest do not exceed 14 millimetres in length. About 50 specimens were found in the stomach of a Mullet, Agenostoma diemenensis, Rich. probably caught in the Derwent. The olive markings vary into lines and deeply shaded spots ; sometimes the shell is uniformly olive, or even blue black. NATICA TASMANICA. n.s. N. testa obtecté umbilicata, depresso- orbiculari, crassa, spira brevi, parum exserta; anfrac. convexis rotun- datis, levibus vel oblique, densé, minutissimé striatis, apertura semi- lunari, horizontalis, columella tenuicula, cullositate prominente spirali, sulcata, umbilico angulato-excavato ; ad suturam intus callosam ; pallide, fulva vel albida lineis pallide fuscis vel awrantacets fasciatis ; basi alba, intus castanea vel fulva. Long. 13. Lat. 16. Anfr. 4. Aper. Long. 10. Lat. 6. N. shell, with a somewhat covered umbilicus, depressedly orbicular, thick, with a short but slightly exsert spire; whorls convex, rounded, smooth, or obliquely thickly and most minutely striate, aperture semilunar, horizontal, columella somewhat thin, with a prominent callosity, which is spirally sulcate ; umbilicus angularly excavate; with a kind of callosity within the suture at the mouth; pale fulvous or whitish, banded with brownish or orange lines; base white, chestnut or fulvous within. This shell resembles WV. plumbea more than any other, but is seldom more than half its size, and very much paler in color. Color is so persistent in the genus that it may well be con- sidered a mark of specific value. If this not very common species has escaped previous naturalists, which, as far as I can learn, it has certainly done, it can only be from its having been 149 regarded as a small and pale varicty of N. plumbea, under which name, and that of N. stranget and N. baconi, I have seen it in cubinets. It is, however, entirely distinct in form and color and sellom varices from tho dimensions given. Hab. E., S.E. and S. coasts. NATICA NANA. n.s. N. t. parva, solidiuscula, obliqué ovata, profundé umbilicata, sordidé alba, subuiteute, tenuiter longitud. striata ; spira sub- elevata ; aufract. 4, rotundato-couvexis sublævibus ; apertura semilunari ; labro tenui ; labio recto crassiuscula. Diam. mag. 7. Min. 5. N. shell small, somewhat solid, obfiquely ovate, deeply um- bilicate, sordidly white, somewhat shining, slenderly striate lengthwise, spire subelevate ; whorls 4, roundly convex, smoothish, aperture semilunar; outer lip thin; inner lip straight, somewhat thickened. Long Bay, about 6 fathoms, in sand, Rev. H. D. Atkinson and Legrand. A small shell, white, slightly shining shell, very different in size and coloring from any other Australian form. Ruma Gioposa. n.s. FR. t. profundé umbilicata, obliqué globoso-ovata, alba, epidermide lutea; spira pellucida, convexa ; anfractibus 4, declivi- rentricosis, striis undulatis, subtillissimis, transverse cinctis ; apertura elongato-pyriformi ; labro simplici; labio postice reflexo nitente. Diam. maj. 27, diam. min. 19. R. shell deeply umbilicate, obliquely globosely ovate, white, with a yellow epidermis; spire pellucid, convex; whorls 4, slopingly ventricose, transversely girdled with very fine undu- lating striæ; aperture elongately pyriform, outer lip simple ; inner lip posteriorly reflexed, shining. East Coast, common. This large and very elegant Ruma 1s of a globose habit, of dull white color, but sometimes com- pletely covered with a shining, fibrous, thin yellow epidermis, with much the appearance of having been deposited by the mantle. In spite of its being common, it does not appear to have been described. FossaRINA SIMSONI, n.s. F.t. obliqué depresso-globosa, obtecté um- bilicata, tenuis, alba subnitenté, fulvo undulosé maculata, spira plano- convexa, vix elevata ; anfractibus 4, tenuissime creberriméque longitudi- naliter striatis ; ultimo anfracto valdé expanso: apertura rotundata ; \| labro simplici; labio arcuato, postice-dilatato, sulco transverso. Diam. maj. 64. min., 5. F. shell obliquely depressedly globose, umbilicus somewhat covered, thin, white, somewhat shining, undulately fulvous spotted ; spire plano-convex, scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, very finely and closely striate lengthwise; last whorl very much ex- panded, aperture rounded ; outer lip simple ; inner lip arcuate dilated posteriorly, with a transverse groove. Rare, Long Bay, Bruni Island, Rev. H. D. Atkinson and Legrand. A pretty undulately varicgated shell, with the 150 inner lip produced posteriorly into a kind of channelled tri- angular elevation. I have dedicated this species to Mr. Augustus Simson, of Tasmania, late of Port Denison, Queens- land, an indefatigable collector and investigator into every department of Natural History. - NASSA TASMANICA. n.s. LV. t. acuminato-ovata, solidiuscula, nitida cas- tanea, luteo-castanea, vel fulva ; spira sub-acuta; granoso-plicata (in ult. anfr. plic. 17), plicis superné divisis, anfractibus 5, convezis, striatis, striis sub-distantibus, in ult. anfr. 11 ; apertura ovata, nitida, alba ; labro solido, superne sub-calloso, intus dentato (dente conspicua in medio); colu- mella valde callosa, callositate alba subrecurva. Long. 12. Lat. 7. N. shell acuminately ovate, somewhat solid, shining chestnut, yellowish chestnut or brown, spire sub acute ; granosely plicate (plaits 17 in last whorl), plaits divided above by a channel; whorls 5, convex, striate ; striæ sub-distant ; 11 in last whorl; aperture ovate, shiuing, white; outer lip solid, sub- callous above; toothed within, a conspicuous tooth in the middle, columella very callous, with a white subrecurved callosity. This species is smaller than N. fasciata and N. pauperata, which it closely resembles in every respect except size, color, and the white callosities at the mouth. It is a pretty con- spicuous shell, found only on the North and East Coast, where itis rather common. In N. fasciata the plice are very distinctly granulate throughout. In N. pauperata they are sub-obsolete except above, and in the present species they are scarcely dis- tinct, except the one which is separated by a groove at the suture. On the whole it is nearer to N. pauperata than to NV. fase. A shell very like it, oocurs in Port Jackson— N. yacksoniana, as far as size is concerned, but it is white or banded, and has no callosity. The normal color of our species is uniform chestnut, but ali Nassze vary very much in color. As all the specimens of WV. jacksoniana seen by me were poor, and thin somewhat stunted shells, it has occurred to me that they were dwarfed specimens of our species, growing in un- favourable circumstances, and that Tasmania is its true home. In that case the species would be identical, but future observa- tions must decide this. CANCELLERIA TASMANICA. n.se C. t. oblonga, alba, spiraliter tenuiter lirata, liris parvis, validis, equalibus; anfractibus 6, rotundatis, declivibus; spira acuta; sutura valida; labro tenui, conspicué lirato; columella abbreviato, triplicato. Long. 1834. Lat. 10. C. shell oblong, white, slenderly spirally lirate, with small valid equal liræ; suture valid; outer lip thin, conspicuously lirate, columella abbreviate, triplicate. King’s Island, a white finely grooved shell, more elongate than C. levigata, and nearer in form and habit to Gould’s lol C. viridula (Sowerby’s Thesaurus, vol 11, p. 449, pl. 96, fig. 102) than any other forin. CROSSEA LABIATA. n.s. C. t parva, glohoso-turbinata, anguste um- bilicata, solidiuscula, alba, subopaca, spira elevata, sutura distincta ; an- fract. 5, rotundatis, undique tenuissime elongaliter transversim liratis, sub- tillisime lony. strialis; umbilico callo rotundato marginato ; apertura ovata, antice ct postice angulata et canaliculata ; labro sub-reflexo, extus Jimbriuto vuricoso. Long. 4. Lat. 2. C. shell small, globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicate, somewhat solid, white, subopaque, spire elevated, suture dis- tinct; whorls 5, rounded, everywhere most slenderly, elegantly, lirate transversely, and very minutely striate lengthwise ; um- bilicus margined with a rounded callus ; aperture ovate, an- teriorly and posteriorly angulate and channelled; outer lip sub-reflexed, and with a fringe-like varix outside. Long Bay, 10 fathoms, sand. The fourth species of a very rare genus. The only other are two dredged from Gott’s Island in Japan, by Mr. Arthur Adams, and the third from Port Jackson, near the Sow and Pigs, at from 2 to 4 fathoms. This species is distinguished from the others by its reflected and fimbriate ip. The great peculiarity of this genus, says Mr. Adams (who erected it), consists in the canaliculate angular projection at the fore part of the aperture. In this species it is posteriorly channelled as well. C miranda Ad. is varicose. C. bellulus Ad. has the outer hp thin. C. con- cinna Angas is pellucid and has the upper whorls punctate. CoLUMBELLA BADIA. n.s. C. t. parva, acuminata, oblonga, intus ex- tusque saturata badia ; inconspicue albide maculata, spira, acuta, anfractibus 7, planatis, levibus nitentibus; apertura breviuscula ; labro intus dentato; columella obscuré corrugata. Long. 9. Lat. 3. C. shell small, acuminately oblong, saturated brown without and within, inconspicuously white spotted, spire acute ; whorls 7, flattened, smooth, shining ; aperture somewhat short, outer lip toothed within, columella obscurely corrugate. Swansea, East Coast, common. A uniformly purple brown shell, faintly variegated when worn. There is an orange red variety from Brown’s River and Blackman’s Bay, which may be a different species. COLUMBELLA ROBLINI. n.s. C. t. parva, aciculari-ovata, sub-nitente, pallide castunca, undique crebré albo-fulvo maculata ; anfractibus 7, planulatis, apice mamillato, intensé fusco; aperturu latiuscula, labro obso- lvie dentato ; columella corrugata. Long.9. Lat. 4. Var. a. Sanguineo-fulro maculata. C. shell small, acicularly ovate, somewhat shining, pale chest- nut, everywhere thickly spotted white and fulvous; whorls 7, flattened, apex mamillate, of a deep smoky brown; aperture somewhat broad, obsolutely toothed. Var. a. sanguincously brown spotted. 152 Common on the East Coast, Storm Bay, etc. It may be only a variety of C. badia, which it resembles in shape and size, but the markings seem only to vary within certain limits ; becoming sometimes an interrupted band of blood red spots. CoLUMBELLA LEGRANDI. n.s. CO. t. parva, subulata, tenui, nitente, castanea, maculis niveis fulvo umbratis ad suturas cingulata; apice mamil- lato; anfractibus, 6, elongatis, convexis, transversim subtillissime lineatis ; apertura elongata ovata; labro tenui, simplici. Long. 73. Lat. 2. C. shell small, subulate, thin, shiny chestnut, girdled at the suture with a band of snowy spots, shaded with fulvous brown ; apex mamillate ; whorls 6, elongate, convex, very finely trans- versely lined; aperture elongately ovate; outer lip, thin, simple. King’s Island, very rare. Two specimens only submitted to me, but both well preserved. A small mamillated subulate form, which cannot be mistaken for any other. CoLUMBELLA MINUTA. n.s. C. t. ovata minuta, levi, nitente, pallide castanea longitudinaliter crebré lineis castancis ornata, et maculis albis transversim bifasciata ; anfractibus 5, planulato tumidis ; apertura ovata, postice acuta, labro incrassato, intus dentato. Long. 3. Lat. 13. C. shell ovate, minute, smooth, shiny, pale chestnut, very thickly ornamented with chestnut longitudinal lines, bifasciate transversely with white spots; whorls 5, somewhat flatly tumid, aperture ovate, acute posteriorly, outer lip thickened, dentate within. Swansea, East Coast, common. One of the smallest Colu- mbellas known, and like all its congeners variable in color, but in the unworn specimens, the above characters seem pretty constant. EUCHELUS TASMANICUS. n.s. E. t. parva depresso-turbinata, carneo alba, punctis rufis aliquando in lineis obliquis maculata ; anfractibus 4, declivi-rotundatis, liris granulosis creberrimé gemmatis, interstitiis longi- tudinaliter plicatis, ad suturas canaliculato impressis ; apertura obliqué ovata, subcirculari ; labro intus lirato ; labio post columellam bisulcato, et obliqué striato. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5. E. shell small, depressedly turbinate, fleshy white, spotted with red points, which are sometimes disposed in oblique lines; whorls 4, slopingly rounded, thickly gemmed with granulous lire, the interstices plaited lengthwise, with a chan- nelled impression at the sutures; aperture obliquely ovate, subcircular, outer lip lirate within, inner lip bisulcate and obliquely sulcate behind the columella. Long Bay, Bruni Island, and S. Coast. This somewhat gibbous Euchelus appears to have traces of nacreous iri- descence, internally. It is very distinct in size (being the smallest of our species) from E. baccatus, Mke, though some- what near shape and color. Rather scarce. 153 GIRRULA AUREA. n.s. @.t. parva, turbinato-conoidea, vin umbili- cata, luteo alba, maculis rufo-aureis, pulcherrime picta ; anfractibus 4, basim marginatis et planulatis, superné rotundatis, ad suturam constrictis ; liris irregularibus, oblique subtillissime striatis cinctis ; marginé eleganter alba et rufo-aurea tesselato ; basi convexiusculo, lineis concentricis im- pressis tesselatis sculpta, apertura rotundata, Long. alt. 5, diam, 4. G. shell small, turbinately conical, scarcely umbilicate, yel- lowish white, painted very prettily with reddish gold spots; whorls 4, margined at the base and flattened, rounded above and constricted at the suture; girdled with irregular ob- liquely striate, very fine striæ ; margin elegantly tesselated, with white and reddish gold; base sculptured with impressed tessellated lines. Aperture rounded. King’s Island, rare. A very pretty shell, which is very nacreous underneath. CANTHARIDEA ORNATA. n.s. C. t. vix umbilicata, conoideo-turbinata Jusco et viridi variegata ; anfractibus declivi planulatis, superné conspicué tuberculatis (in ultimo anfractu decem), obsolete oblique corrugatis et subtillissime decussatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam acute angulato et obtuse tuberculato ; basi planato, decussatim granato liris tribus fusco maculatis ornato ; apertura subquadrata, columella arcuata et canali- culata ; labio acuto. Long. 19. Lat. 20. C. shell scarcely umbilicate, turbinately conoid, variegated brown and green; whorls sloping and flattened, conspicuously tubercled above (tubercies in the last whorl 10 in number), faintly obliquely corrugated and very finely decussate ; last whorl sharply angulate, and obtusely tuberculate at the peri- phery ; base flattened ; decussately granular, ornamented with three brown spotted lire ; aperture subquadrate, columella arcuate and canaliculate; lip acute. Seen from above the tubercles seem radiate, like the spokes of a wheel. This shell, with some others, were given to me by Mr. Ronald Gunn, the eminent botanist and naturalist, to whom Tasmania owes so much. He found it seldom, and on the north cost only. It 1s a very beautiful species with bright emerald green markings, and shelly operculum. It is closely called to C. aureus, Jonas, but distinguished by its color, larger size, and the yery conspicuous tubercles crowning the whorls, LIOTIA TASMANICA. 12.8. L. t. parva, discoidea ; sordide alba, spira plano-depresea, costis spiralibus subobsoletis, ct liris longitudinalibus cre- berrimé ornata ; peripheria carinis duobus nodosis, nodis in 2 anfr. elevatis et imbricatis ; apertura margine reflexo incrassata ; umbilico per- amplo, spiraliter dentato. Diam. maj. 8, min. 6. Alt. 3. L. shell small, discoid, sordidly white, spire plano-depressed. ornamented thiekly with spiral sub-obsolete ribs and longi- tudinal liræ, with two nodose keels at the periphery, nodæ in the second whorl raised and imbricated, aperture with the 154 margin reflexcd and thickened, umbilicus very wide and spi- rally dentate. Lene Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. This shell is nacreous within, and very near in form to L. discoidea Reeve. The nods on the upper carina become little raised hollow rounded squame on the second whorl. MoNILEA ROSEA. n.s. M. t. minuta, turbinata, late umbilicata, rosea, maculis albis variegata ; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, striis albis magnis et parvis alternantibus cinctis; apertura integra, rotundata ; labro pro- ducto; labio simplici; margine umbilici callo inconspicuo, albo, corrugato instructo. Diam. 3. M. shell minute, turbinate, widely umbilicate, rose color, variegated with white spots, whorls 4, rounded, encircled with white alternating large and small striæ; aperture entire, rounded; outer lip produced; inner lip simple; umbilical margin furnished with a somewhat inconspicuous white cor- rugated umbilicus. This small shell is of intense carmine color in some speci- mens. The outer lip is produced very much from the suture so as to give the aperture a sunken appearance. The callosity at the umbilicus is only perceptable under the lens iu very good specimens. GIBBULA DEPRESSA. n.s. GQ. t. depresso-orbiculata, fulvo-purpurea lugubre tincta ; umbilicata, late sulcata, sulcis transversim striatis; an- fractibus 5, depressis ; ultimo anfracta permagno, cingulis sex subelevatis, transversis, aliquando tessellatis insigno ; apertura obliquè subquadrata, intus lirata, rosea viridique splendidé irridescente, labro tenui ; labio sub- reflexo. Diam. 10 mill. G. shell depressedly orbiculate, lugubriously-painted fulvous brown and purple, umbilicate, widely sulcate, sulci transversely striate; whorls 5, depressed, last whorl, which is much larger, distinguished by 6 transverse sub-elevated, and sometimes tessellated belts ; aperture obliquely sub-quadrate, lirate within, and splendidly iridescent with rose and dark green; outer lip thin; inner lip sub-reflexed. Adventure Bay, common. This shell is always more or less encrusted with Polyzoa (Membranipora and Cellepora). It might easily be mistaken for young shells of ZLrochocochlea striolata. Its depressed, almost angular, form and interior iridescense, render it easily recognised. ZIZYPHINUS LEGRANDI. n.s. Z.t. abbreniato-conica, carneo-flave- scenti; anfractibus 6, planulatis, spiraliter densé canaliculato-liratis; ultimo anfractu angulato ; bast planulato, lineis impressis, alternantibus sculpta ; apertura subquadrata ; labro acuto; labio simplici. Alt et diam. 12. Z. shell abbreviately conical, fleshy yellow; whorls 6, some- what flattened; densely spirally canaliculately lirate; last whorl angulate, base flattened, sculptured with fine alternating 155 ; impressed lines; aperture sub-quadrate ; outer lip acute, inner lip simple. Rare, Chappell Island, Bass’ Straits. A small conical form, whose nearest congener is our reversed Z incertus Reeve. Its peculiarity for an Australian form of the genus is the absence of granulations on the lire. ZIZYPHIXUS ALLPORTI. n.s. Z.f. tunvido-conica, solidiuscula, alba : anfractibus 6, convero-decliribus ; liris transversis, granulosis cinetis ; granulis rotuadatis, interstitiis longitudinalibus oblique separatis ; sutura canaliculata ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam rotundato ; basi couvexius- culo, lineis subgranosis impresso ; apertura obliqué quadrata ; labro intus lirato, infra bidentato, labio simplici. Alt. 11. Diam. 9. Z. shell tumidly conical, somewhat solid, white; whorls 7, convexly sloping, girdled with transverse granular lræ; granules rounded, separated by oblique longitudinal striæ; suture canaliculate, last whorl rounded at the periphery, base somewhat convex, impressed with sub-granular lines; aperture obliquely quadrate : outer lip lirate within ; bidentate below ; inner lip simple. Islands in Bass’ Straits, very rare. A white, small, tumid shell, in habit much resembling a Thalotia. CLANCULVS ALOYsSH. n.s. C. t. turbinato-conoidea, umbilicata, albida, lincis et maculis intensé fuscis, vel atratis vuriegata ; anfractibus 5-7 planulatis, transversim sulcatis, et cingulis granosis ornatis (cingul. 5 in ult. anfr.), cingulis superioribus et inferioribus granulis majoribus conspicuis ; sutura subcanaliculata ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam sub- carinato, basi planiusculo cingulis granosis ornato; columella contorta, superné et infra dentato dentibus parvis ; labro lirato cet dentato; margine umbilici spiraliter striuto. Diam. 11. C. shell turbinately conoid, umbilicate, whitish, variegated with lines and spots of deep dusky brown or blackish; whorls 5 to 7, flattened, transversely sulcate and ornamented with granular belts (belts 5 in the last whorl), upper and lower belts conspicuous by their larger granulations ; suture subcan- aliculate ; last whorl subearinate at the periphery, base seme- what flattened and ornamented with granular belts; columella twisted, dentate with small teeth above and below, outer lip lirate and dentate, umbilical margin spirally striate. Though the Clanculæ vary somewhat in coloring, it is always within certain limits. There is no other black and white Clanculus among our Tasmanian species, which are numerous. CLANCULUS PHILOMEN.Y. n.s. C. t depresso-conica, alba; anfrac. 5, ad suturas canaliculatis, concavis, marginibus utrinque moniliferis, infra mary. 3-4 liratis ; liris granis circular. niteutib. ornatis, interstitiis sub- tillissime obliqué striatis ; ultimo anfract. acute angulato et marginato ; basi plano, spiraliter granulosé lirato; apertura oblique quadrato; labro intus lirato ; columella uwnidentuto et corrugalo ; margine umbilico spi- raliter dentato. Diam. mag. 11. Alt. 10. C. shell depressedly conical, white, whorls 5, at the suture 156 canaliculate, concave, with both margins beaded, within the margins 3-4 lirate; lire ornamented with round shining granules, interstices very finely obliquely striate, last whorl acutely angulate and margined ; base flat, spirally granulosely lirate ; aperture obliquely squared; outer lip lirate within; columella unidentate and corrugated; umbilical margin spirally dentate. One specimen. A very distinct white shell with monili- ferous whorls rising in stages. CYLICHNA ATKINSONI. n.s. C. t. parva, cylindracea, angusta, tenui, ferruginea, spira umbilicata, occulta, tenuissime long. et transversim striata, sordide alba; labro tenui, acuto, medio coarctato, antice sub- dilatato ; labio angusto, reflexo. Long. AL, Lat. 2. C. shell small, cylindrical, narrow, thin, ferruginous, spire umbilicate, hidden, very slenderly lengthwise and transversely striate, sordid white, outer lip thin, acute, drawn in at the middle, and sub-dilate anteriorly; inner lip narrow, reflexed. Long Bay, not common. A very small shell, brought up occasionally by the dredge from 10 fathoms; sandy bottom. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. The other Tasmanian species is O., arachis, which is Australian also. In its young state it can always ‘be distinguished from the foregoing by the dense undu- lating transverse striæ with which it is covered. APLYSIA TASMANICA. n.s. A. t. tenui fragili, translucente, nitente, oblique subquadrata, tenuiter concentrice striala, et transversim minute sul- cata ; intus subtestacea, leviter concava, encausta, cornea ; apice vix in- curvo ; margine superiori subreflexo, arcuato ; margine inferiori obliquo recto, antice producto, rotundato. Diam. mag. 38, transversim diam. max. 28 mil. A. shell thin, fragile, translucent, shiny, obliquely subquad- rate, slenderly concentrically striate and transversely minutely sulcate, subtestaceous within, slightly concave, enamelled, horny, apex scarcely incurved, with the upper margin arcuate aud subreflexed ; lower margin oblique and straight, anteri- orly produced and rounded. A large form of talcous appearance, the margin becoming insensibly membranaceous. It is somewhat similar in form to A. gigantea, of Syduey, but more oval, membranaceous, and smaller, ACMHA MARMORATA. n.s. A. i. quadrato-oblonga, postice dilatata depressa, sordide olivacea, apice eroso vel acuto, submediano ; costis 8-10, rudis, erosis, radiantibus, distantibus ; intus nitente conspieue variegata, radiis luteis concavis, interstitiis atrofusciss ; spathula nigerrima, margine albo, atro-punctato conspicuo. Long. 21. Lat. 15. Alt. 6 P. shell quadrately oblong, dilate behind, depressed, sor- didly olive ; apex corroded or acute, submedian; ribs 8-11, wide, corroded, radiating and distant; within shiny and con- spicuously variegated, with white rays and very black broad 157 interstices, spathula, black, with a white conspicuous margin. Common. The intensely black marbled appearance of the interior of this shell will distinguish it at once. It is found, I am told, in New South Wales, but rarely. PATELLA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. ovata, solida, sordide luteo-alba, sæpe corrosa ; apice submediuno ; costis radiantibus, 21 circiter, validis, angulatis ; interstitiis liris subtilibus subimbricatis profuse radiata ; intus eburnea, nitente plus minusve luteo tincta, margine angusta, elegantissime pectinata, intus ceruleo tenuissime lincato, extus linca fusca interrupta mar- ginato ; spathala vic definita. Long. 49. Lat. 33. Alt 20. P. shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded, apex sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs, and the interstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbri- cated liræ ; within ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged with yellow; margin narrow elegantly pectinated; mar- gined with a very fiue blue line within, and an interrupted dusky brown line outside. Spathula scarcely defined. Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alti- costata Angas than any other. PATELLA CHAPMANI. n.s. P. t. ovata, postice latiuscula, depressa, rufa vel ustulata, et nebuloso brunea ; apice acuto, submediano ; costis radiautibus S., plus minusve validis, depresso rotundatis ; liris subtillibus profuse radiata, et sulcis irregularibus cincta ; margine angulato, noduloso; intus alba et pallide rosea nebulosa; spathula vix visibilis. Long. 20. Lat. 15. Alt. 5. P. shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched and nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian, with 8 radiating ribs more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely radiate with very flne liræ, and girdled with irregular sulci ; margin angulate, nodulose; white within and clouded pale rose color, spathula scarcely visible. Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four anterior are smaller. Ihave dedicated this shell to Commo- dore Chapman, of H.M.S. Dido, an industrious conchologist, and from whom I received valuable assistance in preparing my list of Tasmanian Mollusca. MACROSCHISMA TASMANICA, n.s. M.t. ovato-oblonga, dorso clevata, cons vera, pallidé luteo-custanea, radiatin atrata, lincis clevatis, nodulosis, radiata; sulcis concentriets irrégularibus, rugosa, lineis concentricis confertissimis sculpta ; extremitatibus rotundatis ; postice elevata. Foramen magnum, clongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, cxcavatum. Long. 32. Lat. 18. Alt. 9. M. shell ovately oblong, dorsal region raised and convex, pale yellowish chestnut, with blackish rays; radiate with no- dulous elevated lines; rough, with irregular concentric sulci, sculptured with very close concentric lines, ends rounded ; posterior end raised; foramen large, elongate, sub-triangular, dilate and excavate behind. The common Macroschisma, of Tasmanian coasts. Until 158 now it has been confounded with JL producta (A. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850 p. 202, sp. 7) which is a narrower shell, less distinctly ribbed, and with a narrow and somewhat con- stricted foramen. AURICULA (RHODOSTOMA) DYERIANA. n.s. A.t. ovata, inflata, subumbili- cata crassa, viride albicante, fulvo bifasciata, striata, striis regularibus, dis- tantibus ; anfract. 6, suturis obsoletis ; spira conica, planata ; apertura in- tegra, nitente, pallide fulva ; labro merassato, bilabiato, intus conspicué triangu- lari inciso et dentato ; labio bidentato ; umbilico clauso, maryinato, Long. 14. Gat, 9. A. shell ovate, inflated, subumbilicate, thick, greenish white, with two fulvous bands, striate, strie regular, distant ; whorls 6 suture obsolete; spire conical flattened, aperture entire, shining pale fulvous, outer lip thickened, bilabiate, with a triangular notch within, inner lip bidentate ; umbilicus closed and margined. North Coast, brackish waters. There is a shell somewhat like this described by Mr. Swainson (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. Vol. 3, p. 45), from Dr. Milligan’s collection, and probably from Australia, but it is large, of different color, and with a semicircular notch on the outer hp. I have named the species after Mr. Dyer, of Hobart Town, the industrious col- lector, who discovered it at Kelso. PECTEN MARIÆ. 1,8. P. t. trigonali-orbiculari, subceequivalva, depressa, valra dextra paulo conrexiore, auribus inequalibus, rosea vel roseo-violascente, nebulis purpureis et lineis maculisque albis peculiariter marmorata ; costis § irregulariter long. suleatis, ct obsolete squamatis, lirisque pareioribus, inter- mediis inequalibus radiatis, superficie tota tenuiter squamose imbricata ; auribus radiatim costatis, costis nodosé imbricatis valvis intus violaceis, ser- iccis. Long. et. Lat. 44. Alt. 16. P. shell triangularly orbicular, subequivalve, depressed, right valve a little more convex, ears unequal; rose color or rosy violet, and peculiarly marbled with purple clouds, and white lines and spots; ribs 8, irregularly sulcate lengthwise and obsoletely scaly ; radiate with smaller liræ ; surface wholly finely imbricately squamose ; ears radiately ribbed, ribs no- dosely imbricated, valves colored a kind ofsilky violet within. East Coast and Maria Island. Ratheruncommon. Nearest to Sowerby’s Pecten serratus. The fine shagreen marking is different from P. bifrons, inasmuch as the scales are finely pointed. The violet hue of the inside and silky appearance are very constant. The obsoletely squamose ribs vary, but it is a character not seen iu any other Tasmanian species. DOSINIA IMMACULATA., n.s. D.t. suborbiculari subinflata ; umboncs versus subattenuata, nivea, subnitida ct sub lente eleganter irridescenti, wmbonibus leviter earneola maculatis, concentrice tenuiter striata ; striis subtilissime ele- gantissimeque decussata; area ligamenti angusté lanecolata; lunula parva, late cordata, impressa, medio carinata, intus alba; sinu palliare profundo, obtuse triangulato, Long. 20. Lat. 26. 159 D. shell suborbicular subinflited, subattenuate towards the unibones, snowy white, somewhat shining, and under the lens elegantly irridescent, umbones lightly spotted with pink, slenderly striate, and decussate very finely and elegantly with fine striæ, ligamental area narrowly lanceolate, lunule small, broadly cordate, impressed and carinate in the middle; pathal sinus deep and obtusely triangular, East Coast, uncommon. A very beautifu' snowy white, and neatly rounded shell. The transverse striæ are very regular and corbis like. CALLISTA VICTORLE. n.s. C. t. trigono-subcordata, crassa, tumida, antice rotundata, postice obtusé angulatu, inaquelaterali, confertissime concentricé striata (striis anticé lamellosis, lamcllis 3, vd. 4, parvis, crassis) ; subaitida, pallide carnea, lincis latis inequalibus, rufo-castaneis, longitudinaliter pauci- radiata ; lunula clongata, tenuistriata, linea impressa circumscripta ; latere postico obtusé anguluto, planato, ruyosé striata ; valvis intus, nitentibus, rufo- lutca nebulosis, maryiné denticuluto, Long. 55. Lat. 60. Alt. 35. C. shell triangularly subcordate, thick, tumid, rounded in front and posteriorly obtuse'y angu ate, incqul'ateral, very thickly concentrically striate (striæ anteriorly Jamellose with 3 or 4 thick small lamellæ) somewhat shining, pa’e flesh color, rayed lengthwise, with few broad unequal reddish chestnut lines; lunule elongated, sleuderly striate, circumscribed with an impressed line ; posterior line obtusely angulate, flattened, and rugosely striate ; valves shining very much within, and c'ouded reddish yellow, margin denticulate. A somewhat common she!l on all the South Australian and Victorian costs, and is said to occur in S. E. Austra ia, but the identification is doubtfu', as it has been confounded with C. rutila, Sow., with none of the description or figures of which it corresponds. The specimens from which the description is taken came from Cloudy Bay on the South of Bruny Island. It also is found in Frederick Henry Bay. I have never found it ex- cept on sandy exposed coasts where there is a heavy surf. VENERUPIS RETICULATA. 7.8. V.¢. transversa, subquadrata, tenui, de- pressa, valde inaquelaterali, antice rotundata, brevi, postice depressiuscula, latiorc, subtruncata ; costis transversis obsolctis, planatis, divaricatis, undu- losis creberrimé cincta (sublentc) ; undiqué tenuissime longitudinaliter striata ; valvis intus albis, cardine parvo inequaliter tridentato, dentibus medianis et posticis bifidis ; sinu pallii angusto, rotundato, obtuso. Albida, postice lincis angulatis atro reticulata, aliquando versus umbones radiatim rosea tincta. Long. 17. Lat. 17. Alt. 12. V. shell transverse, subquadrate, thin, depressed, very in- equilateral anteriorly rounded, short, somewhat depressed, posteriorly and border very thickly girdled with transverse obsolete flattened, undulating ribs under the lens longitudi- nally striate in every part; valves white within, hinge small, unequally tridentate, with the median and posterior tecth 160 : bifid, pallial sinus narrow, rounded, and obtuse. White re- ticulated posteriorly with black angulate lines, sometimes radiately rose tinted towards the umbones. Not uncommon on South coast. A small shell, very dis- tinct by its finely crenulately striate obsolete ribs, and reticu- late markings. Myopora TASMANICA. n.s. M. testa albida, curvato-oblonga, antiec leviter flexuosa, abrupte truncata, valva sinistra ventrieoso-eonvexa, dextera distincte concava ; eoncentrice striata ; striis paucis, rotundatis latiusculis, subdistanti- bus, regulariter, creseentibus ; sublent clegantissime, tenuissime decussata. M. shell whitish, curvately oblong, anterior slightly flexuous, abruptly truncate, left valve ventricosely convex ; right valve distinctly concave, concentrically striate with a few round, somewhat broad, sub-distant ridges, which increase regularly towards the margin, and very finely and beautifully decussate with undulating striæ. Long. 17. Lat. 13. Alt. 4. This very distinct species of Myadora has more affinities with the Australian Jf. pandoreformis than any other, but it has no movable testaceous appendage, and the valves are both distinctly striately ridged. Hab. Long Bay. MYODORA ALBIDA, n.s. J. testa albida, translucida, subquadrata oblonga, subconvexa, anticé latissimé truncata; concentrice striata; striis elevatis, rotundatis, regularibus, paucis, prope maryinem antieam angulatis. M. shell whitish, translucent, subquadrately oblong, sub- convex, very broadly truncate anteriorly, concentrically striate, striæ rounded, raised, regular, few, angulated near the anterior margin. Long. 10. Lat. 6. Alt. 2. A very pretty species, differing from the last in its sub- quadrate form, and its convex valves, which are both regularly and distinctly striate. Hab. Long Bay. ANAPA TASMANICA. n.s. A.t. crassa,trigona, gibbosa, cequivalvi, antice rotundata postice angulata ct planata, sordide alba, coneentrice tenué suleata,. versus marginem epidermidé olivacea induta; umbonibus parvis, ineurvis obliquis distantibus; area ligamentali parva, ineonspicua, aperta ; pagina, interna nivea nitente, sinu palli nullo. Long. 19. Lat. 19. Alt. 16. A. shell thick, trigonal, gibbous, equivalve, rounded anteri- orly, angulated posteriorly and flattened, sordidly white con- centrically finely sulcate, clothed with an olive epidermis towards the margin ; with small incurved distant umbones, ligamental area small, inconspicuous, open, interior surface snowy white and shining, no pallial sinus. This shell appears to me to have been confounded with A. smithii and <A. triquetra, which is a synomym of Gray. That shell is not found in Tasmania. It is, however, a much smaller and thinner shell, less tumid and more trigonal, with very much the appearance of a Cyclas. I cannot find that it has been described. 161 PINNA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. ovato-cunciformi, tenui, subventricosa, marginibus rotundatis, sordide olivacea, purpureo nebulosa, radiatim costata, costis interdum obsoletis, subnodosis, versus marginem sparsim, irregulariter squamosis, squumis devatis subtubuliformis ; apicc subtruncato, livido. Long. L90 Gat, $5. Alt-285. P. shell ovately cunciform, thin, subventricose, margins rounded, sordidly olive, clouded with purple, radiately ribbed, ribs sometimes obsolete subnodose, and towards the margin sparsely irregularly scaly, scales elevated subtubuliform, apex subtruncate, livid. Rare. On the north coast only. W. Legrand. This fine Pinna is one of the very few of the genus, with the margins rounded and not angulate. In this respect, and in the few irregularly much raised tubular scales, it is quite distinct from P. zelania, which is not uncommon in Australia. MYTILICARDIA TASMANICA. C. t. clonyato ovata, in. medio constricta vel sinu profundo distorta, luteola rel sordide alba, epidermide fusea, maxime inæquilaterali, antico brevissima, subtruneata, postice dilatata, inferne sinuosa et hiante, radiatim costata, umbonibus minimis compressis approximatis obliguis ; lunula inconspicua, profunda; costis inæqualibus, irreyularibus, flexuosis, postice lamellosis et obsoletis, primis in latere antico angustioribus, alteris sensim latioribus. Long. 10. Lat. 21. Alt. 14. M. shell elongately ovate, narrowed in the middle or dis- torted,with a profound sinus, yellowish or sordidly white; witha dusky epidermis, very inequilateral ,extremely short anteriorly, subtruncate, dilated posteriorly, sinuous and gaping below, radiately ribbed, with small compressed approximate oblique umbones; lunule inconspicuous, very deep, ribs unequal, ir- regular, flexuous, lamellose and obsolete posteriorly, the first on the anterior side somewhat narrower, the others becoming gradually wider. Blackman’s Bay, uncommon. Distinguished from M. ez- cavata by the epidermis, and the ribs beiug smooth instead of having the lamellar projecting scales. MYTILUS TASMANICUS. n.s. M.t. oblongo-ovali, tumida, erassa, concen- trice tcnué irregulariter striata, cpirdermide atro-purpurea, basim versus sparsim, irregulariter barbata capilis longis, corneis, discisque caleareis radi- catis ; marginibus intus extusqus viride viride pceuliariter encaustis ; um- bonibus terminalibus, parvis, acutis, curvatis nitentibus, glabratis, parum mar- garatacets ; fossulaad ligamentum recipiendum sutis profunda ; pagina interna nivea, impessione pallii et musculari tantum iridcscente, ligamento longo conspicuo. Long. 175. Lat. 75. Alt. 45. M. shell oblong, oval, tumid, thick, concentrically finely irregularly striate, epidermis black purple, towards the base sparsely and irregularly bearded with long horny hairs, which are rooted in calcareous discs; the margins peculiarly enam- elled a vivid green both outside and inside; umbones small acute, curved, shining, smoothed, slightly pearly, fossula for the ligament somewhat deep; internal surface snowy white, 162 the pallial and muscu'ar impressions alone being iridescent, ligament long, conspicuous. A truly magnificent species, which is so large that it must always be a conspicuous object, yet the peculiar and brilliant green enamel of the edges makes it still more so. It is only found in deep water in Storm Bay. The only shell approach- ing to it in character is M. latus, of New Zealand. PYTHINA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. parva suborbiculari, convexa, alba, suleis coneentricis et costis bifariam radiantibus eleganter clathrata ; costis angulatis postice curvatis parumque elevatis, umbonibus, submedianis obliquiis, pams. Long. 7. Lat. 8. Alt. 3. P. shell suborbicular, convex, white, elegantly latticed with concentric sulci and ribs radiating in opposite ways; ribs angulate and curved, and slightly raised behind, umbones submedian, oblique and small. This e'egant Pythina is very distinct from the common P. deshayesi, which is larger, has the divaricating ribs somewhat lamellose behind, and is not latticed with transverse sulcations. King’s Island, rare. TELLINA MARIE. T. t. transversa ellipitica, subintata, nitente, lactea, tenui equuaterali, inequiralvi, postice hiante, antice late rotundata, postice rixs attenuato, exura minima, undique crebré tenuiter sulcata, ligamento pallide castaneo prominulo. Long. 22. Lat. 28. T. shel transverse, elliptical, subinflated; shining, milk white, thin, equilateral, inequivalve, gaping posterior.y, widely rounded in front, scarcely attenuated behind, flexure very slight, thickly and finely sulcate, ligament pale chestnut, somewhat prominent. Rather uncommon. South Coast. W. Legrand. A white shell, with no determinate characters except its oval form, absence of color, and almost perfect absence of flexure. There are are three small hinge teeth in one valve, and two in the other, and the pallial sinus is very large. LUCINA MINIMA. n.s. L. t. parva subventricosa, oblonga transversa, tenui, alba, tenui-costata,costis numerosis concentrice, tenuiter, regulariter clegantissi- meque striata, valde inæquilaterali, latere antico longiore rotundato, postico latiore, margine integro, umbonibus productis obliquis, parvis meurris, con- spicuc concentrice striatis ; valris intus albis, tnvpress. mus. conspicuis ; valv. dest. in med. unidentato dente bifido, val. sinis. bidentato, dente antico bifido. fone. 8. Lat.9. Alt. 5. L. shel small, subventricose, oblong, transverse, thin, white, slenderly ribbed, ribs numerous, finely regu arly and most e egant'y striate; very inequilateral, anterior side the longer, rounder, the posterior side wide; margin entire, um- bones produced, oblique, small, incurved, conspicuously concen- trically striate, valves white within, muscular impression con- spicuous, right valve unidentate with a bifid tooth; left valve bidentate, the anterior one bifid. Badger Island, rare.
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ELEMENTS of the HISTORY of PHILOSOPHY and SCIENCE, from the earliest Authentic Records to the commencement of the Eighteenth Century. By Thomas Morell, Author of “ Studies in History.” Svo. Price 12s. NATURAL HISTORY ENTHUSIASM. Siio tar 1, rb piv upcrji ipvaiKy. TO S' T) Kvplu. SEVENTH EDI T I O N. LONDON : HOLDSWORTH AND BALL, AMEN CORNER. MDCCCXXX1V. LONDON : H. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL. l/ . v» -.1 . ,t- Mi.’’-', --V' .‘■t •* 17Zhf . 4fV ADVERTISEMENT. The belief that a bright era of renovation, and union, and extension, presently awaits the Christian Church, seems to be very generally entertained. The writer of this volume partici- pates in the cheering hope ; and it has impelled him to undertake the difficult task of describing, under its various forms, that fictitious piety which hitherto has never failed to appear in times of unusual religious excitement, and which may be anticipated as the probable atten- dant of a new development of the powers of Christianity. IV ADVERTISEMENT. But while it has been the writer’s principal aim to present before the Christian reader, in as distinct a manner as possible, the characters of that perilous illusion which too often sup- plants genuine piety, he has also endeavoured so to fix the sense of the term — Enthusiasm, as to wrest it from those who misuse it to their own infinite damage. r CONTENTS. SECTION I. PAGE Enthusiasm Secular and Religious 1 SECTION II. Enthusiasm in Devotion 23 SECTION III. Enthusiastic Perversions of the Doctrine of Divine Influence 61 SECTION IV. Enthusiasm the Source of Heresy 79 SECTION V. Enthusiasm of Prophetic Interpretation ........ 98 SECTION VI. Enthusiastic Abuses of the Doctrine of a Particular Providence 123 VI CONTENTS. SECTION VII. PAGE Enthusiasm of Philanthropy 159 SECTION VIII. Sketch of the Enthusiasm of the Ancient Church .... 185 SECTION IX. The same subject — Ingredients of the Ancient Mona- chism 215 SECTION X. Hints on the probable Spread of Christianity, submitted to those who misuse the term — Enthusiasm .... 260 Note to Section I. 318 NATURAL HISTORY OF ENTHUSIASM. SECTION I. ENTHUSIASM, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. Some form of beauty, engendered by the ima- gination, or some semblance of dignity or grace, invests almost every object that excites desire. These illusions, if indeed they ought to be called illusions, serve the purpose of blending the in- congruous materials of human nature, and by mediating between body and spirit, reconcile the animal and intellectual propensities, and give dignity and harmony to the character of man. By these unsubstantial impressions it is that the social affections are enriched and enlivened ; by these, not less than by the superiority of the reasoning faculties, mankind is elevated above the brute ; and it is these, as the germinating principles of all improvement and refinement, that distinguish civilized from savage life. B 2 ENTHUSIASM, The constitutional difference between one man and another is to be traced, in great measure, to the quality and vigour of the imagination. Thus it will be found that eminently active and energetic spirits are peculiarly susceptible to those natural exaggerations by which the mind enhances the value of whatever it pursues. At the same time an efficient energy always implies the power of control over such impressions. Yet it is enough that these creations of fancy should be under the command of reason ; for good sense by no means demands a rigid scrutiny into the composition or mechanism of common motives, or asks that whatever is not absolutely substantial in the objects of desire should be spurned. He who is not too wise to be happy, leaves the machinery of human nature to accomplish its revolutions unexplored, and is content to hold the mastery over its movements. Whoever, instead of simply repressing the irregularities of the imagination, and forbidding its predominance, would altogether exclude its influence, must either sink far below the common level of humanity, or rise much above it. The excesses of the imagination are of two kinds ; the first is when, within its proper sphere, it gains so great a power that every other affec- tion and motive belonging to human nature is overborne and excluded. It is thus that intel- lectual or professional pursuits seem sometimes SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 3 to annihilate all sympathy with the common interests of life, and to render man a mere phan- tom, except within the particular circle of his favourite objects. The second kind of excess (one species of which forms the subject of the present work) is of much more evil tendency, and consists in a trespass of the imagination upon ground where it should have little or no influence, and where it can only prevent or disturb the operation of reason and right feeling. Thus, not seldom, it is seen that, on the walks of common life, the sobrieties of good sense, and the counsels of experience, and the obvious motives of interest, and perhaps even the dictates of rectitude, are set at nought by some fiction of an exorbitant imagination, which over- stepping its proper function, invests even the most ordinary objects, either with preposterous charms or with unreal deformities. Very few minds, perhaps, are altogether free from such constitutional errors of the intellectual sight, which, to a greater or less extent, intercept our view of things as they are. And from the same cause it is that we so greatly miscalculate the amount of happiness or of suffering that belongs to the lot of those around us ; which happens, not so much because their actual cir- cumstances are unknown, as because their ha- bitual illusions are not perceived by us. And if the colouring medium through which every man contemplates his own condition were exposed to b 2 4 ENTHUSIASM, the eyes of others, the victims of calamity might sometimes be envied ; and still oftener would the favourites of fortune become the objects of pity. Or if every one were in a moment to be disen- chanted of whatever is ideal in his permanent sensations, every one would think himself at once much less happy, and much more so, than he had hitherto supposed. The force and extravagance of the imagination is in some constitutions so great, that it admits of no correction from even the severest lessons of experience, much less from the advices of wisdom : the enthusiast passes through life in a sort of happy somnambulency — smiling and dreaming as he goes, unconscious of whatever is real, and busy with whatever is fantastic : now he treads with naked foot on thorns ; now plunges through depths ; now verges the precipice, and always preserves the same impassible serenity, and displays the same reckless hardihood. But if the predominance of the imagination do not approach quite so near to the limits of insanity, if it admit of correction, then, the many checks and reverses which belong to the common course of human life, usually fray it away from present scenes, and either send it back in pensive recollections of past pleasures, or forwards in an- ticipation of a bright futurity. The former is, of the two, the safer kind of constitutional error; for as the objects upon which the imagination fixes its gaze remain always unchanged, they impart a SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 5 sort of tranquillity to the mind, and even favour its converse with wisdom ; but the latter being variable, and altogether under the command of the inventive faculty, bring with them perpetual agitations, and continually create new excite- ments. Besides ; as these egregious hopes come in their turn to be dispelled by realities, the fond pensioner upon futurity lives amid the vexations, of one who believes himself always plundered ; for each day as it comes robs him of what he had. called his own. Thus the real ills of life pierce the heart with a double edge. The propensity of a disordered imagination to find, or to create, some region of fictitious hap- piness, leads not a few to betake themselves to< the fields of intellectual enjoyment, where they may be exempt from the annoyances that infest the lower world. Hence it is that the walks of natural philosophy or abstract science, and of literature, and especially of poetry and the fine arts, are frequented by many who addict them- selves to pursuits of this kind, not so much from the genuine impulse of native genius or taste, as from a yearning desire to discover some paradise of delights, where no croaking voice of dis- appointment is heard, and where adversity has no range or leave of entrance. These intruders upon the realms of philosophy — these refugees from the vexations of common life, as they are in quest merely of solace and diversion, do not often become effective labourers in the departments 6 ENTHUSIASM, upon which they enter : their motive possesses not the vigour necessary for continued and pro- ductive toil. Or if a degree of ambition happens to be conjoined with the feeble ardour of the mind, it renders them empirics in science, or schemers in mechanics ; or they essay their ineptitude upon some gaudy or preposterous extravagance of verse or picture ; or perhaps spend their days in loading folios, shelves and glass-cases with curious lumber of whatever kind most completely unites the qualities of rarity and worthlessness. Nature has furnished each of the active faculties with a , sensibility to pleasure in its own exer- cise : this sensibility is the spring of spontaneous exertion ; and if the intellectual constitution be robust, it serves to stimulate labour, and yet itself observes a modest sobriety, leaving the forces of the mind to do their part without embarrassment. The pleasurable emotion is always subordinate and subservient, never predominant or impor- tunate. But in minds of a less healthy tempera- ment, the emotion of pleasure and the consequent excitement is disproportionate to the strength of the faculties. The efficient power of the under- standing is therefore overborne, and left in the rear ; there is more of commotion than of action ; more of movement than of progress ; more of enterprise than of achievement. Such then are those who, in due regard both to the essential differences of character, and to SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 7 the proprieties of language, should be termed Enthusiasts. To apply an epithet which carries with it an idea of folly, of weakness, and of extravagance, to a vigorous mind, efficiently as well as ardently engaged in the pursuit of any substantial and important object, is not merely to misuse a word, but to introduce confusion among our notions, and to put contempt upon what is deserving of respect. Where there is no error of imagination, no misjudging of realities, no calculations which reason condemns, there is no enthusiasm, even though the soul may be on fire with the velocity of its movement in pursuit of its chosen object. If once we abandon this dis- tinction, language will want a term for a well- known and very common vice of the mind ; and, from a wasteful perversion of phrases, we must be reduced to speak of equalities most noble and most base by the very same designation. If the objects which excite the ardour of the mind are substantial, and if the mode of pursuit be truly conducive to their attainment ; if, in a word, all be real and genuine, then it is not one degree more, or even many degrees more, of intensity of feeling that can alter the character of the emotion. Enthusiasm is not a term of measure- ment, but of quality. When it is said that enthusiasm is the fault of infirm constitutions, a seeming exception must be made in behalf of a few high-tempered spirits, distinguished by their indefatigable energy, and 8 ENTHUSIASM, destined to achieve arduous and hazardous en- terprises. That such spirits often exhibit the characters of enthusiasm cannot be denied ; for the imagination spurns restraint, and rejects all the sober measurements and calculations of reason whenever its chosen object is in view ; and a tinge, often more than a tinge, of extravagance belongs to every word and action. And yet the exception is only apparent ; for although these giants of human nature greatly surpass other men in force of mind, and courage, and activity, still the heroic extravagance, and the irregular and ungovernable power which enables them to dare and to do so much, is, in fact, nothing more than a partial accumulation of strength, necessary because the utmost energies of human nature are so small, that, if equally distributed through the system, they would be inadequate to arduous labours. The very same task, which the human hero achieves in the fury and fever of a half-mad enthusiasm, would be performed by a seraph in the perfect serenity of reason. Although there- fore these vigorous minds are strong when placed in comparison with others, their enthusiasm is in itself a weakness ; — a weakness of the species, if not of the individual. Unless a perpetual miracle were to intercept the natural operation of common causes, reli- gion, not less than philosophy or poetry, will draw enthusiasts within its precincts. Nor, if we SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 9 recollect on the one hand the fitness of the vast objects revealed in the Scriptures to affect the imagination, and on the other the wide diffusion of religious ideas, can it seem strange if it be found, in fact, that religious enthusiasts out- number any other class. It is also quite natural that enthusiastic and genuine religious emotions should be intermingled with peculiar intricacy ; since the revelations which give them scope combine, in a peculiar manner, elements of gran- deur, of power, and of sublimity (fitted to kindle the imagination) with those ideas that furnish excitement to the moral sentiments. The religion of the heart, it is manifest, may be supplanted by a religion of the imagination, just in the same way that the social affections are often dislodged or corrupted by factitious sensibilities. Every one knows that an artificial excitement of all the kind and tender emotions of our nature may take place through the medium of the imagination. Hence the power of poetry and the drama. But every one must also know that these feelings, how vivid soever and seemingly pure and salutary they may be, and however nearly they may resemble the genuine workings of the soul, are so far from producing the same softening effect upon the character, that they tend rather to indurate the heart. Whenever excitements of any kind are regarded distinctly as a source of luxurious pleasure, then, instead of expanding the bosom with beneficent energy, instead of 10 ENTHUSIASM, dispelling the sinister purposes of selfishness, instead of shedding the softness and warmth of generous love through the moral system, they become a freezing centre of solitary and unsocial indulgence; and at length displace every emotion that deserves to be called virtuous. No cloak of selfishness is in fact more impenetrable than that which usually envelops a pampered imagi- nation. The reality of woe is the very circum- stance that paralyses sympathy ; and the eye that can pour forth its flood of commiseration for the sorrows of the romance or the drama, grudges a tear to the substantial wretchedness of the unhappy. Much more often than not, this kind of luxurious sensitiveness to fiction is conjoined with a callousness that enables the sub- ject of it to pass through the affecting occasions of domestic life in immovable apathy : — the heart has become, like that of leviathan, “ firm as a stone, yea, hard as a piece of the nether millstone.” This process of perversion and of induration may as readily have place among the religious emotions as among those of any other class ; for the laws of human nature are uniform, whatever may be the immediate cause which puts them in action ; and a fictitious piety corrupts or petrifies the heart not less certainly than does a romantic sentimentality. The danger attending enthusiasm in religion is not then of a trivial sort ; and whoever disaffects the substantial matters of Christianity, and seeks to derive from it merely, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 11 or chiefly, the gratifications of excited feeling ; whoever combines from its materials a paradise of abstract contemplation, or of poetic imagery, where he may take refuge from the annoyances and the importunate claims of common life ; whoever thus delights himself with dreams, and is insensible to realities, lives in peril of awaking from his illusions when truth comes too late. The religious idealist, perhaps, sincerely believes himself to be eminently devout ; and those who witness his abstraction, his elevation, his enjoy- ments, may reverence his piety ; meanwhile this fictitious happiness creeps as a lethargy through the moral system, and is rendering him con- tinually less and less susceptible of those emotions in which true religion consists. Nor is this always the limit of the evil ; for though religious enthusiasm may sometimes seem a harmless delusion, compatible with amiable feelings and virtuous conduct, it more often allies itself with the malign passions, and then produces the virulent mischiefs of fanaticism. Opportunity may be wanting, and habit may be wanting, but intrinsic qualification for the perpetration of the worst crimes is not wanting to the man whose bosom heaves with religious enthusiasm, inflamed by malignancy. If checks are removed, if incite- ments are presented, if the momentum of action and custom is acquired, he will soon learn to contemn every emotion of kindness or of pity, as if it were a treason against heaven, and will make 12 ENTHUSIASM, it his ambition to rival the achievements, not of heroes, but of fiends. The amenities that have been diffused through society in modern times forbid the overt acts and excesses of fanatical feeling ; but the venom still lurks in the vicinity of enthusiasm, and may be quickened in a moment ; meantime, while smothered and repressed, it gives edge and spirit to those hundred religious differences which are still the opprobrium of Christianity. Whoever then admits into his bosom the artificial fire of an imaginative piety, ought first to assure himself that his heart har- bours no particle of the poison of ill-will. The reproach so eagerly propagated by those who make no religious pretensions, against those who do — that their godliness serves them as a cloak of immorality, is, to a great extent, calum- nious : it is also in some measure founded upon facts, which, though misunderstood and exag- gerated, give colour to the charge. When professors of religion are suddenly found to be wanting in common integrity, or in personal virtue, no other supposition is admitted by the world than that the delinquent was always a hypocrite ; and this supposition is, no doubt, sometimes not erroneous. But much more often his fall has surprised himself, not less than others; and is, in fact, nothing more than the natural issue of a fictitious piety, which, though it might hold itself entire under ordinary circumstances. SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 13 gave way necessarily in the hour of unusual trial. An artificial religion not only fails to impart to the mind the vigour and consistency of true virtue, but withdraws attention from those com- mon principles of honour and integrity which carry worldly men with credit through difficult occasions. The enthusiast is, therefore, of all men the one who is the worst prepared to with- stand peculiar seductions. He possesses neither the heavenly armour of virtue, nor the earthly. It were an affront to reason, as well as to theology, to suppose that true and universal virtue can rest on any other foundation than the fear and love of God. The enthusiast, therefore, whose piety is fictitious, has only a choice of im- moralities, to be determined by his temperament and circumstances. He may become, perhaps, nothing worse than a recluse — a lazy contem- platist, and intellectual voluptuary, shut up from his fellows in the circle of profitless spiritual delights and conflicts. The times are indeed gone by when persons of this class might, in contempt of their species, and in idolatry of themselves, withdraw to dens, and hold society only with bats, and make the supreme wisdom to consist in the possession of a long beard, a filthy blanket, and a taste for raw herbs : but the same tastes, animated by the same principles, fail not still to find place of indulgence, even amid the crowds of a city : and the recluse who lives in the world will probably be more sour in 14 ENTHUSIASM, temper than the anchoret of the wilderness. An ardent temperament converts the enthusiast into a zealot, who, while he is laborious in winning proselytes, discharges common duties very re- missly, and is found to be a more punctilious observer of his creed than of his word. Or, if his imagination be fertile, he becomes a visionary, who lives on better terms with angels and with seraphs, than with his children, servants, and neighbours : or he is one who, while he reve- rences the “ thrones, dominions and powers ” of the invisible world, vents his spleen in railing at all “ dignities and powers ” of earth. Superstition — the creature of guilt and fear, is an evil almost as ancient as the human family. But Enthusiasm, the child of hope, hardly ap- peared on earth until after the time when life and immortality had been brought to light by Chris- tianity. Hitherto, a cloud of the thickest gloom had stretched itself out before the eye of man as he trod the sad path to the grave ; and though poetry supplied its fictions, and philosophy its surmises, the one possessed little force, and the other could claim no authentication ; and there- fore neither had power to awaken the soul. But the Christian revelation not only shed a sudden splendour upon the awful futurity, but brought its revelations to bear upon the minds of men with all the pressure and intensity of palpable facts. The long slumbering sentiment of im- SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 15 mortal hope — a sentiment natural to the human constitution, and chief among its passions, instead of being deluded, as heretofore, by dreams, was thoroughly aroused by the hand and voice of reality ; and human nature exhibited a new deve- lopment of the higher faculties. When there- fore, in the second century of the Christian era, various and vigorous forms of an enthusiasm, such as the world had hitherto never known, are seen to start forth on the stage of history, we behold the indications of the presence of Truth, giving an impulse to the human mind, both for the better and the worse, which no fictions of sages or poets had ever imparted. In proportion as the influence of Scriptural religion faded, the elder and the younger vice — Superstition and Enthusiasm, joined their forces to deform every principle and practice of Christi- anity, and in the course of four or five centuries, under their united operation, a faint semblance only of its primeval beauty survived; another period of five hundred years saw Superstition prevail, almost to the extinction, not only of true religion, but of Enthusiasm also ; and mankind fell back into a gloom as thick as that of the ancient polytheism. But at length the breath of life returned to the prostrate church, and the accumulated and consolidated evils of many ages were thrown off in a day. Yet as Superstition more than Enthusiasm had spoiled Christianity, she, chiefly, was recognized as the enemy of 16 ENTHUSIASM, religion ; and the latter, rather than the former, was allowed to hold a place in the sanctuary after its cleansing. Since that happy period of refreshment and renovation, both vices have had their seasons of recovered influence ; but both have been held in check, and their prevalence effectually prevented. At the present time — we speak of protestant Christendom, the power of superstition is exceedingly small ; for the diffusion of general knowledge, and the prevalence of true religion, and not less, the influence of the infidel spirit, forbid the advances of an error which must always lean for support on ignorance and fear. Nor, on the other hand, can it be fairly affirmed that ours is eminently or conspicuously an age of religious enthusiasm. Yet as there are supersti- tions which still maintain a feeble existence under favour of the respect naturally paid to antiquity ; so are there also among us enthusiastic principles and practices, which, having been generated in a period of greater excitement than our own, are preserved as they were received from the fathers; and seem to be in safe course of transmission to the next generation. But even if it should appear that — excepting individual instances of constitutional extrava- gance, which it would be absurd, because useless, to make the subject of serious animadversion, enthusiasm is not now justly chargeable upon any body of Christians, there would still be a SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 17 very sufficient reason for attempting to fix the true import of the term, so long as it is vaguely and contumeliously applied by many to every degree of fervour in religion which seems to condemn their own indifference. Not indeed as if there were ground to hope that even the most exact and unexceptionable analysis, or the clearest definitions, would ever avail so to distinguish genuine from spurious piety as should compel irreligious men to acknowledge that the diffe- rence is real; for such persons feel it to be indis- pensable to the slumber of conscience to confound the one with the other; and although a thousand times refuted, they will again, when pressed by truth and reason, run to the old and crazv sophism, which pretends that, because Christ- ianity is sometimes disfigured by enthusiasts and fanatics, therefore there is neither retribution nor immortality for man. It is the infatuation of persons of a certain character to live always at variance with wisdom on account of other men’s follies ; and this is the deplorable error of those who will see nothing in religion but its corrup- tions. Nevertheless truth owes always a vindi- cation of herself to her friends, if not to her enemies ; and her sincere friends will not wish to screen their own errors when this vindication requires them to be exposed. If, as is implied in some common modes of speaking, enthusiasm were only an error in c 18 ENTHUSIASM, degree — a mere fault by excess, then the attempt to establish a definite distinction between what is blameworthy and what is commendable in the religious affections — between the maximum and minimum of emotion which sobriety approves, must be both hopeless and fruitless ; because we should need a scale adapted to every man’s con- stitution ; for the very same amount of fervour which may be only natural and proper to one mind, could not be attained by another without delirium or insanity; and if this notion were just, every one would be entitled to repel the charge of either apathy or enthusiasm ; and while one might maintain, that if he were to admit into his bosom a single degree more of religious fervour than he actually feels, he should become an en- thusiast, another might offer an equally reason- able apology for the wildest extravagances. At this rate the real offenders against sober piety could never be convicted of their fault ; and in allowing such a principle we should only authen- ticate the scorn with which indifference loves to look upon sincerity. That the error of the enthusiast does not con- sist in an excess merely of the religious emotions, might be argued conclusively on the ground that the Scriptures, our only safe guide on such points, while they are replete with the language of impassioned devotion, ancf while they contain a multitude of urgent and explicit exhortations, tending to stimulate the fervency of prayer, offer SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 19 no cautions against any such supposed excesses of piety. But, as matter of fact, nothing is more common than to meet with religionists whose opinions and language are manifestly deformed by enthusiasm, while their devotional feelings are barely tepid : languor, relaxation, apathy, not less than extra- vagance, characterise their style of piety; and it were quite a ludicrous mistake to warn such persons of the danger of being “ religious over- much.” Yet it must be granted that those ex- tremes in matters of opinion or practice, which sometimes render even torpor conspicuous by its absurdities, have always originated with minds susceptible of high excitement. Enthusiasm, in a concrete form, is the child of vivacious temper- aments ; but when once produced, it spreads almost as readily through inert, as through active masses, and shews itself to be altogether separable from the ardour or turbulence whence it sprang. To depict the character of those who are en- thusiasts by physical temperament, is then a matter of much less importance than to define the errors which such persons propagate ; for, in the first place, the originators of enthusiasm are few, and the parties infected by it many ; and, in the second, the evil with the latter is incidental, and therefore may be remedied ; while with the former, as it is constitutional, it is hardly in any degree susceptible of correction. c 2 20 ENTHUSIASM, The examination of’ a few principal points will make it evident that a very intelligible distinction may, without difficulty, be established between what is genuine and what is spurious in religious feeling ; and when an object so important is before us, we ought not to heed the injudicious, and perhaps sinister, delicacy of some persons who had rather that truth should remain for ever sullied by corruptions, and exposed to the con- tempt of worldlings, than that themselves should be disturbed in their narrow and long-cherished modes of thinking. And yet there are some lesser misconceptions, perhaps, which it is more wise to leave untouched, than to attempt to correct them at the cost of breaking up habits of thought and modes of speaking connected indissolubly with truths of vital importance. It should also be granted, that, when those explanations or illus- trations of momentous doctrines which an expo- sure of the error of the enthusiast may lead us to propound, seem at all to endanger the simplicity of our reliance upon the inartificial declarations of Scripture, they are much better abandoned at once, although in themselves, perhaps, justi- fiable, than maintained, if in doing so we are seduced from the direct light of revelation, into the dim regions of philosophical abstraction. Christianity has in some short periods of its his- tory been entirely dissociated from philosophical modes of thought and expression ; and assuredly it has prospered in such periods. At other times SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 21 it has scarcely been seen at all, except in the garb of metaphysical discussion ; and then it has lost all its vigour and glory. In the present state of the world the primitive insulation of religious truth from the philosophical style is scarcely practica- ble ; nor indeed does it seem so desirable while, happily, we are in no danger of seeing the light of revelation again immured in colleges. But although it is inevitable, and perhaps not to be regretted, that religious subjects, both doctrinal and practical, should, especially in books, admit such generalities, every sober-minded writer will remember that it is not by an intrinsic and permanent necessity, but by a temporary con- cession to the spirit of the age, that this style is used and allowed. He will moreover bear in mind that the concession leans towards a side of danger, and will therefore always hold himself ready to break off from even the most pleasing or plausible speculation, when his Christian instincts, if the phrase may be permitted, give him warning that he is going remote from the vital atmosphere of scriptural truth. Whatever is practically important in religion or morals may at all times be advanced and argued in the simplest terms of colloquial expression. From the pulpit, perhaps, no other style should at any time be heard ; for the pulpit belongs to the poor and to the un instructed. But the press is not bound by the same conditions, for it is an instrument of knowledge foreign to the 22 ENTHUSIASM, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. authenticated means of Christian instruction. A writer and a layman is no recognized func- tionary in the Church ; he may, therefore, choose his style without violating any rules or pro- prieties of office. * See note at the end of the Volume. SECTION II. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. The most formal and lifeless devotions, not less than the most fervent, are mere enthusiasm, unless it be ascertained, on satisfactory grounds, that such exercises are indeed efficient means for pro- moting our welfare. Prayer is impiety, and praise a folly, if the one be not a real instrument of obtaining important benefits, and the other an authorized and acceptable offering to the Giver of all good. But when once these points are deter- mined, and they are necessarily involved in the truth of Christianity, then, whatever improprie- ties may be chargeable upon the devout, an error of incomparably greater magnitude rests with the undevout. To err in modes of prayer may be reprehensible ; but not to pray, is mad. And when those whose temper is abhorrent to religious services animadvert sarcastically upon the follies, real or supposed, of religionists, there is a sad in- consistency in such criticisms, like that which is seen when the insane make ghastly mirth of the manners or personal defects of their friends and keepers. 24 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. The doctrine of immortality, as revealed in the Scriptures, gives at once reason and force to devotion ; for if the interests of the present life only, in which “one event happeneth to the just and to the unjust,” were taken into calculation, the utility of prayer could scarcely be proved, and never be made conspicuous, at least not to the profane. As matter of feeling, it is the ex- pectation of a more direct and sensible intercourse with the Supreme Being in a future life, that imparts depth and energy to the sentiments which fill the mind in its approaches to the throne of the heavenly Majesty. But the man of earth, who thinks himself rich when he has enjoyed the delights of seventy summers, and who deems the hope of eternity to be of less value than an hour of riotous sensuality, can never desire to penetrate the veil of second causes, or to “ find out the Almighty.” Glad to snatch the boons of the pre- sent life, he covets no knowledge of the Giver. Not so those into whose hearts the belief of a future life — of such a future life as Christianity depicts, has entered. They feel that the promised bliss cannot possibly spring from an atheistic satiety of animal or even of intellectual pleasures; but that the substance of it must consist in com- munion with him who is the source and centre of good. This belief and expectation sheds vigour through the soul while engaged in exercises of devotion ; for such employments are known to be the preparatives, and the foretastes, and the ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 25 earnests of the expected “ fulness of joy.” The only idea which the human mind, under its pre- sent limitations, can form of a pure and perpetual felicity, free from all elements of decay and cor- ruption, is that which it gathers and compounds from devotional sentiments. In cherishing and expressing these sentiments, it grasps, therefore, the substance of immortal delights, and by an affinity of the heart holds fast the unutterable hope set forth in the Scriptures. The Scrip- tures being admitted as the word of God, this intensity of devotional feeling is exempted from all blame or suspicion ; nor can it ever be shown that the very highest pitch of such feelings is in itself excessive or unreasonable. The mischiefs of enthusiasm arise, not from the force or fervour, but from the perversion of the religious affections. The very idea of addressing petitions to Him who “ worketh all things” according to the counsel of His own eternal and unalterable will, and the enjoined practice of clothing sentiments of piety in articulate forms of language, though these sentiments, before they are invested in words, are perfectly known to the Searcher of hearts, imply that, in the terms and the mode of intercourse between God and man, no attempt is made to lift the latter above his sphere of limited notions and imperfect knowledge. The terms of devotional communion rest even on a much lower ground than that which man, by efforts of reason and imagination, would fain attain to. Prayer, in its 26 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. very conditions, supposes, not only a condescension of the divine nature to meet the human, but a humbling of the human nature to a lower range than it might reach. But the region of abstract conceptions, of lofty reasonings, of magnificent images, has an atmosphere too subtile to support the health of true piety ; and in order that the warmth and vigour of life may be maintained in the heart, the common level of the natural affec- tions is chosen as the scene of intercourse between heaven and earth. In accordance with this plan of devotion, not only does the Supreme conceal Himself from our senses, but He reveals in His word barely a glimpse of His essential glories. By some naked affirmations we are indeed secured against false and grovelling notions of the Divine Nature ; but these hints are incidental, and so scanty, that every excursive mind goes beyond them in its conceptions of the infinite attributes. Nor is it only the brightness of the Eternal throne that is shrouded from the view of those who are invited to draw near to Him that “ sitteth thereon;” for the immeasurable distance that separates man from his Maker is carefully veiled by the concealment of the intervening orders of rational beings. Although the fact of such superior existences is clearly affirmed, no- thing more than the bare fact is imparted ; and we cannot misunderstand the reason and necessity of so much reserve ; for without it those free and kindly movements of the heart in which genuine ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 27 devotion consists, would be overborne by impres- sions of a kind that belong to the imagination. Distance is understood only by the perception of intermediate objects. The traveller who, with weary steps, has passed from one extremity to the other of a continent, and whose memory is fraught with the recollection of the various scenes of the journey, is qualified to attach a distinct idea to the higher terms of measurement ; but the notion of extended space, formed by those who have never passed the boundary of their native province, is vague and unreal. Such are the notions which, with all the aids of astronomy and arithmetic, we form of the distances even of the nearest of the heavenly bodies. But if the traveller, who has actually looked upon the ten thousand successive landscapes that lie between the farthest west and the remotest east, could, with a sustained effort of memory and imagination, hold all those scenes in recollection, and repeat the voluminous idea with distinct reiteration until the millions of millions were numbered that separate sun from sun ; and if the notion thus laboriously obtained, could be vividly supported and transferred to the pathless spaces of the uni- verse, then, that prospect of distant systems which night opens before us, instead of exciting mild and pleasurable emotions of admiration, would rather oppress the imagination under a painful sense of the measured interval. If the eye, when it fixes its gaze upon the vault of heaven, could see, in 28 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. fancy, a causeway arched across the void, and bordered in long series with the hills and plains of an earthly journey — repeated ten thousand and ten thousand times, until ages were spent in the pilgrimage, then would he who possessed such a power of vision, hide himself in caverns rather than venture to look up to the terrible magnitude of the starry skies, thus set out in parts before him. And yet the utmost distances of the material universe are finite ; but the disparity of nature which separates man from his Maker is infinite ; nor can the interval be filled up or brought under any process of measurement. Nevertheless, in the view of our feeble conceptions, an apparent measurement or filling up of the infinite void would take place, and so the idea of immense separation would be painfully enhanced, if distinct vision were obtained of the towering hierarchy of intelligences at the basement of which the human system is founded. Were it indeed permitted to man to gaze upward from step to step, and from range to range, of the vast edifice of rational existences, and could his eye attain its summit, and then perceive, at an infinite height beyond that highest platform of created beings, the lowest beams of the Eternal throne, what liberty of heart would afterwards be left to him in drawing near to the Father of spirits ? How, after such a re- velation of the upper world, could the affectionate cheerfulness of earthly worship again take place ? ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 29 Or how, while contemplating the measured vast- ness of the interval between heaven and earth, could the dwellers thereon come familiarly, as before, to the Hearer of prayer, bringing with them the small requests of their petty interests of the present life ? If introduction were had to the society of those beings whose wisdom has accumulated during ages which time forgets to number, and who have lived to see, once and again, the mystery of the providence of God complete its cycle, would not the impression of created superiority oppress the spirit, and obstruct its access to the Being whose excellences are absolute and infinite ? Or what would be the feelings of the infirm child of earth, if, when about to present his supplications, he found him- self standing in the theatre of heaven, and saw, ranged in a circle wider than the skies, the congregation of immortals ? These spectacles of greatness, if laid open to perception, would present such an interminable perspective of glory, and so set out the immeasurable distance between ourselves and the Supreme Being with a long gradation of splendours, that we should hence- forward feel as if thrust down to an extreme remoteness from the divine notice ; and it would be hard or impossible to retain, with any com- fortable conviction, the belief in the nearness of Him who is revealed as “ a very present help in every time of trouble.” But that our feeble spirits may not thus be overborne, or our faith 30 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. and confidence baffled and perplexed, the Most High hides from our sight the ministries of his court, and, dismissing his train, visits with infinite condescension the lowly abodes of those who fear Him, and dwells as a Father in the homes of earth. Every ambitious attempt to break through the humbling conditions on which man may hold communion with God, must then fail of success ; since the Supreme has fixed the scene of worship and converse, not in the skies, but on earth. The Scripture models of devotion, far from en- couraging vague and inarticulate contemplations, consist of such utterances of desire, or hope, or love, as seem to suppose the existence of correla- tive feelings, and indeed of every human sympathy in Him to whom they are addressed. And although reason and Scripture assure us that He neither needs to be informed of our wants, nor waits to be moved by our supplications, yet will He be approached with the eloquence of importunate desire, and He demands, not only a sincere feeling of indigence and dependence, but an undissembled zeal and diligence in seeking the desired boons by persevering request. He is to be supplicated with arguments as one who needs to be swayed and moved, to be wrought upon and influenced ; nor is any alternative offered to those who would present themselves at the throne of heavenly grace, or any exception made in favour of supe- rior spirits, whose more elevated notions of the ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 31 divine perfections may render this accommodated style distasteful. As the Hearer of prayer stoops to listen, so also must the suppliant stoop from the heights of philosophical or meditative abstrac- tions, and either come in genuine simplicity of petition, as a son to a father, or be utterly ex- cluded from the friendship of his Maker. This scriptural system of devotion stands opposed then to all those false sublimities of an enthusiastic pietism which affect to lift man into a middle region between heaven and earth, ere he may think himself admitted to hold com- munion with God. While the inflated devotee is soaring into he knows not what vagueness of upper space. He “ whom the heaven of heavens cannot contain,” has come down, and with benign condescension, has placed himself in the centre of the little circle of human ideas and affections. The man of imaginative, or of hyper-rational piety, is gone in contemplation where God is not; or where man shall never meet him : for “ the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is holy, and who dwelletli in the high and holy place,” when he invites us to his friendship, holds the splendour of his natural perfections in abeyance, and proclaims that “ He dwells with the man who is of a humble and contrite spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones.” Thus does the piety taught in the Scriptures make provision against the vain exaggerations of enthusiasm ; and 32 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. thus does it give free play to the affections of the heart ; while whatever might stimulate the ima- gination is enveloped in the thickest covering of obscurity. The outward forms and observances of worship are manifestly intended to discourage and exclude the false refinements of an imaginative piety, and to give to the religious affections a mundane, rather than a transcendental character. The congregated worshippers come into “ the house of God,” the hall or court of audience, on the intelligible terms of human association ; and they come by explicit invitation from Him who declares that “ wheresoever two or three are gathered together in his name, there He is” to meet them. And being so assembled, as in the actual presence of the “ King of saints,” they give utterance to the emotions of love, veneration, hope, joy, penitence, in all those modes of out- ward expression, which are at once proper to the constitution of human nature, and proper to be addressed to a being of kindred character and sympathies. Worship is planned altogether in adaptation to the limitations of the inferior party, not in proportion to the infinitude of the supe- rior : even the worship of heaven must be framed on the same principle ; for how high soever we ascend in the scale of created intelli- gence, still the finite can never surmount its boundaries, or at all adapt itself to the infinite. But the infinite may always bow to the finite. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 33 Those therefore who, inflated by enthusiasm, contemn and neglect the modes and style of worship proper to humanity, must find that, though indulgence is given to their affectation on earth, there can be no room allowed it in heaven. The dispensations of the divine providence towards the pious have the same tendency to confine the devout affections within the circle of terrestrial ideas, and to make religion always an occupant of the homestead of common feelings. “ Many are the afflictions of the righteous,” and wherefore, but to bring his religious belief and emotions into close contact with the humiliations of natural life, and to necessitate the use of prayer as a real and efficient means of obtaining needful assistance in distress ? If vague specu- lations or delicious illusions have carried the Christian away from the realities of earth, urgent wants or piercing sorrows presently arouse him from his dreams, and oblige him to come back to importunate prayer, and to un- affected praise. A strange incongruity may seem to present itself, when the sons of God — the heirs of immortality — the destined princes of heaven, are seen implicated in sordid cares, and vexed and oppressed by the perplexities of a moment ; but this incongruity strikes us only when the great facts of religion are viewed in the false light of the imagination ; for the process D 34 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. of preparation, far from being incompatible with these apparent degradations, requires them ; and it is by such means of humiliation that the hope of immortality is confined within the heart, and prevented from floating in the region of material images. We have said that, when an important object is zealously pursued in the use of means proper for its attainment, a mere intensity or fervour of feeling does not constitute enthusiasm. If there- fore prayer has a lawful object, whether temporal or spiritual, and is used in humble confidence of its efficiency as a means of obtaining the desired boon, or some equivalent blessing, there is no- thing unreal in the employment ; and, therefore, nothing enthusiastic. But there are devotional exercises which, though they assume the style and phrases of prayer, have no other object than to attain the immediate pleasures of excitement. The devotee is not in truth a j petitioner ; for his prayers terminate in themselves ; and when he reaches the expected pitch of transient emo- tion, he desires nothing more. This appetite for feverish agitations naturally prompts a quest of whatever is exorbitant in expression or senti- ment, and as naturally inspires a dread of all those subjects of meditation which tend to abate the pulse of the moral system. If the language of humiliation is at all admitted into the enthu- siast’s devotions, it must so be pointed with ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 35 extravagance, and so blown out with exaggerations, that it serves much more to tickle the fancy than to affect the heart : it is a burlesque of penitence, very proper to amuse a mind that is destitute of real contrition. That such artificial humiliations do not spring from the sorrow of repentance, is proved by their bringing with them no lowliness of temper. Genuine humility would shake the whole towering structure of this enthusiastic pietism ; and, therefore, in the place of Christian humbleness of mind, there are cherished certain ineffable notions of self-annihilation, and self-re- nunciation, and we know not what other attempts at metaphysical suicide. If you receive the en- thusiast’s description of himself, he has become, in his own esteem, by continued force of divine contemplation, infinitely less than an atom — a very negative quality — an incalculable fraction of positive entity : meanwhile the whole of his deportment betrays the sensitiveness of a self- importance ample enough for a god. Minds of superior order, and refined by cul- ture, may be full fraught with enthusiasm without exhibiting any very reprehensible extra- vagances ; for taste and intelligence conceal the offensiveness of error, as well as of vice. But it will not be so with the gross and the uneducated. These, if they are taught to neglect the substan- tial purposes of prayer, and are encouraged to seek chiefly the gratifications of excitement, will hardly refrain from the utterance of discontent, d 2 36 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. when they fail of success. Whatever physical or accidental cause may oppress the animal spirits, and so frustrate the attempt to reach the desired pitch of emotion, gives occasion to some sort of querulous altercation with the Supreme Being, or to some disguised imputation of caprice on the part of Him who is supposed to have with- held the expected spiritual influence. Thus the divine condescension in holding intercourse with man on the level of friendship, is abused in this wantonness of irreverence ; and the very same temper which impels a man of vulgar manners, when disappointed in his suit, to turn upon his superior with the language of rude opprobrium, is, in its degree, indulged towards the Majesty of heaven. “ Thou thoughtest that I was alto- gether such an one as thyself,” is a rebuke which belongs to those who thus affront the Most High with the familiarities of common companionship. We say not that flagrant abuses of this kind are of frequent occurrence, even among the uneducated ; yet neither are they quite unknown. A perceptible tendency towards them always accompanies the enthusiastic notion that the principal part of piety is excitement. The substitution of the transient and unreal, for the real and enduring objects of prayer, brings with it often that sort of ameliorated mysticism which consists in a solicitous dissection of the changing emotions of the religious life, and in a ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 37 sickly sensitiveness, which serves only to divert attention from what is important in practical virtue. There are anatomists of piety who destroy all the freshness and vigour of faith and hope and charity, by immuring themselves, night and day, in the infected atmosphere of their own bosoms. But now let a man of warm heart, who is happily surrounded with the dear objects of the social affections, try the effect of a parallel practice; let him institute anxious scrutinies of his feelings towards those whom, hitherto, he has believed himself to regard with unfeigned love; let him in these inquiries have recourse to all the fine distinctions of a casuist, and use all the pro- found analyses of a metaphysician, and spend hours daily in pulling asunder every complex emotion of tenderness that has given grace to the domestic life ; and, moreover, let him journalize these examinations, and note particularly, and with the scrupulosity of an accomptant, how much of the mass of his kindly sentiments he has ascertained to consist of genuine love, and how much was selfishness in disguise ; and let him, from time to time, solemnly resolve to be, in future, more disinterested and less hypocritical in his affection towards his family. What, at the end of a year, would be the result of such a pro- cess ? What, but a wretched debility and dejec- tion of the heart, and a strangeness and a sadness of the manners, and a suspension of the native expressions and ready offices of zealous affection ? 38 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. Meanwhile the hesitations and the musings, and the upbraidings of an introverted sensibility absorb the thoughts. Is it then reasonable to presume that similar practices in religion can have a tendency to promote the healthful vigour of piety ? By the constitution of the human mind, its emotions are strengthened in no other way than by exercise and utterance ; nor does it appear that the religious emotions are exempted from this general law. The Divine Being is revealed to us in the Scriptures as the proper and supreme object of reverence, of love, and of affectionate obedience ; and the natural means of exercising and of expressing these feelings are placed before us, both in the offices of devotion, and in the duties of life ; just in the same way that the opportunities of enhancing the domestic affections are afforded in the constitution of social life. Why then should the Christian turn aside from the course of nature, and divert his feelings from their outgoings towards the supreme object of devotional sentiments, by instituting curious re- searches into the quality and quantity and com- position of all his religious sensations ? This spiritual hypochondriasis enfeebles at once the animal, the intellectual, and the moral life, and is usually found in conjunction with infirmity of judgment, infelicity of temper, and inconsistency of conduct.. But it is alleged that the heart, even after it ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 39 has undergone spiritual renovation, is fraught with hidden evils, which mingle their influence with every emotion of the new life, and that an incessant analysis is necessary in order to detect and to separate the lurking mischiefs. To know the evils of the heart is indeed indispensable to the humility and the caution of true wisdom ; and whoever is utterly untaught in this dismal branch of learning is a fool. But to make it the chief object of attention is not only unnecessary, but fatal to the health of the soul. The motives of the social, not less than those of the religious life, are open to corrupting mix- tures, which spoil their purity, and impair their vigour. As, for example, the emotion of bene- volence, which impels us to go in quest of misery, and to labour and suffer for its relief, is liable, in most men’s minds, to be alloyed by some particles of the desire of applause ; indeed there are nice and learned anatomists of the heart, who assure us that benevolence, when placed in the focus of high optic powers, exhibits nothing but a gay feathery coat of vanity, set upon the flimsiness of selfish sensibility. Be it so — and let men of small souls amuse themselves with these pretty discoveries. But assuredly the philanthropist who is followed through life by the blessings of those “ that were ready to perish,” and whose memory goes down in the fragance of these blessings to distant ages, is not found to spend his days and nights in pursuing any such subtile micrologies. 40 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. Have the sons of wretchedness been holpen by Rochefoucaulds and Bruyeres; or by Howards? If the philanthropist be a wise and Christian man, he will, knowing as he does the evils and infirmities of the heart, endeavour to expel and preclude the corrupting mischiefs that spring from within, by giving yet larger play and action to the great motives by which exclusively he desires to be impelled ; he will, with new intent- ness, devote himself to the service in which his better nature delights, and bring his soul into still nearer contact with its chosen objects, and oblige himself to hold more constant communion with the miserable ; and he will spurn, with renovated courage, the whispers of indolence and fear. Thus he pushes forwards on the course of action, where alone, by the unalterable laws of human nature, the vigour of active virtue may be maintained and increased. If the heart be a dungeon of foul and vaporous poisons, if it be “ a cage of unclean birds,” if “ satyrs dance there,” if the “ cockatrice” there hatches her eggs of mischief, let the vault of dark impurity be thrown open to the purifying gales of heaven, and to the bright shining of the sun ; so shall the hated occupants leave their haunts, and the noxious exhalations be exhausted, and the deathly chills be dispelled. He, surely, need not want light and warmth who has the glories of heaven before him : let these glories be contemplated with constant and ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 41 upward gaze, while the foot presses with energy the path of hope, and the hand is busied in every office of charity. The Christian who thus pur- sues his way, will rarely, if ever, be annoyed by the spectres that haunt the regions of a saddened enthusiasm. The moping sentimentalism which so often takes the place of Christian motives, is to be avoided, not merely because it holds up piety to the view of the world under a deplorable dis- guise ; nor merely because it deprives its victims of their comfort ; but chiefly because it ordinarily produces inattention to the substantial matters of common morality. The mind, occupied from dawn of day till midnight, with its own multifa- rious ailments, and busied in studying its patho- logies, utterly forgets, or remissly discharges, the duties of social life : or the temper, oppressed by vague solicitudes, falls into a state which makes it a nuisance in the house. Or, while the rising and falling temperature of the spirit is watched and recorded, the common principles of honour and integrity are so completely lost sight of, that, without explicit ill-intention, grievous de- linquencies are fallen into, which fail not to bring a deluge of reproach upon religion. These melan- choly perversions of Christian piety might seem not to belong, with strict propriety, to our sub- ject; but in fact religious despondency is the child of religious enthusiasm. Exhaustion and dejection succeed to excitement, just as debility 42 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. follows fever. Yesterday the unballasted vessel was seen hanging out all the gaiety of its colours, and spreading wide its indiscretion before a breeze ; but the night came, the breeze strength- ened, and to day the hapless bark rolls dismasted, without help or hope, over the billows. Amid the various topics touched upon by Paul, Peter, John, and James, we scarcely find an allu- sion to those questions of spiritual nosology which, in later periods, and especially since the days of Augustine,* and very much in our own times, have filled a large space in religious writings. The Apostles believed, with unclouded confidence, * The metaphysico-devotional “ Confessions ” of the good Bishop of Hippo may perhaps not unfairly be placed at the head of this very peculiar species of literature. The author is reluctant to name some modern works which he might deem liable to objection, on the ground of their giving encouragement to religious sentimentalism, lest he should put into the mouth of the irreligious a style of criticism which they would not fail to abuse. He is aware that he runs a hazard of this sort in advancing what he has above advanced. He can only say that he thinks the subject much too important in itself, and too inti- mately connected with the theme of this Essay, to be passed in silence. And he cautions the irreligious reader, if the book should fall into the hand of any such unhappy person, not to suppose that the author would either disparage the important duty of self-examination; or speak slightingly of those mental struggles which will ever attend the conflict between good and evil in the heart that has admitted the purifying influence of the Holy Spirit. What he pleads for, is, that self-examination should always have reference to the Christian stan- dard of temper and conduct ; and that spiritual conflicts should always consist of a resistance against evil dispositions or immoral practices. What he fears on the part of religious folks is, a forget- fulness of meekness, temperance, integrity, amid the illusions — now gloomy, now gaudy, of a diseased brain. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 43 the revelation committed to them, of judgment to come, of redemption from wrath by Jesus Christ, and of eternal glory : these great facts filled their hearts, and governed their lives ; and, in conjunction with the precepts of morality, were the exclusive themes of their preaching and writing. Evidently they found neither time nor occasion for entering upon nice analyses of mo- tives ; or for indulging fine musings and personal melancholies ; nor did they ever think of resting the all-important question of their own sincerity, and of their claim to a part in the hope of the gospel, upon the abstract dialectics which have since been thought indispensable to the definition of a saving faith. Assuredly the Christians of the first age did not suppose that volumes of metaphysical distinctions must be written and read before the genuineness of religious profes- sions could be ascertained. The want, in modern times, of a vivid conviction of the truth of Chris- tianity, is probably the occasional source of many of these idle and disheartening subtleties ; and it may be believed that a sudden enhancement of faith — using the word in its unsophisticated meaning, throughout the Christian community, would dispel, in a moment, a thousand dismal and profitless refinements, and impart to the feelings of Christians that unvarying solidity which naturally belongs to the perception of facts so immensely important as those revealed in the Scriptures. 44 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. In witnessing, first, the entreaties, and sup- plications, and tears of a convicted, condemned, and repentant malefactor, prostrate at the feet of his sovereign ; and then the exuberance of his joy and gratitude in receiving pardon and life, no one would so absurdly misuse language as to call the intensity and fervour of the criminal’s feelings enthusiastical ; for however strong, or even un- governable those emotions may be, they are perfectly congruous with the occasion : they spring from no illusion ; but are fully justified by the momentous turn that has taken place in his affairs: in the past hour he contemplated nothing but the horrors of a violent, an ignominous, and a deserved death : but now life with its delights is before him. It is true that all men in the same circumstances would not undergo the same in- tensity of emotion : but all, unless obdurate in wickedness, must experience feelings of the same quality. And thus, so long as the real circum- stances under which every human being stands in the court of the Supreme Judge are clearly understood, and duly felt, enthusiasm finds no place : all is real ; nothing illusory. But when once these unutterably important facts are for- gotten or obscured, then, by necessity, every enhancement of religious feeling is a step on the ascent of enthusiasm; and it becomes a matter of very little practical consequence, whether the deluded pietist be the worshipper of some system of abstract rationalism, or of tawdry images, and ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 45 rotten relics ; though the latter error of the two is perhaps, preferable, inasmuch as a warm- hearted fervour is always better than frozen pride. One commanding subject pervades the Scrip- tures, and rises to view on every page : this recurring theme, towards which all instructions and histories tend, is the great and anxious ques- tion of condemnation or acquittal at the bar of God, when the irreversible sentence shall come to be pronounced. “ How shall man be just with God,” is the inquiry ever and again urged upon the conscience of him who reads the Bible with a humble and teachable desire to find therein the way of life. In subserviency to this leading intention, the themes which run through the sacred writings, and which distinguish those writings by an immense dissimilarity from all the remains of polytheistic literature, are those of guilt, shame, contrition, love, joy, gratitude, and affectionate obedience. And moreover, in confor- mity with this same intention, the Divine Being is revealed — if not exclusively, yet chiefly, as the party in the great controversy which sin has occasioned. The intercourse, therefore, which is opened between heaven and earth is almost con- fined to the momentous transactions of recon- ciliation and renewed friendship. When the Hearer of prayer invites interlocution with man, it is not, as perhaps in Eden, for the purposes of free and discursive converse, but for conference 46 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. on a special business. “ Come now, let us reason together, saith the Almighty; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow, though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.” The same speciality of purpose and limitation of subject is plainly implied in the appointment of a Mediator and Advocate ; for although the establishment of this happy medium of approach authorizes and encourages even a boldness of access to the throne of the heavenly grace, it not less evidently imposes a restriction or peculiarity upon the intercourse between God and man. As the intercessor exercises his office to obtain the bestowment of the benefits secured to man- kind by his vicarious sufferings, the suppliant must surely have those benefits especially in view. The work and office of the Mediator, and the desires and petitions of the client, are correlatives. “ No man,” said the Saviour, “ cometh unto the Father but by me.” It follows then, naturally, that those who thus come to the Father should keep in constant remembrance the great inten- tion of the mediatorial scheme, which is nothing else than to reconcile transgressors to the offended Majesty of heaven. But this unalterable condi- tion of all devotional services contains a manifest and efficacious provision against enthusiastical excitements; for the emotions of shame and peni- tence, and of joy in receiving the assurance of pardon, are not of the class with which the ima- gination has near affinity; and, in a well-ordered ENTHUSIASM OF THE ROMISH WORSHIP. 47 mind, they may rise to their highest pitch with- out either disturbing the powers of reason, or infringing the most perfect inward serenity, , or outward decorum. In a word, it may be confidently affirmed that no man becomes an enthusiast in religion, until he has forgotten that he is a transgressor — a transgressor reconciled to God by mediation. But when, either by the refinements of ra- ' tionalism — a gross misnomer, or by superstitious corruptions, the central facts of Christianity have become obscured, no middle ground remains between the apathy of formality and the extrava- gance of enthusiasm. The substance of religion is gone and its ceremonial only remains — remains to disgust the intelligent and to delude the simple. This momentous principle is strikingly displayed in the construction of the Romish worship. That false system assumes the great business of pardon and reconciliation with God to be a transaction that belongs only to priestly negotiation ; and as forgiveness has its price, and the priest is at once the appraiser of the offence, and the receiver of the mulct, it would be an intrusion upon his function, an interference that must derange his balances, for the transgressor to act on his own behalf, or ever to inquire what passes between the authorized agent of mercy, and the court of heaven. No room then is left in this system for the great and central subject of all devotional exercises. The doctrine of pardon having been cut off from 48 ENTHUSIASM worship, worship becomes unsubstantial. The expiatory death and availing intercession of the Son of God are taken within the rail of sacerdotal usurpation ; and of necessity, if Jesus Christ is at all to be set forth “ crucified before the people,” it can only be as an object of dramatic exhi- bition. This is the secret of the popish magni- ficence of worship. Music, and painting, and pantomime, and a tinsel declamation, must do their several parts to disguise the subduction of the essentials of devotion. The laity, having nothing to transact with God, must be amused and beguiled, “lest haply the gospel of His grace” should enter the heart, and so the trading intervention of the priest be superseded. The great purpose of the Romish worship, which is to preclude all genuine feelings hy substituting the enthusiasm of the imagination, is accomplished, it must be confessed, with con- summate skill and a just knowledge of the hu- man mind. The end proposed will, manifestly, be best attained when the emotions which spring from the imagination are made to re- semble as nearly as possible those that belong to the heart. The nicest imitation will be the most successful in this machinery of delusion. Hence it is, that while all those means of excite- ment are employed which quicken the physical sensibilities, the deeper sensibilities of the soul are also addressed, and yet always by the inter- vention of dramatic or poetic images. A plain OF THF. ROMAN WORSHIP. 49 and undisguised appeal to the heart is unknown to the system. If it be for a moment forgotten, that in every bell, bowl, and vest of the Romish service, there is hid a device against the liberty and welfare of mankind, and that its gold, and pearls, and fine linen are the deckings of eter- nal ruin ; and if this apparatus of worship be compared with the impurities and the cruelties of the old polytheistic rites, great praise may seem due to its contrivers. Nothing in Chris- tianity that might subserve the purposes of dramatic effect has been overlooked ; even the most difficult parts of the materials have been wrought into keeping. The humiliations and poverty which shroud the glory of the principal personage, and the horrors of his death ; the awful beauty and compassionate advocacy of the virgin mother, the queen of heaven ; the stern dignity of the twelve ; the marvels of miraculous power; the heroism of the martyrs; the mortifications of the saints ; the punishment of the enemies of the church ; the practices of devils ; the intercession and tutelary cares of the blessed ; the sorrows of the nether world, and the glories of the upper ; — all these materials of poetic and scenic effect have been elaborated by the genius and taste of the Italian artists, until a spectacle has been got up which leaves the most splendid shows of the ancient idol- E 50 ENTHUSIASM worship of Greece and Rome at a vast distance of inferiority.* But of what avail is all this sumptuous appa- ratus in promoting either genuine piety or purity of manners? History and existing facts leave no obscurity on the question ; for the atrocity of crime, and the foulness of licentiousness, have ever kept pace with the perfection of the Romish service. Those nations upon whose manners it has worked its proper influence with the fullest effect, have been the most corrupt and the most debauched. Splendid rites and odious vices have dwelt in peace under the same consecrated roofs, and the actors and spectators of these sacred pantomimes * Strictly speaking, the religion of Greece was not eminently a religion of ritual splendour ; on the contrai-y, there reigned in the public services of the most intellectual of all nations much of the simplicity of devout fervour, much of the chasteness of fine taste, and much of the archaic and unadorned solemnity that had descended to the Greeks from the patriarchal ages. Even in their theatres and on their race-courses, there was far less of pomp and finery than is de- manded on similar occasions by a modern European populace. The Romans carried the sublime in decoration to a further point; and in the same degree exchanged reason and taste for colours, gild- ings, and draperies. Upon the Roman barbaric magnificence the corrupt church of the fifth and following centuries engrafted, in a confused medley, the gorgeous conceptions of the eastern nations — the terrible ideas of the northern hordes — the jugglings of Italian priests, and the sheer puerilities of monks and children. Such is the Christian worship of Rome ! Nevertheless, its elements comprise so much that is beautiful, or imposing, that its puerilities catch not the eye ; and a man must be very rational who altogether repels the impression of its services. OF POPULAR ORATORY. 51 have been wont to rush together from the solemn pomps of worship to the chambers of filthy sin. The substitution of poetic enthusiasm for ge- nuine piety may however take place without the decorations of the Romish service ; but the means employed must be of a more intellectual cast: eloquence must take all the labour on itself, and must subject the doctrines of Scrip- ture to a process of refinement which shall deposit whatever is substantial and affecting, and retain only what is magnific, pathetic, or sublime. And yet the principles of protestantism, and, in some respects, the national temper, and certainly the spirit of the devotional services of the English church, all discourage the attempt to hold forth the subjects of evangelical teaching in the gor- geous colours of an artificial oratory. And if the evidence of facts were listened to, such attempts would never be made by men who honestly desire to discharge the momentous du- ties of the Christian ministry in the manner most conducive to the welfare of their hearers. A blaze of emotion having the semblance of piety, may be kindled by descriptive and impassioned harangues, such as those that are heard on days of festival from French and Italian pulpits ; but it will be found that the Divine Spirit, without whose agency the heart is never permanently affected, sternly refuses to become a party in any e 2 52 ENTHUSIASM such theatric exercises ; these emotions will therefore subside without leaving a vestige of salutary influence. Yet is there perhaps a lawful, though limited range open, in the pulpit, to the powers of de- scriptive eloquence. The preacher may safely embellish all those subsidiary topics that are not included within the circle of the primary prin- ciples on which the religious affections are built; for in addressing the imagination on these acces- sary points, he does not incur the danger of founding piety altogether upon illusions. The great and beautiful in nature, and perhaps the natural attributes of the Deity, and the episodes of sacred history, and the diversities of human character, and the scenes of social life, and the secular interests of mankind, may, by their in- cidental connexion with more important themes, furnish the means of awakening attention, and of varying the sameness of theological discourse. Or even if no unquestionable plea of utility could be urged in recommendation of such divertiseinents, at the worst they are not charge- able with the desecration of fundamental doc- trines ; nor do they generate delusion where delusion must be fatal. But it is not so with the principal matters of the preacher’s message to his fellow-men, which can hardly be touched by the pencil of poetic or dramatic eloquence without incurring a hazard of the highest kind, inasmuch as the excitement so engendered OF POPULAR ORATORY. 53 more often excludes, than merely impairs genuine feelings. If the taste of an audience be quickened and cultivated, nothing is more easy to the teacher, or more agreeable to the taught, than a transi- tion from the sphere of spiritual feeling to the regions of poetic excitement. Intellect is put in movement by the change ; conscience is lulled ; the weight that may have rested on the heart is upborne, and a state of animal elasticity induced, which, so long as it continues, dispels the sadness of earthly cares. Let it be supposed that the subject of discourse is that one which, of all others, should be the most solemnly affecting to those who admit the truth of Christianity — the awful process of the last judgment. The speaker, we will believe, intends nothing but to inspire a salutary alarm ; and with this view he essays his utmost command of language, while he describes — the sudden waning of the morning sun, the blackening of the heavens, the decadence of stars, the growing thunders of coming wrath, the clang of the trumpet, whose notes break the slumbers of the dead: the crash of the pillars of earth, the bursting forth of the treasures of fire, and the solving of all things in the fervent heat. Then the bright appearance of the Judge, encircled by the splendours of the court of heaven ; the con- voked assemblage of witnesses from all worlds, filling the concave of the skies. Then the dense masses of the family of man, crowding the area 54 ENTHUSIASM of the great tribunal ; the separation of the multitude ; the irreversible sentence, the depar- ture of the doomed, the triumphant ascent of the ransomed. Compared with themes like these, how poor wrere the subjects of ancient oratory! And such is their force, such the freshness of their power, that though a thousand times presented to the imagination, they may yet again, whenever skil- fully managed, command breathless attention — while the sands of the preacher’s hour are running out. Nor ought it to be absolutely affirmed that excitements of this kind can never produce salu- tary impressions ; or that such impressions never accompany the hearer beyond the threshold of the church, or survive a day’s contact with secu- lar interests : peremptory assertions of this sort are unnecessary to our argument. The question to be answered is, whether this species of move- ment be not of the nature of mere enthusiasm, and whether it does not ordinarily rather exclude than promote religious feelings. In reference to the illustration we have ad- duced, there might be room for the previous inquiry, whether, on sound principles of inter- pretation, the language of Scripture ought to be understood as giving any warrant whatever to those material images of terrible sublimity with which it is usual to invest the proceedings of the future day of retribution. But let it be granted that the customary representations of popular OF POPULAR ORATORY. 55 oratory are not erroneous ; and that when the preacher thus accumulates the physical machinery of terror, he is truly picturing that last scene of the terrestrial history of man. Even then it were not difficult, by an effort of reasoning and of meditation, and by following out the emotions of our moral constitution, to realize the feelings which must fill the soul on that day when the secrets of all hearts shall be published ; and these feelings may be imagined, on probable grounds of anticipation, to be such as must render all exterior perceptions dim, and make even the most stupendous magnificence of the surrounding scene, to fade from the sight. It is nothing but the present torpor of the moral sen- timents that allows to material ideas so much power to occupy and overwhelm the mind ; but when the soul shall be quickened from its lethargy, then, good and evil will take that seat of influence which has been usurped by unsub- stantial images of greatness, beauty, or terror. What are the thunderings of a thousand storms, what the clangour of the trumpet, or the crash of earth, or the universal blaze; what the dazzling front of the celestial array ; or even the appalling apparatus of punishment, to the spirit that has become alive to the consciousness of its own moral condition, and is standing naked in the manifested presence of the High and Holy One ! That time of judgment, which is to dispel all disguises, and to drag sin from its coverts into the 56 ENTHUSIASM full light of heaven, will assuredly find no moment of leisure for the discursive eye ; one perception, one emotion will doubtless rule exclusive in the soul. No extravagance or groundless refinement is contained in the supposition that, in the great day of inquiry and award, the moral shall so overwhelm the physical, that when, by regular process of evidence, according to the forms of that perfect court, conviction has been obtained of even some minor offence against the eternal laws of purity or justice — an offence, which, if confessed on earth, would hardly have brought a blush upon the cheek, the heart will be penetrated with an anguish of shame that shall preclude the perception of surrounding wonders : on that day it will he sin, not a flaming world, that shall appal the soul. If anticipations such as these approve them- selves to reason, it follows that the humblest and the least adorned eloquence of a purely moral kind, of which the only topics are sin and holiness, guilt and pardon, takes incomparably a nearer and a safer road towards the attainment of the great object of Christian instruction, than the most overwhelming oratory that addresses itself chiefly to the imagination. Nay, it may be affirmed that such oratory, however artfully ela- borated, and however well intended it may be, is nothing better than a curtain, finely wrought indeed with gorgeous colours, hut serving to OF POPULAR ORATORY. 57 hide from men the substantial terrors of the day of retribution. Nothing then can be more glaringly inequit- able than the manner in which the imputation of enthusiasm is frequently advanced in relation to pulpit oratory. On the ground, either of com- mon sense or of philosophical analysis, the epithet must be assigned to him who, in neglect or con- tempt of the substance of his argument, draws an idle and profitless excitement from its adjuncts. And on the same ground we must exculpate from such a charge the speaker who, however intense may be his fervour, is himself moved, and labours to move others, by what is most solid and momentous in his subject. Now to recur for a moment to the illustration already adduced. In the anticipations we may form of the day of judgment, there are combined two perfectly dis- tinct classes of ideas; on the one side there are those images of physical grandeur and of dra- matic effect which offer themselves to the ima- ginative orator as the proper materials of his art, and which, if skilfully managed, will not fail to produce the kind of excitement that is desired by both speaker and hearer. On the other side there are, in these anticipations, the forensic pro- ceedings which form the very substance of the fearful scene ; and these proceedings, though of infinite moment to every human being, tend rather to quell than to excite the imagination, and therefore afford the preacher no means of 58 CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. producing effect, or even of keeping alive atten- tion, unless the conscience of the hearer is alarmed, and his heart opened to the salutary impressions of fear, shame, and hope. In looking then at these themes, so distinct in their qualities, we ask — Is he the enthusiast who concerns him- self with the substance ; or he who amuses him- self and his hearers with the shadow ? Yet is it common to hear an orator spoken of as a sound and sober divine, who, for maintaining his influ- ence and popularity, depends exclusively, con- stantly, and avowedly upon his power to affect the imagination and the passions by poetic or dramatic images, and who is perpetually labour- ing to invest the solemn doctrines of religion in a garb of attractive eloquence. Meanwhile a less accomplished speaker, who — perhaps with more of vehemence than of elegance, insists simply upon the momentous part of his message, is branded as an enthusiast, merely because his fervour rises some degrees above that of others. Ineffable folly! to designate as enthusiastical the intensity of genuine emotions, and to approve as rational mere deliriums of the fancy, which in- tercept the influence of momentous truths upon the heart. Yet such is the wisdom of the world ! It cannot be pretended that the distinction be- tween genuine and enthusiastic piety turns upon a metaphysical nicety : nothing so important to all men must be imagined to await the CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. 59 determination of abstruse questions ; and if the distinction which has been illustrated in the pre- ceding pages is not perfectly intelligible, it may safely be rejected as of no practical value. But surely there can hardly be any one so little ob- servant of his own consciousness as not to have learned that the feelings excited by what is beautiful or sublime, terrible or pathetic, differ essentially from those emotions that are kindled in the heart by the ideas of goodness and of purity, or of malignancy and pollution. And every one must know that virtue and piety have their range among feelings of the latter, not of the former class ; and every one must perceive that if the former occupy the mind to the exclu- sion of the latter, the moral sentiments cannot fail to be impoverished or corrupted. It is moreover very evident that the great facts of Christianity possess, adjunctively, the means of exciting, in a powerful degree, the emotions that belong to the imagination, as well as those which affect the heart; it therefore follows that the former may, in whole or in part, supplant the latter ; and thus a fictitious piety be engendered, which, while it produces much of the semblance of true religion, yields none of its substantial fruits. In this manner it may happen, not in rare instances, but in many, that if, in the his- tory of an individual, a season of religious excite- ment has once taken place, though it had in it little or nothing of the elements of a change from 60 CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. evil to good, it may have been assumed as con- stituting a valid and inamissible initiation in the Christian life; and if subsequently the decencies of religion and of morality have been preserved, a strong supposition of sinceiity is entertained to the last even though all was illusory. Yet these melancholy cases of self-deception are not to be remedied by mere explanations of the delusion ; on the contrary, the practical use to be made of definitions and distinctions and descriptions in matters of religious feeling, is to exhibit the necessity, and to enhance the value of more available tests of sincerity. Thus, for example, if it appear that, in times like the present, when religious profession undergoes no severe probation, the danger of substituting some species of enthusiasm for true piety is extreme, there will appear the greater need to have re- course to those means of proof which infallibly discriminate between truth and pretension. This means of proof is nothing else than the standard of morals and of temper exhibited in the Scrip- tures. No other method of determining the most momentous of all questions is given to us ; and none other is needed. We can neither as- cend into the heavens, there to inspect the book of life, nor satisfactorily descend into the depths of the heart to analyze the complex and occult varieties of its emotions. But we may instantly and certainly know whether we do the things which he whom we call Lord has commanded. SECTION III. ENTHUSIASTIC PERVERSIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF DIVINE INFLUENCE. A sentiment natural to the human mind, leads it to entertain and to dwell with pleasure upon the belief of the stability and permanence of the material world. Whether we view the multiform ranks of organized and animated beings which cover the earth, or examine the occult processes of nature, or look upwards, and contemplate distant worlds, the regularity with which the great machine of the visible creation effects its revolutions, inspires a deep emotion of delight. This feeling brings with it involuntarily the sup- position of extended duration ; nor is it without extreme difficulty that we can separate the idea of so vast a combination of causes and effects, moving forward with unfailing precision, from the thought — if not of eternity, yet of unnum- bered ages gone by, and yet to come. While these natural impressions occupy the mind, a strange revulsion of feeling takes place, if sud- denly it is recollected that the massy pillars of creation, with its towering superstructure, and its high-wrought embellishments, and its 62 DOCTRINE OF innumerable tenants, are absolutely destitute of intrinsic permanency, and that the stupendous frame, with its nice and mighty movements, is incessantly issued anew from the fount of being. Apart from the Divine volition, perpetually ac- tive, there can be no title to existence ; and in the moment which should succeed to the cessa- tion of the efficient will of the First Cause, all creatures must fall back to utter dissolution. Reason as well as faith justifies this doctrine, and demands that we deny independency to whatever is created, and devoutly confess that God is “ all in all.” In Him by whom they were formed, all things consist:” in Him all “ live and move and have their being.” He is the author and giver of life ; and in the strictest sense it may be affirmed that every day is a day of creation, not less than that on which “ the morning stars” uttered their earliest shout of joyous wonder : every moment during the lapse of ages, the word of power is pronounced from the height of the Eternal Throne — “ let there be light” and life. This belief constitutes the base- ment-principle of all religion, and is the senti- ment from which piety must take its spring. The notion of independency and of eternity, suggested by the regular movements of nature, are thus thrown off from the surface of the visible world, and go to enhance our impressions of the glories of Him who alone is eternal, unchangeable and independent. 63 DIVINE INFLUENCE. But it is certain that the conditions of exist- ence, not less than its matter and form, are from God. In truth the notions of being, and of well- being, are not to be distinguished in reference to the Divine causation ; for each of His works is perfect, both in model and in movement. There is therefore no particle of virtue or of happiness in the universe, any more than of bare existence, of which God is not the author. Neither Scrip- ture nor philosophy permits exceptions or dis- tinctions to be made ; for if we attribute to the Creator the organ, we must also attribute to Him its functions, and its health too, which is only the perfection of its functions. And thus also, if the soul, with its complex apparatus of reason, and moral sentiment, and appetite, be the handy work of God, so is its healthful action. But the healthful action of the soul consists in love to God and free subjection to His will. Virtue is nothing else in its substance, nothing else in its cause. As in Him we live and move and have our being, so also it is He who “ worketh in us to will and to do” whatever is pleasing to him- self. Whether we take the safe and ready method of acquiescing in the obvious sense of a multitude of Scriptures, or pursue the laborious deductions of abstract reasoning, the same conclusion is attained, that in the present world, and in every other where virtue and happiness are found, virtue and happiness are the emanations of the divine blessedness and purity. 64 DOCTRINE OF But if this efflux of the Divine nature belongs to the original constitution of intelligent beings, and is the permanent and only source of all goodness and felicity, it must be intimately fitted to the movements of mind, and must harmonize perfectly with its mechanism ; just as perfectly as the creative influence harmonizes with the mechanism and movements of animal life. Whatever is vigorous and healthful in the one kind of existence, or holy and happy in the other, is of God, whose power and goodness are, throughout the universe, the natural, not the supernatural cause of whatever is not evil. It were then a strange supposition to imagine that this impartation of virtue and happiness may be perceptible to the subject of it, like the access of a foreign and extraordinary influence ; or that while the creative agency is altogether undis- tinguishable amid the movements of animal and intellectual life, the spiritual agency which con- veys the warmth and activity of virtue to the soul, is otherwise than inscrutable in its mode of operation. As the one kind of divine energy does not display its presence by convulsive or capricious irregularities, but by the unnoticed vigour and promptitude of the functions of life; so the other energy cannot, without irreverence, be thought of as making itself felt by extra-natural impulses, or sensible shocks upon the intellectual system ; but must rather be imagined as an equable pulse of life, throbbing from within, DIVINE INFLUENCE. 65 and diffusing softness, sensibility and force through the soul. It is indeed true that if death or torpor has long held the moral powers in suspended action, the returning principle of life, while working its way in contrariety to the inveterate derange- ments of the system, may make itself felt other- wise than where no such derangement has existed ; yet will it only be perceived by its collision with the evils that have usurped the heart ; not by its spontaneous movements. These are, in truth, the foreign and disturbing influences ; it is these that make themselves known by their abrupt and capricious activity, by their convulsive or feverish force. Meanwhile the heavenly emanation which heals, cleanses, and blesses the spirit is still, and constant, and transparent, as “ a well of water springing up unto eternal life.” Nevertheless, from the accidents of the position in which we are placed, the divine influence may appear under an aspect immensely unlike that in which we should view it, if our prospect of the intelligent universe were more extended than it is. Thus the sad tenant of a dungeon, who has spent the days of many years alive in the dark- ness of the tomb, thinks otherwise of the light of the sun, as he watches the pencil ray that tra- verses his prison wall, than those do who walk abroad amid the splendours of the summer’s noon. Or we may imagine a world of once 66 DOCTRINE OF animated beings to be lying in the coldness and corruption of death, and we may suppose that the creative power returns and reanimates some among the dead, restoring them instantaneously to the warmth, and vigour, and enjoyments of life. The spectator of this partial resurrection, who had long contemplated nothing but the dismal stillness and corruption of the universal death, might, in his glad amazement, forget that the death of so many, not the life of the few, is anomalous, and strange, and contrary to the order of nature. The miracle, if so he will term it, is nothing more — nothing else, than what is every instant taking place throughout the wide realms of happy and virtuous existence. The life-giving energy, whose beams of expansive beneficence had been for a while, and in this world of death, intercepted or withdrawn, has returned with a kindling revulsion to its wonted channel ; and now moves on in copious tranquil- lity. And yet the dead may out-number the living; nevertheless the condition of the former, not that of the latter, is extraordinary ; and the return to life, how amazing soever it may seem, could with no propriety be called supernatural. The language of Scripture, when it asserts the momentous doctrine of the renovation of the soul by the immediate agency of the Spirit of God, employs figurative terms which, while they give the utmost possible force to the truth so conveyed, indicate clearly the congruity of the DIVINE INFLUENCE. 67 change with the original construction of human nature. The return to virtue and happiness is termed — a resurrection to life ; or it is a new birth ; or it is the opening of the eyes of the blind, or the unstopping the ears of the deaf; or it is the springing up of a fountain of purity ; or it is a gale of heaven, neither seen nor known but by its effects ; or it is the growth and fructi- fication of the grain ; or it is the abode of a guest in the home of a friend, or the residence of the Deity in His temple. Each of these em- blems, and all others used in the Scriptures in reference to the same subject, combines the double idea of a change — great, definite, and absolute ; and of a change from disorder, corrup- tion, derangement, to a natural and permanent condition : they are all manifestly chosen with the intention of excluding the idea of a miracu- lous or semi-miraculous intervention of power. On the one hand, it is evident that a change of moral dispositions, so entire as to be properly symbolized by calling it a new birth, or a resur- rection to life, must be much more than a self- effected reformation ; for if it were nothing more, these figures would be preposterous, unnecessary, and delusive. But on the other hand, this change must be perfectly in harmony with the physical and intellectual constitution of human nature, or the same figures would be devoid of propriety and significance. But a doctrine of divine influence like this, f 2 6S PERVERSIONS OE though so full of promise and of comfort to the aspirant after true virtue, offers nothing to those who desire transitory excitements, and who look for visible displays of supernatural power; and therefore it does not satisfy the religious enthu- siast. Not content to be the recipient of an invigorating and purifying emanation, which, unseen and unperceived, elevates the debased affections, and fixes them on the Supreme Excel- lence ; nor satisfied to know that, under this healing influence, the inveteracy of evil dispo- sitions is broken up, and a real advance made in virtue, he asks some sensible evidence of the in- dwelling of the Holy Spirit, and would fain so dissect his own consciousness as to bring the presence of the Divine agent under palpable examination. Or he seeks for some such extra- ordinary turbulence of emotion as may seem unquestionably to surpass the powers and course of nature. Fraught with these wishes, he con- tinually gazes upon the variable surface of his own feelings, in unquiet expectation of a super- natural troubling of the waters. The silent rise of the well-spring of purity and peace he neither heeds nor values ; for nothing less than the eddies and sallies of religious passion can assure him that he is “ born from above.” A delusive notion of this kind at once diverts attention from the cultivation and practice of the virtues, and becomes a fermenting principle of frothy agitations, that either work them- THIS DOCTRINE. 69 selves off’ in the sourness of an uncharitable temper, or are followed by physical melancholies, or perhaps by such a relaxation of the moral sentiments as leaves the heart exposed to the seductions of vicious pleasure. Thus the reli- gious life, instead of being a sunshine of aug- menting peace and hope, is made up of an alternation of ecstacies and despondencies ; or; worse, of devotional fervours and of sensual indulgences. The same error naturally brings with it a habit of referring to other, and to much less satisfactory tests of Christian charac- ter than the influence of religion upon the temper and conduct. So it happens that prac- tical morality, from being slighted as the only valid credential of profession, comes, too often, to be thought of as something which, though it may be well in its way, is a separable adjunct of true piety. The rate of general feeling that exists at any time in a community measures the height to which the exorbitances of enthusiasm may attain;, thus in times of peculiar excitement a perverted notion of Divine influence is seen to ripen into the most fearful excesses. In such seasons it is not enough that the presence of the Holy Spirit should be indicated by unusual com- motions of the mind ; but convulsions of the body also are demanded in proof of the hea- venly agency. Extravagance becomes glut- tonous of marvels ; religion is transmuted into. 70 PERVERSIONS OF pantomime: delirium and hypocrisy, often found to be good friends, take their turns of triumph ; while humility, meekness, and sincerity, are trodden down in the rout of impious confusion. Deplorable excesses of this kind happily are infrequent, and never of long continuance; but it has happened more than once in the history of Christianity that the habit of grimace in religion, having established itself in an hour of fanatical agitation, and become associated, perhaps, with momentous truths, as well as with the distinguishing tenets of a sect, has long survived the warmth of feeling in which it ori- ginated, and whence it might derive some apology, and has passed down from father to son, a hideous mask of formality, worshipped by the weak, and loathed, though not discarded, by the sincere. Meanwhile an hereditary or a studied agitation of the voice and muscles, most ludicrous, if it were not most horrible to be seen, is made to represent before the world the sacred and solemn truth, a truth essential to Christianity, that the Spirit of God dwells in the hearts of Christians. Whatever special interpretation may be given to our Lord’s awful announcement concerning the sin against the Holy Ghost, an announcement which stands out as an anomaly in the midst of his declara- tions of mercy, every devout mind must regard it as shedding a fearful penumbra of warning around the doctrine of divine influence, and THIS DOCTRINE. 71 will admit an apprehension lest he should, by any perversion of that doctrine, approach the precincts of so tremendous a guilt, or become liable to the charge of giving occasion in others to unpardonable blasphemies. If it be true that the agency of the Holy Spirit in renovating the heart is perfectly congruous with the natural movements of the mind, both in its animal and intellectual constitution, it is implied that whatever natural means of suasion, or of rational conviction, are proper to rectify the motives of mankind, will be employed as concomitant, or second causes of the change. These exterior and ordinary means of amend- ment are, in fact, only certain parts of the entire machinery of human nature ; nor can it be believed that its Author holds in light esteem His own wisdom of contrivance ; or is at any time obliged to break up or to contemn the mechanism which He has pronounced to be “ very good.” That there actually exists no such intention or necessity is declared by the very mode and form of revealed religion ; for this revelation consists of the common materials of moral influence — argument, history, poetry, eloquence. The same divine authentication of the natural modes of in- fluence, is contained in the establishment of the Christian ministry, and in the warrant given to parental instruction. These institutions concur to proclaim the great law of the spiritual world. 72 PERVERSIONS OF that the heavenly grace which reforms the soul operates constantly in conjunction with second causes and ordinary means. In an accommo- dated, yet legitimate sense of the words, it may be affirmed of every such cause, that the “ powers that be are of God; there is no power but of His ordaining; and whosoever resisteth (or would supersede) the power, resisteth the ordinance of God.” No one can doubt the possibility, abstractedly, of the immediate agency of the Omnipotent Spirit of Grace without the intervention of means ; nor does any one doubt the power of God to support human life without aliments ; for “ man liveth not by bread alone.” But in neither case does He adopt this mode of inde- pendent operation : on the contrary, the Divine conduct, wherever we can trace it, is seen to approve much more the settled arrangements of wisdom, than the bare exertions of power. The treasures of that wisdom are surely never exhausted, nor can a case arise in which an im- mediate effort of Omnipotence becomes necessary merely to supply the lack of instruments. Nor does the vindication of the honours of Sovereign Grace need any such naked interpositions ; for the absolute necessity of an efficient power above that which resides in the natural means of suasion is abundantly proved, on the one hand, by the frequent inefficacy of these means, when employed under the most favourable circumstances ; and THIS DOCTRINE. 73 on the other, by the frequent efficacy of means apparently inadequate to the production of the happy changes which result from them. It is not only affirmed by Scripture, but established by experience, that “ neither he that planteth, nor he that watereth, is any thing and at the same time it is affirmed by the one, and esta- blished by the other, that, apart from the plant- ing and the watering of the husbandman, God giveth no increase. No persuasion or instruction, we are assured, can of itself, in any one instance, avail to pene- trate the death-like indifference of the human mind towards spiritual objects ; but when once this torpor is removed by inscrutable grace, then the very feeblest and most inadequate means are sufficient for effecting the renovation of the heart. A single phrase, speaking of judgment to come, lisped by a child, will prove itself of power to awaken the soul from the slumber of the sensual life, if, when the sound falls on the ear, the spirit be quickened from above. In such a case it were an error to affirm that the change of character was effected independently of external means ; for though they were dis- guised under a semblance of extreme feebleness, and were such as might be easily overlooked or forgotten, they had in themselves the substantial powers of the highest eloquence ; and what might have been added to the momentous truth, so feebly announced, would have been little 74 PERVERSIONS OE more than embellishment, like the embroideries and embossments of the warrior’s garniture, which add nothing to the vigour of his arm. Two causes seem to have operated in main- taining the notion that divine influence is disso- ciated from concurrent means of suasion ; the first of these is an ill-judged but excusable jealousy on the part of pious persons for the honour of Sovereign Grace ; and is a mere re- action upon orthodoxy from the Pelagian and semi-Pelagian heresies : such persons have thought it necessary for the safety of a most important doctrine, not merely to assert the su- premacy of the ultimate agent ; but to disparage, as much as possible, all intermediate instruments. The second of these causes is the imaginary difficulty felt by those who having unadvisedly plunged into the depths of metaphysical theology, when they should have busied themselves only with the plain things of religion, fail in every attempt to adjust their notions of divine aid and human responsibility ; and, therefore, if they would be zealous for the honour due to the first, think themselves obliged almost to nullify the second. If any such difficulty actually exists, it should be made to rest upon the operations of nature, where it meets us not less than in the precincts of theology ; and the husbandman should desist from his toils until schoolmen have demonstrated to him the rationale of the combined operation of first and second causes. Or if such a demon- THIS DOCTRINE. 75 stration must not be waited for, and if the hus- bandman is to commit the precious grain to the earth, and to use all his skill and industry in favouring the inscrutable process of nature, then let the theologian pursue a parallel course, satis- fied to know that while the Scriptures affirm in the clearest manner whatever may enhance our ideas of the necessity and sovereignty of divine grace, they no where give intimation of a sus- pended, or halved responsibility on the part of man ; but, on the contrary, use, without scruple, language which implies that the spiritual welfare of those who are taught, depends on the zeal and labours of the teacher, as truly as the tem- poral welfare of children depends on the in- dustry of a father. The practical consequences of such speculative confusions are seen in the frightful apathy and culpable negligence of some instructors and parents, who, because a meta- physical problem, which ought never to have been heard of beyond the walls of colleges, obstructs their understandings, have acquired the habit of gazing with indifference upon the profaneness and immoralities of those whom their diligence might have retained in the path of piety and virtue. Another capital perversion remains to com- plete the enthusiastic abuse of the doctrine of divine influence ; and this is the supposition that those heavenly communications to the soul which 76 PERVERSIONS OF form a permanent constituent of the Christian dispensation, are not always confined to the matter or to the rule of Scripture, and that the favoured subject of this teaching, at least when he has made considerable advances in the divine life, is led on a high path of instruction, where the written revelation of the will of God may be neglected or scorned. This impious delusion assumes two forms : the first is that of the tranquil contemplatist, the whole of whose reli- gion is inarticulate and vague, and who neglects or rejects the Scriptures, not so much because he is averse to its truths, as because the misti- ness of his sentiments abhors whatever is dis- tinct, and definite, and fixed. To read a plain narrative of intelligible facts, and to derive prac- tical instruction therefrom, implies a state of mind essentially different from that which he finds it necessary to his factitious happiness to maintain : before he can thus read his Bible in child-like simplicity he must forsake the re- gion of dreams, and open his eyes to the world of realities : in a word, he must cease to be an enthusiast. The other form of this delusion should excite pity rather than provoke rebuke ; and calls for the skill of the physician, more than for the in- structions of the theologian. The limits of in- sanity have not yet been ascertained ; perhaps it has none ; and certainly there are facts that favour the belief that the interval between THIS DOCTRINE. 77 common weakness of judgment and outrageous madness is filled up by an insensible gradation of absurdity, no where admitting of a line of absolute separation. Where, for example, shall we pause, and separate the sane from the insane, among those who believe themselves to be fa- voured perpetually with special, particular, and ultra-scriptural revelations from heaven ? The most modest enthusiast of this class, and the most daring visionary, stand together on the same ground of outlawry from common sense and scriptural authority ; and though their se- veral offences against truth and sobriety may be of greater or less amount, they must both be dealt with on the same principle ; for both have alike excluded themselves from the benefit of appeal to the only authorities known among the sane part of mankind, namely, reason and Scrip- ture: those who reject both surrender themselves over to pity — and compulsion. It would manifestly be better that men should be left to the darkness and wanderings of unas- sisted reason, than that they should receive the immediate instructions of heaven, unless they possess at the same time a public and fixed rule to which all such supernatural instructions are to be conformed, and by which they are to be discriminated ; for the errors of reason, how great soever they may be, carry with them no weight of divine authority : but if the doctrine of divine communications be admitted, and 78 PERVERSIONS OF THIS DOCTRINE. admitted without reference to a public and permanent standard of truth, then every extra- vagance of impiety may claim a heavenly origin; and who shall venture to rebuke even the most pestilent error ; for how shall the reprover assure himself that he is not fighting against God? It has already been affirmed that enthusiasm, far from being necessarily or invariably con- nected with fervour of feeling, is often seen to exist in its wildest excesses conjoined with the most frigid style of religious sentiment. Thus, for example, the three egregious perversions of the doctrine of divine influence, which have been described in the preceding pages, are maintained, and have been professed and defended during several generations, by a sect remarkable, if not for the chilliness, at least for the stillness of its piety, and its contempt of the natural expres- sions of devotional feeling; and even for a pecu- liar shrewdness of good sense in matters of worldly interest. But the incongruities of human nature are immense and incalculable ; or it would not be seen that general intelligence, and amiable manners, and Christian benevolence, are often linked with errors which, when viewed abstractedly, seem as if they could belong only to minds lost to wisdom and piety. SECTION IV. ENTHUSIASM THE SOURCE OF HERESY. The creed of the Christian is the fruit of ex- position : no part of it is elaborated by processes of abstract reasoning ; no part is furnished by the inventive faculties. To ascertain the true meaning of the words and phrases used by those who “ spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost,” is the single aim of the studies of the theologian. Interpretation is his function. But the work of interpretation, considered as an intellectual employment, differs essentially from that of the student of physical or abstract science; for it neither needs nor admits of the ardour by which those pursuits are animated. Nor has nature furnished the faculties that are employed in the labour of expounding the terms of ancient documents with any very vivid sus- ceptibility of pleasurable excitement. The toils of the lawyer, of the philologist, and of the theo- logian, must therefore be sustained by a refer- ence to some substantial motive of utility ; and > though there may be a few minds so peculiarly constituted as to cultivate these studies with 80 THE ENTHUSIASM enthusiastic ardour from the pure impulse of native taste, the ranks of a numerous body of men can never be filled up by spontaneous labourers of this sort. Christianity, being as it is, exclusively a re- ligion of documents and of interpretation, must utterly exclude from its precincts the adventu- rous spirit of innovation. Theology offers no field to men fond of intellectual enterprise : the Church has no work for them ; or none until they have renounced the characteristic propensity of their mental conformation. True Religion, un- like human Science, was given to mankind in a finished form, and is to be learned, not im- proved ; and though the most capacious human mind is nobly employed while concentrating all its vigour upon the acquirement of this docu- mentary learning, it is very fruitlessly, and very perniciously occupied in attempting to give it a single touch of amendment. The form under which Christianity now pre- sents itself as an object of study does, in a much greater degree, discourage and prevent specula- tion and novelty, than it did in the early ages; and in fact, if all the varieties of opinion which have appeared during the eighteen centuries of Church history are numbered, a large majority of them will be found to belong to the first three centuries, and to the eastern church. That is to say, to the period when doctors of theology, possessing the rule of faith in their vernacular OF HERESY. 81 tongue, had no other intellectual employment than either to invent novelties of doctrine, or to refute them. Other causes may, no doubt, fairly be alleged as having had influence in quickening that prodigious efflorescence of heretical doctrine which infected the whole atmosphere of Chris- tianity in the east during the second and third centuries, and at a time when the western church maintained, in a high degree, the simplicity of Scriptural faith ; but the cause above-mentioned ought not to be ranked among the least efficient. But theology in modern times offers an un- bounded field of toil to the student ; the toil of mere acquisition and of critical research ; for a familiar knowledge of three languages, at least, is indispensable to every man who would take re- spectable rank as a teacher of Christianity; espe- cially to every one who aspires to distinction in his order ; and some acquaintance with two or three other languages, is also an object of reason- able ambition to the theological student. And moreover, an accomplished expounder of Scripture must be well versed in profane and church his- tory ; nor may he be entirely ignorant of even the abstract and physical sciences. These multifarious pursuits, which are to be acquired compatibly with the discharge of the public duties of the pastoral office, assuredly furnish employment enough for the most active and the most industrious mind long beyond the period of college initiation. Nor are we to calculate merely upon the natural G 82 THE ENTHUSIASM influence produced upon the intellectual habits by these employments, in preventing that dis- cursiveness of the inventive faculties which is a principal source of heresy; for its quality, not less than its quantity, is decidedly corrective of the propensity to generate novelties of opinion. Every one who has made the experiment well knows that the toils of learned acquisition have a direct tendency to impair the freshness and force of the intellectual constitution, to chill and cloud the imagination, to break the elasticity of the inventive faculty ; if not to blunt the keenness of the powers of analysis. Thus they indispose the mind to the wantonness of specu- lation, and impart to it rather the timidity, the acquiescence, the patience, which are proper to the submissive exposition of an authoritative rule of faith. Biblical learning, therefore, not only serves directly to dispel errors of opinion by throwing open the true sense of Scripture ; but it contains within itself what might be termed a physical preventive against heresy, which, if it be not always efficacious, is perceptibly ope- rative. Nothing then can be more desirable than that public opinion should continue, as it now does, to demand erudition from the teachers of religion. Nevertheless, when a large class of men is professionally devoted to the study of theology, there will not be wanting some whose mental conformation (not to mention motives which are OF HERESY. 83 foreign to our subject) impels them to abandon the modest path of exposition, and to seek, within the precincts of religion, for the intel- lectual gratifications that accompany abstruse speculation, discovery, invention, exaggeration, and paradox. All these pleasures of a morbid or misdirected intellectual activity may be ob- tained in the regions of theology, not less than in those of mathematical and physical science, if once the restraints of a religious and heartfelt reverence for the authority of the word of God are discarded. The principal heresies that have disturbed the church may, no doubt, fairly be attributed to motives springing from the pride or perverse dispositions of the human heart ; but often a mere intellectual enthusiasm has been the real source of false doctrine. Errors generated in this manner possess, com- monly, some aspect of beauty or of greatness, or of philosophical simplicity to recommend them ; for as they were framed amid a plea- surable excitement of the mind, so they will have power to convey a kindred delight to others. And such exorbitances of doctrine, when advanced by men of powerful or richly furnished minds, conceal their deformity and evil tendency beneath the attractions of intelli- gence. But the very same extravagances and showy paradoxes, when caught up by inferior spirits, presently lose their garb, not only of beauty, but of decency, and show themselves in g 2 84 THE ENTHUSIASM the loathsome nakedness of error. The mischief of heresy is often more active and conspicuous in second hands than in those of its authors; and the reason is that it is usually the child of intel- lectualists — an inoffensive order of men : but no sooner has it been brought forth and reared, than it joins itself, as by instinct, to minds of vulgar quality, and in that society soon learns the dialect of impiety and licentiousness. The heresiarch, though he may be more blameworthy, is often much less audacious, and less corrupted, than his followers ; for he, perhaps, is only an enthusiast ; they have become fanatics. In like manner as the passion for travel impels a man to perambulate the earth, and then makes him sigh to think that he has not other conti- nents to explore, so the constitutional enthusiasm of speculation urges its victim to traverse the entire circuit of opinions ; and even then leaves him insatiate of novelty. It is not caprice, much less is it the excessive solicitude of an honest mind, always inquiring for truth ; but rather the impetus of a too highly -wrought intellectual activity, which carries the heretic onward and onward, from system to system, blazing as he goes, until there remains no form of flagrant error with which he has not scared the sober world. Then, though reason may have forgotten all consistency, pride has a better memory; and as this passion forbids his return to the centre OF HERESY. 85 truths he has so often denounced, and denounced from all points of his various course, nothing re- mains for him, when the season of exhaustion arrives, but to go off into the dark void of in- fidelity. The sad story has been often realized. In the conformation of the heretic by temperament there is more of intellectual mobility than of strength : a ready perception of analogies gives him both facility and felicity in collecting proofs, or rather illustrations, in support of whatever opinion he adopts. So copious are the materials of con- jectural argument which crowd upon him, and so nice is his tact of selection, and so quick his skill of arrangement, that ere dull sobriety has gathered up its weapons, he has reared a most imposing front of defence. Pleased and even surprised with his own work, he now confidently maintains a position which at first he scarcely thought to be seriously tenable. Having con- vinced himself of the certainty of the new truth, and implicated his vanity in its support, deeper motives stimulate the activity of the reasoning and inventive faculties ; and he presently piles demonstration upon demonstration, to a most amazing height, until it becomes, in his honest opinion, sheer infatuation to doubt. In this state of mind, of what value are the opinions of teachers and of elders ? Of what weight the belief of the catholic church in all ages ? They are nothing to be accounted of ; there seems 86 THE ENTHUSIASM even a glory and a heroism, as well as a duty, in spurning the fallible authority of man : modesty, caution, hesitation, are treasons against conscience and heaven ! The young heresiarch, we will suppose, to have spent the earliest season of life, while yet the ingenuousness of youth remained unimpaired, in the pursuits of literature or science, and to have been ignorant of Christianity otherwise than as a system of forms and offices. But the mo- ment of awakening arrives ; some appalling acci- dent or piercing sorrow sets the interests of time in abeyance, and opens upon the soul the vast objects of immortality. Or the eloquence of a preacher may effect the change. In these first moments of a new life, the great and common doctrines of religion, perceived in the freshness of novelty, afford scope enough to the ardour of the spirit ; and perhaps also, a new sentiment of submission quells, in some measure, that ardour : the craving of the mind does not yet need heresy ; truth has stimulus enough ; and even after truth has become somewhat vapid, the restraints of connexion and friendship have force to retain the convert three years, or five, in the bosom of humility. But the first accidental contact with doctrinal paradox kindles the con- stitutional passion, and rouses the slumbering faculties to the full activity of adult vigour; contention ensues; malign sentiments, although perhaps foreign to the temper, are engendered, OF HERESY. 87 and these impart gloom to mysticism, and add rancour to extravagance. And now, no dogma that is obnoxious, terrific, intolerant, schismatical, fails to be, in its turn, avowed by the delirious bigot, who burns with ambition to render himself the enemy, not of the world only, but of the church. But will even the last extravagance of false doctrine allay the diseased cravings of the brain? Not unless that physical inertness which, towards the middle period of life, sometimes effects the cure of folly, or perhaps some motive of secular interest, supervenes. Otherwise a progression must take place, or a retrogression ; and when the heart is sick and faint from the exhaustion of over activity, when the whispers of conscience have long ceased to be heard, when the emotions of genuine piety have become painfully strange to the soul, nothing is so probable as an almost sudden plunge from the pinnacle of high belief, into the bottomless gulf of universal scepticism. A lamentable catastrophe of this kind, and which is nothing more than the natural issue of an intellectual enthusiasm, would, no doubt, much oftener take place than it does, if slender reasons of worldly prudence were not usually found to be of firmer texture than all the logic of theology. A chronic intellectual enthusiasm, when it becomes the source of heresy, most frequently betakes itself to those exaggerations of Christian 88 THE ENTHUSIASM doctrine which pass under the general designation of Antinomianism ; — not the Antinomianism of workshops, which is a corruption of Christianity concocted by mercenary teachers expressly to give license to the sensualities of those by whom they are salaried ; but the Antinomianism of the closet, which is a translation into Christian phrase- ology of the ancient stoicism. The alleged rela- tionship consists, not so much in the similar abuse which is made in both systems of the doctrine of necessity ; but in the leading intention of both, which is to enclose the human mind in a perfect envelop of abstractions, such as may effectively defend it from the importunate sense of responsibility, or obligation, and such as shall render him who wears it a passive spectator of his own destinies. The doctrine of fate was seized upon by the stoic, and is taken up by the antinomian, because, better than any other principle, it serves the purposes of this peculiar species of illusory delectation. Yet the Chris- tian stoic has some signal advantages over his ancestor of the porch. For example : the egre- gious absurdities of the ancient philosophist met him on the very walk of life, and stood in the way of constant collision with the common sense of mankind: and thus the sage, in spite of his gravity and self-command, could hardly pass a day in public without being put to shame by some glaring proof of practical inconsistency ; for as often as he spoke or acted like other men, as OF HERESY. 89 often as he made it evident that he did not really think himself a statue or a phantom, he gave the lie direct to the fooleries of his scholastic profession. But the modern stoic, while by a sinister in- ference from his doctrine, he takes large leave of indulgence to the flesh, (an indulgence which he uses or not as his temperament may determine) and so borrows the practical part of epicureanism, transfers his egregious dogmas to the unseen world, where they come not all in contact with common sense. In the vast unknown of an eter- nity on both sides of time, he finds range enough, and immunity for even the most enormous para- doxes which ingenuity can devise, or sophistry defend. Besides, the argumentative resources of the modern, are incomparably more copious and various and tangible than those of the ancient stoic ; for the latter could only fall back, ever and again, upon the same abstractions ; but the former may take position on any part of a very wide frontier; for having so large and multifa- rious a volume as the Scriptures in his hand, and having multiplied the argumentative value of every sentence it contains, almost indefinitely, by adopting the rule of Origen and the Rabbis, that the whole of Scripture is mystical, and may bear every sense that can be found in it, he is at once secure from the possibility of being con- futed, and revels in an unbounded opulence of proof and illustration in support of his positions. 90 THE ENTHUSIASM To the sober interpreter the Bible is one book;- but to the antinomian it is as a hundred volumes. With a field so wide, and means so inexhaus- tible, the stoic of Christianity lives in a paradise of speculation ; and no revolution to which human nature is liable can be less probable than that which must take place before he abandons his world of factitious happiness. The dreamer must feel that sin is a substantial ill, in which himself is fatally implicated ; not a mere abstrac- tion to be discoursed of : he must learn that the righteous God deals with mankind not fantas- tically, but on terms adapted to the intellectual and moral conformation of that human nature, of which He is the author ; and he must know that salvation is a deliverance, in which man is an agent, not less than a recipient. It belongs not at all to our subject to attempt a confutation of this, the most pestiferous of the many corruptions which Christianity has un- dergone : our part is merely to exhibit against the system the charge of delusion or enthusiasm; and this charge needs no other proof than the plain statement that, whereas Christianity re- cognizes the actual mechanism of human nature, appeals to the moral sentiments, urges motives of every class, labours to enhance the sense of responsibility, and authenticates the voice of conscience ; antinomianism, with indurated arro- gance, spurns all such sentiments, and substitutes OF HERESY. 91 nothing in their room but bare speculations; and these speculations are all of a kind to cherish the idle and selfish deliriums of luxurious contem- plation. But to take a course like this is, whatever may be the subject in question, the part of an enthusiast. Whoever in any such manner cuts himself off from the common sym- pathies of our nature, and makes idiot sport of the energies of moral action, and has re- course either to a jargon of sophistries, or to trivial evasions when other men act upon the intuitions of good sense, and rebuts every idea that does not minister gratification either to fancy or to appetite, such a man must be called an enthusiast, even though he were at the same time — if that were possible, a saint. We have spoken of the enthusiasm of mys- ticism. But there is also an enthusiasm of simplification. The lowest intellectual tempe- rature, not less than the highest, admits extra- vagance, and sometimes even admits it more; for warmth and movement are less unnatural in the world of matter or of mind, than con- gelation : what so grotesque as the coruscations of frost ? If the reasoning faculty had not its imaginative impulse, the sciences would never have moved a step in advance of the mechanic arts ; much less would the high theorems of pure mathematics, or the abstruse principles of meta- physics, have been known to mankind. But if 92 THE ENTHUSIASM this natural and useful impulse is irregular and excessive, it becomes the spring of errors. Yet the perfection of science and its general diffu- sion in modern times, operate so effectually to keep in check that propensity to absurd speculation of which the elements are always in existence, that if we are in search of specimens of this species of intellectual disease, we must expect to meet with them only without the pale of education, and among the self-taught philo- sophers of workshops, who sometimes amuse the hour of stolen leisure in digesting systems of the universe, other than the one which is demon- strated in our universities. Driven from the enclosures where the de- monstrable sciences hold empire, the enthusiasts of speculation turn off upon ground where there is more scope, more obscurity, more license, and less of the stern and instant magistracy of right reason. Some give themselves to politics, some to political economy, and some to theology; and whatever they severally meet with that is in its nature, or that has become concrete, com- plex, or multifariously involved, they seize upon with a hungry avidity. The disease of the brain has settled upon the faculty of analysis; all things compound must therefore be severed, and not only be severed but left in disunion. It cannot but happen that in these zealous labours of dissolution some happy strokes must now and then fall upon errors which wiser men have OF HERESY. 93 either not observed, or have spared : mankind owes therefore a petty debt of gratitude to such eager speculatists for having removed a few excrescences from ancient systems. But these trivial successes, which are hailed with a din of applause by the vulgar, who delight in wit- nessing any kind of destruction, and by the splenetic, who believe themselves to gain what- ever is torn from others, inspire the heroes of reform with unbounded hopes of effecting uni- versal revolutions ; and they actually become inflated to so high a degree of presumption, that at a time when all the great questions which can occupy the human mind have been thoroughly discussed, and discussed with every advantage of liberty, of learning, and of ability, they are not ashamed to adopt a style of speak- ing as if they thought themselves morning stars on the verge of the dark ages, destined to usher in the tardy splendours of true philosophy upon a benighted world ! Or of true religion ; as if the Christian doctrine, in its most essential principles, had become extinct, even in the days of the apostles, and had remained under the bushel of super- stition, not only during the ages of religious despotism, but long after the chains of that despotism have been broken, and after the human mind, with all the vigour and intensity of renovated intelligence and renovated piety, has given its utmost force, and its utmost diligence 94 THE ENTHUSIASM to the exposition of the canon of faith. Of what sort, it might be asked, were this canon, if its meaning on the most important points might, age after age, be utterly misunderstood by ninety- nine learned, honest, and unshackled men, and be perceived only by the one 1 Yet this is the supposition of simplificators, who from the mere impulse of a faulty cerebral conformation, must needs disbelieve, because theology would other- wise afford them no intellectual exercise. It is a common notion incessantly repeated, and never sifted, that diversity of opinion, on even the cardinal points of Christian faith, is an inevi- table and a permanent evil, springing, and always to spring from the diversity of men’s dispositions and intellectual faculties. Certainly no other expectation could be entertained if Christian theology were what moral philosophy was among the sophists of ancient Athens — a system of ab- stractions, owning subjection to no authority. But this is not the fact ; and though hitherto the ultimate authority has been much abused or spurned, the re-establishment of its power on fixed and well understood principles seems far from an improbable event. We say more, that an actual progression towards so happy a revolution is perceptible in our own times. We do not for a moment forget that a heartfelt acquiescence in the doctrines of Scripture must ever be the result of a divine influence, and is not to be effected by OF HERESY. 95 the same means which produce uniformity of opinion on matters of science. But while we anticipate, on grounds of strong hope, a time of refreshing from above, which shall subdue the depraved repugnancies of the human mind, we may also anticipate, on grounds of common reasoning, a natural process of reform in theo- logy — considered as a science, which shall place the intrinsic absurdities of heresy in the broad light of day, henceforward to be contemned and avoided. The fields of error have been fully reaped and gleaned ; nor shall aught that is new spring up on that field, the whole botany of which is already known and classified. It is only of late that a fair, a competent, and an elabo- rate discussion of all the principal questions of theology has taken place ; and the result of this discussion waits now to be manifested by some new movement of the human mind. Great and happy revolutions usually stand ready and latent for a time, until accident brings them forward. Such a change and renovation we believe to be at the door of the Christian Church. The ground of controversy has contracted itself daily during the last half century ; the gro- tesque and many-coloured forms of ancient heresy have disappeared, and the existing differences of opinion, some of which are indeed of vital conse- quence, all draw round a single controversy, the final decision of which it is hard to believe shall 96 THE ENTHUSIASM long be deferred ; for the minds of men are pressing towards it with an unusual intentness. This great question relates to the authority of Holy Scripture ; and the professedly Christian world is divided upon it into three parties, com- prehending all smaller varieties of opinion. The first of these parties, constituted of the Romish Church and its disguised favourers, affirms the subordination of the authority of Scripture to that of the priest. This is a doctrine of slavery and of ignorance, which the mere progress of knowledge and of civil liberty must overthrow, if it be not first exploded by other means. The second party comprises the sceptical sects of the Protestant world, which agree in affirming the subordination of Scripture to the dogmas of natural theology ; in other words, to every man’s notion of what religion ought to be. These sects, having no barrier between themselves and pure deism, are continually dwindling by desertions to infidelity ; nor will be able to hold their slippery footing on the edge of Christianity a day after a general revival of serious piety has taken place. The third party, comprehending the great majority of the Protestant body, bows reverently, and implicitly, and with intelligent conviction, to the absolute authority of the word of God, and knows of nothing in theology that is not affirmed or fairly implied therein. The dif- ferences existing within this party, how much OF HERESY. 97 soever they may be exaggerated by bigots, will vanish as the mists of the morning under the brightness of the sun, whenever a refreshment of pious feeling descends upon the Church. They consist, in part, of mere misunderstandings of abstract phrases, unknown to the language of Scripture ; in part they hinge upon political constitutions, of which so much as is substan- tially evil is by no means of desperate inveteracy : in part these differences are nothing better than the lumber of antiquity, the worthless relics of forgotten janglings, handed down from father to son, but now, by so many transmissions, worn away to an extreme slenderness, and quite ready to crumble into the dust of everlasting forgetful- ness. Men shall not always so remain children in understanding as that the lesser shall be pre- ferred to the greater ; nor shall it always be that the substantial sin of schism shall be incurred and vindicated on the ground of obscure his- torical questions, fit only to amuse the idle hours of the antiquary. This trifling with things sacred must come to its end, and the great law of love must triumph, and the Christian Church henceforward have “ one Lord, one faith, one baptism.” H I SECTION V. THE ENTHUSIASM OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. Disappointment is perhaps the most frequent of all the occasional causes of insanity ; but the sudden kindling of hope sometimes produces the same lamentable effect. Yet before this emotion, congenial as it is to the human mind, can exert so fatal an influence, the expected good must be of immeasurable magnitude, and must appear in the light of the strongest probability; nor must even the vagueness of a distant futurity inter- vene, otherwise the swellings of desire and joy would be quelled, and reason might maintain its seat. On this principle, perhaps it is, that the vast and highly exciting hope of immortal life very rarely, even in susceptible minds, generates that kind of emotion which brings with it the hazard of mental derangement. Religious mad- ness, when it occurs, is most often the madness of despondency. But if the glories of heaven might by any means, and in contravention of the established order of things, be brought out from the dimness and concealment of the unseen world, and be placed ostensibly on this side of PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 99 the darkness and coldness of death, and be linked with objects familiarly known, they might then press so forcibly upon the passion of hope, and so inflame excitable imaginations, that real insanity, or an approach towards it, would probably, in some instances, be the consequence. A provision against mischiefs of this kind is evidently contained in the extreme reserve of the Scriptures on all subjects connected with the unseen world. This reserve is so singular, and so extraordinary, seeing that the Jewish poets, prophets and preachers were Asiatics, that it affords no trivial proof of the divine ori- gination of the books : an intelligent advocate of the Bible will choose to rest an argument rather upon the paucity of its discoveries, than upon their plenitude. But now a confident and dogmatical inter- pretation of those prophecies that are supposed to be on the eve of fulfilment, has manifestly a tendency thus to bring forth the wonders of the unseen world, and to connect them in sensible contact with the familiar objects and events of the present state. And such interpretations may be held with so full and overwhelming a persua- sion of their truth, that heaven and its splen- dours may seem to stand at the door of our very homes : to-morrow, perhaps, the hastening crisis of the nations shall lift the veil which so Ions' has hidden the brightness of the eternal throne from mortal eyes: each turn of public affairs; a h 2 100 THE ENTHUSIASM OF war, a truce, a conspiracy, a royal marriage, may be the immediate precursor of that new era, wherein it shall no longer be true, as heretofore, that, “ the things eternal are unseen.” When an opinion, or we should rather say a persuasion, of this imposing kind is entertained by a mind of more mobility than strength, and when it has acquired form, and consistency, and definiteness, by being long and incessantly the object of contemplation, it may easily gain ex- clusive possession of the mind ; and a state of exclusive occupation of the thoughts by a single subject, if it be not real madness, differs little from it ; for a man can hardly be called sane who is mastered by one set of ideas, and has lost the will or the power to break up the continuity of his musings. Whether or not this explanation be just, it is matter of fact that no species of enthusiasm has carried its victims nearer to the brink of insanity than that which originates in the interpretation of unfulfilled prophecy. It need not be asked whether there is not some capital error on the side of many who have given themselves to this study ; for the indications of egregious delusion have been of a kind not at all ambiguous. There must be present some lurking mischief when the study of any part of Holy Scripture issues in extravagance of conduct, and in an offen- sive turgidness of language, and produces — not quietness and peace, but a wild and quaking PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 101 looking-for of impending wonders. There must be a fault of principle when the demeanour ot Christians is such that those who occupy the place of the unlearned are excused when they say, “ ye are mad.” That some peculiar danger haunts this region of biblical inquiry is established by a double proof ; for not only have men of exorbitant ima- ginations and feeble judgment rushed towards it instinctively, and with the eagerness of infatua- tion ; but sometimes the soundest understandings have lost, in these inquiries, their wonted dis- cretion. At several periods of church history, and again in our own times, multitudes have drunk to intoxication of the phial of prophetic interpretation ; and, amid imagined peals of the mystic thunder, have become deaf to the voice both of common sense and of duty. The piety of such persons — if piety it may be called, has made them hunger and thirst, not for “the bread and water of life,” but for the news of the political world. In such instances it may be confidently affirmed, previously to a hearing of the argument, that, even if the interpretation were true, it has become entangled with some knotted thread of egregious error. The proper remedy for evils of this kind is not to be found in the timid or overbearing pro- hibitions of those who endeavour to prevent the mischief by interdicting inquiry ; and who would make it a sin or a folly for a Christian to ask 102 THE ENTHUSIASM OF the meaning of certain portions of Scripture. Cautions and restrictions of this nature are in- compatible with the principles of Protestantism, as well as unnecessary, arrogant and unavailing. If indeed man possessed any means of intrusion upon the mysteries of the upper world, or upon the secrets of futurity, there might be room to reprehend the audacity of those who should attempt to know by force or by importunity of research what has not been revealed. But when the unseen and the future are, by the sponta- neous grace of heaven, in part set open, when a message which might have been withheld, has been sent to earth, encircled with a benediction like this — “ Blessed are they that hear, and keep these words then it may most safely be con- cluded that whatever is not marked with the seal of prohibition, is open to scrutiny. In truth there is something incongruous in the notion of a revelation enveloped in menace and re- striction. But be this as it may, it is certain that whoever would shut up the Scriptures, in whole or in part, from his fellow disciples, or who affirms it to be unsafe or unwise to study such and such passages, is bound to show reasons of the most convincing kind for the exclusion. “ What God has joined, let not man put asunder but he has connected his bless- ing, comprehensively, with the study of his word. It may be left to the Romish Church to em- ploy that faulty argument of captious arrogance. PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 103 which prohibits the use of whatever may be abused. Unless then it can be shown that a divine interdiction encloses the prophetic portions of Scripture, it must be deemed an ill-judged and irreligious, though perhaps well-intended usurpation, in any one who assumes to plant his little rod of obstruction across the highway of Revelation. Morever, prohibitions of this kind are futile, because impossible to be observed. Every one admits that the study of those prophecies which have already received their accomplishment is a matter of high importance and positive duty ; “we have a sure word of prophecy, to which we do well to take heed.” But how soon, in attempting to discharge this duty, are we en- tangled in a snare, if indeed the study of unful- filled prophecy be in itself improper ; for many of the prophecies, and those especially which are the most definite, and the most intelligible, stretch themselves across the wide gulf of time, and rest upon points intervening between the days of the Seer, and the hour when the mystery of providence shall be finished : and these comprehensive predictions, instead of track- ing their way by equal and measured intervals through the course of ages, traverse vast spaces unmarked ; and with a sudden bound, parting from an age now long gone by, attain at once the last period of the human economy. These abrupt transitions create obscurities which 104 THE ENTHUSIASM OF must either shut up the whole prophecy from in quiry, or necessitate a scrutiny of the whole ; for at a first perusal, and without the guidance of learned investigation, who shall venture to place his finger on the syllable which forms the boun- dary between the past and the future, and which constitutes the limit between duty and presump- tion ? A prediction which may seem to belong to futurity, will, perhaps, on better information, be found to regard the past ; or the reverse. These extensive prophecies, and such are those of Daniel and of John, must then either be shunned altogether from the fear of trespassing on forbidden ground, or they must be studied entire, in dependence upon other means than voluntary ignorance for avoiding presumption and enthusiasm. Whoever would discharge for others the difficult office of marking, throughout the Scriptures, the boundaries of lawful investi- gation, must himself first have committed the supposed trespass upon the regions of unful- filled prophecy. We conclude, therefore, that a separation which no one can effect, is not really needed.* * It is surely a mistaken caution which says — of the Apocalypse for example, it is a dark portion of Scripture, and better let alone than explored. Very unhappy consequences are involved in such an interdiction. This magnificent book is introduced to the regards of the Church as a discovery of things that must shortly come to pass. Now we must either believe that the ev rax «> was intended to indicate a period of eighteen hundred years (perhaps a much longer term) or admit that the initial, and probably the larger portions of the PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 105 The ancient Church received no cautions against a too eager scrutiny of the great pro- phecy left to excite its hope : on the contrary, the pious were “ divinely moved” to search what might be the purport and season of the reve- lation made by the “ Spirit of Christ” to the prophets ; and though these predictions did in fact give occasion to the delusions of “ many prophecy have already received their seal of verification from history, and come therefore fairly within the scope of even the most scrupulous rule of inquiry, and in fact should now form part of the standing evidence of the truth of Christianity. To think less than this seems to imply a very dangerous inference. If a part of this prophecy he actually accomplished; and if yet it be impracticable to assign the predictions to the events, will not one at least of the great purposes for which, as we are taught, prophecy was given, have been rather defeated than served? There is not perhaps a fulfilled prophecy on the page of inspiration which learned ingenuity might not plausibly allege to have been hitherto altogether misunderstood, and errone • ously supposed to relate to such or such events. It is a matter of course that, when a multitude of minds, variously influenced, and too often influenced by a wish to establish a theory upon which literary ambition may build its pretensions, are employed in the exposition of mystic predictions, every scheme to which any appear- ance of probability can be given, should actually find an advocate. And then those who wish to discourage inquiry may vauntingly say — See how various and how opposite are the opinions of inter- preters! Meanwhile, it may be perfectly true, that among these various interpretations there may be one which, though not altogether unexceptionable, or wholly free from difficulties, will firmly secure the approval of every unprejudiced and intelligent inquirer. Some very sober Christians, while endeavouring by all means to secure the young against the mania of prophetical interpretation, seem little aware of how far they are treading upon the very path which infidelity frequents. To advise a diligent study of prophecy (to those who have the leisure and learning requisite) would it not be far safer, than to shrug the shoulders in sage alarm, and to say — Prophecy ! oh, let it alone ! 106 THE ENTHUSIASM OF deceivers,” and though they were greatly mis- understood, even by the most pious and the best informed of the Jewish people; yet did not the foreknowledge of these mischiefs and errors call for any such restrictions upon the spirit of in- quiry as those wherewith some persons are now fain to hedge about the Scriptures. To the Christian Church the second coming of Christ stands where his first coming stood to the Jewish, namely, in the very centre of the field of prophetic light ; and a participation in the glories “ then to be revealed” is even limited to those who in every age are devoutly “looking for him.” It is true that this doctrine of the second coming of Christ has, like that of his first, wrought strongly upon enthusiastic minds, and been the occasion of some pernicious delu- sions ; yet, for the correction of these incidental evils, we must look to other means than to any existing cautions given to the Church in the Scriptures against a too earnest longing for the promised advent of her King. To snatch this great promise from Scripture in hasty fear, and then to close the book lest we should see more than it is intended we should know, is not our part. On the contrary, it is chiefly from a diligent and comprehensive study of the terms of the great unfulfilled prophecy of Scripture, that a preservative against delusion is to be gathered. To check assiduous researches by cautions which the humble may respect, but PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 107 which the presumptuous will certainly contemn, is to abandon the leading truth of Revelation to the uncorrected wantonness of fanaticism. It is often not so much the intrinsic qualities of an opinion, as the unwarrantable confidence with which it is held, that generates enthusiasm. Persuade the dogmatist to be modest, as every Christian undoubtedly ought who thinks himself compelled to dissent from the common belief of the Church ; persuade him to give respectful attention to the argument of an opponent ; in a word, to surrender the topmost point of his assurance, and presently the high temperature of his feelings will come down near to the level of sobriety. To doubt after hearing of sufficient evidence, and to dogmatize where proof is con- fessedly imperfect, are alike the indications of infirmity of judgment, if not of perversity of temper ; and these great faults, which never predominate in the character apart from the indulgence of unholy passions, seem often to be judicially visited with a hopeless imbecility of the reasoning faculties. Thus, while the sceptic be- comes, in course of time, incapable of retaining his hold even of the most certain truths, the dogmatist, on the other hand, loses all power of suspending for a moment his decisions; and, as a feather and a ball of lead descend with the same velocity when dropped in a vacuum, so do all propositions, whether loaded with a weight of 108 THE ENTHUSIASM OF evidence or not, instantly reach in his under- standing the firm ground of absolute assurance. Instead therefore of enhancing the arrogance of the half-insane interpreter of prophecy by inviting him to display the blazing front of his argument, it may be better, if it can be done, to demonstrate that even though it should appear that his opinion carries a large balance of proba- bility, there is still a special and very peculiar impropriety in the tone of dogmatism which, on this particular subject, he assumes ; so that the error of the general Church, if it be an error, is actually less than the fault of him who, in this temper, may boast that he has truth on his side. Such a case of special impropriety may, in this instance, very clearly be made out. The language of prophecy is either common or mystical. Predictions delivered in the style of common discourse, and free from symbols, as they are little liable to diversities of explication, do not often tempt the ingenuity of visionaries: they may, therefore, be excluded from consideration in the present instance. Mystic prophecy, or future history written in symbols, under guidance of the divine foreknowledge, in being committed to the custody and perusal of mankind, must be pre- sumed to conform itself to the laws of that par- ticular species of composition to which it bears the nearest analogy. For if the Divine Being condescends at all to hold intercourse with men. PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 109 it cannot be doubted that He will do so, not only in a language known to them, but in a manner perfectly accordant to the rules and proprieties of the medium He deigns to employ. Now the prophecies in question not merely belong to the general class of symbolic writing, but there is to be discerned in them, very plainly, the specific style of the enigma, which, in early ages, was a usual mode of embodying the most important and serious truths. In the enigma, the principal subject is, by some ingenuity of definition, and by some ambiguity of description, at once held forth and concealed. The law by which it is constructed demands, that while there is given, under a guise, some special mark which shall prevent the possibility of doubt when once the substance signified is seen, that substance shall be so artfully depicted that the description, though it be a true representation, may admit of more than one explication. There can be no genuine and fair enigma in which these conditions are not complied with. For if no special mark be given, the true solution must want the means of vindi- cating its exclusive propriety, when the substance signified is declared; a vague riddle is none. Or if the special mark be not disguised, if no varnishing opacity be spread over it, the sub- stance is manifested at once, and the enigma nullified. Again, if the general description is not so contrived as to admit of several plausible hypotheses, then also the whole intention of the 110 THE ENTHUSIASM OF device is destroyed, and the special mark rendered useless ; for what need can there be of an infallible indicator which is to come in as arbiter among a number of competing solutions, if, in fact, no room be left for diversity of interpretation ? Whenever, therefore, among mystic enuncia- tions we can detect the existence of some couched and specific note of identification, we may most certainly conclude that it is placed there to serve a future purpose of discrimination among several admissible modes of solution ; or in other words, that the enigma is designedly so framed as to tempt and to allow a diversity of hypothetical explanations. An enigmatical or symbolical enunciation conformed to these essential rules, serves the threefold purpose of presenting a blind to the incurious, a trap to the dogmatical, and an exercise of modesty, of patience, and of saga- city to the wise. And this seems to be the result intended, and actually accomplished by the sym- bolical prophecies of Scripture. When the subject of enigma already stands within the range of our knowledge, and requires only to be singled out, the process of solution is simple. The several suppositions that seem to comport with the ambiguous description are to be brought together ; and then the special mark must be applied to each in turn, until such a precise and convincing correspondence is dis- covered as at once strips the false solutions of all their pretensions : if the enigma be fairly PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. Ill constructed, this method of induction will never fail of success. Thus, with the page of history before us, those prophecies of Daniel, for exam- ple, which relate to the invasion of Greece by the Persians, to the subsequent overthrow of the Persian monarchy by the Macedonians, to the division of the conquests of Alexander, to the spread of the Roman arms, and to the sub- division of the Roman Empire, are interpreted without hazard of error, and with a completeness and a speciality of coincidence, that carries a conviction of the divine dictation of those pro- phecies to every honest mind. A course somewhat less gratifying to the eagerness of enthusiastic spirits must be pur- sued, if the subject of the sacred enigma does not actually stand within our view ; if it rests in a foreign region, as for example, in the region of futurity. It will by no means follow that a symbolic prediction, which remains un- fulfilled, ought not to be made the subject of investigation ; for as the description doubtless contains, by condensation, the substance of the unknown reality, and perhaps also much of its character, it may, even when mingled with erro- neous interpretations, serve important purposes in the excitement of pious hope. The delivery of these enigmas into the hands of the Church, and their intricate intermixture with fulfilled prophecies, and their being every where em- bossed with attractive lessons of piety and virtue. 112 THE ENTHUSIASM OF not to mention the explicit invitation to read and study them, may confidently be deemed to convey a full license of examination. Yet in these instances the well-known laws of the pecu- liar style in which the predictions are enveloped, suggest restrictions and cautions which no hum- ble and pious expositor can overlook. The fault of the dogmatist in prophecy is then manifest. Is a mystic prediction averred to be unfulfilled ? then we know, that, by the essential law of its composition, it is designedly, we might say, artfully constructed, so as to admit of several, and perhaps of many plausible interpretations, having nearly equal claims of probability ; and we know moreover, that the special mark couched amid the symbols, and which in the issue is to arbitrate among the various solu- tions, is drawn from some minute peculiarity in the surface and complexion of the future sub- stance, and therefore cannot be available for the purpose of discrimination, until that substance in the shape and colour of reality starts forth into day. The expositor, therefore, who presumptuously espouses any one of the several interpretations of which an enigmatical prophecy is susceptible, and who fondly claims for it a positive and exclusive preference, sins most flagrantly, and most out- rageously, against the unalterable laws of the language of which he professes himself a master. If dogmatism on matters not fully revealed be in PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 113 all cases blameworthy, it is eminently and espe- cially condemnable in the expositor of enigmatic prophecy ; and that, not merely because the events so predicted rest under the awful veil of futurity, and exist only in the prescience of the Deity; but because the chosen style of the com- munication lays a distinct claim to modesty, and demands suspension of judgment. The use of symbols speaks a design of concealment ; and do we suppose that what God has hidden, the sagacity of man shall discover ? In issuing the prediction, He does indeed invite the humble inquiries of the Church ; and in using symbols which have a conventional meaning He gives a clew to learned research ; and yet by the combi- nation of these symbols in the enigmatic form, an articulate warning is issued against all dog- matical confidence of interpretation. The adoption of an exclusive theory of expo- sition will not fail to be followed by an attempt to attach the special marks of prophecy to every passing event ; and it is this attempt which sets enthusiasm in a flame ; for it belongs, in common, to all the religious vices that, though mild and harmless while roaming at large among remote or invisible objects, they assume a noxious ac- tivity the moment that they fix their grasp upon things near and tangible. There is scarcely any degree of sobriety of temper which can secure the mind against fanatical restlessness when once the habit has been formed of collating, daily, the i 114 THE ENTHUSIASM OF newspaper and the prophets ; and the man who, with a feeble judgment and an excitable imagi- nation, is constantly catching at political intelli- gence— apocalypse in hand, walks on the verge of insanity, or worse, of infidelity. In this feverish state of the feelings, mundane interests, under the guise of faith and hope, occupy the soul to the exclusion of “ things unseen and eternal meanwhile the heart-affecting matters of piety and virtue become vapid to the taste, and gradually fall into forgetfulness. The fault of the dogmatical expositor of pro- phecy is especially manifested when he assumes to determine the chronology of unfulfilled pre- dictions. In the instance of prophetic dates the different lines of conduct suggested by the dif- ferent styles of the communication, are readily perceived, and cheerfully observed by calm and modest interpreters. We may take, for illustra- tion, the predicted duration of the captivity of Judah, which was made known by Jeremiah (xxix. 10) in the intelligible terms of common and popular computation ; nor could the suppo- sition of a symbolic sense of the words be admitted by any sober expositor. On the authority of this unequivocal prediction, Daniel, as the time spoken of drew near, made confession and suppli- cation in the full assurance of warranted faith. In this confidence there was no presumption, for his persuasion rested, not on the assumed validity of this or of that ingenious interpretation of PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 115 symbols, but upon an explicit declaration which needed only to be read ; not expounded. But when the beloved seer received from his celestial informant the date of seventy weeks, which should fix the period of the Messiah’s advent and propitiatory sufferings, the employ- ment of symbolic terms, of itself announced the double intention of, at once, revealing the time, and of concealing it. For, as the terms, though mythic, bore a known import, they could not be thought to be absolutely shut up from research ; yet, as by the mode of their combination, they became susceptible of a considerable diversity of interpretation, the wise and good might, after all their diligence, differ in opinion as to the precise moment of accomplishment. Thus was devout inquiry at once invited and restrained ; invited, because the language of prediction was not un- known ; and restrained, because it asked for interpretation, and admitted a diversity of opi- nion. Those pious persons, therefore, who, at the time of the Messiah’s birth, were “ looking for the consolation of Israel,” could not, unless favoured with personal revelations, affirm “ this is the very year of the expected deliverance for the symbolic chronology might, with an appearance of reason, bear a somewhat different sense. Yet might such persons, though not per- fectly agreed in opinion, lawfully and safely join in an exulting hope, that the time spoken of was not far distant, when the Son of David should appear. 1 2 116 THE ENTHUSIASM OF The same rule is applicable to the position of the church at the present moment. No one, it may be affirmed, can have given due attention to the questions which have been of late so much agitated, without feeling compelled to acknow- ledge that a high degree of probability supports the belief of an approaching extraordinary de- velopment of the mystery of providence towards Christendom, and perhaps, towards the whole family of man. That this probability is strong, might be argued from the fact that it has wrought a general concurrence of belief among those whose modes of thinking on most subjects are extremely dissimilar. Christians, amid many contrarieties of opinion, are, with a tacit or an explicit expectation, looking for movement and progression, to be effected, either by a quickened energy of existing means, or by the sudden ope- ration of new causes. This probable opinion, if held in the spirit of Christian modesty, affords, under the sanction of the coolest reason, a new and strong excitement to religious hope. He who entertains it may exultingly, yet calmly exclaim, “ The night is far spent, the day is at hand and the kindling expectation wall rouse him to greater diligence in every good work, to greater watch- fulness against every defilement of heart, and frivolity of spirit, and inconsistency of conduct : he will strive with holy wakefulness, to live as the disciple should who is “ waiting lor his Lord. ’ Thus far he can justify the new vivacity of his PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 117 hopes upon the ground of the permanent motives of religion ; for he feels nothing more than a Christian may well always feel ; and the opinion he entertains relative to the near accomplishment of ultimate prophecy, serves only as an incite- ment to a state of mind in which he would fain be found, if called suddenly from the present scene. While giving free admission to sentiments of this sort, he knows that though he should be mistaken in his theoretical premises, he shall certainly be right in his practical inference. But if the discreet Christian is tempted or solicited to admit an incongruous jumble of poli- tical speculations and Christian hopes ; if he is called upon to detach in any degree his attention from immediate and unquestionable duties, and to fix his meditations on objects that have no connexion with his personal responsibility ; then he will check such an intrusion of turbulence and distraction, the tendency of which he feels to be pernicious, by recollecting that his opinion, how probable soever it may seem, is, at the best, nothing more than one hypothesis among the many, which offer themselves in explanation of an enigmatical prediction. To-day this hypo- thesis pleases him by its plausibility ; to-morrow he may reject it on better information. Nothing then can be much more precise than the line which forms the boundary between a legitimate and an enthusiastic feeling on the subject of prophecy. Is a prediction couched 118 THE ENTHUSIASM OF in symbol ? is it entangled among perplexing anachronisms ? is it studded with points of special reference ? We then recognize the hand of heaven in the art of its construction ; and we know that it is so moulded as to admit and invite the manifold diversities of ingenious explication ; and that therefore, even the true explication must, until the day of solution, stand undistinguished in a crowd of plausible errors. But for a man to proclaim himself the champion of a particular hypothesis, and to employ it as he might an explicit predic- tion, is to affront the Spirit of prophecy by contemning the chosen style of His announce- ments. And what shall be said of the auda- city of him, who, with no other commission in his hand than such as any man may please to frame for himself, usurps the awful style of the seer, pronounces the doom of nations, hurls thunders at thrones, and worse than this, puts the credit of Christianity at pawn in the hand of infidelity, to be lost beyond recovery, if not redeemed on a day specified by the fanatic for the verification of his word ! The agitation which has recently taken place on the subject of prophecy, may, perhaps, ere long, subside, and the church may again ac- quiesce in its old sobrieties of opinion. And yet a different and a better result of the existing controversy seems not altogether improbable; PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. \W for when enthusiasm has raved itself into ex- haustion, and has received from time the refu- tation of its precocious hopes; and when, on the other side, prosing mediocrity has uttered all its saws, and has fallen back into its own slumber of contented ignorance, then the spirit of research and of legitimate curiosity, which no doubt has been diffused among not a few intel- ligent students of Scripture, may bring on a calm, a learned, and a productive discussion of the many great questions that belong to the undeveloped destiny of man. And it may be believed that the issue of such discussions will take its place among the means that shall con- cur to usher in a brighter age of Christianity. Not indeed as if any fundamental principle of religion remained to be discovered; for the spiritual church has, in every age, possessed the substance of truth, under the promised teaching of the Spirit of truth. But, obviously, there are many subjects, more or less clearly revealed in the Scriptures, upon which egregious errors may be entertained, consistently with genuine, and even exalted piety : they do indeed belong to the entire faith of a Christian ; but they form no part of its basis ; they may be detached or dis- figured without great peril to the stability of the structure. Almost all opinions relating to the unseen world, and to the future providence of God on earth, are of this extrinsic or subordinate character ; and, as a matter of fact, pious and 120 THE ENTHUSIASM OF cautious men have, on subjects of this kind, held notions so incompatibly dissimilar, that the one or the other must have been utterly erroneous. But the detection of error always opens a vista of hope to the diligence of inquiry ; and with the mistakes of our predecessors before us for our warning, and with a highly improved state of biblical learning for our aid, it may fairly be anticipated that a devout and industrious re- consideration of the evidence of Scripture will achieve some important improvements in the opinions of the church on these difficult and obscure subjects. And yet, though an expectation of this kind may seem reasonable, there is, on the other hand, some ground to imagine that the accomplish- ment of the inscrutable designs of the Divine Providence, may require that the pious should henceforth, as heretofore, continue to entertain not only imperfect but very mistaken notions of the unseen and the future worlds. Well- founded hopes and erroneous interpretations have been linked together in the history of the church in all ages, even from that hour of falla- cious exultation when the mother of a murderer exclaimed — “ I have gotten the man from the Lord,” the man who should “ break the ser- pent’s head.” Neither the discharge of present duties, nor the exercise of right affections, nor a substantial preparation for taking a part in the glory that is to be revealed, is perhaps at PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 121 all necessarily connected with just anticipations of the unknown futurity. Thus when the in- fant wakes into the light of this world, every organ presently assumes its destined function : the heaving bosom confesses the fitness of the material it inhales to support the new style of existence ; and the senses admit the first im- pressions of the external world with a sort of anticipated familiarity ; and though utterly un- taught in the scenes upon which it has so sud- denly entered, and inexperienced in the orders of the place where it must ere long act its part, yet it is truly “ meet to be a partaker of the inheritance ” of life. And thus, too, a real meet- ness for his birth into the future life may belong to the Christian, though he be utterly ignorant of its circumstances and conditions. But the functions of that new life have been long in a hidden play of preparation for full activity. He has waited in the coil of mortality only for the moment when he should inspire the ether of the upper world, and behold the light of eternal day, and hear the voices of new companions, and taste of the immortal fruit, and drink of the river of life ; and then, after perhaps a short season of nursing in the arms of the elder members of the family above, he will take his place in the service and orders of the heavenly house, nor ever have room to regret the ignorances of his mortal state. The study of those parts of Scripture which relate to futurity, should therefore be undertaken 122 PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. with zeal, inspired by a reasonable hope of suc- cessful research ; and at the same time with the modesty and resignation which must spring from a not unreasonable supposition, that all such researches may be fruitless. So long as this modesty is preserved, there will be no danger of enthusiastic excitements, whatever may be the opinions which we are led to entertain. It must be evident to every calm mind, that the discussion of questions confessedly so obscure, and upon which the evidence of Scripture is limited, and of uncertain explication, is abso- lutely improper to the pulpit. The several points of the Catholic faith afford themes enough for public instruction. But matters of learned debate are extraneous to that faith ; they are no ingre- dients in the bread of life, which is the only article committed to the hands of the teacher for distri- bution among the multitude. What are the private and hypothetical opinions of a public functionary to those whom he is to teach the principles of the common Christianity ? And if these doubtful opinions implicate inquiries which the unlearned can never prosecute, a species of imposition is implied in the attempt to urge them upon simple hearers. It is truly a sorry triumph that he obtains who wins by declamation and violence the voices of a crowd in favour of opi- nions which men of learning and modesty neither defend nor impugn but with diffidence. I he press is the proper organ of abstruse controversy. SECTION VI. ENTHUSIASTIC PERVERSIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF A PARTICULAR PROVIDENCE. No species of enthusiasm, perhaps, is more extensively prevalent, and certainly none clings more tenaciously to the mind that has once entertained it, and none produces more practical mischief, than that which is founded on an abuse of the doctrine of a particular Providence. It is by the fortuities of life that the religious enthu- siast is deluded. Chance, under a guise stolen from piety, is his divinity. He believes, and he believes justly, that every seeming fortuity is under the absolute control of the Divine hand ; but in virtue of the peculiar interest he supposes himself to have on high, he is tempted to think that these contingencies are very much at his command. This belief naturally inclines him to pay more regard to the unusual, than to the common course of events. In contemplating God as the disposer of chances, he becomes forgetful of Him who is the governor of the world by known and permanent laws. All the honour which he does to one of the divine 124 ABUSES OF THE attributes, is in fact stolen from the reverence due to another ; but he should remember that “ the Lord abhorreth robbery for offering.” A propensity to look more to chance than to probability is known invariably to debilitate the reasoning faculty, and to vitiate the moral senti- ments; and these constant effects are more often aggravated than mitigated by the accession of religious sentiments. The illusions of hope then assume a tone of authority which effectually silences the whispers of common sense ; and the imagination, more highly stimulated than when it fed only on things of earth, boldly makes a prey of the divine power and goodness, to the utter subversion of humble piety. A sanguine temper, quickened by perverted notions of re- ligion, easily impels a man to believe that he is privileged or skilled to penetrate the intentions of Providence towards himself; and the anticipa- tions he forms on this ground, acquire so much consistency by being perpetually handled, that he deems them to form a much more certain rule of conduct than he could derive from the forecastings of prudence, or even from the dic- tates of morality. Delusions of this kind are the real sources of many of those sad delinquencies which so often bring reproach upon a profession of religion. The world loves to call the offender a villain ; but in fact he was not worse than an enthusiast. He who in conducting the daily affairs of life DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 125 has acquired the settled habit of calculating rather upon what is possible than upon what is probable, naturally slides into the mischievous error of paying court to Fortune, rather than to Virtue : nor will his integrity or his principles of honour be at all strengthened by the mere metonymy of calling Fortune — Providence. It is easy to fix the eye upon the clouds in expec- tation of help from above with so much intent- ness, that the tables of right and wrong, which stand before us, shall scarcely be seen. This very expectation is a contempt of prudence ; and it is not often seen that those who slight Prudence, pay much regard to her sister — Probity. Or if consequences so serious do not follow from the notion that the fortuities of life are an available fund at the disposal of the favourite of heaven, yet this belief can hardly fail to spread an infection of sloth and presumption through the character. The enthusiast will certainly be remiss and dilatory in arduous and laborious duties. Hope, which is the incentive to exertion in well-ordered and energetic minds, slackens every effort if the understanding be crazed. The wheel of toil stands still while the devotee implores assistance from above. Or if he pos- sesses more of activity, the same false principle prompts him to engage in enterprises from which, if the expected contingent to be fur- nished by “ Providence,” be deducted, scarcely 126 ABUSES OF THE a shred of fair probability remains to recommend the scheme. If the course of events in human life were as constant and uniform as the phenomena of the material world, none but madmen would build their hopes upon the irregularities by which it is diversified. Nor would the enthusiast do so if he gave heed to the principles that impose order upon the apparent chaos of fortuities from which the many coloured line of human life is spun. To expose then the error of those who, on pre- text of faith in providence, build presumptuous expectations upon the throws of fortune, we must analyse the confused mass of contingences to which human life is liable. This analysis leaves the folly and impropriety of the enthusiast without excuse. Any one who recalls to his recollection the incidents, great and small, that have filled up the days of a year past, will find it easy to divide them into two classes, of which the first, and the larger, comprises those events which common sense and experience might have enabled him to anticipate, and which, if he were wise, he did actually anticipate, so far as was necessary for the regulation of his conduct. The ground of such calculations of futurity is nothing else than the uniform course of events in the material world, and the permanent principles of human nature, and the established order of the social system : DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 127 for all these, though confessedly liable to many interruptions, are yet so far constant as to afford, on the whole, a safe rule of calculation. If there were no such uniformity in the course of events, the active and reasoning faculties of man would be of no avail to him ; for the exercise of them might as probably be ruinous as serviceable. In the whirl of such a supposed anarchy of nature, an intelligent agent must refrain from every movement, and resign himself to be borne along by the eddies of confusion. But this is not the character of the world we inhabit : the connexion of physical causes and effects is known and calculable, so that the results of human labour are liable to only a small deduction on account of occasional irregularities. We plant and sow, and lay up stores, and build, and construct ma- chines in tranquil hope of the expected benefit ; and indeed, if the variations and irregularities of nature were much greater and more frequent than they are, or even if disappointment were as common as success, the part of wisdom would still be the same ; for the laws of nature, though never so much broken in upon by incalculable accidents, would still afford some ground of ex- pectation ; and an intelligent agent will always prefer to act on even the slenderest hope which reason approves, rather than to lie supine in the ruinous wheel- way of chance. And notwithstanding its many real, and many apparent irregularities, there is also a settled 128 ABUSES OF THE order of causes and effects in the human system, as well as in the material world. The foundation of this settled order is, the sameness of human nature in its animal, intellectual, and moral con- stitution, of which the anomalies are never so great as to break up all resemblance to the com- mon pattern. Then those conventional modes of thinking and acting which sway the conduct of the mass of mankind, strengthen the tendency to uniformity, and greatly counteract all disturbing causes. Then again the sanctioned institutions of society give stability and permanence to the order of events, and altogether afford so much security in calculating upon the future, that, whoever by observation and reflection has be- come well skilled in the ordinary movements of the machinery of life, may, with confidence and calmness, if not with absolute assurance of success, risk his most important interests upon the issue of plans wisely concerted. Skill and sagacity in managing the affairs of common life, or wisdom in council and command, is nothing else than an extensive and ready know- ledge of the intricate movements of the great machine of the social system ; and the high price which this skill and wisdom always bears among men, may be held to represent two abstractions; — first, the perplexing Irregularities of the system to which human agency is to be conformed ; and then, the real and substantial Uniformity of the movements of that system. For it is plain that if DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 129 there were no perplexing irregularities, superior sagacity would be in no request; or, on the other hand, if there were not a real constancy in the course of affairs, the greatest sagacity would be found to be of no avail, and therefore, would be in no esteem. There is then a substantial, if not an immov- able substratum of causes and effects, upon which, for the practical and important purposes of life, calculations of futurity may be formed. And this is the basis, and this alone, on which a wise man rests his hopes and constructs his plans: he well knows that his fairest hopes may be dis- sipated, and his best plans overthrown ; and yet, though the hurricanes of misfortune were a thou- sand times to scatter his labours, he will still go on to renew them in conformity with the same principles of calculation ; for no other principles are known to him, and the extremest caprices of Fortune will never so prevail over his constancy, as to induce him to do homage to Chance. The second, and the less numerous class of events that make up the course of human life, are those which no sagacity could have anti- cipated ; for though in themselves they were only the natural consequences of common causes, yet those causes were either concealed or remote, and were, to us and our agency, the same as if they had been absolutely fortuitous. By far the larger proportion of these accidents arises from K 130 ABUSES OF THE the intricate connexions of the social system. The thread of every life is entangled with other threads, beyond all reach of calculation. The weal and woe of each depends, by innumerable correspondences, upon the will, and caprices, and fortune, not merely of the individuals of his immediate circle, but upon those of myriads of whom he knows nothing. Or, strictly speaking, the tie of mutual influence passes, without a break, from hand to hand, throughout the human family: there is no independence, no insulation, in the lot of man ; and, therefore, there can be no absolute calculation of future fortunes ; for he whose will or caprice is to govern that lot stands, perhaps, at the distance of a thousand removes from the subject of it, and the attenu- ated influence winds its way in a thousand meanders before it reaches the point of its des- tined operation. Both these classes of events are manifestly necessary to the full development of the faculties of human nature. If, for example, there were no constancy in the events of life, there would be no room left for rational agency ; and if, on the other hand, there were no inconstancy, the operations of the reasoning faculty would fall into a mechanical regularity, and the imagina- tion and the passions would be iron-bound, as by the immobility of fate. It is by the admirable combination of the two principles of order and disorder, of uniformity and variety, of certainty DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 131 and of chance ; that the faculties and desires are wrought up to their full play of energy and vivacity ; of reason and of feeling. But it is espe- cially in connexion with the doctrine of Provi- dence that we have at present to consider these two elements of human life ; and as to the first of them, it is evident that the settled order of causes and effects, so far as it may be ascertained by observation and experience, claims the respect and obedience of every intelligent agent; since it is nothing less than the will of the Author of nature, legibly written upon the constitution of the world. This will is sanctioned by immediate rewards and punishments ; health, wealth, pro- sperity, are the usual consequents of obedience; while sickness, poverty, degradation, are the almost certain inflictions that attend a negligent interpretation, or a presumptuous disregard of it. The dictates of prudence are in truth the com- mands of God; and His benevolence is vindicated by the fact that the miseries of life are, to a very great extent, attributable to a contempt of those commands. But there is a higher government of men, as moral and religious beings, which is carried on chiefly by means of the fortuities of life. Those unforeseen accidents which so often control the lot of men, constitute a superstratum in the system of human affairs, wherein, peculiarly, the Divine Providence holds empire for the k 2 132 ABUSES OF THE accomplishment of its special purposes. It is from this hidden and inexhaustible mine of chances — chances, as we must call them, that the Governor of the world draws, with unfathomable skill, the materials of his dispensations towards each indi- vidual of mankind. The world of nature affords no instances of complicated and exact contrivance, comparable to that which so arranges the vast chaos of contingencies as to produce, with un- erring precision, a special order of events adapted to the character of every individual of the human family. Amid the whirl of myriads of fortuities, the means are selected and combinedfor construct- ing as many independent machineries of moral discipline as there are moral agents in the world ; and each apparatus is at once complete in itself, and complete as part of a universal movement. If the special intentions of Providence towards individuals were effected by the aid of super- natural interpositions, the power and presence of the Supreme Disposer might indeed be more strikingly displayed than it is; but his skill much less. And herein especially is manifested the perfection of the Divine wisdom, that the most surprising conjunctions of events are brought about by the simplest means, and in a manner so perfectly in harmony with the ordinary course of human affairs, that the hand of the Mover is ever hidden beneath second causes, and is descried only by the eye of pious affection. This is in fact the great miracle of providence — that no DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 133 miracles are needed to accomplish its purposes. Countless series of events are travelling on from remote quarters towards the same point ; and each series moves in the beaten track of natural occurrences ; but their intersection, at the very moment in which they meet, shall serve, perhaps, to give a new direction to the affairs of an empire. The materials of the machinery of Providence are all of common quality ; but their combination displays nothing less than infinite skill. Having then these two distinguishable classes of events before us, namely, those which may be foreknown by human sagacity, and those which may not; it is manifest that the former exclusively is given to man as the sphere of his labours, and for the exercise of his skill ; while the latter is reserved as the royal domain of sovereign bounty and infinite wisdom. The enthusiast, therefore, who neglects and contemns those dictates of com- mon sense which are derived from the calculable course of human affairs, and founds his plans and expectations upon the unknown procedures of Providence, is chargeable not merely with folly, but with an impious intrusion upon the peculiar sphere of the divine agency. This impiety is shown in a strong light when viewed in connexion with those great principles which may be discerned, not obscurely, to govern the dispensations of Providence towards mankind. In the divine management of the fortuitous 134 ABUSES OF THE events of life, there is, in the first place, visible, some occasional flashes of that retributive justice which, in the future world, is to obtain its long- postponed and perfect triumph. There are in- stances which, though not very common, are frequent enough to keep alive the salutary fears of mankind, wherein vindictive visitations speak articulately in attestation of the righteous in- dignation of God against them that do evil. Outrageous villanies, or appalling profaneness, sometimes draw upon the criminal the instant bolt of divine wrath, and in so remarkable a manner that the most irreligious minds are quelled with a sudden awe, and confess the hand of God. And again there is just perceptible, as it were, a gleam of divine approbation, displayed in a signal rewarding of the righteous, even in the present life : a blessing “ which maketh rich ” rests sometimes conspicuously upon the habitation of disinterested and active virtue : “ the righteous is as a tree planted by the rivers of water ; whatsoever he doeth, prospers.” In these anomalous cases of anticipated retribution, the punishment or the reward does not arrive in the ordinary course of common causes ; but starts forth suddenly from that store-house of fortuities whence the divine providence draws its means of government. If the oppressor, by rousing the resentment of mankind, is dragged from the seat of power, and trodden in the dust ; or if the villain who “ plotteth mischief against his DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 135 neighbour on his bed,” is at length caught in his own net, and despoiled of his wrongful gains, these visitations of justice, though truly retribu- tive, belong plainly to the known order of causes and effects : they are nothing more than the natural issues of the culprit’s course ; and there- fore do not declare the special interference of heaven. But there are instances of another kind, in which the ruin of villany or of violence comes speeding as on a shaft from above, which though seemingly shot at random, yet hits its victim with a precision and a peculiarity that proclaims the unerring hand of divine justice. In like manner there are remarkable recom- penses of integrity, of liberality, of kindness to strangers, and, most especially, of duty to parents, which arrive by means so remote from common probability, and yet so simple, that the approba- tion of Him who “ taketh pleasure in the path of the just,” is written upon the unexpected boon. There are few family histories that would not afford examples of such conspicuous retributions. Yet as they are confessedly rare, and administered by rules absolutely inscrutable to human penetra- tion, there can hardly be a more daring impiety than, in particular instances, to entertain the expectation of their occurrence. But the enthu- siast finds it hard to abstain, in his own case, from such expectations, and is tempted per- petually to indulge hopes of special boons in reward of his services, and is forward and \ 136 ABUSES OF THE ingenious in giving an interpretation that flatters his spiritual vanity to every common favour of providence ; the bottles of heaven are never stopped but to gratify his taste for fine weather ! A readiness to announce the wrath of heaven upon offenders, is a presumption which charac- terises, not the mere enthusiast, but the malign fanatic, and therefore comes not properly within our subject ; and yet the species of enthusiasm now under consideration is very seldom free from some such impious tendency. In the divine management of the fortuities of life, there may also be very plainly perceived a dispensation of moral exercise, specifically adapted to the temper and powers of the indivi- dual. No one can look back upon his own history without meeting unquestionable instances of this sort of educational adjustment of his lot, effected by means that were wholly independent of his own choice or agency. The casual meet- ing with a stranger, or an unexpected interview with a friend ; the accidental postponement of affairs ; the loss of a letter, a shower, a trivial indisposition, the caprice of an associate ; these, or similar fortuities, have been the determining causes of events, not only important in them- selves, but of peculiar significance and use in that process of discipline which the character of the in- dividual was to undergo. These new currents in the course of life proved, in the issue, specifically DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 137 proper for putting in action the latent faculties of the mind, or for holding in check its dan- gerous propensities. Whoever is quite uncon- scious of this sort of overruling of his affairs by means of apparent accidents, must be very little addicted to habits of intelligent reflection. Doubtless every man’s choice and conduct determine, to a great extent, his lot and occu- pation ; but not seldom, a course of life much better fitted to bis temper and abilities than the one he would fain substitute for it, has, year after year, and in spite of his reluctances, fixed his place and employment in society ; and this unchosen lot has, if we may so speak, been con- structed from the floating fragments of other men’s fortunes, drifted by the accidents of wind and tide across the billows of life, till they were stranded at the very spot where the individual for whom they were destined was ready to re- ceive them. By such strong and nicely fitted movements of the machine of Providence, it is that the tasks of life are distributed where best they may be performed, and its burdens appor- tioned where best they may be sustained. By accidents of birth or connexion, the bold, the sanguine, the energetic, are led into the front of the field of arduous exertion ; while by similar fortuities, quite as often as by choice, the pusil- lanimous, the fickle, the faint-hearted, are suf- fered to spend their days under the shelter of ease, and in the recesses of domestic tranquillity. 138 ABUSES OF THE Bat who shall profess so to understand his particular temper, and so to estimate his talents, as might qualify him to anticipate the special dispensations of Providence in his own case ? Such knowledge, surely, every wise man will confess to be “ too wonderful” for him. To the Supreme Intelligence alone it belongs to dis- tribute to every one his lot, and to “ fix the bounds” of his abode. Yet there are persons, whose persuasion of what ought to be their place and destiny is so confidently held, that a long life of disappointment does not rob them of the fond hypothesis of self-love ; and just in proportion to the firmness of their faith in a particular pro- vidence, will be their propensity to quarrel with heaven, as if it debarred them from their right in deferring to realize the anticipated destiny. Presumption, when it takes its commencement in religion, naturally ends in impiety. Men who look no farther than the present scene, may, with less glaring inconsistency, vent their vexation in accusing the blindness and partiality of fate, which has held their eminent talents and their peculiar merits so long under the veil of obscurity; but those who acknow- ledge at once a disposing providence and a future life, might surely find considerations proper for imposing silence upon such murmurings of dis- appointed ambition. Let it be granted to a man that his vanity does not deceive him, when he complains that adverse fortune has prevented his DOCTRINE OR PROVIDENCE. 139 entering the very course upon which nature fitted him to shine, and has, with unrelenting severity, confined him, year after year, to a drudgery in which he was not qualified to win even a com- mon measure of success : all this may be true ; but if the complainant be a Christian, he cannot find it difficult to admit that this clashing of his fortune with his capacities or his tastes may have been the very exercise necessary to insure his ultimate welfare. Who will deny that the reasons of the divine conduct towards those who are in training for an endless course must always lie at an infinite distance beyond the range of created vision ? Who shall venture even to sur- mise what course of events may best foster the germ of an imperishable life ; or who conjecture what contraventions of the hopes and interests of an individual may find their reasons and neces- sity somewhere in the wide universe of conse- quences incalculably remote ? Whether the promise “ that all things shall work together for good to those who love God,” is to be accomplished by perpetual sunshine or by incessant storms, no one can anticipate in his own case : or if any one were excepted, it must be the enthusiast, who might almost with cer- tainty calculate upon receiving a dispensation the very reverse of that which it has been the lead- ing error of his life to anticipate. He might thus calculate, both because his expectations are in themselves exorbitant and improbable; and 140 ABUSES OF THE because the presumptuous temper from which they spring loudly calls for the rebuke of heaven. Amid the perplexities which arise from the unexpected events of life, we are not left without sufficient guidance ; for although, in particular instances, the most reasonable calculations are baffled, and the best plans subverted ; yet there remains in our hands the immutable rule of moral rectitude, in an inflexible adherence to which we shall avoid what is chiefly to be dreaded in calamity — the dismal moanings of a wounded conscience. “ He that walketh up- rightly walketh surely,” even in the path of disaster. And while, on the one hand, he steadily pursues the track which common prudence marks out ; and, on the other, listens with respectful attention to the dictates of honour and probity, he may, without danger of enthusiasm, ask and hope for the especial aids of Divine Providence, in overruling those events that lie beyond the reach of human agency. Prayer and calculation are duties never in- compatible, never to be disjoined, and never to shackle one the other. For while those events only which are probable ought to be assumed as the basis of plans for futurity ; yet, whatever is not manifestly impossible, or in a high degree improbable, may lawfully be made the object of submissive petition. Few persons, and none who have known vicissitudes, can look back upon past DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 141 years without recollecting signal occasions on which they have been rescued from the impend- ing and apparently inevitable consequences of their own misconduct, or imprudence, or want of ability, by extraordinary interventions in the very crisis of their fate. Or, perhaps, they have been placed by accident in circumstances of peril, where, as it seemed, there remained not a possi- bility of escape. But while the ruin was yet in descent, rescue, which it would have been mad- ness to expect, came in to preserve life, fortune, or reputation, from the imminent destruction. That such conspicuous deliverances do actually occur is matter of fact ; nor will the Christian endure that they should be attributed to any other cause than the special care and kindness of his heavenly Father : and yet, as they belong to an economy which stretches into eternity, and as they are not administered on any ascertained rule, they can never come within the range of our calculations, or be admitted to influence our plans : a propensity to indulge such expectations belongs to infirmity of mind, and is in fact an intrusion upon the counsels of infinite wisdom. Nevertheless, so long as these extraordinary interventions are known to consist with the rules of the divine government, they may be contem- plated as possible without violating the respect that is due to its ordinary procedures; and may, therefore, without enthusiasm, be solicited in the hour of peril or perplexity. The gracious 142 ABUSES OF THE “ Hearer of prayer,” who, on past and well re- membered occasions has signally given deliver- ance, may do so again, even when, if we think of our own imprudence, we have reason to expect nothing less than destruction. What are termed by irreligious men ‘ the fortunate chances of life,’ will be regarded by the devout mind as constituting a hidden treasury of boons, held at the disposal of a gracious hand for the incitement of prayer, and for the reward of humble faith. The enthusiast who, in contempt of common sense and of rectitude, presumes upon the exist- ence of this extraordinary fund, forfeits, by such impiety, his interest in its stores. But the prudent and the pious, while they labour and calculate in strict conformity to the known and ordinary course of events, shall not seldom find that, from this very treasury of contingences, God is “ rich to them that call upon Him.” In minds of a puny form, whose enthusiasm is commonly mingled with some degree of abject superstition, the doctrine of a particular provi- dence is liable to be degraded by habitual asso- ciation with trivial and sordid solicitudes. This or that paltry wish is gratified, or vulgar care relieved, ‘ by the kindness of providence ; ’ and thanks are rendered for helps, comforts, deliver- ances, of so mean an order, that the respectable language of piety is burlesqued by the ludicrous character of the occasion on which it is used. DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 143 The fault in these instances does not consist in an error of opinion, as if even the most trivial events were not, equally with the most consider- able, under the divine management ; but it is a perversion and degradation of feeling which allows the mind to be occupied with whatever is frivolous, to the exclusion of whatever is impor- tant. These petty spirits, who draw hourly, from the matters of their personal comfort or indul- gence, so many occasions of prayer and praise, are most often seen to be insensible to motives of a higher kind : they have no perception of the relative magnitude of objects ; no sense of pro- portion ; and they feel little or no interest in what does not affect themselves. We ought, however, to grant indulgence to the infirmity of the feeble : if the soul be indeed incapable of expansion, it is better it should be devout in trifles, tban not devout at all. Yet these small folks have need to be warned of the danger of mistaking the gratulations of selfishness for the gratitude of piety. It is a rare perfection of the intellectual and moral faculties which allows all objects, great and small, to be distinctly perceived, and per- ceived in their relative magnitudes. A soul of this high finish may be devout on common occa- sions without trifling : it will gather up the fragments of the divine bounty, that “ nothing be lost and yet hold its energies and its soli- citudes free for the embrace of momentous cares. 144 ABUSES OF TIIE If men of expanded intellect, and high feeling, and great activity are excused in their neglect of small things, this indulgence is founded upon a recollection of the contractedness of the human mind, even at the best. The forgetfulness of lesser matters which so often belongs to energy of character, is, after all, not a perfection, but a weakness ; and a more complete expansion of mind, a still more vigorous pulse of life, would dispel the torpor of which such neglects are the symptoms. Thwarted enthusiasm naturally generates im- pious petulance. If we encumber the Providence of God with unwarranted expectations, it will be difficult not so to murmur under disappointment as those do who think themselves defrauded of their right. In truth, amidst the sharpness of sudden calamity, or the pressure of continued adversity, the most sane minds are tempted to indulge repinings which reason, not less than piety, utterly condemns. The imputation of defective wisdom, or justice, or goodness, to the Being of whom we can form no notion apart from the ideas of absolute knowledge, rectitude, and benevolence, is much too absurd to need a formal refutation ; and yet how often does it survive all the rebukes of good sense and reli- gion! So egregious and palpable an error could not find a. moment’s lodgment in the heart, if it did not meet a surface of adhesion where DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 145 presumption has been torn away. The exagge- rations of self-love not quelled, but rather inflated by an enthusiastic piety, inspire feelings of per- sonal importance so enormous, that even the infinitude of the divine attributes is made to shrink down to the measure of comparison with man. When illusions such as these are rent and scattered, how pitiable is the conscious destitu- tion and meanness of the denuded spirit! with how cruel a shock does it fall back upon its true place in the vast system of providence ! Whoever entertains, as every Christian ought, a strong and consoling belief of the doctrine of a Particular Providence, which cares for the wel- fare of each, should not forget to connect with that belief some general notions at least, of that system of Universal Providence which secures individual interests, consistently with the well- being of the whole. Such notions, though very defective, or even in part erroneous, may serve first to check presumption, and then to impose silence upon those murmurs which are its off- spring. A law of subordination manifestly pervades that part of the government of God with which we are acquainted, and may fairly be supposed to prevail elsewhere. Lesser interests are the component parts of greater ; and so closely are the individual fates of the human family inter- woven, that each member, however insignificant L 146 ABUSES OF THE he may seem, sustains a real relationship of in- fluence to the community. The lot of each must therefore be shapen by reasons drawn from many, and often from remote quarters. Yet in effecting this complex combination of parts, infinite wisdom prevents any clashing of the lesser with the larger movements ; and we may feel assured that, on the grounds either of mere equity or of beneficence, the dispensations of Providence are as compactly perfect towards each individual of mankind as if he were the sole inhabitant of an only world. If Heaven, in its condescension, were to implead at the bar of human reason, and set forth the motives of its dealings towards this man or that, these motives might, no doubt, be alleged and justified in every particular, without making any reference to the intermingled interests of other men : and it might be shewn that, although certain events were in fact followed by consequences much more important to others than to the individual immediately affected, yet they did in the fullest sense belong to the personal discipline of the individual, and must have taken place irrespec- tively of those foreign consequences. This perfect fitting and finishing of the ma- chinery of Providence to individual interests, must be premised ; yet it is not less true that in almost every event of life the remote consequences vastly outweigh the proximate, in actual amount of im- portance. Every man prospers, or is overthrown. DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 147 lives, or dies, not for himself; but that he may sustain those around him, or that he may give them place ; and who shall attempt to measure the circle within which are comprised these ex- tensive dependences ? On principles even of mathematical calculation, each individual of the human family may be demonstrated to hold in his hand the centre lines of an interminable web-work, on which are sustained the fortunes of multitudes of his successors. These impli- cated consequences, if summed together, make up therefore a weight of human weal or woe that is reflected back with an incalculable mo- mentum upon the lot of each. Every one is then bound to remember that the personal sufferings or peculiar vicissitudes, or toils through which he is called to pass, are to be estimated and explained only in an immeasurably small proportion if his single welfare is regarded ; while their full price and value are not to be computed unless the drops of the morning dew could be numbered. Immediate proof of that system of interminable connexion which binds together the whole human family may be obtained by every one who will examine the several ingredients of his physical, intellectual, and social condition ; for he will not find one of these circumstances of his lot that is not, in its substance or quality, directly an effect or consequence of the conduct, or character, or constitution of his progenitors, and of all with l 2 148 SYSTEM OE whom he has had to do : if they had been other than they were, he must also have been other than he is. And then our predecessors must, in like manner, trace the qualities of their being to theirs ; thus the linking ascends to the common parents of all ; and thus must it descend, still spreading as it goes, from the present to the last generation of the children of Adam. Nor is this direct and obvious kind of influence the only one of which some plain indications are to be discerned ; and without at all following the uncertain track of adventurous speculation, it may fairly be surmised that the same law of interminable connexion, a law of moral gravita- tion, stretches far beyond the limits of the human family, and actually holds in union the great community of intelligent beings. Instances of connexion immensely remote, and yet very real, might be adduced in abundance : the influence of history upon the character and conduct of successive generations is of this kind. Whatever actually imparts force or intensity to human motives, and by this means actually determines the course of life, may assuredly claim for itself the title and respect due to an efficient cause, and must be deemed to exert an impulsive power over the mind. Now the records of history, how long soever may have been the line of transmission which has brought them to our times, fraught as they are with instances applicable to all the occa- sions of real life, do thus, in a very perceptible UNIVERSAL PROVIDENCE. 149 degree, affect the sentiments and mould the characters of mankind ; nor will any one speak slightingly of this species of causation who has compared the intellectual condition of nations rich in history, with that of a people wholly destitute of the memorials of past ages. The story of the courage, or constancy, or wisdom of the men of a distant time becomes, in a greater or a less degree, a subsidiary cause of the conduct of the men of each succeeding generation. Thus the few indi- viduals in every age to whom it has happened to live, and act, and speak under the focus of the speculum of history, did actually live, and labour, and suffer for the benefit of mankind in all future times ; just as truly as a father toils for the advantage of his family. And if the whole amount of the influence which has in fact flowed from the example of the wise, the brave, and the good, could have been placed in prophetic vision before them, while in the midst of their arduous course, would not these worthies contentedly and gladly have purchased so immense a wealth of moral power at the price of their personal sufferings ? Here then, as a plain matter of fact, is an instance of boundless causation, connecting cer- tain individuals with myriads of their species, from age to age, and for ever. It is an instance, we say, and not more : for the voice of history is but a preluding flourish to that voluminous re- velation, which shall be made, in the great day of consummation, of all that has been acted and 150 MYSTEUIOUSNESS OF suffered upon earth’s surface. In that day, when the books of universal history are opened and read, it shall doubtless be found that no particle has been lost of aught that might serve to au- thenticate the maxims of eternal wisdom, or to vindicate the righteous government of God. And all shall be written anew, as “with a pen of iron on the rock for ever,” and shall stand forth as an imperishable lesson of warning or incite- ment to after-comers on the theatre of existence. Whatever degree of solidity may be attributed to considerations of this kind, they are at least sufficiently supported by analogies to give them a decided advantage over those petulant cavils wherewith we are prone to arraign the particular dispensations of Providence towards ourselves. Are such dispensations, when seen in small por- tions, mysterious and perplexing? How can they be otherwise if, in their completed measure- ments, they are to spread over the creation, and in their issues to endure for ever ? The common phrase — f a mysterious dispensa- tion of Providence,’ when used as most often it is, contains the very substance of enthusiasm ; yet, it must be confessed, of a venial enthusiasm ; for the occasions which draw it forth are of a kind that may be admitted to palliate a hasty impro- priety of language. To call any event that does not break in upon the known and established order of natural causes — mysterious, is virtually PROVIDENCE. 15! to assume a previous knowledge of the intentions of the Supreme Ruler ; for it is to say that His proceedings have baffled our calculations ; and in fact it is only when we have formed anticipations of what ought to have been the course of events that we are tempted by sudden reverses to em- ploy so improperly this indefinite expression. All the dispensations of Divine Providence, taken together, may, with perfect propriety, be termed mysterious ; since all alike are governed by reasons that are hidden and inscrutable : but it is the height of presumption so to designate some of them in distinction from others. For ex- ample ; a man eminently gifted by nature for important and peculiar services, and trained to perform them by a long and arduous discipline, and now just entering upon the course of suc- cessful beneficence, and perhaps actually holding in his hand the welfare of a family, or a province, or an empire, is suddenly smitten to the earth by disease or accident. Sad ruin of a rare ma- chinery of intellectual and moral power ! But while the thoughtless many deplore for an hour their irreparable loss, the thoughtful few muse rather than weep ; and in order to conceal from themselves the irreverence of their own repinings, exclaim — ‘ How mysterious are the ways of heaven !’ Yes ; but in the present instance, what is mysterious ? Not that human life should at all periods be liable to disease, or the human frame be always vulnerable ; for these are conditions 152 IDEA OF THE inseparable from the present constitution of our nature ; and it is clear that nothing less than a perpetual miracle could exempt any one class of mankind from the common contingences of physical life. The supposition of any such con- stant and manifest interposition, rendering a certain description of persons intactible by harm, would be impious as well as absurd. Nothing could suggest to a sane mind an idea of this sort, if it did not gain admittance in the train of those eager forecastings of the ways of God in which persons much addicted to religious meditation are prone to indulge, and which, though they may afford pleasure for a moment, are usually purchased at the cost of relapses into gloomy, or worse than gloomy discontents. There is a striking incongruity in the fact that the propensity to apply the equivocal term, mysterious, to sudden and afflictive events, like the one just specified, is indulged almost exclu- sively by the very persons whose professed prin- ciples furnish them with a sufficient explanation of such dispensations. If the present state were thought to comprise the beginning and the end of the human system, and if, at the same time, this system be attributed to the Supreme Intel- ligence, then indeed the prodigious waste and destruction which is continually taking place, not only of the germ of life, but of the rarest and of the most excellent specimens of Divine art, is a solecism that must baffle every attempt FUTURE LIFE. 153 at explanation. Let then the deist, who knows of nothing beyond death, talk of the mysteries of Providence ; but let not the Christian, who is taught to think little of the present, and much of the future, use language of this sort. A A popular misunderstanding of the language of Scripture relative to the future state, has, perhaps, had great influence in enhancing the gloom and perplexity with which Christians are wont to think and speak of sudden and afflictive visitations of Providence. Heaven — the ultimate and perfected condition of human nature, is thought of amidst the toils of life, as an elysium of quiescent bliss, exempt, if not from action, at least from the necessity of action. Meanwhile every one feels that the ruling tendency and the uniform intention of all the arrangements of the present state, and of almost all its casualties, is to generate and to cherish habits of strenuous exertion. Inertness, not less than vice, stamps upon its victim the seal of per- dition. The whole order of nature, and all the institutions of society, and the ordinary course of events, and the explicit will of God, declared in His word, concur in opposing that propensity to rest which belongs to the human mind ; and combine to necessitate submission to the hard, yet salutary conditions under which alone the most extreme evils may be held in abeyance, and any degree of happiness enjoyed. A task and 154 IDEA OF THE duty is to be fulfilled, in discharging which the want of energy is punished even more imme- diately and more severely than the want of virtuous motives. Here then is visible a great and serious incon- gruity between matter of fact, and the common anticipations of the future state : it deserves in- quiry therefore whether these anticipations are really founded on the evidence of Scripture ; or whether they are not rather the mere suggestions of a sickly spiritual luxuriousness. This is not the place for pursuing such an inquiry; but it may be observed, in passing, that those glimpses of the supernal world which we catch from the Scriptures have in them, certainly, quite as much of the character of history as of poetry, and im- part the idea — not that there is less of business in heaven than on earth ; but more. Unques- tionably the felicity of those beings of a higher order, to whose agency frequent allusions are made by the inspired writers, is not incompa- tible with the assiduities of a strenuous ministry, to be discharged, according to the best ability of each, in actual and arduous contention with formidable, and perhaps sometimes successful opposition. A poetic notion of angelic agency, having in it nothing substantial, nothing neces- sary, nothing difficult, and which consists only in an unreal show of action and movement, and in which the result would be precisely the same apart from the accompaniment of a swarm of FUTURE LIFE. 155 butterfly youths, must be spurned by reason, as it is unwarranted by Scripture. Scripture does not affirm or imply that the plenitude of divine power is at all in more immediate exercise in the higher world than in this : on the contrary, the revelation so distinctly made of a countless array of intelligent and vigorous agents, designated usually by an epithet of martial signification, precludes such an idea. Why a commission of subalterns ; why an attendance of celestials upon the flight of the bolt of omnipotence ? That bolt, when actually flung, needs no coadjutor! But if there be a real and necessary, not merely a shadowy agency in heaven as well as on earth ; and if human nature is destined to act its part in such an economy; then its constitution, and the severe training it undergoes, are at once explained ; and then also, the removal of indivi- duals in the very prime of their fitness for useful labour ceases to be impenetrably mysterious. This excellent mechanism of matter and mind, which, beyond any other of His works, declares the wisdom of the Creator, and which, under His guidance, is now passing the season of its first preparation, shall stand up anew from the dust of dissolution, and then, with freshened powers, and with a store of hard-earned practical wisdom for its guidance, shall essay new labours — we say not perplexities and perils, in the service of God, who by such instruments chooses to accomplish His designs of beneficence. That so prodigious JLL 156 IDEA OF TIIE a waste of the highest qualities should take place as is implied in the notions which many Christians entertain of the future state, is indeed hard to imagine. The mind, of man, formed as it is to be more tenacious of its active habits than even of its moral dispositions, is, in the present state, trained (often at an immense cost of suffering) to the exercise of skill, of forethought, of courage, of patience; and ought it not to be inferred, un- less positive evidence contradicts the supposition, that this system of education bears some rela- tion of fitness to the state for which it is an initiation ? Shall not the very same qualities which here are so sedulously fashioned and finished, be actually needed and used in that future world of perfection ? Surely the idea is inadmissible that an instrument wrought up, at so much expense to a polished fitness for service, is destined to be suspended for ever on the palace walls of heaven, as a glittering bauble, no more to make proof of its temper ! A pious, but needless jealousy, lest the honour due to Him “ who worketh all in all ” should be in any degree compromised, has perhaps had influence in concealing from the eyes of Chris- tians the importance attributed in the Scriptures to subordinate agency; and thus, by a natural consequence, has impoverished and enfeebled our ideas of the heavenly state. But assuredly it is only while encompassed by the dimness and errors of the present life that there can be any FUTURE LIFE. 157 danger of attributing to the creature the glory due to the Creator. When once with open eye that “ excellent glory” has been contemplated, then shall it be understood that the divine wis- dom is incomparably more honoured by the skil- ful and faithful performances, and by the cheerful toils of agents who have been fashioned and fitted for service, than it could be by the bare exertions of irresistible power : and then, when the absolute dependence of creatures is tho- roughly felt, may the beautiful orders of the heavenly hierarchy, rising, and still rising to- wards perfection, be seen and admired without hazard of forgetting Him who alone is absolutely perfect, and who is the only fountain and first cause of whatever is excellent. The Scriptures do indeed most explicitly de- clare, not only that virtue will be inamissible in heaven, but that its happiness will be unalloyed by fear, or pain, or want. But the mental asso- ciations formed in the present state make it so difficult to disjoin the idea of suffering and of sorrow from that of labour, and of arduous and difficult achievement, that we are prone to ex- clude action, as well as pain, from our idea of the future blessedness. Yet assuredly these notions may be separated ; and if it be possible to ima- gine a perfect freedom from selfish solicitudes, a perfect acquiescence in the will, and a perfect confidence in the wisdom, power, and goodness of God; then also may we conceive of toils without i 158 IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE. sadness, of perplexities without perturbations, and of difficult or perilous service, without de- spondency or fear. The true felicity of beings furnished with moral sensibilities, must consist in the full play of the emotions of love, fixed on the centre of good ; and this kind of happiness is unquestionably compatible with any external condition, not positively painful : perhaps even another step might be taken ; but the argument does not need it. Yet it should be remembered, that, in many signal and well-attested instances, the fervour of the religious affections has almost or entirely obliterated the consciousness of physical suffering, and has proved its power to vanquish every inferior emotion, and to fill the heart with heaven, even amid the utmost intensities of pain. Much more then may these affections, when freed from every shackle, when invigorated by an assured possession of endless life, and when height- ened by the immediate vision of the supreme ex- cellence, yield a fulness of joy, consistently with many vicissitudes of external position. Considerations such as these, if at all borne out by evidence of Scripture, may properly have place in connexion with the topic of this section ; for it is evident that the harassing perplexities which arise from the present dispensations of Providence might be greatly relieved by habitu- ally entertaining anticipations of the future state, somewhat less imbecile and luxurious than those commonly admitted by Christians. SECTION VII. ENTHUSIASM OF BENEFICENCE. To say that the principle of disinterested benevolence had never been known among men before the publication of Christianity would be an exaggeration ; — an exaggeration very similar to that of affirming that the doctrine of immor- tality was new to mankind when taught by our Lord. In truth, the one had, in every age, been imperfectly practised, and the other dimly sup- posed ; yet neither the one principle nor the other existed in sufficient strength to be the source of substantial benefit to mankind. But Christ, while he emphatically “ brought life and immortality to light,” and so claimed to be the author of hope for man, did also with such effect lay the hand of his healing power upon the human heart, long palsied by sensualities and selfishness, that it has ever since shed forth a fountain of active kindness, largely available for the relief of want and misery. As matter of history, unquestionable and con- spicuous, Christianity has in every age fed the hungry, and clothed the naked, and redeemed the captive, and visited the sick. It has put 160 MOTIVES OF to shame the atrocities of the ancient popular amusements, and annihilated sanguinary rites, and brought slavery into disesteem and disuse, and abolished excruciating punishments : it has even softened the ferocity of war ; and, in a word, is seen constantly at work, edging away oppressions, and moving on towards the perfect triumph which avowedly it meditates — that of removing from the earth every woe which the inconsideration or the selfishness, or the malig- nancy of man inflicts upon his fellows. It remains then to ask by what special means has Christianity effected these ameliorations ? and it will be found that the power and success of the new principle of benevolence, taught in the Scriptures, are not more remarkable than are its constitution and its ingredients. Christian philanthropy, though it takes up among its elements the native benevolence of the human heart, is a compound principle, essentially dif- fering from the spontaneous sympathies of our nature. Now, as this new and composite bene- volence has, by a trial of eighteen centuries, and under every imaginable diversity of circumstance, proved its practical efficiency, and its immense superiority over the crude elementary principle of kindness, it would be a violation of the acknow- ledged methods of modern science to adhere pertinaciously to the old and inefficient element, and to contemn the improved principle. All we have to do on an occasion wherein the welfare of CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 161 our fellows is so deeply interested, is to take care that our own benevolence, and the benevolence which we recommend to others, is of the true and genuine sort ; in other words, that it is Christian. If, as every one would profess, we desire to live, not for selfish pleasure, but to promote the happiness of others, if we would become, not idle well-wishers to our species, not closet philanthropists, dreaming of impracticable reforms, and grudging the cost of effective relief; but real benefactors to mankind, we must take up the lessons of New Testament philanthropy, just as they lie on the page before us, and with- out imagining simpler methods, follow humbly in the track of experience. By this book alone have men been effectively taught to do good. A low rate of activity, prompted merely by the spontaneous kindness of the heart, may easily take place without incurring the danger of enthusiastical excesses ; but how is enough of moral movement to be obtained for giving im- pulse to a course of arduous and perilous labours, such as the woes of mankind often call for, and yet without generating the extravagances of a false excitement ? This is a problem solved only by the Christian scheme, and in briefly enumer- ating the peculiarities of the benevolence which it inspires, we shall not fail to catch a glimpse, at least, of that profound skill which makes provi- sion, on the one side against inertness and selfish- ness, and on the other against enthusiasm. M 162 MOTIVES OF The peculiarities of Christian philanthropy are such as these ; it is vicarious ; obligatory ; re- wardable ; subordinate to an efficient agency, and an expression of grateful love. I. The great principle of vicarious suffering, which forms the centre of Christianity, spreads itself through the subordinate parts of the system, and is the pervading, if not the invariable law of Christian beneficence. The spontaneous sympathies of human nature, when they are vigorous enough to produce the fruits of charity, rest on an expectation of an opposite kind ; for we first seek to dispel from our own bosoms the uneasy sensation of pity ; then look for the gratitude of the wretch we have solaced, and for the approbation of spectators ; and then take a sweet after-draught of self-com- placency. But the Christian virtue of bene- ficence stands altogether on another ground ; and its doctrine is this, that, whoever would remedy misery must himself suffer ; and that the pains of the vicarious benefactor are generally to bear proportion to the extent or malignity of the evils he labours to remove : so that while the philanthropist who undertakes the cure only of the transient ills of the present life, may encounter no greater amount of toils or dis- couragements than are amply recompensed by the immediate gratifications of successful benevo- lence, he who, with a due sense of the greatness CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 163 of the enterprise, devotes himself to the removal of the moral wretchedness in which human nature is involved, will find that the sad'quality of these deeper woes is in a manner reflected back upon himself ; and that to touch the substantial mise- ries of degenerate man is to come within the infection of infinite sorrow. And this is the law of success in the Christian ministry — that highest work of philanthropy. Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned minister of religion is “ baptized with the baptism wherewith his Lord was baptized.” In an in- ferior, yet a real sense, he is, like his Lord, a vicarious person, and has freely undergone a suretyship for the immortal welfare of his fellow- men. He has charged himself with a respon- sibility that can never be absolutely acquitted while any power of exertion, or faculty of endu- rance is held back from the service. The in- terests which rest in his hand, and depend on his skill and fidelity — depend, as truly as if divine agency had no part in the issue, are as momen- tous as infinity can make them ; nor are to be promoted without a willingness to do and to bear the utmost of which humanity is capable. Although the vicar of Christ be not uncondi- tionally responsible for the happy result of his labours, he is clearly bound, both by the terms of his engagement and the very quality of the work, to surrender whatever he may possess that has in it a virtue to purchase success ; and m 2 164 MOTIVES OF lie knows that, by the great law of the spiritual world, the suffering of a substitute enters into the procedures of redemption. He who “ took our sorrows and bore our griefs,” left, for the instruction of his servants, a perfect model of what should ordinarily be, a life of beneficence. Every circumstance of privation, of discouragement, of insult, of deadly hostility, which naturally fell in the way of a ministry like his, exercised among a people, pro- fligate, malignant, and fanatical, was endured by him as submissively as if no extraordinary powers of relief or defence had been at his disposal. On the very same conditions of unmitigated toil and suffering he consigned the publication of his religion to his Apostles : “Ye shall be hated of all nations for my name’s sake : Who- soever killeth you shall think that he doeth God service : Behold, I send you forth as sheep among wolves.” Though endowed with an opu- lence of supernatural power for the attestation of their commission, the Apostles possessed none for the alleviation of their own distresses ; none which might tend to generate a personal enthu- siasm by leading them to think that they, as individuals, were the darlings of heaven. And in fact they daily found themselves, even while wielding the arm of omnipotence, exposed to the extremest pressures of want, to pain, to destitu- tion, to contempt. “ Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are naked, CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 165 and are buffeted, and have no certain dwelling place.” Such was the deplorable lot, such to his last year of houseless wanderings, houseless except when a dungeon was his home, of the most honoured of heaven’s agents on earth. Such was the life of the most successful of all philanthropists ! Nor have the conditions of eminent service been relaxed : the value of souls is not lowered ; and as the “ sacrifice once offered” for the sins of the world remains in undiminished efficacy, so, in the process of diffusing the infinite benefit, the rule originally established continues in force ; and although reasons drawn from the diversity of character and of natural strength, among those who are the servants of God, may occasion great apparent differences in the amount of suffering severally endured by them, it is always true that the path of Christian beneficence is more beset than the common walks of life with disheartening reverses. Whoever freely takes up the cause of the wretched, is left to feel the grievous pressure of the burden. The frustration of his plans by the obstinate folly of those whom he would fain serve, the apathy, the remissness, or the sinister oppositions of professed coadjutors, the danger- ous hostility of profligate power, and worse than all, the secret misgivings of an exhausted spirit ; these, and whatever other instruments of torture Disappointment may hold in her hand or have in reserve, are the furniture of the theatre on 166 MOTIVES OF which the favourite virtue of heaven is to pass its trial. But this stern law of vicarious charity is altogether opposed to the expectations of inex- perienced and ardent minds. Among the few who devote themselves zealously to the service of mankind, a large proportion derive their activity from that constitutional fervour which is the physical cause of enthusiasm. In truth, a pro- pensity rather to indulge the illusions of hope, than to calculate probabilities, may seem almost a necessary qualification for those who, in this world of abounding evil, are to devise the means of checking its triumphs. To raise fallen hu- manity from its degradation, to rescue the oppressed, to deliver the needy, to save the lost, are enterprises, for the most part, so little recommended by a fair promise of success, that few will engage in them hut those who, by a happy infirmity of the reasoning faculty, are prone to hope where cautious men despond. Thus furnished for their work by a constitu- tional contempt of frigid prudence, and engaged cordially in services which seem to give them a peculiar interest in the favour of heaven, it is only natural that benevolent enthusiasts should cherish secret, if not avowed hopes, of extraordi- nary aids and interpositions of a kind not com- patible with the constitution of the present state, and not warranted by promise of Scripture. Or if the kind-hearted visionary neither asks nor CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 167 expects any peculiar protection of his person, nor any exemption from the common hazards and ills of life, he yet clings with fond pertinacity to the hope of a semi-miraculous interference on those occasions in which the work, rather than the agent, is in peril. Even the genuineness of his benevolence leads the amiable enthusiast into this error. To achieve the good he has designed does indeed occupy all his heart, to the exclusion of every selfish thought : what price of personal suffering would he not pay, might he so pur- chase the needful miracle of help ! How piercing then is the anguish of his soul when that help is withheld ; when his fair hopes and fair designs are overthrown by an hostility that might have been restrained, or by a casualty that might have been diverted ! Few, perhaps, who suffer chagrins like this, altogether avoid a relapse into religious — we ought to say, irreligious, despondency. The first fault, that of misunderstanding the unalterable rules of the divine government, is followed by a worse, that of fretting against them. When the sharpness of disappointment disperses enthu- siasm, the whole moral constitution often be- comes infected with the gall of discontent. Querulous regrets take place of active zeal ; and at length vexation, much more than a real exhaustion of strength, renders the once laborious philanthropist “ weary in well doing.” And yet, not seldom, a happy renovation of 168 MOTIVES OF motives takes place in consequence of the failures to which the enthusiast has exposed himself. Benevolent enterprises were commenced, per- haps, in all the fervour of exorbitant hopes ; the course of nature was to be diverted, and a new order of things to take place, in which, what human efforts failed to accomplish, should be achieved by the ready aid of heaven. But Disappointment, as merciless to the venial errors of the good, as to the mischievous plots of the wicked, scatters the project in a moment. Then the selfish, and the inert, exult; and the half-wise pick up fragments from the desolation, wherewith to patch their favourite maxims of frigid prudence with new proofs in point ! Meanwhile, by grace given from above in the hour of despondency, the enthusiast gains a portion of true wisdom from defeat. Though robbed of his fondly-cherished hopes, he has not been stripped of his sympathies, and these soon prompt him to begin anew his labours, on prin- ciples of a more substantial sort. Warned not again to expect miraculous or extraordinary aids to supply the want of caution, he consults pru- dence with even a religious scrupulosity ; for he has learned to think her voice, if not misunder- stood, to be in fact the voice of God. And now he avenges himself upon Disappointment, by ab- staining almost from hope. A sense of respon- sibility which quells physical excitement is his strength. He relies indeed upon the divine aid; CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 169 yet not for extraordinary interpositions, but for grace to be faithful. Thus better furnished for arduous exertion, a degree of substantial success is granted to his renewed toils and prayers. And while the indolent, and the over-cautious, and the cold-hearted, remain what they were ; or have become more inert, more timid, and more selfish than before, the subject of their self- complacent pity has not only accomplished some important service for mankind, but has himself acquired a temper which fits him to take rank among the thrones and dominions of the upper world. II. Christian philanthropy is obligatory. Natural benevolence is prone to claim the liberty and the merit that belong to pure spontaneity, and spurns the idea of duty or necessity. This claim might be allowed if the free emotions of kindness were sufficiently com- mon, and sufficiently vigorous, to meet the large and constant demands of want and misery. But the contrary is the fact ; and if it were not that an authoritative requisition, backed by the most solemn sanctions, laid its hand upon the sources of eleemosynary aid, the revenues of mercy would be slender indeed. Even the few who act from the impulse of the noblest motives, are urged on and sustained in their course of beneficence by a latent recollection that, though they move freely in advancing, they have no real liberty to draw 170 MOTIVES OF back. If the entire amount of advantage which has accrued to the necessitous from the influence of Christianity could be computed, it would, no doubt, be found, that by far the larger share has been contributed, not by the few who might have done the same without impulsion ; but by the many, whose selfishness could never have been broken up except by the most peremptory appeals. To insure, therefore, its large purpose of good-will to man, the law of Christ spreads out its claims very far beyond the circle of mere pity, or natural kindness ; and in the most abso- lute terms demands, for the use of the poor, the ignorant, the wretched (and demands from every one who names the name of Christ) the whole residue of talent, wealth, time, that may remain after primary claims have been satisfied. On this ground, when the zeal of self-denying be- nevolence has laid down its last mite, it does not deem itself to have exceeded the extent of Christian duty ; but cheerfully assents to that rule of computing service which affirms that, “ when we have done all, we are unprofitable servants ; having performed only what we were commanded.” Manifestly for the purpose of giving the highest possible force and solemnity to that sense of obligation which impels the Christian to abound in every good work, the ostensible proof of religious sincerity, to be adduced in the mo- mentous procedures of the last judgment, is made CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 171 to consist in the fact of a life of beneficence. Those, and those only, shall inherit the prepared blessedness, who shall be found to have nou- rished, and clothed, and visited the Lord in his representatives — the poor. The “ cursed” are those who have grudged the cost of mercy. And it is not only true that the funds of charity have been, in every age, immensely augmented by these strong representations, and have far exceeded the amount which sponta- neous compassion would ever have contributed, but the very character of beneficence has been new modelled by them. In the mind of every well-instructed Christian, a feeling compounded of a compunctious sense of inadequate perform- ance, and a solemn sense of the extent of the divine requirements, repugnates and subdues those self-gratulations, those giddy deliriums, and that vain ambition, which beset a course of active and successful beneficence. This remark- able arrangement of the Christian ethics, by which the largest possible contributions and the utmost possible exertions are demanded in a tone of comprehensive authority, seems — besides its other uses, particularly intended to quash the natural enthusiasm of active zeal. It is a strong antagonist principle in the mechanism of motives, insuring an equilibrium, however great may be the intensity of action. We are thus taught that, as there can be no supererogation in works of mercy, so neither can there be exultation. 172 MOTIVES OF Nothing, it is manifest, but humility, becomes a servant who barely acquits his duty. Let it, for example, have been given to a man to receive superior mental endowments, force of understanding, solidity of judgment, and richness of imagination, command of language, and graces of utterance ; a soul fraught with expansive kindness, and not more kind than courageous ; and let him, thus furnished by nature, have enjoyed the advantages of rank and wealth, and secular influence ; and let it have been his lot, in the prime of life, to be sta- tioned just on the fortunate centre of peculiar opportunities ; and then let it have happened that a fourth part of the human family — cruelly maltreated, stood as clients at his door, imploring help : and let him, in the very teeth of ferocious selfishness, have achieved deliverance for these suffering millions, and have given a deadly blow to the Moloch of blood and rapacity : and let him have been lifted to the heavens on the loud acclamations of all civilized nations, and blessed amid the sighs and joys of the ransomed poor, and his name diffused, like a charm, through every barbarous dialect of a continent. Let all this signal felicity have belonged to the lot of a Christian— a Christian well taught in the prin- ciples of his religion ; nevertheless, in the midst of his honest joy, he will find place rather for humiliation than for that vain excitement and exultation wherewith a man of merely natural CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 173 benevolence would not fail, in like circumstances, to be intoxicated. Without at all allowing the exaggerations of an affected humility, the trium- phant philanthropist confesses that he is nothing; and far from deeming himself to have surpassed the requirements of the law of Christ, feels that he has done less than his duty. Christian philanthropy, thus boldly and solidly based on a sense of unlimited obligation, acquires a character essentially differing from that of spon- taneous kindness ; and while, as a source of relief to the wretched, it is rendered immensely more copious, is, at the same time, secured against the flatteries of self-love, and the excesses of enthu- siasm, by the solemn sanctions of an unbounded responsibility. III. A nice balancing of motives is obtained from an opposite quarter in the Christian doctrine, of the rewardableness of works of mercy. This doctrine, than which no article of religion stands out more prominently on the surface of the New Testament, having been early abused, to the hurt of the fundamentals of piety, has, in the modern Church, been almost lost sight of, and fallen into disuse, or has even become liable to obloquy ; so that to insist upon it plainly has incurred a charge of Pelagianism, or of Romanism, or of some such error. This misunderstanding must be dispelled before Christian philanthropy can revive in full force. 174 MOTIVES OF Amidst the awful reserve which envelops the announcement of a future life by our Lord and his ministers, three ideas, continually recurring, are to be gathered with sufficient clearness from their hasty allusions. The first is, that the future life will be the fruit of the present, as if by a natural sequence of cause and effect. “ Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap.” The second is, that the future harvest, though of like species and quality with the seed, will be immensely disproportioned to it in amount. “ The things seen are temporal ; but the things unseen are eternal;” and the sufferings of the present time are to be followed by “ a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory;” and those who have been “ faithful over a few things, will have rule over many.” The third is, that though the disparity between the present reward and the future recompense will be vast and in- calculable, yet will there obtain a most exact rule of correspondence between the one and the other, so that, from the hands of the “ righteous Judge,” every man will receive “ severally accord- ing as his work has been.” Nor shall even “ a cup of cold water,” given in Christian love, be omitted in that accurate account ; the giver shall “ by no means lose his reward .” Such are the explicit and intelligible engage- ments of Him whose commands are never far separated from his promises. It cannot then be deemed a becoming part of Christian temper to CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 175 indulge a scrupulous hesitancy in accepting and in acting upon the faith of these declarations. And as there is no real incompatibility or clashing of motives in the Christian system, any delicacy that may be felt, as if the hope of reward might interfere with a due sense of obligation to sove- reign grace, must spring from an obscured and faulty perception of scriptural doctrines. The intelligent Christian, on the contrary, when, in simplicity of heart, he calculates upon the pro- mises of Heaven ; and when, with a distinct reckoning of the “ great gain ” of such an invest- ment, he “ lays up for himself treasures that cannot fail ; ” is, at the same time, taught and impelled by the strongest emotions of the heart, to connect his hope of recompense with his hope of pardon. And when the one class of ideas is thus linked to the other, he perceives that the economy which establishes a system of rewards for present services can be nothing else than an arbitrary arrangement of sovereign goodness, resolving itself altogether into the grace of the mediatorial scheme. The retribution, how ac- curately soever it may be measured out according to the work performed, must, in its whole amount, be still a pure gratuity ; not less so than is the gift of immortal life conferred without probation upon the aborigines of heaven. The zealous and faithful servant who enters upon his reward after a long term of labour, and the infant of a day, who flits at once from the 176 MOTIVES OF womb to the skies, alike receive the boon of endless bliss in virtue of their relationship to the second Adam, “ the Lord from heaven.” Never- theless this boon shall conspicuously appear, in the one case, to be the apportioned wages of service, an exact recompense, measured, and weighed, and doled out in due discharge of an explicit engagement ; while in the other, it can be nothing but a sovereign bestowment. But it is manifest that this doctrine of future recompense, when held in connexion with the fundamental principle of Christianity — justifica- tion by faith, tends directly to allay and disperse those excitements which naturally spring up with the zeal of active benevolence. The series or order of sentiments is this :■ — The Christian philanthropist, if well instructed, dares not affect indifference to the promised re- ward, or pretend to be more disinterested than Apostles, who laboured, “ knowing that in due time they should reap.” He cannot think him- self free to overlook a motive distinctly held out before him in the Scriptures : to do so were an impious arrogance. And yet, if he does accept the promise of recompense, and takes it up as an inducement to diligence, he is compelled by a sense of the manifold imperfections of his ser- vices to fall back constantly upon the divine mercies as they are assured to transgressors in Christ. These humbling sentiments utterly re- fuse to cohere with the complacencies of a selfish CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 177 and vain-glorious philanthropy, and necessitate a subdued tone of feeling. Thus the very height and expansion of the Christian’s hopes send the root of humility deep and wide ; the more his bosom heaves with the hope of “ the exceeding great reward,” the more is it quelled by the con- sciousness of demerit. The counterpoise of op- posing sentiments is so managed, that elevation cannot take place on the one side without an equal depression on the other ; and by the coun- teraction of antagonist principles the emotions of zeal may reach the highest possible point, while full provision is made for correcting the vertigo of enthusiasm. If, in the early ages of the Church, the expec- tation of future reward was abused to the damage of fundamental principles, in modern times an ill-judged zeal for the integrity of those principles has produced an almost avowed jealousy towards many explicit declarations of Scripture : thus the nerves of labour are either relaxed by the with- drawment of proper stimulants, or are absolutely severed by the bold hand of antinomian delusion. Moreover, a course of Christian beneficence is one peculiarly exposed to reverses, to obstruc- tions, and often to active hostility ; and if the zeal of the philanthropist be in any considerable degree alloyed with the sinister motives of per- sonal vanity, or be inflamed with enthusiasm, these reverses produce despondency ; or oppo- sition and hostility kindle corrupt zeal into 178 MOTIVES OF fanatical virulence. The injection of a chemical test does not more surely bring out the element with which it has affinity, than does opposition, in an attempt to do good, make conspicuous the presence of unsound motives, if any such have existed. Has it not happened that when bene- volent enterprises have consisted in a direct attack upon systems of cruel or fraudulent op- pression, the quality of the zeal by which some were actuated in lending their clamours to the champions of humanity, has become manifest whenever the issue seemed doubtful, or the machinations of diabolical knavery gained a mo- mentary triumph ? Then, the partisans of truth and mercy, forgetful alas ! of their principles, have broke out almost into the violence of poli- tical faction, and have hardly scrupled to employ the dark methods which faction loves. But there is a delicacy, a reserve, a sobriety, a humbleness of heart, belonging to the hope of heavenly recompense, which powerfully repels all such malign emotions. Who can imagine the circumstances and feelings of the great day of final reward, and think of hearing the approving voice of Him who “ searches the heart,” and at the same time be told by conscience that the zeal which gives life to his labours in the cause of the oppressed ferments with the gall and acrimony of worldly animosity, that this zeal prompts him to indulge in exaggerations, if not to propagate calumnies ; and exults much more in the over- CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 179 throw of the oppressor, than in the redemption of the captive ? If the greatness of the future reward proves that it must he altogether “ of grace, not of debt,” then, unquestionably, must it demand in the recipient a temper purified from the leaven of malice and hatred. Thus does the Christian doctrine of future reward correct the evil passions incident to a course of benevolence. IV. Christian beneficence is only the subordi- nate instrument of a higher and efficient agency. “ Neither is he that planteth any thing, nor he that watereth ; but God that giveth the in- crease.” Such, on the scriptural plan, are the conditions of all labour, undertaken from motives of religious benevolence. But the besetting sin of natural benevolence is self-complacency and presumption. It is perhaps as hard to find sanc- timoniousness apart from hypocrisy, or bashful- ness without pride, as to meet with active and enterprising philanthropy not tainted by the spirit of overweening vanity. The kind-hearted schemer, fertile in devices for beguiling mankind into virtue, and rich in petty ingenuities, always well-intended, and seldom well-imagined, verily believes that his machineries of instruction or reform require only to be put fairly in play, and they will bring heaven upon earth. But Christianity, if it does not sternly frown upon these novelties, does not encourage them; and while it depicts the evils that destroy the n 2 180 MOTIVES OF happiness of man as of much deeper and more inveterate malignity than that they should be remedied by this or that specious method, de- vised yesterday, tried to-day, and abandoned to-morrow, most explicitly confines the hope of success to those who possess the temper of mind proper to a dependant and subordinate agent. All presumptuous confidence in the efficiency of second causes is utterly repugnant to the spirit that should actuate a Christian philanthropist; and the more so when the good which he strives to achieve is of the highest kind. V. Lastly, Christian beneficence is the expres- sion of grateful love. The importance attributed throughout the New Testament to active charity is not more remarkable than is this peculiarity which merges the natural and spontaneous sen- timents of good-will and compassion towards our fellows in an emotion of a deeper kind, and virtually denies merit and genuineness to every feeling, how amiable soever it may appear, if it does not thus fall into subordination to that devout affection which we owe to Him who redeemed us by his sufferings and death. The reasons of this remarkable constitution of motives it is not difficult to perceive. For, in the first place, it is evident that the love of the Supreme Being can exist in the heart only as a dominant sentiment, drawing every other affection into its wake. Even the softest and purest tendernesses CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 181 of out nature must yield precedence to the higher attachment of the soul ; he who does not love Christ more than “ father and mother, wife and children,” loves him not. Much more then must the sentiment of general benevolence own the same subordination. Again ; as the promise of future recompense, and the doctrine of dependance upon divine agency, elevate the motives of benevolence from the level of earth to that of heaven, they would presently assume a character of dry and visionary abstraction, un- less animated by an emotion of love belonging to the same sphere. Zeal without love were a preposterous and dangerous passion : but Chris- tian zeal must be warmed by no other love than that of Him who, “ for our sakes became poor, that we through his poverty might be made rich.” It has already been said that religious enthu- siasm takes its commencement from the point where the emotions of the heart are transmuted into mere pleasures of the imagination ; and assuredly the excitements incident to a course of beneficence are very fit to furnish occasions to such a transmutation. But the capital motive of grateful affection to Him who has redeemed us from sin and sorrow, prevents, so far as it is in active operation, this deadening of the heart, and consequent quickening of the imagination. The poor and the wretched are the Lord’s re- presentatives on earth ; and in doing them good 182 MOTIVES OF we cherish and express feelings which otherwise must lie latent, or become vague, seeing that He to whom they relate is remote from our senses. This motive of affection to the Lord makes provision, moreover, against the despondences that attend a want of success ; for although a servant of Christ may, to his life’s end, labour in vain, although the objects of his disinterested kindness should “ turn and rend him yet, not the less, has he approved his loyalty and love ; approved it even more conspicuously than those can have done whose labours are continually cheered and rewarded by prosperous results. Affection, in such cases, has sustained the trial, not merely of toil, but of fruitless toil, than which none can be more severe to a zealous and devoted heart. It appears then that Christian benevolence contains within itself a balancing of motives, such as to leave room for the utmost imaginable enhancement of zeal without hazard of extrava- gance. In truth, it is easy to perceive that the religion of the Bible has in reserve a spring of movement, a store of intrinsic vigour, ready to be developed in a manner greatly surpassing what has hitherto been seen. Such a day of development shall ere long arrive, the time of the triumph of divine principles shall come, and a style of true heroism be displayed, of which the seeds have been long sown; of which some CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 183 samples have already been furnished ; and which waits only the promised refreshment from above to appear, not in rare instances only, but as the common produce of Christianity. In the present state of the world and of the Church, when communications are so instanta- neous, and when attention is so much alive to whatever concerns the welfare of mankind, if it might be imagined that a great and sudden extension of Christianity should take place in the regions of superstition and polytheism ; and that yet no corresponding improvement of piety, no purifying, no refreshment, no enhancement of motives, should occur in the home of Christianity, there is reason to believe that the influx of ex- citement might generate a blaze of destructive enthusiasm. If every day had its tidings of wonder — the fall of popery in the neighbouring nations — the abandonment of the Mohammedan delusion by people after people in Asia — the rejection of idols by China and India ; and if these surprising changes, instead of producing the cordial joy of gladdened faith, were gazed at merely with an unholy and prurient curiosity, and were thundered forth from platforms by heartless declaimers, and were grasped at by visionary interpreters of futurity ; then, from so much agitation, uncorrected by a proportionate increase of genuine piety, new prodigies of error would presently start up, new sects break away from the body, new hatreds be kindled ; 184 MOTIVES, &C. and nothing scarcely be left in the place of Christianity hut dogmas and contentions. Thus the cradle of religion in modern times would become its grave. But a far happier anticipation is with reason indulged ; for it may well be believed that the same Benignant Influence, which is to remove the covering of gross ignorance from the nations^ shall, at the same moment, scatter the dim- ness that still hovers over the Church in its most favoured home : then, and under that influence, the fervours of Christian zeal may reach the height even of a seraphic energy, and without enthusiasm. SECTION VIII. SKETCH OF THE ENTHUSIASM OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. An intelligent Christian, fraught with scrip- tural principles in their simplicity and purity, but hitherto uninformed of Church history, who should peruse discursively the ecclesiastical writers of the age of Jerom, Ambrose, and Basil, would presently recoil with an emotion of disappointment, perplexity, and alarm. That within a period which does not exceed the reach of oral tradition, the religion of the Apostles should have so much changed its character, and so much have lost its beauty, he could not have supposed possible. He has heard indeed of the corruptions of popery, and of the enormous abuses prevalent in “ the dark ages and he has been told too, by those who had a special argument to prop, that the era of the secular prosperity of the church was that also of the inci- pient corruption of religion. But he finds in fact that there is scarcely an error of doctrine, or an absurdity of practice, ordinarily attributed to the popes and councils of later times, and commonly 186 ENTHUSIASM included in the indictment against Rome, which may not, in its elements, or even in a developed form, be traced to the writings of those whose ancestors, at the third or fourth remove only, were the hearers of Paul and John. But after the first shock of such an unprepared perusal of the Fathers has passed, and when calm reflection has returned, and especially when, by taking up these early writers from the commence- ment, the progression of decay and perversion has been gradually and distinctly contemplated, then, though the disappointment will in great part remain, the appalling surmises at first engendered in the modern reader’s mind, will be dispelled, and he will even be able to pursue his course of reading with pleasure, and to derive from it much solid instruction. Considerations such as the following will naturally present them- selves to him in mitigation of his first painful impressions. While contemplating in their infant state those notions and practices (of the third century, for example) which afterwards swelled into enormous evils, it is difficult not to view them as if loaded with the blame of their after issues ; and then it is hard not to attribute to their originators and promoters the accumulated criminality that should be shared in small portions by the men of many following generations. But the individuals thus unfairly dealt by, far from forecasting the con- sequences of the sentiments and usages they OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 187 favoured, far from viewing them, as we do, dark- ened by the cloud of mischiefs that was heaped upon them in after times, saw the same objects bright and fair in the recommendatory gleam of a pure and a venerated age. The very abuses which make the twelfth century abhorrent on the page of history, were, in the fourth, fragrant with the practice and suffrage of a blessed company of primitive confessors. The remembered saints, who had given their bodies to the flames, had also lent their voice and example to those unwise excesses which at length drove true religion from the earth. Untaught by experience, the ancient church surmised not of the occult tendencies of the course it pursued, nor should be loaded with consequences which human sagacity could not well have foreseen.* Again. Human nature, which is far more uni- form than may be imagined, when suddenly it is * Each of the great corruptions of later ages took its rise in the first, second, or third century, in a manner which it would be harsh to say was deserving of strong reprehension. Thus the secular do- mination exercised by the bishops, and at length supremely by the bishop of Rome, may be traced very distinctly to the proper respect paid by the people, even in the apostolic age, to the disinterested wisdom of their bishops in deciding their worldly differences. The worship of images, the invocation of saints, and the superstition of relics, were but expansions of the natural feeling of veneration and affection cherished towards the memory of those who had suffered and died for the truth. And thus, in like manner, the errors and abuses of monkery all sprang, by imperceptible augmentations, from senti- ments perfectly natural to the sincere and devout Christian in times of persecution, disorder, and general corruption of morals. 188 ENTHUSIASM beheld under some new aspect of time and coun- try, is also susceptible of much greater diversities of habit and feeling than those are willing to believe who have seen it on no side but one. This double lesson, taught by history and travel, should be well learned by every one who under- takes to estimate the merits of men that have lived in remote times, and under other skies. A caution against the influence of narrow pre- judice is obviously more needful in relation to the persons and practices of ancient Christianity, than when common history is the subject of inquiry ; for in whatever relates to religion, every one carries with him not merely the ordinary pre- possessions of time and country, but an unbending standard of conduct and temper, which he is forward to compare, in his particular manner, with whatever offends his notions of right. But though the rule of Scripture morals is unchange- able, and must be applied with uncompromising impartiality to human nature under every variety of circumstance, yet is it impracticable, at the dis- tance of upwards of a thousand years, so fully to calculate those circumstances, and so to perceive the motives of conduct, as is necessary for esti- mating fairly the innocence or the criminality of particular actions or habits of life. The question of abstract fitness, and that of personal blame- worthiness, should ever be kept apart : at least they should be kept apart when it is asked, and we are often tempted to ask it in the perusal ot OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 189 Church history — May such men be deemed Christians, who acted and wrote thus and thus ? Before a doubt of this kind could be solved satisfactorily, we must know— what can never be known till the day of universal discovery, how much of imperfection and obliquity may consist with the genuineness of real piety ; and again, how much of real obliquity there might be under the actual circumstances of the case, in the con- duct in question. Who can doubt that if the memorials of the present times, copious, and yet inadequate as they must be, shall remain to a distant age, they will offer similar perplexities to the future reader, who, amidst his frequent admiration or approval, will be compelled to exclaim — But how may we think these men to have been Christians ? Christianity is in gradual process of reforming the principles and practices of mankind, and when the sanative operation shall have advanced some several stages beyond its present point, the notions and usages of our day, compared with the commands of Christ, as then understood, will, no doubt, seem incredibly defective. Perhaps it may be said, that in all matters of sentiment, depending on physical temperament, and modes of life, the people of the British islands are less qualified to appreciate the merits of the nations of antiquity than almost any other people of Christendom ; and perhaps, also, by national arrogance and pertinacity of taste. 190 ENTHUSIASM we are less ready to bend indulgently to usages unlike our own than any other people. Stiff in the resoluteness of an exaggerated notion of the right of private judgment, we bring all things unsparingly to the one standard of be- lief and practice, or rather to our particular pattern of that standard, and do not, until our better nature prevails, own brotherhood with Christians of another complexion and costume. A somewhat austere good sense, belonging, first to the haughtiness and energy of the English character, then to the liberality of our political institutions, and lastly, but not least, to the all- pervading spirit and habits of trade, renders the style of the early Christian writers much more distasteful to us than it has proved to Christians of other countries. Moreover, recent enhancements of the national character, result- ing from the diffusion of the physical sciences, and from the more extended prevalence of com- mercial feelings, have placed those writers at a point much further removed from our predilec- tions than that at which they stood a century ago. But again : in abatement of the chagrin which a well-instructed Christian must feel in first opening the remains of ecclesiastical literature, it must be remembered, that these works offer a very defective image of the state of religion at the era of their production ; that is to say, of religion in its recesses, which are truly the OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 191 homes of Christianity. Those who write are by no means always those among the ministers of religion, whom it would be judicious to select as the best samples of the spirit of their times. Moreover, it is the taste of a following age that has determined which among the writers of the preceding period should be transmitted to posterity ; and in many instances, it is mani- fest, that a depraved preference has given lite- rary canonization to authors whose ambition was much rather to shine as masters of a florid eloquence, than to feed the flock of Christ. It were therefore an egregious error to suppose that the spiritual character of the Church lies broadly on the surface of its extant literature: on the contrary, charity may reasonably find large room for pleasing conjectures relative to obscure piety, of which no traces are to be found on the pages of saints and bishops. The record of the spiritual church is “ on high,” not in the tomes that make our libraries proud. These and other considerations, which will present themselves to a candid and intelligent mind, cannot but remove much of the embar- rassment and disrelish that are likely to attend a first converse with ancient divinity. And the pious reader will proceed with heartfelt satisfac- tion to collect abundant evidence of the fact, which some modern sophists have so much la- boured to obscure, that the great principles of revealed religion, as now understood by the mass 192 ENTHUSIASM of Christians, were then clearly and firmly held by the body of the Church. And he will rejoice also to meet with not less abundant and satis- factory proofs of the energy, purity, and in- tenseness of practical Christianity among a large number of those who made profession of the name. Nevertheless, after every fair allowance has been made, and every indulgence given to diver- sity of circumstance, and after the errors and disgraces of our own times have been placed in counterpoise to those of the ancient Church, there will remain glaring indications of a deep- seated corruption of religious sentiment, leaving hardly a single feeling proper to the Christian life in its purity and simplicity. It is not heresy, it is not the denial of the principal scriptural doctrines, that is to be charged on the ancient church ; the body of divinity held its integrity. Nor is it the want of heroic virtue that we lament. But a transmutation of the objects of the devout affections into objects of imaginative delectation had taken place, had rendered the piety of a numerous class purely fictitious, had tinged, more or less, with idealism, the religious sentiments of all but a few, and had opened the way by which entered, at length, the dense and fatal delusions of a superstition so gross as hardly to retain a redeeming quality. Not a few of the Christians of the third cen- tury, and multitudes in the fourth and fifth, OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 193 especially among the recluses, having lost the forcible and genuine feeling of guilt and danger proper to those who confess themselves trans- gressors of the Divine Law, and in consequence become blind to the real purport of the Gospel, fixed their gaze upon the ideal splendours of Christianity, were smitten with the phaze of beauty, of sublimity, of infinitude, of intellectual elevation, were charmed with its supposed doc- trine of abstraction from mundane agitations, and found within the sphere of its revelations unfathomable depths, where vague meditation might plunge and plunge with endless descents. Fascinated, deluded, and still blinded more by the deepening shades of error, they forgot almost entirely the emotions of a true repentance, and of a cordial faith, and of a cheerful obedience ; and in the rugged path of gratuitous afflictions, and unnatural mortifications, pursued a spectral resemblance of piety, unsubstantial and cold as the mists of night. While hundreds were fatally infatuated by this enthusiastic religion, the piety of thousands was more or less impaired by their mere admira- tion of it ; and very few altogether escaped the sickening infection which its presence spread through the Church.* * A volume might soon be filled with proofs of this assertion, drawn exclusively from the writings of those of the Fathers who retained most of the vigour of native good sense, and held nearest O 194 ENTHUSIASM Modern writers of a certain class have expa- tiated with disproportionate amplification upon the open and flagrant corruptions which, as it is alleged, followed as a natural consequence from the secular aggrandizement of the clergy, when a voice from the heavens of political power said to the Church, ‘ Come up hither.’ No doubt, an enhancement and expansion of pride, ambition, luxuriousness, and every mundane passion, took place at Rome, at Constantinople, at Alexandria, at Antioch, and elsewhere, when emperors, in- stead of oppressing, or barely tolerating the doctrine of Christ, bowed obsequiously to his to the purity of Christian doctrine. The works of Chrysostom would atford abundant illustration of this sort. Let his Epistle to the Monks be singled out, which contains many admirable instruc- tions and exhortations on the subject of prayer; and, with much propriety, recommends the practice of ejaculatory supplication. Nevertheless, there is scarcely a passage quoted from the Scriptures in this piece that is not distorted from its obvious and simple mean- ing, in such manner as would best comport with the practices and notions of the ascetic life. If the meaning put by Chrysostom upon the texts he adduces be the true one, then must a large part of the inspired writings be deemed utterly useless to those who have not abjured the duties of common life. Or if such persons may still be permitted to enjoy their part in the Scriptures, not less than the monks, then must we suppose a double sense throughout the Bible. In fact the notion of a double sense flowed inevitably from the monkish institution, and wrought immense mischief in the Church. This is an evil not wholly extinct. The epistle just referred to (Sa- ville’s Chrysos. Vol. VII. p. 225) stands foremost in the ‘ Thesauiuis Asceticus ’ of the Jesuit Peter Possinus; a collection affording abundant, and very curious illustration of the topics of this and the following section. i OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 195 ministers.'* But the very same evils, far from being called into existence by the breath of * There is no need to question the truth of the following anecdote reported by Sulpitius, concerning St. Martin of Tours. The Empe- ror Maximus, a man of a haughty temper, and elate by victories over his rivals, had received the unworthy adulation of a crowd of fawning Bishops; while Martin alone maintained the apostolic authority. For when suits were to be urged, he rather commanded than entreated the royal compliance, and refused many solicitations to take a place with others of his order at the imperial table, saying, that he would not eat bread with a man who had deprived one em- peror of his throne, and another of life. But at length, when Max- imus excused his assumption of the purple by pleading the force that had been put upon him by the legions, the use he had made of power, and the apparent sanction of heaven in the successes with which he had been favoured, and stated also that he had never destroyed an enemy except in open fight, Martin, overcome by reason or by en- treaties, repaired to the royal banquet, to the very great joy of the Emperor. The tables were crowded by persons of quality ; among them, the brother and uncle of Maximus ; between these reclined one of Martin’s presbyters ; he himself occupied a seat near the Emperor. During supper, according to custom, the waiter presented a goblet of wine to the Emperor, who commanded it rather to be offered to so holy a Bishop, from whose hand he expected and desired to receive it again. But Martin, when he had drank of the cup, handed it to his presbyter, not deeming any one present more worthy to drink after himself; nor would he have thought it becoming to his character had he preferred even the Emperor, or those next to him in dignity, to his own presbyter. It is added, that Maximus and his officers took this contempt in exceeding good part ! — Snip. Sev. de Vita B. Martin. cap. xx. The same writer reports a not less characteristic incident in honour of the holy Bishop, in his dialogue concerning the miraculous powers of St. Martin. This personage, it seems, was in the habit of fre- quenting the palace, where he was always honourably entertained by the Empress, who not only hung upon his lips for instruction, but, in imitation of the penitent mentioned in the Gospels, actually bathed his feet with her tears, and wiped them with her hair ; and he who never before had sustained the touch of woman, could not avoid o 2 196 ENTHUSIASM imperial favour, bad reached a bold height even while the martyrs were still bleeding. And moreover, how offensive or injurious soever these scandals might be, either before or after the epoch of the political triumph of the cross, they did but scathe the exterior of Christianity. In every age the vices, always duly blazoned, of secular churchmen, have stained its surface. But when there has been warmth and purity within, her assiduities. She, unmindful of the state and dignity and splen- dours of her royal rank, lay prostrate at the feet of Martin, whence she could not be removed until she had obtained permission, first from her husband, and then by his aid from the Bishop, to wait upon him at table as his servant, without the assistance of any menial. The blessed man could no longer resist her importunities ; and the Em- press herself made the requisite preparations of the couch, and table, and cookery (in temperate style) and water for the hands ; and as he sat, stood aloof, and motionless, in the manner proper to a slave ; with due modesty and humility, mixing and presenting the wine. And when the meal was ended, reverently collected the crumbs, which she deemed of higher worth than the delicacies of a royal banquet. Cap. 6. In how short a time may prodigious revolutions take place in the sentiments of men ! This monkish Bishop was removed by not more than three or four lives from the Apostle John! And this humble Empress occupied the honours which, within the memory of the existing generation, had been sustained by the mother of Galerius ! It should be added, that the auditor of the story above related, shocked at the inconsistency of St. Martin in thus admitting the offices of a woman so near his devoted person, requires from the narrator an explanation ; who, in reply, reminds his friend, that the compliance of the Bishop with the solicitations of the Emperor and Empress was the price by which he obtained from the former release and grace for the persecuted Priscillianists. The best thing, by far, related of the Bishop of Tours, is his firmness in opposing persecution. There is great reason to believe that, in common with several of the most noted characters of Church history, his true reputation has been immensely injured by the ill-judged zeal of his biographer. OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 197 the mischief occasioned by such evils has scarcely been more than that of giving point to the railleries of men who would still have scoffed, though not a bishop had been arrogant, or a presbyter licentious. Christianity lost its simplicity and glory in the hands of its most devoted friends long before the impure alliance between the Church and the world had taken place. The copious history of this internal perversion would afford a worthy subject of diligent inquiry ; and though materials for a complete explication of the process of cor- ruption are not in existence, enough remains to invite and reward the necessary labour. The enthusiasm of the ancient Church presents itself under several distinct forms, among which the following may be mentioned as the most con- spicuous : — The enthusiasm of Voluntary Mar- tyrdom ; that of Miraculous Pretension ; that of Prophetical Interpretation, or Millenarianism ; that of the Mystical exposition of Scripture ; and that of Monachism. Of these, the last, whether or not it was truly the parent of the other kinds, includes them all as parts of itself ; for whatever perversions of Christianity were chargeable upon the sentiments and practices of the general Church, the same belonged by emi- nence to the recluses. A review of the principles and the ingredients of this system will better accord with the limits and design of this Essay, 198 THIS ANCIENT than an extended examination of facts under the separate heads just named. A strict equity has by no means always been observed by Protestant writers in their crimina- tions of the Romish Church. With the view of aggravating the just and necessary indignation of mankind against the mother of corruption, it has been usual to lay open the concealments of the monastery ; and with materials before him so various and so copious, even the dullest writer might cheaply be entertaining, eloquent, and vigorous. Meantime it is not duly considered, or not fairly stated, that the reprobation passes back, in full force, to an age much more remote than that of the supremacy of Rome. The bishops of Rome did but avail themselves of the aid of a system which had reached a full maturity without their fostering care ; a system which had been sanctioned and cherished, almost without an exception, by every father of the Church, eastern and western ; which had come down in its ele- ments even from the primitive age, and which had won for itself a suffrage so general, if not universal, that he must have possessed an extra- ordinary measure of wisdom, courage, and in- fluence, who should have ventured beyond a cautious and moderated censure of its more obvious abuses.'* * The Christians of Neocaesarea are reproved by Basil for admitting too easily the slanders propagated by Satan, the Father of lies, against MONACHISM. 199 Every essential principle, almost every adjunct, and almost every vice of the monkery of the tenth or twelfth century, may be detected in that of the fifth : or if an earlier period were named, proof would not be wanting to make the allegation defensible.* But if it be affirmed that the actual amount of hypocrisy and corruption usually shel- tered beneath the roof of the monastery, was in- comparably greater in the later than in the earlier age, it should, as a counterpoise be stated, that in the later period the religious houses contained almost all the piety and learning that any where existed ; while in the former there was certainly as much piety without as within these seclusions ; and much more of learning.f The monkery o the middle ages, moreover, stands partially excused by the dense ignorance of the times ; while that certain women of the monastic order, whose improprieties, aKoo-fua, if real, he does not wish to defend. It is evident that these converts of the good Gregory, though they wisely disliked the monkish system, scarcely ventured to do more than find fault with its glaring abuses. The same sort of measured and reserved reprehension may be found not seldom in those of the fathers who were the least inclined to the prevailing enthusiasm. * The life of St. Anthony, by the pious and respectable Athanasius, would alone afford ample proof of the assertion, that even in the third century the spirit of fanaticism, and the practices of religious knavery, had reached a height scarcely surpassed at any later period. t The first Christian monks followed the Essenes in this particular also, that they despised human science ; and it was not until learning had been driven from among secular persons, that it took refuge in monasteries. If the monks had avoided the infection of the philosophy, “falsely so called,” which the Platonists brought into the Church, and instead, had given their leisure to the toils of biblical learning, they would not so soon and so completely have spoiled Christianity. 200 ORIGIN OF THE of the ancient Church is condemned by the sur- rounding light, both of human and divine know- ledge. The very establishments which redeem the age of Roger Bacon from oblivion and contempt, do but blot the times of Gregory Nazianzen. Eusebius,* followed by several later writers, asserts, although in opposition to the most explicit evidence, and manifestly for the purpose of giving sanction to a system so much admired in his time, that the Christian sodalities were directly derived from those of the Essenes and Thera- peutics of Judaea and Egypt, whom he affirms to have been Christian recluses of the first century, indebted for their rules and establishment to St. Mark. The testimony of the Jew Philof gives conclusive contradiction to this sinister averment ; not to mention that of the elder Pliny, and of Josephus ; for the minute description given by that writer of the opinions and observances of the sect, besides that it is incompatible with the supposition that the people spoken of were Christians, was actually composed in the life- time of Paul and Peter, and the recluses are then mentioned as having long existed under the same regulations. Nevertheless the coincidence between the sentiments and practices of the Jewish and of the Christian monks, is far too complete * Ilist. Eccletsiasl. II. 1G. See also Evan. Prcep. VIII. 11. The Romanists generally adopt this misrepresentation of Eusebius. f The passages from Philo, Josephus, and Pliny, are given at length by Prideaux, Connect. Part II. Book V. ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 201 and exact to be attributed either to accident, or merely to the influence of general principles, operating alike in both instances ; and the more limited assertion of Photius* may safely be adopted, who affirms that “the sect of Jews who followed a philosophic life, whether con- templative or active — the one called Essenes, the other Therapeutics, not only founded monasteries and private sanctuaries, aepveta, but laid down the rules which have been adopted by those who, in our own times, lead a solitary life.” A reference to the previous existence of mo- nasticism among the Jews, in a very specious, and, in some respects, commendable mode, is indispensable to the forming of an equitable judgment of the conduct of those Christians in Palestine and Egypt, who first abandoned the duties of common life for the indulgence of their religious tastes.f They did but adopt a system * Bibliothec. Art. CIII. Philo. The annotator upon this article quotes Philo in illustration of the meaning of the word aepvaov, which seems to have been the designation of the little chapel or oratory so frequently constructed in secluded situations by the devout Jews, for the exercises of piety ; and to which allusion is supposed to be made in the Gospels. See Bennet's Christian Oratory, and Camp- bell’s Dissertations. Into these little sanctuaries no article of food, or accommodation for the body, was ever brought ; they differed there- fore from the cells of the hermits. t On the common and acknowledged principles of historical com- position, the practice which has so much prevailed of commencing Church history with the ministry of Christ, must be deemed unsatis- factory and improper. If the rise and progress of Christianity is to be understood as matter of history, the state of the Jews and the surround- ing nations in the preceding century should be fully depicted. 202 MOTIVES OF TILE already sanctioned by long usage, and which, though existing in the time of Christ and the Apostles, had not drawn upon itself from Him or them any explicit condemnation ; * and which might even plead a semblance of support from some of their injunctions, literally under- stood, though plainly condemned by the spirit of Christianity. Nor is this the sole circumstance that should, in mere justice, be considered in connexion with the rise of Christian monachism ; for before the mere facts can be understood, and certainly before the due measure of blame can be assigned to the parties concerned, it is indispensable that we divest ourselves of the prejudices, physical, moral, and intellectual, which belong to our austere climate, high-toned irritability, edacious appetites, and pampered constitutions ; to our rigid style of thinking, and to our commercial habits of feeling. The Christian of England in the nineteenth century, and the Christian of Syria in the second, stand almost at the extremest * Different suppositions have been adopted for explaining the remarkable fact that no mention of the Essenes occurs in the New Testament, though the other Jewish sects are so often and so expli- citly named: the reasons given and adduced by Lardner, Crcd. Parti, chap. 4, are satisfactory. It has been well observed that though our Lord does not explicitly name, or refute the Essenes, every one of their distinguishing principles is condemned in his arguments with the Pharisees. So far as these recluses were worthy of blame, they came virtually under the censures pronounced upon the practices anc doctrine of those who, while they exaggerated the adjuncts ot piety, forgot its substance. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 203 points of opposition in all the non-essentials of human nature ; and the former must possess great pliability of imagination, and much of the philosophic temper, as well as the spirit of Christian charity, fairly and fully to appreciate the motives and conduct of the latter. That quiescent under-action of the mind to which we apply the term meditation, is a habit of thought that has been engrafted upon the European intellect in consequence of the recep- tion of Christianity. It is a product almost as proper to Asia as are the aromatics of Arabia, or the spices of India. The human mind does not every where expand in this manner, nor spon- taneously show these hues of heaven, nor emit this fragrance, except under the fervent suns and deep azure skies of tropical regions.* If the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures had been con- fined to the East, as in fact they have been almost confined to the West, the modern nations of Europe would perhaps have known as little of * Persia and India were the native soils of the contemplative philosophy ; as Greece was the source of the ratiocinative. The im- mense difference between the Asiatic and the European turn of mind — if the familiar phrase may be used, becomes conspicuous if some pages of either the Logic or Ethics of Aristotle are compared with what remains of the sentiments of the Gnostics. The influence of Christianity upon the moderns has been to temper the severity of the ratiocinative taste, with a taste for contemplation ; contemplation by so much the better than that of the oriental sages, as it takes its range in the heart, not in the imagination. 204 MOTIVES OF THE the compass of the meditative faculty, and of its delights, as did the Romans in the age of Sylla. The Greeks, being near to Asia geographically, near by similarity of climate, and near by the repeated importations of eastern philosophy, im- bibed something of the spirit of tranquil abstrac- tion : yet was it foreign to the genius of that restless and reasoning people. Pythagoras pro- bably, and certainly Plato, whose mind was almost as much Asiatic as Grecian, and whose writings are anomalies in Grecian literature, effected a partial amalgamation of the oriental with the western style of thought. Yet the foreign mixture would probably have disappeared if Christianity had not afterwards diffused eastern sentiments through the west. The combination was again cemented by the writings of those fathers who, after having studied Plato, and taught the rhetoric and philosophy of Greece, devoted their talents to the service of the Gospel.* But though the nations of the west have ac- quired a taste for this species of thought, it is the distinction of the Asiatic to meditate ; as to reason, and to act, is the glory of the European. To withdraw the soul from the senses, to divorce * Writers, such as Justin Martyr, Clemens Alex. Origen, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, &c. if not all professedly Platonists, brought not the less into the church a style of thinking and a mode of expression which they had learned from Plato or from his disciples. ANCIENT MONACHTSM. 205 the exterior from the inner man, to detain the spirit within its own circle, and to accustom it there to find its bliss ; to penetrate the depths and concealments of the heart, to repose during lengthened periods upon a single idea, without a wish for progression or change ; or to break away from the imperfections of the visible world, to climb the infinite, to hold converse with supernal beauty and excellence ; these are the prerogatives and pleasures of the intellectualist of Asia : and this is a happiness which he enjoys in a perfection altogether unknown to the busy, nervous, and frigid people of the north. If by favour of a peculiar temperament the oriental frees himself from the solicitations of voluptuous indulgence ; if the mental tastes are vivid enough to counteract the appetites ; then he finds a life of inert abstraction, of abstemiousness, and of solitude, not merely easy, but delicious. The lassitude which belongs to his constitution and climate more than suffices to reconcile the contemplatist to the want of those enjoyments which are to be obtained only by toil. A genial temperature, and a languid stomach, reduce the necessary charges of maintenance to an amount that must seem incredibly small to the well- housed, well-clothed, and high-fed people of northern Europe. The slenderest revenues are, therefore, enough to free him from all cares of the present life. He has only to renounce mar- ried life, its claims and its burdens, and then the 206 MOTIVES OF TI1E skeleton machinery of his individual existence may be impelled in its daily round of sluggish movement, by air, and water, and a lettuce.* The Asiatic character is in no inconsiderable degree affected by the habits which result from the insufferable fervour of the sun at noon, and which compels a suspension of active employ- ments during the broad light of day. The period of venial indolence easily extends itself through all the hours of sultry heat, if necessity does not exact labour. And then the quiescence in which the day has been passed lends an elasticity of mind to the hours of night, when the effulgent magnificence of the heavens kindles the imagina- tion, and enhances meditation to ecstasy. How little, beneath the lowering, and chilly, and misty * Sulpitius affords abundant illustration of the topics adverted to in this section. Perhaps, within so small a compass, the principles and practices of the ancient monachism are no where else so fully brought into view, as in his Dialogues and Epistles. He may properly be quoted in the present instance. Postumianus, lately returned from the East, that is to say, from Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine, describes to his astonished brethren of a monastery in Gaul, the abstemiousness of the oriental monks, as well as their piety and marvellous exploits. (On his outward voyage Postumianus had gone ashore at Carthage to visit the spots dedicated to the saints, especially — ad sepulcrum Cypriani Martyris adorare.) His first specimen of a monkish dinner, in the oriental style, was the being invited to partake, with four others, of half a barley cake ; to which was added a handful of a certain sweet herb, altogether deemed to be — prandium locupletissimum. Sulpitius lienee takes occasion to joke a brother, who was present, upon their own comparative appetites ; but he replies that it was extremely unkind to urge upon Gauls a manner of living proper only to angels. Hearty eating, says he, in a Greek, is gluttony ; but in a Gaul — nature. ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 207 skies of Britain, can we appreciate the power of these natural excitements of mental abstraction ! In an enumeration of the natural causes of the anchoretic life, the influence of scenery should by no means be overlooked. As the gay and multiform beauties of a broken surface, teeming with vegetation (when seconded by favouring circumstances) generate the soul of poetry ; so (with similar aids) the habit of musing in pensive vacuity of thought is cherished by the aspect of boundless w'astes, and arid plains, or of enormous piles of naked mountain : and to the spirit that has turned with sickening or melancholy aversion from the haunts of man, such scenes are not less grateful or less fasci- nating than are the most delicious landscapes to the frolic eye of joyous youth. The wilderness of the Jordan, the stony tracts of Arabia, the precincts of Sinai, and the dead solitudes of sand, traversed, but not enlivened by the Nile, offered themselves, therefore, as the natural birth-places of monachism ; and skirting as they did the focus of religion, long continued (in- deed they have never wholly ceased) to invite numerous desertions from the ranks of com- mon life. A general and extreme corruption of man- ners, the wantonness, and folly, and enormity of licentious opulence, and the foul depravity which 208 MOTIVES OF THE never fails to characterise the misery that follows the steps of luxury, operate powerfully in the way of reaction to exacerbate the motives, and to swell the excesses of the ascetic life, when once that mode of religion has been called into being. If the “ powers of the world to come ” are vividly felt by those who renounce sensual pleasure, the vigour of their self-denial, and the firmness of their resolution in adhering to their rule, will commonly bear proportion to the depth of the surrounding profligacy. Nothing could more effectually starve this species of enthusiasm in any country in which it appeared to be growing, than to elevate public morals. The exaggerated virtue of the monastery can hardly subsist in the near neighbourhood of the genuine virtue of domestic life ; nor will religious celibacy be in high esteem among a people who regard adul- tery, not less than murder and theft, as a crime, and with whom fornication is the cloaked vice only of a few. But in Syria and the neighbour- ing countries, at the time when the monastic life took its rise, the most shameless dissoluteness of manners prevailed, and prevailed to a degree that has rarely been exceeded ; and there is reason to believe that the early establishments of the Essenes were, in a great measure, peopled by those who, having imbibed the love of virtue from Moses and the prophets, fled, almost by necessity, from a world in which the practice of temperance and purity had become scarcely ANCIENT MONACHISM. 209 possible.* In after times, the corruption of the great cities, in a similar manner, contributed to fill the monastic houses. A large indulgence, to say no more, is there- fore due to those ardent but feeble-minded per- sons, who, untaught by an experiment of the danger they incurred, fell into the specious error of supposing that a just solicitude for the pre- servation of personal virtue might excuse their withdrawment from the duties of common life ; especially as they were willing to purchase a discharge from its claims, by resigning their share of its lawful delights. The Christian re- cluses fled from scenes in which, as they believed, purity could not breathe, to solitudes where (though no doubt they found themselves mis- taken) they supposed it would flourish spon- taneously. And, in truth, though it must be much more difficult to live virtuously under the provoking restraints of monastic vows, than amid the allowed enjoyments of domestic life, refined by Christianity, there may be room to question * The evidence of Josephus, (often cited) though there may some- times be traced in it a little oratorical exaggeration, is sufficient to prove the existence of a more than ordinary profligacy and ferocity among the Jews of his time. This people, destitute of the restraining and refining influence of philosophy and of elegant literature, which ameliorated the manners of the surrounding nations, had been de- prived, almost entirely, of all salutary restraints from the Divine Law by the corrupt evasions of Rabbinical exposition. At the same time, the keen disappointment of the national hope of universal dominion under the Messiah, exasperated their native pride to madness. 210 MOTIVES OF THE whether the balance might not really be in favour of the monastery, when the only alternative was an abode with extreme profligacy. So natural to young and ardent minds, under the first fervours of religious feeling, is the wish to run far from the sight and hearing of seductive pleasure, and so plausibly may such a design recommend itself to the simple and sincere, that, even in our own times, if by any means the general opinion of the Christian Church could be brought round to favour, or to allow the practice of monastic seclusion, and if, instead of being on all sides reprobated and ridiculed, it were per- mitted, encouraged and admired, the conjecture may be hazarded, that an instantaneous rush from all our religious communities would take place, and a host of the ardent, the imagina- tive, the melancholic ; not to mention the disap- pointed, the splenetic, and the fanatical, would abandon the domestic circle and the scenes of business, to people sanctuaries of celibacy and prayer in every sequestered valley of our island. Besides the ordinary miseries of frequent war, and of a foreign domination, which afflicted, more or less, the other provinces of the Roman empire, the existence among the Jews of a species of fanaticism perfectly unparalleled, allowed the Syrian Palestine to taste very imperfectly the benefits of temperate and vigorous rule. The AN Cl F. NT M0NACH1SM. 21 1 intractable and malignant infatuation of that people so baffled the wisdom of the Roman government, and so disturbed its wonted equa- nimity, as to compel it to treat the unhappy Judsea with unmeasured severity. Or if respite were enjoyed from military inflictions, the brutal violences of their own princes, or the atrocities perpetrated by demagogues, kept constantly alive the brand of public and private discord. During such times of insecurity and wretched- ness, it is usual for the passive portion of the community to sink into a state, either of reckless sensuality, or of pining despondency. But if, in this class, there are those who have received the consoling hope of a bright and peaceful immor- tality, it is only natural that, when hunted from all earthly comfort by violence and extortion, they should look wistfully at the grave, and long to rest where “ the wicked cease from troubling.” In this state of mind it cannot be deemed strange that, upon the first smile of opportunity, they should hasten away from scenes of blood and wrong, and anticipate the wished-for release from life, by hiding themselves in caverns and in deserts. A frightful solitude might well appear a para- dise, and a state of extreme privation be thought luxurious, to those who, in their retreat, felt at length safe from an encounter with man, who, when savage, is by far the most terrible of all savage animals. Such were the causes which had p 2 212 MOTIVES OE THE driven multitudes of the well-disposed among the Jews into the wilderness. The severities of per- secution afterwards produced the same effect on the Christians ; and first on those of Syria and Egypt* So long as he could wander unmolested over the pathless mountain tract, or exist in the arid desert, the timid follower of Christ not only avoided torture or violent death, but escaped what he dreaded more — the hazard of apostasy under extreme trial. Having once effected his retreat, and borne for a time the loss of friends and comforts, he soon acquired physical habits and intellectual tastes which rendered a life in the wilderness not only tolerable, but agreeable. To the fearful and inert, safety and rest are the prime ingredients of happiness, and, if absolute, go far towards constituting a heaven upon earth. In the utter solitude of the desert, or in the mitigated seclusion of the monastery, a large pro- portion, probably, of the recluses soon drooped into the inanity of trivial pietism : a few, perhaps, after the first excitement failed, bit their chain, from day to day, to the end of life ; or wrung a wretched solace from concealed vices. But those who, by vigour of mind supported better the * This effect is well known to have resulted from the Decian per- secution, and probably also from those that preceded it. No blame can be attributed to Christians who, in such times, fled from cities, and took refuge in solitudes ; unless, indeed, by so doing they aban- doned those whom they ought to have defended. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 213 preying of the soul upon itself, could do no other- wise than exchange the simple and affectionate piety with which perhaps they entered the wil- derness, for some form of visionary religion.* To maintain, unbent and unsullied, the rectitude of sound reason, and the propriety of sound feelings, in solitude, is an achievement which, it may confidently be affirmed, surpasses the powers of human nature. Good sense — never the pro- duct of a single mind, is the fruit of intercourse and collision. When the several circumstances above men- tioned are duly considered, they will remove from candid minds almost every sensation of asperity or contemptuous reprobation towards those who, in their day of defective knowledge, became the victims, or even the zealous sup- porters, of the prevalent enthusiasm. We have done then with the parties in these scenes of delusion and folly ; or at least with those of them who were sincere in their error. But when we turn to the system itself, and gain that license which charity herself may grant, while an ab- straction only is under contemplation, we must remember that this monkery, so innocent in its * The errors and extravagances generated by the monastic life did not ordinarily extend to the fundamental principles of Christianity. The monks were, for the most part, zealously attached to the doctrine of the Nicene Creed ; and the Church owes to many of them its thanks for the constancy with which they suffered in its defence. 214 MOTIVES, &C. commencement, and so plausible in its progress, was the chief means of destroying the substance of Christianity, and ought to be deemed the principal cause of the gross darkness which hung over the Church during more than a thousand years. I SECTION IX. THE SAME SUBJECT. — INGREDIENTS OF THE ANCIENT MONACIIISM. Among the principal elements of the ancient Monachism, it is natural to name, first — Its contempt of the divine constitution of human nature, and the outrage it offered to the most salutary instincts. It may be hard to determine which is the greater folly and impiety — that of the Atheist, who can contemplate the admirable mechanism of the body, and not see there the proofs of divine wisdom and benevolence ; or that of the enthu- siast, who, seeing and acknowledging the hand of God in the mechanism of the human frame, yet dares to institute and to recommend modes of life which do violence to the manifest intentions of the Creator, as therein displayed ; and more- over, is not afraid to assert a warrant from Heaven for such outrages : as if the Creator and Governor of the world were not one and the same Being ; one in counsel and purpose : or as if the Author of Christianity were at 216 INGREDIENTS OF THE variance with the Author of nature ! * Yet this preposterous error, this virtual Manichaeism, has seemed to belong naturally to every attempt to * The dictates of good sense are often curiously intermingled in the writings of the Fathers with the defence of the absurd system they espoused. The incongruous mixture, has it not been of frequent occurrence in every age? Cyril of Jerusalem, in the fourth of his Catechetical Discourses, and in the section nepL crcoparos, with great vigour and propriety urges the consideration referred to above, while reprehending those, in his time, who affected to despise and mal-treat the body. “Is not the body,” says he, “the excellent workmanship of God?” and he reminds the ascetic that it is the soul, not the body, that sins. He goes on, in a lively manner, to hold forth the mean of wisdom between opposite extremes; and while he much commends the monkish celibacy, nevertheless bestows upon matrimony its due praise. Et de continentia sermonem in primis audiant, ii qui vitam degunt solitariam, et virginum coetus, qui vitam in mundo angelicam instituunt. Magna vobis fratres corona reponita est, ne voluptate parva magnam dignitatem commutetis. Audite quid ait Apostolus — Ne quis scortator, aut impurus sit, ut Esau, qui uno edulio primatus suos vendidit. In evangelicis libris posthac describeris, quia tibi continentiam proposuisti, vide ne vicissim delearis, propter stupmm commissum. Neque vero si continentiam instituas ac prasstes, ita sis superbia elatus, ut nuptiis allegatos insecteris. Honorabile est enim connubium, et thorus immaculatus, ut ait Apostolus. Et qui caste vivis, nonne natus es e conjugatis? Neque enim si possideas aurum, reprobes argentum. All this is very well, if we except the abuse of certain terms. But this abuse is in fact of the most danger- ous tendency. The Fathers by appropriating the words — continence, chastity, temperance, virtue, to the monastic life, robbed the Christian community of that standard of morals which belongs to all. Our Lord and his Apostles enjoined purity and continence, and temper- ance, and heavenly mindedness, upon Christians universally, married and unmarried ; engaged or not engaged, in the affairs of common life. But the monks shuddered to talk of purity and celibacy as if separable. What part then could the married claim in the practical portions of Scripture ? These holy precepts were the property of the Elect of Christ, that is, of the monks. Such are the consequences of extravagance in religion ! ANCIENT MON ACIIISM. 217 stretch and exaggerate the precepts of the Gospel beyond their obvious sense ; and indeed has sel- dom failed to shew itself in seasons of unusual religious excitement. Christianity is a religion neither for angels nor for ghosts ; but for man, as God made him. Nevertheless, in revealing an endless existence, and in establishing the paramount claims of the future world, it has placed all the interests of the present transient life under a comparison of immense disparity; so that it is true — true to a demonstration, that a man ought to “ hate his own life” if the love of it puts his welfare for immortality in jeopardy. Unquestionably, if by such means the well-being of the imperishable spirit could be secured and promoted, it would highly become a wise man to pass the residue of life, though it should hold out half a century, upon the summit of a column, exposed, like a bronze, to the alternations of day and night, of summer and winter;* or to stand speechless and fixed, with the arms extended until the joints * The story of Symeon Stylites, told by Theodoret, has been often repeated. The well-attested exploits of the fakirs of India render this, and many similar accounts related by the same writer, by Gregory Nyssen, Sozomen, &c. perfectly credible in all but a few of the par- ticulars; and in these it is evident that the writers were imposed upon. The fasts professed to have been undergone by Symeon, by Anthony, and by others of the same class, most certainly surpass the powers of human nature, and must be held either to convict these monks and their accomplices of fraud, or their biographers of falsehood. 2 1 8 INGREDIENTS OF THE should stiffen, and the tongue forget its office ; or to inhabit a tomb, or to hang suspended in the air by a hook in the side : these, and if there be any other practices still more horrifying to humanity, were doubtless wise, if, in the use of them, the soul might be advantaged ; for the soul is of infinitely greater value than the body. And much more might it be deemed lawful and commendable to refrain from matrimony, to with- draw from human society, to be clad in sack- cloth, to inhabit a cavern, if such comparatively moderate abstinences and mortifications were found to promote virtue, and so to ensure an en- hancement of the bliss that never ends. Conduct of this sort, however painful it may be, is per- fectly in harmony with the principle universally admitted to be reasonable, and in fact very com- monly reduced to practice, namely, to endure a smaller immediate loss or inconvenience, for the sake of securing a greater future good. The dictates of self-interest every day prompt sacrifices of this kind; and the maxims of natural virtue go much further, and often require a man to make the greatest deposit possible, even when the future advantage is doubtful, and when the sufferer is not the party who is to reap the ex- pected benefit. On this principle the soldier places himself at the cannon’s mouth, because the safety or future welfare of his country can be purchased at no other price. On this principle a pious son denies the wishes of his heart, and ANCIENT MONACHISM. 219 remains unmarried, that he may sustain a helpless parent. Christianity is not therefore at all pecu- liar in asserting the claims of higher, over lower reasons of conduct in peculiar circumstances ; or in demanding that, on special occasions, the enjoyments of life, and life itself, should be held cheap, or abandoned. Our Lord and his ministers explicitly enjoined such sacrifices, whenever the interests of the pre- sent and of the future life came in competition : and themselves set the example of the self-denial which they recommended. Nothing can be more clear than the rule of hodily sacrifice maintained and exemplified in the New Testament;* and this rule is in perfect accordance with the dictates of good sense, and with the common practice of mankind. Fasting, celibacy, martyrdom, and such like contrarieties to the “ will of the flesh,” stand all on the same ground in the system of Christian morals ; they are ills which a wise and pious man will cheerfully endure whenever he is so placed that they cannot be avoided without damage or hazard to the soul. But when no such alternative is presented, then the voluntary * Matt. v. 29, and xviii. 8. The same principle, in its application to the conduct of Christians towards others, is explained and illus- trated by Paul with the utmost perspicuity, and in a style directly at variance with that of the monkish writers. See Rom.xiv. through- out, and 1 Cor. vii., and viii. 13. To relinquish the less for the greater, to prefer the soul to the body, the future to the present, is the sub- stance of all these apostolic precepts. 220 INGREDIENTS OK THE infliction becomes, as well in religious as in secular affairs, a folly, an impiety, and often a crime. To die without necessity, or to afflict oneself without reason, is not only an absurdity, but a sin. And how immensely is this folly and immo- rality aggravated when it is found that the vo- luntary suffering, instead of being simply useless, becomes, in its consequences, highly pernicious; when, by abundant evidence, it is proved to generate the very worst corruptions and per- versions to which human nature is liable ! Such, clearly, are the inflictions of the monastic life — the solitude, the abstinence, the celibacy, the poverty ! The rule of Christian martyrdom is precise and unequivocal,* and is such as absolutely to exclude every sort of spontaneous heroism. The * Matt. x. 23. The First Epistle of Peter holds forth the prin- ciple and temper of Christian submission under persecution with a dignity, calmness, pathos, good sense, and perfect freedom from fana- tical excitement, which, if no other document of our faith were extant, would fully carry the proof of the truth of Christianity. Let the genuineness of that epistle be granted (and it cannot be denied) and it will be impossible to reconcile it with any supposition but that of the reality of the facts to which it refers. It would be well if, in the argument with infidels, some single portion of the evidence, such, for example, as this epistle, were adhered to pertinaciously until the proof it contains were satisfactorily disposed of. There is not a column of the apostolic epistles, that would not amply suffice for the refutation of all the tomes of ancient and modern scepti- cism; wei-e but the admitted principles of historical and critical evidence allowed to take their course in the argument between the Christian and the unbeliever. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 221 motive also by which the Christian should be sustained is of a heart-affecting, not of an ex- citing kind ; and the style of the Apostles, when alluding to this subject, is singularly sedate and reserved ; nor is an idea introduced of a kind to inflame fanatical ambition. The reason of this caution is obvious ; for to have kindled the enthusiasm of martyrdom would have been to nullify the demonstration intended to be given to the world of the truth of Christianity. So long as martyrdom rested on the primitive basis (and it rested there, w7ith few exceptions,* until miraculous attestations had nearly ceased to be afforded) it yielded conclusive proof of the reality of the facts affirmed by the confessors. That is to say, so long as the Christians suffered * Ignatius must be held to have set an example of unhappy conse- quence to the Church. His ardour for martyrdom, though unques- tionably connected with genuine and exalted piety, was altogether unwarranted by apostolic precept or example, and stands in the strongest contrast imaginable with the manner of Paul, when placed in similar circumstances, whose calm, manly, and spirited defence of his life, liberty, and civic immunities, on every occasion, imparts the highest possible argumentative value to his sufferings in the cause of Christianity. Let it be imagined that Ignatius had acquitted him- self in the same spirit; had pleaded with Trajan for his life, on the grounds of universal justice, and Roman law ; had established his innocence of any crime known to the law ; and had then professed distinctly the reasons of his Christian profession ; and at the same time calmly declared his determination to die rather than deny his convictions. How precious a document would have been the narra- tive of such a martyrdom ! There can be no doubt that many such martyrdoms actually took place ; but they were less to the taste of the church historians of the third and fourth centuries than those that were made conspicuous by an ostentation of eagerness to die. 222 INGREDIENTS OF THE only when suffering could be avoided in no other way than by denying their profession, and so long as they endured tortures, and met death, in a spirit not raised above a calm courage ; or even displayed timidity or reluctance, such sufferings afforded direct demonstration of the sincerity of their belief; and they, having been eye-wit- nesses of supernatural interpositions, and being often the very agents of miraculous power, their sincere belief, their honesty, carried with it the proof of the facts so attested. But when, at a later time, martyrdom was courted in a spirit of false heroism, and came to be endured in a corresponding style of enthusi- astic excitement, it lost almost the whole of its value as a proof of the truth of Christianity. For it is well known to be within the compass of human nature to endure unmoved and exultingly the most extreme torments in fanatical adherence to a religious tenet ; and such sufferings evince nothing more than the firmness or the infatua- tion of the victim. On the contrary, when the confessor has fallen into the hands of persecuting power by no imprudence or temerity of his own, when he avails himself, with promptitude and calmness, of every legal and honourable means of self-defence or escape, when he pleads truth and right in arrest of judgment, and at last yields to the stroke because, nothing could avert it but the forfeiture of conscience, then it is manifest that a deliberate conviction is the real ANCIENT MONACHISM. 223 motive of his conduct ; and then also, if he have a primary knowledge of the facts for affirming which he dies, his death, on the surest principles of evidence, must be accepted as containing in- contestable proof of those facts. The recluses were not the first to spoil the primitive practice of martyrdom ; but their prin- ciples greatly cherished the abuse when once it had been introduced ; and still more did their conduct and their writings enhance the per- nicious superstitions which presently resulted from the foolish respect paid to the tombs and relics of confessors. These trivial and idolatrous reverences of human heroism can find no room of entrance until the great realities of Chris- tianity have been forgotten ; until the humbling and peace-giving doctrine of atonement has been lost sight of. The contrite heart, made glad by the assurance of pardon through the merit of Him, who alone has merit supererogatory, neither admits sentiments of vain glory for itself, nor is prone to yield excessive worship to the deeds of others.* * It deserves particular notice that the martyrs of the Reformation in England, France, Spain, and I talyr, with very few exceptions, suf- fered in a spirit incomparably more sedate, and more nearly allied to that displayed and recommended by the Apostles, than did the Christians, generally, of the third century. The reason of the differ- ence is not obscure ; these modern confessors understood the capital doctrine of Christianity much more fully and clearly than did those of the age of Origen. 224 INGREDIENTS OF THE Celibacy, though it may seem to be a kind of self-devotion less extreme than voluntary martyrdom, was in fact a much greater and a much worse outrage upon human nature. This fundamental article of the monkish system had evidently two distinct motives : the first, and probably the originating cause of so extraordi- nary a practice was the impracticability of uniting the pleasures of seclusion and lazy meditation with the duties and burdens of domestic life. The alternative was unavoidable, either to re- nounce the happiness and the cares of husband and father, or the spiritual luxuries of supine contemplation. The one species of enjoyment offered itself precisely as the price that must be paid for obtaining the other.* The second motive of monkish celibacy, and which so gained ascendency over the first as to keep it almost wholly out of sight, sprung more immediately from the centre illusion of the system ; and the real nature of that illusion stands forward in this instance in a distinct and * In the only places in the New Testament where celibacy is recommended, Matt. xix. 12, and 1 Cor. vii. 32, the reason is of this substantial and intelligible kind, namely, that in the case of individuals, placed in peculiar circumstances, a single life would be advantageous, inasmuch as it would give them better opportunity of serving the Lord without distraction. Precisely the same advice might sometimes with propriety he given to a soldier, or to a states- man : a high motive justifies a sacrifice of personal happiness. No where in the discourses of our Lord, or in the writings of the Apostles, is there to be discovered a trace of the monkish motive of celibacy — namely, the supposed sanctity of that state. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 225 prehensible form. The very germ of that trans- muted piety, which, in the end, banished true religion from the Church, may readily be brought under inspection by tracing the natural history of the sentiment that attributes sanctity to single life. For reasons that are obvious and highly im- portant, a sentiment of pudicity, which can never be thrown aside without reducing man to the level — nay, below the level of the brutes, belongs to the primary link of the social system. But this feeling, necessary as it is to the purity and the dignity of social life, suggests, by a close and easy affinity of ideas, the supposition of guilt as belonging to indulgence, and then the cor- relative supposition of innocence, or of holiness, as belonging to continence. Nevertheless, feel- ings of this sort, when analysed, will be found to have their seat in the imagination exclusively, and only by accident to implicate the moral sense. They belong to that class of natural illusions, which, in the combination of the various and discordant ingredients of human nature, serve to amalgamate what would otherwise be utterly incompatible. Among all the natural illusions, or as they might be termed, the pseudo- moral sentiments, there is not one which so nearly resembles the genuine sense of right and wrong as this, or one that is so intimately blended with them. It is easy then to perceive the process by Q 226 INGREDIENTS OF THE which infirm minds passed into the error of attributing sanctity to celibacy. But the law of Christian purity knows of no such confusion of ideas. The very same authority which forbids adultery, enjoins marriage : and so long as mo- rality is understood to consist in obedience to the declared will of God, it can never be imagined that a man is defiled by living in matrimony, any more than by “ eating with unwashen hands.” But when once religion has passed into the imagination, and when the sentiments which have their seat in that faculty have become pre- dominant, so as to crush or enfeeble those that belong to conscience, then is it inevitable that the true purity which consists in “ keeping the com- mandments,” should be supplanted by that arti- ficial holiness which is a mere refinement upon natural instincts. Under the influence of false notions of this sort, nothing seems so saintly as for a man to shrink horrifically from the touch of woman ; nothing scarcely so spiritually degrad- ing as to be a husband and a father.* Impious * “ Grande est et immortale, poene ultra naturam corpoream, super- are luxuriam, et concupiscetitiae spasmeam adolescentiae facibus ac- censam animi virtute restringuere, et spiritali conatu vim genuine oblectationis excludere, vivereque contra humani generis legem, despi- cere solatia conjugii, dulcedinem contemnere liberorum, quaecumque esse praesentis vitae commoda possint, pro nihilo spe futurorum beati- tudinis computare.” The Epistle of Sulpitius, de Virginitate, in which this passage occurs, contains, it should be confessed, much more good sense and good morality, in the latter part of it, than one would ex- pect to find in conjunction with absurdities such as that above quoted. The annotator on the passage well says, that the Ascetics avoided ANCIENT MONACHISM. 227 and mad enthusiasm ; and not only irreligious and absurd, but pestilent also ; for this same monkish doctrine of the merit of virginity stands convicted, on abundant evidence, of having trans- planted the worst vices of polytheistic Greece into the very sanctuaries of religion ; and so, of infecting the nations of modern Europe with crimes which, had they not been kept alive in monasteries, Christianity would long ago have banished from the earth. How little did the pious men, who, in the third century, extolled the merit of mortification, and petty torture, and celibacy, think of the hideous corruptions in which these practices were to ter- minate ! A sagacity more than human was needed to foresee the end from the beginning. But with the experience of past ages before us, we may well learn to distrust all specious attempts to exaggerate morality, or to attach ideas of blame to things innocent or indifferent. This over-doing of virtue never fails to divert the mind from what is substantially good, and is moreover the almost invariable symptom of a transmuted or fictitious pietism. II. The ancient monkery was a system of the the pleasures of domestic life, not because they were sweets, hut because conjoined with great cares, which those escaped who lived in celibacy. Nor is it to be denied that married life is obnoxious to great and heavy inconveniences : nevertheless, if under those difficulties we live holily and religiously, our future recompense will surely not be less than as if, to be free from them, we had embraced a single life. Q 2 22S INGREDIENTS OF THE most deliberate selfishness. That solicitude for the preservation of individual interests which forms the basis of the human constitution, is so broken up and counteracted by the claims and pleasures of domestic life, that though the prin- ciple remains, its manifestations are suppressed, and its predominance effectually prevented, ex- cept in some few tempers peculiarly unsocial. But the anchoret is a selfist by his very profes- sion ; and like the sensualist, though his taste is of another kind, he pursues his personal gratifica- tions, reckless of the welfare of others. His own advantage or delight, or, to use his favourite phrase — the good of his soul, is the sovereign object of his cares. His meditations, even if they embrace the compass of heaven, come round, ever and again, to find their ultimate issue in his own bosom : but can that be true wisdom which just ends at the point whence it started ? True wis- dom is a progressive principle. In abjuring the use of the active faculties, in reducing himself, by the spell of vows, to a condition of physical and moral annihilation, the insulated being says to his fellows, concerning whatever might otherwise have been converted to their benefit — “ it is corban thus making void the law of love to our neigh- bour, by a pretended intensity of love to God. That so monstrous an immorality should have dared to call itself by the name of sanctity, and should have done so too in front of Christianity, is indeed amazing, and could never have happened ANCIENT MON ACM ISM. 229 if Christianity had not first been shorn of its life-giving warmth, as the sun is deprived of its power of heat when we ascend into the rarity of upper space. The tendency of a taste for ima- ginative indulgences to petrify the heart has been already adverted to ; and it receives a signal illustration in the monkish life, especially in its more perfect form of absolute separation from the society of man. The anchoret was a disjoined particle, frozen deep into the mass of his own selfishness, and there imbedded below the touch of every human sympathy. This sort of medi- tative insulation is the ultimate and natural issue of all enthusiastic piety; and may be met with even in our own times among those who have no inclination to run away from the comforts of common life. III. Spiritual pride, the most repulsive of the religious vices, was both a main cause and a principal effect of the ancient monachism. The particular manner in which this odious pride sprung up in the monastery deserves especial attention. That sort of plain and prac- tical religion which adapts itself to the circum- stances of common life — the religion taught by the Apostles, a religion of love, sobriety, tem- perance, justice, fit for the use of master and servant, of husband and wife, of parent and child, by no means satisfied the wishes of those who sought in Christianity a delicious dream of 230 INGREDIENTS OF THE unearthly excitements. It was therefore indis- pensable to imagine a new style of religion ; and hence arose the doctrine, so warmly and in- cessantly advanced by the early favourers of monkery, that our Lord and his Apostles taught a two-fold piety, and recognized an upper and an under class in the church, and sanctioned the division of the Christian body into what might be termed a Plebeian, and a Patrician order.* In accordance with this arrogant pretension it was believed, that while the Christian com- monalty might be left to wallow in the affairs of common life — in business, matrimony, and such like impurities, the elect of Christ stood on a platform, high-lifted above the grossness of secular engagements and earthly passions, and were, in their Lord’s esteem, immensely more holy, and higher in rank, as candidates for the honours of the future life, than the mass of the * This doctrine appears more or less distinctly in every one of the fathers who at all favours the monastic life. It may seem to bear analogy to the principle of the Grecian philosophers who had their common maxims for the vulgar, and their hidden instructions for the few. But the resemblance is more apparent than real : the dis- tinction arose among the Christians from altogether another source. The Church, that is to say the collective body of true believers, is called in the New Testament the spouse of Christ; but the monks perverted the figure by using it distinctively, by calling individual Christians “ the brides of Christ,” and by appropriating the honour to those who had taken the vow of celibacy. The most absurd and impious abuses of language presently followed from this error, and such as it were even blasphemous to repeat. Yet some of the greatest writers of the times are charmed with these irreligious conceits. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 231 faithful. When this supposition became gene- rally adopted and assented to, out of the mo- nastery as well as within it, the first and natural consequence was a great depreciation of the standard of morals among the people. If there were admitted to be two rates or degrees of virtue, there were, of course, two laws or rules of life : whatever therefore in the Scriptures seemed to be strict, or pure, or elevated, was assigned to the upper code ; while the lower took to itself only what wore an aspect of laxity and indulgence. Even an attempt on the part of secular Christians to make advances in holiness might be condemned as a species of presumption, or as an invasion of the proprieties of the saintly order. Heavenly mindedness and purity of heart were chartered to the regulars — the monopolists of perfect grace. Alas, that the privileged should have availed themselves so moderately of their rights ! A second, and not less natural consequence of the same principle, was the formation among the monks, either of an insufferable arrogance and self-complacency ; or of a villanous hypocrisy — an hypocrisy which qualified those who sustained it to become the agents of every detestable knavery that might promote the ambitious ma- chinations, or screen the debaucheries of the order. If a reputation for superior sanctity be ever safe and serviceable to a Christian, it must be 232 INGREDIENTS OF THE when his conduct and temper, even to the inmost privacies of domestic life, are open to indifferent observers ; not to the cringing servitors of a religious establishment, or to the holy man’s hangers-on, and accomplices, but to the children and the servants of a family ; the moral vision of a child is especially quick and clear. He who thus lives under the eye of witnesses not to be deceived, and not to be bribed, may actually demean himself the better for being reputed eminently good. Not so the man who inhabits a den or a cell ; who is seen by the world only through a loop-hole ; or who shows himself to an admiring crowd when, and where, and in what manner he pleases. To such a one, the praise of sanctity will most often be found inscribed, on its other side, with a license to crime. Under circumstances so blasting to the simple honesty and unaffected humility of true piety, almost the best that charity can imagine is, that the hooded saint deludes himself more than he deceives others. Such are the natural and almost invariable consequences — in monasteries, or out of them, of ambitious attempts to render religion a some- thing too elevated and too pure to be brought into contact with the affairs of common life. The endeavour generates a pretension that can never be filled out by truth and reality : the deficiency must be made up by delusion and deception, the one begetting arrogance, the other knavery. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 233 IV. Greediness of the supernatural formed an essential characteristic of the ancient monachism. The cares and toils and necessities, the refresh- ments and delights of common life, are the great teachers of common sense ; nor can there be any effective school of sober reason where these are excluded. Whoever, either by elevation of rank, or peculiarity of habits, lives far removed from this kind of tuition, rarely makes much profi- ciency in that excellent quality of the intellect. A man who has little or nothing to do with other men on terms of open and free equality, needs the native sense of five, to behave himself only with a fair average of propriety. Absolute soli- tude (and seclusion in its degree) necessitates a lapse into some species of absurdity more or less nearly allied to insanity ; and religious solitude naturally strays into the regions of vision and miracle.* * “ Habitant plerique in eremo sine ullis tabernaculis quos Ana- choretas vocant. Vivunt herbarum radicibus : nullo unquam certo loco consistunt, ne ab hominibus frequententur : quas nox coegerit sedes habent Inter hujus (Sina) recessus Anaclioreta esse aliquis ferebatur quem diu multumque quaesitum videre non potui, qui ferfe jam ante quinquaginta annos a conversatione humanh remotus, nullo vestis usu, setis corporis sui tectus, nuditatem suam divino munere vestiebat. Hie quoties eum religiosi viri adire voluerunt, cursu avia petens, congressus vitabat humanos. Uni tantummodo ferebatur se ante quinquennium prmbuisse, qui credo potenti fide id obtinere pro- meruit : cui inter multa conloquia percunctanti, cur homines tantopere vitaret, respondisse perhibetur, Eum qui ab hominibus frequentarctur non posse ab angelis frequentari.” — Sul/p. Sev. Dialog. I. 234 INGREDIENTS OF THE The monastery was at once the place where the illusions of distempered brains were the most likely to abound, and where the frauds which naturally follow in the train of such illusions were the most conveniently hatched and executed. Those dungeons of dimness, of silence, of absolute obedience ; those scenes of nocturnal ceremony ; those labyrinths of subterrene communication ; those nurseries of craft and credulity, seemed as if constructed for the very purpose of fabricating miracles : and, in fact, if all the narratives of supernatural occurrences that are found upon the pages of the ancient church-writers were numbered, incomparably the larger proportion would appear to have been immediately con- nected with the religious houses. The wonder which goes to swell the vaunted achievements of the sainted abbot or brother, was effected, we are assured, in the cell, in the chapel or church, in the convent-garden, in the depths of the overhanging forest, or upon the solitude of the neighbouring shore. Of all such miracles it is enough to say that, whether genuine or not, they can claim no respect from posterity, seeing that they stand not within the circle of credible testi- mony. History — lover of simplicity, scorns to place them on her page in any other form than as evidences of the credulity, if not of the dis- honesty of the times !* * Many laborious and voluminous discussions might have been saved, if the simple and very reasonable rule had been adopted of ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 235 The miraculous powers existing in the Church after the apostolic age, rest under a cloud that is not now to be thoroughly dispelled. But with safety the following propositions may be affirmed ; first, That the Christian doctrine received some miraculous attestations after the death of the Apostles ; secondly. That so early as the close of the fourth century, fraudulent or deceptive pretensions to miraculous power were very frequently advanced ; and, lastly. That at that period, and subsequently, there are in- stances, not a few, of a certain sort of sincerity and fervour in religion, conjoined with very ex- ceptionable attempts to acquire a thaumaturgal reputation.* These deplorable cases deserve waiving investigation into the credibility of any narrative of super- natural or pretended supernatural events, said to have taken place upon consecrated ground, or under sacred roofs. Fanes, caves, groves, churches, convents, cells, are places in which the lover of history will make but a transient stay : he may easily find better employment than in sifting the evidence on which rest such stories as that of the roof-descended oil, used at the baptism of Clovis ; or that of the relics discovered by Ambrose for the confutation of royal error (August. Conf. IX. 7, and the bishop’s own account of the affair, which the reader may find in the Benedictine edition of his works, Vol. II. p. 874,) and a thousand others of like nature. Those who, reading church history cursorily, are perplexed by the frequency of suspicious miracle, are probably not aware, generally, how very large a pro- portion of all such annoying relations may be readily and reason- ably disposed of by adhering to the rule above stated. Another rule, presently to be mentioned, and not less well founded, dis- charges again a large portion of what may remain unexplained after application of the first. * Gregory of Neocsesarea, commonly called Thaumaturgus, ought not to be involved in an accusation of this kind, for two reasons ; first, because the incidental evidence which attests liis having in truth 236 INGREDIENTS OF THE particular attention, especially as they show what are the natural fruits of fictitious pietism. If we choose to read the Church history of the fourth and fifth centuries in the spirit of frigid and purblind scepticism, all the toil and perplexity that belong to the exercise of cautious and can- did discrimination will be at once saved; and we shall, in every instance where supernatural inter- position is alleged, whatever may be the quality of the evidence, or the character of the facts, take up that vulgar and obvious explanation which is offered, by attributing a greedy credu- lity to the laity of those times, and a villanous and shameless knavery to the clergy. But this short and clumsy method, how satisfactory soever it may be to indolence, or how gratifying soever to malignity, can never approve itself to those who are at once well informed of facts, and ac- customed to analyze evidence with precision. The compass of human nature includes many motives, deep, and intricate, of which besotted infidelity never dreams, and which in its unob- servant arrogance it can never comprehend. Long before the time when ecclesiastical nar- ratives of supernatural occurrences assume a possessed miraculous powers is strong ; and, secondly, because the only complete narrative that has come down to us of his miracles, that composed by Gregory Nyssen — is scarcely worthy of serious regard, as an historical document, not only on account of its suspicious cha- racter, but because it was written a century after the death of the great and good man, whom it labours to celebrate and really vilifies. See the Life of Gregory Thaumat. in the Works ol Greg. Nys. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 237 character decidedly suspicious, or manifestly faithless, the great facts of Christianity had, with a large class of persons, especially with the re- cluses, become the objects of day-dream contem- plation, and formed rather the furniture of a theatre of celestial machinery, than the exciting causes of simple faith, and hope, and joy. The divine glories, the brightness of the future life, the history and advocacy of the Mediator, the agency of angels, and of devils, were little else, to many, than the incentives of intellectual intoxica- tion. When once this misuse of religious ideas had gained possession of the mind, it brought with it an irresistible prurience, asking for the marvellous, just as voluptuousness asks for the aliments of pleasure. This demand will be peculiarly importunate among those who have to uphold their faith in the front of a gainsaying world ; and who would much rather confound the scoffer by a new miracle, than convince him by an argumentative appeal to an old one. The first step towards the pseudo-miraculous is taken without doing any violence to conscience, and little even to good sense ; provided that opinions of a favouring kind are generally pre- valent. Good, and even judicious men, might be so under the influence of the imagination as to have their sleep hurried with visions, and their waking meditations quickened by unearthly voices ; and might complacently report such celestial favours to greedy hearers, without a 238 INGREDIENTS OF THE particle of dishonest consciousness.* Thus the taste for things extraordinary was at once che- rished and powerfully sanctioned by the example of men eminently wise and holy. Then with an inferior class of men the progression from illusions, real and complete, to such as were in part aided by a little spontaneity and contrivance, and which, though somewhat unsatisfactory to the narrator, were devoured without scruple by the hearer, could not be difficult. The temptation to pro- duce a commodity so much in demand was strong ; often too strong for those whose moral sense had been debilitated by an habitual inebriety of the imagination. Another step towards reli- gious fraud was more easily taken than avoided, * The two signal instances may be mentioned of Cyprian and Augustine, men whose thorough honesty and sincerity will not be questioned by any one who himself possesses the sympathies of virtue and integrity. They were both carried by the spirit of their times almost to the last stage of credulity and self-delusion ; but the latter much farther than the former. While speaking of Cyprian, a passage may be quoted which confirms more than one of the statements advanced in the preceding pages. The expressions are extremely significant ; they occur in the exordium of the tract, De Disciplina et Habitu Virginum. Nunc nobis ad virgines sermo est, quarum quo sublimior gloria est, major et cura est. Has sunt ecclesiastici germinis flores, decus atque ornamentum gratise spiritalis, beta indoles, laudis et honoris opus integrum, atque incorruptum, Dei imago, respondens ad sanctimoniam Domini, illustrior portio gregis Christi. Gaudet per illas, atque in illis largiter floret Ecclesias matris gloriosa fecunditas : quantoque plus copiosa virgin itas numero suo addit, tanto plus gaudium matris augescit. In this eulogy there is not merely the commendation of single life, but very distinctly the doctrine of a two-fold morality, and the recognition ol a patrician class in the church. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 239 when it was eagerly looked for by open-mouthed credulity, when the Church might cheaply and securely be glorified, and Gentilism triumphantly confuted. The plain ground of Christian in- tegrity having once been abandoned, the shocks of a downward progress towards the most repre- hensible extreme of deception were not likely to awaken remorse. Practices, therefore, which, viewed in their naked merits, must excite the detestation of every Christian mind, might insensibly gain ground among those who were far from deserving the designation of thorough knaves. They were fervent and laborious in their zeal to pro- pagate Christianity ; they believed it cordially, and themselves hoped for eternal life in their faith ; and in the strength of this hope were ready “to give their bodies to be burned.” They prayed, they watched, they fasted, and crucified the flesh, and did every thing which an enthu- siastical intensity of feeling could prompt ; and this feeling prompted them to promote the gospel, as well by juggling as by preaching. But had not these religious forgers read the unbending morality of the gospel ? Or, reading it, was it possible that they could think the sacrifice of honesty an acceptable offering to the God of truth ? The difficulty can be solved only by calculating duly the influence of imaginative pietism in paralysing the conscience ; and if the facts of the case still seem hard to comprehend. 240 INGREDIENTS OF THE it will be necessary, for illustration, to recur to instances that may be furnished, alas ! by most Christian communities in our own times. Is it impossible to find individuals fervent, and in a certain sense sincere, in their devotions, zealous and liberal in their endeavours to diffuse Christianity, and, perhaps, in many respects amiable, who, nevertheless, admit into their ha- bitual course of conduct very gross contrarieties to the plainest rules of Christian morality ? When instances of this sort are under discussion, it is alike unsatisfactory to affirm of the parties in question, that they are, in the common sense of the term, hypocrites ; or to grant that their piety is genuine, but defective. The first suppo- sition, though it may cut the difficulty, does not by any means nicely accord with the facts : and the second puts contempt upon the most explicit and solemn declarations of our Lord and his ministers, whose style of enforcing the divine law will never allow those who are flagrantly vicious, those who are “ workers of iniquity,” to be called ‘ imperfect Christians.’ Our alternative presents itself for the solution of the pressing difficulty. The religion of these delinquent professors is sincere in its kind, and perhaps fervent ; but not less fictitious than sincere. Or rather the religion they profess is not Christianity, but an image of it. Whatever there is in the Gospel that may stimulate emotion without breaking up the conscience, has been ANCIENT MONACHISM. 241 admitted and felt ; but the heart has not been made “ alive towards God.” Repentance has had no force, the desire of pardon no intensity. Certain vices may be shunned and reprobated, and others as freely indulged ; for nothing is really inconsistent with the dreams of religious delusion — except the waking energy of true virtue. And thus it was with many in the ancient Church ; the stupendous objects of the unseen world had kindled the imagination ; and in harmony with this state of mind, a super- natural heroism and unnatural style of virtue were admired and practised, because they fed the flames of a fictitious happiness which com- pensated for the renunciation of the pleasures of sense. In this spirit martyrdom was courted, and deserts were peopled until they ceased to be solitudes ; and in this spirit also miracles were affirmed, or fabricated, not so often by knaves, as by visionaries. The subject of the suspicious pretensions to miraculous power advanced by many of the ancient Christian writers should not be dismissed without remarking, that it is one thing to com- pose a gaudy narrative (de virtutibus) of the wonder-working powers of a saint, gone to his rest in the preceding century ; and another to be the actor in scenes of religious juggling. If this distinction be duly considered, a very large mass of perplexing matter will at once be discharged from the page of ecclesiastical history, and that R 242 INGREDIENTS OF THE without doing the smallest violence either to charity, or to the laws of evidence. Some foolish presbyter or busy monk, gifted with a talent of description, has collected the church-tales, cur- rent in his time, concerning a renowned father. The turgid biography, applauded in the monas- tery where it was produced, slipped away silently to the faithful of distant establishments, and without having ever undergone that ordeal of real and local publicity, which authenticates com- mon history, was suffused, as it were, beneath the surface of notoriety, through Christendom, and so has come down to modern times, to load the memory of some good man with unmerited disgrace.* * One important rule of procedure in relation to the ancient nar- ratives of miracles has been just referred to,’ note to page 234. A second is to quash all serious consideration of those which exist only in biographies composed in a turgid style of laudatory exaggeration, and not published, or not fairly and fully published, till long after the deaths of the operator, and of the witnesses. An instance precisely in point has already been mentioned, namely, the life of Gregory of Neocaesarea, by Gregory Nyssen: another of like kind has also here been frequently quoted, the life of St. Martin, by Sulpitius Severus : the life of Cyprian, by his Deacon Pontius, might be included ; and perhaps that of St. Anthony, by Athanasius. In passing, it may be observed that a perusal of the last-mentioned tract, which fills only some fifty pages, would convey a more exact and vivid idea of the state and style of religion in the fourth century, than is to be obtained by reading volumes of modem compilations of Church history. At once the piety and the strong sense of the writer, and the extraordinary character of the narrative, give it a peculiar claim to attention. Let the intelligent reader of this curious docu- ment take the occasion to estimate the value and amount of the information that is to be received from modern writers— Mosheim ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 243 V. The practice of mystifying the Scriptures must be named as an especial characteristic of monkish religion. This practice was, in the first place, the natural fruit of a life like that of the recluses ; for the Bible is a directory of common life, the heavenly enchiridion of those who are beset with the cares, labours, sorrows, and temptations, of the world. To the anchoret it presents almost a blank page : a style of existence so unnatural as that which he has chosen, it does not recognize ; his imagi- nary troubles, his frivolous duties, his visionary temptations, his self-inflicted sufferings, and his real difficulty of maintaining virtue under the galling friction of a presumptuous vow, are all absolutely unknown to the Scriptures, which and Milner, for example, of whom the first gives the mere husk of history, and the other nothing but some separated particles of pure farina. But can we in either of these methods obtain the solid and safe instruction which a true knowledge of human character and con- duct should convey? It may be very edifying to read page after page of picked sentiments of piety ; but do these culled portions, which actually belie the mass whence they are taken, communicate what an intelligent reader of history looks for — namely, a real picture and image of mankind in past ages ? Certainly not. If nothing be wanted but pleasing expressions of Christian feeling, there can be no need to make a painful search for them in the bulky tomes of the Greek and Latin fathers. Nevertheless, with all its very great defects, Milner’s Church History is incomparably the best that has ever been compiled. A modern reader, led astray at every step by the malignant falsifications of Gibbon, and very partially in- formed of facts by Church historians, has no means of correctly estimating the state of Christianity in remote times ; or none but that of examining for himself the literary remains of ecclesiastical antiquity. R 2 244 INGREDIENTS OF THE therefore, to the recluse, are not profitable for reproof, or correction, or for instruction in the false righteousness which he labours to establish. To adapt the Bible to the cell, it must, of ne- cessity, be allegorized. Then indeed it is made inexhaustibly rich in the materials of spiritual amusement. It was thus that the Jewish doctors, the authors of the Talmudical writings, found the means of diverting the heaviness of their leisure : and it was thus, though in a different style, that the Essenes of the wilderness of the Jordan whiled away the hours of their solitude : and thus, yet again after another pattern, that the Christian monks, especially those of Palestine* and Egypt, transmuted the words of truth and soberness into a tangled wreath of flimsy fable. The doctrine of a mystical sense has invariably been espoused by every successive body of idle religionists ; that is to say, by all who, spurning or forgetting the authority which the Scriptures assert over the life and conscience, convert them into the materials of a delicious dream. The mask of allegory imposed on the Bible serves first as a source of entertainment, and then as a shelter against the plain meaning of all those * Origen, as every one knows, led the way in the Christian Church in this mode of interpretation. It is also well known that the monks, especially those of Alexandria, warmly espoused the cause of this ingenious writer against the bishops and clergy, who with equal warmth condemned his works as heretical. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 245 passages which directly condemn the will-wor- ship, the fooleries, and the extravagances to which persons of this temper are ever addicted. So did the Rabbis make void the law of God ; so did the monks ; so have all classes of modern mystics ; so do modern Antinomians : all have asserted a double, a treble, or a quadruple sense ; a mys- tery couched beneath every narrative, and every exhortation, or even hidden in single words : or they have descried a profound doctrine packed in the bend of a Samech or a Koph. Not one of the absurdities of the ancient monkery has been so long-lived as this : nor is there to be found a more certain symptom of the existence of fatal illusion in matters of religion. VI. The monkish system recommended itself by astonishing feats of devotedness, and by great proficiency in the practices of artificial and spon- taneous virtue. The motives of enthusiasm are so much more congruous with the unreformed impulses of hu- man nature than are the principles of genuine piety, that the former have usually far surpassed the latter in the difficult and mortifying achieve- ments of self-denial. In proportion as a system of fanaticism is remote from truth, its stimulating force is found to be great. Thus the fakirs of India have carried the feats of voluntary torture far beyond any other order of religionists. Mo- hammedans, generally, are more zealous, devout. 246 INGREDIENTS OF THE and fervent, than Christians. Romanists sur- pass Protestants in the solemnity, intensity, and scrupulosity of their devotional exercises. In conformity with this well-known principle the monastic orders have had to boast, in all ages, of some prodigious instances of mortification, or of charitable heroism. And the boast might be allowed to win more praise than can be granted to it, if there were not manifest, invariably, in these egregious exploits, a ferment of sinister feelings, quite incompatible with the simplicity and purity of Christian virtue. For example, let a comparison be drawn between a daughter who, in the deep seclusion of private life, and without a spectator to applaud her virtue, cheerfully devotes her prime of years to the service of an afflicted parent; and the nun, who inveigles beggars daily to the convent, where she absolves them, against their will, from their filth, dresses their ulcers, and cleanses their tatters. Assuredly the part she performs is more seemingly difficult, and far more revolting than that of the pious daughter; yet it is in fact more easy ; for the inflated f sister of charity’* is sustained and impelled by notions of heroism, and of celestial excellence, and by a present recompense of fame among her sisterhood, of all which the other does not dream, who, if she possessed not the substantial motives of true * The charitable offices of the nuns in the hospitals of France ought always to be mentioned with respect and admiration. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 247 goodness, could never in this manner win the blessing of heaven. Self-inflicted penances, wasteful abstinences, fruitless labours, sanctimonious humiliations, and all such like spontaneities, may fairly be classed with those painful and perilous sports, in pursuing which it often happens that a greater amount of suffering is endured, and of danger incurred, than ordinarily belongs to the services and duties of real life. But these freaks of the monastery, or these toils of the field, deserve little praise, seeing that they meet their immediate reward in the gratification of a peculiar taste. In both in- stances the adult child pleases himself in his own way, and must be deemed to do much if he avoids trampling down the rights of his neighbour. Fictitious virtue, if formed on the model of the Koran, naturally assumes the style of martial arrogance, of fanatical zeal, and of bluff devotion. But if it be the Gospels that furnish the pattern, then an opposite phase of sanctity is shown. Abject lowliness, and voluntary poverty (which is no poverty at all) and ingenious austerities, and romantic exploits of charity, and other similar misinterpretations of the spirit and letter of New Testament morality, are combined to form a tattered and tawdry effigy of the humility, purity, and beneficence of Christian holiness. But compel the imitator to relinquish all that is heroic, and picturesque, and poetical in his style of behaviour ; oblige him to lay aside whatever makes the vulgar 248 INGREDIENTS OF THE gape at his sanctity; let him uncowl his ears, and cover his naked feet : ask him to acquit himself patiently, faithfully, christianly, amid the non- illustrious and difficult duties of common life, and he will find himself destitute of motive and of zest for his daily task. Temperance without abstinence will have no charm for him ; nor purity without a vow ; nor self-denial without austerity ; nor patience without stoicism ; nor charity without a trumpet. The man of sackcloth, who was a prodigy of holiness in the cloister, becomes, if transported into the sphere of domestic life, a monster of selfishness and sensuality. Time, which insensibly aggravates the abuses of every corrupt system, does also furnish an apology, more and more valid from age to age, for the conduct of the individuals who spring up in succession to act their parts within its machinery. While ancient institutions rest tran- quilly on their bases, while venerable usages obtain unquestioned submission, while opinion paces forwards with a slumbering step upon its deep-worn tracks, men are not more conscious of the enormity of the errors that may be charge- able upon their creeds and practices, than a secluded tribe is of the strangeness and inele- gance of the national costume. This principle should never be lost sight of when we are estimating the personal character of the members of the Romish Church before the period of the ANCIENT MONACHISM. 249 Reformation ; or indeed in later times, where no free and fair conflict of opinions has taken place. The system and its victims are always to be thought of apart. A recurrence, on the part of a people at large, to abstract principles of political or re- ligious truth, is a much less frequent event than the rarest of natural phenomena. It is only in consequence of shocks, happening in the social system by no means so often as earthquakes do in the material, that the human mind is rent from its habitudes, and placed in a position whence it may with advantage compare its opinions with universal truth. The Christian Church underwent not once the perils and bene- fits of such a convulsion during the long course of fifteen hundred years. Throughout that pro- tracted space of time the men of each age, with few exceptions, quietly deemed that to be good which their fathers had thought so ; and as naturally delivered it to their successors, en- dorsed with their own solemn approbation. In forming an opinion therefore of the merits of individuals, justice, we need not say candour, demands that the whole, or almost the whole amount of the abstract error of the system within which, by accident of birth, they move, should be deducted from the reckoning. This sort of justice may especially be claimed in behalf of those who rather acquiesced in the religious modes of their times, than appeared as its active 250 INGREDIENTS OF THE champions. Thus we excuse the originators and early supporters of a bad system, on the ground of their ignorance of its evil tendency and actual consequences ; * and again we palliate the fault of its adherents in a late age, by pleading for them the influence of that natural sentiment of respect which is paid to antiquity. These proper allowances being made, there will be no difficulty in turning from an indignant reprobation of the monkish practices, to a chari- table and consoling belief of the personal virtues and even eminent piety of many who, in every age, have fretted away an unblessed existence within that dungeon of religious delusion- — the monastery. In default of complete evidence, yet on the ground of some substantial proof, it is allowable to hope that the monastic orders at all times included many spiritual members, f There * Perhaps the treatment which Jovinian and Vigilantius received from Jerom, Ambrose, and Augustine, may be thought to detract very much from the validity of the apology here offered for the ancient abettors of monachism. But the circumstances of the case are involved in too much obscurity to allow a distinct opinion to be formed on the subject. The protest of Jovinian against the prevailing errors of the Church might be connected with some extravagance of belief, or some impropriety of conduct which prevented his testimony from being listened to with respect. Yet certainly the appearances of the case show decidedly against both Jerom and Ambrose. Augus- tine knew little personally of the supposed error against which he inveighed. f The “ De Imitatione Christi ’’ alone affords proof enough of the possibility of the existence of elevated piety in the monastery. It abounds also with indications of the petty persecution to which a spiritual monk was exposed among his brethren. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 251 is even reason to believe that a better style of sentiment, and less extravagance, less fanatical heat, less knavish pretension, and more of humility and purity, existed here and there among the recluses of the tenth and eleventh, than among those of the fifth and sixth centuries. In the earlier period, though there might be much pretension to seclusion from the world, the monastery was in fact a house set on a hill in the midst of the Christian community, and was ever surrounded by an admiring multitude ; and its inmates might always find a ready revenue of glorification for the exploits and hypocrisies of supernatural sanctity.* But in the later periods, and when nothing hardly existed without doors except feudal ignorance and ferocity (we speak of the monasteries of Europe) many of the religious houses were real seclusions, and very far removed from any market of vulgar praise. Then within these establishments, it cannot be doubted, that the pious few found their virtue much rather guarded by the envious eyes of * Many of the ancient solitaries, far from living as their profession required, in seclusion, were accustomed to admit daily the visits of the multitude who flocked around them, to gaze at their austerities, to hear their harangues, or to be exorcised, or healed of their maladies. Symeon, ‘ the man of the pillar,’ every day exhibited himself to a gaping crowd, collected often from distant countries. St. Anthony, more sincere in his love of retirement, when pestered by the plaudits of the vulgar in Lower Egypt, withdrew into a desert of the Theba'is ; yet even there he soon found himself surrounded, not only by daemons, hut worse, by admirers. See Athan. Op. vita S. Antonii. 252 MON AC1IISM their less exemplary comrades, than endangered by drawing upon itself any sort of admiration. The spiritual monk (let not modern prejudices refuse to admit the phrase) glad to hide himself from the railleries or spite of the lax fraternity, kept close to his cell, and there passed his hours, not uncheered, nor undelicious, in prayer and meditation, in the perusal of religious books, and in the pleasant, edifying, and beneficial toils of transcription. Not seldom, as is proved by abundant evidence, the life-giving words of pro- phets and apostles were the subjects of these labours ; nor ought it to be doubted that while, through a long tract of centuries, the Scriptures, unknown abroad, were holding their course under-ground, if one might so speak, waiting the time of their glorious emerging, they imparted the substance of true knowledge to many souls, pent with them in the same sepulchral glooms. The monkish system retained its ancient style, with little alteration, until it received an enhance- ment and somewhat new character in France, in the hands of the followers of Jansen, and the Port Royal recluses. Then the old doctrine of religious abstraction — of the merging of the soul in Deity, and of the merit and efficacy of peni- tential suicide, was revived with an intensity never before known, was recommended by a much larger admixture of genuine scriptural knowledge than had ever before been connected IN MODERN TIMES. 253 with the same system, and was graced by the brilliant talents and great learning of many of the party : while at the same time the endurance of persecution gave depth, force, and heroism, to the sentiments of the sect. It was inevitable that whatever of good might arise within the Church of Rome, and remain in allegiance to it, must pass over to the ancient and venerated form of monkish piety. The re- ligion of the monastery was the only sort of devotedness and seriousness known to, or sanc- tioned by that Church. A new sect of fervent religionists could therefore do no otherwise than either fall into that style, or denounce it ; and the latter would have been to break from Rome, and to side with Huguenots. Embarrassed at every step by their professed submission to the authority of the Popes, which they perpetually felt to be at variance with the duty they owed to God, and heavily oppressed and galled by their necessary acquiescence in the flagrant errors of the Church in which alone they thought salvation could be had, and still more deeply injured by their own zealously loved ascetic doctrine, these good men obtained pos- session, and made profession of the great truths of Christianity under an incomparably heavier weight of disadvantage than has been sustained by any other class of Christians from the apo- stolic to the present times. They have left in their voluminous and valuable writings, a body 254 MONACHISM of divinity, doctrinal and practical, which, when the peculiar circumstances of its production are considered, presents a matchless proof of the intrinsic power of Christianity, upbearing so ponderous a mass of error. Nevertheless, while the Port Royal divines and their friends are perused with pleasure and ad- vantage, and while the reader is often inclined to admit that in depth, fervour, and solemnity of religious feeling, in richness and elevation of thought, in holy abstraction from earthly inte- rests, in devotedness of zeal, and in the exem- plification of some difficult duties, they much surpass the divines of England, he still feels, and sometimes when he can hardly assign the grounds of his dissatisfaction, that a vein of illusiveness runs through every page. Although the great principles of religion are much more distinctly and more feelingly produced than generally they are in the writings of the Fathers, and though the evidence of genuine and exalted piety is abundant and unquestionable ; yet is there an infection of idealism, tainting every sentiment ; a mist of the imagination, obscuring every doctrine. In turn- ing from the French writers of this school to our own standard divines, the reader is conscious of a sensation that might be compared to that felt by one who escapes into pure air from a chamber in which, though it was possible to live, respiration was oppressed by the presence of mephitic exhalations. IN MODERN TIMES. 255 Enfeebled by the enthusiasm to which they so fondly clung, the piety of these admirable men failed in the force necessary to carry them trium- phantly through the conflict with their atrocious enemy — ‘the Society.’ They were themselves in too many points vulnerable, to close fearlessly with their adversary ; and they grasped the sword of the Spirit in too infirm a manner to be able to drive home a deadly thrust. Had it been otherwise, had they been free, not merely from the shackle of submission to Rome, but free from the debilitating influence of mysticism and monkish notions, their moral force, their talent, their learning, and their self-devotion, might have sufficed, first for the overthrow of their im- mediate antagonist, whose bad cause and worse arguments were hardly supported against the augmenting weight of public opinion, even by the whole power of the court. Then might they, not improbably, have supplied the impulse necessary to achieve the emancipation of the Gallican church from the thraldom of Rome ; an event which seemed more than once on the eve of accomplishment. And if, at the same moment, the Protestants of France had received just that degree of indulgence, of mere suffer- ance, which was demanded, we do not say by justice and mercy, but by a politic regard to the national welfare ; and if by these means a substantially sound, though perhaps partial reform had taken place within the dominant 256 MON ACIIISM Church, and dissent been allowed to spread itself amicably through the interstices of the eccle- siastical structure ; if religious liberty, not indeed in the temper of republican contumacy, but in the Christian spirit of quiet and grateful humility, had taken root in France, is it too much to say that Atheism could never have become, as it did, the national opinion, and that the consequent solution of the social system in blood could never have happened ? The Jansenists and the inmates of Port Royal, and many of their favourers, displayed a con- stancy that would doubtless have carried them through the fires of martyrdom. But the intel- lectual courage necessary to bear them fearlessly through an examination of the errors of the papal superstition could spring only from a healthy force of mind, utterly incompatible with the dotings of religious abstraction, with the petty solicitudes of sackclothed abstinence, with the trivial ceremonials of the daily ritual, with the prim niceties of behaviour that pin down the body and soul of a Romish regular to his parchment-pattern of artificial sanctity. The Jansenists had not such courage : if they wor- shipped not the beast, they cringed before him : he planted his dragon-foot upon their necks, and their wisdom and their virtues were lost for ever to France. The monk of Wittemberg had taken a bolder and a better course. When he began to find IN MODERN TIMES. 257 fault with Rome, he rejected not only its own flagrant and recent corruptions ; but the specious delusions it had inherited from the ancient church ; and after a short struggle with the prejudices of education, he became, not only no papist, but no monk. Full fraught with the principles and spirit of the Bible, he denounced as well the venerable errors of the fathers, as the scarlet sins of the mother of impurities ; and was as little a disciple of Jerom, of Gregory, and of Basil, as of the doctors of the Vatican. The English reformers trod the ground of theological inquiry with the same manly step ; and that firm step shook the monasteries to the dust. Those great and good men went back to the Scriptures, where they found at once the great realities of religion, a condemning law, a justifying Gospel, and a provision of grace for a life of true holiness. With these substantial principles in their hearts, they spurned whatever was trivial and spurious, and amid the fires of persecution, reared the structure, a structure still unshaken, of religion for England, upon “the foundation of the apostles and prophets.” Had there existed a taste for mysticism, a fond- ness for penitential austerities, a cringing defer- ence to the fathers, among the divines of the time of Edward VI. such a disposition must, so far as known causes are to be calculated upon, have utterly spoiled the reformation in England; or have postponed it a hundred years. s 258 NOTE. Additional Note. — The almost incredible extent to which the religious delusion of the times had vitiated the common sense of Christians, is strikingly displayed in the sort of opposition that was sometimes made to the prevailing notions. Thus we find the Fathers in the midst of their sophistical and absurd encomiums of celibacy, now and then putting in a saving plea for marriage. But how im- mense an aberration from right reason must have taken place before there could be any need for such apologies. The Scriptures declare that “ God formed man, male and female, and blessed them, and said, Be fruitful and multiply.” In not less explicit terms our Lord authenticates the sacredness of the conjugal union, “ a man shall leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife and the apostle of the Lord, authoritatively affirms that marriage is honourable in all ; and he enjoins a bishop to be “ the husband of one wife.” Nevertheless, and in contempt of the plainest evidence, Christian teachers, within three or four generations of the apostolic age, are found, almost universally attempting to make void the law of God, by their inventions ; or if compelled to acknowledge its autho- rity, yet doing so in an indirect and reluctant manner. Some of the favourers of monkery were so impiously bold, as to call marriage “ a doctrine of the devil.” But this horrible audacity is strongly reprobated by those who mention it. (Clemens Alex. Strom. III.) Theodoret speaks of the sentiment as wickedly heretical, and no reputable writer can be charged with advancing so profane an opinion. Clemens condemns those who inveigh against the institution of God, which is, he says, dvaynala (3ot]96s and Xiprj v aa><ppoa~uuT]s, and contents himself with lauding the superior merit, purity, and advantage of the single life. Cyril of Jerusalem has been already quoted to the same effect. Gregory Nyssen, (De Virginitate, c. viii.) looks about and finds an apology for the divine appointment of ma- trimony on this ground, that it is the means of bringing into the world those who may serve and please God. Chrysostom allows that marriage does not impede virtue. Theophylact speaks to the same purpose ; and many others save their consistency in professing to submit to the authority of scripture, by occasional admissions of the same sort. And yet, whenever a solitary voice was raised in reprehensioh of the fundamental principle of monkery, it was presently lost amid the din and angry clamours of fanatical zeal. The natural and very mo- mentous question — Are these practices authorized by the word of God ? seems never once, from the days of Cyprian to the time of the Reformation, to have been fairly and calmly discussed. With such an instance before us of the infatuating power of religious illusion, NOTE. 259 ought not the church in every age to entertain a constant jealousy of itself; and especially when on any point of belief or practice a re- luctance is felt to abide by the consequences of an appeal to scripture ? Happily, in the age in which we live, if there be not on all hands a perfect simplicity of deference to the Bible, there is a nearer approach to it than has perhaps ever existed diffusedly through the church since the days of the apostles: and happily also, there are strong indications on all sides of an increasing deference to the only standard of truth and morals. This, by eminence, is the bright omen of the times. S 2 SECTION X. HINTS ON THE PROBABLE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, SUBMITTED ESPECIALLY TO THOSE WHO MISUSE THE TERM, ENTHUSIASM. To waive the exercise of discrimination, can, under no imaginable circumstances, be advan- tageous to any man ; nor is it ever otherwise than absurd to persist in an error which might be corrected by a moment’s attention to obvious facts. But assuredly some such suspension of good sense has taken place with those who ac- custom themselves to designate, in a mass, as enthusiasts, the many thousands of their country- men, of all communions, at the present time making profession of the doctrines of the Re- formation. All who are not wilfully ignorant must know that what is vulgarly called f the religious world,’ now includes, not only myriads of the lower, and middle, and imperfectly educated classes, in relation to whom self-complacent arrogance may easily find pretexts of scorn, and not only many of the opulent and the noble ; but a fair pro- portion also of all the talent, and learning, and brilliancy of mind, that adorns the professional circles, and that vivifies the literature of the ABUSE OF THE TERM, ENTHUSIASM. 261 country. What appropriateness is there then left to language, if a phrase of supercilious import is to be attached to the names of men of vigorous understanding, and energetic character, and eminent acquirement, of men, successful in their several courses, and accomplished in what- ever gives grace to human nature ? When those, who in no assignable good quality can be deemed inferior to their competitors on the arena of life, are, on account of their religious opinions and practices, called enthusiasts, it is evident that nothing is actually effected but the an- nulling of the contumelious power of the term so misused. We may indeed in this manner neutralise the significance of a word ; or we may draw upon ourselves the imputation of ma- lignant prejudice ; but we cannot reduce from their rank those who stand firmly on the high stages of literary or philosophical eminence. But if arrogance and malignity itself be ashamed of so flagrant an abuse of the word enthusiast ; then neither ought that epithet (unless where special proof can be adduced) to be assigned to the multitude, holding the very same opinions : for the eminent few, seeing that they profess these tenets and adhere to these practices deliberately, and explicitly, must be allowed the privilege of redeeming their belief and usages from contempt, by whomsoever maintained. An opinion gravely professed by a man of 262 PROBABLE SPREAD sense and education, demands respectful consi- deration— demands, and actually receives it from all whose own sense and education give them a correlative right : and whoever offends against this sort of courtesy may fairly be deemed to have forfeited the privileges it secures. But retaliation is declined by those who might use it, and it is declined on the ground not only of Christian meekness, but of commiseration towards such violators of candour and good manners, whom they hold to be acting under the influence of an infatuation, at once deplorable and fatal. That this infatuation should, in any great number of instances, be dispelled by the mere shewing of reasons, is what the religionists — the ‘ enthusiasts,’ by no means expect : they too well understand the nature of the malady, and too well know its inveteracy, to imagine that it may be dissipated by force of argument, even though the cause were in the hands of a college of dialecticians. Nevertheless they entertain an expectation (and have evidence to shew in support of it) which, if it be realized, will supersede many difficult controversies, and rob impiety for ever of its only effectual prop, the suffrage of the many. This expectation is nothing less than that Christianity — or, for the sake of distinctness, let it be said the religion of the Reformation — the religion of Wycliffe, and Latimer, and Cranmer, and Jewel, and Hooker, and Owen, and Howe, and Baxter, will OF CHRISTIANITY. 263 gain, ere long, unquestioned ascendency, will bear down infidelity and false doctrine, and absorb schism, and possess itself of all power, and rule the family of man. In support of a belief like this many reasons might be urged, some of which can be expected to have weight only with the religious ; while others may well claim attention from all, what- ever may be their opinion of Christianity, who are at once competent and accustomed to anti- cipate the probable course of human affairs. There are three distinct methods in which an inquiry of this sort may be conducted : of these, the first, is the method of philosophical calcula- tion, on the known principles of human nature, and which, without either denying or assuming the truth of Christianity, forecasts, from past events and present appearances, the probable futurity. To pursue such calculations efficiently, prepos- sessions of all kinds, both sceptical and religious, should be held in abeyance, while the naked facts that belong to the problem are contemplated as from the remoteness of a neutral position. The reader and writer of this page may each have formed his estimate of the intrinsic force and validity of certain opinions ; but this pri- vate estimate may happen to be much above, or much below the level which perfect reason would approve ; and, be it what it may, it can avail nothing for our present purpose. If we are to calculate the probable extension or extinction of 264 PROBABLE SPREAD those opinions, we must consult the evidence of facts on a large scale ; and especially must observe what manifestations of intrinsic power they have given on certain peculiar and critical occasions. This is the only course that can be deemed satisfactory, or that is conformed to the procedures of modern science. We do not now wish to ask a seraph if such or such a dogma is held to be true in heaven ; what we have to do is to learn from the suffrage of the millions of mankind whether it has a permanent power to command and to regain ascendency over the human mind. This question must be asked of history, and we must take care to open the book at those pages where the great eras of religious revolution are described. Having glanced at the past, our next business will be to look at the present : this kind of divination is the only one known to the principles of philosophical inquiry. The early triumph of the Gospel over the fascinating idolatries and the astute atheism of Greece and Rome, has been often insisted upon, (and conclusively) as evidence of its truth. But with that argument we have nothing now to do; yet if the subject were not a very hackneyed one, it might well be brought forward, in all its details, in proof of a different point — namely, the innate power of the religion of the Bible to vanquish the hearts of men. An opponent may here choose his alternative : either let him grant OF CHRISTIANITY. 265 that Christianity triumphed because it was true and divine ; or let him deny that it had any aid from heaven. In the former case we shall be entitled to infer that the religion of God must at length universally prevail; or in the latter, may strongly argue that this doctrine possesses little less than an omnipotence of intrinsic force, by which it obtained success under circumstances of opposition, such as made its triumph seem even to its enemies miraculous : and on this ground the expectation of its future prevalence cannot be thought unreasonable. But if there were room to imagine that the first spread of Christianity was owing rather to an accidental conjuncture of favouring circum- stances, than to its real power over the human mind ; or if it might be thought that any such peculiar virtue was all spent and exhausted in its first expansive effort, then it is natural to look to the next occasion on which the opinions of mankind were put in fermentation, and to watch in what manner the system of the Bible then rode over the high billows of political, religious, and intellectual commotion. It was a fair trial for Christianity, and a trial essentially different from its first, when, in the fifteenth century, after having been corrupted in every part to a state of loathsome ulceration, it had to contend for existence, and to work its own renovation, at the moment of the most extraordinary expansion of the human intellect that has ever happened. 266 PROBABLE SPREAD At that moment, when the splendid literature of the ancient world started from its tomb, and kindled a blaze of universal admiration ; at that moment when the first beams of sound philosophy broke over the nations; and when the revival of the useful arts gave at once elasticity to the minds of the million, and a check of practical influence to the minds of the few; at the moment when the necromancy of the press came into play to expose and explode necromancy of every other kind ; and when the discovery of new continents, and of a new path to the old, . tended to supplant a taste for whatever is visionary, by imparting a vivid taste for what is substantial ; at such a time, which seemed to leave no chance of continued existence to aught that was not in its nature vigorous, might it not confidently have been said — This must be the crisis of Christianity ? if it be not inwardly sound, if it have not a true hold of human nature, if it be a thing of feebleness and dotage, fit only for cells, and cowls, and the precincts of spiritual despotism ; if it be not adapted to the world of action, if it have no sympathy with the feelings of men, of freemen ; nothing can save it : no power of princes, no devices of priests, will avail to rear it anew, and to replace it in the veneration of the people ; at least not in any country where has been felt the freshening gale of intellectual life. The result of this crisis need not be narrated. It may even be doubted, had not Christianity OF CHRISTIANITY. 267 been fraught with power, if all the influence of kings, and craft of priests could have upheld it in any part of Europe, after the revival of learning; certainly not in those countries which received at the same time the invigoration of political liberty, of science, and of commerce. Whether the religion for which the reformers suffered, “ was from heaven or of men,” is not our question ; but whether it is not a religion of robust constitution, framed to endure, and to spread, and to vanquish the hearts of men ? With the history of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in view, it is asked if Christianity is a system that must always lean upon ignorance, and craft, and despotism, and which, when those rotten stays are removed, must fail and be seen no more ? Yet another species of trial was in store to give proof of the indestructibility and victorious power of Christianity. It remained to be seen whether, when the agitations, political and moral, consequent upon the great schism which had taken place in Europe had subsided, and when the season of slumber and exhaustion came on, and when human reason, strengthened and re- fined by physical science and elegant literature, should awake fully to the consciousness of its powers ; whether then the religion of the Bible could retain its hold of the nations ; or at least of those of them that enjoyed without limit the happy influences of political liberty, and intellectual light. This was a sort of probation 268 PROBABLE SPREAD which Christianity had never before passed through . And what were the omens under which it en- tered upon the new trial of its strength ? Were the friends of Christianity at that moment of portentous conflict awake, and vigilant, and stout-hearted, and thoroughly armed to repel assaults ? The very reverse was the fact : for at the instant when the atheistical conspiracy made its long-concerted, well-advised and con- sentaneous attack, there was scarcely a pulse of life left in the Christian body, in any one of the Protestant states. The old supersti- tions had crawled back into many of their ancient corners. In other quarters the spirit of protestation against those superstitions had breathed itself away in trivial wranglings, or had given place to infidelity — infidelity ag- gravated by stalled hypocrisy. The Church of England, the chief prop of modern Christianity, was then to a great extent torpid, and faint- ing under the incubus either of false doctrine or of a secular spirit ; at least seemed inca- pable of the effort which the peril of the time demanded : few indeed of her sons were pano- plied, and sound hearted, as champions in such a cause should be. Within a part only of a small body of Dissenters (for a part was smitten with the plague of heresy) and that part in great measure disqualified from free and energetic action by rigidities, and scruples, and divisions. OF CHRISTIANITY. 269 was contained almost all the religious life and fervour any where to be found in Christendom. Meanwhile the infidel machinators had chosen their ground at leisure, and were wrought to the highest pitch of energy by a confident, and as it might seem, a well-founded hope of success. They were backed by the secret wishes, or the undissembled cheerings of almost the entire body of educated men throughout Europe. They used the only language then common to the civilized world, and a language which might be imagined to have been framed and finished designedly to accomplish the demolition of what- ever was grave and venerated ; a language, be- yond any other, of raillery, of insinuation, and of sophistry ; a language of polished missiles, whose temper could penetrate not only the cloak of imposture, but the shield of truth. At the same portentous moment the shocks and upheavings of political commotion opened a thousand fissures in the ancient structure of moral and religious sentiment ; and the enemies of Christianity, surprised by unexpected success, rushed forward to achieve an easy triumph. The firmest and the wisest friends of old opinions desponded, and many believed that a few years would see Atheism the universal doctrine of the western nations, as well as military despotism the only form of government. It is hard to imagine a single advantage that was lacking to the promoters of infidelity, or 270 PROBABLE SPREAD a single circumstance of peril and ill-omen that was not present to deepen the gloom of the friends of religion. The actual issue of that signal crisis is before our eyes in the freshness of a recent event. Christianity — we ask not whether for the benefit or the injury of the world, has triumphed ; the mere fact is all that concerns our argument. But shall it be said, or if said, believed, that the late resurrection of the religion of the Bible has been managed in the cabinets of monarchs ? Have kings and emperors given this turn to public opinion, which now compels infidelity to hide its shame behind the very mask of hypocrisy that it had so lately torn from the face of the priest ? To come home to facts with which all must be familiar ; has there not been heard, within the last few years, from the most enlightened, the most sober-minded, and the freest people of Europe, a firm, articulate, spon- taneous, and cordial expression of preference, and of enhanced veneration towards Christianity ? Again then we ask — not if this religion be true, but if it have not, even beneath our own obser- vation, given proof of indestructible vigour ? The spread of the English stock, and lan- guage, and literature, over the North American continent, has afforded a distinct and very signi- ficant indication of the power of Christianity to retain its hold of the human mind, and of its aptness to run hand-in-hand with civilization, even when unaided by those secular succours to OF CHRISTIANITY. 271 which its enemies in malice, and some of its friends in over-caution, are prone to attribute too much importance. The tendency of repub- licanism, which obviously has some strong affi- nity with infidelity, and the connexion of the colonies, at the moment of their revolt, with France, and the prevalence of a peculiarly eager and uncorrected commercial temper, and the absence of every sort and semblance of restraint upon opinion, were concurrent circumstances, belonging to the infancy of the American Union, of a kind which put to the severest test the intrinsic power of Christianity, in retaining its hold of the human mind. Could infidel experi- menters have wished for conditions more equi- table under which to try the respective forces of the opposing systems ? And what has been the issue ? It is true that infidelity holds still its ground in the United States, as in Europe ; and there, as in Europe, keeps company with whatever is debauched, sordid, oppressive, reckless, ruffian - like. But at the same time Christianity has gained rather than lost ground, and shews itself there in a style of as much fervour and zeal as in England ; and perhaps, even has the advantage in these respects. Wherever, on that continent, good order and intelligence are spreading, there also the religion of the Bible spreads. And if it be probable that the English race, and language, and institutions, will, in a century, pervade its 272 PROBABLE SPREAD deserts, all appearances favour the belief that the edifices of Christian worship will bless every landscape of the present wilderness that shall then “ blossom as the rose.” Before, in pursuing this method of frigid calculation, the Christian doctrine be weighed against the several systems with which it must contend ere it wins its universal triumph, it is proper to inquire — what is the probability that a collision will actually take place. To estimate fairly this probability, those who are but slen- derly acquainted with the religious world, in the British Islands, in America, and in the Protes- tant states of the continent, must understand, much better than generally they do, the precise nature of the remarkable revolution that has, within the last thirty years, been effected in the sentiments of Christians on the subject of the diffusion of their religion. Such slenderly in- formed persons may very naturally imagine that the prodigious efforts that have of late been made to diffuse Christianity through the world have sprung simply from a heat and excitement, in its nature transient, and which, therefore, must be expected soon to subside. But this supposition will be found to be incomplete and erroneous. A stir and kindling of feeling has no doubt happened ; but this feeling, and the acti- vities which followed from it, have given occasion to the resurrection, so to speak, of a capital OF CHRISTIANITY. 273 article of Christian morals, which, after lying almost latent for centuries, stands forth in un- disputed and prominent authority in the modern code of religious duty. This recovered principle is now constantly recognized and enforced, and is seen to exert its influence, not merely within the upper circles of central movement, but even in the remotest orbits of religious feeling, where warmth and energy are manifestly not excessive. The founder of Christianity left with his dis- ciples the unlimited injunction to go forth into all the world and to preach the Gospel to every creature. This command, corroborated by others of equivalent import, and enforced by the very nature of the Christian doctrine, and by the spirit of Christian charity, is now understood and acknowledged, in a manner new to the Church, to be of universal obligation, so that no Chris- tian, how obscure soever may be his station, or small his talents, or limited his means, can be held to stand altogether excused from the duty of fulfilling, in some way, the last mandate of his Lord. Thus understood, this command makes every believer a preacher and a missionary ; or at least obliges him to see to it, so far as his ability extends, that the labours of diffusive evangeliza- tion are actually performed by a substitute. Before the commencement of the recent mis- sionary efforts, there had been missions to the heathen. But these, if carried on with any thing more than a perfunctory assiduity, were T 274 PROBABLE SPREAD anomalous to the general feeling of Christians, and rested on the exemplary zeal of individuals. But the modern missions are maintained, neither by the zeal of the few, nor by the mere zeal of the many ; but rather by the deep-seated impul- sive power of a grave and irresistible conviction, pressing on the conscience even of the inert and the selfish ; and much more on the hearts of the fervent and devoted — That a Christian has no more liberty to withhold his aid and service from these evangelizing associations, than he has to abandon the duties of common life ; and that, for a man to profess hope in Christ, and to deny what he might spare to promote the diffusion of the Gospel, is the most egregious of all practical solecisms. Those who are ignorant of this remarkable revolution of sentiment, or who may be sceptical concerning it, would do well to take up at hazard any dozen of the discourses, and reports, and tracts, that are yearly, and monthly, and weekly, flooding from the religious press, among which they will hardly find one that does not assume this as an admitted principle, and as the ultimate and irresistible motive of every hortatory appeal. And if among these ephemera, there are any, and such are not seldom to be found, that bear the stamp of superior intelligence, it will be seen almost invariably, that the reasoner summons all the force of his mind, not so much to prove that every Christian is bound to promote the diffusion 1 OF CHRISTIANITY. 275 of scriptural knowledge, as, by some new inge- nuity of illustration, to place the acknowledged duty in a stronger light, or to shew in what manner it bears upon the specific object for which he pleads. And it is to be noted that these popular addresses exhibit, for the most part, much more of the gravity and calmness which naturally belong to the style of those who feel that they are standing upon undisputed ground, than of the solicitude or the inflamma- tory verbosity and turgidness of writers who are labouring to fan a decaying blaze of indefensible enthusiasm. Or again ; it may well be inferred that the modem missionary zeal springs from motives of a substantial and permanent kind, since they affect, without exception, every body of Chris- tians (holding the doctrine of the Reformation) and are felt in precisely the same manner by the Christians of every Protestant community of Europe. And moreover the feeling has not declined, but has sensibly increased since the first years of its activity ; and it has endured the trial, in some instances, of severe and long-con- tinued discomfitures, or of very partial success. These are indications of a spring of action far more sedate and enduring than any feverish ex- citement can ever supply. But if the extent, and the power, and the promise of the existing missionary zeal are to be duly estimated, the inquirer should visit the t 2 276 PROBABLE SPREAD homes of our religious folks; or enter the schools in which their children are trained, and there learn what is the doctrine inculcated upon those who are rising up to take place on the arena of life : or let him listen to the hymns they lisp, and examine the tracts they read, and he will meet the same great principle in a thousand manners enforced, namely — That it is the duty of every Christian, young or old, rich or poor, to take part in sending the Gospel to all nations. Or let the observer notice the Missionary Box, in the school-room, in the nursery, in the shop- parlour, in the farm-house kitchen, in the cottage, of the religious ; and let him mark multiform contrivances for swelling the amount of the revenues of Christian charity, devised, and zea- lously persisted in, by youths and by little ones, whose parents, at the same age, thought of no- thing but of cakes and sports. And does all this steady movement, this wide-spreading and closely-compacted system of united effort, this mechanism in which infancy as well as maturity takes its part, indicate no- thing for futurity ? Shall it all have passed away and be forgotten with the present genera- tion ? If indeed it were confined to a sect, or to a province, or to a country, it might, though that were unlikely ; but not if it be the common style of Christian feeling in every part of the world where fervent Christianity exists at all. Particular associations may be dissolved, and OF CHRISTIANITY. 277 particular schemes may be broken up ; standard- bearers in the sacred cause may faint ; the zeal of certain communities may fade ; or political disasters may here and there bring ruin upon pious labours ; but unless devastation universal sweeps over the face of the civilized world, the doctrine of missionary zeal, which has been broad-cast over Christendom, in the present day, will not fail of coming to its harvest. And now if there are any who wish ill to Christianity, let them hasten to prevent the measures of its friends, let them teach their babes to hate the Gospel; for those who love it are taking such means to insure its future triumph as can hardly fail of success, and such as, on all common grounds of calculation, make it likely that even the sons and the daughters of the present race of infidels may be involved in the approaching conquests of the Son of David, and shall actually join in the loud hosanna that announces his ac- cession to the throne of universal empire. It is then more than barely probable — it is almost certain, that the attempt to offer Christi- anity to all nations will not presently be aban- doned. The next question is this — whether, on grounds of frigid calculation, such attempts are recommended by any fair promise of success. When the term calculation, is used in refer- ence to the diffusion of Christianity, a use of the word which perhaps may somewhat offend 278 PROBABLE SPREAD the ear of piety, an important distinction must be kept in view between that cordial admission of the Gospel which renovates the hearts of men individually ; and that change of opinion and profession which may be brought about among a people by means that fall short of possessing efficiency to produce repentance and faith. And while the former must every where, at home or abroad, be the great object aimed at and desired by the Christian ministry, the latter is both in itself, even if nothing more were done, and as a preliminary and probable means conducing to the production of genuine piety, a most desirable and happy revolution. It is moreover a revo- lution which may be reckoned to lie always within the range of human agency, when skilfully and perseveringly applied. For Christianity is a species of knowledge, in its nature communi- cable, and, as a system of opinions, or as a code of morals, possesses a manifest superiority when fairly brought into comparison with any existing religious system. And if it may reasonably be asked concerning any people — how shall they believe without a preacher ? the converse ques- tion might, with little less confidence be put — how shall they not believe with one ? Pagan and Mohammedan nations ought to be thought of by a Christian people just as the master of a numerous household, if he be wise and benevolent, thinks of the untutored members of his family; for although no actual subjection OF CHRISTIANITY. 279 is owned on the one side, or can be exercised on the other, there exists, virtually, the relationship and the responsibilities of that domination which is ever possessed by knowledge, and intelligence, and virtue, over ignorance and degradation. Now, as the master of a family may, to a greater or less extent, infallibly succeed by zeal, affection, skill, and patience, in dispelling the superstitions and the ignorance which have happened to come under his roof; so, with zeal, affection, skill, and patience, proportioned to the greatness of the work, may the Christian nations at length cer- tainly effect a cleansing of the earth from the cruelties and impurities of polytheism. Nothing inconsistent with the humblest and most devout dependence upon the divine agency is implied in this supposition, any more than in the belief that our children and servants may be trained in the knowledge of God, and in the decencies of Christian worship. Is there not reason to think that an inattention to this plain principle has prevented, in some measure, the adoption of those vigorous and extended opera- tions which common sense prescribes as the proper and probable means of diffusing at once civilization and religion through the world ? The probability of a change of religion on the part of an entire people may, it is true, be argued on the adverse as well as on the favour- able side, with great appearance of reason. The obstinacy of the human mind in adhering to the 280 PROBABLE SPREAD worse, even when the better is presented to its choice, seems not seldom to possess the invin- cibility of a physical law ; and it has been found as impracticable to reform an absurd usage, as to remodel the national physiognomy. How often have both reason and despotism been baffled in their endeavours to effect even a trivial alteration in ancient usages or costumes ; and there has been room to suppose, that the tenacity of life belonging to customs or opinions bears direct proportion always to their absurdity and mis- chievous consequence. The high antiquity and the still broken force of the Asiatic idolatries, in themselves so hideous, so burdensome, and so sanguinary, stand forth as most impressive and appalling confirmations of the truth that what- ever has once gained for itself the sanction of time, may boldly defy the assaults of reason. And then, when religious opinions and practices are in question, we have not merely to break through the iron law of immemorial usage, but to encounter the living opposition of the priest- hood, already firmly seated in the cloud-girt throne of supposed supernatural power, and in- terested as deeply as men can be who have at stake their civil existence, and their credit, and their means of luxurious idleness. Again, in most instances, ancient religious opinions have sent down their roots through the solid structure of the civil institutions of the people : the old superstition is an oak that was sown by the OF CHRISTIANITY. 281 builder of the state, has actually pervaded the entire foundations, and forms now the living bond-timber, to remove which would be to bring to the ground the whole tottering masonry of the social system. When this side of the question has been long and exclusively contemplated, the schemes of missionary zeal may well seem to be utterly chimerical ; or if not chimerical, dangerous. But the friends of mankind do not forget that the very same objects may be viewed in another light. Even before particular facts are appealed to, an hypothesis of an opposite kind may plausibly be advanced. It may be alleged that Opinion — the invisible power that rules the world, is a name without substance, which, though omnipotent so long as it is thought to be so, vanishes quicker than a mist, when once suspected to be impotent. It might also with great appearance of reason be affirmed as a universal law of the moral world, that the better, when fairly brought into collision with the worse, possesses an infallible certainty of ultimate pre- valence. On this same principle, it is common to affirm, that the improved mechanical processes of a scientific people will at length necessarily sup- plant the operose, and wasteful, and inefficient methods practised by half- civilized nations. And thus probably will the ruinous and depopulating usages of despotism give way before the wealth- 282 PROBABLE SPREAD giving maxims of legal government. And thus also may it be hoped that a pure theology, and a pure morality, shall inevitably, if zealously diffused, prevail till they have removed all super- stitions, with all their corruptions. Even on the lowest principles of natural theology, some such medicative power may be presumed to have been imparted to the human system, as a provision against the progress of utter moral dissolution. But while an argument of this sort is at issue, the simple method of appealing to such facts as may seem to bear conclusively upon the question, will assuredly not be neglected ; and it will be asked, whether there are on record any instances ' which give a peremptory negative to the assertion that a national change of religion ought to be thought of as an event in the last degree im- probable. And why should not the spread and triumph of Christianity in the first ages of its promulgation be accepted as an instance abso- lutely conclusive, and in the fullest sense analogous to the problem that is to be solved ? To whatever causes that first prevalence of the religion of the Bible may be attributed, it is still an unquestioned fact that entire nations, not one or two, but many, and in every stage of advancement on the course of civilization, were actually brought to abandon their ancient super- stitions, and to profess the Gospel. Or CHRISTIANITY. 283 These amazing revolutions took place under almost every imaginable variety of circumstances, and they occupied a period of not more than three centuries, and the substantial part of the change had been wrought, to a great extent, before the aid of political succour came in, and even in the front of political opposition. People after people fell away from their idolatries, and assumed (with how much or how little of cordial feeling matters not) the Christian name and code. Here once more the objector must be urged to select his alternative. — If Christianity won this wide success by aid from heaven, then who will profess to believe that a religion so supported shall not in the end vanquish mankind ? Or if not, then manifestly, the fact of the spread of Christianity in the east, and in the west, in the north, and in the south, destroys altogether the supposed improbability of its again supplanting idolatry. Nothing inseparable from human na- ture, nothing invincible stands in the way of the diffusion of our faith among either polished or barbarous polytheists ; for already has it been victorious in both kinds. Let it be affirmed and granted, that the religious infatuations of man- kind are firm as adamant; still it is a fact that a hammer harder than adamant once shattered the rock to atoms. And now it is proposed again to smite the same substance with the same instru- ment ; and are those to be deemed irrational 284 PROBABLE SPREAD who anticipate the same success ? In such an anticipation neither the superior purity and ex- cellence of Christianity need be assumed, nor its truth : nothing is peremptorily affirmed but its well-attested efficiency to subvert and supplant other religious systems. A myriad of philoso- phists may clamorously affirm the missionary project to be insane. Nevertheless Christians, listening rather to the history of their religion than to the harangues of its modern oppugners, will go on to preach in every land, “ That men should turn from dumb idols to serve the living God.” That during a period of more than a thousand years Christianity should hardly have gained a foot of ground from polytheism, and should in some quarters have been driven in from its ancient frontiers, is only natural, seeing that, in the whole course of that time, no extended endeavours, or none guided and impelled by the genuine principles of the Gospel, were made to diffuse it. Angels have no commission to become evangelists, and if men neglect their duty in this instance, no means remain for supplying their lack of service. The modern missionary enter- prises (exclusive of some very limited attempts) do not yet date forty years ; and while the fact that this spirit of Christian zeal has maintained itself so long attests its solidity, and gives promise of its perpetuity, its recentness (recent compared with the work to be achieved) may OF CHRISTIANITY. 285 justly be alleged in reply to those who ask, from whatever motive. Why are not the nations converted ? Within this short space of time the religious public has had to be formed to a right feeling on the new subject ; and all the practical wisdom that belongs to an enterprise so immense and so difficult has had to be acquired ; and the agents of the work at home and abroad, to be trained ; and the initiatory obstacle, that occa- sioned by diversity of language, to be removed. The preparatives have now been passed through, and successes obtained large and complete enough to quash all objection, and more than enough to recompense what they have cost. And these successes, moreover, warrant the belief that the universal prevalence of Christianity (considered simply as an exterior profession) is suspended upon the continuance of the missionary zeal among the Christians of Europe and America. Instead of allowing speculation to flit vaguely and ineptly over all the desolate places of the earth’s surface, it will be better, if we would make our calculation definite, to fix upon a single region ; and while we assume it as probable that the existing spirit of missionary vigilance and assi- duity and self-devotion will continue in vigour during the ensuing half- century ; endeavour roughly to estimate the chances of the entrance and spread of Christian light in that one region ; and let us select the region which may be deemed altogether to occupy the place of an ultimate 286 PROBABLE SPREAD problem of evangelical enterprise. Thus an nounced, every one will of course think of China. Nothing hardly is more difficult than to view, in the nakedness of mere truth, any object remote from personal observation which has once filled the imagination with images of vastness and mystery. Thus it often happens that benevolent schemes are robbed of their fair chance of success by the fond illusions which are suffered to swell out an empty bulk, so as to hide from view the real difficulties that ought to be deliberately met. And thus it is usual for the timid to amuse their inaction by contemplating spectral forms of dan- ger or obstruction that exist only in the mind. Hinderances and impossibilities may even yield a sort of delight to the imagination by the aspect of greatness and terror they assume ; at least while we resolve to view them only at a distance. And in such cases he must be singularly desti- tute of poetic feeling, or singularly conscientious and abstinent in the use of language, who, in describing the proposed enterprise, does not impart to the mere facts a form and colouring of unreal greatness and wonder. This sort of illusiveness and exaggeration un- questionably belongs to the subject of Christian missions to China. Who does not feel that the high numbers of its dense and far-spread popu- lation, amounting perhaps to more than a sixth part of the human family, and the yet impene- trated veil of mystery which hangs over the origin OF CHRISTIANITY. 287 of the people, and over their actual condition, and even over the geography of the country ; and then the singularity of the national character, and the anomalous construction of the language, alto- gether raise a mist of obscurity which rests in the way of the inquirer who asks— Is the attempt to introduce Christianity among these millions of our brethren utterly vain and visionary ? The natural exaggerations which infest this subject have indeed been sensibly reduced within the last few years : twenty years ago all cautious and sagacious Protestants would have thought themselves bound, in deference to common sense, to deride the idea of converting China to the faith of Europe. What the De propaganda, with its store of accommodating measures might attempt, none who must adhere to the guileless methods of Christian instruction would under- take : or even if an enterprise of this sort were commenced, it must be allowed a date of five hundred years for achieving any considerable success. But better information, and the actual accomplishment of the initiatory process, must now, by the least sanguine minds, be deemed greatly to have lessened the improbabilities of such an attempt, and to have shortened the date of our Christian hopes. What has been accom- plished of late by the assiduity, and the intellec- tual vigour, and the moral intrepidity of two or three individuals, has turned the beam of calculation ; and it is now rational to talk of that 288 PROBABLE SPREAD which, very recently, might not have been named except among visionaries. The brazen gate of China, sculptured with inscrutable characters, and bolted and barred, as it seemed, against western ingenuity, the gate of its anomalous language, has actually been set wide open ; and although the ribbon of despotic interdiction is still stretched across the highway that leads to the popular mind, access, to some extent, has been obtained ; and who shall affirm that this frail barrier, insurmountable as it may now seem, shall at all times, during another fifty years, exist, and be respected ? Within even a much shorter term is it not probable that revo- lutions of dynasty or popular commotions, may suspend or divert, for a moment, the vigilance of jealous ignorance ? In some such manner it may be supposed that, the means of diffusing religious knowledge being, as they are, accumu- lated, and headed up above the level of the plains of China, the dam bursting, or falling into decay, the healing flood of Christian truth shall suffuse itself in all directions over the vast surface. But we are told that the national intellect is spell-bound in a condition of irremediable imbe- cility. The people, it is said, have no ideas but such as are fixed under the petrifactions of their ancient usages ; or even if they had a mind in which ideas might float, they have no medium of communication, or none which can take up even an atom of knowledge or of sentiment that is of OF CHRISTIANITY. 289 foreign growth. How then shall such a people be converted to Christianity ? Were it not as well to attempt to inform and persuade the sculptures of Elephanta, or the glazed images of their own pottery ? To all this show of impossi- bility, a full and sufficient reply is contained in a single affirmation of Scripture, not less philoso- phically just than it is beautiful and sublime — “ The Lord looketh from heaven, He beholdeth all the sons of men : from the place of His habi- tation He looketh upon all the inhabitants of the earth : He fashioneth their hearts alike.” The old doctrine, that there are certain generic and invincible inferiorities of intellect which must for ever bar the advancement of some branches of the human family, has of late received so signal a refutation in the instance of the African race, long and pertinaciously consigned by interested philosophers to perpetual degradation, that it now hardly needs to be argued against. And assuredly, if the negro cranium is found, spite of phrenologists, to admit of mathematical abstrac- tion, fine taste, and fine feeling, it will not be affirmed that the skull of the Tatar or Chinese must necessarily exclude similar excellences. To assert, either that nature has conferred no physical superiorities, favourable to the development of mind, on particular races, or to maintain that the comparative disadvantages of some nations are so great and unalterable as to constitute impassable barriers in the way of civilization, is equally a 290 PROBABLE SPREAD quackery which history and existing facts con- demn, and which nothing but the love of theory or simplification could ever recommend to an intelligent observer of mankind. With the uni- form evidence of history before us, it may well be assumed as probable that certain races will always retain the intellectual pre-eminence they have acquired ; nor is it at all less reasonable to sup- pose that every tribe, even the most degraded, is intrinsically capable of whatever is essential to a state of social order and moral dignity. If the lowest degree of proficiency in the mechanical arts is justly held to give proof of the existence of those powers of abstraction whence, with proper culture, the sciences may take their rise ; so, with equal certainty may we infer a susceptibility of the religious emotions from even the feeblest indications of the moral sense. When a people diffused over so extensive a surface, and so thickly covering that surface, is seen to submit itself intelligently to the patri- archal form of government, which implies the constant and powerful influence of a moral abstraction, and a vivid sense of unseen power, no doubt can remain of its capacity to admit the motives of Christian faith. The Chinese are what they are, more from the natural consequence of having sustained, during many successive generations, what may be termed, national imprisonment, than from the operation of any physical disabilities. So complete and OF CHRISTIANITY. 291 successful an interdiction of intercourse with strangers has not been known to take place in any other country ; and a closer fitting of the restraints of custom and etiquette upon the manners than has elsewhere been effected, have not failed to impart to the national character that peculiar gait — if the phrase may be used, which must distinguish one who had been released from his swaddling-bands only to be encumbered with a chain, and had worn that chain through life. Of the Chinese people it may truly be said that “ the iron hath entered into their soul.” But even without resting upon the probability of the subversion of the existing despotism, the defeat of its jealous precautions may be antici- pated as what must at length result from the present course of events. That portion of the Chinese population which may be termed the extra-mural, and which, in numbers, exceeds some European nations, may be considered as the depository of the happy destinies of the empire ; for these expatriate millions are accessible to instruction, and if once they become, to any considerable extent, alive to religious truth, no prohibitions of paternal despotism will avail to exclude the new principles from the mother country. It is a puerile feeling that would draw discouragement from the comparative diminutive- ness and small actual results of the operations that are carrying on for imparting Christianity u 2 292 PROBABLE SPREAD to this people. These measures ought, in philo- sophical justice, to be viewed as the commence- ments of an accelerative movement, acting incessantly upon an inert mass, which, by the very laws of nature, must at length receive im- pulse enough to be carried forward in the course of the propelling cause. To be assured of this result, all that we need, is to be assured of the continuance of the spring of movement. If the several spheres of missionary labour are reviewed, none, it is presumed, can be deemed to offer more serious obstacles than the one already referred to ; or if there be one such, yet have fact and experiment already given a full reply to all objections. May it be permitted to say that a voice from heaven, full of meaning, is heard in the particular character of the suc- cesses, how limited soever they may be, which have crowned the incipient attempts to convert the heathen ? The veriest reprobates of civiliza- tion and social order have been the first to be brought in to grace the triumphs of the Gospel in its recent attempts at foreign conquest ; as if at once to solve all doubts, and to refute all cavils relating to the practicability and promise of the enterprise. If it had been thought or affirmed that the stupefaction and induration of heart produced upon a race by ages of un- corrected ferocity and sensuality must repel for ever the attempts of Christian zeal, it is shown, in the instance of the extremest specimens that OF CHRISTIANITY. 293 could have been selected, that a few years only of beneficent skill and patience are enough to transform the fierce and voluptuous savage into a being of pure, and gentle, and noble senti- ments ; that within a few years all the domestic virtues, and even the public virtues, graced with the decencies of rising industry, may occupy the very spots that were reeking with human blood, and the filthiness of every abomination which the sun blushes to behold. If one islet only of the Southern Ocean had cast away its idols and its horrific customs, if one hamlet only of the Negro or Hottentot race had become Christian, there would have been no more place left on which the objector against missions could rest his cavils ; for the problem of the conversion of the heathen would have been satisfactorily solved. But in truth, these happy and amazing revolutions have taken place with such frequency, and under so great a diversity of circumstance, and in front of so many obstacles, that instead of asking whether bar- barous nations may be persuaded to forsake their cruel delusions, it may with more propriety be asked — if any thing can prevent the progress of such reforms, universally, where Christian zeal and wisdom perseveringly perform their part. The relative political and commercial condition of nations at the present moment affords several special grounds of reasoning, on which the ex- tension of Christianity may be anticipated as a 294 PROBABLE SPREAD probable event. Among topics of this class may be named that of the diffusion of the English language — the language which beyond com- parison with any other is spreading and running through all the earth, and which, by the com- merce and enterprise of two independent and powerful states, is colonizing the shores of every sea; this language, now pouring itself over all the waste places of the earth, is the principal medium of Christian truth and feeling, and is rich in every means of Christian instruction, and is fraught with religious sentiment, in all kinds, adapted to the taste of the philosopher, the cottager, and the infant. Almost apart, there- fore, from missionary labour, the spread of this language insures the spread of the religion of the Bible. The doctrine is entwined with the language, and can hardly be disjoined. If the two expansive principles of colonization and com- mercial enterprise, once diffused the language and religion of Greece completely around every sea known to ancient navigation, it is now much more probable that the same principles of diffu- sion will carry English institutions, and English opinions, into every climate. But in calculations or speculations of this sort, merely secular as they are, much less is included than truly belongs to the question at issue. Not to assume the truth of Christianity, and not to argue on the ground of its divine excellence, and OF CHRISTIANITY. 295 not to confide in those prospective declarations, the certainty of which has been attested beyond possibility of doubt, is not only to grope in the dark when we might walk in the light of noon, but to exclude from the working of our problem the very facts of most significance in its determina- tion. To estimate fairly the probability of the uni- versal triumph of true religion, a second method must be pursued, in which the existing condition of the Christian Church is to be contemplated with a Christian feeling. When thus viewed it will appear that a promise of a new kind is now bursting from the bud ; and the inference may confidently be drawn that “ summer is nigh.” For the purpose of measuring the progress of religion, attempts have sometimes been made to effect a sort of Christian statistics, or calculation of the actual number of true believers throughout the world. But the propriety of such an appli- cation of arithmetic is far from being conspicuous ; and seeing that the subject of computation lies confessedly beneath the reach of the human eye, its accuracy may be absolutely denied. Endea- vours, again, have been made to judge of the advance or decline of religion by comparing the state of devotional feeling and of morals in the present, and in other times. But all such com- parisons must be deemed, at the best, extremely vague, and open to immense errors, arising either from the prepossessions of the individual who makes the comparison, or from the want of data 296 PROBABLE SPREAD sufficiently ample and exact ; and probably from both. No attempts of this delusive kind will here be offered to the reader ; but instead of them, certain unquestionable and obvious facts will be assumed as affording reasonable ground of very exhilarating hopes. If any one were required, without premedita- tion, to give a reply to the question — What is the most prominent circumstance in the present state of the Christian Church, he would, if suffi- ciently informed on the subject, almost certainly answer — The honour done to the Scriptures. Such an answer may be supposed as suggested by the conspicuousness of the fact. Now in order to gather our inference safely from this fact, it is necessary to look back for a moment to past times. In the first and best age of the Church, the deference paid to the inspired writings, whether of prophets or apostles, was as great as can be imagined to exist : and whatever of beneficial influence belongs to the Sacred Volume, was then actually in operation ; or it was so with a single drawback, namely — that arising from the scarcity of the hook, and its non-existence in the hands of the Christian commonalty. To estimate duly the greatness of this disadvantage, let it be imagined what would be the effect, among our- selves, of a sudden withdrawment of almost all but the church copies of the Scriptures. This OF CHRISTIANITY. 297 supposition need not be enlarged upon, for every devotional Christian, and every master of a fa- mily feels that, in whatever way the loss might be attempted to be supplied, it would still be afflicting and injurious in the extremest degree. In the next, and the declining period of church history, if the above-named disadvantage was in some small degree remedied by the multipli- cation of copies, the benefit was much more than overbalanced by the promulgation and general prevalence of a false, and very pernicious system of exposition ; a system which sheathed the “ sword of the Spirit,” and scarcely left it its power of penetrating the conscience. The im- mediate consequence of this abuse of the rule of faith and practice was the rapid growth of a thousand corruptions. Thus, while in lip and in ceremonial the Scriptures held their seat of reverence, they were dislodged from the throne of power. A night of a thousand years suc- ceeded, during which the witnesses of God lay in their tomb, literally and virtually, hidden, and silenced, and degraded. The Reformation was in all senses, a resur- rection of the Bible ; its recovery and restoration as an ancient document ; the recognition of its authority as the word of God ; the discovery of its meaning as a rule of faith and worship, and life ; and its new diffusion through the Christian body. The restoration of the Scriptures to their place of power and honour brought with it a 298 PROBABLE SPREAD revival of true piety, scarcely, if at all, inferior in extent and fervency to that which attended the preaching of the apostles. There were however deductions from the full influence and permanent benefit that might have resulted from this re- covery of the sacred canon. Of these deductions the first, was the limited and imperfect diffusion of copies ; for though the publication of the Bible by means of the press was actually great, it fell very far short of being complete. The next deduction arose from the infant state of the science of biblical criticism ; the next, from the still unbroken influence of scholastic systems and modes of expression, which spread a dense and colouring medium over the lucidness of the apostolic style ; the next, and the most con- siderable and pernicious of these drawbacks, arose from the acrimony of controversy, and from that spirit of contumacious scrupulosity which is the parent of schism. These imperfections were great enough to bar the progress of Christianity, and to sully its glory at the time, and to procure the speedy decline of piety in all the Protestant countries. But when the present aspect of the Church is compared with its condition at the era of the Reformation, several circumstances connected with the state of the Scriptures offer themselves to observation, that are decidedly in favour of our times, and such as seem pregnant with hope for the future. Of these the first, is the unexampled OF CHRISTIANITY. 299 multiplication and diffusion of the Sacred Volume : the second, is the progress made towards bringing the original text to a state of undisputed purity, and the advancement of the science of biblical criticism, by which means the verbal meaning of the inspired writers is now ascertained more satisfactorily than at any time since the apostolic age : and the third, is the incipient adoption of an improved method of ex- position ; attended by an increasing disposition to bow to the Bible, as the only arbiter in matters of religion. It remains then briefly to point out in what manner these auspicious circumstances support the hope of an approaching revival of genuine religion. For the first of them, namely, the multipli- cation and diffusion of the Sacred Volume. Whenever the true and the false in matters of religion are brought into conflict, two things are necessary to secure the triumph of the better side, namely, in the first place, that the sound opinion should be set forth in a perspicuous and con- vincing manner ; and then, that it should be borne forwards over the resistances of antiquated prejudice and worldly interest, and secular power, by the momentum of public feeling. It is not the single preaching even of an archangel, that could effect the renovation of the church when it really needs to be brought back to purity and health. All the logic of heaven would die un- heeded on the ear, unless re-echoed from the 300 PROBABLE SPREAD multitude. Now if it may for a moment be assumed that a general rectification of doctrine and practice, and a revival of primitive piety is actually about to take place, what is that preli- minary measure which might be anticipated as the necessary means of giving irresistible force, and universal spread to such a reformation ? What but the placing of the sacred canon, the arbiter of all dispute, and the fountain of all motive, previously in the hands of the people of every country ? If, in the coming era, the teachers of religion are to insist upon its doctrines and duties with new force and clearness, their success must be expected to bear proportion to the exist- ence of scriptural knowledge, or to the means of acquiring it, among those whom they address. An extraordinary excitement of religious feel- ing, arising previously to the general circulation of the Scriptures, can hardly be imagined to take so prosperous and safe a course, as it would, if it followed that circulation. So far as a conjecture on the methods of divine procedure may be hazarded, it must be believed that the extensive dissemination of the Scriptures which has of late been carrying on, and which is still in active progress, in all those parts of the world that are accessible to Christian zeal, is a precursive mea- sure, soon to be followed by that happy revolu- tion of which it gives so intelligible an augury. Let it be said, and perhaps it may be said with some truth, that the actual religious impression OF CHRISTIANITY. 301 hitherto produced by the copious issuing of Bibles among the common people in our own and other countries, is less remarkable than might have been anticipated ; then, with so much the more confidence may the belief be entertained that this extraordinary publication of the will of God to man is, on the part of Him who overrules all events for the furtherance of his gracious designs, altogether a prospective measure, and that the special intention of these many translations, and of these countless reprints of the Bible, is yet to be developed. Is there much of gratuitous assumption, or of unwarrantable speculation in picturing the pre- sent position of mankind in some such manner as the following ? During a long course of ages a controversy, managed with various success, has been carried on here and there in the world, on the great questions of immortality, and of the liability of man to future punishment, as the transgressor of the divine law; and concerning the terms of reconciliation. Hitherto, there has stood, on the affirmative, or religious side of this controversy, only a small and scattered party ; while on the other side, there has remained, with more or less of active hostility, the great majority of mankind, who have chosen to pursue exclusively the interests of the present life, as if no doctrine of immortality had been crediblv announced ; and have dared the future displea- sure of the Most High ; and have ventured the 302 PROBABLE SPREAD loss of endless happiness ; and have spurned the conditions of pardon. But it is imagined that now, events of a new order are to bring this momentous controversy to a final crisis. Yet before the moment of awful decision comes on, and while all minds remain in the listlessness of the ancient apathy, and while the winds of high commotion lie hushed in the caverns of divine restraint — in this season of portentous tranquil- lity, those writings, upon the authority of which the issue is to turn, are put into every hand ; and although the hands that receive them, seem now to hold the book with a careless grasp, ere long an alarm shall be sounded through all nations ; all shall be roused from their spiritual sleep, and shall awake to feel that the interests of an endless life are in suspense : then shall it appear for what purpose the Bible has first been delivered to every people. These views, it is granted, are in part con- jectural; and yet, who that entertains a belief of the providential guidance of the Christian Church, can suppose that the most remarkable course of events that has hitherto ever marked the history of the Scriptures, is not charged with the accomplishment of some unusual revolution ; and what revolution less than the instalment of the Inspired Volume in the throne of universal authority, can be thought of, as the probable result of the work that is now carrying forwards ? If the prejudices of the sceptical spirit, which, in OF CHRISTIANITY. 303 some degree, blind even the most devout, were removed, every eye accustomed to penetrate futurity, would see in the recent diffusion of the Sacred Writings an indubitable sign of their ap- proaching triumph over all forms of impiety and false religion. The friends of Bible Societies might on this ground, find a motive for activity, proof against all discouragement. When missionary efforts meet disappointment, when accomplished teachers are removed in quick succession by death, when stations where much toil has been expended are abandoned, when converts fall away from their profession, the whole fruit of zeal perishes : but it is otherwise in the work of translating and of multiplying the Scriptures ; for although these endeavours should at first be rejected by those for whose benefit they are designed ; still, what has been done is not lost ; the seed sown may spring up, even after a century of winter. Even if the existing Bible Societies, at home and abroad, should do nothing more than accomplish the initiative labours of translation, and should spend their revenues in filling their warehouses with an undemanded stock of Bibles, they would almost insure the universal diffusion of true religion in the ensuing age. Immediate success is doubtless to be coveted ; but though this should be withheld, the work of translation and of printing is pregnant with an infallible promise. 304 PROBABLE SPREAD The restoration of the Sacred Text to a state of almost undisputed purity, the accumulation of the resources of biblical criticism, and the great advances that have been made in the business of ascertaining the grammatical sense of the in- spired writers, are circumstances in a very high degree conducive to the expected prevalence of genuine religion. Both infidelity and heresy have, till of late, found harbourage in the sup- posed or pretended corruption or uncertainty of the canon. And the whole of those small suc- cesses, which have served, from time to time, to keep alive the flickering hopes of heterodoxy, have been drawn from the detection of petty faults in the vulgar text. There was a season when some even of the champions of orthodoxy became infected with unwarrantable fears and suspicions on this ground. But the utmost depth of the €\kos has been probed. The most sanguine sceptic can henceforward hardly hope to derive any new or important advantages from this source. The text of the Scriptures is now in a state more satisfactory than that of any other ancient writings ; and though impudence and ignorance go on to prate as they were wont, no theologian, who would not forfeit his reputa- tion as a scholar and a man of sense, dares to insist upon objections which some years ago were thought to be of the most formidable kind. It is remarkable that this work of purgation and restoration which, like that of the translation OF CHRISTIANITY. .‘305 and diffusion of the Scriptures, is manifestly of a preliminary kind, should have been completed at this precise moment. Had these doubts and suspicions remained unexamined and unsettled, they might greatly have checked the progress of a future religious revival ; they might have given birth to new heresies, vigorous from the enhanced tone of general feeling ; they might have shaken the minds of the faithful, and have distracted the attention of the ministers of religion. But this preparatory work is done ; and so fully have the holds of sceptical doctrine been searched into, and so thoroughly has the invalidity of its pleas been exposed, that nothing is now wanted but an energetic movement of the public mind to shake off for ever all its withering sophisms. It is not as if even the most faulty translation of the Scriptures, or one made from the most defective text, would not abundantly convey all necessary religious truth ; or, as if Christian doctrine and practice were, to any great extent dependent upon philological exactitude of any kind. But in removing occasions for the cavils and insinuations of captious or timid spirits, the literary restoration of the Bible, and the abun- dant means of ascertaining the grammatical sense of its phrases, is highly important. And in look- ing towards the future, it must be regarded as a circumstance of peculiar significance that the documents of our faith have just passed through the severest possible ordeal of hostile criticism at 30G PROBABLE SPREAD the very moment when they are in course of delivery to all nations. The recent progress made towards the adop- tion of an improved method of exposition de- mands to be named amongst the most auspicious indications of the present times. Insensibly, and undesignedly, and from the operation of various causes, all well-intentioned theologians have of late been fast advancing towards that simple and rational method of inferring the doctrine of Scripture which corresponds with the inductive method of inquiry, practised in the pursuit of physical science. Just as, in the ancient schools of philosophy, each pretended expounder of the mysteries of nature, first framed his theory, and then imposed upon all phenomena such an interpretation as would best accord with his hypothesis, so have biblical expositors, in long succession, from the ancient Jewish doctors, to the Christian divines of the last century, with very few, if any exceptions, followed the method of interpreting each separate portion of Scripture by the aid of a previously formed theological hypothesis. And although these theories of divinity have been, perhaps, fairly founded upon scriptural evidence, partially obtained, they have often exerted an influence scarcely less binding and pernicious than as if they had been alto- gether erroneous. This system once admitted to constitute a synopsis of truth,has been suffered OF CHRISTIANITY. 307 to exercise the most arrogant domination over every part of Scripture in detail. Certain dogmas, awfully clothed in the clouds of meta- physical phraseology, have hid defiance to the most explicit evidence of an opposite meaning ; and no text has been permitted to utter its testi- mony till it had been placed on the rack. But the folly and impiety of this style of inter- pretation have become conspicuous ; and though not yet quite abandoned, it is left to those whose minds have been too long habituated to trammels to move at all without them. The rule of the new mode of exposition is founded on a principle precisely analogous to that which forms the basis of the inductive method of inquiry in physical science. In these sciences it is now universally admitted, that, at the best, and after all possible diligence and sagacity have been employed, we can scarcely penetrate beyond the exterior move- ments of the material system ; while the interior mechanism of nature still defies human scrutiny. Nothing then could be more preposterous than to commence the study of nature by laying down, theoretically, the plan of those hidden and central contrivances, as if they were open to observation ; and then to work outwards from that centre, and to explain all facts that come under observation in conformity with the principles so ignorantly assumed. This is indeed to take a lie in our ri^ht hand, as the key of knowledge : yet such was the philosophy which ruled the world for ages. x 2 308 PROBABLE SPREAD The method of hypothetical interpretation is, if possible, more absurd in theology than in natural science. Every mind not infatuated by intellectual vanity, must admit that it is only some few necessary points of knowledge, relating to the constitution and movements of the infinite and spiritual world, that can be made the matter of revelation to mankind ; and these must be offered in detached portions, apart from their symmetry. Meanwhile the vast interior, the immeasurable whole, is not merely concealed, but is in itself strictly incomprehensible by human faculties. Metaphysical projections of the moral system, how neat soever, and entire, and plau- sible they may seem, can have no place in what deserves to be called a rational theology. We not only do not know, but we could not learn, the very things which the framer of a pretended scientific divinity professes to spread forth in all their due proportions on his chart of the upper world. The mode in which the necessarily incomplete revelation of that upper world is conveyed in the Scriptures, is perfectly in harmony with that in which the phenomena of nature offer themselves to our notice. The sum or amount of divine knowledge really intended to be conveyed to us, has been broken up and scattered over a various surface ; it has been half-hidden, and half-dis- played ; it has been couched beneath hasty and incidental allusions ; it has been doled out in OF CHRISTIANITY. 309 morsels and in atoms. There are no logical synopses in the Bible ; there are no scientific presentations of the body of divinity; no compre- hensive digests ; such would have been, not only unsuited to popular taste and comprehension, but actually impracticable ; since they must have contained that which neither the mind of man can receive, nor his language embody. Better far might a seraph attempt to convey the large- ness of his celestial ideas to a child, than God impart a systematic revelation to man. On the contrary, it is almost as if the vessel of divine philosophy had been wrecked and broken in a distant storm, and as if the fragments only had come drifting upon our world, which, like an islet in the ocean of eternity, has drawn to itself what might be floating near its shores. The abrupt and illogical style of oriental com- position, and in some instances, the character- istic simplicity of untutored minds, are to be regarded as the appropriate means chosen for imparting to mankind such loose particles of religious truth as it was necessary for them to receive. This inartificial vehicle was, of all others, the one best adapted to the conveyance of a revelation, necessarily imperfect and partial. Now it is manifest that the mode of exposition must be conformed to the style of the document; and this conformity demands that the inductive method, invariably, should be used for gleaning the sense of Scripture. While employing all the 310 PllOCABLE SPREAD common and well-known means proper for ascer- taining the grammatical sense of ancient writers, each single passage of the Inspired Volume, like a single phenomenon of nature, is to be interrogated for its evidence, without any solicitude for the fate of a preconceived theory, and without asking — how is this evidence to be reconciled with that derived from other quarters: for it is remembered that the revelation we are studying is a partial discovery of facts, which could not be more than imperfectly made known. Whoever has not yet fully satisfied himself that the Scriptures, through- out, were “given by inspiration of God,” should lose no time in determining that doubt : but if it be determined, then it is a flagrant inconsistency not to confide in the principle that the Bible is every where truly consistent with itself, whether or not we have the means of tracing its agree- ments. And while this principle is adhered to, no sentiment or fact plainly contained in the words, need be refused or contorted on account of its apparent incongruity with systematic divinity. In this manner only is it possible that the whole amount of religious knowledge intended to be imparted by the Scriptures can be gathered from them. It must be granted as not only probable, but certain, that whatever relates to infinity, to the divine nature, to the ultimate purposes of the divine government, to the unseen worlds, and to the future state, and even to the mechanism of motives, must offer itself to the human OF CHRISTIANITY. 311 understanding in a form beset with difficulties. That this must actually be the case might be demonstrated like a mathematical certainty. If therefore we resolve to receive from the Inspired Writers nothing but what we can reconcile, first to certain abstruse notions, and then to a par- ticular interpretation of other passages, the con- sequence is inevitable — that we obtain a theology, needlessly limited, if not erroneous. It may fairly be supposed that there are trea- sures of divine knowledge yet latent beneath the surface of the Scriptures, which the practice of scholastic exposition, so long adhered to, on all sides, has locked up from the use of the Church; and it may be hoped, that when that method has fallen completely into disuse, and when the simple and humble style of inductive interpre- tation is better understood, and is more con- stantly resorted to than at present, and when the necessary imperfection and incoherency of all human knowledge of divine things is fully recog- nized, and when the vain attempt to fashion a miniature model of the spiritual universe is for ever abandoned, and when whatever the Inspired Writers either explicitly affirm, or obscurely inti- mate, is embraced in simplicity of heart, that then the boundaries of our prospect of the hidden and the future world may be vastly enlarged. Nor is this all; for in the same manner the occasions of controversy will be almost entirely removed ; and though smaller differences of opinion may remain. 312 PROBABLE SPREAD it will be seen by all to be flagrantly absurd to assume such inconsiderable diversities as the pre- texts of dissension and separation. No one cordially reverencing the Bible, and believing it to be given by inspiration of God, who is “ not the author of confusion, but of order,” can imagine it to have been so worded and constructed as to necessitate important diver- sities of interpretation among those who humbly and diligently labour to obtain its meaning. Nor will any but the most absurd bigots deny that, with those who differ from themselves, there may be found diligence and sincerity quite equal to their own. What account then is to be given of those contrarieties of opinion which continue to sully the glory of the Christian Church, and to deprive it almost entirely of its expansive energy ? In endeavouring to give a satisfactory reply to this important question, we are, of course, entitled to dismiss from the discussion, first, those errors of doctrine which spring immediately from the prepossessions of proud and unholy minds, and which are not to be refuted until such evil dispositions are rectified. It is not a better ex- position of Scripture merely that will afford an efficient remedy for such false opinions. In the next place it is proper to put out of the question all those politico - religious divisions which, as they originated in accident, so now rest for their maintenance much less upon reason, than upon OF CHRISTIANITY, 313 the authority of habit, and the pertinacity of party feeling, or perhaps even upon motives of secular interest. All such causes of schism must give way and be scattered to the winds whenever the authority of the divine injunctions to peace, and union, and mutual forbearance, are forcibly felt. There should moreover be dismissed from the question those differences that have arisen in the Church on some special points of antiquarian obscurity. These, having been in a past age absurdly lifted into importance by an exagge- rated notion of the right and duty of Christians to stickle upon their individual opinions, even at the cost of the great law of love, are now pretty generally felt by men of sense and right feeling, to be heir -looms of shame and disadvantage to whoever holds them. A very probable return to good sense and piety is all that is needed to get rid for ever of such disputes. If the utmost endeavours of competent and honest men, on both sides, have not availed to put certain ques- tions of ancient usage beyond doubt ; then it is manifest that such points belong not to the fun- damentals of faith or practice, and therefore can never afford ground of justifiable separation ; nor should the Christian commonalty be encou- raged to suppose that the solemnities of con- science are implicated in the decision of questions which, even the most learned, cannot in fact decide. What less than a grievous injury to 314 PROBABLE SPREAD right feelings can ensue from the popular belief that the manifold evils of religious dissension are mischiefs of small moment, compared with the breach of some niceties of ceremonial ? Shall Christianity spread in the world, and shew itself glorious, while practical absurdities like these are persisted in ? assuredly not. But there is reason to believe, even in spite of the fixed- ness of some unsocial spirits, that the date of schism is nearly expired, and that a better un- derstanding of the great law of Christ will ere long bring all his true followers into the same fold. When the deductions named above have been made, the remaining differences that exist among the pious are such only as may fairly be attributed to the influence of the old theoretic system of interpretation ; and they are such as must pre- sently disappear when the rule of inductive exposition shall be thoroughly understood and generally practised. The hope therefore of an approaching prosperous era in the church de- pends, in great measure, upon the probability of a cordial return to the authority of Scripture — of Scripture unshackled by hypothesis. This return alone can remove the misunderstandings which have parted the body of Christ ; and it is the reunion of the faithful that must usher in better times. That a torn Church should be eminently prosperous, that it should be favoured as the OF CHRISTIANITY. 315 instrument of diffusing the Gospel with tri- umphant success, and on a large scale, among the nations, cannot be imagined ; for doubtless the Head of the Church holds the most emphatic of his admonitions in higher esteem than that he should easily brook the breach and contempt of it, and put extraordinary honour upon those who seem to love their particular opinions more than they do “ His commandment.” Even without laying any great stress upon that softening of party prejudices which has of late actually taken place, the hope of a near termination of controversy, and of the healing of all permanent differences among true Chris- tians, may still rest on solid ground. An in- telligent faith in the divine origination of the Scriptures contains necessarily a belief in their power to bring the Catholic Church into a state of unity, so that division should no more be thought of. That, during so many ages this has not been the condition of the Christian body, is satisfactorily to be attributed to causes which are by no means of inevitable perpetuity ; but which, on the contrary, seem now to be approaching their last stage of feeble existence. Meanwhile the Oracles of God are visibly as- cending to the zenith of their rightful power. The necessary preparations for their instalment in the place of undisputed authority are com- pleted; and nothing is waited for but a move- ment of general feeling, to give them such 316 PROBABLE SPREAD influence as shall bear down whatever now ob- structs the universal communion of the faithful. An expectation of this sort will, of course, be spurned by those (if there are any such) who, were they deprived of their darling sectarism, and robbed of their sinister preferences, would scarcely care at all for Christianity, and to whom the idea of Catholic Christianity, if they can admit such an idea, is a cold abstraction. And it will be rejected also by those who, though their feelings are Christian, accustom them- selves to look at the state of religion always with a secular eye, and are indisposed to admit any suppositions not obtruded upon them by im- mediate matters of fact. To all such persons the existing obstacles that stand in the way of Church union must seem utterly insurmountable, and the hope of an annihilation of party distinc- tions, altogether chimerical. But it is not to such minds that the appeal is to be made when futurity is in question ; for such are always slaves of the past, and of the present, and are destined to stand by, and wonder, and cavil, while happy revolutions are in progress ; and it is only when resistance to the course of things becomes im- practicable that they are dragged on reluctantly, more like captives than attendants, upon the tri- umphant march of truth. This assuredly may be asserted, that so far as human agency can operate to bring on a better era to the Church, he who despairs of it, hinders OF CHRISTIANITY. 317 it, to the extent of his influence ; while he who expects it, hastens it, so far as it may be accele- rated. This difference of feeling might even be assumed as furnishing a test of character ; and it might be affirmed that when the question of the probable revival and spread of Christianity is freely agitated, those who embrace the affirma- tive side are (with few exceptions) the persons whose temper of mind is the most in harmony with the expected happy revolution, and who would, with the greatest readiness, act their parts in the new and better economy ; while on the contrary, those who contentedly or despond- ingly give a long date to existing imperfections and corruptions, may fairly be suspected of loving ‘ the things that are,’ too well. There is yet another line of argument, wholly independent of the two that have been pursued above, in which the general spread of true reli- gion might be made to appear an event probably not very remote ; namely, the argument from prophecy. But besides that the subject is by far too large and serious to be treated hastily, the time is not arrived in which it might be discussed with the calmness it demands. Yet in passing this subject it may be suggested to those who, notwithstanding that they admit the truth of Christianity, constantly deride genuine piety whenever it comes in their way, that though the apparent course of events seems to indicate a / 318 NOTE TO SECTION I. gradual improvement, such as would give time to oppugners to choose the wiser part, and to range themselves quietly in the train of the conquering religion, the general tenor of scriptural predic- tions holds out a different prospect, and gives great reason to suppose that the final triumph of the Gospel is to be ushered in by some sudden and vindictive visitation, which shall arrest impiety in its full career, and deny for ever to the then im- penitent the option of making a better choice. NOTE TO SECTION I. Strongly feeling as lie does, the practical importance of the subject he has undertaken to treat, the Author designedly abstains from those abstruse disquisitions which, though they fall naturally in his way, would, if admitted, give a scientific rather than an ethical character to the essay ; and so would not merely repel the gene- rality of readers, but favour a notion he deems highly pernicious — namely, that momentous questions of religious sentiment and con- duct, in which the peasant and the sage have an equal concern, cannot be separated from certain abstruse disquisitions; or that it cannot be known whether a man is on the road to heaven or not, without the aid of metaphysics. Morals and theology have already suffered more than enough from this absurd supposition : the Author would carefully avoid seeming to favour so great an error. Never- theless, as he finds that some have wished that he had adjusted his style to the niceties of the modern philosophy, he is willing, if not to supply what has been deemed a defect, at least to state liis reasons for abstaining from such an attempt. The Author then must avow that he regards what is called the Sci- ence of Mind as little more than an affair of definitions and of phrases : an affair, indeed, which has its importance, but an importance vastly overrated (generally) by those who take rank in the republic of letters NOTE TO SECTION 1. 319 as professors of that science. Who would not wish to employ language always with the utmost precision of which it is capable ? and if certain current phrases relating to the mind are found to convey erroneous notions, by all means let them be exchanged for expressions less vague and delusive. But in fact, unless the mass of mankind could be induced to think always with philosophical precision, and to speak always with scientific care, the new terms with which we may displace the old ones, will no sooner have become common, than they, like their predecessors, will acquire manifold incrustations of error, and will thus, in their turn, lie open to the animadversions of the next generation of metaphysical reformists. Every phrase used to convey notions of the mind, and of its operations, may be regarded as an algebraic sign, representing just so much of exact truth as the mind which employs or which receives it, is already possessed of, or is capable of admitting. He who is accustomed to analyse profoundly and perfectly the machinery and the working of his own mind, will suffer extremely little disadvantage, though he should adhere to old-fashioned phrases. On the other hand, those whom nature has not gifted to descend into the abysses of the intel- lectual system, will gain from “ a new and unexceptionable nomen- clature ” very little, unless it be the preposterous conceit that they have learned to think more justly than Aristotle, Bacon, Leibnitz, and Locke. It is a natural consequence of the present unscientific state of the philosophy of Mind, that whenever controversy arises on a question of this sort, it runs off speedily from the matter of fact and observation, to a mere matter of terms, phrases, and proprieties of language ; as if to determine the exact sense of a word, were the same thing as to establish or explain a principle of the Intellectual System. When, for example, a writer, whose object is simply of a practical, not of a scientific kind, undertakes to treat of a certain order of sentiments, or of a particular morbid condition of the mind ; and when, for the sake of convenience and brevity, he adopts some familiar term as the general designation of the feeling or sentiment he is describing, and employs that term freely in speaking of the varieties of its development; readers of a certain class, instead of asking whether he has truly ex- hibited the actual phenomena of the human mind, ask rather, whether the common term has not been used by him with an improper lati- tude, or has not been perverted from its precise import. Now it may be very true, that some such extensions of a phrase may be chargeable upon a writer, and yet that he may deserve no 320 NOTE TO SECTION I. great blame on the account. The best that can be done when mat- ters of mind are under discussion, is to select from the stores of familiar language a term which, in its usual sense, approximates more nearly than any other to the substance spoken of. To require from an ethical writer more than this, is to demand that, before he enters upon his subject, he should both renovate the science of mind and reform his mother tongue. For when things not known to any exist- ing science are to be spoken of in vulgar phraseology, it must needs happen that, in proportion to the accuracy with which they are described, there will be apparent occasion for exceptions against the sense imputed to such common terms. The Author proposed it to himself, as his task, to depict, under its principal forms — Fictitious Sentiment in matters of religion, inclu- ding, of course, a consideration of those opinions which seem to be either the parents or the offspring of such artificial sentiments. Having this object before him, he would have thought it a very inau- spicious and a very cumbrous method to have constructed a many- syllabled phrase of definition, or a many-worded circumlocution, to be used on every page of his essay ; and on every page to be clipped and fitted to the special proprieties of its place. Instead of attempt- ing any such laborious accuracy, he boldly chose his single term ; confiding in the good sense and candour of his readers for allowing him a span or two of latitude when employing it in different instances, coming under the same general class. If he had known a term (sanctioned by general usage) which, better than the word — Enthu- siasm, could have served his purpose, unquestionably he would have adopted it. But after respectfully listening to all the criticism with which his Essay has been honoured, he is still unable to find a substitute, and is compelled to persist in calling fictitious religionism — Enthusiasm. a. OLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL.
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יסוכתן לגלוס סוד סים לכעסו ע"ז " שלח לי גיוכלו כ"ס כ"ס שפח לי סיונכס דוד נכך שלסל חי וקיס 5של ₪ כוער. כפי" כם"י שס סגזלו עד בעקועו סכל יקדסו לק סחדם וע"כ סופלכו כעשו' זסק 3סמר וכסודיע לק ע"י ססיען קססכיעו עליו כתסכס וצחלו (נסעכ זס כפי שסישלסל כדעס לפכצכס וננכסס דוד נלעל פסלי' פ"מי כירס יכון כצוכס וכן סול 3יכושכ(ני דכ"ס פ"ג סוף סככס ס' שביוני דכ' סכוסו כתנו לסיען על קידום סחדם עכק גולפכו סש 3כ"ס סי ג"כ כסעת סטננד סכל יככו כסודיע זספ 3פלפוס וכחרו 3סימן זס כלנז שצכל זסק טסו בד' כקדם סחדם וכל פחדו עסיענת. ססעד ולסות וסיען נסקקדטוס סכננס, סו ג"כ סין ככון לפי סרבי קפי זר דוד ומעען כל יכככו. צכיו ככי מילו כונש"כ כם"י שס 3פי' סלסטון שרני סיס דופג על זס ככן חלו סימן זה לוונר שלכי (עזכע דוד סי וקיס פי' גדוכתו ודעתו ועיין כע"ס 6"ם סימן כנ"ו ובנ'ס 6נכפי עס שסעכ 3"3 ע' ככיכל סוי לסו סיככס תוי סוי כסו כ ככם"י ע"ד כיסוף כ"פ ע"ד עומכי לסינן טוכעי, סו עלופכיס סכלעכיס עכלכו סיעום סקימכיס כעדות ולזככון תוכו ל5וף פעיד פוכן סענין ולס כפטעיס ע'ד סתוס וחפוס סעסכיל ש5ל קםר ופסל סכוונס וככל סעלו ע"ז ונפרסי סתוכס 3כיסוריסס על סענפום שנלערו פזכירס כננו פפכין ולילית, וכן על זה שסער ד' כלצלסס קחת כי עגלס וכו' שסית לפון די לפת כו ולזרעו שסליו סיעכיס פעדופ ולזכלון עפ סכריק ססר ככת עו וכי כל סחד נספרטייס לכוכס ניוחדת פ"ז, וכוכס כסחד כושלי ונזכיכי ברים ד' כסשר ססכיכו סענדרסיס, לשל עד"ז ים ל3סר סטעס שסונקלוס פלגס פנניד עכת ככם סולל לק בפ' וירל כ"ל פסוק כ"ח שנס 5 טצעו כפלגס שנע ככמת סנס לבדסן בע סוכפן (וככי נס"ו כחוס כ"י סללס 5י כי גס על ספסוק בונקס קסיטס ושנח 5'ג פסוק "טי פלגס לונקכוס לס סורפן ולס גס פד"ק סכונס וביס סריפיס בכ" צוככ כסוסר (נבוסר 3ונדלם ינקוטו עלס טכסיס כעלס סכעיס וכן סול בת"י על עלס קשיטס יסוסע כ"ד קטיטס 5סס סיוב ע'"3 טלס וגס 3סעפקק ע' זקכיס וסעפקס לקוענים, וכוקסדטלף בקסנקסרדסכן סלו סכיש דעות שניסס ששל סעלס 3על כולכ עוללום ככונס 5פי שסכסף עסוען 3כקיען ככס כי כן עסמו לדוד- ו\|! . ריר \| - 8 סקדעוניס שנכו סכסף כעכך סעקכס כעו סלונייס של5כס כקלל סכסף ענועס זק 3שס וטס כגזר (נעכת 668כן דסייכו כסעה ששכ ספשר לפכם וס שער כ"ע כשסככתי ככרכי סיס סיו קולין לונעס קסיטס כי סנחק סס קיטס סיפס על כדם ולק"כ סוסלכ על עס וססליך בנכתצו ללי) וכדעתי כפי סים נקוס כסלוכ סיזס יפס וס5טלפופ מן 1 ככסות סשל 355 35דסן 5ספירת סכסר ונס זסס כסימן ולעדס כי סוס ספר וצדדי ס3יונכך גזכו עננכו, וסכס "כ סגלון עס"ו סייס פלככסק סכ"ד ק"ק כירטבימם כי לי כי בבר לשנת פלכ"ג סוכל 3שס סכס סחד מנטצס זט כל סוכקכוס לפלגס כסן כבסת מוכפן כסזביר כי סוס. ספל כפי ששלם תפר גס לת סוכפן לק 3סשתנופ 350 סלופיות כעו כסש3 ככםש ולי ככסס לפי של (5לכו. בסנ"ך עכת כנם בסוניכות לפלן לק פס דצס לוכקכוס שכבסת סלסן סכוכס עפ סלעיכיס וסקטכיס שכלסן ועכת מוכפן פס (נן ביני מורפי סיוב כ" ססר סיס סכנים סולפי ולפוי פ"ז ט"ס עיין פלוך, וש לסרחיב סדבכ עלת 55ן כוכלת כשניס ועזיס עיין כיפול פרסת ויקכס ג' לשל יש לוועכ עס שלענר סכתוד ויקח ל3רסס 5קן ובקל פ" שנפן לו כל סככלל 3עלת זלק עזיס וככסיס עס ככ (יכיס שלסס לק סככדסוס כפן שב 3עספל סקדם וגס סכי3 סופן נבדתן בבוכס (ניוסדת כלננת וכקייס דבכו כי סוס נקי ופדיק ועכ כ דבכ גזלו צדי סננכך (נעכו סת סכפר וכידוע שעכת כ3ם תפוסל לכקי כפיס וחסר כם ענכלי יכוכת כצענוד כגד סלשע פמר כזסת סעכ ויל3 36לסס 25 שכע כדסת סנפן פ" ספ 236 כבסת ססר סיו נס תח ס5סן ולפי עס שלענרפי סנציריס וסקטניס כ3דתן וכססר שער סבינלך ‏ עס סנס ססיכו 3מ5ור ססיה לי לעדס כי ספרתי 6ם סכסל פ" שסלננין כי כי סכ כקי כגד דברי צבדיך ששכ כל" כסננכיס בניכיך וכז סכי ספרפי ונעפס סין כסחל זכופ ולשופ בו ונסכנס ססכנזי סולך בעקני סת"ל זיעבפן יונגע טמפע ועיין סו"סש נכ עכת ככדם עד כןשנס וכענכ' פלס פ"ס י'ג ובב"ק ס"ס 5ן יומס קכוי סיל וכפוס' סס דכעכין סיכל 5ן 3' שניס ולין לסלריך. כחזור כדברינו כי מיעום סקיננכיס לעדות וכזכלון קשל מד"ז לסיום פזר ככגד סםכסס בלכות "350 שסוכ סונור סיננן בדבר פכין לבס סקטי: לזכך כדריס (נ'מ(נר לש "ג סס יסנכ כך וסיטן לדכר לסבמס 3ן שלעס לסל כבתוספתק ממס 1% 4 סקול 55 כננל (נכס סיען. ‏ וסנס שיעום ססיעכיס צד"ז פעזכ סזכלון עלך ופועלפ גדול ככיעוד ספור' שכת ק"ד עטס סינניי כתולס מילוכין כ"ד סי ספולס כזכרת סכל צסיענניס (וספסוקיס שנס 3פיסס סכיכו כך מיוכיס עודע ככינס פקלל שס כ" ויותל שסי' קסכס סכס צול כעד דעס ספ סעס דסגעכיי סינכי כוכבי' ופי" כם"י קצע כס קולופ וקיעניס כין בתיכופ סעקלס וצין בגרס' םשכ עשכס כי כזען קספול' מצעל פה סית * פקורה בכתוג לק כפיכפ סקיעכי' סיפס עכ לופכיס שוכיס סדלך (ניוחד ועקוגכ כסגן סתולם כגד סטעופ וסשכסת, וכעו שסעלו שכפ קי"ז ויסי ככסוע ססלון פלםשם זו עשס כס סקצ"ס סיננכיום (נכעעכס לכוס ציין כס' ככי יכ דף מ"ס ענם"כ ע"ז כדיכל ככ סקריין וכתינין נכסות ססלוס ויפלו 3ספכ פולס. סו צכווכס. ניוסדס ען סק3"ס נסיענכיס עכ פילוש וסגבפת סדץ לו כפילום יוחד למל כפפוויס נסכדס ונטלונס ונונכו סיוס סכוונס 6 ודרך כיונוד מכנניס סלסטוני' סכקללו קופריס לשר צכלשס סיל עזלס ככננד 6 סעס פולס ש3כפ3 עס ספולס שבע"פ כננש"ם כש"י צנ ע"פ (נקולפ וקיעניס כפקוע 3כ33ס עד"ז סתוכ' מבע"פ עס ספוכ' שבכס3 וענספי 3ס' עוכס כצוכי סזנן קס"ו ססיר עד"ז וז" סקופרי' חתפלו וסשכיכו כספנניד כסועק לפ ספירוסיס וסנצכות סננקובכיס כסס בעלופ 5ס כבד בכעוד וסכון 3מעק סקל ליקס כ"ס גס בכפיכתס ספוכס כפי (שעורק טכודקט חס כ" 0 כדרכיס טוכיס עלעזיס ועוליס עפ דר דוגוס כקינכי סקופרי' מסוכסו 53 ספק עכ פי שסגככת סז זי כפ3 3פורס ססר % ללה ולוו כקללות כו 3ויו וסעכו על סכתו3 עכופ יעוד סעס סעכריס וכן יסדו על סכפו3 ששכ לט כרצי' פע"פי שסין כו עכשיו סשר עכוסל כגלס ה סוס כוי"ו ועכל כן קעכו עפ סקורט סככון וכפכו (נפכיס סלכף כסולו' גס דיניס סכזכריס עיין מס 3סריכות וכי יקקו: כק דמת סכננינו ז"5 כדריס. כ'ו שסקריץ וסכפיכין סככס כעקס מפיכי ציץ סוק יליל פפוכס קכ'3 וכס שסקופרליס מדשו לפס עדעקם. כטו סלעל ,ולוו ו כו כויו וכפכו 3פכיס סלפף" כ"ס סק3"ס לער כעםשס מיכתו3 כל 3לכף ויקלס כו כויו וכעשס כופד ססוכי כעו שנקער כו עפי ד' משנס כסן סעלס כלשל לסויס כסיות כן כלער כו שיקלס סעפס 55 כלשר כפופ וכק 5 כעו ססמככר פי. ופי ד" ככוונס ניומדפ סקסיץ וסכפיבין מלסות ססלוס ויפלופ כנו פקענניס כפכו כעולל. ססככ ונפוק חזכלון על דבל יוחד וכ ככד קרילת סעכופ גס ספקוקיס ופסקי טעעיס 65 סק סעסולופ סגדוכיס סס כסכין וכססכיכ על ידס ד5כי ספולס ש3כס3 כ" גס סיפדופ מש נפקעו עמיסס דככלי סתולס ש3ע"פ ועטעס זס כשכפ3 עשס ספורה פם ונס - כסעסו כו (נפי די של "סכה צפכ. זם 05 כתן כו סלשוס ככפו3 שופן כקפל פולס ולק. מנסלו כו כסלל פולפ סצע"פ 6של 55 כפן ככפוד עיין פשוכס. ססדב"ז ס'ג פכננ"ג פס סין כופנין סנקודס 3כ"ת וגס סטעעניס שסלי גס פס (נכסכיס טעס סכפוציס סשל מלפ לעמו כדכיס כ"ו. ויקל זה (נקלס וכו' ובילושלנני עגלס סופיף גי" לכו ססכלעופ כי ככס כסעכו. מעטס מסיכי: בע"פ כסכת3 ספולס וננקל עדול כדול לק 303ופ וסספכוס סעפיס עכו קעסוניס עכ סדע סקדם פלו ולו סספיקות ודעות סונופ וע" גס סטעיופ כיון מכל ככסצו בס" מטעס שלעלנו ועזכל סחזיל סתולס כישנס כל קדם וגס כל פים פו לשות כסדם כעו סלעכו עגכס ג' סכ סענו' שסין סכציס לשסי כקדם דבולק 3כס עס משכסלק וססזיר וס מנסכד כי כן ם* נננסל כעשס כ3כ"פ 6ם0 ים כפלם פד"ז ס מסעלו נדליס דף "ו 3סס כ"י עקלס כפונן קליין וכל כפיכן וכפיכן וכל קליץ סלכ'נ. לשל 5ליך. כילול. סל ככ ספקוקיס שסניל שס ע5 סך קריין כל כענלו כתולס ולק בשלל ספרי קדם ולין סייך םנסעלו מעשס עסיני סל דוסק 5יש3 ע"פ שלעלו ספ עס שסלעיד וופיק עפיד כחדם נלעלו כעספ עקיכי וסס גס יש לועל כפי שספינות שגכנס עפוכיס 5ליכוס לקלוס ישספכס סוריס (נגכס כ"ס 5"כ גס 3פולס פפוקין לכו קליין ולס כפיכן וכפיכן ולפ קריין עיין לעכ" 3פ'ס עסכ'י ס"ס בַּכִ'ז לפי של סוכסו סלו 3נדליס נשעע כי סמו קיכופ כפי מכסוכין לגכסי קולין פוסן כשכס כקללו וכל תן בלל קרי וכל כפיכן וכן 3עס' סופליס סונל 3"5 ספכוס לס גס שססנלס סופת 5פי שסול פגכלי קורץ פופן 5שנס ספשית עסוד ונופכם עכסול מקלום כפ"ז בס נניכיס בפולה כס כעו שסן כפוכין כעוכן. וספסל שזס כווכפ כם"י 3כדליס כ"ס ע"ל שכ' וטעעיס 5ל. עפלם 5י לשל 5ליך פ" ולי 5עק טעס 5ס סול סלכס מנשס (מסיני. לק כפי שסער טפ ישנננס עפולי' ש5ריך כקלוס ישכנכס טוחוריס טעס כפי שכפובין 5גכסי קורין סותו לשבס פ"ז קסער 5סילו כל 6תפנים ימס ועללתי כעת צש"ות כד:"ז ק"ג ססו' פק5"ד שסעיר כטניניס 5כו צי"ם וכ'. שסכוונס דכולס סכע" וכל שססופריס דקדקו. דרלויס פקלום כן לו לפקן ספי' שלל סיס סמנ"ע םר כזסם כפ3 כם"י מיצוניסו כס סיתפכםש 5י פי' כ פספרםש (סיזס טצס דקדקו ססופריס שכך סיס כפוי כסיום 5של. סי ככון 3עיני \| כי כל עץ לולס ילס וישפוט. שעלופ ללס כפיכן וכל קריין גס. לי סלע"נ. כעוצן.) כק 3לעת לס גס 5 כעלס קרין ולס כפיכין וכפיכין 65 קריץ 3עכום סכינופ 3פולפ בכ" כרסס ונגלס לפנינו כן כלופיופ וידוע ספכוגתל סי יש פס לננקרס ולעסורת וליכס ספק שכעשס כופד ספורס כעו שנסגנר כו (נפי ד' שלכווכס ניוסדס יכפ3 סעכס כן גס כסנכ פו שיקלל סעלס 5 כסכתיב וכלל זס סנלעל כעשס (פי ד' לעכין סלותיות סיס גס לשסר סשפרי קדם לעכין עלופ סכיעות ולולל זסת 5ל סיס סקרי וסכפיב כסלר ספרי קדם 3עכוס שליונות 5של לזלק 6נכ סכנ"ס ועיין בסקדעת לול פנתיצת על סתורת וסגלון עס"ו. חייס פלפכלק :"י ססיב כי. בנכתנו בי כווכת. סגע' 3כ"ז כנו מפעלפי על פופן ספקוקיס סקולין ו ) ולול ירסתי סייפי פוער סדכרי כס"י וטעעיסו ‏ ל לתפרט נום3 על סך דנלנכ כסעוך סס נונעלנל פסקו <סדין פסוקל 5פכתל פסוקין ויפער ד' ל עסס סנס פככי כל 5יך כעג סעכן לסל כלעעת 5ריך טעס כעק 5םר לזסת כון כם"י ועעעיס 5 5פפרם ועיין ענ"פ סי" כפ"כ פסל כפעם 5ליך פי' סליך פסקו כונערנף 90 כל פסיקי דכל פסקו ונשס ית פסוקין ונפרט עס דלערו כקשווסין בפסוקי 55 כקיפין. נפכנד כנס סלעכו ביננלס כ" ככ פסוקי דכל פסקי ונטס 3ית פסיקי דנטנע דפכן כקילין ולפטר כפי טלערו בונגל כ"כ סיכי דל5 לפשל סלכי ונעעלכל דפסקו סתוכק כפכפ סכין לטל לפ" יסיס פ' יתרו כג' סכתות כונו סכפנו סונפלטיס דסלקו כל סדלס גג' טנופות 5ס נס טיש סולקיס 3זס כידוע 5"כ 5פ"ז פיך פ' יפרו יסי' נג' סנפום כיון דעסרת סדגקום 5כיך (סיופ דכול לקד ונטעס זק נס נכרפ מקד וכל יםלרו סוכ כ"כ פסוקיס כסלק 3כל סכת וסכם כעד ט' נכרי לס 55 יסכק ספסוק לזס 5נ* פסוקיס וסונספי כי וננלתי כס' סנקנס כעם' קידוטין ססעיל דנר זק וכיון דכל לפסר נטעס זס סיו פוסקיס ספסוק זס. 5ג' פפוקיס וקנלון עסקץ סיות ז"ל סעיק סרסיכ כתסונתו למי. כעכין \| זת לטכ ים כספליך ולכ" וכק על דנכי כס"י כלתי: ך לשכק לו על סענופ כעכס ככעלס סכפוניס כחסקון פ'. ועכ עלום סוס 3סעקועות ססקריפס סיס כיו"ד ועם"ס סכיס. רק מכביסיס וכפוכיס ולל עספקוקי' 3תוכס שסס נודעיס כככ פחד סכל דברי כציסיס וכתוניס 5 סיו שגוריס בפי שכ סכנניס ציין ע"ז די. ועטעס זט שלעכנו כשס סז'ל דקליין וכל כתיכן סכונ" עלך גס כמל סכר סקדעס לנקללום גדוכות. דפוס וויניניק נלסעס כגד סלפודי קעסי ולברבכפ"כ \| לשכ 5נרו כב סחד 3ופן שחר מסקליין וכפיכין סיו לק ספקופ פשל נספפקו קנסי בכס"ג \| מיי"ם \| כסריכו וכבעל עיקליס. לער ג' פ'כ ס' וכן בנפול פיניס ולדעפי גס דככי ס"ס 3כדריס 5"ו ויכ'כו בוקרק 6מו סננסולות ככוניס נ"ז כי 55 לק קליס סנכות ופסקי מיעניס סכלעות וסנגינות כעו שסלריכו סעדקדקיס ככקיותיסס לג 5ל סי סנניכום 3כ"ז טעעי סנגינופ עסיני וכפעכו כעסס (ני עסעלות עול שכד עוכס זקף וכדועס 5פי שכל כתנו לכתוב בס" סיו ספקות ודעות סונופ. ועי"ז. גס. סס'כיס וסטעיות גס 3כתינת ססולס סיו שנוםיס \| כ3פרט 25 סננסולו' סכלו' ננלסו ויפיכו' עס שסעכו 3נס' סופל" פ"ו ס"ד ג' ספל" כע5סו במזרס ספר (עעוכס זלטוטיי וכטיכו ססחם פיי לור יניס לדעסי עעשס זס סי" קודס סו ביני עזרס (וקפסר שפחת עזרס 55 נזכל) כי עיצי מזכס וסילך 6של שס עטרפו כל לק נכפיבת ספל תוכס כ" גס 3חועשיס 5יפידיס ופקן כסוטי3 ס"ס 3יד סופל וכקכן' בו" וציין כעצ"ס פי"ז \| עס' 3ככופ שעיניו כסנו לסענניד עפולגען 55 יסיס כזסת שלס כספר סחד יס" זסנווטי וכ3' ספכליס כערי שסי' 5ריך כבטוכ כוסח זלטוויי (נמיכס זט כי סיו ספליס כביס 3זען סזס עוגסיס וגס. מועשיס 555ו והך זסטיוטי בעקוס כעלי סי לופל בזענן סצתקת צ-3 זקניס (נגלס י"ס ובעס' סופליס ססר ספסר טעס זס שסיס ידוע כסס עסיזס ספליס קדועיס שסיס כפוב 3סס זסטויי גס סזקניס סעתיקו זלטוטי עיין פוס' עגלס (ביקוםלנני עגכס דף ז' מסל סך זסטוטי כעקוס כעכלי 5של 5ריך לסגיס וכסוסיף עלעכ זם דפל'כ. ₪5 יפי" ססטצון שס ככון שלעל "ג וסעוכסיס שס רק 5% ולדעתי סכוונס עס שלעקו עכ קנת פיכות תוס שקס סיקון סופריס 5ל כנ"ם סעיקריס (נ"ג פכ"5 כ"ל כעו שלונלכו וגס סעלוך עלך עטכ פ* עד"ז עס שלעלו עיטול סופליס פי* סקרק 8 כעו סכעות כל סרו שתלגוס כל עטלו וכן סופ 3ל"ן כדליס 5"ו כי עסחכס סנשי כפריס וכו' פשר 5מוסם 6ער שסן סכנ"( כי דולו קדועיס סיו עשפדסי עיי"ם ססשל יש מפלט ג"פ. כוונפ פיקון סופכיס עד"ז שסקופריס פקכו עס םסשקצפו וקלסו וד' עודכו עועד כפכי סככסס 5₪"כ כעו שסוס כפכיכו ופכרסס פודכו עועד וכן 3כולן סנקלפו פ"ס") 6שר ספשל עפוך פקלילק סשתקנקו גס 3כפיכס וטעו, ופקכו ססופריס פי' עזכס וססכנניס עעו וסחליו מעסקו 3עכסכפ סקדם כתקן קליס וכפיב' ספוכי 3 פנכיניס עככל סטעיוס ושגיסות סכפכו 3שגגת. ססופריס שכל שעקו ככ 5רכן ע"פ סקככס סלנניתית; 6כן כל זפת 5ס גס סס סחזירו ספוקס כיושנס כסקן כל ענכיני כפיכס וקכיפת סתוכס וכפי סכרלס סיכל שצדולות ססליסס יניסו ססינוסיס כעקדס כתכו נס דדריס פפו סנונעיס כעכץ קלס פסוקיס פסקי טעעיס וסכלעות ונגינות פשל 65 כפנו ככס3 3ס"ס פו בספר (יוסד וכפרנן 3סחו(נסיס 5של כפצו ממיחידיס וסס גס נועס שלעכנו דכל תיו כופצין כס"פ דסוי כעין פולס ש3ע"פ יסיס סקול ככפו3 עניכיס 6כס 3קועשיס סו 3ספר (ניוסד 3כ"ז סיפס זפק כסס כסתיל עשוס דסוי ככל ספטל 6ו שכתצו זסת ע"ד סימכיס כעו שסנלו גטין ס' סלוגיס ססני פי' רסשי פיצוס לשל כ3כ"ק סשפעטו 3סופן זס גס סכעיס סחליסס 3ככ פכיני תולס ש3ע"פ 3עסך סזען שסיס סקול ככתו3 תולס שצע"פ דכוכי זלת לס גס סי" כסס (נגכת ספליס 5כ"ז עפננד לסשככ סכ שפכת פשכר סיס כסס 3קכ3כס ועס שפדקו ככל דכל (וסרענ3"ס כסקדגנס כ"ס כ' דלסד"ד סי כופ3 5ע5נו. ססר ברתי במ"ס וככון בציכי עס שכ' ככ" 05 טנס" \| בלסנר ) בעקכלות נדוכום דפוס וויכיניפק כים פ' כעדכר י"מ פיקון סופריס לשכ כל ידעסי כפרם כי עלנל שלל סונפו 3פי ססדר נס לפי סענין סס לק ט"ו ונפלט עכין תקון סופליס 5םל 55 מנספי כט"ס כ"ל ב"כ על ספסוק ולְברסס עודגו גע5ל כספכי כ' כסעלפך ד"ס ויסי לטל עונפיס פס לק ז' ת"ם ובעכינתל פ' 3סכק ד"ק נלו3 נלוכך וכן לכוס דכ"כ פוכפו ז' וכוספי' עוד ד' שר 3כ"ז סס כק י"ל וכיכקוע ד"ס 3כו3 נלוכך שסס דכלי סעכילפפ ועדכם תנקועל סקכ ססניפ כנכלס עכלם דככיו לסון סנכילפל סניס עוד סעט פכוקיס ועיין עפנום כסונס פ' ויקל לס גס פין ספק 555 ט"כ כתנחועפ נקוף 555 טכנו ספפוקיס 5מו לכסי כנס"ג ולכך נקללו סופפיס סול לק סוספת פות3 ועפלם עפומר וסלככפי כע"ל ועיין ע"ל פי"ע : 4 סכזכר 3שס תכס לחד לשר פוס סגסון עסכי"ץ מיו"פ ז5"ל בע"ם עסל"ץ כספלו פ"כ וסור כ" דף ס'ג בסצלס עם שפזסיכ כ' ישמעפכ ספת כ" ככלונין "ג ככי סזסר ב(נלסכסך (נלסכם שעיס שלס לתס (נסקל סו ניפכל פופ סחש כע5ס ספס (נסליב סס כל סעוכס כפי שר" כפ3 3סועשיס סלו עלס לפק 5סיננן שיזכיכ 6ם סדלקוק שתיו כו כססר 3ספלס דכ"(נ כפוד וסנס טוב עסוד עפוש וכפכופ עול סוכ וצילוסלגני פעכית סל דועס לוי ולכן סזסיר כו שכל יכגיכ כעשוס כן שעל יטעס ויכפ3 כן 3גוף סספר (פס גס סככם סעלננל כפסוטו כפי שר"( סיס סופל גיץ כ'ז סוסיר כו סכל יסעוך על גדוכפו ויכפו3 לק עפוך סספכ 2 שכס3 כפי מס סעלסנו בעגכס ועיין ילושכעני שס פ"ד מגכס 3 -2 ושפס שס פס" 3שעק פ - לו כפי סי" שפיס ככ3 כ"ז כל יסעוך עד"ז סיכי דספםל) עכ ככ פנכיס 3כ'ם מעזכל וסיעפו דלגו לוד על סיניס ס3סיס וספסנלו 3כל עוז כעשוק פעוכופ 5גנען יעעדו כל סתיקוכיס שעסו 3עכין כפיצת וקלילק סתולם כדור לקלון וכס יחזרו כעקדס סספקוק ודעוס םונות ושס סופל סעוכ כעזרס ע"פ ספסוק עזרל ז' עזכס כסכל ספל דפל ילוע כו כפי כל ססולסוק סעוכֶתות פס עשופף סופר כפופ3 ס"ת ככועד תוכלס ולסופל וסוש3 (נכין לופיופ כי סוס פקן ופגיס ספל קולם, סוס כעד לת סעס סתוכס שצכק3 עס ספולס מצע"פ לםר כזסת כווכו ככדלי' כ"ו ויקלל זס פלנוס פי' כווכם סתור' ש3כפ3 ע"פ ספוכ' מצע"פ וגס סוס סי' סכסמון מכעכי סעסוכס שנקלסו 3שס סופליס כפי עס שלעכו קידוסין ל נפני שפיו סופליס ועוכיס כל סופיות שכתוכלס כסוס ני"ז גדל וסיג של יכולו זליס נכפלי דעופ סנפסדות כסנות 5 סקוכס ונס כל יכסלו סכופציס ועעפיקיס 6ק סתולס 3ככ3ות סיעיס כסנכוק ד3ר 3שגגס וככי דעס 6םק כזפם כוון כ"ע שפעל לצו פ"ג (נ"ג (נסורק סיג לסורס, ודככי כ"י בכדריס 5"ו וקכ סופליס. ספכם כ"ע לועזיס ע"ז 3סופן. קליפס סעכוס לסל יולכו ססופליס וספכעיס צסס כבר נעסר כעשס עפיני ופס יודעיס סופס כק ע"פ סקצכס סי (נפי סיש: אולם 3כ"ז כל כפקייס העסס וססעוללו. ספיקופ ופיכוקי דעות לשל מזסש סעסו קדושץ כ' לכ כל בקיפין כססלוס ויתלו' 3פסוקי 5ל בקילין ססר ככ סעלעכ מס 5ליך פי' ועלטכו 10 עפולם שסיו חיכוקי דעו 3סקלילס עשנס ע"ז כ" סיך סקס קוקס כי טוכיס דודיך ס"כ סין סד3ר כן 6של (נפוכם 6ו כפי סכל סיו עכוקדיס ולו שסיו ע"ז כוסססו' שונופ כספליס סכסס למל ים לס3ין 3זס ג"כ עס שסעכו כפוצות ס' ידו כפיב וכפכיכו 3ככ ספלי פסכיס ידיו עי" עסלם"ל סק" = לק כיון דכל סיו (נכוקדי' ידו כויו שוופיס וידיו כּיוד ויו שחת 3קלילס וסגסון (נכי"פ ז"כ סעיר כסגסות כש"ק עכ עס שסעקו 3ככופ נ"ז 56 פקלי גויס סכל גייס 3"3 ס' פלום כרעד כחננך כפיב בטין ועיין יונל פ"ז כסיב ישעס וקריין ישעס כ3שץ ינכית וכן כעקועות קסליס 3ש"ס ועדרשיס ספלי ועכילפס 6של סכיס כפעניס ספסוק. ודלמו עליסס לשק כפכיכו סין כן כסכפוכי ועיין סכסדכין ק"ל ויעפל פו (נצצי כי 6נל כ' שעעון 3ן יוחפי עלעד שעסח כן סקצ"ס סשל כוקלל שכפניכו כפיב ויצתל ועיין פוס' עילוכין ס"ס ד"ס 55 (נגכ' ג' ד"ס ויכן שלגיכ סש"ק כקכר סקל וככפוד סכווכס ופוק' 3"5 קי"ג כ' שכל סיו כקיסיץ כפענני' כפסוקי' ובענ"ל סעכתי שענסנו בספרי ספלפ ווכיכתל כסוניל דיכי' וסככוק (ען עכות ספסוקיס סמל סין כפכיכו כן וכס (נ5ספי צד"ז כס"ס 3כ5כי וילוסכעי סמל לין כועל שסול לק 6סעכקס ותוס' יבעופ ע"ז דכ' עקינל כל למיק סדעתי ספפוק כיחזקסכ וננם"כ ע"ז בכוב"י (נס"ם מס"ננג מ"ס עכ ככ פכיס כציץ עי"ז שסעל סיסי 3ן יסודס עס כ"ז מעסס פסוקיס סין כו סכלע סל 6ננכיכן קוס שכל לכו ספסוקיס ופסקי טעעיס וסעסי כ סכלינ ע"י פקוק מצעיס ועיין תוס' מס מס כתיב 3סכ(כסל וצפרנן ספסוק 6לוכ. שסול פקוק חדם 'ופפי סילוטכנני (ענגכס "ל סכו סכלעוק פחוק עוד סקום" 6סל 5פי שלעלתי נכון כי פס גס עזכל וסיעפו פקנו כל 55 כ3כ'ז לסליסס כוכדו ספיקוס ודעוס םוכות ו3סעפ כככ כ' פום' כדס דף כ'ג ד'ס וסנשל שסננקולס חולק על סש"ס עיין קס כסגסוק ופוס' עלכין כ"כ דברי סענפחיל 6םל סלץ כן בסועש סעדויק וקועס כ"ל וכסזי ספי כל סי כפמ"ד סכ"ף סי בכע"ד וי"ו וכן כסגסות סגלון לע"פ ז"כ כננכ' פסחיס שסניס מקועו' ככוס כם"ק ועדלטיס וגס 3ין כעכי סעקולס 3ע5נס כידוע סן מיכוקי דעופ קסר פטעס כי לס גס שין כסכחים עס שלעכנו שלכוונס ניוחדת סי" עסק3"ס סקקיין וכפיצין עכסופ מסלופ ויפלו לס' סינוכיס ככ"ז כפי מכפנינו כפולס סקקין וכתיכן לק כלופוס 11 לסו"י סקר סן כם כספרל ונקכ עי"ז עסוד ככוס סטעות גס בכפ3 לופיות מכו כפלט סחיכוף 3ין יוד כויו ססר קו סלו לק עלוך יופל של עטעס זם סזסלו ככפ3 ספריס בע"פ כ"6 מפוך סספר עגפס "ד וכק. עי"ז עקול כל סחיפוקיס 3ין 3עלי עסולם וגער' וגס כין כעכי (נקולס יסד ד"( פ' סעופ פ' "ג ססר פסס כי יניסך 5יוד 5מק5ת ספליס בו בעקלסוס גדוכוס. דפוס וויכיליסס ובאך כויו שווליפ 5ס גס סמככ יכחים שסק3"ם :ופ כעשס וכלך כויו פשל כס כבד סול כגד חק סכטון גס ים לסכריע מעכת יכיסך סקל עוד פעס לפת 3פרשס זסם ‏ מסקו ען סוד ככסב עלוך 3טעופ כו וים כועל שנפפוס סטעופ לפי ססויו שווסיפ דועס 3קריסס כציפ ספעוך 3כי דגם 3נכת יכיסך וסיוד ען יכיסך כדחק 3קלילס ע"י סיוד שלפניו 5עלס כי 3ככל זסת קת ספליס ונלך ויו ודעתס ככ" 6ס גס כעכעס עענו סכווכס סכל זסת ככעעס קלין וכפינן תסלופ ויפלות וסנקפלוק כד' סכסינו וככו לק כשעול וכעסות כככ סכפו3 3פולס ולפי שסיס כפניסס כך 3ספלי' סלסס 06 גס 3סקסיפם כל סים כסס ספק ש5ריך כקלות יביסך בכ"ז 3סכק3 כל מכסו לת ידס כסגיק ועיין פוכי סול סו ספל ככי יוכס שכ' וז"ל ועק5ת ספליס וכסך כויי סול טעופ ועיין 3תםו' כ"י כצית כוי סי' כ"ז ספשר כעסות יל זס לפ" ספינין סחריס שין 5ליך עכ"ל ששל ענכס זסק נוכל כדיץ גס עכ ספל מיכוקי דעו 3סעסולס ועי"ז גס סטעיוק כבספכיס כפי מכל כע5ס 3תולס כעו שסעכנו לק 3סופיום ססו"י וככר ססכיכו 3ספליס שי וכפיזס עקוס כעקופ סדין כעפקוכלם 5י כצעכי סש"ק ולין כסלליך וכסזול 56 סדכר שלעכנו כי סקקין וסכפיכן כפכו ככו עפי ס' כפיעכיס וסן סכע"ננ וכס כדעפ עוכ"ם שעשו 6נו פסופליס וסשפעטו 3סיעניס 6כו ככעד 6 סעס כיסוליס ופילוםי"3פולס לכן 3ככ זלס 5 נכחים שגס ססופליס עסו סיעניס עדעפס כעו ססותיות גדוכופ וקטכות ו כצתי 3 גסון סיו דסתגכס סדכיע 3עכת פחד וסלש ‏ 3כל פשתחוס 555 סקל ' זעילס ויקלל וכל ספחקיס 3כ"פ וגס) ) עיין טו"ז יו"ד סי' קעד סעסר סנקודום סיו עפקנת עזקל. כעט"כ תוס' נזכמיס פ' כ' יסעעלל כסכת3 עזכל ספולס עפס עסכ נקולום וסעכ פס ילעל עפס 3ל כקדמי 5פכ ס5ל 5ס פסקתי (סנסון מסכ"ץ סיום :5" כספכו נכול ססלינוד כעקוס סלסף כל פקנות עזל? סי" לסעיר. גס על דנכי פוס' 55ו 129 סצשר כקודום ספיומסיס כעזרס סמל פכיסס כ' סרנננ"ס 6"53 מס' כ" ויוסר בסותיוס גדוכום וקטנופ וסכקודוס כעו ססעתיקו ססופריס סיש פיי 6ש כל סדנכיס ספנו 65 נסעכו 6כס כעכוס (נן סעוכקל וסמכעיס בדולופ 6מכיסס סרמינו דכך ]םס כקצוע סלכס ו דבר סכננס ועוסר על ספפוקיס כעו מלעלו סעסר נקודו' כספק פוקס עיוססו' כעזקל ) 25 5כיך לסגיס כפסקי פוס' ענסו' פ' כל סקקנכו' וכן סול כסגסום כס"ק כמס' סכָּום דכ"כ כי' "7 וסס עפומכי סכנס 3סשללס עדככ עסכם סנקול וסול ישיכ סכל עסק ונס' כן יוסטי כי ניםכ ססכוונס כפִי עם"כ כם"י סנסדקין ע"ג על סך נקודופ טנסוכס דכל נקודס 53 מעעט וכן ככ" לשכ כזלם כווכו עזקל סעכ 5ס 3ל לליסו (ולד"ק סנקסס עטס) וילער לעס נקדם ‏ פי' סל כל נקוד כעופן ע"ז יענס סלפ 5 עסקסי ענוף סדככ ס3ינס סועכס כעזפי ככקוד זס סעלנד פסטופ יכון ספסוק עוד דכסס סגלפי סנקול שעעיכן ססיפך לשכ ככל זס 5כיך פיכום 5פי סגלסס 3 ות דכ"כ ולס 'סעכ כעס כתנסי סותן לועכ כו כנכ נקדפי עכיסן ולס לעכ כו 'פס כסנת 5ענוכ סנקודס ‏ טעכיסן וכן סניל סעלוך עלך כקל נפס סנדת עסני נכסל זלת וסול 3ּע"כ פ' כעדככ כסכוי קלס עכין עעס נפסך 05 ימכ 5ן עפני עס כפכם ילעל כנכ כקדתי 60 3זס פין עסולץ פעסס 55 כסוגן ונס הפן 550כ 5 5עכ יפס כפנם סענוכ נקולתי כעס ועל עס סלס פס. כפ3 ט5כיך לסעניל סנקודס . ולדעפי ליטב דככי ססות דל"כ ויסיו ללסליס עס דכ סוס' לק לס נניס כעקוס ‏ יפעכ לי יפס נקדם וסעכ לא יפס נקדם 393 כי בפעם. 5כיך פי' ספ פין ככיל כספי כסדם 237 ועיין עגלס ג' עננפך לופיס לעכוס וכעו סלל סיס יד עזכס לעפות פפוקיס ופסקי עעעיס כספק תוכס עסוס של סין כספל טכפנ עס ס"כ סיך 3פעת עסס עזכל סעסק נקודום כק כפי סנללס גס עזקס 592 סעטכ כקודות כקפלי פוקס לשכ סי' כפכיו עםופלי' קדעוכיס וכלס לפי סככעפו ססן ען לוכך נדול ונל סיפס די 5ו 05 יכפכ קק כספק פיופד לו כסועסיס שכלנור ועל ככ פכיס סין פוענת סעסיקס סיפס פוס כו ככזק סעניע עי"כ ולכן גל שנס עספליס סקדעוניס וכפנו ללס נס נס"פ טפו ונס פקן ככ ספלי פוכס מססקו 55ס ועשס זל כסק 3יםכל5 סככפנ סעסל נקודום לטל כזספ כוונפ פסקי סוס' לס ילעל לעס כפנת פ" סל פין כ כסדם דככ ע"ז ילער כל פסקפי פי' סכך סיו עכוקדיס כנכ ולני כק 05 פסקפי לומן סטכ זל סס גס דככי לכות דכ"כ לק בסכיכו' קלפ דכך עמס נפטְך לס יפעכ לי מס כסבפי לועכ כַכַר כקדפי עמיסן פי' ססיס ענוקדיס כככ ולס. יפכ 5ל יפס כפכת פי' ככל זפ 5 עוכ עסית סכל ק"פ ען עטס ככנו כל סי' כן ולס סקנת כל סטעיום 5עס 55 סככפ גס 3עכין עפק נקודות 3עקנום. טל ונפס ככינו וכסנק לוסן 3סספכיס ע"ז לעכ ילער 5ו כל יפס וכו' 9 פעכוכ סנקודום כסעם לף לכי ססעין שכק <עכוס. ען סעוכתל זלת כע"ם סלענ"ס ויסכיס נס עפס עעי : 1% לכסל בנכעל סוס 55 פקלל כך לכל כך וסיפ' (נטלתס לפק כזכלון עזר ועשען ע'י סיעכיס בפורס עיין עול ככוכיס) סנק ) דכל סלכסום נכסון 55 פקקל סן לק מליפפ סטיל כעסות סינניס לעען יסי' נםעכיס 3כס סווככ ע"י כפכי קדם טסכעיכו עכיסס ועיין שכ"ס פ'ג ד"ס 55 פקכי וקכלפי כ"ע טלעכו ל"ם עסוס פים ליזס קופי' סכל לקלו' כך ולכי לועכ דלפעעיי לועל ס"ס לף כסלין קופי" כקלילפס לק לנפוס ספותו דנל כעלעו סי' פקוכג סים עפי סים כדי סנל ישכס עפיסס ולס עפי זלעס סעו כפו סינן כפיסס וסלינו ליוכיס כדככ כדעום לסעכסל וסעכו 55 פקקל ועיין עכו5 סםמנוד פ' כ"ס שסדקוטיס סנלעקיס ככסון 5"ם כל כק 3סימוף סופיום 3ין סעס5 כיעץ סו סנקודום וסככות כעו כככום ז' 55 פקלל טעום כ"ל טעום וכדועס עפכי שנכפכי סקודם סין כקודופ סנקל כקקות כעו שילום 3עיכי סקוכס כעסום כינכיס לשכ ככוכו כעיכיו, גס כס"ל ופים 3ככום 5' 50 פקלס 3סדכס 0 נסדכם עיין ע"ס כפי טים סופליס ש5ל סיו פוכין 5 לגל סס"פ וסיס נללס כעו סי"ם, ‏ לו כפי שסס עעונל לסכ גס כסטל סוסיופ קדוטין כ' סל פקלל וסננסס לכל וטכספס עיין כט"י, ונככות ;"ד 55 פקלס סנכת כ"ס סלננת (וסול כעץ כגם וככם וסנכית כפל כ<פי ססוס דנש וגס כו"ן וכע"ד ‏ עססלפין ככודע) וסכיס \| םס 5לכיך עיון \| דכפי סכפנ"ס דעיקל סדכטופ לק דלך ססעכתס דכ סתוקס 05 כן עס עקסס סגע' כלכות 5' וס 3סכדם כסי3 כ"ס "ג 50 פקכס כסכם 055 כספים וסכי כסלם כתינ סל 5פי סכענ"ס פין כסן דכשס געולס ולק סקעכפס ועלי ליכפם כן ס"כ נסעל כסדכם פו כלעכ לט5ט סוף סוף יכוכין כסעוך דכך זס כמיפן כעלעל וכנס סלככפי כסנסום לש" עכ"ל ולכי נפסוכתי ליו סלככסי כי כנע' לסל 5פניכו כככופ לק ודכפל כעונס כי סט דכ"י ודכ"ס וסל פכָעי לי" כנופי' כיון כפי סטל"ס סי' סדככ עקונל וכק כסניפ מיוכי' סעכו 55 פקכי וכיון דככיך כסל דכ"י דסוי עליין כפטי" כקלום 3סדכם וכן ככ"ס דענעי" 5יס כגופי" כסיום כטלם 5"כ פין זס סיען ולפעכסל כיון דכל עספטע פקכס כעס"כ סוכ' כ"ס "3 כ"ס ד"ס מכס וכפכט 5פי סככל סכ"מ סכלמכ כס"ס מכל כן לו עכל סכי עשי פלטו לסניס קפיס ען ספסוק סכל פפי קכל כל ככר סכל לסנכסס. עיין סכ"ס ס"ז ע"כ ד"ס עכס כן ס"כ קפס 3כלכות פסקטס ככל סכי ימי וככ"ס שסקסס עכל פן שפכלו לסניל לפיט ען ספסוק 55 פקלי 06ל לק ספעכסל סוס ועיין כפ"י 3ככום ע"ד פסכס דע"כ 5ל סייך כסדלם עענם לכל ס"כ 6כן קולין 3סדקם וכן 3כ"ס טע"כ דלשס נעולס סיס וסלככפי עד"ז כיםכ סקילת סעפולטיס על סתיקת ספ"ק טסקסס כפעמיס :"כ קלס וכפעעיס פלנו 5קעכפפ ולין כספקיך וכק לעולל פס על דנל 5סד 3ססוכתי לסל 950 סן כעיכיו סלסון 55 פקלס 3פעעיס על ע:ס ססת טים 05 ססי סוכלות לשל כככון 3זס ד3כי סופ' עיככין ט"ז 55 פקלס פעכו 55ל נפנכו פי' לכ פקכס כפי 050 נעכו דגס ולין כן סכל ענכו סנפיכס דגסין וכו" וכן עליכו כספלי וכל ככ ליסס פץ כפיכ כפן 055 וכל כם מיסס לפק (כיך פי" וסנס כספלי סלפניכו דפוק וויכליפס סעכ 2' 95עוכ 3ן יעק3 55 פקלפ 14 ג' פרק (נ'ג: ור"ע 6של סלו עכיו עכסו' כ" שסי" דוקש על כל קוז וקון פיכץ פיכין של סכפות כרלס כי סול סלסם כין סתכניס 5שר סקז וסענניד דכך סמכגניס סללטוניס סנקלסיס סנס 3שס סופליס כחפש וכ(05 עזר ויתד על כל סננקוככ וסעחודק 3תולס לשל טעס כ3חירק דרך זס פס מכד סוכ שכ' 3ד"( לעען 55 פפרסקנס ססככוק (נן סעקלס ולס יכסלו סכגנידיס 5שכ כל 3לו עכ עוענק סעכין כסנר סין כסלכס סזלק קשל וקכול עכ ספולם וכסקסו' כסס כי ככ דכל סעקונכ וסשכ פלניד וותיק עחדם 3סללי קדםש יפודו, 6ו עטעס כעעוד עי"ז כגד כת ס5דוקיס כופלי פוכס ש3ע"פ 6סכ פלו ולבו ופפ ככל ססר ידעו וסלחיכו עכ 6דעעפ סקדם יתד 3סקולס שצכת: כי עיקר סקכלים סי' כזסע כפת עד"ז סינניס 5כל ישכסו דלי וכל כם ליקס 955 ל נם כיפס עכסיו כל סכוגע של םל עטס לפס פולסת סיכך וסיכך ותחת כפס נקודת סכעד כסול וססים 3פפס ונמפק סעויץן ככסיכם עולס פכק ז' כ' ססכוונס 55 פקכי כסס סעניכו כעו כו 955 למס לפכ ע"ז כ' תום' סכוונפ סספלי כלעכ. ק"פ לס גס סין סספכופ 3כס3 כק 3פכועת סקעץ וספוכס סטכ ג"כ כסן סייך 5ל פקקס ננגו סכל עעכו פס לין סינוי ככפ: כק כתנועס עיי"ם ועייץ פסיקתס וכ+ גם סלל כספנס סדעם פכיו מדעום ססי' עסל קיני עדיין כלפי סי' עועד ועסלפ פכי 55 סי ולדעתי עד"ז כי נלם ונעכו עדכר כעדו ככי' ונספק יסיד כק ססיפוק כסוקלם נספר סוכלס סכון כלגש לססכוס כנו נכינוי ספועליס יםעכנו כדגם ונעדנכ כעדו סיו כלוי כסיום סכון לפי וכפניס ליכס נננכי כעי ככינוי ספועכי', יסעכנו עיין כיסור ככלסית נ' פקוק כ"3 וסיו קוקסין לכסי \|נזכס סך לכסי עעכנ ססר על פיסס לכו כוסגין סיו קולסין כסגול לס גס סכפג"ע. לעכ כי כק סעכין יוכיס 5סל 5פ"ז יסיס ככון 55 פקקלו עענו 3ליכס וסכון לפס כ" נעכו כסגל וסכון 3דנט כק כווכם סוס' כעו טלעלנו לסגיד 5כו כי סל סקקס עננכו 950 נענו כסעת חין עסכיף כק כפון 55 פקקל סוס כנכס לשל ים פס 3' כווכות וסניל כל" ען ספלי ססכסון 55 פקלי גס דכך זס כי עפ נס פוכל 3סיות סעכל וגס סנינוני 6סר לולת כיוון כספלי 55 פקכי ולל כ ניסס 555 ונס כס (יפס 5סכ פין כוונפו על עלפ ליסס כי לס על עלפ כס לטק פוכל כסיות ענר וכיכוני כק כפן סול :יכוני ולעל עכסיו כל סנונע 3נשל ולס 3ספלי סוכס כסון טל פקלל 3עלס שים כו 3' סוכסות גס ספי" 3ננ' 55 פקפס נעכו ל5ל פעכו ג"כ שסכוונ' כלן ככספל ודעפ סנסון ע"ו פייס פסללפק ג'י סכוונס סספלי 55 סקלי וכל כם כפלף על סטפילס כי לס וכו ככ נויו לסולו' על ספיו3 סנס סכוגע עכסיו כ"ל לסל עופו סניסס פוקס פיכך ולילך כונו פס סי ססדס ושל2 כפיות סגנופו סולכיס ועתכועעיס תוניד וכלסק ינע פים 3כשלו סס פוככיס לו כוקסיס עעקוס 5פקוס . 15 פולס של ע"י סשקידפ פפכעוד סדסיס 35קליס וע"י. ליעוד סספטים 33קי ס(דכשי' סל זט סוסל וזס עפיל ע"י סשקלסלוק דיכוק דבריסס כספולס שדכס3 יענסו יתד וגס 5 ישכחו עס כועיסס קסר גס עטעס זס. 6ער כ"ע עקולת פיג כפולס גיין כרטוכולס כפי שדככי ספוכל' שנענסלו נדלשס וכעו שלעכו ויציכו כונקלל סכו סננקולק פן גדל וסיג כפולס כשעול ולעטו, וכעלי סעקלס סשקקו 3סיעניס כזכול דככריס ניומדיס 3ּפכגן דבכיס סזכיס עיין ית סבחירס כלצום שופרש 3זס דברי כ" מס3סנו למסרת סיג לפולס וז"ל פי" שסקיג שססדס עופס כעכפעו כזכירק סדכרי' סס גדל כפולס כטעול סכל ישפכפו ועסלפ עכסון עסלס כפי שבעכי (נסכס כסגו כן כזכול דכריס סזכיס שצעקלסוק ד"ע שצג' נקועופ כפורס נענפו סכפינו (נקדם וכסופטיס ט' סתי עיכזו וקיננן חד דכציפי ופלין כפורס וסיעכך פד"ס פיי" שסכיס סוניס ככיס ססר כסנס וכסנס 3ספלי ענסולס; וע"ד מעכלנו כם"ס 3עקוס םים (נלעכיס כלביס כסכיל (נפחכס רק (נכס פסק לסיען סשקפעסו גס כעניכי עסלס שכס כסציל ספקוקיס שכניס כפי שסיס ידועיס לק קנפס כסזכיר עכ ידו כל ספקוק נדליס כ"ו וכן 3ס' סופריס סככס ם' יש 6שר שס פפענניס כק עכם לח ס5ריך פיי ופיקון כעו מס סככת ז' פי' ענכש יכ וכגכעון לכיםעע סקוטס מ"ל כלשל (5ספי סח"ז ג'כ בספר. סיקר גמטיכוטקדיצסטכיכ 5מרטוצגע נכלפש סוקלי קדונוניות עס"ו יו"טו 5וכן דף 5"ם סעלס ד' ש5"כ ויעועכ וכנכעון לפיפכט מעע ססוטל פ" שעלק יעולל ססר ללכו 3ס' עקועופ 3פנ'ך כליך כסיות לעיסכ וכקח (נכע סעוקדעס לו סעסוחלת עספסוק כעו שסול שס 3ננכ' סופלי' סלכס ו' וסכו פס של ככיסיס ושל כפוכי' קככו סוטי 6על לו וכו' ששל ג"כ 5כיך פ" מכס כו של פפי סנללס קוכ3 על ספפוק וסעכ כו כי פתס תפן שעוסל 3/6 י"ז וקס 3ספוך לו כפי3 וכל סקלי וכן קס 3סוף ודנכו סשר כל ענסתי עלס זסק ולדעתי. כסגיס במקוס ודכלו ש5"5 פללו סו ופילסו וסו33 על ספסוק 3שו כל סללו ספ ופילפו יוכ ו' כ"ל סמל סקלי פו וסגלון עסל"ס וויככל כ' 3כ' שנופ מכיסו דף כ" ג"ל 55 דככי ול"ג סלכס ז' עכילל ויכיסל שכי סעופ מל סופליס ו3גלעין ‏ 55 3' גכניון 0 ישעע ססופר פ' 6כיסםעע ססופל וגרע סני דכליס של חש3 3נוקולס כעו עניסל ויכילפ 16 עכ"ל ולדעתי כע"ש ועיין עסולם גדוכס שכס כענו. לק ט"ו עקועות 3קנ"ך סטר' כפוציס 65 ונקליס כו וחקלו ד' עקועוס ססר סומ כ3ס' סופריס ובעקלסוס גדוכופ דפוס וויכיליסס דף פנ"ג על ספקוק ישי" ט' כל סגדכת סשעחס ט"ו כס דכפיבין 3 וקסליץ פו וסיננן כעסכ 3סדר שעיכי ופלין ען ספכוגתל ותלי סיפ 6של פולת כון פגלון שכ' וצגלעון . ב גרעון פי' םנגרע 3' דכריס שכל ססבד כננסולס וכוכ3 עכ ס:' פסוקיס ססר עליסס כ" צ3עפולס ופקין פכוגפס וססרכפי בסטוכס. וסנת כלל זם שסנלו עשס סיעכיס כתולס וכשסצחו ככי יסודס עיכוכין כ"ג דדייקס 3כשכס ועכחו כסו סיעכס ספולם כסקייעס בידו (לשל"כ ככ גכיס סי" כחק כ3ישכסל סכםננר ונכעשס עצכ דרפיס סוניס עגכס כ'3 כן ן סקוקס 53 כעי:נס וסוכס 3כס ז(נרס וכ' פופ' כפי שסיו לגיכין לשכופ סעשניות 3ועכס כפי שסיו טוכין סופן 3ע"פ וע"י כך סיו כזפכיס יופק וזעילות סיו כסס ספוקה ססר יש כפכם עד"ז (נס שלעלו 33לס פ"ד סננר כי גנלס גננר ז(נילפל תסל כוכס דכלי רש"י םס כפי שתן שוכין סעסניוק 3זעל סמיב סר"י דסננכ (ולי כפק' כך וניכ םס" כך לשור סכככ בגעור בערל שנס פשכס ספ" בעשכס כי כס3"ג סין חופק וכננשניוק כננסו כפענניס יחד דיכניס סוניס כפי שסס עתכס סחדל לו ע'ז ספדעוס סכסון לו עכין עפ דכך שיען כחזק כם סזכלון כו סעשנזע פרק כ"ע פיט ר שכת כ3פ"ד. דפםחיס. ד מכילס דקס, ועכלכס 3כ"3 משר ‏ תס כפי סעקוס שנסגו, פ"ק דענכס סשל עוכס סככות. שכסעכו ככסון סין צין וש מש עד"ז קוש" פוכ' פפסיס (נ"לו ד"ק לין (נכטכין 6של סניסו 3כס ישו3") וכסכורי (נ"ס כסרפי 5ילוף וסקנול סעסכיו' וגס3פ'פ"כ סציל ) וגס נסידול סנע' על ססופני' סכסמכי' סגול וקסול עלעקיס. כעו סענסכו כספכי כלסוניס וססקוני' ועיין קס"י יועל ע"ל סיידי דסייכי כּסייס. נפוקכי' נקיט כס וכו' פס פכיכס סיסיס לקלקל ₪523 פ' סנום סייס סול דנקיט ט וסנלון כי"פ "5 כ' לעפוס כיש3 דכלי כט"י טספקוקיס כסוקיס זס עזס ספפוק סנופ סייס נסכי ג' וספסוק פפיכס לפיס סקל עפכי ס' ססר ש לפעוס עכיו כי כעטלי פ' פסוק "5 סול ג"כ. כי כּי יכנו. יניך. ויוסיפו 5ך טנופ סייס. עעכין זס עתקיל כס" ס' סכל סכנס פקקל ונפקוק ד' טניכס ליפיס סקלל וכפ" ט' פפוק י"ס סכתו3 סוכך ולונכ ו"כ עס"כ כפ"י 5גיכס סיטיס סקקל סנקיט עפני סספסוק פכיכס פיסיס סול ספס5ת טנום פייס 7 עכ סעמכיו'כפ"ק דמוכין םכס(נלוככסון כםל 3זס פ"ל דצככין 3כטון לס פחוס ולש יופר נכסופ פ"ג כל נניכיס שעעכניס זס 6ק זס, כדס פ"ז כל סעניניס סכמכיס 3כםון כל סחיי 3זס סקר כבכ לעולו כירושכני שקלי' שפחת סופלי' סעטו שת ספולס ספולוק ס' 5 יתלועו ס' דכליס סייב 3חכס "ו כסיס פוטלו' פ"ו ככיפו' 3פולס וסו53 כ3כם"י פעוכלס ט"ו וסייס שנרפו סדכלריס וענסוס יחד מכ ישקבחו שר פד"ז ג"כ 3כ' ס3ות דכ"כ ס' דכך סכן וכס"ס עכ כעס עקועות. -- ולדעתי סין כסיית סעפולמיס קזקס שסכיסו ען ססיעניס סכו סנכסיס \| כ3עשניות \| וגס מן ססיעוניפ = סנעכסיס \| (מפהליס כס"ק = ככםון ‏ וסיעכך לוי שי ליכי צלביירכס סעמכיות וכן ל" סמי סגנרס 3ספר 5םכ עד"ז כססיו כפוצין 3ספל ולל סיס שק מכקס על עס ססינניס 6כס וע"כ רק ככי ספס וקקס סננשניופ וכשסל סככ 5פ"פ וכן כ" כק 6סף וקצץ וסדכ. כפ סעענשס ועפן על פסעשניופ שנקחקדם 6של עטועס זס סיס 5כיכיס ככ"ז 'ססיוניס כי כפי סנלסס 065 גס ככצי כפ3 סעשנס ול"ס סגננ' עכ ספכ ע"פ סכבכם וסעכו על ספסוק עפ 5כעסות 3כל זסת כ סי" ססככלם (סס לכנוד לק עפוך סכפד וסדכבס סס ומכנניסס ידעו ג"כ כזק ס(נגי פ"י כפיכם פולס שבע"פ וספסעכו ג"כ מעיקל סכיעוד סקולס פסיס בע"פ. 5שר עי"ז עוד סנרכו כסקיענכיס לשל סיו כסס (יעני קדס וככס"ס עסעמכת פין לס" כי ככי םור דרכי סעמניו' כעו שסיו כפכיו ועשנס כס זזס עעקועס וכפלטן 05 גס ככפ3 סתולס מבע"פ 5כ"ז 05 סי' קוכנורסיס כלוב וסופרכו לוב פנעידיס לחזול 3ע"פ סעשנס עס סקוסיי ותילוליס ופכוגפות 3שס ססועליס כפי ססדר שכעדו וסוכלק לסס. סקיענניס. כפופות 3עקוס שססכקס וסטעופ כללס 5סס כספשר, וכסי' כזס כי גס סקינוכיס 3ם"ס פסר 05 כמ5ס סנוך כסס- סכטון וסיעכך כ" עלס סינן 35ד כעו: שעכופר כסכן עכ"פ (נמותכיס פס שעוליס שו על שעופ סמכעיס סו עכ פוכן (ללעכיסס ולעס סיס לפס כיעניס 5כו וס ככל כעדו נתוך ספל לק כפי 5 סיס עוד לספס 3זען סזס קונטלקיס ככ3 מו סונכ על ספפוק כי פולך יניס וסטום סייס כ"ל על ספסוק וטנום סייס ט' 9סל סכלם 6ליכס יטיס 9225 וסנלון עסכ"ם כספלפורט ג"י ספקיך זס ליזס 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חון 3עקוס לסד כנו שככסל כקננן ועיין (נכ'"ס כלי"ן. ובספר 3ס'ג ננסנו סינכיס כעו שסעיל 3כ"ח לשכ לין פפכינו :ש"ק סעולס כי כםננטו כעס סיעניס סשכ סיו 3ש"ס וכדעתי (נס שלעכלו 3עכ' ₪33 3סכס קי"ג. סי עשעע סימן סנכ כ3ס 3 30 שיכל שכ' כסגסות כם"ק שחוס שס סעול וכמכ סד"ס כל תכיס וכל סעיר עכ (נקוס זס כי כסן סי" (נלפכיס קינן לשל כל קוג" סגגנ' םס כפי סעעיין קשס עיין שעס סננקונכת לק נסקיעכיס קסכ כסננטו כש"ק גס פס סננקוס ססר סעכוק (נן סקיען כשעטו ועכפ כינן סכיחו 3שכקס וכן עשעע כשיטס (מקונפת דכס סכיל 3שס סגע' (נכם סיען פ"ם לי םע סנכ ככס 3 שיכס שננכס שכל סיפס כסן נכק סיננן לס גס לץ כחוק מכוונת סגעכל' כפכן סקושי' סי עסעע שנלענק קין רפיס ולק קיען סוס וכעו שלעכו 3כעס (קועות לע"פ ססין כסיס כדבר זכר כדפר, וים קינוכיס 33ס"ג סנכיכיס פירום ע"ם דף ק"ק דקק דכג קש3 ועיץ םס דף ק"ל סספק 19 דסורפ קינכל (נכפס כסוי סינם. דמזי פרסק פוכי לוני סלקל קל משר כ3ג' סוכיופ "3 כל כע65 פכסק וגס ספכנדוק כם"ק מתטי3 ישס ככתי לשל 5פי סענכדכי יכלפו שונסינו עיין וול פו"ק קי" פקפ'ג ולנלקש סגגנ' כפזי פסק ילכלו עיין סגסות כי"פ 6שר כסיס. נכס"ג 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גס פיה מיש כסס סצנס כעו פזר קשנ כב"ז בעו שקנרנו כק על דכך קינור סכסון סס. ולס. גס. כפי סכמון מכ ל' יפודם פיח נופן סימכיס דכ5יך עד"ם. 3קס"3 יכונס במס סימן וכלק על 6כה 5ד3 לשל נלסס ונגכס. כפנינו םנפנו כו כסיענן וכקצעו צגע' עכות לשל דססלו כסימן עסוגלות כדעות קני כצכס סו ע"י כקודות כפעעיס 3קויס עכ כללםיסס 6מכר ביס כיעניס סקויס 3טעופ כלקעו .כפ יס 3 סממכס וכפעניס ככסוף לשל 5ליך כפקן 3ככ ספינניס 3ּש"ס םינופו סקוויס קעיד לו בסוף ססות שו 3סוף סברק סננפס (נכבד דקדוקי עכיות 6כו יעכל. סכודק בסיעניס עול 5פנכס וכל דול נקודוק סני פסעל 5ו לקו, ועס שש5ספי כככון כסציכ בפרנן סטעיות לשל 3סס לפק כ" יבוש ל עקועו ופק 06 לדבר כק כל מסופס ודככס ועס שידוכר עניסס 3סספריס ססר סס מחת ידי וסנס 3כפרי סכסטוניס ‏ 05 מ5סתי שדכרו דכר כל סיעניס 6כס ועי ככו. גדול: עכם"י שעסק כעמעו סיען סדק 3סעוכס דף ‏ "ז ע"ס יספס יפנכ 6סר ככוכו ס(עפרשיס ליש3 וסככון בעיני מם"כ. ע"ז צספר סדר סעשנס דף כ"ז ע"3 5שר כפעעיס מפכלם עכ ‏ (נקועוק ססינוניס סטייכיס לסו 5 536 3קיעניס 6כס קוץ עגכת י"ס סיען שקדך שעפכש שכעס סנסכיב דרים כולם ולק עוד כקועות עעטיס 5סכ יצין סכועד גס כ5כי פירוסו ס5ליכיס פירום ופיקון שתק כט"י, ורק שניס (נספליסלסשוניס סנכי יודע 6) תוס' 3שס סכ"פ נכחות כ' ד"ס של 6חליס כפכלם 5כף לחלוכס (נן עכס טעס, 3) פוס' מוכין ד' פע" ד"ס (נכניס שסליר ככו דלך כי כווכפ 3על סננסען כסעיל על סמקועוק שנענ כ' ענשס 3מכ' חוכץ ) עי"םש סכ' ועיסו בעקועוק לסחריס וכו" ופעסתי נכ מסטיס דש ס"ד פיד קוק יש ידים סינכיס םכסל עד"ז ססינן 3ש3 כ"ד כגופי" ז(נרס 5פכס דחבכס דננכתס שר לער שס כי סול נעכס עעץ כל סי שכווכת ספיננן על סעקועוס שנזכל 30 36 לעכ 30 חייל בס" כ3' פים. וכלי סעיני כי תופי וכמומץ. חית קל. נסולים בפיכו סז וצפלט ככי סככל של פוס' יפי' פיכוסו כדסס כי (נ5סכו עוד סככס נעכו 3נס' כדס ט"ו סעכ כ3 ₪36 סעכ כב מקדל 5על כ3 3דקס וכו' ולק ע"י סככל של תוס' דכ5כיו ככוניס שכווכת 3עכ סעסען כק על סמקועות 3עס' שצת ועכלפי בסלם"ל ספירק ג"כ כסשכס לק כ5כילוף דככנו. וכן ) עוד סיוס 522 סענקס כדעת ען תכל סו לונורס. כל דככיו סונפוזריס כ" סכל טו3 כענכו ככעס עניניס 5שר עד"ז בפתי לסניס בנכ' 3"3 ד' קע"ק לער כ3 וסף 3 עכיועי 5ע 30 כסמן ככל עקוס טנסגו כססזיל עפזיכין תכגועל 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כוון בעל סננסנען דבעל סעסענל כ3 סקס בר פפל סננובס פס כככין \| עשפטי ג"כ 3סנסדקין. עוד. ‏ 3' פצעניס כככין עענס טס ועל דכך ספוס' כחונין כק 3עס' סנסדכין כי 3(וסכתקות ססלום ג"כ סוכ עיין ש3פ קנ"ג קפ"ז ב"ק דף ע"5. גס ככסל עד"ז ססימן 3סוטס דף כ"ס (סיען סע ככדדו כויס) 6של כדעפי ים כלן טעופ ו5"כ פחס 5כדו ככדו ככ וקו33 על ג' פעעניס שע5פנו כסוטס כ' יוחנן 3שס ל' (עליל 6של חול 3דף כ"ס ככ כשון סרע שסין כו 6עת, דף "3 ג' פענויס ככדו פוסל לוקו כשע, דף ע"ס ככ שלין עכום וסעכ כי מכס לחד טלפי סנרסס כו כלס סערס זסת בספר קחד ולין כסשי3 כי גס 3דף כ"ו ע"3 ופש3 כסיתן קספו ע5נו סור כ' יומנן כשס כ' (נסיר כי כפי סגלסת מכ עין יעקד 6ין סגלקל כ' סיכ 656 ככי וסגסון עס"פ כ"י כפב 5י שכדעתו גרסק סגע' ככוכס כ' יוחכן כשס כ"ע כפי עם"כ כט"י סופין ק"ג: ע"3 כל סיכי דקתכי עשוס פכוני 65 ששעע עפיו סכס ופי 6סלי" 6"כ כ' יומנן שסי' פננניד שכ כבי כנונופר בסקדעס סכננ3"ס כס' "םס שעע כ5כ"ס כל סלעודיס ודלשופ כצי עפיו (נשס"כ כ" שסיי כעס דולום כפני כ' יוחכן וכ םענע סלכה לו דכשס (נפיו כ"5 (נפי סחכריס גרס סגע' סכפנינו 6מכ כ' יוסכן משוס כ" יופר נכונס. וסנס גס 3ספרי סססלוניס סשר כ3כ5יתי כל סי חון עססל"ס ועסלם"ל שסכלתי עכ סכענן כקכת כ"ד (ני סעדבר כפכיני ססענניס חון 3עסלם"ל מידוםי לגדות עכ ססיטן כדק גס גשס קס 3כנסדקין 5 שכ' סקס 3סס ספל ישן 28 שסגרסס 3קיען סופ נדק קנס סיטן כסמכנניס סשוסניס. 5פכין תחת ונ ולחכניס העס ל סס ע'ש כפי-דבריו סגרס פמק פר קיסר כפשר ₪ 5 בפץ יכק3 ופס גס יש עוד שסכת עין כגביסס -3ן. פסיסס -05 (נסנון 2 סו שסטולכ עין 7 = ו 3% וגס תנעניע (ון = גסיסס כִכְּכַכ-בסגינו"כ < ססוכב נ . ולקקליסס 3כ' קורת. נכיסיס ‏ (וסער כ" דף "9 על -. 2% (נגכס - כערי 05 גרסיכן \| שר 5קש"י פנרפס 50 עין יצק3 סגלסם . כעדי עיין. עסרם! שר כַּפ כשס גפון 6סך שסכווכס ‏ דעכס כעלי סיס כדפס שס- דגעי: 5סנן עכ םנום סנוסלכיס: כ ,כחננן: דיככ כפכן- -וכ': יומנן וזם. סיס סקימן \| של כעכלי. כ'חען יתוסוע' ל'3כן: "וסכן לשכ ע"ז כפ3 רש"י הכ גלסיכן: הרבב3'ח. בּשס 5 כס 03 לפ על. כ' כחנן וכן סוכ פירוס זה 3קס עקוס שולל כספר ‏ ססונס (נסס3ק. תסוכס ע"ל ‏ 6שר כוכס. דכדכיסס - 3% ע"ד של(נכרנו: כי 5 ; שי זכסוכי -בון .3‏ כי 5ס: כע5ס לבכ" כשס\ כ'י ‏ כן: ו .מק : כסן- 5(נגכס ופעס' -5לכות: פיד .ל (וסכך יט קליסם שעע, מוכין ע"ס כטלס סללועס שכפ'"ז ים כוער סכעכ סננכנן כוער על ככ" 3שס קי3"כ שסס. נענס כ"כ לק ג' פעגניס ופסת נעלי 55 כסכי פי' כ'טוכס סלנועה בחוכין . ס' סוכך כרכות. 3' כּכיענין יסודס שננתרן ו לי זרות וכננכל עד"ז 3פירוסינו על סוניס 3ם"ס 6שר כפ"ז כככון יופל שסכיל ססיננן קודס קת" שכ רב3"ק 3שס כיצ"כ 6של סי' כסניל קודס כ' כחנן פס סיס סו33 גס עכיו סס גס כפי 3נכ עקוס ם וספ ₪ כיש3 כפי ל"נכ כריך כפי' טל כ33"ס % כיצ"כ כפרם דכָליו. חון (וספריס סכו כס חקי עי שעדכר 3ּעכין ‏ ססיעכיס, ודי ככו בסדכך פקל סולו ככו וכי לק כסוסיף עס שעללפי כככלי עכיסס כי כוונק כמפסונקוון סן לס כופן סקיען עענכות שכעות ותן נללשי פיכות פו עכ שעות פסכעיס ולו על סעניניס סעוכפיס סחריפס קו33 ורק 3ז3חיס. דף ז' (חטסם סיננן): ₪5 ססיען 3סו וסו33 על. סדיניס. סעוקדגניס של כ03, ושס ט"ז ע"כ (וכל סוקל. פיען) ‏ וגס שלפענניס עולכ3 ספיטן יפד ן שעופ ססכנניס וגס ען פוכן דבריסס וכנכ סעכען לוח שפיסס כקק עקלת ען שנופס ועקלת. נתוכן דבריסס וסכקן יסד, ‏ קק בכ זפת גס טכ דרכיס סכס פץ כססיר ככ 6ככי. (וכטול ועוד \|29 כלציס (נסקיעניס 6של לסס דלך זלות וגס ככיס קשיס מצדיקק סמכל סנככיכיס כ3יפול ונס פיקון 3עקועוק מפס עסשונסיס ע"י סדפוס כי (נעם קסר ספלי סש"ס כפנינו וחדל סטעס כי ל חרל סככים פזכלון, ועזל ועגן נגד סשכקק סלוף וטעות 6שכ עטעס זט 05 עכסתי סינניס 6כס 3ם"ק ילוסלני וגס. ס"ס בככי 0 כננסו 5ככל (סכתס, וגס 65 3עדרשיס ובספכי ספוסקיס , ועין יעק3 חון כפסיקקס זוטלפס פ' (ננור דף כ' וכ" 05 פניצזכ נפן +5סס. סינניס פנוירס עופס ספכיכס לשל סול (נלוסתל וכן 3זוסל פכשת וילס ד" ויכוס 6לסיס וסיענכך ופססופו סכפולס ‏ וככ' 3ס"ג וסיץ שיש שס על 3 לשוס עין עכיפס וגס 3עפי סגפופ כס"ק לק 63יז עקוען סעלו: עכיפס, 'ככן: 6עלפי 05 ' כוכל' כסעכיס עיץ עסס כל זנמן שסס כפכינו 3ש"ס 553 תיקון וכיסול ולעס יסעל 5ון עזו3 וסכוח לכי עישלסכ, 5כ5י שעעס וסין סיס שס על 35 מסעניכ קולי סשיכוסיס וטעיות. ופס ככיס 6ין עשגיחיס צכ' דככי סשל" שכ' ס"ז. שסודופ: גדולוק ‏ (עלועזופ: 3סיעכיס'? וסוד פ' ניכסיו גס כפי סכלסס סיעכל נכתל. כפענניס = וכככל בס ננכינק (נוסל וילקס, כחיך עי 55 ינעס ססיען 3נסכק כ"3 ע"ד (סיען ככ שעס. ילדן) ע"ד שסעכו: גכג5 מוזר 3עוכס וכן 3עקועות 6קליס ששל סעלכו \|עכיסס ,‏ ככי: קפק ₪ לפיס מש 35 טוב 5פון כפוכס וס לק סס. מעננו עססלון ידיעוס ‏ סנ5רכות. לפס ששל כוסת 6נלתי כססוף: וכעלוך סופס 3(נמ3רק ‏ סזסת 5פי סידוסיסס 3ש"ק עס עס טננקתי לסציכר. עליסס,: ופט גס 65 לוכל 5ברר. (ני, ועפי, וכנה כפצו ינוכיס 3עקוונות ללס ולל 3מקועות ‏ 6סריס +פר כפי סככלוס. כחיפוף גועות ושכחס ‏ וכפרקטי. עכ סנות ספ טעעו שלפענניס כוחל לוע שכיעות וכפעעיס (נפות (נלסשי פינות וגס 0503 5לילק ססותיוס ולילופיסס שוניס וננשוניס פשכל כל"ס: סכל צכוומם \ (ניוחדת \ סנעכעס -ככו, וכס: נוככ: כונכ כנקועות ש5כיך פילוס שים כלן טעופ סדפוק, ככ זלפ 5נוטן 5ון כל סקקס ול3ו5 נעולל עכ סככפס ופיקונס וסוכי שעע סכס :כפיופ. דולש כפיון. וללחס: על עכלכס סישנס וכסלקת סזלק: עלקו סצוניס ‏ מכנות ולכלות לופס עס ככ כילוליס ופיקוניס סנלככיס כס5י3: סליוכיס כעקדס וקיעניס סגלועיס יעשס כננוכסקיס כסקזיל סלצידק . 0 בדפוות לב ע"ל סיען עעשיס 5דקס קקכן כפן פענים. (כנכ 3כוכ לס כ סעעסעכיס 3שס 5" כענין פפכס כפי מדבר כערכס שגדול יופל. נע"ט וקלצכות סכיס ג"כ מגדוכ ערך סתענית (נן סלדקס שככ סכס דרכי פקוכס (נעכילין לוע סגזילה ולק (נסנכלס שזס 3גופו חס 3עעוכו 5פי פס3יס כסיה כעו 3סלחריס (נן ספסוקיס 6ע"ג. שככי ל:עזר כע5נו ילוקכעי פעכית פ"3 דף ס' סניס קכל ע"ש תפכה 5דקק תקשוכס וכו' פיזה 5וס שלני חפן 3ו סנס זה וס 36חלסו פרוס פרע3 כסננך סי כפיב 3ו קז פקרס וס' יצכס ועד"ז 3רכופ ז' סגכס דפעניתק 5דקס. קעכית ט"ז כ6 שק ופעכית גולגניס 5כל פשוכס (נננם שכן ללכו 3סכסי ככוס 65 כסעכ ויכל לכסיס מק סקס ולפ תעניתס סכל עעשיסס, 3כ"ז כפי חק ססדל יסיס ככון 065 05 יסיס ספפק כין עכיכי פפפס "י ס(נל/נל גדול ספעכיס וכסקדיס וכסעוך סך דכ"6 גדוכס פפכס (נן קלצכות לסך סנל גדוכס פפכס (ננו"טי ובפרן כפי סנלפס שין (נקוס סעלענל דכבס 05 גזר פעניתס כיו(נס דניכס שנסנר סכופ (5'כ דכ"ש פענים). כנו שלפכיכו סעוך כסך דכ"ל ניוס שתכל3 3ת'ע כ"ס כסך דכ" גדוכ סתעכית, וכעין יעקד נפוככיס כל עכיני קפכס (נן כ" 3סםנת דככי כ' יותנן כפן שסלנ מק סכפם סשר כפכיכו 3ג(נ' כפי שגס סול סעך דככיו על ספקוק ופרישכס כפיכס ולחל שסכיל מס (נעכין פפכס גס (נסננריס סחריס (נג(נלס סדיל סך דר"ל גדולס פענית ותר ען כדקס וסך ד30 65 גזר פעכית 3ד"ע. וסנק >01 סס ככ"ז לכון כצכ סעכטן ע"י כפיכת ססיעניס לסיוק סעלעליס כסדר סזס כעעו שכפניכו סי" כו כסקדיס עכעל ופס"כ פעכיפ עכ"פ לטר 3כ"ק פיס כן קדס ולק כ"י סעדפיקיס 53 לומל וי כפקן ולסקדיס 3ססיען לכעל כפנניס. כד ע"כ סגוף סגוף עץ עשיכין ועכסיכין סינמן. ג' ככנסין כגוף עד סוף סעסל. שם חעסס ושסס ועמל סיען. מעקס לחד עמסםיס סיען עד סוף פעכן. שבת כה פע" סינן פכק עככ וכו' (נספ"ז סיננן. כדעתי כננסוק עלק ,\| סיען כעו שכפצתי כסקדנס. לד ע"ס סיען כגופיס זיונרס 5יפרס בחככס דונימתס ניין הקדעת םס ססכ"ס ונענסכם"ס. נה ע"נ לסוצן 3כי עכי 5כי םעוסכ דוד ושכעס ויוסש פיננן. דברי כשצ5"כ 6ננכ כ' יופכן םכל סלוענל עכיסס משחטפו לינו 6כל טועס ולליך כסגיס 3סקיען ילסיסו 3עקוס יולם וגס כסקדיס (נקוס ססיען קודס סנכל ככ סלונכ לסו3ן. סג ע"ס כימן זלופ. כדעפי 55 ולעופ וסונכ על סדכשות (ן ספסוק ו'סדכך 5כח עוכיץן כגדוכס שכסננר 5כס כ'ס3 יכוכ שנס לשנס פ"ל פ'ל דבכ ספ יכול 6ס סגיק דעתו ק"כ ו'ענוס 5פדק ולס עוםץן כן זוכין כפולפ שכלעכ ות'וכך כולפק ניכך. קח עב עו ככון :הקסלוג כיפן. ‏ ג' פכי ל' יסודס,בל.מכיבס וכס כקח 3סקיננן כּי5ק ולק ללש סגנפס. קכט ע"5 פענן שטנקל. \| שעופ סתכניס ם'נולכ כ' יוחנן כ' לק ר'. טמ ככת. שם סקיל 3לום עס שסס סיען. = דנכי כ3 ועעולכ ופחק זיקס כקח בסיננן בלוס. קמג ע"ס שלכק ספ"ז סיען. \| שעות ססכניס ש'עול5 כ'נָ כ" סונ/ס: סננ'עור כ' ס'שת כ'..פופפשתי. ז'כרִיס. (על 42 סעקסן כ3 6שי 55 נסען ופפסר כככל גס 3ק"ן מל כ3 ססת). נך צ"3 פלל מס"ז כינון. = צ'וכסדל'5 כיוי סוכליסיסככס ברב יסודס, םש'נוסכ כ' יוס'כן ז'עירי 6עלו סככס בל". 3גנ' זמירי קודס ככ' יותכן וכקיען עלוקל. \|- עירובין יח ע* דיו כנכודס שדח זוכים נָתְקנקכ בנידס שכשס סימן. (נלננכיס של כ' יכוניסי 3ן-6פכזר ו5"כ (נזונופ כתקלכ גס תסלו 3' לו 3סקיננן נסעסנריס ככ 3ית שנסעעין ו דפלי פורס כ3כיכס וכו" עיוס שקקם 5" וכו" פשל כו שס. יש ע'צ מלוך יופר בפפ חינס מנס שיבמס מיען: סיכעיותיסניי ולכ מס מינן. נג ע"ס סימן םעכס עשלס ומכיס עסק כענדנו 3דוד ויכן סנל" מכ לי יוסמן "יי "תדייעוס גדכפי מ'ס עמק סלטידים כססיינו כ(נידן וסעכוק -3דוח ויכן תן ועוע ולליך כסגית כדוכו ככן כי קונכות על סעסעקיס של כ' יוסנן ככי לוסעיל כ3כיכי דולו כ3ן של סללםוניס ועלספי סוד - . / - , 3ס"ס דפוס פלפג כן כמס ט"כ דפוק וויניפיקָס וגס פס - - כל סבי במינון. בס עפ מסְער. של "כ' ‏ יוחנן בקוף עכיין םמחל כו סקכ"ס. כי דוחק מסוצני על מלעל שס דוד דגפי (וסכק6 כעודן. נד ע"6 פיען ענקיס כתייו כוחוע חלוס. \- דרסות של כני 5כפזל. פג ע"ס סיען זיכל כסניס (נחכיף שיקל ויעקד. = '5 סיוד כעכק זיכס 5ריך כסיות. ק"ש לשל נסוספת לופיוע לכעזקר וסטועות ככונח (נשוס שתוכן סעכין דת"ח. כסכיל - 555 \| עססוכיל = סו סול כקילול (נכס זסק, ופפי סכל כזכר שס 5כיו כקק טעו וסקס עילו,. וכשסל ססכעיס כקק 0ל3 בעקוס 3ן כ"ס כר ססכופס, כ" בהי דרב 5יק5 כ" כ3ן יצקד. 8 עה ע"ס פיען סינוכס עלס כ3כים יחירסס כביכל דכל משכס כפכיס מקוס פפיען סייך כעיל וכווכפו על סקושיות לכ3 דיעני 6 כ3 ינסי. צר ע"ק שיני עככי סיען. 5ריך פילום קפס עכק םילי קוככס על עכ סנלנר כקעוך כקס שכוס דםענולל ככ כ' ילחק שעפרם ישנופ ככ שיש 3סן 5כולות, וענקןשלות 6קל ש'י'לי ש'עוסל י"כחק סו שעוסכ י'שנכופ כילועות וסול. סינן עוכלכ3 קס ססכס ופוכן דכריו כננס לופ יוד כסוף ולליך כסיות סה סופ ען עלת עקוקלוס גס על עס קוצצס (ולפ ע5כי כי ספי' עכ מדקות שים נסן כנועות וכל עקוסלות 5ל ככלל ₪3, וגס סין פועס שכווכת כעכ סעסמן עכ לעכ סעוקדס כעכין ספכוגסל כּין כ"ננ וכ"י, ובפרנו שננכת ע35י נכ עה שלער ר' יסודס 6(נכ 30 לפכם 35תיס וכווכפ 3עכ סענסמן כ'כפיס כ' י'סודס 6עכ. ככ קש פעס סולפ סעי"ן ככם עכ5כי פד"ז, וגס עכ עס שנופרם כ" ינחק 3ר"י דרב יסודס (נסשיך עכיסן וונציפן ככווכת ע'כיסן ל' יל'חק 3כי' דכ' י'סודס סול דופק 5שר עד"ז 5ריך פיכ' ופיקון ועיין קס"ד דף ע' שר ספשר פסת ל3וס דםנוסל 23 כ' ינחק ליפרי ולכ בר יכסק כער כעיכ דף 5" "3 סנ לסב" עקוס יש 3כלם . פסחים סח ע":3 עכ"ם סיען 6יץ סכווכס עכ פוכן כ" עכ םעופ ססכנניס וסין סוף עלס סקיען עס 6שר פפ"ז קוב על ע'נרס שצפ' פוכי'ס כ" על כ' סכעיזר, כביס, כ' יוס'ף וססוק כסוף סיס סט"ך. קיב ע'כ עק'ש פיען ג' דנליס סלו כינכ"י 6פ ככי ('וס (נק'ח 6ש'תך. קיש ע"ל דילם סדים כסדך עלודך סיון. דברי כשג"ג סכ"י ד'וד "שי סחיו ם'נוסל פיחץן דיוד "םי ם'עוסל כ'ולן ס'מולל ד'וד כ'וכן ו(נכם עלודך פירוש (ולודך כי עכיפכי 3 44 ועיין כשכ"ס עשוס ככוד ישי וםעוסל וכו' שסננלו עלודך (נכעטס כופפכין סופו. במסכת ביצה וחגיגה לא נמצא סימן. מועד קטן כה ע"נ מכ יותכן זיכס 036 ינקד יוסי שעוסכ מייס (נכקס סיען. שעופ מכעיס סנספליס ול' פנקוס 3כ. חייס וכן סתכנניס סכפיס (נלוחל 5 כסנון, גס צג(נ' עלוסר יעק3 ליוסי וגס תחת 30 סשי 3גע' כקק ככיננן שעול5 וכן סול בצין ישק3 דרב מעוסכ כר ילחק ובשס כ' 6שי 6פעקלו כל סכזיל ע"ש עוד שחת כ' יוסנן מבי פדס וכננקוס סליש3 כ' ינחק 3ר סכים3 . במסכת ראש השנה לא נמצא סימן. יומא מז כין סנינייס פסט ועחן ופזר וקחש3 3ספין חדילו סיננן. 5ס כפי סנלפס קוצב עכ סספקות של כ"פ 3כ"ז 35 כין סכיניס ספק סללטון 3ין סכיכיס עסו פס לס ים כועל שכון עכ עס סלנעכ כ"פ פשיטל לי לוס קוע5ו, פסיטל 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סוד'ע עיין 3ס"ג. דף 5"ו שכל סדיס ס' על סודע ולקס כ' עכ (נלככס וספימן ככ"ד עקן כספל. שם כעדדן סיען לעב נקלס וכ (נפלגס כ'סוכן עעסס ע'גכ סשני 3'רכת כסניס ד'ן כל כקלפ וכל (נפלגס דוד וסעכון' ו3כס"ג כו לק ספיננן לעד. כז ע"5 זכפן סיון סכססכיס (נפפננידיסס ז'כסי 6כ'צזר פ'רידס כ'חוכיל 06 כל נסען על מלכות סלסלופ בס ססככת יניס סעסי 65 על סשפכס 6של עד" עפלנניד 305 שלכו פלננידיו 6 כ' זיכ6 עס סללכת יניס וספשר כפי שר' זירס 6(נוכס. יבמות סג ע"ס סיען פשס וקלקע עזל זסם שתי סנלכופ פגכי פחק 3 56 סננס(נכיס של כ' 6לעזכ כל שסין כו 6שס קלקע ספ ספעס ונכככו מפי 3 לכות וצעין יעק3 סגלקל סתי כריכות כק לת [פגכי 6של כפי סנלסס קובנת על סעסער 5 כ" עפידץ ככ. כעלי "סוענכיופ שין עוכן ולדעקי 03 סטעוס עס שלעל שס. ככ ועכנני לי פיגכי ול"ל 3מקוס תגכי לועכיופ ועכס פחפי על עס שסעכ שס בס כ"5 סי כך סועכוס פחותס. וגס פס לסעיל סנק כקח 3סקיננן עכס על עס שסעל שס סין פולעכיות 6של כפי סככלס פץן זס כ" 03 36יכל וכן סול צילקוען עיי"ם כ3סגסות 5ס"ס: פז ע"נ סיען 6עכ 5" כס נעסשס נעטיס כעניתס נעסס'ולל כעשס כוכד יבס ופלועס יכוס ופלוננס סיננן סו33 על פוכן דכלי כ' יסודם ככב 6שר פליך פיקון כנוכן גס. יש כעפוק ולש סיענן סכפוכס ונפי סנלסם סין זסם שני סיעניס כפרדיס. קב קינן ספלפ יבס קנדכ. על סדיניס. של ל' יסודס סעכ לבו 5-0 כתובות יש ע"ס קינ כל" סעופ סכניס סענפכניס 6'30 36'יי. ר3 סם'י. נג מ'3 סינון דגברי שק זרף (נפכס ויכנוס שנייס סלוקס ולנקק נכת דנככי פין שייכופ לפסיננן קשר דלך זכ כו כי סול (נורכ3 שק זכף שעופת סתכעיס של 3עכי ססיצעיות ש'שת לי 5ק'ים סכעז'ר כ'3ס כב פ'פס וסננכום עלכס ויכעק וכו' פן פוכן סליבעיופ ועלק דגצכי לק סוספס (ניד (עסוקל. צא ע"3 קיען 6לף ועלס עכות 3כתוצס יעקד זקף מדותיו 3יס עסיקין סדיכיס סעוכפיס עד פעמנס וכן סול כס'ג דף כיח 32 57\| קידושין ב ע"3 כיון עכד כּים מנסיס 3ים צ3ד קלוציס ד' ספקות סס. כא ע"ל קיונן חכם תנק זנן סיען כסוך סיען עכ םעופ ססכגני ס"כ רב סח'0 ברי דריבס ככב סש'י סיכ מנופרך סל כ3 לח'ס ס6'3 ככ3 סס'י (נשוס דסיכל 5ננימר. וכו' ס"כ כ ז'וטרס 3ּרי רכ' נ'רי מרבּינ'ס סיבס כמופרך. ניטין ח ע"6 סיען ע"3 3 כק. 3ששס דכליס שוופס סוכיס כס"י וכס"כ ע'פרס עב'דו סננב'יס (נצס'ר כ'ונס כיככס סק'ונס מדס. נדרים כא ע"3 סיען ססי ולכעזר יומכן ויכפי םעופ סמכנניס סקל כלו כפכיסס סעעטיס. נזיר נב ע"3 סיען ייד שפוס גיללס ופחד ד' פיכוליס 6של כפ"ז מו עעלת יסיד ששל כוונס. על פילוץ סלסטון ככ סיכי דפפיגי רביס כלפוקי יחיד ג' עכום ססחכום כריכום פיקון וכעקוס שסוס 55 עלס סחרם עפילון שני כי קפני 935 מן סננס, במקוס גב5ס 55 גכם מפילון ג' ככ סיכי דכזיל נגלח וכן (5סתי 3ם"ס דפוס פכסג ותחפ ו5סד 55 פדל עמילון לי כי הסני כל. סיכי לסלף: ספוטה לה ע"ס סיען 6 ככדו פויס. דכסות שכ ספקוקיס ויספלו 38 לשס'ל שפץ כו דכר/6(ו, זיסס וכי 353 וכו' עכס כעכס וכעקוס כויס 55 עניס 5של ע5 ככ סופן סן לס סנכסל כויס פו עכיס 3סימן זט (כינם פוכסס כי כק ססעק פוית חן לשל תכוס 6 ססדס ככ דרביו ונכיכיו ורק 5:0 ססחת לםשר תגניס ות ססדס נכ (כוני סחייס וסככון כעו שכפדתי בסקדנוס בי 55 מכדו בכ"ף. לח ע"3 פיען עפלוס 35רכס דוכן כעכודס כוס (נכיר כסנס בגל סעניניס של כינ"ל גס כפן 5 מסמן על דככי ליב'כ פכ:כסן ממ ככפ יד. מא ע'3 כיען 65 עובר גיספפ;כידו כידס גוכס (נלעליס מכ כ' 6כעזר ועקוס ססיננן כפני ססר של כ" כל סדס שיש כו סכופס 53 6 פעופס. בק כו ע'ל קינן סעוקס 3סס וסנִיח סכרו 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יותל סין יוכלין כסשל סוס 3ּפ"ל. ל. צא ע"5 סימן עכך 36רסס עטר סניס שנפטר כסנסס כברו. מסמריס טל כב סכן בר רבל סער רב ועכם מלך על סמינכך ועלת כברו סשר כל כע5ס 3גע' 6פקר קונ עכ סקג"ס כפי שברלש ספסוק לך ס' פי' לס' כ3דו סגדולס ושכי עלום כסנקל לנדו על סך עסער ספי רים גרנופס משעיס עוקע" ליס. צא ע":3 קיען סנע פועל חרוב טכיל סערין . עסעריס של כ' יוסכן צב ע"נ סישן 6סס ועגד קור טולין ופילום. סעכיכיס ססונפו עס לקושי", וקורין על כשס כפכלי שור קסיס קועס. צד ע"ל סיט כל פרי סטרי דר' 6כין: כר' כחמן סוכָלֶס וק3ככוסט סוולום (ון עכיכי סקוטיום 5כשכל קעל קיו ע"נ סיט ככ 5פחד ויוסף פיכפכ עכשס יסם3 כוכם סעסטן. על ו' קוטיום שסקקס כ' פפל) 5סבייפ וג' עכופ סלסלוכום ען סקיען על ג'' קוסיופ קי"ח ע"3. קטז ע"ל קיען סדר עכי וחכס דלטופ טל ר' פכסס 3ן סעס. קכב ט"3 סיפן כפטס, סעופ ססכטיס לער רכ כיסען פער 30 פיפ רב ס6ס'י ע'ר בר רב 5סי. קנא ע"ל פיען זועל סיעי דעערס עפרפי פחוופל 30 עודי ורב דיני ורג יוסף. קיפולי סעעטיס ולריך פירום על עפי סונבס עכס עסרפי סי עסוס דנעעטס סיו ג' סעסום ושסי סחיו סו עכ סימי דרעי 3 חעס שכסכס 35 ככיס 15 על סספי דכ3 טוני סנפנס "3 סחיום וכדעסי כעחוק. עלס עפרפי ונס ככון יוסל כקוס זועל זוטרל כעו ססול בש"ק דפוק פללג ופקפ 39 יוסף כ יוסף. לגד ע"ס פיען עניס ר' עיפיר כ' כיפן ובר "עק3 ח'כניס . ד ע'נ יוס עעיד מלף 3עגל סיען. עלעליס ם? כ' יסוסיע 3ן לוי. כיען זס כרעז דבר עוסר ע"ד טלערו פין נך יוס טפין כך עעון סעגל שכלער 3יוס פקדי ופקדסי. סנהדרין ו ע"נ סרעק 3כקם סיען. פנסיס סעונליס כ' סכיעזר כו של ל' יוסי סגכיכי ר' פליעזר' סוער סרי סגזל כ' נ'סיר פוער לס כסער בולע ר' יסוע'יע כן קלחס לוער טלוס ל3פוע. * קט" פיס כככיי \|58 6 כ:'פ מוער לף על פי סלל עלס (בע"י מיסם כעו שסעיר בהנסום 5ש"ס) כ' קעעון 3ר עכ'קיס. פוער שכיס טנסו לפכיך וריש כקים לער טכיס ענלו לדין עיין בסגסום לט"ק ל' יפוק'יע כן קרס וכל סכיס ם' ען סכין שסער כ סככיס כעו שקוס בקגקום כם"ק נשס ספוקפפל ש95 כזכר רבי סכין כל . ע'ס שעעי וספי קנע זעירות סול קיען. סקיפוליס שפער שעופל כר' יסודס רדק עע ולדים מלפוס. 5 פרפי פמם גכנס. שג בירי כסלמכם . כוער מכ וליזיל בורחס . ועל טכי סקיפוריס סלסכוכיס. דסער' כ3 קעופל 305 יסודס 3ע5לתיס ‏ יעך. גס סים סכועי 5סר בטחפי. 55 סניפ 3סיען רק עלס סול סו כעו קסערכו דפעעיס 5 עסטן על כל סעלעריס, וספטר טי כפן טעוס 530 ען סעדפיס שנסיען סיו 3' עלום סיס על סעונדס סיס כייעל ודיקולל ספיל ועלם סוס על עונדל ססו5 דקלער סים ‏ שלוני וסלעין סעדפיס שעלופ סכפכוס פן טעוס ולקח רק עלס 0 ו5 וססעיט עלס ס י5 ססר 3סעס סיו שכיסס ען סלורך 35' עכיכיס ועד"ז יש כסגיס. ולפוסיף עכת סי בסינמן. שם פעפ עעון וירפס סיטן. \| עסעריס דרבי סעופל בר כסנכי סור ר' יוכסן. ולס גס לפי סכלסס לעולס ירפס דיין ע5עו עסורם רלק 6ס גס סוצל עםרם ירס כפילו סייב 3כל זסם עלי5ס עועדס ססדיין 5ריך לסיום פיט 6עם שוכל מעון ובעל ירלס ס' ע"ד סכסוד ירפי סלסיס 6כשי עס שונפי 53ע וים ‏ 5סגיס טכוטל עעון וכן סול ברי"ף, רס" טור וס"ע סטר עי"ז כככון עלס נעון כסיטן ע'3 זען כטיס. 5ריך גדי סוען. ד' ס"כ סין עעבכין 5ם סענס סכס ב ועכין. ילח כם יס. סיסס 5ריכם טִפְכִי סדלכיס. 65 עפכי סגדייס. ים ע'ס סוזר וסנך וסיפר סיטן. \| דנרי ל' ייסי ם זר סדנר כיעכו. ססקין קלס סקל סקס ע ס5כם. טיסיו כסיס עם פכוס. שם ע'": סניכס קרס יוסכן ולעפו סכעזר וגלוכס שעוסל 3כיעודו סיען. קעוס ד' חכעיס ססר 3ג' סללקוניס גס עלס לסם עכטון סכסו3 ובשעוסל שגס סעלפד כלילו ינדו . כו ע"3 סיען דבר ועכיופ גכב. ג' דיכיס של כ' כסמן. 41 לב ע"5 סיטן חדפש סקפ סדלים ריט כי עכון על כ' ס'כיכס. כ'בס ר' פיפס ר' סט'י. לד ע'3 סיען עשפט עעכס עטק עיין סקדעס. לח ע'3 קעס 3קוף פכני שיען סעכוס עג' עלעריס של ר' יסודס 5עכ לד וגס פס כסעיר שלל נקס בסיטן. עלס עסעפער. 3טעו 6דס לסשון 5דוקי סיס. 7 ע'": קיען קלל חכס 3סדוס על כ' ילחק ועיין נסגסוס כש"ק. מ ע":3 סיען פלט פיי) ספלסס שכן עעונן פלט טכן 3סייף שכן כריכין 00 60 ס, מח ע"לס סיען כפס כפשי רסמינס ככיסס רסומכס 5"כ כי ס פו 3כיסס וכעל סעקען כקס לק ג' סרלטוכיס ועל סלסרון: עיסני כ פ ס. פ"ם כפש שנכלו. ס"ס סחול3 ק 3 ר. פ"ש ספוער 55 וען. וסך ח"ש עקנר סדם. עוסר סעתיס . סיס ס:יו וסעו עזרקין. סכיס סו סכטעטו בדפוק כי דוסק לוער שכפן סיטן עוככ3 ועלס ככיקל כלשי תינום ען ספ"ש קכר סדק סטיל 3ו כ'פט,. וסלופיוס כי סן טעוס סדפוק וכננוסק סקו עסיו"ד 6שר 3כילוף 3' סופיות 5 ע' ותו33 על סס"ש עופל סעפיס וסקעך סוף סלום טן כיק וססלף על סס"ש (מן סניו ולעו סקר כלוי לפי סדכ סגנ' כסקדיס 5לום סעך שקונ3 על עלס כיס בפ"ם סעלוסכ. ולולי עכם ככיסס 3טעוס כסן וטייך לעעוד 3' על סך דפ"ר סכוני ענכום ככ ם יפן למלך . נד ע"ס גשר סיען . ג'ינוי עליום ש'פיכם דעיס 3ר'כפ סקס. כח ע"3 עגניס עברו שנס סיטן. עסעריס סל ריש לקים. סא ע": סיען ענד יספחוס לעטיס. עסעריס של סכיי. עז עד סיון. סולס פליס סיעכין בכופל. דיכיס קל ר3ס. עט ע"3 סיטן כסרק. ג' עפרליס כב 35'סו סער שעולל, ‏ כים נקיט, ר'53 6שר כפ"ז סקוף עיופר ולריך כוער ב"ק על 36'סו סעכ ט'עוסל כ' כ3ל ק' כים לקים . צ ע"נ כדק גס גטס קס קיטן עיין סקדעס . ק ע"3 סיען זירל 932 מקלטיל סיכל עוציס יכסי יפס יוסכן ערחס יסושע נקלר סיען עורכג עשעוס סכעיס וסוכן דרטופיסס ולסף בחר 3על סעכען דרך זר 3כ"ק לכווכס עיוחדס . קן ע"נ קיען טנטס רלו וס5י וקרפו. טלעריס ש5 יוסכן. +5 שם פיטן גגור ורקע ולדיק סיכ וקופל. טלופ ספקוקיס ססר עפרם ל' יכפק וחקל 3קיען עלס על עס שלער עפי דכפי גס 55 יפלך 5כלק וגס על עס סשסער. עסי דכפי: יחפך ויסחך ועיין סגרק 3פ"י. שבועות ח ע"ל סיען ע"ס יופדופ עלורע כזיר. עכ קוסיות סגע' סיעל ול6 נלספי 3מוס קיען עלם וכו' כ"5 פס וסס 5פי שססר עלס ונס סל גס כקען דף <"ז כזיר סול כזיל על ויש לונסוק עלס וכו'. ע"3 סיען סכיגלון ור גזלת עלעס. ד' דיכיס סל ס"כ ויש 13 עוסל דרך של עעי ספכן כפרם 5פו דכל סגזול רק 3לוקסי עסנירו בחוזק יד 535 כל עס סלוקק 3ערלעס וערעס דנר טלין סלו 3רו כל יניעי 65 יע55 לי עון וככר סערו םז"ל כו3 3גזכ וכסעם ססלס דיכו של 6דס כסלס וכפס בלעוכס 6שר. כוסת ער 3על סעסטן סכיגלון 3ול. גולפ ערעס כי 35 זס ע"ס סניגלון גזכפ ערעס פי" עולס ססיר 3גזכם ערעס ולער ססו6 עופר עד"ז לגזול. לא ע"6 סיון סכתס סלעיד ופלם 3עלי סוב סעלטוט סועע ועטעיס סנכין סלפ ופלם שין עסעכיכיס סנוכסיס. 3גע' וכוכם. על סנקען סלתל סלעיד פי' ג' דיכיס סעונסיס ססלס סס ען סלנוד ותלם 3עלי חו3 פ" ג' סח" כולליס עכיכי ר3"ס וסס"כ סדין קעלטוט, מועע ועעעיס וגס פס דרך עיוחד 35ע5 ספסען. לה ע"3 36רסס דלטיס לכבו 3גכעס 3כיעץ שלעס דכיסל סיען . עכין שעופ סקודט . לז ע"ל סיען חו3ס כופום דבעל סכים סוער כזירס. ‏ סדיכיס שכלערו בס ס"ם. מא ע'3 סעען לפונן וקעעון דסכו סלכפס ופי ופרע פלוכי ופכוכי עפפי סטרסי 3סיעכופל כבי סרי סעעטיס שנסיס סח"ז. מכות ' ע"5 סיען 6שי ללעוד כביכל ללד דברי ר"ל כל ספוס3 ללונוד ורבּיכל כל ס0וס3 5לעד ועיין רש"י טס. 46 "א ע"ס סיעכי רנכן עסעכי וקפרי. סלולס ינין כי סו33 על ספלונסס דר"י עס קככן כ' כסעי" וכ"ע 6ס גס לכעל סמסען סנס עיוסדס \| שכסן פס קיען גס ידוע כללי סעפוכטיס על סעקועום סכלעכ קפס חד סעכ פי סוס סרסטון סו סססלון 3פרע סיך בעלת (נסיעכי ככלל כסעי שר 5"ל שיש כסן עעום וגס עלס סיעני כיו"ד 5שר 55 כע5ס 3מוס עקוס 3כטון רגיס רק 3עספר יסיד סיען ולפטר לפי קרלוף גס. פס דכר עוקל לועל לכו שקיעכי דרבכן פירום סעעלום קל ס"ס עסעכי וקפרי 6םר יש 35סר כנובן על כעס דרכיס ככן שכס על סע קען ₪6 דרכו וועפו. מז ע"5 קיען גזל עסכין ופיסק. קוט" סגע' וסט סיכס . יח ע"ג3 סיען כוז. 6 על סעסטן מכון לוכל סדין של קנס"כ כ'סן שלכל עסטסת וסשס 5פכי זריקל כ" כזכור שעסספכק טכו בשעו כסן סייג ען ספקוק ולככו ולח'"כ כשסקטס 539 ען ספסוק וכל בס כסו לזסת כי 5פער תחם כסן סייג זר פטור סטר על זט סוללת סקיטן כסן וזר 6 ככ וספסל טעלפ ו' על ספקוק ו'סככו סכסן סייב וזר פטול סו על ספקוק וכל בסעס שסקסס רבס . כב ע"5 קיען ונפי סכ"ז. שעופ מכעיס סעקקיס ולספו3 \| כני סוש'עיס סכיכיס. 36'וס סיביי סשי' רביכ'ס ז'עירס. כד סיטן דע"ם ע"ק כ"ק. ד'וד ע'זעור יש'עיסו ע'יכס ק' טעוס וסס ו - סיס כסו3 פס סוס 5"ל 6חם עסופיוס ישעיסו וסו33 על עס שלער ח;ר ישעיסו וסעעידן על קפיס עעוס' חנקוקי. זבחים 1 ע"3 קיען סגש 3שר. סעופ ססכעיס יסני כ3 ס'וכס. וכ3: כ'סמן ויפי3 ר3 ס'קת גכיסו 6טר לפ"ז סג' נועום ו5"ל כון שסונ: .על כב כ'חען, גס שס נסוסו עעוד יפכי כ' כחען וכ3 שטת ויפיג ר' סדס 3 נסכס גציסו 6קר <פ"ז סנים 3עלס נ'שר סו5 עעות ול"ל כו"ן כ' כ'חען כ' סיס וגס סלי"ם סול טועום ו5"ל דלי"ס כי קונב על ר3 6ד'5 3 עסכל סקר 5פ"ז 5"ל סכ"ם כט"כ. 1 ע"נ חטסס עכ עי עכפר עלס 65סר דורון סינן. כעו ככ"ע ססיון עוקדס 5סעכיכיס גס כלן \לסקדיס, סקיטן. 3דף. ז' ע"ל קודס 4 סדיכיס של כ3ס, ‏ כי ג' עלות סלסטוכום סטסם על עי סונכות על ג' דיכיס סלסטוכיס ועלום ססחלוס על שסר דיכיס . ח ע'3 שלו קנסיכן עעסר 053 03 קיען. שעופ ססכוניס: סעכ סוק דם'עוסכ. סמל פיכ'ס. סעכ כ' יוסכן מדח, ‏ ולוס וי"ו דוחק שסכווכס עכ ספי' לי סוי כפי כסכעיס וזכ כוי"ו ול"ל כנקוס וי"ו ען יוחכן סו כו"ן סדרך 3על סעסען ככון על סטס וסכן סשר בשעו 5ער כ' סילס \| עפקיף 5ס כ יעק'3 3'ר ישעעסל בכללי ופרטי, ‏ 6ער 30 6'בין דוסין קדטיס סכסכליס ל' י'וסי כרני סבין 5ער דוחין קדטיס קליס כ' יל'סק 3" סצריו סיס שסטיס לקס עעשר, ער זוערס ברי דר' כסען שדלכו גס לסניס 300 3מקוס 3ּן 16 שסכו"ן טעוס ו5"5 זי"ן כעקוס כו"ן וקונ3 על ער זומרל 236 עד" יססל סוס ע"ס 3קעוך לכן סככון יופכ סקול ו"ו וסוס סופ סלסלון ען קגליו 36 של כ' ילסק ועל דרך זר כלקח 3ס'נן 36 וכן על זוטרל 3רי דר' כחונן, עסקיף כס ר' ייע'ר ברי דר' ס'כל ועעלי דבעופר ונס כסן עסטן על 305 וכן סער 03/0 שער קרס עתקיף 5 כ' 6ב'ין 3כ5. ספדי"ק בעופ ול"ל ע"ס וסו33 על 3 ע'כי סכי כעי ען כסוליס כ' סכ'6 בנדססק, סי רב'ס בר 3'5וס ג"כ נסען על 350 ונן כן ג"ל לס נס סוס דוסק. שז ע"3 וכל סופל ולס פוסל. לכיכום ועועלס עועסס יחיד ויסיד 35 קיען גס כסן עקוס סקיען 5סקדיס <פכי סקוסיות של רכס 93 ססילסי כונו בכ"נו קודס סעכיכיס . מש ע': סקים וגזילס שוס קל וחועכ סיען. על סנסער בסעוך סק יש סין סוזר ועלעד עסקים . עס שילעד עג"ם. סוזר וללווד עקו ולופן לינודיסן עד דף כ"ס. סט ע'5 קן ספן קיען ילקי וקופי סעכום ק'דטיס. 3חון' ס'ונין בפ'ניס וחון' ועיין בקגסום לש"ס צשס על 5"ק ויש כלן עוקל כי קן לכל ספן. מנחות ב ע"3 קיען עולס עולס עלק ועילס חעלפ סעוף קדעי קדטיס קדטיס קליס כון על סקוטיום םס ולקס עכל קוט" 3' תינוס וכפל 5% עלם עולס על עולס עלק ועל עולס שעילס דעס ועל לכ סעכייכיס שסקטה עוד טס 05 5קח עלום 3תקימן. ה ע":3 סיען רקיס ער 6דל לשיקיס קיען זט 5ליך פי' לפִי סכללס כו33 גס כפן על שעום סכעיס סעפלליס 5ת סקוק" עס 5ס משנת ססר פד"ז כ' כ'3 שלער עס"ע סוכיק ק' כיש לק'ים עפטס סקטרת ולפ"ז על עס כווכו ססופיופ "סח ודוסק כי ק' סו33 על ר' עק'יבל רסנל ספיסין 6קורין, " על כב סשי, ם' עלרב 5ס'ס שסער. כר"ע. כעי כפריך בפרטן שסחסר סעלס 3קיען. על כים לקים, גס דוחק שעלס רקיס קול טעום ול"ל וכיח ועקוס ססיען לפכי סתירון ער ברי דרביכס סקר עלם ער על 0 ככי ררביכס, \| 5דס על ספי' םל כ3 16 3ר 036 כטיםיס סשכ 55 סיסס על 30 שיסס 3רי דר3 סידי, סו שיסרסקון על כ3 סיסס סי ססכי על 30 6שי שער עטוס דסיכס 5עיער עעיקרס דדיכס פרכס וסחם ס' בעלם לשיטיס 5"ל ח' וקובב על כ3 006 על כל פכיס 5ליך סימן סוס פי' ופיקון. יש ע'5 סיטן כפן יקעל. עכיכי סקוטיום כ'ויר פיודס ע5'ורע י"וסכ ק'רבכום ע'כחס כ'חס ספכיס. כ ע"ס סמנן טע5 סיען. 5'חליס פיע'יס 3'חון לופל ט'ועסק 'עילס. ועל ססל'ף עיין שס בסוק' 3שס סל"ס ועס שכתכתי נהקדעס. מב ע'3 קיען כנקס ג'יכס ם'נלינפס ע'י כגליס. וכף סופ סלסטון סין פין סייכופ 3עכין וסוס כק כטון סכניס וינס כנטס לכו (סושע ו' גי). נה ע"3 כסשון וסחט עוף בפסח סינ . סדרטוס עלופו. פה ע":3 סל כ' 6ניעזר קופס כ' יסוסע עוכס ר' ישעעסל עעער כבי יסודס למנו סיען. סדרקופ שס. סח ע":3 סדר סכלס גל פיל כעון 5"כ סכלס גללי וסו33 על ספיבציות סל לעי כרסעס ולס גס נפוכס סינעי ערנל ולנסוף עוד עקסל לעורסיס ל5 כחים 555 נקען ססינעיום של לענ"ס. 5 ע'3 קיען לעוליס עדם עלס שים שכן דדע"ק דסי חכש עוסכ סעורס 3חון חזקיס ספרים סטסם 5סחל יופר עיץ \| סקדעק כי רק 703 קיעכיס סעיר 3על תנסופ לש" 6של צסוכס כקוס סוק עיין 53 סס"ק ולדעפי לפי שכפנתי טלפעעיס קיען עורכ3 עסעופ ססכעיס וגס עפוכן דגריסס 5קר עד"ז 9 יש כסן עככו3 וסיפוך סעלום עשגיסוס סעדפיס וכעל סעסטן כיון עכ סקוטיום טיט 5) לעדין לפכי כני וליפל. לסס ולוס סי סך. 3) וליפס עס ולסס וליעס 6י סך ‏ ג) 30,905 לוי לכי וליפס 3סס ולסס ד) יתיב כ' ילחק 0) כ3 עילס קלש וכו' 6ס 6יתל 5דכ3 יוסכן ו) עפקיף 30 טישל לס סיפל כדחזקיס ]) 6ער 30 סשי 5ר3 כסכס לס ליסס לררב יוסכן \| ס) כביכס: סיקלע. כעדסוריל \| וליתי בסעס ועעסס על סכעיס 5כו ופוכן דכריסס קונ ססיטן לעולין / 25 לעדין. עפדס פוכן סקום" <יפי כחס ליפי 3סעק ולסס ונרסםי ס'י ד'קייעי פ'ודס וסע"ס עכ סקום" סי דקייעי פע'ורס רק כסעכעס \| 3' סופיום פי"ו דועו 5קק סע"ס ען סעוכס סו שסול סוף ססות ען לסס' עלס סלם סון ג' עלוס. סו בססימן טייכום יפר וקוננום על סעסער כ' פ'ילס. סיכם ויפני וקלעלי 5ס סיס כדר"י דסער ס'ון וכו' ועכם על על סשס עיל6 וכן על ספעל על לגכיס. שיש חוקיה שייכיס יפד וקובביס על עפקיף כב ם'יקס 5ס סיפס כדסזק'יס שכן כון על כ' ילסק 3 ם'עוסכ בר ערפס קעי' דרב כסטן סמל סט"ן על סעולל וכעקוס סני"פ 55 פ"ס וסונ על ע'רפל וסכו"ן סוס ען כ'סען ולו דסבי"ם טייך 5קען לעלס דסי 6קל 5" בדפי פי" 3'ריס דכ3 פידי סו סקונ3 על עס דסער כ3 סשי כר3 כסכס 6 סיסס 5דכ3. כסמן 6סר ססי"ן טל 39 6" כ' כ'סכס וכ' כסען סשר עד"ז לככון מכן דדע"ק דסי קונניס על סך דיפיג כ' ילסק וים כלן טעוס ו5"ל כעו לעיל ולעסוס יכוי לקח ססותיום כפסוטו ד'קייעי ס'עורס ד'קישעי פ'ורס ול"ל דעלת מדם ססר 5קס כסן סדלי"ס ‏ מן פוד'ס ובעקוס. דסי "ל וסי 3וי"ו. ובכי סבח' קעפולר עו"ס כסוס כ"י 6ער ד5"כ 5קעס ופי סשר סוס לשון סגע' לסעס ופי ונשציל שלקס <עיל לק כססי ספיכום כקט כסן סעכום שלעות. 5 3לרפי. עופר פעולס על סך דקסער כני כלוי עופל דפודס וסעורס וכי עפריטין פסלק לעוסלום. 3סוץ פירטפי וגס סוקיס. ספרם סטלס עפ סך דקלער 30 סקי כְרגָ כקנס פס פיפל ספרם מטפם לסקר יוסר ‏ סו כע"שכ סעגיס 5ש"ק וסנכון שכון על עס 4 00 טסקטס ליפי 3סעס לסריתי וכו' וסידך כסוי ועסכי סנע' ספוכס לעלס ‏ ₪6 כל סדור ועכם יוסר ען ססופיום של ספקוק סדור 5ק ססת סיו"ד ד' ועכם כססר סול קוטית סגע' ססוי. כלחריום ועלם יופד סקל כעו שלערכו סדול סול סי" סגע' ועל כל פכיס קיען סוס ען סקטיס לצדיקס ולריך סיקון וניפו. פז ע'3 סיען חל חניפי שלסן. ג' עכיכיס סקר 3עי כעי 03 סעס ער' ססדס . צש ע"ל כיען על קלח וקכ עסעליס של כים כקים וש כסיען זק פוכחס ע"י כיטול סול קלס סס"כ ולכבסוף שכק. קז ע"ל סיען יסיד 3גכל כ3וכס. 3כג עקען סופכי סספיקום. שם ע'":3 סיען עליס זס3 ין עוכס סודס שול עין סקדעס כי לק פס ע5סתי קיען לעסנס וכל 3קוס עשכס סחרס ס"ס וכעל סעגיס כם"ס כס3 סיען 5ללש סעסכיום סטר 3כוכן סרי עפי , ולפי עס שכסכתי 3חיבור עכול סעטכס סעעס על סעטשכיום סטכ כפעעיס ללוכו וכפעעיס קלרום וגס שכעסכיופ ססר לפכיכו בס"ס בי סין כן 3ס"ס ילוקלעי וגס לפעעיס טוכופ כעו 3סדלי עסכיות עס סכרטכולס וכפי' סעטכיום כסרעב3"ס סשר עד"ז סיפס כלן לק עקכס לספ של 03 סין כל דיכיס 5כו כוער סכרי עלי סקר עד"ז פין .כסקקוס לעס 05 כפן ססיטן ליד בעשכס סרלסשוכס שעפסכס ג"כ 3סרי עלי עטלון. שם סיען קעף ש"ע לדעפי 3עקוס סע"ס 3עלס ססיען קעף 55 כ"ז ססר 3ּכקל 3' פופיום כו עסו3רוס ע"י עום סעדפיסיס כסום ע' וקיען סוס סונ3 על סעופ סעסלליס קוזק'יס יוס'כן ז'עירי פ'רס ם'עולסכ 6וקע'יס סםר כפ"ז 5"כ ק כזפ ₪ ע 3קיען ולוכ כן 3ככ סדסוקיס שנקיען זס יסיס קסשי תינו ופוכן תירוכיסס יחסר עכ"פ פום לסם סקיען. בכורות ל ע"3 ס'ען סכר פלניר סכלם עכק סוזר גבפי בעלעו עכיני לפכו לבפן. חולין ד ע"פ סיפן עככיס פיועל כזכריס. עיין פוס' שס ד"ס עכניס ועט"כ 3סקדעס. ה ע"3 סיען כקלף סעופ סכעיס יוסכ'ן יעק'3 5'וי בר קפ'רל כי דוחק כוער שסוננ על ד' מקועום 3עס' סוליץ \| סעלסכו 3 קפרס, פס, דף כ"ו סכי כר קפרס, \| מ"ח מום 5" ככ סיסולי! שנפורס בעפס. 6שר 5פ"ז כ' כ'עמו, ק' כל 6יסורץ שנסולק 3 ונלקק ססכוס עלס 3פום ‏ ק' כעו סעללכו פסת סמיעולין עלק סטיס גס כסופיופ ק' ם', 5 סטיל צעוף כעו). פ' עו סקל שס פולץ עכנד סכריך עד" כקלף כרסס יופל סקו33 על סעוס ססכעיס. "א ע"ל סיען זען שבס עככם. כסטי פינופ ען ססכעיס ססוכיחו כו3 ען סתורס 55עז'ר ע'ר ברי דרביכס כ' כ'חען כב ם'קס 3רי דרב סידי. רב'₪ בכ ר3 סילס ר' 05'ס בר יצק3 ר' ע'כי כ. כ'סכל כביכ'פ \| כ3 סשי וגס 3קיען סוס יש ק5ס לעו סוף סכנוד = ימו רנר 513 .05 5" יקודט 86ר הלפ"ץ 555 בב חב תו ביף דלי"ס; כז ע"ל כננ"ם סיטן. 3 כ'סכס ר' ייער ל' ישעעל שסניסו פקוקיס על ססיס ען סלופר. וכל סביל. סוס על כ' חייל מפער קע"ס ען וערכו וכן דרסופ סחרוס . שם ע'3 קיטן כפננל דס 3עליקס. ‏ עלום סעכיכיס ען סקוטיופ על סד דפין שחיטס כעוף עס"פ . כח קיען ססט ספפין גרגרפ פגינס דחטלס סעוף. סדיכיס טעונליס שס 3ס"ם . שם ע"3 סיען חי קטינס גרגרם פגיעס. ג' עכום עסעכיכיס 3ת"ם וקטיכל טס סחכס שסער ס"ש וסכיח עלס סעכץ ולקח סס סעקטן . \| כם ע"ס סכש פסס קיען. רסטי סיבום סל בעלי סעסרלפיס ר' ס'ושעי' ר' כ'סכס כ' ש'ימי בַר סשי ר' פ'פס ר' סס'י ססר 5ריך פירום 4 7 על עס קוצ ססופ ססחלון ח' צקיען. ולפי סנרלק קונ על כ' סעעון 3ן <קים סקונל כיטס +חולין וסיפ5 נקדטיס ולפי ססניל עקודס פופ ש"ן על 3 סםי לכן 55 נקם כסן סטי"ן ען כ' סטעון ועניל ססים עעלס קלפו ועיכק פסר סו 5"כל סי"ו 3עקוס חי" וסוכ על עלס סעיד שס סטר עד"ז סיס קיען עורכד. וספטר לפי דרך 3על סעסען לסניס 350 3עקוס 3ן סטייך 3פרטן כלן 5פי שלקק סט"ן ען כ3 6סי 55 >פ"ז כעקוס תי"ם 5ע"ד 5ו. קו"ף \| שדככו. לסניס ען לקיט ודוחק שסחי"ס קוננ על ס'ונין. 3ריטל . מ ע"3 כען סיטן. כ כלחען כ' ע'ערס כב יליפק. מג סככופ סכר כזים עלס וקורקצן קיען. עכיכיס. של כיצ"י. 6עכר ר' יוסכן . שם ע":3 דרס ספיכופ 3סכין מעלס סיטן. עכיכי סקוטיופ על עולס . מו ע"3 קינס סועקס דיצש גינדי קיען. סדיניס של 532 ועטעס שרניכס חונק ע5 כ3ס שעסכק 3ין סלדיעס מקלפס לכולק וכפלנן שסדין פדוס ליפ כנצכ כסחדם. עלר' כפן עיי"ם בפוק' ורלשוכיס ככן 55 עלעז נעל סעסען על סך דן סעוקדס כיס שסלדיעס וקל דל עכעז גס על ססטכ דיכיס. סל רבל ריני ריפס של6 = סיס סקס מקוס לטעוס ושכסס . קב ע'5 קיען טעולל שיכל טיעי. כפי דרך בעכ סנסען כפטעיס כסניל 350 3מקוס 3ן ונפרט כפן מססנות כנס דועין וגס טס 530 יש לעעופ עס ככס. ק'ג ע"ל סשן כסרל דעכס כפקופל. ג דיכיס. של סעופל: \| פון סבשר יולפ. \| פין עכיחין שר עליס. סטונר עפרקפס 65שכ 5" נמקוס כפקוסל עפרקתס כי דוסק כוער סכוכפ כפקופס שנפיק דס ויול6 ק"כ ע"י עלס 6של קול כגד \| סליצעי' סל סגע' סו דיכעל כדידי כעי לקו פשר כן סול לפסק סלכס. ככן יש כסקן כעו סלערכו. יד ע'נ סיען סנפ חוכט וכלי זרעיס פופו ולם כו וטינוס סקן. עכיכי קוסי" הגע' ול"ל חורש 3רי"ט . במסכת ער כין ותמורה לא נמצא סימן. פייתות כו ע"6 סיען יולדופ מלולע כזיר קוטס נענלס . פוכן סקוטיות טס דססוי יו"סכ (כפר. שם סיען גגג סטלן עיין כט"י טיען קעופס עיין ערוכין ט"ז לסס"ר ספיכוס דעיס שנועם קוס גלוי עריום נסופ סרוס גוזל 5רוס עין ולס גס דכך בצעל סעסען 3לוסיום דועופ לקחס פוס ססר סעכ בקיען כלן 65 עדרכו ולפי קדר סעלום גס סלופיום. 5ריכום עסופך 3סימן . במסכת מעילה ותמיד לא נמצא סימן. נדה ע'3 סוניס נדוקין עכוסין כזויפ סיען. עקועום טנ"ם ונ"ס מודיס ופכיגי חזקיס ול' יוסכן. פו ע"ס סנעוס כפר 3חעין לטנול 3מיס ע"ג כעל סיען. עכות סדיכיס סלער כנל שס ועל סך דקפער לעיעל כשס רבס כל סחוף 0 3סנין ועל הרין טלער כ' שעולכ בר' ילסק סוץ עכטל עיין פוס' ד'ס 6טס 3טס סר"פ. ולפי פנע' נתקדיס 3קיען קעטיס וסח"כ לנוצול ועיין בס"ג דף ס"ד ע"3 סצעו כתר וסעין כעדה לנובול על גבי כליס סימ . תיקונים והשמטות 53 עולס 8 ססת פכט קל 053ט. 6 ]ןק חקו יר + --9-- -, 120000 הקר ‏ 1000006 .5 יו יו יר ;לתה 6 שו ידב מפכי 1 מפל -- נסנסס 7 , דכ5 ו , 7 סורס 3% לחכ ע5ת :'3) ים כסוסיף : ,ועיין ילוספני סקליס פ"ד ס"נ עגיסי ספל סעזרס סחיו נוטלין פכלס עפלועם סנטכס וכן כעסנה ונ"ק פ"נ לין עניסין לפי" ספ סעזכס ונלט"י ויכוסלעי כנסדלקין פ"3 כופג כו ס"ם ועניקין פופו עס"ם טל כסניס כי נלולך סזען נפכו נס כו טעיות ופי' עניסין עפקנין כיון ססוגס כנכ ולק תיקון 5ליך." 73 סולס %5 תתם כ"ם \| קל 6‏ י"ס .]= שק )\| , 10 , 18 לסכ על לסמכסל ים כסוסיף : ,רק כליזס נקועות ע"ד ססנסכו וסעלו ע"ז סעפורלטיס ככוד , וכפעעיס נס עפוכטי סט"כ 59 יכדו ככווכת קנע' כעכין דלטום עפסוקיס, עיין ילוסכני פססיס פ"ד על סעסנכס סני ו' סמיס (5יל י"ד כיםן לעכין עסיים עללכס) 3"ם לוסלין וכו' סל יוס לסול כני פכעזר כטס לכי סוסעיס יוס פסח קול כד' ע"כ. וכסנ סעפלם דכפינ זנק - סול 5ס' וקלל יתירל סול 555 לועק לך וס טלתס זונק סול יסיס. כד' סייו כוכל יועל, לטל פי' זה דסוק כי כפסוק סזס 55 כזכל. עכם יוס: סויפ 5% רק כסענת כוכת לוטכוני על ספקוק ונקדט סללטון 3ללנעס עטל יוס לחדם פסח כד' פכסקק כ"ס ט"ןו 5סרל עפולש כי נוס י"ד פסק לד' ‏ פ" יוס סלתס זונק סול יקי כד' וסייכו כולל יועל כעכין עטיים עלסכס . = וכן כּכַכַפי פספיס קט"ז ע"ל סעכו על סכל ססי' כולך וכו' טנפעל על ענום ועכלים ילכלוקו 5טל כפי סניון 753 ס"ק כעדנל ט ולל סניפ ספפוק עוקדס טעופ יכ ס וענות על עלליס ילכלוסו, ולס נס ספללנו כפעעניס פסוק עלוסכל ספת עוקדס עד" חופין קפיט ע"נ ננל קן נללם וכו" וסלדעס ע5 כלטו טר ככיון סס"ס סעופכ 3 ט"ו וכל נספסוק סעוקדס וסלדעס על כלטון סעולל 5' ד' ינ' סול כפעם ע"ד זקות ועיין גוכ'י עס"ם 5"ק תסונס פס, קלס, קלט. וסנק סנס כסכ עדכל כפיכ יפכלו פותו, ולכל ידעכל דלפסק קפלי דכסנ כעיל ולכלו לת סכסל טננופל דכלעת 5פי דככיו סונכ על ספסוק טעות י"כ לסל כלם ספסוק ולככו לת סכםשל עסל"כ בעדכר ט' לשכ מנכד יסי טעום 53יון ספקוק נט"ס נס סנוססל ען פסגדס כן עטס סלכ וכו כקייס עס טנלער עכ ונכות ועקוליס תסיס עטונסת ד5"ל ועכום עכ ננרכיס יפככוסו, \| כק נפעם כעין סלועד יונן כי סנוססל גכונס ונס 5יון ספפוק נט"ס טונ וען ספסוק על ענות ונרריס בעדנר טי ככלס ככעד סלכס זלת יופל. כונו ען ספסוק סעום *3 וכן עסעעוס כל סעפולסיס ודנלי כטנ"ס 5"ע ועיין \| פססיס ק"כ על ככ וכו' נ"ש עכור דכתיג על ענות לשכ ג"? ען ספפוק נעדנר ט ועיין קפ"ם, וכ סכפס דפוס פ"נ ספסוק ועלם על עלוליס \| גן ספסוק ספות י3. וכן כנ"ס זכסיס כ"ו ע"ס מ"ט דכ"י סעכ כ' פכיעזכ מכי קכפי כסיני בכופר כפוג לסד כל תותילו עעכו עד קר וכתוג לקד לועכ 55 יכיס עיי'ם ככט"י קד כפסק וחד כפולס, וכתוס' פס סליך ילפיכין סל כותל עפסק 205 לעפ סך פפוק 5ל תופיכו עפכו עד 3וקל ג"כ כזכק פ' לעור כ3 5 ולק כטעום גלסס 3ס"ס סעום ינ' ססונכ על פפק ו5'ל ויקלל כ"כ וע"ז כככון עס שלעלו טס 5ינס קכס כל תותילו עפי כל יכיק, וכן סול כלע"נק 3פי"ק עס פסולי סעוקדסין סלכס ט' פסול כסופיל ענםל סקדטיס 5לסל זען לכיכפן סנלער כקל3ן פודס. 5 סופילו עעכו עד קל וס"ס לסלל קדסיס לשל ספקול כעו סכפ: סכ" 3ס"כ פ 5ו. ולדעסי עם"כ מס סלענ"ס כסלכס ז וסעופיכ לין לוקס שסלי סכפוכ כתקו כעסס טכפעל וסכופל עעכו עד קל 3לם מסרפו לשכ כפי סכ" ועכ"ע סונג על ספסוק פ' 5 טעופ כי פיך יכפינן סלר כופל ען קלנן פפם כקוסיי פוס' ולליך כסניס סכלעל וסכופל ענםל סזנק 3יוס סטכיטי 3לש יסלף ויקכס ז' יז' וכן סוס כּרע3"ס כ" ינ עס' פפוני סעוקדסין סלכס 5 סכופל ע9ום עפס כסולפו שכלעל וסנופל עכםל סזנס ועיין סע"ג וספכ ססיכון ולין כספקיך : 73 סמולס 19 סקת לדעפי \| קלסל פדעתיס 5 פכוך שו 28 ככססוקס,- הפסכ סבלס די שה סכ רדיס ",ו יפכפידים לי יוכל סנס כענפכס ---- תת תת זז 190% <> 66 יוו השב ו ו שו '] כ ו ה . ה ו 7 . ה 4
Glasgow XUnlversit^ Xibrar^ jferguson Collection 1921 C /(d Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/b24927491 * I C ff«p - I ' I M ' ? * t e :• ' f fi i I I i f - '> I \\ 4. ^ i t giz^. » j. \ 'J V REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, WITH THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTER, AN ANCIENT TUANSEATION. HOC OVUS OPTATUR QUOD FLOS MEDICINit VOCATUR AIINALDI COM.MENT. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM A POEM ON THE PIlESEliVATlON OF HEALTH IN RHYMING LATIN VERSE. ADDRESSED UY THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO TO ROBERT OF NORMANDY, SON OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, WITH AN ANCIENT TRANSLATION : AND AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY SIR ALEXANDER CHOKE, U. C. L. AND E.A.S. OXFORD: D. A. TALBOYS. J 830. i » t T/LBOYS AND BROWNE rillNTEUS, OXFORD. PREFACE. i Above one hundred and sixty editions of the ESchola Salernitana are proofs of its merit and popu- larity, and some stray verses from it are frequently quoted. But since all the editions are now become - scarce, and few persons seem acquainted with the I poem at large, it was thought that a new edition i might not be unacceptable to the curious and literary I world. The introduction and notes, it is hoped, I will be found to comprehend whatever is known ^ relating to the poem, or which may be useful for its I elucidation. Annexed is a scarce old English translation, I which renders correctly the whole w’ork, and may I convey to the general reader a good idea of the I original. The etchings are taken from the old wooden cuts I in the German editions of Curio, printed in 1559, { 1568, and 1573. b VI PREFACE. In the Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, which was originally designed as part of the introduction to this work, amongst the modern ludicrous poems, I acci- dentally omitted an old acquaintance. Drunken Bar- nahy’s Four Journeys to the North of England. In the original edition, which has no date, it is entitled Barnabee Itinerarinm. There have been many sub- sequent editions, and the last by Robert Haslewood in 1820, of which only a few copies were printed, is a /he simile of the editio in’inceps. The author was Richard Braithwait, M. A. It is unnecessary to make extracts from a poem so well known. I shall, however, quote one verse, which has afforded a sub- ject to an ingenious painter In progressu Boreali, Ut processi ab Australi, Veni Banbury, O profanura ! Ubi vidi Puritanum, Felem facientem furem, Quia sabbato stravit Murem. In my progress travelling Northward Taking farewell of the Southward, To Banbury came I, O prophane one ! Where I saw a Puritane-one Hanging of his cat on Monday, For killing of a mouse on Sunday. » E. Prentice, engraved by Meyer. PREFACE. vii It should have been observed, that two lines of ■’Bernhardus INIortacensis'^, are from Q. Cicero, who -rsays, Femina nulla bona est, vel si bona contigit ulla, Nescio quo fato res mala facta bona est"^. I must take this opportunity likewise to return imy best thanks to Mr, Archdeacon Wrangham for a licopy of his Psyche, which was printed only for pri- ll vate distribution. This is an elegant translation liinto Latin rhyme of Mr, Bayly’s Songs on Butter- flies, and other poems, and which has served as a b classical recreation from the severer studies of the il learned editor of Walton’s Prolegomena. I have not ■ room here for a long extract, but I cannot refrain \|i from inserting the first stanza of the first song. Ah ! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Rosae ubi liliaque et violse halent; Floribus advolans, avolans, osculo Gemmulas tangens, quae suavb olent ! Sceptra et opes ego neutiquam postulo. Nolo ego ad pedes qui se volutent: — Ah ! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Osculans gemmas quae suavb olent ! 1 Essay, p. 59. See Ruperti Juvenal, vol. ii. p. 607, note 97. C vni PREFACE. Since writing tlie account of the modes of versifi- cation usual amongst the rhyming Latin poets I have met with an ancient treatise upon metre^ writ- ten about the end of the fifteenth century, or proba- bly earlier, in which are laid down the rules observed by the writers of the middle ages in their Leonine verses. It is unnecessary to state particularly the contents of the first part, since it relates to metre in general: the second is entitled Colores Metrorum Variati, that is, the various rhymes of verse, and contains a great number of curious examples. They are placed promiscuously but may be arranged in the following order, which 1 before adopted. They have each their appropriate names The hexameter and pentameter metres were the most frequent. The Leonine poets observed, that from the different ways in which the feet might be legitimately varied, the heroic or hexameter verse af- Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, p. 17. « Published by James Nasmith, M. A. at Cambridge, 1778, at the end of two other works. Itineraria Symonis Simionis, et Willelmi de Worcestre. Quibus accedit Tractatus de metro, ■n quo traduntur regulae a scriptoribus medii aevi in versibus Leoninis observatae, exeunto seculo xv. ut videtur scriptus. In- certi autoris, e cod.manus. in Bibl. Col. Corp, Christ. Cant. N". 386. I have collated it with the original, and corrected some errors by it. Some parts seem much corrupted. PREFACE. IX orded tliirty-two forms ; the pentameter^ four only. Of these varieties they availed themselves in con- ■Rtructing: their verses. Another source of variety was derived from the oituation of the rhymes, either as they were placed, at the end of the lines only : or likewise in the middle, as the line was divided: into two: into three, or, into wzore rhyming parts: wr, from other modes of versification. I. The first kind produced the couplet only, and ;uch verses were called caudati. As in a hymn to iaint Catherine : Cceli gemma bona, succurre reis, Katerina, ! Et prece mellifluu sis aegrotis medicina. II. When the line was divided into tivo rhyming ')arts, tlie middle rhyme naturally fell upon the .Danse, which is properly at the syllable following the first two feet. These were called simpUces Leonini. IRegalis nata, — fueras dignas, venerata, In spe robusta — complectens dogmata justa. I Sometimes it fell upon a syllable short of the [pause. Citogradi. Filia regis, — supra coeli sidera degis, Pauperis egis — pracbe nobis dogmata legis. b3 X PREFACE. or the syllable beyond the pause. Hallanten. Ilumpitur ipsa ferarum — machina facta rotaruin, Deprimit agmen amarum — nobile fragmen earum. The rhymes of a line in two parts were either li- mited to one line, or extended through two, whicti resolved the stanza into four short lines, giving room for many varieties. 1. The middles and ends rhymed alternately. In- terlaqueati. Plausus Graecoi'um, — lux coeds et via claudis, Incola coelorum — virgo dignissima laudis. 2. The first and fourth, the second and third. Cruciferi or Serpent'mi. Csesareos cultus — in spe rata mens tua sprevit, Dum Caesar saevit — mansit stabilis tibi vultus. 3. All four parts rhymed. Diqylices Leonini. Artibus nitenta — tibi floruit alma juventa, Jungis non lenta — spontanea, non violenta. or laceri daclylici. Ilic ululatus incitur — ibique dolor reperitur, Iste tremore feritur — et ille furore potitur, PREFACE. XI III. When the line was divided into three parts, more varieties were produced. As to the form of the verse, each part consisted of 1. Two dactyls, except the last spondee. Titu- hantes. . O fera tormina — fit tua machina — bis rota bina, Sed tibi gratia — caelica praemia — stat medicina. 2. Of two spondees. Lentogradi. Congaudentes — laudent gentes — munera Christi. Tu peccata — nobis nata — Christe, ademisti 3. Of one dactyl, and one spondee. Claudicantes Adonici. Coesar agonis — non rationis — vota gerebat, Dum sibi servos — ire protervos — praecipiebat. 4. Of a spondee and a dactyl, the reverse of the Adonic. Declinatorii. lOc crus tangitur — hic os frangitur — ecce repentb Hic pes laeditur — hic dens vellitur — ore patente. In the application of the rhyme. 1. The beginning and middle rhymed, the ends of the two lines, as in the preceding examples, and xii rREPACE. O miseratrix — O dominatrix — praecipe dictu, Ne devastemur — ne lapidemur — grandinis ictu^ 2. The rhymes of the beginning and middle of one line were continued in the second. Virgo beata — salusque parata — benigna precanti, Dona rogata — dabis cumulata — tibi fabulanli 3. The beginning, middle, and end of one line corresponded Avith the same parts of the second line. Cellula mellis — fundis ardorem — virgo serena, Nescia fellis — cui dal honorem — nostra camena. 4. All the parts rhymed. Adonici alterne relati. Theca pudoris, — virgo decoris — gemma valoris. Omnibus horis — es decus oris — Stella nitoris. Adonici aclu et casu intrinsice claustilati. Dirige fatum — funde precatum — tolle reatum, Erige stratum — terge ingratum — pende ducatum. IV. Other varieties had more than three rliymes in each line. 1. Four rhymes. Hexametri cxtrinsice retro- gradi varie colorati. Sometimes alternate. ^ From Everhardus. e Idem. ** Idem. PREFACE. XllI Presto — mihi mesto — vicus gesto — precor esto Vana — retro suade — me vi sana — tibi trade. Retro — fceda dato — me tetro — purificato, Sacris — vota dabo — me macris — assimulabo. 2. Every word in a line rhymed^ and the two endsj I as in a couplet. Tripudiantes. Se reserant — properant — lacerant — macerant — Kateri- nam. Concupiunt — capiunt — rapiunt — cupiuntque ruinam. 3. Every word in one line rhymed with the cor- I responding words of the other. TUiythmici retro- l gradi sbigulis relati. Doctorum — documen — diversorum — superasti, Multorum — nocumen — tormentorum — tolerasti. I thought they could go no farther, but there ap- j pears to have been another advance, for all the words ( of both lines in the following verses rhyme together, i and they are called undique relati. Plura precatura pura, cura valitura, i Cura mansura, procurajura futura, V. There were other ingenious fancies in versiti- ; \ cation. 1. In the versus immediati the rhymes adjoined i each other. XIV PREFACE. Si fugis obscanas — pa’Jias — ternas haLratorum Quorum — presswr.^ — dura — fuerunt mihi cura. 2. In a variety of these, the versus immediati de- cessii, the end of one rhyming word formed another word which rhymed of course with it. Rumpas heXlorum lorum, vim confert <^morum Morurn \ero7'um, rorum tu plena poforw?«. 3. In the repetorii every final syllable was the be- ginning of the next word. Prat;j vi\.Qx\tur iwrbaw?e« mente ^enentes. Jure retracten^ur fwrgescere repetentes. 4. Versus capitati had the beginning of the first line at the end of the second, by the figure epana- lepsis. Fac Katerina pia, precibus pia corda juvari, Foedos purgari jTac Katerina pia. In this measure is a hymn of Coelius Sedulius of 110 lines, one couplet is thus: Sola fuit mulier patuit qufl Janua leto: Ex qua vita redit sola fuit mulier. 5. The reirogradi reciproci repeated the first words of a line at the end of it, with other repetitions and transpositions. PREFACE. XV Rectificare rea scis, vis rea rectijicare, PacifiCare fera vis, scis fera pacficare. 6. In the Leonini prosaici the rhyme was con- -ealed in the middle of a word. Amoveas feritates, donans vivere vitales, Nos so/iVari fac pro coelebe vita. 7. In the extrinsice clausulati singula singulis, I'he words of the first line referred to the correspond- ing words of the second. Consolare, preme, refove, convertere, deme, ITristes, bellantes, flentes, reprobos, cruciantes. vith continued rhymes — Egere, fugere — consere desere — qusere medere Funera munera — prospera propera — vera severa. 8. The words were i-n pairs, versus hino verho Aausulati. Lugeo, soleris : peto, des : premor, auxiliaris : Caedor, vivifices: cado, stes : inimicor, amicis. 9. The first word of an hexameter rhymed with the last of a pentameter. Hexametri adjuncti pe7i~ iametris extrinsice retrogradi. XVI PREFACE. Delicias tibi scis vavias scis tradere dias. • Postulo te venias, das retio sevitias. 10. Pe7itametri rithniice I'clrogradi et hiierlaqueati. Coelum fac recoli condita vota deo, Ccfilum Sterne doli perdita redde reo. 11. Retrograde verses, the same backwards and forwards : Ecce tenet sedes sanas, sedes tenet ecce Abba suns summus, summus suns Abba. Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. In the Anthologia are some poems of this kind, entitled KapKhoi a-Ti^oi, or crab verses^. As UPON THE TOMB OF DIOMEDES : fioi Aioq apa TTtjyr) Trapa aol, Notrw <jv '6q f] lapa, Irjcrov, aCjaov. — '2o(pbg tycjye iiSi] wv tivio, %apa rwv dvcj, ysXw rd Karw Xiyu)v av, w rntpa^wj/ dvw, ribrj tyuyt ao<pbg, 12. Retrogradi iam saxteniid quein metro. Te fore lunaticam dico non, nomino puram; Nomino tricam non, coelicolam voco te. ' Ed. de Bosch, lib. vi. tit. 3. vol. iii. p. 126. THE CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. Lombard princes of Salerno, Norman princes, page 3. Early rTame for medical science, p. 4. Mount Casino, p. 5. Con- Btantine the African, p. II. His scholars and successors, p. 12, Female professors of Medicine, p. 13. Salerno created an Uni- versity, p. 14. Medical knowledge of the Arabians, p. 17. II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Arrival of Robert of Normandy at Salerno, p. 19. He goes ito Palestine, and returns to Salerno. His marriage with Sy- ilnlla de Conversano, p. 21. His wound and stay there, p. 22. III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The Schola Salerni written and addressed to him, not to Charlemagne or Edward the Confessor, p. 23. Of John de iMilano, p. 26. I IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The precepts, whence derived, p. 28. Object and contents. :‘Style and versification, p. 29. XVlll CONTENTS. V. COMMENTATORS AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. General view of the commentators and principal printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, p. 33. Curio and Crellius, p. 37. Moreau, ib. Zacharius Sylvius, p. 38. Text altered by Lombard, p. 39, by Bruytsma, p. 40. VI. THE manuscripts: General view of the state of the manuscripts, and of the text adopted in this edition, p. 41. VII. IMITATIONS. Universities of Paris and Montpelier. Benedict de Nursia. Thaddaius de Florenti^l. Magninus. Ancient medical poems. Eobanus Hesse. Baptista Frire. Account of HLgidius Corboli- ensis, and his poem on the virtues of compound IMedicines, p. 52. CATALOGUE OF PRINTED EDITIONS, p. 67. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS, p. 94. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, p. 101. THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTER, OR THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE, p. 119. CONTENTS. XIX ADDITIONS FROM VARIOUS MSS. p. 149. A SPECIMEN OF VILLA NOVA’S ORIGINAL XPOSITION, p. 170. NOTES TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 173. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS, p, 187. INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 193. r . i r 1 INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. The city of Salerno, the earliest school in Christian Europe where medicine was professed, taught, and •practised, enjoyed every advantage which could be i ‘derived from a delicious climate, a spacious harbour, . a river, and a fertile and variegated country. Yet •yEgidius Corboliensis, a writer of the twelfth century, linforms us, that even at that time the air was bad, and afforded exercise to the skill of the physicians. 'Originally a Roman colony, it experienced the va- irious fortunes of the western empire. Upon the iiextinction of the dominion of the Goths, it be- ucame subject to the eastern empire, was soon after iiconquered by the Lombards, and, in their political ^arrangements, it formed part of the dutchy of Bene- I vento. When Charlemagne destroyed the Lombard I kingdom of Italy, the dukes of Benevento, who had B I 2 INTRODUCTION. assumed the title of prince, formed a barrier against his farther progress towards the south of Italy, and preserved their independence, and their dominions. The subordinate cities and districts within their ter- ritories were governed by counts and castaldi, of whom the counts of Salerno were amongst the principal h In the contentions of the Lombard princes, about i the middle of the ninth century, the province of j Benevento was divided into three sovereignties ; the principalities of Benevento and Salerno, and sub- ' sequently the county of Capua. Salerno was the largest, and comprehended all the southern parts of Italy, and the metropolis was a great and well forti- fied city, the seat of the prince, and of an arch- bishop In the meanwhile these districts were in an un- settled and unhappy state. All the coasts of Italy were frequently plundered and devastated by the neighbouring Arabians of Sicily, Africa, and Spain ; and they occasionally occupied parts of the country. ' Giannone, Istoria di Napoli, ed. Haia. 1753, vol. i. p. 387. 431, etc. Antonii Mazza, Urbis Salernitanae Hlsloria et Antiquitates. In Grajvii et Gronovii Antiquitates Ital. tom. ix. part iv. 2 Gian. vol. i. p. 431. INTRODUCTION. 3 ITo these miseries were added the attempts of the emperors of the east to recover their Italian do- minions. The dissensions and contests of the Lom- bard princes themselves were unceasing, and the ilestructive ]iractice of dividing their dominions imongst their sons had portioned out the country 'into a vast number of independent states^. A country so distracted and weakened was an reasy conquest to the Normans. The sons of Tancred fc)f Hauteville arrived in 1035, and were received with kindness by Guimar the fourth, the prince of Salerno. As the allies of the Lombards, they at first attacked only the Greeks and the Arabians. Robert Guiscard, to establish his power by an alliance with ■the Lombard princes, having divorced his first wife lAlverada, married Sicelgaita, the sister of Gisulf the second, who had succeeded his father Guimar. A quarrel, followed by a war, ensued between the '»)rothers-in-law. Robert besieged Salerno, took the city, made Gisulf a prisoner, and possessed himself •“if the principality, which was thus united to the ilukedom of Apulia in 1075. By this and other 1 icquisitions, the Norman power at length extended »jver the whole of what now constitutes the kingdom bof Naples and Sicily. Robert Guiscard was suc- ^ Gian. vol. i. p. 444. 4 INTRODUCTION. ceeded in 1085^ by bis son RuggierO;, with the title of duke of Apulia and Sicily From its connection with Constantinople and the Saracensj Salerno became the centre of the united learning of the Latins^ the Greeks, and the Arabians: and hence it was one of the first cities in Europe where the sciences awoke from the slumber of bar- barism. Amongst other arts, it was celebrated very early for the profession of medicine But as nothing in those dark ages could be accomplished without a miracle, the first fame of Salerno was derived from the extraordinary cures said to have been performed by the relics of saint Archelais. This lady, with two other holy virgins, Theda and Susanna, suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Diocletian, about the year 293, and their remains were deposited at length in the church of the Benedictine nuns of saint George at Salerno®. In an ancient Chronicle, quoted by IMazza, it is said, that the first founders of the school of Salerno were Rabinus Elinus a J ew, Pontus, a Greek, Adala, Gian. vol. ii. p. 67. 74, etc. ^ In urbe Psalernitana, ubi maximae medicorem scholae ab antique tempore habentur. Orderic. Vitalis ad an, 1059. Sin da tempi di papa Giovanni VIII. (pope from 872 to 882.) Gian. vol. ii. p. 124. ® Anton. Mazza, Salem. Hist. cap. vi. INTRODUCTION. O 2L Saracen, and Salernus a Latin : who taught medi- icine in their respective languages, but at what era iis not mentioned Though medical works had never been wanting in :the dark ages, and the works of Hippocrates and •Galen were translated into Latin as early as the «ixth century®, yet this art was principally derived drom the Arabians, who likewise learned it from the Greeks. After that warlike people had softened unto habits of peace and luxury, by the encourage- ment of their khalifs, and particularly of Almamon, :at the beginning of the ninth century, they applied .themselves to learning. IMany of the Greek writers •were translated into Arabic, and the philosophy of Aristotle, and the art of medicine of Hippocrates .and Galen became their favourite studies. In their frequent visits to the port of Salerno, the knowledge Avhich tliey freely communicated was eagerly received there, and diligently cultivated. For many centuries the most able professors of medicine tvere the higher prelates, and the superior monks®. ^ Anton. Mazza, Salem. Hist. cap. ix. ® About the year 560 Cassiodorius recommended to his monks, •Legite Hippocratem et Galenum Latina lingu^ conversos. Mu- itratori Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. col. 930. ® Subsequently, by the councils of Lateran in 1139, of Tours iin 1163, and the decree of Honorius III. in 1216, the clergy B 3 I 6 INTRODUCTION. Connected with the citj'^ of Salerno by its vicinity, and the similarity of their literary pursuits, was the monastery of mount Casino. This celebrated abbey was founded by saint Benedict himself, in 528, upon a high and rocky mountain, on the site of a temple of Apollo. Here he wrote the rules of his order, and, having presided as abbot for twenty years, there died and was buried Of all this he informed the poet Dante, when he met with him in Paradise, and lamented the subsequent depravity of his monks — Quel monte, a cui Cassino nella costa, f'u frequentato gia in su la ciraa Dalla gente ingannata, e mal disposta: Ed io son quel, clie su vi portai prima Lo nome di colui, che ’n terra addusse La verita, che tanto ci sublima: E tanta grazia sovra me rilusse, CIE io ritrassi le ville circonstanti Dair empio colto, che '1 mondo sedusse. Questi altri fuochi tutti contemplanti Uomini furo accesi di quel caldo, and monks were prohibited from exercising the professions of advocates and physicians, but they still continued the practice. Mabillon, Annales ordinis S. Benedicti, vol. i. p. 55, etc. INTRODUCTION. 7 Che fa nascere i fiori e i frulti santi Qui ^ Maccario, qui h Romoaldo : Qui son li frati raiei, che dentro a chiostri Fermar li piedi, e tennero ’1 cor saldo This monastery partook of the vicissitudes of the south of Italy. Sixty years after its foundation it uvas totally destroyed by Zoto, the Lombard duke of Benevento; the abbot and monks tied to Rome^ and were permitted by Pelagius the second to build a monastery near the Lateran. After an absence of »ne hundred and thirty years, their original habita- tion was rebuilt in its primitive splendour It was afterwards frequently plundered by the Lom- bard princes, and the Saracens In 884 it was burned by the Saracens, and saint Bertharius the ibbot was slain. The monks escaped to Teano, and from thence to Capua, where they resided for sixty i'ears, when they returned to Casino Nor were hey more secure under the Normans. In 1045, ander Rodolf, they attempted to get possession of :he place, but were defeated by the monks " Dante, Pardiso, canto xxii. stanza 37. Mabillon, vol. i. Gian. vol. i. p. 254. '■* Ibid. vol. ii. p. 645. 670. ; vol. v. p. 170. etc. Ibid. vol. iii. p. 250, 481. Chron. Cass, de vita Abbatis 'fDesiderii, p. 413. Ibid. vol. iv. p. 469. 8 INTRODUCTION. Notwithstanding these misfortunes, the monastery increased in riches, power, and dignity. It was considered as the head and origin of the Benedictine order By the benefactions of princes its revenues were enormous, and the buildings magnificent. A new church was consecrated by Alexander the second attended by all the princes of Italy. It was invested with extraordinary privileges, was exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and was sub- ject only to the pope. The monks elected their own abbot, who was consecrated by the pope in person, and enjoyed the precedence over all other abbots. — Excommunication de facto was the penalty for any invasion of their possessions. This abbey gave popes, cardinals, and bishops to Holy church, and when it was thought meritorious to desert the active duties of life for the indolence of the cloister, several princes retired to it, as Carloman elder bro- ther of Pepin, Ratchis king of the Lombards, his wife Tasia, and her daughter Ratrudis^^. However the institution of the Benedictine order '® Totius tons religionis et origo. Mab. vol. ii. p. 223. Graev. vol. x. part. i. p. 214. Murat. Script. Ital. vol. iv. p. 174. Mabil. vol. v. p. 34. ; vol. ii. p, 115. ; vol. iv, p. 420. 745. : vol. V. 170. Gian. vol. ii. p. 71. ; vol. i. p. 368. ; vol. ii, p. 70. 131. 147. In 747 and 750. INTRODUCTION. 9 might afterwards degenerate, it was founded upon rational and enlightened principles. Besides their religious duties, the monks were enjoined to apply themselves to science and general literature, and to engage the services of the most learned men by <iberal salaries^®. These injunctions were executed vith diligence and spirit. In the eleventh century ihis monastery took the lead in the progress of earning. The philosophy of Aristotle, the scholastic dieology, profane and sacred learning were culti- tated ; and treatises upon music, logic, astronomy, ind other sciences, were written by the monks, vlany of the classics, as Tacitus, Homer, Cicero de Vatura Deorum, Terence, Horace, the Fasti of )vid, Seneca, Virgil, and Theocritus, Josephus, /ornandes, and Gregory of Tours, were transcribed »y order of the abbot Desiderius^^, and the service f the church Avas performed both in Greek and Jubebantur ut literanim studiis operam darent, et in omni- !us praclaris disciplinis, ad statum monasticum pertinentibus, implissimil mercede conductis ad hoc doctissimis et praestantis- 'imis quibuscumque viris, suas omnes erudiri et nobilitare stu- <erent. Ugonius, De dignitate ac praestantih reipublicae Casi- ::ensis, in Graev. et Burman. Thesaur. vol. ix. pars i. p. i23. a. b. ■' Giannone, lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 2.; vol. ii. p. 112. 118, from ine Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. Ixiii. p. 473. 10 INTRODUCTION. Latin They were equally familiar with the writings of the Arabians, and the art of medicine engaged their particular attention^h The Chronicon Casinense written by Leo, cardinal bishop of Ostia, in the eleventh century, and Peter Diaconus, both monks of Casino, have given us catalogues of:' eminent men who flourished here. Of these, the^ abbot Bertharius was of the royal family of France,, \| and was murdered by the Saracens, and amongst: other learned works, wrote two books upon medi- cine. Alfanus the second, elected abbot in 1057,, was a philosopher, a musician, a theologian, am orator, and a poet, wrote medical books upon the? union of the soul and body, and upon the four hu- mours. Another abbot, Desiderius, afterwards pope-* Victor the third in 1085, was a learned man and a skilful physician, and furnished the library of thtt ^ Mabil. vol. ii. p. 55. Muratori. Script. Ital. vol. iv. p:\| 309. 2* Peter Diaconus. Chronicon S. Monasterii Casinensis, auctore Leone, carr dmali episcopo Ostiensi, continuatore Petro Diacono, ejusdeir coenobii monachis. Leo comprehends from the foundation tt 1087. Peter Diaconus from thence to 1138. He died in 1140 There is another work of Peter, De viris illustribus Casinen:\|\| sibus, with Mari’s notes. Graev. et Burman. ibid. p. 329. INTRODUCTION. 11 onastery with many books Amongst these were (le Institute and Novels of Justinian, the Pandects at having yet been discovered at Amalli Such progress had the sciences made at Salerno, ad in the monastery of mount Casino, when the rival of Constantine the African commenced a -w era of learning and fame. This celebrated an was born at Carthage. After thirty-nine years ent in study at Bagdad, and in travel, he returned ; his native country master of all the learning then Trent in the world, and particularly of medicine, lis talents excited the jealousy of his rivals, he was diged to fly, and took refuge at Salerno in 1060. e was discovered by the brother of the khalif of bylon in Egypt, who happened to be in that city, id who recommended liim to Robert Guiscard. y this prince he was patronised, and made his cretary. Having been converted to Christianity he •came a monk, and retired to the monastery of unt Casino, about the year 1075, when Desiderius the abbot. He died in 1087 by his wonderful :res, the multitude of books he wrote, and the Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. vii. Ixili, ; lib. i. cap. xxxiii. t. Diac. De viris ill. cap. xii. xix. Gian. vol. ii. p. 112. 118. ; lib. x. cap. ii. Leo. p. 413. ta Desideiii. 12 INTRODUCTION. number and fame bf his scholars, having raised the reputation of the school of Salerno to the greatest height. Some of his works have been printed, and others remain in manuscript The names of few of his disciples have been re- corded. We find mention, however, of Atto, chap- lain to the empress Agnes, who translated the works of his master from various languages into Latin^®. Another, John, the physician, an eloquent and learned man, Avho published a book of Aphorisms, and died at Naples, where he deposited the books written by his master. Gariopontus seems likewise to have been a contemporary It may not be uninteresting to ascertain the other celebrated physicians of Salerno in the twelfth cen- tury, and soon after the time when the Schola Sa- lerni was written. The earliest whose name occurs is Nicholaus, who, amongst other works, vTote a book, still extant, entitled Antidotarium, upon medi- ^ Constantini Africani Opera. Basil, apud Hen. Peter. 1539. — Bib. Bod. Ilis history appears originally in the Chron. Casin. lib. iii. cap. xxxv. and Peter Diaconus, de Vir. Cas. cap. xxiii. From thence in Murat. Ant. Ital. vol. iii. diss. xUv. p. 934. Gian. vol. ii. p. P23. Fabric. Bib. Grace, vol. xiii. p. 123. Bib. Med. Latin, vol. i. p. 1192, etc. P. Diac. De viris ill. cap. xxix. ^ Moreau. Prolegom. p. 11. INTRODUCTION. 13 ciiies, which was thought to have been the summit of medical knowledge. It was commented upon hy John Platearius, in the middle of the twelfth cen- tury^ and many other writers IMusandinus wrote upon Diet, jMaurus upon Urine and Phlebotomy. The specific works of John Castalius, IMatthew Solomon, and Richardus Senior, are not enumerated. There were other learned men who studied medicine at Salerno in that century, but removed to other places, such as saint Bruno, bishop of Signia, after- wards abbot of Casino, again bishop, and who died in 1120 ; Romualdus the second, archbishop of Sa- lerno from 1157 to 1181, who attended William king of Sicily as his physician in 1127 ; Saladinus Asculanus, physician to the prince of Tarentum in 110329. Nor was the healing art confined to men only, !there were many of the fair sex who were celebrated ■for their medical skill. The time when most of •them flourished is uncertain, but probably in the leleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Or- Pdericus Vitalis speaks of a woman unequalled in Antidotarium Nicholai cum Expositione J. Platearii. Ve- : net. 1589. .Egidius Corboliensis, vide post. Peter Diaconus, IMazza, ■ etc. C 14 INTRODUCTION. medicine in 1059 Abella wrote a poem in two books, De Atrabile et de Natura Seminis Humani. IMercuriadis composed books, De Crisibus, de Febre Pestilenti, de Curatione Vulnerum, de Unguentis. Rebecca, a work De Febribus, de Urinis, et de Em- bryone. Trotta or Trottula’s book De Mulierum Passionibus ante, in, et post, partum, is allowed to be a forgery. Sentia Guerna lectured in medicine, and Constantia Calenda received the honour of the doctorate It would be tedious to mention all the learned men who studied physic at Salerno after the twelfth century, of whom Mazza has given a long catalogue. From these we may however except John de Procida, a nobleman and physician of Salerno, the friend and ])hysician of JManfred king of Sicily, and the author and adviser of the Sicilian Vespers. When the Regimen Sanitatis was written, the jirofessors contented themselves with the humble title of the School of Salerno. By the privileges of subsequent sovereigns it was gradually constituted a Pvobertus Mala-Coiona Physicae scientiam tam copiose habuit, ut in urbe Psalernitana, ubi maxima; medicorum scholce ab antique tempore babeutur, neminem in medicinali arte, pra;ter quandam sapientem mulierem, sibi parem inveniret. Orderic. Vital. Eccl. Hist. lib. iii. ad annum 1057. ^Egidius Corbol. ; Diaconus; Mazza, etc. INTRODUCTION. ir> iregular university. Ruggiero king of Sicily, about Ithe year 1137, enacted a law, that all who designed ;to practise medicine should he examined and ap- proved hy his officials and judges, under the penalty \|of the confiscation of all their goods. By officials it ds supposed that the physicians of Salerno were understood, as he had lately given great privileges to that city. The emperor Frederic the second, having established likewise an university at Naples, Ipublished edicts for its government, which were llinally promulgated in 1231 . The study of physic, l^md lectures in that art, were restrained to those two .universities. Students were to apply themselves to dogic for three years before they commenced the listudy of medicine, which they were to pursue for five years. Nor were they then admitted till they jiliad practised for one year under an expert physician. After a public examination the university of Salerno iiad full power to grant a license to practise, that of .Naples could only certify the sufficiency of the can- Llidate to the king, or his chancellor, who granted the licence. The names of doctor and master were not khen known as specific titles of honour, but were [> ised in their original significations, for teachers, or [oersons skilled in their art. The licenced prac- titioners took an oath to observe the regulations respecting medicines, to inform the court if apothe- 1() INTRODUCTION. caries did not prepare their drugs properly, and to give advice to the poor gratis. Every physician was to visit his patient at least twice a day, and once in the night if necessary, and was not to receive for his attendance more than half a golden tarena^^ daily, or, if called out of the city, three tarenae and his expellees, or four tarenae to jirovide himself. He was not to undertake to cure a disorder for a specific sum, or to keep an apothecary’s shop, or to be in partnership with an apothecary. Surgeons were to study for one year, and to be perfect in anatomy before they were admitted to practise. Apothecaries were to take an oath to compound their medicines according to the forms prescribed, and for a fixed price, which for simple drugs was three tarenae an ounce. Such were the regulations of the emperor Frederic The three professions appear to have j ! A gold coin which weighed twenty grains, and would now j be worth four shillings and twopence. Qualibet uncia compu- I tata pro quinque florenis, et quolibet floreno pro sex tarenis, et I quiilibet tarena pro duobus Carolinis, et quolibet Caroline pro decern granis. Ducange. Giannone, vol. ii. p. 387. The constitutions are in many collections, the last is F. Pauli Canciani Barbarorum Leges i; Antiqui, 3 vols. fol. Venice, 1781, in vol. i. p. 367. See the i\| F.pistles of Peter de Vineis, Frederici chancellar, lib. iii. epist. . ( 10, 11. 13. The constitution is entitled De Probabili Experi- ^ entia Mcdicorum. INTRODUCTION. 17 I been kept distinct as early as the time of Avenzoar, i who flourished at Seville in 980, or even in the time of Celsus ' These constitutions, and the privileges of the university of Salerno, were confirmed and extended by other princes, and were in force in modern times. They are the most ancient medical statutes in •Europe, and are curious in showing the state of the medical professions in those early times. When fully established, the university consisted of ten doctors, of whom the eldest had the title of prior. Their common seal bore the image of saint JMatthew, their patron saint, whose body had been given to them by Robert Guiscard^, and the inscription of Ci VITAS Hippocratis. Students were admitted to ■the doctorate by the solemn form of having a book lOut into their hands, a ring on their fingers, a crown bf laurel on their heads, and a kiss on their ts^heeks The medical science of the Arabians, thus intro- luced into Salerno, was in substance that of the jrreeks, from whom it was derived. In the theory Freind, Historia Medicinae, edit. Paris, p. 253. Le Cleic, tlist. Med. p. 334. Leo. Ast. lib. iii. cap. xlv. p. 461. * Anton. Mazza, cap. ix. Freind, Hist. Med. c 2 18 INTRODUCTION. and cure of diseases they followed the opinions of Hippocrates and Galen: not indeed in their native simplicity, hut often corrupted their own vain and fanciful inventions, by the superstitions of astrology, and the follies of alchemy^^. Yet it is admitted that the modern science of medicine owes much to their improvements. They greatly extended the Materia Medica by the introduction of many efficacious re- medies. They added to the list of medical plants. The hrst, but very gradual, introduction of chemistry into medicine is wholly theirs and many of their formulae of compound medicines still retain a place in modern dispensatories. In many things of practice they ventured to differ from their masters, as in less copious bleedings, in milder purgatives, in substitut- ing sugar for honey in their syrups, and they first gratified the eyes and the taste of their patients by clothing their prescriptions in gold and silver leaf; a luxury which continued till within a few years. ^ Fieind, p. 479. Gian. vol. ii. p. 119. sect. 3. Rhazes is the first medical writer who mentions chemical medicines, and the mode of preparing them. He died in 932. All the chemistry that is to be found in Greek writers relates to the fusion, or transmutation of metals. Freind, p. 213. INTRODUCTION. 19 II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Such was the situation of the country^ and the itate of medical science at Salerno, when Robert :luke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, having mortgaged his dukedom for ten ihousand marks to his brother William Rufus, set imt upon his expedition to Palestine. This army of tihe crusaders, which consisted of Britons, Normans, i;.nd French, was conducted principally by Hugh the rtjreat count of Vermandois, the duke of Normandy, 1 dobert count of Flanders, Stephen count of Chartres and Blois, Eustace count of Bologne, and Odo iwishop of Bayeux. Whilst Godfrey of Bouillon with flis companions marched through Hungary, this di- ■dsion left France, in September 1096, and crossed die Alps into Italy. At Lucca they received the ‘lenediction of the pope, visited the tombs of the •postles at Rome, and repaired to Salerno, the netropolis of the Norman dutchy of Apulia. Robert ^f Normandy was nearly related to the reigning lamily. Ruggiero, the duke, had married Adela, Robert’s first cousin, the daughter of Robert le :^rison, Avho was brother to IMatilda, the wife of VVilliam the Conqueror. The season was too far idvanced to proceed safely by sea to the coast of 20 INTRODUCTION. Epirus. The impetuosity, however, of the counts of V ermandois and Flanders impelled them to brave the dangers of the sea, and to pass over with their troops. The duke of Normandy, and the counts of Chartres and Bologne, passed the winter at Salerno. In the April following they proceeded on their ex- pedition from the ports of Apulia In their way to Bari they visited the monastery of mount Casino, to recommend themselves to the prayers of the monks, and the protection of saint Benedict From hence they sailed over to Durazzo, arrived at Con- stantinople, and joined the armies of the crusaders at the siege of Nice. It is unnecessary to relate here the prodigies of valour performed by duke Robert in Palestine. After the conquest of the holy city, the victory at Ascalon, the election of Godfrey, and the establish- ment of the kingdom of Jerusalem, the greater part of the crusaders returned home, crowned with glory, ^ Gesta Francorum Expugnantium Hieiosol. Anon. 2. in l^ongars, vol. i. p. 562. sect. 4. Mat. Paris, Lond. 1684, a VV atts, p. 24. Isti omnes (Robei tus, etc.) in Apulia et Calabria, circa hyemis ingruentis initium, nivium et glaciorum vitantes incommoda, expectabant, donee felicior aura arrideret. Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. ii. p. 498. Mabillon, vol. v. p. 238. INTRODUCTION. 21 t and exhausted by their labours. The duke of Nor- mandy and the count of Flanders, by the way of Constantinople, returned into Apulia in September, 1090. Robert was received by his countrymen and relations, Ruggiero count of Sicily, and his nephew Ruggiero duke of Apulia, with the cordiality and honours due to the successful champions of the cross, and in a round of festivities they forgot the suffer- ings of their Christian warfare. Robert was van- quished by the charms of Sybilla, the daughter of Geoffrey count of Conversano, the nephew of Robert Guiscard. She was a lady of great beauty, elegant manners, and superior understanding. At a sub- sequent period, after their return to Normandy, she was said to have conducted the affairs of the dutchy, during his temporary absences, with more judgment than her imprudent husband. lie had a son by her named William, who became count of Flanders. Yet she appears to liave fallen early a sacrifice to the envy and factiousness of some Norman ladies of nobility. Upon this marriage, from his father-in-law and other friends, Robert received a large treasure to enable him to redeem his dominions'^. ' As our general historians give little account of this mar- ( i\| riage, and the lady, I extract the following passages from the H original historians. See Gesta Francorum in Bongarsius’s 22 INTRODUCTION. Besides visiting liis Norman friends, a principal object in Robert’s return to Italy was to consult the physicians of Salerno for a wound which he had received in his right arm from an arrow supposed to have been poisoned, and which had degenerated into collection, vol. i. p. 578. sect. 32. Albertus Aquensis, lib. vi. cap. liii. liv. Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne’s Gesta Nor- mannorum, p. 780. In anno 1100, consoles (comites Robertus, etc.) cum suis reciperunt se, et ii Normannis in Italia amicabi- liter suscepfi sunt. Rogerius Siciliae comes, ejusque nepos Rogerius, Apuliae dux, atque Goiffiedus de Conversano, nepos Guiscardi ducis, aliique compatriotae seu cognati eorum, salvo reditu gavisi sunt, et fatigatos pro Christo in multis agonibus pugiles lajtificare conati sunt. Tunc ibi Rodbertus, Norman- niae dux, generosam virginem adamavit Sibyllam, GoifFredi de Conversanil filiam, de.sponsavit, et secum in Neustriam adduxit. — A suo socero, qui Dominus Brundusii erat, et ab aliis amicis, copiam auri et argenti, rerumque preciosarum, obtinuit : ex quorum donis ingentem pecuniam accumulavit, quam reddere creditori, ut suum ducatum quiete reciperet, provide destinavit Will. Gemetricensis Hist. Norman, lib. viii. cap. xiv. p. 299. In Duchesne Gesta Normannorum, and Cambden’s collection, p. 672. Sibyllam, sororem Willielmi comitis Conversana;— Fuit praidicta comitissa pulcra facie, honestis moribus, sapientia piaedita, et aliquando, absente duce, ipsa melius per se negotia provincifE, tarn privata quam publica, disponebat quam ipse facerat si adesset. Vixit autem in Normannia paivo tempore, invidia et factione quarundam nobilium foeminarum decepta. INTRODUCTION. 23 la deep ulcer, called a fistula The story that the poison was sucked out by his alfectionate wife during his sleep, is probably one of the romantic tales of that romantic period, and has been told of other heroes. That his cure ivas owing to the skill of the doctors of Salerno is more probable. Amidst ithe hospitality of his countrymen, the luxuries of Italy, and the endearments of his bride, Robert wasted near a year, and by this delay he lost the rown of England, and ended a brave but impru- dent life in a captivity of eight and twenty years III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. It is the received opinion that during Robert’s continuance in Italy, or soon after, this poem, the Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, was composed, for the preservation of his health, by the physicians of ’alerno The name, indeed, of the king of higland, to whom it is dedicated, is not mentioned Auctor Chronici Normannorutn, a Moreau laudatus in •’roleg. p. 17. Gian. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. p. 125. Ordericus Vitalis, etc. Gian. vol. ii. p. 125. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. Muratori, iVntiq. Ital. vol. iii. dissert, xliv. col. 935. jMoreau Proleg. ’. 17. etc. etc. 24 INTRODUCTION. in the poem itself^ or by the original commentator, Arnaldus cle Villa Nova. But the authority of Giannone, the historian of Naples, probably founded upon original documents, is sufficient to establish the fact, which is confirmed by many other circum- stances. 1. That the poem was written as early as the end of the eleventh century is evident from its being referred to and imitated by ^Bgidius Corboliensis, in the middle of the twelfth century, and the early imitations of it by the universities of Paris and IMontpelier. 2. No other king of England was so connected with Salerno. Richard the first, indeed, was there in his way to Palaestine, in 1190, but this was at too late a period. Muratori, after stating the general opinion, that it was Robert of Normandy, expresses some doubts of it, and supposes that it was Edward the Confessor, for which he gives two reasons, both equally frivolous. The first is, that the school of Salerno was famous for medical science in his reign. But this proves nothing, since it was equally cele- ])rated both before and after that time. Secondly, that Robert of Normandy was never king of England. This is as futile : he had a just hereditary right to his throne of England, and under every title was the lawful successor of William Rufus. INTRODUCTION. 25 :lle was king de jure, if not de facto. And it is rplain from the ancient writers that he was so styled .and considered Peter Diaconus, whose work was taken from the records of the abbey of mount CasinOj expressly calls him king of England, Rod- xbertus rex Anglorum, and relates, that he sent ambassadors to the monastery, with the present of a golden cup to saint Benedict, requesting the monks to pray for the good estate of his kingdom 3. There is the internal evidence arising from the recipe for the cure of a fistula, the only prescription of a very professional nature contained in the poem, and for which it would be difficult to assign a reason inless it were written for the use of a person who aboured under that complaint. In some of the copies of the Regimen Sanitatis it iS dedicated to a king of France : <6 Pagi in Ann. Baron, vol. vi. p. 298, follows Muratori, ithout assigning any reasons. Regnum Anglia? ipsi Roberto duci contingebat, tam jure aaturas, quam regni consuetudine. Bernardus Thesaurarius. n Muratori, vol. vii. cap. Ixxxi. p. 728.— His porro diebus Rod- >ertus rex Anglorum legatos ad hoc monasterium direxit, petens it pro se atque pro statu regni sui domini clementiam exorarent, i-alicemque aureum, quantitatis non modicie, beato Benedicto per cos dirigere studuit. Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. Ixiii. p. 529. D 26 INTRODUCTION. Frayicortim Regi scripsit Schola iota Salerni. This is said to have been Charlemagne, and that he founded the school of Salerno. That opinion is mani- festly erroneous. As a mere seminary of medicine it was in existence before the time of Charlemagne, and it was not constituted an university till long after. The city, besides, was never in his power, but resisted his authority The oldest, the best, and indeed the great majority of copies, both manuscript and printed, have Anglorum regi, and the other reading is evidently supposititious. This fraudulent alteration of the dedication, from the king of England to Charle- magne, and the assertion that it was presented to him after he had conquered the Saracens at Roiife- vaux, betrays its origin That mean spirit of envy, too often found amongst even superior French- ‘men, could not bear that so popular a poem should be connected with an English monarch, and the attributing a victory to Charlemagne at the battle of Ronfevaux is a ridiculous gasconade, of which the falsehood has been proclaimed to all Europe by the trumpet of Ariosto. This poem, which is entitled in the oldest edi- Giannone, vol. i. p. 390 ; vol. ii. p. 122. Tempore quo idem vex Saracenos devicit in Runcivalle. INTRODUCTION. 27 tions, Regimen Saiiitatis Salernitanum, or Flos Medicinae, though written in the name of the whole School of Salerno, is usually attributed to John de jMilano. His name is affixed to it in many manu- scripts, one as old as 1418 but whether it occurs in any which are antecedent to the fifteenth century is doubtful, nor is it to be found in the earliest [printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, the first 'commentator on the work, and who died in 1363, I states only that it was published by the doctors of ! Salerno. The name of John de Milano does not I appear in the catalogues of the learned men of that I university, in the Chronicle of Casino, or the Con- itinuation by Peter Diaconus. Nor is he mentioned I by Aigidius Corboliensis, who enumerates the most jcelebrated physicians of that place at that period. lYet that it should be so generally ascribed, in later litimes, to a person whose very name is not elsewhere jito be found, unless it were known from undisputed [and undeviating tradition, and ancient authorities, it •is difficult to conceive. Who he was, Avhere he lived, or what share he [had in the poem, are equally unknown. There [was indeed a John, a monk of mount Casino, said Codex Tullovianus, and Codex Altorfianus vel Trevvianus. ♦See Catalogue of MSS. 28 INTRODUCTION. by Peter Diaconus to have been a learned and elo- quent physician, a disciple of Constantine, and to have flourished in 1075, who may be the person He quitted his monastery, and died at Naples, where he deposited the works of Constantine. The time and the other circumstances do not disagree, but Peter Diaconus does not mention his surname, and though he speaks of a medical book of Apho- risms written by him, he says nothing there, or any- where else, of the Schola Salerni. The evidence in his favour is therefore very slight. IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCIIOLA SALERNITANA. From the state of medicine at the time the poem was written, it is evident from what sources its pre- cepts must have been derived. The industry of commentators has traced every doctrine to its Greek, Latin, or Arabian origin. In the work itself, Hippo- crates, Galen, and Pliny, are expressly quoted : but the author was principally indebted to the poem De Virtutibus Herbarum, which was composed by Odo, or Odobanus, a physician in the dark ages, in De viris illust. Casinens, cap. 35. INTRODUCTION. 29 the name of ^milius Macer, a Roman poet, the contemporary of Virgil, Ovid, and Tibullus, and who wrote upon similar subjects, but whose works have perished From this poem much of what relates to plants is taken. Above sixteen articles, containing about forty lines, are borrowed from it verbatim et literatim. Other lines are occasionally introduced, together with the substance of other parts. Though much of this work, derived from the fanciful doctrines of the Arabian physicians, is now become obsolete, on account of the more extensive knowledge of modern times, and though many of the virtues attributed to meats, drinks, and herbs, are imaginary, yet it is but justice to observe, that the : greater ]>art of the general rules, being founded in \|jgood sense and experience, are truly excellent, are [calculated for all ages and climates, and form an luseful compendium of practical directions for securing Lia sound mind in a sound body. The professed object of a poem, which was not ^designed for physicians, but for an unlearned sove- Fabric. Med. et inf. Latin, etc. It is entitled Macer de Virtutibus Herbarum. I have used Ranzovius’s edition, Lipsi®, 1590. Scaliger says of him, neque poeta, neque bonus ^medicus, neque sincems versificator. D 3 30 INTRODUCTION. reign, and for general use, was rather the preserva- tion of health than the cure of diseases. It does not enter, therefore, into any abstruse discussions, and what relates to theory only, is confined to a superficial description of the anatomy of the body, in stating merely the number of the bones, the teeth, and the veins ; and in treating more at large the four humours, which were of great importance in the ancient medicine, were held to be the great store- houses of the human fabric, and to form the great characteristics of the constitution. The means prescribed for the preservation of health, consist in the due observation of the six non- naturals^^, air, food, exercise, sleep, the excretions, and the passions. To these heads may be reduced the various rules, of living in a salubrious air, and observing the changeful seasons : the minute detail of all kinds of meat and drink, and the qualities of herbs, which constitute tlie great bulk of the poem : frequent exercise and ablutions : avoiding sleep at improper times, not neglecting the calls of nature, and avoiding care, and all other violent agitations of the mind. For the cure of diseases a general remedy is Strangely so called because they are external, and not parts of the natiiralhody. INTRODUCTION. 31 recommended in cheerfulness^ rest^ and temperance : and diet is asserted to be more important than medicine. The diseases treated of are only the common affections, which scarcely require the aid of I a physician ; such as colds, coughs, surfeits, colics, A worms, the swelling of the glands, trifling injuries Bb to the teeth, the sight, and the hearing ; and there M are many antidotes against poison, the constant sub- i: ject of apprehension to our ignorant, and therefore I . suspicious, ancestors. The medicines recommended ft are of the simplest nature, the common food of the I kitchen, and the produce of the herb garden. The li ( only composition which is of a more dispensatorial form, is the application for the cure of a fistula, evidently suggested by the disease of duke Robert, and which is compounded of chemical ingredients, arsenic, sulphur, lime, and soap. The very ample directions relating to bleeding, must be referred to lithe prevalence of that practice upon all occasions, and amongst all orders of people. The style is of course somewhat barbarous, and tithe inaccuracies have ])robably been multiplied by [ithe mistakes of transcribers. In many places the /•grammar can hardly defend itself. The ava/co- IXovOta and change of person are frequent. The [iconjunctions, and other particles, are sometimes ideficient, and at others redundant. The arrange- 32 INTRODUCTION. meiit in general is not immethodical^ though some few lines seem misplaced. In the versification, the quantity of syllables, and even the accent, are frequently disregarded. IMany lines are without rhyme, such as some which are transcribed from Macer. The rhyme is usually correct, though sometimes only the final vowels correspond, and the accent, in reading, must be transferred to the last syllable. Usually the ends of two or more lines rhyme together, sometimes the middle with the end, at others both the middle and end of one line with the corresponding parts of the next. V. COMMENTATORS, AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. A poem upon a subject so generally interesting, free from technical abstruseness, and conveyed in a pleas- ing and popular form, was soon circulated throughout Europe. It became a manual for those who were not regularly initiated into medical science, it was the institute of the student, and the text-book for the learned professors. Coj)ies were multiplied, and upon the invention of printing it was committed to the press as early as the year 1480. It was repeat- INTRODUCTION. 33 ■ edly republished in most of the cities of Europe, ■ translated into every language, and illustrated hy I voluminous comments. In the various hands through which it passed, the text was subjected to many . alterations, to omissions, additions, and corruptions, from illiterate or careless copyists, and still more : from learned and presumptuous critics The earliest commentator was Arnaldus de Villa ' Nova, one of the most celebrated men of the s thirteenth century, as a physician, a chemist, an I astrologer, and a divine. By his own account he I was born at IMilan, the year of his birth is uncer- I tain. After studying at Paris and Montpelier, he visited the academies of Italy, and the Arabian I schools in Spain, and was familiar with the Hebrew, I the Arabic, and the Greek languages. Finally he [established himself at Barcelona, whence he ^vas I styled Catalanus. He was the pupil of Peter de lApono, a celebrated divine, and the friend of Ray- mond Lully. In 1276, he cured Pope Innocent the fifth of the ])lague, by his famous tincture of gold. :He was in great favour with James the second, king !of Arragon, who employed him in 1309 in a negotia- See the catalogue of printed editions — of which I have ^described one hundred and sixty. See there specimens of ivarious translations. 34 INTRODUCTION. tion with the pope, relating to his claim to the title of king of Jerusalem. As a great master in theology he held a public disputation at Bourdeaux, Avith IMartin de Athera, a Dominican friar, in the presence of Clement the fifth. His opinions in divinity were published in France and Spain, and accorded with those of Peter de Apono : but having treated the monks and the mass with too great freedom, the clergy become his enemies. His tenets were con- demned as heretical, by the faculty of theology at Paris in 1309, and by the inquisition at Arragon in 1317, and many of his works are inserted in the Index Expurgatorius. The propositions which Avere censured, amongst others, AA'ere these : that the devil had caused the Avhole Christian people to deviate from the truth, and had left only the skin of religion, and the faith of dcAuls — that the monks corrupt the Christian doctrines, are Avithout Christian charity, and Avill all be damned — that masses for the dead are ineffectual, and that Avorks of mercy are more acceptable to God than the sacrifice of the altar When his master Peter de Apono Avas pro- secuted by the inquisition, he fled for protection to Frederic of Arragon, king of Sicily, the brother of Eymeric. Directoriuni Inquisitorium. Venice, 1607, p. 265, etc. In p. 316, is a catalogue of his forbidden works. INTRODUCTION. 35 I 1 t king James. To gratify his new patron he wrote his Commentary upon the Schola Salerni, which poem was justly esteemed as an honour to the king- doms of Naples and Sicily. It has been said, that he was sent by Frederic to cure the pope, and died upon the voyage. The time of his death seems to have been in or before the year 1313, for in that year, in the council of Vienna, pope Clement the fifth wrote circular letters to inform all persons who might have it in their possession, to produce his book De Praxi Medica, which Arnald had promised to send him, but had died in the meanwhile. His works in medicine, chemistry, alchemy, astrology, and divinity, are very numerous. They were first collected and printed at Leyden in 1504, at Venice in 1505 in folio, and afterwards, after some inter- mediate editions, more correctly at Basil in 1585. In some of his works he styles himself Domini Papa3 Physicus, and Boniface the eighth was accused of heresy for approving of his writings. The following works relating to the same subjects with the Schola Salerni may be mentioned. His treatise de Con- servalione Corporis, dedicated to king Frederic, was frequently printed with his comment on the Schola Salerni. Another work, entitled Regimen Sanitatis, was dedicated to the king of Arragon, James the second, and was often printed ; but at length IMag- 36 INTRODUCTION. ninus, or IMagnus^ a physician of ]\Iilan, having made some additions and alterations, put his own name to it, and it has since been attributed to him. There is a work of Arnaldus, De Co7ise7'vcmdd Juvcnluie, et Relardandd SenecUite, and another de Regwime Castra Sequent'mm, of the same class^. Villa Nova’s commentary is succinct, clear, and to the purpose. It well explains the precepts ac- cording to the system of physic then received, and confirms them by the authorities of Aristotle, Hippo- crates, Galen, Avicenna, Rases, Averroes, and other eminent writers, who were the genuine sources from whence they were derived. From its first appear- ance this commentary always accompanied the text, and it was printed ivith it in the earliest editions. The fame of Arnald was inseparably connected with that of the poem, which was even sometimes attri- buted to him. Though subsequent editions may have refined the language, and multiplied authorities and illustrations, the original work of Villa Nova Arnaldi vita & Campegio, prefixed to liis works. Basil, 1585. Fabric. Bib. Med. Lat. vol. i. p. 358. Freind’s Hist. Med. Shaw’s Notes to Boerhaave’s Chemistry. Bibliotheca Ilispana h Nicholao Antonio Ilispalensi, 1788, vol. ii. p. 112. Niceron, Memoires des Ilommes il lustres, vol. xxxiv. p. 8. For hlagninus, or hlagnus’s, plagiarism, see Arnaldi Opera, Lugd. 1509, folio 59. INTRODUCTION. 37 has served as the basis, and has supplied the most valuable part of their commentaries^®. The next commentators were John Curio and James Crellius, two physicians of Erford in Ger- many. The earliest edition of their work was printed lat Frankfort in 1538. In the dedication to that of 545, they profess to have altered and amended the text, and to have restored the verses to correct pro- ;ody, except where the rhyme restrained them. Their commentary is little more than a paraphrase of that )f Villa Nova, of which they say they have polished «he rude language, amended the errors, purged it from oarbarisms, corrected the quotations, turned them nto better Latin, retrenched superfluities, supplied pnissions, rejected absurdities, and replaced them >y sounder doctrines. In 1556, Curio alone pub- tshed a new edition, in which he retained the same ext, added an old German translation, and a com- eentary, which is a fuller paraphrase of Villa Nova’s, lith many additions. From this time the original iirnmentary was superseded, and this paraphrase ns substituted in its place, with few or no altera- ims: but the name of Villa Nova was still retained. Renatus IMoreau, a physician of Paris, began a re enlarged edition, of which a part was published See after, a specimen of his commentaiy. E 47 38 INTRODUCTION. in 1C25, dedicated to cardinal Richlieu. He re- duced the text of the poem, which is mostly that of Curio and Crellius, into a new method, added many verses from manuscripts, illustrated it by the commentary of Villa Nova as reformed by Curio, Crellius, and Constanson and his own copious ani- madversions. It was his object to render it a per- fect treatise of medicine, and he divides it into three parts, the j)rophy lactic, the therapeutic, and the semiotic. The first includes the six non-naturals: the second, medicine in general, and the cure of particular diseases: the third, the signs of health. For this purpose, what is wanting in the text, or the preceding commentaries, is s.ipplied by his own ani- madversions, which, under s me heads, are extremely long^^. But he has published only a part of his plan, comprehending only the two first heads of the prophylactic division ; air and food. The last and most usual edition is that of Zacha- rius Sylvius, a physician of Rotterdam, of which the dedication is dated in 1(348. The text is nearly in the same order in Avhich it was originally published, j I have never seen any edition by Constanson, but from what appears of it in Moreau, I believe he made but little altera- tion either in the text or comments. The animadversion on air, for instance, occupies above sixty i close printed pages. INTRODUCTION. 39 1 corrected by that of Curio. The commentary is : that of Villa Nova as it was reformed by Curio. ! Moreau’s additions to the textj and his animad- s versions^ are omitted, though the editor professes I to have used that edition. This has often been p reprinted, and constitutes what may be considered »as the editio recepla. Of editions printed without the commentary, in 'which any remarkable alterations were made in the text, I know of two only. John Francis Lombard endeavoured to give the poem a more classical form, and by discarding rhyme, .and changing some of the language, to reduce it to bcorrect prosody. It was first published in 1566, at Lithe end of a synopsis of writers upon the baths and I wonders of Puteoli®®. The following are some ex- rtracts from it — it commences : Anglorum Regi scribit schola tota Salerni. Si vis incolumem, et sanam traducere vitam, Curas tolle graves, motus ferventis et irae, Parce mero, sit coena brevis tibi, surge parumpbr Ir “Jo. FranciscI Lombardi, eonim quae de balneis aliisque miraculis Puteolanis scripta sunt synopsis. In calce tria opera nedica. Venice, 1566. This seems to be a second edition, Printed ag-ain in Italia Illustrata. Frank, 1600. And in Bur- knan. Thesaur. Antiq. Ital. vol. ix. part iv. 40 INTRODUCTION. Post epulas, mediae somnumque propelle diei : Comprime vesicae paril^:r nec pondera ventris. Ilaec si servabis per saecula plurima vives. Si desint medici hos canones servare memento, Praestantis medici poterunt qui munere fungi. Mens sit laeta, quies, mediocris regula victus. Post balnea sumpta, calore Membra fove, baud studeas post prandia : frigidus et si Forth eris, baud subitb, paulatim at sume calorera. Post pisces nux una juvat, nocet altera, mors est Tertia: divinet qui vult aenigma poetae ®‘. Die homo cur moritur cui salvia crescit in horto ? — Nullus hortus contra letum medicamina praestat. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremorem Tollit, ope ipsius fugit illicb febris acuta. It concludes, Ilaec sunt quae scripsit Regi Schola docta Salerni. Dogmata quae totum lustrant per saecula mundum, Testentur studia antiqui ut permagna Salerni. Reginald Bruytsina, a ])liysician of IMeclilin, in 1636, printed at Douay an edition without commen- tary or notes, in which he newly arranged the text. These two passages are quoted to illustrate some obscurities in the original text. INTRODUCTION. 41 and intermixed with it four hundred verses of his own composition, distinguished from the original by being in the elegiac metre, and without rhyme. It is entitled, Novo-antiqua Schola Salernitana. It begins : Corpore tu quicunque voles, animoque valere, Sincera jugitfer raente precare Deum. nine noscenda tui tibi sunt primordia prima Corporis, et quinara sit status indb tibi. Cognita quae certain possint monstrare salutem, Ne malb conveniens ingredieris iter. Ergo rudes simul haec, simul et versate periti. Omnibus iste potest utilis esse labor. Sunt duo, mens, corpus, fragilis primordia vitae : Illius coelum est, hujus origo solum: Vilius idque licet, constat tamen ex dementis Quatuor, et sunt haec, aer, aqua, ignis, humus. Having given an account of the commentators, >ind principal printed editions, I shall now proceed ;o describe such manuscripts as have come within my knowledge. VI. THE MANUSCRIPTS. The manuscripts of the Schola Salernitana differ .‘ssentially in the number of lines, in the variety of readings, the additions, and the order. Whilst E 3 42 INTRODUCTION. Villa Nova lias only three hundred and sixty-three lines, IMoreau mentions, that a manuscript belonging to Naudius had only one hundred and eighty-three, his own had six hundred and sixty-four, that of Trews one thousand and seventy three, Tullou’s one thousand and ninety-six, and Schenk’s one thousand two hundred and thirty-nine. Some of the Oxford manuscrijits have one thousand and eighty, others one thousand nine hundred Those which I have seen, and probably the foreign manuscripts, may he reduced to three classes. First. Those which agree with Villa Nova’s text, with occasional various readings, and small differ- ences. These are of little value, and I believe are most of them copied from the jirinted editions. Secondly. Those which have Villa Nova’s text for their basis, preserving its character, yet having considerable additions, and alterations. The THIRD class of manuscripts contains a poem in which the Schola Salerni is incorporated, hut differs entirely from the other classes, in a more methodical arrangement, in very great, and more scientific, additions. The manuscripts vary in length, but some of them contain near nineteen Moreau’s Prolegomena, p. 4. Schenk, Bibl. IMed. See the catalogue of MSS. hereto annexed. INTRODUCTION. 43 hundred lines. The vanity of dedicating the poem to Charlemagne, the allusion to the victory at Roii9evaux, and the medical learning displayed in it, prove it to have been the work of some French physician. There are copies in the Ashmolean, and I Bodleian libraries ; from which the following ex- I ■ tracts will fully describe their character and con- I tents. They are headed — [ Alter usus versuum Salernitanorum. Incipiunt versus I medicinales edit! a magistns et doctoribus Salernitanis , in Apulijl, script! Karolo magno Francorum Regi glorio- I ^ sissimo. Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. j Quarum prima est de rebus homini naturalibus. Securida, de rebus homini non naturalibus. Tertia, de rebus contra hominis naturam (i. e. diseases). Quarta, de medicinis simplicibus et compositis. de curis eegritudinum. I The plants and other simple medicines, are ar- I I ranged alphabetically. I Incipit prirno p7'ologus. I Francorum Regi scripsit tota Schola Salerni, In metro pauca, mox commemorantia multa, Quo phisis regimine stanti compendio scitur, I Cura subest prompta, languor qua tollitur aeger. I Metra juvant animos, comprendunt plurima paucis, Pristina commemorant, quae sunt tibi grata legenti. Ilaec benb servando vitam longam tibi mando. Ilerbas in terris, coelo quot sidera cernis, A me tot mille verba salutis babe. 44 INTRODUCTION. At the endj after the epilogue : Explicit Horariuin versuum medicinaliura, scriptum Christianissimo Regi Francorum, Carolo magno, a tol^ universitate doctorum medicinarum prseclarissirai studii Salernitani, tempore quo idem Rex Saracenos devicit in Runcivalle, quod latuit usque, tardfe, et Deo volente, nuper prodiit in lucem. A few specimens may he sufficient: De locis furgandi humores. Sanguis per venas purgatur, flegma veretro, Fel per sudores, sed melancholia retro. T)e signis mortalihus in acuta febri. Virtvis pulmonis, cordis, stomachi, cadit, hgeret. Anxius insanit, sudatque, cruore fluente, Absque crisi riget, et febris auget, et absens. Est sitis, osque sonat, plorat, decoctio cessat. Livor in extremis apparet, fronte citrina. Est urina minor, egestio cruda liquescit. Certius est signum contractio testiculorum. Aut si retrahitur in veretro virga virilis. Haec sunt signa quibus inspectio mortis habetur. Whatever be the history of it, the whole of the poem upon the choice of simples and medicines by Otho Cremonensis is incorporated into it, under the INTRODUCTION. 45 title De Simplicibus IMedicinis, in alphabetical order, in which is likewise included all of the Schola Salernitana which relates to the same subject : as, from Otho: Asa Fcetida. Quo magis fcetorem facit Asa scias meliorem, De Borace. Si tibi veracem mens est novisse Boracera, Elige candentura, duram, sine sorde nitentem. De Coloquintidd. Non resonans mota, per pulpam Candida tota, Si pulpis hseret semen, si firma cohaeret Seminibus pul pa, coloquintida sit sine culpa. From the fifth part, de curis morborum, I select two short heads : De salisfaclione ajrpetitus cegroli. Quae petit aegrotans, quamvis contraria, dentur : Tunc natura viget potius cum vota replentur. Contra Squinonciam. Quando dolet guttur, velut ulcera si patiatur, Protinus abstineas, minuas®^; sic alleviatur. Bleed. 4G INTRODUCTION. The following prudential advice enters too deeply into the mysteries of the profession to have been designed for the use of the profane : De prudenlid Medici sumentis pro lahore. Non didici gratis, nec sagax Musa Ilippocratis -ZEgris in stratis serviet absque datis. Sumpta solet carb multum medicina juvare, Si quae datur gratis nil habet utilitalis. lies dare pro rebus, pro verbis verba solemus. Pro vanis verbis montanis utimur herbis, Pro caris rebus, pigmentis et speciebus. Est medicinalis medicis data regula tabs : Ut dicatur, da, da, dum profert languidus, ha, ha. Da medicis primo medium, medio, nihil irao. Dum dolet infirmus medicus sit pignore firmus. Instantbr quaere nummos, ut pignus, habere. Foedus et antiquum conservat pignus amicum, Nam si post quaeris quaerens semper eris®^. In the epilogue he speaks of the medical authors of Salerno : Maurus, Mattheus Salomon, Petrus Urso, moderni Sunt medici, per quos regnat medicina Salerni®. A liter, injuriosus liaberis. See an account of the particular MSS. in the catalogue hereafter given. INTRODUCTION. 47 Of the additions wliich have been gradually en- grafted upon the original poein^ it is not difficult to trace the origin and ])rogress. FIRST. Villa Nova had introduced many verses of a similar nature into his commentary^ not as parts of the poenij but professedly from other quarters^ and which he carefully distinguished by such prefatory words as^ ut dicunt, juxla illiid metricum, or unde versus isti communes. These lines, to the number of near forty, found their way early into the text, and became part of the usual copies, the editio recepla. SECONDLY. The next storehouse for supplying additions was the poem of J\Iacer, from which much of the original had been taken. THIRDLY. Besides these, many floating verses, some written as marginal notes, were occasionally absorbed and embodied, and oth r were purposely added by monks and transcribers. FOURTHLY. At length it was completely altered and reformed, in substance and method, fully to meet the ideas of the learned. Every subject which was deficient was supplied, those parts ^vhich were too short were extended, and it was trans- formed into a complete compendium of the whole art of medicine. Since near two hundred years had elapsed between 48 INTRODUCTION. the comrosition of the poem and the time of Villa Nova, it is not improbable that some alterations had been made in the intermediate ])eriod, and that even his text is not immaculate. Perhaps it was origi- nally very short, not much more than the general precepts. An attentive examination would lead one to imagine that some verses had been altered, or added. Lines Avhere there is a change of person, or number ; verses whicli do not rhyme, or which are not in the hexameter form : all repetitions of the same rule in other words : or rules vdiicli seem to be in the nature of explanations or comments ; lines out of place, and separated from others on the same subject : all these may perhaps be suspected of being supposititious, but what sacrilegious hand will ven- ture to displace them from a situation which they have maintained for five hundred 5^ears ! Although many of the general rules are excellent, and adapted to all times and persons, yet much of the detail is founded upon systems which are ex- jdoded by modern experience. The. object, there- fore, of every intelligent reader of this poem is not to learn the art of medicine, but to contemplate a venerable monument of antiquity ; and to ascertain tlie opinions in the medical science, which prevailed in the eleventh century. He wishes therefore to see it in its original simplicity, in the precise state in INTRODUCTION. 49 which it was sent to the king of England^ and free from any subsequent additions. This original text, if anywhere, is to be found in the edition which received the stamp of authenticity from Arnaldus de Villa Nova, by whom it was pub- lished and commented upon, and from the additional approbation of the doctors of the university of ]\Iont- pelier. Villa Nova lived as early as the thirteenth century. He was resident in the kingdom of Sicily, where the poem Avas written, and of course had the best opportunity of obtaining a correct copy. This commentary was written to flatter the national pre- judices of his protector Frederic, who was justly proud of a composition so honourable to his country. It is not probable, therefore, that he should have mutilated, or curtailed the original work, as has been supposed by some critics^®, for Avhich he could have no assignable motive. Neither was he a care- less, or uncritical, editor : he sometimes quotes various readings, and always distinguishes between the text itself, and other verses which he introduces into his commentary. Under all these considerations, I hai^e adopted tithe text as it was settled by Villa Nova, and as it is «« Murat. Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. col. 935. Schola Salernitana fortassis olim auctior quam nunc in editis conspicitur. F 50 INTRODUCTION. to be found in the earliest printed editions. For this purpose I have used that printed at Strasburg in 1491, collated with six others of the fifteenth cen- tury : viz. two small quartos without name or date, perhaps earlier ; one in duodecimo printed by Regnault Chandieu ; one by John de Westphalia ; another by Balligault in 1493, and one by IMichael le Noir in 1497. I have not seen what has been stated to be the earliest edition of 1480, if that is not a mis- take, arising from the date of the approbation of the sages of Montpelier. All those of the fifteenth cen- tury which I have seen, and probably any others, are mere reprints of each other, with no other varia- tions than errors of the ]iress. I have, however, re- formed the orthography and corrected the evident blunders of one edition by another After the poem itself I have printed a selection from the additional lines. VII. IMITATIONS. The Regimen Salutis being so popular, many books were written under similar titles. The universities of Paris and Montpelier are said to have produced See the catalogue of printed editions. INTRODUCTION. 51 poems in imitation of it^. In 'the year 1477 was printed, Pnlcherrimum et utilissimum opus ad sani- tatis conservationem, in prose, and in alphabetical order, by Benedict de Nursia, physician to Francis Sforza, duke of IMilan, dedicated to pope Nicholas the fifth. There is a small treatise of only seven leaves by Thaddseus de Florentia, entitled De re- gimine salutis secundum quatuor partes anni. He flourished about 1280. At the end is a colophon — Opera et industria Dominici de Lapis, impendio tamen Sigismundi a Libris civis atque librarii Bono- niensis. I have before mentioned that IMagninus, or IMay- nus, a physician of IMilan, having made some altera- tions in Villa Nova’s treatise De Regimine Salutis, I claimed the work as his own. It was printed very 1 early in his name: as at Louvain by John de West- I phalia in 1482, and in 1486. At Paris by Udeline I Gering in 1483, at Basil by Nicholas Kesler in I 1493, and often subsequently. Before the Schola Salerni were many ancient < poems upon medical subjects. In Greek there were j Nicander, Rufus Ephesius, and IVIarcellus Sidetes. I i In Latin, Serenus Sammonicus, Fannius Palaemon, i » 68 Fabric. Bib. Lat. vol. iii. lib. iv. cap. xii. Schenk. Bib. >1 Med. 52 INTRODUCTION. and the spurious Macer. In imitation of these and the Schola Salerni, verse was adopted as a conve- nient vehicle for medical science. In later times the work of Eobanus Hesse, De tuenda bona vale- tudine, and the Coena Baptistaj Frire Mantuani, are classical poems and have been often printed .®2:idius Corboliensis is an author of the twelfth century, who requires a more particular detail, as his work upon compound medicines throws a consider- able light upon the state of Salerno about the period of the Schola Salerni, and has supplied many mate- rials for this introduction 7°. For his history I think Ave have little which can be depended upon beyond the internal evidence of his poem. He states that As in Jo. Sigismundi Henninger’s Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. From the similarity of the name, this author has been confounded with an Aigidius Atheniensis, who is said to have flourished in 700, and wrote two poetical works, De Pulsibus et Urinis. Trithemius de Script. Eccl. N°. 241. Hendreich, Pandect. Brandenburg, p. 44, 45. And with Johannes .<Dgidius, or of saint Giles’s, an Englishman, whose history is to be found in Matthew Paris, ed. Watts, 1640, p. 414, 874, 974. Leland, De Script. Brit. p. 251. Fuller’s Worthies, p. 433. From these in Pegge’s Life of Grosseteste. Saxii Onomast. vol. ii. p. 268. Chalmer’s Biog. Diet. etc. Leyser’s account is very confused, p. 499. INTRODUCTION. 53 he studied physic at Salerno, under Peter IMusandi- nus, Maurus, and INIatthew Salomon, who were eminent physicians in the twelfth century and he describes that place with elegance and affection His work is dedicated to Romoaldus, who was arch- bishop of Salerno from 1157 to his death in 1181 and he speaks of having written it long before, and at Paris iEgidius Parisiensis, in a poem in honour of Char- lemagne, written in the popedom of Coelertine the second, between the years 1191 and 1198, speaks of him as a contemporary, then highly celebrated for his skill in medicine and poetry, and as having been born at Paris In a description of the hospital at Corbeil, his name is said to have been Peter, and that he was of the family of the counts of Corbeil This work of -^gidius Corboliensis is on the Virtues and Praises of Compound IMedicines, and is a poem in hexameter verse, consisting of four thousand Lib. i. ver. 93, 98, 107 ; p. 509. line 145. ; p. 510. lib. ii. line 1, 28, 31. ■^2 Lib. iii. line 465, etc. p. 593. Lib. i. line 130, etc. p. 510. Lib. i, etc. p. 505. In Carolino. lib. v. In Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Script, vol. V. p. 323. By Petit, in Journal de Medicine for September, 1786. F 3 54 INTRODUCTION. five Imndred and sixty-two lines. It was printed by Leyser, from a manuscript in tlie Wolfenbuttel library, but with many errors And it professes to be an exposition of the Antidotarium of Nicholaus, and the commentary of Platearius upon it^®. It is in four books, with a prologue to each, and what he styles prolog/is Jinalis at the end. Above seventy medicines are treated of, in alphabetical order. Without stating the materials of which they are composed, he describes their various virtues, the cases and circumstances in which they are applicable, the dose, the mode of giving them, and whether alone or in composition with other medicines, and he concludes each article with the information of how long it will keep good. The recipes for the medicines themselves are to be found in his original authors, Nicholaus, and Platearius : and in Myrepsius de Compositis Medicaminibus, and Actuarius, on the same subjects. They are mostly very complex, and the ingredients are frequently very costly : as diamar- Liber de Virtutibus et Laudibus Compositorum Medicami- num, metrice compositus, editus a Magistro .^gidio Corboilensi — In Leyser’s Ilistoria poetarum et poematum IMedii ..Dvi. Halas, 1721, p. 500. Antidotarium Nicholai, cum expositione Jo. Platearii, was printed, with the works of Mesua, at Venice in 1589. It is alphabetical. INTRODUCTION. gariton^ composed of pearls dissolved, and tlie pecu- niary value was supposed to enhance their virtue and efficacy. There are many digressions, in which the author takes the opportunity of expatiating freely upon other subjects, hut mostly relating to the medical profession, and they are the best parts of the poem ; of which the following are the prin- cipal : In book the fir sly upon medicines which cure so j quickly, that they deprive the physician of due 1 honour and fees^®. In the second book, under the head of Diamar- gariton, he proves that though the poor are unable to afford such expensive compositions, they have the consolation that poverty is the best medicine, and preserver of health Under Diasatyrion is a discus- 1 sion upon love Another against the use of honey, I and fraudulent apothecaries In book the third, are contained observations upon i the utility of the pains of labour®^. The praises f and description of Salerno®^. Advice that young I and inexperienced physicians are to be avoided, and ■ Lib. i. ver. 698. p. 531. ^ Lib. ii. ver. 68. p. 540. and lib. iii. ver. 235. p. 583. Lib. ii. ver. 218. p. 546. Ver. 894. p. 572. ' 1 83 Lib. iii. ver. 101. p. 577. 8^ ygr. 469. p. 593. i ! 56 INTRODUCTION. the description of a good physicsan The circum- stances of cases should be inquired into®^. Various sorts of madness are described '^7. In hook the fourth, is a dissertation on the virtues of the number and an apology that the neces- sity of metre had compelled him to distort many Greek terms. A knotty question is discussed, why pills are always given in an odd number Under opiates he satirizes with some humour one Rigor- dns, an empiric, Qui requiem monachis in acutis febribus offert, Et requiem facit aeternam The description of a monstrous child, censure of INIontpelier^^ prudential hints to physicians, artifices to be used, medicines to be changed in colour and form, and disguised, as patients love variety, and despise cheap medicines In the prologus finalis, he gives good advice to young practitioners about fees, and that they should bleed the purses of the rich to aid the poor He advises them not to make any Ver. 564. p. 597. Ver. 848. p. 610. and lib. iv. ver. 309. p. 639, ^ Ver. 866. p. 610. Lib. iv. ver. 129. p. 632. Ver. 386. p. 646. 90 Ver. 564. p. 654. and ver. 639. p. 657. 91 Ver. 1119. p. 675. 92 Ver. 1049. p. 687. INTRODUCTION. 57 as^reement beforeliaiul with great people, since, if they are generous, they will reward amply, and, if avaricious, their name will advance them. With middling people to make a previous agreement, because when they are in pain they are disposed to reward a physician, but when they recover they grudge tlie fees. Though so near in time to the Schola Salerni, it is far beyond it in classical and poetical language. It is remarkable that it does not mention John de IMilano, but many Leonine verses are introduced, particularly at the beginning of each article, in imitation of the Schola Salerni. The following lines allude to it. Speaking of some roots, herbs, gums, and seeds, he adds, Quorum facunda Salerni Pagina describit®^. In censuring the ])hysicians of IMontpelier, he says, referring probably to their imitations of that poem, (iuos gula, quos stimulat et cogit avara dolosi Ambitio nummi carmen ructare Salernum®'* Other passages are directly copied from it. Lib. i. ver. 834. p. 536. Lib. i. ver. 639. p. 657. 58 INTRODUCTION. The Schola says of the nettle : Omnibus et morbis subvenit articulorum®^ ^EgidiuSj of benedicta : Dissolvit lapidem, morbum fugit articulorum®®. I The Schola of mustum, or new wine : Ilepatis emphraxim, splenem general lapidemque®’ ^gidiuSj of benedicta : Amputat enfraxes epatis, splenique tumores®®. The Schola : Si fluat ad pectus dicatur rheuma catarrhus. Ad fauces brancus, ad nares esto coryza®®. iEgidiuS;, of diaprasium : Corizam, brancum, tussim domat, atque catarrhum ' The Schola^ of sage : Salvia, salvatrix, naturae consiliatrix Sell. Sal. ver. 202. 97 Sch. Sal. ver. 77. 99 Sell. Sal. ver. 248. 9 Sell. Sal. ver. 183. 99 Lib. i. ver. 828. p. 536. 98 Lib. i. ver. 830. p. 536. ‘ Lib. ii. ver. 349. p. 551. INTRODUCTION. 59 .(Egidius, of sotira. Sotira, salvairix, naturae conciliatrix From the additions to the Schola: Pone gulae metas, ut sit tibi longior aetas ■. ^Flgidius, of sotira : V^im chronicis morbis, quos fundat largior aetas, Ingerit, et proprius compellat stringere metas Again of diaciminum : Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditus aetas®. As the book where it is to be found is scarce, and as few persons I suppose will read so long and tedious a poem, I shall proceed to give a few speci- mens. It begins, alluding to his having kept the poem long by him, Prologus. Quae secreta diu noctis latuere sub umbrfi Clausa, verecundi signo celata pudoris. ’ Lib. iv. ver. 438. p. 649. Lib. iv. ver. 466. p. 650. Additions, line 40. ® Lib. ii. ver. 440. p. 555. 60 INTRODUCTION. Gesta sub involucris mentis, clarescere quaerunt. Eruta de tenebris cupiunt sub luce videri. Tecta patent : obscura nitent : scintillaque mentis Fulgurat, accenditque novum fax ignea vatem. De tepida concepta prius, tenuique favilla Jam largb rutilos emittit lampadis ignes. Provehitur seges in culmum, fcccundaque multo Ordine granorum canis albescit aristis, Granaque prosiliunt studii concussa flagello. Vinea turgescit botris, jam palmes adultus Germinat, et sterili vindemia pendet in ulmo. After fifteen more lines, in which ho apologizes for the rudeness of his verse, he proceeds to invoke the muse : Inter Cirrhaeas Dea plus celebranda sorores, Parnassi bijugo nutrita cacumine montis, Lauro nexa comas, vultus pallore decent!, Et facie macrai famulam confessa Minervae, Ex Ilelicone suo migrans, in pectoris alti Transmeat occultos non invitata recessus : Afterwards he addresses his poem : Vade liber felix. Nam cum provectior aelas Jam tua sit, densisque habeas pubescere plumis, Dedecus esse potest puerili incumbere nido, Et cunas colere balbis infantibus aptas. I, cave ne titubes, firmo vestigia gressu Dirige, cum rectis habeas procedere tabs. INTRODUCTION. 61 Et quse delicti praeco solet esse, pudoris Nulla tibi teneras suffundat purpura vultus. He speaks thus of his masters : Tibi defensacula ponet Musandinus apex, quo tanquam sole nitenti Et nitet, et nituit illustris fama Salerni. Cujus si fuerit resolutum funere corpus, Spiritus exultat, et magni pectora Mauri Tota replet. Maurus redimit damnumque rependit, Prima quod in Petro passa est, et perdidit aetas. Qui tanquam nanus, humeris colloque gigantis Desuper incumbens, ipso fortasse tuetur Longius, et summo superaddit culmina monti. () utinam Musandinus nunc viveret auctor! Ille meos versus digno celebraret honore — I lie meis scriptis signum punctumque favoris Imprimeret, placido legeret mea carmina vultu, Et, quod in irriguis illius creverat hortis. Ipse meum sentiret olus, gustuque probaret Ex proprio sale doctrinae traxisse saporem, Suppliat et Petri Maurus mihi damna reformet. Pastor ovem, membrumque caput, famulumque patronus, Doctor discipulum, noscat sua mater alumnum. V'ellem quod medicae doctor Platerius artis Munere divino vitales carperet auras, Ganderet metricis pedibus sua scripta ligari, Et numeris parere meis — Urso suum te concivem gaudebit adesse, G G2 INTRODUCTION. Strenuus ambiguos causarum solvere nodos — Mente bonil mea Castalius decreta Johannes Suscipiat, quern, dum pueriles volveret annos, Myrtum humilem Musandino sub prseside vidi. Audio nunc ipsum summis contendere lauris, Et sua nobilibus aequasse cacumina cedris. IIos, physicae andstes, quos iEgidiana libellos Sanctio produxit, digno Romoaldus honore Consecret et celebret — Ipse novo faveat operi, nec Parisianas iEstimet indignum pbysicam resonareCamaenas. — Qui trahit a docto nomen Saloraone Matthaeus, Qui nitet eloquio, qui mentis acumine pollet, Suscipiat placido Salomon mea carmina vultu ; Et se noscat in his, sua condimenta saporet — Quo Pessulanus nisi Mons authore niteret, Jamdudum physicae lux eclipsata fuisset — Richardas senior, quern plus aetate senili Ars facit esse senem — Sit judex operis placidus — ]\Iost of the articles begin with rhyming verses as under the head of Electuarium Dulcis ^ : Ex algore satus, stomachi dolor ante profatus, Sollicitare latus ventosi turbine flatus, Quamvis iratus, quamvis ad bella paratus. Lib. iii. ver. 286. p. 585. sic. INTRODUCTION. 63 Hoc semel afflatus sedat pcenam cruciatus. Jejuno stomacho potabilur addita Baccho, Nux ubi muscata decocta sit et macerata Enfraxes aperit. — Of his manner of treating his subject I give two i articles as some of the shortest : UnguenUim aureum. I Quod trahit ex auro nomen, quo praevalet auro, j Unguentum, renes lapidosos curat inunctum. » ?Solvit dura, vias reserat, resolutaque purgat ( iSaepius appositum, vicibus crebris renovatum. 1 I Omnia de gelidis mala discutit insita causis. li ■ Militat in morbis, et regnat quatuor annis®. I Unguentum album. I Omnis ab unguento scabies detergitur albo, I Quam generet salsus infecti fleumatis humor®. ' The description of Salerno relates to the subject t ;of this introduction : Terra Salerni. Urbs Phoebo sacrata, Minervge sedula nutrix, Eons physicae, pugil eucrasiae, cultrix medicinae, Assecla naturae, vitae paranympha, salutis ® Lib. iv. ver. 1081. p. 674. ® Lib. iv. ver. 1224. 64 INTRODUCTION. Pronuba fida, magis Lachesis soror, Atropos hostis, Morbi pernicies, gravis adversaria mortis. Quze quia perpetuum gessit cum morte duellum, Nec segnem sine Marte potest deducere vitam ; Ut sibi materiam certaminis atque laboris Vendicet, et nullo pacis torpore quiescat : Lethifera. regione sedet, sub sole calenti, Rupibus astriferis celsum coeloque propinquum, Audaci nimirum scandentibus sethera dorso. Arcet et excludit gelidi spiramina vend Castigata situ : pendens de colle supino Incumbit pelago, sua quod muralia radit. Extantesque domos ludentibus assilit undis. Montibus excelsis retro clipeata vapores, Et nebulas pingues, et solum combibit austrum, Fcedaque corrupt! carpit contagia coeli. Sed medicinarum sibi quas raontana ministrant Urbs jaculis armata viget, cum morte potenter Diraicat, extirpat morbos, et fata retundit, Naturam relevat, et stamina rupta renodat. Morte (mortis) regna premit, cum qu& componere quamvis Non valeat, petit inducias, et protrahit aevum, Et quae non aufert ventura pericula differt. Quae nisi tam foecunda foret, tantisque vigeret Consiliis, illam physicae nisi Delphicus artis Spiritus implueret, absorpta voragine mortis, Nec cursum hullire valens, miseranda periret Lib. iii. ver. 469. p. 593. INTRODUCTION. 65 I cannot refrain from making one more quotation. After stating that Diamargariton is so expensive a medicine that the rich only can afford to take it, he proceeds : Quid faciet Codrus ? Quid Codri curta suppellex ? Cujus plebea vacuus farragine venter Non satis impletur, spasmum patiante crumena, Cujus opes modicis depicta sophismata cartis. An quia res angusta domi, quia parca facultas, Et tenuis sumptus, nequit hos attingere luxus ? Et vetat in vetitum motus erumpere mentis, Nuda salus sine subsidio prostrata jacebit? An quia deficiunt species, et aromata desunt, Codrizat tua, Codre, salus, dejecta fatiscit Corporis integritas, quia te praesentia Mauri Splendida non recreat multo spectabilis auro ? Absit ut insidias naturae sobria ponat Mundaque paupertas, quae, certis obsita metis. Non quaerit sibi praescriptos transcendere fines ! Paupertas Medicina sibi tribus empta minutis, Quam faba Pythagorae, lardo condita pusillo, Et rude nutrit olus, cui de farragine panis Furfurea factus, avidoque in ventre receptus, Radit, et elimat grosses de corpore chymos — {^(yfiovg). Plus sapit, et reficit, nutrit, confortat, et auget, I" Se membris magis assimulat, se firmiiis illis I Inserit esca, famis avido condita sapore. j Quae via curandi morbos, quae causa fidelis i 66 INTRODUCTION. Certa medela malis, nisi parcae sobria vitae Regula, privatis plerumque accommoda mensis? Plus aqua, plus tenuis sub tecto paupere victus, Roboris et vitae confert, quam Caesaris aula, Nectarii calices, quam vitis vina Falernae, Quam caro sylvestris latrantum parta labore, Salmones sapidi, rhombi, trutaeque rubentes. Inter regales epulas, tapetaque crassa. Lanquet in hie gula luxurians, et venter obesus “ p. 541. 1.91. A CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Those which I have seen and collated are marked with an asterisk. They may be divided into nine classes. 1. The Regimen, with Arnaldus de Villa Nova’s com- mentary in its original state, and printed separately. 2. The editions of Villa Nova’s works, in which the Regimen and commentary are introduced. 3. The Regimen, with Villa Nova’s commentary, corrected and improved by Curio and Crellius. 4. As farther altered and perfected by Curio. 5. The editions by Moreau, which have Curio’s commentary, with Moreau’s animadversions. 6. The editions by Zacharius Sylvius, which have only Curio’s commentary. 7. The editions of the usual text only without the com- mentary. 8. Editions without the commentary, in which the text is altered. 9. Translations. 68 A CATALOGUE OF I. THE REGIMEN, WITH ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY IN ITS ORIGINAL STATE. PRINTED IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1480. The first edition was printed at Montpelier in this year. It is entitled, Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Ma- gistro Arnaldo de Vill^ Nova Catalano veraciter ex- positum, ac noviter correctum et emendatum, per Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno 1480, prae- dicto loco actu moram trahentes. It is in quarto, has the signatures as far as five, and each page has thirty- four lines. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, tom. iii. p. 541. Venice, by Bernard de Vitalibus, 4to. cum expositione Arnaldi de Villa Nova Cathelani. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Vill^ Nova Cathalano veraciter expositum ac noviter correctum et emendatum per Doctores Montispessulani expositum, anno 1480. In fine, a morte subito nos defendat qui eternaliter vivit et regnat, amen. No name or place. Panzer. A small quarto in Gothic letters, without name, place, or date, with the commentary. The initial letter A is written, and it is not paged. It begins, Incipit liber De Conservatione Corporis, seu De Regimine Sanitatis, compositum per Magistrum Arnaldum de Villa Nova. At the end is Villa Nova’s treatise De Conservatione Corporis, seu Regimen Sanitatis. In the British Museum. There are two copies of it. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 69 1480 lu duodecimo, by Regnault Chaudiere, Gothic letters, with the commentary. * British Museum. A small quarto, in Gothic letters, with the commentary. At the end. Explicit Regimen Sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro Arnoldo de Villa Novh Cathalano, omnium mediconim viventium gemmh. Impressuin Lovanii in domo Magistri Johannis de Westphalih. At the end Villa Nova’s treatise De Con- servatione Corporis. * This is perhaps the oldest edi- tion. British Museum. 1482. Lugduni, in 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1484. Scholae Salernitanae de conservanda valetudine opus- culum, cum enarrationibus Arnaldi de Villa Novh. Pisae, 4to. Panzer. Paris, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1490. Montpelii, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1491. Venice, by John de Forvilio, fol. Schuster. Ackerman. Regimen Sanitatis, cum expositione Magistri Arnaldi de Villa Nova. Incipit Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum excellentissimum pro conservatione sanitatis totius humani generis peru- tilissimum : nec non a Magistro Arnoldo de Villh Nova Cathelano, omnium medicorum viventium gemmh, utiliter, ac secundum omnium antiquorum medicorum doctrinam veraciter expositum : noviter correctum ac emendatum per egregissimos ac medicinae artis pe- ritissimos Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno MccccLxxx, predicto loco actu moram trahentes. At the end. Hoc opus optatur quod flos medicin® vocatur. Tractatus qui de Regimine Sanitatis nuncupatur finit 70 A CATALOGUE OF feliciter, impressus Argen ; (Strasburg) : anno Domini Mccccxci, in die Sancti ThonuE Cantuariensis. Apud me. * The text in this edition is taken from this edition, with some corrections from other editions of this century. 1493. Paris, per Magistrum Andream Bocard, 4to. Bibliotheca Britannica. Paris, 4to. Gothic letters, per Felicem Balligault. The printer’s name in a cipher in the title page. The first letter A is w'ritten. British INIuseum. * 1494. Regimen Sanitatis Metrice, cum commentariis Arnaldi. Colonim. Panzer. 1497. Paris, 4to. printed by IMichael le Noir. His cipher in the title page, with a crest, a blackamoor’s head on a helmet, with a coronet, and this motto: C’est mon desir, de Dieu servir, pour acquerir son doulx plash. • British Museum. 1499. Schola Salernitana, seu Doctorum Parisiensium tractatu- lus medicinalis ad Regem Angliaes Argentina per Mattheam Hussfuf. Panzer. It does not appear whether this has the commentary, or the text unaltered. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, nec non et liber de conservatione corporis Magistri Arnoldi de Villa Nov&. Sine nomine, loco, et anno. Fortassis Colonia apud Ulr. Zell. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Villa Nova expositum circa annum 1480. Without place, name, or year. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. In fine explicit re- gimen sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 71 Arnaldo de Villa Nova Cathologo omnium viventium medicorum viventium gemmS.. Without name, place, or date'. Panzer. PRINTED IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1502. Strasburg, per Matthiam Brant, 4to. Gothic letters. Brunet. About the beginning of this century was published in quarto, in black letter, Le tresor des poures selon, Maistre Ariiaudt de Ville Nove, et Maistre Girard de Sollo, Docteur in Medicine de Montpellier, translate du Latin en Fian9ois pour I’amour de Dieu. The first is a translation of Villa Nova’s Treatise de Regimiue Sanitatis. 1503. Argentorati, per John Priis, 4to. Schuster. 1505. Paris, per R. Ledru, 4to. Brunet. ' 1507. Coloniae, per Cornelium de Zyryckzee. Panzer. '1409. Liptzk, per Melchiorem Loiter. Panzer. 1513. Bod33 valetudinis cura, seu Regimen Sanitatis Saler- nitanum. Liptzk per Johan Thanner. Panzer. 1514. Lugduni, per Gibertum Villiers, folio. Schuster. Ackerman. 519. Nurembergae per Jodoc Gutknecht. Panzer. irobably duplicates, but they are not sufficiently described to iscertain this point. 72 A CATALOGUE OF II. EDITIONS OF THE WORKS OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, CONTAINING THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, AND COMMENTARY. 1504. The first edition of his works collected was printed Lugduni, apud Magistrum Guil. Hugon, in folio. Gesner. 1505. Venice, folio, per Bonetum Locatellum. Editor Thomas Murchius. Impendio horedum Octaviani Scoti, civis Modoetiensis. 1509. Lugduni, a Francisco Fradin. The same. 1509. Paris. 1514. Venice. 1520. Lugduni. 1527. Impensis hasredum Domini Octaviani Scoti civis Modo- etiensis, ac sociorum. Venice. Additis quatuor trac- tatibus. 1532. In folio. Haller. 1585. Cum Nicholai Taurelli annotationibus. Basil. 1686. Lugduni.* III. THE REGIMEN, WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM- MENTARY, CORRECTED BY CURIO AND CRELLIUS. 1538. Conservandaa sanitatis praecepta saluberrima cum Arnaldil Villanovani exegesi per Johannem Curionem locuple-» tata, ut novum opus videri possit. Francofurti, iiu 12mo. Haller. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 73 1545. De conservand^ bonS, valetudine, opusculum Scholaj Salernitanae ad Regem Angliae versibus consciiptum, cum Arnoldi Novicomensis, Medici et Philosophi celeberrimi, brevissimis et utilissimis enarrationibus. Et haec omnia a barbaric, et infinitis, quibus scatebant, mendis, tarn accurate repurgata, ut jam quasi novam faciem induerint, citraque offensionem legi possent. Opera et studio Johannis Curionis et Jacobi Crellii. Francofurti, apud Christianum Egenolphum, 8vo. with wooden cuts. Ackermann. 1545. The same, 12mo. Maittaire. The same, 12mo. at Paris. Cat. Bib. Grypesw. Ack. 1549. Francofurti, cum Johanni Katschei de Regimine Sani- tatis, 12mo. Haller. 1551. De conservanda boni valetudine, opera Jo. Curionis et Jac. Crellii. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolphum. Dedi- cated to Picus, abbot of St. Peter’s monastery at Erford. Dedication dated in 1545. Wooden cuts. No translation. At the end, Rhythmi M. Ottonis Cremonensis de electione meliorum simplicium ac spe- ciorum medicinalium. * British Museum. Otto begins ; — Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum Quod nigredo parum dat fragili subamarum. 1552. LipsiEE, 8vo. addita versione Germanic^. Fabric. Bibl. Lat. vol. iii. cap. xii. p. 884. 1553. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolph. The same as that of 1551.* British Museum. 1554. Francof. 8vo. Bibl. Traj. Bat. p. 113. 1555. Paris, apud Juven. in 12mo. Maittaire. H 74 A CATALOGUE OF 1\'. THE REGIMEN WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM- IMENTARY AS FARTHER ALTERED AND IMPROVED BY CURIO. None of the editors or critics have been aware that the edi- tions by Curio and Crellius are different from those by Curio only. As they have not in their catalogues, in many cases, distinguished whether the editions were by Curio and Crellius, or Curio only, there is frequently no means of deciding but from the dates. As Curio’s separate epistle dedicatory is dated in 1556, I suppose all editions before that time to be the joint edition, and all subsequent to be Curio’s. They mostly agree in the text, and some of them in having wooden cuts. But Curio added a German translation of the text, which had been before published, Vitebergai, apud Rhau, in 1546, of which it is said in the preface, Rhythmis Germanicis, ex perantiquo codice sumptis illustravit editor. And his com- mentary is a fuller paraphrase of that of Villa Nova, with many additions. The oldest of these editions which I have met with is — 1557, De conservanda bona valeti'dine opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, cum Arnoldi enarratione, per Johannem Curionem. Antwerp, apud J. Withagium, 8vo. with four other short medical works, two poems and two treatises, occupying only seven leaves. The epistle dedicatory to John Picus is dated in 1556 j it does not mention Crellius. He mentions a former edition, but whether of this work, or only of the joint edition, is uncertain. He distinguishes the additions. * Bibl. Bodl. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 75 1557 Francof. apud hajredes Chr. Egenolphi, 16mo. CONH. GtSNER. 1559. Francof. apud haeredes Chr. Egenolphi. * Bibl. Bodl. Paris. 1562. Antwerpiae, apud Jo. Withagiuni, 12mo. Manget. 1568. Conservanda? bonae valetudinis praecepta integritati resti- tuta et rhytmis Germanicis illustrata, cum Arnoldi, e.xegesi per J. Curionem. Berchensem cel : Erphor- dianae Reipublicae Medicum Physicum. Francof. apud haeredes Christ. Egenolphi. Six short works at the end. Commendatory verses to Curio, a Greek acrostic, M. Suffiidi Petri Leovardiensis Frisii oKpoat- Xtg. This is dedicated to Dominus Henning Hopff. * Bibl. Bodl. and British IMuseum. 1573. Apud haeredes Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1577. Lugduni, apud Jo. Lertout, 12mo. 1580. Paris, apud Hieronymum de Marncf, 12mo. 1582. Frankfort, apud haered. Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1587. Venetiis, 8vo. Ackermann. 1591. Genevae, 8vo. Haller. 1594. Francof. haered. Egenolphi. Schuster. 1594. Coloniae, 16mo. Haller. Ibid. 8vo. Haller. 1598. Genevae, apud Jacob Stoer, 8vo. Ackermann. 1599. Absque loco, 12mo. Haller. 1605. Francof. 12mo. Bibl. Frilleri. Ackermann. 1606. ColoniiB, in folio. Ackermann. 1611. Francof. apud Johannem Saurium, 8vo. Ackermann, 1612. Francof apud Vine. Steinmeyer. Ackermann. 1615. Romac, apud Andreara Phacum. in folio patente, Ack. 1617. Roterodami, 12mo, Ackermann. 70 A CATALOGUE OP 1618. Venetiis, 12mo. Bibl. Beiberni. Ackermann. 1628. Francofurti, exc. Matth. Kempffer, impensis Vincentii Steinmeyer, 12mo. Ackermann. 1628. Franc, apud haered. Egenolph. 12mo. Ackermann. liygeia: id est. Bona; Valetudinis Conservandae The- saurus locupletissimus. Coloniaa, Agrippinas typis Pet. a Bruche], 8vo. min. Ackermann. There are eleven works on diet in this collection. Vale- tudinis conservandae praccepta ex Schola Salernitana cum commentariis seu exegesi, is one. The edition of 1568 is followed. The same, Luxemberg, 12mo. Giinz. Ackermann. 1636. Genevae, 12mo. Haller. V. MOREAU’S EDITION, WHICH HAS CURIO’S COMMENTARY, AND MOREAU’S ANIMAD- VERSIONS, but contains a part only of the work. Pro- legomena of fifty-two pages, on the poem and on Leonine verse. 1625. Schola Salernitana, hoc est de valetudine tuendfi, opus Nova methodo instructum, infinitis versibus auctum, commentariis A^illanovani, Curionis, Crellii, et Con- stansoni illustratum. Adjecta; sunt animadversiones novae et copiosac Renati Moreau, Doctoris Medici Parisiensis. Paris, sumptibus Thomas Blasii. It is dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu in 1624, 8vo. 795 pages. Apud me. * 1672. Again at Paris. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 77 VI. THE EDITION BY ZACHARIAS SYLVIE'S, which has only Curio’s commentary, and a preface extracted from Moreau’s prolegomena. The dedication is dated 1648. 1649. Schola Salernitaua, sive de conservandu valetudine pras- cepta metrica. Autore Joanne de Mediolano, hac- tenus i"iioti. Cum luculenta et succincta Arnoldi o Villanovani in singula capita exegesi. Ex recensione Zachariae Sylvii, Medici Roterodamensis. Hagae.* 1657. Roterodami ex off. Arnold. Leers. Hagae, in off. Arnold. Leers. 1660. Aquisgrani, I2mo. 1667. Roterodami. 1683. Hagag. Leers. 1711. Ratisbonae. 1712. Argentorati. 1713. Argentorati. 1714. Lipsiae. 1722. Ratisbonaj, sump. Jo. Zach. Seidelii. 1753. Augustas Vindelicorum. VII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY. 1511. 4to. Marsilius Ficinus de triplici vita; scilicet sana, longa, et caelitus, una cum textu seu Regimine Sanitalis Salerni. The poem begins. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni- tanum, nec non et Magistri Arnoldi de Nova I'llla, feliciter incipit. Ex officina Johannis Schotti, Argen. It is the mere text of Arnaldus’s edition. * H 3 A CATALOGUE OF 78 1516. Lugduni, 4to. per Jacobum Myt, expensis Barthol. Trot. Maittaire, tom. ii. p. 1. page 283. 1582. I’roverbialia dicteria ethicam et moralem doctrinam complectentia versibus veteribus rythmicis, una cum Germanica interpretatione conscripta, per Andream Gartnerum. Francof. apud haered. C. Egenolph. 8vo. It contains extracts from the Regimen. Acker mann. 1622. Monspessuli, apud Fran. Chovet, 12mo. Schuster. 1 place this edition here as it is not mentioned as having a commentary. 1623. Ilerbipoli, formhpatente. For the same reason. Haller. 1647. Amstelodami, 12mo. The same reason. 1673. Schola Salernitana : id est, Conservandm Valetudinis Praecepta, post plurimas impressiones cum et sine commentariis in variis locis, nunc bono commodo om- nium sauitati suae provide consulere volentium in li- belli hujus formam redacta, una cum annexis ad finem observationibus quibusdam probatissimis. Typis Mi- chael. Thurnmayer, 12mo. Ackermann. IMany genuine verses are omitted, and spurious verses added. 1712. In Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. J. S. Hennin- ger. Argent.* British Museum. 1726. J. S. H. Collectio Scriptorum Aledico-diaeteticorum, in- cluding the Regimen. Lips. 8vo. Richter. 1763. Schola Salernitana, plurimis quibus scatebat mendis purgavit, et diversitatem lectionis adjecit Jo. Adamus Seiner. Athenis ad Elmum. Typis P. Diet. Schnorii viduae, 8vo. Acklrma.vn. It follows the edition of Moreau, with other copies. The various readings are few. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 70 1790. Stendaliae, sumptibus D. Ch. Franzen ejusque socii Grosse. llegimen Sanitatis Salerni, sive Scholai Sa- lernitanae de conseivanda bon<\ valetudine praecepta. Edidit, Studii Medici Salernitani Historic praemiss^, Joannes Christ, Gotti. Ackermann, Medicinae Doctor et in universitate literarum Altorfina professor ordi- narius. * The text is printed from that of Villa Nova; there are a few explanatory notes, but no commentary. Prefixed is the History of the Schola Salerni, and of the poem, and a dissertation on Leonine verse, chiefly from Mo- reau. With catalogues of manuscripts, and printed editions. VIII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY, IN WHICH GREAT ALTERATIONS ARE MADE IN THE TEXT. 1566. The edition of John Francis Lombard, in which the poem is altered, or translated into more classical language, and the rhymes destroyed. Venice, 1566. I 1600. The same in De Balneis Puteolanis Scriptores, in Italia Illustrata. Francof. and in Burmann’s Thesaurus Antiq. Ital. tom. ix, part iv. * ! 1636. Duaci, 12mo. Novo-Antiqua Schola Salernitana, per Reginald. Bruytsma, Medicum Mech. The original verses newly arranged, and four hundred hexameter and pentameter verses added, without rhyme. * British Museum. I 1641. Again Lovan, in 8vo. * British Museum. 80 A CATALOGUE OF IX. TRANSLATIONS. GERMAN. 1474. Apud Crewssner, in folio. Schuster. Ackerm.ann. 1481. Regimen Sanitatis, Oder ordnung der Gesundheit. Au- gust® Vindelicorum (Augsburg) in folio. Ackermann. 1493. Alternis versibus Latinis et Germanicis. Liptzick. Panzer. 1495. The edition of 1481 repeated in 4to, with the title Das Buch Regimen Sanitatis genannt, gedruckt von Hann- sen Froschauer. Supposed to contain the Schola Salerni (Bib. Schwartz, part 2. p. 217). FIaluer. Ackermann. 1508. Regimen Sanitatis, 4to. Continet 59 disticha, partim ex Schola Salernitana, Latine cum Germanica versione rhythmich. Nurembergi, per Hieron. lloeltzel. Pan- zer. 1509. Regimen Sanitatis Anglorum Regi ex Parisiensi gym- nasio missum. With a German translation. In fio- rentissima urbe Brunsvigo, per J. Dom. Panzer. 1519. Argentorati (Strasburg), in 4to. Gesner. Acker- mann. Regimen Sanitatis — Anglorum Regi conscripsit Schola Solennis. It contains distichs from the Schola Salerni and others, with a German version. In Gothic letters, without place or date. Panzer. 1532. Argentorati, 4to. Gesner. Ackermann. Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium, pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Angli® conscriptum — Magistri Franc. Mymerii Silesii rhythmis Germanicis et Polonicis ex- ornatum. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg. Panzer. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 81 1546. Regimen Sanitatis a Scholil Salernitand, vel Parisini, scriptum, without the commentary, with a German translation. Viteb. apud Georg. Rhaw. * British Museum. The same translation as in Curio’s edition. Ex perantiquo codice. 1557. Curio’s edition. * 1636. Rhythmis Germanicis illustrata. * Bibl. Bodl. 1642. Hamburg, 4to. cum versibus Germanicis, apud J. Gut- wasser.* British Museum. 1663. Ulmffi, in Jo. Jac. Becheri Parnasso Medico illustrate. Ackermann. 1750. A German translation by Gotthold Schuster. Franc, and Leipz. 8vo. with notes. FRENCH TRANSLATIONS. 1501. Paris in 4to. in French, with the Commentaries of Arnal- dus, etc. Haller. Ackermann. A book in black letter, published at the beginning of this century in 4to. entitled, Le tresor des Paures Selon Maistre Arnoudt de Ville Nove — translate du Latin en Francois pour I’amour de Dieu, is a translation of Villa Nova’s book de Regimine Sanitatis. 1561. Retardement de la mort par bon regime, ou conservation de sante, par I’escole de Salerne, traduit de Latin en rithme, par Geoffroy le Tellier. Paris, 8vo. Brunet. Another very old French translation in 4to. black letter, without date, entitled, Le Regime tres utile et tres pro- fitable pour conserver et guarder la sante. Brunet. 82 A CATALOGUE OF 1561. Paris, with Arnold’s Commentary, 4to. Hallek. Ackermann. 1637. A translation in verse, par Michel le Long. Each head has a long comment. This is the second edition. * Bibl. Bodl. It begins, Des Doctes Salernins le college sfavant Donne au Roy des Anglois le regime suivant ; Si tu veux vivre heureux soubmet la violence Des dots de ton espirit au frein de ta puissance. 1651 . During the minority of Louis the fourteenth, Scarron had rendered the burlesque style fashionable. A Monsieur Martin, a physician of Paris, travestied the Regimen Salerni in this ridiculous manner. The burlesque ap- probation is dated in 1649, and the dedication to Scar- ron in 1650. It begins : A vous, Roy de la Grand’ Bretagne, Jadis le pais de Cocagne, L’Eschole des Salernitains En corps escrit les vers Latin. Latin 1 dira quelque Critique — Parbleu vous estis Heretique — The two lines. Si tibi deficiant medici medici tibi fiant Ilaec tria, mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta, are thus paraphrased : Si d’hazard extant en Champagne, En Anjou, Touraine, en Bretagne, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 83 Tu ne peux avoir Medicins, Qui rendent les maladies sains, Sans te servir d’un Empirique, Je t’enseigneray la pratique. Trois medicins, non d’ Arabic, Ny de Grece, ny d’ltalie, Te pourrent ayder au besoin. Sans les aller chercher fort loin, Ils sont meilleur que Ton ne pense, Et ne font aucun depence. Le premier c’est la gaiete, C’est le fine fleur de Sante, I C’est de notre vie la sosse Sans qui vaux mieux estre en la fosse. a La second. Repos modere * De corps, et d’espirit, assure, Ferme, tranquille, invariable. Le troisieme, c’est Courte Table, Autrement la Sobriete, C’est la Grand-mere de sante. Si nostre Grand-pere Hippocrate D’un faux oracle ne nous flatte. At the end are, Poema Macaronicum de Bello Hu- I guenotico, and Cocceii Poema Macaronicum, * Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. Ij 1657. Gratianopoli (Grenoble) the same. ! - Sauce. ’ Repos modere, from a false stop, to be found elsewhere, re- ■ quies moderata, diaita, for moderata diaeta. 84 A CATALOGUE OP 1660. Le Long, again. 1664. Martin again, with a French translation of the Macaronic poem de Bello Huguenotico. * Bibl. Bodl. 1666. Le Long again. 1669. Jaques du Four de la Crespiliere, in a collection of epigrams, introduced some parts of the Regimen trans- 1671. lated into French verse — Afterwards, in 1671, he pub- lished the whole under the title of Commentaire en vers Fran9ois sur I’ecole de Salerne. The text is after Mo- reau, but the translation is dilfuse and ridiculous. It contains 596 pages. * British Museum. 1672. ) . 1686. $ 1743. L’Art de conserver sa sante, compose par I’Ecole de Sa- lerne. Traduction nouvelle en vers Franfois, par Mons. B. L. M. a laHaye. Ackermann. 1749. The same, at Paris. Ackermaxn. 1816. L’Ecole de Salerne, en vers Latin et Franfois, par Mons. B. L.M, The text is that of du Four in 1671, omit- ting some parts and adding others. The translation is between the serious and the ludicrous — The sense is given tolerably. * ITALIAN TRANSLATIONS. 1549. At Venice, in 12mo. Opera utilissima di conservare la sanita. Ackehmann. 1566. Venice 4to. by Jo. Francis Lombard. Haller. Ackermann. 1587. Perugiae, per Piergiacomum Petrucci impressum Scuola Salernitana, del modo di conservarsi in Sanita, trans- THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 85 poitata di Latino in volgare Toscano, da Fra Serafino Razzi, 8vo. Lib. Capponi, p. 347. Ackermann. 1662. \"enice, apud Brigoncium. Scuola Salernitana tradotta dal verso Latino in terza riina, col trattato della vita sobria di Luigi Cornaro, 8vo. Lib. Capponi. Ackermann. 1712. ParmaB, 8vo a repetition of F. Lombard’s. Ackermann. • Parma. A translation in terza rima, dalF incognito Accademico Vivo Morto. The dedication is to an unknown patron. It is a good and spirited translation, with much of the Italian sportive humour. At the end is another poem, Altre regole per conservare la sanita, tradotte per il medesimo autore dal Latino di G iorgio Pistorio Yvilingano Tedesco. There is likewise Cor- naro’s treatise della vita sobria. * British Museum. Signor quel giorno che di qui partisti Solinghi ci lascieste in questo sito : Ne mai piu a revederci tu venisti. Caro patron ho dal Comin redito Che generoso sei, e di gran cuore, Che sei gentil, e cavalier compito. Perd confesso che al tuo gran valore, E alia tua gentilezza son restato Schiavo perpetuo, e umil servitore. Dove dice, ch’ un di il collegio tutto Fisico de Salerno scrisse a un Sire, Che d’Anglia fu patron insin da putto. 1733. V'enice, in 8vo. La Scuola Salernitana dilucidata, o sia, I «6 A CATALOGUE OP la scovrimentodelveroedel falso, del utile edel inutile, di questa stimatissima opera, per sapersi conservar sano, e prolungare la vita, spiegandosi tutto sul buon gusto moderno. Opera di Fulvio Gherli, Cittadino Mode- nese, ed al presente Proto-Medico dell’ Altezza Sere- niss. del Sig. Duca di Guastalla. In Venezia presso Giuseppe Corona. It is in dialogue, and without the original text. AcKEniviaNN. DUTCH TRANSLATION. 1658. At Amsterdam, by J. G. Ackermann. BOHEMIAN TRANSLATION. 1721. Posonii Pegimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, in Latin and Bohemian. Ackermann. POLISH TRANSLATION. 1532. Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Angliai conscriptum. Magistii Franc. Mymerii Silesii rythmis German, et Polonicis. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg (before mentioned^. Panzeu. An Iliberno-Celtic translation is mentioned by M'Cullock in his Highlands of Scotland, 1824, vol. ii. p. 196. ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. 1530. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. This boke techy nge all people to governe them in helthe, is translated out of the Latin tounge, by Thomas Paynel, dedicated to Jhon, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 87 earl of Oxford. The verses are not translated, only the commentary. Printed for Berthelet. * British IMuseum. 1541. Again. 1557. Again, in St. Paul’s churchyard, at the sign of the Lamb, by Abraham Vele. Dedicated to William Paulet, marquis of Winchester.* British Museum. 1575. ) . . 1597. 5 1607. The Englishman’s Docter, or the Schoole of Salerne, or physical observations for the perfect preserving of the body of man in constant health. London, printed for J. Helme, and J. Busby. The printer says the author is unknown to him. This is a translation in English verse, without the original, and the commentary. It is in stanzas of ten lines each, and contains seventy stanzas.* Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. It is reprinted in this edition. 1609. Again. 1617. For the widow Helme, with precepts for the preservation of health, by Ronsovius, without date ; printed at Gateshead, with the Latin Text. British Museum. * 1617. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. The Schoole of Salernes most learned andjuditious Directorie, or Methodical In- structions for the guide and governing the health of men. Imprinted by Barnard Alsop. Dedicated to IMaster Joseph Fenton, Esquire — by Anonymous. The commentary is a translation of the original commentary of Villa Nova. From the beginning it wdll appear, upon comparison, that it is inferior in poetry and spirit 88 A CATALOGUE OF to tlie last. By a subsequent edition, it appears to have been written by Doctor Philemon Holland. Penes me.* All Salerne Schoole thus write to England’s king, And for men’s health these fit advises bring. Shunne busie cares, rash angers, which displease ; Light supping, little drinke, doe cause great ease. Rise after meate, sleepe not at afternoone. Urine and nature’s neede, expell them soone. Long shall thou live if all these well be done. When phisicke needes, let these thy doctors be, Good diet, quiet thoughts, heart mirthful, free. Sleepe not too long in mornings, early rise. And with coole water wash both hands and eyes.' Walke gently forth, and stretch out every limbe; Combe head, rub teeth, to make them cleane and' trim. The braine and every member else these doe relieve. And to all parts continuall comfort give. Bathing, keepe warm, walke after food, or stand. Complexions cold doe gentle warmth command. OF SAGE. Why should man dye (so doth the sentence say) When sage grows in his garden day by day. And yet all garden physicke not prevailes. When death’s sterne power our chiefest health assailes. Sage comforteth the nerves both sweete and kindly. The palsie-shaking hands it helpeth friendly, His power is soveraigne gainst an ague fit. Sage and the beaver-stone (by learned writ) THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 89 Lavender, and the primrose of the spring, Tansey, and water-cresses, comfort bring To all such members as the palsie shake. When in the very greatest kind they quake. Sage doth both councell, and keep nature sounde, Where sage then groweth, happy is the ground. The same translation was published in 1609, 1617, 1624, 1634,* 1649,* 1667. 'I'he dedication to that of 1634 is signed R. II. (Richard Holland) and attributes it to his father Philemon Holland, doctor of physic. In the library of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, amongst Brian Twyne’s Collections, is a manuscript of this poem, with an English translation, bearing date 1575. It is entitled, the Maintenance of Health, translated and collected by William Withie. The puisante kinge of Britannye The schole of famous memorye, Salernum, biddes him selfe to frame. If healthe he woulde and kepe the same : Geve cares noe place within thy brest ; Lett fretting furies be supprest ; To muche of wine use not to swill ; Suppe you but lighte, eate not thy fill ; At meate to sitte so longe a time. To rise is not soe greate a crime ; At none geve not thye selfe to slepe ; Nor use thy water for to kepe. He maye that liste this to observe Him selfe long time in healthe preserve. I 3 no A CATALOGUE OF When physicke harde is to be hadd, Three things may be in steede. The minde in noe wise must be sadde, Meane reste, and diette muste thee feede. In morne, as sone as thou mayst rise, Withe watrye handes make cleane thy eyes. Then walke a littel here and there. Stretch oute thy limbes, and combe thy here. Then rubbe thy teethe ; herbye the braine. And members all grete com forte gaine. In fine, washe well, then warme, then eate. And stande a littel after meate. Or eles goe walke an easye pase. Coole, faire, and softe, in anye case. Alias — Washe, warme, and eat ; goe or stande ; Wexe not colde out of hande. The addition. Tons, speculum, gramen, etc. The gazinge glasse, and colors greene. Such thinges maye pleasantlye be seene, d’he silver stremes bringe grete delight. Besides all this they mend our sight. The mountaines in the morninge fine. The fountaines after none be thine. Different metres are used, as Non sit acetosa cerevisia. The passingste ale is very cleare. And beste of all when it is olde ; THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 91 The strongest of the malt is dear, Good reason certes why it shoulde. If that this ale be sodde inoughe, A man can have noe better drinke. Sharpe ale is noughte, give that the ploughe ■, By this I love good ale you thinke, An exposition of the line Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. This speeche perhapes is somewhat darke. As riddles use to be, The stile thereof with common sense Doth not so well agree. ■ But for to tell by passinge nutte Our author what he meanse ; The nutmegge first he profereth And that to good intense. In second place, what hurtfull is He semeth for to tuche^ Wherein he meaneth the wallnutte Doth hurte us over muche. But in the last what perils moughte Be hidde therein I muse Because to eate or cracke that nutte No man did ever use. Proof. ^ Touch, or teach. 1)2 A CATALOGUE OF As well inoughe he knew that wratte ® This plesante pretye verse, So doeth he bringe in pretilye, What nutte doth use to perse’. And in his talke of nuttes in deede In sadness® first he spake, But at the last the name of nutte As loughte® for to forsake. lie sayeth that full manye a man The Crosse bowe hath yslane. The nutte whereof he blames therefore — His meaning now is playne And I do tell you, not in vaine, I'is good from such nuttes to refrain. SAGE. Whye shoulde men dye while sage is alive ! Forsootli againste death it is folly to sti ive. PEPPER. Quod piper est nigrum. Black pepper dispatcheth, yt tarrieth not. It quicklye dissolveth, because it is hotte, 6 Wrote. 7 Pierce. ® Seriously. 9 Loth. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 93 Y t purgeth flume, it helpes to digest, Whille pepper is good for paine of the brest. By this kinde of pepper the stomache will gaine Crete ease, and yt suflers no coughe to remaine. The fever approchinge this pepper will fryghte, Alsoe the shakinge yt abandoneth quyghte, lie concludes, as the usual editions of the Regimen Salutis, with the lines on the four quarters of the year, of which the last is : — Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. Which he thus translates, continues, and concludes : Thy selfe geve to quietnes, els take you plesure, A Codes name drincke well, but drincke in mesure. I mene not the mesure of a pinte, nor a quarte. But a resonable draughte to comforte the harte. IMy paines (in this precepte) beinge taken well. Will make me take more — and soe fare ye well. The labor accepted herein that I tooke, IMaye cause make me take more, in some other booke. Fare you well. Finis quoth Withie, Oxoniae, 1575, completa die mensis Februarii primo. It is followed by Joachim Camerarius’s quatrains upon the diet to be observed every month of the year, and a poem in rhyming Latin verse by Otho Cremonensis, upon the choice of simples and medicines, both translated. The latter is very meagre, the translation correspondent. 94 A CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED EDITIONS. Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum, Quod nigredo parum dat fragile subamarum, Sit grave, nodosum, subdurum, sit preciosum. ASSSA FCETIDA. Quo mage foetorem facit Assa tu die meliorem. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. Those which I have seen I have already arranged in three classes I. THOSE WHICH AGREE WITH THE EDITIO RECEPTA, with occasional various readings, and small differences. They are of little value, and, I believe, are mostly copied from the printed editions. The Harleian MS. (N°. 3706, Art. 1) has the commentary of Villa Nova, but is imperfect at the beginning and end. In two others, in the same collection, are some extracts and frag- ments (N“. 3719. Art 2 ; N°. 3407. Art. 3). In the Ashmolean museum ('general catalogue N°. 7756, particular catalogue N°. 1388, page 315) is a modern copy on paper. II. THOSE WHICH HAVE THE EDITIO RECEPTA FOR THEIR BASIS, but have changes in the order, and great additions. In the Ashmolean Museum (general catalogue 7789, parti- cular catalogue 1475) a manuscript on vellum, which contains many medical treatises. It begins at folio 245, and ends at 281 , ' Page 42. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS 9(i It is written in double columns. The first column contains this copy. The second column is another copy, of which hereafter. It begins as the Editio Recepta, and contains about 1080 verses. In the Bodleian library, one MS. (in Wood’s MSS. N". 8603, particular number 15) agrees mostly with the last, and is the best copy of this class. The name Anthony Wood, 1660, is written in it. On the page opposite the beginning. Liber medi- cinal, assignatus communi librarise Ecclesiae Cathedralis Exon, per executores venerabilis viri Magistri Stnetsham, in Sacra Theologia Doctoris, et dictze Ecclesiae nuper Canonici et Can- cellarii. At the end. Explicit per manus T. Dobych. Another copy in the Bodleian library, not so perfect or correct (N°. 2136, 67). III. COPIES WHICH DIFFER GREATLY FROM THE RECEPTA EDITIO OF THE SCHOLA SA- LERNI, in a more methodical arrangement, and in large and scientific additions. In the IMS. volume above quoted (Ashmolean general cata- logue 7789, particular catalogue 1475) in parallel columns with the copy above described, from folio 245 to 281, where the first copy ends ; and from thence to folio 294, this copy occu- pies both columns. Another copy in the Bodleian library (general catalogue 3544, 228) agrees generally with the last, though not entirely, and it is written in a plainer hand. It is inscribed, Liber Bibliothecre Bodleyana; ex dono Joh. Harmari, Linguae Graeca; Professoris Regii A. D. 1651. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 97 The following manuscripts have been quoted as being in FOREIGN LIBRARIES, f cw of them have been particularly de- scribed, but from the number of verses in each, they may probably be referred respectively to the same classes with the English manuscripts. Moreau quotes the following four manuscripts in his prole- gomena. 1 . The Codex Schenckianus, which contains 1239 verses. 2. The Codex Naudinianus has 183 verses. 3. The Codex Tullovianus 1096. At the end is the colophon : Explicit tractatus qui dicitur Flores Medicinae, compilatus in studio Salerni a Mag. Joan de Medilano, instrumenti medicinalis doctore egregio, compilationi cujus concor- darunt omnes Magistri illius Studii. 4. Moreau’s own Codex contained 664 verses. It was ad- dressed, Francorum llegi. From this manuscript he has inserted many lines not in Villa Nova’s text, and all of which I have printed amongst the additions. 5. Three manuscripts are in the king’s library at Paris, N°-'. 6931, 6891, 6941. They have not been described, and are mentioned by Haller. Bibl. Botan. tom. i. p. 158. 6. A manuscript on paper in the library which was bequeathed to the university of Altorf, by John James Trew, well written, and containing 1073 verses, of which the order is different from Villa Nova’s. There are many marginal notes, chiefly in Leonine verse. For instance, to Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina Mundificat ])alpas (palmas) et lumina reddit acuta : K 98 CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. is written in the margin — Est oculis sanum saspe lavare manum. It is entitled, Regimen generale. At the end, Explicit fios medicinae compilatus a Magistro Johanne de Medio- lano, Magistro in Medicina in Studio Salerni. Deo gratias, anno scriptum 1418®’ 7. A manuscript in the Uffenbach library (catalogue part 4, page 118), on paper, written in the beginning of the sixteenth century. The title is exactly copied from the printed editions of the fifteenth century — with scriptum per Balthasar Lotwiger civem in Hallis 1506. Probably copied from the printed editions. In the same volume is Regimen Sanitatis edituum ad Innocentium Papam ter- tium in villa Parisiensi®. 8. Another manuscript in the same library, page 128, en- titled Schola Salernitana de conservanda bona valetudine cum nonnullis additamentis et notis marginalibus. De- scripsit J. C. Mycropius. Adject : in fine victus et cultus ratio exposita quatuor in singulos menses versibus per Joachimum Camerarium. This is evidently modern^. 9. Codex Columesii — Columesias in Cimeliis librariis, page 107. It does not contain so many verses as the manu- script of Moreau. 10. At Bennet college in Cambridge, Flos Medicinae Anglorum Regi. Oxford catalogue N°. 1362, 40. In the catalogue of private libraries in England, most of which have been sold, and the books dispersed. 11. Schola Salernitana. Franc. Bernard, catalogue N°. 3667. “ Ackermann, p. 108. ^ Ibid. < Ibid. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 99 12. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. Franc. Bernard, cata- logue N®. 3669. 13. Doctorum Salernitanorum Versus Medicinales ad Carolum Magnum. Ibid, catalogue N°. 3681. This is evidently of the third class of manuscripts. 14. Schol® Salernitanae Versus Medicinales inscripti Carolo INIagno Francorum Regi — Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. John Hoby, Esq. N“. 3806. Of the third class. 15. Versus Salernitani. Car. Thyere, N°. 6645. 16. Schola Salerni. Ibid. N'. 6681. 1 J REGIMEN SANITATIS S A L E R N I T A N U M. i C .V I 4 ■ Js' A «r* < a # •fl.. . > tf > » S»r-‘ ^^-w"" t>« i» ■ ■''V; ' . ' T " '♦' . ‘ f %. ' ■ REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Anglorum Regi scripsit schola tota Salerni. Si vis incolumenij si vis te reddere sanum, Curas tolle graves, irasci crede profanum, Parce mere, coenato parum, non sit tibi vanum Surgere post epulas, somnum fuge meridianum, 5 Non mictum retine, nec comprime fortiter anum : Haec bene si serves, tu longo tempore vives. Si tibi deficiant medici, medici tibi fiant Haec tria, mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta. 9 Lumina mane manus surgens gelida lavet aqua, Hac iliac modicum pergat, modicumque sua membra Extendat, crines pectat, dentes fricet. Ista Confortant cerebrum, confortant caetera membra. Lote, cale : sta, pranse, vel i ; frigesce, minute. Sit brevis aut nullus tibi somnus meridianus. 15 Febris, pigrities, capitis dolor, atque catarrhus, Haec tibi proveniunt ex somno meridiano. Quatuor ex vento veniunt in ventre retento. 104 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Spasmus, hydrops, colica, vertigo, quatuor ista. Ex magma coena stomacho fit maxima poena. 20 Ut sis nocte levis sit tibi coena brevis. Tu nunquam comedas stomachum nisi noveris ante Purgatum, vacuumque cibo quern sumpseris ante. Ex desiderio poteris cognoscere certo : Haec tua sunt signa, subtilis in ore diaeta. 25 Persica, pom a, pyra, lac, caseus, et caro salsa, Et caro cervina, leporina, caprina, bovina, Haec melancbolica sunt, infirmis inimica. Ova recentia, vina rubentia, pinguia jura. Cum simila pura, naturae sunt valitura. 30 Nutrit et impinguat triticum, lac, caseus infans, Testiculi, porcina caro, cerebella, medullae, Dulcia vina, cibus gustu jucundior, ova Sorbilia, maturae ficus, uvaeque recentes. Vina probantur odore, sapore, nitore, colore. 35 Si bona vina cupis, baec quinque probantur in illis, Fortia, formosa, fragrantia, frigida, frisca. Sunt nutritiva plus dulcia, Candida, vina. Si vinum rubens nimium quandoque bibatur Venter stipatur, vox limpida turbificatur. 40 Allia, nux, ruta, pyra, rapbanus, et tberiaca, Haec sunt antidotum contra mortale venenum. Aer sit mundus, babitabilis ac luminosus. Nec sit infectus, nec olens foetore cloacae. Si tibi scrotina noceat potatio vini 45 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 10/) Hora matutina rebibas, et erit medicina. Gignit et humores melius vinum meliores. Si fuerit nigrum, corpus reddet tibi pigrum. Vinum sit clarumque, vetus, subtile, maturum, 49 Ac bene lymphatum, saliens, moderamine sumptum. Non sit acetosa cervisia, sed bene clara, De validis cocta granis, satis ac veterata. De qua potetur stomachus non inde gravetur. Temporibus veris modicum prandere juberis, Sed calor sestatis dapibus nocet immoderatis. 55 Autumni fructus caveas ; ne sint tibi luctus. De mensa sume quantum vis tempore brumae. Salvia cum ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta. Adde rosae florem minuit potenter amorem. ( De Ahsynthio b J Nausea non poterit quemquam vexare marina, 60 Antea cum vino mixtam si sumpserit illam. Salvia, sal, vinum, piper, allia, petroselinum. Ex his fit salsa, nisi sit commixtio falsa. Si fore vis sanus ablue saepe manus. Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina, 65 Mundificat palmas, et lumina reddit acuta. Panis non calidus, nec sit nim'is inveteratus, Sed fermentatus, oculatus sit, bene coctus. Not in the original. See note. 106 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Modice salitus, frugibus validis sit electus. 69 Non comedas crustanij choleram quia gignit adustam. Panis salsatus, fernientatus, bene coctus, Purus sit sanus, quia non ita sit tibi vanus. Est caro porcina sine vino pejor ovina : Si tribuis vina, tunc est cibus et medicina. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum. 75 Impedit urinam mustum, solvit citb ventrem, Hepatis empliraxim, splenis generat, lapidemque. Potus aquae sumptus fit edenti valde nocivus, Infrigidat stomacliumque cibum nititur fore crudum. Sunt nutritivae multum carnes vitulinae. 80 Sunt bona gallina, et capo, turtur, sturna, columba, Quiscula, vel merula, phasianus, ethigoneta, Perdix, frigellus, orix, tremulus, amarellus. Si pisces molles sunt magno corpore tolles. Si pisces duri, parvi sunt plus valituri : 85 Lucius, et parca, saxaulis, et albica, tenca, Sornus, plagitia, cum carpa, galbio, truca. Vocibus anguillae pravae sunt si comedantur. Qui physicam non ignorant liaec testificantur. Caseus, anguilla, nimis obsunt si comedantur, 90 Ni tu saepe bibas et rebibendo bibas. Si sumas ovum molle sit atque novum. Pisam laudare decrevimus ac reprobare. Pellibus ablatis est bona pisa satis Est inflativa cum pellibus atque nociva. 95 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 107 Lac ethicis sanum, caprinum post camelinum : Ac nutritivum plus omnibus est asininum. Plus nutritivum vaccinum^ sic et ovinum. Si febriat caput et doleat non est bene sanum. Lenit et humectat, solvit sine febre butyrum. 100 Incidit, atque lavat, penetrat, mundat quoque, serum. % Caseus est frigidus, stipans, grossus, quoque durus. Caseus et panis, bonus est cibus hie bene sanis. Si non sunt sani tunc hunc non jungito pani. Ignari medici me dicunt esse nocivum^ 1 05 Sed tamen ignorant cur nocumenta feram. Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Si post sumatur terminat ille dapes. Qui physicam non ignorant haec testificantur. 109 Inter prandendum sit S8epe parumque bibendum. Ut minus asgrotes non inter fercula potes. Ut vites poenam de potibus incipe caenam. Singula post ova pocula sume nova. Post pisces nux sit, post carnes caseus adsit. Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. 115 Adde potum pyro, nux est medicina veneno. Fert pyra nostra pyrus, sine vino sunt pyra virus. Si pyra sunt virus sit meledicta pyrus. Si coquas, antidotum pyra sunt, sed cruda venenum. Cruda gravant stomaclium, relevant pyra cocta gra- vatum 120 108 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Post pyra da potunij post pomum vade fsecatum. Cerasa si comedas tibi confert grandia dona : Expurgant stomachum, nucleus lapidem tibi tollit, Et de came sua sanguis eritque bonus. Infrigidant, laxant^ multum prosunt tibi^ pruna. Persica cum musto vobis datur ordine justo. 126 Sumere sic est mos : nucibus sociando racemos. Passula non splenic tussi valetj, est bona reni. Scrofa^, tumor^ glandes^ ficus cataplasmate cedit, Jungepapaver ei confracta foris tenet ossa. 130 PediculoSj veneremque facit, sed cuilibet obstat. ]\Iultiplicantmictum,ventremdant escula strictum. Escula dura bona, sed mollia sunt meliora. Provocat urinam mustum, citb solvit et inflat. Grosses bumores nutrit cerevisia, vires 135 Praestat, et augmentat carnem, generatque cruorem, Provocat urinam, ventrem quoque mollit et inflat. Infrigidat modicum, sed plus desiccat acetum, Infrigidat, macerat, melan : dat, sperma minorat, Siccos infestat nervos, et impinguia siccat. 140 Rapa juvat stomaclium, novit producere ventum, Provocat urinam, faciet quoque dente ruinam. Si male cocta datur bine torsio tunc generatur. Egeritur tarde cor, digeritur quoque dure. Similiter stomaclius, melior sit in extremitates. 145 Reddit lingua bonum nutrimentum medicinoe. Digeritur facile pulmo, citb labitur ipse. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 109 Est melius cerebrum gallinarum reliquorum. Semen foeniculi fugat et spiracula culi. Emendat visum, stomaclium comfortat anisum. 150 Copia clulcoris anisi sit melioris. Si cruor emanat spodium sumptum citb sanat. Vas condimenti prcEponi debet edenti. Sal virus refugat, et non sapidumque saporat. Nam sapit esca male quee datur absque sale. 155 Urunt persalsa visum, spermaque minorant, Et generant scabiem, pruritum sive rigorem. Hi fervore vigent tres, salsus, amarus, acutus. Alget acetosus, sic stipans, ponticus atque. Unctus, et insipidus, dulcis, dant temperamentum. 1 60 Bis duo vippa facit, mundat dentes, dat acutum Visum, quod minus est implet, minuit quod abundat. Omnibus assuetam jubeo servare disetam. Approbo sic esse, nisi sit mutare necesse. 1 64 Est Hippocras testis, quoniam sequitur mala pestis. Fortior est meta medicinae certa dioeta: Quam si non curas, fatue regis, et male curas. Quale, quid, et quando, quantum, quoties, ubi, dando, Ista notare cibo debet medicus diaetando. Jus caulis solvit, cujus substantia stringit : 170 Utraque quando datur venter laxare paratur. Uixerunt malvam veteres quia molliat alvum. IMalvae radices rasae dedere faeces, Vulvam moverunt, et Huxum saepe dederunt. L 110 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Mentitur mentha si sit depellere lenta 175 Ventris lumbricos, stomacbi vermes que nocivos. Cur moriatur homo cui salvia crescit in liorto ? Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in liortis. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremores Tollit, et ejus ope febris acuta fugit. 180 Salvia^ castoreum^ lavendula^ premula veris, Nastur: atlianasia^ sanant paralytica membra. Salvia salvatrix^ naturie consiliatrix. Nobilis est ruta quia lumina reddit acuta. Auxilio rutse^ vir, quippe videbis acute. 185 Ruta viris coitum minuit;, niulieribus auget. Ruta facit castunij dat lumen, et ingerit astum. Cocta facit ruta de pulicibus loca tuta. De cepis medici non consentire videntur. Cliolericis non esse bonas dicit Galienus. 190 Flegmaticis verb multum docet esse salubres, Preesertim stomacho, pulcrumque creare colorem. Contritis cepis loca denudata capillis Seepe fricans poteris capitis reparare decorem. 194 Est modicum granum, siccum, calidumque, sinapi, Dat lacrimas, purgatque caput, tollitque venenum. Crapula discutitur, capitis dolor, atque gravedo, Purpuream dicunt violam curare caducos. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Ill De Urtica. iEgris dat somnum, vomitum quoque tollit adver- siim, Compescit tussim veterem, colicisqus medetur, 200 Pellit pulmonis frigus^ ventrisqiie tiimorem. Omnibus et morbis subveniet articulorum. Hyssopus est herba purgans a pectore phlegma. Ad pulmonis opus cum melle coquatur hyssopus : Vultibus eximium fertur reparare colorem. 205 De Cerifolio. Suppositum cancris tritum cum melle medetur, Cum vino potum poterit separare dolorem. Saepe solet vomitum ventremque ten ere solutum. Enula campana reddit prsecordia sana. Cum succo rutse si succus sumitur Imjus, " 210 Affirmant ruptis nil esse salubrius istis. De Pulcgio. Cum vino choleram nigram potata repellit : Sic dicunt veterem sumptum curare podagram. De Nasturtio Illius succo crines retinere fluentes Allitus asseritur, dentisque curare dolorem, 215 Et squamas succus sanat cum melle perunctus. 112 REGIMEN 8ANITATIS SALERNITANUM. De Celedonia. Coecatis pullis liac lumina mater hirundo^ Plinius ut scribit, quamvis sint eruta reddit. De Salice. Auribus infusus vermes succus necat ejus. Cortex verrucas in aceto cocta resolvit. 220 Pomorum succus flos partus destruit ejus. Comfortare crocus dicatur laBtificando, IMembraque defecta confortat hepar reparando De Porro. Reddit foecundas permansum saepe puellas. Isto stillantem poteris retinere cruorem. 225 Quod piper est nigrum non est dissolvere pigrum, Flegmata purgabit, digestivamque juvabit. Leucopiper stomacho prodesC tussique dolori UtilOj praeveniet motum febrisque rigorem. Et mox post escam dormire nimisque moveri : 230 Ista gravare solent auditus, ebrietasque. IMetuS;, longa fames, vomitus, percussio, casus, Ebrietas, frigus, tinnitum causat in aure. Balnea, vina, Venus, ventus, piper, allia, fumus, Porri, cum cepis, lens, fletus, faba, sinapi, 235 Sol, coitus, ignis, labor, ictus, acumina, pulvis, Ista nocent oculis, sed vigilare magis. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALEIiNITANUM. 113 Feniculisj verbena^ rosa^ celidonia, ruta. Ex istis fit aqua quae lumina reddit acuta. Sic dentes serva, porrorum collige grana. 240 Ne careas jure, (thure ?) cum liyoscyamo simul ure. Sicque per embotum fumum cape dente remotum. Nux, oleum, frigus capitis, anguillaque, potus, Ac pomum crudum, faciunt hominem fore raucum. Jejuna, vigila, caleas dape, valde labora, 245 Inspira calidum, modicum bibe, comprime datum : Haec bene tu serva si vis depellere rheuma. Si fluat ad pectus, dicatur rheuma catarrhus : Ad fauces bronchus : ad nares esto coryza. Auripigmentum, sulphur, miscere memento : 250 His decet apponi calcem: commisce saponi. Quatuor hsec misce. Commixtis quatuor istis Fistula curatur, quater ex his si repleatur. Ossibus ex denis, bis centenisque, novenis. Constat homo: denis bis dentibus ex duodenis: 255 Ex tricentenis, decies sex, quinqueque venis. Quatuor humores in humano corpore constant : Sanguis cum cholera, phlegma, melancholia. Terra melan : aqua fieg : et aer sanguis, cole : ignis. Natura pingues isti sunt atque jocantes, 260 Semper rumores cupiunt audire frequentes. Hos Venus et Bacchus delectant, fercula, risus, Et facit hos hilares, et dulcia verba loquentes. Omnibus hi studiis habiles sunt, et magis apti. L 3 114 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Qualibet ex causa nec lies leviter movet ira. 265 Largus, amans^ hilaris, ridens^ rubeique colorisj, CantanSj carnosus, satis audax, atque benignus. Est et humor choleraic qui competit impetuosis. Hoc genus est hominum cupiens praicellere cunctos. Hi leviter discunt^ multiim comedunt^ citb crescunt. Iiide magnanimi sunt;, largb summa petentes. 271 Hirsutus^ fallax, irascens, prodigus^ audax, Astutus, gracilisj siccus, croceique coloris Plilegma vires modicas tribuit, latosque, brevesque. Flegma facit pingues, sanguis reddit mediocres. 275 Otia non studio tradunt, sed corpora somno. Sensus bebes, tardus inotus, pigritia, somnus. Hie somnolentus, piger, in sputamine inultus. Est liuic sensus hebes, piuguis, facie color albus. Restat adhuc tristis cbolerac substantia nigrac, 280 Quae reddit pravos, pertristes, pauca loquentes. Hi vigilant studiis, nec mens est dedita somno, Servant propositum, sibi nil reputant fore tutum. Invidus, et tristis, cupidus, dextrseque tenacis. Non expers frandis, timidus, luteique coloris. 285 Hi sunt bumores qui praestant cuique colores. Omnibus in rebus ex pblegmate fit color albus. Sanguine fit rubens : cholera rubea quoque rufus. Si peccet sanguis, facies rubet, extat ocellus, Inflantur genae, corpus nimiiimque gravatur, 290 Est pulsusque frequens, plenus, mollis, dolor ingens REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 115 iMaxime lit frontis, et constipatio ventris, Siccaque lingua, sitis, et somnia plena rubore, Dulcor adest sputi, sunt acria, dulcia, quaeque. Denus septenus vix pblebotoiniam petit annus. 295 Spiritus uberior exit per pblebotoiniam. Spiritus ex potu vini mox multiplicatur, Humorumque cibo damnum lente reparatur. Lumina clarificat, sincerat pblebotomia Mentes et cerebrum, calidas facit esse medullas, 300 Viscera purgabit, stomacbum ventremque coercet, Puros dat sensus, dat somnum, taedia tollit, Auditus, vocem, vires producit et auget. Tres insunt istis (Maius, September, Aprilis), Et sunt lunares sunt velut hydra dies : 305 Prima dies primi, postremaque posteriorum : Nec sanguis minui, nec carnibus anseris uti. In sene vel juvene si venae sanguine plenae Omni mense bene confert incisio venae. Hi sunt tres menses, JMaius, September, Aprilis, 310 In quibus eminuas ut longo tempore vivas, Frigida natura, frigens regio, dolor ingens, Post lavacrum, coitum, minor aetas atque senilis, IMorbus prolixus, repletio potus et escae. Si fragilis, vel subtilis sensus stomacbi sit, 315 Et fastiditi, tibi non sunt plilebotomandi. Quid debes faccrc quando vis phlebotomari, Vel quando miniiis, fucris vel quando minutus ? 116 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Uiictio^ sive potus^ lavacrum, vel fascia, motus, Debent non fragili tibi singula inente teneri. 320 Exliilarat tristes, iratos placat, amantes Ne sint amentes, plilebotomia facit. Fac plagam largam mediocriter, ut citb fain us Exeat uberius, liberiusque cruor. Sanguine subtracto, sex horis est vigilandum, 325 Ne somni fumus laedat sensibile corpus. Ne nervum laedas, non sit tibi plaga profunda. Sanguine purgatus non carpas protinus escas. Omnia de lacte vitabis rite, minute, Et vitet potum pblebotomatus homo. 330 Frigida vitabis, quia sunt inimica minutis. Interdictus erit minutis nubilus aer. vSpiritus exultat minutis luce per auras. Omnibus apta quies, est motus valde nocivus. Principio minuas in acutis, peracutis. 335 -/Etatis mediae multum de sanguine tolle, Sed puer atque senex toilet uterque parum. Ver tollat duplum, reliquum tempus tibi simplum. iEstas, ver, dextras: autumnus, biemsque, sinistras. Quatuor haec membra, cepiie, cor, pes, hepar, vacuanda. Ver cor, hepar acstas, ordo sequens reliquas. 34 1 Dat salvatella tibi plurima dona minuta : Purgat hepar, splenem, pectus, praccordia, vocem, Innaturalem tollit de corde dolorem. Si dolor est capitis ex potu, limpha bibatur, 345 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 117 Ex potu nimio nam febris acuta creatur. Si vertex capitis, vel frons, aestu tribulentur, Tempera fronsque simul moderate saepe fricentur iMorella cocta, nec non calidaque laventur. Temporis eestivi jejunia corpora siccant. 350 Quolibet in mense confert vomitus, quoque purgat Humores nocuos stomachi, lavat ambitus omnes. Ver, autumnus, hiems, aestas, dominantur in anno. Tempore vernali calidus fit aer, bumidusque, Et nullum tempus melius fit pblebotomiae. 355 Usus tunc bomini Veneris confert moderatus, Corporis et motus, ventrisque solutio, sudor. Balnea, purgentur tunc corpora cum medicinis. .(Estas more calet sicca, nascatur in ilia 350 Tunc quoque praecipue cboleram rubeam domiiiari. Humida, frigida fercula dentur, sit Venus extra. Balnea non prosunt, sint raras pblebotomiae, Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. 363 THE ENGLISHMAN’S D O C T E R. OR, THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE. OR, Physicall Obseruations for the perfect Preseruing of the Body of Man in continuall Health. LONDON : Printed for John Helme, & John Busby, jun. and are to be sold at the little shoppe, next Clifford's Inne Gate, in Fleet- street. 1C07. THE PRINTER TO THE READER. READER, the care that I haue of thy health, appears in bestowing these Physicall rules vpon thee : neither needest thou be ashamed to take Lessons out of this school, for our best Doctors scorne not to read the instructions. It is a little Academi, where euery man may be a Graduate, and proceed Doctor in the ordering of his owne body. It is a Garden, where all things grow that are necessarie for thy healthe. This medicinable Tree grewe first in Salerne, from thence it was remoued, and hath born both fruit and blossomes a long time in England. It is now replanted in a wholsom ground, and new earth cast about it, by the hand of a cunning Gardiner, to keep it still in flourishing. Much good husbandry is bestowed vpon it; yet whatso- euer the cost be, thou reapest the sweetnesse of it for a small value. It came to me by chance, as a Jewell that is found, whereof notwithstanding I am not couetous, but part the Treasure amongst my contrymen. The author of the paines, is to me vnknowne, and I put this child of his into the open world without his consent : bring it up tliere- fore well I beseech thee, and hope (as I do) that he will not be angry, finding this a traueler abroad, when by his trauel, so many of his owne country, are so manifoldly benefited. FAREWELL. M AD LIBRUM. Go booke, and (like a marchant) new arriu’d, Tel in how strange a tralBck thou hast thriu’d X^pon the country which the Sea-god saues, And loues so dere, he bindes it round with wanes : Cast anchor thou, and impost pay to him Whose Swans vpon the brest of Isis swim ; But to the people that do loue to buy, (It skils not for how much) each Nouelty, Proclaime an open Mart, and sell good cheap, XVhat thou by trauell and much cost doest reape. Bid the gay Courtier, and coy Ladie come, The Lawyer, Townsman, and the Country-groom, Tis ware for all : yet thus much let them know, There are no drugs here fetcht from Mexico, Nor gold from India, nor that stinking smoake, Which English gallants buy, themselues to choak. Nor Silkes of Tw'kie, nor of Hurhary, Those luscious Canes, where our rich Sugars lie : Nor those hot drinkes that make our wits to dance The wild Canaries, nor those Grapes of France XXdiich make vs clip our English : nor those wares Of fertile Belgia, whose wombe compares XXnth all the world for fruit, tho now with scarres Her body be all ore defac’t by warres : Go, tell them what thou bring’st, exceeds the wealth Of all these Contries, for thou bring’st them health. IN LIBRUM. Wit, Learning, Order, Elegance of Phrase, Healtli, and the Art to lengthen out our dayes, Phylosophy, Physicke, and Poesie, And that skill which death loues not ( Surgery), Walkes to refresh us, Ayres most sweet and cleare, A thrifty Table, and the wholsomest cheare. All sortes of graine, all sortes of Flesh, of Fish, OfFoule and (last of all) of Fruits a severall dish: Good Breakefasts, Dinners, Suppers, after-meales. The hearbe for Sallads, and the hearbe that heales. Physitian’s counsell, Pottecaries pils, (Without the summing vp of costly bils.) Wines that the Braine shall nere intoxicate. Strong Ale and Beere at a more easie rate Than Water from the fountaine; cloths (not deere) For the foure seuerall quarters of the yere. Meats both for Protestant and Puritan, With raeanes sufficient to maintaine a man. If all these things thou want’st, no farther looke. All this, and more than this, lies in this booke. ANONIMUS. IN LAUDEM OPERIS. The gods vpon a time in council sitting, (To rule the world) what creature was most fitting, At length from god to god this sentence ran, To forme a creature like themselues (cald man). Being made, the world was giuen him (built so rarely). No workemen can come neere it; hung so fairely, That the gods viewing it, were ouer-ioyed. Yet greeu’d that it should one day be destroyed. Gardens had man to walke in, set with trees That still were bearing; but (neglecting these), He long’d for fruites vnlawfull, fell to riots. Wasted his goodly body by ill dyets. Spent (what was left him) like a prodigall heyre. And had of earth, of hell, or heauen no care, For which the earth was curst, and brought forth weeds, Poyson euen lurking in our fayrest seeds, Ilalfe heauen was hid, and did in darkness mourn. Whilst hell kept fires continual, that should burne Ills very soule, if still it went awry. And giue it torments that should neuer die, Yet loe ! How blest is man ! the deities, Built vpthis Schoole of Health, to make him wise. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Salerne Schoole doth by these lines impart, All health to England’s king, and doth aduise From care his head to keepe, from wrath his harte. Drinke not much wine, sup light, and soone arise, When meat is gone long sitting breedeth smart : And after noone still waking keepe your eies. When mouM you find your selfe to nature's need Forbeare them not, for that much danger breeds, Vse three physitians still, first doctor Quiet, Next doctor Mcry-man, and doctor Dyet. Rise early in the morne, and straight remember With water cold to wash your hands and eyes. In gentle fashion retelling euery member. And to refresh your braine when as you rise. In heat, in cold, in Julj/, and December, Both comb your head, and rub your teeth likewise : If bled you haue, keepe coole, if bath’d, keepe warm. If din’d, to stand or walke will do no harme. Three things preserve y® sight, glasse, grasse, and fountains At eue’n springs, at morning visit mountaines. M 3 126 THE SAEERNE SCHOOLE. If R be in the month, their iudgements erre, That thinke that sleepe in afternoone is good, If R be not therein, some men there are, That thinke a little nap breeds no ill blood. But if you shall heerein exceed too farre, It hurts your health, it cannot be withstood: Long sleep at afternoones by stiring fumes, Breeds Slowth and Agexves, Aking heads and Hheums, The Moysture bred m Breast, in laioes, and Nose, Are cald Catarrs, or Tysique, or the Pose. Great harms haue growm, and maladies exceeding By keeping in a little blast of wind. So Cramps, and Dropsies, Collicks haue their breeding. And Mazed Braines for want of vent behind. Besides we find in stories worth the reading, A certaine Boman Pmperor was so kind, Claudius by name, he made a Proclamation, A Scape to be no losse of reputation. Great suppers do the stomacke much offend. Sup light if quyet you to sleepe intend. To keepe good dyet, you should neuer feed, Vntill you find your stomacke cleane and voide. Of former eaten meats, for they do breed Repletion, and will cause you soone be cloid. None other rule but appetite should need. When from your mouth a moisture cleare doth void. All Peares and Apples, Peaches, Milke, and Cheese, Salt meats, red Deexc, Hare, Beefe, and Goat : all these Are meats that breed ill blood, and Melancholy, If sicke you be, to feed on them were folly. THE SALERNE SHOOLE. 127 Egges newly laid, are nutrltiue to eat, And rested reare are easie to digest, f Fresh Gascoign wine is good to drink with meat Broth strengthens nature aboue all the rest, But broth prepar’d with flowre of finest wheate. Well boyl’d, and full of fat for such are best. If The Priest's rule is (a Priest's rule shold be true,) Those Egges are best, are long, and white, and new. Remember eating new laid Egges and soft. For euery Egge you eat you drinke as oft. Fine Manchet feeds to fat, Milke fills the vaines. New Cheese doth nourish, so doth flesh of swine. The Dowcets of some beasts, the marrow, brains. And all sweet-tasting-flesh, and pleasant wine. Soft Egges (a cleanly dish in house of Swabis ), Ripe Figs and Raysins, late come from the Vine : Chuse wine you meane shall serve you all the year, Well-savour’d, tasting well, and color’d cleere, Fiue qualities there are, wine’s praise aduancing. Strong, beaivti/full, and fragrant, coole, and dauncing. White Muskadell and Candy wine, and Greeke, Do make men’s wits and bodies grosse and fat ; Red wine doth make the voyce oft time to seek. And hath a binding quality to that, Canary and Madera, both are like To make one leane indeed (but wot you what). Who say they make one leane wold make one laffe They meane, they make one leane vpon a staffe. Wine, women, baths, by art or nature warrae, Vs’d or abus’d do men much good or harme. 128 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Six things that heere in order shall insue, Against all poysons haue a secret poure, Fearcs, Garltck, Feddish-roots, Nuts, Rape, and Rew, But Garlicke cheefe, for they that it deuoure, May drink, and care not who their drink do brew May walk in ayres infected euery houre : Sith Garlicke then hath poure to saue from death, Beare with it though it make unsauoury breath: And scorne not Garlicke like to some, that think It onely makes men winke, and drinke, and stink. Though all ill sauours do not breed infection. Yet sure infection commeth most by smelling, Who smellelh still perfumed his complexion Is not perfumed by poet Martial's telling. Yet for your lodging roomes giue this direction. In houses where you mind to make your dwelling. That nere the same there be no euil scents Of puddle waters, or of excrements. Let ayre be cleare and light, and free from faultes, That come of secret passages and vaults. If wine haue ouer night a surfet brought, A thing we wish to you should happen seek! Then early in the morning drinke a draught, And that a kind of remedy shall yeeld. But gainst all surfets vertue’s schoole hath taught. To make the gift of temperance a sheeld : The better wines do breed the better humours, The worse, are causes of vnwholesome tumors : In measure drinke, let wine be ripe, not thicke. But cleere and well alaid, and fresh, and quicke. TEH SALERNE SCHOOLE. 129 The like aduice we give you for your beere, We will it be not soure, and yet be stale, Well boyl’d, of harty graine, and old, and cleare, Nor drinke too much, nor let it be too stale : And as there be foure seasons in the yeare. In each a seuerall order keepe you shall. In Spring, your dinner must not much exceed. In Summer's heat, but little meat shall need : In Autumne, ware you eat not too much fruit, With Winter's cold, full meats do fittest sute. If in your drinke you mingle Reio with Sage, All poyson is expel’d by power of those. And if you would withal lust’s heat asswage, Adde to them two the gentle floure of Rose. H Who would not be Sea-sick when seas do rage. Sage-water drinke with wine before he goes. 1[ Salt, Garlicke, Varsely, Pepper, Sage, and Wine, Make sawces for all meats both coarse and fine. Of washing of your hands much good doth ryse, Tis wholesome, cleanly, and releeues your eyes. Eate not your bread too stale, nor eat it hot, A little leuen’d, hollow-bak’t and light : Not fresh, of purest grain that can be got. The crust breeds choller both of brown and white. Yet let it be well bak’t or eat it not, How ere your tast therein may take delight. IT Porke without wine it not so good to eate As Sheepe with wine, it medicine is and meate, Tho intrayles of a beast be not the best. Yet are some intrayles better then the rest. 130 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Some loue to drinke new wine not fully fin’d, But for your health we wish that you drinke none, For SI ch to dangerous fluxes are inclin’d. Besides the lees of wine doth breed the stone. Some to drinke onely water are assign’d : But such by our consent shall drinke alone. For water and small beere we make no question, Are enemies to health and good digestion : And Horace in a verse of his rehearses, That Water-dr inket's neuer make good verses. The choyse of meats to health doth much auayle First Veale is wholsome meat, and breeds good blood. So Capon, Hen, and Chicken, Patridge, Quaile, The Phesant, Woodcock, Lark, and Thrush be good. The Heath-cock wholsome is, the Doue, the Raile, And all that do not much delight in mud : Fair swans, such loue your beauties make me bear you. That in the dish I easily could forbeare you. Good sport it is to see a Mallard kil’d. But with their flesh your flesh should not be fil’d. As choyce you make of Fowle, so make of Fish, If so that kind be soft, the great be best. If firme, then small, and many in a dish: I need not. name, all kinds are in request, Hyke, Troivt, and Feurch, from water fresh I wish. From sea, Bace, Midlet, Brcan, and Soules, are best : The Pyke a rauening tyrant is in water. Yet he on land good meat yeelds neare the later. If Eeles and Cheese you eat, they make you hoarse But drinke apace thereto, and then no force. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Some Ique at meals to drink small draughts and oft, But fancie may heerein, and custome guid, If egges you eat they must be new and soft, In peaze good qualities, and bad are tryed. To take them with the skin that growes aloft. They windie be, but good without their hide. In great consumptions learn’d physitians thinke, Tis good a Goat or Camel's milke to drinke, Cowe's milke and Sheepes do well, but yet an Ass’s, Is best of all, and all the other passes. Milke is for Agewes and for Headache naught. Yet if from ague’s fit you feel you free, Srveet-Bulicr wholsome is, as some haue taught, To cleanse and purge some paines that inward be : 1[ Whap, though it be contemn’d, yet it is thought. To scoure, and dense, and purge in due degree : II For healthy men may cheese be wholsome food, But for the weake and sickly ’tis not good. Cheese is an heauie meat, and grosse, and cold. And breedeth costiuenesse both new and old. Cheese makes complaint that men on wrong suspitions Do slander it, and say it doth such harme, That they conceale his many good conditions. How oft it helpes a stomacke cold to warme. How fasting tis prescrib’d by some physitians, To those to whom the flux doth giue alarm : We see the better sort thereof doth eate. To make as twere a period of their meat. The poorer sort when other meat is scant, For hunger eate it to releeue their want. 132 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Although you may drinke often while you dine, Yet after dinner touch not once the cup, I know that some physitians do assigne To take some liquor straight before they sup : But whether this be meant by broth or wine, A controuersie ’tis not yet tane vp : To close your stomacke well, this order sutes, Cheese after Flesh, Huts after Fish or Fruits. Yet some haue said (beleeue them as you will). One Nut doth good, two hurt, the third doth kill. Some Nut, gainst poyson is preseruatiue ; Feares, wanting wine, are poyson from the tree, But bak’t Peares counted are restoratiue. Raw Peares a poyson, bak’t a medicine be: Bak’t Peares, a weak-dead-stomacke do reuiue. Raw Peares are heauy to digest we see, Drinke after Peares, take after Apples order To haue a place to purge your selfe of ordure. Ripe Cherries breed good blood, and help the stone, If Cherry you do eat, and Cherry-stone. Coole Damsens are, and good for health by reason They make your intrayles soluble and slacke. Let Peaches steepe in wine of newest season. Nuts hurt their teeth, y‘ with their teeth they cracke. With euery ’Nut tis good to eat a licuson, For though they hurt the splcne they help the hack : A plaister made of Figges by some men’s telling. Is good against all kirnels, boyles, and sw'elling, ^\'ilh Poppy ioyn’d, it drawes out bones are broken. By J'Vgs are lice engendred, Lust prouoken. THE SALERNB SCHOOLE. 133 Eat Medlars if you haue a looseness gotten, They bind, and yet your vrine they augment. They haue one name more fit to be forgotten, While hard and sound they be they be not spent. Good Medlars are not ripe till seeming rotten, For meddling much with Medlars some are shent. New Rhennish-wine stirs vrine, doeth not binde, But rather loose the belly, breeding wind. Ale, humours breeds, it addes both flesh and force, Tis loosing, coole, and vrine doth inforce. Sharpe Vinegar doth coole, withall it dries. And giues to some ill humour good correction : It makes one melancholy, hurts their eyes. Nor making fat, nor mending their complection : It lessens sperm, makes appetite to rise : Both taste and scent is good against infection. 1[ The Turnep hurts the stomacke, wind it breedeth Stirs vrine, hurts his teeth thereon that feedeth : Who much thereof will feed, may wish our nation Would well allow of Claudius' proclamation. It follows now what part of euery beast Is best to eat : first, know the heart is ill. It is both hard, and heauy to disgest. The Tripe, with no good iuice our flesh doth fill : The Lites, are light, yet hut in small request : But outer parts are best in Physicke’s skill. H If any braines be good (which is a question), Hermes braine is best, and lightest of disgestion : H In Fennell-seed this vertue you shall find. Forth of your lower parts to drive the wind. N 134 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Of Fennell vertues foure they do recite, First, it hath power some poysons to expell, Next burning Agues it will put to flight. The stomacke it doth cleanse, and comfort well : And fourthly it doth keepe, and cleanse the sight, And thus the seed and herbe doth both excell. Yet for the two last told ; if any seede With Femiell may compare, tis Anni's-seed : Some Anny seeds be sweet, and some more bitter, For pleasure these, for medicine those more fitter. Dame Nature’s reason, far surmounts our reading. We feele effects, the causes oft vnknowne. Who knows ye cause why Spodium stancheth bleedin ( Spodium, but ashes of an ox’s bone ). We learne herein to praise Ilis power exceeding. That vertue gave to wood, to herbes, to stone. The Liuer Spodium, Mace the heart delightes. The braine likes Muske, and Lyco^'as the Lites, The spleen is thought much comforted with Capers. In stomacke, Gallingale allayes ill vapors. Sawce would be set with meat vpon the table. Salt is good sawce, and had with great facility : Salt makes vnsauoury vyands, manducable. To driue some poysons out. Salt hath ability. Yet things too salt are nere commendable: They hurt the sight, in nature cause debility, The scab and itch on them are euer breeding. The which on meats too salt are often feeding : Salt should be first remou’d, and first set downe. At table of the knight, and of the clowne. % THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 135 As tastes are diuers, so Physitians hold They haue as sundry qualities and power, Some burning are, some temperate, some cold. Cold are these three : the tart, the sharpe, the sour : Salt, bitter, biting, burne as hath been told. Sweet, fat, and fresh, are temperate euery houre. If Foure special vertues hath a sop in wine. It maketh the teeth white, it cleeres the eyne. It addes vnto an empty stomacke fulness. And from a stomacke fill’d, it takes the dulness. If to an vse you haue your selfe betaken. Of any diet, make no sudden change, A custome is not easily forsaken, Yea though it better were, yet seemes it strange. Long vse is as a second nature taken. With nature custome walkes in equal range. If Good dyet is a perfect way of curing. And worthy much regard and health assuring, A King that cannot rule him in his dyet. Will hardly rule his Ilealme in peace and quyet. They that in Physicke will prescribe you food. Six things must note we here in order touch. First, what it is : and then, _/br iv/iat tis good, And when ; and where ; how often ; and how much. Who note not this, it cannot be withstood. They hurt, not heale, yet are too many such. If Coleworts broth doth loose, the substance bind. Thus play they, fast and loose, and all behind. But yet if at one time you take them both. The substance shall giue place vnto the broth. 136 THE SALERNB SCHOOLE. In Physicke Malloives hath much reputation, Their very name of Mellow seemes to sound, Tlie roote thereof will giue a kind purgation. By them both men and women good haue found. To women’s monthly flow'ers they give laxation. They make men soluble that haue been bounde. And least we seem in Mallowes praises partial. Long since hath Horace praised them and Martial. U The wormes that gnaw the womb and neuer stint. Are kill’d, and purg’d, and driuen away with Mint. But who can write thy worth (6 soueraigne Sage ), Some ask how men can die, where thou dost grow. Oh that there were a Medicine curing age. Death comes at last, tho death come nere so slow : Sage strengths the sinews, Feaucrs heat doth swage. The Palsie helpes, and rids of mickle woe. In Latine ( Saluia) takes the name of safety. In English ( Sage) is rather wise than crafty : Sith then the name betokens wise, and sauing. We count it nature’s frend, and worth the hauing. Take Sage and Primrose, Laiiender, and Cresses, With Walwort that doth grow tw’ixt lime and stone, Tor he that of these herbes the iuice expresses. And mix with powder of a Castor-stone, May breed their ease whom Palsie much oppresses. Or if this breed not helpe, then looke for none. ^ Hew is a noble herbe to giue it right. To chew it fasting it will purge the sight. One quality thereof yet blame I must. It makes men chaste, and women fills with lust. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 137 Fayre Ladies, if these Physicke rules be true, That Rcw hath such strange qualities as these, Eat little Rciv, least your good husbands (REVV') And breed betweene you both a shrow’d disease. Reu', whets the wit, and more to pleasure you. In water boil’d, it rids a roome of fleas. I would not to you Ladies, Ont/ons praise, Saue that they make one fayre ( JEsclapius saies ) Yet taking them requires some good direction. They are not good alike for each complexion. If vnto Choller men be much inclin’d, Tis thought that Onyons are not good for those, But if a man be Flegmatique (by kind) It does his stomacke good, as some suppose, For ointment iuice of Onyons is assign’d To heads whose haire falls faster than it growes : If Onyons cannot helpe in such mishap, A man must get him a Gregorian cap. But if your hound by hap should bite his master. With Honey, Retv, and Onyons make a plaister. The seed of Mustard is the smallest graine. And yet the force thereof is very great. It hath a present power to purge the braine. It addes vnto the stomacke force and heat : All poyson it expels, and it is plaine. With sugar tis a passing sawce for meat. S!ie that hath hap a husband bad to bury. And is therefore in heart not sad but merry : Yet if in shew good manners she will keepe, Onyons and Mustardseed will make her weepe. N 3 138 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Though Violets smell sweet, Nettles offensiue, Yet each in seuerall kind much good procure, The first doth purge the heauie head and pensiue, Recouers surfets. Falling sickness cures. Tho Nettles stinke, yet make they recompence, If your hellie by the Collicke paine indures : Against the Collicke Nettle-seed and Honey, Is Physicke; better none is had for money. It breedeth sleep, staies vomits, flegme doth soften, It helpes him of the Gowt that eats it often. Cleane Hysop is an herbe to purge and cleanse. Raw flegmes, and hurtfull humours from the breast ; The same vnto the Lungs great comfort lends, With Honey boil’d: but farre aboue the rest. It giues good colour, and complexion mends. And is therefore with women in request : With Honey mixt, Cinquefoyle cures the Canker, That eats our inward parts with cruel ranker. But mixt with Wine, it helpes a greened side. And staies the vomit, and the Laske beside. Kllecompane strengthens each inward pan, A tittle looseness is thereby prouoken : It swageth greefe of mind, it cheeres the heart, Allayeth wrath, and makes a man fayre spoken : And drunke with Rew in Wine, it doth impart Great helpe to those that haue their bellies broken. Let them that vnto choller much incline, Drink Fenny-royal steeped in their wine. And some affirme, that they haue found by trial The paine of Gowt is cur’d by Penny-royal. THE SALERNE SCHOOLS. 139 To tell all Cresses' virtues long it were, But diuers patients vnto that are debter,- It helpes the teeth, it giues to bald men haire. With Honey mixt, it Ringworme kills and Tettar : But let not women that would children beare. Feed much thereof, for they to fast were better. An herbe there is takes of the Swallowes name. And by the Swallowes gets no little fame. For Plin^ writes (tho some thereof make doubt), It helps young Swallowes eies when they are out. Greene Willow though in scorne it oft is vs’d, Yet some there are in it not scornfull parts. It killeth wormes, the iuice in eares infus’d. With Vinegar: the barke destroyeth warts. But at one quality I much haue mus’d, That addes and bates much of his good desertes. For writers old and new, both ours and forren, Affirme the seed make women chaste and barren. Take Saffron if your heart make glad you will, But not too much, for that the heart may kill. Greene Leckes are good as some Physitians sale. Yet would I choose, how ere I them belieue. To weare Leekes rather on Saint Danid's day. Than eat the Leekes vpon Saint Dauid’s Eue. The bleeding at the nose Leeke's iuice will stay. And women bearing children, much releeue. ^ Blacke Pepper beaten grosse you good shall find If cold your stomacke be, or full of wind : White Pepper helps the cough, and flegme it riddeth. And Ague’s fit to come it oft forbiddeth. 140 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Our Hearing is a choyce and dainty sence, And hard to mend, yet soone it may be marr’d These are the things that breed it most offence, To sleepe on stomacke full, and drinking hard : Blowes, falls, and noise, and fasting, violence. Great heat, and sudden cooling afterward : All these, as is by sundry proofes appearing, Breed tingling in our eares, and hurt our hearing : Then thinke it good aduice, not ydle talke. That after supper bids vs stand or walke. You heard before what is for hearing naught. Now shall you see what hurtfull is for sight: Wine, Women, Bathes, by art or nature wrought, Leekes, Onyons, Garlicke, Mustard-seed, Jire and light: Snwake, Bruises, Dust, Pepper to powder brought. Beans, Lentils, Strains, Wind, Tears, and Phoebus bright. And all sharpe things our eie-sight do molest : Yet watching hurts them more than all the rest. ^ Of Pennell, Veruin, Kellidon, Roses, Reu-, Is water made, that will the sight renew. If in your teeth you hap to be tormented, By meane some little wormes therein do breed. Which paine (if heed be tane) may be preuented. By keeping cleane your teeth, when as you feede : Burne Francomsence (a gum not euil seated), Put Henbane vnto this, and Onyon-seed, And with a Tunnel to the tooth that’s hollow, Conuey the smoake thereof, and ease shall follow. H By Nuts, Oyle, Eeles, and cold in head By Apples and raw fruites, is hoarsness bred. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 141 To shew you how to shun raw running Rheumes, Exceed not much in meate, in drinke, and sleepe, For all excess is cause of hurtfull fumes, Eate warme, broth warme, striue in your breath to keepe Vse exercise, that vapours ill consumes. In Northerne winds abroad do neuer peepe. 1[ If Fistula do rise in any part. And so procure your danger, and your smart. Take Arsnicke, Brimstone, raixt with Lime and Sope, And make a Tent, and then of cure there’s hope. If so your head to paine you oft with aking, Faire water, or small beere drinke then or neuer. So may you scape the burning fits and shaking. That wonted are to company the Feuer : ^ If with much heat your head be in ill taking. To rub your head and Temples still perseuer. And make a bath of Morrell (boiled warme) And it shall keepe your head from further harme. 1[ A Flix a dangerous euill is, and common. In it shun cold, much drink, and strains of women. To fast in Summer doth the body drie, Yet doth it good, if you thereto invre it. Against a surfet, vomiting to try. Is remedy, but some cannot indure it : Yet some so much themselues found help thereby. They go to sea a purpose to procure it. H Foure seasons of the yeare there are in all, The Summer, and the Winter, Spring, and Fall ; In euery one of these, the rule of reason. Bids keepe good dyet, suiting euery season. 144 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Melancholy from the rest do vary, Both sport, and ease, and company refusing, Exceeding studious, euer solitary. Inclining pensiue still to be, and musing, A secret hate to others apt to carry: Most constant in his choice, tho long a choosing, Extreame in loue sometime, yet seldom lustfull, Suspitious in his nature, and mistrustfull. A wary wit, a hand much giuen to sparing, A heauy looke, a spirit little daring. Now though we giue these humours seueral names. Yet all men are of all participant. But all haue not in quantity the same. For some (in some ) are more predominant. The colour shewes from whence it lightly came. Or whether they haue blood too much or want. The watry Flegmatique are fayre and white. The Sanguin, Roses joyn’d to Lillies bright. The Chollericke more red : the Melancholy, Alluding to their name, are swart and colly. If Sanguin humour do too much abound. These signes will be thereof appearing cheefe. The face will swell, the cheeks grow red and round. With staring eies, the pulse beat soft and bre.efe. The veynes exceed, the belly will be bound. The temples, and the forehead full of griefe, Vnquiet sleeps, that so strange dreames will make To cause one blush to tell when he doth wake : Besides the moysture of the mouth and spittle. Will taste too sweet, and seeme the throat to tickle. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 145 If Choller do exceed, as may sometime, Your eares will ring and make you to be wakefull, Your tongue will seeme all rough, and oftentimes Cause vomits, vnaccustomed and hatefull, Great thirst, your excrements are full of slime. The stomacke squeamish, sustenance vngratefull. Your appetite will seeme in nought delighting. Your heart still greeued with continuall byting. The pulse beat hard and swift, all hot, extreame. Your spittle soure, of fire-worke oft you dreame. If Flegme abundance haue due limits past. These signes are here set downe will plainly shew. The mouth will seeme to you quite out of taste. And apt with moisture still to ouerflow, Your sides will seeme all sore downe to the waist. Your meat wax loathsome, your disgestion slow. Your head and stomacke both in so ill taking. One seeming euer griping, tother aking : With empty veynes, the pulse beat slow and soft. In sleepe, of seas, and ryuers dreaming oft. But if that dangerous humour ouer-raigne. Of Melancholy, sometime making mad. These tokens then will be appearing plaine, The pulse beat hard, the colour darke and bad : The water thin, a weake fantasticke braine. False-grounded ioy, or else perpetuall sad. Affrighted oftentimes with dreames like visions. Presenting to the thought ill apparitions. Of bitter belches from the stomacke coraming. His eare (the left especiall) euer humming. o 146 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Against these seuerall humours ouerflowing, As seuerall kinds of physicke may be good, As diet-drink, hot-baths, whence sweat is growing. With purging, vomiting, and letting blood : Which taken in due time, nor ouerflowing, Each maladies infection is withstood. The last of these is best, if skill and reason, Respect age, strength, quantity, and season ; Of seuenty from seuenteene, if blood abound, The opening of a veyne is healthfull found. (3f Bleeding many profits grow, and great. The spirits and senees are renewed thereby. Though these mend slowly by the strength of meat. But these with wine restor’d are by and by; By bleeding, to the marrow commeth heat, It maketh cleane your braine, releeues your eie. It mends your appetite, restoreth sleepe. Correcting humours that do waking keepe : All inward parts and senees also clearing, It mends the voyce, touch, smell, taste, and hearing Three speciall months, September, April, Map, There are in which tis good to ope a veyne. In these three months the moon bears greatest sway Then old or young, that store of blood containe. May bleed now, though some elder wizards say, .Some daies are ill in these, I hold it vaine : September, April, May, haue daies a peece. That bleeding do forbid and eating Geese, And those are they forsooth of May the first. Of tother two the last of each are worst. the salerne schoole. 147 But yet those dales I graunt, and all the rest, Haue in some cases lust impediment, As first, if nature be with cold opprest. Or if the Region, He, or Continent, Uo scorch or freeze, if stomacke meat detest; If Baths, or Venus, late you did frequent. Nor old, nor young, nor drinkers great, are fit. Nor in long sickness, nor in raging fit. Or in this case if you will venture bleeding. The quantity must then be most exceeding. When you to bleed intend, you must prepare Some needfull things both after and before, Warme water, and sweet oyle, both needfull are. And wine the fainting spirits to restore. Fine binding cloths of linen, and beware. That all that morning you do sleepe no more. Some gentle motion helpeth after bleeding, And on light meats a spare and temperate feeding. To bleed, doth cheare the pensiue, and remoue The raging furies bred by burning loue. Make your incision large, and not too deepe. That blood haue speedy yssue with the fume, So that from sinnewes you all hurt do keepe. Nor may you (as I toucht before presume) In six ensuing hours at all to sleepe. Lest some slight bruise in sleepe cause an apostume. Eat not of milke, nor ought of milke compounded. Nor let your braine with much drinke be confounded, Eat no cold meats, for such the strength impayre. And shun all misty and vnwholesome ayre. 14G THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Against these seuerall humours ouerflowing, As seuerall kinds of physicke may be good, As diet-drink, hot-baths, whence sweat is growing. With purging, vomiting, and letting blood : Which taken in due time, nor ouerflowing. Each maladies infection is withstood. The last of these is best, if skill and reason. Respect age, strength, quantity, and season; Of seuenty from seuenteene, if blood abound. The opening of a veyne is healthfull found. Of Bleeding many profits grow, and great. The spirits and sences are renewed thereby. Though these mend slowly by the strength of meat. But these with wine restor’d are by and by: By bleeding, to the marrow commeth heat. It maketh cleane your braine, releeues your eie. It mends your appetite, restored! sleepe. Correcting humours that do waking keepe : All inward parts and sences also clearing. It mends the voyce, touch, smell, taste, and hearing Three speciall months, September, April, Map, There are in which tis good to ope a veyne. In these three months the moon bears greatest sway Then old or young, that store of blood containe. May bleed now, though some elder wizards say. Some daies are ill in these, I hold it vaine : September, April, Map, haue daies a peece. That bleeding do forbid and eating Geese, And those are they forsooth of May the first. Of tother two the last of each are worst. the salerne schoole. 147 But yet those daies I graunt, and all the rest, Haue in some cases iust impediment, As first, if nature be with cold opprest. Or if the Region, He, or Continent, Uo scorch or freeze, if stomacke meat detest; If Baths, or Venus, late you did frequent. Nor old, nor young, nor drinkers great, are fit. Nor in long sickness, nor in raging fit. Or in this case if you will venture bleeding. The quantity must then be most exceeding. When you to bleed intend, you must prepare Some needfull things both after and before, Warme water, and sweet oyle, both needfull are. And wine the fainting spirits to restore. Fine binding cloths of linen, and beware. That all that morning you do sleepe no more. Some gentle motion helpeth after bleeding. And on light meats a spare and temperate feeding. To bleed, doth cheare the pensiue, and remoue The raging furies bred by burning loue. Make your incision large, and not too deepe. That blood haue speedy yssue with the fume. So that from sinnewes you all hurt do keepe. Nor may you (as I toucht before presume) In six ensuing hours at all to sleepe. Lest some slight bruise in sleepe cause an apostume. Eat not of milke, nor ought of milke compounded. Nor let your braine with much drinke be confounded. Eat no cold meats, for such the strength impayre. And shun all misty and vnwholesome ayre. 148 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Besides the former rules for such as pleases, Of letting blood to take more obseruation, Know in beginning of all sharpe diseases, Tis counted best to make euacuation : To old, to young, both letting blood displeases. By yeares and sickness make your computation. First in the Spring for quantity, you shall. Of blood take twice as much as in the Fall : In Spring and Summer, let the right arm blood. The Fall and Winter for the left are good. The Heart and Lyuer, Spring and. Summer’s bleedin The Fall and Winter hand and Foot doth mend. One veyne cut in the hand doth helpe exceeding, V^nto the Spleen, voice, breast, and intrayles lend ; And swages griefes that in the heart are breeding : But here the Salerne Schoole doth make an end : And heere I cease to write, but will not cease To wish you live in health, and die in peace : And ye our Physicke rules that friendly read, God graunt that Physicke you may neuer neede. ADDITIONS TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM FROM MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTED EDITIONS. J. ADDITIONS FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMEN- TARY. JI. FROM DIFFERENT MANUSCRIPTS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2. Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants, many of which are taken from IMacer. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. I. VERSES QUOTED BY VILLA NOVA IN HIS COMMENTARY, AS NOT MAKING PART OF THE POEM, BUT OF ANOTHER ORIGIN, AND WHICH WERE AFTERWARDS TAKEN INTO THE TEXT. To line 26. After salsa. Caseus ille bonus quem dat avara manus. 1. 30. After valitura, introduced by unde. Filia presbyteri jubet hoc pro lege teneri : Quod bona sunt ova hsec, Candida, longa, nova. 1. 42. Venenum, illud metricum. Allia qui manb jejuno sumpserit ore, Hunc ignotarum non laedet potus aquarum, Nec diversorum mutatio facta locorum. 5 152 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 1. 87- Truca^ unde versus. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum, A quo non dilfert Lucius iste parum. 1. 143. Generatur, jMxto illud. Ventum ssepfe rapis, si tu vis vivere rapis. 1. 149. Culi. De isto ( Marathro ) solent daii isti versus communes. Bis duo dat marathrum, febres fugat atque venenum 1 0 Et purgat stomachum, lumen quoque reddit acutum. 1. 152. Sanat^ prout hi his versibus. Gaudet hepar spodio, mace cor, cerebrumque musco, Pulmo liquoricia, splen cap. stomachusque galanga. 1. 154. Saporat, illud commune metrum. Sal primb poni debet, primbque reponi, Omnis mensa malb ponitur absque sale. 15 1. 194. Decorem — of Onions. Quidem superaddunt textui istos duos versus : ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 153 Appositas perhibent morsus curare caninos, Si tritae cuimmelle prius fuerint et aceto. 1. 254. De ossibus. Ossa ducentena sunt atque quater duodenda. 1. 259. Terra melan : aq : fleg. et aer sanguis, cole: ignis. Iste sensus etiam patet in his versibus. Humidus est sanguis, calet, est vis aeris illi. Alget, tumet, phlegma, illi vis fit aquosa. 20 Sicca calet cholera, sic igni fit similata. Melancholia friget, sicca quasi terra. 1. 294. Quseque. Notandum circa istud, quad sicnt hie ponuntur signa super ahundantis sanguinis, ita quidarn etiam ponunt signa super abundanlieB aliorum humorum sub istis versibus. Signa quideni super abtindantis choleroe sub istis versibus. Accusat choleram dextrae dolor, aspera lingua. Tinnitus, vomitusque frequens, vigilantia multa, Multa sitis, pinguis egestio, torsio ventris. Nausea fit, morsus cordis. Languescit orexis, 25 154 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Pulsus adest gracilis, durus, veloxque, calescens, Aret, amarescit, incendia somnia fingit. Sigtia verd sujjerahundantis phlegmalis suh istis ver.sihus. Phlegma supergrediens proprias in corpore leges, Os facit insipid uin, fastidia crebra, salivas, 30 Costarum, stomachi, simul occipitisque dolores. Pulsus adest rarus, tardus, mollis, quoque inanis, PrtEcedit fallax phantasmata somnus aquosa. Signa verd super abtmd antis melancholicc suh his versihus. Humorum pleno dum fasx in corpore regnat. Nigra cutis, durus pulsus, tenuis et urina, 35 Sollicitudo, timor, tristitia somnia tetra, Acescunt ructus, sapor, et sputaminis idem, Laevaque praecipub tinnit et sibilat auris. 38 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 155 II. SELECT ADDITIONS FROM DIFFERENT MA- NUSCRIPTS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO PRINTED EDITIONS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2. Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants. 1. General Rules. After 1. 44. aer, cloacce. Alteriusque rei corpus nimio inficientis. 39 1. 28. hifirmis inimica. Pone gulm metas, ut sit tibi longior mtas, 40 Ut medicus fatur, parcus de morte levatur. 1. 25. Suhtilis in ore diceta. Non bibe non sitiens, et non cotnedas saturatus, Est sitis atque fames moderata bonum medicaraen, Si super excedant important ssepb gravamen. 1. 21. Cccna brevis. 156 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Coena brevis, vel coena levis, fit raro molesta, 45 Magna nocet, medicina docet, res est manifesta, Septem horis dormire sat est juvenique senique. 1. 14. Frigesce minute. Fons, speculum, gramen, hsec dant oculis relevamen, Man^ igitur montes, sub serum inquirito fontes. 1. 134. Injlat. In die mictura vicibus sex fit naturalis, 50 Tempore bis tali, vel ter, fit egestio pura. 1. 113. Nova. Ssepb bibendo parura pondus laxas epularum, Et liquor ipse tibi proderit, atque cibi. 1. 231. Ebrietasque. Post ccenam stabis, aut passus mille meabis. 1. 57* Brumce. Pauperibus sanse sunt escse quotidianae. 55 1. 19. Isia. ADDITIONS TO THE SCIIOLA SALERNI. 157 Qui fluxum pateris, si non caveas, morieris, Concubitum, nimium potum, cum frigore, motum. 1. 35. Before Vina prohantur odore, sapore, vi tore, colore. Omnis homo primum proponit nobile vinum, Indb quod deterius, pagina sacra docet. 1. 105. De caseo. After Languenii stomacho caseus addit opeyn. Caseus ante cibum confer! si defluat alvus, 60 Ad fundum stomachi dum sumpta cibaria condit. Vim digestivam non minus ille juvat. Si stomachus languet, vel si minus appetit, iste Fit gratus stomacho, consiliansque cibum. Si sit crustosus, per lucem non oculosus, 65 Ejusdem sic onus dicitur esse bonus. 1. 160. Unctus, et insipidus, dulcis, dant tempera- mentum. Dulcis. Ilumectat, lenit, benb nutrit, mundificatque. Salsus. Incidit, ingrossat, penetrat, sed proximus exit. p 158 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Acelosus. Dicunt, infestat nervos, subtilia siccat. Ponticus. Comprimitjingrossat, corrugat, stomachuiu cito laxat. 70 Unctuosus. Lubricat, evellit, replet, supereminet ore. Amarus. Valdb deopilat, confortat, pectora stringit. Aculus. Subtiliat, mordet, calet, urit, grossa resolvit. 1. 34. Recejites. Lixa fovent, sed frixa nocent, assata coercent. Pane novo, veteri vino, si possit haberi, 75 Came frui juvene, consulo, pisce sene. 1. 162. Abundat. Ingeniumque acuit, replet, minuit simul offa. or. Quod minus est supplet, quod plus est digerit offa. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 159 II. Animals and Parts of Animals. 1. 83. Amarelliis. De Anate. O fluvialis anas, quantil dulcedine manas ! Si mihi cavissem, si ventri frsena dedissem, 80 Febres quartanas non renovasset anas. De Ansere. Auca sitit Coum mensis, campis Acheloum. Auca petit Bacchum mortua, viva lacum. 1. 73. Meciicina. Carnes porcinae cum cepis sunt medicinae. 1. 75- porcorum hona sunt, mala su?it reli- quorurn. Cessat laus hepatis, nisi gallinae, vel anatis. 85 Dissuadentur edi renes, nisi solius haedi. Splen quoque spleneticis est mansus saepb salubris, Corda cervorum removebit sella dolorum. Ut suillarum remotio tristitiarum. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum, 90 .Tam nisi natorum defuncta matre suorum. 160 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNl. 1. 93. Novum. Non vult mentiri qui vult pro lege teneri, Quod bona sunt ova, Candida, longa, nova. Heec tria sunt norma, vernalia sunt meliora. 1. 91. Bibas. Caseus, anguilla, mortis cibus ille et ilia, 95 Ni bibas, et rebibas, et rebibendo bibas. and Non nocet anguilla vino si mergitur ilia. 97 III. Of Plants, mostly from Macer. Faba. Manducare fabam caveas, parit ilia podagram. 98 In matribus faba lac spargit, mollitque capillos. 1. 170. Olus, Cicer. Jus olerum cicerumque bonum, substantia prava. 100 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Buglossa. Vinum potalum quo sit macerata buglossa, Moerorem cerebri dicunt auferre periti. Fertur convivas decoctio reddere laetos. Borrarro. O Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos auffert borrago, gaudia confert. Pastinaca. Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Attamen ilia parum nutrit quia non subacuta, Confortat coitum, non est ad menstrua muta. 1. 60. Absinthium. Confortat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venenum, Auris depellit sonitum cum felle bovino. Abrotonuni, Abrotono crudo stomachi purgabitur humor. Scabiosa. Urbanus per se nescit pretium scabiosae. Confortat pectus quod deprimit oegra senectus. p 3 162 ADDITIONS TO THE SCIIOLA SALERNI. Lenit pulmonem, tollit laterumque dolorem. Succus potatur virus sic evacuatur. Emplastrata foris necat antracem tribus horis, Languorem pecudum tollit, dirimitque venenum, Rumpit apostema lenitbr. Ratione probatur. 120 1. 149. Maratrum. Urinare facit, ventris flatusque repellit. or, Provocat urinam, faciet colicique ruinam. Semen cum vino sumptum Veneris movet actus, Atque senes ejus gustu juvenescere dicunt. Sic quoque pulmonis obstat, jecorisque querelis, 125 Siler. Siler montanum non sit tibi sumere vanum. Dat lumen clarum, quamvis gustu sit amarum, Lumbricosque necat, digestivamque reportat. Spinachia. De cholera loeso spinachia convenit ori, Et stomachis calidis hujus valet esus amari. 130 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 163 Sambiicus. Sambuci flores sambuco sunt nieliores, Nam sambucus olet, flos redolere solet. Anethum et Coriandrum. Anethum ventos proliibet, minuitque tumores, Ventres repletos pravis facit esse rainores. Confortat stomachum, ventum removit coriandrum. 1 35 1. 34. Uvce. Utilitas uvae, sine granis et sine pelle, Dat sedare sitim, jecoris cholerajque dolorem. Mora. Mora sitim tollunt, recreant cum faucibus uvam. 1. 130. Ficus. Pectus clarificant ficus, ventremque relaxant, Seu dantur cruda?., seu fuerint benb coctse. Nutrit et impinguit, varios curatque tumores. 140 164 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Zingiber. Zingiber antb datum morbum fugat iiiveteratum, Postque datum mollit, ventris fastidia tollit, Emphraxes hepatis reserat, et menstrua stringit, Algores et stomachi, thoracis, renibus, aufert. Item conditum solamen zingiber affert. 145 Zed oar a. Tu me semper ama quod tibi do zedoara. 1. 130. After tenet ossa. Tunc cataplasma facis, cum succum ponis, et herbam. 1. 221. De salice. Ilujus flos sumptus in aqu& frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes, 150 Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. 1. 225. For isto .still Ponnim. Manantemque potes naris retinere cruorem, Ungas si nares intiis medicamine tali. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI 1()5 Furfur, farina. Est cortex per se sicut furfura, mixta farinae Grossior est Simula, subtilior ipsa farina. 155 1. 58. Post. Salvia cum rutd faciunt tihi pocula tula. Fortificatur opus si conjungatur hyssopus Adde rosse florem gratum praestabit odorem. Gramalum. Sudorem profert granatum, lenit et alget. PrjEsidia granati cortex, balaustia flos est. Gians et Castanea. Antb cibum stringunt, post, glans castanea, sol- vunt. 160 Olera veris. Omne virens veris tibi dicitur esse salubre, Et magis betonica, spinachia, brancaque radix, Lupilus et caules, petrocillas junge lapaces. 166 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Olera Mstatls. Blitus cum bleta, violaria, crivolocauna, Ac triplices malvse, lactucae, portulacae, 165 Sunt apium, rapa, sic blasia, pastinaca. Olera aulumni. Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos aufert borrago, gaudia confert. Olera hyhernia. Nascitur in brum&, cerifolia, petrocilina. Neptam, cretanos, cum cepis, addito porros. 170 Carui. Urinare facit carui, ventosque repellit. Dum carui carui non sine febre fui. Malangia. Semen naturae malangia fertur acutae, Et choleram nigram viri non reddere pigram. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. BliUlS. Aggravat blitus humores convenientes, Irrorat ptisicos, et compescit sitientes. Ajnurn. Ilumores apium subitb totius adjuvat Corporis, ac capitis, vulvae, pueris epulum dat. Rosa. Curat hsemoroides rosa, semine cortice demptis. Gingivas, coligam capitis juvat ipsa dolentis. Lilia. Prsecisis nervis cum melle, combustaque membra Vultus deducit rugas, maculas fugit oris. Levistica. Hepar opilatum frigore levistica mulcet. Sorsia. 167 175 180 Sorsia ventosa medicinae menstrua clausa. 108 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Lactiica. Lac lactiica facit, scotisma, sperma minorat. 185 Phiea. Tussim effimeras etliicam tibi pinea tollit, Mascula plus tussi valet, et passiva dolori. Liquoricia. Sit tibi contenta liquoricia pulverilenta. Pectus, pulmonem, venas, refovendo rigabit: Pellit namque sitim stomacbi, nociva repellit. 190 Spiritibus cunctis sic subvenit ipsa strumosis. Gallia muscata. Gallia muscata confortat debilitata, Corda juvat, stomachum, oculi scotomaque tollit, Confortat stomachum, coitum quoque jungere cogit. Cumimim. Ventosum stomachum tibi tranquillatquecuminum, 195 Et dat pallentem permansum ferre colorem. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 169 Cicla. Cicla parum nutrit, ventrem constipat, et ejus Coctio si detur ventrem laxare probetur. Epilogux. Herbae dum florent, suniunt qua; sumere debent: Si desint flores, radices sumere debes. 200 Q A SPECIMEN OF THE ORIGINAL EXPOSITION OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, From the beginning, from the edition of 1491, Strasburg. IsTE libellus est editus a doctoribus Salerniensibus, in quo inscribuntur multa et diversa pro conserva- tione sanitatis bumanac. Et editus est iste liber ad usum Regis Augliae. Et iu textu lecto ^ auctor po- nit octo documenta generalia pro conservatione sani- tatis : de quibus postea specialiter per ordiuem de- terminabitur. Prirnum ergo documeutum est, quod liomo sanus voleus vivere debet ab eo removere graves curas. Nam curse exsiccant corpora, ex quo tristificaut spiritus vitales ; modo spiritus tristes * From the word lecto it seems as if Villa Nova’s exposition was delivered in lectures upon his author, of whom he first read a portion and then commented upon it. EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. 171 exsiccant ossa. Et sub isto documento etiam com- preliendi debent tristitiee, quae similiter corpora ex- siccant et infrigidantj maciem et extenuationem inducunt, cor stringunt, et spiritum obtenebrantj ingenium hebebant, et rationem impediunt, judicium obscurant, et memoriam obtundunt, Veruntamen aliqui pingues et carnosi sunt, spiritus adeo nobiles et callidos habentes, quod eis interdum bonum est tristari, ut spiritus calor hebetetur, et corpus aliqua- liter maceretur. Secundum documentum est, non irasci. Prime quia ira similiter corpora exsiccat, ciim ipsa summe sin- gula membra supercalefaciat. Nimia autem cale- factio siccitatem inducit, teste Avic. i. doc. iii. c. i. Secundb, quia ira, propter fervorem cordis, omnes actus rationis confundit. Advertendum tamen est, quod quidam frigidi sunt et maleficiati, quibus inter- dum irasci prodest in regimine sanitatis, ut in eis calor excitetur. Tertium est, parce uti potu vini. Nimia enim repletio vini somnolentiam, pigritiam, debilitatem membrorum, debilitatem stomachi, et multa alia bis similia, inducit. De quibus posterius magis patebit. Quartum est, parum coenare. Quia nimia noc- turna repletio dolorem in ventre inducit, ac inquie- tudinem, insomneitatem, et angustiam : prout mani- ferta probat experientia, et inferius declarabitur. 172 EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. Quintum est, surgere post cibuni sumptiim^ quod facit ad digestionem, propterea quod cibum sump- turn facit descendere ad fundum stomacbi, in quo viget virtus digestiva. Sextum est, non dormire post prandium. Cujus documenta postea tanguntur in textu ibi. Febris pigrities. Septimum est, non diu retinere urinain. Ex nimia enim urinae retentione aliquando sequitur diffi- cultas mingendi, aut omnino prohibitio a mictu. Ut testatur Avi. xix. in trac. ii. c. De difficultate urinae. Similiter ex nimia retentatione foecali plura proveni- unt nocumenta. Indurantur enim fieces in mtestinis propter continuam suctionem venarum meseraicarum cum intestinis continuataruiUj omnem liumiditatem a fsecibus sugentium, et sic remanent siccae. Diflicilis exitus intestina opilans. Ad quam opilationem, propter ventositatem, eductionis probibitionem, et aliarum secum acervationem^ sequuntur nocumenta in textu posterius posita. Ibi SpasmuS;, etc. Octavum est^ non fortiter comprimere anum. Ex hoc enim sequitur tenasmon sive exitus longationis. Ulterius subdit autor, quod omnia ista debite con- servans longo tempore sanus vivere poterit. NOTES TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Line 9. Requies, Some copies read labor, but this is evidently wrong. It has often been observed, that rest and abstinence had cured many a fever before Hippocrates. 1. 14. Lote, cale : sta, pranse, vel i: frisgesce minute. This line is not without its difficulties. Lote and pranse aie vocative cases, “ after bathing keep yourself warm ■, after dinner stand or walk gently,” that the food may descend. The latter part has received three different interpretations. I. Taking minute for an adverb, equivalent to paulatim, “ When you are heated cool yourself gradually.” It was thus understood by Villa Nova, though he has expressed it by the converse rule. Homo frigidus debet cavere ne subito se cali- faciat, sed paulatim, mutationes enim subitae naturam lajdunt. II. Considering minute still as an adverb, and synonomous with parthn or paulisper, and referring to what precedes, it is translated, “ after dinner keep yourself cool,” that the natural heat may be repelled from the external to the internal parts of the body, to facilitate digestion. III. “ After bleeding keep yourself cool.” Minute is then the vocative case of the participle of the verb minuo used by the medical writers, and the Schola for to bleed. In confirmation of this meaning some of the commentators have quoted Johannes Fernelius de vacuandi ratione, cap. ix. Neque prolinus loca a 3 174 NOTES TO THE calidiora iugrediatur — quandoqiiidem sanguis et spiritus vehe- mentius incitati, ne dissipentur aut incalescant, sedandi com- premendique sunt. Yet this seems contrary to the doctrine delivered afterwards in the Schola itself, 1. 331, Frigida vitabis, quia sicnt inhnica minutis, unless, in one case, a moderate cool- ness be understood, in the other, positive cold. Upon the whole I adhere to the third explication. 1. 25. JJiceta in some manuscripts is saliva. — But the old read- ing is to be preserved. An appetite, with slender diet prece- dent, are the signs that it is a real and not a false appetite, that the body requires food, and that it is not an artificial stimulus. The original reading is followed in all the printed editions, and is considered as the best by all the commentators, who mention saliva by the by only, legitur nec male quidem. Yet saliva gives a sense etjually good, Galen (de Locis Aflectis, lib. 3. cap. 6.) as quoted by the commentators, had observed that a saliva thin, watry, and free from any bad taste is a proof of health, and that the former food is concocted. — When a person is really hungry we say “ his mouth waters.” 1. 32. For cerebella, medulla’, some ]\ISS. have prosunt domi- nabus. 1. 33. Ova sorbilia, dressed soft. 1. 37. Frisca — this word is explained by Villa Fio\Si,J'rotliing and spariding, quod spumando sonum facit, sive quando in eo moventur atomi. In English frisky, from the German frisch, fresh not dead, consequently lively. Ital. Frizzare, to be lively. 1. 45. Scroiina, probably scrotini. 1. 50. Bene lymplialum, mixed with water. Altered to dilu- tum in some later editions. 1. 51. Cerevisia, quasi Cere risia, derived from Ceres, was SCIIOLA SALERNI. 175 known to Virgil. Georg, iii. 380 ; to Tacitus, Germania, xxiii ; and to Pliny, lib. xiv. 1. 60. Nausea. Villa Nova understands this of sea water. Hence it has been altered in some editions to. Nausea non poterit hacc quem vexare, marinam Undam cum vino mixtara qui sumpserit ante. Sylvius, etc. But these two lines are taken from Macer, lib. i. sect. 3, who applies them to Absinthium, wormwood, as they are understood by Moreau. Nausea non potuit quemquam vexare marina, Antea commistam vino qui sumpserit istam. No doubt Absynthium was intended. The error of Villa Nova, and from him of the other commentators, has arisen from the omission of the name of the plant in the text, and the want not being supplied by the title De Absynthio put at the head of the article, as has been done for the same reason to Urtica and other plants, in lines 199, 206, 212, 214, 217, 219, 224. Moreau found this title in some of his manuscripts. With- out something to refer to, the sense and grammar are defective. That Istam or illam are in the feminine, though referring to Absynthium, is no objection. It is so in Macer, whose ad- jectives all the way through that article refer to Absynthii herba. It begins. In primo calor est gradu, vis sicca secundo Dicitur Absynthi, stomachum corroborat herba Illius, quocunque modo quis sumpserit i/G?n. Moreau justly observes, that sea water was never recom- mended for this purpose, and is more likely to disorder the NOTES TO THE 176 stomach, and to produce, rather than to cure, sea sickness. Wormwood was prescribed by hlacer, and is calculated, by its astringent qualities, to fortify the stomach. 1. 63. Salsa, sauce. Ital. 1. 68. Occulatus, full of eyes. The Italians speak of the occhi and lagrime of Parmasan cheese, the holes full of a rich liquor. 1. 77. Emj)hrax\m, obstructions in the liver and spleen : from tfxfpaaffu). 1. 82. Ethigoneta. The bird designated by this strange word js described by Villa Nova as. Avis parva ad modum perdicis, sed longum rostrum hahens, cujus caro est optima. This answers to a woodcock, as it is translated by Philemon Holland. By others it is supposed to be a corruption of Ortygometra, as it appears in many manuscripts, and all the later editions. This word is first found in Aristotle (De Hist. Animal, lib. viii. cap. 12. or 14.) oprvysg — orav tvrsvQtv aTraipu}(nv, avjmTraipti i) oprvyojiyTpa. 'H c''£ oprvyojxyrpa TrapaTrXyaioQ ryv roic XipvaioiQ sari, Pliny, (lib. x. cap. 23.), and Solinus (Polyhist. cap. 18.) have only copied Aristotle, Athenaeus (Deip. lib. 9.) says, that it is of the size of a dove, with long legs, of a slender body, and a timid nature. Hesychius explains it by oprvt vTrepptysQpQ, a very large quail. And Alberti in his edition (tom. ii. p. 790.), refers to Ludolph. comment, in Hist. ^Ethiop. p. 169. Bochart, Hierozoicon part. ii. lib. i. cap. 14. p. 93. It occurs in the Septuagint for the quails sent to the Israelites in the wilderness. Exodus chap. xii. v. 13, etc. See Biel. Lex. Kcri tysvsTO taittpa, kui avt(iy oparvyopy-pa, Kai (KaXmlyf ryv TtapeplSoXy^K Of the moderns, Aldrovandus says it is il lie delle qnaglie, or Roy des Cailles, and gives a figure of it, which is that of a large quail. Camus, the French translator of Aristotle, renders it SCIIOLA SALERNr. 177 caille mere. By Willoughby and Gesner it is supposed to be the land-rail, or the daker hen. Lastly Pennant (Brit. Zool. vol. ii. p. 410.} concludes that it is the crake, or daker hen, which is found in corn, etc. and migrates before winter, the Rallus Crex of Linnaeus. With respect to the other animals mentioned in the Schola Salerni, I have explained merely the names of such as not being of classical authority might occasion some difficulty, without troubling the reader with the process from which I formed the conclusions. It is, however, difficult and uncertain in many cases to ascertain the animal really designed. Qidscnla, is a quail, Villa Nova says it is Nomen onomatoposion from its cry. Orex or otis, either a moor-hen, a wood-hen, or otis tarda, a bustard — according to Aldrovandus, Willoughby, Gesner, and Linnaeus. Trigellus, Sl chaffinch, frigilla ; tremidus, a plover ; amarellus, a teal. 1. 86. So of the fishes, saxauUs, or saxatilis, is a sole; alhica, a whiting; sormts, or gurniis, a gurnet; plagitia, a plaice ; galhio, a ray ; others are only slightly altered from the classical names, as parca, for perca ; tenca, for tinea. Ackermann has given the supposed Linnaean names of these birds and fishes ; and we may say of some of them, as the gentleman does in the farce, that the interpreter is the more difficult to understand of the two. 5tur?ta, sturnus vulgaris ; quiscula, coturnix, Merida, turdus INIerula ; frigellus, turdus Iliacus ; orex, tetrao bonasia ; tre- mulus, motacilla alba; amarellus, mergus. So of the fishes, lucius, esox lucius ; perca, perca fluviatilis ; saxaulis, cobitis barbatula ; albica, gadus morrhua ; tinea, Cyprinus tinea ; plagitia, pleuronectes platessa ; carpa, Cyprinus carpio ; galbio, raja; truta, salmo farm. 178 NOTES TO THE 1. 88. Vocibus. See line 243. 1. 90. The line, Inter pranclendum sit sape paruinque hiben- duin, is placed here in all the old editions, but as it is repeated at line 110, which is more appropriate to it, I have omitted it here. 1. 96. Ethicis, that is ^OiaucoTg, i. e. consumptis, et mace- ratis, vel habentibus febrem ethicam. Vill. Nov. Hectic persons. 1. 102. Grossus, that is, produces gross humours. Quod ex grossiori et terrestriori parte lactis sit, Vill. Nov. From grosso, Ital. from the Latin crassus. 1. 105. Cheese is here personified, and addresses the reader. These lines appear thus in some editions, the last two are found in some manuscripts, Expertis reor esse ratum, quia commoditate Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Caseus ante cibum confert si defluat alvus. Si constipetur, terminet ille dapes. 1. 108. Si post siimatur. This line at first seems tautology, but it is explained by Villa Nova to mean, that “cheese perfects the meal if taken last, by promoting digestion,” by causing the food to descend where digestion is active, that is, the bottom of the stomach. This doctrine is taken from Rhazes, Caseum ultimo post alios cibos loco iugestum roborare os ventriculi, aique auferre civops^iav ac nauseam qute ex dulcibus et pinguibus cibis proveniant. 1. 115. Unica. Villa Nova, and other commentators, understand the first nut to be the nutmeg, the second the u alniU, and the third deadly nut, to be the mtt nj a cross-bow, or the nut mechel, w'hich is SCHOLA SALERNI. ]79 said by Avicenna to be poison. But I am inclined to think tliat the verse means only that a few nuts may be wholesome, a larger quantity hurtful, and excess may be fatal ; using a defi- nite for an indefinite number. There is a well known Greek proverb. Ai^ Kpa/x^r] Oavarog. The nut of a cross-bow is the projection or hook upon which the string was hitched when the bow was charged, and from which it was discharged, as Dante says E forse in tanto in quanto un quadrel posa, E vola, e dalla noce si dischiava. Paradiso, line 23. 1. 117. Fert, an ingenious friend of mine proposes to read, Est pyra nostra pyrus— and that it is a quibble, the pear is our funeral pile, or death, nobis exitiosa. 1. 129. Scrofa, for scrofula. Foris, outwardly applied (cata- plasmate, Vill. Nov.). “ Confracta foris tenet ossa,” it knits broken bones. Other copies have “forts trahit ossa”, draws out splinters from broken bones. Sed cuilibet obstat, produces bad blood. 1, 133. Escula for mespila, medlars. Unripe they are as- tringent, and so good, particularly roasted, or otherwise dressed. Ripe they are laxative, as well as better tasted, and so better. 1. 134. Solvit, ventrem sciliet. 1. 138. Infrigidat. In desiccando visfrigida constat aceto. Macer, 1. 98. 1. 139, Infrigidat, macerat, melan : dat, sperma minorat, for melancholiam. 1. 143. Tortio, ventris tormuta. 1. 145. Similiter stomachus, melior sit in eztremitates. 180 NOTES TO THE The stomach is equally hard of digestion, but the extremities that is the bottom, and orifice, as being more fleshy, are more digestible. In some printed editions. Sic quoque ventriculus, tamen exteriora probantur. 1. 149. Semen, called marathrum, jxapaBgov. Expels wind, Vill. Nov. The place emitting for the thing emitted. 1. 152. Spodiwm, according to Avicenna, was the roots of canes or reeds burnt, for which burnt bones were sometimes substituted. 1. 158. Three triads of the qualities of bodies from the taste. Hot: salt, bitter, pungent. Cold: sour, rough, astringent. In- termediate or temperate : fat, insipid, sweet. Fonticus is astrin- gent, as the taste of acorns, etc. a pungendo, or from radix Ponticus, rhubarb. 1.161. Vippa, or vipa, a wine-sop, compounded of vinum and panis. Ojf'a is a sop in broth, etc. 1. 162. minus est implet, minuit quod ahundat. By digesting food it nourishes the body ; by digesting super- fluous and vitious humours it expels them. A MS. pas lumen, comfortat quod 7ninus est, adipem dat. 1. 165. Hippocras, In Aphorism, Sect. ii. Aph. 50, Ta sic ttoWov \povov ^vvijQsa, Kyv sy xtipw, to)v a^vvifisojv yaaov svoxXeeiv suoBs, and De Victus Batione in Morb. acut. lib. ii. Aphor. 21, 22. Meta 7nediciiur, the object, scopws. 1. 172. Hiiertmt, Uixerunt malvam nostri quod molliat alvum. Macer, N°. 70. SCHOLA SALERNI. 181 1. 176. Lumbricosque modo depellere fertur eodem. Macer, N®. 25. 1. 177. Our ancestors highly esteemed the virtues of sage. Chaucer in the Knight’s Tale says, Sundry (had) fermacis of hearbes, and eke save They dronken, for they w^ould her lives have. Fermacis, i. e. pharmacies, medicines — Save, salvia, sage. 1. 181. Premula veris, the primrose. 1.182. Nastur : for nasturtiicm. 1. 187. Astum, that is, astutiam. 1. 189. Galenus, lib. ii. De aliment, facultat, ch. 71, Ilrpt Kponiivujv, (TKopodoiv, K. T. X. OtpfiaivH dero cw/aa, /cat Xsirrvvti Tovg tv avT(p iraxtiq xvjuouf, Kai rtpvti tovq yXiaxpovg. De cepis medici non consentire videntur, Namque Dioscorides inflare, caputque gravare, Atque sitim cepas dicit succendere mansas. Fellitis non esse bonas, ait ipse Galenus, Phlegmaticis verb multum putat esse salubres. Non modicum sanas, Asclepius* asserit illas, Praesertim stomacho, pulchrumque creare colorein Affirmat Contritis cepis, loca denudata capillis Saepe fricans poteris capitis reparare decorem. Macer, N®. 26. 1. 195. Sinapi. Quartus ei gradus est in vi siccb, calidhque. Macer, N®. 27. ‘ Asclopiadcs in Pliny, lib. xx. cap. v. R J82 NOTES TO THE 1. 197. Viola. Crapula discutltur bibitu, capitisque gravedo Olfactu solo Purpuream dicunt violam curare caducos. Maceu, N“. 33. 1. 199. Urtica. Illius semen colicis cum melle medetur, Et tussim veterem curat si saepe bibatur. Frigus pulmonis pellit, ventrisque tumorem, Omnibus et morbis sic subvenit articulorum. Macer, N°. 4. 1. 205. Hyssopus. Vultibus eximium fertur praestare colorem. Macer, N°. 21. 1. 206. Cerefoliiim. Chervil. Ital. Cerfoglio. Appositum cancris tritum cum melle medetur. Cum vino bibitum lateris sedare dolorem Smpe solet Sa'pe solet vomitum, ventremque tenere solutum. Macer, N°. 30. 1. 209. Eiiula campana, elicampane. Cum succo rutm si succus sumitur ejus. Affirmant ruptis quod prosit potio tabs. Macer, N°. 20. SCIIOLA SALERNI. 183 1. 212. Pulegium, penny royal. Cum vino nigram choleram potata repellit. — Appositum viridem dicunt sedare podagram. Macer, N°. 13. 1. 214. Nasturtium, water cresses. Illius succus crines retinere fluentes Allitus asseritur, dentisque levare dolorem. Lichenas succus purgat cum melle perunctus. IMacer, N°. 65. 1. 217. Cheledonia, celandine. Caecatis pullis liac lumina mater hirundo (Plinius ut scribit) quamvis sint eruta reddit. Macer, N". 56. Pliny, lib. 25. cap. 1. Animalia quoque invenire herbas, imprimisque chelidoniam. Hue enim hirundines oculis pullo- rum in nidis restituunt visum, ut quidam volunt, etiam erutis oculis. 1. 219. Aurihus infusus vermes succus necat ejus. This line is in Macer, applied to Fceniculum, fennel ; and again to Hyoscyomus, Henbane, N°®. 14. and 68. 1. 221. Pomorum. Villa Nova explains it, that the juice of the fruit, and the flowers of the sallow, are injurious to child- birth, which they render difficult by their styptic and drying qualities. But see the additions, 1. 149, which form part of the text in Moreau, Silvius, etc. 1. 224. Porrum. 184 NOTES TO THE Manantemque potest naris retinere cruorem Intus si nares ungas medicamine tali. Contractas vulvas succo curabis eodem, Reddit foecundas mansum persajpe puellas. Macer, N°. 11. 1. 227. Piper. Vim digestivam stomachi, jecorisque juvabit. Occurrit variis thoracis saepe querelis, Quodque movere solet, frigora periodica febris Compescit. Macer, N'’* 71. 1, 230. nimisque moveri. Villa Nova says, aliqui textus loco nimis habent miniis. 1. 233. In aure. Sciendum est quod aliqui textus adhuc habent istum versum. Balnea, sol, vomitus, affert, repletio, clamor. i. e. that is, alFert timnitum in aure. Villa Nova. 1. 236. Acumina, tart or sharp things, as sauces. 1. 241. Most of the old copies have Jure, but this is evidently an error for thure, embotum is a funnel. 1. 245. Caleas dupe, take warm food. Inspira calidum, breathe warm air. Comprime fiatum, hold your breath. 1. 249. The Greek words Karappog, Ppay^og, Kopv^a. 1. 250. This is the only recipe of a chemical professional nature. Causa est quod in istis est virtus exsiccativa, et mundifica- tiva. Villa Nova. 1. 254. 219 bones, 32 teeth, 365 veins. SCHOLA SALERNI. Villa Nova says, Secundum tamen solennes medicinag doc- tores, ut Hippocrates, Galenus, Rasis, Averroes, et Avicenna, ossa hominis sunt ducenta et quadraginta octo, licet in parti- culari enumeratione ossium disconveniant, et istud vult ille communis versus. Ossa ducentena sunt atque quater duodena. 1. 259. Terra melan : aq : phleg : et aer sanguis : cole: ignis. The words of this line are apocopized to bring them into the verse, and must thus be scanned, Terra me — Ian : aq; — phleg: et a— er san — guis: cole: — ignis, for terra melancholicis, aqua phlegmaticis, et aer sanguineis, colericis ignis (comparator). This contracted line was expanded into Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur pituita;, Aer sanguineis, ignea vis cholerai. The difference in colour between venal and arterial blood is mentioned by Villa Nova. Color est rubeus ; scilicet, venalis rubeus obscurus, et arterialis ruheus clarus. 1. 266. The number here changes from the plural to the singular, but this nothing in such inaccurate writers. So in the three following paragraphs. 1. 304. This passage would be perfectly plain if the two lines. Hi sunt and In quihus, were placed at the beginning be- fore Tres insunt istis — “ those three months are good for bleed- ing, except three days, which are as destructive as a serpent, and neither bleeding, creating a goose, is proper.” Why either these months, or days, are called lunar is not explained. As R 3 186 NOTES TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. to not eating a goose on those days, Villa Nova supposes it to l>e derived from some Jewish superstition, and that the pro- scribed days may be as good for bleeding as any others, if the stars are favourable. 1. 316. Etfastiditi, if the stomach is squeamish. 1. 319. Oiling and rubbing the part, or the lancet, or the wound. Drinking wine to promote the flow of blood, bathing the fillet, gentle motion. 1. 340. Cepha : by apocope for K£0a\j;. 1. 342. Salvatella is a branch of the axillary vein, passing over the back of the hand, between the ring finger and middle finger, according to Villa Nova. The benefit of bleeding this vein was much recommended by Avicenna, and the other Ara- bian physicians. 1. 349. Morelia is solanum hortense, garden nightshade. Istud idem dicunt capitis sedare dolorem. Macer, N°. 67. 1. 350. Siccant for siccescant, grow dry. NOTES TO THE AUDITIONS. Line 4. Allia. These three lines are in Macer, lib. i. 5. 1. 7. Lucius. These two lines, with some alteration, are taken from an epigram upon pope Lucius the third, who was banished from Rome by the magistrates and people, for his tyranny. He reigned from 1181 to 1185, and consequently the lines were written long after the Schola Salernitana. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum : A quo discordat Lucius iste parum. Devorat ille homines, hie piscibus insidiatur : Esurit hie semper, ille aliquando satur. Amborum vitam si laus asquata notaret. Plus rationis habet qui ratione caret. 1. 13. Cap. by apocope for cappari, capers. 1. 17. Appositas perhibent, etc. verbatim in Macer, 26. 1. 21. Sicca calet cholera, sic igni Jit similata. .(Egid. Corboil. Ignea vis cholerae, lib. iii. 1. 536. p. 596. 1. 40. Pone gulce metas, ut sit tibi longior atas. .Egid. Corboil. lib. ii. 1. 440. p. 555. Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditur aetas. and lib. iv. 1. 466. p. 650. 188 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. Vim chronicis morbis, quos fundat longior astas, Ingerit, et proprids compellat stringere metas. 1. 48. In the Italian translation these lines are adopted into the text : Un rio, un lago, un fonte, unfiumicello, Un specchio, un prato, e qual si sia verdura, A gli ocelli dan conforto, e al cervello. La mattina nei monti e la pastura Degli ocelli, e verso sera cercherai Fonti e ruscelli, per colli, o per pianura. 1. 54. So the English proverb. After dinner sit a while After supper walk a mile. 1. 77. Ingeniumque aciiit, replet, minuit quoque, offa. This seems a contradiction. It may either mean, that by in- creasing good humours it lessens the bad ones, or it may refer to two different kinds of sop, that in soup, which is nourishing, or in water, which starves the body, or it is better explained by the other reading. 1. 91. For defunetd, some hlSS. have sugendo — de sicca— sunt audio. 1. 98. Fahis. Macer says they are good for the gout, if mixed with fat and applied externally. Anseris adjuncta huic pinguedo recens, vel ovilla Si fuerit, podagras quoque subvenit hac ratione. Macer, 86. 1. 101. Buglossa. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 189 Vinum potatum, quo sit macerata buglossa, Laitos convivas decoctio dicitur ejus Reddere, si fuerit inter convivia sparsa. Macer, 47. 1. 104. Borrago. Cardiacos. Qui in syncopen delabuntur, qui corde laborant. 1. 106. Pastinaca, Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Macer, N°’ 28. Non subacuta al. quum subacuta. Coitum, al. stoinachum — inuta. al. tuta. 1. 110. Absinthium. Unde juvat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venena Illorum extinguit. Macer, N°. 2, de Abrotono. Auris de pellit sonitum cum felle bovino. IMacer, 3. 1. 121. Maratrum, seuf<rniculum. Semen cum vino bibitum ventris movet actus. Tradunt auctores ejus juvenescere gustu Serpentes, et ob hoc senibus prodesse putatur. Macer, 14. 1. 131. Sambuci. This resembles the known epitaph upon fair Rosamond. Hie jacet in tumba rosa mundi non rosa munda, Non olet sed redolet qua; redolere solet. If this line was borrowed from the epitaph, it was of course written long subsequent to the Schola. 190 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 1, 134. Ventres, ventis in quibusdam MSS. 1. 138. Uvam, i. e. uvulam. 1. 142. Zingiber. Some manuscripts apply this to zedoary. ]. 149. Be Salice. Ilujus flos sumptus in aqua frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes, Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. Macer, 91. 1. 152. De Porro. Rlanantemque — These two lines are verbatim in hlacer, 91. 1. 158. Granatum. BaXavffriov, the flower of a pomegranate. 1. 166. Blasia, pastinaca, — Bancia pastiquenata. MS. 1. 181. Lilia. This is a strange jumble of several lines in Macer, 17. Praecisis nervis tritus cum melle medetur. — Mollescunt nervi, combustaque membra juvantur. — Ruges distendit, vultus maculas fugat omnes. 1. 185. Lactuca. Lac dat abundanter nutrici sumpta frequenter. Ut quidam dicunt oculis caligo creatur. Macer, 15. 1. 186. Pinea. Effimeras. ’E^’ j)pepag, daily or habitual. 1. 192. Gallia muscata. Galla, seu nux moschata. The nutmeg. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 191 1. 194. Cuminum. Assumptura quocunque modo depellere tradunt Viscera vexantem ventum, stomachuraque gravatum. Dicunt pallentem dare mensura saepe colorera. Macer, 74. 1. 204. Cicla, the beet, beta, hlitum, bleta, French bette. « • ■ t ' t , I V ■■■ .• 1 9 •; ■i »■ % ■: ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Ovdiv oiiTtjg ovSe tvKpTjurov, ovde KaXbv, dvOptJTToig tv I3l<p, wg i) TAS12. Xenoph. OicoN. I. OF THE ANATOMY AND CONSTITUTION OF THE BODY. line Of the bones 254 Of the teeth 255 Of the veins 256 Of the humours — 257 Of the sanguine 260 Of the choleric 268 Of the phlegmatic 274 Of the melancholy 280 II. OF THE MEANS OF PRESERVING HEALTH. I. BY GENERAL RULES. At rising, to wash, walk, stretch, comb, and clean the teeth 10 Of cleanliness 10, 64 Of bathing 14,234,358,362 II. BY ATTENTION TO THE SIX NON-NATURALS. 1. Of air and the seasons. line Of air 43 Of the four seasons , 54, 350 2. Of exercise, motion, and rest. Exercise 357 Rest 363 Not to move after meals 230 To walk after dinner 14 3. Of sleep, and watchwg. Not to sleep at noon 5, 15 Not to sleep after meals 230 To procure sleep 199 Of watching 237, 245 4. Of repletion and evacuation. Not to retain evacuations 6 Not to retain wind 18 s 194 ANALYTICAL INDEX. line Fcecation after apples 121 Urine 76, 132, 137, 134, 142 Easting (see food) 350 A'^omiting 351 Purging 357 Perspiration ib. Bleeding — After bleeding keep warm 14 Rules for bleeding — its benefits, time for, age, constitution, how, in what cases, etc. 295 Salvatella, a vein 242 5 Of the passions. line Good 67 Crust 70 With cheese 103 Sops 161 Of meats. Salt meat 26 Y enison 27 Hare ib. Goat ib. Beef ib. Pork 32, 73 A^eal 80 4’o avoid care and anger 3 Fear 232 6. Of food, generally. Of long hunger 232 To sup sparingly 4, 20 To leave the table early 5 After dinner stand or walk 14 Not to eat till the stomach is empty 22 Pleasant food good 33 Rules for eating in the four seasons 54 Sauce 62, 154 Salt ib. Qualities of salt, bitter, sharp, sour, astringent things, etc. 158 Of food, in particular. Of bread. 30, 31 Of parts and proceeds of animals. Milk 26, 31, 96 Butter 100 Cheese 26, 31, 90, 102, 114 Whey 101 Eggs 29, 33, 92, 113 Honey 204, 206, 216 Testicles 32 Brains 32, 148 Marrow 32 Bowels 75 Heart 144 Stomach 145 Tongue 146 Lungs 147 Of birds. Hens 81, 148 Capons ib. The turtle ib. The starling ib. Fine ANALYTICAL INDEX. 195 line The dove 81 The quail 82 The thrush ib. The pheasant ib. Ethigoneta ib. The partridge 83 The chaffinch ib. The moorhen, etc. ib. The plover ib. The teal ib. Of fishes. The pike 86 The perch ib. The sole ib. The whiting ib. The tench ib. The gurnet 87 The plaice ib. The carp ib. The ray ib. The trout ib. Eels 88, 90, 244 Of fruits. Peaches 26, 126 Apples 26, 244 Pears 26,41,117 Figs 34 — cataplasm of 129 Grapes 34 Nuts, 41, 114,127, 243 Cherries 122 Plums 125 Raisins 128 Of plants. line Garlic 41, 62, 234 Rue 41,58,184,210,238 Radishes 41 Sage 58, 62, 177, 181 Roses 59, 238 Wormw'ood 60 Pepper 62, 226, 234 Parsley 62 Pease 93 Poppy 130 Rapes 141 Fennel 149, 238 Anise 150 Cabbage 170 Mallows 172 ]\Iint 175 Lavender 181 Primrose ib. Nasturtium 182 Tansy ib. Onions 189, 235 Mustard 195, 235 Violet 197 Nettle 199 Hyssop 203 Chervil 206 Elicampane 209 Penny-royal 212 Nasturtium 214 Celandine 217,238 Sallow 219 Saffron 222 Leek 224, 235, 240 Lentils 235 Beans ib. Vervain 238 Henbane 241 196 ANvVLYTICAL INDEX. Of drink. line Of wine 234 Of drunkenness 231, 233, 345 Of surfeit 197 Of temperance 4, 363 To drink often at dinner 1 10 Of wine — Red 29, 39 White 38 Black 48 Sweet 33, 38 Good, proofs of 35, 49 With wormwood 61 With pork 73 W ith eggs 113 With cheese 90 With eels ib. With pears 116 With chervil 207 With penny-royal 212 In sauce 62 Bad for the eyes 234 Of drinking wine next day 45 water 345 Of must, or new wine 76, 126, 134 Water, hurtful at eating 78 Of ale — Good, is not stale, clear, brewed of good corn, 51 Qualities of ale 135 Of Vinegar 138, 220 III. OF THE CURE OF DISEASES. General rules. Cheerfulness, rest, and absti- line nence, supply the place of a physician 8 Of diet, an usual diet not to be changed 163 Of medicines and physicians, etc. Spodium 152 Castoreum 181 Thus, or jus 241 Embotum, a funnel 242 Oil 243 Orpiment, sulphur, lime 250 Treacle 41 Hippocrates 165 Galen 190 Fliny 218 Of particular diseases. Offever 16,100,180,229,346 Of slothfulness 16 Of head ache 16, 197, 345 Of catarrh, cough, colds, phlegm, 16, 128, 200, 203, 227, 228 Various sorts, rbeuma, catarr- hus, bronchus, coryza 245 Of spasms 19 Of dropsy ib. Of cholic 19, 200 Of vertigo ib. Of the belly, 40, 76, 132, 137, 143, 171, 172,201,208, 209 Of the stomach, 107, 120, 123, 141, 150, 192, 201, 203, 228 Of the voice 40, 88 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 197 line Of poison 41,116,154,197 Of sea sickness 60 Of urine 6, 76, 132, 134, 137, 142 Of obstruction of the liver 77 223 Of the stone 11, 124 Of consumption 96 Of good blood 124 Of the spleen 77,128 Of the reins ib. Of scrofula 129 Of tumours 129 Of the glands ib. Of bones broken 130 Of pediculi 131 Of Venus 131, 186, 234, 236, 356, 361 Of wind 18,141,149,234 Of the eyes 10, 66, 150, 156, 161, 184, 187, 234, 2.38 Of scab 157 Of worms 176, 219 Of the nerves 179 Of trembling ib. Of paralysis 182 Of fleas 188 line Ofthe teeth 12, 142, 161,215, 402 Of the melancholy 26 Of the choleric 70, 190, 212, 360 Of the phlegmatic 191, 227 Of the hair 12, 193, 214 Of the head 196 Of surfeit 197 Of the falling sickness 198 Of vomiting 199, 208, 232 Of the lungs 201, 204 Ofthe joints 202,204 Of the face 192,205 Of cancer 206 Of ruptures 211 Of gout 213 Of leprosy 216 Of the ears 219, 229, 233 Of warts 220 Of partus 221 Of puellae faecundse 224 Of blood, to stop 152, 225 Of digestion 227 Of blows, falls 232 Of hoarseness 243 Of fistula 250 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS. The articles marked with a star are in the original poem. I. FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY. line Cheese 1 Eggs* 2 Garlic * 4 The pike * 7 Rapes * 9 Fennel 10 Spodium * 12 Salt* 14 Onions * 16 The bones * 18 The humours * 19 11. FROM MANUSCRIPTS. General and miscellaneous rules. Aer* 39 Temperance * 40 Not to eat or drink unneces- sarily 42 l.ight suppers* 45 Relief to the eyes line 48 Sleep * 50 Urination * ib. To drink often * 52 To walk after supper 53 Food for the poor 55 Of the flux 56 Of wine * 58 Of cheese * 60 Of things sweet, salt, etc. 67 Of things boiled, fried. roast - ed 74 Of new bread, old wine. young meat, old fish ib. Of the bones * 76 Of animals. The duck 79 The goose 82 Pork * 84 Inwards of pigs * 85 Eggs* 92 Cheese, eels, * 95 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS. 199 Of plants. line The bean* 98 Colewort, vetches 100 Bugloss 101 Borrage 104 Parsnips Wormwood 105 110 Southernwood ■ 113 Scabious 114 Fennel 121 The osier 126 Spinage 129 Elder 131 Dill 133 Coriander 135 Grapes * 136 The mulberry 138 The fig * 139, 147 Ginger 142 Zedoary 146 'J'he sallow 149 Leeks* line 152 Bran, meal * 154 Sage with rue * 156 Pomegranate 158 Acorns and chestnuts * 160 Herbs of spring, summer. autumn, winter 161 Caraway 171 Malangia 173 The beet, blitus 175 Parsley * 177 The rose * 179 The lily 181 Levistica 183 Sorsia 184 Lettuce 185 The pine 186 Liquorice 188 The nutmeg 192 Cummin 195 The beet, cicla * 197 Epilogus, what parts of plants to be taken 199 THE END. 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(8/& 3।० ॥%3।८] ॥ &\|208/2) ९ ५० & ५०) ॥#॥६)3.2/ ।33(५ ९ 22 (9 ।।02 2० ] ७ ।5] । ४४७७ 20७ 0४)॥ 8 :।2)० [209 8)।४७४७ ल>५६ [२६ । :५०हे ॥ \| ७) [92] २४ (००४ ७] ७ 2४४४७ ३६३५७ ५४३ वध है. \| ॥ 3200 ७. फशडेटि 'ली८ 5० (2०० [0७।2 । 220 +20& \| ॥& * ॥9%]) ॥)७ ।०॥४ ॥२॥६ 8.५2 । 22-0 2 द । है 4/92] )3।- ६१४४० है /४20॥& »)\|& ।॥) । है 2.४] 80%७ 30६8 »)३ ६) है ॥5:9॥2] »]।& 99॥6 »। ६8 ६&।02 \| \| ।४ !&).०) (९७६ ॥६। ४ ॥६ 9०४७ 23 ]।\|- )।॥»)५० १\|० 5 ४ 3६७७४) । \| \| माह है 2७३७ छ. ०3७ ॥20॥2 8 +धह 2५ ४ ४७ । है \| (७७ 88४ है; ९४४ 0॥४ \|3॥: ५९)॥३० । ॥&3 ।9७ ७७७७ ५ 8४ ।0२ \| 3.8 3.% 32 2५ )॥२ 8४ 0० \| ॥\|०४ ६०।१2 ॥७ ७)॥ 3)» ॥६॥\|७ ज़िः /0+ कफ [५ न (प्र 2/& \| है 22))& ।२॥३)६ है; 8.02 3»% ४४) \|2\|> ५२) 4 ६) \| के ॥ ॥५४७७. /2)५ ॥2 \|(७ २५४) ५००३५) 2। ।(६६ ।४५ ॥ ॥०७५३४ ।#4५2 2.) > 5] ० 2)(७ ।2)8 ।2)५० \|) ५२ ॥ 8) 3७ >०]\| ॥।(& 3:-:])।/ ५८७०) ४५२ ॥ ॥8)8 ७ /।५% ७४५ 9० 39 ॥५४४ ७७४७ 20 । ।3-) क्‍ \| 2.५ ॥» 9)॥»)\|2)> ।0८ ४ 2 ५४)६७ ७:।७ \| ७. ६ /902 [२२०] ॥९५ 5) 02 ६)७ 200 ।% फोर, 30 & ॥8.% 3)७) .) ६६ ।8॥७ 3४ ९।४७ ॥०४ ।\|8 ४29 ॥॥ >)॥+०]) है ४।४ \| ह €।है १॥०४.६ ])४॥७७ ॥॥0६)७ ।ह !३3- ॥६ १)६)५ ५८] (४ \| 32 ५६०४० \|95 9 &60९॥ । ॥2६ ।९ [(७:)४ ।६। 8. 3) 3७] ५ \|. 26) 3७ छे (२३५ ४ \|॥६ 20) 28 >3:% १6)॥० ॥५ ७0 \| १९) ।0॥ हे \|» >0)७ ।€ छे४)) ४०७ &)2 । ॥2)६ ॥\| 3.० \|)० । । \| हे १०] 3 0० \|» ४ ७96) \| (-)॥5 ).8 >& ५ )५ ५) है ।+७।९ ०३०७ 3 8७४ ६) 3. )॥७॥१% ७ 0) ७०] ५ ॥ ॥ 79%] 35] ५] है ५६४ 30२ है5 ५)०७४ है. ५२) ॥॥६)\| ।०)४ 3< \| ५०७ \|\| ॥ 8७ । है४] ॥७७)॥० >8 ।॥५6 80 [४४ ७६ ४28 ४2४६ ।५० ७8] 23) ४2 ।+)॥2 ४२.8 \| 205)> 0४०) । ।2० ०७६ ४०७ हे ।\|४७।॥६ ।७१।६ है. !>02]) ४४ )\|2७)४।६ 02 ।& । ॥॥६ ॥७]॥2 \| ५९ ॥9]४ )\|७।।०।७) है >]\|8 5 ॥७१४ ७ ॥&0 ०8) 9०00 । है; 200 ।४ ४४६ ।४ है (२४2) है ७४०७६) >।।& है. 28 है3. ॥२)४ १॥2०॥६] । है. ॥202॥5 ४2५ ७ 2 \|४३ ०5, \| ॥2॥६ ७ ।& ।202। 8 ]४७ 00200७ 92७ ४8) ।& । ॥2॥ ).& \| 22 02 9.)+ \| है; ।+9॥९ ॥20० 38 9) ४॥ 2४] [28 8), )।>)।)७ ९४) 9४ है 25 8 फ०0॥७ 3] 8 है. 2000 \|. 238 \| ५७४ 309 ४७2] । है 2७ 2७ (0)४७ ५४०] )॥)ह 200 ।७६ ४० >])8 ।ह३ 3४ 3२] 208 ॥22।० 5०) \|2॥+ 3 3) ५९ ॥26] ॥६)3 १॥०))६& ॥ है; ॥%७ है \|8/० ५४६ ।६ [9५] 38 ५] है; 8.0 ॥०)॥5 [8।+)\| )५ \|2)6)] है 0)७ ५६ 88 ७०) ॥\|४ ।७।॥० ५०७ ६ ५०) ।8% 20% ४2 है 9१०४ ५६ ४७ ».) ६ 2/2] ॥७8 ७ 88 9 \|€ ॥023॥॥2 02 0२४ ७ ॥७.७ )& ९४४६ ॥26] ४)६ । ॥ ।०३2.७५ ॥॥0\|७ 228 ५ ४७ [3५ ७. ५०७ 38. ॥॥४ 2०.8 05७ 3 ६४ है 2१७ है ६ (६ ४७ 28] 8४ २५७ ६ 2६ ऊडिछ ७] है ।99] है (86 \| कर । है. ९.७ 2606 ४ 309 [९७ ४3. 9]8 ।॥ 3७॥४)५ )&॥ 28] ०) है 02७ )& 9)» >)-)3 +६७४०॥ ५०] 0% >0>\|८] (॥६ ।९ 2) 0४2 ॥ \| ४098 €& 2>0।७४ ४६ 26) । है; ॥9७]४७ [9७ !52 ७ >।3 ७ >> )७ ]७४ । ॥॥8॥७४७ 8४६ ७६ ४० ॥४ ४७ ७\| ४ ९ ४७ )\|६ ]20७ । )०७७ ७ छह ९) है ४२६ 3.0 ]॥ 2]/>8 \| । ८ ० ॥2)2]0» ।8 >]& ०६ ॥«)2& ४+9.)।/६ [8७ हुए 8 छ\|े ४ ५४ ७४ ५2] ॥०8 ७)॥ 3९ ॥0! है. 3 3.8 ॥\|8 ५९))॥३ 2 पंप: । 8 टै#2 कड़े ॥०)६६८७ १% ७06) &)५ ६४ )5५2 पे ४०७ ॥% ॥)०९४४) है । डै ९३४ 88. । है; 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Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. Early life Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer. References Other websites Craxi Foundation website 1934 births 2000 deaths Deaths from diabetes Former MEPs MEPs for Italy People from Milan Politicians from Lombardy Prime Ministers of Italy Socialist politicians Italian Roman Catholics Presidents of the European Council
Perdaxius (Perdàxius) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,455 people live there. Its area is 29.5 km². It is 98 meters above sea level. References Other websites Communes of Sardinia
Boqueho is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
<p>I read a lot of questions and answers related to this issue. However, none of them solved my problem.</p> <p>I would like to point out that i am using the 5.12.2 of Qt. In addition, i tried to generate .exe files using windeployqt command (Calling it via the cmd).</p> <p>So, i have two different qt application (2 .exe files). I transfer them in a different windows machine with no Qt installation. One .exe file is running correctly however the other one gives me back the error related to the qt platform plugin "Windows".</p> <p>I would like also to point out, that the running exe is produced using Qt 5.12.2 (MinGW 7.3.0 64-bit). For the problematic exe, the 5.12.2 (MinGW 7.3.0 32-bit) is used. </p> <p>Do you know what will be the problem?</p> <p>PS. i double check that the qwindows.dll is in the platforms folder. I also tried to put this dll in the same folder as the exe file as well as in a sub-folder called plugins (based on some answers find around the web.)</p> <p>Thanks a lot,</p>
Revision of the Homopterous genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, with descriptions of new speetes: by Antoun G. BUTLER, ELS FZ), Xe. LENG INNIS WIE. The Genus Cercopis of Walker (nee Fabricius) has been very rightly divided by Dr. Stal into the two groups Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, characterized at a glance by the form of the thorax. The following is a revised list of the species at present known to science. GENUS COSMOSCARTA. Stal. 1. C. tricolor. Cercopis tricolor, St. Fargean and Serville, Ene. Méth. X., p- 604 (1827); Burmeister, Hand. Ent. II., 1, p. 124, n. 1 (1835). Java. B.M. 2. C. Stamensis, n. sp., fig. 1. Allied to C. tricolor, but in the form of the thorax more like C. divisa. Head and thorax, basi-costal third of corium, and basal fourth of clavus reddish testaceons ; wings pale fuscous, the basi-costal veins and base reddish ; abdomen above and below blue-black; pectus and legs piceous, tibiee of hind pair of legs armed with a strong spine. Length 18 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 42. Cambodia (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. var. Entire basal third of tegmina reddish testaceous. Laos (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. 2 SO basinotata, n. sp., fig 2. Form of C. tricolor ; differs chiefly in having the tegmina crossed at base by a patch of six red spots (that on the CistuLa Enromonoaica, September 1st, 1874. T 246 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous clavus being more or less bifid) instead of the pale testaceous band; and in the narrower and interrupted red hands margining the segments on dorsum of abdomen. Length 21 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 47. Saráwak (Wallace). Five specimens. B.M. This is certainly distinet from C. tricolor, with which, however, it was formerly associated in our collection, 4. C. fuscipennis. Cereopis fuscipennis, St. Fargean and Serville, Ene Mern X., p. 605, n. 6 (1827). Cercopis plana, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 653, n. 10 (1851). Java and Penang. B.M. 5. O. nigripennis. Cereopis nigripennis, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 90, n. 8 (1803). Cosmoscarta nigripennis, Stal, Hemipt. Fabrie., p. 11, n. 2 (1869). Cereopts fulvicollis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TII., p. 660, n. 36 (1851 This is quite distinet from the C. nigripennis of Mr. Walker’s list. Java. B.M. 6. C. megamera, N. sp., fig. 3. Cereopis nigr ipennis, Walker (nee Fabric.) List. Homopt. Ins. Mike p. 653, n. 11 (1851). Form and general coloration of C. fuscipennis (C. plana, Wik.), but at once distinguished by its much greater size, black legs, the narrower reddish costal edge, and less pro- nounced basal reddish diffusion on tegmina ; the colour of the thorax and head also vary from piceous to castaneons and bright testaceous. Length 16-19 mill.; expanse of tegmina 39-47. _ Silhet; Penang; Laos (Mouhot); Hong Kong (Bowring). Fifteen specimens. B.M, Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 247 7. C. rufimargo. aa rufimargo, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. X., p. Bi T Wh, 2) SO Maldon, ose (Wallace). Type B.M. 8. C. funeralis, n. sp., fig. 4. Form of C. fuscipennis, but thorax with a distinct central ridge ; head and thorax dark castaneous ; scutellum piceous ; dorsum of abdomen reddish -orange; tegmina piceous, almost black; wines fuscous ; pectus black; venter and legs red; segments transversely banded and laterally spotted with black ; proximal extremities of femora blackish. Length 20 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 41, India. Type. B.M. 9. CO. Wallucei, n. sp., fig. 6 Form of C. tricolor; less coarsely rugulose ; ocelli very large : head, thorax, and tegmina reddish piceous, covered with testaceous pubescence ; costa and base of tegmina (especially the veins) rufescent; wings fuscous red at pase ; abdomen and legs red; venter blackish in the centre. Length 15 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 33, Dorey (Wallace). Type. B.M. 10. C. flaceida, n. sp., fig. 6. Form of preceding species ; head testaceous ; thorax dull pale testaceous obsoletely spotted with dusky; centre of front margin dark castancous with a large black impressed spot on each side; scutellum, abdomen, pectus and legs dark chocolate brown ; tegmina dull reddish-brown ; wings pale brown. Length 15 mill. : expanse of tegmina 37. Java, Type. B.M. 11. C. costalis. Cercopis eostalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins, TIT., p. 651 m 2 GED Philippines (Cuming). Type. D.M. Possibly a variety, but more probably a local form of C. theora of White, Ts: 248 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 12. C. theora. Cercopis theora, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. 13. C. proserpina. Cereopis proserpina, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming) Type. B.M. If this be considered a mere variety of C. theora, all idea of separating species by pattern must be given up at once. l4. C. plutoniea, n. sp., fig. 7. Allied to C. proserpina. Head and thorax dirty testa- ceous; scutellum black, piceous behind; abdomen grey- brown, becoming somewhat testaceous towards anus ; pectus and venter black ; femora and coxæ of legs blackish piceous ; tibiæ and tarsi dark testaceous, golden pubescent ; tegmina black; costal margin and apex dull fulvous; base ‘and a basi-subcostal pyriform streak; an irregular transverse trimacular band erossing first third of tegmina, a subcostal spot at end of second third, and the veins on second third testaceous ; wings fuscous, costa lutescent, base rufescent. Length 17 ‘mill ; expanse of tegmina 44. Corea (Arthur Adams). Type. B.M. Very like C. proserpina, but smaller, the tegmina differ- ently marked, the clavus, instead of being entirely bright fulvous, has an oval spot (the third of the transverse series) in its centre. 15. C. Daphne. Cereopis Daphne, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 147, n. 5 (1865). Manilla (Stal). Seeins allied to C. proserpina, but, according to Stal, very nearly allied to C. Charon. 16. C. Charon. Cereopis Charon, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 249 Philippines (Cuming) ; Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to, but smaller and narrower than C. viridans of Guérin ; the hemelytra duller in colour, with costal margin less arched. 17. C. viridans. Cercopis viridans, Guérin in Bélanger’s Voyage Ind. Or. Atlas, pl. 3, figs. 7, Ta (1834). Cereopis latissima, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 655, n. 20 (1851). Java. B.M. 18. C. rugulosa. Cereopis rugulosa, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 1, p. 95, u. 54 (1857). Mt. Ophir (Wallace). Type. B.M. 19, CL rujipes. Cosmoscarta rufipes, Stal. Hemipt. Ins. Phil. in Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 719, n. + (1870). Philippines (Stal). Allied to C. Charon. 20. C. rutilans, n. sp, fig. 8. Head, legs, pectus, venter, and tegmina piceous ; thorax shining black with dark castaneous margin; scutellum and dorsum of abdomen piceous, with violet metallic shot ; wings hyaline, slightly fuscescent, more particularly at costa and abdominal margin. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 32. Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. rugulosa and C. cyaneiventris. 21. C. eyanerventris. Cercopis eyanetventris, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 661, n. 37 (1851). Java. Type. B.M. JT 250 Mr. Butlers Levision of Homopterous 22, C. Malaya. Cercopis Malaya, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 147, n. 7 (1865). Malacca (Stal). Seems to approach C. xanthorhina in markings, but said to be more nearly allied to C. eyaneiventris. 23), C ea, Do Bids, jij, @: Very close to C. divisa, much smaller, the apical third of tegmina not brown; the basal spots less nnmerous, inter- rupted, and of a bright orange colour ; costal margin dark castancous; dorsum of abdomen red; venter red, trans- versely banded with black ; legs fulvons, femora of second and third pairs blackish; wings slightly fuscescent. Length 13 mill.; expanse of tegmina 32. Dorey (Wallace). Type. B.M. 24. C. consequens, n. sp., fig. 10. Allied to C. vilis. Head, thorax, pectus, scutellum, dorsum, and venter of abdomen black; abdomen with the segments at the sides and on venter narrowly margined with reddish; anus red; legs red ; tegmina piceons, crossed near the base by three orange spots, one subcostal, sub- ovate ; one subtriangular trifid, immediately below it; the third subovate, on margin of clavus; costal edge dark eastaneous ; base slightly rufescent ; wings fuscescent, red at base. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 36. New Guinea (IVallace). Type. B.M. 95 25. C. ferociens, n. sp., fig. 11. Allied to the preceding; from which it differs in its longer and paler tegmina with two scarlet spots near base, one subcostal, the other on clavus; the scutellum paler and more elongate ; tibiæ of first and second pairs of legs and In C. divisa, they form a transverse band as in C. tricolor. Genera Cosmoscarta and Phynvatostetha. 251 femora of third pair piceous. Length 16 mill.; expanse of teginina 39. Mysol (Wallace). Type. B.M. This species in some respects approaches C. egens. 26. C. divisa. ercopis divise, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X, P- 279, n. 299 (1867). New Guinea (IVadlace). Type. B.M. 27, C Australis, v. sp., fig. 12. Cercopis Urvillei, Walker (nee. St. Fargean), List Homopt. Ins. Suppl. p. 170 (1858). Differs from ©. Urrillei in the purplish black dorsum of abdomen, the blacker thorax and the orange area of tegmina being confined to the basal third and without any indica- tion of a transverse brown band. Length 20 mill; expanse of tegmina 35. Australia, and local form Dorey (Wallace). B.M. Specimens from Dorey are ot a darker colour and have the outline of the orange area of tegmina undulated. 28. C. wanthorhina. Cercopis wanthorhina, Boisduval, Voy. de V Astrolabe, Ent., p. 618; pl. 10, fig. 35). Dorey (Wallace). B.M. Allied to C. Urvillei. Speaking of the hemelytra M. Bois- duval says—“ On voit encore an milieu de chaque élytre, prés du bord latéral, un petit point rouge allongé presque nul.” This spot is absent in the figure : it occurs on one of our specimens. 29. Of. Urvillet. Cercopis Urvillei, St. Favgeau and Serville, Ene. Méth. X., p. 605, n. 3 (1827); Guérin, Icon. Règne Anim. Tus., pl. 59, fig. 8 (1829—1844). Cercopis nasalis, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 283, n. 311 (1867). Offak (St. Furgeau); Aru (Wallace). B.M. 252 Mr. Butlers Revision of LHonopterous The transverse black bar crossing the orange basal half of the hemelytra is but imperfectly indicated in the figure by Guérin. 30. C. rubrifera. Cercopis rubrifera, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc., vol. X, p. 283, n. 309 (1867). Aru (Makacs) DM Nearly allied to C. Urvillei, from which it may be dis- tinguished by the carmine basal half of the hemelytra, its angular outer edge, more complete transverse black bar, and blackened nervures ; the abdomen is also bright red. 31. C. ferveseens, fig. 13. Nearly allied to C. inexacta; differs in the greater width of the thorax ; the jet-black colour of the vertex of head and the thorax, the black scutellum, the blacker tegmina and the much larger scarlet spots towards base of tegmina. Length 16 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 42. Menado (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Evidently a local representative of C. inexacta from Makian; and somewhat allied to C. ferociens. 32. C. inexacta. Cercopis inexacta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 280, n. 301 (1867). Makian and Macassar ( Wallace). Type. B.M. Walker gives the locality as Tondano, but the type has a ticket bearing the abbreviation “ Mak.” G 33. C. sexmaculata. Cosmoscarta sexmaculata, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 719, n. 5 (1870). Philippines (Stal). 34. C. incanescens, n. sp, figs. 14, 14a. Cercopis undulifera (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soo vol. X p. 276, n. 291 (1867). Genera Cosmoscarta und Phymatostetha. 253 New Guinea (IVallaee). Type. B.M. The abdomen above purplish black; wings piceous. These characters are not noticed in Mr, Walker's description. 35. C. tetraspila. Cercopis tetraspila, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 277, a 292 (1867). Ternate (Wallace). B.M. 36. C. sequens. Cercopis sequens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 285, n. 316 (1867). New Guinea (Wallace). Type. B.M. 37. C. busistriya. Cercopis basistriga, Walker, Journ. Linu. Soc., vol. X, p. 280, n. 302 (1867). Mysol (Wallace). Type. B.M. As in other instances, Mr. Walker has given Morty, instead of Mysol, as the habitat of the species. 38. C. maculifaseia. Cercopis maculifaseia, Walker, Jonrn. Linn, Soc., vol, X., DZT, m Bets (Stop) Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Type. B.M. 39. C. zonata, n. sp., fig. 15. Cercopis decisa (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. X., p- 278, n. 296 (1867). Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Basal half of tegmina in type castaneous ; wings fusces- cent; abdomen above glossy black, pectus black, thorax sometimes black. 40. C. perstrigata, n. sp. fig. 10, Head castaneous, vertex piceous ; thorax black, testaceous ? I ? 2 pubescent, with castaneous margin; sceutelluin piceous, paler behind: abdomen black; pectus dark olivaceous ; 254 Mr. Butler’s Revision of Homopterous legs, femora piceous, tibiæ castaneous, tarsi testaceous ; tegmina piceous with central transverse irregular interrupted testaceous band; wings fuscescent. Length 17 mill.; expanse of tegmina 44, New Guinea (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. zonata and U. convesa. 41. C. conrera. Cercopis convera, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 278, n. 297 (1867). New Guinea (Manuce) Type. BM. 42. C. horrified, n. sp., fiy. 17. Cercopis unifaseta (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Tins ccs wok Na i ZS, Da on lsti): New Guinea. Type. BM. Wings fuscous (character not mentioned by Mr. Walker). I3. CC. sudeata. Cercopis sulcata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 281, n. 304 (1867). Tondano (Wallace). Type. BM. Alied to CL Urvillei, but at once distinguishable by its black head. Attached to the type I-found the (? Ms.) name C. balteata, Walker. 44. C. pulchella, n. sp. Allied to C. sulcata and C. heros. Head, thorax, and pectus shining black ; abdomen, legs, and tegmina scarlet ; the latter with a blackish costal spot just before the middle of the margin; apical third dark piccous, inner edge wn- dulated. Length 10 mill.; expanse of tegmina 2+. Laos (Mouhot). Type. B.M. 45. C. heros. Cercopis heros, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 89, n. 3 (1808). Cosmoscarta heros, Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., p. 11, n. 1 (1809). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 255 Cercopis abdominalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. God, n. 18 (1851). Hong Kong (Bowring); China (Lay). B.M. 40. C. chrysomelena, n. sp. Nearly allied to C. heros. Thorax distinctly wider, pur- plish black ; legs with the exception of the terminal tarsal joints entirely orange; abdomen orange, venter trans- versely banded with black; tegmina blaek, with basal third, and a regular eurved band at end of second third, orange; wings fuscescent, with base slightly orange. Length 10 mill. ; expanse of tegmina, 29. Shanghai (Fortune): Laos (Vouhot). B.M. The Siamese example is larger than the Chinese and has the tarsi completely orange. 47. C. diserepans. Cercopis discrepans, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool, vol. IL, ji, 8S, mk, OF GUST), Cercopis obtusa, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. X., p. 287, n. 325 (1867). Timor and Singapore (Wallace). Type. B.M. 48. C. egens. Cercopis egens, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 171 (1858). India; N. India (Mooker). Type. B.M. var. fascia coccinea distincta, paululum angustiore. Siam (Mouhot), Penang and India (Bowring). B.M. 49. C. ducens. Cercopis ducens, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ITT., p. 655, n. 22 (1851) ; Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4, Sér. V., p. 188 (1865). Silhet. Type. B.M. 256 My. Butlers feviston of Homopterous 50. C. concisa. Jercopis concisa, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc., vol. X., p- 286, n. 321 (1867). Tondano and Macassar (Wallace). Type. B.M. 51. C bivittata. Cercopis bivittata, St. Fargeau and Serville, Ene. Meth. X., p. 605, n. 4 (1827). Cercopis flavifascia, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 654, u. 16 (1851). Java. B.M. 02. C feralis, n. sp. Allied to C. bivittata ; larger, broader, not æneous, with narrower bands; head, thorax, pectus, abdomen, legs, and tegmina shining black; the latter crossed by two narrow pale testaceous bands (their edges irregular), dividing the tegmina into three nearly equal parts; wings fuscescent, black at base. Length 20 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 48. Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. 53. C. callézona, n. sp. Cercopis semicincta (nomen bis lectum) Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. X., p: 285, n. 317 (1867). Makian and Macassar (Wallace). Type. BAL 54. (1 latieincta. Cercopis laticincta, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. X, p. 285, n. 318 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 55. C. amabilis. Cercopis amabilis, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förl., p. 146, n. + (1865). New Guinea (Stal). Seems allied to C, laticincta of Walker. Genera Cosmosearta and Phymatostetha. 20 56. C. angulifera. Cercopis angulifera, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 286, n. 319 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 57. C. intermedia. Cercopis intermedia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p- 277, n. 294 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 58. C. Lydia. Cercopis Lydia, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p: 149, n. 12 (1865). E. India. B.M. A small species, allied to C. angulifera. 59. C. EE, Cercopis etree, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 145 (1865). Cercopis biangulata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. X., p. 280, n. 303 (1867). Tondano and Macassar ( Wallace). B.M. Allied to C. perspicillaris and to C. nexa, but with the hemelytra elongated as in V. rufimargo and allies. 60. C. delineata. Cereopis delineata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. L, . L6dmn. 132 (1857). Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. — © 61. C. trigona. Cereopis trigona, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIT., p. 660, n. 34 (1851). Cercopis amplicollis, Walker, 1. c. Suppl, p. 175 (1858). N. India and Hong Kong. Types. BM. 258 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterois 62. C. eandtans. Cervopis exultans, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 171 (1858). N. China (Fortune). Type. B.M. Allied to C. bispecularis and C. trigona. 63. C. decisa. Cercopis decisa, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p 175 (1858). Darjeeling. Type. B.M. A second species is described under this name in the Journal of the Linnean Society X., p. 278, n. 296 (1867). 64. C. undata. Cercopis undata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 659, n. 383 (1851); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad, Forh., p. 148, n. 8 (1865). Silhet (Stuinsforth); N. India. Type. B.M. 65. C. flexifascia. Cercopis Jlexifaseia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., P 286, n. 320 (1867). var. Cercopis subapicalis, Walker, 1. c., p. 287, n. 322 (1867). Sumatra (Wallace). ‘Types. B.M. In the variety C. subapicalis the basal and submedian transverse bands of the hemelytra are obsolete. 66. C. bimaeula. Eoo bimacula, Walker, List Homopt. Te TTI., p. 656, 1. 25 (1851). I> sumtuost, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk, Akad. Korh,, p. 249, n. 1 (1854), Hone Kong (Bowring). Type. B.M, Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 259 67. C. bispeeularis. Cercopis bispecularis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 656, n. 24 (1851). Almorah (Warwick); Penang (Bowring). Type. B.M. 68. C. irresoluta. Cereopis trresoluta, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Homopt., p. 85 (1858). Java. Type. B.M. More nearly alhed to C. bispeeularis than to any other species. 69. C. dorsimacula. Cercopis dorsimacula, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 658, n. 31 (1851). Cercopis quadrimaculata, Walker, 1. c., p. 661, n. 38 (1851). N. Bengal, N. India, Cahar. Types. B.M. Mr. Walker describes a second species under the same name (List, p. 663, n. 41); he however subsequently describes the latter as a new species under the name of C. tomentosa (Journ. Linn, Soe, X., p. 284). 70. C. fictilis, n. sp. Closely allied to C. dorsimacula, but differs in its usually smaller size, narrower thorax, duller and more uniform colouring, and much smaller and more regularly uniform black spots. Length 12 mill.: expanse of tegmina 32. Penang and India (Bowring) ; “Silhet, E. Indies” [sic] (Bowring). B.M. This is probably the southern representative of C. dorsi- macula; the single example, supposed to be from Silhet, was most probably taken with the other Indian specimens. 71. C. bifasciata. Cercopis bifaseiata, Guérin, Belanger’s Yoy., p. 502 (1834y Cercopis septempunctatu, Walker, List Homopt. Ius. LHI. jo: GH), i STS Cercopis fulva, Walker, 1. c., p. 663, n. 43 (1851). Java (Guérin); Hab. —? Types. B.M, 260 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 72. C. guttata. Cercopis guttata, St. Fargeau and Serville, Ene, Mcth. X., p. 605, n. 7 (1825). Cereopis semieincta, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 657, n. 28 (1851). Java. Type. BM. 73. C. concolor. Cercopis concolor, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 661, n. 36 (1851). Cercopis prozima, Walker, \|. c., p. 664, n. 44 (1851). Java. Types. B.M. Very close to the preceding species. 74. C. dorsalis. Cercopis dorsalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 658, . 30 (1851). Cercopis connexa, Walker, 1. e., p. 663, n. 42 (1851). Cercopis ramosa, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Homopt., p. 55 (1858). N. India. Types. B.M. ~ = 75. C laecerata. Cercopis laecerata, Walker, Journ. Linn, Soc., vol. X., p. 287, n. 324 (1867). Timor (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. dorsalis and C. obtusa. 76. C. rotundata. Cercopis rotundata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 174 (1858) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 149, n. 11 (1865). Laos, Siam (Mouhot) ; E. India, Type. B.M. 77. C. nigroguttata. Cosmoscarta nigroguttata, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 720, n. 8 (1870). Philippines (Sted). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, 261 Nearly allied to C. rotundata, the croceous area of the tegmina occupying scarcely more than half the tegmina, black spots smaller and more numerous, the third apical part of the clavus and the greater part of the dorsum of abdomen black. i 78. C. semimaculata. Cosmoscarta semimaeulata, Stal, Öfvers. Konel. Vetensk. Akad. Férh., p. 719, n. 6 (1870). Philippines (Stað). Allied to C. rotundata. 79. C. semipardalis, Cercopis semipardalis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. [., p. 165, n. 131 (1857). Sariwak (Wallace). Type. B.M. 80. C liturata. Cercopis liturata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 287, 0. 323 (1867). Flores (Wallaee), Type. B.M. Allied to C. rotundata and C. lateralis. S1. C. discolor. Cercopis discolor, Boisduval, Voy. de FAstrolabe, Ent., p. 619; pl. 10, fig. 11 (1832—1835). Dorey (Wallace). B.M. 52, C. tetragona. Cercopis tetragona, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 284, n. 314 (1867). Aru (Wallace). Type. B.M. Three out of the four examples of this species in the National Collection have the anterior transverse series of spots on the coriumcon fluent, as in Dr, Stal’s Philippine examples, 262 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 83. O Papuensis, MASP Closely allied to C. tetragona. Head, thorax, pectus and seutellum fulvous, becoming searlet at the margins ; abdo- men black; legs fulvous, tibiæ and tarsi fuscescent ; tegmina, basal half searlet, a large black spot near the base and three in a transverse series at end of basal third ; apical half black ; wings fuscescent, base scarlet. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 35. New Guinea (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. 84. C. lateralis. Cercopis lateralis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 285, n. 315 (1867). Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. discolor. 85. C. pellucida, n. sp. Head black; elypeus and thorax dull castancous ; scutellum, pectus, and legs testaceous; abdomen bright eastaneous ; tegmina pale testaceous, hyaline to end of second third, base and a transverse band at end of second third fulvous; apical third piceous ; wings slightly fusees- cent, fulvous at base. Length 11 mill.; expanse of tegmina 29, Laos (Mouhot). Type. B.M. 86. C. Timorensis, n. sp. Head, thorax, peetus, legs, scutellum, and tegmina bright fulvous; abdomen, a diffused patch on each side of pectus, and two transverse irregular bands aeross tegmina, piceous ; apical third of tegmina brownish testaceous. Length 15 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 31. Timor (Wallace). ‘Two specimens. B.M. Allied to C. pellucida, but more nearly approaching C. neza in pattern. 87. C. octopunctata. Cercopis octopunctuta, Amyot and Serville, Mist. Nat, Hemipt., p. 559, n. 2; pl. 10, fig. 6 (1843). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 263 Cercopis dorsalis (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., X., p. 283, n. 310 (1867). Java (Amyot); Sumatra & var. Borneo (Wallace), B.M. 88. C. carinata. Cosmoscarta carinata, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl, Vetensk. Akad. Forh,, p. 720, n. 11 (1870). Philippines (Stal). Seems allied to C. octopunctata and C. submaculata, 89. C. unifuscia. Cercopis unifascia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., vol. I., p. 9d, n. 56 (1857). Singapore (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. octopunctata. 90. C. submeaeulata. Cercopis submaculata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TIT., p. 657, w 27 (1851); var Lc. Suppl, p. 172 (1858) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 149, n. 10 (1865). Java. Type. B.M. Nearly allied to C. octopunctata, but with the seutellum black, and the spots of the second series forming a waved line across the hemelytra. 91. C. brevistriga. Cercopis brevistriga, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. X., p. 282, n. 307 (1867). Tondano (Wallace). Type. B.M. 92. C. impressa, Cercopis impressu, Walker, Journ. Linn, Soe. X., p. 281, n. 305 (1867). Flores (Wallace). Type. B.M. 93. C. Lapeyrousci. Cercopis Lapeyrousc?, Boisduval, Voy. de P Astrolabe, Ent. p. 617; pl. 10, fig. 9 (1832—35). Ug 264 My. Butlers Rerision of Homopterors Vanikoro ? Closely allied to C. impressa. 94. O., nexa. Cercopis nexa, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 281, n. 306 (1867). Flores (Wallace). Type. B.M. Nearly allied to C. impressa. 95, C. inaurata, n. sp. Closely allied to O. semilurida ; but differs in the uni- form pale golden brown colour of the tegmina, the basal two-thirds of clavus, a large transverse irregular spot at end of first third, and the usual two spots at end of second third of tegmina, testaceous ; base red. Length 15 null. ; expanse of tegmina 37. Morty (Wallace). Type. B.M. Evidently a local representative of C. spectabilis. 96. C. semilurida. Cercopis semilurida, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 282, n. 308 (1867). Batchian and Gilolo (Wallace). Type. B.M. The specimens mentioned by Mr. Walker as coming from Morty and Kaisa are referable to two distinct species ; that from Ternate I have not come across. 97. C. miranda, n. sp. Nearly allied to C. semélurida, but smaller: abdomen of a more uniform red colour; tegmina with basal two-thirds piceous ; the base and two transverse spots crossing the corium and clavus, bright orange ; apical third pale fuscous, the costa of a deeper tint; wings slightly fuscescent, red at base. Length 14 mill.; expanse of tegmina 33. Kaisa (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. 98. C. spectabilis. Cercopis spectabilis, Burmeister, Nov. Act. Phys. Med. Nat. Cur. XVL, Suppl, p. 304; pl. 41, fig. 8 (1833). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 265 Cercopis vanthomelena, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XV.,, p. 35 (1845). Manilla (Burmeister) ; Phillipines (Cuming). B.M. Our specimens are a little faded, otherwise they differ in no respect from Lurmeister’s figure; Stal, however, con- siders them to be distinct species. 99. C. inclusa. Cercopis inelusa, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 658; n. 29 (1851) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh,, p. 147, n. 6 (1865). Ceylon. Type. B.M. 100. C. pallida. Jercopis pallida, Walker, List. Homopt. Ins. IT., p. 657, n. 26 (1851). Cercopis ferruginea, Walker, 1. c. p. 660, u. 35 (1851). India. Types. B.M. 101. C. elegantula, n. sp. Allied to C. pallida ; head and thorax metalic greenish black; abdomen purplish black, anus castaneous; pectus and femora reddish-orange, tibiæ and tarsi brownish testaceous ; tegmina piceous, veins of basal half testaceous ; base and a transverse band at end of second third reddish- orange; wings slightly fuscescent, especially at the margins, base rufescent. Length 8 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 20. India. Type. B.M. 102. C. bipars. Cercopis bipars, Walker, List Homopt. Tns. Suppl., p. 172 (1858). Java (Bowriny). Type. B.M. 103. C. semtrosea. Cercopis semirosea, Walker, Journ. Linu. Soe. L, p. 165, n. 133 (1857). Sarawak (Wallace). Type. BM. 266 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 104. C. pictilis. Cercopis pictilis, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 249, n. 2 1854). E. India (Stal). Seems allied to C. signifera of Walker from the descrip- tion, in which case it would have to be referred to Phyma- tosteth«. Cercopis transversa of Walker (List Homopt. Ins. p. 1151, u. 49) and C. subdolens of Walker (Linn. Journ. vol. L, p. 165, n. 135) appear to be species of Zriecphora ; C. Boitardi of Montrouzier is an Aphrophora; C. Strongii of Westwood (E. Ind. in gum animé) seems better placed in Sphenorhina. GENUS PHYMATOSTETHA. Stal. L P. perspicillaris. Cercopis perspicillaris, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. Local var. Cercopis varia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. X., p. 284, n. 813 (1867). Tondano and Macassar (Wallace). Type. B.M. Only differs from the Philippine form in having the two black spots on apical third of hemelytra united to one another aud to the margins; thus leaving only a red spot at apex, 2. P. punetifaseia. Cercopis punctifascia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. X., p. 288, n. 526) (1867). Batelian (Wallace) Type. B.M. 3 P undulifera. Cercopis undulifera, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. L, p. 165, m 154 (1857). Sarawak (IVallace). Type. B.M. Genera Cosiroscurta and Phymatostetha. 267 4. P. dislocate. Cercopis dislocata, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. I, p. 95, n. 55 (1857). Singapore (IVallace). Type. B.M. 5. P. Semele. Tomaspis Semele, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151, n. £ (1865). Siam, Laos. B.M. 6. P. inconspicuu, n. sp. Ji > Head above and thorax blue-black, rugulose, testaceous pubescent; head below, scutellum, abdomen and legs tes- taceous ; thorax with lateral anterior margins and two central spots, fulvous ; scutellum crossed by a black spot, venter crossed by regular series of black spots; pectus black; tegmina piceous, base irregularly testaceous, two irregular transverse bands, dividing them into three equal parts, the inner one interrupted; wings slightly fuscescent. Length 9 mill; expanse of tegmina 21. Ceylon. Two specimens. B.M: 7. LP. Stalit, ia sp. Tomaspis cireumducta Stal (nee Walker), Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 150, n. 3 (1865). No hulia, B.M Dr. Stal unfortunately publishes his belief a this is Walkers C. cireumducta (Ofvers. Vetensk. p. 721 note, 1870); however, it is so similar to that species in pattern that Mr. Walker accidentally placed the name under it in the cabinet, leaving “ C. costalis” under the type. 8. P. triseriuta, n. sp. Allied to P. Stalii, larger, with broader tegmina, the transverse bands of which are each broken up into three spots; head red-brown, becoming redder in front, clypeus searlet ; thorax, pectus and legs piceous, the lateral anterior margins of the thorax scarlet ; seutelluin black, with scarlet 268 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterons margin ; abdomen shining purple black: tegmina piceous, the “costal margin, a streak on the outer “basal edge of clavus, and two transverse series, each of three spots, scarlet, apical margin bright testaceous ; wings slightly fuscescent, base scarlet. Length, 14 mill; expanse of tegmina 37. Laos (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. 9. P. cireumdueta. Cercopis costalis (Nomen bis lectum) Walker, List Ho- ae: Ins. IL., p. 664, n. 45 (1851). Cercopis cir cumducta, Walker, 1. c. Suppl. p. 175 (1858). Malabar. Type. BM. WO P. Bornecnsis, 2. sp. Tomaspis costalis, Stal (nee Walker), Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förl, p. 151, n. 5 a Malacca (Stal) ; Sariwak( Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Allied to P. Stalit, cirewmducta, and hilaris ; it differs from the two first in having a conspicuous orange red spot close to apex of tegmina ; in other respects it comes nearest to P. circumducta. il. P. hilavis. Cercopis hilaris, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 665, u. 46 (1851). Malabar. Type. B.M. I do not agree with Dr. Stal in considering this identical with O. eirewmducta of Walker. 12, P l Lesoni Eurymela Lesson ii, Boisduval. Voy. de Astrolabe, Ent., p. 620, pl. 10, tig. 12 (1832-35). Amboina. 13. P. mactans. Cercopis mactuns, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 36 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. Genera Cosmosearta and Phymatostetha. 269 Certainly not P. perspicillaris of White, although con- sidered identical by Dr. Stal (Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Form, p. 121, 1870). 14. P. Cynthia. Tomaspis Cynthia, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 150, u. 1 (1865). Bonrou. Appears to be allied to P. mactans & P. stellata. ily, JP, N Cercopis stellata, Guérin, Icon. Règne Anim. Texte, p. 368 (1829-44). Cercopis dorsimacula (nomen bis lectum), Walker, List Homopt. Ins. p. 663, n. 41 (1851). Cereopis tomentosa, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc. X., p. 284, mm, 312) (1867). Malacca and Sumatra (JVadluce); Malabar. (Walkers types.) B.M. 16. P. Nympha. Tomaspis eeepc, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 150, n. 2 (1865). Malacea (Stal). According to Stal, “closely allied to C. stellata of Guérin.” 17. P. dorsivitta. Cercopis dorsivitta, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IL, p. 662, n. 89 (1851). var. Cercopis humeralis, Walker, 1. e. n. 40 (1851). Almorah (Warwick); Silhet (Stainsforth). Types. B.M. 18. P. pudica. Cercopis pudica, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Hoimopt., p. 84 (1858). Silhet. Type. B.M. Allied to P. mactans & P. signifera. 270 Generu Cosmoscartu and Phymatostetha. 19. P. signifera. Cercopis signifera, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TII., p. 655, n. 21 (1851); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151, n. 6 (1865). Silhet & N. India. Type. B.M. 20. P. dubitabilis. Cereopis dubitabilis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 173 (1858). E. India, Type. B.M. Allied to C. siynifera, but the hemelytra red not yellow at base, and with the markings somewhat differently arranged. 21. P. pudens. Cercopis pudens, Walker, List Homopt. Tns. Suppl., p. 174 (1858); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151 n. 7 (1865). Je, India. Type. BAL > 22. P. basielara. Cercopis basiclara, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p- 172 (1858). S Tomaspis Larinia, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forli., p. 152, 1. 8 (1865). Jb. India. Type. DBM.
Lake Tahoe or Tahoe is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United States of America. Lake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497 km²), and highest elevation (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Of the lakes in the United States, only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m). Some visitors experience altitude sickness, because there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. To fight this, experts recommend avoiding heavy exercise or drinking alcohol until the body adjusts to the lower oxygen level. References Other websites Lakes of the United States Bodies of water of California Geography of Nevada Western United States El Dorado County, California Placer County, California
<p>Is it still possible to do server side verification of tokens in Firebase 3?</p> <p>We generate custom tokens (JWT) on a server running Golang using our existing authentication system (using a Service Account). The token is used on an iOS client using</p> <pre><code>FIRAuth.auth()?.signInWithCustomToken(customToken) </code></pre> <p>Until there it all works fine. But when we pass the client token to the server retrieved from:</p> <pre><code>FIRUser.getTokenWithCompletion({ token, error in ..}) </code></pre> <p>we're not able to verify it. The JWT token is signed using RS256 and has an header.kid we can't recognize. The public key from the Service Account (which was used to sign the custom token) doesn't verify the client token. Is the public key needed to validate the client token available?</p> <p>I know it's possible to validate client tokens using the "verifyIdToken" call in Java or Javascript, but we hope to stil be able to do this in Golang using a standard JWT library.</p> <p>This all worked fine in Firebase 2 (using HS256 and the Firebase secret).</p>
Parkstein is a municipality in Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria in Germany. References Other websites Official Parkstein Website Parkstein-net for more on the geology specifics Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)
Captain EO is an American short 3D science fiction movie. It is 17 minutes long. It is about an astronaut and hero called "Captain EO". He is played by Michael Jackson. Anjelica Huston plays the alien villain called the "Supreme Leader". The executive producer was George Lucas and the movie director was Francis Ford Coppola (who came up with the name "Captain EO" from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn). Captain EO is one of the first 4D movies. The movie played at Disneyland and Epcot. In 1996 Captain EO was shown on MTV. This is the only time it was shown on television. It has never been released on video or DVD. The movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as YouTube. 1986 science fiction movies American science fiction movies English-language movies Michael Jackson
<blockquote> <p><strong>Summary</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>I need to purge the history of a table from rows that are older than 14 days.</p> <p>Being no MySQL Expert, my searches lead me to this:</p> <pre><code>delete from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where idModificationPolice not in ( select distinct idModificationPolice from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where date(dateHeureModification) between curdate() and curdate() - interval 14 day ); </code></pre> <blockquote> <p><strong>Thrown Exception</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>But then I'm stuck with this error message:</p> <p><strong><em>Error Code: 1093. You can't specify target table 'SYS_VERROUS_POLICE' for update in FROM clause.</em></strong></p> <p>What the...</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>Context</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>MySQL seems to be operating in safe mode, so I just won't be able to perform a DELETE where matching dates.</p> <p>In safe-mode, if I try to delete using only the date field, it doesn't comply.</p> <pre><code>delete from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where date(dateHeureModification) < curdate() - interval 14 day Error Code: 1175. You are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a WHERE that uses a KEY column To disable safe mode, toggle the option in Preferences -> SQL Editor and reconnect. 0,00071 sec </code></pre> <p>Am I missing something?</p>
Birbal (born Mahesh Das; 1528 16 February 1586), or Raja Birbal, was a Hindu advisor in the court of the Mughal emperor, Akbar. Birbal was appointed by Akbar as a poet and singer in around 1560. He was one of the navaratnas (nine jewels of Akbar). He is mostly known in the Indian subcontinent for the folk tales which focus on his wit. In the local folk tales he is presented as a very clever person. These tales are popular in India. These tales involve him being smarter then or making fool of other courtiers and sometimes even Akbar, using only his intelligence and cunning. From the twentieth century onwards, plays, movies and books based on these folk tales were made. Some of these folk tales are in children's comics and school books. References 1528 births 1586 deaths Akbar Mughal Empire
Bottom is a British television sitcom created by Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall. It was first broadcast on BBC2 between 1992 and 1995. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as two poor, perverted flatmates in Hammersmith, London. The show uses violent slapstick comedy. Two stage shows between 1993 and 2003; and one movie, Guest House Paradiso (1999), were also made about Bottom. In 2004, Bottom was voted number 45 in a poll for Britain's Best Sitcom. Episodes Series 1 (1991) Series 2 (1992) Series 3 (1995) '*' = Episodes featuring only the two main characters '+' = Episodes where no part of the episode is set in the flat References 1990s British sitcoms BBC television sitcoms 1991 television series debuts 1995 television series endings English-language television programs
Kappalottiya Tamizhan (The Tamilian who drives the ship) is a Tamil movie released in 1961. The movie was directed by B.R.Panthulu. The main roles were acted by Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan. The supporting roles were made by S. V. Subbaiah, T. K. Shanmugham, S. V. Ranga Rao, Savitri and S. A. Ashokan. The movie was based on the life history of freedom fighter, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. This movie was awarded the National Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Somehow it failed in the collections or became a commercially failed movie. Reception Kappalottiya Thamizhan received generally positive reviews. Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu newspaper said, "Films on patriotism are many. But Panthulu's Kappalottiya Tamizhan stands higher for the natural imitations of Sivaji Ganesan as VOC, and S.V. Subbiah as Bharatiar. The reviews praise the movie that it remains a perfect showcase of the Independence Movement in the South. Box office Kappalottiya Thamizhan was the first Tamil movie to get tax exemption (No tax is needed to pay), from the Government of India. This is because of the movie's content of patriotism. But it became a commercial failure. It faced a loss of Rs. 7 Lakhs. References Tamil-language movies
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Jane Jungyon Kim (born July 9, 1977) is an American civil rights attorney and politician. She is the first Korean American elected official in San Francisco. She represented San Francisco's District 6 on the Board of Supervisors between 2011 and 2019. She is currently a member of the San Francisco's Democratic County Central Committee and was the top vote getter in CA AD17. In 2016, she ran for the 11th California State Senate District, but lost to Scott Wiener in the primary. She was a candidate for Mayor in the 2018 mayoral election, finishing third with 24.03% of the first-round vote. References 1977 births Living people Lawyers from New York City American political activists Politicians from New York City Politicians from San Francisco US Democratic Party politicians Lawyers from San Francisco
Safi (Berber: Asfi, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; , Portuguese: Safim) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Safi Province, it has a population of 282,227 (2004 census). Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics. References Other websites Entry in Lexicorient Cities in Morocco
A praetor was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province. References Ancient Rome
<p>This should be similar to an iOS tableview footer, also seen in various websites (sticky-footer).</p> <p>I want to achieve the following:</p> <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3FUp.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3FUp.png" alt="diagram"></a></p> <p><strong>A</strong> is a <code>RecyclerView</code> with variable number of rows. </p> <p>When <strong>A</strong> is smaller than screen (or parent) size, <strong>B</strong> (footer) should be placed bellow the last row.</p> <p>When <strong>A</strong> + <strong>B</strong> are bigger than screen size, then <strong>B</strong> becomes fixed at the bottom and <strong>A</strong> content is scrollable.</p> <p>We are currently performing this with <code>onMeasure</code> functions that calculate all components heights in order to resize A accordingly.</p> <p>I was wondering if there is an easier way to do it, maybe with <code>ConstraintLayout</code>.</p>
135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film. It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film. References Photographic film formats fr:Format 35 mm#Utilisation en photographie
Events January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. His widow Henrietta Maria lives in her native France. January 30 – The Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government. January 30 – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognized him as ruler. February 5 – In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne. March 11 – The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil. March 19 – The House of Commons pass an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England". May 17 – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged May 19 – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament. Robert Blake is promoted to become an Admiral of the English fleet August 15 – Admiral Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert to allow Oliver Cromwell to land in Dublin and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro. Unknown date – Urga founded (now Mongolian capital) Digger movement crushed at St George's Hill Births February 2 – Pope Benedict XIII February 8 – Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian February 11 – William Carstares, Scottish minister April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic July 23 – Pope Clement XI September 15 – Titus Oates, English minister and plotter December 7 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary Deaths January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman March 9 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian March 26 – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony May 14 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer September 15 – John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman October 16 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet December 8 – Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary
The List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. History UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries. Serbia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 2001. List The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time. It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow. There are four WHS places in Serbia. World Heritage List Tentative list The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated. The evaluation process is not yet completed. Djerdap National Park The Deliblato Sands Special Natural Reserve Mt. Sara National Park The Tara National Park with the Drina River Canyon The Djavolja Varos (Devil's Town) Natural Landmark Fortified Manasija Monastery Negotinske Pivnice Smederevo Fortress Caričin Grad – Iustiniana Prima, archaeological site Historical place of Bač and its Surroundings Stećak's - Medieval Tombstones Related pages World Heritage Committee UNESCO World Heritage Site Table of World Heritage Sites by country List of World Heritage Sites in Europe References Other websites List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites Serbia Serbia Serbia Europe-related lists
In physical cosmology, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis was an event that happened during the Big Bang. It made elements heavier than hydrogen when the Universe was young. Most cosmologists believe that it happened roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang. It is also calculated to have made most of the helium in the Universe and a very small amount of lithium. It also made two radioactive isotopes. They are tritium and beryllium-7. References Big Bang
Jethro Tull (1674-1741) was an agricultural engineer from England who helped start the British Agricultural Revolution. He helped improve the seed drill, which is a tool that put seeds in the ground to plant them faster. This seed drill was normally pulled by a horse or strong cattle. Jethro was one of the most influential engineers of this century. He began these inventions and soon after the economy thrived. The seed drill spaced out the seeds as well to keep the plants growing. In 1703 he perfected the seed drill, and the farmers in England began to use it. A short while after, Welsh farmers were introduced to this new machinery. 1674 births 1741 deaths English scientists
The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC). Books Blume, Jason (2006). This Business of Songwriting. Billboard Books (New York City). . Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011 Passman, Donald S. (2003). All You Need to Know about the Music Business. Free Press (New York City). . Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990). This Business of Music. Billboard Books (New York City). . Related pages Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC) Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) Other websites ascap.com, official website ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website American music Organizations based in the United States
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Ella Eyre (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013. Early life Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology. Career Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012. Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album Hotel Cabana. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart. On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song. On 31 October 2013 BBC Radio 1Xtra played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single. On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album Demonstration. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)". She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes. On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award. Her first EP Deeper was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI. Personal life Eyre is dating John Newman. References Other websites Official website 1994 births Living people British R&B musicians British soul musicians English pop singers People from Ealing Singer-songwriters from London
Oberkreuzberg is a village in the municipality of Spiegelau in the Lower Bavarian district of Freyung-Grafenau in Germany. Until 1978 it was an independent municipality . Place The parish village (Pfarrdorf) is at a height of 780 metres about 2 kilometres southwest of Spiegelau on the southern side of a mountain ridge up to 790 metres high with good views. Literature Ulrich Pietrusky, Donatus Moosauer: Der Bayerische Wald – im Fluge neu entdeckt, Verlag Morsak, Grafenau, 1985, Helmut Döringer: Vor 25 Jahren wurde Oberkreuzberg zu einem Teil der Gemeinde Spiegelau References Villages in Bavaria Freyung-Grafenau
Delano Eugene Lewis (born November 12, 1938) is an American attorney, businessman, and diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to South Africa from 1999 to 2001 during the Bill Clinton presidency. He had roles at the Peace Corps and National Public Radio. He is the father of actor Phill Lewis. Life Lewis was born in Arkansas City, Kansas. Lewis went to Sumner High School, in Kansas City, Kansas, graduating in 1956. He graduated form the University of Kansas in 1960. References 1938 births Living people Ambassadors of the United States Lawyers from Kansas People from Lawrence, Kansas Politicians from Kansas Businesspeople from Kansas US Democratic Party politicians Kansas Democrats People from Kansas City, Kansas
Gleiritsch is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany. References Schwandorf (district)
1 ■ r?1 K^i fcj^f .■^% n&'i 9 .«- A\ VOHOHTO Bibliothek der 5i!- ■' gcsammtcn deutschen National -Literatur von der ältesten bis auf die neuere Zeit. Fünfzehnter Band: Auswahl der Minnesänger. Quedlinburg und Leipzig. Druck und Verlag von Gottfr. Baese. ^ 18 4 5. XGcC Auswahl der minneisäiig^er für Vorlesungen und zum schulgcbrauch mit einem wörterbuche und einem abrisse der mhd. formenlehrc ^^ Jierausgegebeu von ffr. Karl Tolckmar, Oberlehrer am königl. pädagogium zu llfeld. Uuedlinburg und Leipzig. Druck und verlag von Gottfr. Basse. 19 4 5. 4 /j r> • 'C. Vovn^eüe. Ich glaube die herausgäbe der in diesem buche enthaltenen gedichte nicht besser hevoricorten zu können, als durch anführung einiger Worte meines hochverehrten lehr er s Jac. Grimm, der, nachdem er in der vorr. zur zweiten ausg. des Isten theils seiner deutsch, grammatik p. VIII erklärt hat, dass ihn das einladende Studium mhd. poesie zu- erst auf grammatische tmt er suchungen geführt habe, folgendermassen fortfährt: „Studium und erkenntniss der mhd. dichikunst haben in der letzten zeit [vor 1822y zwar gewonnen, aber lange nicht so um sich gegriffen, als man von der trefflichkeit ihrer denkmähler erwar- ten sollte. Sie finden noch immer wenig bearbeiter und mehr hear— beiter , als theilnehmende leser. Möchte die allmählich erleichterte ver- trautere bekanntschaft mit der spräche auch zu der lieblichkeit und Unschuld und zu dem geiste führen, die in diesen poesien walten. Die schlesischen , welche für väter der neueren dichter gellen, stehen tief unter aller vergleichung mit jenen älteren, schmählich vergessenen. Mir wenigstens wiegt ein lied Walthers (ja eine Strophe, wie die: 6 w6 war sint) einen ganzen band von Opitz und Fleming auf, die sich selten mit freiem gefühl, in unbeholfener spräche und befangen in steifer nachbildung fremder muster aussprechen , so dass das ausge- suchteste einzelne kaum ohne misfälliges und hartes sein icird. Dort aber ist alle gefügigkeit reiner, deutscher spräche, herzliche empfin- dung, überraschende feinheit der wendimgen und belebtheit des ge- dankens." Dies die warte jenes im edelsten sinne deutschen mannes, jenes ehrwürdigen erbauers des riesenhaften deutschen sprachdomes, vor dem selbst ein II. Heine seine tiefe, staunende bewunderung nicht verhehlt. Sollte die deutsche Jugend nicht endlich zur hebung eines solchen Schatzes angeleitet werden? Jeder unbefangene, deutsches Wesen und sein schönes Vaterland liebende, wird, denke ich, diese frage bejahen. Allerdings weiss ich recht gut, dass sich manche VI Vorrede. slimmen gfgen das (reiben des altdeutschen auf unseren schulen er- klärt haben, indess wird jeder, welcher den versuch wirklich damit gemacht hat, das tvas die gogner dagegen sagen mit voller auf er- fahrung gegründeter Überzeugung in abrede stellen können. Ich habe z. h. nicht gefunden, dass es für die schüler, wie herr Jlelbig vor einiger zeit in der jenaisch, literaturzeitung meinte, nur eine „unnütze quiüerei" wäre J; im gegentheil zeigte sich bei ihnen immer viel freudige, aus der tiefe des gemiUhs dringende theilnahme. 0 wie traurig wäre es auch, könnte es anders sein! — Ausserdem braucht durch das treiben des altdeutschen anderen imterrichtsgegenständen durchaus kein abbruch zu geschehen; ich habe, auch ehe ich das mhd. einführte, drei deutsche stunden in einer classe (Secunda) ge- habt und reiche noch immer vollkommen damit aus; denn die erfah- rung hat mir gezeigt, dass, obwohl ich wöchentlich nicht einmal eine volle stunde auf das lesen der mhd. gedichte (Nibelungen u. einige minnelieder nach der Nibclungc ncM von N. Bach, der arme Heinrich ed. W. Müller, Gudrun ed. EtlmüllerJ verwenden konnte, die schüler doch in verhältnissmässig kurzer zeit es zu einer ziemlichen geläußg- keit und gewandtheit brachten. Das gothische und ahd. habe ich frei- lich aus dem spiele gelassen, obwohl ich den nutzen nicht verkenne, der aus dem betreiben desselben für die lebendige erkenntniss uns— rer muller spräche nothwendig erwachsen muss, und obwohl ich der meinung Lachmanns bin, der in der vorrede zur auswahl p. XXFI sagt: „es ziemt keinem Deutschen, seine mutier spräche, wenn er sie einmal lernt, so obenhin zu lernen, wie es etwa bei den fremden neueren sprachen gewöhnlich ist." Nach meiner ansieht würde jene gründlichere einsieht in die organische bildung „unsrer haupt- und heldensprache" , wie sie Leibnitz nennt, und zugleich liebe für die ältere literatur unseres volks, jenes heilige vermächtniss unsrer väter, am besten bewirkt und hervorgerufen werden, wenn der lehrer mit dem mhd. in Secunda den an fang machte, wenn dasselbe auch in Pritna als hauptlectüre fortdauerte , daneben aber in dieser classe, so weit es zeit und umstände gestatten möchten, das gothische und ahd. getrieben würde "). Schon des gehaltes wegen muss das mhd. immer •^) Die bayerische reyieruny war anderer ansieht, als sie für die zwei oberen classen der yymnasien das Studium der altdeutschen sprach- denkmähler t^erordnete ("1 stunde wöchentlichj , „um soivol das quetlen- studium der yeschichte vorzubereiten und den sinn für das heimatliche zu nähren und zu bef'riediyen, als auch den Unterricht in der deutschen Sprache mehr zu verrollsländiyen.'^ *^ Zur vorbereituny für diese methode würde dann recht gut in den unteren classen dienen können Hoffmanns Neuhochdeutsche Schul- yrammatik Cdausth. 1839) und Xeuhochd. Etementargramm. (das. 1839> Vorrede. \ 1 1 ihn mittelpunkt und kern lihhn, davon abgesehen, dass uns die for- men desselben noch am 7üichsten liegen. Die genauere begriindung dieser meiner ansieht kann ich hier nicht geben; sie geeicht von der des pro f. Schmidt ab, der im stetliner programm von 1843 sich da- für erklärt, dass das goth. in Tertia, das ahd. in Secunda, das mhd. in Prima getrieben werde. Im übrigen stimme ich dem wackeren manne vollkommen bei. Man vgl. noch, was Hiecke in seinem die anforderungen an die schüler nach meiner meinung zu hoch stellen- den, sonst vortrefflichen buche über den deutschen Unterricht p. 241 ff. sagt, wogegen die im Archiv für den Unterr. im Deutschen 1843. III, 142 ff. ausgesprochenen bemerkungcn, was das mhd. betrifft, unerheblich erscheinen. lieber die einrichtung meines buches bemerke ich folgendes. Die wähl gerade der minnesänger bedarf keiner rechtfertigung , mehr die auswahl der einzelnen gedichte. Bei dieser durfte ich vor allem die bestimmung des buchs für schulen nicht aus den äugen verlieren: doch miisste ich auch bemüht sein, alle arten von gedichten vorzu- führen. Ob es mir gelungen ist, beide rücksichten glücklich zu ver- einigen, mögen andere beurtheilen. Einige tageweisen und ähnliche gedichte, die ich mifgetheilt habe, können ja auf der schule übergan- gen werden; sie sind mit einem buchstahen hinter ihrer ziffer bezeich- net. Bei einigen, im ganzen aber sehr wenigen gedichten habe ich einen oder mehrere verse ausgelassen , was immer in der Überschrift durch ein angedeutet ist. Den text habe ich nach von der Hagens Sammlung gegeben, ausser wo mir einzelne specialausgaben den Vorzug zu verdienen schienen. Die gedichte des von Kürenberg sind nach Uoffmanns Fundgruben I p. 265 f. gegeben; indess habe ich sie nach eigenem gutdünken angeordnet und auch mit Hagen die langzeilen beibehalten. Die gedd. Walthers v. d. Vog. sind genau nach der II. ausg. Lach- manns abgedruckt, jedoch in der folge, welche ihnen in der Über- setzung von Simrock gegeben ist, die Hartmanns v. Aue nach M. Haupt, die Wolframs v. Eschenbach nach Lachmann, ebenso die Ulrichs V. Liechtenstein, Frauenlobs sprüche etc. nach Ettmüller, einige gedichte nach W. Wackernagels lesebuche. Eine eigne conjectur in den text aufzunehmen , habe ich mir nur dreimal erlaubt, näm- lich bei Hiltbolt v. Sicanegöu II, 2, 6. wo ich statt maniger den tot geschrieben habe manige der t6t; ferner in dem ged. des königs Wenzel v. Böhmen I, 2, wo nach meiner vermuthung bräht zu lesen ist statt \)Gid\{{ , in welchem worte ich keinen sinn finden kann; ein paar hdschrr. lesen prallt ; vgl. Gotfr. v. Strassb. II, 11, loj) ze lichte bringen (aoLÖriv q)aivsLV Hom.J. Ausserdem habe ich s. 140, vm Vorrede. VI, 2, 9 diu lene slalt dich lene in den text gesetzt ; eine andere lesart für dich ist dir. Der abriss der mhd. formenlehr e sollte nur das nöthigste gehen; ich habe dabei die mhd. grammatik von Hahn zu gründe gelegt. — Die metrischen bemerkungen, u-ic auch das verzeichniss der dichter nebst einigen lebensnachrichtcn über dieselben (nach v. d. Hagen) wird man nicht für überflüssig ansehen. Dass ich die dichter nach ihrer Zeitfolge habe abdrucken lassen, wird dem buche auch wohl nur als ein Vorzug angerechnet werden können ; den nutzen brauche ich nicht auseinanderzusetzen, da er in die äugen springt. Das glossarium sollte in möglichster kürze über diejenigen Wörter aufschluss geben, welche sich im neuhochd. entweder gar nicht vor- finden, oder doch eine zu verschiedene gestalt oder bedeutung ange- nommen haben, ah dass der anfänger von selbst das rechte finden könnte. Ziemanns Wörterbuch bildet die grundlage; doch sind auch andere zu einzelnen dichtem herausgegebene benutzt, wie z. b. Uor- nigs glossarium zu Walther v. d. Vog. Die kürzlich erschienenen „lieder und Sprüche der minnesinger von B. Hüppe" (Münster 1844^ sind für „freunde des älteren deut- schen gesanges" , nicht zum schulgebrauch und für Vorlesungen be- stimmt, und desshalb mit sprachlichen anmerkungen unter dem texte, aber nicht mit einem wörterbuche versehen; auch hat auf die aus— wähl der katholicismus des verf. stark eingewirkt. Uebrigens zeigt sich derselbe als tüchtigen kenner des mhd. Das buch enthalt ausser Taulers liedern und etwas von Vridankes bescheidenheit stücke von 31 dichtern. In dem bewusstsein , keine mühe gescheut zu haben, um das un- ternehmen auf eine der absieht entsprechende weise durchzuführen, überlasse ich das buch seinem Schicksale. Ich vertraue zu dem genius Deutschlands, dass mit dem durch die allmähliche Veredlung der öffentlichen zustände immer mehr erstarkenden nationalgefühle auch das studiw7i unsrer älteren spräche und ihrer schriftdenkmähler sich von jähr zu jähr mehr beleben werde. Hierdurch erschliesst sich unserem blicke am unmittelbarsten die innerste eigenthürnJichkeit un- seres Volkes; hierdurch entzündet sich die liebe zum theuren vater- lande, wie zu den tugenden unserer väter. Möchte ich doch durch meine hemühung etwas dazu beigetragen haben! Ich kann diese bemerkungen nicht schliessen, ohne meinem freunde dr. W. Müller in Göttingen öffentlich für die gute zu danken, womit er mein vorhaben auf die mannigfachste weise gefördert hat. Ilfeld, den 2. sept. 1844. »r. Mari Voickmar, 4. m Äbriss der nthd. fornienlehre. I. Lautlehre. A. Vocale. i) Die vocale sind kurze oder lange. a) kurze: a i u; e (^aus i entstanden) o; e o li. Die letzten drei sind durch umlaiit aus den kurzen vocalen a o u hervorgegangen. Anm. Das kurze e der endsilben ist stumtn, d, h. nicht hörbar, wenn es auf eine kurze^ tonlos, wenn es auf eine lange (d. h. entwe- der aus einem gedehnten od. durch doppelte consonanz, also position geschärften laute gebildete) oder zwei kurze Silben folgt (maü-ec = man'c, sael-ig-en = saelig'n , raan-eg-en = man'gen, widere, lügene). Beide fallen oft durch apocope und sgncope tveg, das stumme immer hinter l und r, meistens auch hinter m und a C'ier statt nere, im st. ime, helt st. helet, wäfeut st wäfenet, gewundert, dagegen gesegenet, list st. liset, pfligt st. pfliget). b) lange: a) a. c i ö n; ce ae , umlaute von ä ö; der timlaut von ü ist iu. — §) Diphthonge: ei iu ou U03 öu üe, umlaute von ou uo; ie, Schwächung von iu oder aus anderen lauten entstanden. '4) Der ab laut ist die regelmässige vocalabstufung, z. b. liil, hal, häleu , geholn; begione, began, begunnen; gibe, gap,gdbeu, gegebeu; trage, truoc, truogen, getragen; Lde, leit, liten, geliten. S) Der umlaut ist eine trübung des reinen, ursprünglichen lautes Ca 0 u) und wird durch ein folgendes i hervorgebracht, welches immhd. meist in e verdünnt ist; z. b. ast este (^«/trf. esti); valle vellest vellet Cahd. vellit). RückunUaut, d. h. rückkehr des reinen lautes, kann eintre- ten, wenn der den umlaut bewirkende vocal wegfällt, z. b. Iioere, hörte; brante, ahd. branta (üfft goth., tvelches den umlaut noch nicht kennt, ist der inf brauuiau, ijn mhd. brennen). B. Consonanten. Im auslaut steht statt der media die tenuis (tac, stuont, wip), statt der Spirans h die aspirata cli (zöch von zielieu). In demselben kommen keine doppelten consonanten vor, ck und iz ausgenommen — In zusam- mengesetzten Wörtern tvird, wenn sich zwei gleiche oder ähnliche conso- nanten berühren, einer davon gern ausgestossen (niagctuoui st. maget- X Abriss der mhd. formenlehre. tuoni, guo(dt, marcrtive st. rnarcgnlve, vogelin st. vogellin, siecheit st. siechheil). 1) Liquidae. 1 wechselt mit r in kilche kirclie, martel marter, smie- len sniicren. r wechselt mit n im schiure schiune , füllt mitunter weg in weit st. werltj hie st. hier, in der untrennbaren partikel ver. m wech- selt mit n in raespel nespel^ hein heim^ oehein oeheim, sant samt, n yeht oft in m über vor m und labialen, z. b. amme st. anme (an dem), imme st, inme, füllt aus in sit st. sinC, künic st. küninc. 2) Labiales, b steht nur ausnahmsweise im auslaut; es wird öfter ausgestossen in gist git für gibst gibt; ebenso die spirans w, «. b. in kiän 7ieben klawen. 3) Linguales, d steht im inlaut nicht selten statt t, z. b. in mande, rümde; ausgestossen wird es in quit st. quidet, dicit, reite st. redete. — t fällt zuweilen am ende der tvörter weg, z. b. gas, giins^ veiz, auch in angeslichen. — s geht in r über, z. b. was wären, Verliesen verlorn. 4) Gutturales, g findet man st. j in dem verbum jehen, wenn i darauf folg, z. b. gihe, gich. J)ie Silben age und ege werden oft zu ei, indem g sich auflöst, z. b. verzeit st. verzaget, verdeit st. verdaget, be- leit st. beleget, seite st. sagte, jeite sf. jagete, treit st. treget. Statt pfligest, ligest findet man pflist, list. — k oder c für g kommt oft im praet. schwacher verba vor ^ z. b. zeicte, vuocte, neicte. — Das die spirans h vertretende c!i kann auslautend wegfallen, z.b. gä, nä, vld. — h füllt mitunter weg, z. b. zär (zäher), se (sehe), versmän (versmähen), vlien (vliehen). II. Flexionslehre. A. Conjugation. Die verba werden in starke und schtvache eingetheilt; in jenen wird das praeteritum innerlich, durch ablaut gebildet, in diesen durch ein zwischen den verbalstamm und die flexion gesetztes t. a) Starke conjugation. Aus der Verschiedenheit des ablauts ergeben sich 10 starke conju- gationen. Paradigma. Indic. praes. sing, trib-e trib-est trib-et plur. (rib-en trib-et (tribent) trib-ent Conj. praes. sing, trlb-e trlb-est trib-e plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Ind. praet. sing. treip trib-e treip plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Conj. praet. sing. trib-e trib-est trib-e plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Jmp. sing, trip plur. tribet (tribent) Part, praes. trib-ent, part. praet. getrib-en, infin. trib-en. A7im. Der timlaut ist vorhanden: ij in der 2. und 3. pers. sing, praes. ind. 2) im ganzen praet. conj. 3_) in der darnach gebildeten 2. pers. praet. ind. 1J Praes. i, praet. sg. a, plur. u, part. praet. u oder o: brinne, bran, brunnen. gebrunuen (singe, binde, brimmc); hilfe, half, hülfen. Abri'ss der mhd. formcnlehre. xi geholfen; bevilhe, bevalch, bevulhen, bevolhen (luilkc, wirre, wirde, bUIe). 8) i, a, ä, o: hil, hal (Z. per 8. haele), halen, geholu; bir, bar, baren, geborn; triffe, traf, träfen, getroffen Cvihte, uime). 3) i, a, ä^ e: gibe, gap, gäben, gegeben; sihe, sach, sähen, gesehen Clise, izze, bite). 4) a, uo, uo, a: mal, muol, muolen, gcmaln; spauc, spuon, spuonen CConj. spüene), gespanen (var, grabe, Avasche). 5) i, ei, i, i: grine, grein, grinen, gegrinen; blibe, bleip, bliben, ge- bliben; bize, beiz, bizzen, gebizzen (bite, Aviche). 6) in (ü), GVL oder 6, u, o: kliube, kloup, kluben, gekloben; sliiife, slouf, sluffen, gesloffen; vliuhe, vlöch, vluhen, gevlohen; ziuhe, züch, zugen, gezogen (biiite). 7) a, ie, ie, a: valle (vellest, vellet, vallen), viel, vielen, gevallen; spanne, spien, spienen, gespannen Cii^lse, enblande, ar). 8) ä, iCj ie, ä: släfe (slaefest), slief, sliefen, gesläfen Cräte, läze, bäge). 9) ei, ie, ie, ei: s weife, swief, swiefen, ges weifen (scheide , zeise, heize). 10) ou C") oder 6 und uo, ie attch iu, ie auch in, ou (ü) oder 6 tind uo: houwe,hiu, hiuwen, gehouwen; loufe, lief, liefen, geloufen; boze, biez, biezen, gebözen; Avuofe, Avief, wiefen, gewuofen. Anm. Zu 1) Die verba auf mm, nn oder m, n mit einem andern consonanten dulden nie brechung des 1, u i» e, o. Alle übrigen haben i im sing, praes. ind. (ich bille), imp. (bil), dagegen e im plur. praes. (wir bellen), plur. imp. (bellet), im ganzen praes. conj. (ich belle) tind im inf. (bellen). Zu 2_) Der Übergang von i, u i» e, o findet hier bei allen verben statt. Neben praet. kam kämen existirt auch kom kOmen , im conj. kseme und koeme. Zu 4) Von standen sind nur gebräuchlich praet. stuont, stuonden und part. praet. gestanden. Praes. ind. wird meistens contrahiert: ich stän od. sten , conj. stä od. ste , inf. stän od. sten , part. praet. gestän. Zu 5J Einfaches f und z wird vor kurzem vocal verdoppelt: slifen bizen, praet. sliffen bizzen. — Die verba schrien, spien haben im sing, praet. bald schrei, spei, bald schre, spe. — gedihen, rihen, lihen, zihen haben in der reget im sing, praet. e st. ei , also gedech , ausserdem (lihen ausgenommen) im plur. praet. und part. praet. g st. h, gedigen^ rigen, gerigen. Zu 6) Das iu geht (ausgenommen die verba auf iuAV) in ie über im plur. praes. ind., im ganzen praes. conj.., im plur. imp. und im inf — f und z wird nach kurzem vocal verdoppelt , sliefen vliezen, sluffen vluzzen. — Die verba., deren würzet auf s ausgeht, vertauschen dieses mit T im plur. praet. ind. (also auch in der 2. pers. sing, und im conj.) und im part. praet., kiesen Verliesen, kurn verlurn, gekorn verlorn. Zu 7_) Das nhd. fangen hat im mhd. im praes. vähe, inf. vähen, praet. \ienc (od. vie), part. gevangen; das nhd. gehen hat im mhd. meist im praes. ich gän od. gen, conj. gä od. ge, inf. gän od. gen (praet. gienc od. gie, part. gegangen). Zu S) läzen hat folgende contrahierte formen: praes. sing. 2. last, XII Abriss der mhd. formenkhre. Isest, 3. lät, la;t, plur. 1. Idn, i. lat, 3 länt^ imp. lü, inf. liia^ part. praet. hin (praet. liez und lie). b) Schwache couj ugation. Es gieht 8 schwache cottjtigationen ; in die erste gehören Wörter mit umgelauteter würzet, in die zweite solche, die nicht umlauten. I. Conjug ation. a) kurzsilbige Wörter: rege, praet. ind. und conj. regte, reglesJ, regte, plur. 3. regten, imp. sing, rege, plur. regt, part. regent, praet. geregt Cseln, zenien, denen, bürn elecare, vrümen perficere, hügen cogi- tare). Bei den verbis, deren wurzel auf t ausgeht ^ wie treten, wird im part. praet. das t gern verein/acht: getret für getrett (eigentlich getretet). b) langsilbige Wörter: brenne, praet. brante, imp. brenne brennet, part. praet. gebrant od. gebrennet (kennen, rennen, heften, hüllen, aenen privare, waenen, miuren, rüeuien). Im praet. u. part. praet. tritt der rückumlaut oft nicht ein (endete, siufzete, besendet, genaejet, gedrou- wet). Bei den rückumlautenden formen wird zusammenstossendes d und t, t und t vereinfacht: hüetcn, praet. hiiote; enden, praet. ande od. ante, ende, eute. II. Conj ugation. a) kurzsilbige Wörter: lobe, lobte, gelobt (twaln morari, harn cla- tnare, mancn, jagen, streben, smiden , wonen). b) langsilbige Wörter: salbe, salbete, gesalbet (schallen, alten, dan- ken, borgen, vären insidiari, minnen, wisen, lünen, luogen, dienen, süjuen). Anm. 1. Bei einigen verben, deren stamm auf 1 n r endigt, hat sich die alte endung öt im part. praet. erhalten, z. b. ermorderöt, ge- waruöt, geringelöt, verwaudelöt. Anm. 8. Die schwache flexion dringt auch in starke verba ein, z. b. gebete st. gap, pflegete st. pflac. Antn. 3. Beim part. praet. fehlt oft die partikel ge, z. b. kert, kouft, vreisclict, brüht, lüzcu od. hin, koiuen, vunden, worden. Anomalien. 1. Bas verb. subst. ist vierstämmig : a) 3. praes. sing. ist. b) inf. sin, plur. praes. ind. 1. sin, 2. sit (sint), 3, sint; conj. si, sist, si, plur. sin, Sit, sin; part. praet. gesin. c) 1. sing, praes. ind. bin, 8. bist; 1. «. 2. plur. birn ist selten, d) praet. ind. was, waere, was, waren, wäret, wären; conj. wasre^ waerest cet.; imp. wis; part. praet. gewesen; inf. wesen. Das praes. wise, couj. wese ist selten. 2. ajL rauoz, muost, muoz, plur. uiüezen, niiiezet, müezen; conj. müeze; praet. ind. muoste oder muose; conj. miiese, niüeste; inf. müe- zen. — b) weiz weist weiz, plur. wizzen, wizzet, wizzen; conj. wizze; praet. ind u. conj. wiste, weste, wisse, wesse; imp. wizze, part. ge- wizzen, gewezzen, gewist, gewest; inf. wizzen. — c) touc, töht (?), touc; pl. tilgen, taget, tngen od. tügen; conj. tüge; praet. ind. tohte, conj. tühte, inf. tilgen, tügen. — d) raac, mäht, mac, plur. miigen (niun) od. mügen, 3. pers. niugent od. mngent; conj, niüge, niege; praet. ind. luohte, mähte, conj. möhte, iiiehle, inf. niugen, mügeu, megeu. — e) sol Abriss der mhd. formenlehre. xiii (sal), soJt, sol, plur. sula (suii), süln^ 3. pers. sulnt , sülot; conj. sül, filur. süln, sünj praet. iud. u. conj. solte, coiij. auch sülte; inf. suId, süln. — f) kan, kaust, kan, pl. kiiDaen , künnen^ conj, küDne; praet. ind. künde, konde, cotij. künde, könde; inf. kunnen, küunen C^benso ban und gan). — g) (ar, tarst, tar, plur. turren , tfirren; conj. türre, praet. ind. torste; conj. törste; inf. turren, türren. — h) darf, darft, darf, plur. diirfen, dürfen j conj. diu-fej praet. ind. dorfle, conj. dörlte; inf. dürfen. 3. wil, wilt Cwil), wüj plur. wellen (wein), conj. welle (wolle), praet. ind. u. conj. woUe, imp. welle, inf. wellen. 4. tuon ekelten tuo), tiiost, tuot, pl. tuon; conj. tuo (selten tüeje), praet. ind. tele, taete, plur. täten, tätet, täten; conj. taete, part. getan, inf. tuon. 5. habe od. hän, hast cet., conj. habe, praet. ind. häte (hcte, hete), 2. pers. haete (hete, hete), conj. haete (hete, hete); inf. hän. 6. a) conj. bringe, praet. ind. brähte, 2. pers. brachte, conj. brachte, part. praet. braht,jnf. bringen. — b) conj. denke, praet. ind. dähte, 8. pers. daehte, conj. dsehte, part. praet gedäht , inf. denken. — c) conj. dunke, praet. ind. dühte, conj. diuhte «. diihte, part. praet. gedüht, inf. dünken. — d) conj. würke, praet. ind. worhte (wurhte), conj. würhte, wörhte, part. praet. geworht, inf. würken. — e) conj. vürhte, praet. ind. vorhte , conj. vörhte, part. praet. gevorht, inf. vürhten. B. Declination. Es giebt eine starke und eine schwache declination ; die schwache gebraucht zur bilduny der casus ein dem wortstamme angefügtes ü; die starke bietet eine grössere abwechselung in den Casusendungen dar; sie ist die ältere. a) Substantivum. Starkes masculinum. Erste declination C^hne umlautenden plural). Sing, tac tag-es , tag-e, tac. Plur. tag-e, tag-e, tag-en, tag-e. — Sing, kil, kil-s, kil, kil. Plur. kil, kil, kil-u, kil. — (arm, boum, bouc annulus, got, hac nemus, bort, mast, genüz, wolf, nagel, wagen.) Starkes mascul. Zweite declin. (mit umlautendem plural). Sing. tIuc, vlug-es, vlug-e, vluc. Plur. vlüg-e, vlüg-e, vlüg-en, vlüge. — (ast, buoc, buscb, gruoz, lön, luft, schuz, slac, wurui, vuoz, satel, niantel.) Starkes masc. Dritte declin. (in tcelcher der nom. und acc. sing. flexion haben). Sing, sit-e, sit-es, sit-e, sit-e. Plur. sit-e, sit-e, sit-en, sit-e. — (ende, cre ces, pfelle, rücke, wine amicus, swigaere, vischwre.) Starkes femininum. Erste declin. C^celche durch alle casus [leiion hat; gen. plur. endigt mit consonantj. Sing, luiob-e, huob-e, huob-e, huob-e Plur. huob-c, Iiuob-en, huob-en, huob-e. — Sing, zal cet; Plur. zal, zal-n, zai. — (ahte, brünne thorax , decke, galle, erge, kemenäte cubiculum, sträze, tür, kiir electio, Judicium.) Starkes femin. Zweite declin. Cti-elche im nom. und acc. sing, flexi- onslos ist und mit der (lexion verbundenen umlaut hat; gen, plur. endigt viit vocal.) Sing, kraft, krefl-e od. kiaft, kreft-e od. kiaf», kraft. Plur. kreft-e, XIV Abriss der mhd. formcnkhn: kreft-e, kreft-en, krcft-c. (angest , brüst, diet yena, haut, uaht , sät, werlt inundus.) Starkes neutrum. Erste declin. (nom. u. acc. /lexioiislos). Sitiff. wort, wort-es, wort-e, wort. Plur. wort, wort-e, wort-en, wort. — Sing, sper, sper-s, sper, sper. Plur. sper, sper, sper-n, sper. — (bat, -des, ors eqiais , ort cnspis, rech, -hes ca/ßrea, ros, -sses, sahs culter ; rt', rewes /'untis , stru , ströwes, knie, kuicwcs, zwi, zwies od. zwiges). Im plur. tritt oft er (ahd. ir) ein, welches umlatit bewirkt, z. b. reder^ wiber. Starkes neutrum. Zweite declin. (nom. n. aCC. haben flexion). Sinff. küun-e Cy^»usJ, künn-es, künii-e, künn-e. Plur. künn-e, künn-e, künu-en, künu-e. — (bette, bilde, eilende exsilium, heile, nisere, riebe.) Schtvache flexion. Jedes geschlecht hat nur eine declination. Im mhd. findet sich einförmigkeit der endungen, was im goth. und zum theil im ahd. nicht der fall ist. Sing, der aff-e, aff-cn, afT-en, aff-e. Plur. aff-en, aff-en, aff-en, äffen. — Sing, diu kel, kel-n, kel-n, kel. Plur. kel-n, kel-n, kel-n, kel-n. — Sing, daz herz-e , herz-en , herz-en , herz-e. Plur. herz-en, herz-en, herz-en, herz-en. (masc: ane avus, asche, bürge, lenze ver; femin.: ane avia, bnime sentis, erde, kröne, vackelj neutr,: ore, ouge, wange.) b) Adjectivum. Starke declination. Sing, blind-er blind-iu blind-cz bliud-es blind-er blind-es bliud-em blind-er blind-em blind-en blind-c bliud-ez Plur. blind-e blind-e blind-iu blind-er blind-er (-ere) bliud-er blind-eu blind-eo blind-en blind-e blind-e blind-iu. Anm. Einige einsilbige pflegen, wenn sie flectiert werden, vollere form anzunehmen: gra gräwer, blä bläwer, gar garwer, val valwer, var varwer. Schwache declination. (der) blinde, (diu) bliude, (daz) blinde folgen ganz der Substantiven flexion: äffe, herze. Gesteigertes adjectiv. 1} Comparativ C^at schwache und häufiger starke formj. Starke flexion. Sing, blinder-r blinder-lu blinder-z blinder-s blinder-re bliudei-s blinder-nie blinder-re blinder-me blinder-n blinder blinder-z Plur. blinder blinder blinder-iu blinder-re blindcr-re blinder-re Abn'ss der mhd. fornwnh'hre. xv Plur. I»linder-n blinder-n blinder-n blinder blinder bliuder-iii (liölier, bezzer, richer, schoener). Schwache flexion. Sinff. blinder, blinder-n, blinder-n, blinder-n; Plin'. blinder-n; ebenso das fem. ti. neittr., mir dass letzteres im acc. sing,, wie im nom. hat. 2) Superlativ hat starke und schwache form; flexion wie beim positiv. c) Participitim, wie das adject. d) Pronomen. ^^ 1. Persiinl. vnffeschlechtiges pron. I. Sing, ich, min, mir, mich. Plur. wir, unser, uns, uns (unsich). — II. Sing, du (du), din, dir, dich. Plur. IT, iuwer, iu, iuch (iuwich). — III. hat nur gen. sing, siu und acc. sing. u. plur. sich. 2. Persönl. geschlechtiges pron.: er, (es), im, in. Plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Sing, sie, ir, ir, sie; plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Sing, ez, es, im (ime), ez. Plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Für sie gilt auch si imd si oder tonlos se. Aus in, ir kann tonloses en, er werden, z. ö. kusten = kuste in. 3. Possessives pron.: min, din, sin, unser, iuwer, (ir), mit starker und auch schwacher flexion, wie das adj. (miner wie blinder, unser wie comp, blinder-r). 4. Demonstratives pron.: a) der, des, dem (deme), den. Plur. die, der, den, die. — Sing, diu, der, der, die. Plur. die, der, den, die. — Sing, daz, des, dem (deme), daz. Plur. diu, der, den, diu. — Dat. plur. hat die nebenform dien. — b) dirre, dises, diseme, disen. Plur. dise, dirre, disen, dise. — Fem. sing, disiu, dirre, dirre, dise. Plur. dise, dlrre, disen, dise. — Neutr. sing, diz (ditze), dises , diseme, diz (ditze). Plur. disiu, dirre, disen, disin. — c) jener, jenes, jeneme, jenen. Plur. jene, jenere, jenen, jene. — Fem. jeniu, jenere, jenere, jene. Plur. jene, jenere, jenen, jene. — Neutr. jenez, jenes, jeneme, jenez. Plur. jeniu, jenere, jenen, jeniu. 5. Interrogatives pron. : ■wer, wes, wem (weme), wen. Neutr. waz, wes, wem (weme), waz. Das fem. wird durch das masc. ersetzt, swer (so wer) quicunque wird wie wer flectiert. — Es giebt hier noch einen instrumentalis wiu swiu. 6. Relatives pron. wird durch der ausgedrückt. 7. Unbestimmtes pron.: ieman, iemannes (iemans), iemanne (ieman), ienian, oder lernen, iemens, iemen, lernen. Ebenso geht uiemau. Meiriscite bennerkungen. 1. Die mhd. dichter haben nach dem accent, der nur die hebtinyen und Senkungen der stimme beachtet, nicht nach der buchstabenquanlität gemessen. 2. Der accent oder ton ist entweder hochton (ucutus} oder tief- ton (t/ravis), der verschiedener stufen fähig ist von dem blossen sinken bis zum völligen weichen des tons (tonloser laut) und von da bis zum verstummen des vocals (stummer laut). Vgl. anm. s. IX. 3. Der ton fällt auf die Wurzel bei dem unzusammengeselzten no- men (lebendic, biderbe), verbtim, oft auch adverbium; bei Zusammen- setzungen bekommt die Wurzel oft blossen tiefton. 4. Der reim ist entweder sttimpf C^iünnlich , z. b. guot — bliiof, gote — geböte mit dem stummen schluss-e) oder klingend C^eiblich, z. b. güete — blüete , äzen — säzen , vorsten — torsten). 5. Von den dichtem rrird nicht sowohl die anzahl der Silben, als vielmehr die der hebunyen in einem verse berücksichtigt; der geivöhn- liche vers des erzählenden gedichtes hat bei stumpfen reimen vier hebun- gen, bei klingenden drei. 6. Eine Hebung kann jede silbe treffen, die auf irgend eine art höher betont ist als die folgende. 7. In der regel hat sowohl die Hebung, als die Senkung eine silbe; jeder dichter hat aber seine besonderen kürztingen, elisionen, krasen, auch dehnungen. 8. Es kann auch zwischen zwei Hebungen eine Senkung fehlen, so oft der dichter dies will. 9. Der auftakt des verses kann nicht nur wegfallen, sondern er kann auch bis auf drei Silben verlängert werden. 10. Die minnesänger nannten jede einzelne strophe ein lied oder ein gesetz. Ton Hiess, was wir maass, weise, was wir melodie nennen. Das dritte dazu ist das wort, das gedieht selbst, das zu ton und weise gefunden werden musste. Doch wird gewöhnlich dem wort die weise entgegengesetzt als maass und melodie umfassend. 11. Die Strophe enthält zwei gleiche symmetrische theile oder Stol- len, die ein dritter ungleicher (abgesang) hervorhebt und zusammen- fasst. Beide stollen zusammen nennt man auch wohl aufgesang. 18. Wenn die lieder aus einer oder mehreren gleichgebauten Stro- phen bestehen, so verbinden die Ccantatenähnlichen) leiche vielerlei töne ungleicher struktur zu einem grösseren, meist sehr belebten ganzen. Xicht alle so verbundenen töne zerfallen in stollen und abgesang ; Häufig fehlt der abgesang; auch kehrt oft derselbe ton wieder. 13. Eine einzelne für sich ein ganzes ausmachende strophe oder eine solche, die so wenig mit anderen Strophen zusammenhängt , dass sie ein selbständiges gedieht zu bilden scheint, nennt man wohl einen Spruch; der inhalt desselben ist gewöhnlich politisch oder geistlich. MINNESINGER. ]B[it deyen und mit speere IVaren sie stets bereit^ Den frauen gaben sie ehre, Und sangen widerstreit. Sie sangen von gottesminne, Von kühner helden muth, Von lindem liebessinne^ Von süsser maienbluth. ÜBLAyD, das mährchen. CMinnosänger.) Vcrzeichmss der dichter. 1. Der von Kürenberg, wahrscheinlich aus dem von der btiry Kürn- berg bei Kenzingen im Breisgau benannten geschlechte. Nach Lachm. zu Walther v. d. Vogehv. p. 199 ed. II. nicht älter als 1170,- dasselbe sagt er vo7i den beiden folgenden. Seile 1. ?. Herr Dietmar von Ast oder Eist, im Thurgau wohnhaft. 2. 3. Herr Leutold von Seven, zu dem freiherrlichen in der gegend von Passau ansässigen geschlechte von Hagenau gehörig und im dorfe Sewen begütert. 4. 4. Herr Heinrich von Veldek, ein niederrheinischer ritter ; aus seiner Aeneis ergeben sich für ihn die jähre 1175 u. 1184. 5. 5. Der burggraf von Rietenburg, wahrscheinlich Heinrich oder Otto (Tfrk. 1179.^. Rietenburg lag bei Kelheim an der Altmühl. Die Rietenburger waren burggrafen von Regensburg. 6. 6. Herr Reinmar der Fiedler, vermuthlich ein österreichischer rit- terlicher Sänger; führt in der Maness. samml. eine geige im Wap- pen. 7. 7. Kaiser Heinrich VI., 1184 ritter f 11S6 mit Constanze von Sici- lien vermählt. 7. 8. Herr Friedrich von Husen oder Hausen, nach Haupt, vorr. zu Hartm. liedern, ein pfälzischer ritter aus der gegend von Manheim, kam 1190 in einer Schlacht gegen die Türken um. 8. 9. Herr Heinrich von Rugge oder Rucke, sesshaft im Thurgau. 10. 10. Graf Friedrich von Leiningen, nimmt theil an der kreuzfuhrl des landgr. Ludwig V. von Thüringen 1190, aus dem jetzt fürstl. geschlecht; Stammburg im Wormsgau. II. 11. Graf Otto von Rotenlauben, eigentlich graf Otto IV. von Hen- neberg, nach seiner bürg Botenlauben bei Münrstadt benannt. II. XX Verzeichniss der dichter. 18. Herr Reinmar der alte, tvahrsch. ein rheinischer ritter, lebt, wie auch der folgende dichter, viel in Wien am hofe der Babenber- gischen fürsten. 12. 13. Herr Walther von der Vogelweide, entweder von dem schloss Vogelweide im oberen Thttrgau, oder von dem orte Vogeltveide bei Saaz in Böhmen, oder nach einem hofe in Würzburg, welcher zu der Vogeltveide hiess, benannt, lernt in Österreich die dichtkunst; in Würzburg gestorben und begraben. 17. 14. Herr Hartmann von Aue, nach Haupt a. a. o. ein schwäbischer ritter, stirbt zwischen 1810 — 20. 44. 15. //«rr Wolfram von Eschenbach, nach dem Städtchen Eschen- bach bei Ansbach benannt; graf Poppo XIII. von Henneberg macht ihn bei Masfeld unweit Meiningen zum ritter; ist bei dem Sänger- krieg auf der Wartburg 1206 — 7; kann weder lesen noch schrei- ben. 48. 16. Meister Gottfried von Strassburg, ein schriftgelehrter bürger- licher dichter und „meister^^ Cif^gens. zu „herren^^ , oder adelig- ritterlichen Sängern, die oft nicht lesen und schreiben konnten; gelehrte ritterliche sänger Messen aber auch meister). 51. 17. Hei-r Waltram von Gresten, ivahrscheinlich dienstmann des alten österreichischen klosters Gersten an der Ens bei Steier. 55. 18. Herr Albrecht von Johannsdorf, vielleicht atis einem bairi- schen geschlechte dieses namens, 55. 19. Der tugendhafte Schreiber, spielt eine hauptrolle in dem wartburger Sängerkriege; gehört zu den sechs edlen sängem an des landgrafen Hermann von Thüringen hofe; er ist ritter und heisst sonst Heinrich der Schreiber, d. i. fürstlicher kanzler und ausferti- ger der Staatsurkunden , was nebst dem hofrichter und dem mar- schall das voi'nehmste hofamt in Thüringen war. Sein vollständiger name ist Heinrich von Rispach, 58. 20. Klingsor, auch Klingsor aus Ungerland, theilnehmer am wart- burger Sängerkrieg. 58. 81. Ulrich von Singenberg, truchsess zu St, Gallen, nach der bürg Singenberg im Thurgau unterhalb Blideg benannt, 59. 22. M. 23. Der Winsbeke und die Winsbekin. Der vf, der unter diesen Überschriften aufbewahrten spräche stammt wahrsch. vom Rhein. 63. 84. Herr Heinrich von Sax, im Rheinthal unweit Feldkirch wohn- haft. 67. 25. Bruder Wernher, wahrsch. in Österreich zu hause; kein mönch, sondern ein wallbruder , pilger. 71. 26. Herr Nithart, bairischer ritter, vielleicht zu der edeln familie der Fuchs gehörig; besitzt in Baiern einen ort Ritiwental; macht eine kreuzfahrt wahrsch. unter Leopold v, Österreich 1217 — 19; lebt am österreichischen hofe. Höfische dorfpoesie, 72. 27. Herr Rtibin; seine Stammburg ist Riibein in Tirol. 78. 28. Reinmar der junge, so genannt zum unterschiede von Reinmar dem alten. 79. Verzeichmss der dichter. XXI 29. Süsskind von Trimöerg, ein Jude. Trimbery ist ein fränkischer ort im Würzbiirgischen. 80. 30. Herr Wernher von Teufen, ansässig in der grafschaft Kibtirg am einfluss der Tös in den Rhein. 80. 31. Herr Reinmar von Zweier oder Zwetel, söhn Reinmars des alten, am Rhein geboren, in Österreich aufgetoachsen und benannt nach dem Städtchen Zwetel ob dem Manhartsbeiye , lebt am böhmischen hofe, später wohl wieder am Rhein. 68. 32. Herr Hildbold von Schwanegau, bürg am Lech oberhalb des Städtchens Schongau. 93. 33. Herr Ulrich von Liechtenstein; die Stammburg ist Liechten- stein in Steiermark unweit Judenburg an der Mur; wird 1288 od. 83 zu Wien ritter; vermählt mit Herta von Weizenstein; kann we- der lesen noch schreiben; stirbt etwa 1875. 95. 34. Herr Heinrich von Morungen, vielleicht benannt von Möringen^ jetzt Mörigen, bei Nidau in der Schweiz. 101. 35. Herr Kristan von Hamle, aus dem alemannischen Sprach- gebiet. 106. 36. Herr Hartwig von Raute, vermuthlich im Salzburgischen zu hause. 108. 37. Von Sunecke, wahrsch. Konrad von Suneck, jetzt Sonneck, alte bürg in Kärnthen an der Drau, Völkelmarkt gegenüber. 109. 38. Her Hardegger, wahrsch. Heinrich von Hardegge, St. Galler dienstmann. 109. 39. Herr Burghard von Hohenfels , bürg am Bodensee oberhalb Sipplingen. 109. 40. Spervogel C^er alte), ein oberdeutscher fahrender sänger; v. d. Hagen setzt ihn um 1830, was Lachm. a. a. o. für einen irrthum erklärt; er setzt ihn früher. 111. 41. Der Schert k von Limburg, wahrsch. Walther , hof- und reichs- schenk von Limburg bei Hall am Kocher im herzogthum Franken. 113. 48. Markgraf Heinrich IIL von Meissen, geb. 1818, vermählt 1834, gest. 18S8. 114. 43. Herr Wachsmut von Mülnhausen, vermuthl. von dem ober- elsassischen Mühlhausen an der III C^er von ihm erwähnte könig V. Champagne ist Thibant IV., graf v. Champagne, der 1835 könig von Navarra ward). 114. 44. Herr Gottfried von Nifen, umveit Tübingen ansässig. 116. 45. Schenk Ulrich von Wintersteten, bei Biberach in Schwaben. - 118. 46. Meister Alexander, auch der wilde A. genannt, d. h. der tvunder- same, von seinen bilderreichen räthselhaften gedichten , vielleicht aus der gegend von Burgau zwischen Ulm und Augsburg. 118. 47. Der T anhuser, aus dem hause der freiherren von Tanhusen im Salzburgischen; nachfolger Walthers v. d. V. am Österreich, hofe; macht eine kreuzfahrt vielleicht 1288. Sage von seinem aufent- halte im Venusberge. 119. XXII Verzeichniss der dichter. 48. Herr Pfeffel, viell. aus dem edlen fteschlecht der Pfeflin in liaiem, einer der hofdichter des herzoi^s Friedrich von Öster- reich. 123, 49. Herr Walt her von Metxe, d i. Deutsch oder Wälsch Metz un- terhalb Batzen an der Etsch. 183. 50. Herr Jakob von Warte, im Thurgau wohnhaft. 126. 51. Herr Hugo von Werbenwag, schwäbischer ritter. Dorf und schloss Werrenwag noch jetzt an der Donau im amte Möskirch. 127. 52. Der Marner, ein Schwabe mit dem vornamen Konrad, bei den meistersängern in besonderem ansehen. 187. 53. Meister Eelin, ein oberdeutscher fahrender Sänger. 138. 54. Meister Friedrich von Sonnenburg, wahrsch. dienstmann der nonnenabtei Sonnenb. bei Drixen in Tirol. 133. 55. Meister Sigeher, wahrsch. aus Tirol, hält sich vornämlich am böhmischen hofe auf. 134. 56. Der Helle feur, in der zeit des Zwischenreichs. 134. 57. Der Hennenberger, wohl aus dem Hennebergschen. 135. 58. Wachsmut von Künzingen, viell. aus dem Kinzinger thal in Schwaben, wo ein gleichnamiges geschlecht wohnte. 136. 59. Herr Heinrich Hetzbold von Weissensee, von der Stadt Weissensee in Thüringen benannt. 137. 60. Von Ob ernburg , benannt wahrscheinlich nach dem Städtchen Obernburg in der Steirischen landschaft Cillei. 137. 61. Der von Wildonie, d. i. Herrand v. Wildonie in Steiermark an der Mur unterhalb Graz, jetzt ein markt/lecken Wildon oder Wil- dan. 138. 62. Herr Steinmar, entweder Konrad oder Bertold, zu Klingenau an der Aar im Aargau wohnhaft 138. 63. König Konrad der junge, d, i. Konradin, geb. 1858, gest. 1268. 139. 64. Herzog Johann von Brabant, stirbt 1894 in einem turniere, 43 jähr alt. 139. 65. Von Schar fenberg , viell. Wilhelm od. Leopold v. Seh., bürg bei Ratschach in der Windischen Mark am zusammen/luss der Sau u. Saan. 140. 66. Herr Bernger von Horheim, schwäbischer ritter aus dem Kleggau in der nähe des Rheins (der könig, dessen tod er beklagt, ist Konrad, der 1254 in Neapel starb). 140. 67. Graf Konrad von Kirchberg., wahrscheinlich b'irchberg bei Ulm. 141. 68. Herr Rudolf von Rotenburg, im Lncernergebiet. 143. 69. Markgraf Otto IV. von Brandenburg mit dem pfeile, ver- mählt 1861 mit Heiltvig, tochter Johanns von Holstein. 145. Verzeichniss der dichter. xxni 70. Der Meisner, auch der alte Meisner genannt, aus Meissen, fah- render Sänger. 146. 71. Herr Otto zum Turne. Die Stammburg stand über der kirche von Obergestelen in Wallis. 150. 78. Herzog Heinrich IV. von Breslau, vermählt 1278 mit Mechtild, tochter des markgr. Otto V. von Brandenburg. 150. 73. König Wenzel IL von Böhmen, söhn Ottokars, geb. 1270, vermählt 1286 mit Gutta, könig Rudolfs tochter, starb 1305. 152. 74. Meister Heinrich Fr auenlob, auch der junge Meissener ge- nannt, eigentlich Heinrich von Meissen, nach einem von ihm ge- dichteten sängerstreit über weih und frau Frauenlob benannt, wird 1317 zu Mainz von frauen bestattet. 153. 75. Herr Konrad der Schenk von Landegge, bürg an der Thur in der St. Gallischen grafschaft Toggenburg; die Landegger waren dienstmannen und erbschenken des abts von St. Gallen. 163. 76. Meister Konrad von Würzburg, ein bürgerlicher dichter, wan- derte auf seine kunst, st. 1287 zu Freiburg im Breisgau Ocohl nicht zu Basel, s W. Grimm zur gold. schmiede p. XLJ. 164. 77. Meister Rumeland, ein Obersachse. 169. 78. Meister Gervelin j vermuthlich ein Niederdeutscher. 171. 79. Hermann der Damen, benannt von der Dahme, die bei Köpnik in die Spree fällt, oder dem daran liegenden Städtchen Dahme; fahrender meistersänger. 172. 80. Goldener , aus Xorddeutschland. 172. 81. Wizlav IV., fürst von Rügen, vermählt mit Margaretha, tochter des Pommer sehen herzogs Mestevin, nach deren tode mit gräfin Agnes von Ruppin, wohnte auf der bürg Rugard, st. 1325 als der letzte des alten fürstenstammes ; er ist der letzte der fürstlichen minnesänger. 173. 82. Boppo, tvahrsch. aus dem Österreichischen. 174. 83. Herr Brunwart von Augheim, badischer lehnsmaun, von Aug- heim benannt, dem jetzigen pfarrdorfe Auggen im Breisgau bei Müllheim. 175. 84. Der unverzagte, vermuthl. ein Niederdeutscher. 176. 85. Graf Wernher von Honberg, im Baseischen aiisässig, mit Heinrich VII. in Italien, kämpft 1320 tvieder in Italien. 176. 86. Johannes von Rinkenberg. Die Stammburg Rinkenberg steht am östlichen ufer des Brienzer sees. Er wird nicht herr genannt, weil er damals noch nicht ritter geworden. 177. 87. Meister Johannes Ha dl a üb, aus einem ansehnlichen Zürcheri- schen bürgergeschlecht. 177. 88. Der Kanzler , fahrender sänger, vielleicht aus Zürich, wo es ein bürgerliches geschlecht dieses namens gab. 188. XXIV Verzeichniss der dichter. 89 Regenbogetiy mit vornamen Itarthel, war schmied getvesen , wett- eifert in Mainz, wo er sich längere zeit aufgehalten zu haben ■ scheint, mit Frauenlob, trügt viel zur Vorbereitung der späteren meistersänger bei. 183. 90. Ein ungenannter dichter. 183. f. ner von Kiiireiiliere. I. (Ij 97 a b. Ilo/J'munn Ftindgr, /, p. 865 f.) 1. 3^7. gut mii- vouine herzeu, daz ich geweiue. Ich uiiil min geselle uiüezen uns scheiden. Daz machent lugouivre — got der gebe in leit! der uns zwei versuonde, des wtere ich vil wol gemeit. „Bite in, daz er mir holt si, als er hie bevor was, und man in, waz wir redeten, d«'» ich in ze jungest sach." — 3. ,,ViI lieber friiint ^'■, duz ist schedelich. Swer siuen fiiiint behaltet, daz ist lobelich: Die Site wil ich niinueu «•■«•«■ 4. ,,Wes manst du mich leides, man vil licp? Unser zweier scheiden miieze ich gelebeu niet. Verliuse ich dine minnc, su läze ich wol entstän, daz min fluide ist dez miunist umb alle andere mau.'^ 5. ,,Wii) >il schoene, ui'i var du sam mir. Liep und leit daz teile ich saut dir. Die wile unz ich daz leben hnn , su bist du mir vil liep; wan minuest du ein boesen, des engan ich dir uiet.'' II. O, Ö7 a b.) 1. Ez hat mir an dem herzen %il dicke we getan Daz mich des gelüste, des ich niht mohte haa Noch niemer mac gewinnen, daz ist schedelich. Jone mein ich golt noch silber: ez ist den liuten gelich. 2. Ich züch mir einen valkeu mOre dauue ein jür. Du ich in gezamete, als ich in wolte han. Und ich im sin geviderc mit golde wol bewant, er huop sich üf vil höhe und ilouc in auderiu laut. 3. Sit sach ich den valken schöne vliegen; Er fuorte an sime vuoze sidiuc riemen, Und was im sin gevidere alrötgüldin. got sende si zc samene, die geliebc wellen gerne sin! in. 0^0 1. Ich stuont mir nehtiut späte au einer zinaen. Dö hört ich einen ritter vil wol singen In Kiurenberges wise al üz der menigin. er muoz mir diu lant rümen , alder ich gniete mich siu. CMinnesänger.) 1 2 Her Dietmar von Aist. 8. ,,\\\ brinc mir her vil baMe min ros, min lspiip;t;\v«nl ! Wall ich muoz einer frouwen n'imen diu lant. Diu wil mich des be(«ingen , daz ich ir holt si : si muoz der miner minne iemer darbende sin." IV. Cib.) Der tunkelsterne der birget sich. Als tuo du, frouwe schopne: so du seilest mich, SA la dii dinc ougen gen an ein andern man: «;on wciz doch lützel iemeu, wiez under uns zwein ist gelän. 9« Her Dietmar von AInI. C1143?) I. Ahi, nu kumt uns diu zit, * IH. CJ, 99 aO der Meinen vogelline sanc, Ea stuont ein frowe aleine, Ez gruonet wol diu linde breit, unt warte über beide, zergangen ist der winter lanc; unt warte ir liebes: Nu siht man bluonien wol getan, so gesach si valken vliegen : an der beiden üebent si ir schin: „S6 wol dir, valke, daz du bis«! des wirt vil manic herze vrö; du fliugest, swar dir lieb ist; des selben troestet sich daz min. du erkiusest dir in dem walde II. einen boum, der dir gevalle: Üf der linden obene Also hän ouch ich getan : da sanc ein kleinez vogellin, ich erkos mir selben einen man; Vor dem walde wart ez li'it; den erwelten- miniu ougen; dö huop sich aber daz herze min daz nident schöne frouwen : An eine stat, da ez e da Avas; owc, wan länt si mir min liep? ich sach da rösebluomen stan, joh engerte ich ir dekeiner trAtes die manent mich der gedanke vil, niet." die ich hin zeiner frouwen han. IV. (I, 100 b.y 1. Sich hat verwandelt diu zit, daz versten ich bl der vogel' singen; Geswigen sint die nahtegal, si hant gelän ir süezez klingen, Unt Talwet obeu der walt: ie noch sti-t daz herze min in ir gewalt; der ich den siuner gedienet hän, diu ist min vröude und al min liep: ich wil ir's »iemer abe gegän. 8. 5, Ich muoz von rehten schulden hoch tragen daz herze und alle die sinne, Sit mich der allerbeste man verholn in sime herzen minne; Er tuot mir grözer sorgen rät ; Avle selten mich diu Sicherheit geriiwen hätl ich wil im iemer stsete sin: er kan wol grözer arbeit gelönen nach dem willen min." 3. ,,Ich bin ein böte her gesant, vrouwe, üf mange dine güete: Ein ritter, der dich hat erweit liz al der werlte in sin gemüete, Er hiez dir klagen sin ungemach, daz er ein senendez herze treit, sit er dich sach; im tuot stn langez beiten we: un reden wir'z an ein ende enzlt, e im sin vroude gar zerge." Her Dietmar von Aist. 3 4. Der Got, der al die weit geschaffen hat, der gebe der lieben nocij die sinne, Daz si mich mit armen iimbevähe imt mich von rehtem herzen miune ! Mich dunkent ander vrouwen guot; ich gewinne von ir dekeiner niemer höhen uiiot, siii welle gemide enzit begäu, diu sich da sündet au mir, und ich ir vil gedienet hau. V. (!} 101 «9 1. Nu ist ez an ein ende komen, darnach ie min herze ranc, Daz mich ein edeliu vrouwe hat genomen in ir getwanc; Der bin ich worden undertäu, als daz schif dem stiurnian, swanne der wac sin ünde also gar gelazen hat: so höh owi! si benenient mir mauge wilde tat. 8. ,,Jii hoere ich vil der tagende sagen von eime ritter guot, Der ist mir nne mnze komen in nunen stieten muot, Daz sin ze keiner zit min lip mac vergezzeu," rette ein wipj „nu muoz ich al der werlte haben dur sinen willen rät : so höh owi! Avol im, wie schöne er daz gedienet hilt!" 3. Wie möhte mir min herze iemer werden rehte vniot, Daz mir ein edeliu vrouwe also vil ze leide tuot, Der ich vil gedieuet hän, als ir Wille was getan ; nu wil si gedenken niht der maugen sorgen min: sd höh owi! sei ich ir lange vrenide sin. VI. O, 102 a.) 1. Ich suochte guoter vriunde rat; der allerbeste hat mir noch geraten niht ze wol; Ja enweiz ich wariimbe er daz lät: min herze mein' ich, daz vor allen vriunden raten sol. Ez riet dien sinnen, daz si mich verleiten unde selbe sich an ein vil tugentrichez wip : diu ist mir lieber, danne ich irj darürabe trürct mir der lip. 2. Mir wont vil ungemaches bi, min allerbeste vröude lit ouch an der guoten gar; Swie ungenaedic si mir si, so wil iedocli daz herze min niender anders, danne dar; Ez hat mich gar dur si verlän, unt wil ir wesen undertan: wie hän ich sus an im erzogen? ez tuot der tohter vil gelich, diu liebe muoter hat betrogen. VII. o, 101 (tO 1. „Släfest du, friedel ziere? Wan weket unsich leider schiere: Ein vogellin so wol getan daz ist der linden an daz zwi gegän." — 2. Ich was vil sanfte entsläfen: Nu rüefestu, kint, wäfen, wäfen ! Lieb äne leit mag niiU gesin. Her Liutolt von Saveae. swaz dii gebiiitst, daz leiste ich, friwendin. 3. Diu frowe begunde weinen. „Du ritest hin, unt last mich einen; Wenn will du wider her zno mir? owe, du füerst min fröide sament dir!" 3. Her I^iutolt von Saveue. I. (I, 305 aj 1. In dem walde und üf der grüenea beide meiet ez so rehte wol, Daz man sich der lieben ougenweide wol von schulden troesten sol: So hau ich vür seneden rauot tröst deheinen, wan den einen, daz min frouwe ist guot. 2. Wol im , den der kleinen vögele singen troestet unt der bluomen schin! Wie mac dem aa vröuden baz gelingen? wil er vrd von beiden sin, So hat er ir beider wal; bluomen springent, vögele singent wuuneclichen schal. 3. Ich vröuwe mich ir güete wol von schulden baz danne aller bluomen rot; Ich singe anders nibt, wan daz si in huldea scheide mich von seneder not. Wol mac mir ir werder gruoz fröude senden, swser erwenden, sorge machen buoz. II. an, 327 bj 1. Ez ist wol, daz wir die lieben beide sehen so wunneclichen stän, Wol gezieret walt uud anger beide, daz der meie hat getan. Seht ir in des meien touwe bluomen stdn, daz inöht' ougen vrö gemachen, lachen si einander an. 2. Wie solt' ich ze tanze wol gesingen, Sit ein wip mir tuot so wel Diu mir hoch gemüete solte bringen, diu tuot, same si's nilit beste. Doch wsere wol, getröste mich ein soelic wIp, daz si mit ir liebem löne schöne tröste minen lip. Her Heinrich von Veldegge. 1. 4. Her Heliirieli vou Veldegge« C1113 - 84.) I. (I, 36 aO II. (/, 36 aj Swer mir schade an tuioer 1. Tristan muose sunder dauc frouwen, staete sin der künlginne, dem wünsche ich von reht des rlses, Wan in der poisün darzuo twauc daran die diebe nement ir ende: mcre, dan diu kraft der minne. Swer min daran schöne mit trouwen, Des sol mir diu guote danc dem wünsch Ich des paradises unde valde im mine hende. Vräg' ieman, wer si si, der bekenne si dabi: ez ist diu wolgetäne. genade, frouwe, mir! der sunnen gan ich dir, 60 schiue mir der mäne! 2. Swie min not gevüeger waere, so gewünne ich liep nach leide, unt froude manic valde; Wan ich weLz vil liebiu maere : die bluomen entspringent an der beide, die TOgele singent in dem walde; Da wilent lac der sne, da stät nü grüener kle, er touwet an dem morgen; swer welle, der fröuwe sich: nieman noet' es mich, ich bin unledic von sorgen. wizzen , daz ich solchen tranc nie genam, und ich si doch miuue baz, danne er; unt raac daz sin, wolgetäne, valsches äne, lä mich wesen din, unde bis du min! 2. Sit diu sunne ir liebten schiu gegen der kelte hat geneiget, Unt diu kleinen vogellin al ir sanges sint gesweiget: Truric ist daz herze min : ich wsene, ez wil winter sin, der uns sine kraft erzeiget an dien bluomen, die mau siht in lichter varwe erblichen garwe : davon mir beschiht leit, und anders niht. II. b. 1. Manigem herzen tet der kalte winter leide, daz hat überwunden walt und ouch diu beide mit ir grüener varwe kleide: Avinter, mit dir al min trüren hinnen scheide I 2. Swenn der meie die vil kalten zit besliuzet, unt daz tou die bluomen an der wise begiuzet, unt der walt von sänge diuzet, min lip des an fröuden ouch vil wol geniuzet. 3. Min liep mac mich gerne zuo der linden bringen; den ich nähe mines herzen brüst wil twingen, er sol tougen von bluomen swingen, ich wil umb ein niuwez krenzel mit im ringen. 4. Ich Aveiz wol, daz er mir niemer des entwenket, swaz min herze fröude an sinen lip gedenket, der mir al min trüren krenket, von uns beiden wirt der bluomen vil verrenket. 5. Ich wil in mit blanken armen ümbe vähen, mit mim röten munde an sinen balde gähen, dem min ougen des verjähen, daz si nie so rehte liebes niht gesähen. Der BurcjräTe von Rietenburc. Jli. Cf, 87 J 1. Man seit alvür wtlr manic jär, Diu wip hnzzen gnwez hAr; daz ist mir swdr; Und ist ir missepris, diu lieber h-.it ir amis (ump, dnnnc wis. 2. Dest inc noch dcst min, daz ich grä bin, Ich hazze an wiben kranlicn sin. daz si niuwcz zin \ement vür altez goU: si jehent, si sin den jungen holt durh ungedolt. IV. O, 37 bj 1. Do si an dem rise die bluomen gesähen bi den blaten springen, du wären si riche Ir manicvalten wisc, der si verjähen, si huoben ir singen lüte unt Troeliche, Kider unde hö ; min muot stät also, daz ich wil wesen vr«; rebt ist, daz ich min geliicke prise 2. In dem aberellen, so die bluomen springen, so louben die linden, unt gruonen die buochen, Sei haben ir wellen die vogele da singen; wan si minne vinden, aldd si si snocben, Reht an ir genOz, wan ir blideschaft ist gröz, der mich nie verdroz, doch si ir singen an den winlcr stellen. 3. Müht' ich erwerben miner vrouAven hulde, künde ich die gesuochen, als ez ir geza;me! Ich so! Tcrderben al von miner schulde, sine wolle ruochen, daz si von mir nacmc Buoze , sunder t«'»t, üf genäde unt dur ndtj wan ez Got nie gebot, daz dehein man gerne solte sterben. V. a, 3S aj Gern het' ich mit ir gemeine (üsent marke, sAvä ich wolde, unde einen schrin von golde, dan ich von ir wesen solde verre, siech, arm und eine: des sol si sin von mir gewis, daz diu wärheit an mir is. VI. Clf 39 bj Diu minne betwanc Salomöne, der was der allerwisest man, Der ie getruoc kfmiges kröne : wie möht' ich mich erAverren dan, Sin' betwunge ouch mich gewalt- ecliche? Sit si solchen man verwan, der so wise Avas und ouch so riche: den solt hnn ich von ir ze löne. 5. Der Biircgrave von Rieteiilinre. (1119.) I. (I, 818 a.J Ich hörte wilent sagen ein maere, daz ist min allerbester tröst. Wie minne ein sselekeit waere; des möhte ich werden sorgen erlost. Ob si erbarmen wil mine swtere; Got weiz Mol , daz ich c verba?re iemerme elliu wip, «■• ir vil miuueclicheu lip. II. O, 218 b.) 1. Sit sich hat verwandelt diu zit. des vil manic herze ist vrö, So würde ervieret ich dur nit, tset' ich niht selbe also. Min lip bet\rungen stät; noch ist min rät, daz ich niuwe miuen sanc: ez ist leider alze lanc, daz die bluomen röt begunden lideu not. 2. Sit si wil versuochen mich, daz nim ich vür allez guot, Keiser Heinrich VI. 9 So wirde ich golde gollch, dem si dicke (not gellch, duz man da prüefot in der gliiot, Ir schoL-ue nnd ir giiele, beide, Unt versuochet ez bnz, die lä^c si, so kO-re ich mich, bezzer wirt ez ünibe daz, »Swar ich dannc landes var, lüter, schoener, unde kldr; ir lop der hohste Got bewar; swaz ich singe, daz ist war: min herze erkös mir dise nül: gluot' ez iemerme, senfter wa;re mir der UM, ez würde bezzer vil, danne e. daune daz ich ir diene vil, 3. Sit si wil, daz ich von ir unt si des niht wizzen wil. scheide, 6. Her Reiiiinar ticr Videlfere. I. OIj 162 b.) 1. Meniger lüt mich ungegrüezet, daz er vürhtet, daz ich in bite, Der doch selten kumber büezet ieman, nach der muten site. Oh Jesus! daz ist ein vil armer list: ob der arge niht ensprichet, wan weiz doch wol, wer er ist. 2. Ez ist in (. .) vil swaere, die daz kriuze hie so lange trageut: So ist ez dien gar unnia?re, die dii vrcvellich versagent. Got der weiz wol, wä guot bruoder ist: si da mügen uns wol triegen: der kennet wol ir aller list. II. cm, 330 b.) Got welle, sone welle, doch so singet der von Seven noch baz, danne ieman in der werlte^ vraget niftelu unde neven, geswien, swiger, s weher, swdger, ez ensi war. Tageliet, klageliet, hugellet, zugeliet, tanzeliet, leich er kanj er singet kriuzellet, twingliet, schimpfliet, lobeliet, rüegeliet, als ein man, der mit werder kunst den Hüten kürzet langez jär. Wir mugen wol alle stille swigen , da her Liutolt sprechen wil ; ez darf mit sänge nieman göuden Mider in, er singet also höli' ob allen meistern hin, ern' werde noch, die nii da leben, den brichet er daz zil. 9^. Keiser Heiurieli Tl. (»Vi^. 1190 - 97.) O, 3 aO 1. Ich griieze mit gesange die süezen, die ich vermideu niht wil noch enmac; Do ich si von munde rehte mohte grüezen, ach, leider des ist uu vil manic tac. Swer disiu liet nü singe vor ir, der ich so gar unsenftcciich cnbir, ez si wib oder man , der habe si gcgriiezt von mir. 2. Mir sint diu rieh' unt diu lant undertän, sweuue ich bi der miuucclichen bin; 8 Her Vrlderich von Hüsen. Unde swenne ich gescheide von dan, so ist mir a1 min gewalt not min riclitiiom däliin ; Wan senden kumber den zelle ich mir ze habe: siis kan ich an früuden stigcn üf und euch abe, iint bringe den wehsei, «iIs ich waene, durch ir liebe kc grabe. 3. Daz ich si so lierzeclichen minne, unt si an wcukeu z'allen ziteu trage, Beide in herzen und ouch in sinne underwileut mit vil mauiger klage, Waz git mir darüinbe diu liebe ze löneV da biutet si mir'z so rehte schöne: c ich mich ir verzige, ich verzige mich C. der kröne! 4. Ez sündet, swer des niht geloubet, daz icli mühte geleben manigen lieben tac, Ob joch nie mer kröne ka-uie üf min houbet; des ich mich an si niht vermezzen mac. Verlür ich si, waz het' ich danne? da (ühte ich ze früuden weder wib noch manne, uut waer min bester tröst beide ze ühte unt ze banne. ^. Her Vriderieli von Hiiseii. (1190.) I. 1. Si darf mich des zihen niht, min herze enhete si in pfliht; des mohte si die wärheit an mir sehen : Unt wil sis jehen, ich körn sin dicke in so gröze not, daz ich den liuten guoten morgen bot Ed gegen der naht; ich was so verre an sl verdäht, daz ich mich underwilent niht vorsan, unt swer mich gruozt, daz ich sin niht verstän. S. Miner frouwen was ich uudertän, diu ane lön minen dienst nan, von der spriche ich niht wan allez guot, Wan daz ir muot Avider mich ze unmilte ist gewesen; vor aller not dö wände ich sin genesen. Dö sich verlle min herze üf genäde an sie, der ich da leider vunden niene hiin: nü wil ich dienen dem, der Ionen kan. 3. Ich köm von minne in kumber gröz^ des ich doch selten ie genöz; swaz schaden ich da von gewunneu hiin. So gevriesch nie man, daz ich ir iht spraeche wan guot, noch min munt von frouwen niemer getuot. Doch klage ich daz, Her Vriderich vod Hüsen. ',# daz ich so lange gotes vergaz, iint wil ez ieiuer vor allen dingen klagen, und im dar nach ein holdez herze tragen. II. O, 213 bO Si WKut dem töde entriinneu sin, die Gote erliegent sine vart: Deswar, est der geloube min, daz si sich übel haut bewart, ijwer daz Imuze nam, unt niender vert, dem Wirt doch ze jüngeste schin, swanne im diu porte ist vor verspert, die er tuot üf den liuten sin. II. CI, 214 bO 1. Min herze unt min lip die Avelleut scheiden, die mit einander wären nu menige zit : Der lip wil gerne vehten an die beiden; iedoch dem herze ein wip so nähen lit Vor al der werltj daz müet mich iemer Sit, daz si einander niht gevolgent beide, mir habent diu ougen vil getan ze leide: Got eine müeze scheiden noch den strit! 8. Sit ich dich, herze, niht wol mag erwenden, dune wellest mich vil trüreclichen län, So bite ich Got, daz er dich geruoche senden an eine stat, da man dich welle enpfäu. Owe, wie sol ez armem dir ergän! wie getorstest eine an solhe not ernenden? wer sol dir dine sorge helfen wenden mit triuwen, als ich dicke hau getan? 3. Ich wände ledic sin von solher swsere, dö ich daz kriuze in Gotes eren nan; Kz wser' ouch rehte, daz ez also waere, wan daz min stsetekeit mir sin verbau. Ich solte sin ze rehte ein lebendic man, ob ez den tumben willen sin verba?re: nü sihe ich avoI, daz im ist gar uumaere, wie ez mir süle an dem ende ergän. 4. Nieman darf mir wenden daz z' unstsete, ob ich die hazze, die ich da minnet' e: Swie vil ich si gevlehte oder gebaete, so tuot si rehte, als si's niht verste. Mich dunket, wie ir wort geliche gc, reht als ez der sumer von Triere taete. ich wser ein gouch, ob ich ir tumpheit haete vür guot: es engeschiht mir niemerme. III. Oi 215 a.y so waere' ich noch al ümbe den Rin; 1. Min herze den gelouben hat, Wan mir daz scheiden nähe gät, solf ich oder iemer man beliben sin, daz ich von lieben vriunden min Durch liebe oder durch der minuen hau getan: swie'z doch darümbe rät, ergät, 10 Her Heinrich von Rugge. iu'rrc Got, üf die gcnüdc din s6 wil ich dir bevclhen die, die ich diir dinen willen lie. 2. Ich giinde es guoten vrouwen niet, daz iemer m& koeine der tac, Daz si den heten liep, der von uns schiet; wan ez Avaer ir t-ren slac. Wie künde in der gedienen iet, den Gotes verte als6 erschrac? darzuo sende ich in disiii liet, unt griieze si, als ich beste inac : gesaehe si min oiige nieinermö, mir taete doch ir laster wc. IV. C/, 816 aj 1. Ich lobe Got der siner giiete, daz er mir ie verlech die sinne, Daz ich si nam in min gemüete, wan si ist wol wert, daz mau si minne. Noch bezzer ist, daz man ir hücte, danne ieglicher si brachte inne des, daz si ungerne horte unt mir die vröude gar zerstörte. S. Noch bezzer ist, daz ich si mide, danuc si iine huote weere, Und ir dehciner mir zc nidc spreeche, des ich vil i^erne enbeere. Ich hau si erkorn, swaz ich lide, so lilze ich niht dur die merkiere: vremde ich si mit den ongen, si minnet iedoch min herze tongen. 3. Min lip was ie ungebunden, unt doch gemuot von der bilden; Alterst hän ich rehte ervunden, waz man muoz nach wibe liden. Des muoz ich ze mangen stunden der besten \rouwen eine roiden; des ist min herze dicke swaere, als ez mit vrüuden gerne wa;re. 4. Swie dicke ich lobe die huote, doch wart ich nie an mir selbem inne, Daz ich in iemer in dem muote werde holt, die so gar die sinne Gewendet haben, dax si, diu guote, eupfremde mir ir statten minne: di-swar tuon ich in niht m«re ich gevreische doch gerne alle ir unere. 9. Her Heiiirieli von Itn^ge. (1190.) (1,221 b.) 1. Diu werlt wil mit grimme zergün m\ vil schiere, ez ist an den liuten gröz wunder geschehen, Vröuwent sich zwene, so spottent ir viere j waeren si wlse, si mühten wol sehen, Daz ich dur j.iiuer die vröude verbir; nu sprechent genuoge, warumbe ich tumbe niht siuge, den vröude geswichet noch c danne mir. 2. Diu werlt hat sich so von vröuden gescheidcn, daz ir der viei'de niht rehte nu tuot, Juden unt Kristen, in' weiz umb die beiden, die denkent alze verre an daz guot, Wie si es vil gewinnen; doch wil ich in sagen: ez muoz hie beliben. daz uiemen den wiben nu dienet ze rehte, daz hoere ich si klagen. 3. Swer nu deu wiben ir reht wil verswacheu, dem wil ich verteilen ir minne und ir gruoz; Ich wil ir leides von herzen niht gelachen, Gräv€ Otte von Uottcnlonben. n swer nu so welle, der Mze oder tuo'z; Wan ist ir einiii niht relite gemuot, dii bi vinde ich schiere Avol drie oder >iere, die z'allen ziten sint hübesch unt guot. lO. Orave Fridericlt von liiiiiiigeii. (1190 — 1314.3 O, 26 aO 1. Swes muot ;5e früuden sl gestalt, der schouwe an den vil grüeneu Avalt, wie wunneclich gekleidet Der nieie sin ingesinde hut von richer varwe in lichter "vvät; Üz hohem muote mangen dön, gar rilich süeze wise hoert man von in, lüten klanc, vor liz der nahtegalen sanc üf grüene berndem rise. 2. Von schulden muoz ich sorgen wol, von fröuden git min herze zol, die wile ir gruoz mir wildet, Diu min herze bi ir hat. ach, daz si mich in sorgen lät! got hat si so gebildet, Daz min herze niht enkan, noch al min sin erdenken, >vie sie schoener künde sin, diu niinnecliche frouwe min, diu mir wil fröude kreuken. 3. Muoz ich mV scheiden sus von ir, daz ich ir huldc gar enbir, owc der leiden verte. Die dan gegen Fülle tuot min lipj genäde, saeldenrichez wip, Avis gegen mir niht so herte, Seiifte ein lützel dinen muot, unt sprich iiz rotem munde zuo mir niht wan eht vünf wort, diu hoehent miner fröuden hört: „var hin ze guoter stunde!'' 4. „In guoter stunde si diu vart, din lip, din sele sl bewart, din lop, din heil, din ere! Mac dich erwenden min gebot, min vlc-n, min drou, daz weiz wol got, sd wil ich biten scre. Sit daz din vart unwendic ist, so füerest zwei herze in ai-beitc, daz mine und ouch dine, hin, dii von ich iemer tniric bin : nii si Krist din geleite." tt* Gräve Otte von Botteuloiilicu« C 1196- 1315. D I. CI, 28 «.) 1. Ich hiin' erweit mir selbe süezen kumber, den Avil ich han vür aller bluomen schin; Erst niht Avise, der mich hat deste tumber: nit AA'as ie, der muoz ouch iemer sin. Durch die liebe trage ich disen pin, den hän ich erAA'eltj nü si ouch min: tuo mir, swie du Avellest, >rouAve, der gCAvalt si diu. 2. Ich mane die süezen, reinen noch ir triuwen, die si mir gap, dest unmäzen lanc; Ksem' ich Avider, ich schiede iiz allen riuAA'eu: geschiht des niht, so Avirt min leben kraue. Nach der ie min herze sere rank, mir geschiht von ir minne sunder Avanc, als der nahtegnl, diu sizzet tot, ob ir vröudeu saue. IS Her Reimär der alte. 3. Solte ich sterben von ir gruzen leiden, daz wsere mir ein angestlicliiu dM; Wes schuld' daz si, daz wii ich iu besclieideu: daz ist ir minueclichcr uiunt so rot. Vremde ich si lange, daz ist min tat; ouch wurden ir vil liehten ougen rot, do ich urloup uani unt mich in ir gendde bot. II. a, 31 b.) 1. Wsere Kristes Ion niht also süeze, so enlieze ich niht der lieben vrouwen min, Die ich in minem herzen dicke grüeze: si mac vil m'oI min himelriche sin ; Swä diu guote wone alumbe den Rin, herre Got, so tuo mir helfe schin, daz ich mir und ir erwerbe noch die hulde din ! — 2. „Sit er gibt, ich si sin himelriche, so habe ich in zuo Gote mir erkorn, Daz er niemer vuoz von mir entwiche; herre Got, lä dir'z niht Avesen zorn! Erst mir in den ougen niht ein dorn, der mir hie ze vröuden ist geborn, kumt er mir niht herwider, min spilnde vröude ist gar verlorn." 19. Her Reiinar der alte« (1197.) I. a, 17^ «0 1. Ein lieb ich mir vil nähe trage, des ich ze guote nie vergaz, Des vre singe ich unde sage, mit guoten triuwen mein' ich daz. Si muoz mir iemer sin vor allen wiben, an dem muote wil ich manigiu jar bellben: waz bedarf ich leides mere, wan, swenne e ich si miden sol? daz klage ich unde müet mich dicke s«re. 8. Ez Wirt ein man, der sinne hat, vil lihte saelic unde wert. Der mit den liuten ümbe gäf, des herze niht wan eren gert; Daz wendet im sin ungemüete; sich sol ein riter vlizen maniger güete: ist ieman, der daz nide, daz ist ein so gevüeger schade, den ich vüral die werlt vil gerne lide. 3. Ez ist ein nit, der niht cnkan verheln an den liuten sich ; War ümbe sprichet manic man: „wes teert sich der?" unt meinet mich, Daz künde ich im gesagen, ob ich woldej ich enwände niht, daz ieman vrägen solde, er enpflaege schoeuer sinne: wan nieman in der werlte lebt , er envinde wol sines herzen künigiune. Her Reimär der alte. 13 II. a, 182 aO 1. Si jehent, der sumer der si hie, diu wunne diu si koiuen, unt daz ich mich wol gehabe, als £>. Nu ratet unde sprechet, wie: der tot hat mir benomen, daz ich niemer überwinde me. Waz bedarf ich wunneclicher zifc, Sit aller vröuden herre, Liupolt, in der erde Ilt, den ich nie tac getruren sach : ez hat diu werlt an im verlorn, daz ir an manne nie so jaemerlicher schade geschach. 8. Mir armen "wibe was ze wol, swenne ich gedähte an in, unt wie min heil an sime übe lac. Daz ich des ni\ niht haben sei, des gät mit järaer hin, swaz ich iemer me geleben mac. Der Spiegel miner froiden ist verlorn; den ich vLz al der weite mir ze tröste häte erkom, des muoz ich leider äne sin. dö man mir seite, er AV£ere tot, d6 viel mir daz bluot von dem herzen üf die sele min. 3. Die fröide mir verboten hat mins lieben herren tot, also daz ich ir mer enberen sol. Sit des nu niht mac werden rät, in ringe mit der not, daz mir min klagedez herze ist jämers ?ol. Diu in iemer weinet, daz bin ich: wan er vil saelic man, jö tröste er wol «e lebene mich, der ist nü hin: waz töhte ich hie? wis im gensedic, herre got! wan tugenthafter gast kam in din gesinde nie. III. (7, 182 aO 1. Ich was vrö, unt bin daz unz an minen tot, mich enwende ez Got aleine; Mich enbeswaere ein rehte herzeclichiu not, min sorge ist anders kleine : So daz danne an mir zergät, so kamt aber höher muot, der mich niht trnren lät. 2. So singe ich ze wäre dur mich selben niht, wan dur der liute vräge, Die da jehent, des mir, ob Got wil, niht geschiht, daz vröuden mich betrage: Si ist mir lieb unt wert, als e, ob ez ir eteslichem tsete in den ougen we. 3. Ich wil aller der enbern, die min enbernt unt daz tuont dne schulde; Vinde ich iender, die es mit triuwen an mich gernt, den diene ich umb ir hulde. 14 Her lleimar der alte. Ich Ir.in iemcr einen sin : er wlrt mir nienier liep, dem ich unmaerc hin. IV. (/, 1S2 b.} 1. Mir ist ein ncU vor allem minem leide, doch durch diseu winler iiiht: Waz dar umbe, vahvcnt grüeue heideV solher dinge vil geschiht, Der ich aller miioz gedagen: ich hau me ze. tuoune, danne bliiomeu klage». 2. Swie \'\\ ich gesage giioter maire, SU ist uieman, der mir sage, Wenne ein ende werde miner swyere, darziio maniger grOzea klage, Diu mir an daz herze gät : wol bedürfte ich wiser liute an minen räl. 3. Niender vinde ich triuwe, dest ein ende, dar ich doch gedienet hün; Quoten liuten leit' ich mine liende, wollen si dar iife gau. Des w»r' ich vil willig in: uwe, daz mir nieman ist, als ich im bin! 4. Wol den ougen, die so spehen künden, unt dem herzen, daz mir riet An ein wip: diu hat sich underwunden guoter dinge, und anders niet. Swaz ich durch sl liden sol, dast ein kumber, den ich harte gerne dol. V, Oj 183 aO 1. Nieman sender suoche au mich deheiucn räl; ich mac min selbes leit erwendeu uiht. Nun' wajue, ieman grözer uugelücke hiU, iint man mich doch so vrü darunder siht. Da merken doch ein wunder an: ich solde in klagen die meisten uöt, niwan daz ich von wiben niht übel reden kan. 5. Spraeclie ich nu, des ich si selten hän gewcnt, daran begienge ich gröze iinsttetekeitj Ich hän lange wlle unsanfte mich gesent, unt bin doch in derselben arebeit. Bezzer ist ein herzescr, danne ich von wiben misserede; ich tuon sin uiht: si sint von allem rehte her. 3. In ist liep, daz man si stsetecliche bite; unt tuot in doch so wol, daz si versagent. Hei, wie manigen muot unt wunderliche site si tougeulichen in ir herzen tragent! Swer ir hulde welle hau, der wese ia bi, unt spreche in wol. daz tet ich ie: nu kan es mich leider uiht vervan. 4. Da ist doch min sclmlde, entriuweu, niht so gröz, als reht unscelig ich ze löne bin; Her Rcimär der alte. 15 Ich stiln aller vröuden , reht als eiu haut , hlöz, unt gilt min dienest wimdeiiiclie hin. Daz gcschach uiemaune nie: volende ich eine seueude uöt, si getuot mir niemer, niai^ ich'z beliüeten, wol noch wc. 5. Ich bin tumb, daz ich so grözeu kuuiber klage, und ir des wil deheine scliulde geben, !!iit ich si, äne ir danc, iu minem herzen trage: waz mac si des, wil ich uusaafte leben? Daz Wirt ir doch vil lihte leit. nii niiioz ich'z also Iiizeu sin; mir machet nicman schaden, wan min stsetekeit. VI. CI, 187 ÖO 1. Höh alsam diu sunne stet daz herze min; Daz kumt von einer vrouweu, diu kan stsete sin: Ir geniide, swä si si, si machet mich von allem leide vri. 8. Ich hän ir niht ze gebene, wan min selbes lip, Der'st ir eigen; dicke mir diu schoene git Vröude und einen höhen muot, swanne ich daran gedenke, wie si mir tuot. .1. Wol mich des, daz ich si also stüete vantl Swä si wonet, diu eine liebet mir daz lant: Vüer' si über den wilden se, dar vüer' ich hin; mir ist nach ir s6 we. 4. Hete ich tusent manne sin, daz M'aere wol, Daz ich si behielte, der ich dienen sol: Schöne unt Avol si daz bewar, daz mir von ir iht leides widervar. 5. Ich enwart nie rehte sjelic, wan von ir: Swes ich ie gewünscheu kan, des gan si mir: Saeleclich ez mir ergie, dö mich diu schoene iu ir genäde vie. VIL O, 189 »0 1. Ich han hundert tüseut herze erlöst von sorgen, alse vrö was ich; We, ja was ich al der werlte tröst: wie zaeme ir daz, sin' tröste ouch mich? Si ensol mich niht engelten lan, daz ich so lange vor ir was , darzuo daz ich's engolten hau. S. Ich wil bi den wolgemuoten sin, wan ist unvrö, da ich e da was, Da entroestent kleiniu vogelliu, da entroestent bluomen unde gras. Da sint als jaemerlichiu jär, daz ich mich under den ougen rampf, unt sprach: ,,nu gent üz gniwe här !" 3. Kume ich wider an mine vröude, al« e, daz ist den senden allen guot : Kieman ist von sorgen alsc we, 16 Her Reimär der alte. wil er, ich mache in wolgenuiot; Ist aber er an vröiiden so verzaget, daz er enkeiner buoze gert, so enruoche ich ob er iemer klaget. 4. Hoeret, waz ich zuo der buoze tuo, daz ich mit zouber niht envar: Minneclichiu wort stöze ich darziio, den besten willen striche ich dar. Tanzen unde singen muoz ich haben, daz vünfte ist wiinneclicher tröst: sus kan ich senden siechen laben. 5. Als unrehte vrö enwart ich nie, daz seit' eht sin, nu ist ez geschehen; Mich bekennent noch diu liute hie, diu mich anders hiint gesehen; Alse vröuden riche was ich dö, daz ich mich vröute unt Tröude gap: wie tuot man wider mich nti sA? ^' Vllf. O, 195 6.) Nach vrouwen schoene nieman sol ze vil gevragen: sint si guot? Er läze si im gevallen wol, unt wizze daz er rehte tuot. Waz ob ein varwe wandel hat, der doch der muot vil hohe stat. er ist ein ungevüege man, der des an wiben niht erkennen kan. ■> IX. (T, 197 bj Blatte unt kröne wellent muotwillic sin, so wwnent topfknaben wislichen tuon. So jaget unbilde mit hasen eberswin, so ervliuget einen valken ein unmehtic huon, Wirt dan der Avagen vür diu rinder gende, treit dan der sac den esel zuo der müln, wirt danne ein eltiu gurre z'einem vüln: so siht man'z in der werlte twerhes stende. Min ougen wurden liebes alse vol, dö ich die minneclichen erst gesach, Daz ez mir hiute und iemer nie tuot wol, ein minneclichez wunder da geschach; Sie gie mir alse sanfte dur min ougen, daz si sich in der enge niene stiez, in minem herzen si sich nider liez, da trage ich noch die werde innen tougen. * X. a, 198 bj 1. War kam iuwer schoener lip, wer hat iu, sselic vrouwe, den benomen? Ir wäret ein wunneclichez wip: nü Sit ir gar von iuwer varwe komen. Dast mir leit unt müet mich sere : swer des schuldic si, den velle Got unt nem' im al sin ere. Her Wahlicr von der Vo^elweide. 11 8. „Wiivon soll icli sclioene siu mit hohes miiotes, als ein ander wip? Ich cnhiin des willen min ' niht niere, wau so vil, ob ich den lip Mac beliüeten vor ir uide, die mich zihent, unde macheut, daz ich einen ritter mide. 3, Solhe not und ander leit hat mir dei* varwe ein michel teil benomen ; Doch vrömvet mich sin Sicherheit, daz er lobte, er woKe schiere komen. Weste ich, ob ez alse wäre, so engeh«'trle ich nie vor maniger wile mir ein lieber;? mserc. 4. Ich gelache in ienier an, kamt mir der tac, daz in min ouge ersihi; Wand' ichs niht ^erläzen kan vor liebe, daz mir alse wol geschihtj E ich danne von im scheide, so mag ich wol sprechen: „gen wir brechen bhiomen üf der beide/'" 13. Her H'altlier vou der To^el^eitle. r 1198 — 1888.) 1. Frauendienst. I. Blume niesen. (/, 236 b. Lachm. p. 39.^ 1. Uns hat der winter geschadet über al: beide unde walt sint beide nu val, da manic stimme vil suoze inne hal. saehe ich die megde an der sträze den bal werfen ! so kseme uns der vögele schal. 2. Möhte ich verslafeu des winters zil ! wache ich die wile, so hün ich sin nit, daz sin gewalt ist so breit und so wit. weizgot er lät ouch dem meien den strit: so lise ich bluomen da rifc nü lit. 1. b. Die verschwiegene nachtigaJl. (^7, 236 b. L. i9.) 1. „Under der linden daz ich bin saelic iemer me. an der beide, Küster mich? wol tüsentstunt: dii unser zweier bette was, tandaradei, Da mugent ir vinden seht wie röt mir ist der miint. schöne beide 3. Do het er gemachet gebrochen bluomen unde gras. ^Isö riebe Vor dem Avalde in einem tal, von bluomen eine bettestat. tandaradei, Des Mirt noch gelachet schöne sanc diu nahtegal. innecliche, 2. Ich kam gegangen • kumt iemen an daz selbe pfat. zuo der ouwe: Bi den rosen er wol mac, dö was min friedel komen f. tandaradei, Da wart ich enpfangen merken \vA mirz houbet lac. hcre frouwe, (Minnesänger.) 2 f8 Her WaUlicr von ilor Vo^elwcide. 4. Daz er bi mir I.Tge, in gnoten wiben gar ein kionc si. wesscz icnicn Kiiinl in mit ziihJcn sin goineiJ, (im cnwcnp go(I), "(^ «clmnit icli so siet diu liljc wol der rCtsva l)i. mich. Wos er mit mir pfliPge, niemer niemen bcvinde ilaz, wan er unt ich, Und ein kleincz vogellin : Jandaradpi, daz mac %vol gptriuwe sin." II. Hoscnlcsen. ff, 273 rt. i>. 112 J Mfieste ich noch geleben daz ich die rissen Nu merket nie der linden st»» der vögele singen, dar nnder blnomen nnde M^: noch baz s(«H wiben werdcr grnoz. ir minneclicher redender mnnt der machet daz man küssen muoz. Fran. 4. ,,1ch sage in wer uns wiben wol behaget, wan der erkennet übel nnde giiot, Tnd ie daz beste von uns saget. triu- mit der minneclichen sohle lesen, So wold ich mich so mit ir erkosen, dem sin wir holt, ob erz mit daz wiriemer friunde müesten wescn. wen tnot. Wurde mir ein kus noch zeiner stunde Kan er ze relite ouch wesen frA von ir röten munde, und tragen gemüete so wmr ich an fröiden wol genesen. xe maze nider unde M, 1(1. ."Schönste Zierde. (/, 238 a. der mac erwerben swes er gert: L. 43.^ welch wip verseil im einen vaden? Ritter. guot man ist guoter siden wert." I. Frowe, ich hopr iu so ^il der IV. Dornrosen. (T, 2Zi b. L. i02.) tugcnde jehen, 1. Mirst diu erc unmaere, daz in min dienest iemer ist bereit. da von ich ze jare wurde unwert, Enhict icli iuwer niht gesehen, dnz schatte mir an miner werdekeit. Nil wil ich iemer deste tiurre sin, und bite iuch, frouwe, daz ir iuch underwindet min. ich lebete gerne, künde ich leben: min Wille ist guot, nti bin ich tump: Uli sult ir mir die maze geben. Frau. 8. ,,Kuad ich die miize als ich niene kan, Und ich klagende wtere „wr mir armen hiure! diz was vert." Also han ich mangen kränz verhorn und bluomen vil verkorn. j6 brajche ich rösen wunder, wan der dorn. 8. Swer sich so behallet, daz im nieman niht gesprechen mac, Wnnnecliche er altct, im enwirret niht ein halber tac. Der ist frö, swenn er ze tanze gat, s6 vvier ich zer werlte ein saelic wip. swes herze iif ere stät. Ir tiiot als ein wolredender man, we im, des sin geselle unere hat! daz ir so höhe tiuret mlnen lip. 3. Wan sol iemer fragen Ich bin noch tumber danne ir sit. von dem man, wiez urab sin herze waz dar umbe? ste. doch wil ich scheiden disen strit. Swen des wil betragen, nü tuot vonerst des ich iu bite, der enruochet wie diu zit zerge. und saget mir der manne muot: Maneger schinet vor den frömden so lere ich iuch der wibe site." g"ot, Ritter. und hat doch valschen muot. 3. Wir man wir wellen daz diu wol im ze hove, der heime rehte staetekeit tuot ! V. Fraueu und frühling, (h 240 b. L. 45.J) 1. So die bluomen üz dem grase dringent, same si lachea gegen der spilden sunnen, 1 Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 19 in einem ineien au dem morgen fruo, Und diu kleineu vogelliu wol singent iu ir besten wise die si kunnen, waz wüuue niac sich dii geliehen zuoV Ez ist %voI halb ein himelriche. suln wir sprechen waz sich deme geliche, so sage ich, waz mir dicke baz in mlnen ougen hat getan, und tiete ouch noch, gesaihe ich daz. 8. Swä. ein edeliu schoene frowe reine, wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden, dur kurzewile zuo vil Muten gät, Hovelichen hOhgemuot, uiht eine, umbe sehende ein wi-nic under stunden, alsam der suune gegen den Sternen stät, — Der meie bringe uns al sin wunder, waz ist dii so wünuecliches under, als ir vil minneclicher lip? wir lazen alle bluomen stau, und kapfen an daz werde wip. 3. Nu wol dau, weit ir die warheit schouwen! gen wir zuo des nieien höhgezite! der ist mit aller siner krefte komen. Seht an iu uud seht an schiene frouweu, wederz ir daz ander überstritej daz bezzer spil , ob ich daz hän genomen. Owc der mich da welleu hieze, deich daz eine dur daz ander lieze, wie rehte schiere ich danne kür! her Meie, ir müeset merze sin, e ich min frowen du verlür! VI. Trost im leide. O, 238 a. L. 42.> 1. Swer verliolne sorge trage, der gedenke an guotiu wip : er wirt erlöst : Und gedenke an liehtiu tage. die gedaukc wären ie min bester (röst. Gegen den viusteru tagen hän ich nut, wan daz ich mich rihte nach der lieide, diu sich schämt vor leide : so si den walt sihL gruonen, s6 wirts iemer röt. 2. Frowe, als ich gedenke an dich, waz diu reiner lip erweiter tugende pfliget. So la stein l du rüerest mich mitten an daz herze , da diu liebe liget. Liep und lieber des enmein ich uiht: dii bist aller liebest, daz ich meine. du bist mir alleine vor al der werlte , frowe , swaz so mir geschiht. 3. Wil ab iemen wesen fr«'», daz wir iemer in den sorgen niht enleben? Wd wie tuont die jungen sd, 20 Her VValtlier von <ler Vogelwcide. die von fröiidrn soKon in Aen lüTien s\vt'b«'n' lehn wt'\x anders wcnie ichz wizen sol, u'an den riehen \v\xe ichz und den jungen. die sint nnheCwnugen : des stat in tniren übel und stiiende in fröide wo). 4. Wie frA Saelde kleiden kan, daz si mir git kuuiber unde hohen niuot! Su gits einem riehen man unRcmüete: owc waz sol dem selben guot? Min frou Sa»lde, wie si min vergaz, daz si mir sin guot ze minem muole nien schriet, si vil guote! min kumber stiiende im dort bi sinen sorgen hnz. VII. Die äugen des herzens. (1,232 0. L. 99.) 1. Sunier unde winter beide sinfr guotes mannes tröst, der tröstes gert: Er ist rehter fröide gar ein kint, der ir niht von wibe wirt gewert. Da von sol man wizzcn daz, daz man ellki wip sol eren, und iedoch die besten baz. 2. Sit daz nieman ane fröide tone, so wolte ouch ich vil gerne fröide hän Von der mir min herze nie gjelouc, ezn sagte mir ir giiete ie sunder wän. Swenn ez diu ougen sante dar, seht, s«» brahtens im diu maere, daz ez fuor in Sprüngen gar. 3. In weiz niht wol, wiez dar umbe si: sin gesach min ouge lange nie: Sint ir mines herzen ougen bi, so daz ich an ougen sihe sie? Da ist doch ein wunder an geschehen: wer gap im daz sunder ougen, daz ez si zaller zit mae selten? 4. Welt ir wizzen waz diu ougen sin, da mit ich si sihe dur elliu lant? Ez sint die gedanke des herzen min : da mite sihe ich dur miire und ouch dur want. Nil hüeten swie si dunke guot : so sehent si doch mit vollen ougen herze, wille und al der muot. 5. Wirde ich iemer ein so saelic man, daz si mich an ougen sehen sol? Siht si micli in ir gedanken an, sd vergütet si mir miue wol. Minen willen gelte mir, sende mir ir guoten willen; minen den habe iemer ir. VIII. Deutschlands ehre. (I, 24b b. L. 56.J 1. Ir sult sprechen willekomen: Her Walther von der Vog«;iweide. 21 der iu rnacre briii^et^ daz bin kii. AIIt;z daz ir habt vernonieu, daz ist gar ein wlnt: nü (raget riiicli. Ich wil aber miete : Wirt min lüu iht guot, ich sage iu vil lihte daz iu sanfte tuut. seht, waz man mir creu biete. 2. Ich wil tiuschen frowen sn<>en solhiu uuierc, daz si deste baz AI der werlte suln beliageu : ane groze miete tuon ich daz. Waz nold ich ze löne? si sint mir ze her: so bin ich gefüege , und bite si uiht«ä nier, wau daz si mich grüezen schöne. 3. Ich hiiu lande vil gesehen unde nam der besten gerne war: Übel müeze mir geschehen, künde ich ie min herze bringen dar, Daz im wol gevalleu wolde fremeder site. nü waz hülle mich, ob ich unrehte strite? tiuschiu zuht gät vor iu allen. 4. Von der Elbe unz au den Riu und her wider unz au Uugerlant So nuigeu wol die besten sin, die ich iu der wei'lte hau erkaut. Kan icli rehte schouwen guot geläz uut lip, sem mir got, so swüere ich avoI daz hie diu wip bezzer siut danne auder Irouwen. 5. Tiuschiu man sint wol gezogen, rehte als engel sint diu wip getan. Swer si schildet, derst betrogen: ich eukan sin anders niht verstau. Tugent uude reiue minne, swer die suochen wil, der sol komeu in unser laut: da ist wünne vil: lange müeze ich leben darinne ! IX. Gemeinsame minne. C'j Tuost du daz ze guote, 242 b. L. 50.J) söne wize ich dir dar umbe niht. 1. Bin ich dir uumaere, So mit mir daz houbet, des enweiz ich niht: ich minne dich, daz si dir erloubet, Einez ist mir SAvaere, und sich nider an niineu fuoz, dii sihst bi mir hin und über mich. so dii baz enmügest: daz si diu gruoz. Daz soll du verraiden. 3. Krowe, dii versinne ine mac uiht erlideu dich, ob ich dir zihte maere si. seihe liebe an grözeu schaden: Eines friundes minne hilf mir tragen, ich bin ze vil geladen, diust niht guot, da cnsi einander bi. 2. Sol daz siu din huote, Minne cntouc uiht eiue, daz din ouge mich so selten siht? äi sol siu gemeine. 22 Her Walther von iler Vogehveide. so gemeine, daz si gc dsiz niac ich wol äiie rfiemen aagen. dur zwei herze und diir dekeinez mi-. Edel unde riche 4. Swanne ichs alle schouwe, siut si sumeliche, diemirsiiln von schulden wol behagin, dar ziio tragent si h«then nmol : S»\ bist duz min froiiwe: lihte sint si bczzer, du bist giio«. X. Das halmmessen. (Ij 849 b. L. 6b.) 1. In einem zwivelllchen wau was ich gesezzen, und gediihte, Ich wolle von ir dienste gänj wan daz ein tröst mich wider brählc. Trost mog ez niht gcheizen , owe des .' ez ist vil kiune ein kleinez tropstelin; so kleine, swenne ichz in gesage, ir spottet min. doch fröwet sich lützel ieman , er euwizze wes. 2. Mich hat ein halm geraachet fro: er gibt, ich siil genade vinden. Ich maz daz selbe kleine strö, als ich hie vor gesach von kinden. ISu beeret unde merket, ob siz denne tuo. ,,si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot." swie dicke ichz tele, so was ie daz ende guot. daz troestet mich: dA hoeret euch geloube zuo. XI. Gegenwart der abwesenden. (T, 239 a. L. ii.J 1. Min frowe ist underwilent hie : so guot ist si, als ich des wtene, wol. Von ir geschiet ich mich noch nie: ist daz ein minne dandern suochen sol, So Avirt si vil dicke eilende mit gedankeu als ich bin. min lip ist hie, so wont bi ir min sin: der wil von ir niht, dest ein ende, nu Avolt ich, er ta;te ir guote war und min darumbe niht vergaeze. waz hilfet, tuon ich dougen zuo? so sehent si durch min herze dar. 2. Ich lepte avoI und dne nit, wan durch der lügena;re werdekeit. Daz Avirt ein langer wernder strit: ir liep muoz iemer sin min hei»zeleit. Ez erbarmet mich vil scre, dazs als offenliche gänt und niemen guoten unverwox'ren länh unstcete, schände, sünde, uncre, die rätents iemer swä raans beeren wil. owc daz mau si niht vermidet! daz Wirt noch maneger frowen schade uut hat verderbet herren vil. XII. Erlaubte lüge. (7, 27.^ a. Jj. ilG.J 1. Bi den liuten nieman hat hovelichern trost denn ich: !$ö mich sende not bestät. Her VVallher von der Vogelweidc. 2S so 6cliiiie ich geil iiuü trceste eelbeii uiiüli. Also litiit ich dicke niicli betrugen uude (liircli die wcrlt niunege Ijüidc erlogen ; daz liegeu was ab lobelicb. 2. Leider ich muoz mich culwenen niuueger wüune der min onge au such: War mich sol sich einer seneu, der uiht geloubet waz Jiie vor geschach? der weiz lützel waz daz si, gemeit. daz ist seueuder muot mit gerender areb«il. uasu>Iic si daz ungemachl 3. Maneger wteuet, der mich siht, min herze si an Iröiden hö. Höher früide hän ich niht, und Wirt mir uiemer wider, wan also: VVerdeut (iusche liute wider gnot, (lade troestet si mich, diu mir leide luu(, so wirde ich aber wider fro. 4. Ich hau ir gedieuet vil, der Werlte, und weite ir gerne dienen nu-, Wau dazs übel danken wil, und waenet des, daz ich mich niht verste. Ich verstt'U michs wol an einie site: des ich aller screst ger, so ich des bite, so git siz einem tören e. 5. lehn weiz, AV'icchz erwerben mac. des man da pfligt, daz widerstuout mir ie: VV^irbe ab ich so man e pflac, daz schadet mir lihte: sus enweiz ich wie. Doch verwsene ich mich der fuoge da, daz der ungefüegeu werben anderswä geniemer si dan wider sie. XIII. Gefahr des frohsinns. (1,276 0. L. ilO.J 1. Ich wa;re dicke gerne frö, sol daz nimmer mer geschehen, wan daz icli niht gesellen liiin. so nuiet mich daz ichz hän gesehen. Nu si alle trfirent so, XIV. Böse zeil. (I, 273 a. L. wie möhte ichz eine denne Idn? 113.^ Ich miiese ir vingerzeigen liden, Waz sol lieblich sprechen? waz ichu wolte fröide durch si miden. sol singen? sus behalte ich wol irhulde, daz siz waz sol wibes schoene? waz sol läzen ane nit: guot? wand ich gelache uiemer niht, Sit man niemau siht mich fröiden da ez ir dekeiner siht. ringen, 8. Ez tuet mir inueclichen wd, sit man übel äne vorhte tuet, als ich gedenke, wes man pQac Sit man triuwe, mute, zuht und ere In der werlte wilent e. wil verpflegen so sere, ouwc deich uiht vergezzeu mac, so verzagt an fröideu niaueges muot. Wie rchte frö die liute wären! XV. Schuld der frauen. (T, du künde ein saelic mau gebären, 888 b. L. 90.J unde spilet im sin herze gein der t. Ane liep so manic leit, wüuueclicheu zit. ^ver raohte daz erliden iemer nie? 24 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. Waer ez uilit uiihuvescheit, dii man die fiiogc au iu gesacli! Sü wolt ich sclirien „se, gelücke, so!" nn silit man wol, Gelücke, daz enhoeret niht daz man ir minne mit uufuogo lind selten iemau gerne siht, erwerben sol. swer triuwe hat. 4. Lät mich zuo den frowe« gän : ist ez also, wie sol min [daune] iemer so ist daz min aller meiste klage, werden rät? So ich ie mere znhte han, 8. Wc wie jiimerlich gewin so icli ie miure werdekeit bejage, tegelich vor minen engen vert! si swachent wol gezogenen lip; Daz ich so gar ertöx'et bin ezn si ein wol bescheiden wip: mit nilner ziiht, und mir daz uienian der meine ich niht: diu schämt sich des, swä iemer wibe.s schani geschiht. 5. Reiuiu wip und guote man, swaz der lebe, die müezen swlic sin. Swaz ich den gedienen kan, daz tuen ich, daz si gedenken min. Hie mite sü kiind ich iu daz: diu werlt enstr dan schiere baz, sü Avil ich leben SU ich beste mac und niineu sanc üf geben. wert ! Mit den getriiiwen alten siteu ist man nü zer weite versniten. er uude guot hat nü liitzel iemau wau der übel tuet. 3. Daz die mau als übel tuunt, däst gar der wibe schult : dOst leider so. Hie vor, do ir muot üf ere stuout, dö was diu weit üf ir genade fro. Hei wie wol mau iu de sprach, XVI. l'nniiuuiglich gesungen. (7, 241 ö, L. i7.J 1. Zwo fuoge hau ich doch, swie ungefüege ich si : der hau ich mich von kinde her vereinet. Ich bin deu früu bescheideulicher fröide bi. und lache ungerne so man bi mir weiuet. Durch die liute bin ich fro, durch die liute wil ich sorgen: ist mir anders daune also, waz dar umbe? ich -wil docli borgen. swie si sint so wil ich sin, daz si niht verdrieze min. mauegem ist unmaere, swaz einem andern werre : der si ouch bi den Uuteu swaere. 2. Hie vor, dö man so rehte minneclichen warp. do wäreu mine spriiche früideu riche: Sit daz diu minnecliche minne also verdarp, Sit sanc ouch ich ein teil unminnecliche. Iemer als ez danne stäf, also sol man danne singen. swenne unfuoge uü zergät. so sing aber von hüfschen diugeu. noch kumpt fröide und sanges tac: wol im, ders erbeiten mac! derz gelouben wolte, so erkande ich wol diu fuoge, wenn unde wie man singen solle. 3. Ich sanc hie vor den frowen umbe ir blüzen gruoz: Her Walther von der Vogelweide. deu uam ich wider mime lobe ze lönc. Swä ich des geltes na vergebene wartea muuz, dii lobe ein ander, den si grüezeu schöne. Swä ich niht verdienen kan einen gruoz mit mime sänge, dar ker ich vil herscher man minen nac ode ein min wange. daz kit ,,mir ist umbe dich rehte als dir ist umbe mich." ich wil min lop keren an wip die kunnen danken: waz hau ich von den Überheren. 4. Ich sage iu waz uns deu gemeiueu schaden tuot. diu wip gelichent uns ein teil ze sere, Daz wil" in also liep sin übel alse guot: seht, daz geliehen niiiit uns fröide unde ere. Schieden uns diu wip als e, daz si sich ouch liezeu scheiden, daz gefrumt uns iemer me, mannen unde Wiben, beiden. waz stet übel, waz stet wol, Sit man uns niht scheiden sol? edeliu wip, gedenket, daz och die man waz kunueu : gelichents iuch , ir sit gekieuket. 5. Wip muoz iemer sin der wibe höhste name, und tiuret baz dau frowe, als ichz erkenne. Swä nü deheiniu si , diu sich ir wipheit schäme, diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne. Under frowen sint unwip, under wiben sint si tiure. wibes name und wibes lip die sint beide vil gehiure. swiez umb alle frowen var, wip sint alle frowen gar. zwlvellop daz hoenet, als under wilen frouwe : wip dest ein name ders alle krcenet. XVII. Letzter wille. (1, 239 b. L. 60.) Ich wil nü teilen , e ich var, min varnde guot und eigens vil, Daz lernen dürfe striteu dar, wan den ichz hie bescheiden wil. AI min ungelücke wil ich schaffen jenen, die sich hazzes unde uides gerne weuen, darzuo min unsselikeit. mine swaere haben die lügeusere. min unsinnen schaff ich den die mit velsche mlnuen, deu frowen nach herzeliebe senendiu leit. 26 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. XVUI. Vergängliche Treiide. Uud enliabe doch herzeliebea nihf. (I, 237 b. L. 41 J (Ih/. ist mir alsti lihle giiot. 1. Icli biu als unschedelichc frö, ller/X'Iiebes, .swaz ich des uuch ie daz man mir avoI ze lebcune gau. gesacii, Tougenliche stät min herze hö : da was herzeleide bi. waz touc zer weite ein rüemicman? liezen mich gcdankc fri, We den selben, die so niauegeu son wiste ich niht umb iingemach. schooncn lip 4. Als ich mit gedanken irre vai, habent ze boesen nia;rcn brüht! so wil mir maneger sprechen ziio : wol mich, daz Ichs hän gedäht ! tSt* swig ich uud lä/e iu reden dar. ir snlt si miden, guotiu wip. waz wil er anders daz ich tiio? 2. Ich Avil guotes mauues werde- llete ich oiigcn oder öi'en daunc da, keit so kund ich die rede verstän : vil gerne hocren unde sagen. swenne ich niht ir beider hun, Swer mir anders tuot, daz ist mir son kau ich nein, son kan ich ja. leit: ö. Ich biu einer, der nie halben (ac ich wilz euch allez niht vertragen. mit ganzen fröiden hat vertriben. Riienia;re unde lügeuaere, swä die sin, Swaz ich fröiden ie da her gepflac, den vei'biutc ich mineu sanc, der bin ich eiue hie belibcn. und ist äne miueu dauc, \iemau kan hie fröidu viudeu, si obs also \il geniezen min. zerge 3. Maneger truret, dem doch liep sam der lichten bluomen schin: geschiht: da von sol daz herze min ich liiiu ab iemer höhen muot, niht seneu nach valschen l'röidea me. XIX. Auf Reimar des alten tod. (/, 826 «. L. 63.) Deswiir, Reimär, du riuwes mich michels harter daune ich dich, ob du lebtes und ich wa;r erstorben. Ich wilz bi minen triuAven sagen, dich selben Avolt ich liitzel klagen : ich klage diu edelen kunst, daz sist verdorben. Du kündest al der werlte fröide mi-ren, s«i duz ze guoten dingen woltes keren. mich riuwet diu wol redender munt und diu vil süezer saue, daz die verdorben sint bi minen ziteu. daz du niht eine wile mohtest bitenl so leiste ich dir geselleschaft : min singen ist niht laue, din sele müeze wol gevarn, und habe diu zunge danc. XX. Abschied von der weit. (T, 233 a. L. lÜO.J Walther. 1. Frö Welt, du solt dem wirte sagen, daz ich im gar vergolten habe : Min groeste gülte ist abe geslagen; daz er mich von dem brieve schabe. Swer ime iht sol, der mac wol sorgen, e ich im lange schuldic waere, ich wolt c zeiuem Juden borgen, er swiget unz an einen tac: BÖ wil er danue ein wette hän, so jener niht vergeKen mac. Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 2t Welt. 2. „Waltlier, du zürnest ilne not: du solt bi mir beliben hie. Gedenke m'üz ich dir eren bot, waz ich dir dines Avillen lie, Als du mich dicke sere bsete. mir was vil inuecliche leit, daz dii daz ie s« selten twJe. bedenke dich: din leben ist guot: so dii mir rehte widersagest, so wirst du nienier wolgemuot." Walther. 3. Frö Welt, ich hau ze vil gesogen: ich wil entwonen, des ist zit. Din zart hat mich vil nach betrogen, wand er vil süezer fröideu git. Do ich dich gesach reht ander ougen, dö was din schoM'en wunderlich .... al sunder lougeu : doch was der schänden alse vil, du ich din binden wart gewar, daz ich dich ienier schelten wil. AVeit. 4. „Sit ich dich niht erAvenden niac, so tuo doch ein dinc, des ich ger: Gedenke an manegen lichten tac, und sich doch underwllent her Kiuwan so dich der zlt betrage." Walther. daz taet ich wunderlichen gerne, wan deich fürhte diue läge, vor der sich uieman kau bewarn, got gebe dir, frowe, guote naht: ich wil ze herberge varn. XXI. Der greis am stabe. (i, 249 0. h. 66.J 1. Ir reinen wip, ir werden man, ez stet also , daz man mir inuoz «■■r unde minneclichen gruoz noch vollecliclier bieten an. Des habet ir von schulden groezer reht dan c: weit ir vernemen, ich sage iu wes. Avol vierzec jar hab ich gesungen oder mc von minnen und als iemen sol. Dö was ichs mit den andern geil: nu enwirt mirs niht, ez wirt iu gar. min minnesanc der diene iu dar, und iuwer hulde si min teil. 2. Lät mich an eime stabe gäu und werben umbe Averdekeit mit unverzageter arebeit, als ich von kinde habe gettln. So bin ich doch, swie nider ich sl, der werden ein, genuoc in miner maze hrt. 28 Her Walther von der Vogelweide. XXII. dai5 niüet die uideren. ob niiih daü ilit s>vaclie? nein. die biderbeu liiuit mich deste baz. Der werden wirde diust so guot, daz man inz Iicchslo lop sol geben. ezn wart nie lobelicher leben, swer 9» dem ende relite tuot. Späte reue. (7, 227 b. \or vorhteu bleichent mir din wangm L. I22.J 1. Ein nieisler las, troum unde spiegelgia», daz si zem winde bi der sta'te sin gezall. Loup unde gras, daz ie uiiu früide was, swiez nu erwindc, iz dunket mich also gestaU; Darzuo die bluoraen manicvalt, diu heide röt, der grüene walt; rot. 3. Wie sol ein man, der niuwan sünden kan, . . . gedingen oder gewinnen höhen uiuol? Sit icli gewan den muot, daz ich began zcr wcrlte dingen merken übel unde guot, Dö greif ich, als ein töre tuot, zer vinstern haut reht in' die gluot der vögele sanc ein triiric ende hat, und merte ie dem tievel sinen schal. darzuo diu linde des muoz ich ringen süeze unde linde. mit geringen : so we dir, Werlt, wie dirz gebende nü ringe und senfte auch Jesus minen stät! 2. Ein tumber wän, den ich zer weite hau, derstr waudelba;re, wand er boesez ende git: Ich solt in län, wan ich mich wol verstau, daz er iht baere miner sele grözen nit. Min armez leben in sorgen lit der buoze waere michel zit. nü fürhte icli siecher man grimmen tut, daz er mit swsere an mir gebaäre. den val. 4. Heiliger Krist, Sit du gewaltic bist der weite gemeine, die nach dir gebildet sint, Gip mir den list, daz ich in kurzer frist alsam gemeine dich sam diu erweiten kint. Ich was mit sehenden ougeu bunt und aller guoten sinne ein rint, swiech miue missetät der weite hal, mach c mich reine, c min gebeine versenke sich in daz verlorne tal. 2. Gottesdienst. XXIII. Morgengebet. (/, 258 b. L. 2i.J Mit saelden müeze ich hiute üf sten, got herre, in diuer huote gen und riten, swar ich in dem lande kere. Krist hcrre, laz au mir werden schin die grözen kraft der güete din, und pflic min wol dur diner muoter ore. Als ir der heilig engel pflaege, unt din, dö du in der krippen la?ge, junger mensch und alter got, demüetic vor dem esel und vor dem rinde (und doch mit saeldeuricher huote Her Waltlier von der V'ogelweide. pflac tUn Gabriel der guole M'ol mit triuweii sunder spolj, als ptlig oiicli min, duz an mir ilit erwinde daz din vil götelicli gebot. XXIV. Die krenzigung. (/, 263 ö. L. 37.; I. Sünder, du solt an die grozen not gedenken, die got durch uns leit, unt solt din herze in riuwe senken. Sin lip wart mit scharpfen dornen gar verscret: dennoch wart manicvalt sin marter an dem kriuze genieret: Man sluoc im drie negel dur hende und ouch dur füeze. jamerlichen Aveint Marja diu süeze, dö si ir kinde dez bluot iiz beiden siten fliezen sach. tri'irecliche Jesus von dem kriuze sprach : ,,niuoter, ja ist iuwer ungemach min ander tot. Jühan, du solt der lieben swaere büezen." IL Der blinde sprach zuo sinem knehte: „dii solt setzen daz sper an sin herze: ja wil ich die marter letzen." Daz sper gein al der werlte herren wart geneiget. Marjii vor dem kriuze trürecliche klage erzeiget; Si verlos ir varwe, ir kraft, in bitterlichen noeten, dö si jaemerlich ir [liebez] kint sach toeten und Longinus ein sper im in sin reine siten stach. si seic unmehtic nider, [daz] si [niht] hörte noch ensprach. in dem jämer Kriste dez herze brach: daz kriuze begunde sich mit sinem süezen bluote roeten. XXV. Lei eh. (f, 823 b. L. .5.) dem wiseu ist daz allez kunt, d.az niemer sele wirt gesunt, 1. Nu biten wir die muoter diu mit der sünden swert ist wunt, und ouch der muoter barn, sin habe von gründe heiles funt. si reine und er vi! guoter 3. Nii ist uns riuwe tiure: daz si uns tuon bewarn : si sende uns got ze stiure wan ane si kan niemen bi sinem minnefiure. hie noch dort genesen : sin geist der vil gehiure und widerredet daz iemen, der kan avoI herten herzen geben der muoz ein töi-e Avesen. AViire riuAA'e und reinez leben: 2. Wie mac des iemer werden rat, dar AA'ider solte niemau streben, der umbe sine missetät 4. Saa'» er die riuAAX gerne Aveiz, niht herzelicher riuAve hat? da machet er die riuAve heiz: Sit got enheine sünde lät, ein wildez herze er also zamt, die niht geriuAA'ent zaller stunt daz ez sich aller sünden schämt, hin abe unz iif des herzen grünt. 5. Nu sende uns, vater unde sun, den rehten geist her abe, daz er mit siner süezen fiuhte ein dürrez hei'ze erlabe. unkristenlicher dinge ist al diu kristenheit so vol. ' * sAVii kristentuom ze siechhüs lit, da tuet man im niht wol. 6. In dürstet sere und in da trancte nach der lere als e, da wurd er varnde von. als'er von Röme AA^as geAvon : 7. SvA'az im da leides ie geAvar, der im die schancte daz kam von Simonie gar, 30 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 10. Dich lobet der schar: doch brühten si dia lop nie dar, daz ez volendet wurde gar, 11. Da ez ie wurde gesungeu in stimmen oder von zungen üz allen ordeuungen ze himel und üf der erde, ich mane dich, gotes werde, 18. Wir biten iimb unser schulde dich, daz dii uns sist genaediclich, 13. Si^ daz din bete erklinge vor der barmungc urspriuge: so han wir des gcdinge, diu schulde werde ringe, 14. Dil mite wir scre sin beladen, hilf uns daz wir si abe gebaden 15. Mit staete wernder riuwe umb unser missetät, die aieiuan äne got und änc dich ze gebenue hat. und ist er du so friunde bar, daz ern getar niht sinen schaden gerüegeu. kristcntuoiu und kristenhcit, der disiu zwei zesamnc sncit, geliche lanc, geliche breit, liep unde leit, der Avoltc ouch duz wir triiegen 8. In Krisle kristenlichez leben. Sit er uns hat lif eine gegeben, s(i suln wir uns niht scheiden, swelch kristen ki-istentuomes gibt an Worten, und an werken niht, der ist wol halp ein beiden, daz ist unser meiste not: daz eine ist ün daz ander tot: nü stiure uns got an beiden, 9. Unt gebe uns rü«, Sit er uns hüt sin hantgetat geheizen offenbare, nü senfte uns, frowe, sinen zorn, barmherzic muoter iiz erkorn, du frier rose sunder dorn, dii sunnevarwiu kläre. XXXVI. Abfindung. Ot 258 a. L. 20.J Waz Wunders in der wei-lte vert! wie manic gäbe ist uns beschert von dem der uns üz nihte hat gemachet! Dem einen git er schoenen sin, dem andern guot unt den gewin, daz er sich mit sin selbes muote swachet. Armen man mit guoten sinnen sol man für den riehen minneu, ob er cren niht engert. ja enist ez niht wan gotes hulde und ere, dar nach diu weit so sere vihtet: swer sich ze guote also verpflihtet, daz er der beider Mirt entwert, dem habe ouch lue noch dort niht lönes niere, wan si eht guotes hie gewert. XXVII. Habsucht. (7,258«. L. 2i.J Swer houbet sünde unt schände tuot mit siner wizzende uiabe guot, sol man den für einen Avisen nennen? Swer guot von disen beiden hat, swerz an im weiz unt sichs verstät, der sol in zeinem tören baz erkennen. Der wise minnet niht so sere, alsam die gotes hulde unt cre: sin selbes lip, wip unde kint. höhen eugel Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 31 diu liit er ü er disiii zwei Verliese. er töre, er danket mich niht wise, und ouch der sin Um prise : ich wppn si beide tören sint. er gouch, swer für diu zwei ein anderz kiese! der ist an rehten witzen biiut. XXVIII. Arm und reich. CFj 258 b. L. 22.J June man, iu swelher aht du bist, ich wil dich leren einen list. di\ lä dir niht ze wo sin nach dem guote, La, dirz ouch niht zunmiere sin. und volges du der Irre min, so wis gewis, ez frumt dir an dem muote. Die rede wil ich dir baz bescheiden, und last dii dirz ze sere leiden, zerget ez , s«) ist din fröide tot: wilt aber dii daz guot ze sere minnen. dii mäht Verliesen scle unt ere. l dii von volge miner lere, leg lif die wäge ein rehtez lot, und wig et dar mit allen dinen sinnen, als ez diu mäze uns ie gebot. XXIX. Allvater. O, 858 a. L. 22.) Swer iine vorhte, herre got, wil sprechen dlniu zehen gebot, und brichet diu, daz ist niht rehtiu minne. Dich heizet rater maneger vil: swer min ze bruoder niht enwil, der spricht diu starken wort uz krankem sinne. Wir wahsen iiz gelichem dinge, spise frumet uns, diu wirt ringe, so si dur den munt gevert. wer kan den hcrren von dem knehte scheiden, swä er ir gebeine blözez fünde, het er ir joch lebender künde, sA gewürme dez fleisch verzert? im dienent kristen, jaden unde beiden, der elliu lebenden wunder nert. XXX. Erziehung. ("/^ 827 b. la kein boese wort dar für. L. 87.) La. kein boese wort dar für, 1. Nieman kan mit gerten stoz den rigel für die tür: kindes zuht beherten : daz zimt wol dien jungen, den man zeren bringen mac, hüetent iuwer zungen. dem ist ein wort als ein slac. 3. Hüetent iuwer ougen Dem ist ein wort als ein slac, offenbar und tougen, den man zeren bringen mac: lant si guote site spehen kindes zuht beherten und die boesen übersehen, nieman kan mit gerten. Und die boesen übersehen 2. Hüetent iuwer zungen: länt si, guote site spehen daz zimt avoI dien jungen. ofl"enbär und tougen : stöz den rigel für die tür, hüetent iuwer ougen. 82 Her VVaUlier von der Vogelweide. 4. Iliietent imvcr ören, 5. Hüetent wol der drie- oder ir sint (örcu. leider aixe fi-ier. Ii\nt ir bccsiu wort dar in, ziingen oiigea üren siut daz fiiim'rel in den sin. dicke schalcliaft, z«ren blinJ. I)az {^nncrct iu den sin, Dicke sclialcliart, zcren hlint liint ir boesiu wort dar in, zungen ougcn örcn slut. oder ir sint toren, leider alze frier hiietent iuwer ören. Iiüetent wol der drier. XXXI. Maass im trinken, f/, 266 b. L. 29.) Ich trnnkc gerne da man bi der m:\ze schenket, und da der unmäze niemen iht gedenket, Sit si den man an libe, an guot und an den eren krenket. Si schät ouch an der st-le, hoere ich jehen die wisen: des müht ein ieglich man von sinem wirte wol enbern. liez er sich vollecliche bi der maze wern, so müht ime gelücke, heil und sselde und cre üf risen. Diu m,\ze wart den liuten dd umb üf geleit, daz man si ebene mezze und trage, ist mir geseit: nii hab er danc, ders ebene mezze und der si ebene treit. XXXII. Maass und übermaass. C^_, 256 «. L. 81.) Wer sieht den lewen? Aver sieht den risen? wer überwindet jenen »nt disen? Daz tuot jener der sich selber twinget und alliu siniu lit in huote bringet Iz der wilde in sta;ter zühte habe. _ geligeniu zuht und schäme vor gesten I mugen wol eine wile erglesten : der schin nimt dräte üf unt abe. Unmäze, nlm dich beidiu an, t manlichiu wip, wipllche man: i Pfafliclie ritter, ritterliche pfafTen, mit den solt du dinen willen schaffen ; Ich wil dir si gar ze stiure geben, und alte jungherren für eigen: ich AvU dir junge altherren zeigen, daz si dir twerhes helfen leben. Swelch man wirt äne muot ze rieh, wil er ze scre striuzen sich Lf sine richheit, so Avirt er ze here. ze rieh und zarm diu leschent beide sere An sumelichen liuten rehten muot. SAva übric richeit zühte slucket und übric armuot sinne zucket, da dunket mich enAA'ederz guot. XXXIII. Freundschaft. (7, 255 a. L. 79.) Man höhgemäc, an friunden kranc, daz ist ein SAvacher habedanc : Baz gehilfet friuntschaft äne sippe. lii einen sin geborn von küneges rippe: Her Walther von der V ogelweide. 'i'6 Er euliiihf friuut, WHZ Iiilfct Anx'i III iig seil alt ist ein selbwahseu vre: so imiüz mau friuude verdienen si-re. inäc liilfet w«»l, friiiot vcrre baz. Swer sich ze t'riiinde gewinnen lät lind oucii dii bi die tngende hat Daz er sich äne wanken lät behalten, des friundes mac man gerne schöne walten. Ich hän eteswenne friiint erkorn Sil sinewel an siner staete, swie gerne ich in behalten ha'te, daz ich in niüeste hän verlorn. Swer mir ist slipiic als ein is und mich iif hebt in balles wis, .Sinewell ich dem in sincn banden, daz sol zimstu^te uienian an mir audcn, Sit ich dem getriuweu frinnde bin einloetic unde wol gevieret. swes nmot mir ist so vech gezieret, nü sus nü so, den walge ich hin. 3. Herrendienst. Erste periode- J om tode Friedrichs v, ("1198- XXXIV. Gefährdetes geleite. (7, 224 b. L. 8.) Ich saz üf eime steine, und dahte bein mit beine, dar ilf sazt ich den eilenbogen: ich hete in mine haut gesmogen daz kinne und ein min wange. du dähle ich mir vil ange, wie man zer weite solte leben: deheinen rät kond ich gegeben. Wie man driu dinc erwürbe, der keines niht verdürbe, diu zwei sint ere unt varnde guot, daz dicke ein ander schaden tuot, daz dritte ist gotes hulde, der zweier übei'gulde: die wolte ich gerne in einen schrin. ja leider desn mac niht gesin, Daz guot unt weltlich ere unt gotes hulde mere zesamene in ein herze komen. stig und wege sint in benomcn : untriuwe ist in der säze, gewalt vert üf der sträze: (Minnesänger.) Oesterrcick bis zu PkiUpps crmordnng^ -1208^ fride unde reht sint sere wunt. diu driu enhabent geleites niht , diu zwei enwerden c gesunt. XXXV. Der waise. C/, 825 a. L. 8.) Ich hörte ein wazzer diezen und sach die visclie fliezen, ich sach swaz in der weite was, velt walt loup rör unde gras, swaz kriuchet unde Hinget und bein zer erde biuget, daz sach ich, unde sage iu daz: der keinez lebet äne haz. Daz wilt unt daz gewiirme die sti'itent starke stürme, sam tuont die vogel under in; wan daz si habent einen sin: si dühteu sich ze nihte, si enschüefen stark gerihte. si kiescnt künege unde reht, si setzent hcrren unde kneht. So we dir, tiuschiu zunge, wie stet din ordenunge ! daz DU diu mugge ir künec hat, 3 34 Her Waltlicr von der VogelweUle. iint i\ax diu tMe also zcrgät. die armen kiiitoge (lrinö,eiit dich: bekini dicli, beki-rc. Philippe scizc eu weise» "1, iinl heiz die ciikel sint xc h»-re, «i (reten hindcr »ich. XXXVI. Der I e i ( s 1 1- in. ( /, 2.')« ». L. \'»0 IHu kröne ist eller djinne der kiinec IMiilippes .si: dii mugcDt ir alle schouweu wol ein wunder bi, wies inic der .'sniit srt chcne habe gctnachet. Sin keiscrlicheü lioubet ziniJ ir also wol, daz si «e rehte nicman giioter scheiden sol : ir dewederz daz ander niht enswachet. Si liuhtcnt beide ein ander an, daz edel gesleine wider den jungen süezen man: die ougenweide sehent die fürsfen gerne, swer mi des riches irre ge, der schouwe wem der weise ob sime nacke sie: der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne. XXXVII. Saladin und Richard, (h 856 b. L. V^.) Philippes kiinec, die nahe spehenden zihent dieh, dun sist niht daukcs niille : des beditnket mich, wie du dii mite verliesest michels niere. Du möhtest gerner dankes geben tiisent pHint, dan drizec tusent äne danc. dir ist niht kunt, wie man mit gäbe erwirbet pris und ore. Denk an den miltcn Salatin : der jach daz küneges hende diirkel selten sinj s«> wurden sie erforht und oiich gemiunet. gedenke an den von Kngellant, wie liure der wart erlöst von siner gebenden han(. ein schade ist guol , der zwcne frumen gewinnet. XXXVIII. Friedrich von Ocster- XXXIX. Neidische rathgeber. reich. fA//, 327 a. L. \Q1.) QU, 327 n. L. 107.> Gelerter fürsten kröne Vil meueger mich berihtet, mit iLZ erweiter tugent, der niht berihten kan mit zuht, mit kunst, mit güete, sich selben alse er solde: hat got hin zim genomen. des alte ich vor den tagen. Der lebte hie vil schöne Wie gar er mich vernihtet mit alter knnst in jugent. der mir niht guotes gan, nach lobe stuont sin gemüete: und gibt, wie vil er wolde des w'as sin name . . . mit miner kunst bejagen der ie nach saelden warp. In fremeden landen werdekeit. nti nü pflege sin got der riche: bin ich so gesite, des wünschen innecliche, htct ich hie guot und ere, Sit (iurre ftirste sin genöz nie man- daz naem ich für daz mere, ege ztC \erdarp. dar umbe ich iemer dur daz jar des tievels jsite lite. XL. Der hof zu Eisenach. fj? 857«. L. 80.^ Der in den ören siech von ungesühte si, daz ist min rät, der läz den hof ze Dürengen fri : wan kumet er dar, deswär er wirt ertoeret. Ich han gedrungen unz ich niht m6 dringen mac. ein schar vert iiz, diu ander in, naht unde tac, Her Walilier von der Vogelweide. S5 gTüz wunder ist daz iemen da geüoeret. Der lantgriive ist so geniiiot, daz er mit stolzen holden sine habe vertiioi, der iegeslicher wol ein kenpfe woere mir ist sin hühiu Tiior wol kunt: iint gulte ein fuoder guotes wines tüsent pfiiat, da stücnde oiich niemer ritters becher lierc. XLI. Der klaiisner. C/, 824 6. L. d.J Ich sach mit niinen engen doch wart der leien mc-re. manne und wibe tougen, diu swert diu leiten si dernider, deich gehörte und gesach, und griffeu zuo der siule wider: swaz iemen tet, swaz lernen sprach. Si bienen die si wolten, ze Rünie horte ich liegen und niht den si selten, und zwene künege triegen. dö störte man diu goteshiis. da von huop sich der meiste strit. ich hörte verre iu einer klüs der e was oder iemer sit, vil michel ungebaere: Dö sich begimden zweien Hä weinte ein klOsenaere. die pfaflfen unde leien. er kiagete gote sinlu leit: duz was ein not \ot aller not: M^we der habest ist ze juuc: hilf, lip unde sele lac da tot. herre, diner kristenheit.'' die pfaffen striten sere : XLU. Wein und fass. f///. 336 b. L. 106.J Der guote win wirt selten guot, wan iu dem guoten vazze: Wirt daz bereit ze rehte wol, so habet ez den win. Dar umbe wunder nieman, ob ich an dem künege bazze, hat er ein herze als si da sagent, sol daz niht werden schln im sint die reife also vertriben : er welle ra>zer sin, so ist vaz und tranc ein wiht. guot win mac ie so lange ligen, daz man in seiger siht. Ziceitf periode. Von kaiser Ottos rückkehr aus Italien bis zu köniy Friedrichs krönuug zu Aachen. O'ili — 1215.^ XLIII. An kaiser Otto, fl, 271 h. L. \\.) Her keiser, sit ir willekomen. der küneges name ist iu benonien : des schinet iuwer kröne ob allen krönen, lur haut ist krefte und guotes vol: ir wellet übel oder wol, so mac si beidiu rechen unde lönen. Darzuo sag ich iu mcere: die filrsten sint iu undertän, si habent mit zübten iuwer kunft erbeitet. und ie der Missenaere derst iemer iuwer äne wän: von gote wurde ein engel e verleitet. XLIV. Zwei Zungen. O, 271 b. L. ti.} Got git ze künege swen er wil; dar umbe wundert mich niht vil: uns leien wundert umbe der pfaffen lere. Si lerten uns bi kurzen tagen: daz wellents uns »u widersagen. 3G Her Walthcr von der Vo<jelweide. DU (iionz diir got uuci diir ir selber i-rc, Tnd sagen uns bi ir (riiiwcn, an welhcr rede wir sin betrogen; volrecken uns die einen wol v(mi gründe, die alten ode die niuwcn. uns danket einez si gelogen. zwo Zungen stsint unebne in einem munde. XLV. Gott als kläger. (I. 271 //. /.. \i ) Her keiser, ich bin fronebote und bring iu boteschaft von gote. ir habt die erde, er hat daz himelriche. Er hiez iu klagen (ir sit sin vogct), in sines sunes lande brogct diu heidenschaft iu beiden lästerliche. Ir mufjet im gerne rihten: sin sun der ist geheizen Krist, er hiez iu sagen wie erz verschulden welle: nu liit in zuo iu pflihten. er rihfet iu da er voget ist, klagt ir joch über den ticvel nz der helle. XLVI. Aar und löwe. (7, 271 b. L. IZ.J Her keiser, swenne ir Tiuschen fride gemachet statte bi der wide, s«'> bieteut iu die fremedeu zungeu erc. Die sult ir nemen an arebeit, und süenent al die kristenheit: daz tiuret iuch, und müet die beiden sere. Ir fragt zwei keisers eilen, des aren tugent, des lewen kraft: die sint dez herzeichen an dem schilte. die zweue hergesellen, wan woltens an die heidenschaft I Avaz widerstiiende ir nianheit und ir uiilte? XLVII. Der pf äffen wähl. Ch 85» a. L. 2b.) Künc Constantin der gap so vil, als ich ez iu bescheiden wil, dem stuol ze Rörae, sper, kriiiz nnde kröne. Zehant der enge! lüte schre: „OAVe, owe, zem dritten we! e stuont diu kristenheit mit zühteu schone: Der ist ein gift nii gevallen, ir honec ist worden zeiner gallen. daz Wirt der weit her nach vil leit." alle fürsten lebent nü mit eren, wan der hoehste ist geswachet: daz hat der pfaffen wal gemachet, daz si dir, süezer got, gekielt. die pfaffen wellent leien reht verkeren. der engel hat uns war geseit. XLVIII. Der wälsche schrein. (I, 261 b. L. 34.^ Abi wie kristenliche nu der bäbest lachet, I Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 3T swauuc er siueu Wallicu seil: „ich liäiiz aisu gciiiuchet !'' Daz er da seit, des solt er nieiner Iiüii j>ed;iIiC. er gilit: „ich hau zwcii Alniän uiider eine krüuc brühl, Daz siz riche suleii sluereu unde wasteii. ie darunder fülleu wir die kasteu : ich hfinz aa ininen stoc /^cnieut, ir guot ist allez uiiu : ir (iiischez silber vert in tnitieu welschcu schrill. ir p falle II , ezzeut hiieur uud triiikeiit wiu, unde Itiut die tiutsclien vasten/' XLIX. Der neue Judas. (F, 261 a. L. 33 J Wir klagen alle, und wizzen doch niht waz uns wirret, daz uns der bähest unser vater alsus hat verirret. Nu gat er uns doch harte väterlichen vor: wir volgen iine uud kninen nieiner fuoz üz siuein spor. Ali merke, weit, waz mir dar ane missevailc. gitset er, si gitsent mit im alle: liuget er, si liegeut alle mit im sine lüge: uud triuget er, si triegent mit im sine trüge, nu merkent, wer mir daz verkOren müge: sus Wirt der junge Jiidas, mit dem alten dort, ze sciiallc. L. Der kirchenstock. (I, 262 ct. L. 3i.J Sagt an, her Stoc, hat iuch der bähest her gesendet, daz ir iu riebet und uns Tiutschen ermct unde pfeudet ? Sweuu im diu volle mäzc kumt ze Laträu, so tuot er einen argen iist, als er e hat getan: Er seit uns danne , wie daz riche stc verwarren, unz in erfüllent aber alle pfarreu. ich wyen des silbers weuie kumet ze helfe in gotcs laut ; grozeu hört zerteilet selten pfaffeu haut, her Stoc, ir Sit üf schaden her gesant, daz ir üz tiutschen liuteu suochet toeriuuc unde narren LI. Der zauberer. CI, 861 6. L. 33.) Der stuol ze Rome ist allererst berihtet rehtc, als hie vor bi einem zoubera;re Gerbreiitc. Der selbe gap ze valle wau sin eines leben: so wil sich dirre und al die kristcnheit ze valle geben. Alle zungeu sollen ze gote schrien wäfen, und rüefeu ime , wie lauge er welle släfen. si widerwürkeut siniu werc uud felschent siniii wort, sin kamcrxre stilt im siueu himelhort, siu süeuer mordet hie uud roubet dort, siu hirte ist zeinem wolve im worden uuder sinen schüfen. LH. Fürbitte, (J, 269 a. L. \QbJ Xü sol der keiser here und pruoften ungetriuwcn mori : fürbrechen dur siu cre von Röme fuor ir scheiden, des lautgräveu missetät. ir düf enmolit sich niht verheln, Wand er was doch zeware si begoudeu uuder zwischen stein sin vient offenbare: und alle ein ander melden, die zageu truogen stillcu rät. seht, diep slal dicbc, Si swuorcn hie, si swuoren dort, drö düte liebe. 38 Her Walther von der Vogelweldc. Llll. Tlniringeus blunic. (I, 862 h. L. 35.J Ich bin des miUen lantgniveii iiif-esinde, ez ist min si(e daz man mich iemer bi den tiiirstcn vindc. Die andern fnr.sten aile sinl \[\ miltc, ic doch so staeteclichen nih(: er was ez v «nd ist ez noch. Da von kan er baz daune si der mite gebaren: er enwil dekeiner lune vilren. swer hiiire schallet und ist hin ze j^re boese als e, des loup gruonet unde vahvet so der kic. der Dürnge bliiomc schinet dur den snc: sumer und winter blüet sin lop als in den ersten jüren. LIV. Rechtsfall, ff, 835. a. L. 104.J Mir hat her Gerhart Afze ein pfert Er seit von grözer svva?rr, erschozzeu z' Isenache. wie min pferit ma;rc daz klage ich dem, den er bestät: dem rosse sippe waere, derst unser beider voget. daz im den vinger abe Ez was wol drier marke wert: gebizzcn hat ze schänden. nii hoerent frömde sache, ich swer mit beiden banden, Sit daz ez an ein gelten gät, daz si sich niht erkanden. Wii mit er mich nu zöget. ist ieman der mir stabe? LV. Wunderliches pferd. (1, 885 h. L. %i.} Rit ze hove, Dietrich. jjherre, in mac." waz irret dich? „in han niht rosses, daz ich dar gerite." Ich lihe dir eiuz, und wilt dii daz. „herre, gerite al deste baz." nii staut also noch eine wile, bite. Wedr ritest gerner eine guldia katzen, ald einen wunderlichen Gerhart Atzen? „semir got, und a;ze ez höi, ez wa.'r ein frömdez pfert. im gent diu ougen umbe als einem aßen, er ist als ein guggaldei geschaffen. den selben Atzen gebent mir her: sü bin ich wol gewert.' nü krümbe din bein , rit selbe dar hein , sit du Atzen hast gegert. Dritte periode. Von Friedrichs krönung bis zu seiner rückkehr nach Italien. C12I5 — 1820.^ LVI. Milde und länge. (T, 264 b. L. 86.J Ich wolt hern Otten milte nach der lenge mezzen: dö hat ich mich au der raäze ein teil vergezzen : waer er so milt als lanc, er hete fügende vil besezzcn. Vil schiere maz ich abe den lip nach siner ere : dö wart er vil gar ze kurz als ein verschroten vverc, miltcs nuiotes minre vil dan ein getwerc; und ist doch von den jaren wol daz er niht wahset mcre. Dö ich dem künege brahte dez mez, wie er uf schuz! sin junger lip wart beide miclicl unde grüz, nu seht waz er noch wahse: erst ieze übr in wol risen Her Waltlicr von der Vogelwoiile. 39 LVIl. An köuig Friedrich. (I, 265 a. L. 8S.J Von Uöine vogt, vou Fülle küuec, litt iiicli erbarineo. ilaz iiiun iiiicli bi riclicr kiinst I<U alsiis armen, gerne wolde ich, nuihte ez sin, bi eigenem fiurc erwarmen. Ziii wiech dauue sunge von den vogellinen, von der beide und von den bluunicn, als ich wileut sanc ! swelch schoeue wip mir denne ga}be ir liabedanc, der liez ich liljen undc röseu \iz ir wengel schineu. Kume ich späte und riJe fruo, „gast, \ve dir, wc!" so mac der uirt wol singeu von dem grüenen Mi-, die not bedenkent, niiller kiinec, daz iuwer not zergc. LVIII. Neuer lebensmuth. (/, 256 6. L. 19.J Uo Friderich üz Österrich also gewarp, dOr an der scle genas und im der lip erslarp, dl» fuort er miner krenechen (rit in derde. Do gieng ich sliclient als ein pfüwe, swar ich gie, daz houbet hanht ich nider iinz lif niiniu knie: nu riht ich ez uf nach vollem werde. Ich bin wol ze fiure komen, mich hat daz riebe und ouch diu kröne an sich genomen. wol iif, swer tanzen welle nach der gigen! mir ist miner swa^re buoz : t^rste wil ich eben setzen minen fuoz und wider in ein höhgemüete stigen. LIX. Böser trank. (I, 235 f>. L 104.J Man seit mir ie vou Tegerse, wie wol daz hus mit eren ste: dar kcrte ich nier dan eine raile von der strazc. Ich bin ein wunderlicher man, daz ich mich selben niht eukan verstau und mich so vil an fi-ömde li«itc läzc. Ich schiltes niht, wan got genäde uns beiden. ich nam da wazzer: also nazzer muost ich von des manches tische scheiden. LX. Der hof zu Wien. (/, 258 A. L. ü.) Der hof ze Wiene sprach ze mir : „Walther, ich solte lieben dir, nu leide ich dir: daz miiezc got erbarmen. Min wirde diu was w.lent gröz: dö lebte niender min genöz, wan künec Artüses hof: so wd mir armen! Wd nii ritter unde frouwen, die mau bi mir solte schouwenV seht wie jamerlich ich stß. min dach ist fiil, so risent minc wende. mich enminuet uieman leider. golt Silber ros und dar zuo kleider. diu gab ich, unde hat ouch me: nun hab ich weder schappel noch gebende noch frowen zeinem tanze, owe!" 40 Her Walthcr von der Vogelweidc. LXl. Verfall des gesanges. (I, 834«. L, 64.^ 1. Owe, liovclicliez singen, Ich cuwil nilit werben ziio der niiil, daz dich ungefücge doenc d-.i der stein so riiischent umbe gat Sollen ie ze hove verdringeu! und daz raJ s»"» niange unwise Iiilf. daz dich schiere go( gehoene! nieikent wer da harpfen sül. Owe daz din wirde also geliget ! 4. Die so frevellichen schallent, des siut alle dine friiinde unfrö. der inuoz ich vor zorne lachen, daz miioz ehl also sin: du si also: Dazs in selben wol gcvallent frö Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget. mit als iiugefüegeu sachen. 2. Der uns fröide wider breehte, Die tiiont sam die frösche in eiine st-, diu reht und gefiiege wa?re, den ir schrien also wol behaget, Hei wie wol man des gedaehle, daz diu nahtegal da von verzaget, swji man von im seile muere ! so si gerne sunge me. Ez wser ein vil hovelicher muot, 5. Swer unfuoge swigen hieze, des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol: waz man noch von fröiden sunge! frowen unde herren zajme ez wol : Und si abe den bürgen stieze, owe daz ez uicman tuot! daz si da die frön niht Iwunge. 3. Die daz rehle singen stoerent, Wurden ir die grözen höve benomen, der ist ungeliclie mt-re, daz war allez mich dem willen min. Danne die ez gerne hoerent; bi deu gebüreu liez ich si wol sin: doch volg ich der alten löre: danuen ist si och her bekomeu. LXII. Die gaukler. (T, 262 a. L. iT.) Genuoge ht-rren sint gelich den gougelseren, die bchendecliche kunueu iriegen unde vaeren. Der sprichet: „sich her, waz ist under diseni huote?" nü zucke in üf, da stet ein wilder valke in siuem niuote. Zuck iif deu huot, sü stet ein stolzer pfäwe drunder. uu zucke in uf, da strt ein merwunder. swie dicke daz geschiht, so ist ez ze jungest waa ein krä. frlunt, ich erkenne ouch daz, hähä, häha, hähä. hab din valschen gougelbühsen dii: Avaer ich dir ebenstarc, ich slüeges an daz houbet diu. diu asche stiubet in diu ougen min. ich Avil niht mer din bläsgeselle sin, dua wellest min baz hüeteu vor so trügelichem kundcr. LXIIl. Geben. O, 255 b. L. SO.) Swelch herre nieman uiht versaget, der ist an gebender kunst verschraget: Der muoz iemer nötic sin ald triegen. zehen versagen sint bezzer danne ein liegen. Geheize minre unde grüeze baz, "weil er ze rehte umb ere sorgen. swes er uiht müge üz geborgen noch selbe enhabe, versage doch daz. LXIV. Die falschen lächler. (/, 26(1 tt. L. 30.) Got weiz wol, min lop wajr iemer hovestiete, dii mau eteswenue hovelichen taete, mit gebscrde, mit gewizzer rede, mit raete. Mir griulet, so mich lachent an die lechelaere, , den diu zunge hongcl und daz herze gallen hat. Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 41 friuudes Indien sol siu anc niissetät, süeze als der übentröt, der küudet lüter iiiacrc. Xü tiu) mir lacheliclie, od lache ab anders wä. swes inunt mich triegen wil, der habe sin laclien da: von dem uoem ich ein wärez nein für zwei gelogeniii ja. LXV. Sinken des r ei chs. (J, 226 b. L. 85.) Ich sach hie vor eteswenue den tac, daz unser lop was gemein allen zungeu. Swä lins deheiu laut ieiider nähe lac, daz gerte suone oder ez was betwungen. Richer got, wie wir nach oren d«'» rangen! dö rieten die alten, und täten die jungen. nii krumb die rihter sint, — (diz bispel ist ze merkenne bliut) swaz nü da von geschehe, meister, daz viut. LXVI. An die fürst en. (^7, 263 a. L. 36.J) Ir fürsten, tiigendet iweru sin mit reiner güete, Sit gegen friunden senfte, tragt gein vlnden hohgenuiele: Sterket reht und danket gote der grozen eren, daz manic mensch lip und sin guot muoz iu zc dienste kcreu. Sit milte, fridebajre, lät in wirde iuch schouwen: so lobent iuch die reinen süezen frouwen. schäme, triuwe, erbernide, zuht, die sult ir gerne tragen: minnet got, und rihtet swaz die armen klagen, gloubt niht daz iu die lügenaere sagen, und volget guotem rate : so mugt ir in himele bouweu. f icrte periodc. Von Friedrichs kaiserlicher krönung in Rom ("1220) bis zu IVallhers tode. LXVII. An den kaiser. (1, 270 a. L. 10.) Bot, sage dem keiser sines armen mannes rät, daz ich deheinen bezzern weiz als ez nii stät. ob in guotes unde liute ieman erbeiten lat, S«» var er balde und kome uns schiere, läzc sich niht locrcu; irre ouch etelichen der got und in girret hat; Die rehten pfaffen warne, daz si niht gehoeren den unrehten die daz riebe wa;nent stoeren; scheides von in, oder scheides alle von den koercn. LXVIII. Klage. (J, 272 a. L. 13.) 1. Owe ez kumt ein wint, daz wizzent sichcrliciie, da von wir hoeren beide singen unde sagen : Der sol mit grimme ervaren elliu künicriche. daz hoer ich wallaere unde pilgerine klagen : Boume, turne, ligent vor im zerslagen: starken Hüten waet erz hoiibet abe. nü suln wir fliehen hin ze gotes grabe. 2. Owt! waz eren sich cllendet [von] (iuscheu landen ! Witze unde manheit, dar zuo silber und daz golt! Swer diu beidiu hat, belibet der mit schänden, we wie den vergät des himeleschcn keisers soll! Dem sint die eugel noch die frowen holt. 42 Her Waillier von der Vogelweide. arm mau zuo der wcrllc iiud wider gof, wie der fürhtcu muc ir beider .sput I LXIX. Kreuzlied. (/, üi a. L. 7(j.; 1. Vit sücze \va:rc miuuc, bcrihte kranke siuoc. got, dur din anbeginnc bewar die kristeuliei(. Dill kiiort ist rroucboire übr al der weite swa;re. der weisen barnieDaere, hilf rechen disiu leit. Ltrscr üz den süuden, wir gern zen s webenden undeu. uns mac din geist enzüudcn, wirt riiiwic herze erkaut, diu biiiot hiit uns beguzzeu, den himel üf geslozzen. Uli loBset uuverdrozzeu daz herebernde lant. verzinset lip imd eigen, got sol uus helfe erzeigen lif den, der nianegen veigou der srle hat gepfant. i. Diz kurze leben verswiudei, der tot uus süudic vindet: swer sich ze gote gesindet, der mac der helle engän. Bi swsere ist guäde fundeu. nü heilent Kristes wunden, sin lant wirt schiere eubundcn : dest sicher sunder wän. Küngiu ob allen frouwen, lä wernde helfe sciiouwen. din kint wart dort verhouwen, sin menscheit sich ergap. sin geist müez uns gefrisleu, daz wir die diet verlisten. der touf si seit unkristen: wan fiirhtent si den stap, der ouch die jaden villet? ir schrien lüte erhillet. manc lop dem kriuze erschilict : erlflpsen wir daz grap! 3. Diu lueuscheit inuoz verderben, suln wir den lön erwerben. got wolde dur uns sterben, ^in drö i»>t üf gespart. >iin kriuze vil gehi-ret hat maueges (eil gcmürel. swer sich von zwivel krre», der hat den geist bewart. i^'iindic lip vergezzen, dir sint diu jär gemezzen : der tut hat uns besezzen die veigen «ine wer. IUI heilent hin geliche, daz wir daz hiinelrichc erwerben sicherlichc bi dulteclicher zer. got wil mit beides handcu dort rechen sinen andeu. sich schar von manegen landen des heilegeistes her. 4. Got, dine helfe uns sende, mit diner zescweu heude bewar uns an dera ende, so uns der geist verlät, Vor helleheizen wallen, daz wir dar in iht vallen. ez ist wol kunt uns allen, wie jämerlicli ez stiit, Uaz liere lant vil reine, gar helfelos und eine. Jerusalem, nü weine: wie din vergezzen ist! der beiden überliere hiit dich verschelket serc. dur diner namen ere lä dich erbarmen, Krist, mit welher nüt si ringen, die dort den borgen dingen, dazs uus als«» betwingen, daz wende in kurzer frist. LXX. Trauriges erwachen. (I, 878 a. L. 184.) 1. Owe, war sint verswunden alliu miniu jär! ist mir min leben getroumet, oder ist ez war? daz ich ie wände daz iht waere, was daz iht? dar nach hän ich gesläfen und enweiz ez niht. \ii bin ich erwaht, und ist mir unbekant daz mir hie vor was kündic als min ander haut, liut unde lant, da ich von kinde bin erzogen, Her Wallher von der Vogelweide. die sjnt mir fröinde [worden] reht als ob cz s\ gelogen. Die iniue gespileu waren, die sint tryege unde rI(. vereitet ist daz velt, verhouweu ist der walt: wan daz daz wazzer flitizet als ez wilent flöz, für war ich wände uiiu uogelücke wiirJe gröz. niicli grüezet manegcr träge, der mich kande e wul. diu weit ist allenthalben ungenäden vol. als ich gedenke an manegen wünneclichen tac, die mir sint eupfallen gar als in daz mer ein slac, iemer mere ouwe. 8. Owe wie jaenierliche junge Hute tuont, den nü vil riuwecliche ir gemüete stuont! die kunnen niuwan sorgen: we wie tuont si so? swar ich zer werlte kere, da ist uieman frö: Tanzen, singen, daz zergät mit sorgen gar: nie kristenman gesach so jaemerliche schar, nü merkent wie den frouwen ir gebende stäf: die stolzen ritter tragent dörpelliche wät. Uns sint unsenfte brieve her von Röme konien, uns ist erloubet trüre und fröide gar benomen. daz müet mich inneclichen sere (wir lebten ie vil wol), daz ich nü für min lachen weinen kiesen sol. die wilden vogel betrüebet unser klage: waz Wunders ist da bi, ob ich da von verzage? waz spriche ich tumber man durch minen boeseu zoru? swer dirre wünne volget, der hat jene dort verlorn iemer mcr ouwe. 3. Owc wie uns mit süezen dingen ist vergeben ! ich sihe die [bittern] gallen mitten in dem honege swebeu : diu weit ist uzen schoeue, wiz grüen unde rot, und innän swarzer varAve, vinster sam der tut. Swen si nü habe verleit, der schomve sinen trost: er Wirt mit swacher buoze gruzer sünde erlOst. dar an gedenkent, ritter: ez ist iuwer dinc. ir tragent die liebten helme und manegen herten rinc, Dar zuo die vesten schilte unt diu gewihten swert. wolte got, waer ich der sigenünfte wert! so wolte ich nötic man verdienen riehen solt. joch meine ich niht die huoben noch der herreu golt: ich wolte sselden kröne eweclichen tragen: die möhte ein soldener mit sime sper bejagen. möht ich die lieben reise gevaren über se, so wolte ich dennc singen wol, und niemer mer ouwe. ^^ LXXI. Das gelobte land. (I, 278 ö. L. U.) 1. Allererst lebe ich mir werde, 2. Schoeniu lant rieh unde herc, Sit min sündic ouge siht swaz ich der noch hau gesehen, Daz hcre lant und ouch die erde, So bist duz ir aller ere. der man vil der cren gibt. waz ist wuuders hie geschehen ! Mirst geschehen des ich ie ba(. Daz ein magt ein kint gebar ich bin komeu an die slat hcre übr aller engel schar, dii got mcnnischlichen trat. was daz niht ein wunder gar? 44 Her llartniaii von Oiiwe. 3. Hie licz er sich reine (oiircii, 4. Krisicii jiid<.-n iiud die licideu daz der ineusclie rciuc si. jchent d:tz diz ir etbe si : 1)6 liez er sich hie verkoufeu, Gut müez ez ze rehtc scheidcu daz wir eigeu wurden fri. durch die siue nauicn dri. Anders waercn wir verlorn. AI diu weit diu stritet her: wol dir, spcr krioz unde dorn! wir sin au der rehlen \|ii;er: WC dir, heidcu ! deist dir zorn ! rcht ist daz er uns gewer. fl-i. Her Hai'liiiaii von Oiiive. (119§ - 1S05.) I. (1, 328 a. Haupt p. 6.J 1. Sit ich den suuier truoc riwc uudc klagen sü ist luin trüst ze früidcn uih( so guu(, Min saue eusülc des wiuters wäiicu tragen : dez selbe daz tuot ouch iniu seuder niuol. Wie lützel mir min staete liebes tuu( ! wau ich vil gar an ir versümct hau die zit, den dienst, dar zuo den laugen wau ich wil ir anders ungelluochet län wan s»'», si hiit uiht wol ze mir getan. 2. Wolt ich den hazzeu der mir leide luol, so möht ich wol miu selbes vient sin. Vil waudels hat miu lip uud ouch der muut:. deist au mim ungelücke worden schin. Miu vrowe gert min uiht , diu schulde ist miu. slt sinne macheut sa3ldeharteu mau und uusiu staete saelde nie gewan, ob ich mit siuuen niht gcdicueu kan, da bin ich alterseiuc schuldic au. 3. Do ir miu dieucst uiht ze herzen gie, do duhte mich au ir bescheideulich Daz si ir werden libes mich crlie : dar an bedähte si vil rehte sich. Zürn ich, daz ist ir spot uud allcl mich. groz was miu wandet : dö si den eutsaz, so meit si mich, \il wol geloube ich daz, mc dur ir cre dauue üf miueu haz : si waeuet des, ir lop stc deste baz. 4. Si häte mich mich wäue unrehte erkaut do si mich ir von erste dienen liez: Dur daz si mich so waudelbaercu vaui min Wandel und ir wisheit mich versticz. Si hat geleistet swaz si mir gehiez, swaz si mir solde, des bin ich gewert: er ist ein tump mau der iht anders gert. si londe mir als ich si dühte wert: michu sieht niht anders wan min selbes swcrt. Ich hau des reht daz min lip iruric si, wan mich (winget ein vil scndiu not: Her Hartman von Ouwc. 45 Swa;^ fröidcu mir von kiude wonfc hi, «Jie siut verziusct als ox got gebot. Mich hat bcswaerct inincs herreii t<U, dar ZUG so (rüebet mich ein varende leit : mir hiit ein wip gemidc M'iderseit der ich gedienet hiin mit staetekeit Sit der stunt deich üf mim stabe reit. II. (I, 329 b. 11. 40 1. Swes vröide an guoten «iben s(iU der sol in sprechen wo! und neseu iindertän. Daz ist min site und ist min rat als ez mit triuwen sol. daz kan mich niht vervan An einer stat da ich noch ie gcnüdcn bat: swaz si mir tiiot, ich hiin mioh ir ergeben und wil ir iemer leben. 2. Müht ich der schoenen mineu muot mich minem willen sagen, so liezc ich minen sanc. Nil ist min saelde niht so guot : du von muoz ich ir klagen mit sänge diu mich twanc. 8wie verre ich si, sü sende ich ir den boten bi den si wol beeret unde nicne siht : dern meldet min d» niht. 3. Ez ist ein klage und niht ein sanc dii ich der guoten mite erniuwe miniu leit. Die swseren tage sint alze lanc die ich si gnaden bite und si mir doch verseit. Swer seihen strit, der kumber ane fröide git, verlazen künde, des ich niene kan, der waere ein sa;Iic man. III. O, 330 a. IL Q.) 1. Dem kriuze zimt wol reiner muot 8. Nu zinsent, ritter, iuwer lebeu und kiuschc site: und ouch den muot so mac man sjelde und allcz guot durch in der iu da hat gegeben erwerben mite. lip unde guot. Ouch ist ez niht ein kleiner haft Swes schilt ie was zcr 'werlte bereit dein tumben man üf höhen pris, der sime übe meistcrschaft ob er den gote nü verseit, niht halten kan. der ist niht wis. Ez wil niht daz man si Wan swera daz ist beschert der werke drunder fri: daz er da wol gevert, waz touc ez uf der wat, daz giltet bcidiu teil, ders au dem herzen niene hat. der werlte lop, der st-le heil. 46 Her Hartman von Ouwe. 3. Dill wcrlt mich lachet triegont ftii und winket mir: nu hiin ich als ein tumber mau gevolget ir. Der hacken hiin ich manegcn tac gcloufen uiich, dii uiemen stsete vinden mac dar was mir gäch. N» hiirmir, herre Krist, der min da varend ist, daz ich mich dem entsage mit dineni zeichen deich hie trage. 4. Sit mich der tot beroubet hat des herren min, swie nü diu werlt nach im gestät, daz laze ich sin. Der fröide min den besten teil hat er da hin, und schliefe ich ufi der sdle heil, daz waere ein sin. Mag ime ze helfe komeu min vart diech hän genomeu, ich wil irm halber jehen: vor gote müeze ich in gesehen. IV. (T, 331 b. U. 11. J) 1. Min fröide wart nie sorgelos unz an die tage daz ich mir Kristes bluonieu kös die ich hie trage. Die kündent eine sumerzit diu also gar in süezer ougen weide lit: got helfe uns dar. Hin in den zehendeu kur, dar oz en hellemör sin valsch verstözen hat, und noch den guoten offen stat. 2. Mich hat diu M'erlt also gewent daz mir der muot sich zeiuer mäze nach ir scut : dest mir uü guot.: Got hat vil wol ze mir getan, als ez nü stät, daz ich der sorge bin erlün diu manegen hat Gebunden an den fuoz, daz er belibeu muoz swenn ich in Kristes schar mit fröiden Avünneclichen var. V. (i, 338 rt. n. ii.) 1. Ob mau mit lügen die scic ncrt, sA weiz ich den der heilic ist, Der mir dicke meine «wert. mich überwant sin karger list Daz ich in zeinie friunde erkös: da wände ich stajte fünde: min selber sin mich da verlos, als ich der Averlte künde: sin lip ist alse valscheh'ts ,_ sam daz mer der ünde. % 2. War umbe suocht ich frömdcu rät, Sit mich min selber herze trouc, Daz mich an den verleitet hat der mir noch niemen guoter touc? Ez ist ein swacher mannes pris den er begät an wiben : siiezer worte ist er sü wis daz man si möhte schriben: den volget ich unz üf daz is, der schade muoz mir beliben. 3. Begunde ich vehen alle man, daz taete ich durch sin eines haz: Wie schuldic waeren si dar an? ja lönet maneger siner baz. Dill hat sich durch ir schcenen sin gesellet saelecliche, diu lachet swenne ich trüric bin, wir alten ungeliche. nach leide huop sich min begin: daz senfte got der riche. VI. CI, 332 . U. U.J 1. Niemen ist ein saelic man ze dirre werlte wan der eine Der nie liebes teil gewan und ouch dar nach gedenket kleine. Des herze ist vri von sender not, diu manegen bringet lif den tot der schoene heil gedienet hiit und sich des äne muoz begän : dem libe uiht so nähe gät, als ich mich leider wol entstän, wand ich den selben kumber hän. 2. Ez ist ein ungelückes gruoz der get für aller hande swaere Daz ich von friundea scheiden muoz bi den ich ieiner gerne waere. Diu not von mineu triuwen kamt: i Her Hartman von Oinve. 47 iclin woiz ob si der srle ilit friimr, mir tuot min stacte (Uckc wi-, sin iirii <^^"i '''><^ lünes me wand ich mich niht getroesteu ninc \v»n (n'iren den vil langen tac. der guofen diu min sclntne [»flac. VII. (f, 333 «. //. 18.^ 1. Ich miioz von rehte den Cac iemer minnen dö ich die werden von erste erkande In siiezer zühte, mit wiplichen sinnen. wol mich daü ich den muot ie dar bewande! Dax schilt ir niht und ist mir iemer guot, wand ich ze gote und zer werlte den muot desto baz dur ir willen kcre : sus dinge Ich daz sich min fröide noch mere. 2. Ich schiet von ir daz ich ir niht enknnde bescheiden wie ich si meiudc in dem muo(e: Sit fuogte mir ein \il sa^Iigiu stunde daz ich si vant mir ze heile äue huotc. Do ich die werden mit fuoge gesach, und ich ir gar mines willen verjach, daznpKc si mir so daz irs got iemer löne. si was von kinde und muoz ie sin min kröne. 3. Sich mac min lip von der guoten wol scheiden: min herze min wille muoz bi ir beliben. Si mac mir leben und fröide wol leiden, da bi alle mine swaere vertriben: An ir lit beide min liep und min leit: swaz si min wil, deist ir iemer bereit: wart ich ie vrö, daz schuof niht wan ir giiete, got 81 der ir lip und ere behiiete. VIII. (I, 334 b. H. 22.J 1. Ich var mit iuwern hulden , herreu unde mäge ; Hut linde laut diu müezen saelic sin. Es ist UDDöt daz ieraen miner verte vrage: ich sage wol für war die reise min. Mich vienc diu minne und lie mich varn uf mine Sicherheit: nu hat si mir enboten bi ir liebe daz ich var. ez ist unwendic: ich muoz endelichen dar: wie knme ich briche mine triuwe und minen eit! 2. Sich rüemet maneger waz er dur die minne tiete : wa sint diu werc? die rede hoei-e ich wol. Doch Siehe ich gerne daz si ir eteslichen baete daz er ir diente als ich ir dienen sol. Ez ist geminnet, der sich dur diu minne eilenden muoz: nü seht wies mich üz miner zungen ziuhet über mer: und lebte min her Salatin und al sin her, dien br<£hten mich von Vranken niemer einen vuoz. 3. Ir minnesinger, iu muoz ofte misselingen: daz iu den schaden tuot daz ist der w<in. Ich wil mich rüemen , ich mac wol von minne singen, Sit mich diu minne hiU und ich si hän. Daz ich dii wil, seht daz wil alse gerne haben mich: so müezt ab ir Verliesen uuder wilen wänes vil : 4U Her Wolfram von Eschcnbacli. ri lingcnt uinhe liep Aaz iiiwcr nilil enuil: waa miigct ir arineii niiiincn sullic ininuc als ich'::' 15. Her H'olfraiii von KNClieiilinoli. ( 1803 - 15. ) I. (/, 884 «. Lnchm. p. b.) 1. Ein wip inac woi erlouben mir daz ich ir nome mit triuwen war. Ich j»er (mir wart oiich nie diu gir verliabet) niia oiiycn swingcn dar. Wie biu ich sus imveloslaht? si siht min herze in vinster naht. 2. Si «reit den helfelichen gruoz, der mich an vröuden riciien raac, Darüf ich iemer dienen muoz. vil lihte erschinet noch der tac Daz man mir miioz vn'iuden jehcn. noch groezer wunder ist geschehen. 3. Seht waz ein storch den soetcn schade : noch minre schaden h:int min diu wip. Ir haz ich ungern üf mich lade. diu nu den schuldehafleu lip Gegen mir treit, daz hize ich sin: ich wil nu pflegen der zühte min. II. O, 285 b. L. 7.J> 1. Ursprinc bluomen, loup üz dringen, und der luft des meigen urbort vogel ir alten don : Etswenn ich kan niuwez singen, so der rife ligt, guot wip, noch allez <in din Ion. Die waltsinger und ir sanc nach halben sumers teile in niemens üre enklanc. 8. Der bliclichen bluomen glesten sol des touwes anehanc erliutern, swa si sint: Vogel die hellen und die besten, al des meigen zit si wegent mit gesange ir kint. Do slief niht diu uahtegal: nu wache abr ich und singe uf berge und in dem tal. 3. Min sanc wil genäde suochen an dich, güetlich wip: nu hilf, sit helfe ist worden not. Din lön dienstes sol geruochen, daz ich iemer biute und biute unz an minen tot. Läz mich von dir nemen den tröst daz ich üz minen langen klagen werde erlöst. 4. Guot Avip, mac min dienst ervinden, ob din helfelich gebot mich fröuden welle wern, Daz min triiren müeze swinden und ein liebez ende an dir bejagen min langez gern? Din güetlich gelaz mich twanc daz ich dir beide singe al kurz od wiltu lanc. 5. Werdez wip, din süeziu güete Her Wolfram von Esclicnbacli. 49 und din minneclichcr zora hat mir vil früidc crwcrt. Mäht du troesten min geinücteV wan ein helfelichez wort von dir mich saufte erncrt. Mache Avendic mir min klagen, so daz ich werde gröz gemiutt bi minen tagen. III. Ch 286 b. L. 9.J 1. Guot wip, ich bite dich niinne, 4. Ir wengel wol gestellet ein teil dur daz, sint gevar Sit ich dir niht gebieten mac alsam ein towic rose rot. Du gib mir die gewinne, Diu schoen mir wol gevellef, daz ich baz sist valsches bar. an dir gelebe noch lieben tac. ir ougen bringent mich in n»'»t. Snel für mich , wilder danne ein tier, Si dringent in niins herzen grünt : mac mir din helfe entwenken. will an triiiwe gedenken, saelic wip, so gist ein liebez ende mier. 2. Du treist so vestez herze iif mine vlust: wie sol der site an dir zergcn? Ein müzervalke , ein terze, dem mac brüst niht baz dan dir diu dine stcu. Din munt ist üf den kus gestalt, din lachelichez griiezen mac mir wol gesüezen süre not: sus hat din minne min gewalt. 3. Möht ich die saelde reichen, diu so hoch ob miner fröide stet gezilt ! Got raüez ir herze erweichen, Sit ez noch der miner swaere niht bevilt. Man siht mich alze selten geil, ein vlins von donrestralen möht ich z'allen müleu hän erbeten, daz im der herte entwiche ein teil. IV «. Oif, so enzündet mich ir minne, daz ich von ir brinne : an der stat bin ich von der siiezcn wunt. 5. Ir schoene fröide machet, durliuhtic röt ist ir munt als ein rubin. Swem si von herzen lachet des sorge ist tot. sist min spilnder ougen schin. Ir frömde krenketz herze min: ich stirb, mir werde ir minne. Venus, diu gotinue, lebt si noch, si müest bi ir verblichen sin. 6. Ich wil des minen ougeu sagen danc, daz si si runden alse guot. Die ich da minne tougen sunder wanc, diu hat gehoehet mir den nuiot. Daz schaffet mir ir röter niuut: ir minueclichez lachen kan mir wol gemachen hohen rauot, dii von mir wirt ein fröide kun(. 424 «. L. ij 1. „Sine kliiwen durch die wölken sint geslagcn, er stiget üf mit ganzer kraft, Ich sih in gräwen tegelich, als er wil tagen, den tac, der im geselleschaft Erwenden wil , dem werden man, den ich mit sorgen in verliez : ich bringe in hinnen , ob ich kan j sin vil manegiu tugent michz leisten hiez." 2. ,,Waht?pr, du .singest (Minnesänger.") 50 Her Wolfram von Eschenbach. daz mir mancgc Trciule utmt uiulc meret minc klage. Mxr du bringest, der mich leider nilit gczimt, immer morgeus gegen dem tage. Diu solt du mir verswigen gar. Ahz biut ich den triwcn din: des lün ich dir als ich getar. so belibet hie der seile min." 3. „Er muoz et hinnen balde und Aue sümen sich: nu gib im urloup, süezez wip. Liize in minnen her nach so verhoinc dich, daz er behalte er und den lip. Er gab sich miner triwe also, daz ih in brachte ouch Avidcr dan. cz ist nu tac: naht 'was cz d6 mit druck an brüst din kus mirn an gewan/* 4. „Swaz dir gevalle, Avahtaer, sine, und hi den hie, der rainne braht und minne enphienc. Von dinem schalle ist er und ich erschrocken ie: .so nittder morgenstern üf gienc Üf in, der her nach minne ist kernen, noch ninder liihte tages lieht, du hast in dicke mir beuomen von blanken armen, und üz herzen nicht.'" 5. Von den blicken, die der tac tet durh diu glas, und dö der wahtajr warnen sanc, Si muose erschricken durh den der da bi ir was. ir brüstelin an brüst si dwanc. Der riter ellens niht vergaz (des M'old in wenden wahters don): urloup näh und näher baz mit küsse und anders gab in minne Ion. IV b. il, 286 a. L. 7.) 1. „Ez ist nu tac, daz ich wol mac mit wärheit jehen, ich wil niht langer sin. Diu vinster naht hat uns nu brüht ze leide mir den morgenlichen schin." ,,$oI er von mir scheiden nuo, min friunt, diu sorge ist mir ze vruo: icli weiz vil wol, daz ist ouch ime, den ich in minen ougen gerne bürge, möhte ich in also behalten, min kumber wil sich breiten, üwe des, wie kumt ers hin? der höhste frido müez in noch wider an minen arm geleiten.'' Meister Götvrit von Sträzbiirc. 51 2. Daz guote wJp ir vriundcs lip vast iimbcvicnc : der was cntsliifcn du. Dö daz gescliiicli daz er orsacli den grÄivcn (ac, dö muose er sin unfrö. An sine brüste driicte er sie, und sprach ,Jane erkande ich nie kein truric scheiden also snel. uns ist diu naht von hinnen alze balde : wer hat si so kurz gemezzenV der tac wii niht erwindeu, Iiut diu minne an saeldeu teil, diu helfe mir daz ich dich noch mit vrüiden müezc vinden.'* 3. Si beide luste daz er kuste si genuoc: gevluochet wart dem tage. Urlop er uam, daz dti wol zam; uu merket Avie: da ergienc ein schimpf bi klage. Si heten beide sich bewegen, ern wart so nähe nie gelegen, des noch diu minne hat den pris: übe der sunneu dri mit blicke wa?reD. sin möhten zwischen si geliuhten. er sprach „nu wil ich riten. din wiplich giiete neme min war, und si min schilt hiut hin und her, und her nfich zailen zilen.'^ 4. Ir engen naz dö wurden baz: och twanc in klage: er muose dan von ir. Si sprach hin zime „urlop ich nimc zen vröiden min: diu wil nu gar von mir, Sit daz ich vermiden muoz dinen munt, der mangen gruoz mir bot und och dln süezeu kus, als in din üz erweltiu güete lerte, und diu geselle din, diu triuwe. weme "»vilt du mich lüzen? DU kum schier wider üf rehtcn tröst. 6w& dur daz enmac ich strenge sorge niht gemazcn." 16. Ifleii^ter Oötvrit von Strazliurc. (1804-15.) I. (II, 866 «.) 1. Diu zit ist wunneclich, z'aller stunde swanne abereile gegen dem moien wont mir nähen bi. alse wunnecliche strebet, 2. Wipliche werdekeit, So hebet ze vröuden sich Got hat vor aller creatiuro erde unde luft, dar zuo sich zweien, dich gemachet also wert, swaz get, vliuzet oder swebet. Swes muot ze niinnen steit, Muoz ich iemer eine sin? dem ist din name also gehiurc, selbe ander wirde ich niemcr ane si, daz er bezzers nien' engert. diu mir an dem herzen lit, Wart iht liebers danne wip, siieze in dem munde des habe ich ungesamnct mineu muot: 52 Meister Gölvrit von Slruzburc. wlbcs naiue unt wibcs lip sint beide reine, swie doch eine uiir iinsannc tuot. 3. Ich unverdähtcr man, zc Dabilönc nach ir lüuc wolt' ich gerne vnrn. 5. Der siiincr si so giiot, daz er die schoene in sincr wiinne war tuon ich •wort, war (iion ich läze wiinnecliche leben. sinne, swanne ich bi der schocnen bin, Daz ich niht reden kan? so gar verstummet mich ir minne, daz ich bin gar anc sin. Swanne ich sprechen sol ze not, Swaz wol den engen tuot, unt sich den liuten lieben kunne, daz müeze ir diu seelde geben. Swaz grüenes uf von erden g^, oder touwes obenan nider risen nuioz, loup, gras, bluonien unde kI<S so kan ich harte kleine , des mich der vögele doenen vrume, so wird' ich blüc, von schämen röt ; dar nach besunder kan ich wunder, swanne ich von ir kume. 4. Waz hilft min umbesagen? mit einem worle si'z besliuzet, si sprichet kurzlich: „ine wii." Sol ich darumbe verzagen? geb' der schoenen wunneclichen gruoz. 6. Ir rösevarwer raunt und ir wol stenden, lichten ougen, däbi ein wolgeschaffen lip, Daz machet manger stunt, daz mir daz herze trüret tougen ; daz bedenke, ein schoenez wip ! Du senfte mir daz swaere leben nein, ich enwil; swen es verdriuzet, unde biut mir vil schiere dine hant. der bejaget niht ze vil. Ich wil si versuochen baz unt wil mich ir ze dienest sparn ; und obe si mir gebiutet daz : ald' ich muoz in den sorgen sweben; daran gedenke, iemer niht entwenke, enstricke mir daz bant. * II. (II, 866 bO 1. Ir beniden himel neiget iuch bar, (vgl. IN, 454 6.) unt nemet des siiezen lobes Mar, daz ich enbar von dem gewihten bilde, Diu sich uns vor gebildet hat mit reiner schäm, mit kiuscher tat, diu siiezen rät git manigem herzen wilde. Neige ouch diu heiligen oren din ze dem lobe, daz ich dd singe, Jesus, der siiezen muoter din, daz si gesegent niiieze sin, wan si ist ein schrin vol aller guoter dinge. 2. Ir lop mit bernder wirde iif ge, (ib.) sam loup, gras, bluomen unt der kh-, durch grüenez le, von berndes regens güete. Ez muoz uns sigen in den muof, nisam der ton von himel (uot üf bernde bluot; ez muoz uns daz gemüete Meister G'ötvrit von Stiäzburc. SS Eiilliulilcii, saiii den morgen röt der vröiidenberuder suniie; ez imioz uns bern daz lebende brot, daz guot ist vür der scle tot an rehtcr not: des hilf uns, lebender brunne! 3. Du reine uns, reiueberndcr miiot, 0^-) lachender r«>sen spilndiu bluot, wallendiu vluot, viiezendiu houeges sücze! Heine uns, daz wir dich lobende loben, unt vdhe uns mit der minne klobcn, daz man uns oben ze vröuden sehen miieze. Giuz uns daz bernde minnetrauc iu libe, in sele, in herzen, daz aller herzen widerwanc noch ie lebende süeze twanc, gib uns gcdanc, der wären riuwe smerzen. 4. Entliuhte uns, liehleberudcr tac, (ibj inbriunende minne, balseniensmac, blüejender hac, inbrünstiu herzenhizze ! Ervrühte uns, bernder gnaden ein vruht, leide uns der sünden ungeuuht, und alle unzuht uns von dem herzen lizzel Teil' mit uns, vrouwe, dinen segen, den dir der engel brähte, dö dich begüz der sielden regen; ze denselben sselden hilf uns stegen, die dir der degen mit vröuden zuo gedähte. 5. Du rösenbluot, du giljenblat, du künigin in der höhen stat, dar nie getrat ie vrouwenbilde mere; Du herzeliep vür allez leit, du vröude in rehter bitterkcit, dir si geseit, gesungen lob und ere: Des lebenden Gotes zelle was dio lip vil sa?ldenbsere ; reht als der sunne dur daz glas kan dringen, siiezcr undc baz drang <ine haz ziio dir Krist der gcwspre. 6. Du rösental, du violvelt, du wunneberndez herzengelt, du blüender helt, du süeze Gotes wünnel Du liehtcbernder morgenröt, du rehte vriundin an der not, daz lebende bröt geba?r du, küniges künne, Daz manic vinster herze kalt enlluhte und ouch enbrande mit süezer minne manicvalt; so rehte starc ist sin gewalt; des Wirt gezalt diu lob an manigera lande. 7. Du minneclicher bluomeglanz, du blüemest aller niegde kränz, der saelden swanz dich hat alümbevangeu. Du bist daz blüende hinielris, daz blüende blüejet manige Avis ; wan Gotes vliz der ist an dir ergangen. Des ist dir hohes lobes sanc ze wünsche wol gesungen; vil maniges herzen guot gedanc klenket dir suoze manigen klanc, an' allen wauc, des hastu si betwungen. 8. Du bluomenschin dur grüenen kle, du blüender lignum aloe, du gnädense, da man mit vröuden lendet. Du wunnebernder vröude ein dach, dädur man regen nie gesach, du guot gemach, des ende niemer endet. Du helfebernder kraft ein turn vor vientlichem bilde, du wendest mauigen harten sturn, den an uns tuot dur sinen hurn der hellewurn, und ander würme wilde. 9. Du aller süeze ein süezer schin, du süezer, danne ie wurde wJn, diu süeze diu mir blücn ze stelde müeze. Du bist daz süeze rainuetranc, &4 Meister Gülvrit von Sträzburc. darin diu gotlicit suo^c drauc; sireQCU sanc nie wart so rciitc sücze. Du güst dar ör, dur ougcu in zc herzen unt zc sinne, da birstu -wunncbeniden sin, Ulli stoercst alle unvrüudc liin; du bist gewiu der herzecliclicn minue. der rcinckeit ein trübe, der wilren niinnc ein grüencr kle, der gnildc ein grundelOser sv, unt darzuo nie der triuwe ein turteltübe! 13. IMaria, reiniu werdekeit, swaz man dir singet unde seit, daz ist gemeit, lieplicb vor allem sänge; 10. Ob aller Avunne ein i>cliocuez Du tuost den lip, die sdle vrö, trat, ez lüftet sinne, berzel, liö, cz cnwart nie gcstcin, noch edel nu sus mi sü, krüt, noch menschlich brüt so schoeu', vil schoenc vrouwe, . . alsam daz lieplich himcltouwc; Ez blücjet dar und aber dar vil süezer unde sücze; kiim' ich dich an sehen gctar vor dincr reinen süezc klar: mit höher war si Got, der dich dA grüczc! mit süezem anegange. Du blüejest schone in bluomen wis in herzen und in muotc; du bist so gar ein paradis, der Avuune ein blüendez rüsenris, der sselde ein pria, der genade ein wünschelruote. 14. Vol aller guiide ein reinez vaz, der stseten tugent ein adamas, ein Spiegelglas der wunne, diu sich wunnet. Du heiles unt gelückes rät, des heiligen geistes miuuesdt, 11. Ob aller tugcnde ein süczc an vröne stat tugent, din bilde wart gebrunnetj du jugende da' ende in blüeudcr Darin der lebende Gotes degen jugent; des si wol mngent din lop ze lichte bringen, Die himel uut der himel kiut und alle, die mit Gote siut. jö siut si bliut an sinne uut guotcu dingen. Die diue süezen werdekeit niht erent innecliche, die Got an dich da hat geleit mit maniger liuhen wirde breit, daz Ton dir seit manic herze tugentriche. von himel nider dräte, sam üf die bluomen süezer regen, so senfter süeze künde er pflegen .... vrüeje unt spate. 60. Unt hülfe mich nü sendez klagen, ich klagete, daz man'z möhte sagen, daz ich den tagen so lüzzel häte der minne, Mit der ich solte geworben hau daz liep, daz niemer kan zerganj mich trouc der Avän, der manigem uimt die sinne: 13. Du gimme, ein golt, eiu edel- Ich wände, unt wolde wizzen niht, stein, C^gl. Ilf, 455 a.) ich bin der wajner eine. ein milch, ein rutcz hclfeubein, ein honicseiu in herzen und in munde! Du bernder tagende edel krut, ein minneclichiu Gotes brüt ein süezez trüt, ein sseldebcrndiu stunde ! Du rehter kiuschc ein blaukcr sut-, der iuuän ist blint, und uzen siht, als allen tören da beschihtj des ist, als ein wiht, ,; mins herzen vröude kleine. 61. Gelriuwer Got, nü erbarme dich genaedeclichen über mich; , der genäden ich A bedarf von allem herzen. Der voQ Johansdorf. S6 Wan niiiier siinde der ist lud, gcmiunct, (last äu Iniigen, dau Wiiges in dem Bodeusc; daz ouch ich dir, 6 herre, klage, des ist mir we, ich was gegen diner miaue ein zage, iint dulde manigen smerzen. davon ich trage Ich hau dich lüzzel miue tage ein wundez herze tougen. III. (H, 876 aj i. Klnt, uut welle dich gelücke iniden, 8Ö daz dir Got armuot gebe an übe und ouch an guoie, Daz soltu gedultecliche liden, und ensolt darümbe hau kein tniren in dem miiote; Du solt im es genäde sagen mit herzen unt mit gedenken, niemermer soltu daran gewenken : sich, so heizet er dir dort die wernden vröude scheuken. 2. Kinfc, armuot, daz wizzest, trüt geseUc, swer die willecliche hat, daz soltu mir geloubeu, Den ernert si vor der tiefen helle ; si kan den lip, die scle, von allen siiuden rouben. Armuot ist gegen Gotes zorn diu höchste suona;riune, zwischen Got und uns vüeget si die minnc, die kein engel vüegen kan: daz nim in dine sinne. 3. Kint, armuot, die minnete der berste unt der erste, der ie was, und iemer ist an' ende; Armuot was sin anevanc zem erste, dö in diu süeze muoter sin gebar in diz eilende; Armuot leit er naht und tac, mit armuot schiet er hinnen; mit armuot muost' er uns wider gewinnen : sich, die nuiostu minnen ouch, wiltu der helle entrinnen. ±V* Her W^altiaiii von Grcsteii. (MW 13OO0 Ol, 161 aO 1. Minne, ir habt mich so beswa;ret, 2. Minne, volget niiner lere, daz ich äne vröude bin: tuot an iuwern vriunden baz: Sweune ir mir geuaedic waeret, Er ist iemer sunder ere, 60 hct' ich ze vrüuden sin. dem die sine sint gehaz. Ouch si iu daz vor gesaget: Swie vil gar ich iuwer si, swennc ir an dem vi-iunde missctuot, ich wird' iu des willen wol ein gai>(, daz der vrcmdc an iu verzaget. da cnstc genäde bi. 19. Der von «foliaiisdorf (1801 — 9.) I. CJ, 381 bj 1. Ich und ein wip wir haben gcstritcu nii vil manige zit; ich han von ir zorue vil erliten, noch haltet si den strit; Si waenet des, dur daz ich var, ich liizc si noch vri: Got vor der helle niemer mich bcwar, ob daz min wille si; 5<> Der von Joliansdorf. Swic vil daz mer und ouch die starken ünde (oben, icli wil si uienicr da verloben: der donreslege mühte aber lilitc sin, ditr die si mich lie^e. uu sprechet, wes si wider mich gcnieze: 81 kunU mir uienicr tac üz den gedaukeu min. 2. Swcr minne uiinneclicheu trcit, gar dne valschcn muot, des süude wirt vor Gotc niht geseit, si tiuret und ist guot. Wau sol miden bcesen kraue, unt minuen reiniu wipj tuet er'2 mit triuwen, so habe icmer danc sin tugentlicher lip. Künd' er si ze rehte beidiu sicli bewarn, vür die wil ich ze helle varn: die aber hie mit listen wellent sin, vür die wil ich niht vallen; ich meine, die da minncnt üuc gallen, als ich mit triuwen tuon die lieben vrouwen miu. 3. Ob ich si ieraer mere gesehe, des enweiz ich niht vür wiir; diibi geloube mir, swes ich ir jehc, ez get von herzen gar: Ich minne si vür elliu wip, unt swer ir des bi Gotc, daz herze min, sin und ouch al der lip, die Stent in ir geböte. Ich erwache niemer, ez ensi min i-rste segen, daz Got ir eren müeze pflegen, ,: unt laze ir lip mit lobe hie besten, 1 und iemer ewecliche, uü gib ir, herre, vröude in himelriche: daz ir geschehe, also müeze ez ouch mir ergcn. 4. Swie gerne ich var, doch jämert mich, wie ez nü hie gestc; ich weiz avoI, ez verkcret allez sichj diu sorge tuot mir we. Die ich hie läze wol gesunt, der vinde ich aller niht; swer leben sol, dem wirt menic wunder kuut, daz alle tage geschiht. Wir haben in einem järe der liute vil verlorn, an den mau siht den Gotes zoru. uü erkenne sich ein ieglich herze guot; diu werlt ist niemen stajte, unt wil doch, daz man minne ir valscheu raetc: nu siht man wol ir lön, wie si an dem ende tuot. II. C7, 328 b.J 1. Die hinneu varn, die sagen dur Got, daz Jerusalem der reinen stat und ouch dem lande 1 Der von Johansdorf. 9$> helfe nocli uie noeter warf. Uiu klage wirt der tunibeu spol; die spreclient alle, wser' ez imserni herren audc, er rwche ez an ir aller vart. Nil inügen sl denken, daz er lelt den grimmen tot, der grozen marter was im ouch vil gar unnu(, wau daz in erbarmet' unser val: swen nu sin kriuze iint sin grap niht wil erbarmen, daz sint von im die saeldenarmeu. 2. Nu, waz gelouben wil der hau, uut wer sol im ze helfe komen an siuem ende, der Got wol hülfe, und tuot es nihl? Als ich mich versinuen kau, ez ensi vil gar ein t-haft not, diu in des wende, in waene, er ez übersiht. Nu liit daz grab und ouch daz kriuze geruowet ligen : Idie beiden wellent einer rede an uns gesigen, daz Gotes muoter niht ensi ein maget: swem disiu rede niht nahe an sin herze vellet, owe, war hat sich der gesellet! 3. Mich habent die sorge üf daz braht, daz ich vil gerne kranken muot von mir vertribe; des M'as min herze her niht vri. Ich gedenke also vil manige naht: waz sol ich wider Got nü tuon, ob ich belibe, daz er mir genaedic si? Ich weiz niht vil gröze schulde, die ich habe, niwab eine, der kume ich niemer abe, alle sünde lieze ich wol, wan die: ^ich minne ein wip vor al der werlte in mim gemücic. Got, herre, daz verväch ze güete! III. (7, 323 a.) 1. Wize, rote rösen, bläwe bluomen, grüene gras, brune, gel, aber rot, darzuo des klewes blat, Von dirre varwe under einer grüenen linde Avas, darüfe sungen vögele, daz was ein schoeniu stat, Kurz gewahsen bi ein ander stuont ez schöne: noch gedinge ich, der ich vil gedienet hän, daz si mir lone. 2. Ez ist manic wile, daz ich niht von vröudeu sanc, und enweiz joch rehte niht, wes ich mich vröuwen mac; Daz ich der guoten niht ensach, des duuket mich vil lanc: doch viirhte ich, sine gewünne noch nie nach mir langen tac. Ich sol ze miize lachen, unz ich ir gendde erkenne j als ich danne ervinde, wie'z allez stät, danach lache ich dcnne. IV. (7j 323 b.) Saehe ich iemen, der jsehe, er wsere von ir komen, waere ich dem vient, ich wolle in grüezen; Allez daz ich ie gewan , lief er mir daz genomcn, daz müht' er mir mit sinen maeren büezen: Swer si vor mir nennet, der hat gar mich ze vriunde ein gauzez jär, unt het' er mich verbrennet. fl6 Klingsor. V. Ch 1. Der al der werlte vröiidc git, der trcestc min geniüetct Min vrüiide au der vil schocncn lit, nach der min herze wüete. Scheide, vrouwe, disen strit, der in mineni herzen lit, mit reines wibes güete. 2. Du nim daz, vrouwe, in dinen muot, unt tuo gensedeclichen; Gegen dir unsanfte mir daz tuot, unt sol ich von dir wichen; Du Iii gegen mir den dinen haz, sone mac mir nienier werden baz, wan in dem himelriche. 3. Unt sold' ich iemer daz geleben, daz ich si ümbevienge, So mües min herze in vrouden sweben j 384 aO swcnnc daz also ergicngc, So würde ich von sorgen vri; ir gcuäde stilnt diibi, ob si mir des verhiengc. 4. Diu Saelde hiU gekrcenet mich gegen der vil süezen Minne; Des muoz ich iemer <^rcn dich, vil werde küniginne ! Sweune ich die vil schoenen han, eone mac mir niemer missegän, si ist aller güete ein gimme. 5. Geprüefet hat ir nUer munt, daz ich muoz iemer m(5re Mit vröuden leben z'aller stunt, swar ich des landes kere; Also hat si gelouet mir: gescheiden hat mich niht von ir vrou Zuht mit süezer lere. 19. Der tiigciitliafte Ncliriliei. 1. Ez ist in den walt gesungen, daz ich ir genäden klage, Diu min herze hat betwungen, unt noch twinget alle tage. Mir ist, sam der nahtegal, diu so vil vergebne singet, und ir doch zeleste bringet niht Avan schaden ir süezer schal. 8. Wip, vor allen guoten wiben, la mich dine hulde hän;" Bi dir mühte ich vrö beliben, stüende ez dinera willen an. Gip mir , vrouwe , hüben muot, unde seufte senden smcrzen, den ich dulde an minem herzen: ach; wie sanfte minue tuot! (ia06 — 88.) (//, 151 a.) \ 3. Diu vi! liebe, unt niht diu guote, der ich ie ze vrouwen jach, Swaz ich an si trüstes muote, daz hat si vür ungemach, Unde spottet miner klage, ei, getörste ich si gescheiden, wunder wolt ich an ir melden: Ü des ich vil durch zuht verdage. 4. Waz toug in dem wilden walde kleiner vogelline sanc Und ir doene mauicralde, wer seit in der vuoge danc? Dankes ist so toup der walt, so ist daz wilde waltgcsinde von der wilde gar ze swiudc hübeschem löne niht gestalt. !90. Kliiigsor. C1207.) CIIJj 330 6.) Welt, swer dich lobt, ich schilte dich, du bist wol schelteus wert, Sit daz diu houbet guldin ist, unt bceser vüeze gert von erden, die durchnagen hat mauc giftic wurm mit ir unreinen münden. Welt, dich Iiat, als ein windesbnit, nit unde haz durchvaru, s6 wil diu boesc gitikeit gar keinen erden spai'u, Von Siogeuberc, Truhsaeze ze Sant Gallen. M höclivart durch keiuiii sIöjs eulut, si dring' Iiervür, swä man wil Iian Ir künde. Büezt' ich vünf tüsent kriuz' an mich und liez' den hart gra wahsen \if die vüeze, würb' ich dannoch betrogenlich, so züg' mich doch zer helle gnint, Welt, dine sündc süeze. Got miunet valsche kutten niht, si sin wiz oder grä: ein reinez herz' an' valsche pfliht daz hat Got liep, waer' ez joch üzeu blä. t9i. Von Siiigcnlierc, Xruliseezc zc ISaiit Gallen. (1809-Ä80 I. Ch 288 bO 1. Der ich diene und al daher gedienet han, Sit ich von kinde alrcrste dienen künde, Diu ist so liep, so guot, und ouch so wolgetän, daz man den allen niht geliches vuude; Si liebet sich von tage ze tage, dest ir site, der ich so holdez herze trage, daz si so süezer süeze went, daz man sich noete n.ich der lieben liebe sent. 8. Waz diu werde minneclicher minne git dem, der si nach ir werde kau geminuen! Da bi so vil wunneclicher wunne lit, daz sich des niemau z'ende kan versinnen. Wie künde ich werden höhgemuot, an ir trost, sit si so gar nach wünsche tuot? durch daz hän ich mich ir ergeben, wan si so wol gelieben kan dem man sin leben. 3. Daehte ich iemer, ine verdaehte ir güete niht, die man an den vil minneclichen vindet: Er muoz lachen , sM'er ir ander ougen siht ', des si sich nach ir sselden underwindet, Dem tuot si liep und ere schin; wol mich des, so sajlic ist diu vrouwe min, swen si mit willen vröuden wert, dem git si vröuden, swaz er ir zer werlte gert. II. Oi 890 bO 1. Vrouwe ich wsere gerne vrö, daz mag ane iuwer helfe niht gesin. — „We, wie wsere iu danne so! dän' ist niht an, nemt ander troester, danne min." Äne Got eine, kan mich niht getroesten, wan ir eine. — „lät solhen spot: deswär, ich ahte üf iuwer klaffen harte kleine." — 8. Nein, vil süeziu vrouwe, nein, stactem vriunde sol nieman also gar versagen. — „Weune wart ich des eneiii, I Von Singenberc^ Trulisacze ze Sant Gallen. daz ich iuwer swaere woldc helfen tragen?" — Wizzet, daz ich wirde vür, wirt si von iii nilit ringer. — „ich sage m baz, durch sülhe iiüt verlür ich uiht den kleinen vinger." — 3. Ir sült seihen spot verbern, jii hat mir der ernest gar den schimpf benomen. — „Nu, wes sol man iiich gewern, daz ir sprechet, daz in swa;re si benomen?'* — Des kan ich iu wol gewisen, nemt ir mich ze rate. — „verdenke ich mich als ich doch sol, so volge ich iu des rates späte." — 4. Daz min rät und ouch min klage iuch so kleine wiget, daz tuot mir anders we. — „Zürnet ir, ob ich versage, daz mir nien' enkunit, so wirt des zorncs mc." — Sit nu zorn niht vrümt, so siiene ich gerne üf iuwer güete. — „ich hjin gesworn, daz ich vor löser manne tücke mich behüete. 5. Boeser tücke ist mir niht kuut: ich hän iu gedienet äne valschen wanc. — „Wser' ez war, daz iuwer munt gegen mir sprichet, des sagte ich iu gerne danc." — Hulf es iht, ich swüerc iu, daz ich uiht kan, wan die rihte. — ,,su sült ir uiht verkunnen iuch darümbe guoter zuo- versihte." III. (T, 894 aj 1. Von vröuden vröut min herze sich, swenne ich die vröudericheu sihe; ledoch daruuder twiuget mich ein leit, des ich dur not verjihe: Ist si schoene und ist si guot, deste wirs tuot mir versagen; wa;re si alt, arm und ungemuot, so möht' ich si wol verklagen. 8. Mir ist daz ofte vor gesaget, daz ich ir gerne dienen wil; Verdulte mir ein süeze maget, daz ich ir teilte vor ein spil: Widerspraeche si danne dem teil uiht, so solde er staete sin; uiemer wirde ich doch ir Schimpfes geil, diu sü hat geschimpfet min. IV. (T, 894 aJ Der werlte voget, des himels küuig, ich lob' iuch gerne, daz ir mich habet erlän, daz ich niht lerne, wie dirre unt der, an vremder stat, ze minem sänge scheruc. Min meister klaget so sere von der Vogelweide, in twinge daz, in twinge jenz, daz mich noch nie betwanc: den länt si bi so richer kunst an habe ze kranc, Von Singenberc, Truhsaeze ze Sant Gallen. 61 (laz ich mich kümc fif ir genädc vou dem mincn scheide; Sus heize ich wirt, unt rite hein, du ist mir niht wi-, dil singe ich voa der heide iiut von dem griieneu kle : daz soitu stscten, milter Got, daz es mir iht zer^i, V. et, 294 bj 1. Nu gerte ich niht der werlde nie, Avan daz ich solde wilent jehen, der mir daz herze nie vergaz, Sit si mir tuet mit giiote we, und ir mins willen wart verjehen mit vorhte, als ich ir wort entsaz, Do was ir >vort, ir werc so minneclich, und allez ir gebaren, der iemer nach dem wünsche schönes wibes solde varen, der künde si, nach minem diinke, schoeuer niht gemachen: mich vroute, waer' ich halber tot, geruohte mich so sajlic wip von herzen an gelacheu. 2. So süezez lachen süezet mir daz jär, die wile und ouch daz leben, daz ich sorge heize uf höher stenj Ich weiz die süezen sa^lde an ir, diu sajlde vröude kan gegeben, von der wol trüren muoz zerg6n. Wie möht' also bescheidenlicher güete iht arges widerstriten, in der si reinecliche lebt mit saelden z'allen ziten? ez müeste wol sin ein üz der mäze nähe gcnde swcere, da alse werdes wibes trost, den si -wol gsebe, ruohte si's, niht guot ze buoze waere. 3. Gedinge, sorge, vlehen tuet mich vor den jären werden alt: OAve mir, wie daz vüeget si, Daz si mich weiz also gemuot, swie sere si mir (uot gewalt, daz ir min herze ist stiete bi. Nu si eilt stsete, ich wil mit sige oder äne sig' l^eliben; mir mac min guot gedinge wol die sorge noch vertriben, ob mir ir geniide gensedecliche wirt erzeiget, daz vlehen süez am ende wirt, so ist allez, daz ich we geschrc, mit vröuden gar versweiget. VI. Oi 896 ö.) 1. Ich wil minem vater gerne raten wol, daz er hinueuvür sich sanges mäze; Ez ist billich , daz ich in vürwesen sol, und er sich an minen dienest läze. Ich wil vür in dienen schoenen vrouwen: habe er daz er heime habe, unt läz' uns jungen ävenliure schouwen. — 2. „Rüedelin, du bist ein junger blappeublap, du rauost dinen vater lazen singen; Er wil sine hovescheit vüeren in sin grap, des muostu dich mit verlornen dingen ; Er wil selbe dienen siner vrouwen: du bist ein viereggöt gebür, des muostu holz an einie reine houM'en." 02 Von Singenbcrc, Trulisaeze ze Sant Gallen. VII. (Ij 297 aj 1. Rehter liebe üz staBtem inuote, waa avü mich ze tören hdn: der hän ich dil her gepflegen, swer daz si, der hüete sich, Die verstet man mir z'imguote; dist mia rat, e daz er rehte erzürne nu wil ich mich ir bewegen, mich. Ich wil vri von hinnen sin; 4. Ich wil in dem vierden liede swes ich si, si der ouch min: an ein ende ir miiot erspeheo: Sit mich güete nien' envriimet. Der mir'z noch nach willen schiede, waz ob mir iiugüete baz ze giiote daz lieze ich zem vünften sehen, kämet. Ich bin beidenthalp bereit, 2. We, daz ich der siiezen rasere al dar mich daz l»iz geseit: von der M'erden sol gedagen, seit ez wol, so singe ich baz; Dill mich dühten ie gebajre, inisseseit ez aber mir, ich singe daz miioz ich doch iemer klagen: ouch daz. Nu, waz klage ich, sit si mir 5. ich muoz von verdienter schulde niht engan? joch gund' ich ir, mich der lieben schuldic sagen; rehte als ich mir selbem gan: Des wil ich gerne umb ir hulde dest niht guot, sol ich beswichen schuldecliche buoze tragen, sin daran. Min unvuoge vüeget wol, 3. Waz bedorft' ich langer statte daz mich nieman troesten sol: dien, die mir niht staete sint? wan ein trüst, da dinge ich an, SAver daz so vergebene taete, daz sich wibes güete niht geliehen seht, der diuhte mich ein kint, kan. Als ich hän da her getan; VIII. (J, 298 nj 1. Betrogene werlt, du hast betrogen mich, und ouch vor mir manigen man; Ich hän dur dich mich dem erlogen, der mich mit not zuo z"im gewan. Owe, des briche ich leider an mir selben triuwe; nü sende, erbarmeherzer Got, mir des so staete riuwe, daz ich der Averlte widersage, unde ich mit diner süezen muoter noch den iemer werden loa bejage. 2. Wol im, der denket, waz er was, und ist, und aber schiere wirt. Der siht in ein betrogen glas, swer solhen vürgedanc verbirt, Daz er sich zer eweclichen vröude bereitet; Sit nieman rehte wizzen mac, wie lange im wirt gebeitet. hiemit ich mich allerOst man; vergizze ich des, so ist doch äne zwivel guot, gedenkeut ander Hut daran. 3. Swer weiz, unt doch niht wizzen wil, der sieht sich mit sin selbes hant; Des wisheit aht' ich z'eime spil, daz man diu wihtel hat genant: Er lät uns schouwen wunders vil, der ir da waldet. swer sich niht in der vrist verstet, wie schiere daz veraldet, daz ez im z'eime troume wirt, der si gewis, liegent unser meister niht, der ist beide hie unt dort verirf. Von Singcnberc, Trulisaczc zc Sant Gallen. CS 4. Ich cnwciü nilit giiotes, wan ciu guot, dem guote w«re ich gerne zuo; Des guotes güete sanfte tuot, beide den äbent unde vruo, Underzwischen z'allen stunden sta;tecliche, nü mache mich, der uns geschuof, des selben guotes richc; est varnde guot, mit dem wir varn: DU vüege, hcrre, mir des staeten guotes iht, alder ich muoz iemer wesen arn. 5. Swenue aller herren herre kiimet mit zorne, und er uns eischet gelt, So wirt daz reht vil kurz gedrümetj dar an gedenke, broediu weit! Unt wizzest daz, daz er da sinen anden riebet, swer saelic si, der denke bin zem winkel, da er sprichet: ,,ir rehten, gct ze der zeswen min; unt müezen, die mir dienest dd verseifen, in daz winster viur vervluo- chet sin. 6. In' weiz so guoter gäbe nibt, als uns der berre bat gegeben, Den unser broede als übersiht, daz wir im niht ze wlileu leben : Er git uns lib, er git uns guot, er git uns cre, er git uns beeren unde sehen, er git uns sin waz mere, er git uns wilt, er git uns zam, er tuot uns vliegendez unt vliezendez undertan, swer dem niht git, der habe ime schäm. 7. Diu vröude vröut unlange zit, diu dise werlt zer besten hat; Swem Got ein leben nach wünsche git, nu seht, wie gsehes daz zergät! Der biute in s webenden vröuden s webet an allen Sachen, der mac sines herzeliebes lihte morgens nien' erlacheu. diz ist ein nüt vor aller n«U, daz wir daran niht denken: ja ist daz mxre ie doch ze jungest niht wan : „er ist tot!" IX. OIJ, 327 b.J Uns ist unser sangesmeister an die vart, den man e von der Vogehveide nande, Diu uns nach im allen ist vil unverspart: uü waz vrumet, swaz er e der weite erkande? Sin höher sin ist worden kranc. nü wünschen im diir sinen werden hovelichen sanc, Sit dem sin vröude si zewege, daz sin der süeze vater nach genade pflege. 64 Der Winsbeke. 99. Der l¥inslieke. Oim ISIO.) 1. Ein wiscr mau ImC einen stion, der was im lieb als manigem ist, Den wolt' er leren rehte tiion, iint sprach also : ,,min siin , du bist Mir lieb, an' allen valschen list bin ich dir, sam du selbe dir, so volge mir ze dirre vrist: diewile du lebest, ez ist dir guot: ob dich ein vremder ziehen sol, du weist niht, wie er ist gemuot. 2. Sun, miune minneclichen 6ot, so kan dir uiemer missegän; Er hilfet dir üz aller not; DU sich der weite goukel an, Wie sie ir volgaere triegeu kan, not waz ir lön ze jungest si, daz soltu sinnccliche entstän: si git ze löne süuden löt; der ir ir willen volgen wil, der ist libes unt der sele tot. 3. Sun, merke, wie daz kerzenlieht, diewile ez brinnet, swindet gar: fieloube, daz dir sam geschiht, von tage ze tage, ich sage dir war; Des nim in dinen sinnen war, unt rihte hie din leben so, daz dort din scle wol gevar: swie höh an guote wirt din nam, dir volget niht, wan alse vil ein linin tuoch vür dine schäm. 11. Sun, SAver bi dir ein maere sage, mit Worten im'z niht underbrich; Unt swer dir sinen kumber klage in scbaro, über den erbarme dich: Der milte Got erbarmet sich über alle, die ermarmic sint. dien wibeu allen schöne sprich : ist under in einiu sselden vri, däbi sint tüsent alder me, dien tugent und cre wonet bi. 20. Sun, wiltu ganzlich schiltes reht erkennen, so bis wolgezogen, Getriuwe, milte, kiusche unt sieht, so ist er niht an dir betrogen, Unt kumt din lop wol vür geviogen. will aber leben in vrier wal, dien lügenden allen vor verlogen, der rede min triuwe si din pfant, wiltu in so ze halse nemen, er hienge baz an einer want. 82. Sun, als din heim genem den stric, zehant bis müetic unde halt; Der VV'insbcke. ft5 Gedenke an reiner wibe blic, der gruoz man ie mit dienste galt; Siz'AC eben , swende so den walt, -» als dir von arte si gestallt; min iiant ii<U nianigcn ab«; gevalt ; desselben muost' ich mich bewegen: guot ritterschaft ist topelspil; diu sielde wil des sigee pflegen. 87. Siin, bezzer ist gemezzen zwir, dan gar verhouwen due sin: £ daz diu rede entrinne dir ze gaehes üz dem munde hin, Besnit si wol , üf den gewin, daz si den wisen wol behage; daz wort niac niht hin- wider in, und ist doch schiere vür den uiunt: wiltu des rätes volgen nilit, du lebest an eren ungosunt. 30. Sun, huchgeburt ist an dem mau und an dem wibe gar verlorn, Da Avir niht tugenden kiesen an, als in den Rin geworfen körn; Swer tugende hat, derst wolgeborn. DU merke reht, waz ich dir sage: ich hän ze vriunde mir erkorn den nidern baz, der eren gert, dan einen höhen sunder tugeut, der hiure ist boeser, danne \ert. 38. Sun, si jehent alle, ez brenne vruo, daz z'einer nezzeln werden sol : Diu junger muot daz selbe tue; daz kämt dir in dem alter wol. Mit dir ich leides mich erhol, min trust ist an dich einen komen , diu licp min liop, din leit min dol: Got tuo mich zweier sorgen bar, daz du iht werdest uugemuot, unt daü din sclc iht missevar. 41. Sun, du solt kiuscher worte sin iint staetes muotes: tuoslu daz, So habe ez üf die triuwe min, du lebest in eren deste baz. Trac nieman nit, noch langen baz, bis gegen den viendcu hüchgemuot, bis vriunden niht mit diensle laz, däbi in zühlen wolgezogen, unt grüeze, da du grüezen solt, so hat dich sselde niht betrogen. CMiniiesän°:er.) M' Diu VVinsbekin. 93. Dill ^Wiiiiiilieklii. (1, 373.9 ' 1. Ei» Aviplicli wip mit ;:ühton spracli z'ir toiitcr, der si schöne pflac : ,,Wol mich, duz ich dich ic gcsach, gchochet si der süczc tac, I>il din gcburt von erst an lac ! Sit Ich mit ganzer wärheit wol mit wisor Irre sprechen mac : din anblic ist des meien zit; Got siiln wir driimbc iemer loben, der als(\ riebe cAbe uns git." — 4. ,,Trut kint, dii solt sin hohgemuof, unt darunder in zühten leben, So Wirt din lop den werden guot, uiit slät din röscnkranz dir eben; Den crcgernden soltu geben mit zühten dincn senften gruoz, unt iä in dincm herzen Sweben schäm unde müz' üf stxtcn pin; schiuz wilder blicke niht ze vil, swii lose nicrkcr bi dir sin." 8. „Sinfc wisiu wort den werken bi, so siut din sinne niht betrogen; Sint aber siu guoter werke vri, so sint diu wisen wort gelogen. Von nest ein vogel ze vruo geviogen, der git den andern sich ze spil, unt wirf im sin gevider erzogen : kint, dir mac wol alsam geschehen, hast in der jugende wisiu wort, unt last dich (ump an werken sehen." — 88. „Diu huote ist wibes eren gram, swii si üf kranken wän geschiht; Ir ende guot ich nie vernam; bctwungen lieb' ist gar ein wiht, Wan si git hohes muotes niht: diu liebe sol von herzen komen, unt haben mit stacter triuwe pfliht, II f alle Verlust und üf gewin; die ander liebe slipfic sint, alsam ein is, daher, dahin. 29. Na läzen wir die huote varn, unt sprechen von der minne mc : Mahtu dich vor ir kraft bewarn, als du mir hast verjehen e, Swem danne ein schapel schoener stc, min kint, dan dir daz dine tuo, da man die werden schouwen ge, daz läze ich iemer ane haz: ez mac ein wip avoI schoener sin, enkeiuiu lebt in zühten baz." — 1 Her Heinrich von Sax. 6T 30. „Du lobest mich, liebiu muoter min, alsnm ir kint ein muolcr sol; Icli lige dir iu dem herzen din, uut tuoü dir in den ougen wol; Min triuwe ist ouch gegen dir niht hui, dn bist mir lieber, dan min lip, der liebe ist gar miu herze vol: uu sage mir, ob diu miane lebe, iint hie bi uns uf erde si, ald ob uns in den lüften swebe?" — 31. ,,Ein wiser man, Ovidius, der tuot uns wunder von ir kunt, Er jiht, si si genant Venus, si mache süeziii herzen wunt, Uut nach ir willen wider gesnnt, diu selben aber wider siech; daz ist ir wehsei allestuut; ir willen niht entrinnen mac, si vert unsihtic , als ein geist, si enhät niht ruowe naht, noch tac." — 94. Her Heiiiricli von Hi^iL* CldlS — 36.) (I, 90 a.) 1. Ich bite iuch lieben guoten, daz ir vernement minen pin, iuch werden, hohgenuioteu, die wiben holt von herzen sin, und ouch iuch guoten vrouwen, daz ir geruochet mine nüt dur iuwer güete schouwen, wie gar ich bin an vröuden tot. 2. Ein wip diu hat mich gebunden s6, daz ich gar ane alle vröude bin. min lip muoz eht iemer sin unvro, si (en)troeste baz minen senden sin, 3. Si ist s« guot, daz mich min muot gegen ir mit ganzen triuwtn (reit. ir roter munt hat mich verwunt; des ist min ungemüete breit. 4. Ir kel ist blancj der min gedanc von ir eht niht gewenken mac; des bin ich gar au vröuden bar, sin' machet minem herzen tac. 5. Min muot und ouch gar daz herze min der siiezen nien' vergezzen kau. 08 Her Heinrich von Sax. vil giiut ist oncli diu liebe vroiiwc niiii ; ich bin ir eigcu dicncstinan. ß. Mich hiU verseret ir vil li(»h(on ouficii schiii mit ininnen geschozzen in dax sende herze min Avil si, so muoz ich ane böhgemiicte leben, «liu ht>re mac mir ouch wol höhe vrönde geben. 7. Seht, als hiit diu reine vor allen wiben uiin vil gar gewalt, die ich mit trimven meine, unt habe ouch min heil an si geznlt. 8. Sol mir wol gelingen, daz muoz cht au ir geuiiden stüu. ich wil iemer singen, unde diene ir gerne uf lieben wän. 9. 8i hiit mich gebunden su in ir banf, daz ich muoz eht ir gevangcn sin; mich liit wol ir lielferichiu hant uz banden, wil eht diu vrouwe min. 10. Nu helfet mir wünschen, ir werden man, und ouch ir guoten reinen wlp, Sil mich eht niht anders getrcesten kan, wan ir vil minneclicher lip, 11. Daz mich noch diu reine troesfc baz; daz stet ir reinen güete wol; Sit ir ouch min herze nie vergaz, noch uiemernie vergezzen sol. 12. Ir ümbevnnc mich schiede wol von sender not mit armen blanc, ich kuste ouch gerne ir müudel r«U. 13. Swaz ich gesinge, daz vröut mich in herzen niht, ich tanze, ich springe, V daz mir liep von ir beschiht. 14. Vil WC tuot mir, daz ich die vrouwen nun so lange vremede, dast mir ze lanc. mich vrüute baz ir vil liehter schin, danne eht al der vogelline sanc. 15. So wil ich doch dien jungen singen, Avaz der sumer wunne hat, dur daz si tanzen unde springen : walt mit grüener varwe stät; 16. Nahtegal süezen schal singet, der vil sanfte (uo(; meien bluot hüben muot git den vogelin liberal. 17. Heide breit wol bekleit 1 l Hfl- Ileiiiricil aüii Sax. 69 mit vil schoeiieii bluomcn lit ; siimerzit vröjide git, (l.ivon süln wir sin gcmcit. 18. Der kle den snc- von hiuDcu vertribcu luii ; des siiln wir alle mit schalle oucli in vröuden wesen. 19. Mit mir siilt ir, da diu grüene liudc stät. dii siiln wir reien den nieien, klcbluomen lesen. 20. Da Wirt diu kurze wile guo(. dar kumt schoener vrouweu vil ; da Wirt maneger wolgemuot und ouch sorgen vri. 81. Ahi, nu si vil saelic, swer mit vröuden h.ho! Sit vrö, lebt so, daz iu Got hochgcmücte gebe. 22. Man sol sich wol mit vröuden vröuu der suinerzil ; si hat den rät, daz si wol höchgemüele git. 23. Der döz wirt groz, dii wir zuo z' einander komeu. under der linden von kinden vil wolgemuot 24. Die schar vil gar dii sint, daz habe ich vcrnonicn; ir vroplich singen, ir springen \il sanfte tuot. 25. Vröude unde vröuderich gcmiictc süln wir disen sumer hau: beide und angcr, schöne in bliietc da Stent bluomeu wolgeliin. lif der beide und in dem waldc singent kleiniu vogcllin 70 Her Heinrich von Sax. süeze stimme manicvalde; des süln wir in Trüiidcn sin. 26. Nu seht, wie mangc wnnnr der sumcr al der wcrlde git, me daune ich singen kunne: waz süezer wunne an ime lit ! 87, Er kan uns vröude machen, der wunnecliche siimer guot; mit manicvaldeu sachen git er der werlte höhen miiot. 28. Diu tal, diu val den Winter e siut gewesen, da siht man zc ringen üfdringen kicbluonien vil. 29. Nu wolur, wulüf, vrüut iuch der lieben zit, diu vil raanigen herzen dicke sanfte tuot; al min vröude an einem reinen wibc lit, diu mich dünkct minnecliche unde guot. ich wil ouch mit in tanzen unde springen mc, swie mir im herzen nicmcr liep davon besehe. 30. Ich M'il ouch uzen vro gebären z'aller zit, und innän tüzen, da min herze in sere lit. 31. Solde aber ich geleben, daz diu liebe vrouwe min mir vröude wolde geben, so wolde ich in vröuden sin, 32. Innen und üze, mit vreelichem muotc, ob diu vil reine, diu hcre vil guote mich wolde enbiuden , diu süeze , diu reine, si ist wol gestellet, diu liebe, diech meine. 33. Davon wil ich ienierme und dne wanc dienen al die wile ich iemer lebe; wurde mir ir minneclicher habedanc, daz waere mir ein lieber vunt, ein richiu gebe. 34. Si hat aleine min vür elliu wip gewalt, die ich da meine; ich bän min heil an si gezalt. 35. Mich mag ouch machen ir süezez mündel röt in herzen lachen: V wil si ouch, ich bin an vröuden tot. 36. Dis tanzes ist niht mcre, den ich von miner vrouwen hiin gesungen, wünschet, daz si noch min leit verkcre! ! ¥ Uniodcr Wcruher. 11 95. Itriiotlcr 1¥eriilier. I. r//, 287 6.) Gregorje, habest, geistlicher vater, wache iiiidc brich abe dinem sliif, du wende, daz ia vreinder weide iht irre loiifen diniu schäf: ez wahset junger wolve vil in tugenllichcr wat; Lainparten glüet in kezzerheit: warüaihc leschestii daz uiht, d'dx man so vil der diner schale in kezzervuorc weiden siht? si schenkent dir von goldc ein tranc, daz dich in süudeu lät. Dem keiser hilf sin reht behaben, daz hoehet dich und alle geistlich' erden. gedenke wol, daz Got die niarter umb uns lelt uut wart begraben, läz zwischen dir und im nilit hazzes hordeu, so wirt der vrlde unde der geloube starc, unt niml niht abe; so siila wir prfieven eine vart vür söndc hin zc Gotes grabe. II. Ol, 239 rt.J Genuoge berren hänt sich sü geswachet, des ich in erban: si müezen dienen äne danc, ob ich ez rehte erkennen kan; in ist geschehen, als einem blinden, der den kneht verjaget: Swii nieman wan die zwöne sint, da muoz der blinJc aleine stau ; zehant geriuwet in diu vart, als er der wege niht kan gegan : daz mein' ich an die herren, die nu leider sint verzaget An einem künige, der ir pflac unt riebet' aldäher vil willecliche. owi-, war kam ir manues muot? swie hohe er herrcndienest war, ■si lobent lihte ein ergern sicherliche. si hänt in selben in den vuoz gestecket einen wessen dorn ; Uli hinket, lieben herren, sit wir hau den millen künic verlorn. III. (ib.) Swä herren sterbent, daz ist schade, unt sol des doch wol werden rat, wan daz ir eteslicher hie sogar unnüzzen erbe lätj der guot" crstirbet, des sich vil der liute soldc neru. Wan siht in weiden riuten vil unt darzuo büwen breitiu velt, wan grebt in siiber und in golt, diu slräze und al der wazzer zeit, daz dienet in, unt siht man si doch kieiueclichc zern. So WC mir we der alten vlorn, daz man die jungen siht so vil verzihen, und iemer we, daz ich vür eteslichen hän so vil gesworn, au dem ich wände, er wolde iimbe ere entlihen sin guot dien kumbcrhaften; dem die richer gernde schuldic t.in( : wir süln den argen iemer klagen, der uns hie lät sin erger kint. IV. OIj 230 a.) Ich hän der Swäbe werdekeit in vremden landen vil gesehen, da würben si nach prise also, daz man in wirde muoste jehen : uu wil ich in ir lande ervarn, wie si da sin genuiot. Swer mir daheime und anderswä von schulden muoz gcvallen wol, der si gewis, daz ich im tuen mit sänge, als ich ze rehte sol, ist , daz ich in vinde also , daz er vor schänden ist behuot. Ein lop, daz üz der künde vcrt, daz hat der wiscn volge in allen landen. Vi Her Nithart. vil maniger underwilent guot dur göude bi den viomdcn zcrt, den man dähciinc siht in grözen schänden. swer beide lup behalden wil, der ere sin hus, duz ist min rät: duz wazzer nicnder ist so giiot, su du ez üz von Sprunge gut. V. OJ, 832 a.} Man jiiit, daz uieraan edel si, uiwan der edelichen tiiot; und ist daz wür, des mügen sich wol genuuge herreu schämen, Die niht vor schänden sint behnot, jii wollt in valsch und erge bi; diu driu verderbent niilte und ere und euch den edelen namen. Ouwe, daz er ie guot gewau, der sich die schände und erge lät von mangen eren dringen, der soltc sehen die armen wolgemuoten au, wie die mit ganzer hübscheit künuen wol nach eren ringen: ein armer der ist wolgeboru, der rehte vuore in tugcudeu hat; so ist er ungeslahte gar, swie riebe er si, der schänden bi gestät. VI. Oh 233 bO Ich bin des edelen werden küniges milte vrö, darinne er lebt, uut däbi pfligt so tugentliche güete, davon sin lop von schulden stiget unde höhe stät. Des edelen keisers kint wil ich iu prüeven so: unt stiiende ein ganzer walt von engenden in milder bh'ie(e, der künde nieraer volle tragen die tugent, die er begät; Er ist ein reinebernder boum, der obz mit willen reret. ir aller milte ist gegen der siuen gar ein troum; sin haut vil manigem sine güüc meret: des jämert mich, wan ich der eine nie gegen im geuöz; ez irret ouch sin milte niht, wan min unsselde ist leider alze gröz. VII. OffJ Süsä, wie wunnecliche der uz Oesterriche verti Sit er sich dur des obersten küniges ere libes unt wibes, guotes unt darzuo der kinde hat bewegen; Daz er daher behalten hat, wie schöne er daz nü zert! mich wundert, swenne der künic hin gegen Sahsen kere, und er gegen Akers vert, wer da verdiene baz der sselden s^gen. Daz ist ein steleclichiu vart, die Got mit hundert tiisent lönen giltet; swelch man sin guot daruf erspart, der dunket mich ein gouch, swer in dariirabe scbiltet: het' ich getriuwet solher dinge an den von Österlant, dest war, im wrer' min schelten hiute und iemcr unbekant. ^«. Her :¥itliart« (18t7 — 30.) I. OJ, 106 rt.) Ein weh sei. 1. \» ist der kalte Avinter gar zergangen, Diu naht ist kurz, der tac beginnet langen, loa kumt ein schoeniu sumerzit, "1 Her Nithart. 73 diu al der werldc vröude git, baz gesungen nie die vogel', weder e, noch sit. 2. „Uns wil komen ein liehtiu ougenweide, Man vint der rösen wunder üf der beide, Die bluomen dringent dur daz gras, schone ein wise gedouwet was, dii mir niiu geselle z'einem kränze las. 3. Min herze gein der schoenen wunne reiet, Diu voglin sint ir gesanges lüt erschreiet, Diu zlsel unt diu nahtegal singent wunneclichen schal : wolüf, ir meid', ein ende hiit des winters zal. 4. Der walt hat alles leides gar vergezzen. Der meie ist iif sin gruenez zwi gesezzen ünt hat gewunuen loubes vil: bint dir balde, min trüt gespil, du weist eht wol, daz ich dar mit eime riter wü." 5. Daz vernam der megde muoter tougen: „Tohter min, diu rede ist äne lougen, Din valscher muot ist offenbar; bint ein hüetlin üf din här, dii rauost äne dine wät reht an die schar." — 6. „Muoter min, wer gab iu daz ze lehen, Daz ich iuch niiner wsete iht solte viehen? Ir gespunnet ir nie ?aden. lät beliben seihen schaden, tuet her slüzzel, ir entsliezet mir daz gaden." 7. Diu muoter sprach hervür uz grözem zorne: „Vrou tohter, lät die rede besten biz morne; Ez mac tälanc niht gesin, wan daz urloup daz ist min, Avolgelesen wät beslozzen hat min schrin." 8. In dem schrine was diu wät versperret; Diu wart mit einem stafel nz gezerret. Der muoter leider nie geschach, du daz kint die kisten brach, do gesweig ir zunge , daz si niht ensprach. 9. Anleite si daz rockelin so balde, Daz was gelesen mit manigcm kleinem valde, Darumbe ein gürtellin vil smal: in des hant von Riuweotal warf diu stolze magt ir vinkelvehen bal. H. (///, 185 aj i. Der swarze dorn ist worden wiz : nu hat der meie slnen vliz, geleget an den anger. zergangen ist der kalte sne, man siht hiure aber als c, diu liebten blüemel sAvanger. Der meie hat diu velt gar schön' bcsezzet mit mangerhandp bluomen fin; 74 Her NUhart. vrülich siugcnl vogclliu: ir leides sint si crgczzet. 2. Dafür lohe ich die rciucu wip : der wolgctiinen trütcr lip kau briugcQ liöchgcmiietc. Die sich vor valsche haut bchuut, die lobe ich vür allez giiot: so wol dir, wibes giiete! Wip, halt din t-rc, daz wil ich dir räteu; wis vrolich alle zit iu zuht. wip, du üzerwelte vruht, lii tiiniber minnc braten! 3. Xu süng' ich gern der vrouwcu min; so irret mich ein ander pin: ich sach die törper reien Gar üppiclichen üf dem plan ; beide, vrouwen unde man, die enpfiengen schon' den mcien. Her, langer Lanze, daz sült ir mir rechen ; darzuo so klag' ich i», her Pfluoc : rechet mir disen ungevuoc, daz in ir rüggeu brechen I 4. Ich kam dahin gein Zeizenniur, diu vart wart mir ein teil zc siir, ich hört' da vremdiu raaere. Dil vand ich einen cövenanz unt von ruseu mangcn kränz : zergangen was min swacre. Ich zogte z'einem wirte , der was ziere : des wart Engelmär gewar, — ellenwit was im sin hi-ir, — dahin so ilt' er schiere 5. Ze vierzec getelingen guo(, die waren iippiciich gemuot, die tanzten bi der linden. Er sprach: „her Nithart, der ist hie, der uns gespöttes nie erlie: Avolüf , da wir in vindeu ! Ir sult iu keines argen niht gedenken: ir get mir zühticlichen nach ; ouch Sit ze vehten niht ze gäch : wir suln im vröIich schenken." 6. Vierzec keudelin mit wiu si truogeu in ein gertelin; gar gröz was ir gereize : „Sit Got wilkomen, her Nithard iu si geschauet an dirrc vart." ich saz in eime sweize. Ich sprach: „ich bin dem Nithart uügeliche: ich bin ein jeger; mir ist zorn: I (, Her NiUiart. t5 ich bab' dri guotc hiiudc verlorn niins hern von Österriche." 7. Her Engelmar in do gebot bi dem leben , üf den tot, daz si sich sazten alle. Sä zehant du schankt' man in den vil klaren Österwin; den trunken si mit schalle. Er sprach : „unt weit ir gogelvuor' erkenne», so sizt unt Sit ein vrölich mau: ich hilf iu mit gemach hindan, weit ir mich niemer nennen." — 8. „Dir si gelobet an die haut: du wirst von mir niht mer genant, swaz ich wil vürbaz singen, Und euch, swaz ich getihten kan, du heizt der ungenante man; du solt vrölichen springen. Heiz gän die oeden törper üz dem giartcu!" — „wolüf, ir herren! wir suln gan gar zühticlichen üf den plan unt dienen vrouwen zarten!" 9. Si verswunden säzehant. dö bräht' man mir ein guot gewant, daz muost' ich dannen vüeren. Darzuo so gäbens' mir ein pfert, daz was wol drizec pfunde wert unt zeltet' nach den snüeren. Des dankt' ich schön' den mannen unt den vrouwen, unt reit da zuo z'in üf den plan : da mohten siben hundert stän, die mich begunden schouwen. 10. Üf die reise was mir gäch. mir wart ein michel kapfen nach von liebten ougen schoene : Vriderüne neckelin daz gap vür die andern schin: mit lob' ichs' iemer krcene. Ich reit gen Wien' unt seit' die ävcutiurc: swie si mir alle trüegen haz, dö ich in dem garten saz, iedoch wart mir ir stiure. II. Der herzog' sant gen Zcizcnmurj er lie vri den selben bür und al sin hüsgenözen. Des wart vrö her Engelmar, der mir half vrölich von der schar wol üf des richcs strüzen. Und Eugelmar wil ich in niemer ucuucu: er heizt der ungcnantc man, Y6 Her Nithart. der wol iiiit Vriderüne kan , — ir mii;! in wol erkennen. III. C//, 119 b.) Ein reie. 1. Heide und an^er in vrüiidcn stät, Die habent sich hereite( mit der schoenslcn wiW, Die in der melc liüt gesant. si wir alle vru mit schalle : der sumer ist komeu in diu lant! 2. Wol i'lz der stiiben, ir stolzen kiii(, Lät iuch uf der sträzen sehen, hin ist der seharfc wint, Und ouch der vil kalte sne. hebt iuch balde ZUG dem walde: voglin singent, den was we. 3. Die sint ergezzet leides gar; Ir sult mir ez gelouben , unt ncmt sin selber war, Waz der sumer erzeiget hat: er wil riehen sicherlichen mauigen boum mit loubes wät. 4. Die nii vor grözer huote megen. Die sula balde ir bestez virtaggcwaut au legen, Unt läzeu sich darinne sehen: wir suln schouwen vor den ouwen waniger haude bluomen brehen. 5. Swie Riuweutal min eigen si, Ich bin doch disen sumer aller sorgen vri, Sit der Winter ist dahin, ich wil leren die jungen eren: nach vröuden stuont ie min sin. * IV. O^J) 214 a. W. Wackernayel erklärt dieses (fedicht für unävhl ) Diu mervart. 1. Dö man den gimpelgempel sanc, Wir zugen in der beiden laut; do stuont so hoch der min gedanc: ich wart geschozzeu sä zehanf: der ist nii so gar verdorben. von dan muost' ich entwichen. Vervluochet müeze sin diu wil"! Dd wir si angeriten, mir hiit ein heidenischer pfil •wie vast' wir mit in striten! vil groze sorg' erM'orben. ir swert vil sere suiten. Wie gern' ich vröuden pflaege ! 3. Do ich so gar verzaget was ob mir niht nähen liege und ouch des schuzzes küm' genas, ein schanze, diu ist unwaege. von dan muost' man mich tragen. ' 2. Ich kam gevarcn über mer. Ich kam niemer in grözer not; do vuor ein ungevüegez her mir wart so uälieu nie der tot mit keiser Vriderichen. bi allen minen tagen, Her Mithart. Kl Ich lag in dem eilende: Als mir wart uf der vcrie knnt. Got minen kumber wende, kopni ich noch hcin ze land' gesnnl, iint mich ze lande sende! so wolt' ich aber siugcu 4. Mit keiser Vrideriches her Von mangem törpoere. gevar ich wa;rlich niemer mer unt westen si min swiere, in solichen uugelingen, wie vro etlicher waere! V. Oll, 836 a.J 1. Ez vrite ein geiler getelint umb eins törpers muomen. ,,Xu tuo wir gemelichiu dinc, unt ge wir in die bluonieu Brechen rosen z'einein kränz, die wir in dem meicn tragen zuo dem tanz/' Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dirV üf diu triuw' daz sag' du mir. 2. „Xu pfifet iif, her spileman, daz iu Got iemer löne! Ir lebt in hofTenlichem wän : ein schüzzel voller böne Sol iu wesen unverseit. swä man guot durch ere git, da bin ich unverzeit." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 3. Do pfeif er üf dem holrerant. des wart im wol ze muote; Er nam vrou Juten bi der haut, vrou Elsen unde Trüten. Den isenbühel er üf sich bant; zwi-ne blechhantschuohe streich er au sin liant. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 4. Sin swert, daz heizt der grimme tot, damite kan er rlten. Er hat erliten mange not in mangea gäben striten. Die sluog er ab mit vricr hant, daz ir wol siben unt drizec vielen in daz lan». Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 5. Die Sporen strict' er umb den vuoz; die hiengen voller schellen. Er bot vroun Adelheit slnen gruoz, liern Swinhilt unt hern Kellen. Do träten si den hoppaldei. si sprach: „lieber Chüenzel, min sorg' ist ganz enzwei." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 6. Sin här daz ist geringelöt, des nahtes wol gesnüeret. Sin vüeze lident gröze not, swenne er den reien vüeret 78 Her Rubin. .Mit maogcm wa'licn zippcitrite: durch die schoenen Mazzcn pfligt er niuwer site. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf diu triuw' dax sag' du mir. 7. Sin hübcnncstel die sint lanc, zwo musciU dran gebunden; Die habent alze witen swanc, dainite sieht er wunden Den schoenen meiden an dem <anz mit dem üfhüpfen, der selbe gumelanz. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din trluw' daz sag' du mir. 8. Ich kam gegangen an ein stat, di'i Mazze und Jiutel Silzen ; Hinder den zun ich getrat; vil dinges si sich mnzen. Jiutelin sprach: „sage mir: waz sizzestu hie, Mazze?" diu sprach: „daz sag' ich dir." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 9. „Die muscät, die der Chüenzel treit an siner hubensniieren, Die habent mir geprüevet leit, wan si so wite rüeren Umb sinen kragen alumb entwer: ja sint ez kiselinge; daz sagt mir Iseubcr." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 99. Her Riiliiii. ium 1830.) I. f/, 315 aO Nicman an vröuden sol verzagen, ob im sin dinc niht ebene gät, Er sol sin leit mit zühten tragen; mir selben gibe ich disen rät. VroH Soelde ist wilder, danne ein rech, und ist euch >vider mich gevcch; doch volge ich alles üf ir spor: ich bin ir dicke ndhe komen, so vlöch si mir mit listen vor. H. (/, 315 bj I. Werder gruoz von vrouwen Waz gelichet sich darzuo? nuinde der mi wunne der vröut üf und üf von gründe prüeven kunne, baz, danne al der vögele singen: der sage, waz im sanfter tuo. Kan aber iemau vrö belibeu 2. Wilent vräget' ich der ma;re, anders iht, als bi den wiben, waz vür trüren senfte wsere, vürder, swer des habe gediogen! daz wolt' ich vil gerne schouwen; Iteim-^r ticr junge. 99 Dö volget' ich der wiscn raete, der diu riche gar durvücre daz vz niht so sanfte ta;te, von dem orte xmz au daz ende, so diu vröude von den vrouwen. Der cnvunde ir uieudcr eine, Daz ist mir von ir beschehcn, diu mich alsO rehte reine sunder lougcn, diuhtc, an' alle missewende. swaz diu ougen Ob si nü diu beste si? ganzer tugende hant ersehen. nein si, herre, 3. !Si ist so guot, daz ich wol dest ir verre, * swüere, sin' entuo mich sorgen vri. III. 1. Ich wil urloup von friunden nemen, .... dem herzen niht: Ir fröude müeze in wol gezeraeu, ich minne, daz in liep geschiht. Frö müeze ich si vinden und an allen swoeren muot. da'z friundes scheiden alse rehte unsanfte tuot, dii tuot ouch friundes komen inneclichen wol: daz ist ein tröst, der mich noch fröun unt troestcn sol. 8. Daz ich von hinnen scheiden muoz unt daz so schiere sol geschehen, Wer sagt ir denne minen gruoz? wer sol ir miner rede verjehen? Daz ich so seneliche von ir scheide hin, »und ich ir doch so holt mit ganzen triuwen bin, swer ir daz sage, der müeze mit fröudcn sselic sin: des wünsche ich ie mere in dem herzen min, — 3. ,,Er tuot ein scheiden von mir hin, daz mir nie scheiden leider wart, Dem ich daz herze und al den sin ze stiure gibe üf sine vart. Und ouch der fröude min geliche halben teil, dil mit er uns erwerbe beiden gotes heil: enmüge im niht der ougen blic ze staten stt-n, si) läz er daz herze für diu ougen scn. IV. cm, 31 aO Nieman ze vruo sol prisen daz lop stet äne vroracu. mit lobe den lichten tac; So sol man sin versunncn, daz hän ich von den wisen daz man vor sänge iht tobe, lange her vernomeu : die herren baz erkunnen, Liuhtet er den moi-gen schone, c man ze vil gelobe: darnach er truoben mac mit valsche ein lop gcwunucn, vil lihte vor der nöne; da sint zwei lastcr obe. 99* Reiiuai* flei* jiiii^e. Cum 1330.) CHT, 331 a.) 1. Diewil ich nü lebe in so menigera leide, so klage ein ander die bluomen rot. Walt unde kle, diu vogelin unt diu beide helfent mich kleine ze miner nüt. 80 Her Wernher von Tiufen. Min klage ist, daz sich diu wcrlt vrötiden wert, iint daz uiiD sanc wirt mit trüreu verzert. 2. In disen vröiiden und in disen eren, bin ich gewis , daz ich iemer \va?r' : Schiere kumet einer, der mich bl deme gercu zücket hin ümbe; owe, waz wil der? Er sprichet: „get uz, ir kneht, an der stiint, vröude unt vrouwenl" des lachet sin munt. 99. »^iiezkiiit von Triiiiber^. ein «fiide. fl«18 — »5.) (11, 258 b.) Gedenke nicman kan crwern den turen, noch den wisen, darünibe sint gedenke vri iif allerhande sache; herz' unt sin dar gemach dem menschen sint gegeben, Gedenke sIüfTen diir den stein, dar stahel unt durch iseu ; gedanc klein ahte, wie diu hant diz uude daz gemache; swie man gedenke nie gesach, si doch hörte streben, Gedanc ist sneller über velt, den der blic eins ougen; gedanc glust bringet nach der miune gelt, uilch der gesihte tougen, gedanc kan wol ob allen aru hoch in dien lüften sweben. o 30. Her l^Veriiliei* von Tiufen. (1819-83) I. (I, 108 a.) 1. Lieben kint, sint vroelich vrö engegen der lieben sumerziti Nahtegal schal ist so süeze, daz er höchgemüete git. Schouwet an, stolzen man, unde reine vrouwen, weih ein kleit treit beide und anger, däbi schouweut sumerouweu ! 2. Xu sint vrö : so waer' ich gerne, tröste mich diu vrouwe min. Der ich wol sol sprechen, swie si mich doch hit in sorgen sin. Minneclicb, tügende rieh, ist diu liebe, guute, sie was ie hie liep vor allem liebe mir in mineni muote. 3. Lieplich var gar sint der lieben wengel , der miu herze sanc ; Her Wernher von Tlufeii. 81 si ist so guot, tiiot si geuäde an mir, so wirt min trüren krnnc. Wandels vri sA ist si, diu vil süeze reine : wiinsclient , daz baz troeste mich diu liebe, die ich mit Iriuwen meine. II. Cf> 108 ö.J 1. Ich sach die bhiomen wuuneclich entspringen, bi schöner zit, der walt was wol geloubet; Die vrüiide wil der winter kalt verdringen, er hat den anger siner kraft beroubet. Ddbi hat mich entänet miner sinne mins hei'zen tröst und ouch min küniginne; ir röter raunt hat mich verwunt, daz ich in rehter liebe bin ertoubet. 2. WarzHO klage ich die bliiomeu uf der beide? wan klage ich niht den kumber, den ich dulde? Daz mir ein vroiiwe tuot so vil ze leide, unt diu mich hazzet, äne mlne schulde, Wie wol si doch kan herzeleit vertriben ! si ist ein kröne ob allen reinen wiben; ir wengelin gent liebten schin: nach leide wsere ich vrö , het' ich ir hulde. III. CI3 109 hj 1. Diu süeze minne siiezen solt ir dienestmanne gi( ; Ir lön ist bezzer danne golt, daz Avizzent äne strit. Sit undertsenic minne, werden leigen, si kan wol vröude in sendiu herzen heigen, vil grözen kumber balde drüz verseigen. 8. Diu minne tiuret werden man, unt hoehet senden muot; Ir lön ich niht geliehen kan : erst bezzer, danne guot: Diu minne jämer unde leit verdriuget; min sendez herze nach ir löne ringet, ich muoz verderben, ob er mich verswinget. 3. Vil süeze mione, hilf enzit! min vröude ist leider kranc; Min tröst min leben an dir lit, twinc die, diu mich ie twanc, Daz si mich noch genäde laze viuden: wil si mich niht von herzeleide enbinden, daz kan ich äne tot niht überwinden. 4. Der weite guot ist mir ein Aviht, wan daz vil reine wipj Min stsetez herze des verjiht, (Minnesänger.) g $2 Her Rcinmär von Zweier. und ouch min sender lip. &iii ist mir liep, mir liep vor allem giiote, si wont mir z'allcn zi(en in dem muote : inin sendez herze ic n<lch ir minne wnote. 5. Der bocsen haz und ouch ir nik ich gerne dulden wil, Dur die, diu mir so mihe iit; sist miner vröuden spil. Vi! grözen kumber dulde ich von ir schulden; swaz mir von ir geschihl, daz muoz ich dulden: ich ranc unt ringe ouch ienier mich ir hnlden. 6. Wil si, so bin ich sorgen bar, wil si, so bin ich tot; Si ist mines herzens wunne gar, si kan wol wenden not. Si kan dur ganzen lip wol herze wunden; an si muoz ich gedenken z'allen stunden : ir minne hat mich senden man gebunden. 31. Her Rciiiiiiar von Zivetcr. (ISSO — 45.) (In vroun Eren done.) 13. Ol, 179 bj Got, vater unser, da du bist in dem himelriche gewaltig alles des dir ist, geheiliget so werde din nam, zuo müeze uns komcn daz rieh» din; Din Wille werde dem gelich hie üf der erde, als in den himeln, des gewer unsich. mi gib uns unser tegelich bröt, unt swes wir darniich dürftic sfn. Vergib uns allen sament unser schulde, als du wilt, daz wir durch dinc hulde vergeben, der wir ie genamen dekeinen schaden , swie gröz er sl : ,. vor Sünden bekor so mache uns vri, i unt loese uns ouch von allem übele. amen ! 64. (TI, 188 bJ \ Gewalt mac melden understän, j gedanke muoz man ledic vri, angefangen läzen gdn; ' ez wart nie keiser, künic so her, der gedanc unt merken kunne erwem. Unzuht, waz ist dir deste baz? swiget der munt, so sint dir reiniu herze doch gehaz; nert dich gewalt vor melden, vor merken kan dich nieman wol ernern. Unreht, gewalt, ze valle ste din briigge, staete als ein ton si ir rippe und ouch ir rügge; in tiefem wäge üf dünnem ise, wünsche ich, daz din geverte si, dariif din last, swsere als ein bli: din vorgedanc in dinem buosen rise! '' 93. (IJj 193 b.J Waz hilfet äne sinne kunst? Her Reinmat- von Zweier. 83 waz hilfet wol gelioeren, der darzuo niht hat vernunst? waz lielfent scIioDuiu oiigen dem, der daz wseger niemer kan ersclieu? Waz hilfet richeit ane rät? waz hilfet vil geheizen, der's niht niuot ze tuoniic hat? waz hüfet manne schoene, von dem doch niemer t-re kan geschehen? Waz hilfet sterke, der si niht versuochet? waz hilfet dienst, da man sin niht geruochet? waz hilfet ouch gebeitiu minno, diu niender von dem herzen kämet? noch miure z'allen sselden vrümet des manues leben, der valsch ist uz' «nd inne. 106. (II, 196 a.) Turnieren was 6 ritterlich: nii ist ez rinderlich, toblich, tot reis, mordes rieh, mortmezzer uut mortkolben, gesliffen aks, gar uf des nianne.s tot, Sus ist der turnei nti gestalt; des werdent schoener ^rouweu ougen rot, ir herze kalt, swanne si ir werden , lieben man da weiz in srt mortlicher nüt. Dö man turnierens pflac dur ritters lere, dar höhen muot, dur hübescheit unt dur t're, dö hete man ünibe eine decke ungerne erwürget guoten man : swer daz nu tuot, unt daz wol kan, der dunket sich ze velde gar ein recke. 108. (II, 196 b.) Daz schoeniu wip betwingent man, und ist da sünde bi , son' ist da doch niht Wunders an; 8ö twinget schaz ouch sinen kueht, also daz er im dienen muoz; S(i twinget guotes herre ouch guot, daz ez im dienen muoz, unt liden, swaz er mit im tuot; so twinget wines kraft ouch sinen man , daz im wirt sinne buoz : Dannoch weiz ich ein wunderlichez twingen, daz wunderlicher ist ob allen dingen, daz einem töten würfelbeine ein lebende man herze unde muot so gerllch undertijcnic tuot, daz ez im nimt sinne unde wizze aleine. 187. (II, 200 a.) Die engel sint , noch engel kint, unde däbi hezzic, nidic, höchgemüetic sint, wie künden si nach Gotes eren einen rehten bäbst erwelu? Römaere sint niht heilic gar, also sint die cardinäl, ob ich'z gesprechen tar, swen si unheiligen erwelut, den wellent si vür heiligen zeln. Unrehte weler weint vil dicke unrehte; die Gotes erweiten die sint sine knehtc. swer Gotes erweiter habest wsere nach dem ordcn Melchisedcch, dem er kröne unt kelch verlcch, der wiPr' uns wol ze Röme vaterbsicrr. ftl Her Keinmär von Zwetcr. 131. (il, 801 fl.) Htir unde hart uüch kl6stersiten, iint klösterlich gewant nach klöslerlichen silen gesnitcn, des >inde ich genuog : in' vinde aber der niht vil, die'z rehte (ragen. Ilalp visch, halp man ist visch , noch man; gar visch ist visch, gar man ist man, als ich'z erkennen kan : von hovemfinchen unt von klösterrittern kan ich niht gesagen. Hofmünchen, klösterrittern, disen beiden, wolte ich ir leben ze rehte wol bescheiden, ob si sich wolten läzen vinden, da si ze rehte solten wesea : in klöster manche siiln genesen, so Silin des hofs sich ritter underwinden. 133. (II, 201 a.) Der habest hat vil richia kint, diu miunet er, swä si gesezzen in den landen sint, mit in so teilt er sinen segen, so teilent si mit im ir golt. Diu selben kint sint im aö trüt, daz er ungerne kwaein mit siegen üf ir deheines hnt : wolte Got unt waeren im diu habelösen kint halp al<ö holt! F. daz der arme sun sin reht beherte, so ist der riche üf siner widerverte, der ban der ist im ab entrennet. sin vater in unschuldic seit; swie vil der arme sun gekleit, so muoz er doch den himel haben verbrennet. 136. Ob.) Wes siimestü dich, Eudekrist, daz dii niht kamst? sit al diu werlt so gar schazgitig ist: nü hastü doch ze gebene, des si da gert; gist ir, si gil sich dir. Du vunde nie so guoten kouf, so nü, du endarft niht vürhten den gelouben, noch den touf: ez ist ir allez veile, so gar stet nü nach guote ir herzen gir. Jesus Krise, den d die Juden verkouften, waer' er hie en erde, ich waene, in die getouften noch verkouften sumeliche. kum, Endekrist, du tumber gouch : den pfaffen zuo der kirchen ouch, die vindestü wol veile unt Roemschez riche. 138. (11, 208 a.) Der triuwen triskamerhort, ein ankerhaft der stsete, ein vürgedanc üf ieglich wort, ein wahter Kristentuomes, Roemscher eren grundveste unde grnnt, Ein bilde houbethafter zuht, ein volliu kraft der sinne, ein same sreldebernder vniht, ein zunge rehter urteilde, vrides hant, gewisser worte ein raunt; Ein houbet, dem nie smit deheine kröne vol machen künde siuer tilgende ze löne: dem houbte suln wir algeliche ^vünschen lange wernder tage: Her UeiniDür von Zueter. 85 wes herze, wes lip dnz lop trage? des sdla wir jeheu dem keiser Vrideriche. 140. Cif>.) Der keiser wil des riches bröt niht unverdienet ezzea , nach gerihte ist im so n6t, daz dem hungerigen bern nach honiges eüeze nie so aöt euwaii. Gerihtes wil er sich nii säten, sin hochtragendez swert muoz durch die schuldehaften waten : ir vridebrechen, wizzet, daz man iuch von den vridchabenden schart. Swelch tumber sich gegen siner wisheit wezzet, der Wirt der sinne von sinnen entsczzet. volvert er, als er'z hat begunnen, so hüeten sich vor sinen zügen selpherren, herren, swä si niügen: der tören heil hat widerswal gewunueu. 143. (II, 803 a.J Vor gelihsentere kündekeit sol man sich gerne hüeten , wan ir mantel ist so breit, daz sich darunder birget valschlicher leben , daune ir gebserde si. Geistlich gebserde unt vleischllch leben, swa diu zwei liizent ander infein bi dien krumben stehen, da suoche ein wol versunnen keiser einen glihsensere bi. Diu glihsenheit diu birget vii unreines, si hat so vil der sünden unt des meines üf sich geladen in kurzen jären, dur Juden unt durch vürsten golt, so ist man ir ze Röme holt: ir Crede mich kan schazzes wol gevaren. 146. (iö.J Ich kan gebrüggen noch gestegen niht volleclich nach sinem lobe, der uzerhalp der tugenden wegen so \erre hat gehiiset, daz sträze, noch stic ze sime lobe gät : Klimme ich oben in nach sime lobe, so zihent mich die liute, daz ich gar touplichen tobe; grüebe ich undendurch nach sime lobe, daz waere ein dieplich tat. Swä ich die wolgetriben sträze vünde ze miltes mannes hus, in solcher künde, daz ein lop daz ander drünge, daz mir tüsent lobten vor, unt tüsent nach üf minem spor, so weste ich wol, daz ich die wärheit sünge. 147. Off.) Venedisere die hänt vernomen, daz Roemesch riche veile si, des slnt in brieve komen; nü hänt si sich vermezzen, si wellen gerne darzuo ir stiure geben, Daz ez noch kome in ir gewalt: swaz si daz kosten mac, des sint si willig unde balt; si jehent, wurde in daz riebe, si wolden iemer deste gerner leben. Ir herzöge ist ein mehlic kürsenaere; unt wart ie kürsenaere krönebaere, mit sinera igelvarwen glazze. H(> Jler Keinmär von Zweier. Bo mag oucli er wol kröue (rngcn, son' darf oiicli vürbaz nieman jagen, da man ez mnge vergelten baz mit schazze. 148. Ol, 804 a.) Daz rlchc dast des keisers nihf, er ist sin iifleger unt sin voget; ir viirsten, sehet ir ilit an im so schiildeiiaftes, diivon er süle des riches abe gesten, So nemt iu einen, der in zeme, lind ouch dem riebe baz, dan er, nnt wartet alle deme: Sit ir dem kciser gram , die räche lat niiit über daz riche gcu. Ir sult des riches v\'ol von rehte schönen, swenne ir dem keiser nu genemt die krunen: fiwelh iuwer si dan uf gesezzet, der sol daz riclie wol entladen, beidiii, von nnrehte unt von schaden: so werden wir des keisers wol ergezzet. 158. (ibj Von Rine so bin ich geborn, in Oesterriche erwahsen, Beheim han ich mir erkorn vni'r dar den herrcn, dannc dur daz laut; doch beidiii siut si guot : Der herre ist guot, sin lant ist sam, vvan daz ich mich einer dinge sere bi in beiden schani, daz mich nieman vvirdet, ez ensi, ob er ez aleine tuot. Wa3re ich bi Gote im vrönen himelriche, unt heten mich die sine nnwerdecliche, daz diuhte mich ein missewende; ich hiin den künig aleine noch, «nt weder ritter, noch daz roch, mich stiuret niht sin alte, noch sin vende. 153. C7/, 205 b.J SwH meister Ernest wird ^ertriben, nnt der gemalten zühte barät meister ist beliben, dii vindent miue Sprüche vil selten stillen rüm , noch beruden grünt: Swaz ich da sse, daz wirt versaet; ez enwehset niht, swenue ez von schorpeu haneu wirt bekrset, von üven unt von orven, dazuo siuret ez barsUes munt. Swaz barute Überwirt, daz kiuwent wilzen; sus nimt min same zuo mit vülen vilzcn. si tugendelüsen geizegebele, ir dornic rät, ir distelic muot ist gnoten liuten also guot, alsam der wolf bi schären in dem nebele. 161. (IT, 206 a.) Ich kwam geriten in ein lant üf einer gense, da ich äffen, tören vant, ein krä mit einem habche die viengen vil der swine in einer bach; Ein hase zwene winde zöch, der jagte einen valken , den vienc er in den lüften hoch; schächzabel spilten mucken zwo , meisen einen turn ich müren sach ; Da saz ein hirz unt span vil kleine siden, da huote ein wolf der lember iu den widen ; Her Reiuraär vou Zweier. 87 ein krebzc vlouc mit eiuer tübea ze wette, eiu pfunt er ir abgewao ; ürie grüze risen erbeiz ein hau : uut ist daz wür, so nset eiu esel hüben. 170. C//, 207 bj Gesoten lüge, gebraten lüge, lüge üz der galrei, lüge von barat, lüge von trüge, gebalsmel lüge, gebismet lüge, lüge mit safrän überzogen, Lüge, sAvie maus' erdenken kau unt wil, der Wirt gesant an brieven in des riches stete sü \il, daz mich des ienier wunder nimt, daz si mit lüge niht sint betrogen, Daz si der lüge niht siut worden raeze, ez wurden nie so starke lügevrseze, als in des riches steten die liute: swaz man in lüge niac zuo getragen, die slindents' alle mit ir kragen : iu' weiz, ob cz ein Püllesch zouber (iute. 175. Ol* 808 bj Agez, du bist ein übel diep, ez wart nie vriunt dem andern s6 getriuweclichen liep, du stilst den einen von dem andern, also daz er vergizzet sin: Mwie vil Agez der diepheit kan, mines lieben vriundes stilet er mir niht hindan; slilet aber er mich im, daz nuioz ich also läzen sin. Agez, du bist vil dicke schalkes muotes, du verzihest dinem vriunde eiu lüzzel guotes. des müeze Agez der tiuvel sehenden! er diep, unreiner boesewiht! mins herzen vriundes stilt er mir niht : stilt er mich im, des mag ich niht erwenden. 179. (IJ, 809 (i.) Ez was ein gar unsa;Iic man in einer stat gesezzeu, darinne er nie dehein heil gewan, der dähte : ich wil versuochen , wi» min gelücke iu vremden landen si. üö im der reise ze niuote wart, Unsiielde wart sin geverte, diu huop sich mit im üf die vart; er lief gegen einem walde, er wände, er wiere uusa^lden worden vri. Er sprach: „Unsaelde, mi bin ich dir entrunnen!" ,,nein," sprach Unsa;lde, ,,ich hän den sig' gewunncnj swaz du geliefe, daz selbe ich raude: uf dinem halse was min gemach." der man da zuo z'im selben sprach: „söst niht so guot, ich enkere wider ze laude.'* ISI. Cif^O In miner äbentzit ich bin, unt trage doch jungen liuten gar junclichen morgenschin; ich lege mich üf niiaen arm, und spanne doch nach eren wol. Min äbentsunncnschin ist bleich: ist aber der jungen morgen rüt, däbi ir eilen weich, so wirt ir lip gemaches rieh, däbi an eren selten vol. June man, nü wis vrö, undc doch mit zühten. 88 Her Reinmär von Zweier.' ülflicit ist ciu sulit ob allen süliteu an jungen eregernden liuten; üirheit erziuliet jungen lip SU daz Gut, nuch reiniu wip in nilit mugen gcminnen, nuch gctriutcn. 183. (IJ, 810 a.) Swenne ein vluurzüu drin jilr gestät, uut daz ein hunt des zünes alter drin versHzzen hat, Wirt danne ein ros dristunt als alt, also der hunt; daz ist alt genuoc ; Wirt danne ein man dristunt als alt, als daz rus, seht, der ist allen wiben gar ze kalt; ern' ist niht niinnebo^re, swie vil er viurs hievur üz helme sluuc. Swer in dan vur geriht kampflich an sprichet, daz alte huvereht er an im brichet; daz sult ir sunder ti-iegen wizzen; ist, daz ich'z beziugen sol, so beziuge ich'z mit hern Hojer wol: der hat wol diiu rosses alter verslizzeu. 186 a. (II, 810 b.J So Wiic gellt, so wint geliget, so diu starke müede den wilden tieren an gesiget, daz si sich legent durch ruowe, so engeruowet Megenzer bischof niht: Er ist ein waller her unt dar; swä er sich iiin erbiutet, so wil er lihte anderswar: alsus man sine reise den wisewazzern dicke geliche siht. Er weiz wol, velt hat ougen , walt hat ören; sus macht er siner viende spjBher tören : mit kranchalse kan er wol swigen, unt mit struzes ougen sehen, mit luhses ören rünen , speheu, steinbockeswis kan er wol berge stigen. 187 a. Cfl, 3H aO Ein sneller wolge vierter wagen, der gct iif zwelf schiben, unt hat lange her getragen zwo unt vünfzec vrouwen, die sint darüf gesezzet nach ir zal. Der wagen niemer stille stät, sin Orden z'allen zlten snelle loufet iinde gät, üz holze niht gehouwen, ern' ist ze kurz, ze lanc, ze breit, ze smal. Den wagen ziehent siben ros, sint wize, und ander siben swarz, mit staetem vlize. wer ist, der mir den wagen betiutet? dem gebe Got jär aue leit. der wagen ist lu vor geseit: der louft unz im sin meister daz verblutet. 193. a/, 813 a.) Ez vuor ein ebenheriu diet zetal üf einem wäge, daz schif gegen einer müln geriet; dö rief der schifman sine schifgereisen in den uoeten an, Daz si diu ruoder in die hant geruochten nemen : do sich der ir dekeiner uuderwant, don' muhte er ouch daz schil niht eine bringen von der müln hlndan : Her lleinmar von Zweter. 89 8us triioc der wac daz scliif mit disen liiitea hin diircli die müla. diz bispel mac bctiiilea die vürsten, die so sint verdrozzcn, daz si nilit ruodernt gegen dem Stade, e daz üf in geliget der schade, der jenen geschach, die durch die müln vlozzen. 196. Ob) Ich kam geriten uf ein velt vür einen grüenen walt, da vant ich ein vil schoen gezelt, darunder saz diu Triuwe, si wand ir hende, si klagte Got ir lelt, si schre vil lüte, unt sprach ze Got: „lii dich erbarmen, ich bin in der werlt der riehen spof, daz rihte du mir, herre, din gewalt ist niichel unde breit, Die ungetriuwen wellent mich verkcren: hen-e Got, hilf mine vroude meren : min schar ist worden alse kleine; der ungetriuwen ist so vil, untriuwe ist in der Averlte ein spil: nü hilf im, Krist, swer dich mit triuwen meine!" 208. Ol, 813 b.y Swer sich vor nide welle ernern, der minne unvuoge, unde vljze sich der tugende wern: wie sol man in genlden, wil er beliben sunder ere gar? Wes zige man einen boesen man, daz man in nide, sit er uiden niht verdienen kan? swer den boesen nideu wil, der muoz noch boeser sin, dauue er. Werde liute suln uuwerde niden; die werden müezen iemer niden liden, die werden suln sin nitlidaere, nit liden zimt dien werden >vol, so sint die boesen nides vol: nitlldsere sint bezzer, dan nidsere. 808. (11^ 814 bj Daz boeste, daz man erdenken kan in himel und üf erde, daz ist der ungetriuwe man, der blendet liehtiu ougen, unt verderbet, daz e was gesuut. Sin zunge eitergallen hat, er lebendic re , mortmeilic man, ein urspring [aller] missetät. hüet[et] iuch vor sime lachen, ez machet guote liute sere wuut. Er ist lange siech, an den sin aten rüeret, sin gruoz durch reiniu herze sträle viieret, sin zeigen s wachet reiniu wip, sin rünen toetet manigen lip, unt sin[iu] werc alle bösheit gar durchgründet. 809. CibO Waz sol ein minneclichez wip, waz suln ir liehtiu ougen, ir röter munt, ir schoener lip, waz sol ir gruoz, ir lachen, ob deheinez üz vrouu Eren kamer vert? Waz sol ouch ir vil süezer name, waz suln ir guotiu kleider, ob si diu treit äne schäme, 90 Her lieinmär von Zwetcr. wftz sol Ir wibes giiete, ob si sich tilgende mit iioi^ren wert, Waz eol ir eclioene, klArheit, uud ir jugende, waz sol, ob si wil alten äne tilgende, waz sol, ist si ndch Gote gebildet? ir reinen man, ir werden wip, hazzet so schoencn, bocsen lip, der schänden zamt, uut sich gar c-ren wildet. 211. (II, 215 a.) Spotter, du soll hoeren micli, ich wil dir sagen, avcs Got von himelriche zihet dich: er jiht, daz schulde, meiueide, untriuwe, sünde, haz iint uide« vol !Si diu herze und ouch diu lip, du vridebreche, schuldic mort an man und ouch an wip, die din gelupte zunge mit valscher süeze kan geschiezeu wol. Got slnen vriden gab al der Averlt gemeine, den brichestu mit dincm spotte unreine; daz du in erge hast gesprochen durch dinen spottigen, valschen munt, daz Wirt dort an der helle grünt, gehabe dich wol, vil süre an dir gerochen. 224. Ol} 217 b.J Wil ieman raten, waz daz si? dst lihter, danne ein loub, und ist noch swserer, danne ein bli; est grozer, danne ein berc, gevüeger, danne ein kleinez müggelin; Daz selbe schoenet manues leben, ez kan ouch mannes schoene vil der ungetaete geben; so vorhtiges, noch so liebes wart nie mer: nü rät, waz mac daz sfn. Est c ze himel, danne ein oiige muge winken; ez ist so swacre, swenne ez beginnet sinken, daz al diu werlt niht widerwuoge; ez ist ouch so gevüege wol, ez sluffe dur ein nadelhol ; est bern grüz , swenne ez veriät die vuoge. 226. 06J E heten vrouwen den gcAvalt, daz si mit liebten ougen viengen manigen ritter balt, unt betwungen die dämite, daz si sich eigeulichen muosten geben. Swä nu varnt vrouwen über velt, die vehet man dur schaz unt niht dur rehter minne gelt: unt vluh' ein wolf zuo vrouwen, man soll' in durh ir liebe lüzen leben. Ein ritter mac sin ere wol verhouwen, der vrouwen vehet, swä si vert mit juoc^rouwen, unt die rouplichen mit im zouroet: hermine zen, scharlachen munt werde im von vrouwen niemer kunt; darzuo müeze im von eijern sin getroumct. 228. (II, 218 a.J Ach, Rörae, wie du verwitwet bist, unde der stuol verweiset! swer der vröne vlizig ist, der minnct Got, noch Gotes reht, er si halt, swer er »i. Dö Royncsch lieht liihte unde bran, Her Keinmär von Zweter. öl swä Kristentuom erloscheu was: den zunte mau wider an: fiwä Kristentuom nü lischet, da silit man den gelouben iiiukeu bi. Swem väterlich daz vaterreht versmähet, ob sich ein gaeher tot an dem vergäbet, des wünschet alle, unt dannoch eines, daz uns Got geruoche geben voget unde ewart, die rehte leben, daz Simonie mit in iht habe gemeines. 230. (ib.) ^^ Aller orden pris' ich niht so sere, als die e aleine, swaz darünibe mir geschiht; barvuozer, bredigsere, kriuzerorden sint da engegen bliut. Gra, wiz, swarzer manche ist vil, hornbruoder unt martere, als ich iuch bescheiden wil, schotteubruoder unt die mit den swerten sint da engegen gar ein wiut. Tuomherren, nunnen unde leijeupfaffen, und alle die orden, die Got hat geschaßen, die lebent des diu c hat erziuget; 6wer der e ze rehte pfliget, der hat hie unt dort gesiget: swer'z widerredet, des volget niht, er liuget. 831. CibO Maria, muoter unde maget, in himel küniginne, waz uns saelden ist betaget doch, vrouwe, von der güete, die du vil üzerweltiu muoter treist, Daz du so reine ein reinez kint gebaere, herren über alle, die nü herren sintj den bräht' ouch dir vil ebene zuo dinen ören in der heilic geist. Des lä dii, süeze muoter, mich geniezen, unt tuo din heilig «)re sich entsliezen gegen miner bete, unt hilf mir armen, ^^ daz ich von sünden werde erlöst! du bist min heil und ouch min trüst, und al min hört: lä dich min leit erbarmen! 235. (IIJ, 468 h.J So wol dir, priester, rein' ein man, wie hüch ist sin gelseze und allez daz er hebet an, swenne er so werdecliche bereitet sich, daz er Got dienen wil, So stät er vri vor missetät; des ist geziuc, der sich in siue hende geben hat, • die wil' diu wandelunge wert, so hat et hoher eren vil, So stat voran daz grap ze Hierüsalcme, darzuo gelicheut sine hende schoene, so er Got üf hebet so werdeclich, als er an daz kriuzc wart gegeben : die hende sollen immer sweben enbor, daz si niht mc tseten sündeciich. 92 Her Reinmär von Zweier. 836. (//, 819 b.) ein bruDDe uz herzen gründe gtit, der vor der heizen helle vii maiiic s«}le behiielet hiU; er diiizet in die hoehe, sich vrouwet sin wol allez menschlich her; Sin ünde die sint sinewel, er vliuzet in der riiiwen pfat und ist dur ougen snel, er ist vor Kristes niiioter noch breiter dau daz wilde Lebernicr. Swer nu welle werden äne sünde, der senke in vaste, iint habe sin guote künde; er leschet eweclichez dürsten, wanne er ist lüter unde klar: swelch Sünder in geleiten tar, der mac wol werden z'cime bimelvürsten. II. OII, ^6Ö 9 <t) 1. Swel wip wil, daz man si niht cuzihe, itnt si dem zihenue gar geliche tiiot, üaz ir lop däbi wahse und wol gedihe, des hän ich keine wise keinen muot. Si mac, entriuwen , so gebären, daz si vil lihte ein wort bejaget, daz si krenket in ir jaren; in' enruoche, wer'z dem keiser saget. 2. So hie, so da, so dort, so allenthalben nement alliu dinc an guoten dingen abe, In dem pläu und iif den hüben alben, ich wajne, diu weit enkeiuen winkel habe, Ez si da wilent baz gestanden, den ez bi diseu ziten stc, und miuret vröudc in allen landen, und ist doch suuden m}, den e. III. r//, 221 bj 1. Leschä, lesch, verschamtiu Welt, din laster riuchet dort üz diner heime in gastes ougen , din nahtgeberc der tac vingerzeiget. Nil süene, süene, bekere dich, vliuch üf ein ander ort, e dich diu naht dem tage unreine; der tören tröst din ere veiget. Ir mietevarwez lop dich trügeliche schoenet; swie dich parät üz veilem munde habe gekroenet, doch rünet meister Ernest din schäme, tunkelvarwen winkelwerc; sin spsehe wachet dir ze schaden, sin ougen dürchelnt din geberc: du ganzer valsch , begrifet er dich vor gerihte, so wirstu gehoenet. 8. Diu minne mac sich niht erwern, man trage ir bilde wol mit glihsenheit und ouch mit gebaerden, liht an der stat, da ez ir ver- smähet. Sich pinet maniger dur diu wip valschlicher , danne er sol: da ist diu minne suuder schulde; si ist dort, so er sich hie vergäbet. Si leret niht ir vriunde rüemelichez triuten; ir viende siure kan ich iu vil wol betiuten: si uimet ein tumbe, rüemic man, üz Isercm miiole in vollen munt, Her Ililtbolt von Swanegöii. 93 uDl nietet sich mit rede ir namen, ir schiioP ist im nilit luUier kunt: ir wiifentrager die siot senftes niiiotes, unrücniic bi den Unten. 39. Her Hiltliolt von l^waucgöii. C1881-54.) I. CT, 880 aj 1. Ein scliapel brun, iinderwilent ie blanc, hat mir gehcehet daz herze unt den muot; Hiebl künde ich miner vromven den sanc, daz si bekenne, wer mich singen tuot. Ich sol mich gegen ir hüetende sin noch michels baz, danne der oiigen min: si si getriuAve, daz werde an mir scbin. 8. Ez ist ein wunder, mir wart nie so we, dö ich wol vieren viir eigen mich bot; Nii minne ich eine, unt deheine ander me, lind ist nach der einen noch grozer min ndt, Danne si wa;re von roinnen als ie; ez was ein spil, damit ich ümbe gie: nu erkenne ich minne, die erkande ich e nie. II. CI, 880 bO 1. Ez ist reht, daz ich läze den muot, der mir uf minne ie was riche unde gnot, ich wil gebaren, als ez nü stät. Owe, daz minne ie daz boese ende hat! swer sich mit staete an ir iinstaete lät, wie unsanfte dem ein scheiden tuot! Als ez mir hat daz selbe getan; liebe muoz dicke mit leide zergän: wie sanft im ist, der sich hat behuot! 2. Nu werdent ougen vil trüebe unde rot, nach liebem vriunde so liden si not, die ir da beitent lihte iemerme; Daz leit getuot maniger vrouAven nu we; die vröude enpflägen mit liebe, als e, • der Avunne wendet nu manige der tot. Minne unde vriunde ich dur Got läzen wil, des dunket mich dur in niemer ze vil, Sit man uns von inie dienest gebot. — 3. ,,Min teil der minne daz sült ir iu han, daz enwil ich anders niemanne hin; f dabi sült ir, herre, gedenken min, Het' ich iht liebers, daz solt' iuwer sin, vröude unde -wunne werde iu von ir schin ; si hat mir niwan leit noch getan, Sit ich mich kerte und ie sere ranc an eine stat, da mir leider nie gelanc: baz danne mir müeze ez iu damite ergän." — 4. Daz ir geniide mich so gar vergie. 91 Her Iliitbolt von Swanegön. des bin ich vri^, undc klaget' cz doch ie ; ir edeler niinne ich noch sanfHer enbir DaDDC ich si wesJe in den sorgen nach mir, als ich nii liän unt lide nach ir. Got, unser herre, dur den ich si lie, Der günne mir des, werde ienier ein wip, der üf genäde siil dienen min lip, duz ex diu si , diu mich erste vie. in. (I, 281 a.) 1. Ich wil der lieben aber singen, der ich ie mit triuwen sanc, tu genäde und üf gedingen, daz mir trüren werde kranc, Bl der ich alsd schöne an eime tanze gie, ir Zieme wol die kröne, .. so schoene wip wart nie. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. 2. Ine gesach so tugentriche vrouwen nie, des muoz ich jehen, Noch so rehte minnecliche; swaz ich vrouwen hän gesehen. Des ist si vor in allen gewaltig iemer min, si muoz mir wol gevallen, si süezer sajlden schrin. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. 3. Saelic si diu süeze reine, ssclic si ir röter munt, Sselic si, die ich da meine, sselic si so süezer vunt, Sselic si diu süeze stunde, sselic si, daz ich si ersach, sselic si, dö sl mich vunde, • diu bant si noch nie zerbrach. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. IV. (T, 281 b.) 1. Daz herze ist mir vor leide nach verswunden, mir hat versagen die vröude min verkcret, Unt minen muot niwan truren geleret, wan ich nu hän ir ungenäde bevunden; Daz tuot mir leit unde we z'allen stunden, min ungelücke ist mit sorgen gemt-ret, mich habent ir wort also sanfte verseret, daz ich niht möhte überwinden die wunden. 2. Swenne ich genäden ie gegen ir gedähte, so vröuwete mich ir schin in dem muote ; S6 enpfie aber si min rede so gar z'unguote, Her Uolrich von Liehtenstein. daz icb erschrac unt mich an Jrüren brahte, Owd, so vorhte ich, daz ez si vcrsmähte, so het ich sorge, als ein kint ze der ruote, wie ich gegen ir huiden mich alsrt behiiote, daz si iht von zorne sich an mir rergiihte. V. O, 882 aO 1. Die besten, die man vinden knnde von dem Pfade unz üf den Riu, Die siiochte ich nü manige stunde, unt vant si in dem herzen min : Die ich hün erwelt uz allen wiben, diu ist hie, bi der \\'i\ ich beliben; ich wil min suochen luzen sin, ich ensol'z niht langer triben. 2. Swie die vogel' an dem risc singen nider, alder hö, S(i bin ich in einer wise, und enwirde doch niemer vrö Von der schoenen, die ich da minne, diu mac mir vröun herze unt sinne, ir genade sint also, daz ich ir niht wan vrumen gewinne. 3. Swie si in der mäze schoene waere, und alse gar niht minneclich, Sone het' ich sti manige swsere von ir niht, des düh(e mich; Wolte si hän mit mir gemeine miner sorgen niht wan eine, lihte si bedjehte sich, daz min truren würde kleine. VI. O, 884 aj 1. Kalte rifen unde sne, %o diu zergänt, so kumt, als i, beide, bluomen unde kle: unzergangen ist min not, der wirt ie me. 2. Swie man siht die beide stän, wiz, alder sumerlich getan, mir enwil min leit zergiin: daz klage ich der schoenen, von der ich ez hdn. 33. Her Uolriclt von liielitenstein. C19S3 — 74.) I. Oh 33 b. Lachm. p. 97 J Ein tanzwise. 1. In dem walde süeze doene diu mir riebet min gemüete singent kleiniu vogelin, sam der troum den armen tuot. An der beide bluomen schoene 2. Ez ist ein vil hoch gedinge blüejent gegen des meien schin : den ich gegen ir tagenden trage, Also blüet min höher muot Daz mir noch an ir gelinge, mit gedanken gegen ir güete, daz ich sselde an ir bejage. 90 Her Uolrich von Liehtenstein. Des gedingcn biu ich vn^. Des sol mir ir trost nih( wenkcD, got geb daz ichz wol verende, si enldze mich ir sin daz si mir den wiin iht wende, Mit den beiden nähen bi, der mich freut srt rehte M. so daz si mit willen günne 3. Sii vil süeze, valsches line, mir von ir s6 werder wünno vrt vor allem wandet gar, daz si sa;Iic immer si. Laze mich in liebem wilne 5. Saelic meie, du aleine die wil ez niht baz envar; troestest al die weide gar. Daz diu vreude lange wer, Du und al diu werlt gemeine daz ich wänes iht erwache, vreut mich minr dan umb ein här. daz ich gegen dem tröste lache, Wie möht ir mir vreude geben des ich von ir huldcn ger. äne die vil lieben guoten? 4. Wünschen imde wol gedenken von der sol ich trüstes muoten; dest diu meiste vreude min. wan ir tröstes muoz ich leben. IF. f//, 44 b. L. i22.) Ein leich. Got fliege mirz ze guote. ich hin noch in dem muote, daz ich wil guoten wiben mit dienest äne valschen muot immer bi beliben. dii von rat ich einen rät, der allen wol gemuoten mannen (ugenilicheu stät. Ich rät iu, cre gernde man, mit triwen als ich beste kan. Ob ir weit wernde freude hän, so Sit den wiben undertän Mit triwen äne valschen muot. ir güete ist alsü rehte guot, swer in mit triwen dienest tuot, den künnen si wol machen frö. Der werlde heil gar an in lit: ir güete ist freuden höchgezit : ir schoeue so vil freuden git, da von diu herze sfigent ho. Werdekeit sunder leit künnen si wol friundeu geben. Swem so si witze bi, der sol nach ir hiilden streben Unde Zinsen in sin leben. Daz rate ich üf die triuwe min. swer eren saelic welle sin und riebe an hohem muote, Der sol mit triwen guotiu wip reht minnen als sin selbes lip. vil guot vor allem guote Ist der wibe güete, und ir schoene schoene ob aller schoene. ir schoene, ir güete, ir werdikeit ich immer gerne kroene. Her Uolrich von Lichtenstein. 07 An ir sclioene und an ir güete sti'it min heil und oucli min wiiune. waer guoter wibe schoene niht, wie selten ich gewänne Deheinen cren geruden muot. wol mich daz si siut alsü guot, daz man hat von ir güete Su höhen trust für seuediu leit. ir schoene, ir güete, ir werdikeit git mir vil höcligemüete. Min muot von wiben hühe stüt. waz danne ob mir ir eiuiu hiit erzeiget hohe missetiit? deswär des mac wol werden rät, Swaz si gegen mir hat getan, daz wil ich gerne wizzeu Iiin mit zühten, als ich beste kan, üf genäde guotiu wip. Ich hiin ir driu und zehen jär gedienet sunder wenken gar. bi mineu triweu , daz ist war daz in der zit min seneder lip Nie gewau sülhen wän, des min stjete wurde kranc. AI min gir was gein ir sieht mit triwen äue wauc. Xu vert entwer ir habedauc, Reht als ein rat daz umbe gar, und als ein marder den man hdt in eine lin gebunden. Kund ich als si unstsete sin, so het ich nach dem willen min an si ein frowen fundeu. E daz ich min ritterliche stsete braech an guoteu wiben, ich wold c immer valscher wibe hulde vri belibeu. ich muoz in der stajtcn wibe dienest sunder löu verderben, oder ich muoz ir stielen herzen lieb alsus erwerben, Daz ich geweuke nimmer wanc von in. ir hüheu habedauc, tiud mag ich den erringen, ij6 hän ich allez daz ich wil, süez ougen wunne , herzen spil, vil wunne an allen dingen. \u waz bedarf min seneder lip geuäden mOr, ob ich ein wip ze froweu vinde , also geniuot, diu sich vor vvandel hat bchuut und uiht wan daz beste tuot? der sol min dienest sin bereit Immer me (Minnesänger.) 7 98 Her Uolrich von Liclitonsleiii. swicz org«, «linder valscli iiiil slaetikcil. DA von gewinne ich wei(lik«-i( Und also freudc riilirn sin, des ich getiiiret immer bin an aller hande diu^en. Vind ich si, ich sol s«'» ritlerlichen n.\ch ir hiildcn ringen, daz mir von ir sta?likeit miioz hö nn ir gelingen. Si muoz abr iif die triwe min gar vrl von allem wandel sin, die ich mich laze twingen Und onch in kiimber bringen, ja gehopret man midi nimmer me deheines valschen wibes lop gesprechen noch geslngon. III. f/7, 46 b. L. 489J Ein tanzAvisc. 1. lu dem luftesüezeni meien, so der walt gekleidet stät, SA siht man sich schöne zweien allez daz iht liebes hat, Unde ist mit ein ander vrö, daz ist reht: diu zit wil S(V 2. Swä sich liep ze liebe zweiel höhen muot diu liebe git. In der beider herzen meiet ez mit vreuden alle zit. Tri'irens wil diu liebe niht, swä mau liep bi liebe siht. 3. Swil zwei liep ein ander meinent herzenlichen äne wanc Und sich beidiu sö vereinent daz ir liebe ist äne kranc, Die hat got zesamne geben üf ein wünneclichez leben. 4. Stffliu liebe heizet minm-. liebe, minne, ist al ein: Die kan ich in minem sinne niht gemachen wol zuo zwein. Liebe muoz mir minne sio immer iu dem herzen min. 5. Swil ein staitez herze vindet stopte liebe, statten muot, Dil von al sin trurea swindet. staetiu liebe ist also gtiot, Daz si stifte freiide git s(a?tem herzen alle zit. 6. Möhte ich 8ta>te liebe viuden der wold ich sö statte sin Daz ich da mit überwinden wolde gar die sorge min. Staeter liebe wil ich gern unde uustscte gar verbern. 1. Vrowe schoene , frowe reine, frowe sselic, frowe guot, Ich waen iuch diu minne kleine mfiet: des sit ir hoch gemuot. Wirt iu miunen twingen kiint, iwer kleinvelröter niunt lernet siuften an der stunt. 2. ,,Herre, saget mir, minne? ist est wip odr ist ez man? Des enwart ich noch nie inne. saget an, wie ist ez getan? Daz sült ir mir künden gar. IV. ai, 4 b. L. 434.J) Ein t a n z w i s e. waz ez si und wie ez var; daz ich mich vor im bewar." 3. Vrowe, minne ist sö gewaltec daz ir dienent clliu lant: Ir gewalt ist raannecvaltec. ich tuon iu ir site bekaut. Si ist übel, si ist guot, waz ist wol und we si beidiu tuot. seht, also ist si gemuot. 4. „Herre, kan diu minne swen- den trüren und ouch senediu leit, Höchgemüet in herze senden, Her Uolrlch von Liehtenstein. 99 liiegeu yAiht und werdekcif, Hat si alles des gewait als icli in han vor gezair, so ist ir sa;lde manicvalt.'* 5. Vrowe, ich Avil in von ir mrre sagen, ir lön ist wünneclicli : Si git freude, si git ere, si tuet höher tilgende rieh. Ollgen wiinne, herzen spil, gibt si swem si iönen wil, dar zuo höher sajlden vil. 6. „Herre, wie sol ich verschulden ir löu und ir habedauc? Sol ich kumber da von dulden, da ist min lip zuo gar ze kranc. Leides mag ich niht getragen, wie sol ich ir lön bejagen? Iierre, daz sült ir mir sagen.'« 7. Vrowe , da soltu mich meinen herzenlichen als ich dich, Unser zweien so vereinen, daz wir beidiu sin ein ich. Wis du min, so bin ich din. ,, harre, des mac niht gesin. Sit ir iwer, so bin ich min." 1. \A'ol dir, suiiier, diner siiezen wünneclicheii schoeneu zit. Du kanst trüren wol gebüezen : din kunft höchgemüeCe git. Du bist süeze dii von ich dich suoze grüeze. 2. Heide velt walt auger ouwe sach ich nie gekleidet baz. Von dem luftesüezem touwe sint die bluonien alle naz. Vogeline singent lop des meijen schine. 3. So sing ich von guoten wjbeu, als ich aller beste kan. Mit ir lobe wil ich vertriben swaz ich ungemüctes hän. Wibes güete gibt mir freuden rieh gemüete. 4. Wibes schoene , wibes ire, wibes güete, M'ibes zuht Ist für war ein eren lere, niiune gerndes herzen suht. Su ist hulde alles guotes Überguide. 5. Swä ein Averdez AA-ip au lachet einen rainne gernden man Und ir munt ze küssen machet, des muot muoz geliche stän Hoch der sunne. sin Avuun ist ob aller Avunne. VI. (II, 48 b. L. 440.J Ein tan zw i s e. 1. Hölier muot, nu Avis enpfangen Under Schilden sper versweudet in min herze tusent stunt. La dich bi mir niht belangen. dii bist mir ein höher funt. AI min freude was zergangen: die het trüren mir benomen, diust mir mit dir her Avider komen. AA'irt durch si von miner hant, diu dich zuo mir her hat gesant. 4. Höber muot, du und diu minne sult mir helfen dienen ir Sunder valsch mit siebtem sinne: so mac Avol gelingen mir. 2. Höher muot, da ich dich funden Wirt si miucr triAven inne, han, dar nige ich immer me. .Mit dir han ich überwunden trüren, daz mir tet ie avc : Dest mir gar von dir versAA'unden. Avol mich, Avol mich, daz ich ie min minne gernde herze enpfic. 3. Höher muot, dich hat gesendet mir ein AA'ip diu ere hdt. An die han ich gar gewendet mich: daz ist der minne rät. so tuot mir vil freuden kunt ir kleinvelhitzeröter munt. 5. Höher muot, mich diner lere AA'il ich AA-erben umbe ir lip. Si hat schoene, si hat ere, sist ein reine süeze Avip, Hoch geborn , gar senfte und höre, guot, in rehter mäze halt: ir lip Aviplichen ist gestalt. 6. Höher muot, du solt niht eine lOU Her Uolrich von Lichtensteia. vogt iD mincm herzen sin: «nd ist wnnlen vrciuleu jnnc, Mit dir hat dii stat gemeine An die bnist cz st're st«)ZOt, diu vil liebe vrowe min. hohe ez springet manegcn spninc. Si vil giiotc süeze reine Werdiii liebe drinne b«zct, hiU die minne mit ir brüht: diu mich selten ruowen lät, si habent zc hüse dii gedi'iht. swie h»'>ch doch min gemüete stdt, 7. Ilühf-r muot, min herze grözet • VII. eil, 5J • ^ 46J Kin iizreise. 1. F.ren gernde ritter, l.U iuch schouwen Under helme dienen werden vrouwen. Welt ir die zit verfrlbrn ritterlich, «'ren rieh wert ir von gnotcn wibe». 2. Ir sült hochgemuot sin undev Schilde, Wol gezogen, küene, blide, milde. Tdot ritterschaft mit sinnen, und 9lt vrö, minnet hü : sü miigt ir lop gewinnen. 3. Denket an der werden wibe grüezen, Wie sich daz kan guoten vriunden süezen. Swen vrowen munt wol gniezct, derst gewert swes er gert : sin frctide ist im gesiiezet. 4. Swer mit schilt sich decken wil vor schänden, Der sol ez dem übe avoI enplanden. Des Schildes ampt git cre. imst bereit werdekeit: .si muoz ab kosten st-re. 5. Manlich herze vlndet man b) schilde : Zeglich muot muoz sin dem schilde wilde. Gein wiben valsch der blecket, swer in hiit, an der stat, d<l man mit schllden decket. 6. Tuo her schilt: man sol mich hiute schouwen Dienen miner herzenlieben frouwen. Ich muoz ir mlnne erAverben und Ir gruoz, oder ich muoz gar in Ir dienst verderben. 7. Ich wil si mit dienste bringen inne Daz ich si baz dan mich seihen miiine. Uf mir muoz sper erkracheu. nu tuo her Her Heiaricli von Morungc. 101 spei'i'i sper ! des twinget midi ir lachen : daz kau si süeze luaclieu. 34. Her Ueiiiricli yoii ]9Ioiiiiige. I. Cf, 180 a.) 1. JSi ist z'alien ^ren ein wip wol erkaut, schoeuer geba;rde, mit zühteu gemeit, sü daz ir lop in dem rJciie iimbe gät; Als der mane wol verre über lant liiilitet des naiites wol lieht iinde breit, sd daz ir schin al die Avelt ümbe vät: Als ist mit güete ümbevangen diu schone, des man ir gibt , si ist aller wlbe ein kröne. 8. Diz lop beginnet vil vrouwen versmän, daz ich die mine vür alle andriu wip hin z'einer kröne gesezzet so hö, linde ich der deheine ilz genomen hau; des ist vil lüter vor valsche ir der lip, smal, wol ze mäze, vil fier unde vrö; Des miioz ich in ir genaden belibeu, gebiutet si so, min liebest vor allen wiben, 3. Got Itiz mir vil lauge leben gesunt, die ich an wiplicher stiete ie noch vaut, Sit si min lip z'einer vrouweu erkös. Wol ir vil stlezer! vil röt ist ir munt, ir zene wiz, ebene, vil verre erkant, diir die ich gar alle unstaete verkös, Dö man si lobte also reine unt wise, senfte unde lös , dariimbe ich sie noch prise. 4. Ir tugent reine ist der sannen gelich, diu tnieben wölken tuot liebte gevar, swenue in dem meijen ir schin ist so khir; Des wirde ich staeter vröude vil rieh, daz überliuhtet ir lob also gar wib unde vrouwen , die besten vür war, Die man benenne in tiutschem lande, verre oder nach, so ist si ez diu baz erkaude. II. Cl, 181 f>J 1. In sü höher swebender wunne, so gestuont min herze an vröuden nie; Ich var, alse ich vliegeu kunne, mit gedankeu iemer ümbe sie, Sit daz mich ir tröst enpfie, der mir dur die selc min mitten in daz herze gie. 2. Swaz ich wunnecliches schouwe, daz spil gegen der wunne, die ich hdu: Luft und erde, walt und ouwe sulnt die zit der vröuden min eupfun; 102 Her Heinrich von Morunge. Mir ist komen ein hfigender wüd, und ein wiinneclicher trüst, des min miiot sol liühe e(än. 3. Wol dem •»viiiinecliclien mcpre, Haz sü siioze diir min ure crklanc, llut der saufte tuender swscre, diu mit vrüuden in min herze saue ! Davon mir ein wunne cntspranc, diu vor liebe, alsam ein tou, mir iiz von den ougen dranc. 4. SscUc si diu süeze stunde, sselic si diu zit, der werde tac, Dö daz wort gie von ir munde, daz dem herzen min so nähe lac, Daz min 11p von vroude erschrac, unde enweiz von liebe joch, waz ich von ir sprechen mac. in. (I, 128 ö.) 1. Uns ist zergangen der lieplich sumer, dii man brach bluomen , da lit nu der ene; Mich muoz belangen, wenn si minen kumber welle volenden, der mir (uot j50 wc. Ja klage ich niht den klt-, sweone ich gedenke an ir wiplichen wangen, diu man ze vröude so gerne ane se. 2. Seht an ir ougen, unt merket ir kinne, seht an ir kel Aviz, unt prüevet ir muut : Si ist äne lougen gestalt, sam diu minne^ mir wart von vrouwcn so liebez nie kunt. Ja hat si mich verwunt sere in den tot; ich verliuse die sinne: geuäde, ein küuiginne, du tuo mich gesunti 3. Die ich mit gesange hie prise unde kroene, au die hat Got sinen wünsch wol geleit; In' gesach nu lange nie bilde also schoene, als ist min vrouwe , des bin ich gemcit. Mich vröut ir werdekeit baz, danne der raeie und alle sin doeue, die die vogel' singent: daz si iu geseit. IV. Ch 123 0 1, Sach icman die frouwen Si liuhtet, sam der sunne tuot die man mac schouwen gegen dem liebten morgen, in dem veuster stän? e was si verborgen: Diu vil wol getane dö muost ich sorgen: diu tuot mich ane die wil ich m'i hin. sorgen, die ich h;iu. 2. Ist ab ieman hinne, Her lluinrich ^on Moriinge. 103 der siiie äinnc her behalten habe? Der ge uäch der sehöuen, diu mit ir krüuen gie von hinnen abe, Daz sie mir ze trüste konie, V duz ich verscheide : diu liebe und diu leide die wellen mich beide fürdern hin ze grabe. 3. Mau so] schribcn kleine reht üf dem üteinc, der min grap bevät, Wie liep sie mir wjere, und ich unmiere ; swcr danne über mich gi\(, Daz der lese dise not unde ir gewinne künde, der vil grözen sünde, die sie an ir fründe her begangen hat. V. CI, 124 b.) 1. Sie hiU lieb ein kleinez vogellin, daz ir singet und ein lützel nach ir sprechen kan : Solt ich dem geliche ir heinlich sin, SU swüere ich wol des, daz nie frouwe bezzern vogel gewan. Für die uahtegal wolt ich ir höhe singen an. öwe, herzeliebe frouwe min, nu bin ich doch din, mahtu troesten mich vil senden man ! 8. Ist ir liep min leit unt min ungemacli, wie künde ich danne iemer niere rehte werden vro? Sine getrürte nie, swaz so mir geschach, klaget ich ir niinen jämer, so stuont ir daz liei'ze hö: Si ist noch hiute vor den ougen min, als sie was do, du sie miunecliche mir zuo sprach, und ich sie an sach: öwe, solt ich iemer sten also! 3. Si ist mit fugende unt mit sta;tekeit wol behuot vor aller slahte unfrouwelicher tat, Wan des eine, daz si mir verseit ir geuiide, unt daz si mich also verderben lat. Wol mich des, daz si min herze also besezzen hä(, daz der stat da uieman wirt bereit als ein här so breit, swenne ir rehtiu liebe mich bestät. VI. (f, 125 a.) 1. Leilliche blicke und grüzliche riuwc hat mir daz herze und den 11p nach verlorn. Min alte not die klagte ich für niuwe, wan daz ich fürhte der schimpfajre zorn. Singe ab ich durch die mich frout hie bevorn, so velsche dur got nieman mine triuwe, wan ich dur sanc bin zer werlte geborn. 2. Manger der sprichet : ,,nu seht, wie der singet: wser im iht leit, er tact anders, dan so." Der mac niht wizzen, waz mich leides twingot ; nu tuon ab ich reht also ich tet dö. Dö ich in leide stuont, huob ichs unhö: 104 Her Iluinrich von Moningc. diz ist ein not, diu sanges mich twinget: sorge ist unwert AA die liuJe sint fro. 3. Diu mines herzen ein wunne und ein krön ist vor aJlen frouwen, dicch noch hän gesen, Schöne unde schöne undc schöne, aller schönisl ist sie, min frouwc: des muoz ich ir jen; AI diu weit sol si durch ir schöne flt-n. noch wssre zit, daz du, frouwe, mir löuist : ich hiin mit lobe anders törheit verjeo. 4. Sten ich vor ir unde schouwe daz wunder, daz got mit schone an ir lip hat getan. So ist des so vil, daz ich sc da bcsunder, daz ich vil gerne wolt iemer dd stan : Oiiwc, so muoz ich vil trürc scheiden dan; so kumt ein wölken so (ruobez dar under, daz ich des schinen von ir niht enhnn. VII. (/, 125 bj 1. Ez tuot vil we, swer herzecliche minnet an 80 höher stat, da sin dienest gar versmät. Sin tumber wan vil lützel drane gewinnet, swer so vil geklaget , da'z ze herzen niht engät. Er ist vil wis, swer sich so wol versinnet, daz er dient, da man sinen dienest wol enpfüt, und sich dar lät, da man sin genäde hat. 2. Ich darf vil wol , daz ich genade vlnde : wan ich hab ein wip ob der sunnen mir erkorn: Dest ein not, diech niemer überwinde, sine gesehe mich ane, als si tete hie bivorn. Sie ist mir liep gewest da her von kinde: wan ich wart dur sie und durh anders niht geborn. ist ir daz zorn, weiz got so bin ich verlorn. 3. Wä ist nii hin min lichter raorgensterne? we waz hilfet mich , daz min sunne ist üf gegäu ? Si ist mir ze höh und ouch ein teil ze verne gegen mittem tage, unde wil da lange stan. Ich gelebte noch den lieben äbent gerne, daz sie sich her nider mir ze tröste wolte län, wand ich mich hän gar vcrkapfet iif ir wan. VIII. (/, 130 aj 1. Hat man mich gesehen iu sorgen, Her Ileioricli von Morunge. 105 des ensol niht mOr ergän, Wol frouwe icli mich alle morgen, daz ich die vil lieben hän Gesehen in ganzen froiiden gar: nu fliuch von mir hin , laugez tniren ! ich bin aber gesunt ein jär. 2. Sie kan durch diu herzen bre- chen, sam diu sunne dur daz glas. Ich mac wol von schulden sprechen: si ganzer tugende ein adamas. So ist diu liebe frouwe min ein Avunnebernder suoze meije, ein wolkelöser sunnenschin. 3. Ob sie minre not, diu guote, wolde ein liebez ende geben, Mit den vrön in hohem muote saehe man mich danne leben. Die wil daz niht ist beschehen, so muoz man bi der ungemuoten schar mich in dien sorgen sehen. IX. Oi 130 b.) 1. Ich wil varn ein reise: wünschet, daz ich wol gevar; Da wirt manic weise, diu lant wil ich brennen gar, Miner frouwen riebe, swaz ich des bestriche, daz muoz allez werden verlorn, sie enwende minen zorn. 2. Helfet singen alle, mine friunt, unt zieht ir zuo Mit gemeinem schalle, daz sie mir genäde tuo. Schriet, daz min smerze miner frouwen herze breche und in ir ören ge: sie tuot mir ze lange we. 3, Frouwe, ich wil mit huldc» reden ein wenic wider dich; Daz solt du verdulden: zürnest du, s6 swige aber ich- 1(N> Her Kriätan von Hainic Wiltii dine juxende kroeucn wol mit tugendc, tiö wis mir geusedic, suozc fiulit, uut troeste mich dur dioc ziitit. X. O, 124 a.) 1. ,,0w6 des sclieidens, des er tet Daz si in grüezeut über al, von mir, d«'i er mich vil seilende liel unt ziio ziin redende gäut, Wol aber mich der lieben bet, und in doch, als einen bal, unt des weinens, des er dö begie ! mit boeseu worten unibe slant/' Dö er mich (rüren läzen bat, 3. Der dur sine uusselikeit unt biez mich in frouden sin, iemer arges iht \oa ir gesage, von sincn trehenen Avart ich naz, Dem niüeze allez wesen leit, und erkuolte iedoch daz herze min. swaz er miune unde daz im tvol be- 8. Owe, waz wizent si einem mau, hage. der nie frouwen leit, noch arc ge- Ich vluoche in, unde schadet in nilit, sprach, dur die ich ir muoz vremde sin : Und in aller eren gan! als aber sie min ouge an siht, dur daz müejet mich sin ungemach, so taget ez in dem herzen min. XI. CI, 129 a.) 1. Ich bin keiser, äne kröne, sunder lant, daz meinet mir der muot; Der gestuont mir nie sei schone; danc ir liebes, diu mir sanfte tuot. Daz schaffet mir ein frouwe fruot, dur die s6 wil ich staete sin; wan in gesach nie wip so rehte guot. — 2. ,, Gerne sei ein riter ziehen sich ze guoten wiben, dcst min rät; Bobsiu wip diu sol man vliehen, er ist tumb , swer sich an sie verlüt ; Wan sine gebent niht höhen muot: iedoch so vveiz ich einen man, den ouch die selben frouwen dunkent g»iot. 3. Mirst daz herze worden swaere, seht, daz schaffet mir ein sende not: Ich bin worden dem unma?re, der mir dicke sinen dienest bot. Owe, war umbe tuot er daz? unt wil er sichs erloubeu niht, so muoz ich im von schulden sin gehaz." 35. Her Kristaii toii Ilainle. Cum 1385.) I. (/, 118 a.) 1. Ich wolte, daz der anger sprechen solle, als der sitich in dem glas. Und er mir danue rehte sagen wolte, wie gar sanfte im hiure was, Do min vrouwe bluomen las ab im, und ir minneclichen vüeze ruorten üf sin grüenez gras. Her Krislau von Ilainle. IW 2. Her Anger, waz ir iuch vrüuden luiiostct uicteo, du min vrouwc koin gegiiD, Und ir wizen hende begunde bie(eu nÄcli iuwern bluonien wol getan ! Erloubet mir, her grüener Plan, daz ich mine vüeze sezzen niüeze, da min ^rouwe hat gegiin. 3. Her Anger, bitet, daz mir swa?rc sul biiez^n ein M'ip, nach der min herze stt-. So wünsche ich, daz si mit blozen vüezen noch hiiire müeze üf iuch ge, So geschadet in uiemer sne: wirt mir von ir ein lieplich grüezen, so gruont min herze, als imver klc. II. CT, 112 bj 1. Wiinneclichen sol man schouwen Dem stdt wol gelich diu reine: meien schin über elliu lant, nieman vindt die schoene alleine. Vögele singent in den ouwen, si ist ganzer tugende vol. diu man dicke trüric vant; 4. Swenn diu liebe und ouch diu Swa e lac vil toup diu beide, beste da siht man schoene ougenAveide: lacht, ich w£ene, ir röter munt uu ist min liehter meientac. ^ahtes üz der vinster gleste: 2. Swenne ich sihe die vrouwen ei, solt' ich in lange stunt mine Tougen spehen in rehter nsehe, wiinneclichen vor mir stan, dicke ich gerne bi mir saehe Gar gelich dem lichten schine die vil liebte roete brehen. von dem suunen ■wolgetan, 5. Möhte ich gegen der, die icli Der liebe gät über elliu riebe, meine, reht also diu minnecliche tüsent manne dienst gepflegeo, min herze iif durchliuhtet hat. Daz kund allez harte kleine n. Wol ir, wie si valsches anc gegen ir riehen löue wegen: in Aviplicben zühten lebet! Ich wil an die reinen, guoten Reht alsam der liebte mäne luues noch geuäden muoten, in den steruen dicke swebet, als von reht ir eigen man. III. C/j 112 a.J 1. Mit vroelichem libe, mit armen ümbevangen, ze herzen gedrücket, wie sanfte daz tuotl V'on einie tröstlichen wibe mit roBselehtera wangen vor liebe gelachet, daz vröuwet den miiot. Da sint zwei herzen und ein einiger lip, mit Worten underscheiden ein man und ein «ip; da muoz diu sorge ze stücken zebrechen; so liit si diu liebe ietweder üz ir munde bi langer zlt ein wort niht sprechen; da mac man küssen den süezesteu niuut, der ie manne von vrouwen wart kunt. 2. Ein twingen von vrouwen machet mannes herzen bi wilen triirig und underwileu vrö; IU8 Von Uautc. Swcr si 8ol scliouwen siiDder der hiiotc smerzen, vrüude ob aller vrüude bindet er da hü, Swd sich vier arme gesliezen in ein, nie siiczer vrüude der sunne iiberschcin. swer solhen trost weiz an lieplichcin ■\vibe; jd enist zer werlte niht bezzer vrüude, ddniit man baz die sorge vertribe : dii Wirt gedrücket von zwein herzen so nsi, loup wart nie so dünne, des stat man vunde da. 3. Swä sich vier ougen so rehte gerne sehen, du müezen ouch zwei herzen vil holt einander si; Si grüezen sich vil tougen, swaz in mac geschehen, vrüude unde trüren Avont in beidez bi. Da brennet diu minne vor liebe, als ein gluot; dennoch gruzer M'under diu minne da tuot: si lät sich münde an ein ander vergezzen, aldä hiit diu minne mit maneger vrüude soi'ge unt trüren gar übersezzen; aldä hdt diu liebe die minne Überwegen; wo! ir saelden , die mit zühten des pflegen ! 36. Ton Raute. Cum 1»95.) I. (II, 63 aj 1. Mir tuot ein sorge wo in miuem muote, die ich hinhein ze liebeu vriunden hän, Ob si da iender gedenken min ze guole, als ich ir hie mit triuwen hän getan. Si solte mich dur Got geniezen hin, daz ich ie bin gewesen in grözer huote, daz si iemer valsch kunne an mir verstau. 2. Swer waenet , daz min trüren habe ein ende, der enweiz waz mir an mime herzen lit: Ein kumber, den mir nieman kan erweudeu, ez taete danne ir minneclicher 11p. Die sorge hän ich leider äne strit, sine welle mir ir boten senden, dem ich verwartet hän vor menger zit. 3. Swie mir der tot vast üf dem rücken wsere, uude darzuo vil menig ungemach, So wart min wille nie, daz ich si verbaere; swie nähen ich den tot bi mir gesach, Da menic man der sünden sin verjach, dö was daz min almeistiu swaere, daz mir genäde nie von ir geschach. II. Cii, 63 b.) Ich sihe wol , daz dem keiser unt de« wiben Her Burkart von Ilölicnvcls. 109 mit einander nicninn gedieneu mac : des wil ich in mit saelden liin beliben; er hat hin z'in versumet manigen tac. 39. Von Nuoiiegge. (/, 349 a.) 1. Vil siieziu minne, du hast mich betwungen, daz ich miioz singen der vil minneclichen, Nach der min herze ie hat daher gerungen, diu kan vil suoze dur min ougen suchen, AI in min herze lieplich unz ze gründe j Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 2. Wil gcsach ieman ein wip so schoene unt guote in allen Welschen und in Tiutschen riehen? An kiusche ein engel, si ist in reiner huote; in al der Averlte kan ich ir niht geliehen. In' weiz niht, wa ich ein lieber vrouwen vunde; Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 3. Du ich erst an sach die reinen, minneclichen, ich wände, daz ein schoener engel waere; Ich dähte, ich solte an allen vröuden riehen: du bant si mich in manige sende swisre. In' trüwete niht, daz si mich also bunde; Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 3§. Der Har «legier. (1383' -64.) CII, UQ b.) Ez Wirt vil tiere in druohen und in stricken oft ersnellet; daz kumt, daz si niht Avlzzen, w<i man in die lüge tuot; Der doch dohoinez niemer würde gevangen, noch ervellet, möhten si rehte wizzen wol der wilderare muot. Hiebi heize ich die menschen tumber, danne iht wildes si: die wizzen beidenthalp den snal, des libes tot, der sele val, unt sint doch endehafter sorgen iimbe ir strnchen vr!. 39. Her Bnrkart von llolieiivels. C18«8 — 89.) * I. (T, 201 rt.) 1. Wir süln den winder so süln wir smieren, die Stuben empfiihen, unt zwinken unt zwieren, Wolüf, ir kinder, niich liepljcher gir, ze tanz süln wir gaben ! 2. Schöne ümbe slifen, Volgent ir mir, unt doch mit gedrange; 110 Her Uiirkart von llohcnvcls. Breste uns der pfifcn, •so Valien zc sanfio, Hespeii den swanz, 80 siilii wir rücken, iint zocken »int ziicken, riaz «'-ret den tanz. ^ II. (I, 204 b.) 1. „Ich wil reijen," * sprach ein wnnneclichiii inagt, „Diseu nieijen wart mir vröude gar \ ersagt: Nu hat min jiir ein ende, des bin ich vro; nieniau mich vrüudcn wende, min muot stiH M. Mir ist von ströwe ein schapel nnt min vrier muot lieber, danne ein rösenkranz , si\ ich bin behuot." — 2. „Ez ist verdrozzen hie, Sit daz min mt'iemel hat Vor beslozzen mir die mine lichten wät. Trnre ich, si jiht, ich gewinne von liebe not; vröuwe ich mich, daz tuot minue : WC, Avan wuer* si tot!" Mir ist von ströwe ein schapel unt min vrier mitot lieber, danne ein rosenkranz, so ich bin behuot. III. (I, 205 aj 1. Min herze hat minen sin wilt ze jagen nz gesant, der vert nach mit minem miiote; Vil gedanke vert vor in, den ist daz vil wol bekant, daz daz wilt stet in der huote Bi der, der ich dienstes bin bereit; ir sin, ir muot, ir gedenken kan vor in mit künste weuken: wol bedorfl' ich vuhses kündekeit. 2. Wie Wirt mir daz stolze wilt? daz ist snel, wise unde starc; snel gedenken vert vor winde, Wiser sin bi menschen spilt, Sterke in löuwen sich ie bare. der gelicii ir muot ich vinde : Ir snelheit mir wenket höhe enbor, ir wisheit mich überwindet, mit ir sterke si mich bindet: sus ir schoene törte mich hievor. 3. Tn'iren mit gewalte hat gankert in mins herzen grünt, davon höher muot mir Avildet; Yrouden segel von mir gät, werder tröst ist mir niht kunt; sist mir in dem muot gebildet. Wol versigelt unt beslozzen d.l, sam der schin ist in der sunuen: diu bant hant die kraft gewannen, daz siu brypche niht des grifen kl<i. 4. Ir vil liebten ongen blic wirfet höher vröuden vil, ir gruoz der git saelde und ^re. Ir schoene diu leit den stric, der gedanke vähen wil, des git ir gedanke lere, Mit ziiht, daz ir'z nieman wizen sol: swes gedenken gegen ir swinget, minne den so gar betwinget, daz er git gevangen vröudenzol. 5. Minne vert vil wilden strich, unde suochet triuwen spor, zuo der wirte wil si pQihteu; Wunderlich si liebet sich, si spilt im mit vröuden vor, Wunsches wils' in gar berihten ; Mit gedauken si im entwerfen kan wunneclich in slme sinne herzeliep: von dem gewinne scheiden muoz, swer triuwe nie gewan. Spervogel. III ^ IV. 1. Uns treib üz der stubeii hizxa, regen jagte uns in y.e dache; Ein altiii riet uns mit wiz;!e in die schiure nach gemache. Sorgen wart d.i gar vergezzen, (riiren muose vürder strichen, vröiide häte leit besetzen, du der tanz begiinde suchen. Vrüude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit! 8, Diu vil süeze stadelwise k linde starken kumber krenken, Eben träten s' unde lise, mengelich begunde denken, AVaz im alierliebest wjere. CI, 206 a.) swer im selben daz geheizet, dem Wirt ringe sendiu swoere; guot gedenken vröude reizet. Vröude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit ! 3. Susä, Avie diu werde glestet! sist ein wunneberndez bilde, Sd si sich mit bluomeu gestet, swer si siht, dem ist truren wilde; Des jiht mangez herze und ougen; ein dinc mich ze vröuden lücket: si ist mir in min herze tougeu stahelherteclich gedrücket. Vröude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit ! 40. ^pervogel. Cum 1830?) I. cn, 372 aj 1. Ez zimt wol lielden, daz si \iö nach leide sin; kein ungelücke wart so groz, dii enwsere bi Ein heil; des süln Avir uns versehen, uns mac wol vru.Ti nach schaden geschehen : Wir haben verlorn ein veigez guot, vil stolze beide, enruochet; Darümbe süln wir niht verzagen, ez wirt noch baz versuochel. 2. So WC dir armnote, du benimst dem man beidiu, wizze und ouch den sin, daz er niht kan ; Die vriunde getuont sin lihten rät, swenne er des guotes niht enhät, Si kcrent im den rügge zuo unt griiezent in vil träge : die wile daz er mit vollem lebt, so hat er holde mäge. 3. Daz ich ungelücke hän, daz tuot mir we; des muoz ich ungetrunken gän von einem st-, Darfiz ein küeler brunne vlöz, des kraft was michel unde gr«"iz; Da buozte maniger siiien durst unt wart dii wol crgezzet; swie dicke ich minen napf da bot, er wart mir nie genezzot. 4. Swer sinen guoten viiuut (vil wol) behalten wil, den sol er vor den liulen strafen niht ze vil: Er neme in besunder hindau, unt sage im, waz er habe getan, Däne hoert ez der vremde niht, er zürne in da vil sere, unt halte in vor den liuten wol: des hat er immer cre. II. 1. Mich niiiot daz alter sere, wan ez Hergere Alle sine kraft benam ; ez sol der gransprunge man Bedenken sich enzite, (IT, 374 bO swenne er ze hove werde leit, daz er ze gewissen herbergen rite. 2. AVie sich der riebe betraget, so dem nothaften waget Dur daz lant der stegereif: 112 Spcrvogel. daz Ich ze buwe nilit ongreif, Er woldc geistlichen leben; Do mir begonde entspringeu do hiez man in der »chilfe pflegen : von alrest min bart, Sit wart er unstsete, des rouoz ich nü mit arbeiten ringen, do beiz er schäf unde swin, 3. Swie daz weter tuoje, er jach, daz cz des pfafTeo rüde tante. der gast sei wesen vriiojej 5. Zwenehunde striten umb ein bein, Der wirt hat trukenen vuoz do stiiont der boeser unde grein: vil dicke, so der gast muoz Waz half in al sin grinen? Die herberge rinnen. er muostez bei« vermidcn. swer in alter welle wesen wirt, Der ander (niog ez der sol sich in derjugende niht sümcn. von dem tische hin ze der tür, 4. Ein wolf sine sünde vlöch, er stuont ze siner angesiht unt gc- in ein klüster er sich zOcIi, nuog ez. III. CII, 375 b.J 1. Ich bin ein wegemücder man, nu vert mir einer vor, der rennet, swenne ich drabe; Ais ich der sträze niht enkan, so volge ich sinem spor; nu wirfet er mir abe Die briigge, da ich über sol: doch het er mir geheizen wol. ir stimme ist bezzer, danne ir ntuot, die mit dem blate glieni: ein valscher vriunt der schal noch mc'-r, danne offenbar ein vient. 2. Swer des biderben swache pfligt, däbi des boesen avoI, der hat si beide verlorn. Gewalt den wizzen an gesigt ; ein sinnic herze sol mit zählen tragen zorn: Des jiires kumt vil lihte ein tac, daz er ez vol verenden mac. unrehter gaehe nieman pfligt, ern' müg' ir wol engelten: guoter gebit' noch ie gebrast mit schoenen zählen selten. IV. CT, 376 a.) Der alten rät versmahet m'i den kinden, unbetwungen sint die jungen, ane reht wir leben; Untriuwe hat gemachet, daz wir vinden in dem lande mange schände, uns ist vür vröude gegeben Ungenäde, blöze huobe, wüeste lanl; dii man e wirt in vollen, stajten vrouden \ant, dane kraet diu henne, noch der hane, ein pläwe ist uiender da, die weide enezzeut geize, rinder, res, noch schuf, däne brechent ouch die gloggen nieman sinen släf, diu kirche ist oede, ir sült den pfaffen suochen anderswä. V. Cllf 376 bj 1. In himelrich' ein hüs stat, Der Schenke von Liinpiirt-. 113 ein guldin wec darin gut, Die siule die sint marmelin ; die liieret unser trehtin Mit edelem gesteine : dil enkumt nieman in, ern' si von allen sünden also reinp. 2. Würze des waldes und erze des goldes Und elliu apgrunde diu sint dir, herre, künde, Diu stc-ut in diner liende : nllez liimeleschez her daz eniuöhte dich niht volloben an ein ende. VI. (11, 377 b.) Zer werlte ein sinuericher man, daz ist ein solher hört, den nieman mac verslelu. Swie lüzzel ich der künste kan, so spriche ich selchiu wort, diu nieman solde heln. Swer hat den man, als er in siht, der volget guoter wizze uiht, swer in niht erkennen wil, wan bi der liehten wtetc: UDt trüege ein wolf von zobel ein hüt, nach künne er lihte taete. 41. Der ^clieiike von liimpiire. ( 1830 — 8».) CT, 133 bO 1. Sit willekomen, vrou Sumerzit, Sit willekome, her Meie, Der manigem buchgemüete git, unt sich mit liebe zweie. Ich sihe min liep vür bluomen schin, min liep vür vogel' singen; min liep muoz diu vil liebe sin, min liep daz kan wol zwingen : und öwe, liep, solt' ich mit liebe ringen! 2. Vil maneger hande varwe hat in sinem krame der meie: Diu beide wunnecliche stat mit bluomen manigerleiCj Sint gel, grüeu, rüt, sint blä, sint briin, blanc, sint wunneclich entsprungen; diu vogelin hoehent ir gesanc ; mich mac diu liebe jungen: hei, Wirt si mir, so habe ich wol gesungen! 3. Min liep so vil schoene treit, von dem ich singe hiure; Min lieb ist liep, ez ist niht leit, min lieb ist vil gehiure, (MiiiiiesiiDger.) S 114 Her Walismiiot von Mülnliftsen. Min lieb ist vru , (inz hize irli »in, min lieb in rchtcr güete, min lieb ist reliter sioldcu schrin : d.iz ir Got iemcr liiiete, wie gar min herze Hanne in ^ runden bliie(el 49. jflaresrAvc Heiiiricli von IfUzeii. ( 183* — 88.) (/, 13 b.) 1. Sielic sl min liebln vrouwe, din mir vrüiit daz herze mit den sinnen! Mir tuot wol, swenne ich si schouwe, von ir güete mag ich heil gewinnen; Si ist gar min tröst vür sende not und ouch vür ungemüete, ir schoene lengert mir den tot; des bit ich, Got, ir reinen lip behiiete! 2. Ich vröii mich, daz ich mac gedenken, swenne ich wil, der herzelieben vrouwen ; Si kan sendez trüren kreuken, mir tuot wol, swenne ich ir lip sol schouwcn, Ir braue brä, ir ougen klär, ir munt, reht als er glüete: s%vie verre ich si, ich wünsche ir dar, HQt bite, Got, ir reinen lip behüete. ^ ^ <- 43. Her IvWalisniiiot von Jfliiluliiisen. (1835 — 53.) I. er, 327 aj 1. Si (reit krüs har, krisp unde gel, si treit ein unvertwelten lip, Si treit eine snewize kel, al diu werlt hat niht schoener wip. Mir wsere ie liep bi ir ze sine, danne bi Go(e in paradis: Got Iierre , machet mich ir minne wis ! 2. Diu suune schiuet nie so klar, min liep dannoch schoDoer baz; Ir ougen stent vil offenbar, Got an ir nie niht vergaz. In' nseme niht die krön von Röme ze trngene vnr miuer vrouwen 11p: so rehte wol behaget mir daz wip. II. (r, 327 aO .» 1. „Juncherre, ich hän groze Iiuoter durh iuwern willen, dast mir leit, Beidiu, von vater unt von muoter; verlorn habt ir iuwer arbeit. Wolt ir mir ein lützel beiten. Her Walismiiot von Müliihrtseii. m ich löste iiicli schiere üx arbeiten : juncherliu, durch rehtc minne beite ein lü(>;el min." 2. Wwre ich lierre über al die inenige, da man priset ein giiot laut, l'nt waere ich kiinig iu Schaiiipenige, so waere ich wituuän erkant, So lieze ich sper und al die kröne, e min liep , daz ist so schiene, und ist so guot: Got heri'e, machet mir ir minne spiioi ! I!I. Ch 327 ff.) 1. Wü gesach ie mannes ougen ie zwei Avengel baz gestänV Liljenwiz gar shie lougen, wunneclichen wolgetiin ; Si treit laue, gel, valwez här: waer daz riche min und ir, des engnnde ich nieninn \mx, vürwar. 2. Ein kus von mincr vrouwen mundi» brennet sanfter, danne ein gUiot, Swem si des mit willen gunde, der wa?!-* iemer iiochgemuot : Helfet alle wünschen des, daz ir küssen werde mir, so wünsche ich aber etesM'es. IV. C^5 327 b.) 1. Ein bernde saf der miuuen blüete, 2. Reine wip, dur dine güete, ein ursprinc aller siKlikeit, nu hilf nur üzer sender not, Din zuht, diu güete ob aller güete, Unde troeste min gemüete, din munt der niinneu wäfen treit, alder ich bin an \röuden tot; Diu lichten ougen din eine sträle haut geschozzeu in daz herze min ; des muoz ich vil unverdrozzen din endelicher dienest sin. 1. Sumer, sumer, sumerzlt, waz uns din kuuft vrüude git, als diu beide in grüeue lit; Dennoch so niac mich (roesten baz ein wip, der icli noch nie vergaz; wil diu, so wirt min vröude wit, Und also wit, swanue ich si mac sehen, so ist miuie herzen dem gclich, also ist min vrouwe tugenderich; des helfent mir min ougen jehen. Wiltu niicli bewarn vor sorgen, sost mir wol gelungen. rehte als die am, wil ich mich doch wider jungen und üf gegen den Ififteu varn. (/, 327 b.) Du bist diu dri, unt bist diu ein', du bist diu vierde, die ich da mein', du bist gelich der sunuen schiu. Wan ich bin tump, so ist si vil wis; daz sol diu werde mir vertragen, daz ich ir lop sol höhe sagen, si wolgebluotez meienris! 3. Riise, r»')se, rösenbluot, du bist noch bezzer, dannc guot, du bist vil lieb unt wolgemuot, 2. Vrouwe, vrouwe, vrouwe min, Du bist min tröst, min zuoversiht, der drl der soltu eine sin min heil, min vröude, und auderi und aller tugende ein keiserin; niht, IIG Her Gülfrit von Mfen. din Ilp bAl ganzer üigende part: ei, vrouwe min, joch meine ich dich; Mir eowarl dur alle tilgende, küsse mich, •o liebes nie niht kunt. vil liebten ougen, r«>ter munt I 44. Her Oötfrit von Mifen. (1»35 — 73.) I. (I, 42 bj 1. Seelic si diu heide, saelic sl diu ouwe, atelic si der kleinen vogellinc süezer sanc! Bluomen, loup, diu heide stänt in maniger schoinve; die der kalde winter hiur' mit sinem vroste twanc, Dien ist an ir vrüuden wol gelungen : also möht' ouch ich an minen vröuden wider jungen, tr6ste mich ein röter munt, nach dem min herze ie ranc. 2. Mir was, wie min sweere hete ein lieplich ende, dö mir seite ein böte, ich solde in vrGuden vroelich aln. Ich was vröudebaere, sorge was eilende in mime herzen, dö ich wunde, ir mundes röter schin Der wolde in min herze lieplich lachen. also kan diu minne ein wunder an uns beiden machen : minne , tuo mir, swie du wellest, der gewalt ist din. 3. Röter munt, nü lache, daz min sorge swinde, rAter munt, nü lache, daz mir sendez Icit zerg&; Lachen du mir mache, daz ich vröude vinde, röter munt, nfi lache, daz min herze vrd bestö ! Sit din lachen mir git böhgemüete, neinä, röter munt, so lache mir durch dine güete lacheliche, roeselehte: wes bedörfte ich m&l 4. Minneclich gedinge vröut mich mange stunde, daz mich trceste ein röter munt, des ich noch nie vergaz; Minneclich gedinge, ob ich daz da vunde, söne künde mir üf erde niemer werden baz. Röter munt, hilf mir von den noeten! ane Got, so kan dich nieman alse wol geroeten : 6ot, der was in vröuden, dA er dich als ebene maz. 5. Wolde mir diu here sende sorge ringen, daz nseme ich vür der vogel' sang unt vür der bluomen BChln, Unt si nach miner löre ruohte vröude bringen Her Uotfrit ron Nlfen. in mir, BÖ wcer' min (ri^ren kranc , iiat wolt« in vröudca sin. Hilf mir, helferlchiu, siieze minnel twinc die lieben, sam si hat betwiingen mine sinne, unze si bedenke minen seneclichen pin. n. (/, 47 ft.) 1. Schouwet üf den anger, Winter wert nlht langer, kleine vogel twang er, diu beide ist worden swanger, si birt uns r«)sen rot, Man hoert vogel' singen, man siht bluomen springen, dur daz gras üf dringen, ir swaere wil sich ringen, als in diu zit gebüt. Alsus enpfdhen wir den nüezen meigen; wolüf, Ir hübeschen leigen, wir süln diu vröude heigen, vil vroelich tanzen, reigen. ahi, solt' ich mich zweigen mit ir, diu mir mac wenden sende not! 2. Lät mir sorge swiuden, lät mich vröude vinden, lät den krieg erwinden, ir sült iuch underwinden mls herzen, saelic wip; Vrouwe, ir sült mir meren vröude, leit verkeren, hühgemüete leren. minne , bit die heren, daz mich ir kiuscher lip Tioeste; nü ist si doch min küni- ginne. vil minneclichiu minne, troeste mine sinne, Sit ich nach liebe brinne: ob ich den tröst gewinne, der tac mir mac wol heizen leitvertrlp. 3. Wer kan trüren s wachen, wer kan vröude machen mit vil lieben Sachen, wer kan lieplich lachen? ir mundes röter schln. Wer kan trüren wenden, wer kan sorge swenden, sende nüt volenden, wer kan helfe senden? diu liebe vrouwe min, Diu mich bat von kinde her gebua> den. fli kan min herze wunden; daz hab ich wol bevunden, daz ich bin überwunden, nü unde z'allen stunden: si sol mir wol dur reht genaedic sin. 4. Wer kan leit vertriben, wer kan vro beliben? nieman, wan bi wiben; des wol ir süezen liben ! si sint vür trüren guot ; Als des meigen blücte, vröut ir wiplich güete; si gent höhgemüete; daz got ir lip behüete. doch mir einiu tuot Selten liep, die ich mit Iriuwen meine, diu süeze unt diu vil reine, der helfe ist gegen mir kleine, der ich von kindesbeine gedieuet han aleine, daz sie noch nie getröste mir den muot. 5. Ach, wan solt' ich schouwen liep mis herzen vrouwen? in den grüeneu ouwen, in luft' und ouch in touwen wart lieberz nie gesehen, Daz so lieplich waere, guot vür sende swaere, sam diu saeldebsere; wie wol ich daz bewsere, künde ich ze rehte spehen Ir munt, ir kel unde ouch ir wan- gen! diu haut mich gevangen; näh ir muoz mich belangen, het' ich den tröst enpfangen, so wser' min leit zergangen, ich hän noch wän, iHZ mir wil liep bcscbehcn. 118 Schenk' IJolrich von Wintcistctcn. 45. Selieiik' l'olrleli von ^l^iiilerstcteii. (1839.) '■^ a, 14ß b.) dar inue mit giiotein &ite! 5. Pfaffen, leiten, tret(ent an, dien Got der saelden i^an; er ist gar ein saclic man, der mit dien liiiten kan, 6. Vnder dien linden bi hübschen kinden. sorge muoz swinden; lachen machen kiinnen , wunneu wol diu kint. Erent den raeijen, singent den reijen, ir sult iuch zweijen, Hezze , Mezzc, Nese, Gese, Gütclint ! 7. Ich wil hocren : ez ist zit: ich hiin der liute nit; Wan des reigen ist ze vil, des ich erwinden wil. Ir sint niüede, dunket mich: oz ist ungcmenlich. Schrient alle : heia hei ! m'i ist der seite enzwei! 1. Wol üf, ir kint, 5int frö ! so muoz buoz Borgen sin. trüren var hin I ein, muot tuot geil, heil werden schio. 2. Wä ist uu Uot' unt Guot', uut tuot uns sorgen bar? Jütc unt Ililte unt Wille, stille komeut dar ! 3. Springent vroelich an den tanz! hiure ist der sumer gJanz: dci Wirt diu vröide ganzj man siht da manigen kränz. 4. Vrouwen unt dringent unt springent hübsche trite! rihtent zc minne die sinne nu singcut der 46. Jleister Alexander. (1839.) CHI, 28 aj lieplich daz tihten unt daz singen, von sündehafteu schulden ez kwam, daz daz seitenspil urloup nam, unt der juncvrouwen springen. Do viel ez an die ergern hant, ein armiu diet sich es underwant, üf daz der künste niht gienge abe; dö truogen herren durch die kunst den selben helfebaere gunst, unt nerten sie mit varnder habe. 1. Ein miunendiep, stilt, unde daz liep wol dieplich hilt, deme kumt sin liep ze liebe; Kan aber der diep daz dieplich liep verheln, also ein liepsteluder diep, so teilet diep mit diebe Unt liep mit liebe ir minuengelt, daz lieber ist, den al diu weit, liepliche minne rätent in dieplich manigen lieplichen rat, der lieplich under in umb gät: diu liebe ziuhet ez allez hin. 3. Do durch der weite unmüezi keit hei-abe von küniges künue schreit 3. Her Gäwin stic, noch sträze vant, do er ze Gälois in daz lant hin wider riten wolde: So mac Burgou Gälois wol sin, d>i kund' ich nie gekomcn in; Der TaaliiibCT. 119 doch vcrsuochl' iz, als ich soldc. uut heten ir herren sd verspart, Mir wart dil gruoz uud rede vcrzi- und teteu alle dem gelich, gen, als ez waere küuic Ermenrich, die eähen hiuitz iinde swigeo, unde ich der zoniic Eckchart. 49. Der Tmiliuser. C1840-2O.) 1. (11, 91 b.J 1. Staeter dienest der ist guot, den man schienen vrouweu tuo(, als ich niiner hän getan: der niuoz ich den salnniauder bringen; Einez hat si mir geboten, daz ich schicke ir abe den Koten liin Provenz in daz laut ze Nüerenberc, so mac mir wol gelingen, Unt die Tuonouwe über Riu: viiege Ich daz, sü tuot si, swes ich nuiote. danc so habe diu vrouAve min, sist geheizen Guole; spriche ich ja, si sprichet nein; sus so hellen wir eueiu: heiä, hei, sist ze lauge gewesen ü« miner huote ! Ja hiute, uud iemermere ja, heilallc, und aber jü, ziehent herze wäfenä! wie tuot mir diu liebe s«"», diu reine uut diu vil guote! daz si mich niht machet vrü, des ist mir we ze muole. 2. Mich vröut noch baz ein lieber wän, den ich von der scboeuen hau : so der Miuseberc zergc, sam der sne, so lünet mir diu reine; Alles des min herze gert, des bin ich an ir gewert, minen willen tuot si gar, büwe ich ir ein hüs von helfenbeiue, . Swä si wil, üf einem sc, so habe ich ir vriuntschaft uud ir hulde, bringe ich ir von Galile her , an' alle schulde, einen berc, gevüege ich daz, da her Adam üfe saz, heiä, hei, daz wsere aller dieuste ein iiberguld«! Ja hiute, und iemermere ja cet. 3. Ein boum stät in Indiän grOz , den wil si von mir hänj mincn willen tuot si gar, seht, ob ich ir'z allez her gewinne. )20 I)er Tanhüser. feil inuo;;^ gewinnen ir den Gral, des da pflac her Pnrciväl, unt den apfel, den PÄrJs gap dar minne V^nas der gütiunc, Unt den mantel, der beslOz gar die vrouwen, diu ist unwandellwere ; dannoch wil si wunder gruz, daz ist mir worden swsere : ir ist nach der arke we, diu beslozzen h^lt Noe: keiä, hei, brachte ich die, wie lieb ich danne wscre! Jil hiute, und iemermere jA cet. II. (II, 94 b.) I. Wol im, der nü beizen sol ze Fülle üf dem gevilde! der birset, dem ist damit wol, der siht so vil von wilde; Sumeliche gant zc brunnen, die andern ritent schonwen: der vröude ist mir zerrunnen, daz bannet man bi den vrouwen. Des darf mau mich niht zihen, ich beize ouch niht mit winden, in' beize ouch niht mit valken , in' mac niht vühsen gelägen; man siht ouch mich niht volgen nach hirzen unt nach binden; mich darf ouch nieman zihen von rösen schapel tragen; man darf ouch min niht warten, da stet der grüene kle, noch suochen in dien garten bi wol getanen kinden: ich swebe üf dem sc. 8. Ich bin ein erbeitsaelic man, der niene kan beliben, wan hiute hie, morne anderswan; sol ich daz iemer trlben, Des muoz ich dicke sorgen, swie vroelich ich da singe, den äbent unt den morgen, war mich daz weter bringe, Daz ich mich so gevriste, üf wazzer und üf lande, daz ich den lip gevüere unz üf die selben stunt, ob ich den liuten leide in also snoedem gCAvande, sd Wirt mir diu reise mit vreise vil wol kunt. daran solde ich gedenken, diewile ich mich vermac: in' mag im nilit entwenken, ich muoz dem wirte gelten vil gar üf einen tac. 3. WA leit ieman so gröze not, als ich von boesem tröste? Ich was ze Kride vil nähe tot, I Der Tauhüser. 121 wan daz mich Got erlöste: Mich sluogen Sturmwinde vil nach z'einem steine in einer naht geswinde; min vröiide diu was kleine, Diu ruoder mir zerbrächen, nu merket, wie mir waere, die segel' sich zerzarten, si vlugen üf den se; die marner alle jähen, daz si so gruze sweere nie halbe naht gewunnen: mir tet ir schrien we; daz werte sicherlichen unz an den sehsten tac, in' mähte in niht entwichen, in' müez' ez allez liden, als der niht anders roac. 4. Die winde, die so sere waent gegen mir von Barbarie, daz si so rehte unsuoze blaent, die andern von Türkie, Die welle und ouch die ünde gent mir gruz ungemüete, daz si vür mine sünde der reine Got min hüete ! Min vvazzer daz ist trüebe, min piscot der ist herte, min vleisch ist mir versalzen, mir schimelget min win; der smac, der von der sutten gät, der ist niht guot geverte, davür nseme ich der rösen smac, uut mebte ez wol gesin. zisern unde bunen gent mir niht hohen muot: wil der höhste Ionen, so wirt daz trinken süeze und ouch diu epise guot. 5. Ahi, wie sselic ist ein man, der \ÜT sich mac geriten! wie küme mir der gelouben kan, daz ich muoz winde biten! Der schoc von Oriende unt der von Tremundäne, unt der von Occidende, Arsüle von dem plane, der meister ab den Alben , der krieg uz Romanie, der Levandän und Oster, die mir genennet sint, ein wint von Barbarie waet, der ander von Türkie, von Norden kumt der Mezzol, seht, daz ist der z weifte wind. waer' ich üf dem sande, der namen wisse ich niht: durch Got ich vuor von lande, unt niht dur dise vräge, swie \v6 halt mir geschiht. III. Oh 95 b,) 1. Daz ich ze herren niht enwart, daz müeze Got erbarmen, des git man mir des goldcs niht, daz man da vüert von Walhen; 122 Der Tanhüser. Die herrcn (cilenl'z iinder sich: £o kapfen 'wir, die anntn, wir sehen jaemerliche dar, s<\ vült man in die malhen. !Sö kiiml uns anderlbalben vun Düringeu vii von {t^uote; daz lilzc ich üf die triuwe min, daz ich des niender miiote; swie tumb ich si, ich vinde da den, der mich gehielte schöne: ich waere e iemer äne guot, C: ich schiede von der kröne, dem künige sprich' ich wol: in' wciz , nenne er mir löue. i. Ich solde wol ze hove sin, da hörte man min singen: nü irret mich, daz nieman weiz, in' kan uiht gitoter doeue. Der mir die gaebe, so suuge ich von liovclichen dingen, ich sunge verrer unde baz von allen vrouwen schoene; Ich suuge von der beide, von loube iint von dem meien, ich sunge von der sumerzit, von tanze und ouch von reieu ; ich sunge von dem kalten snc, von regen unt von winde, ich sunge von dem vater unt der muotcr, von dem kinde: wer loeset mir diu pfant? wie wenig ich der vinde! 3. Diu schoenen wip, der guote win, diu mursel an dem morgen, unt zwirent in der wochen baden, daz scheidet mich von guote. Die wile ich daz verpfenden mac, so lebe ich äue sorgen: swenne ez an ein gelten gät, so wirt mir we ^e muote, Und ich diu pfant sol loesen, so kumt daz liep ze leide, s(i siut diu wip gar missevar, swenne ich mich von in scheide, der guole win der süret mir, swenne ich sin niht mac verpl'enden. weune sol min tumber rauot an truren sich volenden? ja weiz ich der herren niht, die minen kumber wenden. 4. Jii herre, wie hab' ich verlorn den helt üz Osterriche, der mich so wol behiiset hat nach grözen sinen eren! Von sinen schulden was ich wirt: nii lebe ich tnirecliche, nü bin ich aber Avorden gast: war sol ich armer keren? Der mich sin noch ergezze , wer tuot nach im daz beste? wer haltet torea als er tet, so wol die stolzen geste? des var ich irre, nun' weiz, wa ich die wolgemuoten vinde. unt lebte er noch, so wolde ich selten riten gegen dem winde. der wirt sprichet: ,, weher gast, wie vriuset iuch so swinde?" 5. Ze Wiene hat' ich einen hof, der lac so rehte schöne; Liupoltsdorf was darzuo min, daz lit bi Luchse nähen; Ze Hinperc hat' ich schoene guot: Got im der wirde löne! wenne sol ich iemermer die gülte darabe enpfähen? Ez sol mir nieman wizen, ob ich in klage mit triuwen; min vröude ist elliu mit im tot, davon muoz er mich riuweu. wä wiltu dich behalten iemermere, Taiihüsa;re? weist aber iemau, der dir helfe büezen dine swjere? owc, wie daz lenget sich! sin tot ist klageba;re. 6. Min söumer treit ze ringe gar, min pferit gät ze swäre, die knehte min sint ungeriten, min malhe ist worden laere; Min hüs daz stät gar äne dach, swie ich darzuo gebäre, min Stube stet gar äne tür, daz ist mir worden swsere, Min kelr ist in gevallen, min küche ist mir verbrunnen, min Stadel stät gar äne baut, des höus ist mir zerrunneu; mir ist gemaln noch gebachen, gebruwen ist mir selten; mir ist diu wät ze dünne gar, des mag ich wol engelteu: mich darf durch geriete nieman nidcn, noch bcschcltcn. Her VValther von Mezze. 1^ 48. Her PfefTel. (1«40.) cn, 145 h.j June man , ich wil dich leren, wis bocser worte vii. swie tiimb ich selbe si, Swd dii sehest die besten, des diu lip wirde hat: da soltu wonen bi, wiltii behalten daz, nein unt jii behalten; so soltu dienen Got, du solt in t-ren glesten, Und alle vrouwen eren, vür schände habe den huot : lä den swachen spot, so niaht rait vrouden alten, wis au zorne laz, unt wirt din ende guot. iniune wisen rat, 49. Her Ifaltlier Yon Jflezze. Cum 1S45.) * I. O, 307 bj 1. Sit daz ich min selbes leit niuoz miuneu, weit ir wizzen, waz mich des betwuugen hat? Ir vil lösen blicke üz reinen sinnen, und ir muut, der euch so gar ze wünsche stät. Ich hän menigeu munt veruomeu, der wol lachen unde sprechen künde: dirre raunt ist aller diuge voUekomen. 8. Ez ist ein wunder, swaz si mir getaute, daz ich ir doch niemer künde sin gehaz; Ich bin ir so guotes willen stajte, daz ich ir in minem muote nie vergaz. We, wes habe ich nü verjelien? ja vergaz ich ir und ouch min selbes, d« min ouge ir lösen ougeu selten sehen. 3. Mir ist min lieb ein herzeclichiu swajre, SU ist däbi daz leit min hoste \röude gar, E daz ich daz liebe leit verbsere, von dem ich vil dicke in hohem muote var, E wolt' ich ez iemer tragen: llde ich leit von rehter herze liebe, des sol ich, noch niemer sielic man verzagen. II. (I, 308 a.) 1. Sich huob ein ungevüeger zoru von guoten vriunden umb ein wip : Nü hänt sich beidenthalp versworn daz herze wider mlnen lip; Daz herze wil den ougen helfen minncu, dawider strebt der lip mit allen sinnen, darzuo begunden si mich laden: ich enwelz, wes ich mich underwaut, daz ich si suonde üf miuen schaden. Z. Zehant do si versuondeu sich durch mineu willen, als ich bat, 124 Her Walther von Mezze. Dö tdtens' dbel nider mich, daz si mich von der selben stat Nie liezen wider wichen, noch gewendcn, ich enlobt' in i, ich hiilf ir not volenden; daz hab ich umb ein dinc getan: gewinnen wir, des wir dil gern, so wellen i>i mich teilen län. S. Nu han wir iemer wunnen vil, erwerben wir daz beste wip; Nu seht, wie ich danne teilen wil dem herzen herze, übe lip, Ir sinne die bescheide ich minen sinnen, ir ougen minen ougen al ze minnen; si selben wil ich haben mir ze minneclicher ststekeit, unt wil mich selben geben ir. 4. Wan daz ich minneclichen tobe, 60 bin ich niht wolsinnic man, Daz ich mir selbem daz gelobe, des si mir übte nien' engan. Mir waer' eht liep, daz mir vil wol geschaehe, unt daz si mich von herzen gerne saehe, daz sol si läzen äne haz, ez schät ir niht, unt tuot mir wol, mir ist die wil« deste baz. 5. Ez enwizzen alle liute niht, daz wünschen alse sanfte tuot, Unt waz da liebes von geschiht: daz herze wirdet wol gemuot; Ein saplic man mac gerne wol gedenken, er enkan den sorgen niemer baz entwenken. daz h.it mich dicke darzuo briiht, daz ich min selbes herre was, als ich so liebe hdn gedäht. in. O, 308 b.) 1. Waz hilfet mich, daz ich ze vrömden vröuden var? solde ich den gesten vröude machen, die wile ich selber triiric bin? Ez muoz ein wip c vröude bi mir senden dar, in' kan den liuten niht gelacheu: si lache mir, so lache ich in; Min vröudenhort lit in ir huote, da pfendet mich diu liebe vil gewalteclichen mite ; si saelic wip, si reiniu, guote, unsprechent ich si z'allen ziten bite, in stummer wis' unt mit verswigenem muote, sus vlehe ich si nach tören site. 2. Waer' ich nu min, als ich min 6 gewesen bin, so lachet' ich üz vriem herzen vrilich aldur min selbes munt; Nu hat ein wib unwizzende min herze hin. solt' ich ir herzen tuon den smerzen Her Walther von Mezze. 125 ze rehte al dur ir 6ren kunt, Vermissete ich dan bi den liuten min selbes, so vunde ich mich dort vil lihte in ir gewalt. sol ich si swigende alsus triuten, daz swjgen tuot mich trureclichen alt: muoz aber ich ir'z mit rede gar betiuten, owä, so dunke ich si ze balt. 3. Daz si mir ist so rehte liep , tset' ir daz wol, so txt ez mir niht we so sere, als ez nii tuot vil manige stunt; Sol ich ir geben von minen vröuden diseo zol, daz si dA mit ir vröiide mcre, so trüwe ich, wirt ir rehte kunt, Wie minne wider minne minnet, iint wie diu liebe mit der wäge liebe gelten mnoz : cd si sich rehte des versinnet, so winde ir herze in rotes miindes gruoz, mit wizen zenen harte wol bezinnet, iint tuo mir dämite sorgen buoz. IV. (J, 310 b.) 1. Mirst min altiu klage hiure niuwer, danne vert, daz die bluomen maniger treit, d^st mir leit, der niht loubes >vsre wert. Alsus klage ich die bluomen unt der kleinen vogelin sanc, der ich beider niht engan manigem man, der des muotes ist ze kranc. 2. Sold' ich wünschen, so wolt' ich den vogelin wün- schen daz, daz si heten einen sin under in, unt die Hute schieden baz. Swer den liuten danne sunge, als ir herze stät, 80 erkand ein iegeslich selbe sich rehte, waz er tugende hat. 3. Swes diu nahtegal mit sänge neme war, der möht' iemer wesen vrö: seht also würde ein vingerzeigen dar, Swcm der guggouch sünge und ouch ein (islelvinkelin, den bekande man däbi tugenden vrl: wd, wie vil der müeste sinl V. (in, 389 aO 1. Diu linde ist an dem ende nn jArlanc liebt unt blöz : mich v£het min geselle, nu engilte ich, des ich nie genöz. 12« Her Jakob von Warte. 8. So %il ist unstacter wibe, die bencmont iine den sin: Gol wizze wol die warheit, daz ich iine diu holdeste bin. 3. Sl enkiinnen niwan triegen vil mnnegen kindeschen man : o\v# mir siner jiigende ! diu muoz miral ze sorgen ergAn. 4. Sich \röiiwent aber die guoten, die di\ hAUe »int gcmuot, daz (1er sumor kmnen sol: seht, wie wol daz vil mane- gen herzen tuot. 50. Her «Takoli von Haarte. C1345-1306.) I. CT, 65 a.) 1. Man sol beeren süeze« singer in dien ouwen überal Lobelichen sang erklingen, sunder von der nahtegal; Schouwet xif den anger breit und ouch an der liebten beide, wie schöne si sich mit ir kleide gen dem meien bat bekleit. 2. Maniger hande blüeraelin lachent üz des meien touwe Gen der liebten sunnen schin, diu zit ist in ir werder schouwe: Waz sol troesten mir den muot, Sit mich twinget herzen swaere, bi der ich vil gerne waere, daz diu mir niht gnäde tuot? 3. Ach, vil minneclichiu guote. enbinde mich von sender not, Ln mich niht iiz diner huote, ald' ich bin an vröuden tut. Ich sol diner helfe gern, liistu min herze üz diner pfliht, so kan mich getroesten niht, drtn' wellest mich geaäde wern. 4. Gewalt noch niangem an gesiget, daz beeret man die wisen jehen, üä man genade niht enpfliget, I daz solm an miner vrouwen spehen: Diu ist gar gewaltic min, an' genade diu vil guote lät mich truren, in unmuote muoz ich au min ende sin. 5. Minne, du solt sin gemeine, ald' ich bin an vrüuden tot; Vüege, daz mich lieplich meine der vil lieben mündet röt; Sit du bist gewaltic min unde leitest mine sinne, swie du wilt, ach, werdiu miune, so solt ouch ir gewaltic sin. (7, 68 aj II. a 1. „Guot riter, merke waz ich sage: ich hoer* die vogel' singen, von liebe scheide dich enzit ; Ein wölken gräwet gen dem tage, ich sihe in schone lif dringen ; der melde haz niht vröude git. Nim urloup tougen ze der minneclichen, unt scheidet iuch, daz ist min rät, der tac der wil geriehen, mit liebe von einander, sit diu naht ein ende hat.' 2. Üz süezem sldfe ein saelic wip vragete, dö si erhörte den wahter singen von dem tage. Si sprach: ,,vriunt, getriuwer lip, sage mir mit senftera worte, hoerstu die voglin in dem hage? I Der Marner. 12t Du hiist min herza ux süezcm slilfe erschrecket." er sprach: „liit iuwer vrägeii sin, den riter balde wecket; der morgen kiunt, Anz sage ich üf die rehten (riiiwe min.'' 3. Diu mlunecliche wacte in d«t, si sprach: ,,ach, lieber herre, der wahter kündet uns den tac; Des bin ich arniez wib unvrö, ich wolte unt waer' er verre, der uns zwei gescheiden mac." Der riter sprach: ,,din muot sol vrö beliben, du solt mich schiere in vröuden sehen din herzeleit vertriben : Got gebe uns heil! ich sihe den morgensterne schdnc üf brehen." 51. Her Hhc von IfWerlieiiiwae. (1346 ~60.) Oh 69 aO Der sumer sumerbernde kumt mit wunne wunnecliche, des loubes loubet manic walt, die bluomen blüement velt; Diu zit enzit an vröuden vrumt mit blüender blüetc riche, die süezen doene docnent vogel' ir singen sanges gelt. Mit schoener grüene grüenent tal, üz roete röt du glestet, in brüner briune purpervar der meije sich nii gestet, hie gelwer gel, dort blawer blÄ, dd wize wizer liljen schin: Got verwet varwe vil der werUe, die werlt baz anderswä. 59. Der Iflariier. C 1246 — 67.) I. Ol, 8^0 bO 1. Ich spür ein wunder dur diu lant in gelwer, grüeuer varwe schin, ez hat vuoz, ougen noch die hant, unt wil doch bi den liuten sin, beide, armen unde riehen; Ez bindet manigen äne bant, ez vert die Tuonouwe unt den Rin, ez treit den herren ir gewant, unt trinket mit den vürsten win; ez kan bi den vrouwen suchen. Ez stirbet hie unt wahset dort, ez vert spilte unde vruo, ez sleich üf einen boum der ersten megede zuo, ez sluoc der werlde vierden teil, und sieht noch ouch vil manigen gouch, 128 Der Marner. rint Ane hörn; ez liut \il nianic man sin heil, sin ]ip, sin 8<}Ie von im verlorn: sage an, wem mag ez sich geliehen? 2. Wie hüfsche liiite habe der Hin, daz ist mir wol mit schaden kunt: ir habe, ir hür, ir keppelin erzeigent niuwer vüode vunt. Krist in heire, sä sl niesen! Ez mac wol curteis povel sin, pittit mangier ist in gesunt; stad üf stad abe in wehset win, in dienet euch des Rines grünt, — ich wil üf si gar verkiesen, — Der Nibelunge hört lit in dem Lurlenberge in bi: in' weiz ir niender einen, der so inilte si, der den gernden teilte mite von siner gebe; diewile ich lebe, sin vri von mir; ir muot der stat üf solhen site : DU gip du mir, so gibe ich dir. sin' enwellent niht Verliesen. II. CJf} 841 v) 6ot helfe mir, daz miniii kinder niemer werden alt, Sit daz ez in der werlde ist so j%merlich gestalt: wie stet ez über drizec jär, Sit man die pfaffen siht so sere striten? Sagt mir, der bäbst von Röme, waz sol iu der kriimbe stap, den Got dem guoten Sant Peter, uns z'enbinden, gap? stül' und infel gab er dar, daz er uns löste von süoden z'allen ziten. Nu sint die stüle worden swert, diu vehtent niht nach seien, wan nach golde. wer hat iuch bischof daz gelert, daz ir under helme ritet, da diu infel süenen solde? iuwer krumber stap der ist gewahsen z'einem langen sper; die werlt habt ir betwungen gar, lur muot stet anders oiht wan; „gib eht her." III. C7/, 244 aO Die vrösche wilent nämen ein geschre, daz rou si sider, zuo z'ir Gote, der solde in einen künic geben; also schriwen si tag unt naht üz einem witen se. Vü liez er einen tramen üf si von der hoehe nider, den ervorhten si, biz er begunde sweben: uf in hupften si zehant, unt schriwen nach künige, als i. Do sant' er einen storch aldar, der slant si sunder zal. wir sin die vrösche, die da schrient; daz riche ist des trämen val, Der Marner. 129 ü( sint gesezzen arge vrösche n», die sint des riches creu vient: storche, wenue kiimestii? die des riches erbe sliadent , der ist vil: (rip si wider in eigen hol, der du niht slinden wil. 8. „Swer git, der ist der wei'de; swer niht enhät, der ist unwert." als«! sprach ein künic, der was Davit genant, ich hüte nianigen lieben vriunt, dö ich bi giiote was; Die smilhent mich üf erde, ^ ir keiner min ze vriunde gert, dien ich dicke hän geboten inine hant, die kcrent mir den rügge, si sint mir mit gäbe laz. Ich weiz vil wol, swer selbe iht hat, daz ist giiot vür den zoni : schade scheidet liebe m»ge, die doch vil nahe sint geburu; daz liebe kint die rouoter sin, diu ez gebar, den vater grüezet ez vil trage unt nimet sin vil kleine war; in armen mannes munde ertrinket wizze vil; swer in dem seckel niht enhät, daz ist ein hertez spil. 3. Ez sprechent zwivelaere, (7/, 845 b.) sang unt vröude si vervarn : noch wil ich mit sänge künden unde sagen, ez lebt noch maniger werder man, der schoener vröude gert. Guot zit ist vröudebaere, man sol sanc bi wilen sparu, die vogel' singent niht, wan bi den liehten tagen; des hiure ist mit zal ein jär, daz nennet man ein vert; Ein tag, ein woche, ein mänöt, ein jär gent nach ein ander hin, der äbent, diu naht unt der morgen, golt, Silber, mösching, bli unt zin, kupfer, stahel und isen daz verswiadet ouch. swer elliu dinc wil besorgen, der dunket mich der sinne ein gouch. zit hat cre, zuht hat zierde, mäze ist guot, ^re wser' gewin, gevüeger schimpf git senften muot. 4. Lebt' von der Vogelweide CH, 846 a.) noch min meister her Walther, der Venis, der von Rugge, zwene Regimar, Heinrich der Veldeggaere , Wahsmuot, Rubin, Nithart, Die sungen von der beide, von dem minnewerden her, von den vögeln, wie die bluomen sint gevar: sanges meister lebent noch; sl sint in tudes vart; Die toten mit den töten, die lebenden mit den lebenden sin! ich vorderte ze geziuge von Heinburc den herren min, dem sint rede, wort unt rime in sprächen kunt, daz ich mit sänge nieman triuge; lihte vinde ich einen vunt, CMinnesängor.) 9 i:{0 Der Marncr. den si viinden liiinl , die vor mir sint gewesen; ich miioz uz ir garten und ir Sprüchen blnumen lesen. IV. (In des Mnrners langer wise.) 1. Ich hocre von dien alten sageti. (ff, ^^S b.) daz r-re bi dien bar ^rüude in ir wunneclichen tagen: ni'i stet vil mnniger ^ren bar, bi des vater ereberndiii vröude gern der geste pflac. Daz muoz ich undc inaniger klagen, swar ich der lande var, daz arges muotes riche zagen mit schänden sizzent ofTenbär: schaz ir minnc, schaz ir vrüiide, schaz in liebet vfir den tac. Sol daz heizen guot, daz nieman hie ze giiote kümt? begraben bort, verborgen sin der werlte vrümt, alsam der iiiweln vluc, des gires smac, des raben sinnt, des aren grif, des wolves znc, der roüggen marc, des breraen smalz iint des loiipvrosches schr^. weit, we dir we! schazzer, lebcndic re, rise dir golt, alsam der sne, dii wollest dur din gitikeit, stüendc ez an diner wal, noch m6 : gilt Gote iint gip dien armen wider; der hört dir dort gehelfen mac. 8. Got git sin gäbe, swem er wil; (fl, 849 aj er bat in lip gegeben und in der kintheit saelden vil; des sult ir iuch niht überheben: t-ret ritter, roinnet vrouwen, grüezet arme gernde diet. lu ist gesezzet üf ein zil, seht vür iuch unde neben, unt spilt ez üf der eren spil, behüget an iuwer vorder leben, der vil maniger kröne truoc, biz in der tot von leben schiet. Der in dienet, dem sult ir genAden sin bereit, in si der witwen unt der weisen kumber leit, habt die Tiutschen wert; in iuwerm herzen minnet Got, so tuot er dnr iuch, swes ir gert. verdienet Ackers, künic rieh, und ouch Ceciljen lant; in iuwer hant Swäben ist bekant, herzöge sit ir da genant; swaz Egerlant der gülte hat, unt Xüerenberc Hute unt der sant, wil ez Got, iu kumt noch uf daz boubet Roemsche kröne wert. 3. Ein esel gap vür eigen sich (ib.) dem vuohse, daz was guot; da lert' er'n sprechen wihteclich, si wären beide höchgemuot; seht , da vuort' her Reinhart sinen knappen in den grüenea kle, Er sprach: „min esel, hüete dich, Der Marner. IUI der wolf dir schaden (not, erhoert er dich, des warte uf mich." der esel in dem grase wiiot; dil schiiof im sin mag iinvrüude, daz er sang [ein] hiigeliet, als e. Zuo dem gedoene balde kam gegangen Iscngrin; swaz Reinhart seit', der wolf sprach, der esel waer' sin, des wolf er ieziint swern. do vuorte in Reinhart z'einer dru. er sprach: ,,ich mar niicli'.s nihl erwern." do niiios' er die kafsen rüeren , des was er bereit ; d.az wart im leit: diu dni den wolf versneit, er wart bestümbelt, so mau seit. ach Got, wair' ieglich kafs' eindrü, swenne ez gät an den valschen eit, daz w^aere wol; ir ist gar ze vil: nu swerä, lieger, w«'- dir we! 4. Singe ich den liuten miniii liet, (If, 251 b.) so wil der erste daz, wie Dieterich von Berne schiet; der ander, wä künic Rüether saz, der dritte wil der Riuzen stürm, der vierte F.ggehartes n«U, Der viinfte, wen Kriemhilt verriet; dem sehsten tajte baz, war komen sl der Wilzeu diet, der sibende wolde eteswaz, Heimen ald hern Witigen stürm, Sigvrides ald hern Eggen tot. So wil der ahtode däbi niht wan hübschen minoesanc,- dem niunden ist diu wile bi den allen lanc; der zehende enweiz, wie, nu sust, nu so, nu dan, nu dar, nu hin, nu her, nu dort, nu hie; dabi bete manger gerne der Nibelnnge bort; der wigt min wort ringer, danne ein ort; des rauot ist in schazze verschort : ff sus gct min sang in mangcs ör, als der mit blije in marmel bort; sus singe ich unde sage iu, des iu niht bi mir der künig enbot. V rt. Oh 836 b.) 1. ,,Ich künde in dem dAoe: lit in sldfe verborgen, der tac vil schöne uf dirre raure wil nf sin; stän ich unt triire Sere; swer tougen minne, waz sol ich m6re der beginne vriund unt viende sagen, wachen, des ist zit. Avan: ez wil schiere tagen !' Ich beere üf den zwien 2. Diu rede ein rider singende schrien düLte vil bitter, vogellin; da er lac der tac wil nähen : bi einer vrouwen ; hinnan gäben diu gienc scüouwen sol, swer tougen lit. z'einem vensterlin: Ich warne also," Si sach vil ungerne sprach der wahter in sorgen, den morgeusterne, „der merker drO gräwen tac, 132 Meislei' Keiiii. diu wölken grisc; si sprach Ilse: ,, lieber lierre min, Der w.iliter jiht, er sehe den morgen schinen ; des wipne ich niht: dien kleinen vogellinen troumet üf esten; des Sternen glesten tritiget : der wahter linget ; fies er sich schämen mac, wan ez ist noch niht tac/' 3. Der ritter vil suoze mit liebem gruoze mangen kus bot rotem munde kurzer stunde, d(J der wahter sweic. Er rief aber lute : ,,trüt sich von träte scheide sus, daz valsche huote Pfandes iht muote." Sil der ritter neic Der vrouwen sin; di\ schiet sich liep mit leide; vil manigen pin truogen ir herzen beide. sus kan diu minne muot unt sinne teilen, wunden unt heilen. der helt slouf dur den hac : aldä liihte im der tac. 53. Ifleister Kclin. CHT, 33 a.) i. Vrouwe £re sprach zer Schande: „aü Sit ir hie vil wert, ir habet in manigem laude gewaltes hiure m«^ , den vert : ich bin gekert üz manigcs herren huse, Der i min lobes kröne hie wirdiclichen truoc, der git mir mt ze lüne arge sprüche unt der genuoc. WC, lasters pQuoc ert nü durch mine kliise! Ich hete hievor vil manigen wirt, der nü durch Gotes hulde unde ere min enbirt, der stilt unt roubet, wuochert unde meine swirt; daz klage ich deme, der mich hernider sande. daz was der tugenderiche Got; ze dem so wil ich wider hein unt leisten sin gebot; der eret mich mit aller siner engel rot: so Sit ir hie gelästert, ir vrou Schande 1" 2. Diu Schande sprach: „vrouwe £re, nu vart hin, swen ir weit, ir vint hie lüzzel mere, die iu ze dienste sint gezelt; ich han mich geselt vil wol nach minem willen. Ich ler sie ir muoter schellen, darzuo ir wib, ir kint, ich I^r sie zuht vil selten. Meister Vriderich von Suoneuburc 133 ich 1er sie aa lügenden bliut. ir Sit ein wint, ich kau iiich wol gestillen. Ir sint ze Swabeu künie dri, die innen und üzen durch iuch sint uiTeubeere vri; daz selbe ist ouch ze Vranken, swie Icit ez iu sf; die umb den Rin sint nach ze müuichen worden. so kcre ich gegen Beierlaut. sich enhüeten da die edelen, ich werde in wol bekant; s6 trahte ich z'aller zit ze AViene üf den sant: die hete ich alle gerne an minem orden." 54« Jffeistcr Tridericli toh ^iioiieiiliiirc. (1850-75.) I. (II, 355 a.) Ich süuge gerne hübeschen sanc, uut seit' ouch guotiu msere, unt biete ouch hübscher vuoge pfliht, swä ich bi Hüten bin; Min munt in allen des verjiht, daz ich wol hübscher wsere, unt haete ich hübschen habedanc, ich haete ouch Avisen sin, Ich sünge ouch wol von minnen liet unt von des ineien touwen, wie küme liep von liebe schiet, ein vriunt von siner vrouAven; diz sünge ich allez und ouch uid: nü laze ich'z ümbe daz: zuht tuot den edelen jungen wä unt hübescher sang, unt tuot in schelten wip bi wine baz. II. (II, 357 a.) O ivol dir, Gotes wundertal, ich mein' dich, tiuriu weit! Got nimt unt hat üz dir genonien al siner hosten vröuden gelt, die stne höhen menscheheit, die edelen muoter sin. Gar alle Gotes heiligen hat Got uz dir genomen; weit, waerstu niht, waz wtere uns Got, wer waere ze Gotes riche komen ? waz waere liep, waz waere leit, din \inster liehter schin? Du zarter Gotesgarte, iu dem Got wunder wundcrs hat gewundert und erbuwen manic tiure wundersät; die himelscheu Jerusalem er noch üz dir volzieret wol, üz dir al sine koere werdent eines lobes vol. 131 Der Ilelleviur. (1»50 — »8.) CII, 361 a.) 1. Got, din züin der ist verschuldet: sclioiiwet, wie der toiif uiint abe, die lieidea vuste dringen : wacliA, herre, wachä uut werü, wer! Krislcnher kuniber duldet iiude strebet uacli diuie grabe, sü dnz ir swert erklingen jnüezeu , dem geliche als über mer. Ingeborn waere uns baz, danne ob wir den sig' vcrliescu* Got, du solt diir diner ntarter ere verkiesen, und ür den, der daz lioubet ist: wizzc Krist, gesigt Otacker iht, wir sin verlorn. 2. Des keisers wal stuont gar schöne, 7 dö sin küuige pflägen c : J* nü pflegent sin Weibische pfafTen, ' die nervendem segen unt den touf. ' Dem von Stouren wirt diu kröne, wie ez ümbe den von Hollant ge, wil er ze Röme scIialTen, Jerusalem sin erbe daz ist der kout. Üf den val ]i£t der habest sich nach landen dürsten; als der tocken spilt der Walch mit Tiutschen vürsten: er sezzet si üf, er sezzet sl abe, nach der habe wirfet er si hin unt her, als einen bal. 3. Herre Got, mahtu uns erzeigen, ob din kraft müge uns ernern; mache üz zwein künigen einen, dem gerihte liebe unt Kristen c. Man siht rcrouben eigen, kirchen, sträzen, dörfer hern, man hoert die witewen weinen, unt die kleinen weisen schrien: owe! (üolhe nut hat din arme Kristenheit gemeine: Got, dur diner marter willen, nü vereine der vürsten rät und ir gewalt ist gestalt, als ein meilic hant von bluote rot. 56. Der Helle^iiir« ( 1950 - »«.) (///, 34 bO 1. Haz unde nit daz slnt zwei kielt, diu nimmer manne >voI anstäntj ich sage in, swer sie gerne trei^, k Der Hiooenberger. 135 dnz man getriuweu stseten vriiiut au dem uiht viudeu kau. Daz priievc ich au den dingen wol; er si guot vriiiut ze aller wis , daran sich nieniau lazeu sol ; sin lachen slindet siniu wort, da ist ein bitter an. Swie vil er dan ir slinden müge , sit er sich selben mit der galleu tr<Miiict, er hazzet undc nidct daz, daz man eins biderben mannes wol gedenket. man sprichet, daz man guoten stselen vriunt au im niht viudeu mac: nein man niht; er pfllt der dinge, der Judas der ungetriuwe pilac. 2. Mich hat min ungelücke grüz gemachet guotes unde vrüuden beider al geliche blöz; darumb ich dicke in rimven sizze und ouch in sorgen gen. Von disen dingen wirde ich altj swen ich mich vröuden nieten sol, so trur' ich, ez ist mir sü gestaU, armuot get mit mir shlfen, kumber wil mit mir üfsteu. Ich enbir ouch der geverten wol , ine kau sie leider von mir niht vertriben, mime helfen milte heru darzuo: geschaeh' mir daz, so roüeste ich vrö beliben, unde in den vröuden singen, daz den besten duhte von mir guot; nü helfe im Got, der mir des helfe, daz mir kumber vlieh' unde aremuot ! 59. Der Hiiiueiilierger. (um 13S0.) ein, 39 aj 1. Swer da gerne ritter wirt mit höher wirdikeit, der lege die tugent an sich vür daz allerhüste kleit, und läze daz die künige, vürsten schouwen, Unt darzuo den besten uut swer'z sehen wil; SU wirt im lob unt däbi stteter vren vil; ouch lobent in die tugenthaften vrouweu. Daz swert nem' er durch ritters tat, daz er sich wer vor sündeu unt vor schänden; er minne Got, habe rehten rät, so wirt sin lop gehöt in allen landen; den schilt nem er durch rehten vride, sd daz er decke vor missetat, und habe ritterlichez leben: so Avizzet, daz sin lop die volge hdt. 2. Ein wort, daz ist iu algemeine (..) wol bekanti missetuot ein herre, seht, man sprichet zehant, sin rät der habe die büsheit in geleret. Man mac in lihte leren, swer da übele wil; er vindet selber wol der boesen zucke vil, dämite er sinen edelen uamen verkeret. Daz tüsent lerten boese tat einen biderben man, daz hülfe kleine, ern' na;me ze sime herzen rät, unt taete ouch tugentJich, der edele, reine: ein krankez herze ist schiere bräht üf eine höhe missctät, daz sine vriunt beriuwen muoz, swenne er ze hove in houbeischanden stät. 3. Boemaere hetcn einen künic, Träjänus was er gcuaut, (riuwe und cre, milte was im wol bekant; 130 Wahsmuot von Künzingen. owe, daz er die niht erbete sime kinde! Daz selbe klag' ich noch von maDigem edeleu man, den riebe gälte ir vater hie vor hat geldn, bi den ich weder tugent, noch ere vinde. Der Roemer künic vriigete sine man an slnem ende tiigentlicher msere, ob er iht lasters hete begän? sie sprachen alle, er wsere schänden Isere. ir vürsten, herren, seht iuch vür an iuvverm hosten vröiiden tage, nii vrüget, waz ir habet getdu, iint schaffet, daz man iuch nach tüde klage. 59. UTalisiiiiiot von Huiizinseii. Cum 1950.) I. (I, 302 a.) 1. Swie der walt in grüener varwe stc, UDt diu vogellin hoehen ir sanc, Doch tuot mir min alter kumber wc, der mich hiure vor dem meien twanc; iSus ist vröude mir benomen: owe, M'enne sol mir trüst von liebem wibe komcn ! 2. Wie mac mir ein wip sü liep gesin, der ich alse gar unmaere bin? Daz kumt allez von der stsete min; doch sü ratet mir mins herzen sin, Daz ich an ir staete si; bczzer ist ein stoetiu liebe, danne unstaeter dri. 3. Mauigem ist mit sinr' unstsete baz, danne mir mit miner stxte si; Daz sol ich wol läzen äne baz, Avan derselbe ist herzeliebe vri. Swer nie leit durch liep gewan, der weiz euch niht, wie herzeliebe löneu kan. 4. Mir ist dicke herzeclichen wol, und ist mir dicke herzeclichen we; Swenne ich von der liebe scheiden sol, so hän ich dekeine vröude me, [Wan] swenne ich si aber mac gesehen, sone künde mir an vröuden niemer baz geschehen. 5. Ist diu liebe nah ir schoene guot, so mac miner swaere werden rät; Nu waz danne, ob si uugenade tuotV ich weiz doch wol, daz si beide hat: Wie möhte si ane güete sin, also gröze schoene, als si hat, diu vrouwe min? II. (7, 303 aO 1. Haete ich, swaz ich gerne haete. Seht, der darbe ich beider unt ■waere ouch, swä mich diuhte nft vil lange leider: guot, daz ist, daz mir unsanfte tuot. So wolde ich mit rehter s(ae<e 2. Owe, bluomen , owe, beide, iemer wesen höchgemuot. wie mich riuwct iuwer uogeroach! Von Obernburc. 137 Owe lichter ougenwcide, der ich eteswenne wuoder sach! Die siot du gar zergangen, mich muoz wol belangen, daz mir nie liep von ir gescbach. 59. Her Heiuricli Hezbolt von l¥izeuse. (um 1850.) Ol, 24 aO 1. Ich enwart nie halp sd vrö, mir vert in Sprunge daz herz' unt der muot, I Daz ist in lürten hü, der lip muoz junge; swer der meijen bluot Unt durch bluomen singet, der hat vrüude ganz, der trag' ir liebten kränz : min herze twinget der schoene glänz. 2. Gruoz ist min hoechster (rüst, gruoz der kan machen mich vil senden rieh; Gruoz hat mich sorg' erlost, darnach ein lachen gar dursiuberlich. Ach, sM'em ir grüezen Wirt durch ruten munt, dem kan ez sä zestunt den lip durchsüezen, daz er wirt gesunt. 3. Ich sich vil münde rüt, daz ist ein M'under, die tuont mir niht vri Min herz' üz sender not; ez stet darunder, — wie mac dem gesi? — Min herze in schricke. eist min leitvertrip; wirf an mich, süezer lip, vil zarter blicke unt sprich: „vrö belip!" BO« Ton Oberuliiirc. Cum 1250.) I. Ol, 287 a.) Ir minneclich minne mir betwungen hat als inneclich herze und al die sinne min. Versinde sich diu liebe, waz s'an mir begät, si minde mich, unt lieze ir widerstriten sin; Wil si den strlt iht langer gen mir halden, so muoz ich kumberlicher sorgen walden. genäde, vrouwe, tuot so niht, lät iuwer güete an mir mit tröste werden schin, der man ein wunder an iu siht. II. Ol, 227 bO 1. Ich bin in min herze wunt, daz tet mir ein saelic wip; Niemerme wird' ich gesunt, mich entroBste ir reiner lip. Ir vil liebten ougen schin und ir rösevarwer raunt hänt verwunt daz herze min. 2. Wseren alle wünsche war, unt hete ich ouch alle kür, So sprich' ich daz äne vär, da nieme ich die lieben vür. Ir vil liebten oogen schin unt ir rösevarwer raunt hant verwunt daz herze min. 138 Her Steirnär. Ol. JUer von ^Wildonie. (lS51-e90 (F, 348 bj 1. Wir sülu hühcn rauot enprähcu, beide, vrouwen uDde man: Trürea di'i solt von mir gaben, Sit daz ich gesehen hän Des vil liehten meien schin: >van beert in den ouwen singen diu vil kleiuiu vogcllin. 2. Diu vr5unt sich der spunden sunnen, 6wä si vor dem berge üf gilt; Waz gelicbet sich der wunnen, dd ein rose im touwe st-.U? Nieman , danne ein schoenez wip, diu mit rehter wibesgüete wo! kan zieren iren lip. 3. Liep daz hebt sich in den uugcn unt gilt in daz herze min; So sprichet liep ze liebe tougen : liep, wan solt' ich bi dir sin! disiu liet diu hiit gesungen vor dem walde ein vogcllin. 69. Her l^teiuiar. (1251 — 760 * (II, 154 a.) 1. Sit sl mir niht lünen wil, der ich hän gesungen ^il, seht, so wil ich prisen Den, der mir tuot sorgen nit, herbest, der des meien iviit vellet von den risen. Ich weiz wol , ez ist ein altez maere, daz ein armez minnerlln ist reht ein niarleraere. seht, zuo den was ich geweten: wafen! die wil ich län unt wil inz luoder treten. 2. Herbest, underwint dich min, Avan ich >vil din helfer sin gegen dem glänzen meien; Durch dich mide ich sende not; Sit dir Gebewin ist tut, nim mich tumben leien Vür in 2'eime staeten Ingesinde. — „Steiraär, sich, daz wil ich tuon, sweune ich m'i baz bevinde, ob du mich kanst geprüeven wol." — wäfen! ich singe, daz wir alle werden vol. 3. Herbert, nü hoere au min leben: Wirt, dii solt uns vische geben, mc danne zehenhaude, Herzoge Johaos voo Urabant. 13ü Geuse, hüener, vogel' , swln, dermel, pfawen suint da siu, win voa Welschem lande, Ues gib uns yil , unt heiz uns schüzzel schochcu: küpfe linde schüziiel wirt von mir unz an den grünt erlochen. Wirt, du hi din sorgen sin, wafen ! joch muoz ein riiiwic herze troesten win. 03. Küuic Cliuoiirat der Junge. ( 1858 — 68.) (1, 4 bO 1. Ich vröu[we] mich maniger bluomen röt, die uns der meie bringen wil; Die stuonden e in grözer nüt, der Winter tet in leides vil: Der meie wil's uns ergezzen wo! mit manigem wünneclichen tage; des ist diu weit gar vröudenvol. 2. Waz hilfet mich diu sumerzit unt die vil liebten langen tage? Min tröst an einer vrouwen lit, von der ich grozen kumber trage. Wil si mir geben höhen rauot, dil tuot si tugentlichen an, unt daz min vröude wirdet guot. 3. Swanne ich mich von der lieben scheide, so muoz min vröude ein ende hän, Owe so stirbe ich liht[e] von leide, daz ich es ie mit ir began. Ich enweiz niht, vrou[we], waz minne sint: mich liit diu liebe sere engelten, daz ich der järc bin ein kint. 04* Herzoge Joliaiis vou Brabaut. C 1851 — 94.) O, lö bj 1. Eins meien morgens vruo was ich üfgestän, In ein schoenz boungartegin solde ich spiln gän; Dci vant ich drie juncvroHwen stdn, si wären so M'olgetän, diu eine sanc vür, diu ander sanc nd: Harbä lorifu, harbä harbii lorifä, harbä lorifä! 3. Do ich ersach daz schoene krüt in dem boungartegin, Und ich erhörde daz süeze gelut von den megden vin, 140 Her Bernge von Ilorliein. Do verbilde daz herze luin, daz ich miioste singen nil: Harbd lorifä, harbä harbä lorifa, harbil lorifäl 3. Do gruoste ich die aller schoensten, diu darunder stiiout, Ich liez min arme alümbe gän, do zer selben stiint, Ich wolte si küssen an irn munt; si sprach: „lüt stän , liit stän, lät stän!" Harbil lorifd, harbä harbä lorifa, harbä lorilä! 05. Ton l^cliarpfeiilierc. (1859 — 58 od. 1»76-9S.) (J, 350 aO 1. Zwo gespilen mserc bcgunden sere klagen, Herzesende swa;re beide einander sagen; Diu ein zer ander sprach: „groz leit und ungemach benimet mir die sinne; hie enist niht vrüuden inne, Sit ich mins liebes niht ensach." — 8. „Diu rede ist mir gar swsere," sprach diu ander du, „Trüt gespile maere, ja wirde ich niemer vro. Ich hau den man verlorn, den ich hat' üz erkorn vür alle, die dir wären: er kaa sich wol gebären, er wart ze leide mir geborn." 3. Diu dritte kam gegangen, si saz hin zuo den zwein, Si wart niht wol enpfangen, si hiezen si gän hein: „6ä hin , da vröude si. wan wir sin vröude vrlj du mäht wol vröuden walden: diu liep wil dich behalden, davon so bistu wol dir bi." — 4. „Nu sihe ich an iu beiden, daz ir mir sit gehaz; Ich wil hinnen scheiden, vürwär sage ich iu daz: Ir habt mir daz geseit, des ich bin vil gemeit. wer künde mir gedröuwen? ich wil mich iemer vröuwen : min liep mir holdez herze treit. 5. Ich bin des worden innen an dem vil werden man. Als ich mich kan versinnen, daz er mir guotes gan; Ich bin im ouch vil holt, daz hat er wol verscholl. ich spriche ez bi dem eide, er tet mir nie so leide, ern' waer' mir lieber, danne golt." 60. Her Berufe von Horliein« (1S540 * I. 0$ 380 aO 1. Mir ist alle zit , als ich vliegende var ob al der werlte, unt diu min elliu si; Swar ich gedenke, vil wol Sprünge ich dar, swie verre ez ist, wil ich, sost ez mir nähe bi. Stare uude snel, beidiu, riebe unde vri, ist mir der muot, dur daz loufe ich so balde, mir enmac entrinnen debein tier iu dem walde: daz ist gar gelogen; ich bin sweere, als ein bli. Giävc Kuonrat von Kiicliberc. 141 2. Ich mac von vröudcn toben line strit, mir ist von niinuc so liebe geschehen ; Swji wjere ein walt, beide, lanc unde wit, mit schoeuen boumen, den wolte ich erspeheu, Da möhte man mich doch springende sehen; min reht ist, duz ich an vrüuden mich twinge. wes liuge ich gouch? ine weiz, waz ich singe: mir wart nie M'irs , wil ich der wdrheit jehen. 3. Ich mache den merkseren trüebenden muot, ich hän verdienet ir nit und ir haz, Sit daz min vrouwe ist rieh unde guot, e was mir wc, uü ist mir sanfte unde baz; Ein herzeleit, des ich niene vergaz, daz hau ich verläzen , und ist gar verswunden, min vrüude hat mich von sorgen enbunden, mir wart nie baz: unde liuge ich iu daz. II. (7, 321 aj 1. Wie solte ich armer der swoere getriuwen, daz mir ze leide der künic wsere tot! Des muoz ich von ir daz eilende biuwen, des werdent danach miniu ougen vil röt; Der mir ze Fülle die hervart gebot, der Avil mich scheiden von liebe in die not, der ich gewinne vil micheln riuwen. 8. Ich wil bevelhen ir lib und ir ^re Gote unde danach allen engein sin; Si sol wizzen, swar ich landes kere, daz ich ir bin unt si iemer min, Als ich e was, du mich ir ougen schin brähte so verre üz dem sinne min: dö was mir we, unde nü michels mere. 3. Nü muoz ich varn, unt doch bi ir beliben, von der ich niemer geschelden mac; Si sol mir sin vor al[Ien] andern wiben in mlneni herzen, beidiu, naht unt tac. Als ich gedenke, wie ich ir wilent pflac. owe, daz PüUe so verre ie gelac! daz wil mich leider von vrüuden vertriben. 09. Gräve Kuoiirat von Kiicliberc. (1855 — 89.) (I, 25 aj 1. Meige ist komen in diu laut, der uns ie von sorgen baut: kinder, kinder siut gemant, wir sun schouwen wunne maiiicvalde, Üf der liebten beide breit, da hat er uns vürgespreit manic blüemelin gemeit, erst bezeiget in dem griienen walde : 142 Grive Kiionrät von Kilchberc. Du hcrrt man die nahtegal üf dem bliienden risc singen lobelichea schal, berg II nt tal hiit der meige geret nü ze prisc. Ir geilent iiich jungen, die bluomcn sint entsprungen, ir singent den rcigeu, unt wesent vroelich vrd des liehlen ineigen! 2. Wohif, kinder, g^n wir dar an die vröiidenrichen schar uf den anger räsenvar, dd die bluomen diir daz gras üfdringent. Legen t an der eren wät, 8wä nu liep bi liebe gät, den git meige süezen rat: losä, losä, wie die vogel' singent ! Daz in uren sanfte tiiot. vröut iueh, stolzen leigen, in' gesach des meigen bluot nie SU guot: da bi süln wir tanzen iinde reigen. Ir geilent iiich jungen cet. 3. Wolüf, Rose, Gepe, Hiltegart, Geri, Guote trut, an die vart, Vrüude, Anne, Ellin, Igel zart, Nese, Engel, Uedelhilt, Beate, Gisel, Uote, Dierauot, Wille, Gözze, Irmellin, Kläre, Wunne, Ite, Minne, Tilije fin, Hezze, Mezze, Salme, Katrin, Kristin, Berhte, Liebe, Adelgiint, Vite, Guote, Mije, Suffie, Else, Uedelsint, Sidrät, Künigunt, Pride, Heil wie, Hilte, Liigge, Edeilint, Herburc kint, Krete, Saluet, Elide, Hille, Juzze, Hemme, Fide. Ir geilent iuch jungen cet, 4. Wä sint nu die jungen man? wol eht üf, wol alle dan, ZUG den kiuden üf den plaul allez trüren muoz dd sin verswachet ; » Dd Wirt siecher man gesunt, den diu minne hat verwunt, raanic roeselehter munt in sin herze sraieret unde lachet. Da man bluomen unde klc vindet in den ouwen, die sint aber ane we, hiure als e, üfgedrungen in des meigen touwen. Ir geilent iuch jungen cft. [ Her Riiodolf voa Uötcnburc. 143 5. Hei , diu liebe , swji si si, solt ich ir du weseu bi, seht, so wurde ich sorgen vri, diu mir ie was liep vor allen wiben, Vroelich in des meigen bluot, braeche ir einen schatehuot; alles guotes überguot ist diu liebe, ir lop daz wil ich (riben Gerne, unt dienen umb ir danc; kiusche unt wandeis eine ist diu liebe äne allen wauc : äne danc singe ich der vil lieben, die ich da meine. Ir geilent iuch jungen cet. 69. Her Ruoilolf toii Rotenbiiro. (1357.) I. (/, 79 b.) i. Haete ich niht anders leides mo, so wolde ich klagen den grüenen kle, den uns der rife und ouch der sn^ verderbet hat, daran geschiht mir leide : 2. Nu get mir naher ander leit, daz mir ein wip so gar vorseit ir minne, die mit stxtekeit gedienet hat min lip, min herze, beide. 3. Diu mir vor allen wiben ze vrouwen muoz beliben, wil diu mich verderben so, wer sol mich danne machen vrö? jÄ waer'z ir sünde, ob si mir also taete. 4. Ich was ir ie getriuwe, unt bin ir iemer niuwej schoener, danne ein Spiegelglas, horter, danne ein adamas, so ist ir daz herze min an rehter stap(e. 5. Wol der minne, diu min sinne leret unde kerct nach der besten einer, die man in der werlte erkennet! 6. Wol der güete, der gemiiete machet, daz mir lachet herze und al die sinne min , swä man si vor mir nennet ! 7. E ich den kumber, , den ich tumber dulde durh ir hulde, lieze, lieber biete ich Röme und Engellant verbennot. 141 Her Kiiodolf von UoleniMirc. 8. Unt liege ich daz, so iiiücze ir h.iz, der ich nie vergnz, min Icit vertragen, so wurde kranc al min gcsanc: ir werden danc muoz ich bejagcn. 9. Des wurden tüscnt herzen lebende dne swaere; swie min vrouwe ir versagen wider mich verboere, son' weiz ich noch des küniges niht, der mir geliche danne waere. 10. Waz hilfet si daz riche guot, die niht wibes minne minnent unt des niemer niht beginnent, daz man nennet hüben muot? des höfschen zimt den vrouwen niht, swcs herze unsanTte wol geluot. 11. Maniger suocbet dur daz j<lr, des er doch niht viuden wolde : sere man si hazzen solde, die den wiben sagent unwar. swie kleine es mich doch vrüme, ich gcloug in nie so tiure, als umh ein hdr. 13. Leider si minnent alle niht, als ich, die du wibes minne vlizent sich; des sol min vrouwe lan gcniezen mich. 13. Jii enbin ich's niht, der valscher minne gert, valschcs wil ich niemer werden wert; daz hab' ich her behalden drizec vert. 14. Diu vil liebe unt diu vil reine, die ich so herzeclichen meine, erwirbe ich der niht ein vil kleine, so viirhte ich, daz min sanc erzage, swie min vrouwe mir des gunde, daz ich von ir minneclichen munde ir werden gruoz bejagen künde, so verdürbe al mins herzen klage: swie ich ir minne nilit bejage, so wizzet daz ich allen vröuden widersage. II. C/j» 87 a.) 1. Ich wil singen unde lachen, swanne ich sihe, diu mich betwungen hat; Ir genäde mir niuoz wachen, sol der minen sorgen werden rdt. Si sehent min ougen, dast unlougen, die ich lieber hän, danne al der Kriechen bougen. 2. Si ist mir lieb t'iue alle unstaete, wan si wart nie valscher minne wert; Gerne ich ir genäden baete, der ich ie mit triuwen hän gegcrt: In ir gewalden iMaicgrä^e Otte von Urandoiibiirc mit dem Pfile. 145 nmoz icli uldeu, mit wil an ir mia (riauc also helialdoii. 3. Lieber lie(e ich von ir löne nilit wan eiu \il kleine;! ^ingerliu, Dan duz ricli' und oiich die kröne mit der vürsren willen w;rrp min. Der ist docli kleine, wan min eine, die des wirnen, da;^ ich si mit Iriiiwen meine. III. a, SS a.) 1. Mir seit' ein eilender pilgerin UDgevräget von der vronwen min, Wie si sclioene waere iint diibi wolgemuot : daz ist mir ein ma»re, daz mir an dem herzen ^:auflte taut. 8. Got der gebe der lieben giioten tac, Der ich anders niht gegrüezen niac! Also siniclie ich ienier wider den morgen vruo, iint vergizze ir niemer wider den abeut, guoter naht darzuo. 3. Miner sinne ich halber dil vergaz, D(^ ich urlonp nam, uut si so saz, Si bran üf vor mir schöne. sani der äbentröt: Wirt mir iht ze löne dast uudersuiten gar mit seuder not. 4. Si bat mich, dö ich jungest von ir .schiet, Daz ich ir sande rainiu niuwen liet : Diu sold ich ir senden; nu enweiz ich bi wem, der'z ir wizen hendeu schöne bringe und ir ze boten zem. 5. Waz ob mich ein böte versümet gar? Ich wil mcr danne lusent senden dar; So si ir alle bringen minen siiezen sanc, unde in schöne singen : so Wirt mir vil lihte ein habedauc. 69. ^ffaro^rave Otte von Braiideiibiirc mit «leiii Pfile. ()v<7- 1866 -130§.) ""^ I. o, 11 ao 1. Uns kiimt aber ein liehter meie, wol geloubet stet der walt, der machet manic herze vruot, des wirt vil trüric herze balt. Er bringet bliiomen mangerleie : 8. Ich wil nach ir hulde ringen wer gesach ie süezer bluot? alle mine lebende tage, Vogelin doene sint manicvalt, Sol mir niht an ir gelingen, CMiunesänger.) 10 140 Der Misnaere. seh«, so sUrbe ich sciider klage, ir diirliiihlic röJer mnut Si entroeste mich ze stiint; hiit mich uf den trtt verwunt. * •>> * li. (I, II 6.; 1. Sich, biderber man, wie din gemiiefe here», swä ein wip dich minnecliche grüezet; AI din hoffeniinge wirt gemöret, vrouwen güetc mannen kumber büezet; Änc minnc ist nieman wert, nnkiusche mac geniinnen niht, iinmiune diu ist dem ein wiht, der rehter minne gert. 2. Wie soi man baz gesprechen von der minne? nieman hat niht also rehte guoles; Swer der pfliget der waltet giioter sinne: minne tuet dem man niht arges miiotes. Swer der minnc ist undertan, si lät in manige tilgende sehen: als ich die wisen hoere jehen, si U-ret sünde hin. 3. Ja wol dem, der unmiunc z'allen stunden gerne vliuhetl den mag ere gieren; Minne wart nie bl den sünden viinden, si kau guoten mau wol rehte leren. Genuoge liute sprechent so, daz unminne sünde si: minne ist aller sünde vri, seht, minne machet vrö. 90. Der Iflisuaere. Cl868-»50 I. C///, S6 aj 1. Got, aller sselden anevanc, dir si genigen, Got, vater aller barmnnge, din lop wirt niht verswigen, künic aller rehtikeit, dine wort sint war. Krist, rihter aller werke, arider alles vrides, Krist, suoner aller missetät, durch uns den tut du lides, gebieter über aller engel schar, Hilf, schepfer aller dinge, du bist aller güete ein übervlüzzic brunne, lä uns hie niht verderben in disem elende, von dir enpfaetder lichte sunne; ein brun entspringet in dem herzen din, sündaere, kumt des ein zär durch diu ougen, der ist 6ote so msere, daz er dir vergit dine sünde gar. 5. Der apfel der ist siuewel alumb unde ümbe, swie verre er von dem stamme walgert in sliht' unde in krümbe, doch hat er nach dem stamme sinen smac. Unartic vogel koppet in sin art nach rehte; der gebür' unde der hovewart tuont nach irme siebte; der vuhs sin unkust niht vermiden mac. Ouch tuot nach sime künne der wolf; der müsar v»t vor die rephüenre raiuse. I Der IVlIsnoere. 147 hü edel man, tut liüe(e, iJaz dich diu ergc iht jage iu der schänden riiise. ein boiim mit schoener bliiot (reit unedel obez dicke; bi lugenden prüevet man daz adcl: Got dem vil steldeu schicke, der edcUichen tuo naht undc tac. 7. Maniger ist also zagehaft, daz er erschrecket, swen er siht einen vremden gast, als ein wilt wolf er blecket; da prüevet man sine uuedellicheit bi. JSin geliiz meldet, ob im der gast ist unmsere; des sol er hüeten, swd er mac, swie gerne er sin enba?re, daz man niht spreche: „boeser zage, pf'i! Wie mahtu so gebären? kanstu die untugent deheiue stunde lazen?" tar man's niht vor im sprechen, mau jiht doch hinder im, daz sin lip si verwiizen. ein biderber wirt sol ümbe sen, rehte als ein valke, unt sol ez wol erbieten dem biderbeu uude ouch dem schalke, durch daz man spreche, er si schänden vri. IS. Wil ieman hin ze Bemerlant, der sol da grüezen von mir den höchgelobeten küuic , der kan wol kumber büezen mir und in allen, die sin helfe gern. Die ungetriuweu nident, daz er ist bi guote, bi eren unt bi wirdikeit; des ist im wol ze nuiote : die vrides gernt, die kan der künic geweru. Man sol unt uuioz Im danken , ez cnwart nie kein bezzer vrideraan üf der erden: küuic Ruodolf, voget von Röme, halt in ze vriuude, daz rät' ich dir unt dem vil werden, wä naeme einen so höhen schenken daz riche, also der künic üz Bemerlant? wä lebet nü sin geliche? ein keiser solte sin ungern enbern! II. Olf, 88 b.) 2. Dill rose ist diu schoeneste under aller blüete, doch ist ir stam dornic unde äne güete, ir schoene wert niht lange, unartic ist ir vruh(. Werlt, dine schoene gelich' ich zuo der röseu, diu ist unstaete, smeichen unde lösen kanstu, du valewest an der tugeut unde an der zuht. Swie rot sie üzeu si , diu hiefe, iedoch so ist sie iunerthalb unartic gar. werlt, du ziuhes den halm vor dem giefe, unt spils mit im unt triuges in doch offenbar; üzerhalp sint gehoniget dine grüeze, innerhalp bistu bitter unde unsüeze: er saelic man, der sich vor diner list bewar ! 11. Ich wolde, daz den argen hienge ein schelle vor an der nasen, diu da klünge helle, da man sie bi erkente, seht, daz wa;re ir reht. Sit des niht ist, so wil ich üf sie singen, mit irer roissetät wil ich sie twingen, ich rüege ir werc; sus diene ich in unt bin ir knebt. Got weit die guoten üz den boesen, unt sundert sie; sus tuon ich, sint daz er'z gebdt. 148 Der Misnaere. 0«»t nu'iozo uns von den ar^cii Icrscn, iinil riK^re uns liic lier miUcn schar «Inrcli sinen löt ! Sit Got ist starker, den die tiiivel alle, der gebe den argen sinen vliioch ze valle! swer sich nn schiililic weiz, daz merke icli, wirt er nU. 14. Ich klage, daz znht iint knnst nA sol verderben; mit znht, mit kunst niac man nii niht erwerben; diu schalkeit hiit gesiget, zuht ist vertriben gar. Schale singet von schalkeit; hie ir sielde wachet: habe dort unsaelde! schale gegen schalkc lachet, sich hebent ie zwo geliche zuo der schänden schar. Swen ich mit schalken niht wil Schalken, so raten sie uf mich und legen mir wandel an. bi guotem vluge kinset man den valken; bl rehter iint bi giiotcr tat den edelen man. swelcli man durch schelclich leben kunst versmAhet, waz der von schalkes munde lobes enpfcihet, einer mucken vuoz der lop (üsent vergelten kan. 19. Ein rätgebe erhaft, menlich, milte, wise, erbarmic, triuwo, den rätgeben ich prise: ist er des niht, erne redet nimmer giioten rat. Wie niöhte ein boeser zage guot geraten? Sit daz die snceden vür die biderben traten an vürsten rat, der r.it ^il manigen schaden hAt. Nach Gotes rihte sült ir merken, daz tugent unde ere si ein wolgesniten kleit; nach rehten cren sült ir Sterken gewissen rät, des sült ir immer sin bereit, durch liebe, noch durch leide sült ir volgeo unrehter It-re, nimmer sin erbolgen: vlieht valschen rät; we dem, der valsche zungen treit ! IH. (III, 101 bj Swelich man über sinen muot ist man, daz er den muot betwinget, daz im der muot ist undertän nnd niht der man dem muote, Den man lob' ich, an' allen wän, swÄ muot mit manne ringet, daz er kan mannes herze enpfän, bestän in mannes huote. Zoumen den muot, so Wirt behuot schade von mannes übe. den zoum' durch kraft, daz sigehaft der man über den muot blibe; der man billich ze lobene stät. swä muot den man gezoumet hat, der ist gelich dem weichen wibe. IV. an, 102 aO 1. Almehtic Got, barmunge rieh, sich hie nider in diz elende ze diner armen Kristenbeit, helfe unde tröst den Kristen sende, Der >JisiKiMe. 149 Roeinisch liclie, des riches val beweiue. Der bäbes dem riclie hat gesworn, daz tr «iiuelit wil helfen kreiiken; nii daz riche gevalleu ist, des eides sol er gedenken, Sit er ein houbet ist der werlt aleine. Swer uns nü irre eines ki'iuiges, diu werlt gemeine über den schrie! ir Diutschen vürsteu, sit gemant, schafTet, daz mau den keiser wie: vür iuwer sündc vrüuwet die werlt gemeine. 8. Daz so lange gestanden hat üne keiser Kwmisch riche, daz ist von diner girikeit, Dintsche zunge, sicherliche, von dir ist Roemisch riche gar verweiset. Dir solte dienen al diu werlt: nii wiltü dich eigen machen; verliuset Diutschiu zunge ir reht, daz wirt sie an eren swachen; ow^, din girikeit daz riche neiset! Gib niht dln erbe in \remdiu laut, daz dir diu sehepfer hat angeerbet ; gedenke, wie unbarmeliche der küuic Chuonrat wart verderbet: ddvou noch allen Diutschen vürsteu eiset. V. (Uly 103 b.) Ez vräget mauiger, waz ich kunue, ich spriche: ich bin eiu lerer aller guoteu dinge, Hot bin ein rälgebe aller tugent, ich hazze schände. We dem, der mir eren verguuue! ich bin vürsten dienest, üf gnade lied ich singe, unt bin der eren pilgerim, seht, iu mauigem laude. Swer mir daz wize, der kome vür gerihte, unt gebe mir schult ümbe die kunst, die mir Got gap , ze deui ich pflihle. ist guotiu kunst uut Gotes gäbe sünde, der man gebezzert wirt und niht geergert? deu sin mir durchgründe ein valscher nider, der min leben strafe, der tuot gegen mir, alsaui der wolf tuot gegen dem schäfe : wes zihet mich der zage? ich waene, sin sajlde slafc. VI. (111, 104 b.) 1. Ich hau noch ümbeäus gedroschen, min (inkel ist mir worden gar ze spriuwe, da mir hievor weize wuohs, da wehset mir nu raten. Sin lob muoz immer sin verloschen, min schelten sol im stsete wesen niuwe; hete er mir gelogen niht, so wsere mir baz beraten. Bezzert er mir niht, ich wirfe im einen stein in sineu garten, unde eine kletten in den hart; ich muoz durch vriuntschaft lenger warten, dennoch so muoz ich in versuocheu; hilft ez mir niht, ich backe im einen kuochen von spriuwen unt von raten , daz im alle vrouwen vluochcn. 2. Gelücke, wä bistu so lauge, daz du nii uihtne kumst zuo z' einem male? mir dunket, dune wizzes niht, wa ich gesezzcu bin. Ich klage daz in mime sänge, daz du dich wilt geliehen einem äle, du Windes dich durch mine hant unt xeva von mir dahin. Ich lene mich üf dinen trost, wiKu, du mäht mich wol verderben; nu kum ze mir, des ist zit, unde (uo min ungelücke sterben. wiltu din lene von mir enthalten, 150 Herzoge Heinrich von Presseid. so (uostii mich in grüzcn sorgcu alten: ich entiel' es niht, mühte ich din, sam du min, gownlten. VII. (Ul, 107 aj Hüklimmic an der wirdikeit ist Hin lip, sü ist sin nuiot geblüeniel an der milte, snel valkcnvliic üf beides werc, mit gekrönter tiigfnt bliiet sin herze under cren schiltc; sin gebende hant vrüu[we]t, als ein süeze regen in dem meien. Er crenkerapfe unverzaget der zuht iinde der triuwen leitestab in rehter viiore, er balsmentrör vür argen smac , sa;lde hat sin lop gemezzen nach der fügende smiore, daz ez ist liiter iinde ganz an dem ge«'rten leien. J Er liebet sich den liuten hie, rehte als ein liebez kint der mnoter tuot mit güete; swer trüric si, der seh' in an, dem git sin tugent nnt sin milte höchgemüete; er ist manlich , wcrlich, ellenthaft, ein ritter guot; davon lobe ich in mit gesange: des habe danc von Brandenburc marcgnive Otte der lauge. 91. Hei Otte zeiu Turne. ium 1370.) CT, 344 b.) 1. Vröut inch der vil lieben zit, an der al min vrüiide lit, werden, vvolgenuioJen jnugen, Sich viir alle vrouwen gar, durch des liebten meien schin. sunder wanc, in htk-hgemüete Schouwet, wie diu beide lit: unt mit reiner wibes güete lichte bluomen sint entsprungen, Iioehet, als der adelar; man hcert kieiniu vogellin 3. Den sin adel unt sin art In dien ouwen liberal, in des luftes wilde twiuget, troeschel, lerche unt diu zise dar kein vogel nie gevlouc, doenent hügelicher wise Zuo dem diu vil reine schart mit der vrien nahtegal. ir niuot, der nach eren swinget; 2. Diu vröut sich des meien bluot ir gebaren mich niht trouc : unt der süezen sumerwunne, D«» ich si von erst an sach, diu so höhe vröude git: dö kos ich des Wunsches wunne, So vröut sich min sender muof, me dan ich besinnen kunne, daz mins herzen spilnde suuuc, an ir: si ist der siclden dach. 99. Herzoge Heiiirieli von Pressela. Qrei/. 1370 — 90.) a, 10 aO i. Ich klage dir, meie, ich klage dir, sumerwunne, ich klage dir, liehtiu lieide breit, ich klage dir, ougebreheuder kle. Ich klage dir, grüener walt, ich klage dir, sunne, ich klage dir, Venus, sendiu leit, daz mir diu liebe tuot so wr. Welt ir mir helfen pIlihteH, Herzoge Ileiaricli von Presgelä. 151 so (rüwc ich , daz diu liebe iiiliezc rih(cii sich üf ciu ininneclichcz weseu: IUI l:il in sin gekündet roineu kuniber, dur Got, unt helfet mir gencscu. 2. „Waz (not si dir? lii hoercu uns diu schulde, daz äne sache ir iht gesche vou lins, wan daz ist wiser sin.'' — In liebem wäne habe ich yvol ir hulde, nanne aber ich viir baz ihtes ge, si jiht, icli sterbe, c solch gewin Mir von ir werde ze teile, daz ist ein tot an minneclichem heile ; o WC, daz ich si ie gesach, diu mir in herzelieber liebe reichet so bitterlichez ungemach ! — 3. „Ich meie wil dieu bluomen min verbieten, dien roseu rot, dien liljen wiz, daz sin sich vor ir sliezen zuo; So wil ich sunierwunne mich des nieten, der kleinen vogelin süezer vliz, , daz der gegen ir ein swigen tuo; Ich beide breit wil viihen si, swenne si wil nach glänzen bluomen gäben üf mich, ich wll si halten dir: Uli si von uns ir widerseit, der guoten." — sus muoz si sin genapdic mir. — 4. ,,Ich brehender kle wil dich mit schine rechen, swenne si mich an mit ougen siht, daz si vor glaste schuhen muoz. Ich grüener walt wil abe min lüuber brechen, hat si bi mir ze schafTene iht, si gebe dir danne holden gruoz. Ich sunne wil durhizzen ir herz', ir muot, kein schatehuot vür swizzen mag ir gen mir gehelfen niht, sin' welle dinen senden kumber swendea mit herzelieber liebe geschiht. 5. Ich Venus wil ir allez daz erleiden, swaz minneclich geschaflen ist, tuot si dir niht genäden rät." — O we, sol man si von dien wunnen scheiden, c wolde ich sterben sunder vrist, swie gar si mich betrüebet hat. — „Wiltu dich rechen läzen, ich schafTe, daz ir aller vröuden sträzen ir widerspenic müezen wesen." — ir zarter lip der möht' es niht erliden, lät mich e sterben, sl genesen. 152 Künic Wenzel von B^heim. 93. Müiiic "iVciizel toii nelieiiii. (1370 — 1305.J (/, 8 a.) 1. Ü« htiber liveutiiire ein süezc werdekeit hiit ininne au mir zt- lielite biulif, ich siufte \va lierüeliebe, sweniie ich denkt- dar, Du si mir gap zc minncclicher arbeit, als ich iu Wunsche hete gedühf, sO zart ein wip^ des ich mich iemer nlemen Car, Tut doch also, daz ez ir niht ze väre stt-, si gap in grözer liebe mir ein richez w^, daz muoz ich tragen lemermö, in" riioche , wem ez ze herzen g<^. 2. Mich bat min muot, daz ich der lieben küude nam, «0 wol unt wol mich iemer me, min volliii ger, min ongenweide und al min heil! Do si mir durch diu ougen in daz herze kam, du muoste ich werben baz, dauiie 0, gegen der vil klären, lösen alze lange ein teil. Herze unde sinne gab ich ir ze dienste hin, al miner vröuden urspring unde ein anbegin; 81 gap mir des ich iemer bin vrö, und Ist doch min ungewin. 3. Reht alsam ein rose, diu sich üz ir klösen W, wenne si des süezen touwes gert, 8US bot si mir ir zuckersüezen, röten munt. Swaz ie kein man zer werlte wunne enpfangeu hat, daz ist ein niht, ich was gewert so helfeberndes trostes, ach der lieben stunt! Kein muot ez niemer mc durchdenket noch volsaget, waz lebender sa?Ide mir was au ir giinst betaget; mit leide liebe wart gejaget: daz leit was vrö, diu liebe klaget. 4. Diu minne endarf mich strafen ruomes, z'war siu' darf: swie gar ich rimbevangeu het ir klären, zarten, süezen, lösen, lieben lip, Kie stunt min wille wider ir kiusche sich entwarf, wan daz sich in min herze tet mit ganzer liebe daz vil minneclichc wip. Min Wille was dien ougen unt dem herzen leit, dem übe zorn , daz ich so iriiten wehsei raeit; diu ganze liebe daz besneit und ouch ir kiusche werdekelf. 5. \u habe er danc, der siner vrouwen also pflege, ^ als ich der reinen, senfteu vruht: ich brach der rösen niht, unt hat' ir doch gewalt. Si pflac mis herzen ie unt pQiget noch alle wege; ei , wenne ich bilde mir ir zuht, 50 Wirt min muot an vröuden also manicvalt, Meister Heinricli Vrouwenlop. 153 Duz ich vor lieber liebe nilit gesprechen inac al mioes (röstes wünsch unt iiiiner sxldcn tac : nieman s<i werde iiie gelac, als ich, du min diu liebe pflac. 94. Mcif^ter Heiiirieli Troiiweiilop. (1870 — 1317.) (der junge Missener.) I. Wavon ist daz? man siht min niht, (II, 222 b. E. HT.) nieman oiich mich erkennet, da hat nigromantia pfliht mit mir, ein kiinst genennet, daz man mich niht erkennen sol unt niht gesehen mac. Des slich' ich nä den liuten bi mit slihte unt mit der krumbe; nieman envräget, wer ich si; seht , sus gät mit mir urabe din hühiu kunst, Yirgilius, diu viustert mir den (ac, Daz man mir keine helfe tuot, swd man die gäbe teilet : s£Eh' man mich, so gseb' man mir guot; in' läze niht ungemeilet vil manic laster, daz ich sihe, in miner nebelkappen. waz ich gesinge, sprich', verjihe, min kunst ist tot ei'blappen, unt get in maniges üren niht: Saide kcret mir den nac. n. CJT, 348 . E. ö7.J (Im langen dön.) Man beizet mit den raben unt mit der bunten krä, so jagt man da mit riieden unt mit hovewarten, in des hoves garten Stent tistel rüch, unkriutic trefs bi den bluomeu zarten. waz sol des snellen valken vluc, waz sol des habeches denne? Ich spür daz wol, der hof nimt abe von tage ze tage; so ist daz mine klage : wer DU kan lösen, smeichen, siieze Sprüche reichen, dem trageut die heiTen bernde gunst; daz sint swachiu zeichen; da bi so Stent die biderben dort, reht als si nieman kenne. Her Hof, ir habt den esel Avert vür schoeniu ros, vür guotiu pfert : der smeicher hert der iuwer gert ; eins biderben manues ir enbert, der doch nach prise kan sin swert geuiizzen zuo dien noeten wol: hin, daz sin wort verbrenne! 154 Meister Heinrich Vrouwenlop. III. (ir, 350 a. E. 17a. J Ich wirb', als ich von reh(e sol, den liuten sing' ich niinen saue; Dem biderben er gevellet wol, die gebent mir ir habcdanc: Ist denne ein valscher ouch dübi, der irret mich der biderben giinst mit maniger rede; siis wirt min kunst vil selten iingemaches vrl. IV. (In der grüeneu wise.) 1. Ach Got, nu wisl' ich gerne, (///, 376. ,', 5J»\|.J Avar komen sint die starken man, Wolfhart, Witeche unde Heime, Hilbrant und onch der herre Ilstln ; war kam her Iwein unt Gawin, Egge unde Hagen, die helde ouch allesaude. Wii kam hin der von Berne, Wii kom hin marcgraf Rüedigi-r, wil kom hin Ezzel gewaltic mit siner grüzcn mäht so her, wä kam hin Sivrit der hürnln, war kom künc Kantolän üz Sodculande? War kam mit Parcivale? ris' Sigenöt, unt der wilde man? — si kerten zuo dem Grale: der tot hat si erslichen. waz half Ir mäht und ouch ir kraft? der tot was an in sigehaft: ieslicher waer' dem töde als gerne entwichen. 8. Ich saz üf einer grüene, (11, 351 b. E. 26S.J unt gediihte an manger haude dinc, wie ich die werlt behielte, und ouch gegen Gote iht wurde linc; dö künde ich uiht erdenken daz, daz ouch iht töhte uf solherhande ger; Min bloedekelt wart küene von gedanken, der ich vil verschriet; unt nach der werlte zucke min kintheit mir die wizze riet, daz nieman üf der t-ren saz kunit äne schaz, des giene min leit entwer. Ich strafte vrouAven Eren, ish sprach: „ir sit ein swache meit, lät ir iuch schaz verkeren." si süfte, unt sprach: „du tumber, schaz hat mich leider Überwegen; wau mac min wol mit schazze pflegen: doch schaz an' tugent ist gen mir ein kumber." V. (HI, 116 6. E. 155.) 87. Sich biuhst in einer vremder rede ein talken körn, boc äne hörn unt rint mit esels vüezeu, lere mich so grüezen den stummen, daz er's sage dauc, unt mit galleu süezeu ein honlc, daz du bitter Aveist, daz triuwe ich wol verschulden. Du wcttericzzcst , daz der duurc muoz verzagen, Meister Heinrich Vroiiwenlop. 155 er wirt erslagen, kiimt er dir so nahen, daz du in ergalien mit Ihte inalit: so mac er sich helfe niht vervjihen; tuo gn.ide an im, sit daz er niuoz din swacrez twingcn dulden. Du jihes geperlt in spiegelspriez viur, -vvazzer, luft und erden griez. hän sis geniez, die Got verstiez, daz er dich mensche werden liez, daz wirt dir leit; der hellespiez rieht ez dort au der scie din, ob du niht körnst ze hulden. 28. Man siht in miner vünde krame, swer da wil, (E- tl7.9 des ringen vil; man vünde ouch liht daz (iure, hiure und ungehiure, dem spsehen scharpf, dem slihten weich, nach der wizze stiure; ez zimt daz hie, daz dort niht zimt; daz dort, daz hie niht zxme. Swil spa;her werke siunes valke vliegen lat, sän uime ich rdt ze mir, swenne ich'z ervreische; mit der vünde vleische lock ich im so, daz er zehaut spürt, daz ich in eische. wart er mit kunst gelocket ie, liht wirt im ruof genacme. Des -weichen siones valkenvluc, diu spaehe ist mir niur ein trucj der sichte ruc, der weiche zuc mir leisten müezen vollen kluc; unt tet' diu spech' im einen tue, sus mües sin ger weid' erren sich, daz er ir niht bekäme. 30. Z'wär, bart unt kindes wizze diu zwei tragent niht ebeuj (E. ein werdez leben, ^^'^ her Bart, des sit geschuldet; sint ir daz verduldet, ich wa?ne, ir habt dem kinde hie vor dem man gehuldet; habt ir verkorn den man, her Bart, daz mac iuch wol betrüeben, Irn werdet nimmermc gehalten also zart. her Bart, her Bart, wie mühte ez oder künde iu von herzen gründe gewerden baz, M-an daz ir stat nähe sineni munde? ir wäret kluoger wizze ein van: Avelt aber ir tumpheit üeben? Her Bart, ir zemt den mannen wol, und ninder baz, daz nemt vür vol; min triuwe ein zol des wescu sol: an kiuden bart ist tumpheit vol, an mannen wirdic, sunder dolj diu kintheit solte ein ende haben, swh bcrte sich erhücbeu. I.'^O Meister Heinrich Vroii\venlu\|). 34. Her Hof, her Hof, wie lauge sol ich daz verlrageu, (K. 57J duz in behagen Kü wol die kidstergiegen? inölit ir liizcu vliegeu diu kcppel hein, der menge iinpris miieste vor iu biegen, seht hie, seht dA, seht hin, seht her: bi viirsten siht mau kappen. Her Hof, ir tiiot dem kluster iint dem orden schaden, weit ir si laden mit lust gehegeter vülle; seht, waz dii zeschülle! wii prislich kleit , wä rilich wdt , wä din werlich hülle? diu siht man niht bi gernder diet; si werdent klüslerknappen. Her Hof, mügt ir iuch manchen , lut der kiöster hof an iuwern stat, Sit daz ir rät niht anders gät, niur ,,gib iint gip! habt ir den grat, ich nim' den visch yüv missetäl!" her Hof, Idt ir niht ab , iu wirt der valke zeime rappen. 56. E Gotes herze brieche von des tödes kraft, t^- 33.) er was in haft, der höchgelobter viirste, er jach, daz in dürste. sin niartel was niht vollekouien : wc der Juden lürsce! ie sän zehant wart im ein tranc von ezzich unt von galie. Maria sprach: ,,kint, nii sich niinen kumber an, du last mich stan iu aller jämer erze; der bitterliche smerze, den ich au diuen wunden sihe, get mir durch min herze, min liebez triit, wis gen mir lüt; ze vuuz ich dir uu valle." Du sprach Got zuo der muoter sin: „sich, wip, daz ist der snne din. diu martel min hat grozen pinj du waere e min ba;rerin, — Johannes, nim sie mit dir hin, unt wis ir guot, in din behuot." dö starp Krist vür uns alle. 59. Swer Gotes bröt wil niezen unt sin bluot darzuo, (E. '<ii.J sin bihte er tuo üz volles herzen gierde, sines geistes Avierde habe kiiischen muot unt reinez leben; in so hoher zierde kein bruch in jage von Kristes e; mit kreften des gelouben Er sol die Gotes vorhte in wärer minne haben, unib sie begraben der werlde lob, ir prisen; er sol sich bewisen den vienden sin ein voller vriunt , wil er sich wo! spii>en, der lizer lust sol sinen muot niht innekeit bcrouben. Er sol ouch lüterlich vergeben Meister Heinrich Vroiiweiilop. 151 •cliult, missetat nnt widerstreben, s«^ mag er weben ein heilig leben; sin herze ist Gotes tempel eben; Krist kan in solhen himela swehen : ilie s«» niht nemcn daz lebende bröt, we in, w«5 in, den (uiibcn ! 75. Nieman ze ringe wegen sol die viende sin: (E. 83. > swie küene ein swin oiich si, doch vil der hiinde ziehent ez ze gründe. man sol den tag niht gar volloben, die wir noch ein stunde er hat, er si dan vollebraht: so wirt er denne gepriset. Die wile ein man gesunt und «ngevangen ist, so hiit er vrist lif hell und ungelücke. ob des igeles rücke si scharpf, doch vindet man den bunt, der im sine tücke gelönen kan. so spricht min wort, daz sich hM wol bewiset, Daz ofte ein stiller guoter muot mer ernest bringt unt manheit tuot, swil ernst sich luot gen ernest vruot, wan einer, der ze schalle ist guot, mit Worten glimmet, als ein gluot: vil dicke ein grimmer stiller ernst in senften siten griaet. VI. f///, 150 b. E. 148.J Wie toelet man die sorgen? wie Wirt verwunnen allez leit? wie wirt gekrenket swaere, wie senftet man groz arebeit? wie leschet man des zornes vluot? wie wirt verschart, daz triwe muoz jsimer klagen? Wie tar tröst vorhte bringen? wie wirt verjagt haz unde nit? wie salbet man den smerzen, der senfteberndiu herzen glt, nach liebe sende heilen tuot? swer vlehet mich, dem wil ichz allez sagen. Seht, als diu sunne erliuhtet den luft und alle vinsterheit, baz dürren muot erviuhtet ein reinez angesihte. daz touwet, regenet süezen lust in mannes herze, in mannes brüst: jii, wibes name, der wünsch ist dir gerihte. VII. (JII, 153 . E. 169.) 5. Mit jungen junc, mit alten alt, mit snellen halt, mit vrevelen vrech , mit hübschen wolgestalt, ie nach der zit sol man daz wegen : vil maniger hiure brücket, der ze jär' mac «tegen; daz hänt gezalt die wisen uns vür guot. Wis under dem, der ob dir si; i;>8 Meister lleiuricii Vruiiwenlop. wis ebene bi dem ebeneu din an art, au ireii xwi, wis boveu diner lindern diet ; volg im mit ganzes herzen kraft, swer daz dir riet; ich sage dich vri vor schandenvarwer vliiot. LA dich ze stiele in ganzen vreuden vinden, sprich lieplich zno den alten tint den kinden, s(> muoz sich gesiudcn ze dir der menege prislich liort. üz hohem ort ein vrüntlich wort daz willet nideren muot. 8. Swä man ze hoenen kunst hat wert, T^. 173.J unt narren gert vür rehte kunst, ez si ein hiint, ein pfcrt : waz sol da sunnen glastes mc? waz sol des himelzirkels snelles loufes e? waz sol ein swert, den vlühtic tuot ein rouch? Waz sol ein kröne uf ein kaplil, i'if haz ein spil? waz sol der erge jesen, der maze ein zil? waz sol der armen werlt ein zemen? waz sol dem wibel ein lazurvaz, der scheine ein lernen, der müggen swil? waz sol dem baisam loiich? Waz sol dem blinden spaeher varwe diezen? waz sol dem äffen wiser künste vliezen? waz sol satliänus niezen? waz sol dem esel tollentranc? waz sol dem sanc unt Seiten klanc, der lieber hoert den gouchV 10. Geviolierte blüete kunst, (E. 180.> dins bruuncn dunst unt din geroeset flammenriche brunst diu häte wurzelhaftez obez; gewideniet in dem boume künste riches lobes hielt Wipfels guust sin list, durchliljet kurc. Durchsternet was sin sinues himei, glänz alse ein vimel, durchkernet lüter golt nach Wunsches stimel was al sin bluot, geveimt üf lop, gevult uf margariten niht ze klein unt grop ; sins Silbers schimel gap gimmen velsen schüre. Ach kunst ist tot! nii klage, arnionie, Planeten tirmen klage niht verzie, pölus, jdmer drie. genäde im , siieze trinität, Meister Heinrich Vroiiweiilop. 15Ü maget reine, enpfut, ich mein Kiionrät den helt von Wirzeburc. 11. Swer ist ein man Got unt der diet, (E. 175.) an swem geriet, daz in diu zit der vierzic jiir besiet, ob er im selben angesiget, sü daz diu tugent selp vierde in siner zellen lige«, und nie verschriet die wiirheit mit ir sagej Treit er den reinen vrouwen pris mit manheit wis, blüet im uz maze ganzer milte ein ris, teilt im bescheidenheit ir mäht, gedult, barmunge, elich leben, diu sint geslahtj ze snel, ze lis niht rehtes zorn voljage. In zuht und in der triuwe sol sin herze welzen; swen ich nu spür sin manheit also velzen, seht, dem wil ich smelzen ein lob HZ miuer küuste golt; swer dient den solt, wip, Sit dem holt, mit liebe er iu behage. 12. Swii blic an blicke vint sin art, CE. 179.;) schon unt bewart, zehant der blic sich ze dem herzen schart; dem blicke jagt diu liebe nach; swä diu driu vröuwent sich, dA kumt der Minnen schach mit twalmes vart. den drein wils angesigen. Eins wibes wunniclicher munt, swem der tuot kunt ein lachelichez suocheu küssens vunt, sich, daz gebären ist su zart; wol unde we im, swem daz honic wirt gelarf; herz ist enzunt, gelust ist im gestigen. Da klagt daz herz denue über sin selbes blicken, unt klagt daz blicken üf der liebe stricken ; lieb' wil sich enzwicken unt klagt üf miuue ; Am.ör der voget kumt in gezoget; swä hin er broget, da muoz ir kraft geligen. 18. Her künig, ir habt ze lang' gebeit; (K. i72.J ez wirt iu leit, der pfaffen vuoz ist worden also breit, sie haut der leieu marke gar, des werdet ir an iuwer volge wol gewar, «wenn ez sich treit, IGO Meister Heinrich Vroiiwenlop. (iaz ir siilt liiite imn. Sie ahlent Uizzel, wes ir gerl, hiur iindc vert ; sie diinket nü daz riche nihte.s wert. man sach ie leienvürsten sirelien in stürmen und in striteu bl dem riche eueben und ouch ir swert bescbermeu, sunder wän: Her künig, ir sült die leienvürsten riehen ; in rehter not die pfaffen \on in wichen. waz mac beiden glicben? swi'i man belme üf binden sol durch iren zol, du siht man wol, wer manheit wil bestän. 19. Ez si gelart od ungelart, T''- 178.J unt swaz ie wart, ze dem hat sich der bischof ouch gekart, darzuo diu klöster, klüsen, tür, diu hant die manche unt nunnen : gelt daz rouoz hervilr. blat unde hart diu sint nu gar euwiht. Solt' er davon niht riche sin? daz i$t wol schin. er liebet sich dem künige Conslantin, der da ze Röme ein houbet was, und uns die pfafheit drste erhuob, als ich ez las; bi triuwen min, daz was ein jämerschiht. Der pfaffen richtuom breitet sich lif erden, diu lant diu müezen in ze jungest werden von ir ungeberden, die sie nü tribent umb daz guot in gires gluot. ich hän des muot, ez tset' manig leie niht. VIII. (III, 360 a. E. 178.^ Man viüt in roete bleiche schäm, der zuht wirt gram, der sider redet vrevel üf vrouwen stam; gedenke, waz daz sprichet .,wip," so hoffe ich, daz der vrevel mide dinen lip. wip, süezer nam: wunn, irdisch paradis! Gedenke, waz daz „vrowe" si: vru, we däbi; vro heizent si durch diner vröuden zwl. al menschlich vrüude von in kumt; so wol in, daz natür an in mit vrühten vrumi ! swer ist nu vri der tugent an vröuden pris, I I Meister Heinrich Vrouwenlop. 161 Der denke an lieplich lachen röter munde; die strälent blicke uz spilnder oiigen gründe, strickeut vrunt ze vninde. man, wiltu pris und eren zol ervüUen vol, sprich vrowen wol, ere al ir formen ris. IX. (1//, 374 b. E. 218.^ (In der zucwise.) So stän ich hie vor werden Trouwen reine ! ich lobe die zarten vrouwen schön, die ich mit triuwen meine; si tragent wol der eren krön : M'ä wart üf erden ir höhez lop volmezzen? Unt sol ich denne von zarten vrouwen singen, so müget ir hoeren, ob ich'z kan; — nu müeze et mir gelingen, in' wolle, ez lebte üf erde ein man, der sich gen einer vrouwen het vergezzen. Ich lobe die vrouwen vruo unt spät, ir lop daz wil ich immer meren; ein man, der vrouwen hulde enhät, unt der mich wolt von vrouwen lobe keren, den wolle ich vürbaz mit gesange lezzen : ich lobe die werden vrouwen zart, sie kilnnen alles leides iins er- gezzen. X. (IIJ, 378 b. E. 2250 (In dem vergezzen dön.) Swer zeiget kunst, da man ir niht erkennet, swer ungezemtiu jungiu ros unkunde vürte rennet, swer lange krieget wider reht, swer vil verstolnes koufet; Swer vil mit nachgebüren sich gebäget, swer ungewizzenlichen gar die ungezogenen vräget, swer streichet dicke vremden hunt, swer alte Juden toufet ; Swer dienet, da man sin niht gert, swer sich mit lügenen wil machen wert, swer spotten wil der alten; swer üf die verre vriunt sich sere fidel, swer sin getriuwe saelic wip durch valsche minne midel ; sol dem ez allez wol ergän, des muoz gelücke walten. XI. CIIJ, 388 a. E. 128. J (In dem kurzen dön.^ Ir edelen süezen vrouwen guot, tuot nach der alten wirdikeit: Swer niht treit ritterlichen muot, den Idt iu immer wesen leit. Ez was ie guoter vrouwen site. swer ritterliche vuoge trage, (Minnesänger.) 1 1 102 Meister Heinricli Vrouwenlop. den grüezet lieplich alle Inge, sü volget in vrou Saeldc mi«e. XII. (///, 387 a. E. 2n.) 6 wip, trat violgarte, liö awebt dins lobes kr«)ne, ie si\, daz sich vil wiinne jö zuo der saelden stricket, bnch aller süezekeit! Ach we! ich nach dir brinne, sam in der gluot ein sinder; kam mir le wip so hcre in mincr sinne vesten? nein, des enneiz ich nieht. Lieht, werde spiegelsunne, Sit ich vind' trostes ninder, ein' des ich zuo dir warte, hilf mir der swaening' gesten durch süeze diner minne, e si min lip vers^re ! hin Wirt in stteter söne geviieret sendez leit, ob mich min liep an blicket; lob, werdez angesiht! XIII. cm, 396 6. E. H8.) 1. Owe herzelicher leide, die ich sender tragen muoz; Owe lichter ougenweidel wenne wirt mir sorgen buoz? Wenne sol diu ruter munt mich lachen an, unde sprechen: ,, stelle man, swaz du wilt, daz si getan?" 2. Ja mein' ich den munt so lösen, an dem al min troesten ligt. Sprechet alle, röte rösen, daz ein munt mit roete sigt. Baz dem munde zaeme ein lUjenwizez jsi, denne ein nein von jämer bla: daz wort tuot mich jungen grä. 3. Minne, kanstu vröude borgen, des jih' ich dir niemertac. Swem du lachest gen dem morgen, z'wär dem wirt din afterslac. Diner lüste rösen hegent scharpfen dorn; leide ist liebe zuo geborn: solhen wuocher treit din körn. 4. Minne, wiltu solhen jämer uf mich erben mine zit? Diner luste saelden ämer mir deheine stiure git. Nie dem hern Iwäne wirs kein raaget tet, Her Cluionrät der Sclieoke von Landegge. 163 waa diu .sclioeae vrou Lunet half: da Iwän tröst an liet. 5. Ach soll' ich den apfel teilen, den Paris der Minne gap, Z'wär, du müestes jämer seilen, sold' ich dadurch in min grap; Pallas oder Juno niüesteu huldeu mir: so rsech ich min leide an dir, die du hast vererbet mir. 15, Her Cluioiirat iler ^elieiike von Jjaiitlegge. flSn — 13O60 I. (I, 354 b.) 1. Vröut iuch gegen dem meien daz mir ist mich liebe wo. schoene, vröut iuch gegen des meien zit: heide in grüener varwe lit, sost geblüeroet berg unt tal; Dabi hoert man süeze doene von den kleinen vogellin, in der blüenden blüete schin doenet wol diu nahtegal. Walt und ouwe hänt von loube ein dach, röseu in touwe, der ich manigen sach, Stent in wunneclicher bluot: vröut iuch jungen h«jchgemuot. Diu vil liebe aleine mich betwungen hat, daz ich'z beweine, ob ir trust mich nu lät: troest', ein süeziu Minne mich, Sit ich helfe suoche an dich. 4. Wa?net des diu wolgetäne, der ich alse küme enbir, daz ich scheide mich von ir, dur daz si mich vremdet so? Daz ich sten ir trostes ane, die minue in min herze twanc, daz ist sunder minen danc: ach, des bin ich gar unvrö! 8. Sich vröut al diu werlt gemeine, Doch sol si niht denken, wan daz ich betrüebet bin ; tninne twinget mir den sin und ein reine, siclic M-ip. Nieman trüret, wan ich eine: wie habe ich verdienet daz? ob ich lange dulde ir haz, daz verderbet mir den lip. Sol ir wipllch güete mich in sorgen län, min hochgemüete, min tröstlicher wän Wirt an vröuden ungesunt, mich entroeste ir röter munt. 3. Minne, vrouwc, süeziu Minne, minnecljchiu helfa;rin, hilf mir mit der helfe din, daz min herze vrö best^. JDu bekümberst mir die sinne mit der liebe meisterscbaft und mit diner krefte kraft, daz min staeter muot möge an ir wenken, ich han daz behuot; wan ich hin si saelic wip lieber, dan min selbes lip. 5. Sol ich vröudelös belibea von ir, diu genade hat, son' Wirt niemer sorgen rat an mir senden hinnenvür. So muoz ich die zit vertriben jaemerlich in sender not: bezzer waere mir ein tot, danne ob mich ir tröst vürkür. Ich hi'in niht bevunden solher smerzen nie; mins herzen wunden die tuont mir so wej wan mich minne schöz aldä : davon ste ich junger grä. i«4 Meister Chiionrät von Würzebiirc. II. (/, 1. Midi miioz wuoder hün, wie cz sich steile bi dem Rine, iimb den Bodense^ üb der sumer sich dil zer. VrnDcrich hat den plüu, deu tunn siht in triiebem schine, rife tiiont in we, bi der 8euc iint bi dem mer. Dise ntU hilnts' onch bi Äne, dil ist ir vrüudc kranc : wüoDC unt vogelsanc ist in Swiiben, des ich waene; dar so jduiert mich nach der schocnen mlnneclich. 2. Lieb und allez guot wünsche ich ir, die ich dii meioe, unde nige aldar einer wile tusentstunt; Ich hün minen tnuot gar \ ereinet an si eine; swaz ich lande ervar, 357 b.) mir wart nie so liebes kunt: Diu vil süexe, reine, waudels vrie zieret äwäbeulanl; Hanegüu , Brabaut, Vlandern, Vrancrich, Picardie hilt SU schopncs niht, noch s6 iieplich angesiht. 3. Swer erkennen wil vröude unt werndez höchgcmüete, dem gibe ich den nit, der vür trüren sanfte tuot: Rehter vröuden spil ist ein wib in wibes güele, diu ir wipheit hat wiplich mit ir zuht behuot; Die sol er mit ganzen triuwen minnen, als ich tuen ein >vip, der herze unde lip kan iif wibes lop so sinnen, daz s' üz eren pfat uiemer kumt, noch nie gelrat. 96. Hleistcr Chuourät von Wiirzebiirc. I. (II, 315 bj 1. Seht an die wunneclichen zit, diu mit spUnder gücte gelfe rrtsenhüete bringen aber sol! Diu beide in lichter varwe lit von des meien bliiete. vröuderich gemüete zimet den jungen wol. Zieren kan sich daz gevilde, grüene sint berge unde tal, dd diu liebe nahtegal unt diu lerche wilde sanges ein unbilde scbellent überal. Meien bluot höcbgemuot sendes herzen sinne minneclichen tuot. 2. Geblüemet schöne stet der plan, davon wil ich kosen: üz der velse klösen brunnen klingent da; Man siht durch grüenez gras üf gan gelwe zitelösen; bi den röten rösen Meister Chiionrät vou Wiirzebiirc. lüö glcnzcnt viol blä; Durch die swarze dorne lachet wiziii Miiot vil manicvall: Die sehs varwe treit der walt, der von doenen krachet und üz loube machet kleider wol gestalt. Meien bluot huchgemiiot sendes herzen sinne ininuecliciicn (not. 3. So wol dem manne, der nu si vru von wibes minne! dem Wirt uze und inne wunneu vil bereit: Wan im der berndeu bounic zwi gruonet nach gewinne, daz im sine sinne machet vil gemeit. Liep nach herzeliebe denket unde midet leiden pin, so diu bluot ir gelfen schin sinen ougen schenket, unt diu lerche klenket in daz öre sin. Meien bluot hochgemuot sendes herzen sinne miuneclichen (uot. IL (//, 318 b.^ 1. Jiirlanc vrijet sich diu grüene linde loubes unde blüete guot; wundergüete bluot des meien c der weite bar. Gerner ich durch lichte bluomen linde liiure in touwes vlüete wuot, daune ich wüete vluot des rifen nü mit vüezen bar. Mir tuont we die küelen scharpfen winde : swint, vertunez winterleit! dur daz minem muote sorge swinde; wiut min herze ie küme leit, wand er kleiner vogelline vriJude niderlci(. 2. Owe! daz diu liebe mir niht dicke heilet miner A\7inden vunt! ich bin vunden wunt von ir: nü mache si mich heil. Sendez truren lanc, breit unde dicke >virt mir z'allen stunden kunt: wil mir künden stunt gelückes, so vinde ich daz heil, Daz si mich in spilnde vrüude kleidet; leit an mir niht lange wert; 166 Meister CIinoDrät von Würzeburc. ir gewant mir min gcmüetc leidet : kleit nie wart so relitc wert, so diu wät, der mich diu Iierzeliebe danne wert. 3. Welt, wiltü nü zieren dich vil schöne, so gip dinen kindcn wint, der niht winden kint z'unercn muge; dest min rät. Swer mit sloete diene dir, des schune! hilf im sorge binden! vlnt, die dich vinden, bint si ziio dir, gip in hordes rät! Reiniu M'ip , den riit mein' ich ze giiote. muot unt zuht ist in gewant, swen si kleident mit ir reinem muotc; guot und edel daz gewant ist, darümbe ich liz ir dienste mich noch nie gewant. 111. Oh 322 bO 1. Tou mit vollen aber triufet üf die rösen äne tuft; Üzer bollen schöne sliufet manger lösen blüete klult; Darin senkent sich diu vogellin, diu gedoene lüt erklenkent, daz vil schoene kau gcsin. 2. Bi der wunne wol mit cren sol sich kleiden mannes lip, Daz im kunne vröude mtren ein bescheiden 1. Ich solt' aber singen von den rösen rot unt des meien güete, der mit siner blüete zieret wilden hac: Nu wil mich betvvingeu des ein ander not, daz ich mit gedteue liehte bluomeu schoene niht geprisen mac; IV. sxlic wip. Swer verschulden wibes minne sol, der muoz ringen nach ir hulden mit vil dingen tugende vol. 3. Swer mit sinne valsch kan üeben, als ein dieplich niichgebür, Der wil minne so betrüebenj daz ir lieplich lön Wirt sür. Wan sol zwischen minne mit gemiht triuwe in glanzer stiete mischen : daz birt ganzer vrouden vruht. (II, 322 aj die sich in der schände klösen hänt getan : ich enwil niht kosen hiure von den rösen üf dem grüenen plan. 2. Üz dem besten wine scharpfer ezzich wirt, swenne er sich verkeret: diu bischaR mich leret, daz ich wirde sür. Ich muoz strafen die verschämten, Swie guot ich erschine, riehen , tugendelöscu; min gemüete girt Meister Chuonrät vod Würzebiirc. 167 doch in argem willen; iierren kan ich villen, sam der Avilde schür Boume vehvet unde si befrüebct ir genähte: jö wise ich von ^ren vrühte kargen man ZUG der schände sühte, Sit ich miner zühte uiht genießen kan. 3. Gernder man die kleinen gäbe schelte niht, die der miüe biete, der vil grozer miete niht ze gebene häl. Swer zerbrichet einen Spiegel, der gesiht in den stückelinen ganze bilde schinen : siis Wirt volliu tat In der kleinen gäbe erkant, die von dem guote spaltet, des ein nötic herre waltet ; ganzen schin rosezlich gelt behaltet, daz durh ^re valtet sich in stückelin. 1. Järlanc wil diu linde vom winde sich velwen, Diu sich vor dem walde ze balde kan selwenj Trüren üf der beide mit leide man üebet: sus hat mir diu minne die sinne betrüebet. 2. Mich hänt sende wunden gebunden ze sorgen; Die muoz ich von schulden nfi dulden verborgen. (IJ, 386 b.J Diu mit spilnden ougen vil tougen mich seret, diu hat min leit niuwe mit riuM'e gemeret. 3. Genäde, vrouwe reine! du meine mich armen! liä dich miueu smerzen von herzen erbarmen ! Min gemüete enbiude geswinde von leide! üz der minne viure din stiure mich scheide. VI. (II, 333 b.) (In dem hofdön.) 19. So WC mir tumben, daz mich iemer langer tage verdriuzet, unt miner järe vrist enwec so rehte balde schiuzet, daz ein bach niht vliuzet so dräte uz velse, noch üz hage! Ich wünsche dicke, daz diu stunde werde mir gekürzet; und ist si doch üf einen gsehen louf also geschürzet, daz darinne erstürzet geswinde sich min lebetage. Ja klage ich min gelt, daz ich verzer, unt klage uiht miniu zit, diu mir niemau Avider git, swenne ich si gar verliure. vertet ich vert min guot, ich mac gewinnen anderz hiure; versAvende ich aber miniu jär, diu sint mir iemer tiure : von dekeiner stiure vertäniu zit ich wider bejagc. 108 Meister Chuonrät von Würzeburc. 81. Oh 334 a.) Ein lup geblüeinet vert in huhcr wcrdikcitc solde, j\| ez wchset üf ze berge, sani des ccdcrboumcs tolde; 1 sam gesteinc üz golde kaa cz vil wunnicliclien breu. Ez schinet, sam ein licht juncvrouwc in kiuscliem niagetuome; sin varwc glestct, sam der liclitc raorgensteruc in ruome, sam in toun-e ein hluomc, liit ez sich wuuniclichen st-n. Ez kan glenzen, sam durch einen klären miöl lüter win, rcUt alsam der sannen schin durch bldwcn himel schcene, unt kan auch glesten, sam nach dienste werder wibe loene: von Striizeburc ein Liechtenberger, iuwer lob ich kroene, iu muoz min gedoene durchlüterlicher tagende jen. 23. (Ily 334 b.) Vür alle vuoge ist edel sanc getiuret unt gehöret, darümbe, daz er sich von nihte breitet unde meret; elliu kunst geleret mac werden schöne mit Vernunft, Wan daz nieman gelernen kau rede unt gedoene singen; diu beide müezent von in selben wahsen und entspringen; uz dem herzen klingen muoz ir begin von Gotes gunst. An der vuoge dürfen alle rätes unt geziuges wol, swer si triben rehte sol, der muoz hän daz gerüste, damit er si volende nach der liute muotgelüste; son' darf der sanc niht helfe, wan der zungen unt der brüste; sunder valsche äküste get er davon vür alle kunst. 84. fJI, 334 bj Dem adelarn von Rome werdeclichen ist gelungen, wan er krinvogele ein wunder hat mit siner kraft betwungen, er hat lob ersAvungen durliuhtic luter unde glänz: Hebch unt valken twang er ze Österlanden und in Stire; daz mag in Pülle erschrecken wol die rappen unt die gire. rublne unde saphire vil billich zierent sinen kränz. Sime gelücke unt siner kraft entsizze, swaz nu wildes lebe, ez ge, swimme, oder ob ez swebe, ob dem kan er wol vliegen. kein vogel kan üz allen landen wider in nü gekriegen ; sich muoste ein löuwe uz Beheim under sine kläwen smiegen : er ist äne triegen, veste und au huhen eren ganz. 26. O^I, 453 b.) Ich hän durchvaren witiu lant unt suochte doch Inder künde, ob ich der schoenen ir geliche eren vinden künde; m Meister Rüraelant. 109 disiu maere ich künde, swer reiner hoher eren gert. Waz ob wir diu wunderliche maere vürbaz bürgen; ich hän gesuoc]it in dorfen und in steten und üt' bürgen ; ich bedarf niht bürgen, sint mich diu warheit selbe wert, Daz SU schoenes niht enlebt; davon darf ich niht vürbaz varn. het' ich sämen von deme varn, den würfe ich dar den scheiden, daz si in verslünden, e min dienest von ir solde scheiden; ich han der schoenen vil gedient mit swerten bar der scheiden: durch si wolde ich scheiden spaene al die wile min leben wert. 99. Ifleister Kuniclaiit« (1213-86.) I. OII, 55 a.) 1. Wsr' ich in künsten wise, also Pldtö was, ein Aristütiles unde ein meister Hippocrns, Galenus unde ein Socrates, die wisen, Virgilius kunst, Boetius, Cäto, Seneca mite, Donätus, Beda, het' ich al ir künste site, dennoch sone künd' ich nimmer vollen prisen Des höchgelobeten vürsten lop volbraeht' ich niht, sin ist mc uude io nicro; ich hän von Brünes munde unde euch von manigcm mau gehurt, daz sin lob nieman gar vol ahteu kau: wich von im, schände, swar er hinnen kere! 2. Durch swarze naht üf dringet lieht der morgen grä, der klären wolkenlosen luft ir liimel blä gezieret ist mit lichter sunnen glaste: Sam ist geschoenet unde gezieret Beij erlaut mit einem vürsten, der da loeset unser pfaut den gernden unde maniger bände gaste. Er ist vor allem valsche klär, alsam die luft, au aller triuvvc erkennet; des Boemeschen rlches erster kieser au der kür, an leienvürsten hat er slüzzel unde tür : Ludewic, herzöge uut pallenzgräve genennet. II. (7//, 57 bj 1. Mir zagelweibet sumelich hunt vriuntlichen äne mäze, der mich doch unverschuldes wilen gerne bizze; Den muoz ich streichen, daz er siner bösheit mich erläze; er waenet, daz ich siner schalkeit niht enwizze. Ja, boeser wiht, wolt' ich ez tuon, ich braehte iu dicke gelseu, ir valscher hunt! wan daz ir mir in Judas triuwen bietet iuwer helscu, daz ist mir kunt; ich weiz, daz ir iuch tuot ze mime schaden vrüuwen: doch wil ich iuwer valschen list mit vuoge stöuwen. 2. Du Got menschlich üf erden gienc mit sinen knehtcu allen; do kwam er z'einem male üf eine höhe brücken. 170 Meister Rümelaot. Darunder vI<^z ein tiefer bach, do was darin ftevallen ein man, dem sante Peter kwam dar xc gelüclien, Do er den lielfelOsen man gesach zc gründe sinken, tief was der bacli, d») rief er: ,, hilf im, Iierrc Got, lik nilit den man vertrinken!" Got widersprach: „swer sich helfen wil, dem wil ich helfe senden, der rüere sich mit vüezen unde euch mit. henden." 3. Heralt ein singer was genant, des muot was si\ verköret, der saue den bccsen herren lob , uut schalt die guoten. Do man des wart gewar, do sprach man: ,,swer nü ist geiindrct, der mac sich lobes in Haraldes don vermuoten." Der tritiwe unde cre in herzen truoc mit allen guoten dingen, den man er schalt; dem al diu menge laster sprach, des lop bcgund' er singen. des pflac Heralt: noch weiz ich den, er euslichct nimmer also Ilse, er enbezzer sich, sin lop kumt in Haraldes wise. 4. Mir vfxxe leit, daz ich den liuteu alle wol behagete; soll' ich ir aller hulde han, wie taet' ich danue? Swen ich verra;ter, diebe, rouber, morder lop bejagete, der kezzer unt der beiden, so waere ich ze banne. Kan ich der bcesen liute haz mit rehtikeit verschulden, so tuen ich reht; mit boesen werken wirbet man nach boeser liute hulden : der boesen kneht cnwil ich nimmer sin gelich, also den guoten; der erelösen hulde enwil ich nimmer muoten. III. QU, 61 aO Nu seht daz wunder Got vermac : sper unde kröne üf Drivels was vil manigen tac behalten, e sich ieman sin vermseze. Nach keiser Vrideriches zit wären künige vünve, der nie keiner sit ze Ache wenic küniges stuol besseze. Swie vil si truogen arebeit, mit kost, mit koufe unde ouch mit gäbe, daz riebe was in uubereit: DU hab' ez im von Havekesburc der grabe, der mute Ruodolf unverzaget; in also grözen cren wart nie künic betaget: kum heil dem Gotes üzerwelten Swäbe! ly. (III, 61 bj 1. Zwene trüt gesellen giengen späte in eime walde, lustelich geblüemet einen grüenen pfat sie runden, der gienc von der rehten sträze in wilder husche dorn. D6 der wise wolt' den wec ze guoter nahtbehalde, an den stic der tumbe gienc, des kriegen sie begunden. mit im gienc der wise, da sie beide ir IJp verlorn. Do sie die morder da vernämen, Jute schrei der wise : ,,owe, geselle. Meister Gervelio. Hi daz wir von rehtem wege ie kwameo, duz ist diu schult, diz swaerlicli ungevelle!" i)er tumbe sprach: „diu schult was din, daz merke, swer da welle; du waere ie wiser vil, den ich, du volgetest mir ze sncUe; des wir todeskwelle müezen liden unde zorn." 2. Alle künige, vürsten, herren, ritter, knaben, knehte, in zwein unt sibenzic sprachen, Juden, beiden, Kristen, eile, pfaffen unde leien, lantgebur, al menschen diet, Nu helfet rechen uns den mort, durch Got unt durch daz rehte, vil me wan durch des küniges tot, daz reht geriht erschelle dem künige, dem sin selbes volk mortllchen tot geriet. Getriuwe Tensche liute, rechet iuwern künic, des habet ir lob und ere, die morder meldet, unde sprechet an ir lip, daz sich ir heil verkere. swelich Teuscher wil unschuldic sin, der tuo, daz ich in lere, der sol die morder helfen tilgen vientllchen sere, daz ir laster mere: davon sing' ich iu diz llet. 9S. Ifleister Gervelin. C1S75.) On, 36 b.) t. Sselic müeze der turnei sin, saelic sin die edelen vürsten, bi den trinket man guoten win ! ez vröuwet gegen den turnei, beide, die armen unt die riehen. Sselic sl diu ritterschaft, sselic sin die stolzen knehte, die sich werent mit menlicher kraft; wie möhte sich daz urloge deme turnei dan geliehen? Der turnei vröude unt vride hat, unreht urloge vor Gote muoz sin ver- wäzen; der turnei kan geleite geben, er schaffet vride üf den sträzen, wa sol junc ritter ere nemen sine werde im in den wäfen sür? der turnei ist der schänden hagel, vrouwen Ere nachgebür. 3. Ein menlich wip, ein wiplich man, er habe die spille unt sie daz swert, der schände sie im vil wol gan; ir dunkel ere kan sie wol unde anders niemau prisen. Swaz er ja gesprechen mac, daz ist ir nein; ir ja muoz sin, sin nein ist niht ein wazzerslac; swarz unde wiz ist ungeiich, des ziehe ich an die wisen. Daz in ein wip betwingen mac, der wol ze strite eins landes kempfe waere, ir lereche si ein valke hö, hoert wunder, daz sint vremdiu msere: wibes swertes slac, mannes spinnen hat selten pris bejaget; sie man unt wib, er niht ein wib unt si vor ir verzaget. 1^2 Goldener. 90. Hcriiiaii Dauien. I. f//f, 163 aj Ich sizze tiefe in sorgen wage, lies mitoz ich sorge tribcn; ouch irret mich vil manic zage, der mit kiben mich vertriben wil. Swaz ich guotes gcsingen kan unde guotes tihten, daz wein der schänden diencstmau gar ernihten; daz irret mich so vil. Owc, der ist kleine, die rehter mcis(cr kunst wirden nach ir wirde, wan kunst hat Gotcs guust. hicvor do was reht meistersanc in al der werlt gename, dö er bi riehen kiinigen ranc: widerzteme, dankt mich, daz er uü si. II. (ii/, 165 aj Vür al daz wunder, daz ie gewart, so was daz wunder niaere, do Got menschlich üf erden was, do geiste dri ein geist. Da wart kein wunder an gespart, daz schuof der wunderaere, der geist der geiste, also icli ez las, der vater allermeist; Der geist der geiste den sune sin : wä wart ie grözer wunder schin, wan diz von eime geiste aleine? der geist der geiste, daz ist war, die muoter ob allen tilgenden gar, daz ist diu süeze maget reine. Uli geiste, vater, diniu kint, durch diner muoter ere, und lesche ir aller missetät, die hie an houbetsünden sint, die mache sünden Isere, unt gib in dort der engel wat. SO. Goldener. (18§0 — 9d.) cm, bio In Kren garten wart ein kränz geworht so viu und ouch so glänz, swie daz er eime höhen vürsten za:me. Der woer getriuwc, manlich, wis, Wiziäv. m iint haete (hohes) adels pris: sus solte er sin, der in ze houbet nscme. Diu Trknve, Kiiische und ouch diu Scham des krauzes borten drungen da mit vlizc; diu Milte und ouch diu Mazc alsam in durch erlilhten mit hohem farnize. do vrägte ich ritter, vrouwen, wer in solte tragen durch sine tugent? si sprächen: „äne schände, des künn wir dich bescheiden wol, wer in von schulden tragen sol: Wizlau, der junge helt in Rügelande." (1384-1385.) I. CHT, 80 aj „Mir geschiht niht wan mir geschaffen ist," ,,ez muoz nü sin," disiu list diu bringet manigen man darzuo, daz er sich selben triuget. „Geschaffen" und ,,ez muoz doch sin :" hoeret disiu törelin, wie sie liegent unt der werlt diu wort, ralsch von in vliuget. Tuont sie ein leit, sie sint geveit, unt jent: „diz muoz so wesen." des mac niht sin, nü merket min, ezne wart nie gelesen an Worten, noch an buochen kraft. war nement die tören disen haft, daz sie die liute triegent sus? ir sin sie selbe an liuget. II. CIIIj ^2 ^0 1. Diu erde ist entslozzen, herre, welch ein richer van die bluomen sint entsprozzen, Darüz so wirt gesticket! der müge wir nu nozzen vil sorgen sie enzwicketj unsern buosen vol, als er, geheret wirt ir röter munt, Diu vogelin lüte schrien, üf dem plane san zer stunt: in velde und üf den zwien, sie sint geheizen vröudenvunt. sie enahten keines snien ; 3. Da wirt vil manic herze sie sint irer selber her. enzündet, sam ein kerze, Diu kulde ist verswunden, von grözer mione smerze: den meien hau wir vunden owe, minne, dich entsel vrolich in meien bluote; Wiltu dich sus beweren, winder, dich verhuote, wer sol sich an dich keren, der sumer kumt ze muote. kanstu die vröude speren? 2. Die bluomen sint gewieret, enthalt dich, wis niht ze spe. diu krenzelin gepfieret, Läz diner minne deben wie daz die vrouwen zieret, ze staeter vröude leben, üf ir wilen in dem plan I sone bistu niht aleine : Ir wengel sint geroetet, süeze vrouwe, reine, gegen den meijen entbloetet, mit triuwen ich dich meine, sam ein rubin geicetet: \|'}4 Boppe. S9. Sloiipe. I. (II, 377 aj 1. Ob al der werlte gar gewaltic wäre ein man, und ob sin sin durchsunne, daz nie sin durchsan, und ob er wunder wäre über elliu wunder; Ob in gelücke trücgc unz an der himel stein, und ob er künde pnieven, wizzen unde zela des nieres griez, die Sternen gar besunder; Ob sin kraft eine tüsent risen manliche mühte ervellen unde twingen, ob höhe berge unt velse risen dur sin gebot, und ob er mühte bringen, swaz wazzer, luft, viur, erde weben, swaz Avont von gründe unz an den tron der sunnen, ob im ze rehter c gegeben nach wünsche waere ein wib in cren wunnen, kiusche unde reine, wolgezogea, der schoen' ein überguldc, und ob er mit ir solde gar leben tüsent jiir: waz waere ez danne, und ob er niht erwürbe Gotes hulde? 2. Des merke unt vrüu dich, hölier, werder, wiser mensch, Cp.391.) du sist Tiutsch, Welsch, Windesch, Ungersch, oder Tensch, von welher hande spräche du siist Kristen, Der wirde, der dir Got besunder hat gegeben, ndch tüde dort ein lemerwerndez ewlc leben, unt hie daz din sin wunder kan verlisten. Dir dienet gar der werlte mäht, des hohsten kraft und al diu himelwunne, swaz bringen mac tag unde naht, die maue, Sternen, zirkelbrehende sunne, viur, wazzer, luft, der erden rüge, swaz vliuget, vliuzet, wehset, oder swimmet, der winde süs, der wölken vlüge, blizzen, donren, swaz stät, oder klimmet, daz dient dir allez von im dar, darümbe in slaete prise, ouch wand er dir sieb selben git gar äne strit, vür arger geister kündekeit so hohe z'einer spise. 3. Sich, ritter wert, an dine höhe werdekeit, unt kleide dinen werden lip mit ereu kielt, Sit daz dir ist ere unde pris gewidemet; Pflic schiltes amptes schöne und ere swertes segen, bis vridebaere in velden, weiden, und üf wegen, wirp liie nach prise unt schazze dort, unt lä dich niht an eren viuden heisen ; du tugende dich in alle wis, la dich in werder wibe dienste schouwen, halt höchgelopten ritters pris, so daz dich prisen höchgeborne vrouAven; ^ Her Brunwart von Oukhein. HS erbarme, wärheit, kiiische, schäme mit dir sia ümbehcJsel : tuostu daz, Werder ritter wis, so wirt din pris, din rilich lop , din werder name in eren wis gevelset. 4. Het' ich des küuiges Sälomunes wisheit ganz, und Absalönes schoene, däbi sunder schranz, gewalt des riehen küniges Davides; Waere ich dabi noch sterker, danne was Sarasön, künde viirbringen, also Hörant, sQezen dön, unt waere gewaltig alles goltgesmides; Waere ich, als Aristötiles, unt künde, als Virgilius, zouberie, vil wol möht' ich mich troesten des, waere ich der beste in Artus massenie, Avaere ich , als Adam , edel gar, unde Guräz was, trüt den vrouwen allen, vröloh grimme unde zühte bar, Giiwin, wem mühte daz missevallen? het' ich tugent, als Senecä, darzuo der werlte wunne, unt daz ich waere zen vüezen snel, als Azahel : hievür nseme ich, daz sich min liep gegen mir lieplich versunne. II. OIj 384 b.) Ich weiz wol, wenne min armuot ein ende haben sol, swenne der herzöge Meinhart vermidet Kernd unt Tirol unt der giege üz Österlant umb ere git die guoten stat ze Wiene, Unt herzöge Heinrich von Beierlant niht me milte enpfliget, unde der künic Ruodolf deme Soldän an gesiget, unde der Swarzwalt wirt verbrant unde daz mer gevüllet ist mit griene, Tnt Würzeburc niht wines hat, und elliu Avazzer werdent vische laere, unt zucker wirt eins Juden kwät, und alten hoverchten wibes minne vrtiudebaere, unt der bischof von Sträzburc Chuonrät bllbet äne nit, unt der edel vürste von Baden daz alte Gebzensteiu durch vorhte üfgit. §3. Her Brunivart toii Oukhein. (18§6 — 96.) CII, 76 aj 1. Wol dir, sumer, wie du herest 8. Wenne sol ein lieplich grüezen beide und ouch den grüenen walt, mir vil senden werden kunt Wie du kleinen vogelin merest Von ir, diu mir s waere büczen hohe ir stimme manicvall! n"g» i"i<i ir vil roter munt? Davon git dir vröude ir singen Mir kan nieman truren swendeu, üf dem berge und in dem tal, wan ir liehter munt vil rot: swä man suoze beere erklingen ir tröst muoz mir helfe senden, ir vil wunneclichen schal. aide ich stirbe in sender not. I n« Der Uijvcrzagete. 3. Swie diu weit an vruiiden Wcnnc sol si tröst erzeigcu ^ 8 wache, mir gcnädclöseu man? v doch mag ich der vrouwcn min danne wolt' ich trüren neigen : Niht vergezzcn, swie si mache, des ich leider sua niht kan. daz ich niiioz in sorgen sin. 94« Der Uiiverzagete. (.vor U882.) ailj 45 aj 1. Der künic Ruodolf minnet Got und ist an triuwen stiete, der künic Ruodolf hat sich manigen schänden wol versaget, Der kiiuic Ruodolf rihtet wol unt hazzet valsche raete, der künic Ruodolf ist ein hclt an tugenden unverzaget; Der künic Ruodolf eret Got und alle werden vrouwen, der künic Ruodolf lict sich dicke in hohen eren schouwenj -, ich gan im wol, daz im nach siner milte heil geschiht: t der meister singen, gigen, sagen, daz hoert er gerne, unt git in darümbe niht. 2. Die riehen herren süln die ritter , knehte bi sich ziehen, den süln sie lihen unde geben mit willen, daz ist min rät; Die ritter unt die knehte süln den herren niht cnpfliehen, wä man die helme houwen sol unt vriunt bi vriunde stdt. m Ir edelen herren, lät iu mineu rät nü niht versmähen: man sol den gesten mit dem gruoze unt mit der vräge nähen ; Sit ein Wirt des hüses unde pfleget der liute wol; Sit werhaft gegen den vienden, unt sit mute, wä man ze rehte geben sol. 3. Swen gernde liute gerne suochent, der ist eren riche, swen gernde liute schiuwent, der ist maniger tugende vri. Swen gernde liute gerne an sent, der lebet gar wirdiclichej swen gernde liute ungerne sent, dem wonet schände bi. Swen gernde liute minnent, der ist gerne an triuwen staete; i swen gernde liute hazzent, seht, der pflit vil valscher raete. ■ swen gernde liute prisent, der ist saelicliche geborn : swen gernde liute vluochent, der hat triuwe unde ere unt wirdikeit verlorn, 85. Orave UTerulier \ou Iloiiliere. I Cld§9 — 1380.) CI, 63 a.) Mit urloup wil ich hinnan varn unt scheiden von dem lande und niemer wider komen drin,* si muoz ez mir erlouben unt ze vriunde mich enpfän , än'allen valschen wanc. Waa seh' mich rieh, wan seh' mich am, 80 läz' ich in ir bände herz unde muot, lib unde sin: wil si mich lebens rouben, daz stet an ir eine gar, nach der min herze ie rauc. ^ Doch triuwe ich ir, si ist so guot, Meister Johans Hadloup. 177 daz si mir wende sterben; ich wil es niemer abgelän, ich hun den muot, unt soll' ich driimb verderben, ich dien' ir alle die wile ich lebe, geseit si mir'z nie- mer dauc. 86. «folftans vou Riiikciiberc. (1S91 — 1340.) (7, 339 «,) Aller wite ein ümbekreiz, der hoesten hoehe ein überhoeher, der da weiz aller herzen sin unt gedanc, und ouch geschaffen hdt al creatiure; Du bist endelöser tiefe ein stam, wazzer, luft, viur, erde du hast geschaffen sam, an ir nätür und alle[r] geschepfde, waz wesens ist gehiure ald ungehiure, Daz hästu, herre, in dlner hant, waz wont die hoehe, tiefe, in aller breite, daz ist dir vil wol erkant, din wisheit sin in elliu herzen leite, nie kein dinc so tougen wart, daz ez dir woere vor verspart: in dem kreiz alles ümbevangs dir, edeler Got, sich nie kein ding cntseite. 89. ]?£cii$tcr «foliaus Hadloup. (13930 * I. (7/, 278 aO 1. Ach, mir was lange nach ir so we gesin, davon dähte ich vil ange, daz ir daz wurde schin, Ich nam ir ahte in gewande, als ein pilgerin, so ich heinlichste mähte, do si gienc von meltin, Do häte ich von sender klage einen brief, daran ein angel was, den hieng ich an si, daz was vor tage, daz si niht wisse daz. 2. Mich dühte, si daehte: „ist daz ein tobic mau? waz wolde er in die nsehte, daz er mich grifet an?" Si vorhte ir scre, min vrouwe wolgetän; doch sweic si dar ir cre, vil balde si mir entrau. Des was ich gegen ir so gajhe, daz eht si balde kseme hin in, (Minnesänger.) 12 ns Meister Johans Hadlotip. dur daz den bricf nicmaa an ir gosirlio : si hriihtc in toiigen hin. 3. Wie si im do ticte, des wart mir nlht geseit, ob si in hiuniirfe, ald' liiete; daz tuo( mir sende leit. Las si in mit sinne, so vant si s^elikeit, tiere rede von der minne, U'az not min herze treit. Dem tet si nie sit gelichc, daz ir min nöl ie* wurde kunf. Dwc ( ) reine, minnecli«Mie du tiiost mich serc wunt. 4. In' getorste gcscndeu nie keinen boten ir, wan si nie Avolde geneiidc». ir tröst erzeigen mir; Der ir kunt taete, wie kume ich si verbir, unt si gnaden bsete nach mines herzen gir. Da vorhte ich ir ungednide, wan si mir ist dariunb gehaz. daz ich so gar gerne ha'(e ir hiilde, warümbe tuot si daz? 5. Min herze serc si mir durbrochen hat, wan si dädur, diu here, so gewaltecliche gät Hin unt herwidere, doch ez si gerne enpfät; si lät sich drinne ouch uidere mit wunnen, die si hat. Si kan so gevüege wesen, swie si mcr dan min herze si, swie si drinne gät, des mag ich genesen: arges ist si so vri. 6. Mich dunket, mau seeche min vrouwen wol getan, der mir min brüst üfbraeche, in minem herzen stdn, So lieplich reine, gar wiplich lobesan. in' Mige ez doch niht kleine, daz ich si so mac hän. Nu muoz si mir doch des giAinen, swie sere si sich vrenidet mir, doch gan si mir niht der rehten wunnen; der ich ie muote z'ir. Meieter Johans Iladloup. HO * II. (//. 279 aO 1. Ich diene sit daz wir beidiu waren kint, diu jür mir siut gar swaer' gesin; Wan si wac so ringe niiueu dienest ie, sin' wolle nie geruochen min. Daz wart erbarmen hcrren, dien wart'z kunt, daz ich nie mit rede ir was gewesen bi; des brühten si mich dar zestunt. 2. Swie ich was mit höhen herreu komen dar, doch was si gar hert' wider mich, Si kcrt sich von mir, drt si mich sach zehant; von leide geswant mir, hin viel ich. Die herren huoben mich dar, da si saz »nde gaben mir ( ) balde ir haut: do ich des bevant, do wart mir baz. 3. Mich dühte, daz nieman möhte hän erbeten si, daz si mich vri not hete getan, Wan daz si vorhte, daz si schuldic wurde an mir, ich lac vor ir, als ein tot man, Unt sach si jaemerlich an üz der nüt. des erbarmet si sich, wan ich'z hate von ir, des si doch mir ir hant dö bot. 4. Do sach si mich lieplich an unt rette mit mir; ach wie zam ir daz so gar avoI I Ich mohte si so reht geschouwen wol getan : wa wart ieman ^ so vröuden vol? Die wile lägen min arme lif ir schöz : ach wie suoze mir daz dur min herze gie ! min vröude nie mer wart so gröz. 5. Do häte ich ir hant so lieplich vaste, Got weiz, davon si beiz mich in min hant; Si wände, daz ez mir we tat': do vröute ez mich, so gar suoze ich ir muudes bevant; Ir bizen was so zärtlich, wiplich, flu, des mir we tat, daz so sciiiert' zergangan was: mir wart nie baz, daz muoz war sin. 180 Meister Jolians Iladloup. 6. Si bäten si vaste, cteswaz geben mir, des si an ir lange hcte gehan ; Also warf si mir ir nudelbcin dorther, in siiezer ger balde ich ez nan. Si namcn mir'z imt gäben'z ir wider dö, und erbitten si, daz si mir'z lieplich böl; in sender n6t wart ich so vrd. » III. (II, 881 b.) 1. Ach, ich sach si triuten wol ein kindelin, davon wart min rauot liebes ermant: Si ümbevieng ez unde drncte ez nähe an sich; davon dähte ich lieplich zehant : Si nam sin antlüzze in ir hende wiz linde dructe ez an ir munt, ir wengel klar, owc, so gar wol kiiste si'z. 8. Ez tet ouch zeware, als ich hete getan: ich sach umbvän ez ouch si do, Ez tet, reht als ez entstüende ir wunnen sichj des duhte mich, ez was so vrö. Don' mohte ich es niht äne nit verlän, ich gedähte: owe, waere ich daz kindelin, iinz daz si sin wil minne hän! 3. Ich nam war, dö daz kindelin t-rst kam von ir, ich namz ziio mir lieplich ouch dö; Ez dühte mich so guot, wan si'z e dructe an sich;« davon wart ich sin gar so vrö; Ich ümbevieng ez, wan si'z e ümbevie, unt kust'z an die stat, swä ez von ir küsset c was: we mir doch daz ze herzen gie. 4. Man jiht, mir si niht als«^ ernstlich w£ nach ir, als si'z von mir vernomen hänt. Ich si gesunt: ich waer' vil siech unt siechlich var, taet' mir so gar wd minnebant. Daz man's niht an mir siht, doch lide ich not, daz vüegt guot geding', der hilfet mir aldäher; unt lieze mich der, so waere ich tot. Meister Johans lladluup. 181 IV. (II, 883 b.) Der Site ist in Oesterrich uuminneclich, duz schocne vrouwen trageut alle hüete breit; Wan ir niinneclichen var niac mau gar selteu gescliouwen, 8ü si ir hüete haut üf geleit. Mangen waer' diu zit gar unverdioiszuii, Siehe man dicke ir wengeJln und ir liehten ougen schin: wan waeren die hüete gevlozzen Tuonouwe ab, so mehte ez sin. V. CII, 280 b.) 1. \Vä vunde mau sament so manic lict? man vunde ir niet in dem künigriche, als in Zürich an buochen stat: Des prüevet man dicke da meistersauc; der Manesse ranc darnach endeliche, des er diu liederbuoch nü hat. Gegen sim hove mehten nigen die siogairc, sin lop hie prüeveu und anders wä; wan sanc hat boum unde würzen da: unt wisse er, wä guot sanc noch waere, er würbe vU endelich darnä. 2. Sin sun, der kuster, der treip'z ouch dar, des si gar vil edels sanges, die herren guot, haut zemne bräht. Ir ere prüevet man däbi; wer wiste si des anevanges? der hat ir eren wo! gedäht. Daz tet ir sin , der rihtet si nach crcu ; daz ist ouch in erborn wol an. sanc, da man dien vrouwen wolgetän wol mitte kan ir lop gemeren, den wolten si niht Idn zergän. 3. Swem ist mit edlem sänge wol, des herze ist vol gar edler sinne; ^ sang ist ein su gar edicz guot; Er kumt von edlem sinne dar: dur vrouwen klar, dur edel minne, von dien zwein kumt so höher muot. 182 Der Chanzier. W&z wwre diu weit, enwacrcn wip sd scha?nc? dar si Wirt eö vil süczckcit, dur si man wol singet iinde seit aö guot getiht, iint sücz gedoene: ir wünne saog üz herzen trcit. 89. Der Cliaiizlcr. (um 1300.) I. Ol, 390 bj Die pfafTenvürstcn sint ir wirden teil beroubet, vür iiifel heim , vür krumbe stehe siebte spieze unt sper, Vür stülcn swert, vür alba ein plat sint in erloubet, halsgerc, gupfen , coIIier, barbel sint ir umbler; Missachel hin, her wapenroc, hin buoch, bar schilte breit! umb münches blat ein krülle, ein kröne umb nunnen houbet: da ümbe sweifet wäriu hochvart, valschiu heilikeit. II. (II, 391 b.J 1. Sumerwunne, swer dich schon- wie gar wunneclich si stc! wen Swem in bliiomcn, under blüetc, welle, der kere in die ouwen, lieplich nähe ein ümbevanc, üf die berge und in diu tal. hiure kündet wibes güete, Wilder missevarwen geste der läze allez ungemüete, hänt enpfangen boume este, unt sage des dem meien danc. wan siht bluomen überal. 3. Üz einem rüsenvarwen munde Rillch gedoene in süezer wise kumt von wibes herzen gründe, singeut kleiniu vogellin. daz man gerne schouwen mac : , meie, daz si dir ze prise, Reiner wibe süezez laclien rlfen, sne, mit kaltem ise mac baz sendez trüren swachen, swindent gegen der lüfte din. danne ein blüeterlcher hac : 2. Werden alten und ir jungen, Swaz üz süezem döne erklinget, swer den winter was betwungen, swaz der walt des loubes treit, der ensol niht trüren me : swaz diu beide bluomen bringet, Schouwent an die grüenen beide, swaz diu nahtegal gesinget, wie gar diu von leide scheide, dast gegen wiben ungereit. III. (11, 397 a.) Gelücke, wol man din bedarf, bi viure, in luft, üf erde, in dem mer; swaz kunst ein man gelernet hat, diu vrümt im an' dich niht. Suez ist din kunft, din scheiden scharf, du riebest, ermest, sunder wer, du leistest ungeheizen tat, du triugest zuoversiht. Din wildez welzen wunderlich vcrre üz menschlich gedenken ist gestrichen j mit sinnen unbegrifeclich ist der Ursprung, üz dem du knmst gcslichen; du stcst dem argen ofte bi. Regenboge. 18S diu Wirt gevrout der boDse und oucli der guotc. ich waen', cz nicuiaa wizzende sJ, mit wclhctu dienst man an dich helle ntuutc. inach 1319.) cm, 347 aj Her sin, her sin, cz gct mir niht, als ir gehiezet mir, do ir mich namt von dem amböz, mir Ton dem stocke rietet; ir sprächt, ez wa?r' ouch min gcwiu, daz ich den herren süng^ lunb richcz gdot. Ze singen ich het le die pfliht und ist ouch min begir, unt weiten mich die herren groz mit gilbe vürbaz mieten, die vürsten luogeu baz vür sich, oder ich ker' wider zuo der esse gluot. Dil swer ich hamer unde zang' und ouch dem aueboz, der teilt mir willeclichen mit sin vleisch und ouch siu brOi vürwär ich zer mich nimmer bloz min kunst vor herren biz üf mineu tot. Von einem niigeuaiiiiteii «licliter. (IIT, 446 a.) 3. Stetit puella bi einem boume, scripsit amorem an einem loube. 4. Dar kom Venus also fram, ciirilatem maguam, hohe roinne bot si ir manne. 1. Stetit puella rufa tuuica, si quis eam tetigit, lunica crepuit. Eia ! 2. Stetit puella, tamquam rosula facie spicnduit et OS ejus floruit. Eia ! VForterbiicb. stm. swm.: masculinum starker oder schwacher form; ebenso bei fem, und neutr. — sw.: schtvaches verbum. — G. B. etc.: mit dem yenit, dat. cet. — GSADP cet.: die sacke steht im geiiit, die person im acc. oder dat. ab s. V. a. aber. abe, ab, adv. herab, praep. von. aber, hinwieder^ abermals, aber, doch. aberelle, swm. april. adamas, stm. diamant. adelar, swm adler. afterslac, stm. heimtückischer schlag. Agezy eigenname; bedeutet auch ei" nen elfenartigen geist, Grimm mgthol. p. 147. ahi, juchhe, hei! aht, stf. stand. äht, stf. öffentlich gebotne Verfol- gung, acht. ahte, stf. beachtung, aufmerken. aks (akes), stf. axt. äkust, jT. äküste, stf. Schlechtigkeit, list. al, adv. ganz u. gar. albe, swf. berg. albe, stf. stück der priesterlichen altarkleidung. aide, alder, oder. alden, stv. alt werden, alt machen. allererst, adv. erst, endlich einmal. alles, adv. gänzlich, immerfort. Almän, Allemanne, Deutscher ; bei Walth. V. d. Vag. die gegenkönige Friedrich u. Otto. alterseine, adj. einzig u. allein. als, alse, wie; so; als ob. alsam s. v. a. also. also , ganz so ; ganz so wie. alsus 5. V. a. also. alte, swm. lauf er im Schachspiel. alten, s. alden. alümbe, adv. rings umher. ämer, stm. begierde , Sehnsucht. amis, stm. freund, geliebter. an, in, an^ bei. anbegione, stn. anfang, das erschei- nen; sorge. ande, swm. zorn, unlust. anden, sw. rügen, ze DS. als — . anders, adv. sonst, ausserdem. anderswä , anderswo. andcrthalben, andrerseits. äne, an, praep. ohne^ ausser; äne, adj. ermangelnd ; äne tuon, befrei- en y erlösen; sich äne begän, GS. sich einer suche begeben, etwas aufgeben. Äne, Aisne in Frankreich. aneganc, -ges, stm. annäherung, Vorbedeutung. anehanc, stm. reif, feuchtigkeit, nass. ange, adv. sorgfältig, ängstlich. angel, stm. stächet. anger, stm. anger, ackerland, gras- latid. angestlich, adj. schrecklich. aeolc — betragen. 185 aenlc, adj. ermangelnd , beraubt. ankerhaft, stm. ankertau (?). ar, g. am, swm. adler. arbeit, arebeit, stf. bemühuny ^ miih- salj noth. arc, g. arges, geizig, schlecht, böse, feig. arm, adj. arm; der arme man, der unfreie unterthan, knecht C^ei WalthJ. am s. V. a. arm. art, stf. geschlecht, abstammung. aventiure, stf. merkwürdiges beson- ders frohes ereigniss; üz hüber avent. , fausto oviine. Azahel d. i. Asael, nach der kab- balistischen dämonenlehre ein über die Vögel gesetzter geist. B. bäbest, stm. der pabst. balsemensmac , stm. balsamduft. balsmen, sw. mit baisam begaben. balsmentrör, stn. balsamtropfen, balsamduft. balt, adj. dreist, kühn^ fröhlich; O. eifrig zu — . bannen, bien, in bann thun, excom- municiren; verbieten; gebieten. bar, adj. nackt, bloss, ledig. barät, stm. betrug, trug u. list. barbel, stn. (barba), der theil des helmes tinter den äugen, der das gesicht schützt. barmenaere, stm. erbarmer. barmiuige, stf. erbarmung. barn, stmn. kind, söhn. begangen (>, form.;), etwas thun. begie v. begangen, behalten, hielt, bewachen, halten. Beheim, Böhmen. beherten, sw. erkämpfen. behüeten, huote, behiiot, beivahren, verhüten, bewachen. behügen, sw. denken.] behuot, stm. schütz. behiiot s. behüeten. behüsen, sw. behausen, aufnehmen, mit einem hause versehen. beidenthalp , auf beiden seilen. bein, stn. der knochen. beiten , sw. warten , frist geben. beizen, sw. beizen, mit stossvögeln jagen, vögel jagen. bejagen, sw. erwerben, gewinnen. bekennen, sw. sehen, erkennen, er- fahren, kennen, zuerkennen. bekor, stm. er probung. belangen, siv. durch lange dauer belästigen, mit Sehnsucht, verlan- gen erfüllen; mich b., GS. mich verlangt nach etwas. ber, swm. der bär. berihten, sw. belehren, in gehörigen ^ stand setzen; APGS. zufrieden stellen in oder wegen etwas , un- terrichten von — . beriuwen, sw. betrüben. bern, bir, bar, geborn, hervorbrin- gen, gebären; tragen; grüeue bernde, grün belaubt. bernde, ptc. v. bern, fruchtbar. Berne, Verona, herrschersitz Diet- richs, d. i. des mythisirten ostgo- thenkönigs Theodorich. bescheiden, scbiet, auseinanderset- zen, DPAS. im testamente ver- machen; zuerkennen. bescheiden, adj. verständig. bescheidenheit, stf. einsieht, Ver- ständigkeit. bescheidenlich , verständig, wissend was sich gebührt, recht und bil- lig, geschickt, passend. beschermen, sw. beschirmen. besinnen, san, ersinnen. besitzen, saz, sezzea, in besitz nehmen, besetzen. besuiden, sneit, sniten, beschneiden, verhindern. bestdn (s. form.), aushalten, bleiben, stand halten, angreifen , angehn, angehören, zustehn. bestürabelu, sw. verstümmeln. besunder, adv. für sich allein. beswichen , sweich, bethören, betrü- gen. betagen, siv. zu tage kommen oder bringen, bescheren, zutheilen. bete, swf. die bitte. sich betragen, truoc, sichernähren, gemächlich leben. 186 betragen — brogen. hctrdgeu, siv. mich betraget, OS. es dauert mir zu lange ^ wird mir lästig, schmerzt mich. hetro^cn, ptc. t'o« betriegcn , falsch, belrüglich. betrüebcD , sw. traurig machen ; be- rauben C^J- betwingen, twanc, twungen, beztvin- gen, erzwingen. bevdn für bevähen, umfangen, um- schliessen. bovellien , bevilhe, bevalch, befehlen. bevila, sw. unpersönl. mit Ä. u. G. zu viel dünken, verdriessen , lüs- tig werden. bevorn , bevor, vor. bewarn, sw. bewahre». sich bewegen, wige, wac, sich ent- schliessen; mit GS. etwas auf- geben. beweren für bewaeren, beweisen (?), b. Wizlav. bezeigen, sw. bezeichnen, zeigen. bezinnen^ sw. wie mit zinnen ver- sehen. bi, praep. bei. biderbe, adj. tüchtig, wacker, brav. bienen v. bannen. bilde, stn. gestall, person, ebenbild, Vorbild. bilden, siv. vorstellen, abbilden. binden, baut, banden, verbinden; ptc. wol gebunden, mit gutem ge- bende versehen. birsen, sw. pirschen, schiessen. bischuft, stf. fabelj beispiel. bismen , sw. mit bisam, moschus versehen. bispel, stn. sprüchwort, gleichniss- rede. biten, beit, biten, verweilen, warten. biuwen s. v. a. bouwen. biuxen, sw. erweichen, aufblähen. blsejen^ sw. wehen, blasen. blappenblap , stm. ungeschliffener mensch (;?_). bläsgeselle, swm. gehülfe des gauk- lers. blat, s. blatte. blat, stn. das blalt. blatte, swf. plattes stück metall, stein; bruststück des panzers; platte , kahlkopf d. h. niünch. blecken , blacte , entblössen , zeigen (z. b. die zahne'). bliclich , adj. blinkend. blide, freudig, lieblich. blidcschaft, slf. freude. blint, adj. blind, dunkel; ze mcr- kcnne blint, schwer zu verstehen. blöz, adj. enlblösst, vnbeschützt. bloedekeit, stf. gebrechlichkeit. blüc, adj. schüchtern , zaghaft. blüenicn, sw. mit blumen schmücken. bluot , stf. die blülhe. belle, swf. knospe. borgen, sw. leihen (^ausgeben u. neh- men). borgen, stm. die bürgschaft, lohn, bezahlung des geborgten. borte, swm. borte. boese, adj. erbärmlich, schwach, schlecht, geizig. bouc, stm. ring für haupt, hals u.arm. beuge s. v. a. bouc. boungartegin, stn. baumgärtchen. bouwen, sw. wohnen, bewohnen. boven, praep. über. büzen, sw. stossen, pochen. brä, stswf. augenbraue. bräht, ptc. V. bringen. breiten bei Kith. II, 8. s. v. a. ba- räten, betrügen C-O- brehen, sw. leuchten, glänzen. breiten, siv. ausbreiten. brem, swm. brumm fliege, brömse. bren, s. v. a. brehen. brennen, sw. verbrennen, trans. bresten, briste, brast, ßntrans.) brechen; gebrechen, fehlen. brief, 6?. brieves, stm. brief, ge- schriebenes, Urkunde. bringen (s.form.), inne br., APGS. einen etwas merken lassen. brinuen, bran , brunnen , angezündet sein, im brande stehen, glühen, auftvallen. broede, adj. gebrechlich, schwach, hinfällig. broede, stf. gebrechlichkeit brogen, sw. prahlen, sich übermü- thig erheben. \ bruch — durcbgründen. 187 l)riich , stm. Übertretung der gesetze. brücken, sw. eitlen kniippeldamvi anlegen. Briin, Bruno. bruonen, sw. wie einen brunnen ent- stehen machen. briit, stf. braut. bü, G. büwes, stm. bau, bestelluny des f'eldes. büezen, buozte, bessern, wegschaf- fen y stillen j gutmachen. buoz, stm.y buoze, stf. das aufhö- ren eines Schadens, fehlers; ge- ntiythuung für das aupwren eines Schadens; des ist buoz, das wird gebüezet. €. s. K. und 'Ml. Cb. s. K. D. da, vom orte, da; wo. dach, stn. bedeckung, das höchste, oberste. dahte, prt. v. decken, dähte V. denken, dau für daune u. dannen. danc, stm. Wohlgefallen, willen, dank; sunder danc, wider willen; äne danc , zu seinem leidwesen. dankes, adv. gern, freiwillig. danne, dann, alsdann, denn; nach comp, als Coft mit folg. genit.J. dannen, von da. dar, dahin; wohin. dast für daz ist. deb für diep, dieb, Wizl. degen, stm. tapfrer mann, held. dehein , irgend ein; kein, deich für daz ich. denken, dähte, gedenken; gedaht haben ze — , bestimmt haben zu — . der für daz er. derde für die erde, dermel, stn. dim. v. dai'ni, einge- weide, wiirst CO» derniite s. v. a. darmite, damit. des, deshalb, daher. dest für des ist u. daz ist. dcswcir für daz ist w«lr, für- ivahr. deweder, adj. der eine von beiden, keiner von beiden, dez s. V. a. daz, dicke, ade. oft. dicker, adJ. dicht, dick. dienen, sw. aufwarten, dienen, ver- dienen. dienest, stm. u. n. dienst, verdienst; dienstmann. dieplich, adJ. diebisch, diet, stf. mehrere zusammengehörige menschen, gesellschaft, leute. diezeu, düz, tosen, rauschen; glän- zen. dlnc, stn. sache. dingen, sw. einen vertrag m.achen, hoffen; an — appellieren an, et- was C^or gericht) erbitten, vor gericht ziehn. diuten, düte, bedeuten. du, zeit u, grund bezeichnend, da- mals; da, dol, stf, traurigkeit, doln, sw, erdulden, erleiden, er- fahren. don, stm. ton, gesangweise, gesang. doureslac (plur. siege), stm. don- nerschlag, donresträl, stm. wetterstrahl. dörpellich, adJ. bäurisch. düz, stm. getöse, lärm. draejen, sw. sich drehen, wirbeln. dräte, prt. von draejen. dräte, adv. schnell, alsbald. drien, sw. verdreifachen. drin für darin, dahinein, dahin. dringen, dranc, dringen, drücken. Drivels, Trifels, ein schloss der deutschen kaiser bei Anniveiler im Elsass, drö, drou, stf. drohung. drü, s. V. a. druohe. drümen, sw. zertrümmern. druohe, stf. fessel, falle, Wolfs- grube, düf, stm. diebstahl. dultccliche, adj. geduldig. dur, durh, durch, praep. durch, wegen, aus. durchgründen, sw. vollständig er- 188 durchkernet — entsitzen. gründen j bis auf den grund durch- dringen. durchkernet, durch und durch ge- haltvoll. durchliljen, sw. mit lilien über und über schmücken. durchlüterlicb, adj. vollkommen klar^ glänzend. durchsternet, viit sternen besäet. dürfen, gen. bedürfen. dürheln, stv. durchbohren. dürkel, adJ. durchlöchert. durliuhtic, adJ. durchsichtig, klar. dursiuberlich, adj. lieblich. diite, s. diiiteu; emendation Simrocks statt des unverständlichen tet bei Walth. V. d. Vog. LH. dwanc «. v. a. twanc. ö, stf. Satzung, gesetzj bund, reli~ gion. eben, ebene, adv. gleichmässig, sorg- fältig, genau, sogar. ebene, adj. gleich. ebenhcr, adj. gleich mächtig j gleich edel. Egge wird von Dietrich, gegen den er ausgeschickt ist, überwunden tind getüdtet. Eggehart, der getreue Eckard, p fle- ger der Harlunge C^ritile u. Im- brecke, söhne des königs Härtung) und warnender Hüter des Venus- berges. E. not durch die Verfol- gung seiner Pflegekinder herbeige- führt. Der zornige E. , der über den mord der Harlunge zornige. ehaft, adj. gesetzmässig ; eh. not, rechtsgiltige abhaltung, z.b. krank- heit. cht, et, nunj nun einmal; bloss, nur. eigen, adj. eigenthümlich, leibeigen. eigen, stn. allodiales grundstück. ein, eine, allein; GS. frei von — , ohne — . üf eine, in eins, zusammen. einloetic, stets gleich wiegend. cischen, sw. Cp^t. auch iesch) ver- langen, heischen, auffordern, un- tersuchen, nachfragen. eisen, sw. schände r empfinden, schaudern. eitergalle, swf giftige gälte. elich, adj. gesetzmässig. eilen, stn. kraft, macht, stärke. eilende, adj. der in der fremde ist, fremd, unbekannt. eilende, stn. die fremde. eilenden, siv. sich, sich in ein frem- des land begeben, sich entfremdend ellenthaft, adj. kampfmuthig , stark. elliii , omnia , neutr. plur. von al. en für ne, auch für den. enbarn, sw. aufdecken, offenbaren. enbern, bir, bar, born, sich fern von etwas halten, entrathen. enbieten, blute, bot, baten, boten, entbieten, verkündigen (bi — durch —J. enbinden, bant, losbinden, befreien, absolviren. endehaft, adj. vollendet, bestimmt. endekrist, stm. antichrist. endelich, adj. hurtig, fleissig. endeliche, adv. entschieden, fleissig. eneben , praep. neben. enein (in ein) werden, GS. überein- kommen über etwas. engelten, gilte, galt, gölten, entgel- ten. enbein, kein, irgend ein. enpfähen, als lehensmann annehmen. enpflegen, pflige, pflac, pflegen, ge- messen. enpfremden, sw. einem andern über- lassen. enplanden, plient, lästig machen; ez dem libe, es sich sauer wer- den lassen. eustricken, sw. losbinden, lösen. entäneu, sw. berauben. entblößten, entblössen, Wizt. entliuhten, sw. erleuchten. sich entsagen, sw. sich losmachen von — . entse dich C^iell. entste dich), habe ein einsehen C?) Wizl. entsitzen, saz, A. unwillig werden entslozzen ertoeren. 18!) über etwas, AD. sich entsetzen, fürchten vor — . cntslozzcu, erschlossen. entspringen, spranc, hervorspringen, hervorsprossen. CDtstiin (/'or»<«;«;j, einsehen, gewahr werden, verstehen; sich e. ein- sehen. cntrimven, wahrlich. entwencn, sw. entwöhnen. entwenken, sw. durch wenkeo ent- kommen , entweichen. entwer, adj. schräg, überzwerch, verkehrt, quer über. entwerfen, wirfe, warf, worfen, bil- den; sich entw. aufstreben. entwem, sw. versagen, verlustig machen. entwonen, sw. sich entwöhnen. enweder, pron. keiner von beiden. enwiht, ein nichts j eine gehalllose Sache. enzit, bei zeiten, bald. enzunt, ptc. v. enzünden, brennen machen. enzwicken , sw. herausreissen , frei machen. er . V. a. e, früher, Wizl. erban, s. erbiinnen. erbarmic, adj. barmherzig. erbeiten, sw. G. abwarten, auf et- was harren. erbeitsselic , adj. mühselig, geplagt. erbieten, biute, bot, darreichen, zu- kommen lassen; sich erb., sich begeben. erbiuwen, sw., ptc. erbuwen, be- ackern, erbauen j aufbauen. erbjzen, beiz, todt beissen. erblappen, sw. Cptc. stark) hart nie- derfallen. erbolgen (y. erbeigen), aufgebracht, zornig. erborn, geboren. erbünnen, bau, DPGS. missgönnen, versagen. ere, stf. glänz, herrlichkeit , hö- here geltung, ansehen, rühm, ehr- gefühl. erforht, gefürchtet, v. erfürhten. ergäben, sw. ereilen. erge, stf. kargheit, Schlechtigkeit, bosheit. ergern, sw. schlechter machen. ergezzen, APGS. einen entschädi- gen für — . erglesten , glaste, aufglänzen, strah- len. erhellen, hille, hal, erschallen. erkant, bekannt, angesehen. erkennen, sw. kennen, erkennen, hoch schätzen. erkiesen, kiuäe, kus, kurn, körn, ^r- blicken, ausersehen, wählen. erklenken, sw. erklingen lassen. sich erkösen mit — , viel mit jem, kosen, sich unterhalten. erkunnen, sw. kennen lernen. erläzen, APGS. einem etwas erlassen. erleiden, .sw. verleiden. erliegen, liuge, louc, lugen, erlügen, durch lügen zu etwas bringen. erliutern, sw. lauter, hell machen. erlochen, s. erlüchen. ich erloube mich eines d., ich gebe etwas auf. erlüchen, loch, lochen, aushöhlen, leeren. ermanen, siv. erinnern. ermen, sw. arm machen. Ermenrich, der Ostgothenkönig Her- manrich, lässt die Harlunge, Ecke- hards Pflegekinder , hängen. ern , sw. pflügen. ernenden, sw. muth fassen, wagen. ernihten, sw. zu nichte machen. erren, s. v. a. irren, ersehenen, schille, schal, schullen, ertönen, kund werden. erschrecken, schricke, schrac, 2«- sammen fahren, aufspringen. erschricken, schricte tt. schrac, zu- sammenfahren, erschüttert wer- den, aufspringen. erspehen, sw. forschend ersehen, sehen. erste, ersty endlich einmal. erstürzen, sw. fortstürzen. ertouben , sw. betäubt werden. ertoren, sw. zum thoren werden, in Verachtung gerathen. ertoeren, sw. bethören. IIM) ervaeren geleite. ervaeren . värle, ausser fnsstmy hrin- yen. orvarn, vuor, hindurchgehn. ervellen, stv. zu falle bringen. ervinden, auffinden, erfahren, be- finden. crviulitcn, sw. feucht machen ervreischen, erfahren ervrühten, siv. befruchten CO erwenden, siv. abwenden, entfernen. erwerren od. erwero, sw. abwenden, bewahren , DPAS. ve)tcekren. crwinden, want, wunden, aufhören, ablassen ("»""' Gen.). erzagen, sw. ein zage werden. erziehen, zöch, ausziehen. est für ez ist. etswenne, irgend einmal, zuweilen. twart, stm. gesetzhüter , priester Ezze\, Attila F. s. V. «. Pf. O. gäch, adj. eilig, gierig; mir ist g., ich eile. gaden, stn. haus, zimmerj kammer. gaben, sw. eilen, streben; beeilen. gajhe, stf. eile. gähes od. goehes, adv. eilig. galle, stf. yalle, hass , falsch. galrei für galreide, stf. gallert, gelee. ich gan Cßrmenl.) , DPGS. ich will, ivünsche jemand etwas, erlaube, gönne. gankert s. v. a. geankert. gar, gänzlich, völlig, über alle müssen. garwe, ado ganz u. gar, gänzlich. gast, stm. fremder. Gäwin , ritter der tafeirunde, freund Parcivals u. Iweins. ge-, Wörtern vorgesetzte partikel. Man suche die einfachen verba auf, wenn die mit ge zusammen- gesetzten hier nicht zu finden sind. gebaden, sw. baden, icaschen. gebagen, sw. schelten. gebären, gebaeren, stv. sich darstel- len, handeln, thun. gebaere, adj. angemessen, passend gebe s. V. a. gäbe, gebeitiu ininne, erzwungene minne. geben, gibe, gap, geben, vergeben; gebende hant, milde hand. gebende, stn. das band; bes. die mit gold u. gestein besetzten horten, die um die haarzöpfe u. um den anderen kopfschmuck gebunden werden; überhaupt der kopf- schmuck der verheiratheten frauen Cdie nnverheiratheten trugen ein schapel), der einen grossen theil des gesichts bedeckte. geberc, stm. verbergung, versteck. gebite, stf. geduldiges warten. gebresten, briste, brast, impers. es gebricht mir, ich habe es nicht. gebrüggen , sw. eine brücke bauen gebur, stm. der bauer. gcdäht V. denken oder gedenken, gedagen, sw. still schweigen, GS. geschweigen. gedinge , swm. Zuversicht, feste hoff- nung , absieht. gefristen, sw. beschützen, verthei- digen. gefüege, s. gevuoc. gegen, gein, gen, praep. mit Dat. gegen, entgegen, gegenüber. gehaz, adj. jemanden verhasst od. ihn hassend. geheizen, hiez, versprechen, ver- heissen. gehiiire, adj. vertrauen einflössend, sanft, schön. gehiure, adj. neigung, liebe ein- flössend, anmuthig , schön, milde. gehoenen, sw. verächtlich machen. gehot V. hoehen, erhöhen, geil, adj. fröhlich, lustig, muth- willig, üöermüthig. geilen, siv. erfreuen. geisten , sw. lenken j aspirare. geizegebel, stm. ziegenkopf C^). gekart, ptc. v. keren. gelägen, sw. nachstellen. gelart O. leren), gelehrt. geläz, gelaeze, stn. das aussehen, äussere erscheinen, gebaren, geleite, stn. begleitung, schütz. geliehen gestalt. 191 geliehen, sw. vergleichen, gleich machen, gleich sein. geliche, adr. auf gleiche weise. geliebe, swm. derjenige, den man liebt und von dem man wieder geliebt wird. geligen, ptc. v. lihcn, leihen, er- borgen. gelingen, lanc, lungen, mir g. an, mir gelingt, glückt es wohl bei — , ich erreiche meine absieht an od bei — . gclihsonajre, stm. heuchler. gelse, swf. strick, schlinge 0). gelt, stm. n. n. erwiederung, Vergel- tung, bezahlung, der schuldige Zins. gelten, gilte, galt, gelten, eintragen, vergelten, bezahlen. geliipt, s. liippen. gelut, stn. getane, gesang. gemach, stm.u.n. ruhe, bequemlich- keit, nutzen. gemazen, sw. massigen. geraeine, adj. gemeinsam. gemeinen, sw. zvgethan sein. gemeit, adj. stolz, froh, heiter, ar- tig, stattlich. gemelich, adj- spasshaft, belusti- gend. gemuot, ptc. von müejen. gemuot, gesinnt, freundlich. genäde, stf. glück, dank, neigung, huld, gnade. genäden, sw. gnädig sein. genagen , genuoc , nagen. genaeme , adj. wohlgefällig , ange- nehm. genenden, sw. seinen sinn auf etwas richten, sich erkühnen. genesen, genise, nas, gesunden, ge- heilt werden, von verderben er- rettet werden. genieten, s. nieten, geniezen, niuze, nöz, niizzen , GS. wider einen, von einem für etwas belohnt werden. genöz, stm. genösse; sin g., seines- gleichen. gcnt für gebent. genuht, g genuhte, stf. überfluss, fülle, reichthum. geperlt, perlenartig (tropfenweise) geflossen. ger, gir, stf verlangen, wünsch, Zuneigung . geraten, riet, rathen, anstellen, zu tvege bringen. Gerbreht, Gerbert, als pabst Silves- ter 11. (^999 — 1003), galt für ei- nen Zauberer, der mit dem teufet im bunde stand. gere, swm. der gefältelte u. ge- franzte, den Unterleib umgebende theil der kleidung; schöss , rock- schoss. geren, sw. ehren, erhöhen. gereize, stn. anreizen, auff orde- rung. geriehen, sw. hervorragen, walten, herrschen, siegen; reich sein; be- reichern. gerihte, bereit, gegenwärtig. gerihten, s. rihten. geringelöt, gelockt. mit geringen , mit anstrengung. gerlich für garelich, gar. gern, sw. begehren, verlangen. gern, gir, gar, gären. geniochen, sw. für gut finden, be- lieben, geruhen, begehren. geruowen, sw. ruhen. gerüste , stn. Vorrichtung. geruwen, s. riuwen. geschaffen, gestaltet. geschiht, stf. Vorgang, begebenheit. geschre, prt. v. schrien, schreien. geschuldet mit Gen. verpflichtet zu — . gesellen, sw. zugesellen; sich g., sich verbinden mit anderen. gesiht, stf, das sehen, der anblick. gesinden, sw. in jemandes dienst treten; gesellen. gesite, adj. eine gewisse sitte oder gesinnung habend. geslaht, angestammt, angemessen. gesmogcQ V. smicgen. gestalt (t'. stellen), beschaffen, ge- macht für etwas. 192 gestegen — grözen. gestegen , sw. einen weg bereiten. gesten, .nr. festlich schviücken; fremd werden (?). gcstillen, sw. aufhören machen. gcswichen , sweich, schwinden, ent- weichen, im Stiche lassen. geswie, stvm. affinis, derjenige, mit dem man t-erschwiegert ist. geswinden, swant, impers. ich werde schwindlig , ohnmächtig. geteliuc, g. -ges, stm. verwandter, geselly cumpan. getriuten s. t<. a. triutcn. gctriuwcn, sie. betheuern getwanc, stm. ztvang, gewaltthat. getwerc, stn. zwerg. gcvalt V. vellen. gevar s. v. a. var. gevcch, adj. feindlich. geveit, heiter. geverte, sivm. geführte. geverte, stn. fahrzeug. gevieren, sw. gleich, passend machen, anpassen. gevreischen, st. u. sie. erfahren. geTUoc , gevüege , adj. wer oder was sieb schickt, sich behandeln lässt, passend, gewandt. gewalt, stm. u. f. geivalt, macht. gewillten, wielt, mächtig sein. gewar von gewerren, s. werren. gewaere, adj. icahrhaft, wahr. gewenken, sw. wanken. geweru, sw. APGS. einem etwas zutheilen , getvähren. gewillt, ptc. V. wihen, geweiht. gewinnen an , ASDP. jemand einem entreissen. gewisse, zurerlässig. gewon, adj. gewohnt. geworht, ptc. von würken. gezemen , zim , zam , gemäss sein. geziuc, stm. zeuge. geziiic, -ges, stm. geräthschaft, Stoff. gief, stm. der thor. giege, swm. bethör ter. gierde s. v. a. girde, gir od. ger. gigen, sw. auf der geige spielen. giljenblat, stn. lilienblatt. gininie, stf. edelstein, juwel. gimpelgempel, stm. lustige tanz- weise C?^. gir, stm. geier. gitic, adj. gierig, habsüchtig, geizig. gilikeit, stf. ungezügelte gier ^ gti^y habgier. gitsen, sw. habsüchtig sein. glänz, adj. glänzend. glast, stm. helles licht, blendender glänz. glaz, glazzcs, stm. kahlheilj glatze. glesten, stv. durchsichtig scheinen, glänzen. glien,glei, plaudern, bellen, pfei- fen. glihsenheit, stf. heuchelei, gleiss- nerei. glimmen, sw. funkeln. glüejen , prt. gluote, glüetc^ glü- hend sein. glust s. V. a. gelust, stm. gelüsten, tust, Wille. gnöz s. V. a. genoz. gogelvuore, stf. ausgelassene lustig- keit, muthwilliges treiben, gouch, stm. narr, thor. güude, fröhlichkeitj insbes. beim mahle C?). göuden^ sw. prahlen. gougelbühse, swf. gaukelbüchse. goukel, stm. Zauberkunst, zauber. grä, gen. gräwes, adj. grau. gräl, stm. abendmalsschüsssl Chri- sti, das heilige kleinod des kö- nigthums von Muntsalväsche. gram, adj. abhold. gransprunge, adj. dem der bart zu wachsen beginnt. grätj stm. die gräte. grawen, sir. grauen. grien, stm. grand. griez; stm. grober sand. grif, stm. kralle. grifc, swm. der greif. grifen, greif, greifen. grimme, adj. wüthend, grausam, gefühllos. grinen, grein, knurren, weinen. grisen, sw. alt werden. griulen, sw. impers. mir graust. grözen , sw. gross werden. 1 grüene — himelzirkel. 103 grüene, stf. grüner grasplan. grüezen, sw. anreden, grüssen , be- nnnthif/en. gnioz^ 67m. das ansprechen (freund- lich nnd feindlich). güete^ stf. das gutsein, die roll- kommenheit. gülte, stf. schuld, renteu. giiggaldei, stn göcUelhahn. guggouch, stm. kuckuck. giildin, adj. golden. gumelanzj stm. cumpan. guncren, sw. verunehren, schänden. guot, gttt; ze guote, im guten, rühmlich. guo(e, adv. auf gute weise. gupfe, swm. der emporstehende ge- wölbte theil C^uppe), %. h. eines hutes, helmes; der heim. Giiraz , held eines verlornen gedichts (sonst Cuniz). gurre, swm. schlechter gaul. H. habch für habecli , stm. habicht. habe, stf. gut, habe, reichthum, haft, hafen. habedanc, stm. dankj lohn. haben Cform.) , halten, haben. hac, -ges, stm. dichtes gehülz. hacke, swf. Pflugschar C^); der h. mich loufen, nach der gewöhnt. Sitte leben, wenn nicht hacke aiich die bedeututig von zauberin, hexe hat, s. Grimms mythol. p. 586. haft, stm. fessel, halt, zwang. hagel, stm. hagelschlag, verderben. Hagene, dienstmann Günthers, viör- der Siegfrieds. halsperc, stm. aus ringen bestehen- des Panzerhemde , das vom untern ende des heims bis aufs knie reichte. halt; adv. auch, schon. Hanegöu, Hennegau. hanht prt. v. hengen. hantgetät, stn. geschöpf. har für her^ her. harpfen, sw. harfe spielen. harte, adv. sehr, höchst. (Minnesänger.) haz, stm. hass; äne üaz, in liebe, freundschaftlich. hebch s. v. a. habch. hegen, sw. einschliessen, hegen, schützen. beide, stf. grasplatz , besonders im tvalde. beigen , heien , sw. bewahren, hegen. bcilegeist, stm. der heilige geist. beime, stf. heimat (?J, wohnung C ?J } heimlichkeit C?J. Heime, held Dietrichs von Bern. bein für beim. beinlich für heimlich ^ vertraut, heimlich. heiser, adj. heiser, unschön, un- lauter. belfebaere, adj. hülfebringend. belfebernde, adj. hülfebringend. helle, stf. hölle. belleheiz, adj. höllenheiss. bellemor, stm. teufet. bellen, bille, bal, ertönen, erschal- len; Walth. LXIX, einstimmig fortziehn. beln, bil, bal, verhehlen, verbergen. belsen, sw. umarmen. hengen, bancte, hängen lassen, nie- derlassen. her, her; bisher. her, stn. menge, heer, anzahl. her, adj. strahlend, vornehm, hei- lig, stolz, froh, vbermüthig. bcrebernde, adj. heilig, hehr. heren , sw. her machen od. werden. hergeselle, swm. kampfgenoss. hermin, adj. von härmelin, tveiss. hern (herjen), sw. berauben, ver- heeren, anfallen. hcrscb, adj. herrenhaft, stolz. berte, adj. hart. berzengelt, stn eigenthum des her- zens (?). berzenbitzCj stf. herzensglut. hezzic, adj. der andere hasst. biefe, swf. Hagebutte. Hilbrant (Hiltebrant), Ilildebrand, zuchtmeister Dietrichs von Bern. bimelbort, stm. himmlischer schätz. himelzirkel, ntm. thierkreis. 13 194 liin — inftil. hin, ueg. hindan, hinweg. hindcn, adv. hinten hinlieiu, fort nach haus; zn haus. hinne für bie inne, hier innen hiure, adj. sanft. Iilure, in diesem jähre, heuer. hü, höhe, adj. hoch; höher niuoC, freudiger tnnth, sinn. höchgemüete, stn. freudigkeit, edler stolzer sinn. hohe, adv. hoch; C«if) höher stün, iveiter weggehn, zurücktreten. höhgemiic, hochgesippt, der vor- nehme verwandte hat. höhgezit, huchzit, stf. festliche lust- barkeit. hoffenlich, adj. hoffend höfschen, hövescUen, sw. (courtoiser) hofsitte pflegen, den hof machen, um liebe werben. hoehen, siv. erhöhen. hüi, liüuwe, stn. heu. hükliniiiiic, adj. erhaben C?). hol, stn. höhle. holrerantj stm. das hollunderrohr C?), eine aus hollunder verfer- tigte pfeife. hoenen, stv. entehren, schmähen hongen, sie. honigsüss sein. hoppaldei (für hoppelrei?) stm. der Springreigen. Hörant, dienstmann Hetels von He- gelingen. horden, sw. aufhäufen. hornbruoder, stm. aussätziger. hört, -des, stm. schätz, schütz, praesidium. houbet, stn. haupt. houbethaft, vorzüglich. hovelich s. v. a. hübesch. hovereht, adj. höckricht. hovescheit, stf feingebildetes und zartgesittetes tvesen, courtoisie. hovestaete, adj. an der sitte des hofes festhaltend. hovewart, stm. hofwächter , hund, kettenhund. hübe, stcf. mutze für männer und frauen. hnbonncstcl, stm. schmales band an der kopfbedeckung, mützenschnur. hübesch, hcMesch, adj. hofgemüss, feingebildet, zartgesittet, zierlich. hügelich, adj. freudig. hügeliet, stn. freudengesang, jubel- lied. Iiügen, sw. denken, freudig sein. hiilden, sw. huldigen. hiiobe, stf. ackerland, hnfe. huote, stf. aufsieht, bewachung, hut, aufmerksamkeit, sorge, vor- sieht. huofer, stm. hüter, itächter. hiiro, stm. stürmisches Schneege- stöber. hürnin, adj. mit hornhaut überzogen, beiirort Siegfrieds. hiisen, sw. uohnung nehmen. hüt, stf. haut. jagen, sie. verfolgen, jäoierschiht, stf. traurige geschichte, begebenheit. jär, stn. jähr; ze järe, übers jähr. jarlauc, von jetzt an das jähr hin- durch od. zu dieser zeit des Jahres. ie , zu irgend einer zeit, auf irgend eine iveise, zu jeder zeit, einmal (in abhäng, sätzen für nie). ieglich, iegeslich, jeglich, jeder. jehen, gihe, jach, sagen, erklären. Jen s. V. a. jehen. iender, irgendwo , irgendwie. jesen, gise, gas, gären, gischen, eitern. iet . V. a. iht. ietweder , jeder von beiden. icze, adv. jetzt. iht, stn. etwas, irgend, in abhäng. Sätzen auch tiichts. Ilsän, bruder Ilildebrands , dienst- mann Dietrichs von Bern. in', ine für ich ne- in, hinein. iubrinnende minne, in uns glühende minne. infcl, stf. inful, amtsmütze der bi- ingcsinde — kraac. 195 I schüfe u. übte, vberh. geistliche k leidung derselben. Ingesinde, stn. diener, dienerschaß. jö, doch , ja doch. jocli, auch, doch, noch irre gän, GS. etwas nicht finden. irren, stc. irre gehn; in irrthuni führen, hemmen; sich errcn mit G. sich enthalten, verschmähen. is, stn. eis. isenbüiiel, stm. eisenberg, komisch für heim. isengewant, stn. hämisch aus eiser- nen ringen od. maschen. itslicb s. V. a. ieglicli. jungen, sw. jung werden, sich ver- jüngen. ze jungest, zuletzt. Jiite, Judith. iuwelnslaiit, adj. eulenartig. Juzze s. V. a. Jute. luciu = Iwcin. Iwein, ritter der tafeirunde. iz s. V. a. ez. kafse, swf capsa, reliquienkü st- ehen. kampflicii ansprechen, zum Zwei- kampfe herausfordern. kan für kam, quam r. komen. kapfen, sw. anschalten, gaffen. kaptil, stn. säulenknopf. karc, adj. schlau, klug. kein, ein, irgend ein. kendelln, stn. künnchen. kenpfe, swm. kämpfer, kämpe, der durch Zweikampf die sacke eines anderen vertheidigt. keppelin^ keppe, stn. dim. von kap- pe, Überkleid, mantel; mönchs- gewand. in kezzervuore, nach der ketzer- weise. kiben, sw. grollen, schmollen. kiesen, kiuse, k«\s, wühlen, erpro- ben. kiut, stn. kind; rehter fröide ein kiut, rechter freude unkundig, kiatheit, stf. unerfahrenheit. kiselinc, -ges , stm. kieselstein. kit (st. kidet) , quit Cl^ quedou), sagt, heisst. kiusche, stf keuschheit kl.i (kliiwe), stswf. klaue, kralle. klaffen , su\ klappern , singen, schwätzen. klage, stf. klage, schmerz. klagebiere, beklagenswerth. klär, adj. hell, glänzend, ausge- zeichnet. kleine, fein, tvenig, unbedeutend, ärmlich, genau, sorgsam. klein velröt, adj. zierlich und roth. klenken , sw. erklingen lassen. klobe, swm. gespaltner stock, klo- ben Cworaufman z.b. vögel fängt). klose, stswf. verschluss. Mause. klöstergiege, swm. klosternarr. kluc , stm. imbiss , anlockung für den falken. kluft, stf. das zerspalten j vordrin- gen. kliis, klüse, stf. klause, einsiedelei, verschluss. knabe, swm. edelknabe. kneht , stm. edelgeborner ivaffenträ- ger des ritter s , auch der ritter selbst. Collier, stn. icollare} halsbedeckung, kotier. komen , prt. quam, kom iform.'), kom- men, sich schicken, passen. köpf, stm. rundgeformter becher. koppen , sw. zurückschlagen (in die art). kor, stm. die singenden geistlichen in der kirche. kosen, sw. reden, plaudern. kost, stf. köstliche bewirthung. Cüvenanz, stm. C^oni. convenance) engagement; ein tanz. kraft, stf. menge, fülle, kraft. krage, sivm. hals, kehle. kräm, stm., kräme , stf. kramladen, kaufmannswaare. kranclials, stm. kranichhals. kranech, st?i. kranich, eine art schuhe, schnabelschuhe. kranc, adj. schwach. gering, schlecht, muthlos. 100 kranc — lieplich. krnnc , sttu. ahbruch, schaden, schii'äche Cri-dc mich, das credo. krencchen, s. kranecli. kreukeo, sw. kranc machen, schwä- chen, abbrach thun. Kride, Kreta. kriegen, sw. schreien, streiten. krinvogel, stm. tvildes yefliiyel (? von krimmen, zerhacken, zer- kratzen?). krisp, kraus. kristentuom, stm. Christenglaube. kriiize, stn. kreuz, bittprocession mit dem kreuze. kriiizerorden, stm. kreuzfahrer- orden. kroenen , sw. krönen, ehren, preisen, belohnen. krönebsere , adj. fähig die kröne zu tragen. krüUe, stf. locke. krümbe, stf. krümmung. krümbeu , siv. krümmen. kruinp, adj. krumm, hinterlistig. krüt, stn. kraut ^ pflanze. kulde, stf. kälte y Wizl. kiimber, stm. leid, kummer, armuth ; Steinhaufen^ schult. kiitne, ado. mitnoth u. mühe, schwer- lich, ganz gewiss nicht. Chüenzel, demin. v. Eunz, d. i. Konrad. künde, stf. künde, kenntniss; hei- math. kündekeit, stf. klugheity list, ge- wandtheit. kiinden, sw. bekanntwerden. kunder, stn. ungeheuer. kuuft, stf. ankunft. künnen, kan, kennen gelernt haben, tvissen, können. kür, stf. urtheil, wähl. kurc , adv. auf gewählte tveise. kürsenaere, stm. kiirschner. curteis povel, d i. courtois peuple, feine leute. kwät s. V. a. kät, stn. koth, schmutz. laclit'lichc, adr. wie es sich fürs lachen passl; freundlich. laden, Sil), beladen. läge, stf. heimliche nachstellung, hinterhalt, tücke. Lamparlen , Jjombardei. laster, stn. schmach, schände, schimpf. lästern, sw. die ehre nehmen, schmähen. lasferliclie, adv. schimpflich. laz, adj. lästig, träge. Idzurvaz, sin. gefäss aus lasurstein (lapis LazuliJ. lö, stn. hügel, wall, dämm. lebermer, stn. sagenhaftes geronne- nes meer. leide, stf. tratter, schmerz. leiden, sw. leid, unangenehm sein, unang. machen, verleiden, traurig machen. leie, swm. weltlicher , laie (7«i"CM.59> vngelehrter ; iiberh. mensch. leige , swm. s. v. a. leie. leit für legt. leitlich, schmerzlich, leidvoll. lernen, sw. schivach, lahm machen lenden, sw. landen. lene, swf. stütze, lehne C-J- lengern, sw. verlängern j hinaus- schieben. lereche, stf. lerche. lesclien, lische, lasch, aufhören zu brennen. lesen, lise, las, sammeln, lesen, auserlesen. letzen, lazle, aufhören machen, ab- halten; verletzen. liebe, stf. freude , tust, liebe. lieben, sw. lieb sein, lieh haben, DP AS. einem etwas lieb, werth machen; DP, einem gefallen. liegen, linge, prt. louc, lugen, in abrede stellen, lügen. lieht, adj. hell, licht; stn. licht. liep, stn. anmuth, liebes, die geliebte oder die liebende person. lieplich, mit freude, mit liebe ver- bunden. lignum alo6 — menen. 197 li^uuiu aloo, d. i. lit/mim aloes s. agallochuni , uloeholz (rauch- tverk'). lilitc, adv. leicht, tcahrscheinlich. liii, /■ /'enster, eine gallerie von aussen im ersten stockicerk. linc, adj. link; gegen gote linc wer- den, es mit yntt verderben. lialu , adj. leinen. lip, stm. leib, leben; person; dient mit yen, od. pron. poss. zur um- schreibuny Cvyl. engl. body, aäfiaj: mJu lip = ich cet. list, stm. kenntniss, kunst, list, Weisheit. lit, stn, das ylied. liuliten, lullte, leuchten. Liupolt, bei Reim. d. a., ist nach v. d. Hayen Leopold VI., herzog von Österreich, der 1194 zu Graz starb; seine yemahlin ivar Helena, tochter des Unyarnköniys Geysa. lizzea s. v. a. letzen (?). lobeu, siv. loben j yeloben. lus , adj. leichtfertig^ lieblich, rei- zend, klug. losa C^inp. V. losen), horch. lösen, sw. betrügen, betrügerisch schmeicheln. loesen, siv. erlösen. lüt, stn. das bleiloth, getvicht. louben, sw. blätter bekommen., laub treiben, belauben. loiigen, stt'. Verneinung; ane od. suuder lougen, unleugbar. lücken, sw. locken. lüften, sw. in die laß heben, er- heben. lügevniis , stm. lügenfresser. luoder, stn. ausgelassene lustigkeit. luogen, SIC. schauen. luoii (lüeu), sw. laut tverdeii. lüppen, lupte, salben, vergiften. Lurlenbci'C , Lnrleiberg. lusten , sw. gefallen, verlangen ha- ben nach etwas, liiter, adj. lauter, hell, glücklich. Lunete, ein hoffräulein der königin Laudine, Iweins gemahlin, lüzen , sw. verborgen liegen., lauern lÜKzcl, klein, wenig. n, ich niac O- form.), ich kann. mage, sivm. der magen. mägscliaft, stf. Verwandtschaft. malit V. mac, dii kannst. malhe, stf. quersack, lasche. inäne, sivstm. (selten f.) mond. manen, sw. antreiben, GS. erin- nern. mantU, miinet, stm. monat. marc, stf. mark, münzgewicht, so viel als ein pfund. margarite, swf. perle. marke, stf. grund und boden, be- zirk. niarner, stm. schiff er. marter, marteraere, stm. märtyrer. ma;re, stn. rede, erzähluny , nach- richt, Sache, von der geredet wird. nioere , adj. bekannt, berühmt, lieb, theuer, lobesan. massenie, stf. C^gl. frz. maison) alle zum hofe eines fiirsten gehö- rige personen, daz Ingesinde. mäze , stf. maass, Vorschrift, Wei- sung. sich mäzen, siv. GS. sich enthalten. insezlich, massig, wenig. me s. V. a. mcre, mehr. niegen s, v. a. niügen v. niac. Megenzer, von Mainz. meie, raeige, sivm. der mal. ineien, sw. mai werden, dem mai gemäss sich zeigen. meilic, adj. befleckt. mein, stn. betrug, frevel. meine, adv. falsch. meinen, sw. herzlich lieb haben; meinen, meisterschaft, stf. geivalt über etwas, Überlegenheit. Melchisedcch, Melchisedeck ("rf. i. könig der gerechtigkeitj , priester und könig zu Salem. melde, stf. anzeige, gerücht, ver~ rath. melden, stv. verrathen, anzeigen. mcuen, sw. treiben, führen, ein- spannen. 198 rueogelich — nehtint. nicngelich, mcnueclich, jedermann, inänniglich nienigin, ineuege, atf. gemeinde, menge. niennischlichen, adv. als mensch. luenscheit, stf. der zustand als mensch, das vienschsein. mc-rcD, stf. vermehren; wachsen, zu- nehmen. nierka?re, stm. aufpasset. merken, stv. bemerken, sehen, auf niüejen, prt. iniiete u. niuote, sw. missepriä, sttn. schände. niissetät, stf. fehltritt, bosheit. Diissevar, g. -wcs, adj. verschie- denfarbig, bunt. missewende, stf. tadel, unglück. morgenröt, stm. das moryenroth. morne, adv. morgen. niortlieLen, adv. auf mörderische weise. inortmeilic, viordbefleckt. etiras achten. mervart, stf. wallfahrt ins gelobte land. niettin, stf. frühmesse. mez, stn. das 7naass. Mezze, tveibl. taufname C^ech- thilde). raezzen, mizze, maz, erwägen, messen; sich in. mit G. sich ver- messen eines dinges C^) niichel, adj. gross, viel; michels vor compar. um vieles. mide, meit, plur. luiten, meide. miete, stf. gäbe, lohn. mietevarwez lop, auf bestellung be- rechnet C?)y bezahlt CO- Mije, Mei, weibl. name. milte, adj. freigebig, freundlich. milte, stf. freigebigkeit , freundlich- keit. min , adv. weniger. minueclich, lieblich, liebevoll. miunefiiire, stn. liebesfeuer. minneudiep, stm. entführer, der heimlich liebende. minnengelt, stn. minnelohn. minnerlin, stn., dim. v. miuner, lieb- haber. minnesät, f. viinnesaat. miunewert, adj. minne verdienend od. durch minne ehrenwerth. minnist s. v. a. niinnest, superl. v. klein, miure , comp, kleiner, geringer. minrcu , sw. geringer werden. miul, stm. ein hohes oben weiteres trinkglas ohne füsschen. missachel, stn. rundes priesterkleid. Missen£ere, der Meissner (bei VVal- ther Dietrich IV Il9&~i220). plagen, betrüben, ärgern. müemel, stn., dim. v. muomc, mut- terschwerter. miigge, swf. mücke, münchen, sw. zu einem münch machen. munt, stm. mund. miint, stf. schütz, macht. muot, stm. sinn, seele , geist, muth. mich muot v. müejen. muoten, sw. GS. versuchen, ver- langen , an einen , von jemand. Muore, fluss Mur. muotwillic, adj. aus freiem willen. mui-sel, bissen, viorsellen. muscät, stf. muscatnuss. miizervalke, swm. ein falke, der sich gemauset hat. IV. uä für Ucich, prcep. nach. nach, adv. beinahe. midelbein, stn. knöcherne nadel- büchse. nädelhol, stn. nadelöhr. nahtbehalde, stf. schütz tvährend der nacht (?J. nahtgeberc, stn. nächtliche verber- gung , das versteck C?). nan für uani von nemen. ue, en icird vor- oder angesetzt, 7iicht; ohne dass; wenn nicht. nebelkappe, swf. unsichtbar machen- der mantel. neckeliu , stn. , dim. von nac, nacken. nehtint, nehtent, nehten, adv. in vergangener nacht, den vergan- genen abend, gestern. nuigcu — pilgcriii. iUÜ neigen, sir. nlederbeuycn, senken; sich niederbeugen. uciseu, sw. verderben, betrügen. ueinen, uiin, uani, nehmen; ich niui mich einen an , eigne mir ihn an, nehme in besitz. uern, sw. erhalten, fristen, er- retten. Nese, Agnes. ulden, siv. eifersüchtig sein auf, hassen. niender, uiencr, nirgend, durchaus nicht. uieue s. v. a. niht. niet s. V. a. niht. sich nieten, sw. sich bemühen, GS, s. V. a. pflegen, geniessen, sich daran erfreuen , vergnügen. niezen, niu;:c, nöz, jßlnr. nuzjzen, nehmen, verspeisen, schmausen. uiftel, swf. nichte. uigen, neic, sich neigen (zeichen des dankes, der ehrerbietung , des segnens). uigToniantia , todtenwahrsagerei durch das heraufbeschwören ab- geschiedener. uiht, stn. nichts, nicht C^ft mit genit.). uinder, nirgends. nit, stm. eifersucht, hass, zorn. nitlidtcre, stm. der neid erfährt. niur, nur. niuwen, siv. erneuen. niwan^ uiuwan = niht wan, nichts als, nur, ausgenommen. noch, noch; in der ersten hälfte des Satzes wird oft ein weder, euweder ausgelassen. Dune, stf. neunte stunde des tages vom Sonnenaufgang an gerechnet. noete^ adv. nothgedrungen. noeten, sw.APGS. zu etwas nöthigen. uüthaft, adj. von der noth gedrückt, dürftig. uütic, adj. bedrängt, arm, dürftig, nozzeii, schmücken, anfüllen COj Wizl. O. ob, obe , auf, über, dicht bei, in. obenan, von oben herab; oben. obe;5, stn. obit od, Ode, oder, oder. oede , adj. unangebaut, unfreundlich, schlecht, nichtsnutzig. ordeu, stm. stand , gewisse classe von menschen. ordenunge, stf. Ordnung; gesungen üz allen ordenungen, aus allen gesangesiceiaen. ort, stn. ende, ecke, spitze; das quart, der vierte theil eines gul- dens ("15 xr.). orve, ohreule 0), viell. aus ör- üve, viell. auch das franz. orvet, blindschleiche , bauchschlange. üsterwin, stm. (bei JSith., wo kla- rer als beiwort steht) viell. schö- ner wein, da osterklär lieblich hell heisstj oder österreichischer wein. ougebrehende, adj. ins äuge glän- zend. ougenweide , stf. anblick. ouwe, stf. ström, w asser , wiesen- grund. P. pallenzgräve, swm. landrichter, Pfalzgraf. parät s. V. a. barät. Parciväl , stm. söhn Gahmurets und Herzeloydens. part, stm. zugetheiltes, bescherung Pfät, gen. Pfades, stm. (Padus) Pofluss. pfAwe , stm. der pfau. pfenden, sw. pfänden, berattben. pflegen, pflige, pflac, gepflegen, ge- brauchen, haben, besitzen, für etwas sorgen, in obhut haben. pfliht, stf. gewöhnung , sorge, p/lege, Verbindung , theilnahme, antheil. pflihten, siv. theil haben, beipflich- ten , dienstlich sich verbinden. pflit für pfliget V. pflegen. pfieren (öd. vieren) , sw. passend machen. pin , stm. schmerz, quäl, sorg fall. pilgerin, stm. Wallfahrer; fremd- ling. 200 pibcot — rueseleht. piscot, Schiffszwieback. piltit mangier, d. i. petit manger, magere mahlzeit, schmale kost. plan, stm. ebene, platz, aue. plat, platc, su'l'. brnstharni^ch. poisün, atm. Cpoison) liebestrank. porte, stiwf. p forte, tlior. pris, stm, prei^, vortrefflichkeit prüeven, pruofle, sw. erproben, be- urtheilen, erfahren, einrichten^ bereiten, schmücken. PüUe, Neapel, Apulien. (\|,u s. H. U. ranipf, s. rimpreu. rappe, swm. rabe. rät, stm. hülfe, vorrath, berath- schlagung ; wirdet rät GPS. wird versorgt, abgethan; r.it ist GPS. es kann dafür gesorgt, ihm kann abgeholfen uerden; rät tuon GSDP. so thttn, dass für jemand der Sache rät ist; rät liaheD GS. genug haben od. zn entbehren wissen. raten, sw. uf einen, jemand nach- stellen. raten, stm. raden, unkraut. Tseze, adj. schneidend, scharf, herbe, rasend. re , g. rewes , stnm. leiche , leich- nam. rech^ rehes, stn. reh. rechen, riche , racii, rächen, gemig- thuung verschaffen. reht, stn. recht, gericht, Privile- gium, strafe, gebühr. rehtikeit, stf. ehrej Unschuld, recht- lichkeit. reichen, sw. erreichen, darreichen. reige, stm. tanz, tanzlied. reijen, reien, sio. tanzen. rein, stm. abgrenzender landdreif, rain, räum zwischen zwei nach- barhüu-ern. reinebernde, reinheit, Schönheit her- vorbringend od. besitzend. reinecliche, adv.rein, lauter., nnta- delhaft, treu, lieb. reinen, sw. rein machen. reis bei Reim. v. Zw. 106. tot reis, viell. tütrirze, sich mit ivilder tust in den tod stürzend Cvgl- niort- ripzu) oder bis auf den tod ra- send, d. h. so, dass man den tod Glicht scheut Cv'jl- tötvient). rennen, sw laufen machen, tum- meln. reren, sw. fallen lassen, abwerfen. r«5rouben, su\ rauben, indem man zugleich mordet oder verwundet; besonders vom strassenraub CO- rcspen, rispe, rasp, rupfen, zusam- menraffen. rieh, riche, adj. mächtig, herrlich, glücklich, reich, koitbar; G. reich an ettvas. riehen , sw. rieh machen. rife, swm. reif, froit. rihte, stf. Ordnung, richtung, grade richtung , richtschnur, der grade weg. rilich, adj. voll, reich, lieblich. rimpfen, rampf, zusammenziehen (vor schmerz), krümmen, in run- zeln ziehn. rinc, stm. ring, kreis, panzerring ; ze ringe od. ze ringen, rings. ringe, leicht, schwach, gering. ringen, siv. gering, leicht machen, schwächen. ris , stn. reis , ruthe , zweig. rise, swm. der riese. risen, reis, gerisen^ sich erheben; fallen, niederfallen, zusammen- fallen. riiichen, sie. rauchen, dampfen. riuschen, sw. rauschen. riiise, swf. fischreuse. rillten, sw. ausreuten. riuwe, stf. u. swm. betrübniss, schmerz, reue. riuwecliche, traurig, betrübt. riiiwen, prt. rou, riiwen, ptc. gerii- wen, impers. mich betrübt, schmerzt. Riiize, Reusse, Russe. roch, stmn. thtirm Owt Schachspiel). rosCj stswf., stvm., rose. roeseleht, adj. rosig, rosenfarben. rcßsen scliilhen. 201 roescüj sw. mit rosen verzieren , lo- ben. rusenbluot, stf. rosenblüthe. rosenvar^ adj. roseii/'arben. rotj rotte^ stf. schaar , rotte. Boten , Rhone. roll prt, V. riinven. roiiben, sw. rauben, berauben. rücken, &w. himt. herziehn, rütteln^ zausen, zupfen. rucli, adj. rauh. rüde^ swm. jagd- oder grosser schafhund. Rüedelin dimin. v. Ruodolf. Rüediger, markgruf Rüdiger von Bechelaren. rüeniaere, stm. prahler. rüemelicli , ruhmredig. rüemic, ruhmredig. Rüether, sagenhafter Langobarden- könig (Rütharis). rüge, rügge, rucke, stm. der rü- cken. rümen, sw. räumen; fortziehen Cniit acc.} riinen, sw. raunen, ruoclien, sw. GS. um etwas besorgt sein; enruoche, sorge nicht. ruoni, stm. lob, rühm; Zuversicht, Prahlerei. S. sa, sän, bald, sogleich; sän zehant, ohne weiteres. saf, g. saffes, stn. saft. sage, stf. aussage, er Zählung, saelde, stf. glück, heil, segen. sjBldebajre, adj. stelde, schaffend. SKldenarm, unglückselig, des heiles untheilhaft. saelic , adj. der sselde hat. sam, same, ebenso; gleichwie; als ob; mit. siimeu von dem varn, farrenkraut- samen, sameut fy. samenen) , gesammelt. sanfte, adv. leise, mit leichter mühe; s. tuon^ wohl thun. sant, stm. sand, gestude. sant für samet, sammtj mit. sat, g. saete, stf. die saat. säten, stv. sättigen. saz , stm. s. v. a. pfliht, antheil O'ach Ettmüller), kann aber auch sein s. v. a. saze. säze , stf. das sitzen, das besitzen; Wohnsitz , zustand. schäcli , stm. angriff. scliiichi^abel, stm. Schachbrett, Schachspiel. schalj stm. lärm, jubel , böser leu- mund. schale , stm. knecht, elender mensch. schale, adj. arglistig, ränkevoll. schalchaft, von böser knechte art, ztichtlos. schallen, sw. lärm machen, prahlen. Schainpenige, Champagne. schände, stf. schmach, hässlich- keit. schapel, stn. kränz der Jungfrauen, binde um das haar C^ltfr. chapel, chapeauj. schar, stf. reihe, tour, abtheilung, häufen. scharu, sw. fügen, ordnen; sich s., sich scharen. schatehuot, stm. kopfbedeckung zum schattenmachen. schazgitic, adj. nach schätzen gie- rig. schazzer, stm. der schätze sam- melt, Wucherer. schedelich, verderblich, meineidig, treulos. scheide, swm. ein fluss fisch, weis. schelclich, adj. gemein. scheine, stf. gespenst, erscheinung. scheiden, schilde, schalt s, v. a. schelten, tadeln. scheiden, stn. tadel, Schmähung. schenken, sw. einschenken, einem gaste speise und trank vorsetzen. Schemen, sw. muthwillen treiben, spotten, ze, über. schibe, sivf runde fläche, scheibe, rad, schiere, adv. schnell, bald, so- gleich. schifgercise , swm. die auf dem schiffe zusammen fahren. schuhen, sw. schielen. 202 scliimel sllcbeii. schiincl, stm. der weisse glänz. »cliiinpf, stm. kur%weil, spott, scherz, s/mss. schiiniifen, siv. scherzen, mit G. ver-s/zotten. 6C)iiii)i)rx>re, stm. spütter. scliinipfelict, stn. spottyedicht. Scilla, stm. licht, ylanz, aussehen. seil in, adj. offetilxir , hell. scliochcu, SIC. aufhäufen. scliuue, adv. schön. scli(rne, stf. glänz, Schönheit. scli()neu , 6'M'. schmeicheln j folgen, schonen. schorp, adj. heiser C^ • '• <^- scharpf?). scliotteubruoder, stm. benedictiner. schouwe, stf. das schauen; das aussehen, der anblick. schranz, stm. riss, runzel. schrie, schrickes, stm. schrecken, riss. sclirjn, stm. kästen, sehr ein. schrien, schrei, sclu-c, geschrirn, geschriwen, schreien. schriteu, schreit, gleiten, steigen. schriweu pl. prt. v. schrien, schroten, schriet, schneiden, aus- scheiden. schuldic, angeklagt, schuldig. schult, stf. Verschuldung, Ursache; von schulden, 7nit recht. schür, stm. gewitter, hagelschauer. schüre, stm. gewalt, kraft. se für sehe, segen, st)n. gebet; s wertes s. , ein- segnung des ritterschwertes. seiger, adj. schal, kahmig. seilen, sw. stricke drehn; jiimer s., unglücklich sein, elend spinnen. selbwahseu, von selbst entstanden. selch, solch. seile s. V. a. geselle, selphcrre, eigenwillig. selweu, sw. entfärben. semir s. v. a. sem mir got, bei gott. sen s. V. a. sehen. sende, stf. schmerzhaftes verlangen. sende, senede für scueudc ptc. v. seuen; scnder klage bei O. v lirandenb. p. 146. genil. caus,, vor liebesschmerz. scnen, sw. seelenschmerz , bes. lie- bespein empfinden. seuftebernde, linderuny bringend. scnfleD, sw. besänftigen, erleich- tern , erfreuen. ser, stmn. sc-re, stf. Verletzung, weh, schmerz, herzeleid. si'ren , sw. verwunden. serest, superl. zu scre, sehr, im höchsten grade. Sicherheit, stf. feste Versicherung der gegenseitigen treue; bündniss. sider, adv. nachher. sidin, siden, adj. seiden. sigen , sw. siegen , an mit Dat. be- siegen. sigen , seic , pl. sigen , sich neigen, sinken, tröpfeln. Sigen öt, ein riese, iiberivältigt Diet- rich, wird aber von Hildebrand gelödtet. sigeuunft, stf. der sieg. Simonie, stf. simonie, das gesetz- widrige kaufen und verkaufen geistlicher ämter. sinder, stm. metallschlacke. siuewel, adj. rund. sinewelleu, sw. sich runden, rollen. sinken, saue, sich neigen, sich er- geben. sinnic, adj. verständig, sinnvoll. sint s. V. a. sit. Sippe, adj. verwandt. Sit, adv. nachher, praep. seit, conj. nachdem, da. sitich , sittech; stm. papagei, psit- tacus. siiifte, sufte^ sie. seufze. ßiure, stf. säure, grimm. Sivrit, Siegfried, Siegmunds söhn, Kriemhilds gatte^ von Hagen er- mordet. slac^ stm. schlag, unglück, verder- ben. slahte, stf. die art. sleht^ adj. gerade, einfach, schlicht, aufrichtig, ehrlich. suchen, sleich, gemessenen Schrittes einhergehen. siiefen — stöle. 203 sliefenj sliufe, slouf, pl. sluffei), sich (/leitend beicegen, schlüpfen. slihte, stf. ebenheit, der grade weg. slinden^ slant, pl. sluaden, ver- schlingen, schlucken. slipfic, schlüpfrig, glatt. sloz, stn. schloss. smac, stm. geruch, duft, geschmack. smalz, stn, geschmolzenes fett. smeichen^ sw. schmeicheln. smiegen , siniuge, sinouc, gesmogen, %usammenziehn , schmiegen. smieren, sw. schmeicheln, lächeln. snal, stm. schlag einer losgelasse- nen elastischen kraft. snoede, adj. erbärmlich, schlecht. snuor, g. suiiere, stf. schnür, dün- nes stricklein. so, so; wie, zu welcher zeit, wenn. soll, -desj stm. lohn. söne = süene, suone. söiimer, stm. saumross. spaehe^ ekel^ wählerisch, verstän- dig, kunstreich. spsehe, stf. Scharfsinn, klugheit, kunst. spalten, spielt, zerhauen; zer — abspringen. spaunen, spien, spannen; gespannt sein, lauern. spc = spsehe, Wizl. spehen, sw. prüfend schauen, be- trachten, beobachten. speren für sperren, verschliessen, vorenthalten CO) tVizl. spiegelspriez, das entspriessen ("rfie Schöpfung) , ivelches eine abspie- gelung gottes ist. spil, stn. Zeitvertreib; wähl; s. teilen, spilde, ptc. von spiln st. spilude. spüle, /'. Spindel. spilu, siv. spielen, scherzen, kurz- weit treiben, froh sein, froh- locken, blinken. spor, stuf, spur, gleise. spot, stm. scherz; siinder sp. auf- richtig, fürwahr. spreiten, sw. sprengen, ausbreiten. springen, spranc, gesprungen, her- vorspriessen. spriu, stn. spreu. spuot, stm. glückt, erfolg; sp. ma- chen, beschleunigen. Stäben, siv. schritt vor schritt ge- hen; einem den eit st., die eides- formel vorsagen. Stadel, stm. stall, scheuer. stadelwise, stf. die tanzweise, die in der scheuer aufgeführt tvird. stafel, stm. fuss an einem hausge- räthe. stahelherteclich , hart wie stahl. stap, stm. Stab, stock. stat, stm. aufwand, vermögen. stat, stf. stelle. State, stf. die gelegenheit; enmüge im niht der oiigen blic ze staten steu , wenn ihm flicht die anschau- U7ig zu statten kommen kann, d. h. wenn er mich nicht mit äugen sehen kann. stsete, adj. standhaft, treu, adv. beständig ; ze staete, stets. staetecliche, ade beständig, beharr- lich. staetekeit, stoete, stf. beständigkeit, treue. stseteu, sw. dauerhaft, beständig machen. stal V. stein, stehlen. Stegen, sw. einen steg bauen. steit, steht. stel, sw. s. V. a. stalboum, name eines gestirns. stellen, sw. anstellen, stehen still- stehen) machen; ptc, gestellet^ be- schaffen. stic, stm. pfad, steig. stieben, stiube, stoup, stieben. stigen, steic, pl. stigen, steigen. stimel, stm. verlangen OtimulusJ. stiiire, stf. stütze, hülfe, beistand, abgäbe, Steuer. stiuren, sw. unterstützen. stoc, stm. holzstamm, block; opfer- stock in den kirchen. stüle, stswf. breite binde bei der feierlichen priesterkleidung, stola. 204 stolz — Tensch. stolz ^ adj. edel, hochgemiith, statt- lich. stoeren, sw. zerstören. stöiiwen, sw. stehen machen, auf- halten, hemmen. strafen, sw. zurechtweisen, schel- ten, spotten. strüle, stf. pf'eil. streben, stv. sich anstrengen, rin- gen, kämpfen, arbeiten. stricken, sw. binden, knüpf en, ver- stricken. strit Iilzen mit Dat. , jemanden den sieg lassen. sich striuzcn, strozte, sw. sich spreizen, sich breit machen. striichen^ sw. straucheln, stürzen. stiint, stf. weile, zeit; maniger stnnt, manchmal ; sa ze sliiut, sogleich; nie st. niemals; dristiiut dreimal cet.; undcr stunden, bis- iveilen; ze stunden, mitunter. Sturm, stm. stürm, kämpf. süenen, suonte, sw. busse geben; einen vergleich, frieden bewirken. süener, stm. richter. saht, stf. krankheit, pein. sülu, sol CformenlJ , sollen; schul- den. sumelicli, etlich, mancher. sun^ stm. söhn. sun für Silin von süln. sunder, adv. besonders ; praep. son- der, ohne. suon s. V. a. sun. suone, stf. aussöhnung , frieden. suona?iiuue, swf. versöhnerin. suouer, stm. Versöhner , sühner. suoze, adv. süss. siis, so. sus.i, hei .' eia I satte, swf. brunnen, lache, pfuhl. swacli, adj. unbedeutend , gering, schlecht. swachen , siv. swach sein od. ma- chen; herabsetzen. swanc, -kes, stm. der schwung. swanger, adj. schwanger , auch s. V. a. swankel, schivankend , dünn. swaaz, stm. schleppkleid, tanzan- zug der frauen; stück des weibl. kopfputzes ; tanz. swiir s. V. a. sw^erc. swa;re, adj. beschwerlich, gehässig, betrübend, betrübt. swErre, stf. leid, betrübniss. swuerlicli, adj. schmerzlich. swaerunge, swf. betrübniss, leid. swarz, die färbe der benedictiner. Sweben, sw. schweben, schivimmen. s woher, stm. Schwiegervater. sweifen, swief, winden, werfen. sweigen, sw. zum schweigen brin- gen. swel = sAvelch, derjenige, welcher. swenden, swante, sw. schwinden machen j tilgen ^ zerstören. swern, swuor, geswarn, schwören, mit D. treue schwören. swern, swir. swar, gesworn, schuier werden, schmerz em- pfinden. swiech für swie ich, wie ich auch immer, obwohl ich. swiger , stf. Schwiegermutter. swil, stn. fusssohle. swinde, gewaltig, stark, heftig. swingen, swanc, pl. swuogcn Ctrs.), schwingen, (intr.J sich heftig be- wegen, sich schwingen , fliegen; tougeu von bluomcn sw. , ein spie- lendes loosen durch blumen. T. tiilauc , adv. von jetzt an den übri- gen tag hindurch. tulkeu, adj. fettig, klein (?_), dicht geworden , z. b. von frischem brot (niederd. dellig, schwäbisch talk?). tar , s. turren. teilen, sw. einem ein spil t., einem eine mit ungewissem ausgange verbundene tvahl zwischen meh- reren sich einigermassen gleich- stehenden dingen anbieten. ein teil, adv. etwas, wenig; auch nach der gewöhnlichen Ironie viel, sehr, ziemlich. Teuscli , dänisch. terze — übric. 205 (erzc, sirm. CtercioUts) eine ful- kenart. fier, stn. vier/'üssiyes thier ^ hinde, hirschkuh. tievel, stin. teufel. tiukel^ stm. dinkel. tirinen, sw. hoch sein. tiure, adj. kostbar, theuer, tvUrdig, selten, unvorhanden. (iiireii; siv. kostbar, werlh machen^ hoch stellen, bet/lücken; werth, lieb werden. tiiisch, deutsch. tiiiten, sw. bedeuten, erklären. toben, sw. rasen, tinsinnig sein. tobic, adj. wahnsinnig , rasend. (üblich, tvüthend, rasend. tockc, swm. spielpuppe. tüdeskwelle, stf. todesqual. tolde, swmf. dolde, buschige kröne eines baumes. tollentranc, stm. toll machender^ berauschender trank. topelspil, stn. Würfelspiel. (opfknabe, swm. knabe, der noch mit dem kreiset (topfj spielt. türelin, stn. dim. von töre, der thor. toeren, torte, sw. zum thoren, nar- ren machen, betrügen^ täuschen. törper, stm. dörfler , bauer. (ou, touwe, g. -wes, stn. der thau. touf, stm. die taufe, die Christen- heit. toiigen, tougenliche, heimlich. toiip, adj. ohne emp findung , starr, öde, wüst, sinnlos. touplichcn, adv. sinnlos. träge, adv. träge. trame, stvm. balken, block. trefs, stn. trespe, raden. trehtin, stm. herr, bes. herr gott. triegen, trouc, betrügen. triskamerhort , stm. köstlicher schätz. Tristan, fürst von Parmenie, Schwestersohn könig Markes von Cornwall, geliebter Jsots. triuten, sw. zärtlich lieben. triuwe, stf. anhänglichkeit, treue, wah rhaftigkeit. (riiiwcn, trouwcn, trnwcn, sw. trauen, zutrauen, fest halfen. troeschel, stf drossel. trrtst, stm. freudige Zuversicht, hülfe. trouwen für triuwen von triuwe, stf truc, stm. trug, trugbild. trüge, stf. betrug. tnU, adj. geliebt, vertraut. triiwen , s. triuwen. tue, stm. schlag, stoss. tuft, stm. gefrorner dunst, der sich an die pflanze Ji cet. hängt. tügen, touc, tollte Cßrml.J, ange- messen, gut sein, tatigen. tugenden, sw. mit tugent begaben, vortrefflich machen, adeln. tugenderich, adj. reich an tugende. tugent , stf, jede einzelne gute eigen- schaft, bes. Schönheit und zulit. tugentliclieuj adv. vortrefflich, herr- lich. tump, adj. taub, unverständig. tuukelsterne, swm. abendstern. tuomlierre, stm. domherr, canonicus. tuoü, mit praed. acc. heisst ma- chen. tür, stf. thür, bes. des hauses. turn, stm. thurm. turnei, stm. lanzenrennen zu pferde. turren, tar, sich unterstehn, wa- gen. türste, stf. Verwegenheit , iibermuth. tuzen, sio. stille sein, trauern. twalm, stm. betäubung. twerhes, adv. schräge, verkehrt. twingen, twanc, drücken, bedrän- gen, ztvingen. U. Überguide, stf. was etwas über- trifft. Überher, adj. übermüthig, spröde. überhcre, stf. iibermuth. überhoeher, stm. der iibertreffer. übersitzen, saz, -sezzen, sich über etwas hinwegsetzeil. überstriten, streit, besiegen. Überwegen, wige, wac, überwiegen. überwerden, übrig sein. übric j adj. überflüssig, allzuviel. 200 üf — unverdrozzen. iif, prttep. auf. üinieit, stf. wolltist CO. iimbehelsen, sw. umarvien, eng ver- binden. ümbekreiz, stm. der unifantfy das tunschliessende. iiiiibcsagen, tceitläuficf erzählen. üinbeslifen, slcif, sich tanzend herum betreffen, uinblcr, umbelaTe, sttn. (humeralej priesterrock. iinartic , adj. aus der art geschla- gen, schlecht. uubilde, stn. unbill, frevelthat; grosses wunder; ärger, unwille. linde, stf. welle, fluth. uude, lind, mit, und, tvird auch oft bedinyungssätzen vorgesetzt; un- geachtet., wiewohl, da. undersniden, sneit, bunt mischen, vermengen (eig. kleider bunt machen}. underwilent, von zeit zu zeit, zu- weilen. imderwiuden, want, pl. wunden, über- winden; u. mich GSP. nehme mich jemandes an, lasse mich auf etwas ein. unebene, adJ. nicht zu einander passend. uufrouwelich , unweiblich. unfuoge, stf. unschickliche manier, rohes verfahren. ungau2 , nicht ganz. iingebaere, stf. jammern, ausdruck der Verzweiflung. ungeberde = ungebaerde, stf. vnge- berdiges benehmen. ungedult, ungedolt, stf. Ungeduld; 7vas Ungeduld erregt. ungelinge, sivm. viissgeschick , Un- glück. Ungemach, stn. übelbefinden, leid, unart. ungemeilet, unbefleckt, ungetadelt. uugemenlich, adj. keinen spass ma- chend, lästig. ungemuot, adj. betrübt, missmuthig, kleinmüthig , zornig. »ngemüete, stn. betrübniss , leid, zorn. ungenÄdc, stf. missgeschick , noth. ungenulU, stf. unenthallsamkeit. ungereit, adj. nicht zu vergleichen. ungeriten, nicht beritten. ungesaninet, unvereinigt; des hiiti ich ung. niinen muot, darin stimme ich nicht überein. ungcslaht, adj. schlecht geartet. ungesühfe, stn. rheumatisches übel. ungesuut, adj. krank, gebrechlich; an freuden ung. freudelos. ungetoete, stn. unthat. ungevelle, stn. missgeschick. ungevüege, ungeschlacht, plump, sehr gross. ungewin, stm. nachtheil, schaden, Unglück. ungewizzeuliclien, adv. unverstän- ^ dig. unguot, stn. ungüete^ stf. härte, Schlechtigkeit. unhö heben , gering achten. unkriutic, ivas unkraut ist. unkuut, adj. unbekannt. unkust s. V. a. äkust, Untugend. unlougen, stmf. was sich nicht ver- neinen lässt. iinmsere, gleichgültig, unlieb, ver- hasst. unminne, stf. verkehrte, falsche liebe, hass. unmüezikeit, stf. geschäftigkeit. unnöt, stf. nicht noth, nicht be- dürfniss. unpris, stm. schimpf, tadel. unreinen, sw. verunreinigen. iinrüemic, nicht ruhmredig. unsa;lde, stf. Unglück. unsselic, adj. unglücklich. unsaelikeit, stf. Unglück. unsanfte, adv. auf unsanfte tveise, grausam, unangenehm, traurig. unsenfteclich, adv. ungern, nicht leicht. unsihtic, adj. unsichtbar. uusinnen, sw. thöricht sein, toben. uosprecbent, adj, nicht sprechend. r uustaete, stf. Unbeständigkeit, un- treue. unverdäht, unbedachtsam. unverdrozzen, nicht langweilig. unverscliuldes — verbieten. 207 innerschuldcs, adv. ohne veranlas- suiiy. uüvei-twelt, unverküminert y voll- kommen. imvorworrcn , ttngeneckt (s. AveiTcn). UQvuofte, stf. rohes verfahren , un- yestüme (/etvalt, unschickliche vianier. unwaege, adj. unnütz, tinyiinstiy. imwaudelba-re , unveränderlich , un- tadelhaft. unwendic, adj. unabtvendlich , un- vermeidlich. iinwerdecliche, adv. verächtlich, ye- rinyschätziy. unwert, adj. verachtet, yemein, uawise, sivf. schlechte melodie. iinze, iinz, adv, u. conj. bis. UDzulit, stf. unsittlichkeit, unyesit- tetes wesen. üppiclichen, adv. übermüthiy, aus- yelassen. urborn , sw. hervorthun, sehen las- sen, zeigen. urloge, lu-liiige, stn. kriey. ursprinc, stm. das hervorspriessen ; quell, urspruny. urteilde, stf. richterlicher aus- sprtich. üve, swm. nachteule, uhu. uzen, adv. aussen, äusserlich. üzer , ausser, aus. iizer für üz der. uzreise, stf. eine weise, ein gedieht beim auszuye eines ritters. V. vilhen (vangen, s. formt.), fanyen, in seine yewalt bekommen; v. zxio DS. beyinnen; v. nach X»,!?. anfan- gen; nach etwas trachten. val, y. vahves, fahl, falb. valden, siv, falten. valewen, siv. falb werden. valscli , stm. falsch, makel, fehl, betrug. valschllcli , trügerisch. valt, stm. falte, faltentvurf. van, stvm. tuch, stück zeug, ban- ner. var, y. varwes, adj. von irgend einer färbe , gestalten. viir, stm. vare, stf. gefahr , hinter- listiges auflauern; sine var, für- wahr; ze vüre stün, gefahr haben. viiren, va-ren , sw. mit Gen. auf etwas acht haben, danach zielen, streben; nachstellen. varn, vuor, sich wohin begeben, ge- hen, reiten, schiffen, sterben; ziehen; ptc. der varude, der her- umziehende; daz varude guot, be- wegliches vermögen; varnde wer- den, zu gange kommen; varudez leit, vorübergehendes leid. fiirniz, stm. fernitz, eine art bern- stein C^J- vart, stf. reise, weg; an die vart sin, gestorben sein. vast, adv. fest, stark, heftig, sehr. vaterbiere, an des vaters stelle. vech, adj. mehrfarbig , bunt. vehen, siv. hassen. vehet prs. v. vi'lien u. vähen. vehteu, vihte, vaht, kämpfen; v. au AP. gegen jemand kämpfen. veige, adj. vom geschick zum tode bestimmt. veigeu, sw. tödten. veimen, sw. abschäumen, reinigen. vellen, sw. zu baden werfen, zu falle brinyen, tödten, strafen. velsclieu, sw. verfälschen, verleum- den. velsen, sw. erhöhen durch lob Q^). velwen, siv. falb machen. velzeu, sw. anwenden. veude, swm. bauer im Schachspiel. Venedisere, Venetianer. der Vcnis, d. h. der von Venis, der minnesinyer yraf Rudolf v. Neu- enbury. Fenis ist der nnterye- ganyene Stammsitz dieses ye- schlechts. verbau, s. verbünnen. verbennen, sw. in bann thun, ver- dammen. verbern, bir, bar, born, loslassen, aufgeben, entbehren, vermeiden. verbieten, biute, bot, pl. baten, ge- bieten, verbieten, vorenthalten. 208 verbilden — versinnen. verbilden, sif. über die müssen fröh- lich sein. verbünnen, ban, blinde, tnissgönnen. verdasen , sw. verschweigen. verdenken, dähte , bis ans ende den- ken; verd. an, an etivas denken; sich V., sich bedenken, vorsehen. verdrießen, dröz, GS. etwas be- schwerlich finden, langweile er- regen (unpers.). verdrozzen , adj. unbehaglich, un- angenehm. verdulden, stv. geschehen lassen, aus nachlässigkeit verabsäumen. vereiten, siv. mit brennen verwü- sten, verbrennen. sich vergäben, sw. sich übereilen. vergän, mit A. übergehen. vergeben , gap, verzeihen, vergiften. vergelten, gilte, galt, zurückbezah- len, befriedigen. vergezzen, vergesslich. vergie von vergangen, AP. es ver- liess mich, war fern von mir (nie praeteriit, fugitj. vergünnen, missgönnen. vei'haben, verschlossen halten, zu- rückhalten. verhouwen, hin, durch hauen ver- wunden ; niederhauen. sich verhuoten, sich hüten, Wizl. verjehen C^. jehen), sagen, erzäh- len, eingestehn mit D. u. G. verjen für verjehen; törheit verj., sich thöricht beweisen. verirren, sw. irre führen, täu- schen. verkapfen, sw. sich in starres schauen verlieren. verkeren, sw. umkehren, übel aus- legen. verkiesen (s. kiesen), AS. über eine suche wegsehen, fahren lassen, verachten; üf einen v., verzich- ten auf, verklagen, sw. bis zu ende klagen; verschmerzen , verwinden. verkorn ptc. v. verkiesen. sich verkunnen, sie. GS. auf etwas verzichten , entbehren. verlicgen, linge, loiic, verläugnen, vor mit D. verläugnen vor. Verliesen, linse, lös, verlieren, ver- derben, zu gründe richten. verlihen, Icch, zu lehen geben. verlisten, sw. besiegen; klug er- sinnen C^) verloben, sw. mit A. entsagen. verlogen v. verliegen. vermissen, sw. mit G. nicht mehr haben. vermugen, mac, besitzen vermögen. vernemen (. nemen), vernehmen, wahrnehmen. vernihten, sw. für nichts achten. verminst, stf. einsieht, das ver- stehen. verpfenden, sw. durch ein pfand sichern. verpflegen (". pflegen), nicht mehr pflegen , ablassen von — . sich verpflihten zuo — sich an etwas binden. verre, fern, weit sehr. verrenken, sw. biegen und drehen. versagen, sw. absagen, abläugnen, vorenthalten. verschämt , unverschämt. verschart v. verscherren. verschelken, sw. zum sclaven, knecht machen. verscherren, sw. vermeiden. verscholl für verschuldet. verschorn, stv. verscharren, ver- graben. verschragen, sw. mit einer planke einzäunen; der ist gebender kunst verschraget, versteht nicht freige- big zu sein. verschroten, schriet, durchschneiden, zerfetzen; verschroten werc, mu- sivarbeit. verschulden, sw. verdienen, ver- gelten. sich versehen, GS. hoffen, fürchten. verseigen, sw. ganz aus/tiessen las- sen. verseren , sw. verletzen, betrüben. sich versinnen, san, pl. sannen, ver- ständig sein, getvahr werden, verslizcD — vrccli. 20Ü empfinden, einsehen; sich in ge~ danken zu sehr versenken. verslizen, sleiz, slizzeii, verderben, hinbringen. versuiän, verstnälien, sw. verschmä- hen, verschmähet werden; DAP. einem entehrend, geringschätzig, geringfügig dünken. versDiden, sneit, zerschneiden, schneidend verwunden, vernichten. verspart v. versperren. versperren, sparte, sw. verschliessen, unterlassen. verstän (ä. formt.} mit u. ohne sich, verstand haben, GS. ettvas mer- ken , einsehen. versteln, stil, stal, stehlen, ver- bergen. versümen, sw. vernachlässigen. versunnen, besonnen, verständig. versweigen, sw. schweigen machen. verswingen, swanc, wegschwingen, entgehn C?J. vert, adv. im vorigen jähre ; auch substantivisch. vertan, ptc. v. vertuen, verflucht. verteilen, sw. ASDP. für verlustig erklären, nehmen. vertragen, truoc, ertragen, sich ge- fallen lassen; erlauben. vertrlben , treip , triben , wegtreiben. vertuen, wegschaffen, verschwen- den. vervahen, vervän, verfangen, helfen, nützen; aufnehmen. vervarn, vuor, fortziehn, sterben, vervendern, sw. verkaufen. verwaenen, sw. sich eines d., etwas hoffen. verwarren, adj. verworren. verwarten , sw. erwarten. verwäzen, verwünscht, verflucht. verwinnen, wan , wunnen, überwin- den, verschmerzen. verzagen , sw. nicht muth , nicht ^lust haben etwas zu thun, ettvas aufgeben. verzie = verzihe. verziben, z^ch, zigen, sich eines d., sich von etwas lossagen; DPGS. etwas abschlagen, verweigern. (Minnesänger.) verzinsen , sw. zinsbar machen, hin- geben. veste, stf feste bürg. sich fiden, sw. sich verlassen auf vie = vienc, prt. v. vähen. vient, feind. fier Cfrz. fier) , kühn, edel, stolz. viereggot, adj. viereckig, vierschrö- tig. vieren, stv. zu vieren machen, ins gevierte bringen, geschickt zim- mern, passend machen. Villen, sw. an der haut strafen, geissein. vilz, stni. filz, viell. auch pilz. vimel , stm. ( ?) der strahl. vinkelvech , g. vches , adj. glänzend bunt. vinster, stf. finsterniss . vinster s. v. a. winster. violieren, sw. mitviolen schmücken, überh. schmücken. Virgilius, der zauberer Virgilius. fiuhte, stf. feuchtigkeit. flcn s. V. a. flehen, bitten, liebkosen. vliehen, vliuhe, vlöch, pl. vluhen, fliehen. vlins, stm. feuer stein. vlorn für verlorn v. Verliesen. vluc, stm. (pl. vlüge), flug, flügel. vluot, stm f. fltith, fluss. vluorzim, stm. flurzaun. vlust Cverlust), stf. gen. vlüste, der Verlust. voget, stm. schirmvogt, richter, Herr, fürst. vol, in der composition „gänzlichj bis zu ende^K volge, stf. nachfolge, beistimmung, ge folge. volle, swmf. fülle, über fluss. volrecken , sw. vollständig auseinan- dersetzen. volsagen, zu ende sagen. volvam, vuor, ausführen. vorder, stm. vor fahr, altvorder. vorgedanc, Mirgedanc, stm. vorsieht, das vorherbedenken. vorhtic , adj. fürchterlich. fram, adv. alsbald. vrech, adj. keck, frisch, kühn. 14 210 vreise — wän. vreise, stf. schrecken, ye fähr dang, verderben. vrenidcn, siii. mit A. entfernt sein von jemand, missen, meide», ent- fremden. vrevcle, ausgelassen, muthvoll; un- gebührlich. fre^ellichen, adv. muthuillig, frech \Ti, adj. frei, fröhlich. \rijen, sw. frei machen. fride, stm. schütz. vridebreche, swm. friedensbrecher. frideböere, friedlich gesinnt friedel , stm. der geliebte. vriesen , vriuse , vrös , frieren. vrilich, frei. vröloh s, V a. vroelich, freudig, fröhlich , ohne rückhalt. fröinde, adj fremd, seltsam. frönide s. v. a. vremde , stf. das fremdsein, entfernung ; ausländ. frön für fron wen. vröne, stf. was dem herrn zuge- hört, heiligkeit, frohndienst. vröne, adj. den herrn, zumal gott betreffend, heilig. IrOnebaere, adj. zum dienste ver- pflichtet OValth. LXIX Christus wird das leid der weit über sich nehmen gleichsam als frohndienst). frönebote, swm. heiliger böte. vröudebaere, freudig, freudenvoll. vröudenzol Otm.J geben , seine freu- den bezahlen, dafür büssen. vrouwe, swf. dame, geliebte, ge- mahlin. froiiwen für frömven. vröiiwen , sw. erfreuen , froh ma- chen. vruht, stf. f nicht, kind. frum, stm. fruine, swm. vortheil, nutzen. vrumen, vrüinen, sw. wacker, brav sein; helfen, nützen; schaffen, machen. vruo, adv. früh, bald. fruoje s. V. a. fruo. vruot, adj. klug, munter, wolge- muth. vunt, -des, stm. Cpl- vünde), das finden, erfindung, kniff. fuoge, stf. schicklichkeit, passende gelegenheit (opportunitas) , kunst, kunstfertigkeit. fuor, stf. lebensart, aufführung. vür, praep. für, vor, mehr als. vfirbaz, in Zukunft, mehr. fürbrechen, brach, zurückdrängen, vergeben. vürder, adv. hinweg. fürdern, sw. fördern. vürgedanc, s. vorgedanc. vürgeleit C^ legen), vorgelegt j dar- geboten. vürkür s. v. a. verkür von verkie- seu. viirt, pl. vürte, stm. fürt. vürwesen s, v. a. verwesen, ver- treten. W. wd, wo. wäc, stm. woge, fluth, ström, meer, see. wäfen, stn. die waffe, das wappen. wäfen, interj. weh! ha! w. schrien, nach hülfe rufen. wagen, sw. sich bewegen. waege, adj. gemäss, passend, gut, nützlich. waehe, adj. kunstreich, zierlich. wal, g. Walles, stm. das aufbrau- sen, aufsieden des w assers. Walch, stm. Welscher. walden s. v. a. walten. walgen, walgern, sw. rollen, wäl- zen. wallaere, stm. Wandrer, pilger. wallen, wiel, außrausen, wallen. walt, stm. holz; die speerschäfte. waltgesinde, stn. die waldbewohner. walten, wielt, macht über etwas haben, besitzen, behandeln. wan, 1) s. V. a. wände, denn, weil, da; 2) wenn nicht, ausser dass (folgt oft genit.J; 3J für man; 4) wann; 5) warum nicht (aus waz ne)j 6^ den wünsch aus- drückend; "7) nur. wän, stm. meinung, Hoffnung, irr- thum; üf ir wän, in Hoffnung auf sie. waen — wide. 211 waen (wajen), waete, ivehen. wanc, stm. abiveichtmg gebrechen, wandelbarkeit , trug. Wandel, stm. Umtausch, gebrechen, mangel. wandelbaere, tvandelbar, unzuver- lässig, mangelhaft. vt'seaen, wände od. wänte, meinen^ hoffen. wange, stn. die wange. waent für waenent. wäpenrocj stm. ritterrock , über der rüstung getragen, vorn u. hinten geschlitzt, ohne ermel. war, wohin, war, stmf. das beachten j anschauen, die aufmerksamkeit; war tuon, sich umsehn, GS. sein augenmerk auf etwas richten, beachten. waere, adj. wahr, wahrhaft, zuver- lässig. wasten, sw. verwüsten. wät, gen. waete, stf. gewand, kleid. waten, wuot, gehen, sich auf irgend eine weise bewegen. waz darümbe, was thtit das? waz ob, wie wenn? wer weiss, ob nicht? weben, wibe, wap, weben, wirken. weder, adv. in der doppelfrage den ersten theil einleitend (vgl. utrtim). weder, pron. welcher von zweien Otter). wegen, sw. bewegen, schwingen. wegen, wige, wac, wiegen, gelten, schätzen. webe, adj. weh, arm, bedauerns- werth. wehsel, stm. verkehr, Wechsel. weide, stf. die weide, futter, speise. weise, swm. der waise (orphanus), ein edelstein C^olitaire) in der von Karl d. gr. herrührenden reichskrone, dann s. t'. a. diese selbst. weise, verwaist. welle, swf. laubgewölbe , laubdach. wellen, wille, wal, pl.yfüWen, wäl- zen, in bewegung setzen, wölben. wellen für welcn , siv. wählen. Weizen, walzte, umdrehen. wenden, sw. APGS. jemanden etivas benehmen. wendic, adj. wandelbar, rückgängig. wenen , sw. gewöhnen; geivohnt sein OS. wenken , wancte , sw. wanken , aus- weichen. werben, wirbe, warp, pl. würben, hin und wieder gehen um etwas zu betreiben, sich bemühen, gegen — ttm; handeln, verfahren. werden (s. formt.}, werden; vür werden wie hin M'crden, ver- schwinden , hinschwinden, vorüber gehen, sterben, vorbei sein mit etwas C^ )• werke, der werkmann. werlich, adj. streitbar, tvehrhaft. werlich, adj. dauerhaft. werren, wirre, war, pl. wurren, ge- worren , DP. einem im wege sein, hindern, quälen, leid, unruhe, schaden verursachen; AP. in auf- regung, unruhe, schaden bringen. werdekeit, stf. anerkennuiig des werths, trefflichkeit. wem, SM-'. APGS. abhalten, fern- halten von — . wem, sw. dauern, währen, befrie- digen, gewähren. wert, -des, stm. würde, werth, freu- dige ruhe. wert, adj. trefflich, ehrenwerlh, brav, werth Cdignus, excellensj. wes, weshalb. Wesen, stn. zustand, lebensart. wesse, adj. scharf stechend. weten, wat, geweten, jochen, fu- gen. wette, stn. pfand. wetterlezzen , swn. wetterleuch- ten O)- wezzen, sw. scharf machen, an- feuern. wibel, stm. käfer, kornwurm. wiben, su\ weben. Wide, stf. das seil aus frischem holz gedreht, der sträng zum aufknüpfen der Verbrecher, bi der w., hei strafe des Stranges. 212 widcmen — zagelweiben. ividcmcD, SM', stiften, gründen, widmen. wider, praep. gegen, contra und erga. widersagen, sw. widerrufen, DP. krieg ankündigen , freundschaft aufkündigen , versagen. widerspcnic , adj. widerspänstig, widerwärtig. widersprechen , sprach , widerrufen. Widerswal, stm. das zurückwogen, überströmen. widervart, g. -verte, stf. rückkehr. widerwagen Q. v. a. wegen), wuoc, aufwiegen. widenvanc, stm. umbeugung, Um- kehr. widerwürken, sw. verhindern. widerzaeme, absehen erregend. Wien (wihen) , sw. weihen. wierde s. v. a. Avirde. wieren^ sw. zieren, schmücken. wlht, stn. nichts, elendes, elender. wihteclich, adv. nullius pretii, inepte. wihtel, stn. bergmännlein , kobold; diu wiht. , ein trügerisches spiel. wilde, adj. wild, fremd, unbekannt, wunderbar; der wilde man, ein walddämon. wilde, stf. wildniss, einöde, Wild- heit wilden, sw. wild, fremd werden od. sein. wilderaere, stm. loildschütze , Jä- ger. wile, stf. Zeitraum, zeit; die v/ile, tcährend, derweile. wilen, siv. weilen. wilent, wilen, adv. ehemals, vor- mals, zuweilen. Wille prs. v. wellen. wilz, stm. mittelmässiges pferd. Wilze, namen eines Slavenstammes. winden, want, sich kehren, sich wenden. winster, adj. link (sinister). wint, -des, stm. Windhund. wirde, stf treflichkeit, tagend. wirden, sw. werth hallen, schätzen. Mirs, adv. schlimmer, schlechter Wirte = wirde, »tf wis, adj. kundig, erfahren. wlse, stf. art und weise, gesang- weise, melodie, gesang. wisen, APGS. jemand auf etwas führen, kundig machen, unter- richten. Witech, ungetreuer held Dietrichs. witenän , weithin. Witze, stf. verstand, besonnenheit. w'iz, weiss; wize münche , Domini- kaner, Johanniter. wizen, weiz, pl. wizzen, tadeln, vorwerfen, strafen. wizzende, stf. das wissen. Wolf hart, söhn Amelolts, Hilde- brands Schwestersohn, einer von Dietrichs zwölf helden. wolgebluot, schönblühend. wolgetän, adj. stattlich, ansehnlich.^ schön. wolgetriben, w. sträze, starkbe- sucht, sehr gangbar. wolgeviert , wolzusammengefügt. wüeten, wuote, sw. rasen; nach ei- nem, von rasender liebe entbrannt sein für — . wunden, stv. verwunden. wunder, stn. wunder, grosse menge. wunnebernde, wonnebringend. wuneclich, adj. wonnig. wunnen, sw. wonne bereiten. wünsch, stm. die idee oder der In- begriff der höchsten Vollkommen- heit, ideal, wünsch, wunderthä- tige kraft. wünschen, sw. OS. herbeiwünschen. wuocher, stm. zunähme, frucht, gewinn. Würfelbein, stn. der knochen, wor- aus der Würfel besteht. würken, worhte, verfertigen, ma- chen. würz, stf. kraut. wurzelhaft, duftend. Z. zage, adj. zähe, säumig, feige, karg. zagelweiben , sw. mit dem schwänze ivedeln. zäi — zwlvellop. 213 zAl , interj. hei ! zal, stf. bestimmte zeit; Ordnung. zamcn, sw. vertraut werden. zär aus zäher, stm. zähre. zart, stm. Zärtlichkeit ^ liebkosung^ Schmeichelei. ze (z)j zuo, zu. zeglich, zaghaft. zehant, adv. auf der stelle, so- gleich. zelle, swf. zelte. Zellen, zalte, sw. anrechnen, er- zählen, begründen auf; z. ze, für etwas erklären. zelten, sw. im passe od. im schritte eines zeiters gehen. zemen , sw zähmen. zemen, zime, zam^ gezomen, ge- viäss , passlich sein, wohl an- stehn, gebühren, gefallen. zenme für zesamene, zusammen. zev, stf. zehrung, eigne Unkosten, aufopferung. zergän C^. formt.), allmählich ver- schwinden, enden. zein, sw. verzehren. zerschellen, schillej schal, pl. schul- len, sich spalten, zerspleissen. zes (dexter) , nur in flectierter form gebräuchlich , als zesewer od. zes- wer, zer zeswen (hant), zur rechten hand. zeswe, s. zes. zewege s. v. a. enwege, auf dem wege, hinweg, fort. ziehen, zöch, an, AP. sich berufen auf jemand. ziere, adj. schön geschmückt, schviuck. zieren, sw. schmücken, rühmen. zihen , zech , pl. zigen , aussagen, beschuldigen, zeihen. zihte aus ze ihte, in irgend einer hinsieht. ziln^ sw. als Zielpunkt bestimmen, setzen, vorstecken. zim = ze im. Zinsen, sw. zinsbar machen, hin- geben. zippcltrit, stm. zappeltritt O}, beim tanze. cirkel, stm. einfache fürsten- krone. zirkelbrehende, wie ein goldener reif oder im kr eislau f glän- zend c^J- zise, swf. zisel, stvm. zeisig. zisere, swf. kichererbse. zocken j sw. stark, schnell ziehen. zogen, sw. heftig ziehen; reisen, ziehen. zol, stm. abgäbe, pfand; eren zol = ere. zorn^ stm. ez ist mir zorn, ich bin darüber unwillig, böse. zouber, stn. Zauberei; mit z. varn, Zauberei treiben. zoumen, sw. fortführen, ein pferd am zäume führen. zuc Cv^' 2Üge), stf. streich mit dem Schwert; heftiger zug, das reis- sen, der zuck; boese zucke, schlechte streiche. zücken, zucken, sw. etwas schnell greifen, ziehen; rauben. zugelietj stn. marsch C^J- zuht, stf. feine Sitten, anstand, an- ständigkeit, wohlgezogenheit, lie- benswürdigkeit , höflichkeit. zunge, swf. zunge, volk, land. zürnen, sw. AP. schelten; AS. un- gehalten sein über etwas. zweien, zweigen, sw. verbinden, paaren; entzweien; zwei sein. zwi, g. zwiges, stn. zweig. zwieren , sw. mit den äugen freund- lich od. schelmisch zunicken. zwingen s. v. a. zwinken. z winken, sw. blinzeln, zwinken. zwir, zwirent, zweimal. zwivellich, angstvoll, hoffnungslos. zwivellop, stn. zweideutiges lob. Berichtigungen und zusiitze. Seite 2 Zeile 1 v. u. lies nu statt im. - 3 - 5 V. 0. - siu' - sin. - 14 - 18 V. 11. - iu - in. - 17 - 3 V. u. - rösen - roseu. - 28 - 13 V. 0. - in - in. - 88 - 33 V. 0. - ouch - auch. - 30 - 9 V. u. - houbetsünde. - 37 - 23 V. 0. - in - iu. - 38 - 6 V. 0. - dermite. - 59 - 1 V. o. - keiniii. - 71 - 17 V. u. - gelt statt zeit. - 73 - 7 V. u. - \liz - yViZf. - 88 - 14 V. 0. - herzen. - 88 - 4 V. 0. - Got. - 94 - 23 V. 0. - minnecliche,. - 98 - 4 V. u. - ez statt est. - 138 - 13 V. 0. - in - im. - 158 - 11 V. u. - sins - sin. - 160 - 15 V. u. die zahl VIII ist zu streichen - 168 _ 13 V. 0. lies ouch statt auch. - 174 nach zeile 7 v. ti. sind folgende verse einzuschalten . wirp so, daz unreht stnichen vor dir bidemet; Milt' unde manheit si diu hört, biut helfe gerne witwen unde weisen, - 175 Zeile 18 v. o, lies mühte statt niöhte. - Is6 ist nachzutragen bidemen, sw. beben. - 190 - — gelf (gelpOj adj glänzend; keck. - 208 Zeile 18 ist ein comtna hinter besitzen ausgefallen. 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<p>I am trying to use the new <code>RecyclerView</code> widget inside a <code>Fragment</code> but I am getting this error: </p> <blockquote> <p>Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{com.example.myapplication/com.example.myapplication.MyActivity}: java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke interface method 'boolean java.util.List.add(java.lang.Object)' on a null object reference</p> </blockquote> <p>What am I doing wrong?</p> <p>This is my <code>Fragment</code>:</p> <pre><code>import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.annotation.Nullable; import android.support.v7.widget.DefaultItemAnimator; import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager; import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import java.util.List; public class RecyclerviewFragment extends Fragment { private RecyclerView mRecyclerView; private RecyclerviewAdapter mRecyclerviewAdapter; private LinearLayoutManager mLinearLayoutManager; private List<ViewModel> viewModel; @Nullable @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_recyclerview, container, false); mRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.recycler_view); return rootView; } @Override public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState); mRecyclerviewAdapter = new RecyclerviewAdapter(viewModel); mLinearLayoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(getActivity()); mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mRecyclerviewAdapter); mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(mLinearLayoutManager); mRecyclerView.setItemAnimator(new DefaultItemAnimator()); } } </code></pre> <p>And my Activity:</p> <pre><code>import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuItem; import java.util.List; public class MyActivity extends Activity { private List<ViewModel> viewModel; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_my); RecyclerviewFragment recyclerviewFragment = new RecyclerviewFragment(); getFragmentManager().beginTransaction().add(android.R.id.content, recyclerviewFragment).commit(); viewModel.add(new ViewModel("View")); } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present. getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.my, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml. int id = item.getItemId(); if (id == R.id.action_settings) { return true; } return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } </code></pre> <p>Thanks!</p>
Շօս^հ 7հւտ ւտ ձ Ճւ§ւ1ձ\ շօբյ օք ձ ^x>օ1^ էհՁէ ատտ բ^^տ^^V0(3 քօք §շոշքՁէւօոտ օո ԱհքՁքյ տհ^1V^տ հշքօրշ ւէ ատտ շա–շքս11>՛ տշՁՈՈօւՅ հյ Օօօ§1շ ձտ բա-է օք ձ բքօյշշէ էօ տՁէտ էհտ ՚^օք1Ա՚տ եօօէտ ս^տ^0V^^^Է\|1^ օււ1ւււշ. 1է հՁտ տս^V^V^(1 1օո§ շոօս^ էօէ էհտ օ)բ>ւ՝ւ§հէ էօ ^xբ^^^ Ձոմ էհշ հօօէ էօ շււէշք էհշ բսհ1^^ ԱօաՁւո. ճ բսէ\|1^^ ԱօաՁւո եօօէ ւտ օոտ էհՅէ ՚^ձտ ո^V^^ տսհյշշէ էօ օ)բ>՚քւ§հէ օէ ՚^հօտտ 16§յ1 օ)բ>ւ՝ւ§հէ էտաւ հՁտ ^xբ^^^(3. \\՚հշէհշք ձ հօօէ ւտ ւււ էհշ բսԵԱշ ԱօաՁտ աՁ>՛ V^^>՚ օ)սոէէ>՛ էօ շօսոէքյ. ԲսհԱօ (ՅօաՁւււ հօօ1էտ 316 օսք §Ձէ6՚^Ձ>՚տ էօ էհշ բՁտէ, ք6բք6Տ6ոէւո§ 3 ՝^6Ձ1էհ օք հւտէՕք>՚, շս1էսւ6 ՅոԱ էոօ՚^ւտԱ^տ էհՁէ՚տ օքէտո ԱւքՏշսԱ էօ ս^տ^ՕV^^. \1Ձւէտ, ոօէՅէւօոտ ՅոԱ օէհտէ աՁ1§ւոՁԱՁ բքտտտոէ ւո էհշ օքւ§ւոՁ1 Vօ1սա^ ՝^ւ11 ՁբբտՁք տ էհւտ Տ16 - յ քտաւոԱտք օք էհւտ հօօէէ՚տ 1օոջ յօսաշյ քրօա էհշ բսհԱտհշք էօ 3 ԱհքՁքյ 311(3 քաՁ11յ էօ յօս. ՍՏՅՏ6 Տսւժ61ա6տ (յօօ§1շ ւտ բաս(3 էօ բՁէէււշք աւէհ ԱԵքՅոշտ էօ ճւ$ւճշշ բսԵԱշ ԱօաՁւո աՁէ6ք131տ յոԱ ւոՁէտ էհտա ՝^ւԱ61>՛ Ձշշ6տտւԵ16. ՐսԵԱշ ԱօաՁտ եօօէտ ե61օո§ էօ էհշ բսհԱշ 311(3 աշ Ձէշ աշքշ1յ էհշւք շստէՕ(1ւՁոտ. Ի1^V^^էհ^1^տտ, էհւտ ՝^օքէ ւտ ^xբ^ոտ^V^, տօ ւո օէճշէ էօ էշշբ բ^0V^(1^ո§ էհւտ էտտօա՚է^, ՚^տ հ^V^ էշէճո տէշբտ էօ բքշ\՚շււէ Ձհստշ հյ շօտտշքշւՁ1 բտքէւշտ, ւււշ1ս(3ւււ§ բ1Ձշւււ§ 1շշհւււշՁ1 քշտէրւշէւօււտ օււ ՁսէօտՁէօՅ գսշքյւււջ. \\՚շ ձ1տօ ձտ1^ էհտէ յօս։ + \էօհտ ոօո–շօտտտրժՌ1 ստտ օքէհտթտտ \\՚շ (ՅշտւջոօՅ Օօօ§1շ 6օօ1^ ՏշՁքշհ քօք ստշ հյ ^11(Յ^V^(ՅսՁ1տ, աւձ աշ քշգսշտէ էհտէ յօս ստշ էհշտշ քւ1շտ քօք բշքՏՕՈՁւ, ոօո–(^)աա6քշւՁ1 բաբօտտտ. + Խք^^^ոխէ^ո օսէօտատճ զստւյաջ Օօ ոօէ Տ6Ո(1 ՁււէօտՁէօՅ գսշէւշտ օք ձո^ տօէէ էօ Օօօ§1շ՚տ տյտէշա։ Մ յօս Ձէշ շօււ(Յսշէւււ§ քշտշՁքշհ օո տՁշհւոշ էքՁ1ւտ13ճօո, օբէւշ31 շհՁ1Ձշէ6ք ք6(^)§ուճօո օէ օէհտէ ՁւտՁՏ ՚^հտէտ ճըըճճճ էօ յ 1ձ1§շ Ձաօսււէ օք էշxէ ւտ հշ1բքս1, բ1շՁտշ շօււէՁշէ ստ. \\՚շ շււշօսքՁ§շ էհշ ստտ օք բսԵԱշ (ՅօաՁւո աՁէ6ք131տ քօէ էհտտտ բսւրօտտտ ^աճ ա.ճ՝^ ետ Յե16 էօ հ61բ. + ^աոէաո աէոհսէԽո՚ՀԽ (յօօ%\՚շ "՚^ՁէտոոՁւէ" յ՚օս տտտ օո տՁշհ Տւտ ւտ 6ՏՏ6ոէւՁ1 քօր ւոքօքոււոջբշօբ1շՁհօսէ էհւտբայշշէ ձո(3 հշ1բւոջ էհշա \\ոձ Ձ(3(1ւէւօոՁ1 աՁէ6ք131տ էհւօս§հ Օօօ§16 Տօօէ ՏտՅւշհ. Ր16ձտ6 Ճօ ոօէ ^^աօV^ ւէ. + ^■&&/ւ (1 1տ^ռ1 \Vհ^էՇVՇ^ յօսք ստշ, քշտտաետք էհՁէ >՚օս 316 ւ«տբօոտւե16 քօէ տոտաւոջ էհտէ ահտէ յօս Ձ16 (1օւո§ ւտ 16§յ1. Օօ ոօէ Ձտտսատ էհՁէ յստէ հշշՁստշ աշ հշսշVՇ ձ հօօէ ւտ ւո էհշ բսեԱշ (ՅօաՁտ քօէ ստտէտ ւո էհշ Սուէ6(1 ՏէՅէտտ, էհՁէ էհշ ՝^օքէ ւտ յ1տօ տ էհշ բսե1ւշ է1օաաո Խ ստշւտ ւո օէհտէ շօսոէոշտ. \\՚հշէհշք ձ հօօէ ւտ տէւ11 ա շօբ>ւ՝ւ§հէ V^^^^տ քաա շօսոէէ>՛ էօ շօսոէէ>՚, ճոՃ ՝^շ շձո՚1 օքքտէ §ա1(1ձոշ6 օո ՚^հտէհտք ձո>՛ տբտշւՏշ ստշ օք ճո՝^ տբտշւՏշ եօօէ ւտ ձ11օ՚^6(1. Ր16ՁՏ6 ճօ ոօէ Ձտտսատ էհտէ յ եօօէ՛տ ՁբբտՁքՁոշշ ւո նօօ§1շ Քօօ1է Տշտքշհ տշտոտ ւէ շձո հշ ստօՅ ւո Ձոյ տտոոշք Ձո>՚՝^հ6ք6 ւո էհշ ՝^օք1(1. €օբ>ւ՝ւ§հէ ւոքքւո^տատոէ ԱՁեւԱ^ շյո ետ գսւէտ տ^V^^^. ՃԵօսէ 000^16 6օօհ Տ69ք0հ (յՕՕ§1շ՚տ աւտտւօո ւտ էօ օդձո\ւշ էհշ ^VՕ^I(3'տ ւոքօաւՁէւօո ձո(3 էօ ւււՁ1^շ ւէ սու\՚շքՏՁ11յ Ձշշշտտւհ1շ ձո(3 ստշքսԼ Օօօջ1շ 6օօ1^ Տշ^քշհ հշ1բտ ո։Ձ(Յշքտ (3^տ^ՕVՇ^ էհշ աօք1(3՚տ հօօէտ ահւ1շ հշ1բտ§ Ձսէհօրտ ձոձ բսհԱտհշրտ քշտշհ ոշ^V Ձս(3ւշոշշտ. Vօս շձո տշ^քշհ էհասջհ էհշ քս11 էշտէ օք էհւտ հօօ1^ օո էհշ ^Vշհ Յէ \|հէէ)3։//հօօյ^տ.ցօօց16.շօա/\| հ* ք 41^1%ա։^։ .^՚ ,ք ՛է* Ը՚օո-Հռ՚սռԻՐ 4 1 V Ա I» Տ I ^ ռ^ԳԱՏԻ՚Կ ՚ԻՊՐՈՑԱՑ ՀԱՄԱՐ քԱ8 1,– \Ո\%է Հ– է1էք»Ա111\| 1Ո–Ւ\|հ– ՈՒքՏէէհ ՚՝. ՅՕ^)^ Ս(ւոաւք% ա աճաա աաատ– ( <յ՝. է– է֊^^ Յշ֊ւՏ • «»»յէ»#«1ւ ^ծրծւս ոմէսնք համԽր տարօրինակ գոր&քի մ)ք ձեոք ղարկա& երե լամ՝ առաքիկպ ծրկասիրութծամխ : Բպ/ք ասանկ քսԱէ ւՐ^աոնելու ստիպեց զիս Փորձառու՛՛ թիւնը : - Տւսէ՚ուծրկու տարի յառա1 (1866-1869) վյիէն– նա, ու ծպքէն 187 Յին Եւ 1874 ին կոստանդինուպոլիս ընդհանուր պատԱութծան դասատուութիւն րնելու ստիպուա& ըլԱԱԷով^ ոչ Հոն եւ ոչ Հոս տեսպք աշկեր– տաց վրԱԱ սպաս ուա ծ^ պտուղը։ Աս երեւութին պատ– քքառն անտարակդ/ս դասագրքի մի պակսութիւնն էր։ իրգք ալ, ունծքաժ ընդՀ պատմհւթիւններնէս , ոմէս՚կք՝ շատ ընդարձակ րռեուած են. ոմԽկք՝ թէեւ մե& Հըմ՝– տութեամխ դրոսսծ՛ են, բպ/ց ամիոզք^ չեն, ոմակք ալ բոլորովին աԴցարմար են։ — վերքիններուն մէ^՝ ամէն բան կպք , բաց ի պատմնւթեան Հարկաւոր ու էական մ\սսէն։ Ասանկ դրքէ մի, աշկերտը առասպելէ ու ղուարմալիքէ զատ բան չի սորվիր։ Այս մէ& պակսութիւնն ըստ մ\սսին լեցընելու ՀամԽր, Ընդհ, Դ\ատմ)ոթեան՝ խել մի դասադբքերուն ՚^1է^9 Իբ Համառօտութեամին ամենս\քարմԽրն , ու 1 ժամԽնակիս ^մԽաթեամի ու հոդւո^ ղդա&ծալ դտպ/ ՊէրԺ^Ւ9 Գէօնիկշդէտծան դպրոցին վծրատեսչին ու Ընդք՛ ԴւատմԿռթծան դասատուին, քՖէոդոր ՏԻւԻքԻ ք պատմհւթծան քսաներորդ հրատարակութիւնը, զորին– &ի առա քն որդ առնծլով^ շատ ^ամ\սռօտա& , րԱԱց ՚ոծզ տեղ ալ — ու մԽնաւանդ ազդին համԽր աւելի նշա^ նակութիւն ունծցող դէպքերն — ընդարձակա& եւՐ։ Ձյեռադիրը դոր&ած^ծցի , յւրրծւ դասադիրք երէք՝ տարի (1875-1877) ու Փնտռած ծւ բազձացա& պտուղս դտպ/ ։ գիրքս՝ տարւան մի մէք^ լՅննալու նպատակաւ, 133 օրւան կամ* դասի թաժնծցի։ խրսՀքանչիւր դասին առաքելն ալ հարցումներ դրած եմ, ուսուցչաց դիւրու թեանը համԽր։ - Աակպ/ն, ինչպէս կը կարծեմ, դործ^ քը քիչ մ՚ամփոփ դրուելուն, մեկն ութ եան կարօտու– թիլն ունի անոր ^ամար, մեծ դիւրութիւն Կ՚ԸԱԱԱ աշկերտաց , եթէ ուսուցիչը իւրւկքանչիւր դասն աւելի ընդարձակէ ու մէկ երկու խօւՀքի մէկ ամ\իոՓուածը լու^ սաւորէ ու մեկնէ . Թէպէտ եւ մէկալ կողմԽնէ ան ալ Փորձուած բան է , որ աշկերտին միւղցը ^ դասադրքէն հե֊ ռանալուն պէս, շատ քեղ կը շՓոթի ու քարկաւորն՝ օդտակարէն չի զանազաներ։ բնական է, որ Ընդհանուր Պատմհւթեան ւՏէչ չէր կրնար մհռաքութեան թող տբուիլ մԽսնաւ՛ որապէս տոհմնԱին մԽսը։ Աս վախժանաւ ամ՚ՓոՓած եմ* դործքիս մէք^ — որչաՓ տեղն ու դիտած վախՀքանս ինծի կը ներէր - նաեւ հպ/ոց Դ1ատմհւթիւնը՝ ժամԽ՛ նակադրութծան կարդալ իրեն պատշամ տեղը դետե՛ զելով։ 1Բէկ դի էն աս ըրած ժամանակս, զանց չեմ ըրած մէկալ, դի էն՝ մնւադիր հպ/եցուած մ" ընել նաեւ ազդպ/ին մԽտենադրութեան՝ զանազան դարերու ւ^Հ բնղունած 0Հ/0/7/^ււճ/^Հու^2ք^ Վբպ/՛ ւ՚5ք է վախքքանին գիմէլու չանա^ա&՝ քււպ§ կատարե՛ լապէս անոր հասնելու տարակասաժ ատծնս , կը յի֊ շծւՐ մէծ^ ԱԽրդու ժի խօզքծրը* Զ^սրգա^ւՈսն էութեան Ել յառաչադիւՈււթեան օրէկին մէչն է, որ էթէ ձէռն^ արկոՓԻ՛^ Հ& - քանի մի բանի մէշ իր ժամԽնակին էվքխապաշարմհւնքնծրէն խոտորելով - յուսացուած՛ արգիւԱքն անմիքւսպէս չդտնէ, պէւդք է սպասել հետա– գպ/ ղարդաքմԽն շրջանի մ1ք, որուն էէշդիւ ՀաԱէւՈտո ըէ. լսԱպյն ձեռնարկութիւնը, որպէս ղի զանիկպ/ պսակ է։ Նպատակին կը հասնինք անհվ, որով մինլեւ հի– մ\սկ հասնելու Լանացաէ ենք։ Վ/էէննա . 19 Հոկտ . 1878 : նսասօսհհ՚ւ լ. րՆգ^աեու.ր սաաՐ սէիե-ռէէոասկան ասւսէմհա.,^ թիւ.՚ճէ՝ այե անգիր ւսւ.ւսնգու.էօ–իմն՚նե՚ո1^ ու. և՚ոգե–ո1^գ գոէսւոր ու. անգիր էիշասէէսեսսրաէէներ^ 1ռ մանսէ^ ւ֊անգ ժսէմանւսեաեիռ աէս%ոմագիրներ1; ^էսսաքուէս^ ՚իոփսԼան դքէաափիոո»^ յԼոէէ»%դ՚*ղոաՂէէահԼ էք որոնբ ^^ՐԳԿ^ք^ րնեերուէժեան վիճսէեր եերպւսրանէԱէ..^ որեցի՝նէ շ. (^գ^ա1նոէ.ր ^էսամհւ^թիէձւն ե-րձրք կր բստժ^ նու.ի • ^– Հի՛ն է յբիքիե ու. ՚կոր է Ա. Հի^ ափսգՏո^Ր՚ը^Խո \Հ՚նագղյ1ւ ժամանէսկ^ Նե՚ր^Ն պւնչե՚ւ. էսրԾւման՚ան ^ռոսկէսեան ան՚սէոս–^ թե՚ան կորՆանու.միք 4:76 ՝Բ* 1^ ) ^Ր աարոսնւսկկ֊ յ^վւե-է^ե՜չե՜ան էսզգսէՕք ^ու^աօ ու. Հ^ռոմայեցւոօ պօ–^ աո»–քժիւ^մն1քրոՀ.ն պս»ամհւթիւ–Նո է ^* Ս՝2^՛^ դաք^Տոա^Լ^ա (արեւ-աՈո, Հ^ռոմէա^ կան պԾաոսթեսան կոր հ՜ան ու.մ11^՚ն ւֆՆչևւ. ւ^որոգոոոէւ^ թիւՖ 1517 ՝\|^* 1;>) կ^ասանգկ^ գերմանական աղգե-րոէ-ն եւ. անոնց քրիսաոն^ոսթեան ձե-ռօօ կրթու^Ծլոսն աէստմոսթիսՆոէ –^ \^>կ 1՝ 1*ք աաք^ՏքֆէաադԼէաԱ»^ (՚կորոգողութէ-՚նէՆ սրՆչԾւ. մեր ժամանս»եր\ ք մւոաէւորսէպես ւսօաա եոոո գերմանսէկան ազգւսց պէսամհսթիւՆ՚ն եւ. անոնռ երկ^ րիս ՚քրաք աարսէհ-ուիլըլ կր ասաամե ՚ 1 գաաաա%ի յ^ձ» Ա»է^ ^1^ ^ Հավաա.ակա% ա^^րա^ %ա^ա,պեաակա% կա>ա.ա^արա^թի^%^, - ք^էպէա ամԽ%է% հի% աղգեր/լ աԱա կեր»յ կառավաքասթեայի , այԽ%ա^ար^ կաաա^ար գիւէս&րԽ Լի%չաքէա է ա%աԱի% կենգէս%ի%&րԽ ըԿւէսա^ %եյք/ւէ>ելէ կր՛ակի աւ. մեաաղի գար^ահ^աւթիւ%% ես ԱԱւքէ,) աբսաե– ձ% I աասկսԱԿւ աաա աաս^մանօւգքասթ-եսւմի քւասրձքաէգ^Ն յԽաւ.որակա% գարգա^ասւՐ ՚՚էկար&ւիլէ. Ի՚^ՀՊւ^– Ա՚^՚^Ւ Կւլ Տ՚՚֊Ցէ^^՛^ Ա^^7^ •- ւ^+էԿ^Է աՔաքի արօաաաաա%^ %եւա^ թափա».ակա% բ%ակիչ^&ր^» –՜ 3 Ա^՚^ԲԳ^՚^քք՛^ էսօգ^է մս^եոԼթե-աե շրՕսքեքւն վերաբերող ^սՏաԼաԱ գ^ոոա^ւ^աԱԱ^աէԱ դատ ք երէրբ . կերա կէսո-սւվարու֊թ իւ^ կրեակբ ղանադ^եելէ Ա. \ք^^ա4»^գոա^^յ1 (յ\1օո&Րօհւ6). որուՆ յէջ^ կո սւիրե էշհ՚է՚՚^Րք Ւ՚^Ց ժողովջգեան գորհ՚ւսկցոէ^՛^ թեէսմիր արոսահ– օրքւեէսց շբքաՆքւն մեքյ ^քաԱ^Լա^ յ#»յ^է**» (ճօտրօէւտաօ) ւ^երթպյ ա^ս կերպ կաաա^ վարու-թիսնրէ թե "ր հշի՚ան^ կամռր V ՐԱյ^ ^րէ^կբ^ ^.յ^^ոաաա^ք^ոաա^^յւ (ՃՈ8էՕՕՐ»է16) եք ^թ \ամևոէ^ական ^ ^սւրոսսէոՀ սքօգսքտո^աքերույև սւէրսէ^ պեաու.թիւՆըւ Ա"^^՛^ կր գաււնպյ կո»^^^(^աաաք^ոա^ ^^աԱ (օ11§&Րօեւ6)ք եթե առանձբե գերգաստան^ ներ է^ս էշիւաՆութէւէձ)ե իրեՆց կր §սէփշաակ1/նէ գ. ք^այ\^ա^^ոա^՚^յԱ (ՕօաՕՕէ&էւօ) եէ այէ^» ռւսոպթառւ.ոց վերքւն իշէւանութիէյն րամնեցրնելըէ - - Ո՛ւ–/՛ որ րոը՚ր երկրին Հնաեէ– աէասոպօացի էԹՍ^՚Լ) Բ^՛"՝^ կիչներե այս էշխէաւՆու.թիէձւր ձեռոսոնբն էքլ%Աև ^ կէսւՐ ու.ր որ իշխանութիւՆր ժողովրգ^ ռամկքւն 1լ էաէնցնէ^ Հոն կր տիրե աԴո^4^^%ք^ո»^^^յԱ (00հ100քՁ.է16)« Հին ՊԱՏւՐՕԻԹԻԻն Հ^ պատմոէ.թիւ.նը չորս ^աաահ՛ կր րաժ^ 1 • Դ\ատմոէ.թիւ^ յ\րե–լ.է–չե–աե աօգառ* 4* ^ատւՌւսթիւ^ Հռոմկ^ևցսո^է 4\|ւււաԱ՚ւււ\|1\|ււն ա\|ւ1ււ1ւլ1ւան ւււքէա\| հ՚^ձ ^ՐկՒԲ՚^^ւ* Կ՛**՛ 1 հ՚^ք ^^ ա/Խգքւքւ գէ% $ ֊ 2. իՆք «•/ւ տա. ^/,գք,ք,աի յէլ, - 3. ՏԻգքի-Ւ •■ ԵփՐ^՚^Ի •՚ճ« - 4՛ է^Ր–* «^ արԽլյՐ, գթԽո 1* Մք՚է1ք^ "^ ^իսս> յ^սիա ^ի՚ներոմն գրՏէթէ բոէոբովէքԱ աէէէՒանօթ– ^–րէ \^սիպյի աոեւ.հէւե–ան օւմ1/ե1;^ մքւնչհ-ւ. ՚կասպի^ ^"վյ \^կիա.թիաւ ՚ինգոս գ&տով՝ ՎւարսկասաաՆէն բաժ՚եոսահ– Հնգկասաաեր^ Ա7/տ^^ սանգր \ր^■հ^^^ն ե-տբե սօ^ելի հանօթացաւէ ձ* \^եգոս ու. ^էգրիս գե-տե-րուն "հք կս^ • Ա, իրա&ի խսձրագահսաճ , որ ըսս» մասթե լթէմեպյիՆ ու. պտոաբ&ր է» ըսսա մաս^ աաԽասլաա »ս 1* է^մարգաբնակւ \|ւՀ1 ^իւս* գք՛^ ե՚Ր \\՚""՚(հց հ՚ովըլ» իսկ ^սւրասւ.^ն իրէքն ԱէսկմաՆ ոսն1;^ո ՜կրիթոէ-ւսեաե քարա^ բսւկսաՀ էէոտէ ու. Գ\արսից Նոցոէ \|^^</ բսէրճրսւգէսսւսռր կր պէսոունստե1^ո իր սհքը. գե՚՚Կ ի ^իէ-սիսպյ^ սէրեւ.մհէ.էոբ X* Գ\տւաաբե՜ր ու. լե–ւՆնաշաա \^փԽսսփ^գաԱ^ կւսսպից հ՛ոմում Հւսրսէւայթե գ/ւե \քեչււստան ք^իմաք Հսէմաաս/եյ գլխաւոր ^""յ^ուք ւ դակ-ա ի ^էսուսԱ.^ պյրե սքոՄււ/ոէ.պօ • 2* ^փԱք4Լա4քաԼ» Գ\երսե պոլիս մայրաօաոռով^ ու. <կւսսս9րգագսէ գւիէւսւ֊ոո ^ս»1^ով ; 3 <1)4«\|ք1է«««««ք««« է լ^<. աւ.եւի գէպ ի Հիէ-սիս» Գ \|\««1«^\|է««* « ^ակէորստ գւխաւոր ռւսզռովւ ք^* Ասորնսաաճ (Հիմկյ քիսրաիսսւաՆ՝) , ^իգրիսի աոԾւելեան գրն* կէ$նոէ.1^ էՈսէրպթաոբոմ ու. յըյէբռ-ղա գլիւաւոր ^սսղօովՀ 3 ՏՒգրք՛՛ ՚"~ \քփոաէո գեսւերոսն սէքԱ կան 11* Հ*1*ք *** լեռ՚եագաւառո • ՚կասպից հ^ո^ մոսե^ Դ\ո՚Նէոոսի ք \^փրաԱոի ու. ՏՒգրՒ՚՚Ւ "^9 ^ Ղ՚ւե"՛՛^ ՚՜՚՚ք յէաոայթնեոն ե՛ն* ^իգրանակեոաք \^շէոիշաա ք յ^րէ^սիոք Վաղարշապասէ ք \քրոսաւեգսշաւո է - - Հա^ ւսւսէոանի ^իւ-սիսայի՚ն գրեք ^ոեսւոսի հ՛ովում աոհան» Նովեռջիւն ւ1րպյ Գ». ԱիՕաֆ1ագփ, Հայաեաանի ^ս/րսէւաքին գի՚ե. սէեոիս էոօրոիս էճեոուէ ու. բ§սոեբեր գաշաԾՈՈւէոնգ մէՕա^ՍՅէոսՅՆ իապան ամայի ե՚ոկիր մի : գ>. ^^էա\աՀԱ, ^ի^ագեաաց ^արաւ» Գ^է Տ՛^^ գաշաամաւր մբ» եոկէան ժամանակ \^սիայի աւՌ1է1է–Ն պաղար&ր ու. ՚^արուսա երկիրն ^^րք յրս^րպբս^դքքքք^ ^է իարե-չոնք \յ.փրաաի ^ոմ* գէքսաւոր ճազպթր կք1«–«. Նպքսաք մարակաէէ աաա՚^Ն ^իչ մ^անգիւնՀ 4։* ՝\յփոէս»ոէ էԱՈԾԱ^մաեաե գքւե ^^է^• Ա, Աք ««ք՚(«« ♦ հայանուն ե^ովահ՜ո^ին քով» աձւէ (սե՛/ ւքը ԱէՈ-եսսւրոյ օսւղպօներէ \քՈՈսսւսո^էՐ մստյրպբազռովէ գ^ ^է"՚լ հ-ովէզրոյ, յձիգոն ե-լ. ^իւրոս գւ/սւ»փւ.որ ռս»սայթե1քրաԼ% գ. Ա««9\|»էք . Լիչւաեաեու ք ^աւրոսի ու. կփրա^ ոի մէքյ գէ-պ ի ՚^իւ֊սիս ^արԲէյաաակք գէպ ի ^արաւ. էեոՆեսչքԲե ու. պաղաբե-ր։ Գլթաւ-որ օյսռպբն&ո% կ».Փ^^ք Այ» Հ""ւՒք Հե^րմհս ու. \^կանգ^ ■Ւ,ոոս գե-աէր^/ն ոռոգոէ^էսհ՛ ^ո^պյԱե Ոէ^ պաոաբե-ո ևրկիր մըն կէ իՀք ^քԱ, կը^ պէպէոմեակկ^ Ա» գհԿ հ ս$ւաԾւ.յհւ.աօ* 1* V^\՜Գ^ գլխաւոր քաղպօնև-րե են, \^ոիոԽ ու. ^եոգւսմոն» շ. Լյ՚-՚ք՚յ**» \^"՚Րգ1՚կէ ու– ^ագնևսիա գչի օւսռպթ%ե–րոմ* 3 . կփսքթփԽ է - ֊ 1՛ ւ1^Ր^՚^1**** %ԻԿԻ՚" գլի* ք՚"ղք"վ,* շ. Գ\ա^ա^ԳոԱ^ա յւ^ինոպ գլի* քաղքովյ, 3. <1\|«քւ«ք»##» . ^բապիդոն գլի* ք՚^ղք"վյ գ. գէ^պ ի Հաբօէէ., էբսռեեոովէ ^* յ^է&՚"Խրլլ 1« ի՚^ձ <«^<"–է ք&ա1^ քք ՚Ւէ՚^Ի՛ –՚^–՚Ա՛՛^ ՚՚^րգւ՚Կ* - 2* Ւ՚^ձ ՚^ետւի^,.^ սաուգր մէասկ եբոայսւկւմմն 1^է 13»""/՛ ՚եպյելով^ ա/արգ^ կէսւԱհ էսօգքւն "րՐ՚^ցր Ղ՚՚՚՚Հ^ւԺ ւՐՐ՚՚՚^Ց կ՚՚՚ր^րՐ "(^ՊՔ \քՐԲ֊ մառգհկ կդքեան մեՆ Օր^եոեղթն եպբր^ ե^րկրէ" ռօԽադան կողմերո ըրու^եըան իրեՆ^ է-րկչփն (քւեչպ1^ս %սէեւ. լեռոսքւն ու. կոօնքւն\ որպքւսոսթե-սԽր ^Աքմևմաաք այւե–ւ.սչււ կերպոմ սկսս^ օարգաեսէէՀ ^սւլէճրսւգսւէ֊սէւՆնե՚րու. ե՛լ. սւմւահ եոկհոեեոու. քւնսս՚ա, կէէքւ^ ք^^գ^է^«ՀաԱ 1ՆաԼ^^ շարու^ակե^բև* իսկ ա»ն սէօգ&ոՆք որոնք պսւոաբե-Ոք օաէ^ գսէշաավսչքբծ՚րո գաղ^եօիւ^ բնւսկչաօ ՚^ե–ազ^&ա1^ րաօմաէէւսչովԱք ի՛՛ա՛ Հքճ^էա ^սէստասէույև բնակու.թ իմն շ^եըիւև էքլ. յշա-ա կու.թԾա% պէսրասպւքէու. սկսանէ 2* \^ոկոէսգոոհ–ու.թես^ ՎչՊ1 ^իաւա.էսհ– էսռասՕ^ ակրոսթիԱ^էներլլ^ Հոանկո ու. գիանկ^ ^անգէս եւ. ք^եգոսք ջիգրիս ոս ՚կփոատ եւ. կեոոս գե՚աե-րոսե «^^ եոաօ– ^Աքէէ գէսշտւսմայոեոու. մրպյ կր գւոէէ&Նո։\\սոՆչք էԱէքէ^ աո֊ա^Ն՚նճ-րչ^ աիեղեոակսւն պաամհսթաէան 4^ 1^^ %շաեակու.թիսե մի չա^եռաե ւ ւ\ասՆ պի թէպկա եւ, սրայնոու֊թեամէւ ու. սւրոսևսաի ՚ճարտարու.թեէսպւ երևսեւի շ(է«»««»«^(«»1քքք » խիստ ^բե աա1ձ»եևըւԼ աէ^րու^ թիւն մի կւ$^գ%աէէ է/^ ) որ մեր թա-աձսճքւն առաք/ւՆ գարՏրրուն սէք^ \^՚՚է^է մեն-ագղիէ մասս կո պարոա–^ նսէկէր, սակս^ էրե՚կբ պէրէ^ը միշա մէԼատ ագ^ գեր^^ ղաաոէ^ահ՛ ու. սէմէն օաաբ սսգեսա^թ1րՆէՆ աղաա պսէ^ե-չով^ չկրնան մէսրգկեղէն աղգիՆ Բ^գ՛^ ^անու.ր պարգացմաեո մասնաԼք»» ըյլալէ կդքնպէ^ս Հ^«ք յլք ալյ ոքւոեց շաա ^ին քա^ ղաքակրթութեաե յպյս՚՚եի վ^ա^ու^թիսե կսւ. աան հր1/1պ %ու.էրական մաաևա1ւներն ու. ^րաշաչի շխ/ու «, քժրւ.%Նս՜րո •- պէսսէմակաե ժսզոմրգոօ է/րաւ շաս» »ռՒ^ ասգե^ու-թիմն ոսեեսանւ ^^սւրձըագղխ մասէսոր ասոգասցման աո֊ս»^1^ սւսէ.^ չԱ Ա"/"^^ ^արաւ, • արեսմաեան գքւե եզահ՛ կո գբա^ ^^%1Բ* Հոս ^իաւձ–ցի1ե \^սոբ&սաս^1րայք ք ^աբևրսռհբյ իրէքեց յաղթ– ակքաա^թէս1ւնեքէը% \^յս միքոցթէ՝ գ&ռ. ^իսս, ու. ւֆյի՚ե յ^ս^սէք քւեչսչէս %աեւ. ^ոէոր \յ1.րոպսք սէասր» ւսսգ^ աեգ1Տե թափսէռոո ^ովոսակաե ու. ոոոա սորգ ժոոովու.րգնե–ր աէէ^է^Աևէ 3 • շ^եԴւա^իք է է/կոա^լական ^եղի% Հասահ– կրթ-աւՔ֊եաՆ աւանաթարձր աաաիճաեէչլ կչլ ^ու^չնեն է իբե%ք յաաէ$լ.կ Նկաքագիբն 4՛ յէւաակ ւֆպք • բ՛^^ ՚^կ անգաւՐ ւ$աւ1արէա&ի% ալ. Ը^էգւէւ%էսհ–1էե վր՚քյ ^սասէէաա ԱԱւսլ» գս/րձէւսա ղգէա^^ ման աս &րեւ.էսկաւա–թ՚եա§ւն աէակսու.թ–իս% ։ յվ§քհւսա աո§^^ մնձաաւգրաԱ.թ–էւ%ր էււս^սօյեսէէսկան 4՛ եւ. սաա^մաւի՚քւ քւէԱքԽ^ պէաՀաաւ.ք9–եաՆ վր՚ք/ ^Տ^»»–աձ– ւ կ՚՚Ա՚՚Րձ. ՚ոհր՚՚՚՚ք^եաե ւԳք1էաէկ1^սւչլէ ժաղավրգեա՚ն ^պքըն ^\| արսա^ »սռ^ս^ ք^է^Ր Հպէէէաէւսկ%եր% անչափա/^սա կբ ^աէւՈսքւաւ.ի՚ն ։ Հ^գիճնհ–ր% ւսրգ11^ Հւնւսգայն ժւսմանէս^երբ ^քնչեւ. ^էվսք^ գ&էլ. կէ^էսձ– չորա գ^ասար կւսբգէրաւ. քսսժնաւ֊աէձ– ^ին* 1* ^րաՀւֆ՚Ններբ^(քա^աք1ւսէ%երքԼէ »է–էւսսցէչներբյ գա^ էաէսսարեերւԼէ բժիշկՆհ–ր% աւ. աէքտասնակա% խաբ^բգական^ ^եբը^։ 2* Ղ՝Հ^ԳԲ^՚՚(^^ԲԸ. Լդհ՚^՚՚՚֊՚՚Ր^^ւ՚է) * ^ * Վ՚՚՚է՚՚է՚՚՚նեբւԼ (աբաա-եասէԱէէ-ոբՆեբն ք եբկբաագաբ^^եբն աւ. ւխւճաաա.աւկաե^ %էէբբ)» 4* %՚"֊՚՚՚է"՚^^ՐԲ Լգաբեաէմաբնեբն ալ. ^աէոյսէնհ-բ^ ։ — էԼ" ^՚՚՚ՐԳ^Ր"՜ ՚ֆաէա^աբաա^թ-1/ն^^ կ ^ւՓՒ՛^ ղաեէսդան ՚՚ւեէՒ հ՚՚՚ՐԳ^Ր "Ր՚՚հք սւէՕէ%աաաա»աբքքն գաբ^քեբը^ կբկաաաէա.. բհի՚ն* ^"քք^ աւա%^ ա%աբգնեբը^ Գ^աբխսնեբ% էի%* 8 •է. կէաքէւ.սէվաբող^ Ռք**Հ՚^յ( պւսշաօեւր \քպտհ՛^ Խքսւ. \|)/՛֊ 4^Ի Լ^Ր՚Ս) "^ Վյճ""–Ի ԼօգէՏյ եւ. ջրղյ) պաշաօ%ը^, եւ. վԽրքապկս ^րսէ^մԼւ , Վ^շնաւ. էւ. \^իվա՝ իբրեւ. մէ յ^ապյե թարձք^ւ՚գոքե յ^էէէոսւ.^աք »/ըլ սսսեդհ-էէզ, պաս^ոդյ եւ. աւ.ե՚֊ բ»դ օօրսւթ-իւ^եւԽր ^րսւրալ. ^եա միէսւէս/քեէ ^^^1 ւսսսւա.սւ^ հ-ոսթ-իէ^ներե^ ղաաո բէսղմաթիլ. երկրորգ կւսրգի սէսէոոէ^ա. սէձՆեր էսւ կաաէնէ Հ^գկասա Նքւսիբական գ^քե-րբէ վեէոսւ^ %եբթյ էւսէեսգբիւո ւեօսւ.սէւ. գբոււսե– էՆ, եւ. մէաւեւ եբեք^ էսււյսք^ կ^՚ՐԳ^ՐԲ կր՚^՚աե օաՆոկթ կսէբգսւլէ ձ^սւա.ս»սաէ$յ վաբդյապե«ոու.թ–եաՆ կե՚նգբո՚ն% է ^•^\|\|»փ«.\|ւ.«»»–\|1\|\|»«ւ."1 եւ. ^1քա^\ոԽա^^աՀ վաբգէսպեսւոլ.թ–իւ%բէ - - %ֆբիսսււէս^ ՚էէՏ Գ"՚Ր յաա-ա^ ելաս \|1– »(»«.յ«»–ք ^«–Նյ^, սբ կաբգեբէէւ. ղւա%ա^ պսւնէ1է.թ–իւ^բ եւ. յեբսէքՒ%»ւ^եսւն վաբգսէաեաոսթ–իւ.Նը^ մեբժես . եւ. կ՝ սււ.անգեբ իբբեւ. բսւբձբսսգոքև ասէւյէղբլքւեաւ^ թ-իւ^՝ ս^բ եւ. »ղոբ»Ռւա..թ–իւ.Ն այէՆ սէբսէբսէծ-սաէ ^»լ.գաքի Րէէւ1աէւա1ԽղՐէ\ ոսօսէ֊ւՈւ, բ—րւբ Հ^գկէէքսաահ շ»էւ.Աէ »1ի ասաս^ բս$հ–աա..եա»սա.. . բ՚՚ԱՏ "Բ՚ւվկեսաեւ. էսժկՆ մաբգիկնեբւէա֊ ^ք–՛ ա^էսէւասբէււ.թ–էէ^ կբ ք.ս»բւ»9եբ ւ ^բւս^էԴւՆնեբ^^ սսասսաիկ ^էւււաեակռ կբեա • եւ. էէսօ-ստքակազյԱէան Հ^գկաէաէաա^ա^^ բւէչւէբսվի՚Ն քՆքսւ.ե^»սւ. ւ ^բի»ւոանեու.թ–ե%ե Գ՚՚՚ք Ռ զք՛"՜ »^սսքյ բԼէէւ–գսւքէււ.թ^իւ\աՆ (իբբեւ. ք^օւի կբօն\ շ^ե^սաաւսՆ սւ/ ւՈեէաւ. . եւ. ^ոե ա^բիսաէէսք;՛ 500 ՚^աբի յա».աք^ ապբսղ^ ՝կւէնփու.կի$»սի բասբոէակաե վաբգէսպեսաու-թ՚եասե ^եա խէսռ.. Նուե^սէւ. ։ ՚^^մանա–թ–իւ%բ (մ»գսէկբձնու,թ–իւ.%\ կսբհ՚Աք., %եւավյ %աեւ. ^ղու-ւիսաանի ու. ՚իէպեգէ ՚^ք^ ւՌոաւ. եւ. ւդքՆչեւ. ւքԱ՚՚օբ (րսւ1աւութ–իւ% աՆ»սասմբ\ կբ »ա$եւ.^է — ^բա^մա%ոսթիէ%ւլ կբլ գաւանիՆ ^իմկք իբբ 200 1 ի՚՚կ ^էէւ.գաքսւ.թ–իւ%ը^ Հբէ֊բք^ 450 ՚Դ՚Լ; ՚^ՐԳՒ^ 3* Ր^^^1՚ը^ք \\^ոյւհգ^^> 1 Հք^ բսէբերսկսէն պեաու.թիւՖբ* (2000* 12օ0 ՝^* 0) 2""" Տ/՛^ ՀՒսէմանսէններր սեմական ^եղէն է^կ 7^^իւ.ղի%^ ք.աղգէա^ւ.ո^ ^ ՚կեքւրովթ֊ե աօւաջ^ %որգդւ.յժեւսւՌւ Հայսէսսքաեի լեռ1ևձ–ո^–նք ՚կփրսւա ու. ՏէգրՒ" գեաերոմե պէողաբեո կոդմակքթ գս/ռք^-եչովը ^էաւու.ահ՛ ե ե-րեսաէ է ^1^րոէ,թե–ան մկ^րաբաղպբՈք ^էսբե-չո՚նք վա՚ճառականոա.թեամի^ արուեսաիւ^ ու. 9 գիէո ւււթեասյհ. շաա շոէ.սւ աէսռաս^առէսւ. տ \քթկո^հւսէս^ ^եէսկան ռ$սդառս»եր1ժու1ժեանո Գղ՚՚Օ ^ Տ^՚՚^՚^ք ՚"/ ^եսխէսկսէե էսշսէէսրաեթն ^ ւսրոէ^&սասքսաե ՕրմուոՆե՛^ բոէ-ք քՅ-ոէ^մնե-րոէ. եւ. այաՀ բւսօմաթիւ. »սւ.երա1^երըՀ 2» ՝\^սոոեսոանե–աւց աեսէու.քժե–ան լ12օ0՜ 606 ՝^ 6՝) Հիաւագիրն ե-ոաւ ^>յտ»բե–չոՆոք Սօ/Հ7ա«/«, աոամմն ու, Հայւսօաաեո աշքսար^էսկւսլրո կի՚Նոսո, ^#» %աէ9եա– ւ^է^ոս1;^ մայոաբսքղպբր ^իա/ս՜ռէ \%ր /ա^ու.աՆ^ն ե՜պռոք Ւ–Ր սւմու.սքէնր^ օջւսցնե՚ոոէէ ^սէմիսէսսսւ.որ ՜^աւփրաէքրյ ՜^սորեսաանեայօ պե՚սքու֊թհւ^ր պէսսւե–^ ոսէօտէերոմ պ/նչեւ. \^գոս ոԱգսւլէ^սէսեց* ^§սբ.ելոմն ու. ^^ու.1^ ^սեէաէսգորհ՛ շ^ու.թի»յն%եոով օար^ գէսրե՚ռ եւ. սոլոո էոկոուէէՒե-ասնւ ա;^ Օջանռ^ռներ % ու. աքԱթու^հաեաՆ ՚ճասմե. աեե-ր շքքնե՚ռ տ ՚^ամքւոէսյէ ^ու.աամհոքօ՜ ւաՕորգեև-րու^ ժա–^ մանսէկո յ^սոոՄԱսաանեաւց պևաոա^թեան օջրու-քՅ-հւ^ւքԱ ^Աեէսւէ ^պյց %ոոէ;^% ս-լւսւ. յ^սէու/անսէԱէսրր ժաւ/աեասկք թագաւոոութիւնո կորհ՚էսնեցէ ի#» լք՚՚՚9ըրգ՚"1Ա 0^՛ %եռեոիյհվքռկսաւ. աերո^թեան կորՆաեու.մէէ 606 ^ 1յւեո^1^ առՆուեռաւ.» եւ. կս$բու.պաղսար Աւ/ք. ոեսէոաեի կուսսէկւսշե եւ. կիա-աթսսւր յր»սբսէց եշխսսՆր աէբութիւ.1եր յէ քերնին բ աժնեցքւն : Վ.^/՛^^ թա^ գսէա.որւա\^սսոգաեսաթ.առթկբ ոք՚նբո կքէներոէքԱ ու. գան^ ձերով Ա քէ^ասգաւորսէկ՚ահ պաւաաքէն մե^ ՚^1Ր^1 աոէ^սււ. է 3 յրաչա՝ ւ^^որեոաս^եւաց պեաու.թեանք §իգ, րէ՚՚է էսրեւեւեան գք»ե ե-էոսա երկիրներում աիրեէու. սոոե%^ կարոէ.աո»ղսս»ր ^իգրիսի ւսրեւէՐ* գի՛^ եղաՆ՜ երկիրներն առաւ. եւ. ^իճեց ՚կոա ^փէ^յէի^աէաԱ փա»^ գո^-Հւիէշ (606-538)» նր »ՐԳթ Ս՝^^^ ՚^արա.^ քոգոնոսոր (604–~ճ61)ք ^^ՐՐ կենգանա^թեան 10 ատէքԱէ ղաբկաւ. (\ւէսբկեէֆշէ ք՚՚վ^ 605) ^կէ^քաէ^ով^ կգիպաոսի թագաայէրըյ որ բքլրր Ա""/՛^^՝ էֆւկչևկ կփրաա իրՏէե յափշաակա^ էբ* 13 աարի.,պ^թքշա՛^ ոձ-չթե ե՚աևս աււէտս. ^իէ.րոսըլ» ՚եէէէ^աւճե^յկրոսսադէճ (586/՛^) ^՚՛ աաբաա^ ^րեսւնե՚բբ (70 ամքո^յ բաբե^ ա^»ս§եան գեբու^թե՚սէնէ իՀք ժա»1աԱակ ^էսբեը^ ս/շ^ խաբՎթիս աւ&նաշօ1ոլ քաւըէտե էբւ կաբրւքք^ գոեոսոբի մա^ոա,աեէ՚ն (561) եաևս աէբա.թիէ,%% քւնկաա.% կաբոեիգի Լիեչբսղաբիյ ատոձնք ՜կիսբոս իա^ բևլոԱե առաս (538^^) ու. ^բկէբբ պաբսկակաե էէսա.։ սերա կսւպ»ակցու.թ–իւ% սւ%ե^»ղ^ ւսսսւէ-դա^ էպօւՀա^էե մ •&.« %կբե Լսէսբյ^սականու-թ-իաձէ^ ։ իրե%չք ք»վ յե^^ էղասսէէւգ^ ՚^1Լ էո ի մաւ^0»աւ.»1էէէ ե՚րկի՚նքե ու. լղյւէ՛ էէէոեղ^էւդ է՛լ. «ք •«Հ. (է»է–սի%թ\ ։ ^ա^ք^ աաւծէ^յկ գաա կը^ էԱէձ-արք^իֆ %ս»եա^ ^Ւ՚^Գ մսւսրակձեբն ու. կե՚նգ»»»ն»ոկասմարի նշաՆ^, քւ^աչպկա %սւեւ. \քփք$սւաո , ու. ՏէԳՐէ" գեաէրՆ . եւ. ոայլն < 1^սաու.»էէձ՚աոյի% էդէսշասէմու^տՏխիՆ քֆր՛" "է– դգո^ակաե էբ , եւ. քա$ղգկւաս. ւքք՚^^ՐԸ^ Լք՚՚՚֊Ր՚^ԲԸ^ ՚ֆ՚՚ւ/^ է բ–արձք$ագ»էր$ գիաու-թ՚եաե^ աաե^ակ էին։ \^սո%ռ շաս» ւ&ձ– սւղգե^ոսթ-իլ^ւ ուՆ^^ ժողովբւէեաե վքպք ԱէՆոր ^է1»ւՈսր որ ըՆգ^անու֊ր սւաՏք^՚նոլձ ^ււէւ.էոտքքքն էր է թ-ք^ եբ^է^ի% մաբաաչք գիրքք^ էսէղագան կրեաե գոսշակէ/։ 1< (\՚վ^ ^Ի^^Տ Ա^՚՚՚ք^Տ թ-ագաււարւաէ֊թ֊իէձը I — 2 . ՚ի՚Նչպ^^է ակսաա. էք^արէկսքկա»/^ պեաա,ա.թի^Խը% - 3 ի՚1հշ<ք4<՛ թագաա.որԽցի% կա»քխիէ.սէա . ՚իարԽ<;է ֊- 4* ի՚>՛^ « 1* Ղ՚ր^Հշ Մ՚՚՚Բ՚՚՚Յ »"–՚՚՝ք^ թագաւ-ոբրք կբ ^աէՈսբոսի յրաբաց թագատսոբու.թևս^ ^է^՚^գէբԲ^^ ոբ ե՚օթ՚եպսւբիսպ \քկբսքոան՚տէպյբառէսոպթն սւէ շ^ե՚^է Աւ/ււր յաքըբղյլ Փշ^՚-^^ք^ Յ^ղ^կԻտ պաբսի1քեեբկ աա եոսս»ճեօՀ ^>^Ք ա$ան^ ^ԳՏԲ (^""Գ՚՚՚^՚՚բ^ եքաԱ– պթւա^փ^փսէսա ք որ յձկիա.թացթւե–բու% ^աղթ-եչի^ ե–աեւ.ք 11 կթ§էււ^է֊ե կորզանեց (606)» Ա«"»/* յ՚՚՚ք^^րգ^ ^"^գ՛"^ Հա1քք1Ն ւսէոե%՝ ^ՐհՒՐՐ ՚^^Ր"կ՚՚կ՛՛^ %էս^աեգ ե՚դաւ. (558 ք. 6)» կ աարկ^էւեէ \քրկւ9/ե սւա1քն ցեղաեից մարւսց ի^^աեոս^ քժ&ան աասկ ^ստլ^^ և-սւեւ. \| ՚1^ցերւԻգ գարուձէ կ^սեոէ^ դօրասոի ակրոսթիմե ւ/քւլ կս^գՆ§քցին, որ շու֊ա մի ՚կա^էգոս գօոոքւն ու, \քգէ^ակւմե օ՚ու/ույե ւո(^0 եղահ՛ եո^ կէր^^ՐՐ ^քք՛ առաա-է կէւ»4»ւ»4* պեաու.թեաե ^իճա^ գՒՐԸյ ՚^՚՚՚՚՚^^ե^ց ^ասարգագէ^ի քով^յրարքը^Հ^^Տ)* էսշ^ւսր^ակէսլեռ սէսոո մրայ ^ակէորիսԽք էաղթ-եց \ՕԳ.Ս հ՛^) կր^սաասի ք ^պասաս§կեցու.ց էՈԱ^ակսւն գստւի. թակաեոԱ.թիսԱնեոոյ էսււս/ւ. (օՑօ^^) իասեչոե՚Ն եւ. ՀՐ^Ւց * ^մեպյ գերոա-թ-եաե ՚էեոք աոսսէւ.։ յրեռսււ. ռջոԱ.ց^ %աքև՚լով^ յՐ՚Աէէիբք^՚՚՚ց գ^մ* ըբահր պս§սէե^ րաղէ1^ե Աէքյ 3. կաՏէ^^ա^^ք^. (529-522) կի^րոսի որգի՚ն ու. ^^շ՚յրգՐյ ՜կգէպսէոս Օ^սՕք^ պարսկսւկաՆ %ա^ս^գ ոքէսէա^» ՜^մերգ և–դբաւրը%էսէ»աեձ1/Ա սաա1/նե՚ց ու. ւԱէռէսւ. կգիպաոս11;/ն գւսրձաօ– էսաէէե։ ի4ՓաիԽւ Ա. Վ^շաասպեա՚Նք սու.ա ^մերգի սպա^ %ու.&լէՆ է-պքրէ գա^ ելաւ. (52 1-485) < ՚կՈԱ^աճեց ապսաամիաՆ ^աէեէոեր(քոպիւ.րոս\ 513 ^^< Ս^^^՛ թացւ.ոց գք^Ր րբահ՛ ս»1ցաքոռ աըշասաՏնքովջ ^ար^ կէսաու. րբաաւ. քհրսէկիաե ու. ՚յ^սւկեգոԱիաեւ ՓԴՔԲ յըյարէաի ^ոսեսաց տսպսսէւսյիոէ..թիւ%ր պաաճսւռ. տոա֊աւ. պսւբսկակ»սե–^ու.%սւկաե պսէաերաօաէօ՚րու.%է հը^ռւսՕջա աբշաւ.սէկթը^ 492* \^արաթոնի 7^ակաաոր 490 ^^)< 4* \^աօրոսաՆ ՚իրասքեի՚ն վբպք՝ \^ք՚^^Ր^ սերւահր եւ. պա^ւագա% իրարու, "՚զգ՚՚՚^էչք ցեպեբաւ. բաժԴասւսձ– ժ»ղա^ վաւ^րգ »Դլ ւաարահ^ասահ՛ էր . սր իբ ^Ջ^՚^՚գ աւ֊եսէէա %սւփըակաե գւտ1էբ»ւ.% ւեզէէւ.էն, Քա%գիկ ժ^դովու-րգ ալ 12 կթ կոչսա-ի ։ - ՏՍ՚^Գ ւ՚՚^եասւաաւ^փ (կէՆգաս%ի թանբք ^^՝ • աէւսբւււ.Ն ՚^քէըքլ ^"՚^՚՚՚Ր^՚ք/Ւ ՚^ճ. ""էԲ՚՚զ^ ՏՍ՚՚՚՚Գ՚՚՚Հ^քՒ Լ^Լաօւաթ ու֊սսարայի\ վարգասաեաաւ֊թ-էէ^ր կր պա»էրւէւՆ»սկ1^ ։ կբ թ-ւսգէսա-ոբէ լու-ողյ ՚^ք ՒԲՐ^՛՜ "՚Ր՚՚՚Ր^ք սաիեպերօէս եւ. էոէէսիք էԱէԱք%ւա% բւսրեսւ^ * \|«^ձ՛^ ^եէէա ասնընգ^ասաո պսւ^ աերօւօւԴւ ՚^ք հ յ^^րեման Լչարայկաո^ , մթ-ասթ-եաՆ ու. չսւրեաց \^սւու»ւ֊ա»է&բ։ (^«"՚^յք էէաոոբւսկօէբգէ՚սււ ձ^ է բսփբէ ևւ. ^աբ »ւգք»^»եբ ( ոբսնք ՆղՐապկա իբսքբալ. ^եսա շաբոլ%աս^ կէ-աւ պւսաեբասղմի «^^ 1ք^ 1 մք^չեւ. ոբ ք^րփ'§գ ՍԼՀւ՛^՛ մանի՛ն յաղթ-^է \յ1^աբգ պէէսք է ւ1աաց եւ. գ-բ^ւ՚չք մաք,, բսւ֊թ-եւէէմբ. եւ. գ§խասւորէէւբէսբ ^սասւկւսր ասնէսսու^աւեբը^ ք^քեո՚ժէ ձ^ս/ա-եր ւոնկելսվէ գսւշաեբբ յշակելոյ եւ. «"ՀՀ^ 1\բ՚ֆդգի Աէրքւսյա^թ–իւ%՚ն ընգաբձասկել. եւ. ^ոլբբ^ իբբեւ. մևտբութ-եա՚ն Դւշան է պաշաելյ ^էր՚»1կյք՝ սէբգէՆ կիւ.բ»սի ժսէմանւաակ մաբւական կբբ֊ թ-սւթ-իւ.% ու. շօ-այլու-թ-իւ^էե բնգսա^ահ– էքւն ։ -- Փ՛՛"–՛"^՛/՛ էսբօսւՆիօբ կբ պաս^^ի՚ն գսւսսւււ%եբէ^ եկէսօ՜ ^էսբկեբբ ^ասբելոնէ \շկբսւասէն «ւ. ^օ/ > ւսբռայաանիսսո աէսէոպռնեբ էին» Գ\եըաեաուի§ւ թ–ասգաւ.ոբս»օ գերեօմանս»Աէեէ1ք^ ~՜՛ Դ»էսբե^ պեսէ1էւ.թիւ.նբլ 20 ^–էի՚ս՚բաբոէ-թ-եան բւաժնե^ < կսւխւսբսէրնեբն ոբ ի սկղբասն գս$ւ.առս/ո քւսղաքէսկան կոա^աասկէսյներն ե(^ է կամաց կս$»1աց ղինու-սբասկան իշխւա^ %ոսթ–իաւն աւ առին եւ. եբթ-Աէլոմ »Ոք& անկէսխու֊թիւՆ ասասքցանէ \^ոոես գսբձքն էբ է ^ւաաբկեքքն էսբօու-նիք Ւ՚Ր^^էյ բասեա^քնեբր ^ոգսէ/, երկբի՚ն ււսօ-էոքագիմու֊թ-եան եւ. Հ«ս– աաբասկաա ւսաէս^ովոա^թ–ե$աւեո%աւիւէ — ^աաւնէակբկոբաՀք–.֊ %ու–էբ ս»ասնեսւ^եբու. , ^ւսբիա֊բեւաքչնեբսա. ել. ^ասօաբեակա. սեբու. է է^է^^ ^ասէԱէւակ աասաեբսւռյի ^ՒասւԼ-պյու֊թ-եան մՏոնելսւ. էղւաբսւս§կա՚ն կբ է 5. ք#4է.ք՚ք»է* 11– (485-465) ^օ/»^՝ ^՚՚սՆաց դէ^մ՝ սնսւսՆ՛ գժօւսէքսսէ ասասէԾոաղմր ՚եոյե §մեւէսքոոու.^ թե՜սէւ/նւ շսոույեսէսօ՚ռ։ ^պսէս$ւ/ու&չու. եորոսսէոնեո ոա.^ ՚եևցաւ. 480/՛^՝ յձաղասֆ՚նաւի է եւ. ^^ ^ իՆ ԳՀոաաէայի յք՚էյ \^պանոԱ.ե–ցէսւ. բուեսււ-ոոսէեան եսէուավաոու.^ Քսևրքսէ^սի յաքորգներհն է Աք«ք»^շ^«» ^ւ\**յ^ Խա^^է^սոան (465-424) 3»«–^«՛^ »«- ապսաաա/ի %ախարարն1քրու. ^ևա կռոսևէով անօուց եևակթըէ Ղ-ա^^Տ^ ք\. %ո^ո^^ ժամանակ (424405)"՛^՛»՛"– Նևաց աեգթոէ.թիւ^էնևրո շատռահ^ եւ. Նախարար^ Ներու. ւսսլսաայիոէ.թիւ^1/նեոր աա՚ճէսէւեցիՆէ ձ^ոդո^ 13 վուրգն օր յբլաե օօր շո֊սորէսլօ եահ ես սեւյեու– թռ՛ան յէլկ՝,էնկ^յկք, - Աք^«.շ).– «՝• Ո-շէ-էՏ (405-362) գէ^մ՝ ե-չասք \\էւ.րոս էր եոբայրր, ր՚^յց կունաթսաւի ՚ճակաաի մկ^ 401/^^ ի%կաւ.է ^^Լ^գու.թ \^^^աձա^ հ« ք^փ^ո•^ (362-338) Հ^ի^իկէ՚ե ու. կգիպաոսր ՚եոր^% %ու.ա՚ճեց ւ Դ**քէ^ կ#»է».#»/«#7»#»՚« (336-331) Ի դուր աշշ. խէՍէոեցւսււ ^ ինեսէՆ պէոոութ 1աան ՛նոր ^ոգի ւոալու. : \^^ղհքսանգր քք ձծ՝ յքակ&գոՆացին , գրանիկոսի (3 3 4) > իսսոսի (333) "՚֊ Ա/7–^7՚€7^ (^^1) ^՚՚Կ"՚"՝՚^^ր՚"1ը. ասւրսկական պեսէՈսթհւՆՆ իրեՆ ^պսւսէսւկե-ցուցՀ Հէ^կպք յ"էքՈ^^ԲԸ* Երւ ՛՛ւ՛"»– երկիրը •՚Տ-4''7–""՛^"՛ «"^"1Ւ« — 2* (1'Հ. ^ \\րշակոէ.Նի ^արսէոոէ.թ–իէ^ը ^իէ/նոզթէ ի՚%չպէա կսւււավ^բԽց Վաղւաքւշակէ 3« ՈՀ է՜ ՏԻԳՐ–՛^ \քե&1 Ո\|>" V *• ^ՏՐՏ՝ \^Իէ՚"Գ^՚Ոթ՚ե"––լ թագասար. ՚ն՚երըւ է — 4 1՛^^ կէաւա.սէվաքււէ.թ–իւ% ւքա%եքաէ§՚էա իքոօրւէ^ւ ^րգ—ւք ք 11 քլ«»(11 ձ«ւքօ«–Հ » — Տ • ի / Հք«4^ «^ք. 4ր ՚^"» ՚ֆէՐՏէ" ^"Ս՚՚Յ >ք>–"ե%ագրոա.թ–իա.%ււ է կւաա.թ–իԱ.Նըէ Ո\|էյ»\^ 4* գչխւաէլյ»բ\Խրւէ է ձ • Ս՝^^ կոոէքանհ ^ոնէոոսի ու. կողռիսի –էքլ. յկկասէ կոռժանհ յրէշագ&աաց սէք ք՚^^՚՚Դ րարձրւս^ գւսւ-սսռ Հ^այասս»ս/11ն ^ էսզգւաէւն աւանգոսթե՚անց ^ասմեմասէք հրէքն Նա^ւսպետ ունի ժխերրոՍԹ սաս»^ %ող^ Հ«^յյլ։ Ասււ/ւ վէցևրորգ յա^րգլլ Աք^/, երկհրր չ^ թ^ սրաւն օտար ^արձակու.սնե–րք^ ապաա պսւ^եցք ^սւաա ս»շիւարկակէսւուլժէււ1էներոէ1 Նսւեւ. յհնչեւ. փոքր ՍԼ"^՛" րնգարճսւկեց տ \|^թ«4 ^Դէ*ք^^ք 7^>» ժէսմանսւկ Հպյասաան %ինոս–^ ^սէկս/ն պետոա-թեսէն նահանգ, եոաւ. ( \ 200 ր Օ՛՛՛^՛^^ Պ^քէէքք՝ ^է՚հէՍք ՚նի1նուկս»կան չոսՆ–^^ աէլաաե-լով^ (890)» ի՚Կ^ պի՚նք թագաա-որ ա՚նոլա%ևց։ Տ)^^^^^ Ա՛ (580-535) ^րկէր^ աւելի ընգարձակեց ու ՛ներքին 14 ւառսքՕագքւմքէւ.թե՜ան ւսւ ւֆտ գնելով^ օէսղպբներ ^իՏւեց ու. յեհ-ագորհ՛ շհ՚Կբե-ր շ^^ց^ ^1;ակսո եւ ՀԾոսէեղե-սէ ^աէ.ասսւո ^սւմաոու.աՆ վ«4•%««^3»X\|• դար&^ի այ1;;՚ն ^սւրձէսեա.Օնեորպսւրէսպէ ^աեեււ ու, Հ^պէւսսսւսէնէ գոնք^ ^էւսիսպաթև մաս^ սէՆսսւ^ խութիւ^ր աաՀեօք սաԼպխ ^ոեյթսանգր ՝^ե^ զՀսա՛^ էԱէսաան է1աեե՚գոեաեան Նա^աևգ րբաւ. ՕսՕ/՛^* "՚՛– ՚ււէրք աոսաւ. գրեթէ^ 18 Գ՝՚Ր աեսոո Հ%ւ^կապաեց ^ս§րս§ոութե–ս/ն X Հաք «ա կրօԿէ^է է աւկպթասն ՝պր»սգասշաւԽկան ^ր դսբ ե՚տղք^քե յ^\ս»§րեաաէա%էայւչք ել. ^ոսՆասչք գի^աթանասթ՚եանշ^ ^էա խաէւձեչքիՆ։ Ա՚ե^ե՚նաշաա քաղաքներն կի% , յը^յձւսիր $ 2» յ^ոաՀթսաեգրի յա^ու.աեէ/ն ետթը ^ ե՚րնպւս՛^ ռակութեամի Ք՚^/Ք՚9/"^ Հպյասաան^ ^ աիոև-ց Ա/՛^ շակ Վյ^^^ր՚՚րգ է կաւՐ Ա՚ի^րգաա Ա , պաբթ&ւը^ ( 1 50)» 0-լ. իր վե-րքւե իշի§անոսթ1ոսնր էոս»1լ գոս»ւ. Հայօէս^ Ա«/ աաե%ք^ն կչլ^ սկսի՝ Հ՚^՚՚ց ,Ա12^2*"է***ք Հա^^Գ^^^\յԱ^ (146 ք. 6– - 428 Ք– Ե–)է - վ#««էէւշ4( իր 22 ասւրւաե վարչու^թ1ոսՆ սէաե՚նէ ^146-124) ^Ր^ԷրՐ ՚^^ կոոմանկ արաաքթէ թշնա^ յիւներ1;^ զ^տթոյ ապսէ^ովցոսռ ^ մէկսււ կողման^ Ներ^ ռէւն կս^րգս՚գրոէ-թիսմնև-րոյ շակեօէ - - ՛իր գորհ՚օօ ասսւԱե եղաւ.^ ՚^ասր Աքւսւ</ Ա<//է/\|ք.^՚%ք ^^սւրնէոնի մա^ սէե՚նագստրաեք^ք Հ^պւոց պս>սէմու.թիսնր՚գրԾէ սէսս/Աէ ք^ագւսէ-որաօ իշխաէւութ-իս-%% ի ւէկօթ»էւն^ ^եաէ ք %ս$^ քսսւրսւրսք^ չափսւդանաա »սրէոօեւսէ^թ–իա^%՚ՆերովԱ շաաո ԱէւՐփս., փէէւ.ասձ– եր * \\1՚՚նք սեա^էսկան ռ^բք »- աէսշաօնեւսնեբ »ւ%ե%ասլոմ »եւ. թ–ագւսա.որի% չափաւար ^արկ մււ ասարէԱ անոր վերիՆ .իշխաԽաւս^իւ%1» ւֆայն կբ 7^անչնայի%է — Վադարշակ աւա» թաէա 7^»սրաս»րոսթեսւմի կարգի գրսւէ. > %ս$խւսրս»րԿ§երՆ ա^էէւԴւիռ ժոզովեա սւ. անոնա դաեւապան պէէէՀաօ%՚ներ ռ.աժ%եց է 3. Աք«ք»«»շ^«* Ա» (111-86) Հպյասաանի աե^ կստխ իշիէան%ե–րր %ու.ա՚ճե–լԱ ււսռսւք տսւրսււ.» ՓՂԸՐ 15 I էմեկախ ըբաա-է իէ/ւ որգթ» ^^փշ»#«1 քքէ^ (86-53) "Աք +^էյ **1ՓՀյ^ս \^եւի».կևա%թագն(^ս,,րիք1լ^սս^ աէէ սէ^էԱսէմևՆ քժագասորն &ոաւ. ։ կո^աճև՚ո 4\|ււք#»«, թեւ.ասսէսւնըյ ս»իոե՚ռ է\|^/^Հ^<ք7^՝ ^""ք՚^՚^Գ՚՚՚^Ւ՚Ո^ "՚– Տ^^5^/»աՆա^ձ^ա^ քով^ (69)* ՚"– ^ոմպէոէէի Հճոա գրահ՛ գաշքքկբ՚ւվԱ Հւ^ասաէմևք^ դուրս ոա^ևցահ– ձ՚րԼիր^ %&րէ% ^րաժար&յաւ. (6 4։^ ։ քկ՚գի՚ե՝ \\յ^գա^4ա^ \^^ ս9ոնհոս^^ թ.ուեոսեցս»ւ. ք \\ղ^ոպսւէոոաա1^ սպաեօէ,&^ քքԱքլ ո-ւ. Հէասէէէէոան ^ռոսէւսես^%Աքկմևգ ռ-ոսթէ,։ յ^սկ^ և՚տռո խսէոաէէկ քոբսւ. Հպ§$էաաոան Հռո–^ մկքկւոք ու. Դկարթեւ^աց ձեոփրյ որոկք գրեթէ և՚ր^ կու. գաբ իրէքնց Նձ՚րբե՚ւ^ ե-ղահ՛ իշիաէ^ե-րովԱ կր կա^ վարէքւն ե՚րկիրոէ Այ միք^1քի% որ ^ու.% Հայաաաա%ի մէլ ^^Հաքա. 1ու.թԽա% կափռԱւ, կ՚էԱէ^թ՛ (33 Ք • 6* 55 Ք* ^ ) քաՆի .դլ ^ա, %ախարաբՆԽբ Ա՚իջագ^քպ0 Խբթաչավ^ Հ;իմ1 ^ԿՐ՛ Հ՚^-ց \^իքագեաաւք թագաա.»բաա.թիա։1.1լէ - Հաա՝ իբաբու. յաիբգատլ թագաա.աբ%եբ% Խպաե \\բգաբ , Ա%». %ու,Ն , յ1^ա%էէէս»ր$9ա.կ էէւ. \քբոէ^աւ^գ * ռսէւ • V ■֊ - - .ն ֆ 4 . 1—ք »լ Ա. (217-239) թհպէ՚ո սւարսիկ^ » է ՛ ՚ "^ 9^^ Ր §1^§"4 ^Րհէւ՚ւԼ "(՚՚՚ր^՚կ՚՚՚կ՛^ %սւ%ա1եգ. &^ քԼյ ղաւ. (239)» \^ր որգի՚ն՝ Հո–ոմէ% գարձահ֊ ^շ»քրա«ք»շ\|լ /. ՚Հ՝ ՚՛ ՚ (284-337) Ի^ը ^ զյ"՚քր՚լ պաաերաղաւերէ ե^ Աքռ–է,ք ^Ր^ՒրԸ ւ՚սս՚ղաղցոէ^ց ու. կւսրգւսւորռ-ցտ յ^ե-ռսէւ. թեչա^ս կր կարհ՚Ոէ-ի ք Նաէսարստրեեր^^ թունաա-որ՛^ էէւ^ելով^ (337)« Աքք ժամաԿա1խհբբ^ մաաէ^ Հ^աԱասաաԿէէ յկ^-քբիաառ %է՚1էւ^թ–քււՆբ^ Գ^բիգ՚՚Բ ՜Լոա^աաէ֊սբչի ձէէւ֊օք։ ^րգսէսււ^ որգւ֊ւլՐւ^ \սո*քո1ոչ ասէե-ն , ֆարսին օ Դւորէ^ Հւ^ասաաե մտաեւ ^^քճ»% (345-355)"՛^՛՛^^՛ 16 յ1^ էՍէոթոսս-ցսէւ. եւ. ւսչ ու.րնե՚րր ^ս^ոսեցանւ ^^պք^սք ճ>^« մհ ռ-պօր ՜ՎաոԱ-սի օւէեու.թ1ոսմս. Ղ\էսրսիեռ վէմեէոուեցաե (3 ւՕ)* Բ՚119 ՛Ա՛՛ո ո ^Ծ»ոեսութիւ1/ն $սՆ եոսԹէ-է ոո Հ^աէէսստէտ^է Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚ք՚Յ "՚^ &"՚՜^՚՚Ք "հք ԱԱ»Հք՚–1 ՚Նուևցաւ. (384)* տ ւ^քա^է^Տդաէ%ո^ա\ խւսղաո եառավարոէ-թեան՚ն աա1/ն (391-414) Հս^ասաան քէէ^ ՚1հ ոգէ աուաա, ևւ. յ^ևսրոպսո ու. \^ա^սւկսը ձեռօթ ^սչքևլւ1^% մատեա^ %սէգրու.թքւէ^ր շսէսւ Ն»սղ1լեցւսէ. : ՚^աեէան խսէոաղոս՛»^ քՅիլյԱն ևոե՚աե տևձ-ոդոսթիւՏե չունեցաւ֊ւ Հ՚^յք ^9՝^ «^«4«^Լ«* 1^ . ^՚ե ձանձրացաՆ՝ Վյւամէն պարսիկ յեւբւըէլան ւՐ^ ու,պե–ցքէեէ Վռ.սւ՝էՓ ոէ.օահ% ւս§ սւս ըյէԱ՚Ր՚1՝ էր"՚^9 ւԽպւ Հ\յտ\պէ\ոշաաոս\ր գրաւ,» որով^ վե-րՕացսււ. 1^^– շաեոաևե–աց ^էսրստոսթիւ^ր 42 օ/՛^՛ 5 • ^"(§"3 .ճ՚՚՚Դ՚՚ա՛՛՛^՛՛՛^ կէանօր շ^իէէեեչու. մը՛^ եղահ՜ ՝՝ սէէէ»ֆր% , եբսա. ^այերէ^ մաս§եՂէէսգրոէ–թ–իւ.%ւն իր էաւյե%սւմե ե՛ աայքՒէսօ^ոսթԽանբ։ յրեսրոպ ^աս§եր1ք^Ն գէր^Ը ^նսւրե՚րէվ վարժոօՆեր թսքցսււ. եւ. Ս . ^ս»րց Գ"Ր^Ք^ԲԲ՛ /^"՚րգ՚^՚^ելսւ. սկսօէԼ ։ ^սւ^ս^կաա^ն գիսաոէ֊թ-եասնօ ՜ճւսշակՆ սւււձելու. Հս«., աքար սէշակեոաոաց գւսս մը^» "՚/ ճ^ոսսւաեգքւնօւ^ւպո^ս , էլ^ թ՜ււ^^ղօ սւ. \^դեքսաեգրիա խէէէէ֊րես ։ Ա« յիքոցիս յաաոսկ (406–451)ւ ոսսաի եւ. Ո"1է"1– «ք •••• ըՆէոէր ւեպոսւսւ. գրօւէսձ– ե% ի էՈսսնէսա^որի » Ա, •••>»••«-«• յ՚««ք»՛– ^ Հ,–"՝լք [^սկեբե^Iաևի՝ Ս՝–»քՐ՚է՚«»»է Ա^\|.^«.յ,–.1.^1. եւ. Պ––^՛^ ■ աղ<ա»Լ1քՊէք կոչօլ.աձ^ գէրք1Լ՛ կորիւ%ի՝ Ս^»ք ••"1«"յ կ^+է,* \\էէ֊րդի 1\|«է^«–՚5» յձ.^»յ«»>ր^«է»^ անու.%1 էքաս$եՆօէգրութ–իւ.սը, \քԱ.սեբիսսի ՝^ք^\\»՚է,* \^գաթ էսնգեղոս եւ. գք1^՛ ՚–\՛ 11""^^ «յէ" ընաիր չե% , անոր ^ամար ալ Աք ^«^^է #\|–«»֊ \ ^ քո^\ /է>»^\^էա^1»էէ^յԼ^էյԱ կբ վերաբերին է\րսվս .իւորենացւղՐք ՜ Հ՚յ9 Պ•^՚'••-I^է"^I• ♦ Նդեշ^Ի Վ,»^ ո*՚՚՚՚ք"1։է՛՝ ՛Ա՛՛՛ք* ք^աէևաԱէ^ անէէւ.Դէ գրու~աՏ–քբ* դաօարսւ. վէւսրպեցէ֊օյն սլւսսւ» մոսթ–իւ.^$Ն եւ "սՒ՛ * Օ • \յ1^սասաահԱէ^ո>^ ժսւմանաե աետկ֊րույեչ^ յՀայէԱստանր թշու.ս$Ո–ու.թեԱսն սւսաւսր1^պ » եղաւ.։ ԳՀարսիկտ^ Հպյոց թսէգէսւ.ոոոԱ.թ–էւյնր վե-րցընե-լ^ե • .շաաք ու-ղեցքէն քք՚9^§ նաևւ. էսնոնց կրօնլէ որպէ^ս պի ""ԱՒԸ. է՚-՚՚ՐՐ^՚ւէ՛^ էւ^^ւ^ յհք ոԱկղմե՚եւ ^ադքլերսա \ I ^ փ 17 1\| ււսէէՓ է/՚՚՚շրԲԳՐ^ Ք"՚^է ՚Փ Ս՚՚՚քր՚յ պ՚՚՚՚՚ե՚ոաէւլաւ&ր11^ աոոռ՚ւք յթռոսսէոնպ^ու.էժԾան գգմ* ա§ պաէոեոասզւՐ ^ոսասթսէՈէսկհըւ ^սսաոէւ եւ. պսւսաոէէւ-սւկսէւ. մի Հ^՚աոց Գ<^ՌԲ^ՐՐ Հ,աւս՚սոս^1^% ^եռսւցոսռ եւ. Հ^ւ^առ գէ^մ՝ խաա.րեց • ճ«աօ ս^աՕոո պսւաե-րօէէրսէՆ գսէրճուքևե-որ երեիրնէն շէւաւ֊ր1քց է ՛կոկոլ, ^պյ օջրսավարներ քԱւք»#7յ/՝ կյեույևի եւ. յրաեւս՚յ^ի^ր ^շաոսնիՀ որ Հսչքսւսւոան գսւռՆւսՅ կ ուռ^ԱՆք ք՚րե%ց ք^րքոմը քարգուեցաե։ լԼ41ւք#» ՚Խ՚^ւ ^աչաօ՚ակքո սէսսս$կւսցսււ. է Հ^պւասս^ ս»աեի %որ մարօպաեոք ^""^՚՚^Տէ ե–կե–ղեցքւեե–ոու% ւ/րսքք ^էսրկ գոէսւ. ք կոօնէսսոլէնեոո ռոոսաց ^ ^սւրկերո կոէւնսէպաակեցէ ՚կկեդեցակաե էսռւս^ոըգեԾրն ու. իշխանռ Դ\սաոսոց սքոթուՖոքր պսւս§ասէւանս§աոա.ու.–^ թե-ան կանչու.եցաե ք բսւնաո գրու.եցաՆ» եւ. ւսրտսւ^ ռոսսա ^սււ.սւաքէե1§ե ոսոացոո է^կ ռանի էշխաԽաց ■■ ^եսէ ^եւ մհ մհգպեա յՀաւթւսսէան քսսէսոոսեցաԹւ. է ք^ւաօ ^ասսէոսէկ ժոոովուրգԱ ասոկց գ^տՐ գհ՚կբ ս՚ռսէւ. ու. մոգ երր ^էսլահ՚եց է ՝\սկ ՚եախարաբբ ք Վյաօսէկ^ն օաա ու–ՐԱ»ցու–թէււ^մներեա^ մրպյզզ^սքցսէհ՛ սիսւբանե^ •Եան Գ\սէոսից գ1^մ՝ եո^էու. % — Հ՚^քՔ ^ույևէսցսէ օգՆու.^ ւթիւյև գսէնել^Ա յղքսեոն^ ^"՚Ր^Ր՚Լ^ էքօրու.թիւ%նին ժոոովեցէւնք Վյսրգսէէ/ ՚^էսւֆկոեեանթւ աււաքեորգոս^ քժեսէէ/իՆ ՚\ձ,ղու.սՈտեռ երկի որ մաաԱ եւ. կոէ^ր գեսւքէն յՏէ՚՚4 դեբուխա Գ\արսից օօր ավարա» ^ւսղթեցի՚նէ Գաքորգ աասրքէե ՜^է^րներսե^է ^պյաակարաե րանակեցաւ.Հ Վարգան 00000 է^ԲՔ՚՚՚Ւ յ^րաազու. գսւշաթք մրա1ք \րոէ–շկաէէ \վէսա§աւ.ու.րւոի առսւ^որ՛^ գու.էժես»աՌլ եղաՆ յթէսռապաաոէկ պէսրսկակւյսն օօրաց գէ^մ* ՚ճէսկաաեցւսւ. տ Հպւբ թեպե՛՛ ռաՕոպժեւսւդւ պէսաերաղյեռան է բայց ւսռէսւել պօրոսթեան չգիմա^ %աւու1 մաՆասսանգ սպսւրւսպեէոթե գհւ.ցաօնական մա^ Հոսաե1^ եպռրք ասգէ^ աՆգին ցրու.եցա% (4ձ1)< 2 18 կաւ.սզ^ իշխա՚Անե–րէ§է.% գփասսրներԽ ձ% Վ^ււգաեէ/1է դաա , ^քԼիչ^՚Դ^ե^պթւլ քք^աբակասաաեւ կա1եչաւ^ւ$զ^ Նախաբաբ%եր1ւ ու. եկեոԽաէսկաէ» ասւ^էէ/գաա^ի՚ն ր.անէուէէրկու.եչքանէ դեսոն^ գեա% Ա. քա^ա%ա%եւ,լ (454) ՚կի^շաաւո^^ի յհէ%ա^աաա^ կաւ.Խ^ա% ի»կՆախարար%եր/լ ^ա^ա. ^էբս^ (^աղկԽրաի յաջոբգին) ժամ՝ա%ակ (461) կբ^աՆ Հայաաաա% գաո^ալ. ©♦ –Հքէ՛^՛^ օ աաա-սւա. երկիր/ւ 1^ա^^%0ե ԽաԽա.» — 3* Օ՚ք –ՂյՒ^Տ "••"է ւ1աա% Հրէք՚քքք թագաա^րավ9իա%Դ.ի% ^ր%աէխ\. ԽաԽա.։ յբէէթր՚էաի% իՆլ կադթ,ակ^ա.թիա.%%Խր կաքիէ Նոէ,ք ՚ըյւսէբսէկա1ե անս§ւԽէէւ»ոթե եւ. Նովեօե՚րեաէ Փէ՛՛՝^ Նիկք^ի մէք աե-ոԱ րնակոո ^րէ՚ակսձ "(՚ԷՐէ^ սւօգթե է^ք աւաս^։ \\՚՚է11լէ^ ու. էր սաստիկ ^ք՛^ սէւ.անգու^^ թէէՀ1ւեեոր ժոոովոԱ,րգր սէէՄօե-րսէկաե պսքտմոէ.թ–1րան մէք աեոա^աեի 1լըն1անէ ^սգքե Նսւխա^աէռ1^ Ա^Հւօ»^ ^ա»Ր, 2000^^ ջր^եղեղէ% գրեթէ 1200 ս՛արի ե$ղբր յ^իՕագ&պբքեէ ՚ք,աեան գսէոթե^է գակորպւ "ՐգիրՐ սովի մի ժսւմանսէկ \^գիաաոս գսէօիեք ոսր իրէքեց սերուՆգր^ ւ&աց մքւնչեւ. 1500՛ Ա^«ք ՛ֆշոցիս սւօաաեց \քովսհս \քգիպտոս(^ ք ^սէրսասէ^սէրց-Աէք մողովուրգր Խւ. %ոս»րաս% գ^Աէմեէա սԼաեգիտոա-թե՚եկ եաէքլ. , քձ/^ևաեաց երկիրրէ Հրեսոռ Օեսու.Աքց ձեո-օբ՝ ^աԱանու. հեթանոս րւեսէկիՀնէէրր ^քելէ% ետե-Աք գրձ-թէ էֆ՚եչևս 1095* աեք^գ՚^աա գրացի աղգաց Հետ սէատերառմեաոմ ասնցուցքւեՀ ՚իոբա^եչաչքւ-ռց \^ւ§էոոսձղք բՆաբԽալ ժէւղբվբգհահ Ք՚՚վ^ \ք^ովաեւ, եբկբի՚Ն ՜ճշմաբիա ^ք^բն սւ. թ՚ագաւ-սբն կբէ ՚կա.աէււղէսշաու.թ–իաձէՆ իբէ՚Ն^ ՚^ք աասաիկ ասբգելսա^ահ՛ եբ * — Հ^սաաւբ Ժողւ»վււսբձ^ւեբ1/ե ^ետսաքեէս/է բապմաթ-իւ, պս^ ՚՜> < 19 Հ^\|> է յշակոււ.թ՚իւ% էւ. ^ասաաա»ւ% քՁւակւ»ւթ՚իւ%՝ օբի%աա եբկիբ^, 12 յքԽդերու. թաժ%ա^ա^ կ» « Ն^^՚Է^Ւ ՚«"«–ա– յէէւ֊թ-ևանը %սւ.իրււէ.աձ– ղեւ.աա^ի%երքլ 4»րի%ա^ եւ. աւ.աէ/^ քա^աՆայապէա/լ ^Լ^արանի յքէպ^ » Տեղերը^ կքլ թաժՆաա^^ ^^ գԽբգասաաքմեերէէ-ԼաէէԽրաէՏ^է սրսկք մասԽէաւ.սր գրււ.խ^ %եբւէ»^ Աէակ 11;ի1եէ ք^««^ ^աաբկաքա^արսւ-թ-էաււ^ե էսսւե%ւ՝ քէ«\|«ւ\|> աղգի՚ն գւոա^խ^ կ^աՆյքնէիՆ ժաբգիկ , պւա1տ իբրեա, գա^ րբահ՛ անյսէՕհո պաաե-րառւՕ^ աէ0 ՝ Է^Ր ՚՚ւ՚^^՚՚^գհ՛"^ եակ ^1055– 1015) I ՀըհակաՆ ժողովու^րգե իր պօ<^^ րու.թօ–ան էէւսգր ^էօսւսէ.։ դւսւ.թէ Լր ^Նաօաեգ^քէե 1\՚"՚Ր11Ք "՚՜ ^Շվ^՚՚՚Բէ"^ ւ^նչեւ. ՜կսէր§ֆբ հ՜ով։ \ք^ս§ւ՛^ սւսղ^մ եղաւ. աե՚աու.թեաՆ մպյրպօէսոպթ ու. ^^ոմաւի աաշասէմաե մէ^ասեէ^սէ է - ֊ ^աո–ւսս1;ո ու. փափեխա^ կեաց ^ո^^ՏոԱ (1015-975) շ^^ց ւՔ^՚Լ ՚^՚^^՚^ր Հը» ^ւսրսէոա^աոեօ ժոոոմոսրռ^ ու. և՚ղաւ. հ^ձ–ոու,քժ1րսւ1ե ւսա1/ե եռւսպւսշա է ՜իր ժէսւՈսնակրյ^սոոէո ստպսւոսւմԼ, բոսթե-էսյի մի կորսու.եօասէ յձողոմոեի մա^ոսան^ ետեէ֊^ ս»ք;^րու.թիւ^ր Տէր^ կու. բաժ՛ն ոսեօաւ. է Հիւ.սիս«^քքե յլ(յ ^^ղէբՐ Տ"՛/"՛՛ բոմամքքե սւռաքնոբգոէ֊թե՚ւսէդւր կսէօւՌ-^թե 1^ք^^^քր թագէսէ.ոոու.թհսնբ յ^^ամաբիէս էէկըբպօազօոմյ 1^սի^ կւա շոսա մի կռաւպսէշտու.(ժե–աՆ ւԱք^ք էյնալոպե ու. 1\՚"րհըէ ե՛լ. ^ոսգւաի ^եա ու^ե-^ւսհ՛ շարունակեաա աաաեբսւպՄևԽբոմը^ տկէսբսէցասէ Ղճս^ ^աղմանւս՛,. սաբ յ^սոբե-սաաե^թւ ե՚րկիրր Նու֊ա՚ճե^ ու. բկակչա^ մէկ մասր գերի աարւսսւ ^ոէաէ^ա (^ու.գպյի ևւ. ^ձնիամի՚նի ^եղերշ^ կ^ րու.ս§աոկմ մայրառւսզռոմյՀ ի սկղբաե ռօ^ի մի §աւ. թագաա^որնեբ ու.Նե^աէ.է ^պ)ց 700 Հ՛^ ե-տքր^ ^ոէէ 2* 20 էսա մաս/ւ. եռւսպաշաու.թքէԱ^1ւն ու. բսսոոէիօ ապսւսօաա.՛^ թիւ.%է կասբ.ոէ^ոգոեոսոր աււսքւ. ՕՕՕ^^ \^ու–ԱԱէդթՏւ ու. ՀոՄալրր բստբեւոեսւկաե գռ-րութ ռ՚աէ/ տէսոսէւ. տ (\|1^« միջոցի կին կսայի 700, Ն^^յիա 600)« 8. կիւ֊րքա՝ ՚իաՆի^ւի էփքՆոբգոսթեամիքլ, Հրէիտ ^/»"՛֊ չեւ. 332 Պ՚^Բ՚՚էտ հասաաարիէՐ Տէեայյին, Տ20՛ 200 ^Դ^պ֊ էոսքկան, 200 "167 սւսսբւսկստն իշխանոա^թ՜ե-ա^է էսսւկ ք^ի% ՚ 167-39 Ս՚՚՚^՚՚՚/"%/^Հք՚–՚՚<9 իշխաՆոա-թ-եւէէնչ^ աակ Ագա% էսպսւաո $ — ^^ւս^էակէսլսսթ-եաեւ ալ. կաղ^ւսկա»սթ–եան ^\|>«՛ կա/ե կօ.իւ%եբէ եաեա^է Հեբովւէէս քբեձ– 39 ի՛^ Քրէաասէւ1(^ ւէւււ.օքք ՝ ճռուէաւեաւ.ոա ձեօյևէւ»Աէ–սլ.թ–Խէսմռր թսւգաէէւար Խգաւ.. 10ի՛^ ^րիււաոււկ ե$էղք(1է կէքրձ–ա%ե՚^աս \^ր»ւ.սադթէՐ ^իէոսսի ձեո֊գք է ել. ^րէ^սէկան ՚—ղգը^ տեբ "՚– Տ"՛^ ^1Ը՚"՜ ՚ Գաէոէէէ-թ-եՆԷ՚ն եսէեւ֊ %»րււգա–ւսհ– մէւվսիսէակաքե օ\|I^է^^֊ %երԱ, ՚կգիպւոա^ււէչք ու. \^սորա֊ռ^ թ՚էսգէԱէ^աբա^ էոաւկ սւէ^ ՚^Ւէ փոփոի»ոէ.թ–եասմի. Ձեսէւ»ք»ն ։ ^ոզովբգեան գւաա^խր 4՛^՛ ■էէ\|ք^ ^ո ռաս^անաււսաե»»ւթ ք ար»ւ.Ն օռձսւկսէն արոէ^էււհ՛ ^բ հ^երեբւէւ. խոր^բգսգանը^ (տւոօճոսա) » — ՀՐ^Խ ՚"ԳԳԸ. վերքի՛ն խռովսւ֊թ-իւՆներու. ժսւէՈսնսւկք երէ^ կոոթեսւկ^ սսէ-թ-եան թէսժ%ու–ս»& ^ր է 1 Փք ք՛^^^^՝ Հ^^ Հ«#<–օ«(ք»ւա աւ. էէ$ա^ասնգսսթ–եանա սսասէիկ ւարեւսւ էՌվսիսսէկան 4»ոկ՚կռա. ներբ ՚^էշԳ գբւ"՚>՚ր էմաաոքէն Հսէմեմաս» կբ մեՄե1^^ եւ. բ»սբեաւսշա»ւթիւ.ՆՆ սւրաաօի՚ն ւսբսաբոաոէ^թ-եաոՆ» պսւ^ պանու/9-եանբ վբսԱ կբ^ գեէիՏե » 2 . ^աւ.%սէկան կբթ-աւ... թ-եան աեոեաակ Ե«»«»\|»^«»9է^էքէ \^^^է՚՚է օբէ՚կթնեբո՝ լ/»–֊ Նէսկսւն գսւզափսէբնեբսւ. ^ե»ո միսռաբեւ կ ու֊պխքւե , եւ. կբօնսէկաե կբթ՜ոա.թ–եաեւ^ պաբէսէղեչսւ. ^էսւՈսբ ասեսակ մէ^ աԳաբաՆսւթ-իւՆ կաղմահ– էի՛ն է 3* Ս««ք ^(^9(^՝ ^՚^ք^՛" \քսվսի»ի օբե^քքեւեբը^ կ՝ընգէալ%էի՚ն , բ»^^ աԽոբ ըաաս աւան^ գու.թ–եա1ւ է&^»ա^թ–իւՆբ չխի՚ն ընգու.Նեբ% Հ^էւգւ.ոյ ա՚նմա^ ^ու.թ՜ե$ան է քէնչալեա %ս$եւ. ^բեշաակա^ եւ֊ գիւ.ա^ գոքոս^ թ-եան ^հ1^ ^էսւ֊ԱէԱէսւբ է մական §ոԽղԽ1քէւ.թիէ% ոա1Նքք1տ ՓիՀեիկԽէւա.ոց ՚Խա լ* ԳՀաոե-սսէքւեի ^ք/ւս, արե՚ւմա&ս/ն գ^ ե՚ոաէէ ւեւՆնասւԱն^ աես.ւսոես.ե–ո բպւտ ՚նաւ.սւոկու.^ռ–աՆ էէիսա էարմար Նովեղբր բոքնսէ^ ^Բ * մա՚ճէսււէսեանութեան 21 եիկեցիք ՚եդիւ իսկ ամենք^ն Հթւ ժայաՆակներո^ իոէ/եռ ւսռեւ^արսէկաե ՚ձաօւբորգոա^թ՚իւ^^երովը^ յ^իօև-րկոսէ–^ կաե հ^ովուՆ սէմկկ և-օև-ոէսցր ւ/րպւ աարաահ՜ եւ. ի մասնասորի \ձ,Փրք՚կէ՚քւ ՚^ք 814^^ <^^ կարքեգոնի ^Ւհէ ԳՐ՚ք^է ^պթէ՚ե յըխգղիա գացա^ ու. 600^^ սաէէք1^երր նաե՜ւ. \^փրէկէէ Բ՚՚ՐՐ"՚1աՐ ՚նասագնա^ ^էէւ.թիւ% ւՐ^ըբահ՛ էթև։ Փիա^իկեըսո^ կարասսէն՚նևրր յի՚եչևւ. ք^արսից ու. \\րաբա^ւ–ո^ հ^օվահ–ոօն1րրր 1լ1քո^ թպքք՚եւ –– կփր ոա^ գրաւՐ գտնելո^»աէ ամէ՝ե ժուաո^ ՚է^Գ՚՚Յ ՚Խ՛^ ւսրւոէտէք^ կարգի ազգև-ցոէ-թիսԱ ժ^սաաս^ ցսա X -- \արեսց կո արուի %սէեւ. սւպւսկւ.ո§ ու. հ՚իրաեա^ոա գիէ.$ոս ու. րրգի պս՚արստսէոհւթիէ^րէ 2 • ^իայևիկեցւ-ոց ամե՚հ1^ Հ^Ն քաոաքե կր \|]^•. գոե% րպքց Տրպքէ՚ե (1000 ի՚^յ սկսաս ^իսրոս պօրա՚եաի ղոր շը^րք 600^^ ^րկ՚^Ա^ պաշսէրմսէնկ մ՝^նաեէ–^ և«»^ րոավէոգէքեոսոր առա»–է 5384՜^ ՚էէր ^Ր գանքկք Փի՚^իկօ-ցիէէերըլ Դ\արսից ^աւ^ասսւարիէՐ գէսշնակիցւ ի^ ասոնց էքկաքոէքե՚ու. ^իւ.րոսի կորՆ^աԱևլովԱ (332)» ՓիլյևիկեցխՖ պաամհւ.թեաե յէօէՆ ան^ևա 1լ ոոաՆւէ կէաՆ թ–ւսգսաւ.որՆեբ »ւ.%է1էե . թաա ԱէմկՆր ւՏ^կս$եպ գ»սշ^ւ»»ն^ ^ոսթ-իաձւ սԴլ կը^ կագմէինարէէաձւ գԸէւխԴէ ^ր ^իսրո§ւ։ -֊- Փէ"–" ^^կէ^^1էք ըսէո մասի՛ն քձոէ^թ՚եաաէե ւէւռսէքկաներ1ե ու. ի մաո^ Նսէսսբի աւսաոդնէրը (ք^^Հ > ^սգսւրէոէ\եւ. ըսա մասի՛ն ս$»ս§էււ.^ էս^ա^աձ– ^ւ՚՚րգիկը^ ԼՄ^Լ^՚՚՚է՚Թ) պ-՚Հ^՚՚ղ^ կբօն •^'«է^.1^4^^1^ ւ 1. հ՚ւսչ^ երկիր է կգի^ա,.ս. Ո> ՚Գէ՚9Ի՛^ ԿԳյ^"Ա Ծ՚^՚Պ՚Ի՚՚Ի Գ՛^ պեաա».^ թ֊քէ^ւլ– ի^ձ ^^ Հիկթէէէս \|ւոէ•.աձ-'հ>^^\|■ք * — 2* կ՚րք– կաՆգհոէ.ԽւքաԱ. քծէԽթէի Հարէսոոֆ.թ֊իէ%ըէ ՚ի՚%Լ է Խրկւէաէասսէհիյք պեսոէէ.թ–իա%Ըէ — 3* Ը՚Հ^ է Փ՛"՛^ է^աքտոա» \ր1էե ուէ յաքարգԽց» ք\|\|քէ>&.1հ յ–էոյնւեա»կ կււրէ-աՆԽցաէ. սաէրոէ.թ֊իա.1եքււէ - 4 ի^^ ԿՐ"՛^ ւէւյեէրէ Խգիպաաւթիք . Ի^Լ 1՛"՛՝*^–՛՛ րնաա.որու^ի»% ւ»»Ֆէր X* Հաապբէսրի ժպ^ռերոմ եւ. ասաղէ աԱսւ^ պսէէոեերով շրՕապաէոահ– ու. կեէաոս գետոմ ոռոգու.^ էս^ եգիպաական ձորագաշսէր կո րաժՆու.էր՝ Վ^քԻ^ 22 գո^ք (յՐէյփի՛ գւիաւ.որ քադքով^ ու. 8^^*^ (Ս^֊ ղոսի Տրօթր րձ՚րաեձրուՆ ՚^ք՚ւ 1ձ՚՚՚1"՛ "՚– ^եղոէ֊սիօն քադստնեբովյ % ղպբակիրթ Ժողովուրգներ1^ մէկըէ \եղոսի տ1^լգա^ք9 մոսպթք1ն մջպէ աեՆանՀ^^ ժամաՆ&սԱնԾրր ա^ոոէ.քժիսն ա1հ կանռ%ահ– էք՚^ք ^եմւիիս գլիաւոր օաոյթովէ Հ^՛^ %ագիրր կո^ամարու^ի 1\|է՚է^< ՚կարձՆ ^աշորգոէլթա^ գաւորնևրոա^՚ե մէքէ՚ե՝ ք^^յ./, ^)աոդ^է ու֊ 11»^^^^»^ «է1ւ»«» ևէսնգնեցքւե աշիար^աՀռչակ բիրասիա՚եերքլէ գսր&կի% Տ6 աաբի 100000 ՚քարգէ Մ^յւ1^ թագաւոբշ ԼԱւֆՆէմՀա գ.^ \եղէաի ախսէսնե՚րոէՖ աուՕե-ւ.% ս^ո^ելու. ^սօէար՝ խորեօ իր էՔէնուՖովԱ կոչու֊ահ՜ Փ Ը. ^է"^ գրւսւ. \կւսքէեո^ յթ»§ւէի, քքե ու. կանգեեց անոր մօաերա^ ^ղքներէ^ լափիւ.%0 րթեթոս կոչոէ.ւսհ՛ աբռու.%էսկօԱւ ՚Խ^ագՏե պսէլասէոէ ՜Ա՚՚քր/տբէ^ ո– ^իւ֊սէսպքքւե յը^րարիւ^է% սեյԽկաե ^ովէւ. (^իւյթ՚»՚՚ս\ ժոզովոէ֊րգներ ^ \^գիպւոոսի ^սւրս», §ոու.քժ1/նէ/ն ^րսէպա^րու.ահ–ք ՚քձոէ.և՚ւՓ պէսրանո^^^%կե^ ոոսի ^Ր^ԷրՐ ՚^"^ "^ Ր՚՚ւՐՐ Նգէ՚ք՛""՛ ^"՚րկ"՛"՛""– թբ1»ե ^2100)^ Հքքեգ^արիէ-րօէէՌ՚ւ^ չւօյեաէ-ոբսակաե իշխանոէ,թ1/նէ ւՐ^եաեւ. յ ք^ևբք^ի յ^մասիս կա»Ր Ա<Տ՚<՛ քժէսգսէւորր ռէո1ւ^է0 վերթե ՚կ^գիաւոոս^ն վո^տեը% յ^ռաւ, ասոր ՚^ջպ) ձեո^երնփ» ^#ք<.ա«/է՚՛ կամ ^ու-թ՛^ մովսէ-ս գ* %աես սաոքէքւԱ \քգիպտու^ ու. ղէրէ՚^ԱՏէ յըլսիա ^ալա^եոէ 2 • Փ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚^ոեեաեց Նոր էն կէյս1ւօ^ու.ահ– թագաէ–^ որու.թիմնրլ (1660-740)»՛/» կու.պիասե աո^ե-լով^ րՆ^ գարձակահ՛ էր ք ոս՚նէր իրեն մաքրպբաղպբ Հարիսրա^ գու^ռ ^էրէն։ ԼՀլքԱ ^արսաոէ,թիւ.նն՝ իր աէԲ^%աէԲտ՚հ^ 23 բաբձրէէԱ.թե–աԽը^ ^ասաւ. յ1^ձ–թէ§սի եւ. իա.ր որդահան ^ամսէս ք\. յւբ&հ-ի Խ&սոսարիյ աաեՆը։ յւվէսոսար աշ^ \\,՚ք՚՚րքտ/լէ ^աբեչօնըյ յբիջագ&պքՆ «. ՓԴՔՐ ^^՚՚է՚^է յէկ էԴատը օարգարեչք կգիպաոսի ձ-ւ. %ոա.պիպ^ի յթա^ ոպէ^էերը^ պ»սլաաոներո$էյ աաճսւրԽԽոով ու. սփթէօս^ %§քրով^ եա. ^աււաքա^ու,^ ե-րկրթե պաղարերսսթիւՆր կաեձնաէ^որ&աա քրան^ռով^ մըէ — ^՚^ք^ Ց^Գ • գարու, էէ^քերր^ ՜^սիա րբահ– աքշքսար^ակարէէ^թիւՖն&րր մ1^կիկ էԱ^կիկ կորսոԱ.եռս^ եւ. ա&տուքժ&ան ւՌաոպօսէոպռր յձաորթե կգիպաոսի ^անիս ոս ևտքքւ֊ե Աօլ^իս քաղպքՀ. %Մրր փոէէւսգրոսեոաէ^է Աաճ՚Ն մի ե՜գիպաա^ւ^ո^ §ոաէկ %ոսասճէււ.սէհ՛ է^«. (ւ^՚՚վսլաց1լօր^ յւ^սէբակով^ թէէէգէէէւ^որի1և ժօէմէէ^ակք է^«> գիպաոսի վևրթ» իշրէա1ևէ§է.թիւ^ն իո§քնց ձեոյթն աե^ ցըն&ըէվ^ (740-670) էէսեիկէ^ Է^Օտարի պարկին։ ^4աս կամաց կասմաց գւսւ.ս/ռ՚ն&ր^ օասւոսէկս^ւներուն լոսհ՚ր կրցան վջաեերեէ^ թօթուելյ եւ. թեռեսւկէսց աերէէէ^թիւ.^Նէ–ր ^իճել։ յ^էսպեէամ երսե \^ աեկաէխ աէրու.թքււ.նՆե՜ր ք670ք) որոնց իշքաաե%երո իրարու. Հձ-ա գաշնագրու.թիւՆ մ՝^ոբքւե, եւ. ասոր յիշաաակթտ ^ամար Լաբիւ~ր/ւՆթոսր %որէՆ շինեցթւք ոա,ր էֆաբան ժողոէքեեր ւ^ընեԱԱ ու. ոո^եր կր մաաու.ցաեեթև։ 3* \քրկոտասանից պետու.թիւՖր §^1^% 1օ աարի աեւեցէ ^փ^էէ^ՏՏ^գէփքֆ^ աաօու^երկու, էշխսւն^ %երէ^ մէկրյ յ^)ե եւ. փիվնիկեցի վարձկաեադօրթէ ձեռօջ իշխս^ու.թեաե Հասահ՛ ՐԱՏ՚՚էր՚1^ ^աեաց իր աերուՔ–իւ>1են անով ամրացըՆեէյ որ յղ^ եւ. փիւ^ի– կեցի հ-ովա^է՚նՆերու. երկիրներ բաշխեց, ^ոմնաց՝ \քգիպտոսի ^ք ապաա վա1ճառակաեու.թիւ^ րնելու. ^րամաՆ աոու.աւ. եւ. օէոար ռ^ու.ո^եր իր օ՚առւ^ու.՛^ թեան առաւ.։ Ա<ք %որոէ.թեանց ^ամար 200000 24 մեաիբոս երեէսւն պսէտ&րսէօաէ օոոե-լ. Փղշ՚է՚՚՚^տեՔՐ ^ասրսսէէաու. ոբսււ. % սասր»ւ.թէւ.^1»նեոր աւսո,սէ^ աոարսււ. ե՛ս վսւճսւռ ական ու. ^ թիւ^ւէն ու, Դէասագ%էսօու.թ^ւ.%ւա էառաՕաօուօ ։ փք"^՛^ Ն^սռ՜օսոօ \^փրՒկ՚1^է բոլորահօր Նաւ.ս։ռեե§ աու.աէ.» ե-լ. ոէ-օերց ^կեոոսւԼ ^՚եռյթով մի սէոառ.սէեաե հ՚ովուե ^եա կապելյ ^՚^ց 605 ք՛^ կարձեւֆշի ք"^ ՚Ն՛"՝՛ ռոկռոգոեոսոո1^% էաոթոսեօէսւ. ու. ւՇ^՚՚^րէա^ "՚՛ Պ"^ դԾսսէէւն րբահ՛ աշբօսր^ասս/չութհւյե՚ն&րր սորսընօու.^ է հր Հյ՚"9"ՐԳ՚՚31Լ (Փ՚՚՚^՚^Փ՛՛^ "՚– ^ՊրՒ^՚՚Ւ) մ–ս»մանաե սւկոոսքժհա^Աբ շաս$ ԱնԼէթէւ-է Ա#«4#է4 ատ^ք մ՝ ա§ կ&%գանաօու.ո տք^րուքՅ-իսեէ/ առա,տուրն ու. սւրու.&սսէնձ–րոաս§ռս/Օաօրե&էոմէ \|)<»«> կաքե իր որգին Փ^*^՚^\^է1^ * Գ\ևղոսսիոեի քովՀ կտսէՌ բիէ.սէսէն յաղթ-ոսեէէվ^ (525)> \քգիպ"՚"ք Պ"՛/"՛/^ 1եա^€սհգ եոաւ. է -- Դ\էսրսեէԱԼւմն է/արռպաԱձ&րու. իէիսէո ^էսրսաա^արոա-քժե-անռ ^եաեւ.ու.թիւ^/1ներՆ եոաե ժո ա դուքքէգեաե ապէԱկանու.ից՜իս1էԱ ^ եւ. ասե1^ §առսւք եԼասօ՛ յա1^ախ \\Ձէարոսի 4:60» \ձ,՚ֆ–Ր*՚է^"՚՚է 4է\.4էէկ^կ*՛՛՛՛՛ ՚նեբոսի ՕգԳ) ոքպւքԱ՚սւմիոէ.թիւ.ՆՆե–րր։ գօրութ–իւ.%է զաՆւսռա՚Ն ձեւ֊երու. աաե% ես գւխաաւ–որւսթ.ս$ր իբրեւ. քՀ-էրքւ– (ՍԼ^^՛–)* ՚իքքք^ Ք^՚է ԳԸ"–՛՛՛^ հք իգակաե աաւ»»ոու.ս»հաւ.թ–էլ% ւՌ ՚իսիա (ՆշաՆ պաղէւթեք ^ք^րէ ^""1 քոսանի՝^ է — ՍԼ՛՛^^ ղաս» եգիաէսասախ» կէրնգանացոէ֊^իք գօրսւ-թ-իւՆքլ կր պաՀա^թե0 Նաեւ. կ§քՆգէս%եա^ , օրինակի աղագաա., ապիէէի ք ^եաա^սւնի (ւօհո60աՕՈ)ք «ո/էաււ»»» կաաոսի, քաշա^աւ-ի (ւ1)18) մկք^ եւ. աք^է ՀոգւղՐ» աե^ մա^ւէւ–թ–իւ.%ը սրաւՆ տոեւակա%»$ւթ–իւ.Նբ յարՏեդյն աՆա^ պւսկա1ե Տեսա^լ.% ^եաո կսէպսսսքձ– ^^\| ասւաՍճւաո– ^Գ^^ մեւլ.եքներշ^ դմՏւսե/ոա֊ եւ. ղաՆււնռ՝ սէոորերկրեաք շնգսւրձասկ գերեդւՌս%%երէւլ. «^^ պա^եչսս, սքո^տ ըսա է1Խսին գեէւ. նէ%չեւ. հիէՈսյ կեյքա& ե%։ — Ա"^^ պէ– մեեագարձ֊ շինուաե՚ներ եին՝ \յգիպաա^սէւ^ աօաճարեեքը^է բէրամէա^ %եբ% աւ. կսթ-ողնեբբ։ ն– Ւ. 25 «\|\|քք%՚0 աէոսրսւկւսրգե-սա/ ք^էւ^» %էսեւ. թ–սւգյաւ,էւքլռ \^աաէկար§ եպքլէ^է ^քք– "ր թ–ագաւ–ւէր%էրնէ <^» վի7^ակ%ե–րէն շատոէրր %ու.է$ւ՚ՃԽ^Է1քԽ I եդաե քու–րմեք1^ ածկէսխ « - ^ողբվ»ւսրգբ իր§սրէ^ խիաէս սՏԽշաէոսա^էսհ– պ^ք^էսւռաե կասրգերոա^ քւէսժնոա^^ ահ– հր* Հ^ո^աջիՆ կարգշ^ կչլ կաքքա-յքա՚Նհի՚Ն Ք«»–ք4՚քէ« «Բ Աֆւսւհ թարձրսւգւ/ւն ոփէոսւ.թ–իւ.նՆէ–ր կաւ սսով^իե եւ. հէ՛^ յէաեգսէմաւե բ^ք՚էշկէ ղյսաոսէսոր սւ. ճէէւրէոսէրէւ»պեէո լ^«»Նօ աու^% էԱոէ-ե^երսւ. ^դք^ է՛՛հ ք^՚»»գք1–որսաա 4ր՚>1 թբ՚սհ– </օք. Հ«քլ.ՕքՆ գսսսււսսաոս^սվը^ Բ՚՚է^Ր <ք՝՚՚զբվրգե–ան 4րայ ^հ՛ կւսրգ^^ ւ^ր %«սէ՚ա– թ-ւսգէսւորրէ ^ոլսբ կս§ւսւ.աէ$&%եբթ քասբ^ մե–բո€, ու ռիՊէուոբսէօ սե–պ^սւկաք1ւ է՚բ , ձ-լ. էբե՚կքչ յկկէսւ կւսբգէ՝բէււ.Ն վաբձսւ. կ»ա– աաքի% \յբբգգբ ^^•••–^••«քէ»»–^–. ^^1»% «. վ^»՚ք<»«–«»լ–»^%^յ»(^» էՀ՚՚բբ"բգւլ ՀՀհ ^*^էքԼ ոբ՚^ք ւ^կէսւ կսւբգեբու.% ւառքեա^ շ՚՚՚ս» ասբ^էսւէաբ^ հք^ "՚– ^է՛^ կբԼէսբ աաաօ1^սւբ ւՈո%է–էէ ք^ոասմԱկսւխ»»սէ ժասմաաձօւկ ե՜լաէ– \քԳ^՚Ի՚"»՚յ§1ա քիօասբ • ՏՐ՛՛– "՚– ք՝ոԱ.ժկէաւ/ ժւ»դւ»վ»ա^բգ մբ1» հին ւ^բկք աեսակ ՆշաՆագէբ »ւ.Նհթ» . 1. \|ք^4^%«ւ\|««1. (հւ6է0^17բ1ւ6) I գչխաւոբաբաբ յիՀաաակաբաԱնեբսւ. վրայ • 2 ^\|>ւ/ն»\|«% ^հ16ք&էւգԱ6) ք կբ^ասս$ւ»ւ^ասհ– Նոսւբ գբի սոեսւսկ էԴլ քաա^բմԽբոէ, ^ս»մաբ ու. 3* ^«•՚էք՚Լքք *1^ (ճ6աօէ1զԱ6)ւ ^ս$ա–ա^էասկա\եւսգունէէ ^սաէմԱկէոէռււսէ ւսսւեՆ(^ — \քԳՐէ" աա/քիօ շԲ"" յո"՚–՚՚քաօսւ9& հէ^ ասաոեղաբասշէասւ-թ-Խան ու. եբկբ«ոչափոէ.թ–եա^ք է/է9։ \քկ ս»բու–եոսաի քասևի ւ1բճէւ.դէբու. մկքէ Աքքե ասսէոէՐճաէէի ^ոէՈ–ս»Գագէմոա..թ–էւ^ մևե^ու^%ւ սլասւոա. ՜ճէսւռբէ "ԲԳ՚՜՚՚Տ Ւր^^Տ ^"՚ՐՏ ՚՚՚Բ՚"–^""Բ ՚հ՚՚բելու, սլասբաաս^ ւ-ոբութ-իւԴէն հբ 1\|ւււաւքւււ\|1\|ււ1 \|ւււ1ւււ\| թքա-՚կ ք՚՚՚^ք լԲէ-՚^ք կը րայ%ա,.քէ ւ* Հեմհս լե՚րանո ոս \քգ1^սէեւսն Նովոսե մհք է^ե* ^ՈԱ^ասասԽ կր բաժ%ու,ի ^&աօռ&ա§ երկիրեերոսէ Ա, Հիհսիսայիճ ^ոհճաստաճ, ղըր պթեգոս ի ար1ռմոէ.պջյ ու. 2* պադաբե՜ր ք1հ^^^^ք^աէ (գէպ ի արևսելքւ) Բ, 1Րիչի(1 ^Ոհճասէոաճ կաւՐՀեււասկյլպա^ ա, բևսևլք 1* ՜^ԱքԱէ քիչ մշակու.§սհ– Ա%«4«յլ«4«1>է«4«1ւ • 2 * կԳ^^^ » կէք ՚Ռլ բարբարոս ու. պաաե՛^ րէսղմաս^^ր բեստկչովյ 5 գո1քէ^աԱք գու^ասաանի ամեն1ւ/ն պղաիկ երկիրը^ 6. \ե–ռնոա ու. ճաիւնպյքւե ^էՈՀու՚էաԱ» 8* Սէք«^ք«^) ^ամանոէ.% գլխաւ֊որ քաղքո$էէ Գ, ^եղոպոճհսոսը, որ \\որեթոսի պարա^ ^ո^ոԱա Հ^ԱՏ՚՚՚՚ի ^ետ կապոսահ– 1 1 կր պարոսեակէ, 1 ♦ Աքյ^«ք յ<»^ ; թերակղղէւ^ յէջա&դը, \|ք ա1ք^ 27 4* %ոա.իրական \ք$^^է^ ուր է (^դիմպաէ չիռշ. օաղպօՆ&րովյւ Դ». ^ոհԽստաճի կղղիճերճ եճ, կեփալոեիւա եւ. ՚ա^ր - - ք^գարձէսկ ^քվեդէքցքլէ քաս %աա.»ա^անգիաահեր ^։իՆ իր աւււսաւ–է–ւութ–իւ.Դէ1եերշ^$ լէ՚՚^Լ ^"՚Բ^ ^Ր* "Ր բ^՚՚՚՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚՚՚ւե՛՛ քէսղպքակրք9–աա^քՅ–իւ.էւ ա֊ աարսա-եապք Հւ»ւ.էո յէսէա..»սքա%այի% * 2* ^օսՆէԱ^ պաւոմհսթիսեր երերռ շրք՚՚՚՚^է կր ՚Ա* ^ուհէէսօ պաամհէւթեաե սձիգբէ% պւնչեւ, գորիօէձան գաղ^սւԼանոսթիւ.՚եը* ^–1104 •^* 6՛ ք^* դ^որքւակաե գաղթականոսթենէն է^էեչեւ. պարսկակաԱ պաաերաղմի» \ \ 04 - 5 00 ^ • 6 < Նիպյի ՚ճակէստովը էուՆական $սռատու.թեսա վեիեաաԱ 500-338 . 6« 28 10 ♦ Հ1^՚՜^**ց դափ^քոաայւյաաւ 4յ^«յ^(^ւ 4՚՚ւէ– 7^է1է" ա^աԱ ^աքք^ա1լա1ոա,յ1ա^այ1ա ^ - 1 104* Նախ ^Խէէ1,Նակա\, աշԽաքժըէ - 2. Ո՚Հ «^ Հ^Ր^Կ՚Ժ՛՛ * I».»... . \|.%ձ է՛ 8\|»"֊ ^կա% պա^Խրա^՚ւ պա—ւՏաա-ըէ - 3. \>."ել կր»% ,»%հի՚ե, 6»/>^ . ի՚ւ^ձ աԽ. ասսկ կէաւ».էաւէէւբաա.ք9–իւՁԽ՝ գիա.յքսդա%յք ժէաւէՏա1Խաւկ է 1 . ^ոմնասսւանի ամե՛նին ^քէե բնսէկիչեերե եր^ կրագորհ– ու. էւնոսթե՚ան սօրու.թխձէն&րր պաշաուլ գ^ոա^^է^աէևւաէթԱ կքւն X Աս ^ք՛^ ժոոովբգեան սւևոն անցան օ-պբ^նք պէսաօ-ոազւքաս^-ր Հհ՚Օյք՛"^^^* "Ր չորս գլքսաէ-որ ցեղե-րու. բսէէք^ոսահ– 1^ք1հ։ 1* հ^^^ք***քըՓ՝ կրրէ՚ակէ^ին ^իսս, ^ույնասաա1ե» Ց %^է^^^ Ա<՚՚<՚՚^^4՜ ու. Գ\եւէոաոնե–սի ^/"–՚–՛ սիսպչյիՆ հ^ովեղևրքիՆ վջայ (Աս ևրկիրն &աքէն Ա^ քւ^էս» կոչու.եցաւ.\ ու. Գ» Ա՛ք «4»«ք«^թ՚ք Գ\եղոաոնկ–սի սնացւս^ գաւառ^ Նևրոսն 1հքյ Հեոէ^նական աշ^ոյժր սւմ1տն1^ աւ.եւի սւռաՆձ.^ ՚նսէկան գիԱ.ցսւօու.^մներոս (Հերակղ^սի ք Աթ1էոսիք ք^ե՚ս^-ոսքւ եւ. <47/^) ^ս՛ քոս քժ ե– անցն եւ. յոսւբան աան^ գոսգն ձեոնս»րկո^.^եանցո ւ/հ^ աե-սնուեցասէ \քԱ՛– յթա»ներո^ն յ^Օ^՚ն աւան1/ն անոսանէՏնեոն եղան Ա/ք«՛ գոնսէւորգաց (բուորով^ աոէսսաելականյ սէոշասան՛^ քքէք շր՚-րք^ 1250/5՛՛՛^՛ Ք» 6 ք^եբհի պատևրաղյըլ յԼճճԵր^» Տր"՚1"՚կ՛^ պատե-ոէսօմի (\ \օԳ,քա\,^ աո-ա՛.^ 0^ ձեռ%աբկու.թ–իւ.%ն որու.ն Բ"Ր՚Ր 6^^^ մասնօէկից եղսէեէ 2» ա* <Հ^ք*(լյՐ** Գ"քէ՚"ցէ՚^է աղաաեց ^ոէձւասաասԽըլ Ա֊սրՆէ-բ^/Ն , եա. իրեն յանձնսւ.ս§ձ– 12 ^ռչակասա^էքբ գ՚՚ր^քե՚րբ 29 ՚թ– Թէ-է»» յո^էաց^, ապաաԽքւ շ»՚–քք^ 1250 />1^ Ա֊ Թե%Ք1լ 1ՐԲ"՚»Ի •"•«֊» ^արկէՆ (1Րի%սաաա.բ,,ա -- Ա\|,^^ ագեք^) ու. յիա^աւ.քւ \ճԹհ՚կԻ 12 ^աաարակու.թէւ.%%հք^է **^ եւ^ողայքէ% ԼկսղքիԽ^^% ոսկեգեղմէ բերողը^, կաագա^ , 9/ • ք^կ;բկէ ափքւեքսէ» էւպա%%ւ»ւլ գժբախա ք\գիպէաի յա^ՈԱ.անկ% ևաեւ. , իր որգիքե սկսան իշիաՆոա^թ-եա՚ն ^ամԽր իրարու, ^եա կէէ–ու.իլյ \^րկարւ պաաերաղ^երէ ևաեւ. պողիկիՆև-ի որգիՆերք^Ն մ^^կչլ, ք^(^բ^ առ.Նևւով^ ^բկֆբրլ խա^ապ^աւ. % ձ. Հեղին^ի՝ Աե՚Նեէւաւոսի կՆկան ք Դ\արիս^^Ն յա, փշաակսսի/Ա ասէսաճէսւլ. աոսաւ. աորսվակսճէ \^է$§ւ1Խա§ պա^ աերաղ^Ն։ ^ոլ.նայք առ^աքնորգեևրն էիՆ ՝Ագաւ/և^ո% ու. ք\գիսեւ–սէ 1\սոՆք 1200 %աւ.ով^ ^րովագասյի վրաք քա» ւե^ի՛՛ * ու. խսքրգախու.թ–եոէւդ. քւէքդ^ին սաիրև^Ն եաեւ. , արովակա% պեա»ւ.թ֊եաՆ Հ^/>^ աուին ։ Լ^րսվակա՚Ն կէ– էՐ աս–սէէ»պեւեասէ^ պաաերադւՌ, նիլ.թ– մս§ս$ակա»էրսսրեօ Հ«><՛ մԽրօսի իղիակա՚Նին ու. ք\գիսականին՝\ ։ Տ • &1/^յք պեղաէէգաս^ւ.ոո պսէշաասհ– բնութ-եաեւ ոօրոա-ա. թ-իւ֊ն՚ներն ասԿաձճաւ-որե^ի՚Ն էս սզիմաիսւկօւն է1արգ9սկերա գեղեյքիկ աոաուաձ-Նէրու. գարձոլ^իՆ (»ՈէհւՕաՕդ)հ18աԱ8) » Հ^՛"** Լ^բկի%ք1)է եղաւ. աէրոսթ-եատքՆ օրինասո ասսաու, էսՆր Հ^ք* իր ^՚՚՚Ր՚՚^էյէԲյ ասմհԼս՚նոսթ-եաԿւ ու. բնաանեկաեէ կե՚Նս0ո աաշապսէն ։ Հ^փ^«ք««* ու. իր սքմու֊սինո Գ^^քա^ա. . փ«»է^է ասէրաասք ոոի իշխաԱնէ՚րն էին ։ Վ\է»ա^1քաԱ՝՛ ձովու. աա^ աոուահ– էր « իսկ Ա^^^«»«* քսէգպքա^ ու. քս§ղաքի% գորձ-աո֊ա, սսսթ-եասնո աւաւշապասն ու. ^իւ1նագիրէ - - \|\|^^ աաաոոսու ^2^ հր ի ւ1ասնաւ.որի՝ իորիա^ւ.ոյք ք՚^վ^ \^է–՚^***էՏ՛^ Ա»՞" –1"ւ–^է (ՐհՑէստ ^յ)օ11օ)» Ճ՛՛ԻԿ՛^* ծ "4^«"^՛ գ^բ՚՚՚հՐ՚՚ա ս$ս$ոու.$սքէ էր, եպօէն եղաւ. աոէրու–թ–եօէեռ վրիժառու, ել. պասշապսւն * ՚իրէ^ օ^ոտկան էր , իր ք՚ԱՐր Աք^^ ք ** • որ»֊^ ոքաշաօԱն էր ^աոասկսւր գաղաեներքլ ^քելյ Դ(>«^քք (■ Հ^բկէբ) ևրկրագոբեսէ-թեսսն է աոմհսոնսւ.թ–եա$ւն եւ. ոաոս$ոո֊ահ–ոո ^իէքԼագիրն էր \|՝«»յ+«»«»ւ գինւ-ոյ եւ. աւ^՚ն աեսակ ոսրախ է^կե րոսթ-եասն^ աոաու.էո^ը^ * որու.Ն աոօՆը^ 2.Ք^՚Լ * Բ՚՚ՍԺ ւկաի թ-աափորեերով ու. խւսդերով^ կը^ կաաարսսէրէ Դ^իսցաղաՆո Ժամանակր^ աէրոսթ-եան^ գքոսխչլ կե^աե– էին ժառաՆգակաՆ թագավորներ ։ ք^ագաէ-որին իշխա^ նոսթիսնը^ $1իս§յն իր . ^արոաոէ֊թեան եւ. անձնակաւտն ա. ռասեչութ-եանԸ վրայ էր • որով^ես»եւ. ժիշա իրեն օգՆա^ կա՛ն էին՝ մեհ– ագգե^ութ-իւ-ն ոսեեցուլ ապնոսականներր* ձ^ողսվու֊րգշ ^աոարակայք իրողոէ.թ–իւ%ներու^ <^^ Ք^Լ, մաոնակ^ութ-իւ-ն ու՚նէր ։ — 0^^^ ^Ի՛^ ժամանակներ՛ն արգէն $1եաաղագորեութ–եան եւ. արուեոաական բաներ շինեւու. յէք^ Հարաար էքէն * 30 էլա^աէ դագ^յ^աղյյ^է •^^ւէ^Լ 1 104– 5 00 • ֆր ^քէքա%»ակէւյէւ յթաւղաասւկւրքէ-ւէէ-թ՚իա^թ գւ$րիս§կ»»ւ% գէ»ւդ19–ւակ1յ^».թ՚Խ\ք^ ԽէաԽա. է - է* հ՚^լ ^Ր –Ր յ–.>՚ակա% ԽրկիրՀԽրւ, ՚^՚Խւտի յ^ա,,.թԽա% յէԼ կը \|է«.՚^\|է է — 3 • ք\|ք«>՚>\|\|է 1էէ. »՚ւ–ք հքւ^ յա»ճակաւ% գքխասար գաղթ՚ակա%ավ9–/ւէ%%Խթււլ է ^ձք՚^է"՛ կոչոսէք^ասւ Ալ/՛՛ ւեոափոխոէ-թիմնր պաաՏ^առ եոաւ. Վ^ղթր 1ձ>՚՚ք"՚^1՛ եւէէղաԼաեք ւոեիա^ կան ու. գորիակաե գաոթակաեութձաԴա ^իՅէս^րկոս^ թե-ս^էՈյ որոնք կրթու.թեան ամէ՚ե ճիւ^ղ/քնք եւ. ի մասնւէփսորի լեղուի յշակո€.թե–ա%ք արոսե՚սսաից ու. գիսւոսթև-աեց սէք^ ՚^Խ1Ր ^Ր^ԷՐՐ գեոսւօաեոեռ^է –– Աք# գադ^ակաՆոէ.թյ1աւ^Աեեո1տե Խրսե աու^եակաե րա՛^ Ղէասաեւ^ուՔ֊էէ^մե ՀՀոմեոոսՀ ու, Փիւիսոփպքոսթիա^ր (յք9ադէս յբիլէոոաչ^ի^։ դ^ոոհսւկսԽ գաղ^ականու.թե՚ե^Ն ետեւ. ք էու.^ %1^ ղօրասորնեոև &–գաՆ : յ\ռսէՕքւե1եե–րու% գլուէ§ աե^ ^Աք^ կր աե»»ն1/նբ \^աասրսւսէոքքեե–ոն ե՛՛կ երկոոոգ^ Ներուժ յձ^ք^ս9^երըէ –^ Սա^ւա՛)^ Հսօլէւ. թ^ էր^՚^Յ գսէղԹեչթ% էոոօ-լ. գար </՝ էմևռաւ. յ ^ս»«» աեոե՚րր ռաե^ մի երեսելէ ու. ^ւսրա^սա Ա9պգս$աոՀտ»երն իշ1սաեոս^ թիլյեր էրե%ո էսւփշասւկելոմՀ ոեռակաե իշքսանաք^ աէրու-թքւսեր կորՆանկքԽ ու. ^ասարակապեաակաե սսք^մս^էսգրութիւԱէներ էւոթեռ^է Ի"^ ե՚թ^ ստպգե^ ցոԱ.թքււ.% ու%ե՜ցոո ռաոպռացի մի ^ա^դցրեկր ոսա 31 եաահ՛ ժօոովջգեան գլու.էաԱ ասե^եաովշ ւսպեոէ.ասեւա1եասօ ել թ^էէւ. աոգսէո ու. աաւոէէսսւսոո եսէռսէմարոսթէսն մի վարէրէ ^քաԱ^սաոա՛ աՆու.նըլ կը^ կրէ^րւ ՝ յ^է1ե%1^ եւթեւ.եՓ ք-՚՚^^՚֊^Բ^եբ^ եգան պերիաեգր 1\|«ւք^1^. թադքխ» «ւ. Դ\»դքւկրաաէա \|\|աւ/»«ւա^/ւ%, "ք ե/քկէւ/ն ու. փա^ էւ.աէւոր կս$այավաքէէա.թ–ե%է ■/* Խէաեւ. , ^"՚ր՚՚է^ կասաէակէէ$ւ^ յ^աագձեփիաէ կաէէնչրւ.կքաւ. Տէա. ^ան քաաչ^ ^աեւ»ւ.ե^էաա– < 2 • ՚Ն^էկտԻ^ է՚^՚^էԼ* ՛է յա€.%ակա% /^րկէբներքլ ^Աէ.թ՚եաՆ յէչ^ էը #է«4ք է էին . 1. ^արգքի^ %ղք%ո,^թ–իլ.% . 2 . \Խդբ,.է, կրփնի •«. պաաէՈակաւ» յիշաաակա^ էֆաա.թիւ.%։ ք\ւ^>^ ■». աանչքմէ աէ-եքի գբգի՛^ ^էթԱԻ՛^ 3 • յքւ%ակա% միոսթեան՝ ա գեգփեա% պաագամքլ ՚թ յ^ւԳէկաէ»%%Խւ»% ««. գ Հա^ աաբակայք ա9%ձր% աւ. խաղերը^ ա* Դ4՚Ղ,4^***՛ Հ<ա^^քա/քլէ թ-^պէա ի ակդթաՆ աբիէձ^ա^ ^եղ^ պաէաէեբապՏԱեբը^ խափանէլսւ. , բոյեակէսչեերշ^ 10հ^Ը»է^ ես. ^աւ%աց թարթՆ ագնոա^սքչքքնեչւաէ^ մԽձ-ապէ» 9գ%ե^ « ԹՒ^՚^է յ՚^՚^՚Վ. «»"^Հք«– V^^4^ա«.I կահ եւ. քւսդպքէսկաեէ խնգիբ^երշ^ կ ար»շիի% ու. սա9էէէ»աւ.էէ$&ո^ էաէէեեբբ ւֆսէքլաս1հ կբ կ«սէուսրէի% ։ ^յգէկսէիոԱնեբւէւ% ւս,, յե%^ աաեէւէէւաեի՚հ 4՛ յՕւ՚^՚՚՚Ը՚^Ւ^Բ, ՚՚բ»ւ.% գբևթ-կ; էսէ1է% յ՚էՐ» մաաԱակէ^ կ^բ^Աաբ ։ քքբկ՚ւ. հաաաբակաչք %ա,.իրական աԽ^ դեբ սւ%էբ • Ղ^^դփէ՚՚է պիէ֊թ՜է-աե \\1՚"1՚՚^Ւ ու.բ գյաբեաէւ, եւ. թեբէԴւպիւխի գԽւԽաբեսԱ ւ1Խ^եա%%եբ%, ոա^ր աշՆա% ժա^ գոկեբբ^ կ^բյԱգքի՛^՛ Այ« ժէ,պավյխեբաս% գքխասոբ վախ^ 7ճա%Ն էր , գբա/քի յքեյերաւ.ն մէջ^ խաղաղաէ^թիւ%ը^ պա^ել^, Խւ. Ղ^^դՓԷ՚՚ե ^՚Դ՚՚Ղ^ւԼ ^""՚՚Ր յաբձակմաՆքք գ1^էՐ էդոթշա^ պէաՆԽէէ ւղէակաանեբ1է ամԽ%1;^ %շա%աւ.»բ1էեբե էի՛^* Ա««1^ Նդե՚՚Ի Ո^մկա» ւիբա% քով^ աՔ-10 չարա աաբի «^ Հը է& է"»֊ էէէւսբէ§սէ։ին է \|]լ«/Տէէ^ ւսւձէակա^/ ժսզսվւաւ-րղձէբե էսէէ Հ«»^^^4'''-՚ %եբ»ւ% յաս%ւսկիէք կ՝ըյւ9ւք՛^ • "Բ ՚ֆքբտք՛^ բքեգ^ա^փաւր գէ^ %ագագար կքլԱաբ ։ իէէւ «(^ սօոեախմխոա-թ-էւ^^Ուեբաւ. կըլ յ՚^է^բգհէ՛^ 5է"քՄ"» 1փ«»^ք«ո» 4"»«»^–«»»է1 եւ. սմ^»ակ սէեէէսկ /ա^ւքԼակէքֆ– \|շ»\|1«««^^^1>1է^\|»է ^աՆէսսսաեդ^ք աւ. էսրէասա, եսաասոբթ ալ էԴչքէէւ.թ–եա% կ՚ե/ւ^ի՚հ է 1\դիյկիակաՆ թ»ւ.ա^ կա^բ^ կբլ "կ՚՚ի 111 1՛^ է –բ աաբի՚ն իփիաւա աս խապեբ^ %աբոգեց եւ. սէււ.աշի% անգաւՐ յադթ-սւխեբու^ ա%աւ.%11ւեբն 3 • Վաէ^աււյէակա%էաԱ.թ–եա% » թԱքբօբէ»ա..թ՚եաե ««. քաւղա»^ քաէկրթ-ութ-եաՆ %կասաւ1աւդլ «ճ^ձ– նՀւձեակէալ.թ–իւ% ու%ե^ 32 թէահ պսէէոճէսւլյաււ. շաա §սէէւաէւքաչքան ստրէւսեապք Խա^քգիա. $»ւրեւ–եի դ^ւն^իԱեոսւսհ^գասզթ–ս»կէ$$ե»ւ.թ՜ևան^ »§է9 էսւՈԴւ^-Ն գօրէսսսրներն ւ^ի՚Ն 3«»1>(«»^«1>է>^\|\|լ< ի ւէասՆսւսոըի \Րէ§հ– ես վ^ոկիսւ է ժէսմա՚եւսկ մի ասւ/է^է% անոա^աՆք^ւէրՆ ^իՆ ։ ՚յ^^յսւեէ, %^իո§§ ու. \|յ<»</ոււ սա^ե՚սսւրոյ ^արոսսս» քասզպօներ ^քւ% < ՜^զթօսանգր1ւ ււս ^ււ.սւ^ա»ւկաե սւիրսէպեէոութ-եսէՆ ժասէէա^ Նւսկ երեէ^ևյէւ հէւն ^իա֊օաՆգէոե է կիա^դիկսա , \քփէսէ1էւ եւ. (408 է՛^ ^իՏքնու-ահ–՝^ գորիակաՆ ^սգաս/լ։ - յձէՐէա֊եքեան հ-սվեսրէւն վրսէք ւսնիէէէկսէե գասղթ–էսկա$Կասւ–թ–իաձ»ները^ քք ք՛ գււ^աււու. էԱսաեՆ ք ^ու%ւսւ»ասէնի ^էսրասւ. ոա.. սւրեււՐ^^գի՚ն կր ձ սէդկէի՚ն Գ*ք^–\–՛^ բէսօմաքՅ-իւ. գսէւ^^^էսկասնսւթիւ%Ներքլէ ՚\|^լ««>՚%ք« յկքաՆոսասնէ էր ի մաոՆաէ^որէ է\|\|^<^^ ոբով^է-էոե.. ա$Դ^ յու.Նէսկան ԽրկիրՆերոա-ն մկք^ ^սա էսւՕք՚ն^ ^ասւսւս^ Հս»սաուսաոու% օրինսու վր՚քք Աէեսական կսսո^ասվարու-թ-էւ^ •Դլ (Ս՝^1ք«էք) գրու.ե^աւ.է յձփրիկէի ^սվեգեըթի՚ն վրաք կ/լ հ-աղկհր Կէ–քէէ» ԱԻէԻԺ՚^ծ ՚^է,՝ Ա4/»"«ք–"«՛»"» »«- Ս^/»«»֊ կսսսաս I որ եբկասյե ասաեՆ ւու%ւ$»կս$ե գսւղ^ւսկանու.թ–եահա ասաէՈք^ա^^ օօրւսւ֊որ՚ն էր (ք9 • 28)* ԱսւորիՆ իսւսէէիաէի գսրի.,, էսկաե (^ասրէ^էոյ $ պօասւեօ/ե (Ոիաւէքրիա ք կրո$ոաՆ^ օ՚ւ. ^՚>– Նէական (^^եգիսՆ ^ .1\|քքէ.<^ \| ՚էքէէաւպոմւսյ քսւզպքՆերՆ «» էսրգւսւ-աեգերկրիՆ ոս րնգէսրձէսկ սէռ.եսաորի1և պսււէ»ճս§ււ.ս§սս շաէո ^էսո^սէ^աոաե է Սօքճքաք՚Ն մեե– ^$աւրսէոու.թ՚իւ.Նս ւէէ. թսւ^ րեկէյքԱա^թ-իսՆը^ յսււսաք բերի՛ն քդասւիչ^ շո.սէյքէււ–թ–իւ% մի է 18* Սէ*ք^*** ՚ 1 • է^ասեի մաս թ.էԹյ–՚եոլ.աձ– էր \^պւսրաււայի ւք էւղրվ»կււէը է Ո՚Հ. ^Ր Լէ^՚՚՚^Գ"՛* * §՚^Լ էաԽսէսկ էի^ իր օրք^թևԽրը՛ է - ^ * Ն՚ԲՒ ^1ք՛– –ռէս^էե ոէ. Խրկրարգ \ր1ո։^ էէքԽսէկաե ս լ ւասաԽրէապյխ » - 1* \Տ՚՚1"՚Ր"՝՚^յՒ ժողոմու֊րգր բսէժնու.աՆ պ^Րք ւոերոո 9^ո1^ԱէԼաԽ \\աաոգԽաԽափ^ա ք աօասւ եէսլրսաս^ գֆսաաոոէ \յ»կոսրգոս^ սպաեոսսէհ՜ ՜կ^ւՆոմհս թաս^ գաւ.որին որ գի՛ն շ՚՚՚-րք 810 ^1» կարգի խոթեիք աեոնգ^ասա պաաե-րապսնե-րոյ վաւրէ/նւսցւսհ– ժողո՛^ ւքուրգր իր մեհ՛ ՝ճ$սւ1իորգոսթեաեր է/^0 սորվահ– նւարգաւ-որուքժիսմևԾրոյէ ^անէսց մրսւնգէսմպ^ Նոր ^րհ^կբեե՜րով եւ. իքիսա կրքՅ–ա^ք<3–ե–ամր ք.՚"1^,ք^՚3^՚3 պԲտսլիսի ոգի մի աղգեի որ իրէր՚Նբ օիրե–%բ ի՚^ձյԲ"՛^^ ՚"՜ արե-ամի Հպյրե՚նեաց ՚նոսիրե՚նէ ՆՐԲ ա՚ք՚՚Ր^՚՚՚՚^իք ՚Հ/" 33 գոս օաղաօն եւ. մեռւսւ. Լւսմասոո ոաթսոքէասեառ սէՕ է \^պսւքււէ$ակս»1ե կէւո֊ս»վաքու.թ՚եաէւ գլսս֊խքլ կե^էսձ– է։ի% երկոս թէսգասւ^սրէւՏէր է սրւէկք պէԱէոեբասդւԴ ԱքոեՆ քւսք^էսրձէսկ իշխւս^ււււ–թ–էւ\ է»ւ.%^^ի՚Ն բաէււսկիՆ վր§սւէիսկ խս0ղաւա^թ–եասեւ աաէէաէ% իբր&ւ. քրյաէ^ե»ողա^երբկբ»ՏաաւսւսէէէեքէիՆեւ. ձ-Խրսէա. կսէ^աիՆ մկք^ գա^երկ կբ %սա^ին։ \յ^րակւԱաԸ (^^^^8^») Կը^ քէաղկա%ս»ր 28 ք.ւ«^4՛ €0 աարւ–ան, ^աաաբւսկա-թ-ենէ՚ն քէԿէէորւ$»–ա^ ձ՚էրերէէ յւ^սիկս^ աւկքսւ.թ–եէս^ գոքձ-ոցթ ՚Խ՚՚Ս կձ^ ֆքը^հը ՚քք^՚՚ւէ՚՚է Կ^Ր՚^՚՚՚է ^է. "Բ քք՚՚՚զ՚ւվրդ^՛՛՛՛^ ժսզա^ փս^ կբ Տնւսր ւֆայե այ** կւսւՐ ««^ ըաե^յ որոշսսւՐ ըէէեւ։ ^սղուխգեաեւ ժողր^Խրբ ^ս»է1ւսրս»կօր^^ն քսսսեսյ քրւՈսն ժսէմէսնսէկ կ րւս թքւ^^ « \յ^քւսւկսւ.սքի՚ն ք<"1 գրսէ֊սահ– ^։իէւ իբբեւ. ^սկսպ Հ/՚^ք– \քփ՚՚1^^ՐԲ > ռրոկք »սւ/^% պսւշւո«»եեայ %գքն իակ թ–ւսգսւա–էւր%երբ պսէ1ո§սախաԽսէսւոէ^ւէ1–թ–եաքև կ^աք^ ի՚ն կաեչձ-ք է յը^յէն սպտաբափաչքի կբնէսբ ^ւսսսւբաէկայ պասշ^ ւսօ%/1հեբու. բնաոբսսիլ ու. ժէւղովրգեա^է ժ$ւդս11^երու.Ն մաա.. %ակիյւք բԱալ — Հաբկաասա. \ակեգեմհՆաքււ.ո^ ԿԿԻրշ^ 30* 000 > իւ՚կ յ^պ՚-բ—ացւ-ո^բ^ 9000 ^աա^աաաբ մաաէ-բոքԼ. բաէէժՆսէ^էոձ– կբ * վիբքինՆէբւս-էւբ Հ^Տրչոէուս^իք կբ գսբհ-կ;^ < \Րիսէթէ$ք^ւս0աիբ»ա.թիւ.Նբ ւէէւսձ–ԽքԱւ– եւ. շո–ւ^աւ.թ–իւ%բ խւա^ փէէէնէ՚չոլ. ^ամաբ ^սաասբասկաչք ^աս^կեբդյթ–1ևեբ ^8յ՚861է1&) ոբոշօէ-սւե– կիՆք ոբոԿաօ ^էսմաբ աւ^Ն սաասբէոասի բասն ւՌ կբ վճսսբէբ» ք^սկսոէ եւ. սւբհ–ասթ–ի աուսկ սւ.ՆեՆսււն ասբգե.^ ւէէ1–սւհ– կբ ել. ասսէէեա էա^դ պւ^ձի գբւսէՐ կբ գէքբ&սէձ-ոա֊կբ * յձպաբաա^է մէ "ա-րիշ^ ^րկՒր չիր կքնաբ եբթալ. ի%^եա ճաւեւ. օ»ոէսբէ»էկահ »Դէ ս։ռ.աԱ^ ոբոշեէսւ գոբհքի \^պսէբ^ էոաւէ մէք եբկայեւ ասսւեՆ չկբ կբնսւբ Տնսւլյ - <- ՜կբթ-ւսսա. թիւձբ ակբու^թեան ձեավխ եբ ։ ^ղպք եօթ–բաասբւ.անեղահ– սոոեՆ՚նիՆ կբթ-անււց կբ^ գբու^կիՆ ք եւ. ^ո% մաբւէէւավաբժէււ.^ թեաե ք ^էսօաՆգսւ.ք9–եաՆ , եւ. ղբկմաե^ $ս»աւեե^ա.. կբլ^ Հքք/՛՛ ժկի՚նէ ու. քէչ էսօէաով շաս» բսաև ըսելու, կբ կբքՅ՛ ոա..էի՚ն է 2» յ^պարտա \հկու.ոգոսի օրէ^՚եբներոյ սասւ^ օսւօ՛ ղօրու-թհէ^ր օու.սոԱ.օ եոեու. մեսսաքնաեէ9»ե պա~ աերաօաէե՚րու-ն ՚^քյ — ^ռաՕ^ սԼատե^էսռմ1քն մէք ք74Ց–՚72՚4)ք պաշարևցթտ ոս աօ֊իՆ \^պարաացիք ՝ի1ժու^ գղևակրէ ք^եսսև%ւսցէ~ոց ւսփւու.էսկա1էնՄրը^ օաար ^րկէր գաոթե՚ցքԽ^ իսկ ^ոն Տնացոոներր կ՚՚ր–^ սոնցոսց^ իրե՛նց յթաւսաթպէքՏն աղասւութիւ^ըէ ք^/՛՝՛ կրորգ պատձ-րաղյի՚ն մէք^ (685–668)> թէպէ՚ո եւ. Ա^եսսեՆացիք իրե՚կբ պիրե՚եբ քաՕոււթեաւդւ պաշա^ 3 34 ձէ եպբո յ^ձ-սս&նա կոչոսե^ասէ 1ևեաոմ սաաօահ– ւսռաւ–1քչուՔ–եւսմբ քաէւա^թե Գ^ե-ղս^ պոնեսի Տւաօահ– գոոիական աէրոէ-թիա^մեերէք»^ մհք բո%ասորնեոո %ու.Ա9ճեւու, եւ. ավևու.սւպ§քա»սեէմև կա՚>^ էՆավարոսթիսմն ամիաց^1էլու.ւ յըյսով^ վասակ&^ա1ե ե-րկւ/^քե աաձ-% վէրթե իշխաեոԱ-թիսն մէ^ քհՀ^ՀաՕաօ) գորիսէկաե ա^րո§.թ–եանօ ՚Խպ) տ - պէա ԽքԽա.աքե Խչաւ. \|\|»<\|«ւ՚էւ • \|»^^ աե—էւկ էք իր •րք^ագբէ».ք9՚ի»%ը է — 3 է>՚1հ՚^> պէա քԽայ^Խաա^էահ– էր ժաէպաքոէ.րգր * Ո\|"^ւ9 յա1^^»––»^ հրք^՚՚–ք^1"^՚Շ * - ~ 4 • ^ք^րաա-թ-ԽէէէԽ րէւրձրաւգւքք1Խ ի^»ք»%»».թ իա%ը արւււ. ձԽ։այ/եէ հր» 1՛^^ Խր 11ք^^՛՛– •ք «■•^^•ւ է - ՝ 5 • ի1հշ<ւք4՛՛ կ–է».աւփարԽց ^իաիաարւաէքւ I լ* \^ք^յ^^ՏԲ ւ^եչեւ. գորէւսկան գէսղթակս^ոա.–^ թիւ%ր թ սքգաւորնե՚ր կր տիոէ^^է (կեկրոպս^ ք/1եչա^ս կը կարհրոԱ.ի՝ ւօՕՕ/՚^ք ւ^ս՚էոիկկ^ի յէքկարգաւ.ոբեաւ օսէղպբսէկաե կձրԱսա^ սկիռբ րրս§ւ, ևւ. ^եսէւ^ոս սէռւ0Աա, պևլէալ^ \քգէոսի որգթ/ք շր^րք^ 1250^^ 12 ^ասա^ րսէկու.թիւ.Ննե–րր ւֆասռու.ց\է ՚կոգրոսի է/ա^ոէ-սււ/ի (1063) թսքգ»սւ.որոա.^ ^իւ%ո վերքու. եէքէսւ. ու. սկռբան ռկեանս աաաասսիէս^ %ւսաու. աըօոմներ գոու֊եօան* եառ^հ ( 7չ2) ԱքԱքԱր էոարւ֊աե ^ասմար ու. վերՕապ^^ս (^6 82) Ա"Ա^ աարի ^ր աբռոն ընաըոսեցան ^ որոնբ \^րիոսպագին ^ետ ^արս–^ սաա^էսրիչ ւսզնոսսէաեէոու.թիւ1ե ւՈէ կէԱօւՌ՚օինւ յձ>՚կ^ ^աճսէխ խռովւքլ,թիւմնեո և՚քաեք օորոկբ՚նոան հսկ դրա–^ կոնի լ624) իիսա օրէ՚կբնե-լԽ չկր^"՛^ գագբեցոԱհ-էէ \փ$էոե ոեգկանու.ր էո^աճոսթհւ^բ օգաի գ՚ր՛ գԸյ ոսզէ^ գրասեր ^պյօ ըբահ՛ փքբ^Բ Հժ՚՚՚ք՚՚ղէց՛՛–* 35 թեթ փախաԱ.^ իսկ իր կո/աևակի^ևր^ իրքքնց եղահ՛ իոսամաե գէւՐ %ու.իբաէկաե աէրոթոն սպանոսեօանէ 2* Ա" շփէէթոէ^թեան^ ժամանակ յ^եգաոա^ Տ՚^"& ւՇյ^^՚^՚՚՚Տ^^Ր^ աուա^ յձաղաէֆս կղդին՝՛ \^ոդո1եի ^որգորե՚չովԱ Նորէն եա աււՆոա^ձ^աս Ճ9Ց^^< ի\ք պսէաճւսռ. եոաւ. ՚եաե-լ. յ1\թ1^աօա.ւա նուիրւսկան կաւՐ գէրղփեա՚ե պատևրէսագն յսօէնակիօ րոաէոսՆք պոր կր վարկիս ՝^ւՐփիկաիոե՚եե–րւէ 595^^ գեղփիսի սաա^ու^ սէհնեոր աասփշաասեոո կրիսսւ ^ազ^ք^ գկւՐէ յձոէըքւ^ իրրե-ւ. առաՕթե արռոեք օ94։ի^ Ա^^«՛ %ա^ւ–տւ^ օրկ՚կբնՄո աոսսէս ք աոռաա օւս0ապռսւօթե&րր ^արուսսք կալոէ.սէհ՚սւակր%&րոայն ՚&Նշսւ,ւք(^ն առաաե՛^ լու–է ասարպռե-րէէ ու. աոսոթՄոր ի Նպսւստ ւսոռսւաաօ կէսրգասոոեոաւ. օրւ. ^ասկառակոոգ կոո^ակռու,Թիւ%.^ 1եե–ոո էփաս.էէ^եէու^ ^ամար։ 3* յձ,աաիկէի ^"Ղ^^^՚՜ՐԳԸ^ ^է^ յս%իակա% թաժա%է1ա% ^ա»յԽւ1ա»ո I երեք գսսս կքլ բէսժ%»ա–եր • 1 • \յԼէւեէսա^$սկաէէ կաըէսաձ՚ասաեր^երսւ. (6Աթ&էք1ճ68) • 2 • ^արկաաէււ. քապա^, քսէչքէ^ա^ «ւ. վարձակալա^ (^60աՕք68) եա– 3* արու^եէււոսասա^ րայք (ճ6ա1Աք^68)< թ»ագաւ.արսէ.թ֊եա% վերյքէււեքե՛^ ^՚՚^ՔէԼ իշխաեէքւ^թ֊իւԴէե ստււսէքի՚Ն գսէէւաւ% աեէոասս. * ^ո\ա երթ. որ ւ^կսէք գսէաերե ^է1»րսսաւսռս>% ե– սէեր՚՚^ք^եասէւ Գ՚՚Ր^՚՚^Բ մէքլ մասնակիդ 1ԼԱ^Լ պա^աԽքեյքէ% ^ Ի՚ել մէ չվաթ֊սա.^ թ-էայԱներ ելաՆ։ \^» խսէայեսւկ»»ւ^թ–եաէ/էւաք $սս$եՆ \|)ո^1^է էսէրւէ1–թ՚եան ասՆանկ սս»^մա%ս$գրոսթ–իւ^ մհ էէւոսէէէւ. է կւ»եի աէւգսսթ՛ օրե՚կքէեերքլ վեր^րՆեք^է աղքաէո քաղպքլաա. քք֊»^ պարազքչլ չափասւ»րեւ^ ^ գրաԱի՚ե արժկէ% խքե^ընեք^ ու. ասէրէոապասՆիՆ եա^ աեոր գերգաէա»աա1հի% ւսՆձ՚Նէէւկսձ աս, դասէՈէ.թ–իւ%% ասպէս^սվ^ընեւփւ եսէես է ժաղսվսւ֊րգը^ սքքէէաա. յքսէւաաձ՚սա ^աէ^էՈսա չբր" կ՚՚՚ՐԳ րաՀԲնե^ յ^ոյա^^ 4՛"/՛՛ ԳԸ. հււ կ՚^՚էքԿք՛ ՀԻ՚՚՚գ^^քէ^ք՚Պ^՚՚՚^^ԲւԼ 0;»6ււէ&օօ81օա6ճւա* 1168) > էIեհ^ կալսսաձ-աաեր^երն է "ք»^^ աարեկահւ եկամնա^աւէ 600 ք–՛^ ՚Ւ^Րծ * կամ* նդ/եչափ արժկլ ու%ե^»պ^ ձէթ՛ կաաՐ գի՛նի էր։ հրկր՚՚ՐԴքլ հք ^<«\|»^–ք •^՚»«–^քճ ("»՛ ՕՕՏւՕաօճւաՈՕՏ) կաւՐ աապեաներշ^ ՆԲՐ՚՚ՐԴէլ ՏԼ^՚-ԿՒ՚՚՚^^Բգ ("Բ^ք՚Կք մի%չեւ^ \հԳք–^ եկամասա սւ%եի%) ե. Ղ՚՚էԲ՚՚ԲԳէ. ք^ե՚^երն, որոկք աակկ ալ^ \աա.ապ^ եկամհսա է»ւ%եի՛^ Զ՚՚ԲԲ՚՚ՐԳ Կ՚^Բգէ Ք՚^՚Ը^ՊէքԻ^հււ ^՚^ՐԿ^ ագաա կին . թպ^ ւղէաշամեի ալ չէի՛ն կրնար ^աանիլյ 8* 36 կբթէռթ1ւսն% աւէ.էա1»յ^ակա^§այք թսէլաքէաա-ահ– էբ» թ՚^Ա/ք աէրսւ–թ–իւ.՚նն ^րապարակակա% վարժսչՐւեր ոաձւկ է 4\|«.. աա%ի%՝ 18 աաբա.ա% հաաակին քնկէբու^թեան (բԽ&էէ1&) էՌ »1հ^ կւլ Գք՚^եր • ^<– 20 էոարեկս^$ էզաձ– աաե՚ն կր%ար քաղպքակաՆ իրաւ–սւ.\թ գէգհ՚ա&ԽԼէ \^յ9՚^^կքի ^^ վաճտւ^ ա.սւկանա»֊թ–իւաՆ ո$. ս»բաա–Տէէ§»ո բանե^ընսդ օաոսէբաակաէէնՆէրթ յեաւէիքս» կբլ կոչոա.1^ի% . սւ. չխի՛^» կրնար սաա^ասահք ես. քաղպքասա-11^ իրաւ.»ւէ֊՚կք ու.ՆԽ՚եալյ Բ՚՚Ա9 ՚^հր1՚֊ք^^՚՚ե էսւյկէւ ձ–ւս%րէսբեաձսա..թիւ%%Խրէ՚Ն սպաէո չէ1՛^՛ իս»էւսէէ§ա. աանի աէ»ււ.9իէ^ աւ միսԱե փոխանսրգի Լ71^00^Ա^քյ^) ձէ-աքով կրՆայի% եքլել* 4* ^հր՛՛–^^^՛՛^ բէսրձրագէԱ% իշխան 0ւ.թ–իէԼ%շ^ ժաղէէա, վբգեան ժողովպՐէ (հոոձէյօ1օ) ձե»ւք% ^։բ , էւրաձէ աւԴ;% ւ^թե՚նայքի կր%ար ւՈսա՚եակէքւ շըալյ Այ» ժաղավօլ Օքւ^^– %եր կսւ. աարէ պաաերադւֆ էւ. խապաղա»–թ֊եան վջպք •֊ րոշոա-ւՐ կ՝ը^հր քբ^ակաՆ յան^ա՚կ^եբւէւ. վջ^ գաա կ/լ կաբք^բ է պաշաօԽեա՚Նեբշ^ կ՝րնար^ր , էռ աէէա^քքեբբ^ է՚՚Ր՚՚Հ^Բ * ձ^ող^վ^Ր» մասնաժողովԱ կքլ կայքու.ցանկէ% չորս^աբիա^ր»^ խ»բ^ւ»ւ–ԲԳ1Լ ԼթօՆճ՚ղ)» որսսն գսրձքՆ ^ր, ^աէէաբակաչք իբ––^ ղու–թ–իւ%Ները^ ^ոգալէ ժողովրգեան ժսդովւԱե աէէ1Ա.քի% Հօ«» Նուեչի %իւ–թեբբ պէսաէԹքասաէոևա եւ. սէՆոբ գաէ^եբիռաււ^». թ֊էւ% ընե§։ \\՚՚«բ է$ւեգա9եեբր^ ^Բ^ էսռ/սքին կաբդԽբու. քագպքայքի՚եէ-րք/ն կ բՆարւ$ւ^1^ի% , որււնք 30 աարի% ա%^ա^ պէասբ Բա՚քք1/^ ՚ — Ղ^՚՚Բ^՚՚՚ԳԲծձ^ էշէ»ա^՚»»–ք^էէ.^^է ւսբքոՆա. %երօւ% ձեո,ձն ^բ է ոբօնք սաասր»»ւ^է ւոասոի սւէլյաէքի՚ն կւսրգի ք$$ւղպօաաիներ11^՝ վէճասկաա^ կ էնսէբա֊ւ^է^է է Դաասւա»ս$աէւհար»ս^եւեբւ»ա^ ՚^ք սէռսէքի՚ն աեդէ% »»ւ.Ն1^ր \^իասէււագսէւր։ Աոյքր աս^էգփսՏեեբբ^ պւսշսաօՆ՚նի՚ն աէքսսագիւ.սա վաբէսե– ւարքօննեբ ^/>%< \^բիոաաքագոաիՆ գւ»բձք^է կբ^ օր^եք^ նեբօւ. ես բաբղյիյք վրսսք ^–^4^ ^ւ֊ Գէիաա. որ յաՆյքա%ք%երբ^ գաաոելէ \ձյւիոապագոոը^ կբՆար ժողովրգեաՆ ժաղով^Ն եւ. խսր^րգաբաՆիՆ՝ էէէասակաբ եւ. օրի՚նաչք ^ակաաւակ երեա^^ ^ահ^ կարգագբսւ.՚թ՚իէ^եերւԼէ "՚ԲԳ^ւեէ^ ձսԱԿէւէվ^ յքլ (▼Օէօ) խափաեելՀ 0« 1ձ՚"բք^Ւ Լս՚մաւոր պբսորւՈ1սն^Ն ետ&ւ ք որ եօթ^ Էմասսէո^է»նեո1^ յ^9տե հր^ եւ, իբրեւ, բանաս^ սսէե-ոհ՛ ե՜լ. ժողովջգե՚աե մսէերհւՐ շասա կո մեգսւոոսկ^ր ք դվւսիսարատոս 1Շաթ(^1բէ աիրապետեց (5 60՞ 528)* \\սի1քաէ՝ թւ^եւ. ե-րեու. անգւսւՐ սւբսորու.եօէսւ. ք սսւեսոե է^ր յեդւՐ ոկ ար գար եառավարոԱ-թեամիըյ Աոռուեի սաս ^մսէևէս գրույթ է ւՆր ^ասսէոատեօ ^ եւ. ւ^յ^՚^ԽՏէէ ^ո–՛ օովջգեան ՚նքէր կ1քնգաեա.թքււ% առսսօ. է՛իր րսքրեգոր^ հ՚ու-թիս^տներոփ» ա» ^Բ Պ^^ սաւեաես քէրեւէ ըյաււ. ք 37 4որ իւ-ր էշէւս1^ուՔ–եա%ո առաեց ընգգիմհէ.թեա% էա<ա, քըրգ^ց որգքքհ Հիպպիաս, Բ՛^^ ^Րք– "Ր ^^^^"՚տէՔ Չ10^^ ՝քձպարաացւ.ոց օօ%ու.քժ1րսաժիոօիՆք յեոժեց^^ <կ սէոսԼէսստան փաքսաւ. % ^աթսֆաֆաճ պաէոերազւ/հՏ՝ Փճչեհ /ւեււեԶակաճ աղա–՛ աոհթեաԱ վերՇաւը . եՕՕ — 358 ; \կէ^ ^աէ^^^ՀաԱ աաքէ^էաաՏ 500– 469 • յ/աա. ^աբաիյւ աէւ.աք§Տե »§. Խրկրորգ ւսթշաւ-աԴտ^ է — 2. ի՚%չաւքէա ը1ըեցա». եքրարգ ի1հձ վաէա7/սա»ւ աէ^Խւիմև ք^Խմիէաւակղթա ««. գաԽաա%իաաէ 1 • ^արսսա1էաէտ պսւէոերսւպսրն առէթ սէէ1ւ.ւսւ. Դ^արե^ի^ \\եիսթացւ–ոց գ^ւՐ րրքսհ– սւբշաւ-անբրւ ՀԷս^ ասիք^ոս ւրիչիաացԲԱ ք քոր 513^^ ՜իսաէրի կամուրքԱ ս.ւՆնելո§է թւսգսււորն ԱէօաւուաՄ ե՚Րէ) "ՐԲ ա՚Ռէէսսսէսւ^ Նուեւոմ ՀԼ՚2 նաեչոԱ^եցաւ. ք ^ոնիաց^եր՚ն ւսպսաամքւ՛ €9ւ.թևան գրգռևցւ ^ւ^/եևրը^ (500) 1ձ"՚րգք «է^Ր^Ճ^^՛ րս՚քց ՜Լասւէ;^ ^՚ՐՐ՜՚Ժ^ ՚Ք՛՛^– ա/՚"1^յ"–"՚ւ/^ ետ ե՛լ. ք \^իէեա <^սւոսոսԱե–ր1~Ա սւՆեու.ե–ցաւ. ու. նորօ՚սւնոսեցաւէ ի՚՚րւբ ^է՚Ւդ ասրգեե սաանուեցան ու. ^ոնհսւցհբ Նուա՚ճոէ^ռ՛^ ցանգ ւֆայն Փ՚՚^ք՚՚՚՚ՅՒ՚Ք գս՚ղԹ^ցք՛^ "՚– \^ասսիլէա ռա^ ղ^1Բր ^հ^եցԲնէ 1ձ,""Ր ՚Խ՚Գ/ իաոե–^ի գեսաամնեոն որ եւրոպսէսան ^անՄր^^ իբրՄւ. ^պաւոաեու.թե–ան Ղւշաեք ^ոո ու. ^ք"–ր Լր սլէս^աե01;^1էն ս»օգաց իրստւաեց գէ-ւՐք 493^^ յ^թէնացին&րէՆ քր^՚՚ր էէւ. \^պարաա^ ցէէեերէւ^Ն փոս %եա ունեցան է ՚\|^լ</ բանս դսէրե–^ր շս»տ եատդեցու.ց ու. Սօ#/ւ^ դոնէոսի օօրավարու.թե–սքմբր 492/՛^ ՚նէԱէ^ւսսաորմրո ու, բանաե մէէ խա սրեց ^ուն ասա ան \յ^ռա0քէե սէրչաւ.^ 38 ^րակիւգքի մէք 9"՚ՐԳ Պ՛ կե-րաէ. $ փ1ճա^աւ . իսկ %աա. «. աաոոմէոը^ ՜^ձէ^՛"՛ Հրո՚-՚՚՚եգ՛՛^^ Ք՚՚՚Լ. Է՛՛՛Ր """կ^^՛^^* փե՚ււեի աււաքնորգոսթեամի 490/՛^ արագին դօրք ու. Նաւաաորւֆո մի խաւ-րե^ (յեՐ^Ր՚՚ՐԳ "՚րշքք"–"՛^)* Թ^է՛^ պէա 1օՕ.ՕՕՕ^ մօա բաեակր\^րեարիաե կորհ-աԱե^ք Բ՚՚ՕՑ 1^է1"է՚՚՚գ^՚է աէւաքնորգու.յթէևամիը^ 10000 յըյՅ–և՚նա^թէևր1;^ ու. 1000 ^դատէ^ացթւերէ \^արա^ թոնի քով ա^ագքւն Հարուահ– ւ/հկև-րաւքԱձ՚պա» 29 V Ա՚իդաիագեաի , Լար ի ակպթա% շաա պաաիա. գաաէ. յըյ9^ե%աւքէ%եր1^՚Նէ քւպյյք եաց^կ՚Խ ^աքոա կղ^% ա»ձ»ւլ չձարԽ՚հաչւաւն է ամխասաաէնուեչքաւ. ու. թանաի ա^^էԹաւէէքւ.՝^ . յաշւէքգԽ^էձ յ^իաէ0էիգ^ա ադնա֊ապեան ու. ք^ե^սէոա^ կպհ" քւ.աէ1կապեաը^է — Վյ՚Րքե՚^Ը, 1\Թ^^՚՚՚9՚–՚՚3 ^"վ^է՛^ ղօրաա^թ-իւՆԴւ աճԽ^աւվք է 2 Նրկ՚՚՚ւՈ^ աաարէսսաութաէնւ^ &ա1րւ. ք ^ֆւսև՚ր^ ռս1^ս ա^ս9գի1ե 1եսէւսէւոորմղին (1200^""–) է^կե՚ոէս^ ըս»հ– բաեսէկր \\ V ՚Փէ^՚բ եօթր օոուաե ու. ե–<փք–ր գէշերւաե մէք Հ^եսյևսպոնաոսէ^՚ե աեցուց* ԼՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ արշաւս^եռ 480) ^՚– ՚եուա7ճեո ք^րակիաե ք Ա^ակ&գո՚ա. %իսէե ու. ^ևսսաոէանէ — Ա^^ ՚փքրՑ1՛^ "Ր^ՕՕ Ս՛՛/՛՛՛/՛՛ "՚ացիռ եւ. 700 ^եսպէ՚՚՚ցհըլ \եւոեիգասի ս»ռաշ^ %որգութե–ամի՝ ^երմհպիէխի Կէր^Ր գիւ.ցաղեաբւսր կր պաշապս^ւ^Ան "՚՜՚բ՚աը ՚Հ^փհւսղաեսի ՈԱ»^ մաանու.–^ թեւսէԴւե ամէ1կօր մեո ս^–^ երկու անոոոշ%աւսէմաոա և-ղաւ. ^Ըվւա1ոփսիոեի ք՚՚՚Լյ լ\ք# արոահ– ժէսէէաեակ յՁյ^եՆաօեՌ ^ետտստո^ կղէսի է՚որ^րգովԱ ռւսղպջնքւն թոոու.ցի՚ն է \^ւ. երբ էս–^ սոր Վջպք ^սեոոսկս ^ովկեսք ^յ^ովսէիա եւ. ՚յը^տտիկե անւսաատ գ։սրձու~ս եւ. 1^յո 11^ւքն "էւրեռ աուեասկաե %ս»ւսւաորւֆղԱ յ^ւսոաւֆսի քոմ 7ճ$սկսւտեոսււ է քծ^եւֆս^ աոկղես 7ճարաս»րոէ–թ եաւդւ մի ^Ծ/^երր պսւտե րսէօմի սաիպելթն ետեւ^ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Խ ՚Խ՛^ աեաեկ փառաւոր 39 ^ւսրկագրե-ցաւ. \^սիէս փախչէլէ — Ա^արգոեիոսի օք«. ւււսժնորգէէէվժՏոսմի ^եսսսՅոէսւ ա^§սցւսհ– պսւոսԼէսկսԽ 12ՐՌՐ %1օք^ գարնաե^ 10^է^Կբ ^ՐէՐ՚՚ՐԳ "՚^գ՛^՛^ ւսռսէւ» բ֊քքչք Հք\ւսւ.սաեիասսի ե՛ս յ^^ւ՚է՚՚^էգ^՚՚է օ՚ւււ»^ նոբգոէ.թ1րաւ/բ էֆաց1րա§ Ապարտացքւե1րրք^1ե ու. \|^լ«. թ1քնացթ§ևրէ^ ^ղաաէւ^ի քով^ ^ադթ-ոսեցաւ^ պխ օրր ^\|)^^I^ա • 2աՆ որ օրն որ Ժն0ու.կաւ. պարսկական Նէէ$է.էԱէսորւՓղԱ •խօաէ^էթիպաոս ւաթ&Նսէօիք^Ն ու, Լ&ւո՛^ ահռիգք^ս սաարսւսէռիւ^ յ^իկասղ^ի ^րուաեգաե1>ն յլոէէ \^ամհսի գիմաքրՀէ Ա^<# ^աոթ-ոսքՅ^եամր. ՚^սք՚պյէ ւու%էսկաե գսէղթսէկաեոսթիւքմնեոն աօասւ եղան տ ւ^յ^^ակբէ պւսրէսաներն ու, Գփրեոս ^1ոֆսաո^ կոեսի ձեռքովդ շի՚նուելէ^ն ե-աեւ-ք \^թէնռ՝ ^ույնսւս–»^ աանի առսէՕ^ հ-ոփաին օօրութ-էւմն &ոաւ.է ^զքկբ ^սււ–սանիասի ք \փյոնի (յրիոաիւսգէէսի որգւոաՀ եւ. ^վքիսգիաե-սի ւսռաքՆորգութ1րսէւդւ 477^^ ճփպրոս ու, ի^ւ.օա^էգ^ոն աոյե&չ^ն եաե՚է-դ ^աէ.սանիասի ամՆ բէսրսւասանուվժեւսէՈւ վշւոսէօահ՛ գէսչնաւքէոռ \\^յ^Ն^ ռի ^եսա պէէսռան* որ ւասա^սով՝ սպէսրաաե-սէոսթիսմն (հ6^6ա 01116) ես դաէէոոսի Հասարակաց գանձարանի մերս$տեսչուէ±հմԱն առւսւ. տ քարկւսւ. ասոր ՚ԽՀ1 կ^՚քոն \քէ.րիյեգոնի քով^ (<դամՏիիւ,էիւ^ի ՚^լ) ^"Հք ՚՛ ^՚– Տ^՝^ Ասկթի ՚1ջսչ) 469/՛^ ^արսէԱներն "/"՚Հ. ՚՚"–՚^Տ ^՚"/՛^ գաէ.որես$է գւսշ^նռի մի էմընցւսւ ասւրսկական սլաաե՚ա. րապյէէ, 3. ^եւֆսաոկդ^ս \^պարաւսցւ.ոց Հւսւահ^մոսն^ օէ՚ն ու իր աթե%առի քՅ^շնասյքէներէխ ապաՀովութիւն գս»1եեւու. Համար ^4:66) ^արսկասաան փախւսւ. եւ. Հոն մեո^ասէ \^սկ ^աւսանիաս իրրևւ. մաանիչ^ 467 ^է \|\|աօք\|90քւա/ք յ^թւ/նասւա աս»7ճարն անօթութ աոսմի մեռաւ. է 40 պարակա^ա% պաէոԽրազֆՆ ժայա%ակ, Ա/9–ք^ ՚՚^Լ ոյայկաւդեէոաէւկէսԿէ կաա.աՀարու^թ–իէձէն երքՅ-սէքով կեբէդաաւ^ րա^ւասաքոսե^աւ. ։ \կպիւ»թ–^%կէէ 510 1^^ ՚^՚"է^4ք՚–ԲԴ1է 10 ւքեպևքսւ. թաժ%էք^% էսաեւ.՝ խԽչքԽկո^ա կճ».ովԱ (08էքՏ018ա6) էֆքպւք յէ գաալ. , քսա.Նակաըւէ֊թեա՚Ն էաԽւ^֊ էւնկուլ ԽրԽէ֊Խւէ ՚^ԲԳԻԿւլ հեււայքընԽըաէ.։ իակ \^իաաիգէա , %էաեէ. քա^ դատա^է-Ոձ ա^բէէԼթ–Խա% ւդաշաօԱ1եեբէէս ^աս%եԸ»ւ. «/Տւ&.ւււ^\|^ բայքաձ$ 15. րյ^է^է այ^էայ^^ ք^յՅյ^^յւյյւը^ 469-431. 1 • ՆՐԲ ՚"ե՛^ գՒ^^ \Փմո1^ էսէխքէւ-սէպե՚աակաե կոոա^ակցու-թ ե՜աե գլուքսր \Ա1^հ՚կբէ պօրոսթիէ^Խ ւսշ^ար^ակւսլու-թիւ^ւ^ե-րով կր մեՆ-ցրնկր^ կո մաս^ արկէր մէկա/ գէէ՛^ ^^՚՚րէկղէս աեշա^աիէնգիր առա^ օիՆոէ.քժ&ւսյի է յեհ-ւքէնճեութե-այհւ ե՛լ. սւնգիէ1ագոեւէւ 7ճս»րսւսէո$սլսօսու–թեամս. ժողովբգեաե Արպւ մեՆ սւպ՛^ գեցոսթիւՖ մըէ \|ւՀք կւսռս/վարութե-ան սէաե1և՝ \^թյ^Ն^ ռի սաէսոէսպեֆոոսթէւ֊նրյ գրեթւ^ վերքն աիրւսպե^ (ժեան մի կր ^էսսնք^ր ք թևչու. որ էու%ս»կան կղզձոսօ ք ^րակիայի ու. ՓՂթՐ Ա"^՛^^ հ^ովեօե՚րաց ւՌրհ՜ տ/ասրլ 1\1ս՚1^կբհ ^սէրԼ$սէոու. էր* ՚1ք1սքսաեձորգ յյպս/ր»ոաէէ մրշա պսւտրասա 1^ր 1ձ,1^^^^հոՒ Պ^գ՛^ Գ^՚Հ^՚՚՚հէՑ՝^ ՛ներուժն ու. էօ՚շնէսմրներու^ւ օգնելու, ւ \^րկու. սէք^ր/Կէ.^ թեանց սէ^ սրսւբաեոս^էւ^ւէն առ ժամանօ$կ մր անոմ ^ւսսսէսօոոէ^եցսյլ ք որ \\^ե1եացեք երկրսւշօւրժոմ ու. Հեւոաացսոց սւաստէսմրոէ^թեայի (^ՐՐ՚ՐԴ– 1^եսսե՛^ %ակս/ե պաա երաղէՐ 4 6 4 - 4 Ց Ց). ՛նեղն քւնկաՆ ք կքէմոնի ր>որ ^րգովւլ Ապւսրաառւոռ օգՆու-թես/ն գունգ ժր խաւրեցքէն (461/՛^)՛ Նրբ "՚^՚"Ր"՚"՚ցքա օգնու֊թիսնր սերժեցքւն կի§քոն քսեըեկւոյա վճռոմ աբսորու-եցաւ. • Ւ՚^ց 4:56 Բ՛ %որէՆ \^է%ք գարձաւ։ ք^Բ^՚^՚՚՚ցԻք ՝%ււքն աարքււ» կորՆթացԱներ(^ սլաշաաէսնոսահ– ՚է^գինա կղղրնք փէսռէատէ^որ %ասւսմարաԼ; էՐ եաե>ւ. ս»ռ^է ^գւց 41 քքրբ որ ասոր ւքօպ^է ^ոկիա^սոօ՝ դ^որիացթ$եոու% ^ևա ունկահ– կռոէ.թւ »^քյ յձպարաաքիռ ու. ք^եբաըիռ ևաղբթԻէևբցսե կոոմի բԼՈւ1ւե^բն ^ 1ՇԹ^"՚ցՒք Տ"^՛"՝^ կրպյէ Ք՚՚՚Լ 457/^ եա գարձալ յ1^պաբաա^թւ1րրու.ն ստռշօրւՆ առթտ, բպ^ը ^աղ^սւ^ե^աևէ \|)օքճք^Ն ^՚՚9՚Բգ աարթք իէովաացւոց վը»^ յաղթոսթիւ^ մի կանգ^ %ե^է1ե որով^սւսոնօ քէնչպէ^ս ՚նաեւ. ^ովեիս ու. Լրկբհ՛ աթոական գաշնակցո–թեան մէք մաանէ ՚^–~ կիմօե՝ Դ^սէրսիօ ^օ՚ա աւսաեոսւղյւա%որոգելու ^սէմարք\^ասէր^ ւրսք^է^ոօ ^օ՚սւ օ^Աէսգւսգւսր ւՐ րիսէւ. ու. մեռւսւ. կիպրոս սէօ^ե-լու. էտււոռն ^գ^ քւնւ\%ր ւ1աՀոսաե1^ եառՈք ^\|^^«. րէկդե՛՛ %որյ^1ե ՚եոռաճեդ գաՀնսէէ-ոո սէ1^ոու.է±հւհաեեոնդ (445/՛՛^ \^ւ.բկաԱ ոս \քեգար$սն^ 440^^ ^ամհսն ու. ^փւ.ւաւեգիոնը\ ոբոկռ ՜Ապէսբապչ^կՆ գբգոստհ՜՝ սսթե՛^ 1ևակսէՆ լու.հ–բ վրանեբեկՆ թօթոսեա կ ու^զ^ի՚ւե։ 2 ^երիկղկսէ լ^օէոէք.«\|քա/է–<«ս»^տօ1\|»<«ք^ գչխսււ.որ%երու.% (ի յաա\աա.»րի կիւՈէՆի եւ.՚^երն քձ^սէ-կիգիգ^սի՝) գէւՐ կռոա.^ Խւու. ասաե՚ն ւ/հկ նաղմնէն^ \^րիսպսւգի՚Ն օօր»»այթ–իււ%ր եէոոեւուէյ եւ. յկկասւ կոամաՆ^ պ^եու.որասռ ու. գւսսւս»ա..ա^ ոաօ թ՛ոշակ կւսպեչօվէ Դւոյնպէս ժողովրգեասՆ Ժողւաէք1ւ Խ^ եսղ^ե-րսւՆ աասւկ .տոասւու/է ժաղովրգեան աիր$ոՆ »սռասւ.է — Ա^^^/՛ ՚^ճ ""՚է^ ք՚"ղ^ք»"ցէ կք՚^՚-ր Իք "եպ^ա^ կ§ա% աւրաւ-եաաար թանեյքրնեւ^՚ն պաա ւ ս$կրու.թ՚եաե գարՏ՛^ ^եր»ւ% էաւպրսւզի/, եւ. աս»–եւորգ ժւսմսւնսէկ՚ները, կրէէՆսւկաՆ ^անգիէէՈէ֊քՅ-եանռ ք թսէԱքերէսխասղոսթեւսՆչք Խւ. "է֊րէշ կըԲ" թ-էսկան օթօ§$սէ1քռներէ»ւ. Ներկայ գաոնու^էլ» \|^»^4՛ 9՛՛"՛՛ ^"Տ/՛– բե՚նսա§ւիբոէ.թիւ.%է ռսւոեասւշաոէ^թ–իւ% ու. ^էսւԱ^սաոու.թ–իւ% ոնգ^ասն՜սւբ ^էոոասրսէկսէո սւռսվօիՆոսթ-իսԴէներ է^ * էլ^֊ պէոի ժոդովրգէան ւէըւ է/կքէ ^ս$բկ կր որ 4սրոսեսս$ք ու. գիսէՈսթիսԴքօ շու.էո &ադ^հի՚նէ \քԼ. էրօք ալ քկեբիկղէո է գէա^ասւ.որսէռ գէ$$եձ^ > ասնուաանի ՚ճարաասրասպեսէներու. Խւ. քահգսքկէագորէրՆեբու. (՚^էգէ""՛ ՜է^կսւ^ոո , \1Ր^եսիկզկո՝^ ւա$Ր^ք^ափաւա.աւ–Որ Հ^^^ոեբ շիՆե/ տոու֊սէւ. « ■^1քւնպ^ո կս ձ-ասղկ^ր %աեւ. ա1աաե՚Նագրու.թ–իւ%ըլէ 0^^՛ «^«»Հ»««(«>1»1» ^6բւզԱ6) ւսրգ^՚ն Հու/երոսի ժամա՛նակ իր կաաարե., քոա^թեան հ-սագր ^աոասձ՛ ^ր ։ 1^ոոբ քէղիէ*կաե՚Ն ու. \\գիոաէ., կա՚նչ^ թ-երԽէ-ո 900/^՛^ աաեն%երրլ ՓԴքՐ Ա՛/^՛^/^ յսնիական գէսզթ-ակահութ-եանռ մկք երեւ.աՆ ելած– րյւան » Հ^եսիոգո^ . սի , երկու. գիւ.սավեակսսԱներըլ» \|^լ«»ա0«.աձ–«ք^ Ա^ք.աՀսք</ա/քՆ 42 (ւ՚եՀօՏՕաօ) ^^. *գարկէր% աւ. Օրեք /լ^ է կրօեակսճ^ վաբգապեաակաեւ %կաբագիբ էՐ«այնի%է քնարերգ»ւՔ–իւ.Ն% (1^Ոգ116) ի ակգթա^ քաղպքչակա^ »«. պաաԽրագմակա% ^բ . աԱապ^ո (^իրաէո»ի, յ^սդէէկի հս ք1»4՚* սգՆեաի եէւերերգ»ա,թեէաէւչքւլ »քէք^* Դկարակակա% պաաԽ^ րաղյթէ գիւ^ա^ակաՆ գորկեբը հա.չակկ ԽղեբԽրգո^^ թ-իւձ՚Ներսյ ալ. պաբաաւ֊ակաե աողերով^ (քբւ^ՈԱՈաօ) յ^իմհ%իգէ։աէ յճվքքՒւ^՛"՛ Պ՚"Ր՚""^ՏԻ^ (700) ՜ճաԱխէԱ թա^աւ. ^^Կ\^ա\ա\ 4^)՚«»Հ,^քէ. (տծէւոգսՑ-ւտանւգսօ) ք ••>•«»•-«»»^^^••^- գլսւխներն եղան, Ա^4–«« ՚Լխ-ր՚՚—^տէ՛^ »- –՚՛–/» կշՐ»^^ աեբագղ/1է ժաաՈմնակակիչք/լ \^ապփավ^ (600) եւ. ըքէակրէաՆ։ Դասրիական քնարերգս է^թիէ֊Նն իր ամեՆ^՚ն մեհ֊ րսարձրաս^ թ-Խահշ^^աաաւ. պարէկական պաաևրագՏևերոա^ ժաէՌսնակ ՜իթիկասի, յձիմոնիգեսի եւ. մանաւ-ասնգ պէ՚նգարսաէ ձեա^ քավ^ (522-442)» \|ւ»^՚2ւ կերօլամ կը^ ւդէա^հ-աաւանար ^եԱե՚նակաՆ ս»ւԱ.ա§է^ ՚դեւա» մաէահ-մսԱյկ^երն » աաււՈքնսւգԽգե^իկ կերպով բա^աա^ արաւ/լ ք^ագ^քա\ա\ (ճր&ա&էւգԱՔ) ք–«1»«»»«»«»»է՚«լք«–11յ»^^ ալ$ \^էքիղ«է (626-456) ^արեյ^ վե^ եա.անգով^ մէ ողրեր^ գաւթիւ.՚ն/լ (է1&Տ։6ճ16)» ար Աափակղեաի (497 - 406) Հ^՚ւ^ իր կէասաարեսւ/ գեղեռկաա^թ՚եանր ^օէսսաւ. . իակ \քէ֊րիպիգեաի (480-406) ^անւճօքրեո յՏռսւեասթիւՆներս^ ասվեաւ.ացւաւ.։ — կսաասէկերգռէ֊թիւ%ր (00ա6ճ1ճ) » սրուե %երոա^աաե կր ք ժէէէմաեէսկաակիա գէպքերսւ% ՚Խպւ Աէօասա գսւաէսւաէաան բնեէ ՜ւ^իաաափանեաի (427 - 388) ձե0ւ.<տ , իր աւԱքնսէբարձր կաէա. ա»սրեւսւ.թ–եանը^ ^ւսաւաւ. » - Հ^ասրաւսրսէիէգսօա^թ-իւ^ն ք սր ի սկպթաՆ իւռր^րգոց $§Խեու.թ–եան րսւօսւսէրաա^թ-իւՆ ա1ըն եր եառէ՚ն յ^ոփեսէսիս (Գ^որգիււաՀ եւ. 10 էսսասէիկեսէն ՜ճսր^ ս»էարա§խօ§»աօ (Ղիւսիէսս ^ ՚իսակրասէոես % \քպքի՚նե՚՚է Դ^«1»«> թ–ե%եա\ ձեա.օք ու.սւ1աԽ %իւ.թ– եղաւ. — իբրեւ. պաաամագիր %շանաա.որ եղան Հերոգսաս» \ձ,դիկաււնա^ին (480-428) ւ –ր իր մեե ՜ճամիորգու-թ-եանքլ $Ո^շ^ժողովաե Ը1է.րերը^ գեդե^իկ ւէղսէ-աւ. Դլ գրեյք է ք^ոէ-կիգիգե– (471-396) իր պեդապ»^ Նեսսէկան աս»$ոերասւոԱւն պաաոմհւթ-եանր ^հք աաւ^էսկա»^ ինկսւ& րասրոյւաւկանոէ.թ–եասն՚ճիշդ. պւսակերը^ հ Ը^ե-ասւեարնկ . եւ, %քէ՚>եՆսփսն է - - ^եոենէսկաե կրթ-ոէ-թ՜եան շրԳանբ կր ւր՚՚՚ցրներ վքիւիսւքփաաււԱ,թիւ.%ր , որւււՆ ւ/եք աաւնսւ.անի 1/ն \|\|<~ կրաակաք 0\|^ըք«քււ.1ք (429 - 347) •«- Ա/՛/՛^՛^՛""/. (384 - 322) « աո^ւԽաւսկէաէե պաաերաւէամթ է X 1 • Նրբ^ ւձՔ՜^՚ես՚ցիք > կոբեթա^ւոց կամաց ^ակա^ ռաեք ՚կոոկիսրսւ ռաղպբն իրե%ց պաշապաեու^թեահո 43 աակ ւսռ^ք կոր1եթս0^իռ՝ Ապսւրսէսքօսոռ գիւՌքօթեէ ՚^սոՆօ ռ^ու.1ես»սսէաՆ յ1^թ օ՚1եւսուոռ լուճք^ էապաաե՚լոս պսւէորա^էսկէսւ. ^ ոպռ ե՚չաե ք &ւ. իր&Նչք ^1րա բոլոր ^ու.– Նօէսաաեի ա1^րոէ.թիսմներՆ ք ու. ՚\\թ ^^օի գ^մ պա–^ էոերսւօմ* ^Ոէսաարսւեե՚^քւնէ պէէէէէէԽրաէղ^ ւաէաե% գրժԽաի՚Ն՝\ ու. էսաիէսկա^է գէապք9՚սէկայԿէ»ւ.^ աէ;ր»ա.թիլ.%% կ, էր եկամհէ^աւլ Լգաշնաւ.արաչք ^՚^րկ^՚րլլ* էՈպքաԽրՆ աւ. թ.ովԽր^ եւ. պ//^) 2000 աագանգ ԼգրԽթ-է՛ ^ե^բացքւբ ^ղաաէէ^ի վրս^ պարապ ^արձա^ ձոա^ւՐ §Րրնեէէ% ևաևէ– ք \Հրքիգամհս յ^պարաա^ւ^ո^ թագասորրյ 60«000 գ"՚շէ"^Իտ Ղ^րք"՚1^ 43 1/^՛"» գերփելով ու. ասերելոմ X]^ոաի^^ե մաւսս։ ^թէքնա՛^ ՏհՔ ւԽե<ք՜^ք^ սւոքւՆք հ՚ոմու. Լողմաէէե ^եղոպոեէսի եռէրյխևրն ապակ$մնևլովյ ՕԼ^" ՚Փք"Տ1՛^ Ա/^^^^ է/է^ օաՀք^քքլՀէօ՚Հ^ ժաեաւսխա մ* ելաւ.ք որու.Ն ^երրկ^ ոէս ալ ոո^ ևոաւ. (429/՛^) > Ի/՛ էճւ^ուաՆէն ձ՚պքըք կղէոՆ իաղախորգէՆ առաքեորգուահ՛ ռաւֆկՆ իշքսա^ Նու.թ/էյեր ձեռքն առաւ. (427) ^ՐՐ \^"է՚՚՚Բ՚"՚՚տքք "^ ք^եբսէէքհք ^ոատեաե Լորհ^սւնեօք1եէ քհեպե" ասսոր վջպլ \\թենաքիք (425) \^պարաա^ւ.ոչլ երեւձլիՆ&րշ գերի բռՆե^իՆք սակպքե թաեբացթեերէն լ424 ի՚ե) գեոիոնի քով^ յաղթ-ոսեցանէ ք^րակիպլի ու. յըրակեաա^ գոնիաւի յէք ալ ^րասիգաս սպարաացքԽ պէր1/նք շաա ՚նեղԱ խոթեց ^ §Գ՚նչեւ. որ թք^ ասիկպյ եւ. թք^֊ կղէոՆ (4 2 2) \^ւքֆիպ"էքզք ^ակաաիՆ մեք^ ի՚նկա% ։ Ա^է» աաե՚էէ \փկիաս ադնա^ապեաականաց գլու.խլլ կրցաւ \^պաբաաէի Հետ օՕ աարւաե խաոաոութիսե աՐ բհելէ^ 2 • \յւկեաե յիսեամես^ խաղաղու.թք»ա1եբ Հաւլիւ. ռսքեի մի տարի տեւ.եօ» աե ալ երկու. կոդսաՆե ի՛^ րարու. գեէՐ շարունակ գանգատներ ընելովյէ^աղաե^ 44 ՚նսէկցու-թիսն ւՈէ ձաօմհւ.1րցաւ՝ ^Ապարատսցւոց գէմ* սսէձաէՆ յւ^պարասէցիռ աւս գսէ^ակցութիայն՚ն աւ փքէ– ՚ճացոէ-ցքէն \^անաք§նէպյէ յաղթոէ-թեաւդւ ^41 8 ^")^ ւ^սոո վջայ \\ղկ^բք"՚՚գէ՚Աէ \\թեՆացքււե&րչԼ ղօրասոր յձիրաեուսայի գէմ* արշաւակթ մ՝ ընելու, գրգռեք ու. փասռսաւ-ոո ՚նաւ.ատորմղով^ մի 41 ք՛^ \\է^է՚ւե"՛ ^^""–^3 (էո§քն օգնաԼսԽ աՆՄ%աչոմ\աւ/պբու^ ու. ^ւմւեէսէսո^է \էրեն ^եււէսւ.որա.թե–ան աաեՆք հ՛՛ր ^շեսւպՏեերր զ1թկթ սւմս-ասսաօէնեռ^ ^ որոմ սսոիպոսեռաւ. յ1^աաբտւս փաիչէլ։ -- քՏ^է^պ(^ա դ^էոէհսթ ևՆք^ս յձյ^ե%ացէ–օց օօՖոսքժ&րաՆ ^Աքսստւ.» սւսԼայն ե՛լ. այեպ1;^ս Աքէոաձոէ–^ սսէ^էքէ գփլիպպոս Ապարւոսէցի(;–1և օւէեւէւ^էւՏն գտւսէՒ^ \ձ^ 1րնացքւնե–րչլ դար կին 413/^^ ՚կք՚կէ՛"՛ "ւ– գե՚յոէէ՛^ թձՆէ" Ա/՚ր՚կ՚ք–՚՚^ք՛ մեքգլէւաաոէ-ևէւան, իսկ գօոքը օէսոէս^սւաութ ե՚աե իւսւէ.ոոսեօսէւ.\ ք^^ս եոաՆ ժսւմաԽ ՚նա1լ \^սԼարաաըիք ՚^աաիկէի գեկեղկա րերգե ամիա^ ոու֊ցէՏե եւ ֆարսից \եէո գսէշնս» կռե՛ց աեգ^ Օ* ^ւ^^^՚^՚ցԽլ ՚եոր ՚նօէսէսաօոմիո մի պւսւոա.^ րսւսսւեցի՚ն ու. \\պս$րէոայե՚ե ^իսսւփէքռնես պարսիկ մարզպա՛նին ք"վ^ փախչոո \\ղկիրիւ՚՚գՐ (4։1՚2\|^^) եա կանչ&ցին։ \^սիկալ՝ կիէ-սիկոսի ^"մ 410/՛^ ^աղթ-ևց ֆարսից ^եա դաշնակից եոոո \^պարաա^ ցւ-ոց, նու-ա՚ճեց 408/՛^ ՓՂԸՐ \ճ՚ք"^ք՛ ^՚վէղերնևրե ու. ^իւ֊ղանգիոնը, եւ. փաո֊աւ֊որ ձաղանբոմ \\^է^կք մտաււ իպլց իր ստորակարգե-ստէօօրսէվարներե՛^ մհ–՛ կույն (\^աիղբոսիյ անխոՀեմհւթևամիր (407 ի՛^) նորէն աքսորո^եցաւէ \^Ք–ենացիօ՝ \կւգ&նու.սի ք"՛/^ \\եսբոսի օովերր) ըրահ– էաղթութեամրն (406^^) ան^ոգ եղա^ք կորսնցու.ցի»ն՝ 40 0^ \քգոսպոսօւմհսի Ք"՚Լ– հւ՛ ՚^Ց ՚1եր^^նաԱ.ս»տորմէոը^է ^սէոթոո՚յձպար^ 45 աաւքի՚եևրւլ \ֆւ.սանգրի առաքքնորգօսթ&աւդւք պաշա^ բկթ առի՛ն 404^^ %աևւ, 1^թ1/կ^չ կորէ^ա%կի% ա՚եոր պարիսպՆեք՚ն եւ. 30 բռՆակալ գբթ. որոէտ ամէնքս^ չաւ. քաղաքա^ին&րբ կ՚աքսոր1^ին կամ^կբ գչթաաէթ։ ՝^ձ. ըք՚գ^"՚»«ու^թե^ս՚յբ 2 7 աարի աևւ.ոէլ ՕՀևղո^ պւ^1րսական պաաևրադմէլ քւլաակ ^ոսեասաաեի դօ^ րոււթիւ.Նրէ 404-362. V ^ւ^ք^էպէս՛ 403/5՛՛^ քհբասիրուդոս 30 բ՚ւ^աւ^ որեևրբ վււեաեցէ ընգ^անուր թոդըէ.թի^ աոսաւ. ու. \^ողօնի սա^յանագրուՔ֊իէձւր Նորրգ&օ ք բպւս ւ^յ ւ/՝ ան^ևտ և դահ ^ոգքե ալ լԿրՅ"՛^ գաէւնալէ ՚^ղնիւն Աոկրաաէս ք աաաիկևաե փիչիսոփւզյոսթեան ^ի^իչԱք պէաք ևդաա. որ յձթէկի մէջ^ 399 թ թղ/Ն խյեչով^ մեււեիէ կիւրասի օգնԽյքի՚ն, իւր \\րաաշիա (է՚֊շիգ^ եդթօր/լ գԽՐ՛ ձ–«– կոա.%պքսա^ի ՜ճակաա^% եաեա^ (401/՛^) 10(>00 ^»գի ՚նելով^ ^այբեՆիքՆիՆ գաբձան Հ* \\պարաէսցք§եե–րր (որոնց սլաագամաւսորքէն ձ§քռ<տ յՁ^ղկիրքագէս ^ՕՅթ՚է Փ՚^ի^գիէ^ի էք^ սպա^ նոա.եցսէւ.յք բոլոր ^ու.%էսսաանի սպաոապե-էոու^թիէձ^ աոՆե-լէ՚ն եսԹԾս սէմբասբսօսէ–անոէ.թ1ոսմբ.^ բնչաոսէղ^ ցու.թեսէսբ ու. Նու.սէօաաօ–աա.թ ե-աւՌւ բ՚՚ւրբ %ոսնէսռ աա&֊ԼութիւՖն իբե՚Նյ գհ»Ր գբգռևցքէն \^որ ^ամաբ ^ՐՒ ԻՐ^՚^Ց 1ձ,Գ^՚իղչ^՚ս թագասորբ^ 396-394 ՓԴՔԲ Ա"^՛^^ յէ^ ^աջոդութե-աւ/բ Վ\աբսից գէ՚ք* կբ կռոսէր կորՆթոԱք ^եբէ ^ \կէգոս ու. Ա^^՛)^ 46 րթէէ ք^էպէ՛^ Լիւ.սաԱգր (394) ^•^^/^ա5^#ք^ գք^էՐ ըբահ^ պաաեոաղյքէն մէք (ւեԼաւ. ճո. կոնւԽ^ 393^^ պարս^ կաԼաե ու. էսթե%աեան §փէսռես»լ%ւսւ.աաորէ^տվը \^ի<ա^ գոսի ^ով^ յձպարասւչքի հ-ովակաե ղօրու.թիւ.նր ^քէ՝^ աթն եսւեւյ ^թէ^կօի պարիսւփէերր եաեգնեց ք սս»կպ^ \^գեսիղսոոսի (կորոեէս^ի Ք՚՚՚լ) ՐՐ՛"^ ^աոթոէ.՛^ թեսէմեէլ^ յ^պարաւսօիռ ապա^ովցոսցէւն իր1/եց էոռւսէ.՛», &է օօրու.թհ^^ր օամպքհ ՚Խ՚ա > յ^տւսղկիտասաւ աա^ ւ^թալէ խաոաղու.քժե–ւսէդւո (387) ^էսռա^ակողմե էմե ռան» իսկ ^ունասաաեի բ՚^Ր՚ր ^Աէօպբեերր սւռաա ^րատսէրսւկոէ.ՄցաեՕՀ 3* \|)«^աՀ»ա«»ք օ/էք գոսնգ ւ^ ք^ևբէ^ի ւֆ^աբե-րգր բոՆեէէվ^ (382); յ^պ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚՚^ի սպարապե^աու.թ1րան կորհ-անումի ^առաք բևրաէ-է ^եոոաիգաս (378) ք^պարաացին&րն անկէ վէՆնտևլի՚ե ևաե-Աք քհեբէի իշ^ իանութիւ^ւր Հասաաաոէ^եօաւ. &ւ. յ\^է\բի ^ե՜ա գաշի՚կք գրոսևցաւ.։ 1^յն յի^ըք1և որ ^^ք-1/նացիք Հա«. բբիասպյ եւ. ^իմհթկոսի առա<քնոոգոէ.թեայբ հ^ո^ •էէԱ. վբպ^ յաղթոսթևամիւ յաոա^ կլլ քալէքւեյ կպա^ մբեոԱգսէս ՚Աոէ,իոս»կասե աէնգ^ օաքոէ^թե՚սւմեո 37 1/՛^ \յռկսէրսչքի փառաւոր ա$սդթոԼթիԱՏեր մասսէոկեոասւ. է 1^սոր փրպք աօասէեց \քևսսե%իան սաարաակսէ1ւ էհ՛ է՛ն ու. ապա^ովցուց քծ^&բէի սպարապե–աու.թիմնրւ ^պյց երբ Դ\եդոպիգասյ ^ևսսաղիպքի )^ղեք^ սաՆգրոս բռյեասորին գէմ՝ (365) »«- կպաԱինոՆգաս յրանաինէէ^ի յաղթակաև 1^ակաաիՆ մէքթէկանէ ք՚7ք՝" աւրնցոսց ք^եբէ իր շոսաով^ սաաւյահ՜ $Ո»հ^ո)սթիւ^ըէ - - 1ձ,"կէ եաքչլ աիրկ ^ու%ասաանի մէք^ Ըք՚Գ՝^ ^անու.ր իադադոլ.թիւ% մրյ որ բուորով^ էէսժաթափ ըԱաչուՆ ^&ւո1րւ.ու,թիւ.%Ն էրԴ 47 48^ /յ#ք4»լ44#յաւ աղաք^ոայ1^ա% ^ք1ափյ^ 338» 336^ պատևրւսա1ի %որ կարգ մի խոթերէվ^ (փա^ ոանգՀ^ հո ՚՚է՚Ի՚՚հկ սւէ-րութրւյՆր շս»սէ րեգս»ոճսւԼեցէ ^^յժար%ացԱ1եօ–բր եւսշառս$Լև–ր ՝ճէԱՈէոս»բսւէ»օսնեոոս ^էճա.օ0 (\քէէքին1^սյ ՚Ր՚՚շե> ^ե–ռնւսրԼւաւ.թիւ^Նձ՚ո1^ ե՚ա կև-ցոսց &ւ. սւռթի Սի կր սպս/սկր ռաաօս^ս/հ՛ ^ու.^ ՚նւօսասՏեր %ԱԱ.աճև–լու.է Ա«ք Աիքոց^ ^Ր* "Ր 1^^՛/ ^ե՚բսէցհօ Գ^կբ էէյմեկսքրհ– դե–ղփե՚աԱ սէաճւսրր կո>Խ. ղոպէոոո ^ոկիէսցսոռ գէ;էՐ^ \"Ր^Ր՚՚ՐԳ) ^՚՚՚-Ւր՚՚՚կ՛^ պասաքէրէսղվիՆ օւէեու.թեան կաեչ&ցթեէ ^ԷյԷ՚Կ՚Կ՛՛՛ %ա.աճե–ց ^ոկիւսց^երոեւ. 346^^ անոնց երկու. Հ^Vք« ՚եբ ՚յը^ւՐփիկաիոնեաե աաձնթև մէք րեգու^եցսււ. ։ §^11^պ1^ա դ^եմոսթե՚եէ^ս կրօգա^շառոն^ր \|^լ^Հք«. ՚նւսցթեե-րր ^իչէ՚՚ւ՚ք՚՚՚՚է աճող ղօրու.թենյ^ն^ Բ՚^Ց ^՚՜ այնպ1^ս էսարուէսհ– \\մՓիկաիոե1եե ր1եք օՓՒէե՚է^"՛^ \ո՚^ կրւսցէ-ոց 4.Հ։</՝ մղահ՛ (երրորգ\ Նու^իրակաե ասէօւե՛^ րէսօպւն սասէրւսպ1ոո րնարռ-քին։ \քրր ^հլէպպոս \ո^ կր՚^ց1^երր Նոէ.սէ՚&&լ^1ե Մսւեւ. ք \ք1աա^ան՝^ 1Ձ»^^՚Խէի գու.ռր րոյեձ՚ցք դա&ւ/ոսթ օոեե-սի ճսէրասէրւսքսօսու.րՒե֊ %կ1ե սէրթնցէսհ– ^Շյ^եՆւսցիօք կորնքժացքէռ ու. ք^1րրօ1ա. Տհք էր^՛^ գէմ գէԱՀնակցեցւտ/ե փ րպչքց ^ևրաէնիւզյի քով^ հ53օ^^ ^ս՚ղ^ոսեռսւն ք ե՛լ. ^իլէպպոս՝ ՜կորնթոսի ժո-ա. ղոփքխ ա^ք Գ^արսից գք^մ րՆգ^աեոսր ^րամէմԱւսասէր ասնոսանոսեցաւ է \\սաեկովսասքրապ&աու.թիւ.1Արյրսէա՛ կեգոէւիէաի անցսււ. >4. (■ւն«1\|ա1ւ–\|\|«1\|1ւդւ1ւտ1\|«1ւ պ1ւտւէք1\|ւէ1ւ 19, Ուէ՚+– V։ 11՝է–> 336-323. 1 • ՚^ղկլսանգր^ որ իբրեւ. աաա ք սաբգք^ իր սէա, պագպւ յէհ՚ութքււ^բ ցու.ցու.^ահ՜ էրք >ՕՀքէք սպաև^ մաէէէն եպքն՝ ե՚֊ր օսաեե-րոոգ սոարէ^ան \ասակ^ ՚^ք (336)> յըրաձ&գոնայքքան գա^1և &չաւէ ^սոր վջպք շը՜՛ մի %ոսա՚ճե–ց ապսաամրւաՆ \է^րէկ^ցքքը^ ք^ե՚րք^Ա կոր՚հրաեերէվ՝ ղար^Ծւրեցոսօ բո/որ գու.նակտաե ե՚ւ. կորՆթէՈսի մէք^ ՑՑՑ/^^՝ ԲԿք ՚ւէկք 3"–^"՛^ ըեգ^ա<^ %ոէ,բ սպւսբապեսէ §$ւնու.սւԱե՚ւ սոոսասւ. ^ար^՚հ^ գհ՛^ ^դքա"՚^ԳՐ 334^1 ^արսի^ գէւՐ աբշասակօե սկսաւ– 3 00 00 բասեակով^ մի գբաեիկոսի յք՚է ՚նոսաճեց Փ՚ՏՔՐ \\՚՚ի՛^ "՚– Նորք^ ^աստօ§ա1քցռւսաււս՛^ պե–աու.թիւ%ր աոա1եական յթաղպբեե-բոէ^ սհք* ՍԼ(/^ մէքոցքւե որ ^արսիկք յառաք^ կը^ քալէթէ^ Ա^[4^«-՚ սանգր ^արսէէնհ ^հք գ ^^ ւքանեւով ^իսաեգառէսւ, է ^՚^յ& Ւր ՓՒէԲ՚՚էՊ"՛՛ Ւ^շ.^1՛^ ^ե՚ռօք առոո^ւթևւսլկն ե^ տևւ. (^չեկէ՚^է^ քասսոս քաղքի՚ե քով^ Փ^ացույԼՏՏՅյ դաէսրե՚^ի սէռա^որգոէ^թ եան աւսկ եդահ՛ Գ^ստրսից եր^ կբ՚^Րգ բաեսէկր, դաէսրձ՜^քք կ^ւէ/էէք էսղմիկՆօ՚րբք պօբասց մեհ– մասն ու. բյքէեէսկբ յ^դէէքսս^գրի Օրռբն թեկահէ 2* ւՇ^սորիբբ Փք՚՚^ք՚կէ՛^ ("–Ր Տք"–ր՛" եօթր ս»մսոէ–աե պասշարման1^ ետեւ. 332/՛^ կորՆաեեռսա%^ ու. <է\սւղե՚սաոատր՚նուաճե՚լ^՚ն &սւ&ւ.ք ՜^գիաաոս աեցաս» ու^ր սիրովդ ^գոա^ու-եցաւ. հ Հոս Հիէաեց ^ղիթսաէ/՚ա, գրիա քաղաքն է որ շոսա մի աիեօերակաև վաճաո֊ա^ յ 49 կաեու.թե՚աւե 1ւ&1եգրոՆ ե՚ղաւ. տ 1Շխ՚^Էյ ա^ց^– 11/"՛՛՛ մաօգէա ՚^մմւէեի սւաճսէրր^ օ–պռ1^ յ\սիէս գէսրձւսւ. սւ. ւՇվ՚բե՚ղայհ 7ձւսեսւէոոսն \Գսսէ.գսէւՈքլա գե՚ո^ մէ՚՚՚ք ոա.ո 100«000 Պ"՚Ր՚՚Ւ^Ք Բեկաե) ու. ^սէքւևլոնիէ Հօշի եա. ^երսեպոլսոյ սէռմամեր ա1^ր եղաւ. ^ւսոսից բովան՛^ գաև պեաօւ^քժօ-Աէնր Յօյլք^ Ղ"՚Ր^Տ 1^դհ^քսաե^ գրէ էսռքեւյ^ն փէսէէսքհ՛ աաէ/ն ^ւսԼտրիւաի ^ե՚սոս նսսխէսրար1^Ն սպաեու.և–ցսւէ^Հ ՜^^աեսե-ւեան հ-ոմուե ^ասեելու. ե-լ. բոմանգւսկ ՜յ^սէաե ՚նոսաճե-չու. էոսսովյ ՝\^ո^ռսաեգո Օթ%1^ \^ե^ գւէս գւոոե անցասԱ-է ^՚ատ ^ՐԲ– Հ^է^փւսսէս մէՆ^նյըքւոմ ուՀ։ա ի գ.ասեգէ;^ս էւսռէսՕաեւսէ զ ու^ղ^ր ք ռօոսւց Ֆք ւսպսասւմբու.թիւՖ մ՝ ե-րսւ. ք որ պ^կբ ետ գւսունալու. սաիպեոՀ — ^աբճԱ ե՚ոասք ՚էպէր^է Մ՚՚՚էյե՚՚՚Ց՚՜^Ց եոկր^^ կարգրոսիսչյի \Գ\ե–լոս7ճիսաանր\ սւհւսպւսաթե ու. կրմանի մւ^^^էէ ա֊ր անգի1^% ՚կ1^աոթոս^ բսէնւսկքԽ Աէկ մասոտւ \ևեգոս գե՚սէ1^ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Ւտ ^ոմահ՚ո^ աեօէսւ. %ւսւ.եբովյ ւ^դեքսանգբ 323/՛^ ^աբևւոնի մէք մե՚Խ. ռւսւ. սս^՚ն ւտՕոցք^ք որ՚եորաեոր ձեւ^նարկոէ^թիսմեերու. մեհ՚այեհ՝ աասէոէսստոսթիւ^մեե-ր կր ա1րսն^ո տ Ք-ԱՔ՚^Կ՛"՛՜ իր ՚^՚՚՚֊՚^՚Դ^է ^պքք իր ձևււքավ^ յւա.%ա^ կան ւԽզա^ է սովսրոէ.թ–ի»յն%Խրբէ Աքրոէ֊ե§ւսէ%եր% սւ. գէ" աոասթիւ^տ ՚ք^սիէս սաարսւհ-ոսԽաաՆ է կւ»ր ^ի^ոէ֊սէհ– քաա, գպքնեբու.՚ն պաս^էսկաապաՆ 9օրքԲէ երկրթե բնիկ ժոդովբգոսշ ^Խա խաւսե$ււ.Խլւավ՝ եբեսան եըսն ^եԱե%ակա% կբթ-ւէա^^, (Յ-իէ^ե ու. չԽօուԴւ ք պաբ չկբյք՚ն ան^եսէ Բ^^/ ^Հ1^ Ի՚՚Կ իբէսբօւ. յ—՚քբրգ՚՚դ սւբիէ%է»»^եղ պաաս»երէա»ղԱնեբբէ 20. ս՚ւէ՚+–ոէ յ՚^նէէ^հւ 323-301– գասսաաէէեէԱէ \>>՚Նէէզէէւ քսայ֊՚եաա-Խքրաէ. իք պԽէաք».թ–իժւը» X քվ՚ք1^ետևւ. յըրակ1րգոնակաե աեաու-թեան թագէսժւսռաՀկգո ՜^դելօսս^գր ^ իր ^^ՐԲ մաՀա.էսե1^ արպքր ^^1եահ^ էր ք եւ. ակարամիս» ՓիՓ՚ք(՚§՛" \կէգէ՚ա V 1 4 Լ 50 յւրե՚հ-ն յ^ղեռսանգրի ևղբսսյրրյ բովանգակ պօ-էոու.^ թեան վաոչոսթէա^ր չ^ո կրնար ոնեի անոր ^էսժար օօրւսվաբո գասաո^երր մէքե՚րեբե րաժ՚նե-^քւե իսկ Դ^ևրգիկկաս առաւ. ՚1էր^ ինամակաչութիւ^ը։ — Աւ/#ք/ւ յա^ուաե^ ևտևւ. (321) 1^աիպատրոս \ք^ա^ կե-գոնիայհ ու. –^ոսնասսւանի կուսէսկէսլԱք ա11^րու.թև–ան կսէռւսմար գրու^եցաւ-Հ 1^սէկ^1 յեււեելու. ասաւ/ե (օ1օ) իրՄն ղյւ^քքրգ աեու.անեօ ռՎ^էէղրսէսե՚րռոնէ էէօյէ ու. ^^ռիւ.գիսչյի կոա^սակաչըք յ^ղէքսւտՈտգր կըբա^ սերԱե իրէսսանռր Վօոո կր աս»Աէերաօմ^;ր ւմևկախու՛^ թես»ն ե՚աե–ւ.յ^ն քւԱկոո կուսսսկսէլաց ^եսէգ սսսկաէն օսՏեհ մէ» լք՚՚9ըՂ պաա1քրսէպաւե–ր1^ Ծաեւ. (310/՛^) ^$սմփիււէսւյի է \հ՚^կՒ^)հ *- Ս՝^^ Փ՚՚՜Ւ՚՚ԳՒ՚^Ւ ^՚"–"՛"՛ կէսան յ^^սէէգոնոսհ ւաեճնոա-եցաււ. ու. գաւսէւոոսե՛.^ ցաէ.% 2* լ^ք/ եղաՆ ժ$սմանէ$էկ^ ք^ոի՚^էս՛ ^դ^էէ՚՚՚՚^գրՒ ՚^ՐԸ. (317). ղՓէւէ՛^* յ^իգհոմե ու. ս/եոր կի՚եչլ կւ — րիաիկք^Ն մէէՕաեղաց մ^րցէ^՚՚՚ւ ՚՚էոոսէՍէ. հ \^ակւաՆ Ակքե աս/ (310) կասանգրյ^Ն րո^ուելով՝ սպս/եոսեցասէ ւ^ոիկէս^՝ 310^^ յ\ղեքսանգրն ու. անոր մպ^րը^ քի՛^՝՛ սան1^ սէւ սպաԱնեւ ս»աւկն եաեսք Բ՚^ՐՐ կոսսսւկստէօ թս§գսէւ.որի աեու^ սէՈ-իեէ ^^ոոր մրա/ ք^ւ^աէգոն ոսէ գհ՚ք՝ գսէշնօաեցեցաե կասս^/ւր ու. յ1^ձ–չե՜է.կոս 1Ը,սոր^ ք \հւ.սհէՈսռոս ք^րակաց^ ու. Դ\ադոմ1։ոս \քգիպտս»ցքւն : ՚իփսոսի (Փ"–ք՚^գՒ1ւ/1՛) ^""կ^^ոով (որուՖ սէՕ յ^^աիգոեոս թեկաւ. օՕ\^)"՚րէ՚^ք^^դ՚(՚"՚՚ե՚րւսղյՆ %երու.՚ն ՚1էր9 արոսե՚ռասՀ յ1^եչե–լ.նոս ու. ՚Լքււ.սիւ/առոս տ^քիրնին րաժ՚նևցքւն ՓՂՔՐ ^՚^է՚^քէ ե-րկիր՚եերրէ — յ^^սպէսով^ ՝\ձ,՚Ժք՚^՚՚^ԳՐէ պետու.թ1քհէՆ^ 2^"" ՚^հ փորլր իշխաեու-թիւձտնևրք^ ոաա՝ ե-լան յ^աԱ^է^ոէ^^փ,^ ղաէ^ք Ա«»«է«««&««1 ու. 17^(^ք^^(^^* աէրու-թիւ^ն&րր* 51 որւ&ք ամք^նր ւֆՆչե-լ. 31 Քրիստոսի ւառաք^ Հռո^ I « Ո՚Հ, առա. ^ակԽգ^^էԽւԽէ ^2 \էԽ^ւլկա ^մ^էքա^՛ ՝\ա^»մԽ պաաԽրագ^ » \քաադԽա% գա^քաա^ա.թ1է»։էե^։ - 3* ի՚^ձ վ^Ւ^^՛^ աէ.՚եԽ^աա. ^ա,3էաաաա% է լ • յ^ակեգոնիա շասա աեգսօՐ հո իշէէա1տեե–ոո (կէսսաեգր ք դաՏո/եարիոս Գ1ողիոոԼե–ա11^ս ^ Դ\իսռ.ոս \|^«. պիսռացքւնք \իւսիմաքոս ^րակացքւնՀ փոքսեէ^ն ևաևս յ^ե՚ւէռեոս ^սոուզՐ§ Աեեսււ. է գ.ւսղոէւսռւ.ոա Մոէքռ էԱէ-ե-րիչ ալէշաւ.անյթնեո1^ ե-սաես 280՛՝ 278 "Ր եհ^ մի դ^եղփիսի յլ^4 ք՚՚րգու–1էցաե ք եհս մոն աւ Ս^^ Փ՚՚-քք^Գ^ա (Գաէսդաաիաո գաղ^ւսևանոս^իւՖ ^սսււ^րոս^ ե՜ռան ՚––^^խահգոեոս գ.ոեաաւսս 278/՛^ գւս^ն երսսէ իՀք ցեղն իշխե՚ց \^ակևգոԱիպքի վջպ^ յինչևւ. 168 գուՆւէւստաեհ ^եա շարոսնաԼ Լռու.եւովէ ք^աիգո%ոաէ յաքէէրգներն հգաՆ, գեէ1Խար ի. 243* \^աիգ^,%աա ^. 233՛ փԽ՚Ո՛^՛"՛ ^՚ 2^1 (Հ«"–՚2«/^– ^՚֊՚՚քք ^եա պսէ1է»եք1էսդմ^,\ւիէյեոսկԽփասոեսէ ՚ճսւկասսէր 197) պկրահա^ (179). \\՚՚իկայ 168^՛ պի^պ^պյի քավ^ Հ«. մսԱեց^Խրֆ^ յսւդթ՚սէսե^էէՕա . ^աակԽգւքեիսւ չքրո ^ասէսբա., կւսպԽասսւթ-եանչք քւաժԴէաա^և^աւ. եւ. 148/՛^ ^ռո^ակա^ւ %է1§^աէէգ Խղաւ.$ ճ» յ1\դ^^՚"՚եգոհ մա^Ոէ-աե չուերին մրայ ք ւսպա^ աոսթեաե ասէաեոէսռմաէ պասաերաօւՈքլոս ^ւսմար Ոէղռ ե՚ըյրւո ^օյեե-րէէ^ սարկթև \ե–լ.ոսթեՆեսի առսէԺՆքէրգու.^ թձ-ւսէՌւ յը^աեպաաոէքսն ու. պ«սշարեցքՏն պհ՚Կէէ \ա§ֆ^ պյի ւԱէքյ ոոոմ պաաերապմի \ամեան ըսոէ-եցաա^է ^ասԼւսէմ՛ երբ. \)^աեպաարոս 1ձ,՚է^^ օգնոսթիսե ըեգո^եեցաԱ.^ ^եսսսէոէսւԱի \վւանոն քաոօքւե ք՚^՚է^ ^աղթ՚ոսեցսձ ու. մէեեե ւ^եքւե Ա^սէկեգոնացւ-ոց ^պօէ^ աւսկեռանէ ՚վԼերքաաէս ^եւլէՕւՆ "՚Լ^^/Կթ աեկախոէ֊թիւն^ նքՏև ձեո^ օւերթէ եաոոեաև ու, պօս^եաև գաշնակցոս^ 4* 62 թե-էսմբէ յձ,՛^՛^^ ^էսռաք \ք՚՚"՚ղաօ^ մաեեգոնակաԱ թսսգէԱԱ-որեե-րուն սաստէկ ՀւսրսաւսՀարու–թ1քն11^ 7ճեշոսահ՝ 280/՛^ օօրասոր գւսշնակռութիէ^ Ահ Լազ^ մեցթէ^ որ 100 աարի մհիրօքէլաաու.թիւ.1երպա^ձ–^է Ա «1/ Ժսէմանա11ն կո ^ որ յձ,ղ1^սահգրի ատե% ԺնՕու–ահ– պռսչւեան ^քքե գսւշեւսԼցոէ-թիւ^մե ւսէ ^Ր" ^""Ի՚՚Բ՝–՛ %էքրու. ձե՚ովէով^ ՚նորոգև^ասՀ 1^սոր վաքսճաՒւԱ էր^ §փաօեսւ ղօրու^թե՚սւյի ք օաար ււսր^ակմանօ գ(^մ* քւ^Տք Օ^կբ աասշտաանել* Օ* Փիլ^պպոս ի, յըրաԼ&գոհւս^իէէ* կիւ^ԱոսԼե՛,^ փաղեսի քով^ 197^^ յաղթ–ու.եւթն եաևէ-է ՀռուՐ՝ ս»մ1^Ն էՈւՆւսկաե ա1;^րոԱ–թհւ1ւներե ւսզասէ ^րսւաստրսւ^ կե՚^Հ ^"^ց "՚– ւ^եպ1^ս 1օ7/՛^ Հսէօարի չափ երեւ^երւի ւձ^՚՚Օ ՑՒՔ \^՚"^ց ՚ք։ք ՚նաեւ. ^ողէրւիոս պատւքագիրը\ ՀռոէՐ գերի Ա9ս»րա^երռ$սեէ 11\|»ւա եսէ֊ոց մէկ ասպրսա^ »ոսէմէւու.քժրւ^էն սէռիթ ւօուէսւ. ±^^ք^ ՜կորՆթոսի Լոր^ հ-էմեմաէէո։ - ^ու,ՆէԱԱէյոա1ե 1Նք Փ/^*** անոսւաՌւ ^ռո^ յէաեսԽ %սէ^աեգ էՐ եղաւ. (&• օ\ր ^ոսեէա^ թարսյիՀք ապականաւ.թիւ%/լ Փ^Հք ք • Մ՚^Կ^" գոնաչքի^ Խաքը^ աւ.Խւի աճԽ^աւ. • Ալ^» պաա՚ճաաւաա^ ^ր "Բ Կդե՚՚յե՚նէս պարապ աեո ^սձաա Ղխկա֊րգեան օրէ՚կթ., %երւլ Նւարէ^՚հ ւ^պարաա խոթել, — ^^պյչք ^ու%պչք քագա^ քասկաՆ կեէակքը^ շիքանելոա^ էաաօեն , կը^ Տ֊էադկ^ի՚ն սձգին գե՚օեաիկ աէրսւեսաեէեր^ւ եւ, քւ մասՆէաւ-արի %կսէրչոէ.թիւ%% սա. ՚ճաբաաբէսպե$ոսլքՅ–իւ^ւէէ - > \^յ9–^%ք փէ§ե՚"՚փ՚՚՚սէտ ՚՛՜ ափւոՆակաՆաա ժաղսվաաեղիՆ եղահ– ^ր ։ յաքարգացե աաև% է - 2 * ք\|՚(է յիք»^\ Հաւաաա, Խ^կր-րգ Խգիէզաաակա% ա^րա»^ թֆ»ճ% իր ամւււեաէՕէձ– քւարկոա.թեա1,րէ — 3* կ՛ րր ակաաա. ա^բաա.թիա.1ե1ս Է/Խալ. ի^ Վէ^-՚կՒ է էի այ% »Դէացի% գփա.վ9՚իաՅտ, 1, օէւէ-ւ^ Ա– (312-280)^/՛ աաձնչւ^գէ^ սւկսէն Նով^ն յյ^նչեւ. \էեգոս գետ աարահ-ոսոո ՚^սորւս^ կան պեաու.թիւնր 72 կոէ.սակալոէ.թիւ^եերու. բաժ՛^ ՚նև^Հ ^սչ^ց աէրոսթեաև անկուՏւ արգէն իր ^ա^. 53 աստե՛ն սկսւսէ.» որոնթ \քգիաաոսիք Գ^օ՚րգսււ^^հ ե-լ. Գկէսր^ ^ե-սաց գ^յ* ս^աքոո աաաե-րւսռօևեէր ոէ^եռաեւ Ա«, ^^քփ^քփ^ գ. 0^^(224-187) Հո֊ոմհաքկսոց գէ՚Ր չլ^ բահ՛ պատարաւ^եերովը (192՚–1օ9)՝ ^"Ր՚^Յ՚՚^Ց ՓՂՔՐ \^սիանք էդէնչԾԼ. ^աւրոս ու. Հսւոիսէ \էր զէ՚՚՚՚^Րգ^՚ց ասսաԾն անոնգ^ս»սա ւսասսասէմիսսթհւմեեոովյ գաս՛^ ^էսԼսսլոսթե-ան Լռհւ.Նե–ոոմ եւ. ս^գթ ութիս11նեոով ռզոթպքահ– սւ^րոսթիւՖր՝ րույԱ 1ձ,՚"րքաէ ^՚՛ Փք"–^Ւ– Լգ՚հ ՚Խա ս>մ\էոփոսեուսէսէ յ^սորւ-ոռ թւսգսււոո ձնս$^ բու.ահ՛ (Տօ) Տք՚ԳՐ՚^՚^ւԼ ^արկագրևցաւ. 64/^^ ^Ր^ՒՐԸ. Հ^ռոմայեօէ-ոռ սա ասա տ 2* \քգհպս՚ոս սօանպ^ օ՜ստղսՄօաւ աէոու.թեւյե1ե յ^ր^ օ՚րերբ օէռսւք1ւն ^սաղոսէուէնՄրու% սէսաեՆէ յը^ոօրբսս^է^ դրիսէ աՌսէբսաբասոօոէէ որ ^ւսւ1աշթաո^ւսեաե վաճսւ^ էա.աԼահու.քժեաե ես գեաոէ^թեան ե^քևգոէէ1ւե եղահ– ^Ր* <ւ\|«^<լ#յ)Լ<#«« Ա. դա^ոփ* կաւՐ Փ^^լ. (323– 284) 4սշխալա^ակալեց Փք՚՚^ք՚կէ^ք Հրէասաանոք \փաոոսն «էս ՝\եսեան տ <1\|«^«ը»յ)Լ«#«* ք\. Փ՚է^^հ^^** (284-246) պա^ ^եոսէօւՐ չըրսէւ.է ^սոց հր սւսաեՆր ՚^գեպսաոս էսմե–^ %1^Ն մեհ– հ՜ովայ/ւէտ աերոսթիւ^ւ/ն ^րւ \^էւա.աուրրէ սւրու^եսաներե ու. գեաոսթեա^՚կթ շսւաո էէադեեսւա ւքէ–^ <^^^Տ^ո^ Տ՝վ^՚–է(ք է«ոէ՚՚(2^6–221)»ա/է.աՆ^ սրու^եսաոներԱ Իւ. գիաու^թհւյւ^երն երեսե ճգեչու.^ սւշխար^ակալեց 1Շւ,սորիքր^ ՓՂ^Ր ^"է^ք \կւար.իան ոս ւ^թովսչիան։ 3 • ^աՕորգ թագստւ^որներու. ժստւՌսնակ պեսաու.՛.^ թիսեր րու.1ե \^գիպսաոսի մըպ1 աաՐփոփոսեօաաւ.է Ա^" մր՚Օոցես խիսէո աւսրւսօ՚ոււսօ՛ մա1\ւսռէսկս/եոսթեան պստսա՚ճւսռէսւ. ք ^ւսրսսէու.թեւ^/ե ան^էսսւսւոաչի կեր^ 64 պով ա՛ճելով^ ժոոովոււըգո ^^Ը^է ասաիճանքա դէղխու.^ թեաե ու. ս/նսէռէս1քէէսւժ–&ան սէք ըն1լղմեցսէէ. տ ^սէ^սւ^ նսէլու^թեաե կռհւՆերն ու. սէօգաձան%ձ–րն սպս^1ե&չԱ ^ղքն իսկ պքն աաև՚ե չէքերՕացան ^ ^րբ Հ"–՚"^&^տեՔ (200Հ՜^ ՚ւ^Ր) քքրկհրե հո1քնց պւսշապաԱոէՎժօ՚ան աակ ՍէՈ-^է յ^սւռէսկոսթե՚ս/նց ՚՚է^ /էեկսւհ^ ^աղոՖանց ՚1^ր9^ թ ագու-^իհ ք կղ^ոպւսարէս ^կտիոնի ՚ճակէսա1;^ եոոե-լ. օՕք^ ^ա դՒ՚հք^ սպա1ւնևց» ու^ \քգէաէոոս ^ռո՛^ \քՐբ գքւէոու֊թիւ%ք ու. էսրսւեապռ ^սւ%ւսսէոանի ժէպբ^ վբգեաէէե գթադոււՐ /լ/Ա՚՚ւ^^ գ՚՚՚գրեցաաւԿա է ակսան հ՚Աէդ^իւ ասա.%»սեան* մակեդ»^Iս»կաՆ պեաոսւթ՚եսւե ՚^հք էֆա/^՛ էշ^ խասնաէւս քսեսւՀհ սւաաէ՚նելււյԱ . սրսկյթ քւեակասն բասղձանք^ կասաՐ փ$§»էւյսսիր§$ւ֊քժեՆ^ գբգա$ւէսձ– գիաքևէսկս^»ևերՆ ու. ասրսսես.,, աաաէգէ՚սւներն ասքոթսւ^էկ» կր բեր^իՆ, սէնոես սէա.էսէոսքձեււձոլ^ թ-եէսմի Օէքնակաաւե կ քԱ^Է՚^է »1ս$սաէքնւսգ»սրաէւ1ւեր կր ^Է՚1Ն %^;^ եւ. »է0րոսեա$աո$սկ$սՆ ձեռւսգււրձԴ$էրսւ. ժոււովահոէւքևեո կ ընքւ^ին ։ ւ^սոր ւ1կք Նշանսւէ^սր էն Գ\երգամէ^ի ^ \^ասկե.. գոնիայի ու. \\՚"՚ր1ւք1՛ թսէգէսա^սրեերր։ — \^ս$կսււն յ––՛.. %»սկաե ւ1աւո1/Նս»գրոէ.թ–եաե գանձերս պսւ^եչու. մէ9 ւսւէե^ %ւսւ1եհ՛ արգիւ^տե ուՆեոասՆ սէոսսքի՚ն Գ\$ողոմեաԱներրէ Գ\ւողո^ակթ ^իՏԼե^ին \^ղիբսանգրիասյի մկք Հ/՛^ սւշխար^^ քքւե սւա^Նւսմեե՛ մաաե՚նսէգսքրասԱն ու. էՈէւ^ա^ոեր» \յԱ»ռք1Ան ու%^ր իր մկքե աշխսւր^քիս ւսւա.սւքին գիանակա՚Աներր, բսք., 1»է$»սաեոհ^երրյ րժիշԱներն ու. էՈսթեմագիկոսներր» սրոհօ Աքա,աս»ոէսձեա^ թ-ւսգաւ.որներոա.% շնոր^իւ% աօա§ո կեսւ%ռ կթ վար^քւն է իրեկօ դհրե%ռ բոլորովի՛ն ու֊սման %ու.իրեք կս§ր1էն$§»/ու. ^$§»մար ։ ^աււււքւււ\|1\|ււն ք ւււււքւււյհ\|ւււ\| 1 • վէա%ք։ ՕՆա կը թայ%աա^ր \%աաքիա է ֊^ 2. Քա%ք շբքւ-՚^ի կր^ա%ք, քա4\Խլ Ա* Հիհսիսայիճ իտէպիէս կաւՐ Դ»աղղիայայս– կոյԱ Աւպեաճ (0&ա& 018»1յ)1Ո&) պաղաբւևր գաշտա^ ՚Խյրըյ "– ^"է^՛^ 4^ պարուՆակէր իր ւՏ^խ» Բ&ճձ118>). գւիէաւ.որ օաոպթնեէոն ե՛ն, ^ագսէւիոՆք Վ^րոնէԱք յրանւո§§ւ.ա ու. յր&գիոչս^ոն ։ գչբ/սաւոր ռսէղպբնեոե է/ն, քէԽԱ»ւ.էքմես» ^ ^ոԱւհէիա^ ^ղսւԼօնէոհէԱՀ 3» լ^4՚«–ք յ* > գձնոէ֊աք վե^րկե-չՓ գչխաւոր օսէղպռնեոուԼյ բ, յբիչիՇ իաէուիա, քքաոէ-բիկոնա. Փր^^՛^՛՛^ գևէոե-րու^ ա^^ է 1Լ՛"՛/՛ Աէրօ՚ւ^ւքս»օ–ա1ե գք՚ե ծՆ* 1՛ հք^է^^ք;\^՝ պտղաբևր գաշաավւ^րըյ 12 արոէ-սե&ան կաւՐ եսւոա.սեե՚ա՚Ա ռաղպբԱևոովէ լլւ#քք2\|ք\|9 ե-րե-լե-լի ե՛ն իո1քնօ շաա Հթև օաղսէբաերթու.1ժեոսյբըյ ւսռե՚Ա-տրոսն ու. հ՚ովառՂէացոէ^թեոսմբոէ 2* \ա4ք\է$Աք լատէւե ռւնաեիչնե-րով» գլխակոր Եաոպ^Ծ-րն ձն* ՀուուՐ՝ ^իբերիսի ձախ գի^է եօթջլ 3 • \\^ՏաաԱէս • \\ասնիառի բնաեի^երով^ բեր^ րի գաշտավաւր մի» գչքսաւոր ռաոպքնե-րն օրՆ» 1\|ս#«, 56 յձբեւևլևա՚ն ձողՏա է^թք 0* դմէՀէԱոԱ» բևրրի գաշտավպյր ւՌլ. \^կոեա գչքսասոր յէէաղօովէ 6* Ս«««^է«#1. քևււեպք1ւե է» գչխասոր քաոպբն Հ-Հք ) \|\ է/նՄւ, օ՚Նսա ։ ^* ՀարէԱհէսյիՇ իաաւիէԱ կասՐ ԱԳե Տոհ&աս՛ սւէսՇ։ — 11՚"՛/՛ ՚՚րեէ.յաեան գքւե ւ^բն, 1 Լք9»ա1լաԱի4Ա, \^իր.արիս ու. Հէրակչէ"* գչ/սաա.^ որ Օէսոսս^ե-րուքէ շ. \|\«««9յա«^է«9* \ՀիւՌսյ գասչապրիաի կրոգոՆ ու. քի&գիոՆ գլէսասոր յթէսղպթներոյէ դ^ք^ա ի ւսբհռ., ելք և% 3» լԼ՚^^^քք^^ պաոաէւե՚ո գա^էոսւ վպւ րր ♦ գաւսւա.^ որ օւսղպռնեոն ոՆ • \\էս1ւն1; եւ. ^սեոսոոնՀ սհոկ ու. ^ւսոէ/նէոոն գլխւսւոր օաղւսբնեոոմւ 2 . Հռոմպյե-ցսոց պաամոէ.թ^ւ.նր ^քւնգ գմսաէսոր շր^աԱեերու. եո բասէք^ոսէ » որ ե՚եէ ՜\ձ, • ՀռոէՌսյ ^իսեւսրեութե՚ն^է ^ սրՆչեւ. թագւսւ.^^ որոսթձաւՆ վիրէալր . 7 3 - Օ 9 Քրքոէաոսէ ^առաՕէ \|\« ք^էսգսէւորու^թ&ան վ&րՆւսէֆ^ պւնչե-լ. ^ու.^ Նիկևա՚ն աաաեուսօմներր» օ09՚՜ 264< Դ«. Գ\ունհե1ոսն պէսս»օ–րւսզաե՚ր1^ ւտնչօ՚ւ. կՐ^ րակքե-աՆց շփոթոսթիւՏմնևրըյ> 264–133տ Դ«* ^րակօև-անօ շփոթու^թէ(ս1յնե^ր1/ն ^ մ^չեւ. յ^ւգոսաոս* 133-30» "՚– ^* ՜1ձ,ւգոսաոււք/էէ էֆնչե-լ. արեււՐ» Հռոմհոսկաև պեաոսթևան կորհ–անու.յչլ» ՏՕ է՛^ Ք» Տ* - 4:1 & Ք* Ն * 57 ՀոաՐէսյ քւիէ1նսդւկոհթեճհճ փՏչեհ թագահորոհթեաճ քթրճաւը. 753-509 Ք^ 6* 1 * \»՚Նչպէս ու երքւ 1ւ^քԱ^եսւք Հռոմաք ՀիՏՏւսէք^էէ.թ–իէ%ը է - 2 • ի՚^չսզէա թսւ~ գասորեց Հւա-էամՏաա-ըա » ՈՐ"^ ^ ՒՐ ժ՚^ն՚Ր՚է^^ԲԸ. * — ՚ * Ո՛^ է Տ"՚ք է"/^" ^րիսկոԽ ՚Վեր^ք^ւ թ-սւգասէ-որն –՛՛է եղասւ. է - 4* ^՚^էէ**փ ա–էէքէ.գա$.թ–իաճ§ –»%ի Ըաաէէ^խք 1՛^^ քււա^ա՚հոէ-ւ/* ««.Ն4՜\|> ժա^ւխավւգը » ք\ա.ակիյք կ՚ըԽ օդա «–4^\|» ք9–աէգաք–արը» ՚ի՚%շպէա կը ր—ժ^ոա-^-ր թւ։Ն–կըէ - 5 ի՚^չ^ ՚ –եօէսկ էր Հւ.ո. \ • քրու,օէԱօ Նայեքուք էոբովաեաե աատե՚ոսւղսէն օէսղպբո Հ^ռոմայ ^քւսես§րեոսթեաե սերզբե եոաօ՜ ^հ յը^մու^ք^ոս ք ^լբ՚^յէ թագէսւորրյ մերժոռ հր\^Ոէ1միտոո Մղբւսյր^ որուՆք Վ&սաաւի Նուէւրոսւսհ՛ ^1;։էԱ\\իլոԱ.իսւ գոսսսէոր քիոմհէ^չոս ու. քիեմոս Մոկոէ-որօ-ԱէսՆ&րր օ՚՚Նէսւ. ։ յը^սոՆք ^ք9բե՚րհս%եաուեէոմ ԲաՅ Փ""–՛"՛""–^ §ոս1^ էսռաաև-լով^ ^ովիւներցւ. սհ9 մեհ-ռան ասս^ 753/1. 2 քքաքփՏքֆէաափ* (753) քիե-է/ոօՆ սպա%ն&չէ–ն երտևս ւսռաեձքւն թագաււորե-ռ * ոՆգսէոձաԼե-ռ ^*"յսԱՏէՐ դ>^հ^ կս/յ ւսսէ% կե՛րպ ւահցէսէ-ոոէսռ ւսասէսսէանաոաե աաերլաք ռ-ւ. \\ւսս.1էնսւցքւնՄոր անոեց աղ^ԱԱԾըո ւէսփշաւս^ սԾլ^ն &աե–ւ. — ՚Աէք^՛ էսռՆե՚ւովէ քիա/ու.էոս սւք^րու.^ թէւ^նո եսւոգւսւ.ոոեց օո^Նբեե-րով» հ-եոերու. էսոր՛^ Հրբգարան մի (հ՚ևրակ^էոՀ գրսէւ. ք որոսե անգաօներե էք՚ե ի սկղրասն Հ/քՆ լաէոքւնական Հասւպէսւեոէ^թ ե՚ե1^ 100 հ՚ձ՚րձ՚րէ որոնց վրպյ աւելքաե ^^պթ^^ն Հ^աբքւեա^ ՝ ցթէերէՆ ալ 100 ^ե-բ։ քիոէ/ոէ^չոս իր ^րաշքեևրով^ ղարգէսրու֊ւսհ՛ ւ/ա^ՈԱ.ս^^Ն եաևւ. ք իրրեւ. կոսիր^ոս պսւշսոու. եցէ ասսսէոսսքհ– ասւյտու-եոաւ.։ 58 (իր ւսմհւսսեղյն ՚կգերիւս գիցոս^ւ-դՐէ խոր^ոգովըՀ ^հ»օ–. ՚եաես՚ե սսէ^մանագրու.թիւ.Ն միք գրաւ յթոսրսեր ու. շքւնեօ յեՀեա1^երոէ 11՛"՛/՛ Ժ՚՚՚ք^էԳ1Լ ^«•^«լ«լ##«* Ո««^\|»շ^«9«« (^12)ք^րաաևէսնց ու. կււ–^ ոիատեաեռ Լռոււք^Ն եոոե-լ. ^ էսռաւ. ու. սոոհ՚անԾօ \^յբա^ էոնգանք ւ^լբս՚քք՚եե-րր Լեոիսե-ան բւլու.րր բնս»եե–ցու.ց • Հ^ռոմ* Մոսէւ. գւոսքս էԱքԱէէւեսւԼաե գաշեակցու.թեաՆ* Ա1է«9«* \|\|«4«\|>էէ«#« (64:0) առաւ. /սե՜ւ մի լաաքէնա^ եաե ռւսոաբեե՚Ոք որոնց ժոոոմոէ-րգր պԾտու-թեաե ^էոո յֆս»ցու.ց հռրեւ֊ ռաղպբացի ք Բ-Պ13 ""^"^3 Ք՚^՚-^է հրասէ^ունռ ուներնալոււ յ^ւսա11;։ս յձ^&ոս ևղաւ. ^իւաիչ Հռոյ^աեաե ռաալ^ (բ161)8)է Հի/՝ գրաւ. քկսաիւաի Նաւա^աէ/գսէոբհք կսհօ^եց սիւ^աձւսմուրՕը (՜ՕՕՈՅ 8Ա՝– հււօւստ) ^իրևրիսի վջպ) «- աժրացոսց ^սէնիկու.լոնըյ 3. տ**ք յ»^յ^յ»* Պք յ*յ«<* ւ^էորուրացթւ (616)» կորՆքժոսք^Ն գադթսէհ– ^դ/եէ մի որգէւե^ իշէսաԱու.թե–ան ^ա»էնեւով^ Նու.աճե–ց ր.ուորով1էն \աա^ւ1է»ներր^ եւ. \^»ո–^ րոսսեսՅցւ֊ոց գ^^մ՝ ^^^7 "(""""րօ՚՚է^^Ր րբա^-է \յ^աէ՛^ րաեուահ աեգաօներր 300^ ^անռ-ց» հսկ ասպռ-սասէցո 600^՝ ռամկի՜ե երևւ.ևւի%ևրը^ (^/ւ/»^ւա1Ո0Ր6Տ §6Ոէ6տ) պաարեոէ.թև–սէն րարձրացրնե՚լուէէ ^արԼու^իոս շաա շ1քԽոէսթէւմեեր ըյէէսւ.» եւ. սպաեու.եցսէւ. \^սոսհ որգե–.. ՚ն ե՛րգն է Օէք ••^■յ»^ §«#^«լւյյ«»# ^5 7 8 ք Տ՚"րկ՚՝՚–1^է""Ի փե^ սաե ^ տոսէսւ. տեբու-թեէսե ՛նոր սա^յսէնագրու.թիւ% միք որով ^արա.սսէ ռաւտեո մվ>րչ՚՚<^(մ եան մեք մաս ոնդու^եցաւ. է կսեոսիք^եստն եւ. միմրնւսաեան րլոսր՛^ ՛նեոն ^օ՚ոքքւե պարսավ մէՕ առաւ. եւ. զԼ^ռոմ՝^ էաաի^ ՚նէսևսւն օաոսւռներու. գսւշնաեցո%.էօ–եան գլու^րւ որաւ.է ոս ^ոսդոիոսն սաամնեց ու. բո^ասորաԼւսն մարչու.՛^ 59 քժ&աւՌ^ Է՚^ԼԲ զէ՚կԲ ժողովրգեաե ատ և– չի բրէսւ. տ ք^^պ1^ս9 եու.ա՚ճևց ^արկու.իՆիոս Վյոլսկացի՚նևրո ––– ^աեստռէսեոոգ գսքրի Ք՚"Դք(քՐ Նե՚Ագոսթե՚ամս. ւսռ^ %ու^ե՚ցւսէ, եր\^եբսաոս ոոգի1;^՚ե - - Բ֊^3 "^՚ՂՌէ՚^Ր^ \աււ.՛^ կր^"՚հսււհ ռւՆնաբարոա.թիւ^ րեէքլով ^արԼոսէւնիոՄ գեոգւսսէոսսնովը^ Հ^ռոէաէ՚Ա սէո^տա^երցսււ. ^ոուտոսէ ու, ՜կոսաաքւնոսի ձեռկթ օՕսք՛^ թ-եանթ եւ. եօթ՜ր թ՜»է»գսււ.ոո»սա ասսէեՆ ւ^ձ–Նասչու.Ն պաէսւ^ մհէ–թ–իւ%րր.ս11էրսվ^Նդրսւ.ցսէ^ կը^ վերաս քւերի * - > Հ^տ–ա»Ր ասնա, հաեօթ– ժէսաՌսնաա/ե ու, սւՆ^աՆօթ– ^անգէսմաեաէւերու/երեւ-ա. սէն երսհ՛ կ եբեէ֊աւ է յ^յսչափս սէոոյգ 4։ , որ Հ^է> ԱէէոենՆերը^ ՏՒԲ^Բ1"՚1՛ Ք՛^ չաԱէիՆսէկւսՆ գասղթ–ասկսէ%ււա.թիւ–% ւէի կքր է որ ^ւսս անաս կան սէրար ՚էաասիոՆի ւիսճասաա֊ւսս գոսո^ ^Ր* 11՛"՛՛ րեւի 4՛ ք^հ ասաւիկասւ ի սկօթաաէհ նաս^ասպեաոասկասն թ-ասգաս^ արոր՛ներ ոա^Նեռաձ– ր 1Ա^ է Բ՚քէց ե-ասք^^ ասսոՆաա էսեո սկեաաւնս իշխա»ւնսա.թ–իա^ ոա.Ղւեռոռ կաէէասասվարհեր (ք6ճ^6տ) յաքորգւաւհ– րԱա՚Նրորս\ք Հ^ռոաֆ ւ1^9 գե-րաաագոյն վարչոա-թիա-Ն ի գորձ^ կր գե1;^էէե է ^գսք ԳՐ՚՚՚Տ՚՚՚Տ ^գե ""֊անգաււհ^ թագաաաա^որաո ոչ թիա-րէ ոչ տսւ1ե%ու% ւաանոա-նր եւ. «« ««հ ա«յ1էՆ »1էկու.Ն րնօ-աէաւոա^ահ– գորքՀռերր աաքաոաոաքակա՚ն սաոոա^գոա. թ–իւ.Ն ու–ՆիՆ է ՀաւյաաՕւքւ ա^%1~ն ^1ն ^ս»սաէ§րասկոէ^թիւ%Ն երեք ցեոերոա֊ րւսժ%ոա–էսձ– կր ^^ասՏեեաաէկօ , ^իաոեաա/նօ եա. ՚Հոէ^կերեւա^ք * \|^«\|>՚Ն^ էՈէԴ^Ն աէէկը^ գասրձեաէէք կր բ.Ա0<§%ոա–կր 10 կոէ֊րիաս.. Ներոէ֊ք աաւ1է% աէէկ կոա-րիւսՆ ասք 10 ասոգւսէոո^աֆ ։ \^^ո երեք ոեոերսա֊ն ասՆգասՏեերր որոնք Գ\ւսաորիկ կրկոչոա^ե1^ է կո կասոյ^ին Հ^ււ.ոաՌւքւ ժոոսվոա^րգր կւսաՐ նիււակաակիրներր, որաւկռ կուրիասներոէ– ժողսվղյն ա^9 օր^;նագիր իշ^աաանուա. թ-իա^նն ոա^Նկքւն եւ. ի ատկօթասն աֆ աֆաաչւն երկրասաէրներն կին։ յ1^»ւո՚նոա/կ կ ընասրկր թ֊ագաէէԱ-որը ոկեասնս ճերա$ւկոլ.աոի անգաՏքԼերը^ (86Ո&էՕք68) * V ք1իաւֆկր գեռ երեէ^ա՚ն չեւասե– է կա»ււի% ապաաո ու. իրաա^^ Աէնո աոկր չեղուլ .պսէշապաաէնեասւներ է 1^սո%ք պկաոք կին ասաաորեկ աասշաաան աՐ ու.Նե՚նաա§ւ , որ ասէ1կ% էրասէ-աաւԱո եւ* քսէ». գպքատէկաս՚Ն իրոոոա^թ֊եաէանո ^հք իրենո ՆերկաՏԱաս^ոլ.^իչն րխ. չար։քկ%ատէյիկն աաւօաէո եա-ոսաո աքաոին ոա^եա^որ կր» իրասսոա^աք ոէ^կր երկիր գնեաոա^ եւ՝ սաոատ/նաոչոլ. . բսքւց իրաա^ոԱ-էքք չոա^կքէ հ-երատէկոսաոի աա/նգաւՐ րնարելու֊ եա.. ոչ^ "՛է րնաորու֊ելու. ^1Ա8 811քքք&^՚1ւ) • եւ. չկր կրնար պաարիկներու. ^եա վասերա^ բար աւՈւա-ոնանաԼ (1ս8 0ՕՈՈսե11)է ք^»/^ "՚֊րՒձ, կոզմձանկ Աէկրոսթ՜եասն ւսայ^ն հ–»սնրասրեո^ոլ.թ–եսանո ա1ասնաակիռ կր է ք^ատւգսէքէ-որո աուսարիկՆերկՆ րնաորոսսէե րւտւրձրասգղքն պասշաօնեատո աէըն կր , որ իրրեւ. վերին գասաուսա^որ կասաՐ / 60 էէ/նձւսմի գսքսւսէսէսան ^ ը^հր ^– ^«՚ւ/՛ գէսսէւսսորՆեր կր ս%(;։ր, ժողովրգեան ժսզովը^ կքլ կա%չխր եւ. իրրեւ. քրմա^ պես։ "ր՚՚շ ՊԲ^^Ր հՔ. ՚^՛"""–^՛՛^՛^՛/՛ ՚՛– պէ$ւէոերսէւր1ի ասէ§քն վերիՆ ^րասմաևասաարսէ-թ՜իւ^ն սւ^կր ւ ք^սէմէկււ, \1^կ–ր^ա.իսւնեան սւս^մանւսգրոսթեէսմխ , ^/՚՛ կրսւսւկր բււաչու% պկ" ւ սկսս՚է– Աէ1;րա–թ–եսսե վարչոսթ՚եէսն »1էք Աքք մաս սւՆե՚նսււ։ Վասն դի ամիսղղ^ ^ռոյէսէկաե երկիրքք՝ 30 Տ^դՒ (^^^^^^) ^– Բ"1ԲՐ մ֊ոզովոսրգ^ 193 ^«՚– րիա-րեակներու. (06ՈէԱք1ձ) բաժնոա-էչքաւ. ։ Աէ/Է^ մհկ Հ՛"– րիւ.րեաէէկքլ ժոդովրգեաՆ ժոզովոյ% մէք ձար» ւՐ ոլ%կր • էւ. պասաերաղյէ ասսաէտն ւսռանձքէՆ բւսժէ^ք մի կր կւսսմէր է ա • Հ^եձ-ե-լաօօրչլ (6գԱ1է6Տ) 1 8 ^արիւ֊րեւսկի բաժ%ու.աձ– կր։ Վ ^8էԼ ^Ւ^ ^արսէդասւ պէսս$րիփէերու% ցեղ^ն 4՛/՛» ՚«՛ բսեռ մրաւ սււ-եաա^է աս սէտոե՚ններս 12 ^սքրիա֊րեսւկ քս1ա. դաքա^ւ-ո^ երե»–ելի%երկ% (րււաՕք68)« ՚ռ. ^Հաա՚նաւ֊որը^ (բ6ճ1է6տ) րսւմնոլ.սէձ֊ կր ^էւեգ գսէսսւ– եւ. 170 ^արի^րեսէկի \^ո^էսքի՚ն գսէսր կր պւսրուՆսէկկր 80 ՀաարիԱ-րեսւկ (սէսզաէ֊ասրսաոմգ վա^աՆոմ, պբստ^սվ ու. րսւր., ձասպա՚նով) լսււ– ռիՆասւ.որսւ.»սհ– մարգիկէ \քրկր՚՚ՐԳ գք՚՚ս ու.Նկր 20 ^ւսրքք-րեէսկ, եւ. կր ձ-սէււաւկր աւա.անռ ռրսէ^ի» \քՐՐ*ՐԳՐ 20 ^արէէ֊րեակէ եա– կր հ-աո֊այկր սէո^աեա պըա^է Ք1Լ. էսռաեռ բս>րձսւպ»սՆի ։ Զ՚՚րր՚՚րգբ 20 ^սւրէւ^րե՚»՚կ թ-ե^ թ-եւ֊աօ^ ու. Հքի՚^գ^Ր՚՚բգը^ 30 ^սւրի^րեէսկ պւսրսսււ.որ գ» \^ՆստռասքՒ ասմկ% քաղպռս» սի՛ներ ր կր՝ կոչուկիՆ անի՚նք (][>^օ16է\|^^^^)է \^սոնք՝ ^ի՚եգ ^արիսրեակի բաժնսա.ահ– կին , եւ. կը^ հ^ա$ւ.ս»քկի% իրրեւ. գորձ֊ավար (ք&Եո) » խաւԸս^ուլ (էսնւ– 01Ո6Տ եւ. Օ&աւօաՑտ) եւ. այ^քւ ^սզոված– ^ս§րիւրեաէւ1րւերր կր կասսմկի% ^աարիւսրեկէսա ժսղո^երը^ (00աա& 06ՈէԱՈ&էո) « ^1""^* ի սկպրան՝ թ֊ա^ գաա.սրՆեր1^^ ու. եպռկՆ բգեշխ՚ներ(;–ե կր կւսՆչու^կիս , ու. .. ձ-երաոկսւաի՚ն րրւսհ– ասաՈ;^ աէԱ.աՕարկու.թիւ%ներու.Ն Լպաս^ աերաղմի է իւաղաոու.թ–եան եա.. այւն՝\ մրայ ոբոշու.մ՝ կ րաւկիս ։ \\յս ժոոո^երու.՚ն մկք կր ւայէոնուկր բոլոր ԺոդովրգեաՆ մե^աաեսաու.թ–իւՆր, որ աւս ասւե^էեերր պսէսւրիկսերկ ու. ո-ամկե կր բադկաս՚Նսէր , եւ. յս$ո^ա9ագոյն կուրիաներսւ. ժոդոֆւերոսե իրասւ^ու^էօներն ք ասս որ ասնսաաաև է քկ՚ն իրէ^սաէկ %ու–ասճսա.էսհ՛ ասդգերու% Ք՚՚4 գաա^ ս»ա/կ՚ն էԱԱէոոԱ-ասձ-՚ներր կր աասշաոկի՚ն . սրով^եէոեւ. ասա/ե%ոա..% մրաք դՕա, րսւ-քՅ-իա.% աքի կբ^7^աս՚Նչնասյի%, դրր դո^երաամադկաէյք կիՆ շա^իւ։ \^որ ^ամար կր, որ իրե՚նռ ասսւոոա.ասձ–Ներու% թ՜իւ^ր յս/նա. սա^ւՌաՆս կչլ շաւոնար ։ \ձ^/՚պե՛՝ օբինասկի ասդագաւ. , առին ՚Լաաին՚ներկն ^անա-քլ (Րյւեգակաայն ասաոա^ահ-ր՝)» աարա-դՐ» պասաոերասդմի Ու. խասւաադոա^թ-եաաան առ.ասքնորգր Դ«^««^««1» (Ղոա.ւանի ասսաոոսասձ–ու^^ի%՝\ , )3՚"ք^՛^^ *&« (պաոդարեր եր^ հերը) "՚֊ Վ.^՛»**՝» (^Ր՚Ա ՚^1քու.ած–ոա.^ին՝^։ ՍաբիԴւաս^ ^իներ^՝ \յ՝«»»ք–(լ (Ա/ւէ" սղաաերադմի ասաոա^ահ՚ը) , 6"^– *^^^^^(1 \^րաաւմադգը^ աոկրոէ-թ-եաեւ ասսէոսսասհ-ր) եւ. ^աա\մԱ 61 իախաը^ (քՕքէԱՈ») ես այՐ՛։ — §ոսսկիայքի%եր^–ն՝ Ա՝է^^ք<»^ (\^յ9–ե%սւսբ պսէսւերսէօյէ ու. քսէղպռասկւսՆ գորձ-ւսէւձոս», թեսէեա էսաաոսւ–ահ՚ու.^^Ն՝\» սէՆայքէհ ու. գերգսաէոանէ ասսէոէ֊^ աձԴւերն (1&էՇ8ես ր6Ո&է68)I^ւ «^Հ՚« Վ^^^ արարսզսսթիւն^ %եր»մ ՜ճոքսասասւհ՛ ասսէոաւսէձ-Աքյի՚ն պսւշաւաՌւլ.\քռւլ \|յՕք.ւ/Տ» կարգէ գրւսէ. է յ^էւ§ո»սս»հ–աւիՆ պս»շաւսմաես ՚/ր՚ք/ ^"կ՚՚գ֊ ՆերՆ ^^1»ն քրէՈ^րՈք սրոհա գլխասորՆ ^ր Ա^^ քրմա^ պեաը^ (րՕՈէ1ք6Տ 1Ո&Տ1աԱ8) ՜ւ^ա^եասկքչ՝ Ա/>(։«»/^ քր^րն կթ» է ՚ՎեսէոեասՆք Վեսաոպյի $»աճասբ1էհ մէ^ ՆոսիրւսկաՆ ^սւրՆ աւնշիշ^ պի§ո որ պա^կքւե » ^րեէ-եչի գկ^պքերու. մհք ասէոսսա, ւսհա^ կւսվք^ե իէ/սէնսւ^լ. ^ամարէ բսէրձրէսգօ/ն պսւշաօն^իռ՛ ձեռգքէ րւյձսւ.թ–իւ.Դւներ ((1Ա8()1օ168) կապսպրսւ^;–իՆ . եւ. Հա. ա֊քԱ^մձւյք ԼէԼյւՏՀււՇՏ) քՏ-ռչնոս սսէւ.էտւււ%ել1^նք կս»րկս»չել^՚ն եւ. ոսաեւ^ I իսկ լերգա^աՈսյք (հաՏթ106Տ)* գո^ոսահ– կե՚նգա^ Նք1ներսւ% ընգերք%ե–ր^^ գւււշակոսթ-իւՆ՚ներ կ բՆ^իՆէ Հ^սւրա. կասւ.սրսւ֊թ–եա^§ $§0ս$եՆ կր ^ասրսսսէ^ի՚Ն %աեւ, աէսսքգասւքեերՆ »իբիւեա% գւտերշ* սս /9»ագահորոհթծաճվծրճէպհճ փճշեհ պոհՇիկեաճ պատեթսզ1/հերը 509 — 264 Ք* &** 1 • ՚ի՚^չսզ1էաւ ԽքԽսսէԽ եըաա. Հււ.ամաԱ ^ւււաա»քսկաւ0լե։ւատճ.ք9–իւ.՚Նքւ » \|՚%^ ^Խ$ոԽայաա.^ ^իէ% աւՆԽ^ւԽէ. ^արւէՏւ%աէչքի սւրշաւա%թը է - - 2 • (ի■^ք1^\|\|'X^ ք/հչա՚է. %ա^իրէէւկա% ^»% Խ§աէ.է - Տ կարիոը§ւ1եււս ք/Խչաւ. ււտաարոա.եւքւաա.* \»՚^Լ է պւաարկի% •&. ք-աԱկթհ յէքի կււաւի% շաքոա%ակաէ.եքաէ% պաա1քաււքլ I — 4 • ՚ի՚^է 4՛ երկււաա.,. ձ« ^արեուքւնիոսէ պռսորուել^ւ եաեսք թա՛^ գւսւ.որէւ աև՚ւէյ էոստրւ,ան ժհ ^աւմաո երեու. բգեշրտ ոնսա^ ոոսեցսէա^ք պր&էոոր աԱու.էԱէ1հ. տ ^ոուււոոս ու. կոչւաաքւեոս երղսհէ սւռսւ^ն բգեշ^էն1քոո% ^ոոսաոս ժողովըգեան Խոգթսմ՝ րեե§ աուսէւ. ք ս»§ եոբէրբ թսւգ§սէ,որ ւանձս չաււեեէու. է ^^սչքց ե՚է. աաԱաէքԱ ^սւրկու.^իոսի կոռսեւս՛^ կհտ^^րՐ^ ^"Ր սա^է/անւսգոոէ^թե-ան գէ^ւՐք գաւ֊ա^ կօոէ֊թիւ.ն մի ՀսԻ^ևլու. փորձ փորձեցթւ է ^անր յպ^ա^ ՛նա. եռալ.* ու. ^րոսաոս գւսւէսԼօոսթ&աե ւ/ասՆւսձի^ ե՜ղող որգ^երն ս»է գչքսսքս$&ա աոսաւ. է Վյւյ՚՚՚ցԽտէ "Ր ալ^արկու.թեիոս բոՖու.թ եայմի Հճ.ոմպք ՚1բ՛^ թագա^ 62 ւորեցոնել 1լ ոէ^ղէքն^ յ^սիա աՆւոառ.բն քով^ Ս՛՛՛՛Ի՛ ք^՜ոսհցաե ք ու.ր ^րոււաոս ինսւսւ.։ Հ^ռոսէաեաե պե՜էոոէ^թև՚ան այս շփոթա֊թիւ^.^ %եոր^ եաոոէ^սեեաե օօրսւա֊որ գէսշեսսեօու.թէ^1^ք ոոոսԱ գւուՀմն անոէսՆ ^^Հ» Գ\ոոսէքնաք ւօգու.ա ու.պև՚օ գորհ՜ւսհ-ե՚ւ ե՛լ. զՀռոմ՝ իոեՆ ^ասււոաեեօրեերլւ ք^^՛^ պ1^էո ^^վրասէհոս կոկոզս օրլ. յրոլյերոս յ1^սէո^ոոա ռար,. ^քանւսլի օաՕագոոհ–ու.1ժիւհւնե–ո րրքւն այսու. ԱՅմւ/նասյնհա. Լ^ռոմսոեօէօ ^արեսւգոեօաե իոԾՆբ "ՐԿրք՛^ Ագկ ւ/ասր ^ոոսէ/նայէ ւաեճնեէյ պասէսսնգներ տսււ ու. Լսոս%ոաս–ա^ %սւլ^ էսնկ^ ետքրյ Ծրեաթր սիսոե արօոի գոոհ՚ահ-ելէ ձեււ.«Հքչ , աաւյե իրաւան^ արոյ աս$ե%ակէսւըէ$ա ժոզ^վոյ՚ն աբ»»շա^ 2* Գ\սսսէոի^Մրուն քսհսէո ^էսրսս9աս՚^աոոէ^թհ%յե^ ՛Նեոն ե-լ. սւոշասա1կթնեո1^ ու. պւսաեոապւԱ տոսր^ օեո1^ ւառէս^ եկաՆ՛ ժողովրգևան սաս աէկ սսղռսւ՛^ աոսթէւՆո ռամկ^ ^էս^ք՛^ Նոէ.իրսէկան լթո% եԱթ^աու. պաա՚ճառ աոսաւ. Հյ^1քն1/նհոս \^գրիաասքյ ։ յ^սոր ՚>0՜«՛ 4ոե–լու.թէւ^/ե ան երոաւ ք ոո աաըոսէ^ աւսրի ^ք^գ (ե-պբյ^ \0՝) աևչւռ1ևւսր.արձչքւ ցձ-ոապ&սա ^ւորուօ–ցսօ.է \^ս՚՚եբ՝ իոե%օ ս՚րգ^լհէ^ ձպյեովԱ ք^՚6էօ) հ՚երակոսա^ ժոոոա^գեաե էխասէսկսէր Աէւ^Ն ոոոշոէ^աւե-րր խափաևե-է եւ. օաղպռաըքւԱեոո աաաքւհ1խեոու, բո^ու-թեան^ր դ^մ՝ պաշտաանէքւ կոեայ^ւ 3* \^ըբ֊ յ^արկիոս կորԱոյաեոԱէ սովի մի սէտ&Ն Ժողովջգեա1^ կո֊ոսով սաւսցաՆ էըաւ.ոսևռնեոԱ լք^՝– փրշաակե՚յ ոսղձցք աե՚ղական ժոոովԱ (Շ0ա1է1& էոեսէՌ) պի՚կքէ 491^^ աքսորք խրկկ է ք^էպք^ա գսէո^սասէէէ պատրիկր Հռոմի ՚Խպ1 բերրաւ. վորէկե՚ս^ քւահակ միք էւպյց մօրր թախանձաեէտլէ քաղքէն ^եռաեէսչու. ստէաու^եցաւ. է 63 Գկաարի^երէքա, ես ւսաւՈլ^ ^ք^ եղահ– կէւփսչլ աեւ.ե^ ■ադւնչեւ. 300 « — \XԳ^Ր'"^'^^'^ օրք^կ^ը^ (486)» «\|»"–^ ^աւՈք^ Աաէս, աօոաերսէռէֆ ՚^ք աէռձօւ–ա$ձ– երկիրէւերն ւաղ^սւէո ժաղաւխգեաեէ սքիէոի թս§ժ%»ւ.կքւ ւ չքնգէէսնոսկքէաւ. < Օր^։%տբ ^%աէրււղ կաաւէիոաէւ պսէաոըիփ§եը1;^ սււգ.ս»աւոաեսսեւոյ գքխաասսե^աւ. ւ Գ\»ւ.պէւ$ա Վյւխք1Աի •բե՚Կքը^ (473ւ քքաԼն աօրաէ.ք9–եէատդ. ւ ա^է§/յկին աաաէշաօեւեաէներւււ.Ն շեարւէէ-թ-ի^» էէւեսական ժողամ^ն մ^ք ՚գէ՚՚՚է էԼԱ^Բ^ եքկսւ. կւսրգեքսւ. յէ9 եդահ– ասՆւֆսէբաե§ւա^թիա,է$ե էաւ.էՓ Հ՚՚՚՚՚՚Տ՚՚՚՜Տ ՚ "ք/^՚Դ^՛՛ "Ր ^Դ/^ է՛՛հ 11–/՛^՛^՛"՛ կի՚նկիԴէնսէււաւ§ա քԳ^^՛^ "՚֊ ^րտսմէսեէապլեէէէչԼ (458) շփւ»ք9–ոէ֊թ՜իւ%՚նեբը^ էհՐՑ՛"՛^ խա^ ղաղքընել* չովԱք^ու^ւսսաս^ գեսպաեութիւ^ յիքսոսերլ^ն եսաեւ, ոոոշոսեցաւ. որ աասր ^ոգհ ընաբա.թև ^ գրաԱ-որ օրէ;^կբ 4ք^4սԼապ ^«•Ա»^«». բ՚^^ոց ոոով^ետեւ. պե-ոՆ-ան իր&%օ իշխան ոսթեւսէՈւէ^ ±Գ,^ քւՆ պաշաօմնք^ Վ՚^Ր սւո^նու.–^ եռան է ՚յ^սկկ՛ եպռո ռսէմիկէւ \^րկ»աոսէսա^» $սւսէէ$սաէկէսռ ւԱ;ք էզաէսբի^եըաէձւ վերէէւալօւՀաւ.էսհ– «#«^1» իրսէւ.աւյկռՆերէէէ.% , կ՝սսդ^ք էՈսսնակիյք թ/լա/ ։ Քիչ^ է/է եսղթ^(4ւ4է՛^) յԼաղեքիաս ե՛լ. ք^վրասէաիսա բդ^շԱքԽեըէէւ% սէո^աաքարկելովը^ Հասէոասէէէա^ե ^ ա"»– "ր ԱէեսակաՕա ժաղավի՚ն արաշաէ.աւերէւ պաարօասքլ-աբի* ՚ րսաե %$»ւեւ. ա$§»էէէրիկեէերու,% ^աամար է լ^՚օ\|՛ 4ր՚Գք 444^^ * բ1^Խէ՚>4շ. պքքրէ^եբա^ ես քաէղպքէ$էչքի%եքէ»ւ^ իքւաքսւ. Հ1սւ« ւսւՌքլ.ււնանա$լէէԱ ^րսէման արոսեսսււ. ։ Հ^իսպաաէոոաաս^ թ-եէէճւ ^9 մասն սւձենսէրէւ. իքաւ–»սհարէ 47՛ հ.Ը, ՚ք՛՛ ^ա%քխէ% քապսքքայքիք , ^ապիս 80 աաբէսան կ».»ւ֊ե ^"^ք^լ կրյքա% վասաչլկիլէ ^հգ 390-290. /^՚ 1 • ԵՈ» ՛՛է."– Գ՚^ղտԻ՚^կ–՛^ պաաԽրաղյշ. - է* Ո> ՚^է՚ՏԻ ^–"^աա. Լավք^ը շար ման է ւՐ^ե՚աձ^ւ-ք (որէ1է^ մէք առ աքին աեգաւՐ ձր \աեգիպթ»բ ձյեռնա^թև պաաերաօ^ն էրա, ոաաեաէ.որ I ք 64 ղօոաօ թոշաեթևք\ կսէւֆչլրսի ձեռքով աոյե^սեօս§ւ.է \քրբ ասոո վրաւ^ գսւղոիացէբ ^ոեր՚մնոսհ առա&նոր–^ ւՇ^է ւե՚^յՒ Ք"՚Լ ^"՚ղԹ^ցւ՚^է Հ"Ր^ ե^ւէսւ. որ կապք/աո^ չ^ոնՆ սքզաաոո \յ^անլիոսր ^սքշէոա-թ-^է-նՆ ^ր&%ռւ^ ստսէեոմ գե^է կամիոոս իո պբսոոանաց "էք հշէէաս^ %էսաեւո աեոսանոէ.ել^ն եաե-Աք Լ ոսու.ի թհ գ՚^շ^կէէե աւրահ^ ու. գաղոէացիքո ղւսրկահ^ ՐԱ^* — իշէսսա^ Նապ&աո Հռոմէ^ եոկրորգ ^իօնւսգիոն եոաւ.ք էւնչոէ^ որ Վհլքհ գւսղ^ե-ւ ոսդոո ժոոովոտւրռյե իր գիասէւ–^ որութե-Նէն եա կեցու.ց է 2* Գ\սէտրիե^ ու. ռաԱկքւն երեւսրսւսէեւ, Լռիւ^ %Տքր1^ եպռր^ ^սէսաւ. վաէրՕաա1^ս եպքքքՆր ^իսաւսաո՛^ սու.թեսւն րրսէէ-Ոէհւրքքև սւէ (օՕս)* \\՚՚կ^յ^ գսւաասւ.՛^ որաեաե պսւշաօնր (ասէտրիեեաեՀ արերաորի ւ/էէք էսկ հասարակաց շ^ՈԱ-թևաՆց ե՛լ խաղու.ց ^քջ՚՚Օ ^"կ"^ ղոսթիւ^ր^ ե՛րկու. շք^ու.ահ–ապ& տՆերու. ք8,6ճւ10Տ ՕԱ– ՐսԽտ) յանձնոս&ցաւ-է ք^ըաշոա^եցաւ. %աեւ. , որ ոչ^ է^բ 500 արաավարկՆ ասեքէ երկիք ուՆեՆսւք» եւ. ւսրգ^Ն վ^ւսրու֊սւձ– շա^ե-րչլ պ$սր^ աաւ-ոբ գրսէւՈագքխ^/ն վար էաոյեաւին։ — \րիՆչ§րւ. 300 ^սւաաէւ. էսաէֆկււ Նէսեւ. շ1էնուսա9Ւէսպեաոսւ.թ–Խս^ ւ ^րսէմանսւ^ պեասւ-թ-եան (ճ10է&էսւ) ւ ^ամարակաչոտ-թ-եան , պրեաորոԱ — թ-եան (գաաաա.սրոլ.թ–եա%՝) եւ. վեր^ապ^ա» քրմապեաոա^ա թ՚եսէն» ւէրոմ երկ§$է.. կէսրգերու^ մէք\կա^էոէէէրեէսլ ^ւաա^էս^ »$սւրսսթ–իւ% ւՈոսաւ. ։ \\՚"՚վ^ սւվևւասսւկաա1^»ն ւ»ւ. ռէԱէֆ^ ի մի ձու.չոսեռաէւ * Օ • Հռու/Խւ սէմեՆւ^յեհ՛ օօրոէ-թ օ-աէէ ժաւ/անւսկո (342-2 9 0)ւ »ր ՚ֆ^տԲիր ՚՚^Րք1^ ւԳու.թիսնը^ գտահ^ բաթ՚Րյ՚ւՀ է՛՜ր ս՚յրոո^ օօրութիւձ^ առ արապքւէ օո<.օ»Ն/^/ կարսո յ^րք ^ռոյէական իշխս^ոսթևան գէէՐ ևրսԱ յւ^^աքիացքքռ « Լաաինացիթ \| կամպս^իացիք ք \քտրոսսկացիք ու. Գադդիացիքէ 65 34:0) Վյսղեբիոս կորվոսի սւօ.էս(^որգու.թ&–ԱէւՌւբլ ւսքդթ&ռբն Հռոմէա&օ^ գսէւ.րոս լօ՚րաե ^"մէ - - ք\աք &լահ– \ասէթ»ացւոց (339-337) որ ՀռուՈ^ օլսէղառասցէ-ոց ^եէո ^ասէ^սէսւսո էրսււ-ու^եթ ու%է/նսււ եր պսւ^անք^քւն ք ւադթ–ևց յրահչիոս ^որկու-Աէւոոս Վ^^^•. սուվէ ե՛լ. ^ոիփաեւէնի ^ովէ 1ձ>"՚՚Ր ՚Խ^ »աա^էսԼահ գւսշեսէեցոսթէւյեր լւու,հ–ու.եցաւ.ք ե^ւ. յթաեի մհ օսէ–^ ոպթնե^ո (թևչաք^ս \\ապոԱ.ւս ու. կոււ^յ ^ռոյ^ւսեասե ռէսղպթւսցւյւո րրւսւ.ու.՚կք սաացսւեէ 304) ձ՚^^<5"՛–՛ ^ՐԲ 321/՛՛^ ^ււոմէական լէգէոե » միյ կսօ-օՓնձ-ան եր՚ճէւն մհք՝ ^ոնաիոս յյաա/ք^ացլյ^ն^ քէէ^ տաե^ սՏնօնեէ^ն ե-աև-լ –^– ^ւսպիրիոս կու.ր^ սոր ՚յձէսՕեհէսցէբր ^ոսա՚ճե՚ցէ է/ք ք«#ք«^ Ա է1 •դք»էք <ք^ «4–^ (298 - 290) Փաբ֊իուք յրպռսիւ/ոս 29Ց/՛^՝ օարկաւ. \\ե՚նս9քւնւքնի յ^ով սիւսցե-աւ \\ւսաւհէսց1էեե–ոոյ գասւոոիասցքւնե՚րո^ \յարու.սկ§սցքքեե–ոն եւ. ^սյիոիացԱն1քրրէ \քւ. Հ^/՚քք՛ պա^ս կա,րիոս դ»ե՚%աւսսւոս սաիաե։ց \^ւսաէթսքցքւբո՝ Հռու/աւ գաւսռոոոէ^թիւ^ր օ^աեչեէսլու. ւ ՚^ւսպ1^սով^ Հռոմպյերցիք աիբևցթև \րիքին ՚իաաչիւ^ի։ 4 \^աՏքէ1է՚՚՚ե»՚՚^ւ ասէս§երառոերոսն էաս$ե%ա ^ռոմէէէէա, կա1ե բէէէՆսէկ՚ն էէտյսպկ» կը^ կաէդմու֊կր » \^ւ^Ն Հիէ^աղա»$ա$»ս կ՝առա^ււրգկր երկու, լեգկււնի, սր ի ււկււթաՆ 3000՛ պ»ա.^ Նիկեան պսէէոերսւգՏներոսՆ ասւե՚ն 6000 4՛^ սէւսելի , իսկ կեսարսւ. ասաե՚ն 4200 մարգ ու%կր ։ \^եգկոնՆ ւէւ%կր 10 րլաժիՆ (00ե01է68)» աէ/կՆ մկկ բաժի՚նքլ 3 գասակ (ա&ա– յ>ս1ււտ)ւ գասսակՆ էԱք 2 ^արիէ-րեասկ է գ»սրե–ասէՒու.աե– Օ^Ն– ^երն կիՆ սափրսւսէսրսա , օր$ս^ , էքագաՆ , %իռակ ոէ, սու֊ր ։ ւ^՚՚կից ղասա , աժկՆ դինուոր կր կրէր ^եէորբաՆասկւսսէե^ ^իդյ Համար Հասրկսւա-որ եղահ՛ կ՚՚՚Հ^Բ ՍԼ՛^^ ՚^եկ ւ^գե՚՚ե ու^կր 300 թ՜եթ–եւ.ա^% (761ւէ6Տ» մեհ֊աւ. մաաայի պար^ սսէա֊իր ու. ասղեդնւսւ.որ\ ու. 300 Հիաւ֊որ պօր$»ւկաե ։ Լ^. գ^^ոն՚Ներոա.. մկԳ , միաէն Հո^ոմկսՅկաե ոսէոպռԱքոիՆեր կրՆայ^ իՆ էԴո՚նեքէ \\՚»՚՚%ք ւ^երորգ արշաւ-ակռովԱ աս$էոերառւ1ի ^էասռաւոէ-թե՚ՆկՂւ ւսղաս» կ րյԱՀյի՛^ "՚^ 10է^ր՚՚րգ արշաւ.^ ա1ւօ4՛^ եպօր ասէշաօք՚ի մի կբՆային Հեէէէէսմհւ.ա ր/քա ք « 5 66 27^ պագ^^յա^ Վ\1էաքաո4^^ ^^գ 280-275. լ • ^աոԾնւոսէռքէնէրոր Հ^էՆոմպւեցսոց %աի»սՅէոի՚կբ կե֊ցսսե ք ^էսլաեսււսցհբ էոՄնց օգնուՀժեաե եանչեց^ն ^հսռոս ՜ւյպէրսւցքէնւ \^սհ1էէա ւու^էսեան աօւէոեոէսւաո ՜ձւսոտսւրու֊լժ-ե-սէյի ու. փղե-րոս օգեութօ՚սէտՈւ Հ^ռո^ մպյևցի՚նևրու.՚ն յաղթկէ 2Տ0թ՝ Հ^Ր՚կղէպ)Ի (Փ"՛^ բոհեիոսՀ ու. 279/^՝ յ^սձուոոՆի յքՀ. պաաե-ոէսզ^ մեցաւ. (278-276) \\իկիլեպյի ՚^ջ^կարք&գոՆացւուք սէոնի (^ւ/ե&ւ-Անաիյ .Ք"՛/ ^ադ^ա,եցւսւ.Հ ^աոե՚նէոոն . ^էսրեագոե-ռաւ. իւոնէսլւ^էւ Հ^ռոմսոեցսոց ոոոեբ եսէո^ ՚ճսէսէե՚ւ. պւսաերապէդ^ մ՝ ե՚սէեւ. ք Բ՚՚1"Ր 1"""/^՛^^ ՚^՚ե՚ր եոէմե է 2 ՚էքՈԼէս՚ճոսահ՛ &ր Լիր՛ն օ՛ր յ^ րեգոսեև-ցաե ւիոէ-լէ իրաւ.էէւ.%ք (ասաօ1^1& օսա 8սքքք»§1օ). բ, ^ւ֊րիշռստղպօՆեր ^Օյ-Ոէ^էսեան ռսէղպռւսցւ^ոյ իրասւ — ու%ք, բայց ոչ^ ասաեՆակալու-թ֊իւ^ (^^V^էՏ^է6Տ 81116 6սՏքք81–– ք1օ)* \|յ<՚4՛^^ պսւսէերսէՕէֆ ձ–ս>ռաւու.թեաե եւ. աոուրք ասսս^ լոԱ. պւսրաուսկան էքսՆ ՃԼ. Ճւա^ււա1կ՚ն ^սւս$ոաւոա–սւհ՛ գս»ղ(3–ւսկէս՚նօւ.թ–իւ.աւեքն ւսաէու.կ օր^^ք ու. սաս^մա^»ասգրու–թիւ% ւՐ բնգում եցւսՆ ։ \^սոկք աու.րօ աոասւ^ե ու. աաս$երս$ռյէ ձ^ս§ռսքյու.թ–եՆ^^ ասօաա ^^Ն * դ • \րեձ–ասւ. մասսւմբ. Հարկէ; սւօասէ գս»շԼս»կիռներո պա^եցէւնվւրե%ց ^է՛^ սւս^յանագրոսթ–իւ.%ս,բայռ ^ււ.ոա1կսւ^ կսԻէ բանասկին »/է9 իբրեւ. գւս^էսկից հ-աո-սւյելու. պսւր^ §ոա$կան ւ^ւ^Ն։ Ա. դ%աէ֊էսււ%եբբ աոսէրոա–^; ասէրի ընէոըոսոո բգեշքսնեա. բու. փոխս»նորղ%երոմ (յ^է0001\Տ\ւ\շտ) կբ կւսո-Աէվարու^^ի՚ն ։ յ^սոնօ քէ> աեգաւՐ էբե^ց էեպ^ակաե սա^մսաեսւգբոէ–^ թիւ.Նբ կբ ասէ^^իՆ , եւ. սովոբսւբաբ պաբսէասկան ^ի՚ն Օէ^ական ղօբք (&ԱճւԱձք6Տ) ես ^աբկ սաալյ • 3* ^ո-ոէԱ^սէկս^ սա^մա^ււսգբսւթ–էլ%բ 300^^՛» բուռ. բսվրՆ կեբասւբւո՚նսււ.ոբու.ասձ– կբւ ^ողովրգեան ձեո–^ւ ^–բ \ ՚ I ■ ՚է^^էՈ^ 67 ռաէրձրսւգդյե սււոեՆս§կս§ւնեբ րնսարեւԱ կ "ր՚^շհր ^աբէէ֊ըեասկա. Ներու. Ժսգսվ/Լք հ-երասկոէ^աի սսռասքարկօսթ՚եամռր* ^րէ՛– բա^՚ներու.Ն , գսւՆձւսպեաոներու% եւ. սսաոբի՚ն ասաե%ասկւէ1ի. Ղւերւււ–% րնէորէէւթ–իւ.Նռ կ Բ Ա՛՛՛Ր Աէեղական ժււռսվի% ա1կք^է կ՚»ր օր^^քէ մււ վրաւ 1 երկու. ժողո^Ա ««/ կրեաբ ^ուս9;; ^գեէ ։ \յ%երէաէկէքլ.սաքւե գորՏւքե հր աէահր"–/^^"՛^ էբսղու,, քէք-եւսնօր ՚/րայ /""Ր^^ւ եքեէ^մհւ֊աօբ ^ոգ$սւ եւ. ^ասւաւսկ աէէդգերսւ.ն գորձ-քերր 1ևայիք է կ%ւ(սսո–որ ու. սսվորսքկասն աաւաո1էնէսկսււՆերն1;;քւն .\» ՆէՀ"^ 4յ^•գ«»«^••••^^ք^ սւսոեո - ւսռ.. շէ՚-Ր^ 12 ոակրաւ.սրեեր (\ւօէՕէճՏ) իէու,րձ կր աոաս՚Նհի՛^՛ </> հեբակոյսար խսր^րգի կ/լ կսէՆչխ՚ի՚ն, ժոզովբւէեաե ժողովդ %երու^ յկք գէս^երիցու֊թ-իւ^՚ն ուՆեք՛^ եւ. գօր$սռ Հ/""– մանսւասէրսւ^թ-իւԴէ է^ըհեէէե է 2–» <<\|\|.^.ք»«»ք%1»ր«»–\ կր վերսւ^ րերհր գէսսքասոասանասկա% էր^րԲ Հ՚՚ք–՛"/ ՚ 3 • ՝^^^ք^1ւՅ* ^ք& (06ՈՏ0ք6Տ) Կը^ կարեւծա քադպ^ա^ւ.ո^ սասա^ոէ.աեոցը^ գէ՚^Ըյ կ էսմբողքացրնկ^ ձ-երակոէ֊աոի՚ն թ–իւ.ո եւ. կր ^սկկրս ր՚որ՚՚յից վր՚ք/ « 4 • ի՚"՝՚5Ո^՚՚՚^քէ (գւ16ՏէՕք©8) կշ ^ոգայիՆ Հասարակաց գաեձր^է 5« '^յ■^«»^••>«»««յ^^^^\|•«•«-1»^ (Տ6ճւ168) հր կսկե/ՀաաէսսսրւսկասՀ11Նոէ.թ–եւսնոէխաոու.ց ՚Խ՚՚ւ/ ^– "(11^* 6 • 9\|>^^«*–՚^1\|^\|>«»^\ աւսաիւ.ր ժոզովրգեւսե ժոզովԱ կասնչե». լոս եւ. օրհ^յչևեր ա$ւ.աքարկեւոլ. իրսււ.ոս%ռ»վը^ շաա մեե՛ հր* \Xմ' ""^^ ւսաե%ւսկսէէներն իրե՚եռ գորհ-սցր վրաւդռ ա$սաւսսխւս^9ս»սէուու.թ–եա՚ն կրՆաքիՆ կւսՆչու.իւ ք եւ. բաց ի քՆՆիչնեբհ^է ՚^հկ ասէբէ֊ա^ միւսւն կ րնարուհք՛^ ՜– \^Ր՚՜ աասքոէ կարգի սէէոենսէկսւլներու.Ն $աւմե%հ^ ՆշաՆասսորն հր Հ^բամաԱապեսար (Ճ16է&է0ք)ւ ՚ւոբ կ քԽաբհբ Հէէ֊պասէոսր վեց տսմսուան ՀաւՌսբ 1 \^՚էկ>11 "՛է իբե^ւ ձիսէսոբասց սառյա»^^ ^ոբգ (ա&§^1Տէ6ք 6ցԱ1էԱտ) ա%ու.՚նով^օգեական է1է կ՝ընարհբ » Հ^րամանապես^ իր աձձքւն ՚Խ՚՚քք ոլ.Նհբ ամէէնա^հ՛ իշխսք^ %ու.1թ–իւ%ըէ — ^հր"՛–^^*՛^ եկամո սաներ՛ն հի՛^ > Հւ.ու^սէ^ կան ռւաղսւռասցսսց Հւսրկեբբ ԼգւիէաՀսւբկ, սէոսէցուսւ&ոց սաու.րձ\ք վաբձսէՀաբկոէ ՆէսսսԹ^անգուոի աա-բքրէ պասաե... բազմի աս սաբր ես "քյք^ ՚ ^էսոմայեցսսց բէսբոսց անաաբա$ոսսթ՜իւ^»ն ոս Հոգսո§ վե^սսթ-իւ^բ ամե՛նին ւասեչի Աքյս շրքա՚նի% մհ9 կ եբեսայ ։ քԼսւղաքո գեռ %եդ հր անեբր պսւբս, մեեսէ^եսւց կեսէնքր ռեոիէու.թե1ւհն ասռասւ է Հ^իսպասսասսՆեբ՚ն ու. իշխաս^ %ասպետոնեբր կբ գոբեհի՚ն իրենց ^րկէրՐ* կանայք կո շիՆհի՚ն ղգեսաոՆեբբ։ 1^ծսէթ–ի գբամի Հսէսիւ. պսւՆիկեւսն պսւսէեբս/ղյին ժսէմա՚նսէկր մաասս։ հ% յ •I 68 ^ոհճիկեաճ պասւերաղ՚մհճ ւֆՏշեհ քէրակքեաճց շփո– թոհթիհճճեբը 264՛ 1 38 Ք. 6– յէակածւ - կաււտԽգաէԽակա% ազաաաԽբէաքյէ . ի^հչ ^եսակ ^ր կա/տԽգաեւաէքէ^ա^ աա^ յա^աւգրա.թի»%ըէ 3* ի՚^ձ գիաԽ՛^ Աիրակ–է.աաԱթ ^թ-Ա • ե՚րր^ հ՝եի–Ա ԻՐ ձ. • ՚կալւբե՚գոնէ ա1;;^ոոէ.թէաձ»ր կր բովանգսւե^ո իր սէՕըլք ռանի մի անպւողաբեո եոնիոներէ^ ղաէո ք սսսօոուան դաու.%ռւօի Նաոեեւսէ Նովեցրր է իոե-ն ԱէՏք^^ յան ուձէկը արեէ.մսԼռ1^ ՚կոսպւգիէսն (Հիէ/ակ յ\ւ^1է^ Րր)* Ւ"^ ^արաա.1;^ ԱւոՀաւ/ ւեէՆնեոով կր բս»ժ՚նոէ.1;;^ո անէսպւսսէ պ^ է կսէրռե-գոՆք ՓիԱձէիեեօւոռ Հէւե գաւ^֊էսկանոս^ թիւ^ մը՝ օ14^^> ^էսրոսի սւղնոսականւսօ Հոն գս»զ^ թ&չողե րնգսէրձւսկոէ^ւսե– ձ-լ. ցսւմառաւթև ու. հ՚ովաաէւն Սէռե-Ա֊աոոմո օօոսսցաՆ նոսա՚ճեռ եաե՚ս^ ետե-լ. փիսնի^ կե֊ան գւսղթէսկանու-թէւ^նեորյ ՜կոոսիկւս ու. ՚^աոգի^ %իւս կոօ^էքորյ ^ալք^աոե-ամներն ու. Դ\իթիու.սեահա, Ներոք ե՛լ. օՕՕք^ ւսսւ1քմնե։որ Նսէեւ. 1ձէկէւե՚^է արեւ.^ մւոեան մասոՀ - - Վ^7ճաո,ս»կանու.թ էսԱն ս»ւ ւառէԱա. Օսէցոնելու. Համար ամէն աեո գէսոբՒսւկէսնու.թէսԱնեբ Հիաւու1քռանէ շ. ՜Շյ^՚-րք 490^^՝ սկսէսն Հղօր յձիրակոսսսէքի Հեոո աատե՜րազսնէքրրՀ ՚կւսրռԾգոնառհք 4օ0/՛^ Դ&ռւէ1և րռ.^էսւ.որ11^ Հքէ"հրսոէ յ^՚՚Հ, »աո^ոէ.ելոմ Հսքրկւս^ գրեցան \Տ1>կ1>ւէ՚՚Հւէ՛ "^9 ՐՐ՛"^ էսշբէարՀակաւու..թիէ%^ ներ^% Հրէսժարէլւ \^էսկայն շաա չանցաւ^ րորրոթեռաւ. ՛նոր ու. սէսսէոիկ աաաերաւրՐ դաիոնիսիոս ՜\|^լ. ու. (^ ^ գպ^մ^է ք/^^ա^ւո ՜^գաթոկդ^ս ՜կարռե-գոնացէ-ոց է/րսո ՚յձ,փրէկհէ ՚^9 ^արձւսկոսմ^ մ՝րբաէ.^ ր^^ սւոիաու.ե^ 69 ա՚րկիր%երր հա գարճրեևի ղորոկբ՝ քք\իէ–ռոսի էարձսէկ^ մոսկռնեըուԱ (278"276) գհէ^ ալ սլաշսէաանեռքէն X –Դֆ^ էէհ եէոթր Հ^ռոմէաեօւ֊ոց ^էոո սեսսէհ՜ պս§^ 4ոեոէսռաւեոու1Ա սէՕ եէէոսնցուցԱն ՚կսւոբՄգոնասցհջ^ %ախ 24ձի՚ե \\իկիւիա՚Ա, ևաքհՆ 201 ^^ \1փրիկհէ% դոսրս ուՆձ-ցահ– ե-րկիրնի՚ն (\\ւզանի աԱ\ ևւ. էրհՆց բորր հ^ովչսքքէն ղօրութիւԱր վիրՕապէս 146^^ կոոհ-անևռաւ. կէսոքօ՚գոս ու. երկիր՛ն ^ռոսէսէկան Նահանգ. եոստսՀ \^ասբօե՚գոՆր սա^ւ1սւնստգըէւ§–թ–էւ^ո ասռեւ^սարւսկան աաղ^ %ուասսլեսաու.թ–իւ֊\ւ մրն էր։ ^էրու. թեէսն գւոա֊խր կեսասՏ– է։քւն 1 ւէէսէրուէ ւէէս$րի ը^էս»րու–ոո երկու, գսւսէսււորեեր (տէւք– ք6է6տ)> օրէնէէգիր ձրերակոյէո ա1ի հւ. ւսմրողՕ սէէրութ–&սէ% ւքրայ աէրսւաեսւսէկաե իշխանոսթիլՆրանեօրնոո ^ւսրէէ.րուա էսսաեանր։ ^ողսվսսրգր վերքնսէկասն որօՀու–մհ կու. էուսր ^ երթ գէսւոսէւ.որռ ու 1սոր^րգսէրանր ^է^ կրեւստր է1իւսրաա/եւիէ է կսււ.աս$ոորյիզԱ &աո^այոդնհրր գերի՛ներ՛ն էի՛ն հ է՚՚կ Ո—մա֊ ^քւ՚Աին զօրքր գրեթ-է միայն մարձկանասպօր էր լ)աՀւ/սք՚%ո». դրութեան պակսէոէսւոր կոուՌք/^ էի^ բւ$րձրասգ$ւյն պս$Հ^ ^ոօսներու.% սէոսէկոմ Տ–ասի»ու–իլն եւ. Նուառապեաոութ-եան կսէկիլԱէ ^Աքյց Ր^Գ ^քկս՚ւ՚^ակն չաւ. կբ ձ-ւսզկէին էոէրու^ յժեան յէ9 առուսէուր ւ Նէս§–սէ§րւառու–թ–իւ%^, մշակութիլՆք ոսս$այ՚նանկսւ.թ–իա.% եւ. ս$է1կ՚ն աոեսւսկ էսրուեսաո ւ Օ • Ս//"" V՛"– ՚"" 1 I Չ քւ^ ^հսնու. ւս հ՛ կորնքժ-ւսկաե դւսո^էսկանոսքժիԱ^ մրյ հ-աոկհէ սկսաւ. ^եոոե րրռ^ ՚%սէւ.որին (4։ՑՕ՞՚4\|0) ւսս՚ւ/ե է ե՜լ. իր օօրու.թե–աե գսւ^ գաթր՚^ասաւ. գիոնիսիոս Ա. իւկ ք40Օ– 368) """^^8 11ձ,զեոսակզէե ^իւ/հչիոնրյ օ4։0 ի" ^"՚դպթն էսղաւոեց ՚՚իիոնիսիոս (^ րո%աւ.որի1ե իշիւանութե-Նէն» Բ֊՚^Տ "^՚^ գոա-թ յ^գաթոկղէս (317-289) րւՆնաւ.որոսթիւ%ր շու.ս» էքիձեռռ առէսւէ Հիէքրոնի իշրւաեոսթեան աաՄն՝ (2 70 - 2 1 5) \\իրակու.սա գաշեակից էր Հռոմկ^հցւ.ոց, ք-սլ^ց ասոր թոռր ^երոնիմոէ^ ՀւՆոմ1սյեցիւՆեր1^ րաժ^ ՚Նու-Օ՚ցսօ. ք ե՛լ. 212^Ն \յ^արկե–ոոոսք/ե ՚նու.աճուեցաւ.է Սճ–ուՀ օգսւրաժնի եւ. ասր«սառու կասրգի աադաբեր ^"ոի մը%երքեւ. \\իկիւե՚1քէ Լր՛"" մե&ի ս1ասէն գորիաականՀ քւա^ դսէռներո շու.սա ւսէռասքասասնէ ՝\% մաս՚նասւ.որի Աիրւսկու.^ 70 սասսիք իրե՚նռ ընգէԱքձէսկ սւււ^ւ.աորոյՆ պասսաճաէւռւսւ. կ՛"– քասսսէ ու. օօրսււ.որ եդաԽ ։ դ%եզոն թււ%ակալն անա%կ ձ-սվայ^ ռօրու.թ–իւ^ մ՝ու.%^ր , ար Դ\արաի^ գհ՛^* օգնեչսւ. ^ամար պայման կբ^աւ. ղ%ել^% ոը բո/ որ Ց"՛֊^՛՛^ ^՚%/ ՚Լ^Րէ^ սպարապեա ՐԱպ/ * ՝^էէ. ՚Օէ ^"՚ՔԸ. ^"՚բկ՚՚՚ԳԲ^^*"֊ ^՚"Ր"է^ ^եա գաշ^»ակից \կար^եգո%ա^ւ.սց գհմ՝ \ՏԻԿԷւե՚Հյէ «^ք, պաաերաղմիւ , ես յաղթ՚եց ասնոեց 480^^ (յյւսղաւֆ՚նայի Դ^ակէԱէոին օրը\ ձ^իյկրայի ք-վյ ^ա^րգ թււնւսւորներՆ ի.. րե%ռ իշխէսնոա-թեա՚Ն աոասկ էսռին ՜իաասլիէսյի քանի մքէ քսւ.^ օէսռներ^^ն օասա , նաձւ. \\էկէւէ՚՚(ւէ մե&ագոյն մասր։ 89 ♦ Ա^^Ձ Վ\ոյ1^\1>աէ դագ1>քա^ 264-241– ^, ՜ի՚Նչ է պոէ\իկԽ$ս՚ն պաաոԽրսւզ11եերոա.՚Ն պաւոք^ասո ը* \%Խչպէս քէէևցէսւ. էԱՈԱէքիՆ էղաաերադյը է — Ն \|»՚>«ձ ^ՐԿԻՐ^^է աշխար՛հս, կաչեւքի՚ն աքԱ էֆքրցիս Հ-ք՚/աքեւքիք է որ \^եսս1/նան սւէՆնելովՀ "Րբ Հ^քաեոոն վրան^ էւսլւ^ ձաԼՄցսււ–ք էոԾ՚ն օգնոսթէքս/ն կաևչե-ց Հռոէքայէքց^ևրն որ մր^ցքէն \\արռեգոեւսցէլռ գոե՚ա^ ու. ՚նաւ֊ա^աե^ գ^սսէո չւռՆե՜ցքա։ Հ^ռոմաւօ-ցոք ռաոսիՆ ՚կաոբեգոնսւ^ ցք^էքրր "՚՛ \^էր՚*կք"–՚՚՚1(յէ ^ե-ա գաՀնակցեցանէ \|^<"՚#ւ վբաէՆու.սւճԾցէւն^ իրրէռ ս^ու.ց անու-սհէի տող՝ \|^ճ/ւօ«ււ.օ/Ն/ո. ռաղպքրք Ա-լ. պաւոռ-րսէօւ/ասանՆսօ-սւաոր՛^ պ"է յհ շ^էքցքւե է ^ձ," ՚եասւ-Աէաոոմղով ւաղթոց 2օ0^էք դ\Ոէ.^է^ոս \\արռե՚գոնացւ–ոց ^ ւսոա^էւն անգւսէՐ հ՜ովու. էԽ"0 ^էւ^է կաէՐ \ֆպարե–ա% կդղիՆևրուն քով^ Ն^^ ՚նոմհսի հ-ովայթ» ււսղթոսթ 1էն1^՚ն եաեւՒ ՚^տիոիոս ^ե–^ գուղոս յ^փրիկէ անցաւ.» ք֊^Յ (255) Դունու.էլ^ Ք"՛/ կարռե՚գոնսւց1էներ1;^ էաոթոսեցաւ. ու. գերի քանկւսլ. հ \ւեկիդիոս \^ևաևղդոս ւձիկիլԻ՚^ի մկԼ (250) յձ,ստրուբաոի աաոթ՚ևլ^՚ե հ-աեւ ^ հ՛ոմայի փաոասհր էսւոթա֊թուն ւՐ սաացաւ. ՚կսէոքօ՚գոնսքցէ^ոց ւ/ր^1 Լու..^ աւսաիոս կսէսաուոոոս 241^^» \քգաաեաե կոպ^երուՖ յտքք/^է Հռոյայեցէբ այս էաո^ու^եամհ. արրԾցքւև \^էկէլէ^1՚ եւ. ՚կարքեգոն վթարեց 3000 աաղաեգ \^կ աա^շII\|է^^յ^ 1= 5 6 3 5 Տէ»րաեգյ պաաերաոէԴւ հ^ախռէ 71 ՝կւսրաւեգոնսէցթևե՚ր1;^ (238^^) ՚եասե-լ. \1ւսրգ^իաԱ՝ ու. կեցւոօ գ^ւՐ մզահ– պա տեր աղյուսե առ^ (228) գագյաւոիաւի հ-ովեռերռթ» մէկ մասըյ ես 222/՛^ ՜կդաւգիոս \^արկեդղոս Ղւոսաճեօ ^իսսիսայ^ \|ւաօ»«^ ւիւ^ի Գադոիացիքըյ 30 ♦ Նէ\Ոէ Պ–––է1է^* դ^գկ^^ 218-201. 1* \|>)հձ<ք4՜« սկաաաււ. Խքկր—րգ աքւււ%թկԽւա% աքւսքԽրսւդւԴլէ 2 1*^2. ^^»՚ւկ––՚^յ՚ր եղա% \»աս.ւիպւխ յէ1է 3 . Ո՚Հ ՚ե-^աւճեքք \1իկիՓ՛"՛^ ՚ Սք"՛^"^ "^ Աք 1/^^^^ * >ք՚– 1 * ^ւ^բբեգոնսւցիք ^Ւ^էւե՚^էէ ^9 ւ^սնեցահ– կոըուսս»ե1ւն^ լեռուցքՏե ՚^աանիսոի <^0 ՝ յ\քֆչ1ւար ^էսոեսէսի եւ. ւ^սարոա-չււսոքւ ձեօ֊օբ րրահ– սւշքԱէսր^էս^ կէսլոէ-թհւձէներովւ \;քՐԲ– յ^^էւնհբէսո ՚^պէլԼսւոե ոո^ գքւե ք ձ^ռոմէաեցւ-ոց ան^սւշա թշեապւն ^ Հ^ռոմպէեցւ֊ոց աաշապսւնու.թեան Նեոռեւ. եղող\\ագուեգո1Խ ւսռւսէ-ք Հ^ռոէՐ երե՛ն գե^ պւսսէերւսաէՐ ^րւստէսրւսեեցւ շ. \Տ։մնիրադ^ (218^է.) ա%յիքասւես 60-000 ռօրօովու. 37 փղով՝ Գ\իւ.ռե%եամներ^ք ^"՚Ր գս՚՚ի՛ ոի^^^ ու. \Նպեսւ1ե1եերե՚նէ ՚իասէչքօս անցւսսք 26000 է^խոէ-որով^ (^եսէէներր ցրէո1^^ ս1ւն<Վժու–ւժէէնէ^ ես թշնա$1եաց ւարձակյհսնբներ^ փ՚&ացսւհ– եէ՚եՀւ քար»^ կաւ. Հռոմէսյեցիներր ք\^կիսչիոն\ ^իկի՚Նոսիք (ոեմԼ պրոնիյհսՏ ^րերիսցի ու. քՓչաւֆՆիոս 2 1 7ք՚^յ Տբ""՛/՛^ ւֆՆեան ւ^ւ՚ե քովգխեպեա Փ՚՚՚Բ^՛"՛ \յ^պբսէ՚քոս ^0Ա11Շ– է&էՕՐյ ղՀ^ռոէՐ առաաեց « Բ֊՚^1ց Ն՚Ղ՚Ժ"" ^սօ-ղոս եւ. ^երենտիոս ՝(ԼարրոԱ՝ ՝կա1տնեհ Ք՚՚՚է 216^^» անանկ ^արուաե– մի կերանք որ 50000 ^՚^"^^^ցէ պա^ աերսւռմհ գաշա^ ՚Խ՚^ք աւացւ –– ՜^^^մնիրաոյ աս որ ՚քջսց աո,աւ. \\աւսու.անք րպյց կէսրբեգոնե՚ն օգնոսթէւն չգ անելով^ ^\ք)ի%ք %ոչայի ք՚՚վ^ \քարկեղղոսէՆ 12 »ադթ–ու.եռաա.Հ է^ք. վե–րքաա1^ս էէրբ Ապանիւա1^^ իրե՛ն օգնու.թ1ոսե 1քե§1ո յ^սարոԱ-էւսէո եղջ.պէոն 20 1^^ ք^սաՌւրիայհ մէՕս.ո§որով^ն ւսսո^ոսեօասս^ ^արԼագրե–^ ռասւ. ^^^մնէբւսռ ^ստրսէւ,էաիհ ՜^աասւի՛" յթ»սշոսելոէ.ւ Օ • ՝^էոսւԼու.սսւ որ Հ^էերոնհ մա^ոէ.ան^Ն Տոոքր ք^շլօ) Հուա/այե՚օւ-ոց գաշնակռոսթէքն^ ևչահ^ ^#ք\| •^ յ^ոքեյեգեսի ^^սէրսէՕ՜ ՚նեւոոո յեռ1/նաներուհւ ու. ԿԷպԲ^ Տ^յ"Ր–՚՚՚Ա՛ ՚"/ ՜՜՜՜ "Ր^՛^^ էոսւրու.ան ա»սշար՛^ մաե^ եաեւ-է ՚յ^արեևդոս1;;ն \ՂւՀ^^) առնուե՚օաւ. ե՜լ. թովաեգաե ^ձՒ^Ււե՛ ^ռոսէսէԼաե Նա՛հանգ եղասէ ^ւսսղոս ու, ՜Հևեյոս \\կեսլիոնեան երկու. եւի. րւսրօ ^ ՚^աանիայր ա1՚՚9*՚1 պսւսէերւսօա^երու^ սգք քւեկահ– ե՚ք՚եՀ \^ռա^ւշ^ որգ^ն ^^ ամեայ Գ\»կոսո^ե^ լիոս յ^կիպիոն (ճքոօ8ոս8 ատւ^օւ) 210/՛^» Իւր^^ փոիէաեակ բգեշքսե \\պանէս» գՆսէռ ^ ՜կսէրռեւէոՆսւցւոց 1Ս§ոթեց եւ. բւ>1բՐ ւՅ՜երակոռ^ն ՚նոսաճեաէ^ եաեւ. 206/՛^ փաո-աւ֊որ ձէսոանռուք Հ^ռոմ^ մասէւէ հՐՒ ւձկէպիո՚ն, 204^^ \\իկիւիաքէ՚ն \^փրիկէ աեցէսւ ք ՜կալւռեգոնէսցիօ \^^մեիբւսզն եա կաեչեցթև» որ էսսկրց վերՕըլ պւսրւսպ աեո ^սէշսէոսթեԼն կր քււնգր1^րւ Քլայայե աԱսրտոէ.թէ/ն1;^ն եաեւ. (^0Հէ)կ*՚րքեգո1եւսցեօ ստեսլու-եցան 201/՛^ էսմօ^ւսւէ րէս»դւսղու.քժեւհէ մ ր^ նելէ \^փրեկէ–է% գոէ֊րս ու^եցւսհ՛ րոլոր երկեր%քւն ք փդէրրյ եՕՕՕյ պքԱԱ՚երաօւ/ակաե ՚նասեր^Ն 490 կ՚^Ր^ սրՆցու.ցքւնՀ յ^սկե զա*՛ կարկագրեռան 10000 ՚^ս՛– ոանգ պաաերաօւֆ հսւքսբ վճարեէ եւ. 1սոստանաւ որ ւսռաեց Հ^ո.ոմաւեցւ.ոց թոալաոսոյս.թեան սլւսէոերւսօէՐ աւլիաի չըն^քնէ իկքՆիշխսաՆ ակր եղան է ,, 73 բսւկԽ^\ է –՚ % • 1՛^^ ^ԼՔ –^–^եքքա^ Տ՚––^^՚^կ^՛^– ՚^––ր–կ–՛^ -■ ^է.ոյէակւա%– յբ—Ա յաէ^ակէէՀե սքաա.Խէ1տ ո%. գիաէւաւ թ՜իւՅ՚ք է ^^ լ • \քՐ^Ր՚Րգ ^ոԼՆրեէոսն աասէերւսզտէՆ եաոեւ. ք Հ՜ որով ՀռուՐք իր ւսւԱ;՚ն1^Ն վա անգսէւ. որ ՚նւսխսւնձոր^ տայ^ն աղաաեցաւ. Հռոմկյ հ–երէսեուաի՚1ւ բոլոր աիե–^ զե-րաց Ար՚՚^ւ էոիրսքաեառլու. Օանբն ե-րթէսէով ե-րեւ^սձւ երսսէ \|^I#^^\|- եպռո Հռու/այօ-ռ^ք հրե՚Աօ քէսոպռսէկսւ^ %ա.թե–աե սԼիզբ րրքէն ք ակար էո1^րու–քժհււհւՆերր^ պօրւս^ սորներու. գ1^մ՝ աւսշաաանեէՀ Հ^էՆոմպւեցհբ ^ոսնէսցմկ Փիլիապոս \րէսկե–գո^ ՚նէսցսոյն գկւՐ օգնու.թե՚աԱ եանչոա-եէուէ իրե՛ն գ^ւՐ սլաաերսւօէՐ ^րսէաւսրւսսե՚ցինէ Փիւե՚ՂՊ՛՛^ կու֊րնէոիոս [ Փլա§գնիոս1;^՚Ա ք ք/^եսսաոիաւի \\իւ^ոսե^փադ^ ռսււի, աՈէ^ յյ՚՚Հ, \սՂ ք՚ե ւաղ^ոսւքլ^^ 1քաՄւ.ք սսէիաոսեցսաւ. I ^ու^էսց րոէոր յթստոպթնե՚րո էսօասէ թոոու֊լյ ՚նաւէս.^ I աորւփդը Հ^ռոմկէեռէ-ոց էանձ՚նելյ ս.անս§եր ^թԱգ ^էսօսւրի իք^ցՐ^"1 "– 1000 Աէէսղաեգ ասւասւրս»ռմի \ հ՜էսիւռ ւքճարռլէ I 2 • թա1^;պ^ա յձ^աիպբոս (որոէ.% սքպսէւ.իքեւս& յք^^ր է . : յը^էնիրաո լ95/՛^) ՓՂՔՐ \^*ի"՛^ նոէ.ա՝ճե–Լէ՚Ն էքտԼւ՝ ՝^1Հրոասէ աԱռւսւ. ու. \^աոդացւ–ոռ ^ռա պօտտցսէւ Բ՚ԿէՅ \\աաոն1^ 191^^ ք^երմոաիէխքւ^ ու. \\ոսէւեեւիոս \\կի^ պիոնէ% (ճւՑ1&է10ԱՏ) ւ^փրիկանոսի &ղբօրւ^ն՝ \քագ՚նե^ "ի՚^ի Ք"՚1^ ^ադ1թ–ոԱ.եռասէ Ա"»/» 4^^ ^արկաղրեցաւ, I ՓԴթՐ յՇ^՚՚իաե ւ^էեչևւ. ^աւրոս ու. Հաղիս թողոկյ Նա^ I սւյսաոր§գզԱ Հո֊ոմւաեռւոռ էանձնեէ ոս 10000՛՛"՛՛՛ ոանգ աաաերասղմի Նէսիւռ վճարելւ Գ\ռրս1;ոս^ Փիլիպպոս^ ա1*՚9՚՝ՐԴՐ ասւաերս»օմի պսւարասաու-թիսԱեե՚ր սւե՚ս՚Նռչու.Նֆ էԱէՌւէԱսսաաՆոսեցւսւ. Հ 74 ու. Հ^ռոմաւեռիռ իոռն գ^ւք եոսնՀ \էկբ ք^հՈ "Ր^»Ք աէսրէ աէսքոոոսթեէսմհ. աաշաաանէքլ^% եաեսք Գ\իւ.գ^ ^՚^Ւ ք՚"Լ (^՚՚՚Կ^գոեիւ^ի «4քլ) 168^^ Ն՚ֆէե"" Դ^ւսսղոսֆ^1և էԱքղքժուօ՚ռսէւ. ու. ^ք՚չ ՚^հ "^ՂԲր Գ"ՐՒ բո^ոսռռէԱԱՀ \յ^աեեգոնիէս Հռու1այեէօթեե՚րոս ^արեէս՛^ աոա^ չորս ^ասսւրէսեսւաեէոութեոս՚եռ բսէժ՚եոէ^ռոաւ. մա \ԳւՕ ^ ^ռոա^ասնան Նսէ^անգ եղաւ.։ // ՝Հ 3* Հ^ւսուՐ ս»ս»րսւ.սւ& \Գ(^Գ պօսոե^ի պւսսաանգնեբն , Լա^ ^օէա 1^9 հր ^Աէեւ. ^էէզ^բիոէէՏէ ււէւ.Նտէւկան գիսաու–Թ–եասՆռ եւ. սւոսւ.եւ$ւոէռ ՜ճսէշակր^ռսւՌսյեռւ–»ս ^ւսղսրգեււի՚ն։ \\րգՊ^ ^իրւսկու^սաւէ աէէւաքՏաւն աստաէՆ շաաո մի յոէ^սսկաՆ ս»ըա֊եա^ ասւկան գոր&սւ֊ա&քներ Հ^ռսւՐ էոէսրոււս& հ1^ ^՚^Ա «սսեւի ասղգե^ութ-իաձւ ուՆեցւսն ^ղ/^ք ՀՀ1–ոմայեսւ.սս վբասւ, երբ. երկիրնի՚ն (146) ^ո֊ոյկակաՆ նս»^աս%գ եդաւ. » վաճ՚ն ղի (քՐա^ւՈֆոսի ձեռ.զք՝\ անհամար ւսրու֊եսէՈէււկեբւո գորձ-ոէ^աձ։^. %եր Հ^ռուՐ փաքսսւգբօա^եռաե եւ. շաա մի լքդ/^ սէրոսեսա. ասէգհաներ , փիչիսսփսւնէր ու. ՜ճաբէուսբսէխօսհեր ճււոմ* գսւդք^՚ե^ի՚ն։ — Հ^Ո-ոմկսէկաԿւ մաաեՆսէգրա֊թ-իէձւեւ ալ՝ յու.–՛ %ւսկան ւսղգէօութեաՆ $ոսէկ պայ&սքռասնէսչօւ. սկէէսքս։ է^^– %իոաէ ւսւ%ւ»ւկան օրի՚նասկՆեբու. ^եսէեւ.ելով՝ ^ա^մէէսկսւ^» գիւ֊օսւռնսէկանր (61)0Տ) ^^արեց . եւ. ԳՀդաւ֊սաոս ու. ^եբե%ա. սաիոս էու^ւսկաե կասէոսւկերգու–թ–իլ%Նէ՚բ , Հ-^ա֊ոմայ թ-էսաոբ,, %եբու. վրայ ^անեոի՚ն։ \Բակեգո%սկան ու. »պա»/քեիէսկան պէՍսաերապԱներոմ պյեչափ ւսւ^ւսր մսաասւ. Հ^ռոմ՝, »բ քսւ֊ Դ՚՚ա*^էէք "՛է աոա-քա չհք^ սաար ։ ^ա§Ո գիռու.սւ& ^արսսաա—ա. թ-եաեւռ ^եա երթ-ասլոմ սւճեցսււ. %ասԽւ. Հ^էէսսմնաւէ-ռա֊ոս ՚ բասբու.ռ ասպակւսնութ-իւձը» աաէանահս որ ծ-երսէկուսէո ^սւրա. կագրեսսէւ. ^ակռոսի սէօնեբս ասբգեչել» — ^րկրէսգ^րե՚ու... թիւ-Նբ շաաոԱռ գերեօառ գոբձ^օն եղաե– հր * 33 ♦ էւ**ք^էք*^է ••■ 1ւ»ք՚^Ր»»յ Հոո^^քֆէաՏ^ 146» ՞՛ 21/ ՐԲ– ^՚է՚—մէէէւկաա՚հ ՆւսՀ»աւ1հգ Խդաէ. ^աԱ^սււ$էէւս\ւ • ի'%) երեիրԽերո». ակր I ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ պէէա^իեեաե աասաերս»ռմ1քն (149՜ 14:6) պւսէո՝ճսռր ձ^ոմպէեռէ-ոց յա1աէն հ՚Ր է ՚Ր իՏԼի՛ ՚եւսցիք յյ^էսս^իսսա ՚\^ու§ֆգիայի թագաւ.որ1;^ ^ար^ ձսէկոսօներ կր^ւբմ^ հր1՚կԲ դծր^^ա "(^"շս՚պս^ե-ռք/ե առանց Հռու/պցե–ոի%1րրու.՚ն ^արցշնելու. : \քրբ զէ^՝^ 75 ռերեքւն աաե^եւթն եաեէ^ Հռոմաւեցիօ իրէքնռմ1^ աս$^անՕեցէէն որ ՚նւսՄւ. ռաղպթերն ^իօնայէսւոէսե ընե՛նք Լւստդեցան կէսբօե-գէէնսաքւբ ռւ. ե-րըրբ աւսոի գիւցազ^ ՚նաեաե կերաոէէ իո1/եբ գէրե՚նբ ասւշաաանե-ց^ Հռոո, էՈաեցւ-ոց գէւՐւ ^՚^/ց ՚1էր9^՚Ղ^" 14:6/՛^ կոԱ^էՆնևլիոս \^երպհոն ռէսԽպբն սւռւսսք Լոոոաէոեռ ու. այրեցա եւ Ր^Ւք՚ւԼ ^ՓրՒհ^ անուամէւ^ ^ռու^սւ1էսէ1և %ա^անգ ըրաւ (Տօւրւօ ճ.քոօ&ոսՑ տաօւ)։ 2« ՚կօ/ե սէէսրրնք կոր՚ւեթոս ալ՝ Լարւ^սէաե՚ւ. պա՛^ Աէերաղյյ^ ւՐ ետեւ^ եորհ՚անեցաէ-ք ե՛լ ^այնսւստան ե^ ՚Բ*ւ– Այ^՚^^ս՛ անու^ամքւ ^ռոսէւսեաե ՛Նահանգ մի է ք/^^^ եւ. աոսնէսեան ռադսէբնևրն իրէ/Նռ ղէրե՚կռ Լառավա^ րելու. եոս9.ու.Նբր պսւ^ե-ցԱեք բայց իու/ևց ււա$պսւպե^ ւասեաե աօաաուքժրւ.՚նո սոոսնցոէ.ցքւնՀ \քրբ ասոո փրսո \ՀԼբրէաթ^սհ սպանէ/ան1^1և ձ՚ա^ օ^ յ ՈԱ70 եւահ՛ \\աաևիացիեերն աւ 133^^ 1ձ^ՒՊՒ՛^՝^ եա^%ու.աճա.եցան ք եւ. ՝\^աաաոոս <\|«* ^եոգւսմոնե ս»կ^ րոէ.թեան ժւսռաեգ րբւսւ. Հռոմ1ս»եցհբր ^ տհր եղան էսսոնթ \^աալիւ^1/ն օաա յձպանիաւէ ^ յ^ւաեաէւց աս–^ գիի կոդվւան գադղիպյի ((յ&ատւ 01881յ)1Ո&), \^փրի–– կէ^ի» \\իկիլեպյիք յ^՚՚՚րգԲ՚ի՚^ի «ւ-^կորսիկսայի ՚։ * ^րայքքհաՇց շփոթոհթիհճՇերհճ ւֆՇչես Ահգոսսւոս 33 ♦ ^հք*1+է*5 շ^^^Ր^^-Րյ-^^էքէ 133—121. 1 . ի՚է>ձ<է(^՛ էր ՚-յ– ՚ԳէրՅէ" «."»ւ/%^ վխւ^սւկը » - 2 . ի՚1Աձ 4– ԳրակքԽաէԽւք լփո^ 1* քք^^եսչէ^ 300 ք՚ն պաարձիՆ եւ. ււաէ^թօ^Օ եզահ՛ ռանաօանա^թիսնր գոեթ11^ վեոցսւՆ ^ո» սա^ եպյն անեււ^ էսիստ ^աեառաեութեԼՆ Ար էէսւգեցաւ. մրւսքն բսարճըագդյն աաե՚նակալոէ^թեան ու. հ-եոակու-՚-ա / 76 աէ պսւշսւօմն0րուՆ ^սւմնոո ^սւրոսսէո եւ. ւսդնոէ-սէեան քաղաքացի%ևրու^ (ոօէւԽտ, Օթէւա8.է6տ) եւ. աարէ-է՛ սւարի շասէցւէղ ռէստՌթև 1/^:0։ ՀԼաա քէչ անգսւէՐ կ րի, §աո ք ոո կստսաոէսե ժոդովրգէ^ մարգ մի բւսոճրսւգոյև պսււոու.գյ ^էսսնէ^ոՀ ք1է%ւսսի^ք որ այհ՚նեսրե Ծրեիր չու.^ ՆՀ՚/՚է^ ապր11^ո յորե՚Նի բստշբօ/աւդւ ու. ւ1րէան ^արոէ^սա–^ ՚նՆրոէյն ^էսշուի՚նւ Հ» քօոէսցոո սՅզնոսէսպ1ոոու.թԾան գ^էՐ եւօււ. \օօի՛^ ասօնու֊անան արիրւոէհէ մի<^ ^իբԾրիոս յձեմէս՛^ ոոեիոս Գբակռոսք ու. վեոանորոգևց \հկիեերան օր1^%^ ՚ՔՐ* որա.% օջրութ1ոսմի ոչ ոռ ՕՕՕ արաւյսվաո1;^՚ն էսւ-եւի սէ^րոսթեոսն եէսւուէԱԾ պիսո որ ունՄնւսրՀ \|^ աս եեոաով^ վսէԱէորկու. ահ՜ "Րկիրրէ աոռաա ռէսոպթսւ^ ցիսերույե պիտի բսէժՆոէ.է–ր * եւ. էսսոմ \^ասէւիսա փո^ խանակ գե՜բին&բու ք սէօաա ռսէոպթէսցինե-բոմ պիաի բսէօմէսՆսէբ ։ գ>բաեռոսի ւսռա0սբեոսթիսեբ ժողո^ վու-բգն րեգոսնեցսէւ. • բսչյց ի՚^ւք օ՜եբսէկոսաիՆ ճս-ռէսց էոսւկ^^ ե-լահ– իւռովրւ.թե–ս/և մի ւսաձնք իբ օՕՕ գոո^ Նսւկիցեեբոպն սաանոսոռաւ-ւ ՝■ ՝յ~՛ , \քԲԲ Աէէսսր ւոէսրի ևպբր^ կւսէիոս գ֊բս/կօոԱք^ի–^ բերիոսի ե՚ղբայրր էսգսաբւսկաւին օբ1^ռբ ՚նոբոգեռ^ Ծեբսւկոյէոր օՔկթ ժոոովջգեան էսաև-ւր բբւսւՀ գ>սչյիոս 121^1», ք\պիւֆոս բգե-շիէին գէ^ւՐ բբահ– կռու-ին /է^ իր 3000 գ՚բ^՚կից^^բ"1ը. մա^բ գաեե-էի՚Ն եէոեւ^ աբգկե բսէժՆոսաԾ եբկիրնեբր^ էսօնոէ^ակւյս1ւնեբ1^ գաբձե-աւ գնոսեցան» եւ. ^րկէր չու^եցոո ռաղա^ ռացւ.ոց թիւՆ այնչափ սեաց ^ ոբչափ 1^բ ասէռսէՕ^Հ > .^•«՚ ^1՛ ^» Հէ՝ Լ՛^ ք.^^ Տ 77 \ » ^ոկ.գու.ոթսւ՝ ՚^սէսԱնիսսայի թոռՈք իր ե-ր^ Լոէ– ե՚ղբօոորգրօր սպաէՅնելոսնք ՆեոսՅԼոսաոոե սւռ.^ Օե-լ. աս§էա§սւսխանէսաոէ.ու.թե–աե կանչոսաս^ յ Բ-՚՚^Ց ^"՚՝^ շաո֊բ սց-րյյք^&էով ք^^ ՚1^^1Ը սէօաասւհ– հր \յՐԲ ՚">ւ՚ո Ար՚գէ Հոռոմի աէք՝ եոոորգ սէօգասԼան ւՐ սււսաա^ւնեց ^ ՆեըսւԼւԱաՆ իոեՆ գհյ աաէոերաօէՐ ^րաասւրակե-ցէ ^ոսգա^րթսէք \^% թէ անողղթեաի ՚կե-կիղ, \րձ–աե–ղղո^ ս^ն աաղ^ ոսեռս/ւ. * եւ. \01 ք՛^ ԲԳ^ՀԲ՛ րնարոսահ– Հյ^էսրիոսր օ1^նբր ՝\^էսւ.ոիսէաեիէս փէսլսչե՚ւու. սսաոաեռւ ^պ)Ը \^ս»ւ.բիաանհաւէւ թագաւ֊ոոը^ Է՛՜Ր "՚^^րՐյ դե՚հթ ՜կոսո^* յձիդդա գանձապեաէւն ւան^եօ օ-ւ. ՀռուՐ անաի է1էՕ մեռսսւ. ւ պէսառ-ոէսօմոռ ^սեայ գռ՚րմանսէԼա^ւ Ժողովու.ոգ1ւեո ^ Դ%աՆոէ–բ.ի ռովերն հոեւ.ցան եւ. ՚կ՚՚Ր^՚^ւէ ՚Ք՚՚՚Ւ 11օ ^ ՀւՆոմսչյե-օէ-ոց էէսղթ-ե-ց^Հ իբ&նց գ^ւՐ քսաւրոսէսհ՛ շսւսէ Ահ ^ռոմէէսեաե ւե՜գ^ոԱներն սււ սաընեւ^ն եէ. ՜^ոէսւսիոնի (Հ^ոանժՀ զ)Ա՚^ո ՚ձաԼաա^^ ե-տե-ւ. գ>օ#^ք«, ոքւսէ ու. ՝\\աւյսնքւէս ռւսշու.եցանէ Հոն ^ասսււսսէու.ե՜ւ^՚Ն ոսւեւ. ոնթսէօբն^ եոերոոգ էսնգէսւՐ Գ^Պ \^ս"սւիս՛ ոսոոէռքւն բւգւց էրաոսէ բստժնոսսէօ– ։ յձ,սոեց գդ-էք \րւսա, բիոսք ^թ՚գ ս՛արի (104՜ 100) եաեւէ եաևա. բգևշխ ընէոոու. ե-ցաւ. % քաոկաւ. ասիկա ^ ե՛ւ. տոմն երո 102 Ի^ յձ,կէէէ.սէ՚՚\յ1^սաայի ^ոմ (^ք՚՛ օրոսաե ^րովսԽսի սհ9\ Ո9- յ11պս/եիւա1^Ն գէսրձոո կիմպրսէցի՚նե՚րո ՚կսէԱ»Ոէ.ոոո^ սքւե ^եա յիացաւՆ ^ ^է^սււգիեևան գաշաեբուՆ վջայ^ Վյ^րկէէւկի քով^ (101/»,) է ո . ՝ ՚-Հ 78 Օ • \^տէսլակ$տւԱ ռւսղպթն1քոո եոԼսան ասաեՆ^ ի յե՚ր ^ռոսէասան ռասղպթսէցւ.ոյ րրսաւ.ա^նռ եր պա^ան^ 01^ԷՆ, Ծւ. որովշ^եսէու, Հ^ռոմաւեօհբ սւս բանս իրե%պ բէսօարձստսւսպ^ս չոսռռ-օիՆ ^՚»/»>"7> որոշե-օքւն ՀւՆո^ սէ՚Ն աեԼօտքս գսսշնաեռեաւ էո^ոա.1ժիւն մի կսւպյե§ \| կորՓինիոն գլխաւ֊որ քաղքովէ Աբիւ՚եա^ձ-ո աաւո&^ րաղմէ ւՐ ե՜սքե–լ.ք որուն սհք Տ՚–՚"^Խ/"^Ւ ՚՚յե՚նպռա^ էլօրավարեևրը^ բան մքլ չկրցան բեեէյ ևս 300000 մարգ կորօու-ե՚ցաէ-յ ՜^ւոալիայի էսմէՆ ռաղպքնեոոԱ^ Հ^ռոմաւե-ռի օաղպբառսզյ իրաւունբ տրու.եցաւ.է 35* 1^^.*^^ փաոաւ^աՀաԱ աաք^]աաա^\|մ 88– 82» 1 է՝^> 1է՚ \Րքէ՚՚^րգ1քեէաէ^ա ւղէԱէոեբասօաՕքԱ աալաաւաճաոռր է –~ 2< \|^՝^> մաէէճսէեւ ^էսկաո% պէսսաեթսւզմէէ - 4 \^^Ղ՚Ը" ^^ձ՛՛՞ մշ՚ոԽքէէհաւյքր Հրսւէ1ա%ապԽ– աս– ՚Աոա.աա$1»ոէ.Խցս». է յ, . \ր/ւ^րգսէսէ Դ\ոնտացքւն ք \^Մւ. Ծոմուհէ սւրեսեւ • ու. ^քււս* գհ՚ե ե-դահ՜ ս/աէՆ ժողոմուրգնե՚րր 1Աու.ւսճռ՛՛»^ լէե էքաե՚ւ. գաշնաւորաց աէսաՄրւսպպքն սւաե՚ն^ ՚կէսա–^ պագոմեհաւի ու. ^իւթ ս/նիւաի թագաէ-որՆե-րր մեբ^ մահ՛՝ ՓՂՔՐ ւձյ^հսւ^ գիւրոէ-թԾւսմբ մ՝ աշրւար^էսեալահ– ևւ. ^ոՆ մէկ օրուան էքէօ 80000 ^ռոմէական քա, ղսէթացհ սպանՆեւ սւոսէսհ՛ ^րՀ\յ^երակուէոն հրե՛ն գէմ* մե-րէ^ ^րսւմանէսւուսր անու.անէքռ Գ^հոՈէԱ* րսկմողո^ վու-րգր օ^արիոսՀ 1)/՚775՚՛՝ հր բաեէսկոմԱ Հ^ռոպ» մըաւ գնացյ ե^արիոս մէսնահց հւ. ք\կաաւ֊իոսն ու. ՚կէն՚նան բգհշքս անոԱ.անհլ1^ եահւ. ք \րքւ^րգէսահՆ մրսց աՔ՚՚՚ւ^Յ^ 2» լլո-օւՕ/՚Ն \բհ^րգաւոհաՆ աէսւոԾրէսպ$§րն մէՕ (օՕ ՜ օ4։) \\էդղա՚նու.ւս՚ճե՚ց Դ\ոՆսէոսհ թ էսգաւորքւ՚ն ^հա գսէշնսւկհց ւ^յ^ք^կբր * ^էմնհ մր աէսքոո , ՚ճւսկաասերպ;^ հաե-լ^ բո^եց իր ղօրռովԱ ՓՂՌԲ 1^»՚իան (որ 20000 էոադանգվճարհէու. սաիաուեցսէւ\ ու. ^սւփղագոնիւսե ^ եւ. գաղաաիան ^ռոմէսւկան ՛նահանգ րբաւ. : /^ ՚՝^՜ 79 Նճ^ք\| աթսոբեք ու. սաաէէնեւ սէուսռ ւ իւ՚աօ շասէ չսւնցասէ, էէեթե էսւ $1եռէսւ, օ%^ եօթՆե՚րոոգ սսնգւսմ՝ բգեշքս րնսէոոսեէ^ն ^էչ քհ՚՚–աՌրէ ՜կքամնէս չքՐ՚՛ քէսրի ևտե–ւ1^ էքսաէո^ Ր^ՀԲ քՐհո Վր^պասէոս աեոսաՆեւ ւոէսւկն եսէե՚ւ, իր էէիեոէ^որներ1^ն սպսսնու-եցէՏէւ. (օ4։)) "ՐԲ ^յ՚՚՚դԹ՚^՚է ^էդՈՏյե Գ^՛^՝ գոէսնասէոան ե-րթսքչու. էԽպյ հր^ 4։ ^քձէղղ՚ք Օօիե իաաչիա մաաւ. ^ ես \ք) ՚ճասա. Լասոոմ \յ^սւրիոսի գոոՆէսԼհռնեոոսն աս»ղ^եաթն եաեաՒ Օսք՛^ Լ^ռոաա սւռսէւ. ւ իր սա^ուան վճիէՆնե-րովԱ սէսր^ սէսփելբ եոէոորւսհ՛ որէսւ. ՜ճէսմէւանսրու. էէրայ^ աներոէ. ու. աւս՚&էսրՆձ-րու. սէ^ է ՚\^շւոեՕև՚նաւ,որ ^րւսւ/ա1եասպ1ոո անոսանոսՄլոժ չափսւսորեց էորէրումներոա^ ռօրու,^ թրսնր ես աճեցոսպ ՆերսսկոսաԱն էշիէսւևոսթեսեոՀ ^ադմաթիս ս/եգթոսթիս՚ևՆերէ ^^աձ^–, (100000 . ^ք՚լպբս՚բի սպա1էեեւ էոոսասՀ ^րամաՆոսաեսաոսթ ե՚ն^Ն ^րասժէսրեցաս (79) ես ժեռաս կոսւՈս օաղաքր ^^ ^ ւոէսրեկան (78) 1 • \յ\ւ»զկո Խկսաւ. ԳՀոմսԼկոս է –~ %» 1՚^Հ. ^ս՚ա>2^է1ք>ւ.ս«ւ– սէքոսաւ. Խրկրորգ 0^^– ^րգէէաէեան աքաաԽրսէղմըէ — 3« 1) \|՚ք ^– է՚է՚չո՛ ա. կէսպմոէ.եց–ս սււ».ս։քքՏե Խռւա^ քլեաոոա.թի»%ըէ — 4* ^՚^շաքէւ* ԽրԽԼսէ՚Ն Խ/աէ. ՚կեաքսքւ է - Տ> \|7՚\|՚1՛ եղւ—ա. Գ^էուէ. պէաա Աէռս§Նձի\ քլգԽշիա է 1 • ^ՒդՈ^Ւ "եդն սէնռնեւ ոսղոո մարգեէլներոս ա;^^^ (պսէրսւգաեերոս ^՚՚՚ք՚՚դ^ւրւքէ) սւսէՆհ՚ե էէեհ– Աքզ^ գեցոսթհսՍն ոսնեոէսս \\եեէոս քկոմպեոսէ \^սեեսէ %ոսւս՝ճեց յձպանիաքի ՚^9 \Տ^արիոսեսւ1քներր (77՛ 72)՛» քյ՚9^3 71^^ ՝իէոսէչիսսյ1^^ փախչող սարոսե^ %երր էքե՚քրեց 67^^՝ ք՚՚ր^ք ամսոսան մէՕք Մ^ք^Ր՝^ Լրակսսն հրովոսԱ եաոսօա1լևերո» ոս\^է^րգաաաւ գեմ* ՚ յմերԱե ^րէսւ/աՆսօոար աեոսահոսեցւսս է ք 80 յպւեցսոռ ժէսռաեգու-թքէւ^ն թոո սւրու.էսհ՛ ^ֆւվժսւ^ %իաա^^ վւինւոէսհ՛ ք ու. էոաքն 1ո–. Է՚-Ո անեոք§ն՝ ^էգուէէնայ Հպյ՚^ց թագաւորքւն ^իգրանւսկե-րաի ք՚՚՚է^ Ժ՚՚՚Ղ^ թաՆ էր (69)* ^^9 ^"՚ կաեչուելովՀ Ա^ի^րգաա իր երկիր՚ներր Նորէ;^ սւռսււէ Գ\ու1ա1^ոս (68^^) գԷհ^՛ րպքք^ ՚ճէսկսէտի մի ^9 \քփրս»աի ^"մ՝ յյ՚ի^րգ^՛"/^ ււսղթեօք որ փասիէչե՚րէս աաւ/ն ք՚կբ Պ^կը. ՚^՚<–/ք<–^ք ^ՐՒ է՛՜ր ՚^Րգք^ ^Աէո^ւսկ իրօն գէ;մ^ էսասաոասմրեցաւ. է ՚\|լ<#«ք/ւ »Խպէ ^ոմպ1;ո$ւ 1ձ,"է՚՚^է իրողոա.թիս1էնե–րր կէսր^ սի գրսօ.* ՀՐ^՚^ՔՐ Լ,ռ*մ1^եցւ.ոց ՀսլաաակեցոԱ-ց» ^փ§–թաՆիան յ Գ\բնւոոսըյ կիչիկիաե ու. 1Շխ՚"՝րԷքՐ ^"–՚՛– յ11։$9ւկաե գսէսսւռ րբաւ, ք եւ. օՓ՚"^քկ ^ոսպորոսի թւս՛^ գասսոր X / 3* ^ոմէսկոս ՕԼի^ ՀռոէՐ գարճաւ.։ \քԼ. որոմՀե–^ տես ^երաւկոէաե (ե-ւ. ւաեու–ան1^ \\եկիոիոս \^եսաեոի, ղոս ^իւ.պսէէոր ք իէիսսէ Դկորսէիոս \\սէս»ոնոք ^արոսստ \ր^ կիւեիոս \\րսէսոսե եւ. փսւռս»ս1;ր մե^ օրմաաեէոր ^ոսչիոս ՚կեսարՀ իր կարգագրոսթիւ^Անե՚րոսե սիշա կո ^էսկէսռսւկէր ք էմեոր ^աԱար միէսրանեցւսւ. (օՕի^) կե՛սարի ու. ՜կրասոսի կեէո՝ եռւսաեէոոսթիւ^ (էք1Աա՚– ՚Հնւ9,է)՚Ոէ կաղյելոսէ ՜կեսար՝ րգեշխու.թիւն% աո%ելթԽ եաեւ. (59իե) ^Ւ^Գ ""սր"–^ ^ամար գաղղիակասե երկու. գսւէ.ԱէոՆերն սէո^սււ, (կիկերոն կօասգիոսի ձեռօբ առսորոսեսսէէ. ^ Օօ/՛^) ^"^ կսէսաոն^ կիպրոս աո%եւու. ^ամար Հռու^Ն ^եռսէցու.եցաւ.ւ 4« 0–^/» արշասանքով^ (58-51) "իրեց կե^ սար րոչոր գաոոիաւիէ \|^<^Ն^Ն ւառաՕ օարկասւ. ցրոսեց ^ոսրա լեո^եր^ն ւսէռաՕ ռալոո Հ^ելոսե^ աացքւներր^ վռ.Նաեց Օօ^* քիենոսե^ անգիՆ ք Հ^րիո՛.^ վիսար» ^աաասէկեցոէ.ց 0%^ ^եղգիաե ու. յ\կուի՛^ ասհէիաե. է/աաւ. երկու, ^եոգերմանիա ու. ^րիաաեիստ» ■^ 81 բՆկ^&օքՕ^) վե-րԼ/էեգձ-Աէորիքսի ւԱռաՀխորգա.թե–ագ. ելա^ գադոիսէ1^սՖ ժոռոմրգոռ մաամեգս»սոր էսաստսէմԼ, րա.թիւ^րք &ս կաաՌքց ոնաիր ևս իրէէն ^ոլո^էթվյ^ ^լու. բանսէե միւ 5 Ա«/<՛ հ^քըտէ" \վւկերէԽ ե-տ կաեչոսև^աս (57/^) > ևւ. պոյպէ-ոս ու. կրասէէս (55/՚էք) թգ^շԽ ասեաւսանու-եցան X \^Րթ »սսոո Վրայ ՜կեսարոս գսէսօւ–^ ռէսկէսլոէ.քժիւ.1եբ ^թևգ աւսոհ սէէեոէլեռոսեռասէ.^ ՚կրսէ^ սոս յ^՚՚՚՚Րէք^ ասռսււ ուր թէկաւ. \0օք^) Դ\ստբթե–սաց գ^է՚մ* րբահ– պաաեոսէօէաս մհքյ Գկոմպէ-ոս իր գաս^ աո^ե-րր (Ապս^իաե ոս ^Շ^փրք՚կէ^յ գասառապերաասց Օրռօք կառավարեւուԼ^ ՀռոՐ աւացք ու-ր երկէ^ո^ րաաեւ. խռովութիւՖնե-րէ՛ ևտևւ.ք 52^^ սօէւսճէձթև բգս-շքս ս-ոաւ. ։ 37 1^քյք*քէ +^^+^\^ ղագ^յ»ա^ 49-44» 1 • ի՚^ձ՚^է^՜օ ^՚՚՚Գ^Հրսէ. Խրկր-րգ քւաքԱէտակաճ պա$ււԽքաղյը է — 2 . \|» Նչ յ—դ^ 1* ք^Ծսսէր որ գ.սւոոիաՆ %ու.ա՚ճեւէ^ եաե՚Ադ րւաեակը^ չէր ոսղթր ցրոսել (49) > հ–&րակ^սթրլ ^պք^ րարեռառ քժշեասր \րաստս»ր»սկեց ^ ես ւ^^ոմսլէւէէս երհւկ գէմ՝ վե՚րքէե ^րսւմէսնսսէոէսր անոսսԽեցւ կօ՚սէսի^՝.վիում՛^^^ րիկոն գեաե անցսաս* ե՚րկոս սէմսոսաե մէք սէ^^^ար^ ^սէկսէլե՚ց \^ասւէիաՆ ոս ւս»ղքՅ–եց ԳՀոմպէոսէ ղօրացր ^քձպաեիէաէ ւս^9* ՚քհրք^Ը^ հ՜երս/կոսաին ^&ա ^ոս՛^ %սէստան փասքսօւս : ՝ ՜՛^՜ ք,^^,^ 2 » ^արսաոէաէի (յք^»ա^սսէոիա\ ՜ճակաա^ ^9 (4օ) ^ոմաէոս բոլորով1քե ւաղթոսեցաս* ՛Եգիպտոս փս»բէսէս ես ցամէսռ ելահ՛ ասէոԾն սպսւնոսեցսւսւ ՚կեսսւր որ Դ^ոմպեոսի ւաքորգեցէ ^իՆգ տսւբսան ^սւԱաբ բգեշխ ու. սէկ տարսան ^ամաբ ^րս§մանս»պես» անոսաեոսեա^Ն եսէես վէՆնաու սւՆ՛ \\ղէոաաարան %որ^^ Գ՛"^ ^ա^ 6 82 (^էէՈյ 7՚ւճւ, VI 6ւ) /»/» ^^րըլ թագաւ-որա^թ֊իսմն եա ւսռւս^ հր* ե՛լ. Հ^ռաք* գարճւսւ. գա1եճս՚ոույէ ւՇ^փրէ^էէ ՚^ք(4ւճ^^ք^ցկե–սար պոմպհեոէէն մե^ ^րհհրր Հռոտէէսեաե Նահանգ եռալ, ի ռ՚ւ. պւնչե-ս ասքն ասաե^ չա&սեէէւէսէՒ չոոէէքօոռ՚աւ ձսէղանբ մԱ Լսէտասոեց է տասն եասՆ վէրՕ^ աոմպհ՚ե-աե բանաեքաե ՚յ^1§ւ%գպյի %էԱէ.որ ^րամանաաե-Աք ու. ւֆապեա անու.աԱոա–ելթն ե՚աէէԱք Գ^ք՚^ք յյ^արաի Լօք՚եէ ^ևրաեու-սւթէ գաա֊ա^ 1\|&–աաւ* իւ.քսզէաեէչիէ.ք քսւգպքաչքւ.ղյ 450» «ւ՛՛^^ իբ էէէէակ պէէ1էէւէ–րառմէւ^էր»ւ.% 21000 քէսէսէր է ւ. երկիր պարգեւ-էաձ– փ իսկ կաակիՆ ա/էքլ օ»«^% քադստայքւ.ոյ ՏՕՕ՚՚եաւաԽր ( ւՕթա/ւ^ր) թ-սղսա-ոսւե– ^ր է ՚^րրեւ. ^րասմաՆապեէո , ի%ք կբ ր«սժՆ^ր սա–. յ1^ պաշաօե՚ներն սւ. կւլկրհր ծիրանի գեղե^կսա^սւ^ Հս.սւՐ, Հիաւեքք շասա գասպք9–էակա^սւ1ւ,թ՚իւ.\ձեր եւ. շի—կէ–^ էէէս$^մարըյ — քք^ռւղման էէւաոե% կեսս»րա– սօրէավար%երբ (Ր^տոսՆիո»$ րգեշխՆ ու. ՚Հևպիէոսս 04՛^ քրմասլեաէ^ ժէւգոփ»ւ.րգթ ԳԲԳ՚^ՏԻ՛^ "պ՚^՚^՚՚ղաքք ^•^. թսաք/ք ^էրակսքա րնգ^ա%ոա^ր թ–էւղսա–թ–իւ% շնորհես» էլ, օ^րսւէոոս ու. ոկաաոոիոս թ-ողոա..^ իրե%ո պաշաօեէ1եւ ւէկքյ Տ8- \^)^է^1^^$ [\\^ա>ա^ա^ո^ 44-31 գԽյրւ»». Խրրարգ քւաղաաասկէս^ պաաէէհբէաղմււ I - 3 • \|՛^^ փսխւէէա^ աա%Խ^աաա. քԲԲ՚՚Բ՚էՇ — ^* Ւ՚՝1*^" ^Բ •V" ՚Փն^Ւ" Հ՚ւ––^^յի–տ ք—ր՚^—կւ»՛^ ^ե^աI^տք,» եւ. օկ&ստսր սպանոոներե իրեքնց գաւաունեոո եր մոռ–,^ օոսէ՛^^ ^ուչ, ՚կեսսւո ք^Լէուսւ֊րանոս ^ ՚կեսսւրու. որգե^ գհրր ԱէՈ֊ասէԱէճե՚ունոէ^թեւսմհ. ժոդովուրգն ոա֊ բաՆաԼո շսէ^ելրւք ր%գ^անոէ–ո սպէսրսէպեւո անու^անոսԾցսււ. սէհրութեան թշևաւֆ ^ոաաւսրաեոսւս^է \^աոնիոսի 0.^«/՝է ք^ետաւ֊էանոս \քոկսւ/էէՅաւի փաւՆաւոր ՝ճսւկւսա1^ / 83 ե-տև՚ւ, ("՚-ր երկու. բգ1էշքւէնե՚րն թէկաեի 4:3^^ Ւր^ ա աս փշա ասկեր օ ք ^»սդ1ււ. ^(յ ասքրա-աե^ րգերշիոսթ-իայերւ ^պյո հ սսէՐԱԱէփ ս»ւապ^ բսէոս՚օգասհ– ռասոպթսսց^և՛՛^ բուՖ - - կէսաթ՚ց յ^սւօնիսսի էրլ. Լ^պիսէոսի ^&սա՝ ձրկրորգ ևռապևէոոսթիսեը^ (է^^սաV^^^ ք61 յ)սն1ւ0&6 «ՕՈ8է1էԱ6ռճ&6)տ 2 \թռստպռրպռ շասսէ օ՚էա՚րասկոԱ-սւհ աեգս/աւերէ բասաՌսթիւ, Աէսպե-աՆե՚ր ու. իր էրեց թ^աս^ (կիկէէրոն փախաէէ՛ ասսւե՚ն սաանոԱ.եոասւ.\ յթաոպթասցէՏնև՚ր էՖ՚ռ^ ցւ^՚եւ սսսլ^ն եէոեւ. ՀքՐրոոգ յթէԱոպօս§կան պաաե^ ոասզպ^Ն մ^^ (4:2^^3 ^ԱքԱԱքրակս՚պ1ոոսէկաա1Ն1ե&րուՖ I ու.ր կասսսիոս եւ. ^րոստոս Էր1քկբ գէր^՚^կբ սաաԱեե-ցքէե՚ւ <– ^ս»ւ.ասո,ւսց %օո բասժւսնոսւՐ էՐ բեեաոմՀ ^կ%ոսււ.ի՛^ սէեոս առասւ. $սրեւօէհսաթՈյ ^^աոոնիոո ւսոեսե-էօրյ \ք^պէաոո ւՇեփրիկհ՚եւ յ^աոնիոս յձ,սիօւ^ի ու. \ՅեՓր^կէ՚ք՛ ՚Տ^քկդէ՚՚՚ա, պստէորպքի ^էոա օե՚ղքւէսւ^է էսաէք՚նք Աէէօսաոս Դ^ու1պք^ոս ^կտէսւ-իանոսէ \^գրիաաս» պօրավար ^\|^Ն քօօ) աՅ՚՚՚՚՚ւ^ քժու.եռէսա.% ^կդքե աւսր^ \թպիտոս աւ ^էսրկագրեցսււ. էր գասէ-էսո^ ^կս9աա.էէսնոսի տալէ 3 ՆԲԲ """՚ք 4րՈ յ^^ո՚ոեէոԱք քււէ,ր էսղնոսասկօԽ Լին՛ն ^կաասիան մերժեց^ ես \ռոմեուկասե գաա֊առ՛^ %երր ՜կղեոպասարպ^ի ել, անոր որգսոց պարգեսեց ՚^աարեՆեաց թ-շնւստՓ ^րաստարակու.եցէսւ. ։ \|^լ^ււ»^քքՆ^ հ-ովամարաթե ասաեՆ ^31^^) գեռ աատերսէօմի չորո՛^ շու.ահ՜^ ՚^ըխսէոնէոս կղեոաատրաաի ^եա փա1սւսԱք է՚՚կ ցամպբայ^ պօոռե ^կէուսսէաեոսէ կոոաւ աեցաա. է \^ւ. որովՀետեւ. ասիկւա իսւոազու.թ–եաՆ ասպ^ սէո֊ա^ար^ կու.թէւսեո մերժեցք ՜^եաոեիոս ու. կղեոպաարա իրեկօ պէրե՚կթ սպամնեցքւե ^30) "՚– \քգէսւոոս եղաւ. ^ռոսե՛^ ական նա՚^անգ% ք^կտասէանոս - - ւասու-^եաեւ. Ա&֊«՛ 6 84 գոստոս \\պյսր իբրեփ^ աֆա^&հ՚ահ էոէր ք ՀռաՐ գարձսէւ. ու. ^աեոսի ասՈճասոո գ"^ե՚է աոսէԱԱ-է է թ՜իլ– յաղթ՚աէ.թ՜իւ%%երավ^ »ւ գաա^աւէ^այք Ք^ք^ ԸԲ"՛^ Հ՛"՛ րթաէ0էԱէ^արւաւ.թ–իւ.Ն՚ներայ չ^էսա֊էսասւսւէ կերպով շաասաս^ կր գերգաւէաա՚ն՚ներ կաքի%, ար $դՏնչեւ. 10.000 Գ^^րի Կւլ պա^ ^հէ^ • \ւրսէ–է1էւ 7000 քէասղաքեգէ երկիր ասՆ^ր • \|յէ՚%ք«9 ւ«.Հւ» կրկի՚^Ը^՛ կէսպպագովկաչքւ-ս^ թ–ագաւ.որրլ ԳՀուՈդ1^սաի 8000 էոէսղանգ պէսրսաէսկան ^ր » ~– Հ^ււ.ուգ էէէք պէսլաաներ կ՚գք– քն, սր կէս յիւէսԴ» աադանգ կ՝արժ1^ի%է \^կաէ.րաա՝ Աիղդսքքի "քգեգիրրէ 30 օրաւան ^ամար թ֊ասէրսն մէ^ շե՚^^յք 80000 ^ագսղյ ^աւԴսր՝ 3000 արձաՆսվյ քՀսա^կւէէ.ղյւ»ա՝ կրնար էսյկ՚Ն ժսւմաեակ աէէսասեա ւՏ^ձ– պասքրաաււէսոա^թ֊եաե մրյ 3000 սաօէղանգ արժսդ Ւ՚^քԴ/Ք ՚Օ՛ պասէորասսէւաելէ ք^՚ճիրԽերաւ. քՅ-իւ.% աաե սէաաի՜ճսէնի շաաոասէհ– ^ր որ ՚իսէսէւիօւ ք աւսրաա^ան ՚Դլ <^քլւ 3000 ^՚՚գի –ւ֊րիշհերը^ թաւՆաա^սրե/ձաւյն հա»Տար կս$խաղս»ե ^անա֊եաաե ։ ^եղխաա^թ-իա^ ալ. անս»ռաւկաաս^ թ-իւն սէիրաձ՛ ւ^ր ամէ՚Ն գաւաա^երու%՝ %ա1էւ. ^ււ.ա/սԱե^ի ամե%^% աղեասակաՆ գերգաաաանաչք Ք^ք։ \^ա֊ ^կ գիէ^ $է$յկ% կրօԿւաէկւաէհւ գգսւձաւ-ւՐ շիքաեելաւ. վթ՚քւ ^7՛"^ էսէոե՚ն , «^կալ գ^ Աէրեւ֊եչեսէՆ աս§սսւիկ էսւ.երւրգսէասւշաէււ.թ–իէձէ էէէէրելաս ակսէսա. ւ կւսՀաա^էսկեր§11.քՅ–իա.Նր ^րէսասէրաակասւ. կո ^սրէքնսվյ ^սէրաւ.աաներ(^ րնգաւձսէձ– պւսրգեսէէյ եւ. ^–Ա^ Ներնին ^աէխԽլով կ $սպր(;^ին ք էլ. ւՓաւն սաեասրան՚ներ^ սւ. անաա%սչք կւԱ.իւ%եր^ ^աւՐ կ՝աւաձէին (յ)&Ո6տ ©է 0Մ06ՈՏ«տ) » լլ^» կերպավ^ ի Հ^էսրկ^ ^ասարակասպեաասթ՚իսԴէշ պ(;^էւզէ 4/1 ար կարձ^աէնէրէ Ըհդոսաոսհճ փճչնհ արեհէ/սւեաճ Խոմհակաճ պեսւոհ՛ թծաճ կործաճոհէ/ը . 30 ^* Տ* — 476 ք* հ* 39* Ա^ք ♦•^••Ո**»– 30. ՝բ. Ց 14. ֊բ. հ» ^ 2. ի՛նձ >1ի^՚»կի յէլ էր աք »Դլ«^խ. Հռոէ1էակա% »քաաԽ՚»ագւավժ1,».%ըէ. 8 • Եր\|» ւ(ասաը1րաա.Խցաե \^ա՚Աւա».թԽաե եբկիր%Խրը է — 4 • Ա^«» էԳէրտէ" ՚՚Ր– չափ էւաաքաՏ––ւթիէ.% ււ»%էք $ Խւ. ք՚՚եչ^ կԽրպաբաԱ^տ էԱէէ.էաձ– ^ր ^§ււ$է^ակւս1և պե֊ աոսւթքւէձբ է սւա-թե-աե ^ւսսաւ. ք որ ւսսէ% բէսրձուսգոէե ^ւսսսւրաեւս՛^ պեսւակսԽ արյ–աես§աաս§ուա.թիւՅմներր ւֆաօու.ցէ 85 գաքձաւ., ի սկ^^ան՝ 10» աաար վջպ/ ճ եաղթ1^ %ււր1֊քԽ 10 ^ոսքրւօէե ի՚էքք%աակէաչւէւ.թ–եաեէ պւսսւիս սարաա^ե-աէսւ. իրե% է Հա֊—Փ ա/էշ^ ՚Գ-Ա^ 10 պքե»ո>»բեա% բաժի% պա^Խ^ ։ իբբեւ ^քերակաչքս^ թաբղքիյք (յ»Ո&6ք60էԱՏ ա01Աա)՝ ^եււ.ա^է.^ ձ-Խրաէէկւէա-էո^^ իրեէւ ահւ^աճղյ անձի%ք^։ ՛ի էւկղթ$ւէն ք՚%ք ^%ք ա$սք»ւ^է էէէէսբի ^իա֊պսէսաա ա1եւ»սասԿ»Խւ կսւ. սէօւբ , սէա^ ■կա/ե եպք^՚ն ՚1– ա»սս»ի§^% աւ֊բիշեերուՆ թսղաէ,^ ^էթ ՀՂ^իՆ) օբիԴէաա ադաաբաէքաւ^աբա–թ–1քեֆ^ սփպաէո եղաւ^է գ%սէ^ էսս0էւ%հ՚րբ^ ձ՚Խրսէկոէ^սւէւԿտ ^Խսա բսէժՆեա ւ աեաբ ւսՆՆշա^եէեբբ ՚սէսէչավ։ ԳաէսւէսաԱ^է-բշ^ կը^ կսէռւս^ւսբա^^թն բգեգխի փա^ 1սանոբւէէ։եբով ոբոնյք քէ^ ՚Օէ եաոքը^ կա»$յսԽբւսկան գոբհ-աս^ •կէախԽբ օ^ևէակաե աոբոսԽասքե^ արպէա ղի ^ա»էբկէբրժււզււէ/Խ%։ 2 . Դ\եաւասթ–եան <^^ խաբի՛ն խաղազսւ^թ-իւձ կբ^ աի^ բհք* Գ^Աէա–ասո%Խբր խսազադցէււ.աս& եւ. օբ^քնեբաւԼ գէԱէ^էա», ոսակ^սխեբու. ^սէբաաուս^աաբւաա^թ-իւ^Նեբփա ս/սւշապէսՆաւսէ^ ^ին է Հ^ռսւՐ շ^ոէսւ^ , ՜իսասէչիսէ^ի ւ^9 շ^՛" ՚(ի ւա>րքւքւ%Աէկաե ^սէմբանեբ շքէնու֊Խօահ, ճո. Օքւ/(–% սաէէո ^ւսասւբս$կսէռ թ՚աա. բօբաէ^թ-եաԽ ^"գ Աքէէէբաէ-եասէւ. » 1\ւ,գ»սէւաա գիէոեսէկաԱնԽբՆ ««. բաեսաէոեղհ%եբբ կր պէԱՀաաասնկբ ւ լԼէա^ ^սււ1աբ «ահ ^ւէ.ու^$էւկան մասէե՚Ն»սգբու֊իՅ–իւ%Ն "ՏԻ՛ ՚ֆք՚՚տե՛՛ Ւօ ^"՚Ս՛՜ յԼբոա^թ-եէան ձ-սւգբ Հօ#4ք«»ւ< ^անսէասաեէքձ–1էա–թ–եսւն սկիօթ ըրի՚ն կբօՆակաՆ եբգԽբբ պսբ քբ՚/եբքլ կսքքաւ-եքով^ կեբգկի% ։ \^^^»ա Ա^ւ^ք «•^^(«•4» Հ^ասոէՐ եկսէձ՛ յդ/ն գեբին, գբ^յք լատոինեբ^^Ն քիղսւ֊էսա, ԺԳ/^ թ-աաեբախաղաւ֊թ֊իւ^՚եեբ (ճ^&ա69) եւ. թ-աբգմաեե^ Ոք–^^– աւակա%1Լէ \|\|(..^«>«» (264՜ 194) յու^ակաՆ ոդթեբգա֊թ֊Խան «սռ.աքի% փոբձն բբաէ., •«. \|/1>՚Լ^– (239-169) 4Իտ<^չ^փ"վ^ ^ուու^սէկւսՆ ա1ոսւււ,թ–Խասե վիա$սկան ա§$ւս$ւՌւ֊քՅ–իայնո գբե^ 1\սքբ ժ$սմանակս»կի^շ\Ր» յձ\^" <^\|•լ«»•-^^••••' յսսնաս^ կան %աբ էաու.աձ– կէ»1էսասկեբգէէւ.թ–իւ%ը^ թսէբգէ1Լւեէէլով^ ա$ւ^ տ/եՆհ% սիբեւի ^էէ^սմկսէկւաւե թանսէ«1էոեղձ՚% Խղաւ. ։ 3(՚ք (՚^" ՚^յ>«»«» Վ«»քյ>«»\* գբեսէ միաւԱ ձ^ռոմտսքե^ւ.»^ ւսաաոսա^կ եդսպ ■եբգիքՒսէկահր է ^$էէՆսւ§է1էաէ՚ոձ–ոէ.քՅ–եան ո»կէռ^% գս$բու.Դւ մկք հ-Աէոեե^ Հքա՚Ն վյւրգիւիոս Ս՛աբոն (70-19 փ« 6 ) ՚ ք\վրաաիոա Փյ^ԿԿ"" (65-8 ՚Ք ԵՕ* Տծէ^՚՚՚-Գ^՛՛* ^ոպեբաիււա, քէվիգիոս (43-18 •Բ. հ)« յ^մ՚^՚՚՚ք^ի կ»չու.աաձ– գասբու^ Րք^սգոասաէւաի մեալ%եւ^% <դ1նչԽւ, ւ^գրիանոաի մա^ձ) կր վեբսէբերին ՝\ոԱ.կանաս աւ. Աիչիուէ է որոնօ ^1է.ու^էսկւ§/ն պաամու^թեան կէոորնԽբ վի– էպական ձեէ.ով ԳՐ^^ք^ • գւսբձեւսւ \^1էնեկսԱի ողթԽբգսւ.^ ^Յ-իւ^^էնեբն ես. ^ավենս^չի^էի եբգիձոէփկաէքԱնեբը^։ Ղաաինէսկան ասբձսէկի՚ն սււԱրՆք–ն եբեսեւիաՈսսս աասամա^ գբու.թ–իւ%ն որ ^սբկիոա ՚կասաոնոմ (234-149) ոկոաւ֊ ւ րու^ն ւսրսւ^եսասւկան կեբասւրաէքռ աՐ էսռաւ. ^ռա1կւա»կ»սն Հա֊ »արասկս$աեէէ$ո1–իՅ–եաւ»ն վերքին ասէրի՚ներր։ \ձ,ա կարգի՛ն ^9լ 86 կշ^ յձանէՆ կէաարու. յիՀաաէակարաԱները^ (Շօաա6Ոէ&ք1ւ) • յ^ասլոէ֊աաիաա ՚կրիսպաա (86-34* կէսքիգինպքի գ»է»ա^ս»ճ»ս^ %սւ^թ–եան Խւ֊ ^ւաւ.գսսբթ՚ես$հ պսսէէերէսպ^ձէ վքպյ) » ^իասէ» Լիւ֊իոա (59 ՝Բ. 6–17Ք. էՕ ՎյքԱխ–– պաաեքկ»,–դո» (30 ՝Բ« ԵՕ՛ բպ^ այկ%կ% ասեւի կ«քււ101ք. ^ա$էքփաաս Լ^, Հճ^«^ կր քմըԱնօԱ ^հ՜ պէ»0էաՌսգբ»սա «օ^ւ» ւ կիկերէՆ, իբ^ Քէէ. ^ հ>^^Գ՚Ա^ (1բաենսիոսշ (114 –50) »<. ^սւ.ւէոս \^Խսսէր է ՚յ^Աէբսա$է$ր§սխօսսւ.թ–Խաե աեսէ$ւկա$/Նո սաբվեօսսա ՚կւէւի՚հաիքիանսէւէ ՚իբրէւ. վփչֆսոփայսէկան մա^. $է»1^Կւագիբ եբեւ^եւի եղանք էլիկեբաւե եւ \^ենեկսւ , կե։բոնէ է1է^«ււէւ,^իչն ու. խսբ^բգւսկաեբ^է ^Նասռ^ոա^թեսէե մասիՆ ՚^ճ.՛ Ք^Գ՚քր^՚՚՚Կ Հանբագիէոական (6Ո^3^^1օ()6<^^գս6) գոբձք մբ գԱեյք ^(կինիոս \/բկքէ ղոբ թեական պաամհւ.թ-էլ.% (1118–> էՕՈ» 11»էԱք»118) անոա^անեց։ • . որգա֊ոցր ՅԼե՚ռդք ^ռոսէ$սԼաե ՚եա^սԽգ Ծղան գւս^թ նոԱ–ռ.եան ^ս»րսօ.ւաԱՆ եոեէրնեոոՀ ^էաց Լ^ ^ն ե-պբր («^ ^\գրոէ–սոսի եւ. ^ի^երիոսի՝ գՏրրւՌսնիւ^ի ւ1ջպք րյրաՆ աաւոճպնմուձաեեոՆ առանց ^ետե–Աէէւ.թե–աե աււսց^» եւ. ս 1^ (՚Ք՚Ն) Վ^ր***է առա^որգութևէսւդւ Հո֊ոմԽյեցիբ լաւ. Օս/ոգ մի կերան Հ^եոմանէ^ ՀճԾԱ-՚աա. սէոբռւրգեսսն անտւսռ^ ա^ք ր գ.եու/անիկոսի ար՛»^ շաւանբն1քր1^ եաէււ. (14։– 16) Հ"–՚"^^^31ւՈ գղէ՚՚1^եր շքհէելով^ քի&%ոսի եւ. իանա.բքք ս$ս^է1ամներր աս»շա^ պանէքրլ բա^ւսեան ^ամաոե-ցանՀ \^Ա.գոսահԱք իր ^ոսլֆա սւղքիեր անոր \|\|ւք/Հ>«. եեղօոս էսմհւսնոյն մեւՆնել^ն եաոես^ ՚^գրիպպաէի ^եօա կարգե՛ց Հ \քրբ որ այս էսա 12^^ ք«Ք* 3) ու. էսսոր երկու, որգքէմե ա» Օ ^ն (^» Ն) մեռանք իրէ/ն որ^ գեգիր ւսռ$ս».ք իսր փասռասսեր \եւ.իա 1րէկան ^իրերիոս ՛կերոն որգթնւյ^ա-գոսաոս ւՌրռսէս՚կոչա ^ւսղպբր 14։^^ վէրիստոսե եպքր եւ. էրրեւ. Աքք\|ք>/ո.ա^ պւսշաու. եցաւ. է 4 • \^րթ ^կ կոդւՈսն(։ աբեա֊մաեա/ն \^^Ր՚՚Ղ՚՚Աէ 1\|^^^^ ժողւավո.բ^ւեբը^, Հռոյկական իշխանու-թ-եան սքէսկ %ու–աա^ ՚ճոա-եչ^՚ն եաեւՏ յաղթ–ող1ւն ւէդսւ% ու. կբթ-ոա^թ-իԼնն 87 էդեաէէա.քհԽաձ արեւԽ/Խաե գաւ.աայեեբ»$ւ.% է^շ^իրե%^Ք^ ^""ի– թ–էւա.ավԼերւէւ% կակա^ ալ թագաւ.^քլ9 — ^սքէքնաշաէս \ր»աւրի^ աէաէէիաքի »ւ.կսա.ւֆգիէգքի ^ք^է վա՚ճաււ.ակւա^էաԱ.թ–Խա% եւս ՚ճէ1§րէւաէէէրէարու^էէսահեբ»քա, Հաս» քապսզխեր կսքյի%, աս \^^ գիպաաաի յնքքբաղ^աււտպքխ յ^պխթաա^ագբիա , Հյլու^աքան իշ^ խւա%»€֊թ–եաե էՈէսկ ^ս$ււաէէ»ալ.ք9–1էամի. ալ. ա^եքւճասթ-եամքլ սասեք^ %շաես»ա.ար է դաս ։ — \^՚"՚Րքւք պիդխասթ-եսւե աս օ#« %ասԱա,կասթեյԽ երկէք% կ . յՏթիքագձաք կ^ ձ^աղկ^ր իբ ^1նգկ»ակա»ձք աս ւսբաբակաե թեբօեբաւ% աւռեսսւբավը^» ^"քբ յ^քիա/է ւսբեսմաեա$ն ^ավեպբեեբՆ ս§յ^ սաեասսկ բձբ^ քէբաս առասսասթ-էայի ես ասձթ-էս սգասեաաակեբաեքԽբավ^ Խբէէսելէ \ կ^ I Հ^ա..աւ1կսէկաԿէ իշիէսնասթ-եան սաստկ սէւԱքն^Ն սէսեքի կաբսըՆ^աս^ ^ոսՆաասէասե , Բ"^^ ^յ^է%§է՝ ՚Փշ՛" գէ" աքասթ–եսւ%^ կենգբաԴւ Տէաէչք» ՚իքոսքքիա քազաքակիբթ– «ւշ^ խաբՀԼքի՚ն ւֆչավաքբը^ կկ՛^^՝ խ ^»«֊•«յ•է/» կե՚հա^ ՚^-՚^ղք֊ աւկաան ասմկՆ բհրօեբրէ Հ^ա»\ աէք եբկբաագաբձ՚ասքՅ-իսՆ չկւսբ, ^չաս աբ սւմիաղ^ թ–եբւսկպաին $սաքԽբէս%աաՆ&բամ աս պսէբա. աոկօեեբավ ^ասհ-կասսէե– էբ ։ \^մաբւաաւաասՆՆԽբասՆ ^էք ^՚^" իՆք սոսբսաւՆ ասմէՆ եղաՆակի՛^՛ Հէսմաձար» սէւԱէնսէշյթեա բեակստբաԱնէբ , բաղ^էիքԱ-բէ ձի^թ-ա^ասթ֊եաե ա » Խ դ էբ » թւսչեէսվաեգաէկ^էէբէ անասԴձի՚ն Խա»^ ձքիաէբա^ա^էեբ ես սէմԽա^ %^ թ–աԱկՕւգ^ աբե^ըթ-1^ աս աակիկ ապաէսնեբ։ Աիկիւ^՛" Կւլ յաաթաօկաբաբկբ սքՏէ\1^ ասեչիէ ^աբե՚եէ գէ^^է ե՚ալ աբ^ափս» յ^պանիաս՝ աս%էբ ձհաս ես ^սաասղի շաաաա բանասկ սէռասսաասբ . ^բիաաեիէս բասա ւՈ^&ի ւ/սէաի՚ն աաբ9սաէաասքաան մըն ^բ, գաէսւի, աիայի է ^աբ$սսսԱի՚Ն գք»ե էֆա^Ն չաս ւդակասաս^ կբէ Դ^ե^ ս$ասթ–եաէհ աա»^՚ն կադւՐ կաւէ՚Ն ւարթաւՆի ՚ճւսւ/բսւհեբ » ւաւ^՚Ն սէեո ասբ աբ ^սւաս»բա»կսւա օգոսսւր կա պս»ՀսՈէ9խբ , շի՚նասսէձ՛ եի՚ե շբաէեյքքեեբ է կամսսբ^եբ , քբմասպնեբ աս ա^ա»բ֊ աակՆեբ* ^է^բասթեա՚ն եկաւ1ասանեբն աբ աբգ(^% Գ^մպեաաի աաե՚ն 400 Վիլ^* Գր՚^՚^գԻ ^«»«»՛ հի՚^՚է ^ կսա^աս^անեթ՛՝ աէբօասՆի կւսչոսաա&էսսաասբքբ^, գսէղթ՚էաէկս§նադք /աաաաեաբգբ^է բավեբասհ եկտսաՌւսէսը, Դւսէսաա^աՆգաաաի մասաէ0քը^ես դաեւաւղաե սքասրռեբ է աբան^ ա1կք ժէթա^ա՚Նգասթ-եաէ» Լձ ^"՚րք՚՚֊րչ^՛^) * էսդաաասթ-եան Լաաբկասթ–ե%(^ աբձաակասեչասն, ա&ՈԱա1Տ810 5 ^Ա0բ) է ապէաւսման (օօռտււա՚ջէւօ) ^՚֊ գէսսաւոյա^ կսւԱասս$հ–սէ ^ էոասբռեեբՆ էսւԱք՚ն^Ն %շանւա»ս աբեեբՆ եէ՛^ 40* \\^4՚ք^գք^^ գո^յլ 14 — 68» ՚կղապ.իաւա ււա. ՚^քերա^ $ 1– Տ1յէհ՚է1^Հ կքքաադ,^ո4^%^յ^քձ (14-37) ան^ գոսթք ս&էսռսւե բւՆեէԱԱ֊որ մբյ սպաԱնեց ՜^սգոսաոսի վևրՕի՚ն թոււր յձ^գրէ՚՚աքփ^ աւխոսական գերմանիդ ■՝/՝ >,» 88 եոէէե ու. վե՚ր^ապք^ս ՚նսւեւ. էր մաերիւՐ ՚^^աԱոՀ %ե–ւ^–ն եաև՚է. յ-ոոովջգեաե ժողոէԽերր գագրերօու.օ, եւ. յթր11^ւսեան ւսէեսաԱառ գաս9սւսսաաեո (ւսճւ(Տ1& ա&– 168է&է18) խոթկէ ղ^սս^է ՚կս^^Գոաասա (3՚7–41) գե–րւ1անիկ§9սի որգք^ք եր մուեգե§^ո քօ.«ւճ.օ4։ մ1ռասռ քսանգւսոմաեկՀ ս»^ %ողորէՐ անգթ ու–թե–$սյի է ս»ւոէՆ ^արռւ.սւո ե՛լ. եոե–ւ.ե–ւի օաղաօէսռւոց գկւՐւ \|Ր^^ էոարւ֊աե տ^ք ՉՕՕ ՚ֆ§էոե ֆոաեգ մե1սեց* (՚^ԱԹ դ^՚Աո էբրեռ Ա</ւ«քք»ճ.օ#^ պսէշաեք աոււսւ. եւ. սպանու.Մցսււ. թի1^սւաէս^էսց էսռւսքնոր՛^ գէն (րր&շքօօէսՑ յ)ր»6էօոօ)։ յ^ . շ. Հիէ.ստնգ ու. ապու.շ^ Տ^էշք\^^ կոա^ա՚Հո^ \|\|^«44թէ վարչու,թե–աՆ՚ն աաէ/Ն (41 "04) Հ/՛ կաէՆա^ մաոք^ո աեաութէւյմե էր անասմօէ^ Օ՚^Ր յրե–սսս§ոէ1եւս, էսե ասոր գչ1սսէաւ/ան^Ն ետյթՈք \^գրէապթես/ որ աե^ եսւրոո ^՚^քՐՐ թ ոայեաւ^ոո օրց ք որպ1^ս ղէ էր որգէւն ՚եէք ր^ց էսրգ11/ն կասւարեէսւ չարէսգորհ՛ էՌէք սաաենշրց (^ոաաք^սէ ւ^արէՆւ^^ գրգռոսահ-յ էր խորթ ե-ղբսչյրր ^րէտաեէկոսրյ է՛՛ր մ$արն ու. ասմհւ֊ս^ր ևւ, վևր^ ^աա11^ս Նա ե՜լ. էր ու. սոսցէչը^ \|) էքնեկաե ք ու. ^աօարսօ^որ աէ^ուակաե Հ^ռոմաէեց^երէ Հ^ռոմ՝ ռւսղպքր կրակէ տոսէսւ.^ որակս ռէ աւ֊ելէ փառւսԱ–որ շ^կ; <, եւ. ու.օեց ^Խթ օ^1Տքօ էսրգարէսցրնեէյ օրէսսւոԱ^էց գ^մ՝ աեգուքժ ^աչահ-ս/կբ ,յհ հանելով (64 )< ^Ր աարհ^1^ր էրրեւ. "Րգէէ^ "Կ կառամար։ \^պաէւեե–ց էէ(բ Օ^կբ^ 31 սոսւր^ 1-աե ք երր սպանէական լ1^գէո1էնե–րր դաէսզբսւ օօրւս՛,^ վարն էնքնւսկէԱք ^րատարսւկեցէւնւ \ ՚..՛ 89 41 ♦ ք^" կՀք՚^էէ ^9-180– աարգէռր չաւսլոսն՝ բՒէ–ՊԼ ՚Պ^Ր թի1^աաա^^երոք^ սպանօսեցսէւ\% եայսր ^ոէսւոարաեոսե-ցէսւ. \^պաեիաւի ^Օքւթոե ու. քէէևՆոսի գս§է.աո^ե–րրՎհաեոէաէԱէ ք^թոն սաամնեց ^^ գե՚հԸՐ ^"Ր՛՛"–՛՛^ ՚ճակսօո^ «/՝ ե-սւե՜ւ. • ու. եոռ. Վհէոեւաէոս աւ (շասււսեՄոթե ու. շու.ւատ^ ս^երյ որ օ ս»մսու.ան սէ0 1օՕ ՚Փէ* ֆրաեգ մսէւԽցէ^ սասԽոԱ^ե՚ոսաԱք Փր՚՚^ք՛"՛՛ Վեսպասէաեոս սէսորակսԽ չ&գ^ոն%է–ր(^՚ն Ակօքես§կաէ ^րաաարւսկու.եց§սւ. քօ9/^)< շ. Վ^սաասՀաԱոս (69-79) պե-սաոսթե-ան է^ք նոր^ն 1սառաոու,թ1^սնք կարգ ու. կանոն խոք^եց* »ասռսսՕացու.ց աոոէ-եսաներն ու. գիսոու^ իւ.ննե–րր Տրլ. շ^&ց ՚կոոոս^ոնոՀ կրոսսւսդ^ւՐ՝ երկպյն ասէշաոմանկ եէոեւ, ^իտոս^ ւսունուեցաէ–^ կորսան ոսեցաւ. (Ղ\յ) ու. Հ^/«ք՜<աօ ^ռոսէական պեաոսթ-եէսե սւ^Ն ե՜րկիոնեոո. $ոսւուսԾՈէ–եցան% ^րիաոանեէս \^գրՒկ՚ԴԳւՒ ^Ե՚ռցբ նոււս1ճու.եցւսսէ - - իոէք՚Ն ւսւքորգեց ոոգԱն^ ^^ մարգկեո^ն ւսպգքւն սհրն եւ. ոէ,րաքսու.թ–քււ%ո ^քէ \\՚՚որ կսէրճաաէքւ. կսւռէսվարու.քժեաԱն աոեն (79) պէսաա^ևցան ՀԼե–սու.վէ րռ՚նկիխ ^ Հե-ռկու֊լանոն ու. Դ\ոմւկ^^ յթւսդպբնեոուն գեանէ աւսկ անցնէլըլք եւ. սոսկաէի ժսէնաամա^ մի Հո-ոմք» ^Գէ Փք^՚5^^ Դ#քէ4«ք»էա1»«ք#» (81-96) ^իաոսէ աէւնւ1ան ռոաթ.այրոք կր մհւեգնէ^ո ան\ևէսրքւն կս$տւս^ ղու.Լօ–աքէսմքւ ամ^^ բարի՚նե-րուն գ^ւՐէ դ^ակէէսցւոց գպ^մ ըբաօ՛ անյաքոո ւսրշաէ^էսնռ^ Ծսաեւ. - - ոոոնց ^աբկ վճստրելոս ստէաոսէրցաւ. — յսւո^անակաւ. 90 աուսւ^ւ։ յձաանու^էր^սււ. թիփ»ս»պս»^սւօ սէռսւ^ոոգ11^է 11«յյէ**** \ձքէո^ա«է (96-98) գասագիրնևրք^ ^պւսր ըհտրոԱ֊ահ–՝ կաո֊ավարե՛^ օաոարոսթեաւդւ ու. որգեգրևց իըէքն ^րէ^իանոս սպանիա^թաւ ^^^– ^՚էՈ1*** ^է^յ^^^^ (98-117) կառավարե^ օօոէէէ-թեաաքի եւ. արգաբոսթևսայիէ ^քէեե^ աաթէս^ի ՚ճսէմհւաևեր ա§՚՚9՚^1 արշաւ^անախերկ֊ էոոե-Աք դ^ւսևէաեք ՀաէԱէԱէոաԱն սւ. ՚^իՕագևպօը^ ^ռոտ^աձաե նա^աՏեգ ըրաւ.։ - ^ ի^ աաե%1ե էք^ ^չՔեիոս ՛կրասե՛ր ք ^ակխոոսդ պլոԱ.տարքոս ։ ^^,^։։^ ^ 3* Նւհ^* Ա՚քք^*^»» (117 "138) 8ր՚^ի՚"՚՚""՚ի ^օրե՚ղբսչ^րբ խաւսսղոԱ֊թիէձւո պա^ե՚ւու. ՀսօԽւր՝ եա սէսսէսւ Դ^սէրթե–լ.ներու^ \քփրաաաի՛ անգթև եղահ– եր–^ կիրե1քրըէ ւ^անապսսրՀորգէքօ սւ11^րոՀ.թ–եաե սւ»Տ1;% գսէ՛^ սւսւՆնս-րուն ս^ք ռո– ^ոգ աէսրւսւ. օր11^սգրոէՎժ՝եաեէ -- Ի"–/՛ "Րգ՚՚՚գր^ ^Ը^գոԱէո^ Պ(^^2^ կառավարոսթիւ%ր (138– 1^1 յ պետութեան ^սւմար ամւ/ներ^աևէԱն ե՚ղսօ.։ ի/ւ կաօ1ավարու.թե–ան սւսէև% գրե-թՕ^^ շարոսնէսկե-սւէ խա^ դադութիւ^ է/ի աիրելով^ պեառւ^թեսէն մհք փ»էճ$է»–<ա ռւսկէսնու-թհէձւն ե-լ. էսրոէ֊եսաեերր շասէ Նասղկեօաեէ 1144ւ(«#«* Ա<ւ»«^ւճ«»«* Աէ»«^«<%է«9«* Փքլք^^7^^ ք16լ–180)» դէկբ ՚ՐԳ^ԳՐ"Դ ^^ՐՐ "(է՛* աւքնու-ակօքն ու. իյԽսաոսն 1^րւ Դ^ւսաերսքզւ/հ՚օւսւ. \^էսրկոմաԱնե՚Խ. րոս գ^յ* Ա՛ք* "է^ըց^ք "ր Է՛՛Ր Կ՚^ւ՚՚^Ր"՚^էՅէԼ շբ՛^^՛՛ ՀԼերոսՈք <դւսրթ§քլ%ռ՚րո Ծտ մոեցՀ կօթէ^ չաւ. կաէք/սերայք օրթ,ակ/լ թարէԱիյք /«ք«.ա^»ւ.^ւ/Տ»ե վրաք 2"՛" ք1՚է^ էսգգե^ոլ.ք9՚իսն ՐՐ""–֊ < ^եէսսէ^թ-եէաԿւ «է^ յէն (քԴ^^ի ւ/ա^ւսա-աեգ սէրէւ֊էլիան գսէսւսաւասա սւ. ՝իսւէ$է^ ւէայի ՚^քէ կշ^ աիրկթ» վեր^ի ասսաիՀաեի աեառակու.բէիւ% % շօէ^այաաա-թ՚իէձէ ու. ղէղխասթ-իԱ^Ն ։ ^;– ■ / Ւ 91 180-270. VI Ե՚1ք^է–«– 4»–4«՛ ^է–"֊/– –փ«..ւ^է - % . ք^քՀւՏ^ Խ% աաայա \^՝^արեոս ՚^է-րեէՓոսի բւՆեաւ.ոո ոոգւղխ ^ 1\|«#«^ ՏաքէաոսՀ ^ե-ա կը^ սկսի րէր՛՛ ու. աեգութ կա^սերա^ շառթ մր՚է որ արգք^ն աեըեգ^աւԱք ^աղպօսո^ պսւ^ աերսւռէաեոոմ ոէ. ոճոսւգորՆու.Լօ–իւ^էանեոոյ^ ապսք^ կահւահ–^ ժոոովէէկոգն՝ սաէ-եէէ եւս սէպսէկահ&ռիՆ։ Ա^ սոնս գրէ՚թ^ սէմէնր քժիկնստպսւՀՆ&րու. ձէուբոմ գս>^ եէսէն ք եէ. մաո սէունոսեօան * սէՕեո՚Ա^^ տտ։կ ռսէ^ Նթե մէաքն բնական մա^էէւօէմի յեռանւ ՚կաէրւ. բաո^ բաոոսնեբ եաւն կպ^սեբական գա^ր* ոոովՀեսէևւ. սաՀմանագւէէի չ&գ էոն՚ներու-ն Աէք գրևթէ մէսէքն ասոկռ կր պաաե-րսւպսկթևւ Ա #«ք %քքբռէ1ն խո-ովու^թե-անց աաե՚նք Հռոմպէե^ ցհօ մհկ գէ^ գանոսբի Ք՚4հք1Լ Գ՚՚՚^^^՚^Ո Գ^Ր՝^ մասնական ժողովրգոց /ու. ւ/^-կաէ գի(^Ն ԴՀարթևւառ գէ^մ՝ ասւաեբսէօմելու. սաիաոսսսԾ Հ՚^1»« -•/•/ ..^^«՚*** աինսքքս. 193^^ ՂԻգԻ՛" ^–^քփաեսս Լար գեեց թ-իւքւա^ աահներ^ կայսրօւթ-իւՆշ)։ 173 Աեպաիւֆ§§էւ \^նւ.եբոէէ (անգոէ-թէ ՐՂՏ9 Ք՚^է. ^^"–»/" «(ը) » 211 \\արա1լաԱա (20000 Հպ՚՚^՚՚մայե^է սպաՆնել ա»ւ.սձ. , եւ. այկ% գաւա^ ռ-աց Հււսյէական քազպքաչքս^ իրաւ֊ուԿտ ^"/»^^^)« 217 Ա^ակրինաւ* 217 Հէդիոգաթաղսս (թ֊^պ^^ա 14 աարնկան թԱք/^ աաքպարիշսաննրւ»Ա.՚ն գքսսխշ)։ 222. \^ղեքէւանգրԱնւնրէւա (ՍԼ՛՛՛/՛ ԳՕքէէ.որ թագսէա^էէըու֊թ-նասն սէսէեՆ \^րսքսւշէււ 226 ի՚ն Նար պւսրսկօւկան պէւէւ»».թ–իւ.%ըլ ^իՁՆեց։ ՛իր լք՚^ՐԳ" Ներշ յյասանեաՆք , յաքազաէ^թ-եամի պաաերապմե^ա՚ե ՀռոմայԽ^^ո^ ւ^ւՐ)* 235 ^աքա1էյէաա թրակացին է 238 <1\|ււււք^4^«» ( ^աղբ1անսա% գսրւոէանսս ։ 244 ՓծԺ"է"է ՚ ^՝՜ րարւացի՚հ * ((1" ՚ֆք^ցէ՛^ հ՝Ւյ^՚Ղէ պ^՚՚՚՚՚՚-Թ^"՛^ կաեգՆաւ֊ե^ 1աւ% 1000 աէ/եայ ^ււթ^չնանը) ։ 249 գեկիոս ։ 261 Գ«՚ք դոա, 2^$ Վյաւղեր1ւանոս , 259 գաղղիե՚նոս . 268 կղաւ֊^ գէոսէ ■ ^^ք 92 պԽաւ$ա.թիւ.նւլ 2504՛՛^ մի^չէա. 270՛ բոչքւրօվքէՆ քասք^ էսմէ՚ն պօրէսվարներե իրեէտ դ1ւրե՚կք սէնկսախ ^րսւսւսքրասկե՛^ ^ի՛^» (30 թւա^էսսորաչք ժսւէՌաՆակըՏէ Գ՚՚1^՚ց1ւք 0^՛– ^"՚է՛՛^ եօե՚ւտեէբ^^ ու. դաանաւ^ո^^ ^ււ.ու11;սւկս»1և ս/եսէու-քՅ-ե՚աաէէ ՚ԽթՈ յար^ակեցէսն , Փ՚^ք \Ճ՚՚1"՚&Ւ ^– 6"–^""՛՛՛՛^^ ^ւ»վ^ էդրՆէրշ^ կողոպաԽցթ», ՚^րէ-ցի^ 1\Թ^՚^կ1է^ Ա/»5ք՛^ "՚֊ ՚կէէբեթսսր* ե՛րթ յկկաւ գի^՚ն յյյ^ւՌսն՚նԽբ% ել. Փբաքեկա. %1էրըլ քէ^ե՚Նւաս ք էէկ ^"՚Բ՚՚էկք՝ յ^փր""" գեսան աաէեաահւ է դ^սէԱէսռւսօ ^ե– մաէ»ի% մհք կթ ՜ճարւսկհր 1Ո^ ւ»ս ժաւհւաա^ սւքօաոթ, քրյկ բո^ւէւ^երԹվ յեէսսւա.. Նաէ-ա^ օօրաւա-որ ՚կ ղաւ. գիոսր ։ 43» 1>քէ՚<էյ«»»–> 270. ի\ոՀ,^^^^^4, , 300. \1 ոփ^քէէա^աաէաԱքֆ* , 3 3 3 * գիա՚Նաա։ – %* հ՚^ձ ^^*՚Կ1՛^ ՚^ք. ^Բ աււաքի գաբԽրը քր1ւէսւաւ>եէաւ.թ–իէ%շէ 1 \^^1թհքՇ^*** ք պեաոէ.թ1քան վևոանորոգիչԱ ԼՀ\\յ՚՚ձ\Եբ ՚նոսաճեց աասասւյիւսհ՛ գէսւ^առՆ&րՈք ղաբեաււ. գ.ե–րւ1ս/նացիջխ ու. ս»մրացոէ–ռ դաէտւնոէ^բի սա^^ մև/ն՚ներըէ ^աւղ^ե-ց նաե՜ւ. ^էսլէֆրայի ^Գ^Ր ք^ագոա-ա^ ^ւ.ւչյ1Ն քե՚նոբիէսյի , որ յքէնչեւ. ՓԴԸՐ Ա"/^՛" "՚– \քգէպս՚ոօ Ւր էշթէսնութիսեր աարահահ– ք^-ո^ ե՛լ. ^հսսայաաակ րբաւ. անոո մպյոսւռսւղսՅթր (փառաւ֊ոո ւսսեոա1^ե՚ո\Հ հ\բ՝ ք՚^ձ^է՛* ՛նաև է. իր յաքորգնհրո) Տ՛՛^/^"՛"՛ (2 • 5) ու. Գ\րորոս \|2762օ2՚ գք^՚՜դւ մշակոէ-^էսե Հու%^ գարէպյի է1հ9 ո– քէհէէեոսի ^՚"/) ՚եաե-լ. կարոս ու. իր "ՐԳՒՔէԼ (2օ2–2օ4յ 0^է»#»«–ո^է»^Հ»4՚1է սպանոէ.եցանւ գ^ոՀ^^^աՀո^ (284-306) կոարկ ղիՆոսո^ րս»բ րո֊նաեէսլութիւնր ե՜լ. մ1ոռոսց բսւռարձան աեճն^ իշխանոէ-թիւն եէ. արեւևլ* արռոէՏնիռՀ \^կբ Գ^հՈ "՛հր եւ. էսսսէու֊ս/ե– սւնու.անել եու. էոար ու ի՚զքր (ճւ&ճօաօ) կը^Կրեր* Ասք%ւ/ա%Նե–րո աղ^ե աաշսաաանևլու֊^ամար ք րաժՆևց գաւ-աո^Մրբ ւ^առսիմիանոսի^ զոր \^ւ֊գոսաոԱք ու. գսէղերիոսի եւ. կոսսւանգիոս %քԼւորոսի ^ե՚ա՝ ղորոկթ կեսար անուա՚նեպ։ գիոկոեաիաՆոսի յհռ՚նելէՆ (313) «՚ 93 \1ո«^գաԱՀ>^աԱո«^ քքՏ՛^ (306-337)» որ իր էՌրսասժեաէ էսրէէ%էս^էրղ պէսս91քրսէօյէ &ա1ռ %ոս$ս՚ճեօ իր իշէէանակէօներըւ \էե^իոսի ւսէ »էսղթեւ^–ե Խէաես 324/՛^ րոմանգասկ ^ռոտ։ս»եձէն պէքԱէՈԱ֊թեան աֆսքձ Աեթ%քւշ1Աաե սէք^ր օ-ոաէ.։ կոսսւասնգիաեոս աբգ^Ն այս աասէԱ՝րսէգաէէ՚ոու.Ն ժէսմանս»ե րսէզմաթիւ. օրեսաո^ Նեայ ^ասստրաեութիւԱնեո աս»շսւաանէսհ * 1ռ ւառաՕ յթան յթրրսաոոԱէու.թ–էւ^Ան րնգոսեիլԱ (ւ/ա^ւքսաե(^% յ^չ ՚Ո՛ ւսէռսէՕ ^հճ ՚ահՔ էպրսւեւ $»Ոէ.ս§ւ.ք) Հաս» եեեղեք^եր շ^^՚՚ւ "՚– ^արքժ աեոսսւկան աաճսւրներն ^ յթաեգե–ւսւո€.ասհ՛ հր* \^բրեա. ւգսէ\եհ^»սն Տ^Ր՝ յՏէրհ"՛ աոե^ոսթիւՖր աք^րոսթե-ան Լոօն ըբաււ ^էրա.թեա% %իսւոբ, Հ^ռամէ՚ն ասք գեո֊ շասա Հսաէս^ րսւկէԱսդեէուսկւմԽ յիշաէոսէ(ր»Խք կայի՛ն , կոսսէահգ^սսպսքիո փւէխասգքՈէ֊Խէավէ ս$^րւււթ–եան §էւ§է^ւԴււ%էսգրւէա.թ՚իւ.%թ թո^ Ըքբէէվ1ւ% փ»խաւեաաաւ֊ է Դ\եսէ»է.թ–իւ^բւ^ կոսսէսկս0ւաւ.թ՚ի^^ Ներաւ. (քքՏ6ք6Շէ(11&) թաժ%սսե^աւ. (\^էա.Խլք , Լյ՚՚֊րիկ^ իէասլիսւ , գ%»սղաիա\ է լԼյ»՛^ գաարձեաա/ վէւճսէ^եքււլ. եւ. գսւա.ասւձեք»ւ. է — «^«սքէա^ււք ք ւ»Ն վարչաա-թ-եան գքաա^խըլ կեցա»^ Խ թիւր՚ապա^այյ առաքնւէրգշ^ (բ^&6ք6^է118 1)1&6էօհօ). ասաւէր իշխահսսթեան սէսէկք^ հ՛^^ սսւարի% պաէշաօ ե ա»^ սաէէսրա բսւպմՅքսթ–իւ% միք ոբանա օ»ւ/(։՚1» «^կւէւն աաաաէւ^էսհը^ ՚ճշգիս արէէշոսսէհ՛ ու. աէսւզսաներսվ %շանէէ»կւ»ս$սհ՛ ^բ » ^կբւէսթեսէե իրսւէասթ՚եա՚ն^ վ^րէ՛^ Վ^1չԲ^ԹԷ^1Լ* հ՛^՛ աԽք խէար^րգարաՆին (օՕՈՏւտէՕՈԱա) ձեո^ ^ր» 2 . Հ^».ս»Դ;աակ»մհ կայււԽրայք %երքեւ. աիրաահ– էևգ^աԿօէսր թշասսւո-ութ-եսէՆ սէԱէե%է ^իսսսսի աքկէիսէոաաի վարգս» ^ պէսքւա֊թիԱ-՚նըլ բ՚՚ւբք ՀւէԼ.>»Ք^»սկասէ» պեսւաւ^թ֊եան մէք աաարաս^ ձ–ւ$ւ.ե^ասւ. • յ1յ^ա^ւպքեաչք արգկ% Փ՚՚ՔՐ ԼԼ"^"՛ ՚ ^՚՚ւ^ասաաէե ւ»ւ. իէոաաչիւաէ քսեւ յ^ քքիաէԱսեԽայ ^սէաարակասթ-իւ^եէԽր ^իյ&աձ– կի% I ոք1աԿ»ք շ»»^ս$ավ թւսօմաաէէէն . վա»՚ն սի քրիս.. աւէնկի^ ^աա^ա»է»ղյ ^ամար աիրւէվ^ա^ը^յան^ե§ աւա^ուքԱէ ե՚ա, ^աս^ըյքասհ– աՆօրի՚նսէկ ս§ռսքքիՆււա,թ–իւ.%%եբն աւրիշներոսՆ էսլ իրե՚ն^ ^եաեւԽլսս եռսքհգբ ^"՚րԹդյյք * %րէ–»՚»նկիյք՝ \,եր«\ի (64), Տքպյ՚^^-՚Ի (107). գեկսսի (\Գ4)եւ, ս»֊բիլ կպյաերսէ» աա§քե կբէս^ սանոսթ– ^ւյթւաե-աեկւխերե "՚-քէշ բանի չ&աա^ււքյկի՚ն ք թաքք եթկ ^աւ^ափա^Խլաւյ թի՚֊էլ շաա^ 94 ալ. սէէ-եչի ք՚՚՚ք ^ա»ա^սւէոդք գիս^էսղւաւ%՚եեբ կը^ յէսրաւ^էա^ ^հբ * — գ%աղ^1էնաա էէ^աւ. աաայաքի% կսքյարե^ աբ քրիա$է»»^ ՆԽաԱերթ պաաշապաեե՛^ * Ւ"^ է^էաաէա^պֆահւաա քէբաաւ. քրիա^. ւէաոեէէ^էէւ.թ–իւ%ր աէ֊րւասթ՚էան կր9ե է \քկե»Տրաւ.սւ սէաաուէէ.ւէ/ձ–ա»է§խ՚ն պսէշասւմՏււ^քքչե ի սկպթաէ^ շաապաքւլ կէ ի^գքյք Դ». ել. կ. գաբեբաա^Ք^Լ –կաաւ. էամէ^ ւի շքեօ կերպայ կէէէսաէաբոս^իէէ կէէաաոաՆգիաէաա Հ^՚՚ք^ե՛^ կզեբիՆ էսւէ..ւսԼձ^ կաէչա$..սէհրնեբ է յասէսէ$ւ.կ գաէաէսսաաաա11է Խւ. ^եղի%ակաւ.թիւ%՝ ա^բաա.ք–հա% իբւ»ղաա.թԽա^^ վջ՚Ղ1* Աք/* Պ^քԲՏե" ^"՚եւ– ^ւսէ–աաւո աէչեւ.աէԱէէիաբգյաէպե»ոո.ք9–եաաեա ես ի մաւ^ւսւ^սբի %ք^իւաս$ւէսի սէէ»էէ»աէՈահ––ւ.թ–եսէԿւ գե՚^է ՚^/»/»».» թիւ.ՆՆեբ եւաՆէ%խկիայի ք^գհանա..բ ժողավ^% –1^1(326)՛ 1\բիսսի վաբգաէպէաոա.թ֊իւ.%ւլ (թ՜ե ^բիաասս ^աաաա.&ղյ էսբւսբէսէԴէ կ , ոսսաի եւ. չխ թ՛^ ^էսմագդք , պքէ^ %մնւե»էգդ^ ե ^\|>) էքքեա.. ^եբեէէ§իկէաաէ$ւթ–իէ% գէէքէ»ւապաբսա0ւ.ե^»աս $ ^"էԱք ս՚բէ՚ւ""֊ք^է՚^է^ անկ^ եէոԽւ. ւ»/ Վէմեգաէխեբաւ. եւ. ^աթաւա ՚^ք բաաէ^էակաե ժէէ§»/աեւս»կ Տէա» ։ ^\|^^^Փ ձՀէ^^^^\*^ ••^գՈ^^1^յ1 յ^ա^%9ֆաա1աա \|(\|^^«». ^ոս\1՝^^Ր)^^,փ. 395. Խո^ ք\«, \\ոսգաԼգ\ոս ու. կ«»««ք444 ^337 *Ց&0)> էշ^ խանոսթիէ^ե սէէւնելու. ^ս/մաո իրստոու. Հեա սէրիսեա՛^ Ւր Ւ^Ը սւդգաևաէաա/ա սպաէւՆ&լթՆ ե՚աեւ. ք տսռանձ1^Աև քքշիտէսն եղաւ. է ^ո^\աԱո^ Ո^ք ^^^է^^ք ք ՚կոսաաևգիոսի ևղբ.օր^ որգԲն ^36 1-363) ^ե-թանոսակօսն փիւէսոփպ^ոէ,^ քժեասւդւ երթ ու ահ– ու. յք՚ք կ91՚՚Ր Պ^ ("Ր էբՐ^՛– կեսար 357^^* \^գրասպու.րկէ քով^ ՜^^վխմաէէեևըոսն «օ##»/70^յք Ատօու.ց Նոոէ^ ^եթաեոս յօլու.ոմեոե^ եւ. րնեւսւ. ԴՀարսից գհ՛^՝ րբսւհ պէստերազսրե սէՕէ ^ո^յխաԼո^շ եար՚ճւսաոեւ. կէսռավաոութ1/ե^ե եա, տևւ. կւ^սբ րեարոսե-ցաւ. յԼաք^^Նփքւ՚էևէաԱո^ Ա* ^364– # 95 Զմեոսաեէրց է ՚^սաեց ձսօւսէմարութե-աէւն սւաէ1է սկսսէւ. սւաագաց գաղ^աեանոա.թ^ւ^ր* մասԱ ռքւ Հ^օեե՚ո^^ %ն՚ւրէէւահ– ւսրե՚է-աքևէեան Գ՚՚թսէօիբ՝ աոեւև՚լև՚աե ^ռո^ Ք^ակսԻւ պեաոէ.թ–Ծան »^քընգու%ոսեցս^ քՑ76/^)< Վյէ»ոթնտքքնիաեոսի "Ըգէքւ^ Գարէսաիէսնոս (՚^ 383) "է. Վադքքեաթեիաեոս ք\ ^փ 3^2) Վ^ռէսի աքաՀու.անէ% էոա^ր %աԽւ, ՚^ոեէ-մու^պռհ ^ յթւսՕու.թեաաքբ աւսշսւպանեօ իր Աակմւա/եերէլ^ էԱէրձաեոո գեոէքս§նւսեաե սւպգսէռ գ^ւՐէ \կէգեչ&ց հեթանոսս» կան գ՚՚Հե-ոըյ ^ալահ-եօ ^եթսէեոսեե-ր՚ե ք ր&^&Ու) ու. ՚նոէ^աճեց ^ևրևաիկոս^ ^երըւ \^ մա^ու.ւ^է%– յառաքյ րաժՆեօ պէէաու.^ թիւ.էւր^ իլ.բ ՝ք^վ§կագքէէս՛ ւ«. ք(եորքւոս որգւ.ոցր ՚^քէ ^սաՏեկւէվ էրլսէե է ՚Հ^Ե-սե-լե-ան (էու^էսկաեք Բ^՛–^ պանգեէսՆ՚Հ ու. ՜^^եԱ^մէոևան (ս1ւրեւ.մսէեաե ^ռու^ա^ կաե՝^ կպ^սրւէւթիւ.՚ն%&–րը։ Հ^ռաջիՆր խել մի փո^ յիքփէոէ-թիլյմն&ր կրևքթն ևտեէ-է աեւ^է-ց 1000 •ոաոի յը1ք ալ Լյի՚նլես 1453)» շաա^աեօեև՚որ յ^յէևէ-ելե-ան ^ռոսէակսսե կւասերու.՛^ թե»սն սՆօէս մի չկոռաԱ ^ասռոեեէ^ ասոԾԱ-մ՝* ^ռոմէսէՊա. կաե պե-սէՈէ^թե-ասն շչսս՛ գւսսաււնե՚րն աոգ^-% ք(նոոիոսի ատէքն քոր ի՛՛ր Աս՚իչիքոն աւսշսէօնեան սպւմեՆ&լ տա^ լով^ 40 8 /՚՛^»՛ ղրկեց իԿր պե՚կթ ^ՂՅՐ պ-՚շչ^պ՚^եե մի^ գերմաՆակաՆ ւսզգաց աւ֊ար եղան է Վ^ւԽ ռի ԱպօԽիստ* Վ^ււնգալներէն է Աու.եսՆերե^ ու. արեսմ՝* գոթացին % 96 %§քո1;^ Սէշիար^ակսէլու.էք^ս»ս % քքեորիռսի որգապքն ու. յքքըրգ^ է ՀԼաղե՚եաթէիաեոս գի աաեՆ (423-455) \\փրք՚կէ։^ Վսէեգս՚/Նե՚րՆք իսկ իրիաանիան ^խգ§քո^ Նև՚րկ եա. յձպաէսո§էեե–րն առ.բնէ թ»էպէ՚ա եւ. յէաժե \^^ ^ետիոս պւսշտպսւնէքց 4է.Ե\^ էոէբոէ-թիլյեւլ ^Աքռսքք օսէչոո Հօնւսց գէ^աՐք /><^^ եաէ՚՚րաէ սա$»ւեոէ.եօս»Ա.է յԼաղեՆաթեիաեոսի սաաՆման^Ն եոոեւ. ^ ՀււոէՐ 455/^ գեՆսերիկոսի աէւաԺնոոգոսթ1ոսւդւ^ Վյսնգաի, %ե՚ր1^ն կողոասասե՚օսօ^ , /ու յ^^՚Ղ՛ ""^ԲՐ գօ՚րմա1եէսօքէ վարձկաեսէօօրսքօ սէէւսէ(քեք§բգՆե՚րէւ՝ իասէէիաւի է^ք իշքաաեու.թիւյևր ձե՚ռոսընթև առքւնէ ^ասնոա.վե–ռ աաբի կառսւվարե^ պետոսքժիւՖր (իիկիա^ր \|\|ւքճ.^«.աօ/%քտ ք^գէէակէր փսբ առաս 476^^ "(է՚րքե՛^ է՚^՚՚ԲԲ* 0"՝^ յհւրէս յ^է֊գոսառսե ք եւ. ^կթ Պ^Կտէ (^"՚գ՚^՚-՚ւբ աեւաէւաս^ ^ե^է - ^^""(է՛* ՚ւ^բք^Տ"՛– աբեսէՐ, ^ռոմէակաե պեաուքժիւյեոք 12օ0 աաբի աեէ֊ելւ^ էոոե՚ւ.։ հ՛՛հ քրի՚՚աոնէաւթեաւԴւ չիր կր^աձ– ըսւ^ահալէ Աաա^գ 4՛» ասգէքյսքք ՚գադթ-ասկաեոսթ-եաե աաե՚Նշ^ ^եթ՜ահէոաաԱ.^ թիւն/լ, հււսյկակաՆ պԽաաւ.թեա% մկք^ ԳԲ^^Թ^ ամէՆ հանուր ես աոիրոգ եպահ– չեր \ ւՐԻԶԻն ՊԱՏւԲՈհԹԻհն Նոսմէ՚եք ւֆ՚նչէւ. վ^ձ-րաէէձքէ գաշիՆբըյ 476-843» շ. յԼերտկօեի գաշ^կթկ՚ւ» միՆչևւ. \սաչակիրք* 843-1096. 3» \սաչակրաց սկսևլէ՚ն §ֆ՚նչէւ. վևր^* 1096– 1291. թի՚-՚ե. 1291-1517. ԱրեհԱՀ ՀոռմհակաՇ պհաոհթեաճ կ7ւբծաճռհմհ1ւ , փ(1– չեհ Վեյւահօճի ւբսշիՕքը, 476-843։ մի ժողովջգոց ^ որոկթ իրարւէԱ– զյ^9ըըգ^1՚Ա Ւր^Յ է 2^ քսէաւնոսթե-սէն ^եսւ երէօ՜սւսօէ րնգէսոձսւկսէգոյն շրՕաե բոյևող աեսէոսէօ-եանռ սէ^ Նառ՜ւ. էսպգպյքւե օսւոառա^ կրքժու֊թէէՏե աաըէսՆեցքէնՀ — \^է9^^ գսւոու. սլսէւոմհւ–^ թիւ^ր^ կը^ ՚^հ մեր սւռ^ե^ ըսա մասէւն ^ուոմէակաե աե–աու.թըրս/ն գւսա֊սււՆեեոոսե ե-ւ. րսէո մստսքւն էփօի% քժե-անօ մի ես եղյե ժսսմանւսկի տ^0 ՚եւսե-լ. օաոգսւնա§Ա : յ^Հ^^"^^^ 2 • \յ^էք^ գարոս ազգերո օարգւսւյաՆ գւխաս^ որսէսար ռոիստոն1^ու.թեաՆ ւսղգե–ցու.թեան տէսե^ յա^յետւսեանոա.^ժե–ամււ ՛նոր եե՚նգանոսթէւ-՚ն առահ– ՜Հ^եւ֊եւբէ ^աոո ու.Ն&ոս§հ՜ պասւերսւպսներաքԱ է յ\ռսէՕին շրքւ"^Ր ^ր ւմրԱնաւ ք սւզգւսց գսւո^աս^ կս^ոսթյետսէՈւ ^էօեոսւսՆ էո1^րու.Լօ՜եանց մեհ՜ Փ/""՛^՛ կ&ան աեաու-թեան մի ւԼջոո ւդւաեսւլոմէ 11(7՛՛ ^–՛ 9քՏՒ^՝ ւկ՚^՚^^^^յհ^Ժ ՚^քյ ւկ՚՚՚՚Բ՛՛՛^^՛՛^ ի^ֆէանութիւ^էն իր ԱքմեՆաէքեԾ բԱսրօԼրութեանր Լր ^էսսնիէ ^Ը^Ր՚՚ւ՚Գ շքք՚՚՚^Բ ^Ր պարոսնւսԼւ^ ^7" ե՚րԼու. մեՆ պե՚էոութ&անց ք ^յ§ "Լ. պէէ մասերու. ս.ւսժ%ու.հէԱէ ՆՐՐ՚՚ԲԳ շրքս՚եէւն յհ9է ռրէսսւոնէ^սւեէմև էսշ^ իէսրՎօթև յԽ^աքաւսկսւնոսթԾԱէե ^եա ու^եցւսհ՜ ւղաաերապ&երովԱ^ %ոէ.իրապեաութիսնր 1լ 1՚՚ո1^ էր զօբութե-սւե գագսւթո, սււ–սւտսւաեսէոյւթքէւ^ր խիսսո եր զարգանսլքք ես ասով Ս^^^ Գ՚"Ր1Լ Ւ՚՜Ր ""^^^ հ-սսղկեաւ վէճսսկԱե եր ^ասՆիէ ■վերքս0պե՚* Զորրւ՚րգ շրշւք^ր կր Ց"՚՜ՑԸ^^ քւսՀս^ւաապե-ա^ էուսԼան օօրու.թեաՆ սէնէսրանասէՆ եւ. թսւգասորաեաե էշջւաՆոսրէեան աւելի ^էսս$ոսւաու.քժեւ% առ1եեչւէաը սէսսքաաաետոէ-թեաՆ քեՕոսերԼէ 1* 1՝՚^ձ ""ւԳ ^Ւ^ գԽրւ/սէե՚եերըէ » 2» ՚ի՚^է ազգեր կաքի% –ււսւ%1ք ասբԽ^Խւեա^ա լ • գ>երյսւնսւեան էսպգերն^ որոկբ մեհ՜ գւսոք^ւս՛^ եանոսթեՆ^ ^առաՕք ^եՆոսի արեսելեան ու. ^ւսա. նու.րի ^իսս» գ^ եդաՆ երկիրներ ր^ յ^չեւ. ւ1 ^աթ^հէ գեէո րռՆահ– եի^ք \\եդտեր1/ն կր աարրերեի՛^՝ էր"^3 րարձր ^ասակովԱք կապուտ աչու.րհերո^ ու. իար՛^ աեաշ կամ՝ կարմիր մաօովըւ \^օատոէ.թեան սերէ »Բ՚՛^ Ր֊ քՀ ^ / . \ ■ 99 /^ /^– 1 իրեՆց գւէսէսէ-որ՚եեսւոէսգիրն Գ՜Ր^ \\սանռեոեէէն պէսոռ / ^ բաղպւ ու. որսի կր օբառ^ին • կանպյք կր շ^հ^ ^Ր՝^ Ա9աս1^ ու. ս.րգ^ պգեսանեոր գերբերն ու. հ՚էսռա^ ՚Ն&րր կր գորհ՚^քէն ^րկէրր* իարւշ^ակա1/ն^ յ1սթու–ր յ^ր ոս սեսւց այնպ1^ս ^ սրնչեւ. որ գասղ((3–սւկանու.Թեէսմհւ ^ռոյէսէկան սէպակաեու֊թիւՖր սորվերցաեւ Հ • յձէ^ս "՚դգ՚*ց էսրե-ւե-էե-ան ու. ^արսօ^աւին գք1հ^ ւ^եռ&չ&ան հ՜ով^ն պէնչիւ. գանու.բ ու. ^եԴէոս՝ կր բնւսկ^է՚և րաօմԽբւ՜ես^րստ մասք^ քօ-ափսւռւսկան պաս^ աեվւադմհռ ժոռովու^րգեե-ր ^ որոՆբ \քՐՐ՚^Րգ "՚՛ Զ^Բ՛^ րքրգ գարևրու.ն ^9^ Ւր^^Յ իշ^աեոսթիւնրյ քոեէ ւՈա սաասեան էսղգերու. ^րսո աւսրահ՚եցքԽ որւէնթ րեգ^ \անու.ր սւնոսսսյհ. »Ռէ \\ոսեւ կր կոչոսք^քաեւ լլք//»Նօ 4սսէն1^ն անոէ^անթևերՆ է/ն, \\ե^ոէ/ներրք Հոէյգորաո^ գսէցէՏներրք ^ուրգոսնաւսցիբք յՀ^րոսչներրք Վէսն^ գալներր^ ՚^արկոմաԱսերն ու. գ,ոթացիռէ էէաԽրսէքաէԽրքլէ - - 2* Ն՚ՐՒ "^՚"*^ գԽրյնէ%աւկաս% ւս գգԽրքւ ՀւԼո^ւսկէս% պէոէաաււ^ թ-ե—էե աԱէ^մսա՚եԽբը էՈէ^Խլ Խա. />^յլ կագգւս.է \|1քյք–»9 գ–ւղԹսկա§%ււ».թ՚Խէա1ե / ^\գ՚երյ1սնՆերր(\փյիրացւ.ոցոԱ.^եստոէձե–րու, ք / արշ^է^/կռներովրէ 34։) Հւկւյ՚>1(յէքցւ.ոց կետ շօշափմաե մէշյգալ^% եաէո^ք գաղոիա կ&սարի ԼօՕինյ ք ե՛լ. Աաո^ բք^ գան ոսբեան երկիրն ե-րր քիրու.սոսի եւ. ^իբեբիոսի ձեո-գբ (ւ.01^յ կռոմ^ւսկաՆ գսօ.առ եոանւ յձ,լքնպէ^ս որ էաս ժայաՆակե^՝ էէ^^ոս ու. ՚\ւաւնա^բ^ գեբւէա՚նաց եւ. Հռուքաւեցտ-ոց ժէՕ սալման եոաա-է յձ,ւգոսւոոսի դօբւս^ վւսրնեբրփորօԼեցիւնասոր Արսչյ՝ Նաեւ. գեբմանիւս յիտ՛^ ^եւ եւ. կրցան աւ ռանի միցեոեբու. ^եա գւսշի1կօ գնել 7 ՚ \ է. I ■ I է \ 100 1 ել. ուոհշնեոր ռրէէույք ՚նոսսւ՚ճելէ ^ձսւեայն սւրգ1^ ս ե՚ե ք / «^* 17* \^ֆեէոս ք Վյարոսի լե–գ1^ո1/ներուն »աոթ֊եւոմ^ / յեոՕէսցաււ։ կռոատսւեահ էշրւսւնու-թհսնր գ^երյսէնիսչյհ I սէք է ՚\^սԼ1^ եւոռր բւսւէսկան կսւմաոԽցան Հռոմայե–^ I ցՒբ* Ւը^^Ց *1"՚"^՚՚–1^"՛՛՛^ սսւ^մաԱՆեոն ե-րկու. գեր^ I սէերոաՏն յէով եաՆգՆէսօ՛ գդեւս1վներաք ասւշաաանեւ : շ. ^երմաՆաեան աաբ^ակմոէ^կբՆեոո^ ^ռու1^–^ օէեան սւս^մանէսգչոսէւնե-ոու. վրսո^ սեսան 1օՕ/՚^< ^աատե-րր^ գստղռրւս ու. յ^արեու1սւ1/նեոէլ Դ\աեՆւէնիւս մէոաեէ ^է^պէ^էո եւ. ւ^սէրեոս ՚\^ւ.րե–դիոսի գհրրմանա^ Լասն վաոձկանւսօօրր զասոկռ ե-տ յկեց* Բ–՚91ց 200^^ / ՝ լ գե-րէ/անսւկան ցեոերրյ ^ը՛ մեհ– գւսշՆսքկցու.թիւՆ I կէսզյեէով՝ աւերիչ սւրշաւանբնե-րով պե-աութեաե սասկմա1էնեոո կոէւեցռնէ լլ Հարաւաէ^ Գ&բմաՆիէս^ի մհ^՚է կաօմհԱ.եցաւ. \^աեմա13Նեոո»հէ գւս^ասկցոսթիւեոէ \քՐՐ՚՚Րգ գաոհւն 4^Ր^"ՐՐ ՚^՚՚՚՚Կը սւՆնեցէԽ ^էքնոս գե-աքւն աՕ Գ^ եոահ՜ ^ռոԱէւսկսւն եոկիրներր* ե՛լ. ասկ^ գ.աոոէէս ւարձւսկեցաե տ ^» Փր՚՚՚^Կ^"՚Ր՛"– գս՚^Աէկցու-թԼւ֊Նո սւէսոէսհ՚ուօ՜^ ցւսւ. ^եու1ւսնէայի ^իւս* ս»րօ՚ււՐ, գքւե • ու. Նրր՚՚Րգ գարոսն ՚ւէրք^բւ^ անցաւ. ^ո^ոմկական սէս\մա1էնհրւ%ոՀ \\ոսաանգիէաւնոսէ ժէսմանւսկւ^ ՜^^յե՜սան ու. Փրանկ ^> զ1ւնոսորներն հք՚ն կայսերաց գլէսաւոո պսւշապաև՚նեոր» \ եւ. ճեռոէ-ոևքւն ու.%ե/^ ւսսոնթ շսւսա ^եոէսրօուՆեաց \ ու. աերք՚-քօ՜եան աէՈ/նաբարձո պւսշտօէւներրէ Տ՝ ^ձպռսոնՆերո ՆՐՐ՚^ՐԳ գ՚՚՚ը^ն ՚Լէր կ ՚"՛^ պա կան էրն հ՛ովե՛ն գ%աոորսսյր ու. ^րիսոէսնիայէ հ՚ուք^ եղջներոէ Դ». ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ գւ՚Ր"^ սկիօբներըլ Գ՚"1ս՚՚ցէքք որոնց ^եա յ^»սրանեցան՝\\ու.եա^երն ու. ՀԼանգաէներոյ %ոսա՚ճեցքւն Վյ^^^'^&/^ եւ. \|)/Տո. հովու. մէք^ եղահ– սար^ 101 մաասւկան \սւաւ.եաՆ\ ^^դ^ՐՐյ Հ^^Ձ >ոՒի 0 ե-պբր՝ էրէսչւէ^ բս/ժ՚նու-եցւսեէ Հար* գ,ե–րմանիայի 91^0՝ դ»Աք^ ՚եու. բէ երեայնոսթս-սւյււր սււսրահ՚ոսոռ Վս/նգէս/նեոր ք Ղ\ա1/նոնհէս ^էսյս$ոս»տոսե–օան % \\ոե՚սւ/ս9ե՚ան Ղ^՚^Թ՚՚՚Յէա որ դակիաև րռ՚եահ– ^–ք^ ք (274) Վ^աեգսւլեե-րու. ^եսա ւսրրոսեան ռսւ^անաներու. ձ1ոՆղբ օրէսէոք^^ոսթեաե գսւրձւսն։ ի</^ \^րե–ւ.ելեան Ղ՚^(^*՚ՅհՔ շ՚^՚րոմնակեցէէե իրերնց պիՆոսորակաե կ§ոսնթր &ւ \|\|/^/. հ^ովէՆ՝ յոս^ սւսկան կայսե-րութե-աե Նովեպքյւն ե՚րր կր կոոոպէո1;^էէեՀ \^րր սւսոր ւքրսչյ ք\|՚>^ "՚– Վ՚՚ւ/ւ՛՛՛ գե՜էոերուՀՆ տէէՕ գրա^ %ու.ոո \^ւէսՆՆե–րՆ էսէ ՚նու-էս՚ճեռքւն հրռնռ հշէէանու.–^ թրւ.1ևր քօԵՕք^ սէէոԾմեերրՀ ՀերմաՆրհկոս էօ-էսգսս^ սորքւն ատեՆ՝ •^Լոլկաւէ։Ն ու. \\եւ. հ–ով1^ք մէՆչթւ ^էոէ^ր եւ. \կէեւ.ե՚ւեաե Ծ՚ո^ ասէրւսօ՜ու-ե-ցէսւ /ւաւօ Հոներույե ււսո֊ւս0 ռալելոպն իրեՆց պւոոու-թէւ^ր վե–ր^ւսց$սւ.ւ Հոնբ եռան պւանգէսմայե պսւ$ո՝ճ$աւռ ^ ւսզգսւց մեհ՛ գէսոթ-սէկանու֊թերան * որով ^երմաէէներր ւսրեւ.–^ մէՈԾաՆ ^ռոսէսէկաՆ գէսւ-սւռէսց սաւ^ր օ՚ոանՀ \^ 49* Աւք**յ ^ա^ա\ա1ոա.^)»՚^շ պաաաառաԱ. Վս$\գ§»ւ/ներ1ե ու. \^ոա.Խէ%էէրը աէԽզեր^ֆ^ ^Ը"՛^ * – 2 • \^Ր^–՛^ Հիէ1Լոֆքքա% Խ^թը թասգէս»յ,րւ,Ա.թիա.%%Խրըէ - 3 • ի՛^. ^է՚՚^^—՚թի–՛^ ա^Խչքաա. 7\ ՚ V ՝- ^ / /ձ ^՚\» Հ՚պբ (յկոէ-ըսկան վսցրագ^ թափառական / ժոոովու.րգ իՌլ) ^Ղ^ք՚^է Ո՛–^՛^^ ^արաէ. կողմեր ԷՆ ք •Վ^էկա գետ՛ն անցան է \ձյահՆերն ու. ար&ւ–ել1րան ^ո^ թս՚քքտքր ՚նոսա՚ճևցիՆ եւ. իրե՛նց իշիանոսթիւնքէ դ»օք«^ ՛նոսրի ^իսս, կոոմե՚ն միւնչեւ. ԳՀաԱնոնիս^ի սա^ման^ ՚ներր ^ասցուցքէնւ \\րեւ.մտեան Գռթացիք Հոներ1֊ն ՚նեղուահ–^ Վադխս կայսեր սէղաչեցքւն որ պէրե՚նբ \ռո^ մէական պեւոու֊թեսէն մէք ընգու-՚նի։ ի՚^ց իբ^ց 102 գք^էՐ եոէսէէ սւևիոաւ.ու.թիւ^մներ1;^% գրգռուսւհ՛՝ էս^ պրսւոաէդւևցան ք դարկք$ն Վյսդէս ^՚^՚՚րը \^գրէաՆու^ ( աոլսդք Ք՚՚՚ւ^ 3 7 8^^* ^՚– ասերևլուԼ^ ոս կողոպսւե^ 1 §ով Հեմհս թերակղւ^Բն գևրփևցքւնՀ Ա«"»/» ՚էը^ ՚ ք^ք^ոգոս \^ե՚Ն ^ հրերնց ււնսւԼոսթե-ան սոե՚ո աու$աււ. կ^ապրկքւեւ / յ^կագիոս/ (^^Օ^ 4էրբ արևսևլերա% ^ռո^ սէռսէ^որգու֊թե՚ւսէքհյե ՚իսասւչբւտէ է/անօ՚չու. լէ՚^Րգ՚՚Ր^Գ (401)* ^՚^ց քքևորիոսի ւ^աիլիքոե քաջ^ղօրավարն ի^ րև%ց յադթկ (403)« ՆՐՒ 1ձ"՚Իւեք"^ ՜՜ "Ր 406/^^ գԾոմաՆսէկան հեթանոս էս ոսմբ մւէ ^լոոե՚նէոհայի յ^"՛/ փ՚ճէսցոնեւով^ ՚\%տսՅ§էան սէռաւուսԾ ^ո - - քք^որրոսի ճե-ռ^ք սպսւնուեցասք \\չար/ւկոս 40 օ/՛" \^ւոէսքբաե էսշքսասո^սէկւսւեց ու. Հ^ււոաւ ե՜րկու. >»^ ^ ՂԲ^՜Ր "ք*՛^ շէսոեւք^ եաեսք աօ-էսւ. ու. կողոպաեց 4X0 ^սլ/ց որով^ե-տեւ. ւձէոէլէբոէւ \^ր՚՚րէկ^՚՚է գհ՛^ ՚\^$ոա§րաՆ պսւշտպանեէու. ^սււ/ար ^ ^րիւԻանրայ^ն ու. գ.աոոէէա1;^ ^ռոսէական լե-գ^ոմհերր ե՛տ կանչահ– ք^ո Վօէնգալռք ՝\^րսմեերն ու. Աոս&ւներր ^^%ոսՆ անցան ու. \^պաՆիայի <^0 ^ւսսօէաՄւոսե-ցսւնէ ՚վԼսաՆ^ Գ՚^լ^^Րւ^ ք^^&աԽ՚^՚ւ/^ Հ* ՚աՏ^ էքամն (^Լնփալուսիանի Պլան՛ներ ր^ ձբֆ^^էան րաքհ.ուկա§ն ք է^՚կ \^ու.եւ^ ^•■՜ %ևրր^ կալէսիան բո%եցքւնէ \յ^քէ ՚օ՜ւ. ՚նդՐէ ժամանակ ^թ .^ոէ^բգույնգւսցքէբ՝ քէ^ոնի կողմեոր^ հ*հ ՓՐ՚^^^"ՐՐ ՚՚՛ ՜ ^իսսէսաքք^ գ^էսղոէսոի "հ^ աարէսհ՚ուեցանէ շ. յ^յաբիկոսի մա^ոսան^ն եպթո (որ ^ուսե՚ն^ աոն գե-աո թաղոսե՚ցաւի թողուցքւն արեւյ՝» գոթաս–^ ց^"րր (412) \^՚՚"՚ւիան ու. ^թաուէփհ առա^որ–,^ գուՔ֊ևԽմի գաղռիա անցան։ Հոս ^իւՏւձ–ցի1ե 415/՛^ ՝ւ \ 103 վաք«րւա^ էսառնո պօրսէւ֊որ տ1^ոութհսն մի ^ոլոմսւս Լգու.լու.ւէյ գլխաւոր քաղքովյ յ^վէեւ֊մտե՚ան գ^ոթսւօ^եր^ն Ն&/շու.էԱԾ՜ ւ\| օա«, գաչՆե-բոք ^ռոյայևցի ա&էրսպա^^ մի Ս^ոեիփա.^ կիոս^^եՀ կանչոսև-քով * գ,ե%սե–ոիկոսի աուաՀքնորգոս^ թևամի ^փրիկհ աեցան (429)* ^խադանգևցոէ֊ցքէն ^իւ.ս, է^ովե-զրոք ՚նու.ա՚ճեց1էն (^^(Տ)կարքևգոնն ու. 1լ ա^ ՚-երէրն անկէ ւձիկէլէաեէ \\արգ^իաՆ ու. իսւսքչիան ։ ^րհտ անացքւթ^ ^ռոմայՄցհ լե-գ^ոմնե-րոսն օւս^ շոսԾլխհ եաես^ իոեՆց ^իւսիսաւին գ^ գտՆոււս^է ^իկաաց ու. Հ^կովաաց գէմ* իլւե՚նթ գէրենթ պաշսէք.. պաեե-ք չկէսրև՚նա/ով ^ գ&չււքանիւ^11^ն՝ յ^գլոեե՚րե ու. \^աօսոէւնե–որ օգնու.թե–ան կանչթց^ւ լ^ւ/ււՆօ՝ 449^^ ՚նոսա՚ճեցէւն ^աբաւ֊աքբն \^գոէաՆ ու. ^իաւե-ցք^ Ն^1^Ր թագաւ-որոսթիսն՚եերը^ (Տց թ է&քօեւօ) « կ աւ1ոէմնայթե \ո,ոմէական գաւսւո^ե-րու^ ոէ^ ՝ ՍԼ՛"՝–՛ սւիոսՏք կո՛նական ՚ԽքյՐ^՚^Ւ Ց"Դ"ՐՐ միսսս.աՆւսՆ ու. քսեէ մի ՚նոսա՚ճ0ւսահ՜ սւզգեքէ աւ ^&ւոՆ ւսո-սւհ– ք այս օրուէմն Հ՜էքԼգսէոիայ^Ն ե-լաւ ք գգոս է ւսրեմոսաթ աո^ շասեւու. եւ. ^ոՆ սւեոոսսւն եոկ^եոու^ սէիոելու. ^ամւսր է ՚իր&ն գէմ էֆացան Հ^ռոմէսբաքկևրն՝^ \^^ե–^ աիոսի սւռսւ(քնորգութեամի^ էքւ. \կէեւ.մտ– Ղ՝ոթ$սցհթ ու. Հ^ոէ»»ՆԱնեոո» եւ. \\ասւա7նԽ1նեւաէե (^ալոնհ ^"մյ արիւ.՚նա^&ռ ՜ճակատի՛ն մէք իոև1և աաղթ-եցին 4:0 1 (^ > ^էոսւիղա ասոո մրայ անաաասս գւսոծԼոսո մերքւն իսւս».. Փ՚մն% ոսսկից քսել մր բն"՚կէչ^ փ՚՚Ւ՚էէւՐ՚1՝ ^ի.սե1քցին Վ§քսեսէրկ օաղաօոէ ք^եուաւ. \^սքսէիոա դէսկիսէ գւսր, ձահ^ աաեՆ (4ՑՑ)> \\էոաիոա/ի մա^ոսէսմի ռալբպյեցւսւ. իր աֆբու^ ՚ թիսմն ասլէ ՀոՆօւռ »աս»ռոուէեե–ոլ^ 1)^^<– հ՚ոմուն "՚Գք՚՜րԸՐ \ ռաշոէ^ե-ռանէ՚յ^ոեւե-լե-սէն գ%ու.թռ առին ԳՀան՚նոնիան ^ ՝2^ ,104 գևաիգներէէ գակիանւ Աւ/ ապգաց ^իսսիսէէչյին գ^ Մւաոահ-ոսեցս^ \ոնգոբսւլւղսսցիք : Հինգեոոոգ գարոսն կ^սերր մէայն ՚է^սէսէլիպյի Արպյ ամփոփ ու.ս»հ– Լ^ո֊ոմկասեահ պեաու.թեա1ւ^ աեոէք վէրջ տուբաս ք\գոակէր ^476)> "/՚ քիոմու֊լոս ՝\ձ,^գոս^ լ^քքՕ-ՕքՕ գւսո^սէեաՆոսէօ-եասմս. գեոմահաեաԱ աԵգերը^ աչէե-ււՐ, կւրոպսյյի ակրերն եռանւ յձաեւ^յն գեոմանաեաե ա1^ոա.քժիւյմնռ–րո կար՛ճ աեէ^ուշու-թհս՚ն ոէքնեռան* մասն ռէ արգ^Ն սսռսէ^րն գարերոսե մ^0 կամ րուորոմ^ն ժնՕոսեցանյ կամ մեհ– ^րանկեան աեաոսթեան մէՕ ձոսլուեռանՀ 1– ւ^փրիկէի ^1"֊"՛ հ^ովևղէրքի՚ն վրսչյ 429^^> I ՀԼանգսւլնե-րք^ ^իմնու֊սւհ– ա^րոսթ^ւՆոք ^ե-ղէսսւրիոս I ^ու֊ստ^իանոս կայսեր ղօրէսմարո ք^^^ց քօ34։)< յ 2» 4ւ09է^՚1էր ^ի^"* արևւմ. \\պա՚նիւսյի մէք^ \ րւնակոո \^ոէւե–ւՖ1րրչլ 585/՛^ ար ես մ. ^ոթացքէնևրւ^ I յաոթոէ^ևցանէ Վ^ե–րջինՆե–րու.ն^4։15ք՛^ ^իՏաահ– աՀ։^ րու-թիւ-Նոք Բ^/բՐ Ապանիան ե՜լ. ^ստր» արեւ.մ» գԱ0ռ^ ղէան իր մէՕքլ կր պստրույնսէկէրէ \^ս սէէրու-թրւՖո կորհ^անեցին \կւարացիք 71 1/՛՛» 5 3. Հիւ֊սիսսչյի՚ն գաղդիէ^ի մ1ջ^ 410 1^ Հ^/»» I կար ^րանկաց աերու^թիւնր* էսկ ^արսօ.» սւրե-սեէ • I գաղդէւ^ի մէ^ իոէ^րգու-՚նսւացւ-ոցր^ք որ 534^^ ՓԸր՛ \ րան1խեր1^ ՚նոսաս՚ճոսեցսէյսՀ \ 4. ^րիաա՚նիայի 1^^449^^ գՏնոէ.աՆ ԱՆ^ \ գլո^սաքսոնսւկան եօթ1ևաե–սաու.թհւ.1նքլ թագաւորոա–^ թե-Աէն մի վրէԱէ մէսսցաւ. 82 7 ^^< / / է. \ \ 105 կ^Ր1լ 496 ^^> ք^ի^րԲ^գի՚^^իք՝ 530 ք^* ^^արեևրը^ 6» յյ^ի՚եչեւ. 489 ՀուՆգարիա էւնակուլ ԱՀւճ՚ճ.,^ եաեան Ղ^՚^^՚՚՚ցհը ՚\էուսլէսւ անօան, ք^գոաեէրէ պե՛^ սէա.թրւ.Նր կոոհ-անեօքւն ու. եոեո^ էո1;ոերն եռան ^ միՆլևւ. 5 54 5 7» ՜\քւեգոս.ւէքոգւսցհթ Հ^ուՆգս/ոիաւի գ.&պիգ^ %եոր ՚նոսւսւճեչէՆ Ծսոես^ ՕՕօ/՛^ \^էՈէսւէսւ գացԲե^ բ այց \| 7 4 քւե ^ոաՆ1հէե՚ո1^ ՚եոսաճու. եցան : Օ \\րԼրս&լ1ոսՆ \յւ.լւոպաե մոՆչեւ. \է1պ՛՛ գեա ու. յ^լպեան ւ^Ր^ԿըՐ բոքնեցքէն \^ւաւ.Ն1րոոէ ^"կ դ^էսկի$»ւՆ ^ի՚նՆե-սւե ե-լ թէւսչժ-ւսբսւկս^ ւսգգ&որ Լլ^ք–«. ստրնե-րըյ իուէկաոնեոո \ ւ \յ • ՝\^վէե–ւԽէե–ս/ն ^ռոսէսէկաե կւսմ՝ ւու.՚նէսկաե կայսրոսթիւ՚նր կր աաոոսնակ1^ո իր սէշըք Գ\ալգսւնհ ^աէրւսկղպի^^ ռասւ բոլոր ՓԴՔՐ 11"^"՛^ ք \^՚"՚րհքԲ Դւադեսաինրէ ՜կգիպաոսն ու. յքյ^ի՚Օև՚րկրակաե հ՛ովուզն ս$րԾԱ.եւԾան կղէտևերր* ^ոսսաԱնհաեոսի ւսսէԾ՚ն ՚եաեւ. 1 . ի՚%ձ –եաակ հր գԽրմաԽաՏէ.ոց կԽա11^ աքս յփԼաքիա է ~ 2 . \"եչ^ վիժակի է^ք^ էքքէւ աւք-է֊եապռ ու. գի$քէ–./3–իա31տ ազգսէ^ գէսդք9–ակէս\ո».թ–եաև էսսւԽ%$ լ» քձ1^պ^տ ե՛լ. գե՚րմս^էՆե-րր ս^շր^սէր^Iսկարսհ^ երկիրներնուն մէքյ կամաց եւ. ոսշ^ "^ռոմէական կըբ^ թոէ֊թե-սւն սոմորեցան , մասն օէ քսւսղաղոէ-թե-ան գորՆբերր կ աա^թէ» բ^ց ք՚Ր"^ցսհ %ու.աքճուսւհ– ժոոո^ փէւ-րգե&րուՖ օգպյական ա1սորժսւնբնեբր շ"–" սոր–^ վեցան եէ^^ին բար ^ ական պարդու-թիսնՆթէ կորսՆցոէ.–Խ՛ \ ցքւնէ \քրբ ռրհսաււ^^ա.թիւ^յՆ էրէ^նց ւԽպք ^հ՚էսգդ^ \ \ V ՝« 106 ւսռգեոու.թհււՆ ւՐ ոսնեօսէւ. ք այն ւստե% եռան բւսր^ ^է^երր չվո^ւսեաք/ն ու. երկիրնիՆ քապսւկանեռքէՆ ։ ^"(/քք շաա չաեօսէւ– ւե–օու%իՆ կորս՚նսոԱ.ոի՚ն » հւ. բպ/կե էսեդաօի», քւէ՚րոէ֊Ն իբրէւ. սէէ^եՓ կրք9–էսէ/եէբու%% սէռին ։ \^էսա^սէւվ 1քբեւաՆ էչա՚հ ււ.էւմաեէեահ ւեդու.Նէ՚Իչ$։ ՚ք—՚՚կ՚՚ր ս՚է–րո»–թ՜եանռ յէք օրի՚նսւա $1աս»ես$Ն՚հԽրր գրեքՓե՛ ՚^ք/է^ ւա11էցսւ%աէ11էերու. Հս$մար միայն գր$սմա»աոժ սսւ^փ/ահսէծ՜ «՚^^ ՍԼ՛^^ "՚^Պ ^Ր" գէէւ֊ւՐ եւ. աէւ%ւ/էդութեան փւարձ (<\|ք(18ւ1ա ք գսրՏ–»սհ–ոսթ–ե»աե յէ9 հր* վր1;;ժ(սՆգրութ–իւ%% ոա^ անՀՆւսկժճւ իրասսմ^ա պասշա^ աասւաւթիւ^էն սէէէէ՚ն սէզասէ մաըգոէ^ Թզ11 ս$րուս§հ– հքւ^ * լլօօւաո գասղթ՜ւսկանութ-եաէե սա֊սքքի՚ն գսւրերսւ% »1հ9 էսրոա֊եսսէ «ք. մաւսսորակաՆ կրթոէ֊թքււ.՚ն անկահ՜ոա֊թ-եան է/էք հքւ^* \\ռու.ւոու֊րթ ա»ոսւռէււ.էէէհ–ոռ անւսաւս^սվէէէ.թեան ^ասմար գրեթէ– բոքսրււմի% գագրսէձ՛ հր* ^ուՆստկան կայս֊ րսւ֊թ–եէ$ւն ԱԽձ-օւգոյն ուսղաքՆէրր թհ՚՚ւէ՛՛՛՛ "է՚՚՚^հյքի՚ն , աւս փ9ր1քէ՛ "՚էէ էրհ՚Նռ %սէխ՚նւսկա% կրթոսթ–իւ%րէ թ՚՚՚յց ՚"– էԱ.աե^ անար ^9 յառսւքագիմհսթ-իւյե կսււՐ ռաբգօւ^օէ֊էՐ էՐ ընեւ կասրէքնէսրււ. այ1 կ^ 493-554. - 2 • ^ք^ա.—ս^ք^%ի^է^%—ս ի\չք՚ւ. \|»ւ««ւ«\|^Աք մՏաւս. է — 3 • ի՚^չպէէս վիրքաաւ^սււ. ւաբԽ$.^ \» յ^Հէե-ւ-ե-լ&ան գ%ոթէԱՕ թագասոոր^ ^Նոքք>ո^ էււ* ^Նժ՞ք գէ""^^ ^՚– երթեայ իշէւաեոք աարաւ. ողովոսոգո Ս\^Հ^ ^\\^ւոս§էէ՛* զաչէսէսւ. Վերոեայհ յ^^՚ւ^ՐՐ քէգ՚՚՚՚՚^^ՐՐյ Աքշ1սաը^սէեալեռ \հսէսէլիա1$ ^ ու. ԾԱԼբ1էն ^էԱԱ-ե-՚էւնսէն Լգ.^օ)՛ ^պս՚ս՚էսկեցոսռ %ս$եւ. ^սէուսԱ-էաԱե դա&րւ/աՆիան ու. ՀելուեաիանՀ Գ\ա^եպ ^ւՆոսպ;սւեաե սւս^է/անսէգոութրւ.Նո» սւ. օաոգւսռու.օ աեսէպատ ե-ղահ՛ "Ր^ՒրՐ ւՌսէկՈսթեւսէէբք վա՚ճառւս–^ կանու֊թե-այի ւէւ. աոյ^ե-սւոուԼէ ՜^ևո֊աւ. 026/՚^< 2* ^մալապու.%1^սյյիք քծէոգորիՕոսի գսաեր .ր՚^օրձ–ղբօրւ^%ք քձ^ոգս/ա^՚ն սպաեոսիլԱ^ պատ–», ճսէո. սւոէ^սէւ. գոէ-ստքէեհաեոս Լայսեր ասոո գէմ՝ պա^ օանէ ,,^ 107 ՝ ք–^ աերառւՐ բստեաչու. (535/՛^)՛ Կ^"^/՛ սպարապեալԼ ֆ ք^ւ^ոգասէի ՚յաջորգրք (539) ^պաաակելոԱ,, սակւզքե երք֊ իևոիսարիոս եէո կէէէնչու֊եցաս (օ49) > ք"^ 3 հ^Ր"(^՚ք ^եոիսարիոսի ^՚՚՚9"ՐԳ1^ ղարկաէ. երթ էոսէ ս.աՆստԼույյւ1 ՜Լրնգոռւսբգե&ոՈք Հ^ե-ոուլնե-ր՚ե ևւ. է՚֊րէշ գոթացի՚եե-րո 5օ2/՛^» Տ՚՚"՚^Դ""՛ ՚^ակաէո^ մէք ի%կաւ.է ^ածն ՏՀ1****՛՝ արեսևլևա՚ն գռթաց վեր ^ ՕէՆ թագաւ-որբ կա.§^ի ՛Ք"՛/ ^^"՚/^^ եաեւք անա^ պս»Մ1 գաոձահ– ՚\%սէսէւէան ^ գաո^ե-աւ ^ռոսէւսկան կպյս^ ոու֊թեան գասաու ևոաւ. քօ54^ ^՚– կբկաո֊ավալւոսէր ^սէւ.1^՚նա ՚նստոո ՀԼե-ցերոոգսւպեր ա՛ներ ու. ^^յXձ^^ս6Տյ ձեռօ /՚"՜ ՝ 42. 568-774. 1 . ԼոԱգոք՚4Փ^քքի4^ւ1փ՛՝ ազգաց գաւլթականու.^ թեան աաե՜ն՝ գերւ/ան^աւ^ն ք պյսօրոսան Ա^որաւ֊^ս^ եւ. արեւ-մւոեասՆ \\սսւիցեէս իՕանՀ Հոս ՜\ձ,ւ.արսւց օգ%ու–^ թե՚էսմի է Ղ՝^"(Ւգ՚՚ց պետոէ.թ^ւ.Նո կքքրհ՚աեե–է11;–՚ն եաեւ ք ՚՚Խսէացահ՝ կերս1^օ1Հե կանչու.ելով^ ^լբոինոսի սւոււսք–^ Նիրգութեստմր. իէուսչ^ա անցանք ԳՀաւեան »սո–քւե ու. թե՚րակզռսոյն մեհէսգոյե մասքւե սւիրեցքւԽէ \քԲ^1ՐԲԳՔ*"–ք^է–^^երու. բսւժՆու.եց Աէա. . որսն^ մկ^Ն յ^կ քսէՆիՆէ թսէգսււորներ^ն գրեթ-կ բորարովին անկախ էր։ ^ոI^ա1^ո^..ս\|ձ■ ժ ոոէավրգեան ^ես» այ՛նչափ քւսղքրւէԱ.^ թե ամի չւէսրուե^ան \ո՚Նգոթաքգացիք ինչպէ-ս 1^եսե^ ւեան գ%ւէսթք ըյթաձ– կիՆ ։ \|^<ք^ ^րկէՐԸ. Ա^՛– ^Ը. մշակէ»ւ. էր ։ — Հս-ոմաւեցի ՝բնիկՆեր՚ն էրեՆս եկաժաի՚ն երրորգ մասբ կհւ. էոսչքի՚ն իբրեւ. ս»սւ.րք ՜\սւ~իսապրանգոս եւ. \^սաէււ.չփոս պաակերամարաից կռիւր ւօգււստս գորեաեեը>յ վերի՛ն Նէսաչիայի շաս» մը^ \ 108 ււ§ւ.Նւաւկան քսէղասքնե՚ր% սւււ^ե՚/^^% եաեւ. ք ՝\^յ$սս»սս§փոս ^ե^ պի՚նոս ^րա^եկատա թ–ւսգս§ւոր^֊ն ասւիաւէւ.ահ– ^արեագրեսէսւ. էսշխսւր^ւսկասլոսասհ– ե՚րկիրթ \^սւեփւսՆւ§ս ք\ . ^ա^անայսէպե^ Աքի՚նւսէնձՆէւ։ \^^սս»ու^ւփււսի ւաքորգս դ%եսիգերիոս , 1\|Օք. րօքոս \րեձ–1^^ն ւաղթ-ու^եցէսւ. (774)* »(> \ոեւգէէթսէյւգասկա^ւ Աք1^րու.թիւ%ր 1 վ^րանկսւյք աեէոու^թ^եան ^եա միսւաու.ա ։ Հ, ^ունէսց նսոսոնեոո^ ՀԼեօերորգսէպեէՈոա.^ թէլյևր եորսրնցուօքւն ս/պսսւաւՌ.ու–թ1ոաՌւ է/հէ Դ՚՚Ր ւօքՀւո\|օ 72օ^^ աասէծե-րՆս-րոէ. էէսրգութե-անր գհ^ ելահ՜ "՚1Գ"1յ^Բ Հռոէֆ ^ քէսււ.1/1ւնսյյի ու. Վէ/Նեէոիեի մէքյ — \^""Ր ՚1ր^ \\աեփաեոս \|\. (Ղ^^\ Գ\ևաքւնոսէն ^ ՀւՆոմեակա՚Ն ևկեղէցւ.ղքն (թ&էՈՈ10աԱ1Ո Րօէո) սաա^ ցուսսհ-ոցր ե ւ. ^աւ.եՆՆսչյէ –(Լյքցե-րորգապեսԽւթեան վօպ) (ճօՈ&էւՕ քւրւու)» իբրևւ. աշխարհական աէ-ր ^ասաաաոսօ՚ցաէ–, որոմ Տէ՛^ գրուեցէսւ. \յկէրոեցւ.ոյ էո1^րու.թեանէ ■Տ-՛ ՚ ^է կէէե"՛ "՚֊ ^"՚ՐքԲրք՚է՚ւօէ ^կ մասո քՏ»* գարուն \կէարացիՆեր^Ն աշխարհ ակաԼոսե-ցւսս։ ^՚^ց Ս»^՛"–՛^ ւքւա մրՆչևւ. ^Ա * գարուն սկհգթՐ էունւսկան իշբւա<^ %ոսէժ ևէսն ՚նՄրօե՜ւ. աւսւց։ յ 54* ա^գւ^^գ^^1\աԱգ*^ 555» 1 • %քէան^ մի անկարող կաւսրներ^ ե՜աեւ. 0՜«. էաւ. 0^՚–««ք»է«»(«4«1»«««* (527-565) բիւ-ղանգեաՆ (ա^ րեւ–եւեան ^ռոմէսւկան^ էՈսՆականյ կաւսերոսքժեաՆ գւս^ր։ յ\սեկաւ ^եոէսւսրեոս սաւսրաաեսւԱն ^եռ գ ռ > կորհ-անեց )Շ»փրէ^^ Վւսնգւսլներու. քժագաւորա-ք^եւ^ ^/» 534» \3"՚Կ՚^՚ե սՀքԱ ^րկիրշ 650^^ \կ""բ"տԽ աո֊ի՚նՀ ՝\/րր ^եդիսէսր՝յձարգ1էնիանքկորսիկանք յ^իկի՛^ ւիան ու. ՚իաալ^ան 1ևոէ.ա7^եէէն եաեւ.՝^ (54:9/՛^) ^՚" կանչոսեցէսւ.^ կերս1^ս ՚\%տսւլէւահ սւշէւար^սւկէսլոս–^ թիւնը^ գէուխ աարաւ. (52* Ց)է ՆՐԲ 17" կերպով 109 պե–սւա.թքււ.1ևո նոր գսէսսէւՆՆեոուք ե ոնգէսոձսւեոս^ր ^ յ^է-աբներե ու. ^ու.չկարաըիք ^Ր^ՒՕԼ ^ ս՚^ե-րք^^^ (թք^պկ^ա բազմաթիւ. բևրգեր ^ձ՜^ւսհ– է^քւե գանոսբի եոեայնա.թեէսմեր\ մքւնչՄԱ Հէ-էլեսաոնսէօս։ ^սսոսէռ ոօրսէսոր թսսգաւոր^ \օոսրով \^՛^ գ^էՐ էէոահ– պէս^ աե-րաօաէ&րն ա» սլխպ1։ս ձաիւոո գացթւ^ որ ^ղքեթ ^սւրկէսգրե-օան անոեցսէ 1սսւդաոութ իսնո գՆե-էէ \ 2 . լլ^քք յէ9էէւէէս աեասա.թեաԿւ մկք կքլ աիր/^ին , կրօեսէկաՆ \^^ / սէսսսէիկ կռիւ.Ներ ու. կրկէ՚՚է կ՚՚դՏքեւսկռութիսՆՆեր (^«՚– պոյաներ «էւ կան»$ւն^եր ւ»րոԱ^ մաս՚նսակի^ եղաե– կր նաեւ. քքԱէ՚ււ^էօ^է «էէ. բ՚՚ւրր ժողովոսրգը^ է –– ^ու,ս§ոքէնիէ$$նոս ք ^րիթօնիահի ձեէւքովէ ^ռոա1կսւկան օր1;^^^1էրւէ ^աւպքեք աա^աւ. (օՕքթԱՏ 1սք18) ւ կան^ե^Հ^ոփիաքի աաՀարշ, շի՛նեց ԴաՆու–բի եւ. \^փրաաի քսվպօրսւսորսւմրոցներ ու. ոկիղթ սրսււ. \յւ.րոպ»սւի ^9՝ ւ1եապքոս»բոսձ–ա֊թէ»սն։ 1– Հէ՚ք*»1ւէ»»** Կ՚^"Ր1լ (610-641)՝ \^սիպյի Բ՚՚րյր գա՚-առ՚ներո \սոսրոմ ք\. ԳՀէսրսիօ թսէգւսւորքէե սաիպու.եօւսւ. տաի բ՚^ց ե–տռ1;^ ՓՂԸՐ \^սհ՚՚՚ե և-սւ Աքռաւ.* եւ. \օոսրովէ սաանոէ.ե–լ1^՚ն եա&է.ք մտաւ. %աս&ւ. ^ւսրսեաստանէ յձսւկայն \կւաբացթէեր1/ն ւաոթ֊ոէ^ե–՛^ ցաէ.» որոնռ է^ւեչեւ. 640՝ ՚եաեւ. \^՚՚որքւթր^ Դ\աղե–ս^ ա^ււն ու. ՝կգհպտոսո%ոէ.էս՚ճեցԲևէ 2* Հ^Ր՚՚՚կդե լւ՚՚՚ք՚^ՐԳ՚՚՚Յ "՚"^՛^ բհւսօահգե ահ պեաութեակ ^օէմար սարսսւփեւի ժւսմահաէլևե ր սկր^ սան։ Ա^է# մէՕոցիս ե^ի^յեան գա^ակալոԱ֊թեան արիէ.՛^ ՚ես0^եո կռհ^ներր ^ (կայսերւսց սեհ՛ մամե սպսյնու.եցաե կէսմ՝ էսեգամաէՈՄցաե^Հ ^ուլկւսրւսց ասէճէսքս էսւրձա^ կուտէձ-րՆք որոնք 670^^ Ա–"՛/՛՛՛՛^ երկքէրներոսԱ մհկ մասա» սէիրեցթև ե՜ս յձ,րաբւսցւ.ոց ^ե-ա պւսէոե–,^ րապՏւերը։ ՝ք^յս վէր^՚Աները^ &հ() թ՚՚^փրիկհի ^ք"–՛» .հ՜ովթռբրէ գրեթէ բոլոր Փ՚ար Ա"^"՛^» \՚փպրոօն ոս 110 ք1աոգոսչլ աշխար^էսկալև^քէն, ևւ. (669-676) %աւ.ա^ աոորյղոմ մի ՚ԱԱէեւ. ՚կոսաաեգքւնուպոլի՛՛ սւէսշաիեցէւն որ պւայ՚ն ւուՆակաԱ եոաեոյ կոօաւ. էսռաաքւլէ \^^ոԱ ւ^սա՚^յա^^ոԼ (717-741) Կւլ »կ՚՚ի օօրէսւոր &է»ւգաէ֊որաց շ^ԼՀԲ մհ՛ կոստանգքէնուաո^ չբսր ՚եոոէ-Ն ասէշարոո \^էսսսէցքւեԾրր մռ.Նէոա.ռ՚սա1և (718)< ^"1/3 "(՚՚՚՚՚՚կ^Ր՚՚՚ը էարգու.թեան գ^մ^ ելահ– օրք^՚կթբ^ իտսւչիէ^ի ւ^Օ էեղափոխութիէՏե մի ^անես» որով վե՚րքացսււ. ք 2օ^^ ^ոնէոեդաց Վեցերորգէսաե^ աոսթիսնը^ (53 • 2«)« \Րսւկեգօն»սկա՚Ն ցեղին թ-ագասսրսւյք սւս$ե՚ն (8671056) էոէ-րոսթիա֊՚նը^ քաւ.սէգո^ ւէէճսակի ւ^9 1^ր է ^սւսիւիաէւ» ԼՎյասիլյ \|\ . ^ոսլկարաց աէրւււ.թիւ%շ (1018)՝ բիւ֊գա%^ գէէս՚ն գւսւէսռ ւՐ ըրասա֊ է ւսւղԹեց քկ%օսսերու%, սշխսր^սւ., կււեա ^էքբ ւ^ք^ա^ օ<. կքւպրուփբ։ ^պւց "ք/" ՚քշէւաբ^ս»– կաւութիլ.%%եր/լ, քիչ^ Հը եաղքքլ (1050)» Փ՚^Ր ^"է՚^է յհք երեւան եւբէպ \\^§ճոսգԽասն ^ս$ճկ»սց անցան է .՝՝՝..՝ ՝\ 56 11^– ք;–./^.». 622. 1 • Կրգք՛^ աւ~սւղօյ սսնապւստ՚եե-րոմ անմասաչեէէ ստրարակաե թևրակղօէդքն բնակիչներ լլ^ հձ^րեսևէջի ^ճ.) \^Ր"՚Բ՚"ՏՒՔ Լհ՚-Ր՚՚պ՚^ք՛ ^քլ) \3արակինոսներըէ իրենց դանապան ցեղերկ սերելուն եւ. անցոսցահ կէ/նաց կերպին Նսցելոմ կր բաժՆոսէին ^ անաաաաի րնէսկիչներու. (պէ^սէավըՀ եւ. օառպթացիներու. (Հատ^^ տք^սիբ ^կաավ^երբ որոնց միակ ^արսաութիսՆ՚Ն էր ու.ղէո եւ. ձիք կ՝արՀամար^էին Հատա^։սիներոէ ^՚^Տ ք՚"1Պք^^ր՚ե ք եւ. ի աէասնասորի \րեգգայ Ա՚է. աինէք Ա^»^էՆ եւ. \րոգգա՝ երեւ֊ելի էին իրենց խնկի, իա^ուէի ու. ^ամե^երու. րնգարձակ առեւ.տրովըՀ ք^էպէսւ ^էլքի՚ի մլլ աակ եղահ– ՚^ւեւպյէ Ց^ԴէՐՐ քաղաքական ռօգիւ. մի իրարու, ^եա կաաա.ահ՛ չե^ ^ 111 ՆուիոսսկսԽ յիութե-ան եե^գրոն մոն 1^րէ Հէ * Գ֊որ1^^շե–ան ցեղրե Լ^աշհպք գԾոգւսսաան1^ գիմաւէրելի ՚ճւսրաարւսիօսու^թե-սւէՈւ ու. մարգեպւէւն մարսնւ^ գեոե-ցկու^թե-աէՌւ երեսեէքւեւ \^ռ.1ո֊ւորէսկս^ ճաէԴւորգութիսմնե-րւէվ^ իր ժոդովրգեԱմև վրպյ եսւ՛^ ասւոեսսա ւոեղեեոսթհւ^ սաանսււ^Ա նւ. գ^սւէոիշպւի ^էոո սսյհսմեսՏՆսսլրվ մեՆ սէոացուահլբի սա^ո րլԱ թ՚ւհ՚ե ե՜^ աե-լ^ յը^ոս^ւսմա^ա ^կբ ք^կբ սէօ՚ԱէսԼաՆ եհքնսէց աօսսւսւ կահ օրւ. ռաոպբսւկան ւՌ՚հ– իէսէոյևսէկւէէ.թ1րան տէէՕ ^Բ* \\սս»&ոաց աաշաօն11^ (սաբկ^սւկան0է.թէքն1/ն\ ղաա որ Սէւո(;նէ1ե սււելէ աարւսհ՚ոււսհ– կրօմն հր» (^V/ք'^ Նւսօ-լ. օրիսաոՆ11^ու–1ժիւյն ք ^ր1^ու.թ–հէ^ ու. յհգւսկրմեու.՛,^ թիւեէ1^պիսինիւ^ի կևկու.շի% (500) ^՚– \օոսրով^ Ա» ֆարսից թագաւ^որթե քշու.րք 5 ՕՕ) աշքսար^ակաչրւ֊^ թրւ^մներոսն ս»ա "Ր^ՒՐՐ ^՚՛^՛ ՚"– ՚Խ^ 1րղահ՜ էր Ա^ւ/ միքոցթա 4՛/» ՚»/» (6 1 1 ^^) » իր քառասեևրորգ սէէսրսան ^ասակ^ ե՛րեսան եւաւ. ՜^ոս^ամսէա ^ միօան ՚^^սսէուՆդ» իրրեւ. Աւսրգւսրե՚ն» ու. սօ-եաեց իր կռա^ պսւչա ցեղակիցներօսե ՚իսչաժռէ կիեոք ^օրեոբայրն 1ձ,Ժք եսաներրյ \^պւ՚է.պկօր՝ առաք/ւ%11ե եոաեք որ իրե% ^ս/ւէսասացիՆ ք \է սկօբաե անարգուաԾ– ե$ոռ1էն ^ասրս^ ձ՚ոսահ–^ ^արկագրեցաւ. ^ոէ-լ» 15/՛^ 622/՛^ \^ե»ոքէեե փախչիէյ ոսր սիրովդ րեգոսեոսեցաս տ ( 11՚՚4/«Տ^ հ(Լ "^,՚է Հէ \|ք^^^> ՚^^՚քեոականացթու.ակաՆր\Հ — Հեադ^ե^ յոէ Բ֊՚՚/րր 3 Ղ—ք՛^ րհգուեեցան ՛նոր վարգաաեսւոէ–՛^ թիւձ§րՀ 630/՛^ ՚Հք^եգգա ՚նու.ա՝ճու.եցաւ. ես ռեապէ՚ն պւստկերներ^ն մպօրոսել^՚ն եաեւ. ք եդաւ. մա^յեսււս^ յքլանոսթես^ կենգրոեՀ ^սոր վջ"() ^^ճք՚^^՚^ոս^ամԼ 1 112 ւ1կսէ 30000 ղօլէքոէ1^բիԼէյլս»նգևաՆ աէրու.թևաՆ վրսՀք ւէսրձաեե-օաւ. • ե^Րբ "^ղ՚^Լ. գՒհ՛^ ճ^^՚՚ւեգ աե^աււսէո պրուցքւն ՛նայելով՝ իր թշՆւսսրՆօ՚ր^ն թուՖաւ-որու^աՆէ գե-ր&զմւսնր^ Ա՝ձ՜աին1^ի տք^0ք չւառւ/աթիւ. քասխաստ^ գնւսռութե-անռ աեղէ եոահ– ^ւ ,^^ յյհւ~ւ՚ք1"ք* (Հէէէա.սքւէաառեսէլ\կր կոչօւին ։ ՚իրեՆա %ւաէ.իրէ$էեա^է գիրք^ հ ՂՀ1ւ֊րա%քլ Հգիբքը) . –ր \^պու֊պկքյհ՛^ Ք-վ^ Ք՚՚Վ. սոլ. բասժ%ոսս§հ– յըքԱԱ.^աաէաՈ/էսէի խօպ^ե՚րոա.% ժոօովահ–ւ>էքե է է — ՚^աւամի ^սէւաասու գւխաէ֊ւէր վաըգաաեաոոս^ թ֊իսՆ՚ն է է \^1Ա1ու.Տ–ոյ միոէ^թ-իւ^էն ու. ^սգա^ղՐե ա»»նմա^Աէ–^ թ–իւ.Նր։ ^իեոէրառ արարիչըլ ւսնսէ$է^ւ/ա% , է/^աՆքէ%ւաէԱոչէ է՜ակ մը^է է– է կերպսւրա^էք ու. բնսւկութ–իւ.Ն չուՆի . աւԴ^՚հ կասւոարեւոէ֊թ-իւ^էսերն իր ւքր՚՚՚ւ ւֆաուս^ Տ^ էւ. աաս»^ կերի յհ9 ւե կր^՚՚՚ր ներկայացուցիչ։ \Խ^ ՚Ժ^^ շաա էսն^ գս0$Րէ $1անասէ֊ա$է1եգ \^ովակսի , %քէրիսէոոոի եւ. վերքաակս յյ ու^աէՈ/էաի ձեո^^ք յայաՆահ– կ* դ%րախէոն ու. գ^—ի՚քր արԽա֊եւեան երեւ.ակ»ոյու.քՅ–եասն ^աԱեմաա սաոորագրոէ^ած՜ էքԱէ ^արոյասկսւԱ օր1^^%օեէէրր կր յսՏեէ^էտե % "՚֊րիշ^ կրօԱեերոսՆ սորվեց ու.ոսւձ՛ ասռասռիՂւոլթ-իւ^էներո» ի մաս.,, %աւորի ՝ճշմարս§Աէսիրու֊.թ–իւ.Ղւ ք ո$էորմաքՒսւսթ–իայե եւ. ար^. գասրութիւ% ։ կուիրասկան պասւսերստպԱներոմ ակ$ոօ կ ՚իսրսմի սէասրսէ^եք եւ. կս–$սպս»շաու.թ–իլ%ո է1կք աոեոառ վերցրնելյէ 0/՛՛"/՛^ կրեաաքյք ու. քրիսւսւ»նիայք կրնան ^ասՏ ւաապռեերեու% ՚^ք ՏՈէալյ — ^^րասրողակսէն օրկ՚Նքո, վեր^ի ւսսաի՜ճանի պսէրռ է֊է ուրբաթ– օրերր մՆկիթ–՝Ներոէ% ^ք^ ^աոարակսէց Աէուոոէ^ահ-այէՆ աաշաօե մի կր կաաարու֊ի որ կսւյացահ^ կ էսդօթք եւ. դուրանկՆ քանի մի կսւոր կար.., գա/ու. վր՚քյ * \\՚՚^ծՏ 1՛"՛՛՛ ""^^ Հաւ.ա$ուսցեասւ աասրէոաս^ կան 4՛ I ամ1;^ օր , նախբնթառ ւու–ացու.$/կ ■/* եսւեւ. ՏՒ Գ սէնգասւՐ աոօթե/* Նաեւ. Ս՝ 49-4–՛" ՚>ւիէւոի երթ՜ալը^ աանձ». %ուաե 4՛ < ^ա^աաէնւսյական կ՚՚՚րգր շաա Նուառ աոգե.^ ռութ–իլ% ու%ի * \Հր1^սււ. որսական կ՚՚՚րգր ^^ու^ասմա^սւկ՚ն ես\ռՈք ^կրմիշներու. ձեռօռ ^ասսաասաոէ^եոաւ. ( 5՚7* 114ք**է^»"՚"1^է"՛՛՛ թիւ%ըէ — 2. կ՚րթ սկսաա. ք\սւՈռէա%յք յեղբ» Խ՚րքւ ւՏեւքասէ ± • ՚\^ռսսՕի% էսմրրէսպեաներոսՆ \սչյս (ւեթն \|\|/քէ.«. 113 թիէ^ր տւսոահ-ոսեհւսւ. մհԼ գՒ^^ ժքւԽչևւ. \հեգոս ու ա;եսււ գհ1;;–ն սրՆչեւ. ՜^^ւուանսէեան ^\վեիանոսւ 11է՚–1է՚^ք ՚ (632-634) 1ք՚՚<""՚2՚էա^ անևրյլ, <1)ա/ււ/^ եւսսսքսանր ու. ^ոսնառ պեսւու–թեան ՚քր՚՚սյ ւէԱՈճԱսեե՛^ ցաւՀ ՚է^յ^ւ» (634-644) բէր"՛ դ^ոսորական ւ/չլք Սէշրօսո^սէևէՍէեռ Դ\աղեսսէէւԱնյ 1Շ»"քրհք^ "՚– 642/՛^ Դ\ւսրս1քսքսաանր, ոկվւ անգիյ^ն իր պօոապ1ոոր Հ^է/րու. Նուա&ե-ռ ^4ւ\) քւն \քգիպւոոսնք եւ. ^Օևռ էսոեռսան^ գոեաՆ մաաէ/նւսգաոաեքւն ւքռ՚րՕրն սնսւոոոգեեոոՀ րէկհէ ՚^ք"–** հ-ոմե-դրո։ Աք^ \^ու–^այա^ւոի ե-դբօր^ որգքէնք ^էսթհ$Ո1^ի այրն ոս \սէսԱէէոաօե–էսիւեր^ն սւռսւ–~ 9է՜եր (656-661)՝ ^արեագրե-ցաւ. ապսաաւդւնե՚րուն ^աոո եռոսիլւ \\պանու.եցաւ. ("–Ր երկու. Նաքաւորգսւօո աէս։ \^սոր սւսէօՆ՚ն սեսաւ. (ոքէւ1ևՆս^ աւ րնգու^ոո\ ՝\ձէԽահԼ^աԱո քէւ. (յյիՀՆ՚նան մերժոո ոս սէռաՕի՚ն երեթ սէէֆրէսպհսէնե-րր չընգու.%ոո\ ^^^ք քէ ♦♦»•• եաւՐ 11ք^«՛ Էա4ափէ ^ե-ր^ուասհ-ոէ շ. \|ր«9^«4#^^է Հձ^ա, գա^՚ն եւաս ^ԽաՏՏ^^մԱ^ ցեղը (661-750)» ^^ց որովՀևաևւ. անարգ էր ա^ ւ#^^6«ա լլ#7«ւ/ճւ^քա^ մէՕ՝ անոր ^սւմար ^ ասրրապեաու–^ թիսնոք ՝\յ^1^աքւն1^11^^ դ%ւսմասկոս Փոիէսգրու–օ՜ցասէ \^^ սոնց ^իմնէսէք հ-ովայԲն ռօրութիւմն պյնչափ հր է որ ^Հքքւ/^աօ^օ երռան քը^իօե-րերսւեան հ՚ովուն է՛ եւ մի եէէւաներն սէշրէս/ր՚^սւեաէել^ն եէոեւ. ք ՚նէսե՚ւ. ւույևսւ^ կան կսչյսե-րոսթեան ՚/ջաւ զյ^Ր^^կ1՚Ր Վ/^քք էք իշէւա^ Ֆութե՚ան աա1/ն՝ քյ^ուսա ՚նուաճեց ^կրակրներո, որոկբ կէս մհ ւաոթողառ ^եա ւֆանաէով՝ կէսղյեօթև յ^աէ֊րէաանսւցսոց աօգոք կհ" ՚Ոքե աւ լեո^ակողմանօո քաշուեռանէ \^սկ քՅ«4ւէւք 711^՛^ \փէէԼրալգարք» ՚նե^ ղու.ռէ^ \\պանհսւ ւսնցաւ. ) արեւմաեան ^ոթաո ռօրու^^ 8 ա է ՚ 1.14 թ-իաձէո կոսէրե-ց և է։ յց^ոէ^սպյի ^ևտ գրէրթէ Ր՚՚ԼՐէ՛ թե-րակղպէն ս»շէւար\սւկալԾց պխպկս որ մէպխ ^Շյ՛՝–՛ .ոիւսք գոթւսեան փոբր (ժագսւա-որութիւյև մի սնւսօ ^նեաէւէ ք^է-րէէնեաե՜նարո^ե անգհՆ անօնելոմՀ սէէւե^ րե՚ռէէե \^րսւբացիք ^արաււա^ գսւղոիան սէի Բ՚՚1ԱՅ կսէրոլոս յըրարաե-ղղոսք^՚ե ւՕՀյք՛^ էաոթ-ու-ե-ցանէ ^աՕոոգ ւսպւոապև՚անե-րՆ հր1^կբ գէր^^՚կբ աւոՄւէ րրքէե րնչպօա0Ոու.քժօ–ասւ/ն. ք րռՆս/սսէչութօ-ստւ/բ ք Գք՚՚՚ի^ իէոսթեամհ. ճ^^ եոա.սսւնաւեԾոո Լեոեռէեէովյ ոբոԱցմհ շաաարոէ^ անու֊էսմս. §գաւն %ու,ա՝ձոսւսհ՜ ^&^էքտ Վե-րքա՚ա^ պէս ք^ա-մԱեաեք յէ>Օթէ \1դ^՚ք Աք"^^^ ^աշթւ&օճ/թ ճեռօթ գ§ս^1/ն ձգոէ^եցսա եւ. հոե%ռ փսմբոո^ ռեոԱ ՚ \ռ.ւսց ի \^պւոոէ–ոոակմանէ;^ն\ ԺնՕոսեցս§ւ.է 1 • 17՚1ք^ ՀաաԱքէ. 11^րսւպԽէէքա.թ–իԱ\քև իր այ^ԽւսյԽհ– թսւթձրոլթեաեթ » ի՚^ւ^ւաէա ակւ$էԽւ. էյէւսէԼէ — %է Ե Րք^ ^՛ "1"^ ՀիՏ^ու.ԽյքԱէէ. ^որաոփււԱի աաԳքոապԽէէէքա.^ թիՀԽը ի՚Նչպէա վիրքա^աա.է - 3 • ք\՚րչափ աաահա^դրէ.թ1ււ1և ոէ%ե;ւքա. գէ^Գրք^ի ասֆբաաքեաոէ-թ-իէ-Նււ։ ֊ 4 ի ւձ Վ^^՚"ԿՒ ՚^է ԿՇ Գ՛^՛՛»՛՛՛^ -Ա՛ ՚ԴէՐՏէ– –ք–»֊ ք^ււկսքԽ գիսէՈէ.քՅ–իմԽքէ է 1– Աքք «.–է–«.1 յէ^յ՚ւ (750-1258) առա^% աէգրւսպե՚աՆերուն ժէսմանսաե ք \^սւբւսցւ–ոց օօբու.՛^ թիւմե իր սէմե՚նւաՌ՚հ– բարձրոսթեանր ^ւսս$սւ.։ յ1պ՚"–լ յ^բբասի՚ն յաքորգկ իր էքդրպ^րւլ Ալ–1ք«#է^ 4«»^4 9 որ աթոռ ր ւդ^իէ/ իրմէ՚ն շինոէ.ս/հ– Դ\ս/ղաւսսւ քաղաքը^ փոխագրեց է — Հաէո՚^՚աէ՚^ա^՚գ (786– 809) ^1^Ր ^՜ իմասաոսն իշխաևնյ ու. իր որգքւն՝ Աք - յց^փսՏո^ (813"833) յաո֊աշացուցիե գիսէոա^թիլյե^ ՚նե՚րե ու սւրուեսսւեերր* հսր ս/եգի^ն գանգիս գՏրա11^% սբևչԾւ. յ^գլանտե-ան ք^վեիանոս աաիս/հ՜ուոո պեաոս^ թե-ան այյ^-Ն գաւսւոՆե-րր եո Նսւղկկի1և երկրագոր^ էէու.թ1քԱՅմհ. ու. ասէւեւսարովՀ , ւ^սկկ եաքե Մ կոդ այիրաաե-աներուն աաէէե^ կու.սսէկալեե–րոսե ապստամբա-թիւմնե-րն սկսաե ^ա-ա. \ Հ ■V - 115 ՚ճաէսԾի աՏեակս ո^՚եդխ /՚^Հ՛ սէյֆրսէպե-սքևե-րռ^ սաաքճէկ ՚նէէւ^^թեւ ^» գօւրէ^ ՄԱկթըյ օապէըսէԱԼե-ա^ էգպւե ի^րԽէ^ քըն ան^աւ.ք որ յևաղքէ՚ե (950-1055) Պ^^՚^յ^Ո^էք»–. աոո^քֆ՚ե ^9 ժս/ռս^գւօձաե ձ-դաւ. ։ իսծ ՀնգեասսէսԽէւ եւ. արեւ-ելէան ^ար։»կասւոանի մէք^–^ \ԹԱ^Հևս^^^^է»աԱ ՝\ձոէ,լթ՚աաէ1քրր1 գր&թէ ե՛րկու, գար անկախ աիրձ֊^ ^ին։ — 1055/՛^»՛ Տ^^^՚Էլ Պէ1» էւք*"փ^ — որու.ն պապրյ իր ս^ուսւմե. կոչոա^ահ՛ աաւճկի ռեւ^ե ^եա ^^^աւ րճքան կողմէէրէ^ եւս^ եէ. իաաճ ք^եգու.%ս§հ՛ հր\^^իրօն ^"՚փշ՚քէ՚՚կեց էւֆրութիաՖր։ իր Ս՚^է՚՚էԳ^ Աէք ^ ^քէ1ք^ \Ք^Լ ^"֊Ի^^) ըեգարձակե^ իր իշ^ իւս^ոսքժիւ.%ր Փոքր ւձւ՚՚է՚՚էւ^^է միւնչեւ. ՀԼէոԽսսաէ^ի սա^յաա§ե–րրէ , -- ՚ իմասսէոա^ էռ գիաու^թ-իւյմեե-րո յա^աջաց^ո՜ղյ^^^.^աԳ աաէՆ (1072 - 1092) րսօԲնոէ-ե-^աւ. ՚^կւճոա^գեաե ւոէ^րու֊ք^իւ^ը» ճ^x. կս§ղ^ էէու.կան ի՚եւ մի Այ^ւ^ուդ&աՆ իշէսանութիէ^էներ ք ո^ րոեէք ամե-Նէն սօրաէ-որոՓ՚ար ^՚՚է"1Աէ իկոնիոն (քէէ,ու.ւՐ\ յֆաղռ^ւճն ^րւ ^րե՜ւելե-աՆ \ք^;է^ու.գե–աեօ իշքսաեոէ..^ թիսՆը^ (1200) Ի»^(;»քէւ^^^։> ձեռքովդ ^ջոս&^ ե-^աւ. • ասոնթ Խւ Հ^բեկիօ՚խանի ատա§ \^ոնկոլն1քր^^ %ոսաճոսեռաեՀ Հ(ե–ր^^մնե–րո 125օ^^> ^էսղաաա աա կորհ՜անարցթև ե՛ս սէպւրւսպե՚աոպ<ժ1ոսՆ ու. \ւ1^չ&ոէւգեա)հ իշխաեութե-ա՚ն վէրք աա^ին (72 եւ. 7՝5)« 2* \^Փր՚՚՚քեէՈու.թօոեե^ րսւժ՚եու-էէէհ՜ աերոէ՛^ թե ա՛նց յէքէն՝ աւ&–ՆԷ՚ն ^դօրր Գ^^Գ^Պ*^ը^ էր ^պաու֊րրա^մսէէ^ \^օ.ս.ասեանց ^աւահ-ա՚նք/^ աօասսսհ՛ ւֆ միպի ^սմԱեանր^ 755^ անկաի» տէրա֊թիւ^ մի ^իաեց ք որ^աղաաաի ^եա երբեք չմիացաս^ եւ. եր՛^ կպ^ աա1քն արառական գիսէութեան գաա»է.որ %իսան 8* ք 116 եոէԱԱ-է ~– ՚ 1^^<՛ սո^րսա&տու.թիւ.Նր ռոիսաոնք^իօ ե ւ. սէասս9էԱւՌւ եոէ-սւսեւսլնեոոէ, գհ՛^ ասէսՆ ասւսէեիսՅռմՆ %երովԱ (90) Բք" ս՚կէարացաւ. • պխսղ1;^ս որ \\յօ\ք՚1^ քսեէ մը պօէոիե թսէգէսւորոսթիւյււնե՚ոու. րէւ֊ՆոսեսառՀ ^ ւ^սոեռ օրքէսաոեեաներւ^ ՆեոոսաՆ ք 10 9 1^^ ՀՐ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Գ ՚^ գէյյհ ^հւաագիրը \քՈւ.սոէ.ֆրօգ%ա.թեաե սս/եչի-^ին ։ \^սեէք եպբր \\աանիէ^ի մհՕ ևոահ– էսրսէբւսկան զօ–^ ոութէսՆը կրաեւսաաաի վրաւ ամփոփոսարցաս սրնչեէ– ոո էսս սէւ 14:92^^ յ^ւփ^**ոն1^էւցմէ; աէմևոսեըասէ 3 • Դ\էսղւասաոէ։– եւ. գ>որէոաքայի ւսէգրւսպե^ աութիւ-՚ենե-րէ՚ե ե-պքչլ (91Ըթ՛ Ա^օՀ–^ ^ագիմեանէՆ ^իՏ&ու.ահ\ Գ>4^%(շէ)»^ այեեէ% ^դօրն էր։ — Փ"՛՝^ գիմեաՆց ւ$ււֆրս»պե$ոնե–րու. ^սէՕորգե՚ցին ք \քգիպաոսի Ք^^ է յ#»–««յյ»«4%^յ\|լ (յ\ալա<^էաէոինի տոսնը^ ւ ^էսյց 1250-1517 գլքսաւ-որ աիրողնե-րՆ էին ^ոԱք Ա^ամԼ֊ րււյ^երրք ասէճիե գերքւեե՜րէ կսւէրքհւ ահ՛ քււումհ. յհւ 1517 ^^ է Նգէ՛^"՛՛՛՛ Հոսման ե էսն ասւճհԱևեր1^ ՚նու,–»^ ամճու-եցասւ. ^ որոկթ 1հՅՕՕ^^ 4"Ր փ՚ՏքՐ ^"Ւ՚՚^Ւ ՚^9 տսւրաՆոէ-ահ՜ էի՚եէ 4. • \|^> էսրւսգէասթ-եաէէւդլ որ սէւֆրսւպէքանէրու֊Ն Աէկրսէ.^ թ–է$^ր սաէսըւսհ-ոա-եաէսւ. , "՚/^ աարէսգոսթեւսմի ձ–»թզկեսաս էո^րոա֊թ-եան ւսմէՆ կոդւՐէ մշակոա^թ– իւ^ ^ սէրուեասւ ու. մա.. ՚ճւսռ$սկ$»ւնոսթ–իւ% < \|է մաա՚նսէւոբի ^ասրսկսաաաՆի < լլ«ո^ ՐհքՒ Հ^ւ–»^«աՀ^էք ^փր1կհէ ք"֊ Սք"՛^^՛^^ շք"" Տասերեք ւէ§Րէ ասասէիճասնի ւաւ. էԴակու^ւսձ– ^ԷՆէ եւ. սսմէՆ կերպ րերօե^ րու. աաքՐաչափ սւո–ասսւէււթ՚իէ% ոս%^ի% $ որ իրրԽւ. ՜ճշմարի»» գրթւխա »/ր կր^ սսւորս»գրոլ.ի՚Աէ Գ\եւոաւ.թ–եանսւյկ% գաւսէռ.^ %երու% յհք ^"(յէ՛^ ^ւսրոււաէո ու. շքե՛ղ աասչասէ%երու/ք ւսզթիսրՆերովյ շրմհէ-ղներոյ^ չսէ.աւիքՆէրո1ք, կարսււ.ամեի իշեւ֊ասԱներոյ Խա. "^լ^ զարգարոէ.«սծ– $1եե– քադպքէւեր։ Դ\$սդասէա բեէսէկչա^ ր»սզմհւ.թ–եասՆ ու. ընգարձակոէ֊ա. թ-եասե կողմա%ք;– ք ^«>/^ ^"^ ^Գ9Ր \\՚""՚"՚՚^գէ^՚՚֊պ՚՚Փ՚՚Ը. ^Ռ. գերաղա%^1էրէ գորաովա ու.%1^ր 200.006 աոսՆ , 9Ա0 Հ՛^– սարակա^ րաւըսևէթ % 70 գրէէասւ% , 000 ՚^դհՒԹ "՚– Ւ՚^Լ «^ քրիսաոՆէից եկեղեցի՛ներ ու. Հրհէ »իւ.%ակոկա%եր » ւ^ԱէԴէաէոա կ^ո »ֆքիո% բեէսկիչէ \\ււսՆռյէ ըՆգասրձսւկ ^իՆ ^"՚^իրեէ Դէսմասկսո է ^ւսորաէէ \\սւմարգանաո ։ ք^ա էսէ/է՚ն քաղպքէեեր% արքունի ՚ճամիէս^երով^ կապոա^ահ՛ էի՛ն , որոն^ ^ \ V 117 . յվրայ ասեՀէսմար կսւըսււ.աԱԱեր կո ՜ճաեէսպսէր^ււրգ^ք^ւ \\բ– րէսսեաՆց արքւէւ%^ռեերո Գ^էսղասէաու. մէք ւ ^Աէգ^ւԱքԱ&ռբ Գա^իր^ի ւ^ջ^, ք\ւ.աՈՈքաՆ^ը^ Գ«րաովաքի մկշ^է 1֊ի1է միա%^ գամայն գէաեսէկաեւսո եւ. բէ»էեէէւսսէեզե–իռ ժոդովաս»եռիՆեր9 ք\ւ.։Ռ/եանռ գլխւսւ.որ մա$ոեՆսւգս»րանր, դ%որաովաւի Սէ^ 600.000 ձեռագիր ուՆէր։ \^ք ՚\ՐաւՌւ.Նէ ^^է.ՆաՀք գկւՐ բրած– ւսւ9ոդ պւսաերւսղյկ ւՐ եաեւ^ք խոսսասէռասւ֊ ար ւսւ^Ն ւաշ֊– իււսր^ակսէչաձ– երկիր՚ներր եսէ կր գարձոե^։՛, եթ՜^ իրե% ^րս»^ աքասէւկո սւրոա-ի ք ^ու^ասէէսաւսնի ^9 գա^ու-ած՜ րո/որ գիաՆւք1^ կան գրքերը^ թ–ւսրգմա19ելոա. ։ 1\ր՚՚բւսաիռ՝ գսւոերոմք սւմ^ սէրոսեսսէի^ ու. գիէոու.թ–եանռ՝ եւ. յանու–անէ ՚ճւսրաւսրաա. ազեսւու.թ–եասՆ , բանասաեղիոլթ-եաԿէ , բ.ժշկու.թ–եասն , ս§$$^ ■ Աքեղաբսէշխու.թ–եաե ու. փիլիսոփայու.թ–եան ա/կք\^ա..րոա»ս.. ^ ^ ոսոռ ուսուաիՀ՚ն եղան . եւ. քրիսսւոնէ-իռ մ^ք բւսրձագղան գի$ոու–թ–եասն ^էսսնիւ ուռոոբ պե՚՚՚ճ եր արսբական բս$ր^ ձրս»գոյն գպր"^ ^ երթսւէյւ 1 Հէարգանանօ ՚եա^ասսասւԼոսԼժՄն^՚ն եէոեէ.ք \9^* Օ* 6) Հ՚^՚^ց ՚նախարարներ՚ե դՀԼա՚^աե \^աւֆկօ<^ ՆԾա1։ Վ^րգաեաք եորւօրոոգ^ ^ սպարաաետ րնէոոե^ ցէ՚ե* ու, որոշե^քւե Դ\արսից գ(քէ^ ^ս^'^Լ. ^"՜ կ՚^՚՚"1՚շ^ աութիւ^է^ ա1ե–րցրեեւ (4։օ1)« Վ^Հաե՝ ակոռիի յ^՚4 • յ^աով^ԱՍսպ մարասանիՆ ^առթարլ^^ն արտէո / 1ձ,՚"Ր1^՛^ %երսէ^^ իշքսանքւե Աջպէ ս՚ւ մեհ՜ ^ւսղ^ու^իայե մի կաեգևե-ռ է \\Ա»կպքն քէչ մի ետքչլ^ վյէայ թագաա.ոբի% խա^ ՚ .«^ 1՛. քւհ^ոսթե-ամիոք Վա^ա1Ր Կ՚՚–ր գե-աթև ռոմ է40^^ու.^ % ե՚ւոմյ (քէւո յ^սէ^ակ մաողպան՚ն ու. իր ՎւեԱ^1ք/կ &ոբ.ւարՆ էԽկան \ ^ւսրկէսգրեցաւ. Տ՚^է՚՚Յ ՚մհւ.ր .աե-ղոսակբր ռէսշուիք ու. ցրու.սէնր օօ/ւօ« ժողոմելւ ն<">/՛ Խ՚^§ ^ապու.<^ քմարղսչան 482 - 483)» Վյս^աեւ^ վջ՛^ յթւսլեց եւ. 1^կբ Նրէէ^ գե՚ղքւե ք.՚՚է^ ՚ճսէկսաէոե-լոս սաիպե-ց, Բ^յց Վ^Տ^ Գ^Ղ՚քՏ՚-^ց օգեոսքժե-էսմիո ^սէոթհց* ՚ը^ոե՚սչյ գեղին ^"մ ա/ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Էյ թաեւսկո 1 ^ /Օ 118 Թիւ.^^ ա՛կ ձռաւ֊ք որ ^աշաու-թևաՆ վջպք խօսելու. ^ամար ՚ւՓխոր^Հէաասաաե քսաւրուկաէ.։ \է»աղաայոէ.^ թիւ.% րաթ՚լէ՚ե եաե-ւ. , վյս^աՆ՝ Հէ^ասաաեի վջպ) մարղ^ պան գրուևցաս (485-510)» քլասարձակ ագաաոսթ–իւ1ե » 2 « ^ար ոտ֊ ^րկրք՛^ ւ^ատւակար ա՚նձիկքե իշխաեէ»ա.թ^եա% չ^աս^ընեԼ* 3 • ՍԼ<^^ ամիասաա^ %աա–թիւձքներւքլ.Ն չՀաւ֊աաալ* "ԱԼ^ Ք^՚^^Լ. ^^ ա^^աեկ գա., էոաաաան քէ^»ելյ — Վա^աէէնքէե յ՚"ք^րգ՚՚լ մարղաւքա%ՆերՆ եղան» Վյ"ՐԳ էր ^1ԲՂ1Բ1Լ՛ ^"՚֊ՐԴ^ պարաիկը^, Ս^^^ գձաւ^ի ու. Դհ%շապոա^^է ^ս-ր իշխաՆաւ.թ–եաՆ աաէքն ^ յրսւէտէ-ս \|\ . կաթոէ^զիկաէւչլ ^աՈսրը^ կաբգաւոբեչով^, Հէղքոյթ %սր թ-օէ^ակէսՆը ^ասսասէէոե^ 1 որ \^ե9Ւ ^է կոչուի. ու. կշ ոկոի քէրիոաոսի 5ծ1 թ–ու.ակէւձէ՚Ն» 2* քՏ^կպք^սէ Հայասաաեի ր.արգասւս1ճաեսքպ յի^ աագիր \^$դւատ ^ագոաաոուՆւդյե էաաե՚ն (օ92) եր^, Ասէ^առու.%քքԱե մարռպւմեութեաե ժա»1անսւե (600՛* Օճս)ւ Հ^աաաս$ոաե \սոսոա1 ք^^ սահսւկՆռ՚ոք/ն ասւԱԱ ոԼ ՚Խ՚^ւ եոաւ.է Հ^սէոր^ յ^^՚-շ^դե է ^պքւՎա^անհ ե՛լ. սէսոր որգսզխ \\էէիսէաոի օաՕո».թիւ1էեերր Լոօան €ք\աո^ սեռ ստսպասսէսւկու-թէՀ^մևերո չափասէէոարի, որոԱ ե՚ր^ ՛Ո՛րբ ՚Քհ^ ՚^ աառ՚% էէւսոաո սնւսօէ Հ^այսւսսաաե ս»րշաւ.ՄԳ^^ եւ. գե-ոփե-լով ոս աաաԼա^ Նօ-չու/ պւՆչեւ. դոէ.ին էւսռաՕառանէ թ%^;աք^տ էսսոնռ աէէսշու.եէթե եսւեէ. Վարապսէհրոռ ^ագրստաոէ^քւն ^ եւ. իր որգիՆ \^մրատք կիւրապաոաան&րրք ևրերքէե րա. րօրութե-ա՚ն \ոգ աանե-լու. 0աես»ռքւե, սաեպյՆ Հա՝գս1ա» րացէջ նորէն Հւ^ասաաե էէսաանՀ ԱԼ^՛՛ ^եոոԼ^ Հ՚ՀքԼՔ \եապսԽգոէ.թիւ.՚ե խոսաաեալովք Հագարացսոց աս^ պսւսւսւկոէ.թիսմնե–ր1^ առաաե՚ռաե։ ^՚ա^ 6^^ ե՚աէա^ օ՚բե վբպ) վշաացահ՝ Հէ^ասաան էարձակ1քցանՀ ՚^սսւև^ կով^ "րկէրը^ քա^ի »/հ ասէրէ ^ու^աց ու. ^\րարաո^ոց • է 119 ^էոՆօո իսւղալիս Մոաւ. • էգնչաս որ վեր^ապք^ս վնոքւԱ >I^ ՚–, ՚ ՚ձ է^տասՆոէ^թիւ^մն առթւ Հագարա^իռ (695) < Հասքասաանի այս մի^^էա (640 - 855) ք^ե^ահ– վէ^ ՚Հակք^է շասա ախօւ.ր ադաակեը մէ կը^ Ներկաքա^քւնւէ առշթւ... %իաէ — ՆՐ^ՒրԸ. ք՚^Գ՚՚ղյ ատդւէւթ–ի.^եեբաւ% ւՕէհ– ւ Դ աէ»էւ ս$պ»ակւաեւողյ քձասկիչ^ւեբ^^՚ն շասաէէրն սէդասռււղյ, իշխասէԱնԽրթ ^1Ա$փշսաասկոզ\ ւսրսւ֊եսսւ ու. գիսաալ.ք9–իլ.% փ՜ճէսաընոպ գէսււ% ու երկսէրաէէէոես ^»էէրւէ1–»սհ%էքրՆ պյՀայսւսԱէաե ւսրսէէաքայ կէսրգի էքմաե ու. վ<ֆ»սսաոէ–թ՚եսւ% ւ^9 ձգեոին։ \^^ո գա»^ վէւ՜ճակկ% սււաասաե/ոս յ՚Ա՚՚Ր քՆքոէ^սէ^ ե երեսար է ^՚>Աք ^՚– աւոպ^ո եքսէւ. ^ասգրա$սաու%ի մի, որ ^րկրք՛^ Նոր կ§էեքգա»^ %ու.թ–էւ% $ոս$լու/ ^իՏեէսգիր եզաս. Հ^"^ ^ՐքՐԳ Հ՛"՛ րբոաո»–թ–եան է 859-1079. 1 • քէՀ^ է ^ագրաաոէ-ՆԽայք թ֊ասգաա.որւա».թ–ԽաԽ ^իԾնագիրը է — 3 • ք»,՚%չալէա կէաա.ավաքԽւք յձմք.աւա . — 3 • \՚՚՚Լ վաքչաէ.թ–իա% ո».%Խէքա% \^շա^^^ Երկ՚՜Բ՜ Ա^^* ♦ լԼյլաէք* (\դաքյԼ$է–է - 4* \|՚^ձ. "1՛""^–»՛–՛՛– ակսաս% Հարց ոա. ^Iէ■.>^<յ«« ՚^է Խքա^ թեաե (859-1079) հիՏձագիրՆ՝ ի սկզբ.ա% իշխա՛նազ իշխան անու^անուարռաւ.» բայօ ե՛րբ հր Տրղբաւր՚ն \^րէԱՍք 80000 Պ^՚Ր՚՚էՅ Ս՚՚՚Դ^^Ց՝ աէֆրապՏրսւի՚ն Հասաեու–^ թե-ամիք բկօ ղէեօ Հս^յոց թագաւոր ^րաաարակե^ ՀօօԵր^շը"՛՛՝ ազգԱն ու. երկրՔն ^արեաէ֊որ րարգասա^ ւՏոսԼժեան մրա գեե-լով^ ռսէոպբնե-րրշ^^նօու֊ց^ գպրոց–^ սեր րաոսէւ. ու. գրս՚^հ էշր՚աեասռ ^Մա գէսշնաեցե՚ոս»»– է \քղաՆ ւս$զսսէէսւդւոսթքւէձէնե–ր՚ե ու. ե-րեպսէռակու.՛^ թրսԱները^ խաղաոցու.ց իշքսսւՆու,թեաւդւէ յ^եռաւ. կոստա%գբնոպոլսէՆ գարձահ֊ աւո1րՆ՝ 8 8 9 /՚^ < շ. \^սոր զ/՚^ւրրգո^Լ յ^^^գ \^փ Բ-ագաւ-ո^ րոսթիսնչլ (892-914) խռովոսթևաւդւ սկսաւ. ու. խեղճոսթե-ամի լ^ցաւ.ւ Հ^րաս՝ թագաւորէն ապըս^ աաէԴւե-ցաէ–, ր^ց ^աքողոէ^թիսՆ չոսնևցասէ ք^է&ւ. Աքսոր վջսչյ 1)<^ս#<^ երկիրն րՆգարձակե^ ու. ^եոի^ 120 նսւեոէ,թիսնր ռու.ցու.ց էրե՛ն «ւՀո/՝ "^ԱԸՂ ՍԼ^"՛^" ՚Խ^ բպյք օանի մր անյաՕոո պա ահուս օսնռ–ո1^ ու. ^ուսոա-՚ա^ Փ^Ն թէսգսէւոր անոսէաէնոսոո գ^ագէԼ \^հրրու.նւէչ^ գաւսէճանոսթեՆւ^ եսւռռք "ՐկՒրՐ է՚Աէւ-ոմուէժեան էսսաաոկս էՐ եղաւ. : ^միսէս» ^ու֊սոա-փ ոսւոիկ§տ»ն1;^ե ՛նեոն հւյնս»ւով Բ"ԲԳ ^հ^՚՚շք–եցւսւ.» եւ. անճնւսաուո ր Աէսլու. սսէիպոսեչ^՚ն եաեէ^^ /ւոե՚ն եղաօ՛ րւոսսէման գգմ՝ ս.ո^ու.եցաւ. գ շԴ^^հ գարնոսեցսււ. ու. եւոբէ1^ րւեդգոսեռաւ. է \|^Ն^ս«Հէ^՚%ք էոանքակքներ կրես \|)<^ս#(«» բանսւիՆ մկք սաաաաոի </ոէ դ^էս^է՜ճօ գստւսէպա՚նՆերով դհ՚Խէ աեէիւեէս^ կր ձ-եձ՚ւ^իՆ է մէսրմքւնր կո՚ճգներոմ կր պՆգ^ին . ^ւսրկսէւփւր կերւսկււէ֊րե ու. ըմսլելէքը^ կը դլաեաւիՆ ։ ՜Վե՛րք արոէ-եցսււ. երկարսքէոեւ. սէան9ա1քօՆերու.Ն , ^ՐԲ թ՜ասշկիՆսւկ ւ1Ն բերաեր խոթ-եւով գչուխր ձ-ս/նր րեռերսւ. սաւսկ գր^՚ե • եւ. քանի 3. Ալ^ք Ի* հէ\^յ^ (915-928) ւ^միաատ^ որգքւն^ \^աբսէցի՚նեոե^ մրե՚^՚ն առՆեւե՛^ "՚– թագւսսոո անոսանուեւե՚ն ետես ^իւ^պանգիոնի եաէսեո (կոսաաէւ^ գ1՚ն ԶՏ) Տ""՛ գ՚՚ւշնէսեցեցաւ. : քՏհե՚քե՛" եոե1ն գե՛^ շաս9 գւսսաճանոսթհւ11ներ եղան եւ. յ>անհ մհ եշրւաէ»ներ սէասասՅմիեռան ^ ք\|)օք^սւճ, ք\աս9սե գ^ու^ի ու. ՏԺ(ք \^էՌւսւՐյ Բ֊պւց ՍԼշ՛"՛՛ գանոնռ նու.սւճեց նե" <^ իշրէւսա^ Նու֊թեամ/ւ ու. եե" ՚^հ յէ^ս»ոցոոս^եաւմե. : ^եո֊աւ. ^ձյԸ" (928) *"1ԳՐ –1-5 աարի եէսռավաոել^ն եաեւՀ 11ք ♦♦«♦» (929-951) Ա^"»^ եզբ-սչյրը^, ԿԿԻՐԸ. օարգարեռ ւ/եհ-աւ/եհ– շէնոսթ իւՆՆեոու/, եանգնեգ ե^ եեոեցիներ ու. հիմնեց գպրոցնեո է ՝ )ձ,փոաօներուն էէսդթեց ու. ոսահեանքւն ^եա քսէսոաոոսքժեան գս»՝^ շիք դրաա.1 Ալր«Ո ^ Ո^լ^ք^**^ (952-977). ^/» սւսաուէսհ-պէսշւոոսթեէսմի ու. ողոոէՌսհ^ոսթեամի ա^ ՚նուանէւն վանեց օօոաւ.ոո բանաեով^ մի Հ^սէգարստ՛–^ յՒՔ(Լ \Հւ՚մաոէյնի եւ. օՀայասաան թշնամեաց ապւսգւ^ արշակա1եք1ևեբեն ապա<^ո^ըՆեչու. ^ամար^շիՆեց բեր^ ք, V ^ / ^ ֊՚Փ^^քԹ– 121 գե՛ր ու. սէմրոցնե-ր ւ իՆ^աՀա Ա^<^ Գ** պկսւրս անանե ալւ^Տ^ագ ի. Լ^11 ՚^^Օ) պ^^ի իրե% ժս^րաքաղաք րնեւոէք սանիեպյ գ ե՚ղեցեսւցու. ռ ^ շէՆքերով ռաո^ գսւոե՚ռ ու. պէսոէսպնռ՚ոու1 »սմոացու,ց % լլ^^ ԱւՌւսւսէէսյ էսաեՆ ք աանչասփ մեհ^ ու. ք՚Ք^Դ ^Ր ՚ "Ր էրա»էէ.ւսմո. է՚֊ր ժսււ/անէսկի՚ն օ#ո.քս^^1\|ք յէաոաաւքներսւ.Ն կ—՚րգր կր գրոա–էւէ յբիՆչեւ. ռայօօր կանգուձ» կեռւսհ՜ աա–երսւ^Խ^ րը կ սէպառսւ.աանէ% իր %էսքսնի յհ9Ւոա.թ–իլ^^ ու. փէսււյէէ», 1-որուքՅ-իւ.Նր* ^է՛^ աասսէմագըսւօ յլ**ղք1^ 1001 ^^^Ղ^տՒ "՚՜ մէկ ւՓլ^օն(^Ն սււ.եքի ռՆսւկիչ սաասլն , որչափ էսւ չափւսօանց երեւ֊աւ ւաւաեապ^;ս կր օա. օ»%>4։ ւ թ՜է;^ սառւգիւ. շասէ րնգ^ ասրձսէկէ բասզմամարգ. ու. գե՚ղեռիկ եզահ– ազիս։ »ր րյԱքք1 * 4. օ^՚^ււիօ/ք–»՛ (1020-1040), ի՚-ր քժւսգաւ^ոոու-թիւնՆ՝^ ս/ռոյգ յձշոաք^ եւ. զՀայսէստ աե ւոէսէէե ու. վբայ րնոո ^աթսւրւսց ^Մւո եռոԱ^ե՚ւոմ աքւ«> ցուցէ - \նր մեոձէել^ն ետեւք ^Ր^րՒ^ ՚Ք^ձ. ^աեււըս՛»^ սէոէ,թիւ.^ն էսէ գեէսցՀ գուՖառ Լաէսրն արգ^% \իէիէսւոի էսւոեՆ \^հ ռէսղպբն ու. պահ– Հ՚/՚տ \^1ւՈ՚^ւեւ Քհ^ ^Դ)^ աա^անՕյհւՖբր կոևՆե՚ց» ոս ե՜րբ ժէւէՈսւեաՆ պւսաաս^ էւան սէռաւ.% բանւսեոէ1էՌւ Հ^այս/սաան մէոսւս. ու. 1^^էհ ս$ռքերւ. ե–ո1ո–ցաւ^Հ ^^պ1^ա պւսշւօրա-մհ չյո՚Չոոեցասք 1 * Ո՚</ 4՛ ք%Աքք.\|>ա<««<»ւ1հ^այ ^ւսքսաու.թ–Խա1ե վեր1խՆ թ-ագաէ-որւ։ է •- ՚ձ » ի՚^ձ 1լԽրւ»ւաքա^ էսռսւձ– կր Հւ^ասսա$էէն՝ թագս§–որք^թ֊Խա1ւ վԽրհալթե ԽաէաԽսէ - 3. ի՚^ձ >1ի^–^Ի ՛է է ԿԸ ք–՛"՛^^՛^ Հ«/^^4-'>' առսաե%ագրոԱ.թիա.%ը ՀԼ . գսւքէ՚Ն 1. <հ^^(( ի՛ թագաւ^որ օե^ոս^րչթն (1040 1045) ^^<– ՚եե–րք19ե խռովոսթիսԱնևրո ւէագրեցընե–^ ւ^ե եաեւ..^ իր պ^ու.ց ռջոու֊թիսնր գսւրձու֊ց օ՚րկիրՆ էՍսասւասէԼոո ք^աթարւսռ ու. \^ի Ւ ՐԳՐ ^"/՚^^ պսւ՛^ ՀաեՕոո ^ու.%սէց վրսլքէ կոսա սագին թ>* յբոնոմպթոս ք ե-րեու. անգամ՝ ^ագիկ1^ ւաո^ոսեւ^ե եաեւ.^ ՚Գ"1ՈՐ գոսււ. Ն1/նգու.թէտ–ամբ ^ագլււաւաոսեեաց թ սւգւսւոբոս՛^ .Հ՝ 122 թե-աՆ վե-րՕաալու֊է Այւ/^ա2ք\|# գլու.խ ^աեևէու ^ասմարք ձեոյթ աէւաւ. գագիկի մահուչափ թ^աէԴ1Ները^ Հվթսա յ^արգիսՆ ու. ^ե՚արոս կաթուոիկոսըյէ \յրիսւասարգ թ§յսգաւ.ոռո մաաեոսթեստւդւ \\ոսաաեգքւնոպոՓ՛^ ասա^ րու-եցաւ.^ ես եո՚Ժ ՚Օ՛ պքսորու.ելէ^ &ա&ւ. ք 1045) է կաէ՚՚ր/լ ^^էէ բսսնէսլ^եոե ւ^գուՖե^էսւ. • ոըով^ եղաւ. ակր Հպյասաաեի (1064)» \^"կ ղԳ՚^գք՛^ Տդ/Կթ Կ/^^ պիսարա բ^ՐգՐ հ՚^ՂԳ^Ց^ ^^ յար§^Նր պարսպէՆ կէսխեռքւեւ - - Ա^» ՚ւ^Ր^ ոմեեցսէւ. 160 սւարւ.աե ^սւգոաաոսեեաօ ^արստու.թիւՆո (10 I ^)< 2 • ^ձէ^կ^Յ ^՚ՂՔք^ ^Ր^ՒՈԼ "ք՚՚շ""1՚՚՚^"՚յ "՚– ք^/՚ձ.՝^ Նաւ1ԱտԱ»ց էէսրճ»սեյհսնթ11^ պսւ^ոոիշրէան%ռ–որ օրուե^ օաեք ել. անգութ ու. եւսւուսղէ թշեաէ^$թ սէսէՆ եողմս^1^ էէսռւսՕ եկան է ^դյկը եոկր^ պսւշսապանու-թեանր ^ամար փղբր ու՛ ակար գնդեր ձգելով^ յձ^աբացիք ^էսրմար էսռէթ սեաեցԱն Տ՚՚՚-ԴբՒւե քՈ-էսՏնորգու.՛^ թեաւՌւ աեպսէասպւսր երկիրն ասպաաակեչու-Հ քՏ^՛ աէ^ա կոսեե%ոս »ոյն պգրւսվարր \| օէէնու֊թեան ^ասաաւ. (60000) րանակով^ մի րքքց րան մքէ չ^րցաւ. րնելէ ^ու.ոջիլ^ 1եռ ասւրի իր ս$սպասաւսկու.թիւ1ւներր շարու^նսէկեէ^^ ու. ՝^անսէռկերա անօգոսա աեո պա-Խ. շարեէկն եէոեւ. կսէսէաղոսլժիւնր Հ^ւաւասաանի մէկսււ կոդմանքրթափեց ւ ^ոսպջիչի յաջորգալ էէՀ^-Ա/»՛– ^ւնոք որ եորօրբ ա/թԱ գառան է;;^ր ^ առս»է– ԱՆ /12ք ) կո՛»– ղոպաեց ու. էացրեց է թ%էաէա ^եո մրն ալ փորձեցի՛ն ^է^/նք թաթարներ րՀսցասաանի սա^մէսնՆերէ՚ն գոսրս հանելու, ք րպյց. չքլր^ւ՚՚նՀ - ւըյսկից եաեւ Հա^բսս^ էոաե եղաւ. ս»ւԱԷ% ւսդգաց պաաերաս^ սէապւսրեո "՚– ոանկոխւ ք^ակչաց մկկ մամն ամէսյացաՆ ^րկիբէԼ թուլ աալովՀ ասգթե անգին ցրուեցաւ. • մէկ մե^ մամն Աքլ ^ասր՚ոս լերանց եւ. ի մամնաւորի կիէիկի՚^ի ՚^^ մու֊ր կողմերր ռւսշոսեցէաւ. % է. 123 3 • ^""^ աարբեր վիճակի մէ^^ կքլ գսւ%^%ք , Հս^երկ՚ն յաաո§^ս$գրոավՅ–իւ%ը^ ^. գար1~^» եպքը^ թ^կ; որպիասէ-թ-եաՆ^ է$ւ. թ–^ քա^Աէկւէէ-թ^եաե կոդմանւ^ , \ք . գարաւ. մաաէքնասգբա.^ թԽ%1;՚ն։ \^ւ– քւնչսւհ» կր^-՚Ր ՚–րՒլ Կ^Րպ ԸԱ^Ս Ն ՐԲ Բ՚^Ր^ ձուեսասէ– Հ^»սւսւէւսւան^^% թ–Ա$գաԱԱ.ոբու^թ–իէ^1կ ^ասրկ էր որ վերեէսր Նսւեւ. քսսւղաղոսթ–իւ.\էՆ ու. գիտսէ$ւ.թ–իէԼ%ա • եէ~ աոիրէր ոնգ^աեւոսր քսասո^Աէկու–թիւ.Ն ու^ ագիաոսթիւՆ $ յբեծ– ոա. աԱնորոգեւի ^սւո կրԽք քոով %արսէծ–ի% մաասե%ագրոէ.թ՚իւՆշ։ — լ^քք պսէա՚ճէոռէսւ. 1^1 որ ^Լ, ու. յ՚՚՚քբրգ երկու, դյսրե^ րէ^ չե%ք կրեսւր երեւ֊ելի գրսէէ^որ ւիՀաասւկսւրասՆ%եր ^օ՛–^ ՕՔ^^ԼԼ^՝^՛^^ է՚-ք)՛ Բ՚էԱք ր-ւ^ր—ւթ՛ ալ ղո՚֊րկ չե%ք ֊^4^֊ դե^ասկաե գրոա.էսձ–ո^ ժկ^՚ն ոսԴւիՆք, ^ով^ասՆնէո ^ձեեյք-ոյՆ^ \\%մասասւսիրի՚Ն\ յձ՚^^^^է^ "՚֊ 1^ք^^ք&* ^ՈքոմՆ»կ»»$եէ ՚ճիա^ոէ՚ե մկք^ քէ^ ^շանսէսոր չե^ • ^ով^ա^^%ու. \րս0ւֆկոնի եպիսկ - Տ–»ք՚^^է աերկոսի՝ Հ^է–\ղ^, ու. ՍօՀ«. կաղաՆկաաուա^ւ.»/՝ ՚ԸԼւլ«»«.««ւ%^.^ «լ«»^Հ»«.^^«.1>^. էւ. 1^ա1Խիա ^յիրակա^ւ–ղ/ք» Ա»– «ք1.ւյ«.քալ^»^յէ^–%Ը կամ՝ Հ^ագ^ղ^ք^գա>–^^»ա\ք* թ« . գա^ րու^ մասւեՆագրսւ.թ–իւձո ^»սգրաէոոլ%ի իշքսաեասո ձեո^^ զթու.ու.թ–եւսմթր քէչ <(ըւ կե՚ՆգասԿ»ս$սա$»ւ–* ^ովձս՚^հ՛՛ 1\|<>՚ք– թոլ.ղքկոս (ք92Ե)գրե^ Ը1,,յ.4–.%«.–ք «յ-^/^-ււյ-ւ մէ։ թ»ք>Հ^^. \^րհ–րու.Դքի՝ 1^ք>ք•••-^^"•5♦ Դ^^«–"^7– ՆՐ^Տ * 1ք*"^"^՚^՚»՚Ւ "՚– անոր զ/՚՚՚ք՚՚րգ՛՛^ սլէսոււ1հսթ–իլ.%ր է ^ դա»»րու% գիւ.», ^"՚Գ^Րէ եԹ-է ւեղսւ.ի ոչ, գոնէ ^ս/ն՜ճսէրոյՆ կոզմաե^; , \|) . կարիգոր ՚կարեկացին, Հ^ստյո^ ^աէէնգ1^՚ն , իր կրօնակա^է յհքհէ՚"1^է""^է ՚^ք.՛ Վէ^ ղգած^մամի մէ գրեյք , իՆչ^ որ կքլ սսաեղիե թանասաոեռ& ոգի՛ն \^սսէու.ձ–ոյ սեպ^ականա^^ թ-եա^էոբ վրայ։ յձսաեփանոս \^1՚"ւԻկ Գրեո Հ^^<9 ք օ՚<՚></"՚–«՛ թիւ֊՚ն $ղ ոկդթւ֊ե մի՚եչեւ. 1000 > \^եաոաւսաներորգ ու. ւսէՕորգ գ$սրերու% մկք կո գաե§քկք գիւոոսթ–իւ%՚ն իՆչպք^ս արեէ֊մհսառ , ասսաԱկ ա՚ւ ւսրեւ.Խի» էՍւ.եՓ ^՚ՆաոսսւաԱեերր^է (յլ"՛^ ասշկերաու.թ–1քնէ՚ն 1ւն կ^րի^ գոր Դ\ա^ւաւ.ու.՚նքքն, դ>ր ^գ/նք իր իօթրի՚ն գիէոու֊թ-եաոր Հսք^ մար յբսքգիսսարոս տՈսկաեսսասմի կր աասւու.եՆ։ կոսաանգ , \յ՚ո%ոմնտոսի Աէէոեն , յ1ՐիքագեսքԱ0ո կառւսվար ք^ր * կրե^ (8»•^յ^^ք է •^^\|»«է»յ«»1»»»–^\|»– V ւՌ, իր որգւ.ոյ% ^ամար . եւ^ Հք^ ու. ^•ք֊ ^գա\ա^աև\ւ՚՚Ա ^ագէ»էա՚պ,^%^,^՝ ոէոանաա֊որոմ։ — կ^րիգոր 11 ^՚»^– աակր, իր որգիՆ, ու.նի Հ«••^քէ ^^^ք»«••-I^յ•-^V^ք էւ. Աք/չե ։ \^րիսսէակէո 1ասսաիվերասւռի ք իբրեւ. սէկասՆսէաԽս մկ՚ք/ գրեց մանրամաս՛ն Հայա,^ա\\ ^ագ/աա,^\>ա\^ 989-1071 եւ. մանասանգ \^իի է ողբաքի վի՚ճակը^է — \|\| . \|,&Հքւք4–» Կւ^– ԿԻ (1102-1172) 3՝^ գարոսն մաաե՚նագրոսթեաՆ ւէւռւէէշին կարգի սէսսւղբ՝ իբրեւ. \^ս$ոու.աւ$հ–աէէբան , պաէՈա. մագիր ու. բանասսաեգհ– ւֆանգամայն է իբասւսմի ՚^Նոբ^Աքչի մականոսնը^ Կը կբ^՛ * հ^^"I^V^ ողթին մկք^, կոս չսքյ սւյն քազքի՚ն թ–շու.առոլ.թ֊եա՚ն/Լ վր՚՚Ս 6է«»«»–«» Ոքքէ՛^ ւ Հի՛^ եւ. 1ք՚/> կս»ակս»րանաո պաամու.թ–իլ.Ն ե՝ ոէսանասոբ չափով » %ղՐապկո ոսւանաւ.ոբով գրոսէոե– ե՝ Հ^յ՚9 դ**^՚ /՚աա^^ա\լ, Արձակներու.% մկքխ% կբ^ յիշենք մի^% , կա^ 124 թ-ոսզիկոս րնս»րոլ.եչսէ֊Ն սւռթ՚իա-ս /սօաւսծ՛ շՀ«^^» ՀՀշ*"՛ «••^<»% ^«•»էլ^% ու. Հաաաէքէա^ ^ա«»քէոՀէ»Ա^* էղռս/սչելր ասղօթ-ռր» \ՐէԱԱէթ–^ՈԱ \քգեսւսօի% գրես ք^««»^\|»–«^քէ»»"1»\|» ^ա^աէաա^ա^^ ^–.^/•^\|1^%չ 952– 1132» \\ա^ոսէլ^ Հ^եցի Ը^^՛ Ո՛»^"–– յ1յ–% եւ– ^•է»/«»1»է~յ«.^յ»»«–յ1յ–\ յի, սէշխսւր^քիս ոաեզձ-ոէ^ւ/ԷՆ էֆ՚նչեւ. 1179» ւբխիթաբ թժիշկ , ու.%ի Տձ՚քյ՚ա՚Ա ^ 4Ւ1^՚ք– –Ր՛^ –^ սաիսաէէսսոմգիքտ մի, ւսրսւք^սւռի, ասւրսիկ ու^ յղՐէ սէղբիսՆեր^; ժոզսվահ– 1\ \ 84^^) — \քկեղեռսէկէսն մա$ոե%էՏէգըու.թ–եասՆ էԱսպէթթբէօ^Ն 1է;9 ժեծ– ասրգիւՆռ ուՆեռաս, քՅ–ասգսււ–օրսւկ$սՆ պարադ՛ն սերոռ, կԽղոէ–էԱԼ.Ն ■»։. սրէոււվըլք, ասն ուսանի ^եըսե՚՛ ԼամիրէէՆսէօի՚ն , ^ասրսօնի ասբքե՚պէ—կոպսսրէ Լ^««>/> ամե%1^^ հրե սելի գսրհքն Հ։ ւք ••*& ՚ր՚ր 1179/^^ ^"–"՚^Կւ^ծ ՚^՜՚՚զրվԻ՛^ յէ9 խօսեռստւ.։ ^լաՆէֆւօան ՝ճւսււ.երե "՚– քերթ-սղակա^ւ գրոււսձՆերե Օաո սւ%ի ք\ա»<^աէա^^ «(1>\|1»«.«»շ1^է–% յ^, Ժ՝1^ գսւրոա– մասաե%ււաւգրքււ.թ՚էւ^ըլ կր փ\քէհ 1^Ի՚ԷԹ՚՚՚Ր ՝^*2՚> ^"Ա \յ,ղոբոսը^, իբ 190 ••••–••^;^է»ք "^ «ւ. ք»սղաքսւկան ել. կրօ^ %սւկսւՆ »(»«է»€ք»«է»«»#քէ«»1ւ««^\|»»»^յ»1 – ^դ» . գ»սրււլ.% ^ր9^րՐ \^՚ոեփ • 1\րբեյւեա% , Աիւնեա^ արքեպիսկւ$պոէ1Ը^ , ԳՐ^9 Սէ"^է՚*Չ 08 Փք**՚1^յ ^^յո^^յ»յ1շ. սւռասէ. \\ս՚ր • ւրսէքսաԽզղոա թ սէգաւււյարսէկաՆ թշխասՆուքՅ-ի՜-մ^թ է 1 • Հքքւ^գերոոգ գարուն սեհօբները գ.ադոէայհ աւէՕ էՈէսոսւԾոսսւհ՛ գերմանաեան էսզգսսց ւԱ։^1էՆ ) ասե^ ՚Լյւ^Ն սօոաւորներն եոահ ^րանէէեեոու ^^^^ւ\^ (4:0 1– 011)^ \^ե–րով^կե–սէ%ց ռեռ^նէ փ՝ճէԱօու.ռ \^ոասոնի ասէո^ոսթեսւմս. \±օ^) ^ո–ոսէւսեան իշրէանոէ.թեան ՚1յէր9եե սնացորգր* ՚նու.ա՚ճեց (4:96/՛^) Զ^1"–ԷԲ–Է^Է ^"՚^ կսէաով^ ^լիյաէէնե՚րր» եւ. էսե՚ւ ւ1ի ^րան1քևեոու. ^եսո էք1լրաու.ևցսււ.ւ ^ոագիևկի քո/ 507^^ ^^ո1քւ.մա1քան ^••ոթաւյէ-ոց ^աղ^ելթն ևւ սւսոմ քւոլոո ^Ր^ԷրէԼ^ պէեչևւ. կարոն աո^ելխ՚ն եաևւ. ^ փրան6աց <47/.^՚–՚ք7/ ^ե^ղէր1Լ աէրութ&ան մի վջպ) ւֆացու.ռէ իւ.Հ\| ^Ր՛ "ՐԳ՚-^Ց ՚""՛"^ որոնք ա^րութրւ-Նր է^ջձ-ր՚նին բաժնե^ցին — նուա^^ոսեցա՚ն (530) (3»^«– ՚ րի՚եգիացիք ոս 534/՛^ ^ոէ^րգո լնգացիք է ^է^ց ան^ 125 րնգկստէո բաժանէ/հէյնքնեոՆ ու. էսրէոպքոյ Լսէոգի մաէ^ րէքեու֊թե-ամհւ ու. անգթու.թե՜աւդւ յկուսէհ՜ %ե–ոռքւն \ աաաե՚ՈէսղաէՄրՈք ւոկարացու.ց^Ն ժողովուոգու ՚^որա^ %որ ս.աժաՆմանը սւահք1ւ ռօոսւցան եպիսեոպոսնե-րհ ու. իշքսսւն՚ներր Օօսճօտ) . ե՚րլւ անգիէն ^^երոովի՚նկևանթ քլեսէսէու-ւօ՜եան ու. շ§ւաէւու.թ&սէն սհ9 ք^եոմեռսւնւ 2 ^Աէսր ՜^ե-րով^նեեաէՏեե՚ոն եօքժ՚նեոոոգ գա^ ոէ^ն սեսՆԽէ տ1^րոէ^թե–աե վարչու,թէսնր^ թագաւ.^ ոոասեան Լսւլոէ.սէհ՚ոց ւքերսցոց-սոէ-չ եդոո աոան կէսռստ^ րապեաներոսե (աք1)0ք (Յօաստ) յանձ՚նևցին։ արասիսչյի հլ^րեսե-լերէսն Փր՚՚՚^^է՚^է) ՚"՚^> ^սւդարա–^ պեէոոյ աւս պւսաիսր ՚եէսեւ. ^կէ^ոստրասէաաի (\^րս–ԱէՐփ ՓրաեկիայիՀ ու. ^ոսրգու.%գիայի (ճսX 6է րՈՈՕՕթՏ ւ^քծռՕՕաա) ^աէքար աւ րնգունե-ցաւ. • որ ե–%ոռփէ />«-/» գերգսսսսէանքէե սէ^ ժւսռանգաեան եղաւ. % - - ի/ւ որգքէև 3. \\ա^ո^^ \քա^գ^^^փ^ (714-741) ւչարկաւ. յ^րաչւացիքչլ ^ոագի^ի քով^ (^Ղ)* ՚նոսաճևց ապըս^ սէս/ւՌւսէհ– ւ^լօ՚մԽՆն&րչէք Գ\աւ.ւսրիացիքն ու. Տ^ոիռՆե-րր* ե-լ. կառօօ/արե-ց վէր^՚ն չրՐ" աոարք^արրր^ առանց թագաւ-որի % ւ1\|^ա շ/1«ք «• կաաեք (741-768) գս՛ Հէ^ վ^ր առաւ. 752ի՛^ յ^ոասոնի ժոդօփԱե 1հքյ ՚–^է«ե՚րիկոս գ» ՚^ևրով^կեաՆ վե-րՕին թագաէ֊որե ՝ու. փ»կբ է՚ո. թեռ է Հ^ոան1է1էեր1^ թագասոր րնտրոսեէթՆ ե-աեւ.^ ՚Աաե-փանոս ք\. ՚քյա^անւյաւսպես»1;^ օհ՚ուե-ցսէւ-է \ձսէեփ»ս^Iոա \|\ ^Դէ օէճսէ-թ^եաե կսծւչու.ասքՒ Դ\եպի%1էսը սաիպե^ 755^^ ( ՚\Լւ»Նգոքլարգա^։^ո^ թ-ագաւոր/լ, յաոսաա, շսւ.աԴւՎյէ^երորգապևաւււ.թ–եա% մէկ մասը^ քա՚^ա՚նաքապեա. ւոի% սւսւլէ \\^յ– պաէւրգեւբ գրքԱ "՛է ^ԱէԽԱււսւոեռ Դ^եպ^ոս եւ. ճււ.սւէաւ պաշապաե անոսա1եււէ֊եյ։սէւ. է — Գ^եաիՆսււի մկք^ մի՚եչես 875* գերմանիասյի ւ/էչ՝ յինչեւ. 911 ք Գ՚^՚է՛՛ ղիայի յէչ՝ ԱԷՆչեւ 987 » \ 126 63. 11-քէ։»" 11՝է>– 768-814 թ–իա։եՆԽք ըր–– ի՚—պֆ^ի -• Ապ—՚^^՚ՀէԻ ՚^է՛ — 3* Կ՚^ք-էՐ՚՚Ւ՝ պ»^ւ––քակէաե^ «աէ.էէւաաքկսւ% <•>■ աըաւհաՏև ^ գ1ք%քւ1էկէք% աք^ւ֊ք%թէ՚եր^ ք^Լ ^^–^–ք^թ–ի.Ն «•■.., ՚%հքաէ%է - • 4» \|»*»ձ գ»–ա»ււակա% Նւար կաթգաւգքէա.թ–ի»^նԽբ ք^ւսէ. . \|»1\|ւք4« ^կդէ^նաք-արԽյք-էէ. աա.աաէէկա%էւ։.թ–իաՁևքւ։ ^ւէդովթգեա% կրթ–ա».թ–եա^ %կաաէՈայի լ. –կ44«ք«#քքք«» Սէ^» ^եպթսէսի որգքէեք ձ՚ղբօրրլ կարլոմաւեոսի մա^ոյւէէեէն ե-աե՚ւ-ք որույԱ "ՐգԷռՐ թագաէ^որու֊թՏրԱէ՚Ն մերժեց > –^ բոլոր Փր՚^^՚՚՚Տ թա՛^ գաւ.ոԹ1» էբրեւ. աշիար^ակաի օրէնսգիր 1ռ արու^^ Վէսէից ու. գիաոսթեաե ^ւսռա^ացոէ-օէչյ իր ^ւամա՛^ %աԼաէ ս»մ1էնամեՆ– ա1արգն էր։ 772/՛^ "կօաւ. պաաերէսաէԱ^ \%ապպյէ^ գոե՚թէ յէՆչե-լ. քիե%ոս աարահ ոէ.ոո ^&թս&ոս \^պբսոնացա–ւա գէէՐ։ - - ՝\ձ,ռա9ի արշաւ.սէ1կօի՚էւ ք %ոէ.ա1^^1քց իրէսպուրձ \\առսոնսէցսոց ապգաաքւե նու.իրւսեա1ե աեղը^» ե՛լ. ռս^և-ռ փրս^կ ք^բԲ"^ Ւ^Ւ ՚Օ՛ ամէո^եր է կարոլոսի՝^ իւ4\|ք«, չէա գաՆոսահ– աաՏ/ն\Ղ1գ\ք Վեգոա.գ1§եգի առաՀ^ոո^ գոսթեսէմքւ ^պբսոեբ %ոո1;^ էոո ւսռթե \^ր1^սպու. րկոք վէէեաեցքւե փրանկ պսէ^ապէմե ռօբթե ևւ. բո^ե^թե ի^ բսեռ ււսռւաւ^սսա սսէ^մաերւ դ^սէոձսււ. կւարոչոս ՚իսէսէ^ յիայէւ^նէ աաոթեց \\$սքսո1էէւե–րուն ե՜ս Վ^Գ^ՐԲ Գ՚Ժ՛"՛^՝^ Ղքե-րով ս$»էրացոէ.օ • ի>ե–է մի սպօլսոԱս»ցհ մեՆաս^^նէէռ մնրւոու.եցաե ^ ՏՀյւգոէ^գէքևգ փւսր$ւսւ.է \քրբ ասոո մրաա ս/ե^անգարւո\^աբսոՆնե՚րնք իրենց աւերիչարշաւակքս^ ՝%Մրբ%որֆ^ սկսանք գարձաւ. կարոլոս \^աանիայք^Ն ՚Փ՝^ րե՚եք յի՚եչէւ. \^լս(ա մղե-ց* Վյ^րգէՆի քով^ ՚"ը(1Տ2) 4։Օ00 սպբսո1ևացի գախատե-ւ աոսաւ.։ ^սկ^: լքԱ՛–^ ռաՕ եկահ՜ աղգով^ սպստամբու.թիւյնր^ ՛ճակատով ՝ ՊԼ ըք՚կ^՚՚Յ* ւ^՚՚՚կ՛^^ բ"^ պ՚օսւերաղմի չմր1ևցաւ. 803 ինք §դքն ^^ցք^ *ր ժողովուրգր քրիսաւքևէոսթիէ^Խ յրՆգոԱձւեցաւ. ևւ. փրանկ աս§շաօեեանե–րոսե^ ^չաէ^ս Նսւեւ եկեդեցակաԱաց ա$սսսւնորգ տաւ^ս/1եձՆ աո,աւէ / / 127 I \էւնգոբսէրգէսռւ–ոց գ1^ւՐ օւէնութե-ան կանչոսե՚էովՀ \|^^«. է պե-սձ^Նրն աևց§սւ., էսշքսար^ակւսչե-ց իաէ-իանք վաեյթ խոքՅ-եց թւԹգսււ.ոոո (Գաեսիգև՚րիոսՀ ու. Լոնգոչւարգւա^ ԼաԱ ակրոԱ^թքււ.նր Փր՚^կէ^է ^ևա ւֆա^ոս^ (774:3* \\աէտԽիպւի կու.սսւԼաքևեո1^ ^ուսւ^ր ընգույեե^ չով^ անօսէւ. ՚կսարոէոս Դ^^ռր1քեէտ–աէ^ե–ոը<, էստէւյաՕացաւ. միՆչեւ. \շ*էՐԴէ սռւսւ. ^ւսմե.1^ււ^աե եւ. ^ւսոսւկոսէմե հ Դ»սւրձս»հ– Աքսաե-ն ^ոնա1^վեյք ձոր^ ւօ^^ւեո^էսաւեէսկ–^ Ն&րք^՚ն աաոքժու-Մցաէ.» ոսբ մեւՆԱէէ– Նասեւ. քիոլանգ։ Օ • ^ասսէքխս ^$սւի^րայի իշիէանրյ իձնՏռձՆգի ես "՚^րէշ \^ևգոօ.Ա9րգսւցւ~ոց ասէ-սագանւպ^ աեոափո^ խւաԽ^ժեաեր մասն Աէկից Րւա՚Ր՚՚է^ փք^էՌ քսո1ժուե–ցաւ. \78օ) ^"՚ ^ս՚՚-էհր՛՛՛ ա1^րոսթեաՆ ^եա պէասցէսսէ յձ,ւ.ապակաբ.ւսր^ յ^ւ.արսա գ/^էք րբահ– պասաե–^ րւսպմով * %ոսէսճե՚ց կւսբօլոս (791) "ՐղէրՐ ՚^^՚եչե-ւ– քէասսէպՀ եւ. ^էէսւՄց սէսսսէբիսւկաե սսւ^մաԱսւկոԱաէա––^ թհէյնրէ \|^լ&.օ##7ս»ճսք111ք ժողոմոա-ոգն պյս ասԱէոեոասօմէէվ^ ախ ասս»իճաեէ Նու֊ասօե-ցսէս ք որ քէ> ՚Ոթ ե՚պթբ բո՛^ էոբոմ^ն աե^եա Մոասէ ՝\^»4ԱՆ, եւ. գանիսէկս^ առգւսց գէ^ւՐք ոչ ւանչափ ^՚սքըո պսւաեբաօյ11; մ^եաե-ւ. » ՝իսչբ^1^ էգնչէւ. ^է՛^ րե-բհսէ եւ. ^աւսպ1^% §գնչէւ. \%լպա սասւբւսօ՚ու֊ոո պոր^ ■աոոսթեոսն սէէ^Ն ժոոովու.բգեեբր ^ս/եգիստ գաան։ ՆՐԲ– կ՚՚՚ր՚^լր՛ 800 ^> \յւ^Անգե–ա% օբբյ Լքռոե գ» ^էս^անայապեսւէ՚ն է ^ռաւէւսկան կւասբ ասակոսեցսօ– բբ սլեաոսքժհսնբ ^ ռրիսաոՆ^ոէ֊թե-ա՚ե ամե^ամե՚հ– աշ^ իւաբ\ակաե իշիւաՆա-թիսւ/ն եղա ւաւ. է <4 ^էսասիղասի վար ասււնէււ֊երւվԱ ժողռվրգԽաա^է գքսերր վհբցւ$ւ.ել^ն ,եաեւ. , բ-է^ը պԽաոու.թ–էաՆ ^ք^ գասաա֊ակւս^^ գրաէ^էաձ– ^;^ կոաէև ա/ը^, որ իշխահւ9է–թ՚իւ.% սւ%1^ր գէէէէոսէէէա. 128 աասրասկօր^ սրոշեասք օրեր ^^/\|ք^/՛^* ^յ^նէէէ. ար§$ւ.թ–հաԱ երթ-ւսրււ. աասրսաւսկաՆ Հ։ր ասւԴ;% ասղասա փրանկ է ք\վ որ բսսնսւկն էսռւսնռ թ–։սգասւորրս ^ոասմասքՌտ եր թոդա-ր է աէոսէռւ»ւ–ս§ձ–քն օւ֊ կեաՆքը կր կորսընսԸնէ-ր ։ ՚կոէԴ§երսւ% իշխաէէեութ-էւ^ր սւեսասկ յի ասւաաո ^ստմարօսասՏ– ^ր » ուսաի էւ. թնչալս "ւրիշ ամէ^ սւսս»ս» , սւսաէէկ »»ք ""՚է^՚քյ ^"՚֊ գս§ւ–որ11^Ն կրեւասր ծէո սէքէ%ուի§է \^ոմսէրու֊ ՚/ր՚դք ^էկելու– ^տսմս/ր է \^սէրոչոս սէ11;–րւէսթ–իւ.%բ վէճսէկ՚Ներու. բէսժՆէօ է էւ սսւՈ;խ մկկ վիճակի վր՚1ք երկու, պաագամաւ. որ ^ա18Տ1 ճօա1111– ք՚,\\ գրէսւ. ք որոքեռ ւՏէկր եկէդէռսէկաՆ մէկսփքն էսշխսքր^ւսկան կ րոար է ^^սոեռ աասշսաօմն հր է կոմաերուՆ Վբ^է ^Դ՛"^ օ.ա1ք֊ գասաոներր թ–սէգաէ–ոբի% իւՈսռընէ-ւ ։ \^ուՌերու.% րողղռր կ եր^ թ-ասր սաս^մա^9ասկոմսերու% է ք^ասգւսւււրիքե աոու֊րօո կթ ժող^ վկթ» եկասէՈոէ պա^օԽաաէրՆերր^ (տ1§Տ1 քւՏ0Տ.1ա1) Օ^ասգսւա-որսերր եպիսկոպոսՆերւ^ եւ. ԱէՀքԱսւր^ասկտսս ւաՏ–ւսւ1Խծ%երհ^ ոմահռ , իթրէւ սւռաաւնձէ% էագայաօևոա^թ–իւ% ւ կոմսերու. իշխսէեու.թ–ե%1~հ ւաէօաէոոսթ-իւ.% ք1աաԱ1ւ1է6) կթ շնոր^էի՛^ * լV'""/ ՒՐ^՚^Տ ^"("""Ոէկւսռր 4րոԱ գսօոսւսոբաս^ կան իշխա%ու.թ–էւ.% բանեռբնելոէ– , եա~ պասաոեբասդմի ասէս^ %եքու. իբսււ.ոէ.%ք կ ու%է–%այիՆ ։ \^յխսւբ^ւսկսէ% սաէրեբ% այս պւսշաոէէսհ աէէեձամբ կր կասէոաբհ1»ն ւ է"կ եկեզեցակւաւեյէ իրե՛նց փոխաՆոբգ (\^0§^է) ՚էէ կբ գհէթ» ։ ք^ասգաւ.ոբբ աոկբոա-թ-եսսե »սէ–սւաէանւոյ% կսէբ&իքն իմա., սաւ ոէ-օաՀՒ ժաւ/անսւկ կոմսեբհն է էսպաւո է1եԾ՛ կասչոա^աՇ՚էս., սակ-րնեբ^^ ու. եկեղեսւսկաԱհեբք^ ոա^դահ՚բ ժողովեի կր կանչեր։ լԼՀ" էսսսւգաժուաո^սերե սկիօբ եղան, եսաօեն եւահ^ սահբութ-եասհ ժոզւէ^սերո§.%է ^ողռվրգեէսն ռասդսքռասկբթ-ոէ-թեաաէՆ նկւսէւամամբէսր է^9՛ ասբգիւ%օ ա.Նեցաւ.. կէսր^քչուէ ։ [^I^Ն եպիսկոպոսէւսք9՝եան ու. վանքի ^եէո կապեց գ՚՚վրոց մքԼէ Լ^րիվիոնն հր %^եբւս.. կա$§եու֊թ–իա.% է ՚յձաբաոօէրասխօսութ–իա~% , ^բաաՌսբւածէՈէ֊թ-իա^ է \^ոսաաորիվիոնբ ք^ու սէբանոսթ-իւՆ , \քրկբ$աւչափոա֊թ–իւ.ն, յ^սսաղաբէսշխոէ-թ-իսն ք ՚\յր$սժշաոլ.թ–իւն\ է ^անձւնեո օաոսր գիէ^ւսկասեՆերոա.. եաիսկոասսէսբաննեբ եւ. Գ՚՚վՐ՚՚Տ՚՚՚Տ ՚Խ՚՚Ա վեբսւաեսչոէ-թ-իւ֊ն ։ Հ^ոգ սէւսրսւա.. »սսաոէ.ւսծ–ային աաէշասէա. մանց \| եկեղեցական եբգերու. եւ եկեղեցսւկան$»ւց կբթ-ոս^ թ-եսէն , եւ. յԽցոսց սսմ^ն սաեդ եկեղեց»սկանաց ^աամար սսէէ$ոանորգէ ք^յենհ^ գիւոնակէսենեբԽ՝ իր արքու^եասցը^ ւՏէք կր բնէսկհին , ինքն աւ իր հ–երոա–թ–եա»$ն էսաոեն գրեք բվեցէ սոոսէէաւսւ. յ^եուաւ. կարոչոս Ա^^է^ ( ճ աարւս/ե (81 4) « Ի/» սէւխա.ական որդհբր կւսրոչոս ու. Գ\ձ–պքւհոս էւսռաՕա՛». 1 տկէսր \ոԱ^գովիկոսըւ ; յ / 129 7 /* ^7 /. 64» ւ1>ք»՚է«է է՚^^Ալ 843 1 1ո>^ք^ո^\ո** ^ա^^^ա^ (814-840) բա^ րեսհոաո ու. գհէոուՀն^ բաւօ շասէ էոկէսր մարգ մաւ% բաժ^ %եց (81 7) է՛ր աէրոսթիւ^ր^ իւ-ր ե՚րեօ որգսոցբ ՝\ու.^ գովիեոսիք Դ\ե–պքւեոսի ոս \ոթարիոսի սէքէ ՛ի Դտպստսա եոԼոորգ ամհւ.սնոսթէքն^^ եղահ՛ ^ըրր՚՚րգ ՚Րգ՚–Դ1 ՚Ղ^ կստբոլոս կու.%էոքւ%ք մւ^կաւ ե՚րՏրք որգքլքն իր1/նց ևրկրէ^Ն բաժէւն մի աս» լոս հ^ ^^Ց ա^՚^Փ ^"՚^^^ չաոհւեէոէէ՝ ս»ասաս$մբեցաե ու. աեկէսրոո ^ւաբեբն^ գերի բբու^ %եցիԽ (^83 3) < \ու.գովէկոսի եւ. ^ե-պ^ոսքւ ձ&ռ^բ Նորք^ սւթոուր ^սւսա»սաու.եյով– . ^՚^՚՚է՚^Ր ՛նոր եբկբհ բաժանու.ւՐ էՐ ^հ§քլու. աաոէքն^ \ու.գովիկոսի եւ. ք838 ^\ յեռւսհ՜ Գ^&պթնոսե որգւոօր բաքք^ե՚ե կա որ մի ւսռսէւ, Բ՚^Տ վաէքճաեեցւսւ. Նոր խռ.ռվւու.թիսն տՐ^եի. ւելու. վջպ) եղահ՛ աա1/ն (840)* >՛ 2 • ^ոլոր պետու.էօ՜իւ–Ան Խէսե էէսփշաակեէ ոս^ Գրդ ՝\ոթօւրիոսհ գհմ՝ մբասբանեօէաՏն ՝\ուդոմիկոս ու. ^ կաբոլոս կույեա ե՛ւ, ^աղթ-եց^ իբ1/ն (8411 ^ոեգր^ ՚նայլի ՜ճակասաիէե մէՕւ Վյ^րտէօնի (843) գ՚՚՚շ^կԲ՚՚՚ւ^ ընգոսնե-ցաւ. ՚\ոթէսրիոս^ իբրեւ. կսչյսր ^ ՚իասէչիան ու. \^էք^ Փր"^^ կիան (քէ^ե՚նոսի ք քիո՚նխ ք^էօղէ ևս ՚^հլս՚էէ մկք եւրսհր ե՚րկէրբ)» Լոսգովիկոս՝ \^1րսե–լե–ան Փր՚"^^1*մե (\|ի/5ո«. 1ևոսի արե-ւե-լե-Աէն գ^ եոահ՛ ^ե–րմաեիան\ • էսկ ՚կւ»՛–^ րոլոս յ^վէե-սմէոէրաՆ Փր՚մեկհան \Գ»աղոիաե\է \ոթարիոսի եբկհրներն^ ֆբ մա^ոսաէւե^ եսաե՚ս ^ իւ.ր ե՚րևք որգւ֊ոցն ^կանՀ լ^քՀէ^Հ–1& մե^ որգթև \ու^ գովիկոս (ք^) է^գոսնե-ցէսւ. \էսաէյսէի՚մն ու. կայսե-րւսկաե պւսէոիսրէ ՚\ոքօ–աբրեգֆսւ բսւԺՂւոսե՚ցսէւ. ՚կաբոչ կուՖ^ տի ե՛լ. \ոսգովիկոս գեբմանացւո/ն ւ^ջ^\Տ10բ ^ուե , X " - 9 Աէք– 130 գեոմսւնսէեաե գւսԱ.ւսո%ե–րե անռան ^ե-րմեՈտիայի^ ^ոմսէեւսեէյսմնեոր միւսցուռ կաոոլոս կաՏնա ^ւսդռէւաի ^եաէ յ^սով՝ ե-րեու. &–ոԼհրեե–րուՖ %ա&ւ. ոսս§ ապ^ գսչՐ§ոէ^թեաՆ ք պ^ս հ՚եջն՝ արեւե՚լե-ան փլւաեկեան կաւՐ գեբմաԱէսԼասն էռ սւրեւ֊մսւէոսն փոանԼեաե նասմ՝ ոո^ մանեան բաժաՆոււՈլ^ կսւսէսսոոսեռսէւ. է / –ւ.թ–Խքարգ Խա. է՚էԻէԽրւարգ գ—բԽքաԽ՚ե ա^ք^* — 2< \ք՚ր(ւ -»- ի^դպէ" կսդյՏէէ.Խյքաէւ փւՕաակաե կաքգԽրը է - 3 . Ո՚Հ. ^ք ^ԿՒԺՏ՚֊Ղէ ԳՄ՚^Ւէ Ե՚Ո» 4«»""«. ^••^-.֊ լ • ւ^ր&ւժսւե-աե ^ռոսէսւեան պետու-թեասն ևրակէսցո էուս1լ իշ^անոսթիաՏն ժի ւֆայն կաՆգու.1ե աւսոք ^ոգեսորակաե իշխանութիւյնոէ \քկեդեցէս–^ կանէսց ^եռ^սէկոէ^թիւ^ր Հք"" ՚^^ հր% ՚էհկ կողման^ սսեով՝ որ ժոոովրգեաե սէյԽ՚ե1^ կրթե-սւլնե՚ոն եւ. թս»–^ գւսւ֊ոուսց անու.անէ^ քսոր^ոգսէկաԱՆօ՜րՆ հք՚^է ՚"^^՚՚1 կողւէաԱ^ որ ^ոգ&ւյ/ր օգնոսթեասն կէսրօսւու.թէւ%ո ՝՝ քՓրէքկօ սսՔ^ վի՛ճակի ան^րսւժեշտ կ^ոնէրէ \^ւսկարէ էՍԹէէեցոս^իէ^^էնԱե ՚նու^աղեցսււ. ք ^ՐԲ թէսգաւ.որօ (Լ* ու. \|9»« գարու֊Նք սկսաե եկեղե-ցակաե պսէշաօմնե-րն ան–»^ էսրժան անձ1էկռնե՚ոոս սւսդյ եւ. եպիսկոպոսբ իշիէաե^ %Ծո1^ ւսէ-Աէսէ ըՆգու.%1րչոժ անոնց սէոորսէկւսբգե-ալի պ(^ս կ րա՚^Ի՛^* 11"^^ ^Դտէսհ– չարիօնե-ոույԱ գարման աանելոս ւսշիււստեցւսւ. Ղրիգոր է (օ9)^ճ 2* \^^է՝^^՚՚՚Ա գժսւասրի՚ն աասւէաղքեչական գոբհ–ոռե.\էււ. պւսաոԽքասօմւսցբ ՚/հքէ ւ1եՏ–ւսաէս օէյ^ասկւսՆ ^/^ն )՝ վանսւկան կսքրգէր/Լէ ւ^ԼէէԱ՚կք կ$ալաքհա^եչու. սկաս$Ն \յգիպաօոսի էֆասք՚Նսւ.^ կե^ա^ քսվէ քով^գաէքովը։\^ւ^՚ն վանքերն սսղ^ասաու,թ–եասնէ ոդքախա^սւ֊թ-էան ու. Հնսւղանգոա^թ-Խսէն ոա֊խէոերւէւ.% ՚/է9 իրաարու. յֆսէքէան է^ի՚ն։ Վս/նսւկան կեասնռբլ էքրորգ գսդէու^ վէքք^քՐ Հո-էւյհւսկան պեաոոէ^թ-եան ասմ^Ն աէէբէւ-եմոան գաա/֊^ աաո^երաւ^ մ^^ք ԱէսւրսւՏ՚ւասեսէսւ. , սւր կրօնւսւ֊որօ ք^ե եկե^ դթ^ւակ$էէն ու. (9՜^ ասշխաար^սակասն իրողսսթ-եաւես վրպէ մեե՛ ք / / ■/ ■I II 131 էսպ^էԽ^ու-ք^-իաձւ ոէսԱԽյյահ» է ^ոբքոբգ գաբաս%՝ ւՌսպք^գյաւաւ. %աեւ. \\աալէա սա. գադդիա » յ^^դգա^ գաղթականաէ–թ–էա% ասաաէ՚հ էւ. ^էսաւսգպ^ սւդթսսսքի ժաս$քաէոակ%էրւէւ.% ^քյ վա^^ քե–ր% ի՚նչսւլ^ա%է1քիԸ9չք էապաասաահարան, սէ^էւէձկւսլգիաւււս^ թ-եաքեքք էֆակ Ռթ-արա^Ւ ԽդաԽ^ Ա««»^ • շ ա . ա ^՚ այ ու% Հ«ւ»4հսւԹ««ււ ւ աաճեռաաւ. ^էսեւ. կքօնւսա֊օբաց ^ասդպօակբթ-սւթ-էան եւ. եր^ կրաամշակոսթ-Խան վր«սք»ւ%է^ւաՏ՛ $»0ղգէէ^սա.թ–իւ%ր» </ա1քօո.« ա%գ եբքւ ^էնեգիկէոօէք %սւր»իայքքքՆ (ԵՅՕ)՝ իր Դ"^՚^"կկւ»»/ք գքէսէ-սր կահոՆ՚Նէք աաւլավ "քՀ^ պւաբէԱւէ§է֊որու^թ–իլ^ւ^§Խք ԳԲ՛"– վջ՚՚ւ^փ^՝ ^ե՚նէ–գիկաէակօ՚իքե%ք դիրե՚կթ ուխաիւ. կքլ պւսրօք$Աէ.ոթ^իՆ ասքոէ-Աէե՚պքի՚^է է1իէ§շաս§յան , Ժէսւ/Խրգսէ.^ թ-եաեէ ձեւէ-սէգարճի եա. ՚՚»դդց կրթ-ասթ-եա^է» \^է1ւա՚կք իակպթաէՏն ^ա^ասէայ քաք^ կթարէադիչևէք &–քՕ^ ^եթ֊աեաա էրկիրնէրա». ՚^քէ եաէքք11;Ն սէէշ ւԽհ-էսակա Նպսւաաէսմասասւա եղան ^երԽա. աէիկաաա^թ–իւ%նէէրա Խկեղե^ւ-ոյ ^ք^ վերձը^եւու. է էր է Հռու1կ^ ^ա^անսւյապե-աո կաւՐ Դ\ապո : \^,րգէՆ ռոի4էաւէե11^ու,թեսԽ օէռՕի էսա1/մնձրն Հռոմէա եսւիս^ կոաքէսեերըյ իքւրե-ւ. Գ\եարոս^ Ժ՚՚՚ք՚^ՐԳ ՚՚"՚<՚""–<՚^ւաճ1& իրաւ-ասւՌւ եկեդե՚էքւ.^ գլու.խՆ 1^^^է ^՚՚՚^րգ գսէրէ^րոաՏն ՚նէաե-ւ. ^սւոպքս^կաե մեհ՜ էսդգեցու,թէւՏե ոԱձւհ-աաե \^ոուաքէէչյի բ՚րր տյ^րութե-աեւյ վջաէՀ \^սոր գլ^սււ^որ աւստճէսուն ան Հ–/» է "Ր Ն՚՜Ր՚՚՚՚է՛^/^ ՚^՚ԳԳ՚՚՚Տ ՚^^՚՚՚գ^/^ մասր ռրքւսսէոՆք^ու.թռ–ան է9յ^Ր ՀռոաէՆ րնգոկնւսՀէ Գ՚րէ Գր^գքր Ա» 0^^^ աա1քհ (600) պսսւա^ևցաւ. էսրեսմաեաե գ^ոթւսց ու. \ոնգոբարգսւռւ.ոօ գարձոէ \էՈ առաբեիէօ ձեութուք (\^ւգոսւոքւնոսյ ռոհսսէօնպ^ոս^ թևան գսէրձսււ. Նւսօրւ. յըլնգղիէսէ \|\| ^ոնիփաեիոս Հռոսէ՚ն՝^ գե-րմահիա խսէէ^րու-եօաւք եւ, ւԱԹգիՆ ւԱ–կ ա/ասր գարձոհե՚րէմ (1X8-100) ոքւ^ոս բէսօմաթիէ. սսօ-ԱւսոաոաԱնե-ո ու. եպհսկոպոսարաեՆեո (կէոա^լաւս ք Վյ՚՚-րցպոսոսՀ ^սէսէոէստե-լով՝ գերւ/աՆիաքի ւսռաօե-սէ» ե-ղասՀ Գրիգոր է. (1073-1085) քԻչ^՚Օլ ս՚կս՚րացահ– օա^աեէասէաեաակաե իշէւաեու.թքււեըյ Նորէ^ կէտ/եգ^ ՚եերօ* \^մեովկ1ք%սէ « գի աաեՆ (1200) ՝^ա^էմևսչքասլև^ սէէէե ՚ճոէսու.(3–հէ^մե էր բսւրճրոՀ^թեան Ն-սւգր ^ասաւ. ^ ^է^ց սկսաւ. է/եաէ ^ոնիփակիոս (Լ.4՚Ն եպքը (1300) 9* / է/ I է \ / X Վհրտհօճի դէս^իկհճ փՇչեհ խաչակիբք 843-1096։ 843-911. 1. 1ո^^^\^» գևրմա՚նացթ (843-876), 11– ր ^դԲ-՚՚՚ՐՅԸյ ^ղբօրորգւոցո^ ^անիէսցսոց ու. կոո^ մամեերոսն ^էոո շւսրա^էսե պսւսաե՚ուսզմելով^ անռոա.ց Լւսօւափսրութրսնոէ \1աՀՈ^** 6է^ք (876-887) ՚եորէ՚ե միացոէ^ց (884։) մեՆ^ կս$ոոլոսի սլեաու.թէւ.Նր ք՚Խտէ ՚էհ^թ Հ^ռոմէ սէքյ օա^անաւսէպ&ա^ (որու-Ն օգնւսհ՛ Հ։հ \^սւրէսկ^ոսաց գք^ւՐյ եսս^սր օէէ&ք աստլ^-ե ե՚սաե-ւ. ւ ^աւԳ կորւ1ա1^ե–ո^^ ^աշտու-թիսնո գնեւու. ^ւսրևէսգոե ւ^ե ԾաէքԼ. մար տսունոսեցսււ. ոէաոոմեաէ ^՚^"/՛/՛ (887) < Ա\|«քյՀք«^ (887-899) կառավարեց ղօրաւոր բէսղեէսա–» բոլոոով^և ւսսքլ^եց ա^րե-չքէ ՚ձսէկւստէ մի մ^Օ ՛կորման՛ն ե-րուՏն» ասէաերասղմեցւսւ. ^օօր ք^ո՛^ րաա–իացւ.ոց գ^մ՝, 1րւ. Լաւսր սլսւսԼու.ե–ցսէւ. Հռոա» սէո^ելթն եաէռէ ^ \ո^ք^ո^\ո4 Տ^^ (899-911) անչափա^ ^ւսսուքժ&ան աէոե՚ն եր ԼւսւՆամար^ր պ&աութ^ւ֊նբք, \|\|Հա%ա^ ւսոբեպէսեոաոսր Հպքգգդւ ՍԼ՛"՛/՛ մսւա1անաե սեսւսւ. Լ^ունգսւրս»ռւ–ոօ էսրշաւ֊անբր ^երմանհսոր վրէսւէ յ^ե-ռսէւ. ^ւսպիւ. \% աւսրա-անւ կեանս ժէսմաՆսէկբ գեւէպա»$եսւկււմնեոու% վե-րի՚ե Աէեսչու.^ թ-իւ֊Նն երթ-ասըամ բոլսըաւվին ան^էէոասօսււ. ։ 1\<"^Հք էոե/լ գսւա^ասէսեեքոսՆ »1հ9 ւ բւսրձրսագսքն գւսաուաա֊»$րէէէկաՆ իշխաէ^ա Նոէ-թ-իւձւ էս սւրքու.%սէկան եկւսմսաից Ար՚՚Ո սւեսչո».թ–իւ% կըն^^1էԿ§ ւէւս^մա՚Նսէկոէէսնէրբ։ — 1X^1" ^9ՐՏ^ գսւբձեէսէ 133 §աւէրձւսկէՌէւ%քեերրէ կւսրոչոս Ա^ե&ի ժսւմսա^քսկ բաէէչքոսաաՏ՛ յթսւղպօսւկրթւէւ.թ–ե՚աս^» բողթ^9%եքՏե սւպսէկասնէռի՚ն ։ \|\. գ^ւսզդիա^ի ՚^9 կարսչինկևաւէն^ իշխանու.թիւ.1մե էր^ ,թ–սէչով ի%կէս»– ։ ՚կաէէրուոէէ կէ$ւյ%սէ ւ ^ասրկսւգրեսսօ– ւԴէ^սւգղւէւ յէ§է.ս$աէսաոէւսրս Ժւսռահգսէկանու.ք3–իւձս ՜ճսձ^ասէէ \Րիես–. %ղւՆ սէսաեՆ %ասեւ. իրէՆ վարչութ՚եատ/նո գ^մ՝ եղաե– աժգա^ ^ւ»ւթ–իւ%ր ասէսաճաո– եղա»– » որ ^աս՚նի է1հ եբկիք1ներ իր»Դ^ ր»$»ԺԴէԱէ.եռան ։ \^րգ^^ 879/՛^ Ղ^՚՚՚ԴՊե՚քյ^ւ^ սսնքաւոօւ.ւտւքՒ ԱաոորիՆ ^ու.րգւււ%գիպյի կէամ՝ ^սւրաքէաՆս սւձգիի կ՚՚՚ի՛ ՛ման, Խւ. 888/՛^ ՚ՍէբՒ^ իաէ,րգու%գի»սյի կաւՐ ^ու.՝քւսսքեաե^ անգիի կսդմա% թւսգւսա–որոսթ–իլ.Դէներբ, 1034/՛% Ղ՝^Ր^ մա^տէասաի աաւքեռաՆ է կարոչոս Դ^սւրռամիսար ^էսրկասգ.րեաւսւ. ՚911/՚% ՚կորմա^էԱէէսւ գսէւ.աօձ» , սաւէկ՚ն սէէսրի ^՝իէ.սիսէօյէ% ձ-ովեպրներե ասպսւկս/Նոո կէւրմսէն»ոսէռւ.ոռ Աէասլէ ՎերքթՆ ՚կարուի՚էքկեան թ–ագսւսւ»րնեբե աք^ւ ասսաի՚ճաէէէ էոկէսր էքւն ք ■որ ՚էուգովէկոս դ» . միաւե Հսւոև ^էողստն ու.%էր ձեոԼ^ռրւ ՚\ոսգովիկոս \յւ »ով կասրուրՆկեէսՆռ ^եւ^ սաասօյհոաւ. ( - > Հ^ոէ.գոն ^էսքւկգէ ^ըաեկիս^ի գուքս/լ 987/՛% թ-սէգասոր բնաորուեոսսւ. է \|»^ ռեղիՆ ՚^էկ կոպՅեսսկի ՝ճիւ.ղըլ էշե՛^^ Գաղղիպյի վրաք , միՆչեւ. 1848 (77)» ^ . ՜իաս^ւիաւի ւ1կք ^^ո%ոքփոսի ւ1ա^ոա^աե^^՚հ եասեէ֊է թ՝»ս^ գւսա-ոոսւկան գսէ^^ եչաւ. 899/՛% ^երեՆգասրիոո ^րիոա.ւք1էն , 924/% ^ոսաոքփոո 1^. իուրգոսԴւաայ^ի՚ն է \ձ,1իկա/ 930/% ՚ի»Ոէսւ^ան Հ^ու.գոեի ասոա֊աւ. * ք%ր \^գ^լուիգ գսսսոարբ Է՚֊Բ ^րկաՆր ՚\ոթ՚էսրէոոէ մակոա^աԱւ^ եսսեա֊է էսմհա^ոհասոէէւս \|\|/9–«»% \\* բրետ՛ին ^էա, 951^%. ոբով^ իաալիաք էա. 9^2ի% ՝%ս§եւ. կաւսեբւսկսաՆ պէսաիա^բ գերմանսւկսԽ թ–»սգսէա–ոբս$ո աեոասւ. է (^Լ/" գէո^Աէկալոէ^թեստՆ կռիւ.%եբու% ժոամաեէսկէ \|)ւււ\|քաճ/%«է«քօ ՜իաոսււ^աւի ու. ^ասղպէսոի հ-սմեոբնեբբ ն ւսսպասսւէոկւ^^ն » - , . " , ՚ ■ ՚> ,, ■■ ■- Հ 919-1024. 1 • ւ՚՚^շ. կերպէԱքակթ էաաաա^սւա. դԽԽրմաէԽխա ւ ՚կաւքՈք^կԽաաւե^ ապւառեքք^ եաԽսէ X • Գ^ե՚ոմաԱիւս՝ ՜կսւոութնես-ան օեոջն սպառելւէւ. էսաե՚ն^ Հք՚^գ գօսու-թիսն ու.%էր (\ոթարքքեգիայ լլ «ս ե-րձիրՆերու^ գոէ^սե-րր թսքգսք֊որ չ^ար&էքբէէ 4ակոՆբսւգոս ՓՐ՚՚^ղ1"՚տ1՛^ * \ 134 կո1յթա$իո4^ Ա. փր՚^^Ւ՚^ցէ^ (911-918)» աե^ ^անգիսա գռսերու.1և ե-ւ. վէ^րե՚նի ՀոսԱգէԱք»աւ^սոը Հեա սլաաեբաղյելու. ^արկագրեցաւ. ք որոնբ գրեթէ ասւ^խ ասէոհ հրե՚նօ ւսւերֆչ ւսրշաւ֊աեբնեորյ Հոէ.Ն.. գաոիպյք^ յքէնչեւ. ^1քնոս կ ը1ւգարձակէթէ1 ^էպ^ա գտ1սատեէ սւուսօ– յլսՏնի մհ քսռոփսրսւր եոմսեո^ եւ. ոբւսւ, ե-ոկու. սւրշասանթ \ոթարթյգիսչյի սսպսաամբ էիքսԱն գ^ւՐք սակւ^՚ն Լրքժէսրթ/գ^ան իր պհաոա.՛^ Հ1/նռիկոս Ապքսոնիսւ^իէւ * որով՝ ւսրռուՖ՚ական գա^^ եւսէէ. ս աբ սոեէս կան օօբւսւ֊ոբ սէու^բւ շ. Հէ4քէ1»–Ա– (919-936), ^լօ/,, քալ ոս խո՚^եւՐ իշէսանր միէս^ա^ը \ոթարէւնգիան գ&բմա.^ ՚նիպյի ^եա» եւ, ք՚եր սէւսբէ-ան ^էսմար Հ^ու.՚նգէսրառւոռ ^ետ պ^եագագսէբ բբաւ. ւ (^ւ/ սր^ց^ ՚ևու^աճոսեցաե ք^լաւ-նեբբ եւ. Հաբկասաւ. եղան ԴկոՀեւֆացիօէ Հեն՚ա. բիկոս օ^սւգւսգաբթե ժամանակր լմրն՚նալ^Ն ե՚տեւ.ք դաբկաս. ՚նւսեւ. Հու^գաբացքւևեբր 93օ/՚^> Մ^ՐԳ^"^ պոկբկի քովյէ Ո^ոՀ Ա. օ՚/էծ^ (936-973), 11^*^ «^ձ թւսգսէւոբ պսւսկու.եցսււ֊ ւ յ^սիկւս ^օբՆ էսսէ՚ն սւռաս^ ե–րււ.թիւ.՚մներն ու%1^բէ \սռովս^ղյռ ՚հՔ"^ՐՐ ՚^"^՚>՝–՛ ;՚ճեւ^ն եսէեւ. ) ՚քդ^ց ՝քձլաաձէե–բր սրնչեւ. 0ա(^բ ոս սաիաե-ց \&^աց գոսբսր Գաե՜բւ/ա%ի1Խ/ւ էսւ.սէտս§պե^ տու^թհէքմն րնգոսնե՚լոսէ յձ,գ^լաիգ թագոա^^իք^Ն օգնու֊թեսքն կանչուելով ՝\հԱէալէա էսբշասեց^ ուբ էաղք^եց իեբՄնգւսբիոսի ^ եւ^\^գ1^քաեգի ^ե-սա ւսմհւ.՛^ սնանսէէովշ ե՛ռալ, թսէգսէա-ոբ ՝իէոսքէ1ւաւի (64։ Տ")^ իաաչիա եբկբոբգ սէբշաւ^ակբ ւՐ^ըՆեչով^ ք/էէօ դֆ՚ԿճՐ (962) կ^՚ր պսակէւ աոէ^աւ* եւ. աաով^ եդաւ. ^<^ ՚նսւգիբ ՀոԼոսէական պ&աո»,թե4§»ն* 135 ՀռաԴ^ակահ կաք1էԽը0Ա.թ–եսՈւ պաաիւ֊քլ գձրւէանա^ի թ-ագաա^արա^ Տեա^ ւֆ՚ՆչԽւ. 1806 • Բ՚էւ^ք է –կդթա^՛՝ ՀէսաւՐ պսակօա^աձ– թ-ագաա^էէրեեքէ^ էֆօէրւ՝ էայս աիադբաշ^ կքլ կբֆքթե է — ՜իսքասքիտգ^ի գէբւ1անաւկաե սղեաու֊ թեա§^ւ ^եա էֆա^աաԱ^ էգսսաճսէէս աոսւասւ. թսւպյագսւրեաե էորիւ%ս§^եո աաս$սեոս§օմ1, %ե–բւայս ։ Ա^ակսւյՆ ^էսս«Դ^աքկաս% ԱէրՀաւ.աԴտնեբ% , էէրանա/էեյ Գ^եբմաՆէսցիք քբիաս»ւ^կաա^թ–Խաձ1» գւխսք% ^եա աերա յա^ րաքյրրսւթ-եան <^^ մաանէ եղա1է պաաէափււ.՝ որ իրէՆ^ ՚/հք քբիսաոաեկօէկա^է ^սգի% աէքսԽչի խարաւ%կ աարմհսաս^սէա^ եա^ աԴ։քերնիՆ իտոէսւակասն կբթ-ա-թ-իւ^ մսաաւ. ։ Հունգարացիք 955/՛՛^ \էխֆէըոի քով^ք ^ա^ րոսսէհ– էՐ րհգու.նե–էքաե ք որով^երկիրնքւն ւֆ՚նչե-լ. ^րսասէ^ գետ կորսրնցոա.^քԽէ 1ձ>"^^ ^ՊՔՐ Գ^ր՚^՚^է՚^քէ ՚Խ՚Ղ) էարձակոսօներ ընեէ^ն գագրեցանւ 3» ՈՐ»»^ 1^* (9 73– 9 83) > սւաաևրաղյեցաս Տօրո պես խռովասեր ^պսէաասեերոէձտ ^եա։ գսօի. դ^պէէ գե՚ք՝ րրսէհ՛ պսէսէերսքռաւերու.% սեք% էստռսէ^ Օառաւ. մքանչեւ. ^արիզէ ^սչյց ՝^պու~.էէաԿ աօւԱեւ^ն եւ. գսւշնէսԼցեաւ ^օւՖաօ եէ. \^րսէրէսօէ–ոս 1ջսչ§ փսւռասւ.ոո ^ս»ղթոէ^թքււ^ մի կանգնեւ^ն ետեէ. Հ ՜իաաչքքայի սե9 յ^աբ Աէկին էւս%երե^ ^աոթոսեցսէւ. ք982)< յ^եռաէ., Հ^ռոմքա սեք 2օ տսւբւսանէ որ՛ Գ. (983-1002) իր յ՝օրւլ, 9>հ«փա՚նհի, եւ. ասսոո վաղա^սէս մա^ու.ասՆ1^ (991) եսէեւ. հ–Ո ւ^հ՛ ւ1օրո յձ,գերսիգիք \ք^՚^/^^1՛ ս՚բԲ եպիսկոպոսի եւ. իէ֊ր ոսսոսց չքէ ն \Գ»եոբ.եոգոսի՝ եպքե՚^\^եղջ.եսաոոս ^ • յէ"՛՛ ^անաււսպես»\ է/հաւՈսկսէլոսթեաԿ էոս»կք մաոժեոսէւ. ^ո»յնսքկաև գիէոոա^թ եանց ՚^էք^ Հաեեց իր ^պւեղրսչ^րր \^ՐՒգ՚Ր Ն\ ^ա^աէտաւսէպետսւկան ւսթոռն եւ. րն^ գոլյեեէքաւ. ս^որ ձեոյթ^՝ Հռուֆ ՚Զ^քք կպ^սերակաե թագըէ իպք^ գեռ կոշսէ ու. պատերադմասեր գերմա՛^ Նաեաե աղգր օսպեւու. բասսւկսէն օօրոսթիւՖ չուզեր* Հ^ռոմպ»եցւյոո յեղափոէւու.թիւՆւ^ պստրսէպի ^աեեօք գՀ^ռօքՐ պեսւու.թեան »1պյբպբսէռպթե րնելու. էԱօոսէԽ^ կէսգիհ-ըէ յրեռաւ. իտալիա 22 տարւ^աւեէ 136 Հէ1յյ1–» I՝. Ա՚՚՚-րբշ (1002-1024), ձ""» աե՚աոութ եան ւՓու֊թէսեր ա§ա^1րչու. եւ. էմեոո սսւ^.. ւՌսննօրրՆ օէաէս^ովցբնօ՚էոսէ ՝\\աւսլիւս ըրսէօ՛ առաՕէ% էէսղթսէեաե էսոշասակռք^ ե՚աե-ւ. ք ^աւ.էւաի տ^Օ * \|««. սււյսլ1ւաք ի թսէգաւոր օհ– ու.1րչքսէէ. (լՕՕգ ի է՛^ ^Բ^Ր"ԲԳ էսոշաա.աեռԱե տտ^9 րԱգոէ-ե՚օւսւ. իր \\ոսեհեու^գ1^ էս^ մհսսեոէն ^ե՚4Ոք Հ^ուոսր սէք եւասե-ոսւևաե քժագրէ ՔԼ^ոլեսըսսոս^ Լօ՚^էսօ քժէսգաւ-որն սսաիա&ռ ^«ւ^^^ յիաւ1^ ս-սֆ՚լու. է \ք(ւ"դե՚օւ.ղք ու. ե՚եեդե՚ցւսեանսւռ ոսնե^ 91ԱՏ սգոո ռոա^օոսց^ ԳՀսէմպկոեհ ե՚աիսԼոպոսօւոանո ^իաւեւուք է որ՚՚ւ.Ն ՚էպւր &1քե–դե՚ց^ օհ՚ե՚ց ^էքնեգհեաոս \|Լ ^ւս^սէնաէւսպեսւրյ եայսե՚ո ւսղաչելոմըէ ժաամա՚հէսկբք օասսրսքպգի կաւաւրաա^^ի%երւաւ. եւ. ք^թ-ւձէ ■ ^ . ի ՜քրաէ֊սասոար ձեէս<տ կրձ–»սդե^ի՚ն ասքոա^եէէ»պաչ ու. գի§ս§$լ.թ–իւ^Հօ Աքկւսա^թ-եաՆ յկ^է էէ^՚՚Դ^Թ՚՚Սէ ^– "^ըի^երու^՝ ւա^ աոինէբե^ բա^ա—՚ւեղհ-ԱԱ^թ-իւ^էեեքիէ Գ»եւբերգյաաի յ"՛–՛՛ %ւսկէա^ ես տսրսէբէւկսէՆ , ինչաե" %ասեւ. մաթ-եմաէէքխֆւսկասԿւ ու. քՏեաոկաև գիաոոա-թ-եանո մեք ոսՆեոա/ե– կէքք9՜ ^մաաս^ թ–իւձ%երոէ վկ^ ե՛ն էՈ– ժսւյանոէկիՆ աքաաոսոր օա^.. գաոմշսՆ։ 1024-1125. ^ * Ո՛Վ։ է կք՚երս»գւէա ի . ի\|^1ւ^ ք՚վ^ յաքրրգԽցէ 2 • \>."հչւպհ1 կաաա–.ավաքէէյք 1. կոՀ^ա^ա» ի. (1024-1039) ^րա՚ևկիպյի գույթսր եեե՚ղեցէսեաե օրւ. $սշքսւսր՚^աեսսե իշրէօ>1§ներ^^ ք^Աքգսօ.որ ընարոէ.ե–ցսւՀ.ւ յ^իչս^ի ՚^9* Լր^գ՚՚ր*՚ր^ գւսցսոց ե՚րեաթէ քժս»գոՏքեք ու. Հռո^ ^9^ ^^՚՚Ր պսաեոէ-եէ^ե եաեւ ք ե՛րեք արշասաեբուք աշքսսւր>^սւ^ կէսաեց ^ոսրգույեգիան ու. ւֆսւցու.ց պաեիկայ գերրւ1ա–^ ՚եիէ^ի Հե՚ա 1034։ < Ի/> ւՏէհ՛ Օանքն էր է գերաէանակսՏե թագր է–ր գե-րգսւսսէէա^^ ւԱ^9 պա^եա ու. գբսւսեաե ք է 137 իշքսաՆու^իւյեո կս»ւՐ ^երըոեեւ ե՛լ. եօ»մ* իր գէքո^ գասսէաև^ ան^րնե՚լէ յ^օ-ոււսէ. ք^ւ.գո^է§ս9ի ւԱ՚Օ է Հ1էք^\ք^^ գ. (1032՚1()6Գ)կ՚՚՚երագիորգթ. ե՛լ. %յան ւմնոր քսէՕոսթեամն ու. ւանգգեու.թ ե-Աէնր^ պսք^ե-օ թեչա1^ս ՜իսէսէչքւաւքէք էմեւմեե ա# ^ե՜ոմաեիւաի աէքէ եւալյսերսւեսԽ իշֆսանոսթիէձւըւ \\ո ժէսմանսւկոգ ^երմանէա ^ թ1քես քիչ^աաե^՝ իւր աւՈքՆամեհ– աո արա ^ հ-ոսթեանր ^ւսսէսւ* ինչու, որ իր սա^ժաէ^&րր քիօ^ գձ՚ւո(^Ն էգնչե-ւ. \\ս»րօ.ս»գ1ոմն էեո^երր եր ^ւսսն^թեւ 2– Հէ՚յ՚քյյ–– ՚Ւ.(1056 - 1 106) <;օրւլմա<;ու.ա% սււոԾե ^ւսղիւ. օ Ա9ւսրեեան հր» աեոր ^ամար %սւիւ ի՚-ր. ւ/օր% յ^գՆ^^սիք ե-էոօքւրե ՀաՆՆււչ^* կողոեիաւի խիստ ար^ օեսլիսեոպոս^ ու. վերՕաա^ս յ^գէոլբ&րգի ի/էէսէւ1ա^ կալ^սթեաև աւսե երթոսե-ցաւ. է իշիքանաչք իւնգրե-լովը ՚ւ^Ր^^Ր Թ՚՚՚է ս՚ւսւ^ն ե-տեւ. (10օ6յ> սեսաւ. բո.նսւ՛^ ւ.որէսեաե եսէռափսրու֊թ–իւ^ ւՈէէ Հ^1/երիեոսի աեԼարգ կեանքք^1ե ու. ի§րոիւա ՝վարմհւ^նռ11^ ձանձրէսոահ՛ \|\|օ#<–. ռսոմեե-րե ոտք ե՚րսն \1լ\յ10ր "^ սաիպս-ռ^ եաասրԱ անսւրգասնան իւասղաղոսիժիսն ւՐ ըեելու֊է ^^ո որով^ Հե՚էոեւ. սպթսոնիացի գե-դառթեերր՚եւսեւ, ե-ևեղե-գԱեԾրր կողոպասէհ– հ^$ Հաք՚նրի&ոս անոևց գ^մ* ըՆգ^ս/Նոսր ռօրւսժողոմ ւՐ^ըրէսւ. ք անոՆց ^ւսղթ֊ե-ց ք 1 7 Օ) ^^ «^•֊– հ-աաՈէհրներր Լալաեսււորե՚ցէ ւ^սոր ՚Ռ՚ա ՝քձպբւսէ^ւեե՚րր Ղ^րիգոր ՛ի» ^սէ^աեայւսաեաիւե գիմեցթեէ 69, Ղ՝է\^է կ՛ 1073-1085. I . Ո՚Հ. է Գրիգոր էյ» I - 2» ի՚^ձ է քա^%է1ԱապԽավՈէ Խա. կաԱ-եր ւՏէԼ Խղա– Հհլգէբրա^գ՛"՛ Օանաց եկեոևցԲն աշխար^ակաե իշ^ իաԱաց ^արքէաաՀարոսթև՚նէ՚ե ասնկաիւ րնե» ^65* 1 <)< \|ււ^ ադգևԱու.թեաե աակք %իկողւաոս \|^. ք1059) ^ր՛"՝^ V 138 , ւէսէե ^անեց^ որ ւզքնոսՀե՚աևէ. ք ^է թէ սէդնուակւէՏԱք ու. Հռոմէա կղեռք^ ^եւո մէաս^սէՆ– ժողովուբգո^ աիաի ըՆաբ1քե ^աՀաեւաասլՆամ ու. Կ՚՚^՚՚ՐՐ ^դք^Բ պիաի ^ասաատ^ ւ ^ապա ոետրու.թէւ%ր պիա որ ՐՈա) ՚կս՚ր^ գթհաչառ ժողովքւն սէքէ Գքք՚Գ՚՚Ր 1^* քա^աեւ^էսպե–», աաեաե ւսթոուն եսֆ-լոսե պ^ս^ մրտյշո ղրաՆո^ասռսաԳ տանելու, ^ամար ^րե1ե սւռաքնորգ առաւ– ս^ "հէ՚ե^ րոյ թէ \^կեղէտք՛^ "(է՚՚՚Ք է ս^ղաա ըյսթւ ե՛լ. աշ^ար^ ^էսեան իշէւանութ1/նէւ^ անեաէւէ ք^սսաի շրւ. եեեղօ՛–^ ռսւեանՆեր՚ն աշէւսւրՀաեան իշի»անութեՆ^^ րոչորո-ա. յ^ե անկէսխ րնելու. Նաասււսկւսէ.ք ՀռուՐ գոՀաւքարա.^ աէէ սեւՖ^ոգոսի մի "ե9 ՚^՚էք՚՚1»ՔՒ սլաաժոմ սւրգեէեո Հ^պ^^գերձաւորոսթիսմն» աւս Աեբե ^ ս»շջւսւր\ասԼաեէսց մաէաէնէ ու. գասւսպան էուսւու1 եեևոեռաեան պաշաօե շնոր^ե^ ու. եդե-րսւկանառ ՚նղիէն րնգոէ^հւըւ - ^ Ա^՛ մոեսէկաեոսթեան գ^մ՝ աւ քսհսէո Հգկկօներ դրաւ^ եւ. կղերսէկանէսո ասն1անու.^եաե օրէ^կռեերր Նոոոգեոէ ւ^աճՀ– հ-ւսգեցաւ. ^անգերձաւււրոսթեան կռիէ^ր^ Հ&1և՚ա.. րիկօս ՛ի. գերմաէտիաւի կաւս&ր ու. Գրք՚գոր ՛ի» յթա՛^ շ. Գրիգոր՝ զՀ^ե%րիկոս ՀռուՐ կանչեց (1075)» Բ՚՚^ՕՑ ՚^հ)՚՚ՐՐ ^Ր՚՚՚՚-^ՐՐ մերժելի դաա ք ^$սնգգնեցաւ. ք^րմս գումարոսահ– ժողովի սե9՝ ՚§Ղ՝՚րէգ"Ր ^ք^ա՝^ %էւլքապեաութե՚նէն ՚քյքՐ ՚^ունոսաե– Հրաաարակելէ Ա^ սոր վջսօ քա^անայասլեա% ղէե՚նրիկոս %պովեցէ \|^ք. որով^եաեւ. գերմանիպքի իշիան%երր ^րիրւու.րի ժո^ ղոէ^ն մհԼ^ (1076) որոշեց քէն որ կօ^սրն աթ֊ոռեՆ քւհկահ– եք եթե աարւ.ան ւֆ է^ք բեռ ղՔկբ նդովքէ^ե արձակեէ չաէս^^ անոր ^ամսւր Հէէնր» ռա^անայաւզե^ քթն ^եա ^աշտոսե ւու. համարք ^արկս»գրեցսււ. ՜իէոաչիա անցնիլէ Հւ^ք ^աեոսէո ոսւղռէէն §§^0 ՝ օա^անաւա^ պեարն ^անգիպելովՀ %դովքէ^ արձակու.եցաւ.է 139 ԱէսծէԱէՆ ւաս քսէաևէսր^ե–օու.ռման փջաւ սւսսաիե գաււնսւօէսհ– ^ոստոլմւոս ՚^ոսապիաօԱ֊ռւն ^ իոե՚ն ^ւս^ կսսէՆաեաթոու կայսե-ր^ յ^ե-րդ^պոԱ֊րկֆ ռոմ էստոթե–^ լ^Ն ետ1»ւ. (10օՕ)ք ղօոաւոր սւսսնէսկոէէ մհ Հռուգ վջս1) քալեց , եէ. դԳքիգ՚^Ր է ^ Հրեշաակի րևրգիՆ մէջ^ սլասշաոեցւ ^՚աց կուէՀՕէսր կոոմանէոաօւ.ոց գույթսր ^աս^անաւսէպեէոէւն օւէնոէ^^ժեաե ^սէսնե/աք պրնքր յ^Աքչ^ոսեւ^ փստխօւ.^» ու֊ր մեռասւ, ւՕօՕ պբսորան՚էսօ ատ^ք է աեգոգուելբ\սնալոյ պւսշտաանահ՜ եկե՚ղե՚օա^ոէև իրասանցր վջպ)^ Հե՚նրիկոս ալ^ Է՚^Ր էէրգւ֊ոց՚ե (կոնրսէգոսի եւ. Հե՚երիկոսի ^ ե$էտ1^1և Հենր» \ք» կաքսբյ սւասաաւփ1րլ^Ն 3. Հք՚քէւ»» հ՛ (1106 - 1125)/է/է՛"" "՚– յ–^֊ գու,գ1ե եշբէսէնր ք սսւհպե-ց ՚^ա^ւճնաւսէաե՚աև (\\\ ՜՚յ՚Ր պ^կբ կպյսր պսսէկ^Հ - ^ Հանգե՚ր^ւսէ.որա.թեան կռքււ.ր քյ.122^է»յ կւսւքլբսսաոս ք^« ^ա^ս^աւէսառտԱե ^օ՜էո ՎոոէՈւի ժողովյթ^ն աէ^ լմրեօէսւ. է Աւ^քքՀւ ^էսմա^աէն է \^պհսկոաոսաօ ս-լ. ս»ււս.անե–րու. րնաոու,թիԱ^ր կոե^ րւսկանէսօ ձեռգթք առանց կայսե՛ր ւՓ^ամաու^թեաեըք բպւՔ աեոր 1ւերկէաու.քժեսւմիր պիտ որ րԱԱ՚րէ ՚^էս՚կաէ՚ա^ ՚ևպյսէպեւոե հր1քն վերապէս՚^եց գսէւ֊ւսօան ոտ. յօսոաեէ ասէրէւ. իշէէանութ՚իսնր* էսկ ^՚^/՚՚ՐՐ ^"՚– """Ր ս»րքոս^ %աԱչաե իրաւ ոէ.%բՆերն ^116^Տւ1161ւ) եւ. իշխանոէ.թ եան օյ4սւ.ւսօաերէ ^սւ^անւաապե ասւց եւ. կաւսերւսց սէ՚9 \^սդժ–եւգեաե »§4ոսւցու.էտւհ՚ոց աէբպյ եդւսհ՛ վ^7ճր^ (դորոկթ ՀեՆբ» կր պս»^էսն0^ր ք իրրեւ. իր ստացու,ս^օրյ ուր ւՐպք^իւգէ կոմսու-^քւն դանոկբ կաակով^ եկեղեցւ֊ւ^ յ՝աւո֊ասԱգո%Ք–իւձւ թոոա^ ^/՚ ^Ր^"՛՜ Գ^Ր ^"՚ՔԸ, Ւ ՚եա»աւսո ^սւ^աեէաապեաին ր/ըէ^սււ. ■^,.ո1 140 \՚; ՚՝ ՚ .––^՚՛ ձ պ–1»"Ա թ-ագաՀորոլթեա՚Նէ - 3 • \ք՚րււ ա,»իբԽյք/,% •կորյՆ/1տ ՝\Ձ^գղի–քէ » \»>՚Ն^կա թսէգաա –րե$ւէ\> \կբրԽգաա >«. իր յաիրգեԽրը է 4 • Ո՚Հ է Ղ–––Ժ^Ժ՛՛" » Ւ\Ո^– կառավաքեէքէ \|քք%/\|ք«. է^րքլ կԽցա% %որա/ստ1կթ ^գդխասքի մէԼէ / ^ 1. %ւքրմաեք (^գդիէս^ի մէԼ գաևիացի^ %ԳԳ ի՚ե \ էստե՚մներր կորւէէ. &գիւէչյի ք ՚^^ւ.ե–աի ու. ՚իաեիսոի մհք եոեւ%սՅւոս սեսանՀ ՝\\^ս Հէ–էսմանէսե1^ էսմ^ն սէսւո^ գերմաէտքւււչյի է Գ՚՚՚՚ղդծ^^ "՚– \^Գ՚Ժքյ^ հ-ովևռեոացր վջսՕ կոդոպու^աներ 1լ ըեկքՏն ք 66 • 1 ♦)« 0՝ "– Ժ՝Ա գ"՝^ I րերոմն ա^0^իւ.ս» գաղղիսչյի ^ Աւոէէրին ք^աաչիայի ու. I ^Շ^Գդե՚՚9ւՒ "՚^9 ^հր՚յ Ժողու1ոսոգն սէսւ^կք ե՚ոաե։ ՚՛ 1՝՛"/ ՚հ՛ ւսւ֊երֆչ սսրշաւակթնեոհ– եաեւՒ 9 Լ յլքւեք ՚ ՜ կարոլոս Դ\ւսրզաւֆաք Հիւ֊սիս ^աոդիայի ւ^Օ իոեՆռ բնակելու, տեալ աու.աւ.է յ^ռաքնորղնբե^ ք^ոոոյ (յԼրր^ տոէ-թե՚ան անունովԱ քէհոբե-րտոսյ հբոեւ. դույօլս $սւ.՛^ ստէո աագոԱ^Ծռասւ. կոոմանահաեՀ \ ^^ շ. ՝^ռ տասաԱեբորգ գարուն սկէօբներբ կոր^ յ^^աէՀկաիւսյէն պս^գու.խաներ Հարաւ, ՚իաաւիա եկահ՛ ու. ^ոն ԼոՆգոբարգւս^է-ոէք ք ^ոսնւսօ ե-լ. \^արսւկ^Ոա. սսւց պսւաե՚րապաւերու^ մամնակհօ եդաՆ 1^1^ է ՝\^^ոնց ^եաեւեցան էոաէնռ ^աէոեՆւսկիցնեոՈք ^՚՚9 "՛ ՚եե՚ն՚ա^ գասոր մարգիկէ կրբ յէիկիչէ՚^ի ՚^Լէ \ճր՚՚է^՚^Տ^ գպ^մ՝ եոահ՛ սէբշասաէնթհ մ՝ ւսէոէքնք ^9յնռ պաս»ե–ոագ^ մկ-ն իբէ/նց իՆկէսհ– աւարի բաժքէնո չաու,ք1ն^ գ,գֆւաօ^աա^ Տո4 ^ոք^ո^թ^ (ե–րկաթաբազու.կըյ յ^բոսւիան առաւ. 1040» հր^՚՚՚յ՚^շըրգկ ^ղբպյրէլ Հ^՚^^^\^յ "ր իբրեւ. աւ.աա ըՆգու.1ևեցաւ. \ևւ.ոն \|9« քա^անւաապեաքքն՝ ^արաա.ւէչլիՆ ք^աալիպյի ու. Ս^^/^Հ^՛^^ մ^քաշիւաբ^ա^ կալահ^ երկիր՚ներլլւ — \|ի«^ք՚էք^^^ \^ո»^Հ4փաէք քա^ ^աեւէչլապ&աէ^ յ\բու.չիալի ու. ՚կաչաբրիաէի գուքս անոսանոսեցաԱ. (1060)* — 1Ւ^4՚էք յ**՛ \^արակի՜նոսաց յաղԲ֊ևլի՚ն ևաևւ. ք անոսէսնե-ց թէռ դ/քկք 0^^ կոմս \1ի^ 141 կիւեպքի՛ ՒՐ որգիՆ քհ«^քէք(«^«« ք^* \^իկԻւԻ՚՚՚^ք 1\ ռոա.ա^ա1ե ու. ՚կէսւաբրքւան ւֆացոէ.ցէ ես 11օ0^^ թ Ասգսաւոո եղաս որով ^ե՛^ դոու.եցաւ. ՚կ^ասպոլսդյ թագաւ֊որոսթեաե տ թ–ագասաքաէ֊թ–իա^»^§ ա%^աս $ 1190/՛^ Հէէ^^^%շգտսէ.ֆեա%ց . 1266^՛՝ յՕ>ժ^՚֊ի աաՆ, ար աԿէլԻպւԻ ՚^ձ թագաս»բէյք ՛Գ՛նչես 1282. ՚կհապալադք յկչ;մի%չեւ. 1435 (74) « 3 ՚կ՚՚բ՚^^ք^ 1066^^ ձ-ռաՆ ՚նսէեւ. 1^գղհէ^է էոէւոոո ժոոովոէ-րգր X յ^^գւս՚աապթասՆւսկւսՆ հոք^յէԹ^թէգէԱէ֊որասթ–էւ%՚Նեբրլ էր^ նա/^1 աէԱէոեբասօթեէր^ եահս յիաչւան 82 7/՛^՛ \յ^սվեօրներր ասէրո/լ ՚իաՆիա^իք՝ \կէրէգ»,ա 1քճ^ձ^41^ (871-901) եա ւ1կոսեռա^ւ * յ^՚՚էկ՚քյ ^"Ր՚՚գեյք կէէր^աեէսձ– գաեւակեերբւ եր^ կէբք՚երթ գւսրձեւա/ կուՌոսք9–իսհ%էքսս թաէէժ%§ա , էս ^"գ աոսաբսւս ժւպովրգեան ^ւսգաքս$կրթ՚ոսթ–էան% ք սէբասէէասէիա աս էէաճաէսասկսսՆոսթ-եսէ^ւ է յՆբաեգոաի էսւքսրգեերու֊Ն ժ»ս$/անաէկ ք թ–^;աէ1։քո ս՚բշասա, ակօե^ գԽէԱ շարաւյհա$կաա դ^աՆիսէաիՆերէւ իակօթւսն ես» մկաէ^եյքանէ րսԱ^ երթ (1002/՛) իր^նյքաէէ շաաաերքւլ կթկլրկգ թ-աքգսւա. «>ր/^ ^քասմանւաս% աաանաա^եաան « դ%ւս1Նիւա»սաա թաս., գյասաք/լ \|)ո«.ձ, աւդլաղԼ կղղսա/ն աիբէյք (1013) « Ա"/» ^^ արգի՚ն, գ.ա0%ասգաա քքէձ– (1014-1036). գա%իաքի , ^^ դաւէս^ի ալ. կոըսւ.եգիա$յի թագասաբը^ք կաաւավարե^ "՚Բ" գաբաւթ-եսէմի աւ. իշխսէնասթ–եսւ»Դւ . ես մկրէսաէ֊ե^աաս բս»ռմաթ–իս գա%իաչւի ւ^ձ–աւյեձ%եբաւ. ^եաա։ ՛իր "րգս"^/^ (Հ^արսէլգ աս Հ^ա$րգիգաւ.%գ^ կաաբճսաես թ֊ագաէսաթաս.. թե՚նեն եաեսէ հթեւբեգի –բգթ՛ (1042)՝ ՆԳ՚՚՚֊՚^ՐԳ Ի"՛–՛ աաավանաո, թ-ւագւսէ-որ պաքակաւ֊ե^սէս ։ \^սոբ էԴս^ասաեւ^^ եպռր իր սւսէգրր, Հ^սւրատ^գ գալքսր, թ՜ւսւ^ իրե՛ն ^ասփըշ^ ՚կեյյ (1066/ձ)» էՈԱ$1 I 4։ գո-^^ւ^^ո^ք ՚կոբմաեաիւ^ի գոսքսչլ կգոս^ արգպյ Հ^Ր^ղԲ՚^բը^է 3000 ՛հասովդ յ^գդիա ե-լաս * քլՕօօ) "՚– Հհ^գ^կ»հ արիսնսէ^եո ՚ճսակսէսԽէմաը^ ՚ սաովԱ (որոսն սէ0 Հ^1՚"՚1՚Խ ք՚եկ՛^) վասարեեցսէս թսւգն ոս Աշր՚օքՀ1^<քքճօ«Հ մասէսնոսնըէ ^ոսէիէ^^լմհս երեհրո \|00 ս՚ւսէսէՆե-րոս բսւժ՚նե-ց Է-՚՚ՕՑ գաեքքկթ մեհ՚աս մասամնւ ՚Նոոմաե ոս գաղդիառր ասպեսւաօ 142 4ոաոէվ2 առիթ՛ ա^ւ^աէւ. ^արսաա^արևալ յ^գղէա^ւ^ ւա1ճսփ^ էսասէոաէ/խոէ,քժե–անըւ ~–^ ՝^^^գաո^սաաթԱ€է1աաէ^ բա֊էէ լե-օդւյւն* գաղօէերհ՚ե պաշաօՆէա^ան լթդո^իե ^եա խսււՆնոսե՚լովըէ ե-լաւ. անգղիեր^^նրւ կորմաՆաձս/ե ցե՚ոԱ աքւրեց ^^գդե՚^է ւՕ^^ԱիՆ^ չիլ 1154» գուչիէչւ/հս յ^շխար^ակալԲն յաքորգևցի՚ն էր "ՐգԻքըյ Գոա^^ո^ յ\. (1087)ւ Հ^^ւ\\^^ էԼ– (1100) ^՚– ասոր աղ^1րա$և որգԲն յձք)աԼաԼո^ Դ\4ո**՛–^ 4էԱ» (1135)» Հե՚երիկոս ւ^՚բե աաե՚ն ւՌհ– աւաաՆ&րչլ ժառանգական ե$րսնւ \%ր ^աթէլռէ;^ գսաս-ր ոբգւ֊ւչ^ Հե-Նրիկոս ^•ի ^ետ ևլաւ, գա^իՆ վրւ^ (1154– 1485) 1ձ^ժու.ի կամ՝ ^լանգայ^ե՚նկքէ սէոս՜եր։ Հե՚նրիկոա քԼ. (1154-1189) խ«^եմ՝ ու. ^ղօր իշխաՆչլ աաճեօ 1172/՛^ \|»ո/ա1\|ք«ոսք1\|ք • սսէկաքս՝ եկեղեռ$սկաԱՆերե իր հՀխաՆէ$սթ–էանւէւս§կաո^եւու. փսրձր պասրսէաէ եաւլ. ք քձկսվ^ մաս ^^կԼՔ^գ ՚^^^ԹըԲ՚էԸՐէՒ ս՚բքեպիէէկոպսսին ^ասսասւ,^ տոա֊թ-եսււդծւ որ սպաէանսա^ե^էսւ. ու. սրր»^ ^՚՚՚ԲԳԸ. գ՛""^^՝– յքաւ։ իր որգւո^ Լքիիքարգսս \^ռ.իւ.ձ՚ասրաին 1189-1199 թ.. 77. եւ^ով^, Ա^<»^^ 1199-1216) աաէՆ՝ պարո՛նն ՜Ներուժ էշխէսնսւ֊թ-էայւ^ւ սկսսւա^ ոօրանսքք ։ — ^^7// ^՚– ՚"^ . գսւ֊թ– ^ով^ան%էս իր եղթօրորգին , \^րթ–ոա–րը^ դրիՆւսսոր թ-ասգասժ սէռ.էԱ%քՐ» սպաեՆեւ աասչ^՚ն եսէեւ. կորս^^սւ֊ց կորմևձէոիան ու. \^ժու% • իսկ պսէրոնՆերր^ փրՏ՚՚^9է՛^ ձեռք1;^ 1215/՛^ առասւոԼթ-էւսն մե^ ^րովարւոօէկր Լ\Լտւ^ռ&՛ Շհ&քէ& 1ւԵ6քէ&էսա) • որոմ ^ասսսէաէոու.ե^աս% ասւ.սւսւսւա. թ-եան աարարերսւ^թ-իւեերքլ, Խկեղե^ասկաՆսէց , քսպաքս§^ եւ. ւսւ.անս/ռ իրսսա^սւ%քեւերըւ ՚^ա^մսէեուեսաւ. %սւեւ. որ աս^ դաաորեսւրր, ւֆաս/ն երկրիՆ օրիՆւսս եւ. իրեՆո վէճսակակցաւո վ^ռղ/ն ^ամնմաա գասաուի՚ն է Հևնրիկսս գ. (1216-1272) իր ^օրր պհ՝" պս»րոա»երու% աօգեոու թ–ես»ն ւոս§փ» էր ։ \^գու^ստրգ լլ. (1272-1307) »սդ^ոլ.ասկ$$ւե իշխաեր, ^պասէսւ^ կեյքու.^ 1282/^՛^ Ա^էէ* գաա^առշէ եւ. յ^գղիաՆ \11կւ՚վքքի^ի գւս^ասկասչոսթեէսն կռիւ.Ներ»ւ% մասՆսւկիո րրւսւ., որ շարոա-ա. ՚նակու^ե^ան իր յաքորգաց՝ կգու.արգ ^ ի (1307 - 1327) "– կգսա^արգ Գի Լ1 327 ֊1317) ՚-ա են։ կգոէ-արգ գ.ի ժա^ մԼ^սւկ սկսէսն գ%աղդիաւի Հեսա պաաերսւպՏեերր (89) * խաչակրոհթիւ,ճք . 1096 — 1291 : ՝՝ 91. Ա«–շյ Ւ– 1^Աք+ 1096-1099. 1 • Ի՚է. է քսաչա^ութ-եաէււք ա§կղււ%ապաաւէ11քաո.ք1» \\՚%չպէս ակէւասւ. ու չմըէւյքաէ. ոււա.աւքի% իաւչակբւա^թ-իւՆքւլէ — &. ի՚^ձ "»ք^"»4 4–\|» \^բ–ա.աադիաԳ %ար վաքչւ,Ա.^ թ–ի».%ք1» ի՚ձ իր Գէի–՚––Ր յե%աաքաա$՚1աք,է \ք րբ. ՀԷՏև–ա.Խ^ա% . 8քէՀ^ս«Ա>քէ>., ^աճաէքսակաաաԽաէւ^ ոա. <^ԽրյսւհսէկսաԽ ւսաապԽէոսա^ կէԱքգԽրը է X • կոսէոանգ^անւէս Աճ՚^^^'%^ սեսե-սււ սւմէ^ օրիս^ սւոնե՜աւ երեհրներ^^ \|) • գ.եոեռմնւն^ Տրոահ՜ ու.խ^ 4ասգեէսցոէ.էժ–1էւձւնհրն անւսոգեէ նո շարոսնակոէ^^էէն ^ ցւ»րչափ \կ՚արացքւք աէր էին կրուսաղէէԳ (58) տ ^ւ^ց երբ \^էլ^ոէ.գ՚ն&րըլ (1076) դ\;յրոսսադէէՐ առին , ռոիսաոնռ-աւռ սևսան ասեւքնօտէ նեոոսթիսն Լրե-է է \|^ք. քէոոյՀեաեւ պս^գու-իէսէներուՖ ռ՚ւ սւսորսւկան յթրիս^ աոոԽ^իօ գանգասանեոն երթսսլով կր շաանւսր ^ Հսօ.^ քսաւսցեէոց Ս» գ.ե՜րձպմանն սպաաե՜չու. գաղսւփ§սրն Հսկսէսւ. է^գ^անուր ր1ԱթւՍ Դ\եարոս 1^տհնի 7^գնաI.^ ■՚^րՐյ \^աաէիւս ու. գ.աղռիէա պտըաելով^ ժողովոսրգո ոպթ ^աեե-չթն ե-տռռ ք ^իաչ^ւցպյի ու. գ.լ^^ոմոնի երկե^ •ղեցակս^ ժուրվյթեերոԱ^ մհքյ ք\ւ–րէւսւեոս իին ^որ^ գորե-լովը (1094։) ՜կրու-սաոե-օի էսռաաութձ-ան Հէս^ էաո \սսւչակրու.չժիւն մհ ոբոշու-ռրցսէսէ * ՚ ^Ն^Րքէ՛^ շարսւ^սւկեսւ/ կուիւ%եր^ ու. էրէ^ց սւկքեըւււ% ՚ՃՆշոսա^% սւօաաոոԱ.թ–իւ% գանեքե եւ. ւաւ-ւսգոան վէճասԼԷ մի փէսփաէտի^ ընգ–^ա%է1է–ր եղահ՛ կր ։ \\սէ»»եկ պսքըագասնեբու. 1կշ^ ^սսըկ կք ոը երկիրն, որու% ^9 ՝^էրիս՚՚ու§ ապրե^աւ. քս մես-էսւ. , երեւ%ասր իրրեւ. սէեէլ մի ք սւ.ր մարգ ^այրե%եա§էց սէէ^՚ն վշսէերկՆ էսդասէոսթիւ% կւսրեՆս/ր գանել» ^^պւաա^ աոասմասէՈքց եզան ասյս եուանգի՚ն աքԼաս^անսււաաեաօ սւլյ քր֊ մեք ԴՀաղեսէոին գա^սղներոլ% լիակսւաար %երսզոա^թ–իւ% կ/լ Հնորհկին։ ՆԲՐ (1096 ի") գարնան Դ\ ևտրոս ՚ըյևապաաա^ կաեին էսռւս^որգոէ^թե-էսէդւո ՜ճամրսսյ էրրսհ– իէսէոնի՛^ Հ * 144՛ ՚ճաոաԱշ^աւ յեհ՚սէգղիւ մասալ ՓԴՔՐ ^"է՚^է ^9 ք11^^ ռոստ,յ քարգու.ե–ցաէ–է \\)\),\)0\) գադղէացի ու. իսաա^ ւացհ Աէսպեսէէսց կսէնոեւսԱ-ոոեէսւօօքքբր ՝ճէսմբ.այ ե-աաա–^ որոեց րեկե-րառւտէւ. 400000 զքքեուորէ-տսլսպպ^ք հ-սք^ ռաւ ու. կրմեսէէ-որէ թերսէոս Փլա^ւէորէաառքւնէ ^ոսգո% Վէրմ»սնգսէ^սէաի% Փ/^՛ լէպպսէէ Ա. գադււիէ$էքի թագասորիՆ Խպթաքր/լ, քիոբեբասա ՚կորմանաոսոքի՚ն դ%ւ»ւ/^էրՌս սէշխսէր^սէկս0ւխ% էգթաւրբ» քիաււՌւ.%գւ»էւ ք^ո»^րքլ.դքք1Ն իր ժւսւքաեսէկէն սււ/Խ%Աէ^սէբ$աւ.§ւէէա իշխաՆո. ք^1^մսւ.%գււաէ ^ս$րեՆսէէաքիհ ^ոբերտսաա ՚կաա֊իէւ.. վէԱէրիԴւ սրգիՆ եւ, աեոր ^օրեգթայրբ, բարեպւսշա աէ. քսէքՆ ՚իշրաս^՚նռ-րո ւ^լերբս* կոտէՕ–1եոս ^ու^քսօ Լայս1քո ^աա-Սէէասրմհսթե-սւն երգոսմ՝ ոԱե»1;^ եէոաէւ. ւսՅո^ ք^եըք1Ա \օաչակիբբ գորի^ուֆ ք՚՚Վ^ յյէէ^ու.գ%ե–րու.% ^ աէւօան սԽգէսգւսր չօս$ւ.ոոու.էժ–եան ^և՚սւ կռու.ե–§ոմ Փոքր Ա«՚^"՚՚՚(1097), աէւի՚ն Աէ^ա/^\|քթ^(1098), «-/» իէմհւյևգոս ^իօնեց իշիանու.թիէ.1ե ԱըՀ թ^ք^պէ-ա ի^օւ. չ^^ք՚րՔէ Տ"^ 200000 \^արաձբՆոսՆե՚րէ։ն պաշա^ րոսելով՝ վէր^ ասաի՜&$սեի՚նեոոէ.թիւ^ կոե-ռթէք րպւ^ մանհքռքէն լօ-շնսսպՀհ ^քԼրէսէոոսի էաօ^ նհօակր գանե–^ ր^յ՝ ք^ւսդգու.ի՚Նոս ՚կգեսիան սքո^ելու. ւսաևնք \|սա>«ւ/«, կր՚սց քւանսէկւ^ 20000 ^"գք՛ \քր՚՚֊՚""1^՚Փ ՚/ր՚^ք օօքՀՕ-Հքւ "^ առսէւ. ^ւսրձկւսմաւ/չւ ռւսղսւքո 1099 3"^/ • \օթևէ կոգփրիգոս Ս» գե-ր&օմաՆին պաշտպան րլ մեէւաւ. 1100/՛^^ "՚– ^ԴԲ-՚՚^ՐՐ իս՚ղԴ-՚՚ւ-իՆոս բեռ ռքւՆբր \քոուսաոե–՝սր թագւսէ,ոո անու^անէրօւ 2* \քրու.ո2էքդէոՌսյ ք9–էսգւսւ.որութ–իլ%ր– ^աէճկաքա ^եէԱք ա^ւրնգ^սէսէ պասս»եբէսղյԽր$յ — եաա$եգու% աւաայւ ւդ1նչեա. 11Ց7* ՓՐ^Գ^Րծ^"՛՛ ք^ * ^՚^՚՚ՐՐ Գ՚՚՚շե՚^քւ՚՚ւ %ու–իրսւկւսՆ սւեղերբ %սր^ ընգոաձւե^աւ. (1228)* սակայն քիք ՚Դլ եաքը^ (1244) գարձեաւ ք^աճկաօ ձեո-օե անցա1և ։ ք^ասգասորոա^թիւ.%ր գազոէասկաաե կւսղապարէ վբ՚՚Ա շե– %ւ»ա^աձ– աէէէ.աւսաւի1և իշխանսսթ-իա^ մ^ 1քբ % ՝իշխահէէսթ–է»ս1ւ» 145 գքխէսւ.ոբ ^քե՚նսքրւսնՆէ-րն կ^ ՀիՁհասրկոսթ–1քն^ անւֆքա– Ա. ^ովձա՚ն%«ւ. (1310^^ եաք/լ քիոգոսի , 15304^ եա^ քը Աս»քթ–այի^ էսսպեասւց կսւրգբ, \^ըու.սսւղեյի \|) . ^ովշ ^սէՆ՚նոլ. ^իւրբնկսէք եղթասրսժկ ակղբՆասսորսէձ– ^է ՜կէսրգի՚ն կանօնՆէրր միւսռու.ցսւհ– է^ի% ւսսաեաէ մի պւսրսառերր (այ՛՛ րեասոգ "ԸԲ՚՚Ո ե՛լ. եկեոեճւ.ոյ ^սւմաո աս։աերս»զւՖւ) կրօ^ Նսււսրսւկան ^աէէոքսւտսւթ-եասն , օո9էսխս^ութ՜եասն ու. Հ11ո»^ ղա\եգա–թեաե՝\ սւխաոերու.% ^եա ։ կրօեի՚ն 1եշաԿ»ւսռգեսաոԽ էբ է ՜ճերմակ խէսչով սել ւյե՚րւսրկսւ. ւ \ԱւօեՆ ասէ»պեաներ(/ն պասա , Ո(լ%կր քաս^ան$սՆեր ու. ^իւանո%երր ^ոգսէռող «՚շ֊ խէսսւսււ֊որ էղթասւր՚ներ > ք^ • ^աաէճւսրւսկանք (1127^^ էբրեւ– ւսսպեսէաց կւսրգ ^ա$սսասւս»ոս$սհ\ վերօւէշեւսւ ու.իւոեր^Ն ղաս» պսւրւոէսկատ/ե էրե , պանգուխաներու. ս»ռսէ^սրգսա–թիւՆ ըՆեք։ \^սո՚քտ կը^ կրհէ% սպիէոակ վերւսրկոլ. միք կւսրմիր խսւչովէ \^օեո շասէ %շանասւ.որ եղաւ. իր գիւռէսպնւսկան գորհ-քերովո (88) ՚ Դ> • Դ»երմանւակսէն կւսմ ՚\^ւ»ւրեմայ էսսպեսէներր (սպի^ սւասկ մերսւրկուսււ. ու. սել. խտսչոմ ^ 1190/՛^ ^իՏքնուէսաԼ ։ Դ\սւղսմՏսքիս քասղաքբ (1291) կսրս^էոը^ելե՚ե եաոեւ. , \^ւսրգսէ^ պեսէիՆ Նիսար՝ Վ^նեսւիկ , անկե աք (1309) իրուսիսյ փոիւասգրսա-եռսււ. ։ 1138-1254. 1 • ի՚Նչպք^ս կսէռսէվսէքԽյք ՚Լոթ-սաբիոս ՚^աէա—ոնիէսյքի՚^է է ՚էյ՚րր. աէկւաւսէ. \\էպեքեւէէԽօ Խա. Վէլֆեւ»է%յք կէւզաււԽկւրԱ.թ–իւ1կըէ 2* \է.՚1եչպք^ս կէաւռասէաէոբԽց ՚կաանքագւաա Ս՛*– սւպիւսւփ%է - 3« է՛^^ աէշխէԱք^։ակսւլութիէ.\քեԽր ըիսւա. ՓՐ^Գ * ^–քղ–111–»–՛* 1. Լ^Ր^քք^ ^^ \\ա փ,,ոէ1ա 4ւ1է1 (1125-1137), ^րւ սգոս Աւէէւ.ւ0աք է ա ց իներր ) ե-րկար պսւտեոէսօսէ ս՝՝ե^ աեւ. ^էսո եւս գրենան ^աաաւսեիլւ ԼոթէսրիոԱք \րոՆռա ռւսոբին ՚"^9 պսաեու-ել^՚ե ետռ-լ-ք ընգուՆե-ռաւ. ռւս՚^սէնայապետ^^ ՜Հ^սւթիքգեան երկիրն1քրՆ իքւոևւ.. աէ֊ւսաէ ՚Լոթարիոսի ժէսէքանսէկեէ սկսսէւ. , կիպեւե»ս%ս (Հ^ս., Հ^^շգաւֆեա%ց\ Խւ. Վկքֆեաեց կռիսթէ սր գ^երմՏսնիասյի ^ճ. Գ՚՚՚Ր^ ՚^ Աէւ֊ելի է ի-կ \՚՚՚աւիպքի մկք \^էքե՛^ գարու. ^չեւ. վերքը^ ւոեւ.եց ։ Վյ^ըիեանց պօրսւ֊թ-իւ^ը^ կսէսրեց 10 ...>Ո\|Լււ .•- 146 Փրէ՜գերիկ»» ^աբպարււսսա (1180) « Ա^^^,^ ^"՚Քէ. ^^Լ/՚Ե ֆէա^է սաէնոաձւՆ եղաւ. եասյսեր ^ակւսռւսկորւէԱերուն % էւ»կ կիպելեաեռըլ կայսեր կուլէ1նսէկիօներուՖ աեպ^սսկան ։ լաւ. Հո^է՚եշգաւ.ֆձ–ան^ ց^ղԸ. (1138-1152) Գ^1^ մանական կսչյսևրու.թե–Ա^ գա^ո։ Այ^« Ց^՚էէ Ււէ՚^Յ գ§սր^ ս էսւ-եւէ շւսոոսՆսէե 1լռոէ.ե–§ոմ օէս^անայապԾ^ սաԱԱՕք \աէա§էպյհ օսւդպթսէց ե՚ւ. գե ոմանսւռհ հշիւանէսը \\ոնուսգոսհ րնէոոու.թե–աե ւսսառ-Նք "րբ Հ^է/նրէա^ Լոս \^ւդւարաաա.ս^ քյրե-% ^նաղաեգա.թիւ.նր ղըյսցաս աքսորք քսւսսրոէ-ե-ռսւէ. ե՜է– իբոԾւ. ւս$–էսսէ ու.Նե՚ռսքհ՝ ե՚ր^ կհր^^ՐՐ ^եոյթք^՚ն սււՆնոսեօանէ յձպռսոնիան արոսե^ յձ,ւ.սաչւիաօէ–^յնէ կոեոագոս \է»ւսչակրու,թե–սւե գնաց 1147^4 (Օ–. 75). 3« Փք^^քէքյյ*** Ա* <դարպարոսսա (1152– 1190) կոնրագոսի ե-ոբօրորգթեք սէսէ1և ժաւքանւսկւսց էսմՄնսւմեՆ մաոգիԱնե-ր^^ն էԱ^Լոք ՚ճ՚նշե-ց արգարու՛^ թև-ամհ. ե՛լ. պօոոսթե-այհ. գերմաՆական էշխսւնսւց կռիւնև-րն ու. աա՚^ե-ց ՚իտս/չիսչյի ՚/էք կսչյսս-րակաե ՚ճոէւոԼթի ւձւր է վ^րեգե՚րհկոս^ ^ռոսէական ւսռաՕթև արշաւան^ յթք՚ե ատերն (1154) ւ՚կԲ գե՚ԿԸ \""՚Ժ՚^ք՛ թագաւոբ ուս կայսր ասւսկեյ սւոէււսստ ^ա^անայապեսւրն *՚շ^ էւԱսո^ակէմև էշխանոսթրւ^ո կոոՆանեյ ու.պոո ԱԼ՛»–՝^ ՚նոլդոս ^րհշ1ւս՚ց^ ^գոէանոս դ»« օսւ^անպյապե՚սւրն ՕոՆթր ւան^ե-ցՀ ՆՐղ1՚"ՐԳ "՚ՐՀ՚ք"–"^^^՛^ աաես (1158-1162) օրԼնսգիտայ ձևռօբ որոշի յ սէու.աս կայսեոակսէն իուսւ.ու.%^էերրք ե՜ւ կոոհ՚ւսնե՚օ րր իշխաս^ ՚նու-թե-ան ^ակառ.ակող\^իլաեո : ^ղ1Հաւք1^^քԼ^Գ^ձյ^ ան բանւսգրակբ գնԾյոմէ կայսրն րրստւ. երկու. քքակյսւ՝Օոո ասրշաւ-անօք ՚իտստւ^այե գսՅշ1յակռե–ստլ ^էսղառսւց գֆւՐէ X 147 •>- - Վձ-րՕապ/^ս ^քէհգ&րորգ արշաէ,աէւռին ւսաեն ՚Աէնէրսւեդյի քով^ (1176) յաղթա-եցասւ Ա«/ւքՀ> վջպ) (1177) .Ք^Դ՚՚^Քւ՚՚՚Ց Տ^"՛ ղէ՚եսւգէսգէսր ու. օւս^սւ^ %այապե՚ս>1^ ^ե՚տ խւսղաղու.թիէ^ րբսէւ. ւ ՝^էչ ւՈէ եպքր (1183^^) \"""ւե՚^Ւ քսդպճեերուն արքուՆակսԻէ իրւսսու^յխերր (օօրաժոոովյ գաաւսստան ^ գրամ^ կոխեի մպբս գե^է) շեորՀոէ-ե-ցաե • սակպՐւ Օէսղա՛»^ օացիօ կայսեո պիտէ ^պսւսէակ1^ք^ ք ու. վ^ճ մ՝ ելահ՛ սւէո1քն իոէքե աիսէ որ բողոօհքւէւէ իր որգւուն՝ Հե-Նրք/կոսհ էսմհւաւնոա^թիւՆր մեհ՜ փստռաւ.–^ որհսթև-ամի յ^իլանի մէք կատարևւ^տ ե՜աե-կ^ \|սս#«. ■՚» • >"՚կհր^ երթալու. աա^հ^ ւ1եռաւ. կէւեկէ՚գքէ Ա՛՛՛ր՛՜փ գետլ 1190^^ (թ. 75. շ.)։ 1. \.՚%չպէյ կառա^քԽտ Հե1կրիկոա յ^. ֊^ 2. \վ,պեւեա%^ Խ^ ՀԼի^իԽա^՚Խտ՝ գա^ակաքրա-թ-Խաե Նկսւամաէ/ի ու՚եԽցահ– կա.իէ% ^^ւ^էս վԽրքայքա^9 — 3. ՚է^՚եէ^ ւաԽաէակ վաքչաէ.ք9–էէ% ու%Խաք1սէ, ^րԽգ» ք\ • \|՛^^ 4* յ»–^ա^է^–էպԽ1էս$յք ու. կ—Ա՛– աԽրաւց ^էք^ եղա^– Խրկէարա—եէ. պ$էւաԽրաւդ$Գ% պաաՕ^առըէ ի՚^է ^եէէէԽւ.քա.ք9–իէ.% ա»%Խ^րէ§ա. ՀԽ%րիկաաի ապսաս§մ/աւ.քՅ իէ^ը է — 4 \|՛^^ յ–՚ղԹ–֊ք9–ԷՕքեԽքւ ըթէաա. ^րԽգ • \|\ . \էասէւխէաԱի է^Լ» Ո՛ –\|» ՚՛»–»"»– I — 5 • կ՛ Րք– ^– ք^^էպէ" է՚րե.–՛^ եքա. է/կրա.ըէկւս% ի^աէաէ-թ-իա^ը է - 1. Հէքէ1«– Ջ.– (1190-1197) ժառա՛նգեց իր կոսաանգիա կնոՕը^ ձե՚ռօռք ^^ոսպոլսւչյ թագաւո^ րութիւՆն ու. \^իկիէիանէ ^սոց զասո1ւք ^ւսօիւ– երկու. արիւ-Նա^օրո ճս»կէսէո^ ե՛լ. իւսւ մր ւթ»եգութ սպաս^ Նո€.թիւ.՚1/հե–ր1^ եպթր կրոաւ. առյեու./։ Հռ՜Նրիկոսի ւսաոե՚Նք Հո^(^Նշգաւ.ֆև–անո իշիաս/նութիւ.1են իր րար^ ձրու.յժեւսն հ՚ագո ^ասասէ ի<–/ք գլէսաւ֊որ ա1սդյե–անիՆ ^ Հ&Նրիկոս \\ռիւ,^ին յեռՆևլի% ետեւ. (1195)» կըՐ^ օս՚ւ– կաւսե-րական թագն իր գերգսասւսէեքէն սէք ժա^ ռաեգսւկան րնելւ ձ^առաեգ ու.թե՜ամբ. ւսռաօ– ՜\ձ^՛"՛՝^ ւիաե ու. ւձիկիլիաե ո^օեը ցմիշտ ^հրրմնէնիպյի ^ետ 10 148 / յէաօրնեի սակօչյն իր ^աաակագիհ-ր ■վհւրցպոսրկի ժողովի՚ն մէ^ (1196) օգ ձ-լաւ։ \կ՚ե^֊է^Լք ոա^դեց երթւսէ ու. առաւ. քսւսչըէ Հ^այէսսսէ$տէնի ու. կիպրոսքէ ոշրէանՆերր իոհՆ ^պսւսււսկութրւՆ քւէոսւոօ/Ասսւ^Ն եէոե՚է֊ք Նօէօ-լ. ^իսպաՆգեան սսչւսրնԾոր ղէւեբ ՚ճաեչ^ ՚նալոս ստիպելու, վջէԱ) էր է երբ. ^ալխրմկ^ (1197) ^ւսռր՛– օՀ Աէէսրսա1կ թերեւ.ս թու.՚եէսւ.որուեէու1յ ւաեեէսրհ՛ մեուէսսէ շ. \փպելեսւՆբ սւսոր էԼրէա կաւսր րնարեց1էեք. Հե՚նրիկոսի ևղբւ^րր ^1)^%%՛ «••^–^^•գէ^^^ (1198֊ 1208), /՚–/^ Վեչֆեակ ւվԼոէ՝ գ. Պք *–^լ<է^յյ։^յ է ՀեՆրիկոս ւ^ռիւ-^^ի՚ն որգի՚ն (1198-1215)^ Ա«^«– էւսռաՕ ևկւսհ– ա»սաերէսսմրն ԱերՕ տրոսեոաւ. ՓՒ՛ լբպպոսի սպանմամբր (1ճՕօյ որոսն մրս/1 քւ(ժոե Դ»* ասէՆէ՚ե րեգոսՆոէ-եցսււ֊ւ \^սիկաէ \^գոՆայիք ^Բ"1^Գ7յՒ "՚՛ քէ^քէ-^էէնսչյի սէ0 ք (եւ. գեռ. կռոսոյ սւակ եոահ՜ մաթիլգեան երկիրներում ՚/բ՚լ/) ոսեեցահ՛ աա^անՕմհսկռներե՚ե ^ր»սժսւրեւ^ն եաեւ.^ ՜\^ԱնոմԼեհ^ աիոս ^^ե՚ե 1209/՚^ւ Հ^ռոսր մէ՚Օ ասակոսեցաւէ ^աէո որով^եաեւ. իէոսամանր գրժեց^ 1210^^ ՚ե՚ղոմօ րնգուեեցաւ. է ք^սոր մրէա 11^"^//"^^ "հ^ պաաերառ^ մաՆ ատ1/նք գերէ/աՆիաւի մէՕ ^ակառւսկսէթոո, կսչ^սր րհարու^եռաւ. Հ^էքնրիկոս ք^ի՚ն որգթև Փր"Գ"րիկ՛"՛* 1ձ,"իԿ"ւո ^""Րւե՚՚ւոէ փք՚ւ^՚՚՚է՛^՛^" 1^՚՚գ՚"–"րք՛^ * Ւ"Ղ Ո^"^ ^ովՀան՚նե՛՛ ^Շէ^Գդե՚^քի թ սէգաւ-որիւե ^ետ գաշնա^ կցեցաւ.է յձակայն ք\թո՚Նք ^Ոէ֊վե՚Նի ք՚^՚Լ^ րոլորովէե ւսւղթու.ելե^է եաեւ. (1214), գերմանիւսյի գրեթե Սէւ/է1Ա իշիէանՆերր ղ^կբ թ՜ւ^դ՚՚՚-ցք՚ե ք եւ. Փրե՚գերիկոս (1210) քՅ-ագսւսոր պսակոսեցասէ \րեռաւ. ք\քժոն 1218^1» ՚/՛ . .:/ ^ Ի՛՛՛ "րգթէ պսակոսկաւ Ա^41/1 «^^ 1215/« 11 ■ ՚ \ 149 \|^լ #1/ մեհ՛ կայսեր եառսւմարոսթեաե առւսՕ^ն աօւ. րք՚^երր կր տիր^ր գ.երմանիպքի ու. իասւչիւ^ի մէ^^ իորքւն իասղաոու.թ^ւ.% ք որոմ օայսղպբներր շատ է^աւի, ԼեցսւԱ եւ. ռհ<էԱ%ոԾնոէ.ան սէ9 սւռուսքու֊ր ու. սէոոս^ 1քսսէ շատ էսւռսսՕառան \Ղօր Փրեգե-րքւԼոս փորձեց \\էկէլէս՚ե իր իշբէսԽոս^ ^ թ եան գլխասոր աեւ^ րնեէՀ ^պյց րբրեա. թւսգս/սոր իաաւրռ§ սէսու/ կր սաառՆար ռւս^սհէաւստաետք»ն աշ–^ խար^ակաե իշխանոսթես^ւ \\սոր ^ս/ւ/ար իչկկս/ռա^ վարոսքժիւ^ր^ կւասրու^թ եսԽ եւ. ռսւ^անաաւսաեաոս–»^ թեան յ^-Օ անվերՕաեալէ կռիւ. մի կր գԱե առՕեւ^իս : Փրեգերքւկոս \էնՆոմկենս», Գփ 1սոաքաէսցասէ \^իկիլր՚մն է/ւ.յ^/> ՀեՆրեկոս որգւ-ոյն աալու.ք եւ. երրօրբ գերմանսէ^ ^ ^օ/Ն կայսրոսթեան ^ետ չմրսւցրՆելոսՀ ք^սոց ռա^ա^ ^այապեսւ^ մ1ս^ու.աե1^ \\Հ\^) եպթր^ ՕյԼեՆրէկոս յ^ոսաաիայի գու^ս եւ. 1220^^ ^ռոմէական թս$գա^ յլ.որ րնէորեւ սւոսէսււ 1^<">/՛ փոքսւսրկն ք(նորէոս գ^^^ն (\.^ս\յք^) կ՚^յ՚՚Ր պսո՚կոսասհ^ սււոեՆ երգու.մ՝ րյւաէ^ք որ գա\ն եոեւու. ժամաևւսկ էսոսէոացսւհ– \սաչակրու^ թ՚եաե երթսսյ» /(<7/ք ""՚ բ-անս էոարւ.գ էոարե ու.շսւ^ Տ"^Ց ^ՐԳ ^ՐՒ Փր^Գ^րԻԿ"՛ (1227) վերջապես Գւաոեսսէթե երթալու. ՚ճամխաւ եւաւ–ք Բ՛՛ԱՅ "Ր՚ԼՌ ^Ր եաքչլ գարձասք Գրիգոր թ.. (1227 - 1 241) ^1(թ^ չւանսէգրեռ։ ՝\^ւ%աաե% Փր"՚Գ"՚րիկ՚"՚ք Զ՚՚ՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ 1""՛՛ ՝ ^^կը"»–(^եաԱ գնաց (1228-1229)» րԱգու^եցաւ. դաշթևթով^ զիրոէ-սւսզ^մ՝ եւ. իւկբ Գ^կբ ք^ագասոր պսսՅկել էոոսաս (քծ» 7Ց)< Ա^" եոահ՜ ժւսմս$նակ Ա^ի ըմէւցիք քա^անօցւսաետակսէն պօրռերօւՆ ^եա մէաս՛^ ցահ– ՚իսքալիւ^ի տ^0 կւ^սերակաե երկիրներում ՚Խ91 աւսր^ւսսկեցէսեՀ ՝\յրր– կ^^յ՚՚Ր^ "՚" գէսրձսէԱյ մո%աեց էաասաակաԱ ՚ք^րԲՐ եւ. \քկեդեցւ.դք աեր՚"՚1մ ետե սսէ^^ մա^ներր մաեելու. կր սպսւոմար սակայն Ս* գերմա^ 150 նոսի իւ աղա ղու թե ամի իր ու. ^րՒԳ՚՚Ր ^՝Փ ՚^9 եղահ՛ կռիւ-քլ գագրևցաււ ՚Դտ^ ■՚՜՜՝՝ 4։ ՓԲ^Գ^բ1՚Կ"՚՚Ւ ^^"–""–յ՚՚բ՚՚՚֊թ՜ե"՛^ աաձ՚Ն ք գերմաեիսչյի մէք ի սկղբաե \քեկհլպհրգ \\ոլոնիսչյի ալւքե՚պհսեոպոսր հրրսռասւսլւգ Հռ%ոիեոսհ գասահսէ^ ^ոակոք ե-սւբ^՚ե \ու.գովէկոս Գ\էսւ.իելէւսյի գուբսէլ ա1^^ ոոէ-թե-ան վարչու–թէւ.%ոկր հոգայի՛ն տ \քՐբ Հաքնրիկոս \\ճէՕԼ) իշ^աեու-թիւ-նր ժևեռօ ւսո֊էսսք >օ/»» գհմ՝ Սէպսս1էսմհ.եւու. փռոճ փոոճՕքԱ եւ. \ոմպւսոսէսէռւ.ոռ ^եէո միաոսասէ \\ակէԱքն կ՚^՚՚րՐ ԳՐկԸ Վյէրմսի յ^՚՚Հ^ չւոյևօ՜օ (1235) ՚»– 1ձ,Բ"^ւե^է "^9 բ*»ետարկեւ տոէ^աս^ ու֊բ մեռաւ. աւ 124:2/՛^» Փր"՚գերքկ"՛՛ էր ՜կոնրսւգոս որ^ գՒ՝^ ք Հո-՚՚մայ թագւաւոր րնաոե-ւ ասւլ^ն ձ՜աեւ֊ք քժո–^ ոու֊ց ^երմանհաե^ սէյ մ՝ տսւ ^ոն չդառՆաւու. ^էսմաոէ գ, ՍԼ՛"՛/՛ ՚էՐ՚^ւ Լրմպարաացի՚նե-րո ^աւսաւսկե՛^ ցրնելու. ^ամալէ \^տալիա գնաց \\^օ^ի ե-լ. \^չւուլիէս գաղթեցու֊ցէսՆ– ^սււասււյսլէիէՐ Հ^էսոսէկքւնհսներ^ն օգ^ ՚նոէ^թիւսն գանելովշ ^աոթե-ց ^կոյեԱի* 2օ ու. 27/՛^ (լ237) գորգէ՚նուոփւցի ճակաաին աէՕ ՜Հոմպարտաա, ցւ-ոցւ ^այց երբ լոմսլաոաական օէսղաբնեո1^ պսւ^ան^ քեցք որ ս/ՆաայմաՆ հրէ/ն ^պէստակԱն ք էաևճն չառրե^ եւ. աաաերասօմի շարունւսկեցթևւ ^ա^աեէաապետր ԼՓրեգերիկոս/ւ սէկ րնէսկան որգւ֊ոյն \էնցիոսէ ^ \\ար^ սորնհաէհ թսւգէսւ֊որ անոսանոէ֊եւու^ 4ձ^ ՚1շ">՚ց՚՚՝^\ ՜Լոմպսէրէուսցէ-ոց ^եւո պէս$ցսՅւ. (12օՅյ։ է^Լ^"/՛ ^սւէՌ/ր ճ<ա</#1Հք մերին իաաչիաւի աաաերւԽսաւ հր աեերո0Ա ՚կ^եչէ՚^շ/ք՛ եւ. իւ^ր որգւզքն ՝)Հեցէոէ»ի (^՚"ԷՐ"1՝ Մ^ք^՛^ ՜ւ^տալիպյի օաղպբներն աշիւար^ակաւեց^ ես Հպոմ* աւ պաշարեչու. վրայ էր ^ ^ՐԲ ^0 ամեայ Գրիգ^ք ^՝^ ռաւ. (21 \\ւ–գոսա , 1 2 4 1 ) « Ա""/» ա1՚՚՚9ըՐԳ իննովկեՆ^ աիոս դ». (1243– 1254)» ղՓրեգերիկոս ր., կսքցսե^ րու.թ ենե՚ե թեկաՆ ^րաօասր^կեց ք ես եաեսե եռաս. ք 151 ՚ (124:6) Հէ^երիկոս քէաասբէ Աէս^էէանւսեոմս^ ևւասո ք ըեսէրոսե-րււ-ն » բւ՚քւ/ք ""՚ "՚ւ ՀՐ՛՜" ՚^ <^՚<–<«՛^ (124:7)* յ քց^ոնկոլաօ գ&բմանիսէ էսրշաւՄլովւըլւ Ա^/«՛ շփոթ ու ^ : թե-ան էԱսւեՆ \Ֆցիոս էր ՚Ի^էլ/ւ1Ա^ օօրօւաե՚աին ^եա \ ՜Հուքպաոսէէէսչյի աէ^ պւսէոերադմւէ եր շաոոսեէսԼկո ^ \ Բպ)3 1249^"» պոչոՆիւ^ի մէշ^ գերի թւկաւ-ւ Քիչ^ ւ/է ետբր Փր"Գ"՚րք՚կ՛"՛ ^՚ ՚"/՛^"֊^^* Հո^ււ/նշգւսւֆեսՈէց է (1250)* Ն՚^^Ր թագ ունէր Փրեգևրիկոս • Հռոմէա^ կան կպյսոութեան ^ ^Ծոմանհաւհթագէսւոոոււ.թե–ահ^ ՝\ոմասւքէէոիաէքէնր^ ^^^ոււիպւիԽըյ ^ուրգունգիայթէՈյ \\քրու.սսպե–յէ1էե ու. \^աբգինիէյ^ինր։ 1 \ ե* ^Տ՝ * գարուն "Օ՚դԲը^ Դ^եւՈւԼճիՆ (շՀ/՚^^/^9 Ւ"՛^) յկսւ-ւակա՚Ն ^եդերօւ1ւ գչսսխն աեց%եւով^ (1206–1227)ւ աւՈ, \ աւսա գ$սրձս(սս ։ իր թ-ոռան Դ^տագսլ. խանի սւաե՚ն ւ \րոնա, կոլք ւգ՚Նչեւ. ^ւեւքիա յաո^աքա^ա%, յաղթեցի% Լիքեիյյի ք-վ 1241/^՛^ Բ՚ք/Տ ^"* ^■"^(.ձ^Օէէք Հ^ո^յեգարիաք^֊^^ աանսյ՝ Նեէ»յ ել. ^սՆ սոսկս» ւի կսսաոբսէհ– սւ. ս»պասկա$էևսս^թ–իւ% ը)^է^4յ՛ 1258/՛^ Դ\ադաասէի Աէիրե^իՆ եւ. սէւֆրսւպեսէոէ.^ թ-եասՆ ^բ9 ՚ոսէ-քւԿւ (ծ8) ՚ ^^"Ը ՚էբ՚՚էէ ^ղ^»–լակաԱ իշխահսւ.^ թ՜իւ%ր չորս 1սանսէռՖերսւ. թս»ԺՆսէ–եսսււ. . շ^^եՆսէսւսան » իրան(Գ\ս»րսկսէս$ոան^, –յ^սւկսւգայի (Գ^սւ.խւսնսւ\ ու. դասէթչագ Լկասպիչք հ-սվոլ^ ^իւսիս • գյի՛^՛) * ՎերքիՆիՆ ^պսւս»ս§կ՝ էր (իսւ.սիա ւֆ%չեւ. 14:77 > «՚4, Հ–<է՚՚՚«––քէ–.^ ^էե՛ 1268. Հ–՚^է՚եշգսւա.ֆԽաէէ1ք ^եզը է — 3. Ը՚Հ^ ըԽաբաէ^եցէՈէ. կայոքւ. գԽք1ա՚1ււակւա% 1* Հ^եսրիկոս քկկէսսչլյ^ ք ^ակսւ կայսեր ժա^ուսէ՛^ նեն եաես, €^ոՎ^^ո^ Հո^յաԱգա^ր (1247-1250) ընարոսեցաւ, գեբմանիւ^ի կւասր* սակէգխ ւսւրգ մի չու-՚նեցաա.։ %աեւ. կոէ^աքյաոփ* Դ. (12501254) Փրեգերիկոս ^» ի՚ն որգինք չկրնալ, բեռ դէ՚Նբ ամե՚եուՖ 152 պոլսոյ թսւգաւ.ոոու.թեասՆր ^էսմսւո պէստե՚ուսռմելոմ ասեցուօ է \ք1– որովՀ1ոոՄւ. իր ոոգթև ^ կոնրէսգք1նոս ե-րկու. աարւ.սւն կ՚ր ^ եւ. ^ալե՚րմկյի մ^Օ է^էռ ռքւնբո թէսգսւսոր պսւսեեէ աուոո \^անֆոք;։գոս եդջ.աարե աքլ ^ՐՅ"՛^ բանՄրր օա^անսչւսէա1էաէւե ^էէսւ ^՚"^^/ • անոր Համսքր ^էր9Ւ՚^1լ վկարոլոս \^ժու.ցինք Ա. Լու.ա, գովէկոսի եոբ֊ս^րոյ \էւոա§էսէ կանչեց ւ ՚^ռաւ. ասիկաա 1265^^ %եապոլիս՚նէ յաղթեց \^աեֆրևգոսի՝ որ Գ\ե՚նեւե%գի ՚ճակաաթէ յէք էէեկաւ. (1266)* եւ. շատ \անգթու.թք/ւյմներ րրւսւ. կայսՄրէսկանաց գէէՐւ շ, կւ^րւսգԱեոս ք ՚նեո ^կասՆ Ժոոոաէջգ1^ կաե^ չոսեէովյւ ( 1 2 7 ) /"՚՛^՛՛՛^՛՛/ ւ^հ ՝քձ,1՚(եա1Խեր՚ն անցաւ.* րսչ)ց 1268^^ Ղ^՚՚՚ւե՚՚՚Գ^ՏՁ^Ւ Ք"՚Լ^ ^"՚^՚"–(^^՛"^ գերի րւՆնոա.եցաւ. ու. ՚կեսքսր^ր՚գյ >՚Է9 գւբւս»աու.ե^ ցաւ. է ՚իրմհժ վհ՚րՕւսռւսւ. Հ^ո^էՆշգէսւֆԾանց ռեղըՀ ^^^,,– .^՚ ^էապէքչսայ ու. 1ձէկԻւե»քի թ–ագաւ.էքրութ–իւ%% սր ՓՐ^^ գերիկոս ^՚է ժւսյսէեւակ \^է^րոպաքի սէւան^Ն հ-էսզկեաւ ե՛րկիրն կր է կսւրսրասի րււ%աաւ.որւաէկաէ§ կսէո–սէվարւ»լ.թ–եա$ւ1ե աէս§քն իր ^անգսսւաւ^թ–իա֊\ւեւ ու. րւսրօրա֊քՅ-իւ^ր կորս%ցոա.աէ 1283^^ ""ք""՛"^՛՛–/՛^^՛–^ մ* երսւ. (սիկիլական երեկօ§եա1և ժւսէԱքրգ»ւ^թիւ%\ , սրոսՆ ՚^ք Կգ՚Ր՜դք^ Բ՚՚1ԲՐ Գ՚՚՚ԴՂե՚՚՚տէ թնւսկիչՆեր1և սասէ%Աէ.եռասՆ է 3 • Գ՚երմեէնիայի ա^Օ գուչիեի^" ՀոչլաՆասէ^ ՝ ռսոՏն »1աՀու.սյւն^ ևսէևւք երկու, օաար իշիսաև^ թագա՛^ լոր րնէորոսեցաե • քիքքթասրգոս ^ոո^ուօչյքցքւն եւ. Ա/՛ փոՆսոս ձ^» ՜կէսսգիլիէսցքւնէ \^Ո–էսշի՚եր .քք՚Հ մ՝ աաեՆք Գ^երժանիա եկաւ, ք հսկ երկրորգն սէմենեւ-Ան չեկաւ. է ^ովանգակ պետոսթեաե սէք ՚ք^Ր^հ Ա՛ստի՛ճանի իէւսռ^ %ակութիսն մի տիր ահ՛ եր՛ (^ռՆօւգույեի իրաւու^եբՆ (1՚՝ՃԱՏէՐ60հէ) օրե՚Կք եդաՆ եր։ ^ուաոլւիոս Հապս^ "("՚^րկցի^ րնարու-ք^եսսմրրյ անտերունչ ժամանակի վերչ^ տրոսեցաւ (1273)» 153 95. Ն՝ր1ք–քէ (1147), յ.քք«քք(1189) - քոյ֊ է-^էէ (1228) \,էա>^կոա.քւյ,.յս. ՜ք1բու–սու.լի ս1^լճու.գեան իշխան՛ն \^գ1քսքւաՆ ասռաւ. ք ե՛լ. /«^5^Հ^ ւ/լԼ քրիստոնևայ գերի Նախևը ևւ. իր որգքէն ու. զյք՚9՚՚ՐԳՐ կոսր^տտէւն օրէսաոե1^իռ %ոուս^սւստւսա թագ$էւ~ոոու.թե–ս^ ևոեիրներր յյէեիԼսէկիԼ ե՜սք առէսէ, ^ սւոեսա1աեան օոհստոհկհռ \^9սւչաեոութ ե-սւն եռանգր ա %որէ–՚ե բորբոբե՚ցէԱէ-է I) ^ետՆնէսոգոսո ւոոգոոԾւոմը^ Հոսգոաքրեւա \է» գ^էսղղրաւո թէսգւսւորՆ եւ. կոնոսսգոս \% կ՚Հ1՚ՐՐ \ՆՐ^Ր"ՐԳ) 1սաչակրու.թ ե՜ան գրուե՜օանէ \^յս երկ»ս վե^ապևա-ներլ (1147^), 100000 ձսսսլհտէ կւսւււՌււսհ– չւանւսԼոմ մի ՓՂՔՐ ^"Ւ՚^ք^^ անռան» սւսեայե աւս^արհ պս/եսութե-ԱէւՈւք ^րւ.ս/1ե^ գու.թ1ոսյի ես \^1^§ճոա.գե–անց ^ե՚սա շարոաձւս/կ պսէ^ աոեոաղմելով^ գոե՚թ1;– աօէՆքր մեռան ւ ք^%1^ե–լ. երկու. էշբէսսՄեերն ՚կրոէ-սէսզ^մ՝ գւսցքւնք Բ–^յց առանց բան մ՝^րնելու, (^1149) եա գարձանւ կու.րե՚ւ"էէնե մա^ոա^անե՚ն եաեւք է^-ր \քգհպ՚ա.. էոոսե կոսսակաււլ \^աւա^1^ս9տքւն ( 1 1 ( օ) աղնա^ակսՈւ ^ սւրգար ու. ^աՕ^ եշքսանր ^եաօՀեաե ^ոէ.րես՚աքէեի րոչոր երկիրներուն ահրեց եւ. եոաւ. ՜իւտր Հ^՚Օ^^Է^ \|)ք«^Հա^Հ^քոսք^է\|\| Վեաաոիս Լոէ-սք^եանե՛^՝ \քրոսսս§ոեմ1ա թւսգաւոր^ ք անարգաեթ մի ^րեւբՎյ Տէբերիասի »#ք^ վջան ^աոթ–ու.թիսն մ՝^ընելե՚ն եաես \^րու.^ սաղէ՚ֆ "՚իրեց (1187)» Հ* \քրոէ.սաղ^աւ սէօաէոելու. ^սւմար^ Փրեգերի^ կոս ^արպարոսսա \\\^%քէն\ 1օ0–000է՛ կաղմոսահ՛ բանակով մի յ\սիա (ՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ է""չ^կր՚"^(^է^ ո ՚^՛^ 154 գեար խեղգոա-ևցաւ. 1190^< Ի/՛ որգթէ վ^րեգե–^ ոիեոս էսւ աւեսււ. ռանաե^ մեհ՛ մասովդ Դ\ադոմաւիսի սւռՕէռ X / գորսչւի ու. փհւր՚Կ՚Կ » \^՚–գ^՚*"՚>՛ է ^^^դդե՚՚^Ւ ^՚^Գ""^^ որներր ԳՀւսոԵսէոքէե ՚նէսւ^Ծռքէն եւ. ՝\եոբո§էուէս յ^ւսսւոէ^ ացւ.ոիւ ^ե՚սւ ԳՀաղուէսչյիսն ասռ^ 1191/՚^< \յ^ոբոլտոԱ քէաէօաոգոս1^՚ն անսւոգաՆռ ւ/ի կրեւով ռաո գւսոձէսւ.% քի^քսէոգօս՝ Փ^ւ/՚՚Կ՚Կ՛"՛ յձ,է֊գոսս։ոսէ% ւսւ թողուսւդ՛ ք ^ւսոեագրեցօէւ. \քՈու.սսսոեյ1սէ ասռՕեւ.1^ ^եռանէսլոս– \Փպրոսհ թւսգաւոոոէ^թէսՆր զոր ^ւս՜ճ^^ձ-ր^՚ն առէսհ՚յ էր ք Վհսէէսոիս I ոսս^էաՆ^ թոո սասէլովէ քիՐքսւրգոս գւսբձւս& սւսա1^ , \էոբւ»րոոէւին ձեո-քՆ քէն» կաա֊ է եւ. ճեՆրիկոս ^Լ Գե՚հքՐ կսււահ$աւ–որսւ.թեւէ»% ^9 աաս^եռ ւֆՆչթւ. 11Ձ4՛ Ղ՚՚՚Դ՚էՒ՚՚Ս^^ "՚՜ ^ք՚ր1ւ՚»^է՚՚՚յ^^ 1212^% լԼ«//<էք գասռսո ^ւսռաոսււոր ս»ղստ գերի հյնասլով հ–աէրտու.եռաՆ ւ յ^^գր^սէս Հ^»ւ%գսէրիաւի թ$աէգսէա^ոըք§ե ձեո-օ ղարկսէե– իէւսչակրոլ.թ–իւ^»Ն ՛ու (1218) ՛Առանց Հեա, աեւ-ոա^թ եան ^սւս ։ 3. Փր^գ^րիկ"" Ռ Կ՚^^րը (73) 1228/՚^ք \քրու–սէսոԼ–ւ/՝ գնէսց ^ (Զ"Ր1"ՐԳ է՚ս՚չչքկրոէ-ք^ 1"^ է) գըր ք^^էքթոաք^^յ՝ ե՚ւ.կէսզսյրէ^քժ օւսղպթնԾրոսն ^ռ-սէք \|)/ք«.Հ«. գէսՆ ^եսէմրէեգհասէսէցրկն գստ^րկըոէ/ րնգոԱ^ասՆ հր* աք ^^/Տ Ւր Գ՚^"–^ւ՚ւ1^ եսէԱ-լ-ք ՎՀսէոեսէորնի օրիսսաոՆէրց է> I ^ճ. երկպառակոսթիւ^ԱԱեր երաՏն^ որով 1244/՛^ \օովարկօմեանռ \քրոսսաո^ւՐ սէշրէւսր^Աքկւսէե՚ցք^քք սոր ռրհսէՈոՆե՚պւռ սէյ մ՝ սււ չԼրցան ս»ո^ու.լ% ՚յօ. Լ–^է1.«.ւ«.1. յ,–ք«–ււչ–1ը ւշօ4–ւ261. I 1 • ի՚^ձ. ՚^––՚^>՚՚ռէսւ. ^իՏեաա.եյւաւ. քա։ա(քե$աւկաԽ կ»Հքււքաւ.թ–իաՖ։^ է — 2 • »^սւ\քէ՛ լ. կոստանգքէնոա^պորււ^ ՚^9 ^Ր ^է1՚էր 10Օ ւ՛" 1204 ճկո^քԱէԼ^աԼէյ ղօրասոր ցեղԱ (55)« Ի/» ե^ղ^ 155 բայՐէ^ ՚իսէս^ւսկոք գա^1^ փքր սսոյևու./ ես ^^ՐՅՐ^"1 աուոո յձ,չ^քս/ւոս գ» քքն գհ^ւՐ (119օ)> օգնու.թե–Աէն կաՆչեռ առա^ւսն ոոգ^ Ա/^^"^՛"՛) \\1քնեւոկւ^ սէք \սաչակրու.ք^ եոսն ե-ոթալու. ^աւՈսր ժողոված գասէի, ղիացէ ասպևանե-րրւ Ա^% մի^ցԱն որ ասոկօ ^ան^ էոո§ոքէ՚ն էսռոսՀքնոոգոէ ահ՛ ՚նսէսսքւոորւ/ոոմ մքք կոստան^ գ^նոսպոաօյ սւռՕՄւ. ^սէսան ^ էաւ. 11/ սօ սհոս Դ» » փւսքսէսւ. , ժողովու-ոգր եղյր \ասսւ^ա1քքէ %որէ֊ն գս>^ ^անեց^ բպյց "ՐԲ էԱԱէԱէ՚՚ս՚՚Ռ՚֊ոէ-թհէյն ւՐ եոեքէոյ յ^րԼՔ" երրա՛^ սեր սպանոս եցաւ. « \օս»չաեհլ9բ աստրձսէեմամհւ կոսաան^ գ^նու-պոչ^սՆ էսռին (1204) եոդոաաեցթև ^ բէսզմա1ժիւ. գանճերր ՎեՆեաացէ-ոց ^եսա բաժՆեռքւն եւ. ^ունւսռ եայսրոսթհսնր վերռոսռԱՆՀ ^աոգոա֊էւնոս» եոմսր կայսր րնարու.եցսէւ.Հ Վե՚նեասւցեբ, րՆգոսնեցան գ>սէոէ/աօ>ե^ անք յյ՚որեօչյե սէկ է/ասՆ ու. էւեւ մի կղզէՆերւ յք՚՚նա՛.– ցսհ երկհրներր աուաւ. ^սւղգոսիՆոս ե.սէոոիացի ս$ս^ պեսէսւռ բբրեւ. սւսս$սէՀ շ. ՜Լասէ^սէկաՆ կայսրոէ-թիսՆր տեւեց 1204* 12օ1» «– Գրեք^է սէւԱ–% կսցսր՚ներո վերՕէ ասսւի^ ՛ճանի Նեոութեան մէՕ հէ՚ն» աէրոսթիւ֊Նր ^ուի. կւսրներ^^ անսւաատ գսւրօ^ւսւ.ւ հոսնական անկալս իշ^ խանՆեր կէԱքի՚ն կիկի՛^ "– ՏԸ""ւՒըք^1՛ ՚^քյ ՄքՔ^(^Լ Գ\ալեքւլոգոԱք \փկէ"^է ^՚^"1՚Ր 1261/՛՛^» կոսաանգի^ Նոսպուքւսո Հ1^ե՚Նոմացւ–ոց օգնութեսւյրՆ ւսռէսւ. եւ. 1եորե^ ^ասասւսէեց ւոս՚ն§սկսհէ կաէսրու.էժհսնր հ 3. ^Վ^Հչէ^)։^^ Ցեդե՝ Իշէեց միՆչեւ. 1453. րպւց գաէ-ւսռԴտերր մեկիկ մեկիկ օսմա՚նեա՚ն ^աճկաց ձեոյէն անցան է լ^ւ/ոէւօ աշիէար^ակւսլեցին 1300^^ ՓԴքՐ յՕԽսի՚մն 1365^^ Էր^՚^Յ մկյրաքաղաք շբին ՜^գրիանուպոլիսն , եւ. \ԳՕօին առին Նաեւ. կոս^ սւանգինու-պուրսբ։ 156 <յւյ, <\|^«<լւլյ«. , ւ^ասլ^^է-աՀ») գա\ 987-1270– - ^^ հճ՛^ հ^՚^^էէ+ 1291– 1 . ի՚Նձ 4է^՚"ԿՒ ՚^ձ էր Գս՚ղ՚ւիա ^. ել. ^.Ա . գաքերոա% մհլւ - 2. \|. 1էչ֊ «1\|4^« 4աո.ւ»Հաք>ք;9 Լ"^^ • Ե»ք՚1՚՚1"Ւ Ի՛՛՝՛ ՞ Հ. յ"՚ձ"Ր»* » ՜ ^ * I՝ V ՚է՚Ր– 1 • Ս • ՆՐ^րՒ^ 1եԼաաւ/աւ/ի վ&րջքւՆ Նշչսնասոր ձեռ՚եար^ու-թիւնն ըրաւ \ոէ.գովիկոս թ. • \^ոսրչէչլք գաղղիայի թագաւորլլ։ ւ^ռաջին կապևսէեանք (Հոսգո% կապձ-ա 98 7 ^ ^արևպաշա քէաոբ&րաոս 996» Հէքերիկոս Ա. 1031» ՓիլԻպպ"" Ա– 1060-1108)» թհեւ. իչլրև^լ– Փ/""^– կիպյի Հգուքս Գ^՚ղդՒ՚^ք՛ ամենէ՚ն էլօրաւոր կալու.ա^ Նէսակոնեոե հք՚եք սակւսւն իրե՛նց աւաաառոսներոմն վ^աւ^ շասէ աւևէէ ՚նու.աո իշիյանու.չժիւՖ ու.Ն1քէւՆ^ յ^՛^ գեոմանէսկաե թագաւ.որներն իլէե՚նց ՚իբսե-րուՖ վրայւ Աւ//ւ/ւ ^ամար էր ^ որ գքսևրը^ թագաւորաց ^ետ շա^ րոսՆակերա§կուու.ւ^ օէ^ էք՚ն։ ի մասնաւ-որի ձ» երորգ գարուն քէնչպկս ^երմանիա անա1ւկ աւ գաողիւս մեՆ շփոթոէ-թևաէտ մկք^ էր եւ֊ Հաղէւ. 10004։^» եսւքր^ երբ էսշբտարՎբքւս կսւասսրւսհ՜ին երկհսոն աՆռսււ.դ սկսաԼ յձաո§գ ^ թ–ագաա–որու–թ–իւ.Ն^ աֆնչեւ. իքաչակիրք , եր^ կիրներ չվասէոըկե^աւ. . ք-՚^ց ւ/Խձ– պօրութ–իւ% «■<. ւսղգե^ ռութիկն սէոա^ասւ.է ^ասգասւ.սրս»կէ$տե է^էւխու–թիւ.ՆՆ սէ$–եքի եւ.ո մեկաա., Լու.գովիկոս ՏԼ ՚Ր՛՝ Ց^/»/՛^ (1108-1137) ժամահսւկ ։ (\«">/* սւսա1էԿւ սկսահ \^ւ^գււիսէկա1ե - ^սւզղիսէկաև ասւ$ոեր$սռՏՆերր» որոԽք՝ քէֆ ընգ^սւէոութ–ես»մի ք մ^չԼւ. ^\ք • Գ՚՚՚Ր էոեւ֊եցքւե է 2. ւոա^ՎՀ^ս է. (1137– 1180) ք«ա.., իր ^^ՐԸ. "1^"^ յանձի% յձիա^ժէր \կւրայի՚ե խո^եւՐ խոր^ ^րբգւստու. յոէ ի(–/ւ ( Հենրիկւէս ^լանգաճ1/նեէ ^եա ասմու-սնւսցոո \ պսւրսէսւմոռաց ՚\^լեոնորա էսմու.սնա^ բաժ%ոէ.ելոսե ^աւ/արէ Գաոոիսչյի մեհ– մա4ւըյ Ա115»– Գդհ"^է ^եա մէացւ 11ԱԼէ 157 փ1^Ղղ^* Ր" Ա-ք^է-^ք^է^ (1180 - 1223) գոոհ՜ունեաւ ու. է^ոքէս§մահԼ իշքսան միք անոմ էշէւա^ նութիւՖր զօրէս^ու^ք որ վարձկաեադօր բո%եցէ (իք՛՛^ յթւսոգոս ^ռքււ-Նւսսոտ^ ըրաօ– երգմաե ԳՐ^՚՚՜1Բ՚1 անոո Գ^ղդէ՚՚^յէ ^9 ու֊՚նեցաՆ երկիրներում ՚1ր^ ւարձակեռաւ. : ^ովՀան՚նէս \)^^ողքքն գէ^ ըբահ՛ աասէերաոաւերու.՚1ւ սհ^ "՛ի աշքսար^ակսէաեց կոր^ մանաիան ք յ^ժույեք ^ոօւդիե՚ե եւ. օաեի ւՐ ուրիշ գսէէ^առներք ռորոնք թւսգին ^եա յիաց^ելով^ իր ւսւաաոէ-թեա՚նցր ՚/Ր՛՛^ րացարձակ գերաղանցու.^ թիլ՛ն մի վասսէր1լեցաա.Հ Լ«9«.«ր«9յ1է«9« (Լ, (1223– 1226) մեռաւ. ՝^ոջ.իգեա1ւց գեմ՝ րբաՆ իւաչակրու.^ թեա% մ^աաե՚նՀ 3. Լ»–.յ.«^յ«» թ.. \Տ՚"րբււլ (1227–1270)^ ՚ճշմարիա բսէրեպԱսշս1ու.թեան օրաւսւկք արգսՅր ^ ի՛–. մսւսսէուն եւ. դզօր իշքսսսնո ՚նոսսւ՚ճեց մեՆամեՆադ կռիւներր ^ քւսւ.առու,ռ գասւասսէանՆերր զանոՆբ ի^ րասագիէոաց էսսՆձնե ւոմՀ Հուգովիկոս թ». ըբաւ. (1248) Հք՚՚^Գ^Ր^ՐԳ "^ մերՕ^ւե \օաչակրու.թիսնրւ \^գիպւոոս ^ասնելթն ե^ աճո. , առաւ. ^ամիագր (1249)» Բ^9 էր բանակդ գսէ^իրե երթալու ս$աե՚Ն փճացաա.» ի^Լբե աւ գերի րոմոսեպաւ. (1250) ^ամիագը^ եա գարձրնելով^ եւ. 100000 ՚^րգ ւսր^աթ վ^արեչով^ աղաաութիսեՆ րնգու՚նեչ^ եաեւ.յ \^^^իՆ գաոոքքա գարձաւ.։յք^ե^ ռաւ. Լուգովիկոս թ«. 1270/՛^» գոսնոսղի գէմ՝ ը^ րսքՀէ իւսքչակրու.թես/ն մ՝ սւսւե՚նՀ յձյսիէսւի մհք^ քրիսս՚մնեից վերշ^ ապաստա^ %արաեչ^ Գ\սէւշոմւսյիս 1291/՛^» ՜^գիպաոսի սոսլգան՚ե առաւ-ք եւ. չմեռահ– օրիսաոեեւաբ գերի հ-աքսուեցան է ւ 158 է. ի1ծձ "■էք–5"^^/^* ա».ՆԽյքա% իքաչէւկրո».թ–իէ.Կտ ԽՎւււաււակա\ աղգայք փ–^ է - 2 • Ի՛^ կԽր»դաքա\թ առաւ. քԱա%ասաոԽղ^աա.թիԱ%% աԱա ^քա^ի% է 3 . \|»)հշ^ ^ւէէք ք.–քձքաէսւրաե ու. ի\թ^իՀխւա^ա.թ֊Խա§% ^էասան վ»ւէ»ղւազխԽքէքաէ — ^ * Ե քՒ ակդւ^էէւյէրԽ^—ւէ. գէք9–սւկօ0% 1աւբէէէ1ւբսւպԽււա».թ–քւէ%ը է X • ւ^ա^գ 1^ իտաչակրուքժքււ-՚ն՚նե-րն էոՄ՚նց վաէս՛^ ճաեքէն չ^ւսսանք սէսսայն ՝\յւ.ոոպաւէ ւսզգառ ^§սմաո 4սռանց ^1ոոեւ.ո»–թեա՚ն չէասւց^է ^"՚րդյէց սհք գեռ. աՆեէոթ Բ-սչւց ՚եաքոթքւն Հ/՚օ–^ %սւսան զգւսՆ մասս, քր \\ոեւսու.պբր պյս ԱէՈշաւանթ–^ Ներուն ձեէւբ պարեաւ ք ե՜լ. երկու, գարու, "հ^ Մօքժր ափլիոն մարգ Ա«#^ս/ ուոեւորեց^ որոնց սէՕ^՚ն փ՚Փր մաս մր սրաւն ծա» գէսրձսէւ.։ ք^<47ձք ""՚ գար^ողեե՚րն է էՌրճուսսէ յ^էս^յեսէսսեսսեաց ^Մէո ււսրարերու.թՄաե 1է0^ մանեէով որ 1ՐՐ"կԲ արս՛ աք Ան ռաոառւսա^ նրթութեա՚ն սէ^ Լր գե-րստօանց^ին - անոՆցմէ €սւ.եւէ րարաԼ եԾնցէսղավարոո-թհէ^ մի՛ սորվեցանէ \քէ^րոաաւէ ասզգերր իէէսչասրու^քժե՚անց առթէւ. %որա^ %որ ժաէռ–չմու.Նբներ &ւ. Լ&Նաց ժե–րսէրօ՚ր1ոսչ է՚ե՚լ մհ պէէոուբնե՚ր ՚ճանչցաե որոկբ քւնչպք^ս վա՚ճառաեւսա^ ՚եոէ.թ ս՛ան րՆգէսրճ9սեու,հրւոա1ե^ սՏեանե աւարոէ֊եսսէից աւ§ե՚ւ. այլ՚ճէսդերոէ^ շւստնաէա^ աւսսւճսւռ ռ՚ղաև։ ւ^ւսա^ս օրքւեաևհ աոագւսւ.ք յեսէաթսւսրոս–^ հ՚ոսթքււյմն որ ^ուեսէսաանք^ իսքԱէչրա ու. ^ւսոոքււս էսեցաւ.ք շս՚էո երեէրնե՚րու. ւՌ՚Ծ ^արսաու-թե-ան ւսո^ ԲՐ^Ր մ՝ ե-ղաւ. է ^"է՚՚^է ՚^9 "՚^՚՚՚՚՚ն \^$սչակիոօ 4ԱոօւսսաաՆոցներ ու. ^իսւմնգանոցներ ք 9ծԴ) գորհ՜սԱա^ րան՚ներ ք ^ովէ Օաոացքներ ե՜ս այլեէ 2 • ^ւ^յց \^աչակրոսթե–աեց սէէրէեցու.թիւ1»ե սւմե՚նւ/ե ւսէ.ելի ւայսէնի աեսնոսեցսէւ. հրմա; ւսւռաՕ եկաՆ օւսղպբսւկրթ ոսէժե-ան սէք < 159 ւ֊եչքի ^եա ՝^ դոր ՝\յա֊րոպէս իբրեւ. ^րւսշաւեասռ երկիր մը կը %կսսո1^ր շօշափքՈսՆ գսէլսվԱ յասսաոէ^կխրգերու. սէեաակ մի երեէ-աաՈէ էրլաւ^է *ր ^^րկ՚՚Ա ու.րսւի»ու.թ–եաՆռ ատւէսրսւգրսւ^ թ-եսէմրյև սկսելոմ ^(^ գիւօսւօեէէսկսաՆրն գարձսււ. ։ գ»սդա. ղիաաււէ ւ>»– ^էւ.սիս » ԱպաՆիասւի ւ^հք եւաւ. բրովանսսււեասՆ ըսոււսձ– բւտ/Նւսսս$եզհ–ու.թ–իւ%ո, որ ^ք^* գսէրոէ^ե ^սէրօտւ. * ԴՍ0դոիպւի ա^9 սււ.ե§հ եւ.ս կերաւսրաեսւսորու^եռէաււ ^1ւէՕ\Լ– հ&ճօււքՏ) . Ա՛Ր՛ էֆ^^թք որ Հիա-ոիս . գ^աղղիայի Ք^ք^ կր^ ձ-սէզկէր քլ^սպեւոէսկան րանսսսւոեոիու-^էէ^ր կասէՐ 4^ՊՐ ('^^0սV^^6տ)> ՚կիւթ-րլ գյլխաւորարէսր \րեձ–ին կարոչոսի Ժասմանասկասկէ^ ղրսքցներկ՚Ն , ք^րիսւանիայի \^ւոոս թ–ս»գսւ^ ւ.որ1^ եւ. իր սեզանքււեւ 12 սէսպեաներ^ն , գարձեալ՝ (^7^֊ քաաէէեգր յրեձ-իՆ եւ. –՚֊րիշ յոԼնասկան գիւսւսօանռ գորհ՜ռե^ րկս ասունուաոե– 1^ր։ ^րովանսստւեաՆ րահէսսս»եղծ–ու.թ–եՆ^;Ն ,քիչ ՛՛ի եսաքր եւաւ. կ%երմանիաւի մկք գիւոէսռնսւկան վիսլէսւ$ահսա.թ–իէ.^1էն ւ որ ^ո^է^շգսէէ-ֆեանռ ժամանսէկ իր կասսէ$0րելու.թեասն Տ-սւգո ^օէօւսւ.։ 3 . ի»Աքչակրութեանռ ժասէՈսՆսէկ Գ\սւս»չիայի , ինչպե՛ %էօեւ. ^իերմաՆիպյի ք ^^Նգդիայի ^ դսւղոիսէաի ու. \1^պանիայի յ1;կ քանի առասա քսւղսղռներր ^եաօ^եաոե ի՚^քք^՚իշիւահու.^ թ֊եաՆ ^ւսսան ։ — լլ</^&1ք^է'%I ււսռստք եչան ՜իաոսւչիայի ծ՚ովե^ ղերեասյ քէսղպքխերր Վե՚նեսքիկ , շվե՚նովա ու. ^իօա , որոնք ^ուձասսէոանի ք \\րւ՚՚րիւ՚սի "՚֊ ւսսոր մի9%որգու.քՅ–եաա1րր Հ^Նգկասսսւաաւնի ^եւուարսւրերու.թ–եսւն է^9էէանեէոյ, աւՌք%ե^ ^անկսւգիՆ րւերօերու. կսէյէա»րս/նՆերՆ եղա% ։ Ա ոան կերսլսվ Ղ1Լ գ՛՛՛րգ՛՛՛նա՛՛ր ^Աէեա.. գերմանասկաՆ քւաւզաքներու. վա՜ճա^ ռէսկսէնութ-իւ^էն ու. ^ասրսս$ու.թ–իւ^ր. որոեռ \%սաս§ւաու.ոռ յ^լրեւ.ելյէե րերւսհ– վաճասռքներրրովսւեգակ միքի՚ն ու. ^իւ֊ս • \|^ւ.^ւէ«^ս» կը ԱքԱէրսէձ-ք^իՆ է \^^ւոաաէօին ու.. Ներքին վա՚ճառսւկանու.թ–եւաւե &էսոկեա/ յիճակը ւ$սււ.աս9 բերսււ. մ^նչեւ. "՚յՆ ժէսմանակ ա^է&ասՆօթ– աարուեուոՆերըէ \1Րիքա՝Ն օի%ու.ռ գոր^արան%երովԱ, շվե%ովա եւ. Դ^ոլոնիսէ մեաասքսի թ–սւնկսէգիՆ ւ/աօէսռպք^երոմ, գեր^ մանսէկաաէե քադպօները չուխայի եւ. կսւաւեղ^նի գոր^ու^ աւձ–%երովերեւ.եչի հք^* Օրըք՚՚՚օրէ– ա՜ճոո ^սարսսէութ-իլքեո "՛ւ՛՛ Աէոասա ռասղասթսւո մի^ոո կը մասէՀքէկսւրւսրէ-ր իրեՆք 9բրեւա աւեչի աեկաէա ըսեւու. ։ Հ^՚՚կհ գասա ընգո$.սեռաՆ ասսոՆբ, ^եսէզ^եսք1^ է թ–սէգաւ.որ՚ներ^Ն այւեէ֊աատււ արաօեու^ 1^իւ.ս%եր . իՆչպկս Նաւա^էսնգսսէի է մսՀօոի սէօասւու.թ–իւ.Ն է 1241^^ կազէքեռիՆ ^ասմպու֊րկ ու. Ղիւ-պկօ ւսուաքին Հաաւնսաաւն Հառեւսէրսւկաեէ ըՆկերոէ-թ-իւ-՚նը)» (^սիկայ ու.Ներ 1300^^ 60 աՔ՚՚դ՚1ք\\՚՚կից ղաա գրուեոասն իէե/1ր գորհ–ակաԼԱւ.(9–իսն^ Ներք .քէնչպե" ՀոՆաո՚նի , ԳՀրիւ.կկկի ,կովկորոսւէւ ւ1կ9է Ըյեկե^ րու.թ–իւ.էւն ու՛ներ Նաւասաոորմիէ^եր եւ. կաեոնաւորեասւօօրռ ւ 4 ՎերՕաա^ս "Ան կրէ^ասկսէն "գին որ \քւրոպա^ հիները ւ^եւեչք երթ-աքու. յ՚՚ԸԳ՚՚րհց է յ/"""–"՛^ րերաւ. Նասեւ. գոթ-էսկաՆ (աւեւի ^իշգ է ^ի–" ՚ գաղօիս՚կան՝\ ՜ճասր^ 160 սէսէրսէպեսաութեէսւդ. շի՚նսւ.սւձ– փառւսւ–1էր եկեոի՚չաիՆերրէ \1^գրօէւ$պւէէ.րկի </ս^/» եկեղեցին, ^՚ի . գէսբու% ՚^9 գո֊ թ-էսկան 7ճւսրսօսրսւպեաոու.թ–1քսէն սւռս/քի՚Ն գեու1անս»կաե յիշաաա^ է, որ կոլոնիաքի »^ր եկեղե^իով^ (1248/^ »կէւս»ե՚՝\ իր կէսսաասրելսէ-թ-եան ե-սւգր ^ասասւ. է ձր–.թ–Խ։սհքա» \^՛ րթ սկ—էսւ. քւք^*»Լ — 2 • \|« ^Լ ՚եաէբ ՚կրօԱեեր ^ւէ»ւսէէԱէսաէւե^ա»»% յ«« 1ո, յ՝1յԼ * գ՚՚՚ք^Ր"^ ^ք՛ \ք՚ ՐՐ– ^>՚–**»աուեւքԱւՆ վէրւս՚^կ^սկԽա^քօ ոէ.՚իէէաՌ1հքէկԽաււ^§ռ ք յլ • \\ՐԳ^^ էսաչաեոոսթեոսեռ սկսԾլու. ւսաէքկ աքէստ^անաւսէաե-պք իբրսւ. սսնոնց սկզբևսէպէԱէո՜ճէսռ. ու. ՚Ւ՚՚ւփք^ Ձ՚՚՚՜Ց՚՚՚՜Ց^ Ւր^՚^Ձ աէէտառքէն ՚ճոիէու^ թիսՆրւ ^այ^ ռա՚^աՆսչւապեէՈսւկսաե էշիւաեու.թէէյ§ւե իր բսւրճոութէոսՆ գագ$սթր ^ասաւ. ^ \է1>եոմեէքեէոհոս^ գ.. ^Գօր ե՜լ գիաոսն անձի՛ն ձեռօբ (1198-1216)– յձէսկայն ւսսոր ւսւՕորգւսօ սւսէե՚ն ռսւ^սսնսոասպ1քէոաեան իշ(սանու.թիււ^1ւն սեսստւ. եւսմաց եամաց իյ%սււ ու. բու՛ն ղօրէսւ-ւէր ^սէոու.ահ–Ն րնգուՆե՚ցւսւ ^ոնիփակիոս Ր»ի ժէսւ/անան ք Փի/Ի՚՚/"Տ"" Ղ՝"Գ"^տՒղ Ղ^^՚Դդե^ի քօ^ս՚գէԱէ––՛ ոոկ^նէ ^սւ^աՆաէՍսպՄէուսեան աթոռոյն ^սե՚նիոն փո՛^ ի՚ագրու.&չովըՌ30ծ–\3 7 օ) քա^անպյապևաք գազ^ ղրսչյի թ ագսէւորառ սւզգեցութեան սւակ ի1նկան– որով իրեՆռ ՜&ոիւոէ-թիսնր շասէ ՚նոէ-սւռեցսււէ 1^<՚^4՜ ղատ եկեղերցսդ^ ւ/եհ– ^ե-րձոսահ-ր ^1օ7օ~1417/ Օէս^ւսնւաաէսեոոէսռ ^երորՆսւկոսթե-ան իւ՚նէսէու^ մե^ Նսւակս գորհ-սւկից օ՜ոաւ (քՏ» օ4)* Հէ ՜կկեղե-ռսու թիկույևբ սոոո կրօնէսւորակաԱ կէսրգսւց ւ/րսչյ \սաչակրաց ւսւոե՚նք աւ–ե՚§ցան ե՛րկու.. մհսուսցիկ կրմմներ աւ X Ս • ^ենեգիկաոսի կասՆո՚ն%երօւ.% 4ր^՝ ^էսսսէւսսասւ֊սէ^ վս/եքերուն մկքյ յէաևձու%օ ^ոգեւոր կր1Ձ–ոա.թ–իւձ՚հ1րր(/նէ դաս» կրլ պէսրւսպ(^ի՚Ն Դւաէւ ձեււ«սգոր^ի եւ. գիրք Է^Գ^բծ՜՛ Նակեչսւ. է ձ՝ • ^– ԺՍԼ գարերույև ՚^էք՝ կաղմոա֊եցան աքքես^ աքլւֆարանոա.թ–իլ.%ննր. որոնց ւ/էք աս֊աշի՚նն 4՛ Ղ՝ւէ՚^էե՛ ՚1 • 161 1000/^^) ^բԲ^՚՚՚^ւե Ք՚՚՚ւ* "ր՛"–^ միանձոէ-՚նքո շարու%աէէկ րւոա-թ-էսե ք սէպէսշի»ասքւոսթ–իւսե ու֊ իւֆսա պաս^ռ աաս^եչու սլւսոսասւկաե ^քւ^ւ • կիս՚ոեբսսէկասնօ եւ. Գ^րէ-մոՆգրեւաէէքօ ։ \^ւ> կոօԱՆերռք ՚^^Դ^Ր՚Տ ""^"""՚"՛՛^՛՛՛/"՛՛^ ^՚– գէ՚ոոէ֊թ-հս^ա պսւ-ա. ^սւպաե ու. ււսռսւքաոու-ոիչ հ^^ * կբօՆէԱէ֊որներն «ս# բւասոեգոոքՒաէ֊թեասե ու. թարեաաշաու-թ-եւտէՆ օբէ1նօէկ։ \^"՛^^՛^ ք1չ ւՈւեառր ^հ^էՆովկ1քեսա » ^\՚է ւսսաե՚ն՝\ Տ^՛^ Նասեոան երկու, մու֊րասոիկ կրօԱներ ։ - դ%ուֆ՚Նիկեաեո (հրեՆո ^ի^աէէգրի՚ն \^պսւնիւսռի դ%սւդ1նիկոսի ասնուսէմբր կսչու.սսձ–\ ^ասսաասաոու-ե^սւհ 1216/՛^» իբրեւ ^ւսրոռչաո կասրգ » \|«%էաՀ։» Ս դ^ոէֆՆիկոս ք ւա/Նաեկ ւօՀ իր կրէէնսււսորնէրո > օսւրոոու... թ֊եէսմր. ^երեսփկոս՚նե-րո գասրձըՆե-լու եւ. ^սէւսէսւառեսւչեերՆ էրե%ռ ^սէւ֊ւսպքհՆ մ^9 ^ասոսասւաեւու աասշաօէէն ու^եի՛^ * — վքրանկիսկեաաէնք \Դ,^^քւՆ ^ասսսւասս»ու.եսաե Ս . ^րաՆկիոկոո լլ<^^^ա^«-^»11^ ձեււգռ։ կրօՆքւ՚ն յսւխճա^/ե երէ ^ոգես^սր ւֆւի^ թ-սւրա-թ-եէամրլ մարգիդ աէէշքսսւր^քի րնգու.ՆսէւՆութ–իւ.Ն^ %եր^^ ^րսէժասրեսընեւ ու. ^ոգւոյ ՜ճշմարիսա խադաղոէ.^ թ-եաե սէռէս^որգելէ.յ^0իՕԱէսաութէւՆ է ոդքաքս»^ոա^թ–իւ% եւ. ^%Աքոահգոլթ–իլ.%, օրսակաՆ սղորէՌւքՅ-եՆԷՆ ասպրոո կրօնէաք.որիՆ սէէԱք%ե^ է^ւսկան պասրպօերՆ ^ի՚ն։ ^րաաեկիո^ կեանռ եւ. էրե՛ն ռ վա՝նքեր»ւ֊% թ-իւՆ սէմկ՚ն երկիր՚Ներու. ^հք էմն^ասււ.աս^էսլի կերպոմ շաաոցէսւ. է \քկեղեոի՚նիՆ պէսրպ եր կՆգու.ղոմ Գ՚Ր2 պսրեգօա մրն 1^ր իրե^ռ ոգեուաարէ ԴաուդւՆիկեանռ ու. վ^րանկիոկեասնա ս»օգեցաւ–թ–իւ^ն "՚Ր՛– չափ ւՕքձ– ^ր , որչափ սէմկՆ սաեո յֆսւրսօեւու. եւ. քսսոսաո^ վասաս%ռ ւոեւու. ԱէպասաոԱ–թ–էւ% ու%^քւն է 80, «՝՚՚–քէ1է–^. 1080-1393. բաա ոա. Լեէ.Հե, Ա \|– 2 . ի՚%,չ վաբչրա-թիա^ ա^եչրսա. թ.որաս ի» (\՚վ^ է ՊՀ/Լ՛ ԱԺԳ ոյա—ւքորգԽցէ -- 3* 1^ւ.ոէհ իՆչպէա կէԱէւաաավասքԽց» 1^'^ձ. »դ"՚՚^Ր1^^^Ր ՐՐ՛»– — 4* Ի%2«՚<– Իր1Է եպթը Հաքասսքմեի մէԼ շփաթ–աւթիէ.\ձեր ելԱէհէ ՀԽթ-^ւՐ աւսր^օե ալ Հայասսէան չ^, ԱՈ1 էր աո1ռմաեասն գհ՚ե գսանոէ.էսհ– պզաէԼ ու. էեռ1ևոա \վւլիԼիաեւ — \|իփէ■էՏ^^X ^ւսգե^ ւսղգսւեա11ե որ անոր պւսրսպ^՚ն եւսքսուէքԱ էոե՛^ %կ^ն •ւսպաաե-լէ - - Հ՚^՚՚Յ րՆգ^ անոէ,ր յհ7ճէսկր րսւ. մի եշո-ե-է^ն և–աեէ.ք մէաքո գրահ՜ գորէՀբքւն աւՌ/Նք^ ւար՛,^ մար տեոԱ գաւսւ. ^աւ֊րոսի ա1րռՆարրն, ա֊ր սաեդւոյն 11 162 Նսէր։ իրօք աւ ^^^Ա^ե՚րե ան լե-րաեպ վջա»1;^ վւՆեսաեց ու. ^ոե %որ թ–ս»գսէւոբու.թձ–ս/ե մի ք^ուբՏ^ե՚անօ ^արսէոա-թիւՖ 1080-1393) ^^՚^ գրասւ \^^»գա\^^ Ա. (1095-1100) կկիբե (քնգ^ ս$բձւսեեօ ք \սսւչաեիէէեերուն օգեռ՚օ ա^նոէ֊ռ ու. ասէշա^ րով եւ. փոիււսբ1^ րնգոսնե՚ցաւ. անոնցմ^ մարգիօի ու. կոմսի աիաղոսէ ք^ոսո** Ա.^ (1100-1123) Բ՚՚Ը^Ր մաագրու-թիւյմն եոաւ. ՚^՚ՐԷՐ ե-րՕանկառըՆե-ւ ու ե-ր^ եհբե ըեգաբճաեել* եւ. էրգթ ա§ Բ՚՚ը՚ր ^^Ժ^է՚՚^սէ Պ՛՛^ ւս^եհ-աԱ ա1;էա ե-դաւ֊ է ^1^պ^ւո իր ժսւմաԽսևո ^ւսո^ ւաՕողու֊ւօ-էէ^ չոա1եՄցան (՚Տ"՛/ Վ՚՚՚՚՚իւ "՚– Լր՛՛–՛՛^) Լէ"–» Ա– (1123-1141) յաղթհ Գու.%աց, օգնեց ւ^էոքւդբի իշջէէսն^՝ ^ոգ1րրիոսիք բռՆ ոա-եցւսւ. ^էսղգու.1էնոս1^՚ե • բւաց ե՜րբ ագատռ՚ցւսէ.^ գրաւե-ց \^՛^ ^է՚աէ՛ էշբ"^^ ^ՐհէՐՐ Ց՚՚Հ>* կ՚՚^ենոս ^ե-բ փե՛րու.՛–^ Ժ1^) կքւլ1ւկիսէ մաւսւ. ու. ռաԱէ մհ ռաոպռ ե՛ս բեբգ էսւմսեէ^ն եոոե-լ. ք բռնե՛ց նստեւ. թագւսւորն իր քիուբ^ն ու. թաորոս որգւոցր ^եա ու. ՚կոսաանգինոաոէիս ւոա^ րաւ. ք ուր մեռաւ. Լեւոև (1141)* Գ"1Ը՚1Հ ^^ՐԸ. Գ"՛^ ելաւ, (1144-1 168)» ««- ^"՚^^ ՚եակաե դօրքը^ ^^Ժ^Է^Ւ օաղայթեեր1^ փէնաեցՀ 1^ա^ ՚նու-եւ կոՈենոս \)^գրոՆեկոս ոօրսքմարո ք1Տ^որոսե ՚քօպք քսս՚ւ֊րեց որն որ ^բսռթ-ուեաով » ^՚^/՚՚ԲՐ \)^՛՛ էոհդթհ իշրքսՈէ^ սէքեորգութ-եայբր ք^որոսի ^ետ ^աշաութիսն ոբաւ. ւ թ^որոս Նեռ քւեկահ– \քրոսսսպեւգ թագաէսորթէ (^աղգոս^ոս Գ») օգնեց կու–րես՝"՚ի>^է գե՛ր է Ա^« ՚ֆյ^ց1՛՛^ &11/Կբ գաշանց գր՚^եչով^ Նորե՛ն Հպյասաան մաան Բ՚^Ց ^այեսաէսԹ^Է Ք՚՚՚Լ Գ"՚Ր՝^ ձեալ յադթու-եցանՀ Նբթ ասոր վր^ քձ^րոս՝ իր 163 էԻ^րոսթիսնո ւ^ւՆչե՚ւ. հ՜ոմ րնգէսրձսւկե-ցք նօ-ղսիրա կս^սքաե իրէէն գէմ՝ գրգռեց Գը^լըյճ ^^սլան ՜կակոեիօեի սԻէ-լգսւնր որ կիւիեիսւ մ1ուսւ.^ Ր՚1Ա9 յառր-ոսե-լոմ^ սաիպւէւ.1էցսււ. ք^ոոոսի ^ե՚մւ ^էսշսէու.թիւ.՚ն Ր^^լէ - - ^ոոոսի մաՀու-ս^^ւ^ և՚պբն իոև1ւ աեչափակաս ոհ^ գւ-ոց յանձանձիչԱ թո«^ա$ ^ա^ի Գ"՛^ եէսւ. ^11 68)« ^՚^Ց Ս^էէ՛^* ք^որոսի եղբպյրլլք ՚կոէ^րէաաքւնէ՚ե օգնու.^ թիէձէ գսէնելով^ ղՊ՚^Լ ՚Կիլեկի՚^է^՛^ մերժևց ^1169)» Ա^լե՛^ ^ւս7^էսբւսկաՆէսռ՝ ^՚Փւեկէ^է մԽ9 ու-՚նե-ռէսհ– ես$^ ւոռէսէտրեհ-ոն առւսէ^է ք9%ու.ոբառ ^ոոո գսէշՆւսկէքե-չւաւ* սէսՀւէս^ակիս՛ օրիԱէոոնՄէա էէշջւաԱԱեոահւ գ^^մ՝ աա ս.ո%ու.թիւ^Նեո րեելոէ^ սՈււքնթ իրե՛ն գհմ* Ծրա1ք բւէքյց կէււ–ո^ւոսւինքւ օգնու–թե՚»ս$էի ւսսասէեօսւս^ւ ^ույքյաս գ1էմ^ ե՚աեի ւքը ասւրի ււսքողու.թ1րէեւ^ պսւսէե՚ոս§օ^է1է^ 1րա։&լ ք սպսէեոէ^ե՚օաւ, 1^լէէ^ք Ս"^ ՚^9՝ ^Ր՛^^ գհ՛՛/^ ՚ԱՏ)^ րացահ՛ պօԸքկ% (1174)» Ս՝/^^^ մաՀոսան§/ն ե սայթաք Գ^Տ ^Ր"՜ քէ^^ր1^* Ր՛ • իր ե^ղբօրորգին (1174–լ185)« \1"իկ՛^ խաւլաւլ եառսւյարոսթէւՏն մ՝ ուՖե՚ժաւէ ՆրկՒր^ սւրաաբ^ աէսրճօէկմուՖքսեր^՚Ն էսօասէք ժոոովու-ոգր ռ՚րՕս^հԼ Հ՛ո է ք^^պ1^ա ՚քը^սէիպբի քկեմոսնգոս Էւշջէան1/ն էսաո^ գւսքսԻէյքժ1ոսւՈւ բո^ոա-և՚օաւք Բ–Պ)Ձ ՚"Ի^՝՚ե՚ւ^ն Ծս»եէ.% աւե՜ւի ե՜ւ.ս հր ժողովրգեսւէէ ե-րքանկոսթե-սւե Ոէ– րէսր^ օրո՜սթե-ան նայե–օաւ.է ^ոսբհ՚ն թագ1^ ^րաժսւրե–^ լր՚/յ կւսռավարոա^թէւ^ւե ե՚դբ.օրր թողոսռ ու. վանյէ մի Օէսշու-և՚ցաւ. ւ Յ.ւ>–«ք1 ք^Հ11ՃԳ–1219) քա^Փ՚-՚՚Գ՝ էր ՚նարւորգեԾրր գռ՚րս§զաեցե–ռ ք եւ. իմաստու.թեւս$էի ^այրարեիթո պաւհ–ւսռէսռոէ.ց % իկոՆիոՆի սոսլգաեր կ^« լէկհ՛՛ մսէսէւ. I Բ՛աց \եո–ոն^Ն աաո^ ու-եցաւ. ու. կեակբԱ ւսէ կորսրնցու.ցւ Հե՜սոե \%սէսւ.րիս^ ՚նու^աճՄց հւ. սեօ՛ պաարսւստու-թեէսմի կիւեկէ9ւէ մր»ւչք յարձակոո դ«օ#«. 11 164 մասկոսի սոսլգաՆՆ ա# վանհքըւ ^1^րոԱ.թիւԱ՚ն ասանկ ոնգաըճակեւ^ն ու. էսպա^ովցրնել^ն ե-աե-ւ. ք մաա^ գրու-թիւյԱն երկըքէն բաոեկարգութեան եւ. ժոոո^ վբգեաՆ քւալէօրոէ-թե-Աէնր էԽայ գս»ր^.ու.ռւ \քՐբ Հսկոո իշ^աեքէն քսնամակաւուս^ ե-ան աաէլ ^րկէրր է՚որիՆ խաղաղու թիւ^ կչԼ փ^^չէբէ ԳՐ՚՚՚յԷ ^""րՒքԷ "^ ^ա^ ո&սսէթևի ռրիստոն^ից վէճա1վե եոթալով կր գե^շ^ %աոէ \\ալսւ^էէոտրն ՚կրուսաո^յ՝ աւՆնևլ^Ն ետբր^ լլ^ ""ՐքաՒ "՚– ^ս՚ոեսսւի%ի էէէկ ւՌսսԱե սէւ աոիրսէհ– հրէ \1քէ–ոե^՚կղե–յէս քսւ^աԽայապեէո11^ ու. Փրե-գերէկոս լլ * կայսո1^՚ն օգնոսթ էրան կսւնչոսե ւուէ \սւսչակուսռ օգնե՛ց • որու^ փոքււստրք^ թ ագաէ.ոո պսակու-ելու. էւոսաուէՐ առսււ-է զոր րնգոէ-^օ-ցէսւ. ""լյ կեոև-սա* գ> • կայսե-ր Հասւսեոէ-թեսւյիրյ \^ոգոսնաիայի ւսոթե-պիսկոպոսԱե ձե՚ոօբ ՚Լե-է^ոնի թագ է/իխաէ֊րեցք որոմ ^արսոնի մհ^ ասւսկուե-ցաւ. \Հձ.\^0)1 լ^է//քՀւ Արաւ ւ1է1սյրաբսէղպբո\^ես փոխագրեց ք ու. կեղեսաինոսի ա/՚՚՚քրՐգ քէենովկենա • գ* օւս^ս^էաաաետԱն գրեց ^ասւտէսկոսթե$սն թոէ.ղ(3– ւ/է։ ^ա<քքք<–ձ^քոէ. տարի (1199-1211) աեւուլ\\%^ սէհղթհ ԼաւեգրրՆ ւսէ լսրնցաւ. ի ՚նպւսսա \եւ.ոնե • եւ. ^«"«՚ ղպթրւաեճնա,եցաւ. է՚֊ր օրիՆաւոր աերոՕըլ խուրե՛նի X թաեպէէո յաղթեց \եւ.ոե Հալեպի սու,լւէաՆինԼ\2,\^^^ Ր֊պւց ՚^դյ^ ւաՕողու֊թէսնր չոսևեցսււ. \%կոեիւ^ի սոսի. գանքէհ գկէՐ^ որմե՚ե ^աշաու.թեւ.Նր գնելու, ^արեա^ գրեցաւ. է ւրեռսէւ. \եէ–ոն (121 9) հրե՛ն լ1՚՚՚9շրգ թուի, ւոմ սէկ ^ԱքԱէեկ սէղՕէկոէ ՚նութ հւ1/ն էսո%ո»–ւ ոէ.պեց (իուբեՆ՝ յ^^աեոթե եշքսաՆոք րայց ^^ՐՁ՛"^ * Տկ՚՚՚^^է՝ \Ձյ^"ք՚յքք՛ հշխաե^ Գ\եմհւնգոս դ».^ ՚^րգ^-ղյե՝ վւ^է^^^Պ^է %եւո ամու-սնացահ– էր ՆՐԲ ասիկւ^ րանաի մեջ^ մեուաւ. (1225)» Զ"V^Հ-՝ Հէ՚1^"^ Ա^ ^եա կարգոսեցս$ւ. • որ թւսգաւ֊որական գսէ^Ն 165 ևըիւով^ (1226-1270) իը բարեկարգոՓԻ՛–՛^^^֊ էւու1ն եոաւ. աոժաեաւ^ոո էէսՕորգ Լե–ւո1ե ք^^։ ^ւսթէսրռ բու.՚ն Հ^այասէոան սէոշսււելկ^ Ե՛լ. \հԱէէնիոնի սուլգաերն ւէսո0–եւհ՚ե եաե-լ. ^\հւեհէ՚^է մՆաԾցանւ Հեքժու.աՐ \Րանգւս խս^Աէւ և-րթւսլով^ անոո Հե-տ "էր^ ե-լ. էւա^ ոեեւսյոսԼՕ-ռրսէե կէսպով սրէսցաւ-Հ թ.ւսոեկւսմսւ.թ–եսւ% կապ $Ր եղաձ– պիտո »բ Բ Ա՛՛ք/է "Ր Հ^եթ–.ա. աՈս յկկ գրսէւֆ՚ն է երեէէի՚ն յ^կույև վբաւ կե^աե– 4՛ ք՚^ք ^է Հ^– հ^ա& աս վեր%ագր«վ^. Հե^ՈհՄ 1»՝ԱԳԱհՈ1՛ ՀԱ6Ո8» է»կ ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ երեաքէե /հք^ սաեդՆ ոսնի այս վիրՆագիրբ, ^յ յ^Հ^ ^^.^.ձ11յ ևյ^է ^–>և^ ք՝^^\ ^յ\\։ձա\\ սԼճտԱՏ " ւ^՚-՚՚՚Գ "՚^Բ պսէՀէոպան սէշիօսր^ի եւ. ^Աէսսւսատա աքէկխիւ.սրէվ^ սրգի ՚քկ^յգոպաաայ քէ աեոր շբքս»եա1րւ ալ. ճյ)Հձա • Ա/^^ք;՛ ^^^^ Լյ^՚՚ձ^ ''^■V^ Հաա&աԼ ի Հե–թու.ւՐք ւսսոո է^րւա ^^ւե^է՛՛ արշաւոո յ^դ^սէ^ ցաւ^ \^ոոէ–սսւոԾսր ւԽ^ »Ք՚՚էՒՐ"– ՚Կ՚՚՚Ր՚^սս>ու.եցսւս որպհս պէ ռա1էիկպյ \\արւսկէւնոսսսց ձեւՆթ^՚ն սսօաա^է ՚\ձսէեայն ե-րս. \^անգւ^ օեւՆաւ. ս-լ. ^ւսթարռ ձևռուր^ էք^Ն յշաշեցքէն ^ \\արակ1ւնոսո ^^ս՚էղբ սսէՆնելիՆ ե-սւևւ^ ՜կիւիկիա ալ մաան ու. Ա^է» յսչյրպռաոպօե ւսւր&ռքԽէ էէրթոսմ՝՝ սրտի ցաւ.1^ թագաւ-ոոոէ^թ ե՚ն1^ կոէսժս»ո1ք^ ցաւ. ու. ա11^րու–թէսեըւ ՚կգիպաոս^՚ե գարձոո (Լ&ւէայ որգւ-ւշյե ^ս^^ելով^ ՚էքհո ՚^հ քաշուեցաւ. (1270) ^^այ^%. (\.ՂՂ^՚\Ղ^^ րարեգոըՆոՓ^"՛^^ "^ սւսէոոււսՆասւշւոոէ^քօ-ԾԱէմհ. ելւե–լ.ե§րն ոէ–սա.մր էէսռա^ Գացու.ց գաոոցնեո բանսէ/ոյ ու. գոբռ-ր է^գպէքէնսէ^ կէէէ ԱէսսլոմՀ \հՈԾն գւ^մ՛ ե ղսւՆ գէԱւսւգրոԼթ-ե-աե մո մեՆան^ոէ^թևաւգ՚ևերեցէ \|9Հ–<4/^էա (1 274) ^վ՚Փ^Ւ"՛ մսէնոռ ^Ոէսսէսցւ.ոց գսսշեէսկհց \^ւսոսէկա§ոսնռ՚ոֆ^ ու. ք^ք"–բԲ"րե՛^ \|)/ո/ ստռասւԾցսէէ-ք Բ֊՚աՅ Տ՚՚՚Ր"՛՛^ էհՍՑ՛"՛՜ ւսպաաիի կոոոպաոկե-ցաւ. ու. կրակի տրոսեցսււՀ \ե»–ոն 166 քանի ւՐ^ անգամ՝ կիւ^^իք լ/."՚ր^՚՚^Ող^ \քգ1"1^՚՚^1՚ք սւ. \%կոնիոնի սոԱ.ւգան^ աաղթ-ե-էթն ևտե-է. ք մեէէ-աւ. 1284/՛^»/՛/»^^ հ/ "՛է՛՛րգ ՚՚^՚՚՚-՚՚^^ը՚՚ւ^Հե-թոէ-էՐ որգքւնէ 1. \,՚%չպկա թագաւ^րեցք/Խ Օլ1,% ոա. \Խէ.,,Ն է.է 2. \|ւ՚>»ձ ՚^եդրա.թիլ%1$Խր կրԽ^ Հար—աաք՛^՝ քծւսթ–աք»աաց% յ^աթայի֊ա՚ց ու. Աաաւքսւկի^ոսսէյք ձԽաք^;Ն է ի^շ^ յաւքասթ^Խրու.թԽք՚հ »1հք^ մսէէէէ. ԼԽսոե քաս^»ւէէա$»ք»աաաէեաւաէքԽ ^Խա է - 3» լ\|քէ.>ւ)հ \|^ • 4> Խքտ^է ավ թ-ագաւ-որեէք է — \է իՆչազէա Խլա». Լ1էա.սե ք^» ք9^ագաւյւքակա՚Ն գ»ւ^ • ի՚%չաք^;ս վերշայր^ւ– (իուքւԽ՚նեսւԽւք թ–ագաա.աււոէ.թ–իաճք^ « (\|՚<^ «/&-«.•»<. Լյ\|ք.«ւ%» X • \1ոսոնի յսւՕոըգոո սէկ ռանի թագաւ-որառ 4-աւՈէքկակ (1289-130 7) > ^րկիրշ^՚ներքքքն ու. գա^ ^էսկսէէոսթեան կւՆիւ.Նե–ոով սէէս1խ ու. ՚Խւ^է եղաՆ է^.^Օշյ (1308-1320) «աՆ^ աաե՚նգա^ ևլաս, որ թշնստէֆօ յիացե-աւ պօրոսթե՜ամի էո1^րա.թեան կորհ-աՆուժի կր՚նիւ.քժյ(^ի՚ն։ ^ւ^ց ի^էբ սէրքժՆու-թե-աժբ մ^կ կողմանք^ երկիրն արաաքքէն թրշնսւմեսսց գարա՛^ %էսկաւու.իՅ–եէաէնըր գ1^էՐ պաշէոսլանսւհ՜ աաէքնք Աք^կաէ կողմանւ^ իր ՚նախորգաց սւտևՆ սկսաՆ ՜ներքվէն կռիւ^ %երու^ ՚1էր9 աուաւ։ ^էսսնամեաւ \ՆւաքֆԱ Ն» ի աա&Ն (1320-1342) աղէաալի պաաերադՏւևրու. Հրգև^ը^ ՚նորկ՚ն րորրոքևցաւ-ք որ կիչիկի՚^ի կեր^ պարակբր փոիւեց 1ռ անոր կորզանման սկղբեսււ֊ո՛^ րոէ-թիւ֊՚է/ն րբաւ-է Աո ւ չգան Ս^Հ՜ձ^ ՚կ՚՚՚ղչքՐք ղՀ^է^աս^ աան ՚ներռիւն ե-րկաառսէկոսթերա՚ն սհք եւ իշխամներր թագաւորին ^հա թ՚^ամացահ– տեսնելով ւսսրմար առիքժ սե՚պեռ երկիրր%ոսասճս–լու.% ^ան1ե ւսւ-ե-աի գիս^ րէէնցրնե լու. ^ւսմար ՚ն$սեւ ^աթւսրաց ու. ^իսոռմհ^՝֊ Նձ-րու-՚ն Հետ գաշնակցե-ցաւ. % 2 լ^յլօւ^Ն յսւըձասկողՆ նղաւ. դիմհսրթ–Աքշ^ ք^սէթ-ա^ րաց դօբավաքըյ որ 30000 ձիաւորով^ ^^ւե^է՛" ՚քն՚աւ. ալ. 25 օր սւնգ»սգւէւր էսսւգասաէէփքէկեց * ^եէէ՚ՆէէԱէսծ– ՚^քգէկ^* "՚ՑՔ "՚– 4՛"՛^%/՛^ աՆքսՆայ Օաարգոսեօան ^ անպսւսաւապւսր քԽղպօնեբ՚ն սւււձու.քտռա^» ու. կոսւկի սարու^եռսԽ % անդերը^ կուր»աղսաո»^եձակւ^ 99»^% ա^ցաւսոա^փ»եւ1Ա, աւ^էսրէ ու. Հ<^^^. ..^ 167 յւ«քւ.յփքյէ/ւ գերի եպաե ։ — ք^%աթ–արպլք քաէՀաւ.Խ^% եաէսք \^ւ$»մա% իր խաիւ.րքէԴ^%եբէւվը^, Նսէխարւք^է–րաւ% աապսւ^ աո»ակաւ–թ–էք%^Ն Տ1եաաւցահ% ապսէկէէձՏ՚չք »§ւ. կոբձ՚ա\կք * — է7/՚\|* աա ալ լվ^ձ^աւ. , ի՚րկեց \քգիւղաոէւի ոապգաԱՆ իր դօրրրլ "Ր ^ԻԺ^Ի՚Գ/Ի 4^Րքե՛^ ^Աէրաւ.է»էհ–է^ աոսւ.ս§ւ. ։ թի^.% խհգրկք* ց. Հպյրրլ թ-ը^ր ^/ւ^-ա*^^ կսնգակ մի ^էսՆեօ է սրաէ1ւ մկք Հ^ասյասսւաՆի ս»սէոսսպակք^ւ անէէՆ^ առքեւ. դՆեք^ %րԽեւ.ք պաեաեք կը^ յսրգօր1;ր \|)ա/ւա^/^. Նաէւայք գ^ւՐ դ^^թ աա^Աեը», ւ ԼՏ^" կ՚^գ՚՚՚կրլ ^ագրճեա^է ւ Գ\աայ՝, Հայոց . գիրք \, . Գ/^. ^է^ «) \եւ.ո%ի՚Ա ալ 30.000 աէկի ֆաասսրել Աէու^աա^ , սլաաոերասգմի հ֊ախթր ^«գսէքէէւ. Հօ#^ մար։ ^ֆ^սս^անստքԱքսլե^Խ օգնեչաւ. փ՚ոԹը^ րո/սրս^ն պսէա րսէաի չերք֊ • Աաս՚Ն պի ,քիք »^ եսառր , աու֊լդաՆր 1 ^«՚ ւ.ւ$ե§ի՚ն ^եա ^աշասա֊ահ– կր գսանե%օ . Ր՚՚քյՏ "է ^/՚^՚^Տ/^ աււաե%է ՚Լիէ^ոն ^արկագրէցաւ֊ յբ(^քիք 6՛^ ՛կամարի ք \ք՚գի՚՛ աաւսսւ.ոո Խու.քգս»նիհւ ^եսա առանց պասյմատւնի գաշր^Հռ դ%ե/» (^«^^ եսղօԼ եկող 80 աս»ր՚.ան ՚ֆքրցԲ յ՚դէ՚՚՚^՚՚^՚քե՛* Կը, Տ՚"՜9Ք^^ ՚ "Ր Հ՚դք՚՚՚՚^՚՚՚^ի իշէ՚անյւա.թ–իւձ1ն աարագ քւ^^ ծՐ՚Վ. իր օ/»^"»"^* Կւլ գիյկր* Օ* \եւ–օՆ^ մակոսասմււո^ իօ–սէգասսոուսնան ցեղն է^աւսռէսՆ բ /լաւով թագսէէ-ոբ ընսւոոսեցւսւ. լօ^Օ կսւբգ րնիօ-էսցռ^ ^ւսմաՈք ռօբօ1^ սաաԽոէ^ռ-ցսէսւ Ա. սոր ե-դբօոո (գ%ոէ–էտոնի\ կէԱ1ՆԱէվարւէ1–թ իւ^մն ւսլ ՚եէսն վսէիք&էսԱե ունև՚ցաւ. (\օ4էւյ* գուհէու^ի զյ՚՚9յ՝Րգոռ մանէսե գսէ^ ^1""– Բ՚^ւյՁ ^ՐՑ"^ ^ԲհէՐէԼ ^ ՐՔ^ (սա^ ց ացոսքժ հան ՚ սկք աա^ձ-չթՆ զասէք ՚նէսեւ. էսրսւպթ^ն թշնայեստց էւսրճակմանցր գկւՐ^ գոնկ ^էք՛ ՚^հ ^ա–^ մաեէսե ս»ւ պէսշսապաեելյ ՀԼատոնռ ^^ւեկէ՚9ւէ սհ^ ^Ոէ.ղու.էսհ– եկե–ղե–ռս»Լան իւնգէրնե-րր գւսգրե-ցոսց գ որոնռ ՚նեոբքէն իւէսոաոու.^հ–աԱ աւրոսև-ւոսն գչիէաւ^որ պսէսւ՚ճսւէՆներն է^ա»% քք^խք^պք^ս։ \քգէպսայոսէ սու ք գան՛ն իր ւարձակմհւյնբներբ կոԱնս»աասոհկ կաասէոոէ-րժեսէմի. ՚նորք^ սկսսէԼք բսչտ կոսաս^գին ՛ի ռանոկբ օօրու՛^ թեսէԱի վանեց ու. ^եո^ե–րն1^ յ^ռեօսանտբ11^գսւ գդեսէԱն աա առաււ կոսասԽգքւնթն \ետ ^1օ62) ►>»>■ • \ 168 Նև-ոբքէն կապր «^՚^Հ^՚^օ՜/՚՚Հ. րնգոսնե-ցստւ, ՚>զգր ե՚ռ՛^ եսչքե սւաե%1^ սաասոէ^ահ– ժա^ացու ^ւսրոււսհ՚ո։ ւգաբաե իշիէանւսց ^ոգր չեոաւ. քժ^գսէէ^որ մի գ^^ւ % ք\է–րբանոս \ք^ ^որգոր&չովԱ ՜կաաոԱ ք^, ՜Լրւ-սբնե-սձ իշխսսնւլ գաՀ <^անոէ^եցաւ. (1365-139 3) > ^^ց ^^ ւեկէ՚^է գօրոէ֊թիսմն ալ սպաւՆԱէհ՛ Հ։^ * ՆգՒ՚՚է""՚ՅՒ՚Ք ՜կիչիկիաս ^արօԼաեեցան է ^սէոթե-ց^ ու. ռԼե՜ւոն Աէոի^ աեց^ էւօնսէո^ւսեսա գս՚շրեթ մի էանճՆ սսէւնոււ է \/րր ^՚մնի մի սէւսրէ օ-պքՈք ստսպէսսւէս1/ոէ.լժքււ–ե՚Նքքն կոկնելոմ եոո1^՚և ւաղ^ե-ցէւնք մէուսւոոոսսէհ– թագէս–^ .որն սէմուո էոեղոսաԱթ ռսւշոէ^եցսէւ. է \քԲ^ծԲ^ "՛է քր^՚-^ււ-սւշա թ՜շնսօ^աօն աւէռքք1նբաս րսա^ա. օօ»Ն 4». ^ա^ւգսէ-եօսէե . ք^"^էէք չար»սչար սպանուեււան։ ^րկրսւգսբՏ^ մսրթ սսռերհ– եդսէ% , ենեղեռասկապ» ու. կրօ.. սսէսորօ ^րսւշեկ երկաթՂէեքէսմ կւորաուեռասն » ^^սսւոա֊&ղյ բաՆր ռսէրցցոո ու. սւսսաուսւձ-ւսւի՚ն պսէշէասմհւ֊^Աէր կէսաաւԱա. 1""Լ Ք՚՚՚^^՚^՚՚ԱէՏ Փ՚Ր՛՛–^ "՚– ■ մասաոա^րնեքէս կսաըւ»ւ.Խաա^» ւ . ՚^սոը մօ՚ա կս՚պան բերգե էսպա^ւ^ոո \երսոնր էէ1$ն $սմիս սսւսաէե ասսշաոմաե գքւմս/նսււ1^Ն եսւեւ. յ ան՚ա. ^^ւսաուո րոյսլու. ^արկագրե-ցասէ իոյևու.ե–ցաս ք գերի աւսրուռ-ցւսս (13 7 Օ) "^ ^""Ժ^ եօթր աաոի ե-պբր ^ասգիլիս^է Ց՚՚Հ> քմ ասգսէւ-ոոէէն միԺնորգոսիօ-եսսմիո գևրութե՚եէ^ առատեցաւ. (1382)* Դ^մրախա թա^ գասորն \յ.րուսաո^մ՝է Հռոմ՝ ոս \^պաեիա երթալ^^ն ռ՚սւե-Աք գւսղոիսք անցւսւՀ Հ^ոե ^չպ^ս%սէե–լ. ՝ըխգոիէԱ մր՚րքի՛^ փորձ մ* րրաւ երկրքւն օգնոսթ եան ^սւսՆհ-աու. • ր՚աց "՚րր ւսմէ՚ե բսւն պարապի Մոսէ-ք արսէմու^Լօ-եոյսմի կ՚կբևց Հ^րևրրյ ^արիպի մկԼ (1393 Ս^. 22)« կեզեսսւիեէ՚ստՆօ եկեղէռի՚ն թ–աղօա.եաասւ. , ս՚֊բ կե^ադ՛ ք^ր շեքէմքլ^ ւդւնչիւ. գաղղիական ԱԽհ– յԽղափոխու.թիւ.%ը^ ( 1 791 ) * * ՝ խաչակրաց ւմըՇճաւհՇ փՇչեհ ^որոգողոհթիհճ* 1291-1617։ ագ^^. 1273-1291. 1* քիու.տոլփոս Հապսպուրկցիաէք \%լսւսսի աշ^ •ո>" թէոսն ժէսմանակր ւմոնռսււ. \Ղ Գ, 3)տ Հս^ւ^շգսււ֊ֆեաեռ ու. սէՆսա^^րնչու^թեան . ժէսմՏսնսէկէ գքեթ-1^ ս»^% կայէէերսւկաան իրսււու^էօեե^րբ վերււսսսւձ– , ու. աւէսսէօսււքւսէռ ձէո^քՆ անռասծ– էքւ^ է Վսւէւն ղի Հ»Հ^Ն^ շգսււֆեասնօ իրէ^քօ պէրե\ռ ւ/ե& էքքսերու.% ս»ո^սււ.Խւ պօրոսա. թ–եաերգ1;ւՐ պսւշապաՆեքէքլ. ^էսմար^ պղսաիկ »Աէ^ասէՈէսա.»ւ.^ %էրսւ.Ն թ՜եր ելած՜ ու. մեծ– գքսու.թ–իւ^Ներր մէքաեզսւց ՚է^ՐՏւ՚^^ւ^՛՜ ^""^ ■ "՚կ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚ցր^ելու. քաեսէռսէհ– ^ի% ։ 2 • Հքքւ^ գռսոէ-քժքււյեօ՚րր լէ՚՚՚ք^Րգ եղաես»եօ$է– Լհրոպէսոանսւփոէ» եղան է 1. \սթէսր1ւևգիա^ի գքսոսթ՚իւ%ր ^, գէսրոէ% կեոք/ե էւկսեէԱք սաոօրի՚ն ու. վերի՛ն \՚՚13–ԱէրիՆգիաւի ր.սէժՆսւ.սւե– ք^ր է \^օ^սւ9ի՝նբ ՜^ւօսւսի կօէՌի՚ն իՆկէսւ. . իսկ վերի՛ն Ղսթ՜ասրին^ գիասյեՆ կւսպմուեռան է Դ^րսէաանգի ք \ուքս1^մպոէ֊բկի $ 1 ր«/Լ ասւ.րկի , Գխչանսար իայի « Հ^էէչանսւաքի եւ. "՚֊րիշ ւսնկէաիփ էիքէէո»^թ–իէ,ն՚ներն ու. կոմնւքս թիւ.ն%երր* — Ասէորին գ%»ս^ ւ-սսէա-սէէք երկիրներոէ ^ք^ • գւսրոսն սւռէսքին կեսին Դ^սսր^ կսւ^սէիայի գքսերու.ն (97) է ի"կ ասոնռ ռեղին ^սէանեչեն եսէեա^ յ^ւսսարիագւի աասն սէնօանէ շ. յւ^սւապիաքի գքսոա^թ֊իւնը^ 1268/՛^ ւ Հ ւք^^՛՛»^^–""– ֆեանց չաէրննսւրւէէ^ վերքաօսէւ. « օւ. ի՚եւ մի գէսւ֊սւէւձերաւ. բսքժ%օւ,եէքէսւ. ։ Տ՚պասիերայի ղքսոա-թիսն/լ 10704^» վեր, վյէչֆեանյւք իշխէէէնօւթ-եանր սւասկ մաաւ. է 4է • ^^ա–սսւրիս0 պասպե^՚քերկեան սեռին սպասռելե՚ն Օ. էռեէ– ք ժսւռաաևգսսթ–եսէ»Դւ ք\քՅ–պօօէր ^ո^եւգս0ցսոքն (\^^0\, եպք^^ Աք/ (1278/՛՛^) ^ԱքպսսէԱէ֊րկեան սաաան ասնսաաւ. , սր 1363^^ ՂՒւ"՚1^ "՚ւ սւո^սււ֊է ք՝– <ւէաւաւ«տւէհ«ւատ»%– 170 ադօԹէյէ ՜Հհա^պկռ ք Հ^ամկաա-բկ ու, Գյլըկմ^ եզան սւպաս» քսէօպքեե՚ր է խո^եմ՝ ու. ^՚՚9 (է՚^յ"Ր1Լ եայսոոէ.թե–ան էէեեէսՕ՛ պւս^ աիւ-ր 4^րսէեօրոգևց$ Քյ՚Խէ ՚^աեչեաԼ^ չօւ.է^ուլ ք\^41«. քար թագաւբիՆէ թևկաւ– քՏ^աբ/սֆէվԱէի ^Վ^^-Նէո^^՛ քով^ ՝ճակաա1ւե մեք (1278)՛ Աւ–\|քա^^ա՝ կսկսեր ոոգւոցր ւորոսռ՚օսսէ. * եւ ասով ^ք"^ գրուԽցսսւ. Հսւպս^ աու^ոեեւսե սէսէի մեհ-ութե-անէ ^մէ^ ^$սկառքսկորգք Հպսէսւսւկեցսւն կայս&Ոք որ րովաեգակ պև-տոսթերսւե է^0 բՆգ^անուր խէսղաղու.թիւ%ո պա^եօէ Գ\ոյլր՛^ կուՖէոիէս^ի գէ՚է/՝ 1288 ք՛^ է/՚"՚^7 արշասանք ւՐ րնե^կն ետևս, վիրք^ տոսաէ. Լ\29^^) թիսրիՆգևաե «. 1290 Ան սոսէսաէւսկյւԽ աւ.աօակէսկան գղեւսզնե՚րուեէ \|;– ^յ.յ«.յյ1;. 1291-1308. 1» Ո՚Հ. 4– \^աւալփոա կասաւ.ցի%է է. ՚\^աւ$լ^ոսէ ով^ յ*էԲՐԳ^Յ\ — ՚՛ ճք՚էԲ^ ««. քէ^չպէէէ եասպմոա֊ԽէքԱւ. ^Խ^է.Խաու$էկսէն գսաշնասկէքաւթիւ^ը է — 4 • 1.1–՚՚ք^՛^/՛ քւաէ. ^Խրէ,է.Խ»ոակաԽ գէսշեէակ^.թ–/>է%ը I 1 • Հւսպսպու.րկե–ան աաե օօրոա–թեն1^ն վարւ–^ ցոպ կսլքսրրեաիր իշէէ»ս1ւՆերր^ րնարԾց^ կայսր ^քԱ– գո^ո^ ՚1,ասաա^Ր (1291-1298)։ \^սիկսչ/ •ա՚եի^ րսւէ–ոսլժ ե՚սէմնլ իր1/և է^սէքսուսւհ՛ ^ու.ր^գիաէե երկու, սւրշասանբով^ րո%եւ ոսպեց* սսւկպւե կւասրրեաիր՛^ ՛ներուժ շաաերԽ իր1/ն գե^ գրգո^եւով՝ ՚Ւ՚՚ր ս/ռ^ ՚նուեօաւ. ու. սեռսււ. լՀօսի^ է սէսպեաակաե ^աոր տՐչլմէլ. 2 ♦ Այ^քէյ^^ք •»•• Ա– Ա՚-••^քէ•^3՚-•:;^՝ էիա.ս>ոչ^ Փոսի որգւ.ղյե (1298-1308)» ի^Ր ս՚ահւր^ մեհ^ցընելու. փոր^երր չյաՕոհեցաեՀ կրր հր որդքէն քիոստոլփոս ք ՝- ՝1»–.1ՏՏ«64 . ՚3" Ն /՚1 \%\ ) »՛ » որոԱ^ն (1306)> ^ո^ևյիան աուահ֊ էր^ \^01 ի՚ե մե^ ռաւ ք ե՛լ. ք՚^1Բ ^ո^եպւսչյի գ^մ՝ ՛նոր աաաեոաօմէ մքէ Լր աասէուսստու^ր է քւ՚֊ր օ՚ռբօբորգքէ^Ն \յ^աքՀսսՆ՚ն1^ս էէսւ. է (1218) Հելու.եաիաէի Ակ^խել էդ^ պպսւիկ իշխանօա-թ-իւններ կասղմոա^եօասնւ քէհՈէ-սաոլփոսի մա^սէ^ս»ն1^ եսաեէ^՚Իվէռ , ^ւ.րի եւ. ք^ւ%գ^^ւ^աա1ւ^ քսէոսքքՆերս մշւոնՕեՆասսր գսւշայի. այ # ւ1ը^ իրէսրոէ. ^եաո ԱիացաՆ է ի ղուր ^ս§Աաց ^^Հ^^Ր^Ւ՚Գ "Ա" է ^ Հյ^ Փ՛ քսւղսՀք՚ներՆ \^Ա,սէորիայի ^եսէ միասցընելու. . ը^գ ^Աէկէ»»^ ա Հա Լ էւ.սւ1Իէ կսւմառ կսէմառ \\ւ.սսւքէիաւի վերսէԱէեսչու.թ–եՆ^։Ն բո^ է \ լորով^Ն սւ%կս§1ս եդաՆ» ^ոօրվբգեան բաաէսւսսսէեղձ-ութ-եւսմթ. 9^ ռարգէսրօա^ասհ– քէաիւ,գւիի գսէէ– էսգրսւ.թ ի ա.Ն%(\Տ07՝) ^՚– գ–֊ մակաՆ Խրաշխէասոոսւթ-ֆւ^ էՌ չոա.Նի՝Նէ \|9»4՛ ^^"քէր ՚Ռեոա. հ -) ––՛է՜՝ բեռ եղահ– չխ ^ ս»ն ^ւսսւասէոուՆ է» Ր՚՚ԱՑ Է^Գ ^ակառւսւ^ է ՝՛ ՝՛ ^ կ երեա-այ քՏ՚հ Գ**֊քի(^լւրքԱ ք^էձ. "(ը եղած՛ /ԼԱպ/ — Ղ^՚՚՚Հշ 4 Նտսկիռօ 1.31 5 /՚^ք լք՚դԹեձՐ՛՛ Հհոբորրոս \^ւ^սաորիա»1ձա֊որ» ւ ՚ : Ա<ք»/ք Հ/>ս^ ՝Լուցկո%ք Օյ՚՚-ԲՒհ՚ք կչարիս, Ը^սւ.կ եւ. <1\| 4՚«–^ գէսշն»սկռու.թ–եաՆ քհ9 է1ասւ% է 4 \^՚՚֊"՚րէ՚քյէ ^եսա սւսււոերապՏներր սաեսեյքի՚ե ւԴէնչեէ^ ք ձ\^ * 7–՛"/" \ՅՏ&ք՛^ ք՚^կ՚՚է–\յ»՚»Բ՚՚Ըք՛"՛ Աե՚Օ՚-ախի ՚ճսէկէէէԱէի՚ն ձ ՚^ճ.* 1415\|«^ աշխար^ակաչեյքի՚Ն Հեչոա^եաայքիք \ՃՐ^՚՚"–Ւ Տ ՚ւհք եղահ– ^ւէւպ»էպսւ֊բկեաաւՆ էոան էէսւէսօուսէ^էեբըէ (^«"՚/՛ վրայ փրեգերիկոս Դ« . կայսեր (կարոչոս ՜^ . կ%սէղպիայի թ–էսգսււ.որկ% էրե%օ գհ»1* օգեսԽ. թեասՆ խս»ա–րու»սե–՝\ 40000 վարձկանապօրու֊՚ն ալ (^քա&^Տ&ՕՏ) 1 444^^ քա9»ւ.թ–եայի. ւաոքՏ–ե/ե^ եւ. ^ծ՚՚սրկւսւձ աւէ%եւ^% եսաեւ. , %ոսա՝ճեօի%1եաււ.. ես Գ\օէ֊ոկու.%ս»իայի ^ղօր իշխւսՆը^ 1476^^* « ճՆգեւոսաանԴւերորգ գէ^րու.% \^^է^%օե1է ՜Րաֆ^աւէլ^Ն , ՚ՎասԱ^ս է Գէրւաաուրկէ \յւաւոթ ու.էւ.ն է ՚^«<՚9^/ եւ. կրսաւ.^ աիւ%գե^ քաղպք^երՆ ւսլ ^ելոսեասէկահ գասշնակ^էւա–^ թ-եան ա^ք մաա՚ն։ 1535^^ կ(^՚^ֆ հ%ք ՚քե՚^ք օաւ֊դյակա՚Ն իշխաեոէւ13–ե%^1;՚ն ասռասա ըրաւ. ՝ եւ. ^ե՚՚^ոիյլ աո-թն Լմէնչեւ. այս ժս$յՆԽւսկ սաւ–ղւ»կաՆ^ Վ»սէոչանսքձյի~^^^ ՜ՎեԽաֆսւ լռական խաղադռւթ-եսււդլ (1648) Հ^ե^ւեսաիա իբրեւ. ^եոէէաՆիէսյե՛^* բււլոոսվ^ն բ»սժ%ու.էսձ– ^անբւսպեա »»»ււ֊թ–իւ.% ՜ճէսՆչբոսեձ""– է Հ՝՝ 172 ^«.յ.՝1308–Ա37. 1* \»՚%^սղհ– կառ$էէվաքեյ ՀԽ^ր » է^ • 1Ր^^ "՚Հ. յ—է^ՐԳ^Յ — 2 • ի ^ձ ՚"՛^՛*՛՛^ վաբչրւթ-իէՆ ու-ՆԽյքսւ. \^ւաւրոլոօ ՛ի » ^էրոէ.թիա.%Ն իՆչսքէէ րաժ%եէւէ - 3 \|> ^2, քւեւԽա.աւրոա.թԽ–էե սա^ր 1էր \\էէկ1ւեսքաւ.ոս » Ո՚Հ, ^՚ը"– Էր1՛ յ՚՚՚էՏ՚ՐԴ "՜* ՚^ * Ո Հ. կ\^իեքէ^էգւ1հէ%գքա »՚\^^Նոր ՚^Խրձաւաւէձ– Խքա». իր յ-սքւաեաակը» Հոէ^սԽէսհց պսւէաե.Խ. 1– Հէ5է1–« ՝^Լ– +–է/^–քե>է* (1380– 13 13) սէօնու֊սւեաե ու. ^՚՚ք ՒհԲ՚՚՚՚^Ր Հռոժ՝ ալւ^ շէսւաեբ ւՐ րրսւլ. (\դ\^իռսէդպթսւեանպս։սւեբւսղւՌ, %երով օսԱբայէսհ՛ (օ () իաաւ^աե րտ ա դա դց էջե՛լու–՛ ե՜լ. գերմէսնսս1լս/ն ի–>բէաՆու.թհւ^ր \ոն ՚նոր^՚ն ^սւսս$սւ^ էոհրլու. ^սւմէսոէ Հէսբ՚սէոսէ^էսոեաւ \Փ՚(հ§"՚՚^՚^"Ր^^ սիրով ոնգոսնոէ.երլկ֊ն, ես^եէ.^ րնգոսնե-ցաւ, \^իլսսնի սէՕ Հոմաարաաեւմե ՈԽ ՚կոսք^լֆեա՚նռ Հեա Ծչւաքյր պաէոե՚րաօաւե՜ր^ ետեւ. ՚Լասէերս^ՈՀ.. սէք ք ՚եւսերւ. սսչյ^ սե-րական թս$գո է Վաքս՚ճանեռսււ. հ՚աոէե ^էսսէսկէւե սէքէ աանեաոՆաեհ ^ոսգաՆայի ԱէՕ է օսԾյպու-րկեաե եոոսնսէսռութ են11^՚ն կսչյսո րնտրոսՄ^ ր՚յ ^էսլէեսւգբեւյւսյլ. ^սէեառակսսթոռ կայսռ՚ր՝ ՓԲ"՛՝^ գԾրիկոս \^Վ^սէորիացւ–զքե ^եա պւսւոձ-րւսօէՌ-չու. » ւ^նչեւ. որ եայթէԽր ^1.322) էաղքյ-ուե-ցսււ. ու. գե՛րի րո^ոսԾ^ ՈէԱէ-Հ ^՚^յց որովՀետէռ աւստրիսէկաե կոոաւսսեցու.^ թիւ^ր ասքէո^րւսզւՌ գո՛ռ կր շարոսՆէսկք^ր ^ ՚ճւսնչցւսւ. «էՓքէքէքէյ–^/՛** կպքսևրակից (1 325– 1330) . Ո/1֊ ակա-աԱներկն կէսեչուաէքով^ իաաէիսւ աեցսէւ.ք եւ. յ^իլաՆ պսակուե-չ^Ն ե-տերս ր%գու^եցաս ^ ՀռաՓ սէք ե՛րկու. կիպեչեաՆ կսէրգքէնսսլէսց ձեուք11։% կպյսերէս^ կան թագոէ 2. կ«.ք«լ«« «ի. (1347-1378) Հե՚նրիկոս կ,ի% թոռրյ ^աէլիւ. 1349^՛^՛^՛ ա$1ենք^՚1ւ րՆգուՖու.եցաւ.է \%ր գլխաւոր Օակթն եռալ. պեաու.թեա% ^հ^ իւաոաոու.՛^ –■^ ,–է , ՜ ^ լ^ ■ ՜՛ • . ^՚* »ւ»– «յ».ւ 173 առսՕք/ն գե-րյս/նաԼաե ^սւմաւսսւրանր եւ. սիէո գուսւ. իր երրկիրնևրուքն բէսրօրու.թ ե-անոէ ՜կսքրոչոս ստռաեօ Գօոթքւք ^եււք պէսրԼսււ. սւու-էսՕրՆ րսւէսլաԼան էսրշաւսւն^ քի՛^ 1354-1355 Ք^ ^անպյապեէոիՆ պա^աեշահ՝ երգոէ.սն րնևլ^ե եէոե՜ւ. ^ պսէսկօւևցաւ. \%աաւէ պյի թսւ–>, գւսէ-որ ու. կա^սր է յձաԼաէե \^ասւլիայի յ/\|–0 աեո մխ չերըաւ. իր եսչւ սե՛ր ական իրաէ^ուՆբն աոժեռոնեէ ս%ա§ : ՀՀյհՍսէւեռ ՚նշանստւոր ասւշաօմներն ու. սւոսէօնութիսն^ Նե՚րո գոէս$1հյ» ես դսէոձւսւ. ^եոմանհսէ էւայսւսէռա^ կութհսմներոմ ու. աե^էՀռնէրոով\է \քրկոոոգ սւրշէսէ֊^ անռե սկսաւ. ք գլէէւսսորաբէսր Վհսգոնգեանռ գ^էՐք դօոաւոր էւանսւկով մի (1356)* ^^13 ""^՚՚կբ սաըկի բսւււսկսՒե գու.ւ1ար մի աասլոմ նեոու.էա րնգու%եռանէ \^եո^ելւէւ. ւսաե՚նք Գ\ո^եպւան ու, կայսեոէսկան քժսւգրլ էր ՀԼյէ՚նկեսչաԼոս երկց որգւոքև, ԳկւաՆաե1ևաու.րկր օ-րկրորգ որգւղ^ ք \քիկէսմհւ.Դ/գոսէ* էսկ Լաւսէքո՝ ե՚ր՛^ րորգ որգւ-ուն ^ոմ^ամնեսհ ժէսոանգուքժէւՆ թոոուօէ 3. վ^^Գ^յաա^ա (1378-1^00) կարոլո^ի որ գին ք կստաոէսոի ու. բուՆ$սւոր իշէսաՆր ք էր անէէոր–^ հ՝ու.թե–»սյնւՈք գեամահասկան էսօգէէն սէժգո^ութէսմե էրե՛ն գք^մ՝ գրգռ եչք, ուր ս(եգէ1^ե՝ Դ\ո^եւֆէւչյէ սհք էր ասնգթոսթեսէւ/րն ու. րսսա ռմաց գորհ՜ելովԱ է՚էքօ էք^նթ ատելի ըրասէ \^որ ^ա մար Լ՜1 4:00 է՚ե՝) Մ՚ք/^տ1՚* ^"^ չոՆէս^էք Ղրէհրէ եւ. ^ս՚ւցէ կայսրրնաէր Էշէսա1ւներր^ ղրկր փ՚՚Ր առքէն ու. քիուրրեէ/գոս կայսրրնաէրր /Յ^ա՛ գՍՅւոր րնէորեռէանՀ յ\հնկեսւաւոյսէ կառէսժարու.թ եան ասէոեՆք ւսււսղակու1մէս1էներն ու. կռէւՆերՆ ւսմէՆ էոեո շսսաոռան% \րեռս/ւ ՎեՆկեսւասոս 1419^^՛ ^ո^^է^\^^^^ոս Կ»ա^՚^(\400՚\4\0)"րչափ էսւ արէութէւե ցու.օու.ռ ք ոչ գերմաՆէւաէ եւ. ոչ ա# իսէւսչէայէ մ^-0 կրցսււ խաղաոութէսնր աա^ելյ \քա– 174 ոոոմ^եէոե-ւ. ՎյԽեե-սլաւ ոս թսւգ^% չշ^ուսժարե-ցաւ. ք կայսո չճանչցան ու. թսւգէսպւսոգևւ. ^քսք^ը՝ օլացաա. հո1էն յէ"1աՌ1^ բանալ^երր» որով թագագրոէ.՛^ թիւ.Նո ՜կուբնիա ես$սւարու.աքռս§ւ. : ՚կէաւքոսէեան թւսգն սւոյևե-լու. ^էսմար է քիու.բրեխգոս յ^րսեաէէեեէրն անցաւ. լ4։01/՛^» սակպքն ^րե՚շէպյի քով^ յաոթ-ոսև՚ցաւ. ու. սաիպուեցաւ. առանց րսսն մ՝ ոնելու. ետ ■ գառնալէ գ.ե՚ոմանիաէի տէ՚ք բարձր ու. սաորքւե ասօնու.աեաես»ց րսպյաթիւ աէ-սոլակոէ^թեաեց գհմ՝ ^1"՛– ^՚֊ շ՚՚՚էԻ մի գոեա1հէեր կորՆանեցէ Հդշր (Յ՚ագաէ^որա-թիւն աէի կանգնե-լու. փորձր փ՚ճացսււ. ա^կ օանհ իշբւէտւեւսց ու. »Ը""Ր՚ա՚՚՚Ձ գս՚շնս՚կցութե-էսէԴւոէ Դ\աաերաւոՈէ խափանևց քիու֊բրեխգոսի ^1410) մա^ր։ 4. Այյյ–/–֊ ւ.յ.#– (14ւօ–1437) վ^պէսւա..֊ ւ-ոսի եղբպքրրյ Հոսեգարիւ^ի թսէգա^֊որըլ ե-ղբօրր յա^ու.ան^^ ետեւ֊յ կառավարոսթիսնր ձեո^ ւսռաէ, մեհ– իաոՂւսէկոկթևանց «8՜^(101)« — Դ\ձ–աութ&ան յէ^Հ կար ւ՚րերք կպյսր • ^^^ղէց–դք ^ք^ ^ր^ք ք"՝^ ^անաէապեա է լլ^Ն մէքոցէւհ որ քա0^սւէէաք«սպեպթ \^սե՚ն1ւահ կը^ ^ը^^ ա1^իՆ, (1306-1378)) Հռսմա^եցիթ շաա անգա§Ր իաալացի քա^աՆայապեա մը^ սւ֊դահ– 1^ի%է 1378^^ երկու, քա^ա... %ա^սէպեսւ ըՆարա^եսաւ. . ՛էհեր Հ^ռուՐէ ա^են \^ւ.ե%^ոն ։ \^^ սասՆկոմ սկսաւ, եկեղեցսղյ ^9 »/եձ– ^երձու֊սւեր^ 1378 ~ 1417» վյքրջապե" վիզայի Ժռղովո/Ն աէէք^ (1409) երկու. քաս^էսՆաքասպեաներն աւ վ^ր սաո^ոսեռաէՆ ու– երրորգ մի ընարու-եցաւ. . բ՚՚՚քց »»» ս՚է ընգ^անոսր րեգոսԴէեւոսթ-իսՆ չդ./հ$սւ. ։ %քէրիսսաո%ե$սյ աշիասր^քէքն շփռթ–ոսթ–իւ%՚ն ք ահով կք՜՚ՀաԽ^ա. է՝ որ փ%չպէո յառաքագոյն 6՚՚ՀՀ ՚^եկ– ւեփ ք\քսֆըբացիՆ –^ 1384)՛ ւսսա^կ »/ ^իմակ իր ^եսաես... ոոԱ ^ով^աԱնես Հ^ոսս ^րւսկսէո^ , իրե% մհչորասկան վար» գասպեսէոսթ՚իւՆՆերս սկսասւ. աւ/կ՚ն կողաՐ սփռելէ կոսսաաևգիայի ընգ^, ժոդովոյՆ մկք^ (1414֊1418) Գ/»^֊ գոր ^^ • կ/սմաւ. աթ-ոո֊ե՚հ ^րաժարեռաւ , իսկ ք^ե՚նեգիկ^ աոս ^^ եւ. ^ով^ան՚նե՛* 1^ք^ • Հ՚ք/՛ քՈ^ու^եռաՆ ու– Նոր քէս^աՆայապեէո ընարու-եոսււ. \Րարսաինոս \ք * ^ով^ան%ե՛ ձքՈսս էսլ որով^եէոեէ. չրւ^գես յեսւս կ^չու.մ ընելյ \|\|««^ 175 ^աս , եւ. ^իկիամէէւ%գ»սի յաԽձ%աւ.ե^աս€. է որ ղէ\ք "էւ^^Լ. տսաւ.աւ. (1415)* ի/՛ գսւա^էա^ասհ– կսղաւսէկի^՚ները^ Վինկե^.^ ւաա-աւի յեււ%ձ–ք^% եսաեւ. , յարսւ.^ք1հւ Հ^սսսեաՆ^ պաոոե/աէգշ. ՚Դլ (141 9 - 1 434)՛ յաղթեչքքձ ^Ծվ՚-գպ/ի առաք%»րգւ$,.թեա»դլ \^իկիսւ1ւէւ%գսսի, ^բակաքի քովեր՛ն՝ 1420 ի՚է՛ ու– վ»%աե՚^էն կասքոերէսկէսՆ րաեաոկներր * \^,՚"ւր Խ^ աեսքպասէո գասր^ ձսւ.^քի% գրա^ի երկիրներն է եւ. ոոե ժ»սմանս»կ յ^ախ ^ան^ գարաե^ան՝ երբ ^աոիլիա^խ ժոդոքծ (1431-1448) էր1ք^^ք երկէէա. ա»Խսակւէռ ալ ^ադորգոէ֊եքոա^ Թ՛ԱԼ, ""՚^֊աէ֊է \»ոկ մհւեւԱօսնգ ք^էսրորեանք չափասա֊սրեէսւ ^էսժաակեասն՚ներ^^ , պէօ>ֆշ^^Գ1րոաի քով^ յաղթո^ե^աՆ 1434^1^ Հ^կիսաէհէձւգոս ք իր \քղէսաբե–թ– գոէ-սարալ^ ^ՇվՊ՛^ րևիգ Ա«.«#սւ^^օք^՚–^՚%ք ^ևա կարգևէով՝ ժաօ֊աեգու–՛^ թքՒւ% թողու֊ց Հսէպսպու.ր&&ահ տան իրսււ^ոէքնբ ւ/ը* ^ո^ե–$գւ^ի ու. Հոսնգսէրիւ^ի 4ծ՚^1 * 85* \|՝^էք^^^յ^՝ –յշ^^^գ^ա\ա1 Հա^^^ք^ա^ գա\ 1 43 8-1 8.0 6 • 1\| ո1^գաԱա՚^^»աա^^ոտ ##»ւ»#ք«Ա» . 1453. 1 Ո\|»««.1հ յ֊սամէմԽակ Խքա^ աւա.աարիակէաե աէա§^^ կաբ§րւէ».ք^Խ»յ^ գաՀքչ^է — 2* ւ^՚րք^ակաաւ. ՕայնԻաեա՚Խ Յաւք^ա^ աէրա,.թի։եը է - 3 . \յ՚բք^ Խլաա. պեա,,».թիւճ, իր գ»րոէ.թ–Խասճւ գսւգսէթ-ը • 1– ԱւՈքէ^է– ք^– \\^սարիայւ.ղ/հ (1438-1439) յձէկիսմհւ^գւէսի փեէէւ^թէ Հե՚ա - > քքբ ^իՀևէֆան ու. Հ^այհգօէոիան ժասռւսնգԾօ ^՚ ե-րսւ. ւՕ^՚-Ա՚՚՚րիւ^էի աոսա, %ը^ գե-րւՈսնիւ^ի կւասե–րու.(^ե–ան գա\րէ Ա^ճ՛ տան ւաաց կպ^սերակս^ աաւոիւ.ր^ է^ւնչիւ^ կսչյսրու.թե–ան աւէրեալըլ (1806)» Հ^ե^ռաւ. \կ՚քրեխգ Տ"՚՝^կ"՚ց գհէՐ րբահ՛ պաաե՚րառ^ւն ^^9 (1439) ^ ♦քհ՚է՚քքՒ ՚»՝– (1439-1493) \^.լպրեխգ1, ^օրե՚ղբ-պյրլԼ ՚^^Ո ՚ֆ ^ՐՑ"՛– Ա^՚ՐԳ գ՚"նեէ։ Հաբ, կագրե-ցաւ. օՀՐւսաաթիա կորվ1ւնոս՝ Հու.նգարիաւի ^ 1րլ. պ^ւ^որգ ^ոաիւ^պրաաո ԳՀո^էքէֆա^ի թ՚ագասոո ՚ճսսնչ^ ՚եաէչ սսն ւֆՕոց^ որ ^ա՚ճիևբ Հունգարիան ու. գձ՚ր^ աՈսնիւսն աա1էե ու. ՚Խոչյ ^րե1^քէնէ տ. 176 շ, \^^ւ^ու.գե–անօ ա1ոոոէ.թիւ.1ևոյ \րոու.չաօ ձե–^ ռօք կորՆաեևլէՆ հոոևւ. ( 58 • ^«– 73 •) Օ**՛^^ առաք^, %ոոգոա,թքոսմի^ սւա՚ճկական նոր ցէքղևր (1օՕՕ^^՚<՛՝^ ա1/1էնեոո\ ՓՂՔՐ ւ^՚՚ք՚՚^Ւ "՚9 ՚՚՚^կ՚՚՚է՛ ա^րութիւՖ է/ի կանգնևցքւնւ Հձսյանի որգքւե Հ^է^էաԱք \յ,ւ.րոպսք սէրշաէ-ե-լու. ձևռօ օարկսէւ. , եւ. կէսղմեչքիրենք ձ–1ց–Նիչ^^ ոինևրու. րնաիր ոսւանաւոր Դ^րքըյ ^~՜ \^ո^ք^^գ Ա. (1360-1389) փոխագրեց իր մպքրստաղաքքլ Ա^^ րիանոէ^սլուիս (1365)» Ա«"»/» որգի՚ն ^այա^գ Ա, (Լ֊շլսէըբըւՐ՝^ յաղթևց կիկոպոլսղյ քով^ 139 6^^ւ Ս/^^ կէսմհսնգոս ձ,ու^գարւսռւ.զյե • ^ւսրկսէաու րրսէւ. իու.ի^ կարիան ք \^երու.իան^ Գ\ոսեիս/ե ու. Վէսրաէթիան Բ-՚^ա յաղթոսևցաւ. ՚իիմուրէն ՝\^կիւ.րպյի քով^ 1402^^* \|յւ<. որովՀեաեւ. կե՛նական աւսա^նք սրնչեւ. Հքիօևրկ^ րսէկան հ՛ոմ ւուսրէսՆոսոոգէմուրե՚էաէեիշխսւնութիւձւրք 140օ/՚^ւ էր յա^ոսամրր լոսհ^ուեցաւ-ք Հ)սյանևս/նը գստրձեսւէ անկւսխ ե՚ղանէ––Գ\սչյաղքւաէ լժոռր^\րոո^ ք«.^ ի. (1422-1451) յաղթկ 1444^, վառ^ նայէ ^"՚/ &՛"^՛՛^ եւ սաիպէքց զկաւսր՚ն իրէրՆ ^սարկ ասէէու. Հ Ա«#ո/> որգէւե ք 3. Ա՚ոաՏ;ա/յ^գ ի. (1451-1481) Գ>աթի<;, (էսշջսւսր^սէկսւէ\ս$ռէսւ. \\ոսաաՆգթէու.պոտիսր 14օՅ^^– եւ. ՚ւ^րՕ սէՈէ֊աւ. ^ու^ական կայսրութ1ոսնւ ՚վՏրր^ Օրն կ^յ՚ՐՐ՝ կ՚՚սէոանգէՆ իսքչէոչոգոս ք ռէսռպքո գիւ..^ օէսգնւսրար աէսշապանեւ^ե եէոեւ. քւնկէսւ. է \րհաւՆ \քպէւռոս սեսւց անկախդ ռաքե գ^որգ գասգրիոգաւի (իւքթ^նս9^րպ11^կյ ւսռ.ւս<քՆորգու.թե–էսմհ. է յ^սկք^ երպթէ^ պւաւՆ ^եբ ու. Հ^ա.%հս»սէի Հ^ու^գէսրւսռէւն ^ ե՚ոսԽ ռրհս-ա, սէոեէ^ոէ-քժե-ան ^Ասմար աասէոԾրէսղմհոենրոՀ «էւյ^ււ– (1511-1520) Հ,սւաաակևցոա.ց \^ու^ աաէ^իան* կորհ^սւնեց 1517^^ յ^ամլույթներու. իշիա^ սու-թիւ^Ն \քգիպաոսի սհք ու. ռ.էսժնռց էոաճկսէկաե 1է • ♦ 171 աօ՚աոէ-թիսմն ւ^11^^^11 դ^ուոոսւկաՆ էսւ.ստսւու.թե–աեռ Լփաշալըգ՝) ւ Հ^սմւսնե՜սէն աևէոոսթհւն՚ն իր օ#ւՀ&՜ՆՀ–Ն մեհ՜ րեգ–^ արձաեու-թիւքմն ու^եցաւ. ՚^^Խա^չՏաԼ ք^. Ղադեէ Հայ՛՛՛՛ի՛ թուլ) աաձ^ՆՀ1520–1566յ՛»/» քի՚»7՚"՚71՛ Հ՚».է/^աՀ»^ա5է#, ^սւրաւայքւն սէոեւ.մ՝ ՜յ^Հւաբիանէ Վյււսսսէանն ու. §րի^ պոլբսն աշիւար^էսկաւե–ոէ\^եուէսւ \^իէ–րլէման քլբթևի^ն ռ$աէՕու.թեսւյի պաշապս^ոււսհ– ՝\^իկ1^գի առՉ&է-է 86* 1րափս1յ^^աՀո** \1. 1493-1519. 1՛ Ո՚Հ 4^ յբպքաիյֆլխտ,.%աա. ի՚%ք ^^^^ակի յէԼ հիճ ա.յա մէէատէճ յ^աարքէԽ ^աա.^ իՀ –։է.սէց ւակրոա.թիա31էԽԽբըէ - 2 \յ֊՝ ք>ք^ «^•««■•1^ գսւղպխէակաէ^ ֊ ասդաեիսւկաե աղէաաէե^ ^ՏԼ^ ք 1 րէաղՈԽրը . ի՚^չ^ ^ԽաԽլ.աէ.թիէ.% քէ%Խցա% է ^^ ^՜" 1. Ս##»ւք#է«գ#յ4ւք#«» Ա. վթրե-գևրիկոս գփ որ^ զԳք՛^* \Ր^րք"՛"^ ^ու.րկու.Նասաւ–ժ11ն՝ \^ւոորին գսքլ,»ս^ ռ$աէռ թստգստժէսռաեգի՚ն ^ե-սա էսմհսսնանւսքու/ ) \|^ւ–»^ էԱէԼ մհքէ կը^ գերէսէքսւն^ււ^ին էսրու.եսսւիւ. ու. ^ասրսսաա-թ-եասմխ ՝\քէ.բսպաքի աւ1կՆ երկիրները^, արով^եաեւ֊ ^սՆ \սսւչակր»է–՛՛ թ-եՆ^Ն եէոեէ-է \րի9երկրաւէկա% ծ-սվսւ.% աւ/է՚ն վաէ^սւռսւ^ ք^ա ի ^իսսիա փոխասգրոէ-երէւ. Նւսէ-ւս^աեգիսաե եոահ– էս * կարոլսս Ա/ւ^ <ք\ու.քւկու.%աիայի ՀքքՀ* գո՚^ք/լ (1467֊ 1477) <ք՝ա»–աեգւէա,թ–Խէսմբ ալ. գեյամի, գ^եթ-1^ Բ՚՚է^Ր 1)՛"՛– րի՛^՛ կ%սէւ.էսւա.սւ^ ^^վբր ւլւքթ՚Ա^^ Ն՚՚֊Ր՚՚՚^՚՚սՒ ՚"^^^^՛^ Հ՛՛–՛ բաւ֊ոա իշխէսԱՆ եղաւ^է \\ո՚»ր Աք՚՚՚յ ^երմսքեիւէոի ոս. գ%ասպ^ ղիասւէ յկքաեոը^է թ–ւսգասւ.ւ9ր»է–քՅ–իւ% ւ/հկանգՆելու վբայ եա. դաձ– սէԱքե՚ն է յսէղթ-ու-եռէսւ. ու. քէնկաւ՚կաՆէէիի ք—4 (1477) < ՝\ու.գսվէկոս ^1\|լ^ աււէսւ. Դկւ91–րկսւ^քէ»իտէէն իբբէլ. աւՆաէ՛^ րաւ-Նչ էսւ^ասա , է՚՚կ \^»ուարի՚ն գւսւ.էսաԱՖևրր ժաւա-աՆգեռ կա., րսլոաի գուասէրո քյրստրիսէաՐ։ Հ • \^պբսիսիչէաեոսէ ժէսմանսւկ սկսան իէոասէքւա սւռյեեչու. ^ամար գաէլորսկս»ե՚՚սպաեիէսկան պաա&ա, րապսնևրը^, որոնց ւքէք ք՚կբե աւ ւՈոաւ. ք թ՚^Ք առանօ օգոէ-քո մի քաղելու, է \^չ արագոէ-թե-ամի. որ կսւ^ րոչոսը գաղղիացի՛ն ^1495) Բ՚՝ԸՐ ՛կես՛ պոլիս աշ^ իէար^սէկալից է պի» արագու-իՅ-եամր. ասնկկ գոա.րս վո.րն^ 12 178 աոէ^և՚ցաւ. Վ1էնևտաց1>ներէ^^ կպ^սրւ^ ու. Փ^րգք^՚՚՚^գ՛՛, յձ,րակոնիացիէն։կարոլոսի յաքոբգշ^Լոա֊գովիկոս ^ք^. սոՆաս (1499) \^իը"՚եըւ ^է^ց 1քրբ 151 1^՛»» &»^լԻ՛»՛ \|\. յթսէՀաՆասւապե-ար^ՏԼյ/նևաացիբք եսւթ^ ալ\^պ^–^ սիւֆւիաեոսք ^ևրգքւեսէնգոս (կւ–ղդափառ% ու. Հև՚երիկոս \|Լ. ւ^գդիէ^ցթ՚է Ս"–/»/* գաշնակցոճթիէձէլլ կաղմեցթէէ \ոէ.գովիկոս ^սարկէսգրե-ցւսւ. ՜կ^աալիսչք^ եչլբչու. . Ե-ւ. ^առիւ. իր ^"՚ք՚՚ՐգՐ ՓՐ"՚^ԿՒ"Կ"" Ա* Ա^՚^րք^^^՚՚^^ք՛ ՚ճակասւովԱ 1515/՛^ ւրիլաեչլ ՚եորէն առաւ.։ Հւս քւււզօ%ք–կւս\ւ վսէրչւա^թ իւ%ը է — ՚Հ » (1րա՛ ւ% իշխաա՚1ս»ա.թ–Խան է-ակ ^ր ՚կէա.. պէԱիաէ - Տ» ի՚^ձ –^•՚—կ վաքէքււէ.թ–իա% աէ%էի\ Հա-քմ՛, ^ըւրԽ՚եւոիա ու \|Ր^֊ Աա՚Խէ - 4. իձ ՎԻ^՚^ԿՒ ՚^է ^Ր՛ յՀ«՚–Հ«է %1ե%Խաք,կւ - ^Նլ կԽրպա.ք.«\տ ւհպքԻ յէէ* 1 • իքեա մի պ՚րրէկ ^աերապեաոԱ֊թեանռ բաժ^ %ոսս»հ– քաաէսչիսյն՝ Ժ՝Դ՚* "՚– ՑՆ գ"՚րե–րու% 1^0 շա, րունսէկևաւ ռօւդպբսւկաե աւսաոօ՚րւսռօներու. ասպւս՛^ բէգ ե-ոահ– էր « ^՚^ց ^" էսքեօլէս կւրոպպյի աւԴքնէ^ ^արու.սա ու. կրթէոսէ ^րկ^Բ^ ^Ր՛ ^՚– է մաէանէսսորի Հիէ^սիսէ իաէսւիայի ռսւղպբներր էսրեւ.Ծէեան սւռու.՛^ ք^ու^րե իրե՛նց ձե՜ուբն ոսն^քւնէ ք ձ^ւ»^ք^շգսւա–ֆեաՆ կաւսերասո աԱէ$ոերւսււՏեերոլ% Ժսւմա.. Նսէկ ՜Հոմասէրաիաւի քաղաքաս^ մեհ՛ մասի՛ն մարչոէ^թ–իւ%ր ^ասղպօասռիՆեր^Ն սնաորօւ^սւձ– պասշաօեաւսաիրսք յիէան^եըւ... ահ– կր , որ ^ոսէ^սգէս կր կոչբ»~կը ։ \\^ս ՚ֆքբՏ^ կաղւՌւ.ե.. ոան Նէսեւ. էէսաորնէսգոյն յէսդ՚՚՚աս՚օւ–ոց եւ. սէրու-հսասք–՛՛֊ ըաց ^սւսսւբա»$կսւ.թ–իւ^էնեըըլ քսադաօաաեաի <^ (Գ%սէբիգաՆղւ\ առէսՀքնորգա֊թ-եաԿ» էոասկ ՜–՜կղւն է՚»կ ՚եերռիՆ պասէոերաւի. ՏԼերւէմ քայքայւսձ– , կւսմ սւրսւսէօիՆ թ շնաէֆներ1^Ն Նեռք^ մսաասհ– քսեք մի ^էսղպռներ ւ գրասօի իշխանի կամ* պասաեա. քէասդՏեերով անու.անի աօնու-ակաՆի մը^ (օՕոճօէէ16ք6) կք^ յանձնկիէե իբեքղք պիրենք , որ սրոշեէսւ ժ ամա՛նս» կի մը^ դ"" մար , իրե՛նց վրպ/ վերին իշխանու-թ֊իսՆ (տւ^ՈՕՈճ) կէ^ բա^ \եց1^կր ձ-ււ վարձկանադօր կրնար սւռնէէւ֊չ» \/րբ –ր <•- սանկ աոէ^ր մի (տւ^ՈՕքՕ) աեոա^ ^անկ;ր , »ւ.րիշ^ քաղպքներ՚ն ՚սլ ղի%քէ իշէւան կըն/որք^իՆ։ »^աոպռապեէոներր, աօնա^էս.. 179 կաԱէէերե ոս սւ^րերբ եոաե կսէմաս ճէսմաա սէ%&սէխ էշ^ խաեէ §էիչ քէէղպռեեր ւֆս^՚ն, ինչպես ՎեՆեւսիկսւ. –յ^ե՚նովա • կբօօ^ է11^Ո ^սձրս՚պեսքԱէկօէՆ ս$էէ^աէա%էսգբաւ թ–իւ%ր ա«ւք . ^եէէ կ^եբմանիս^ի աէէեիշխ$ձն»ւ.թ–Խ»ահ ւսէէաէէհ իօ»է»ւ^«ւ»^^ իշխան՚Ներթ գիւ.բւււ.թ–եքսմի կբռան էբե%ռ օօրսւ–քՅ–իւ.%ե ա/Ն ասսսէէճանի էոէսբսքծ-ե/է որ օրի%ս»կի աղագսէւ^ւ ^գ , Գ"՛՛՜ բաւ% սկէօբր Վ/էսգաեգեաեքք բսլսր ւսբԽէ֊մաեէմն աւ. ^^Աթ ԱգալաՆեբբ^ աբեէ-եքեաԴւ ՚Լսաէպաբաիա^ի փը՚՚Ս հ ՒհՒ^Ւ^ * ^^Ա/* իշխաՍներու.% բովանգւսկ պօբոսթ էսնր վասբձկաեասպփբ^ն վրսր կէ շ. %^^^ո^<^ 1266-1435 ^ժո^ի ցև^ի՚ն թագաա^ոբնե-րոսն ասաէխ հը (74)< ^ո^ահև^ Ա.«ք^ սկսսաւ. ք 134:3) գր^ք^հ Հարիւ.լւայեսչյ աեգթոէ^^ թեաՆօ ու. ռէսղպբսւսաե ստէսսւեոէսօմաց շ^ՐյՏԼ մոէ ^ոճա^^էւե ք\. էլաե՚ե որգևգրևց 1420/^^ ք1կււիոեսօս յ^իկիլիւսօ^ է ե-լ. յ9^> յհ "՚ՂՔՐ Լոէ-գո^Լոս յ^^ժոէ.^ ^քե» ԾոուՏն էրղբաւոր քէաէքնաաոսՈք ԱՀ^^\|քՆ\|//քIք յերժե՚օ ^ (1442)» յկէիօեսոսի ոբգււշ/ե՝ փէյք^ք (^^^ք^^2^ ^^« ^^ Հ^<–14օ8^^է ւկւակոՆիւ^^ ս^^արաղաա ^ձ-ոԱք ՚կէ՛"՛ յէացու.^ 1504^^ ՚կհապուիսն ^^ակոնիպ^ի ^եա ։ Օ* Հ****«^ ՚^Հ^ ս^ յի^ըքէն որ քա^անսչյաա. պևաք \\Ա.ձ–ՆիոԱ կչլ նսաէիքտ (1305-1378)» շարունա^ եեէԱ10Աէղսկթւսեանպ§սս9ՄլւսէպէՐմիկրսւիրհր% գոչա աէ ^էփէ^՚նցի տրիբու%րյ փւ՝((0՚ց 1347/՛^ ^ռու^ակաե ^սւսաուսկէսպեաոկ.թէւՖ մի ^ասաոսւաելյ ս$սկաէե եղ^ էոսէքփն պռսոոոէ.եօաւ.ւ ^^Քհ գւսրու.1ե աէ0 մեհ՚օօւ-ս ^ոսչիոս ^, ռա^անպ^սւաե-էոն եկեղե–ցւ.զյ սւկ–րու,թիսերչ Գկոլոնիսէնք\\ա^մանակոյսա.թիւ^1տեոէ. նաե՚ւ. \)^գոնաք ^արմա ու. ^իւսչթնցա քէսոպբնևրն աւմնելովՀ ՜^^ակպխ պյս ւքե-րքր յբէէսղպռնեոր ^ւսոնե՚պ^ գև՜ոգւսստան§էե սւրոէ-ե-ցսւե 1545/՛^՛ կւսէարսԽր ) աէրսւհ՛ ^ո կստսքսարէոս/ ոււսսկսւպեսէՈէ^^ թիսե ք/ի որով^1էտեւ. արոսև՚սաասորաց գասո մէպի 12» 180 պէսշաօմնե-րու. եր \սւսնէ–ոէ 1^00 ^^ եաթր \^1ոոի^ չեասՆց ^սւրու.սէո վա7ճէսո֊աեասն օէէուլ շսւս» օօրւսօսււ. » աքնպէ-ս որ \±օ4էհ՚^1 Լր եառւսվար^ր աէ^րոսթհւ^ր գ^ոօյկյ յՏ^^քք՚չր Բ՚^/Տ *"՚֊ւ՚եց մա%տնւսւ.որ պսւշաօն աՐ ոսնԾնսէէու֊Հ ի^^ ու. իր թոռը Լոր^Նցոէք ասրոսես^ էոհց ու. գհաու-թեաեց ե՚ռանգոսե պւսշսէպւսէւնե-ր ^հ՚եէ \քրկայն իւռովութքէւ^Աներ^ ճ^ա/&–«–^ լօՅ 1/՛^ \կւսրոէոս \քի ձ&ռօթյ յ^դեռսանգր 1^ե–Աէիչէ եղաւ. գութս ^իո^ Ր^ց՚9ւէ ^– էր Հյ՚՚՚քրՐԳՐ Ս՝^^ գ՚՚ւյբս իոսգանսլյի է Ս՝յլ^է կԴշխԿի 1300 1^ վ^ր վյ,՚՚Գ"՚^Գ^՚"՚Կ^^ 14504՛՛^՝ \\ֆ"րց^1՛ "ո–՚եչլ* — ֆ4/7"'/"^//' ՚ Ա՝««»է՛^ 1եա^ի ու. քկ^է^^ի^ի յեք^ \%սգհի իսկ \րաեգովսչյի է^Օ՝ կոՆօակաւի աու.՚նր։ )ձսււ.ւշյայի կոմսե-րր (ձՆ գսւրէ^ ե՜պթր Հ^աււշյւաի գույյս) \եսէօ^ե–սւ^^ %ու.սէ7\օ–^ ցիե ^ի/^է/ոնգի ւ/եՆ– մասն ու. կիցց՚՚^ի կոմսուքժիւՖոէ 4 2\Է՚9^Պ^՝ աշիւար^ակալևց ք9>« գարուն \\օր^ սիգանք ձ՛^* գարու՛ն \^արգինիս/ն։ Ի՚^ց 1300^ կորմնցուց կդօրներր» ու անկէ ս՚պթո Մրրեաւ գէսղ^ ղիառւոռ եւ երռ.եէա \^իւանռւոռ իշէսանութե-ան սռասկ ^ր։ - - յ^էէնչթւ 14օՅ ՜կոսէոսսնգինուպոէսւշյ ու 1)»–. հ՚ովուն ե-զե-րւսց վա՚ճէսո-ւսկանութիւնր գրեթ^ սիսցն ՚^ւ/նովպւի ձեոյՅն ^րւ \^գր^աս Աորիստ վերական^ ււնՄց ^անրւսպեէոութիւնր 1ս2օ/՛^* վ)^^^գ\Հ իր յար մար գիրքովըլ^ ^ողագՆգիս ա^ էւսսէիւն առե-ւարդյ ռաոպբն եոահ– հր* ՎեՆե-ւոստցիք՝ ւաՆ ւֆՕոցին որ սէկգիւ^Ն յ\գրիական հ՚ովըւն \իւսիսաաին ու սւրեւեւէոսն կոոաւ անոնգկասա պասաԾրաօա>երով զի–՛ Նուորւսկան ոգի՛ն 1աասրՆէսրՆ1^ին^ մէկէսւ գի^^ իրե՛նց րնգ^անուր մաճսւո֊ւսկանութիւմն ե-րթալով ղ է1Ւ՝^ գէսրձակհիՆէ \աաքւնսէկան կսչւսրուիժե-սւն ^իսնուելու ժսւ^ մանակր (1204)՝ ՂՀյ՚նեաիկ իւել մի հ-ովևդևրեպ^ \ ■ 181 ե-րեիրներ ու. Տլաեէ ՚Ո* ւու^աեաե եոռէ՚ներ սէռս§ւ.է լՀլ00^էք ե-պթր վասէՈոնԾՕսււ. \ոմպէսուոիայի էսրԽւ-ե^ չթս/ն մասըյ 1420/5ք՚է» գաղմաաիան ^ 1489/՛^ Կք"^^ բոսր է ^պյց ՚^յ" ասհ՚ե ե-րեիրնե-որ դ%սւղմաաիան ու. յու/պարաաԼաՆ ռաղաքներր գու.րս ւսէՆնե՚րէվյ ձՔՀ; գսւրոսն ^ա&եսւց ճռոՆռ% անցան է յ\ենեէՈէսցսոռ սսա^^ 41անԱսգոօօ.թիւ^ւն ւսօնոա.ապՄԱ1ս§եան էր է ^ոժն րնսէոոո տՌե՝ էւոո^ոգարանր պէասյն ւսօնու.սւեւս1ւն1քոէ^ Լէսղմու.սւհ՛ հր^ 1454^^՛ գրոէ-եցաւ. իր գսւղսանիբնե–րոէ1ն անոււս^ %ի ռէսոաբէսեան ^ՄԱէսւզօէոոԱ-թեան ասաօրանրՀ 5. \^աալէայի ւ1կք^ ծ՝Ն* գ»ր–՛–՛^ վեր^ր% ու. ^ՏԼ՛ Գ^" րաւ.% սկիղբներբ , 1էիսէւււթ–եսւՆց կեՆգանւտւնստչովըլ ւ1առե^ բու% 1^9 ր^էգ^աեու–բ յեղափսխու-թ-իսՆ մի ւասռաք եկտէէս» ոս ՚իսւէսւիայ^Ն ՜էքւ֊րոպայի մե^սւգոէՆ մասի՛ն վրա/ աոաբաԱա. հ ու-Խռէսւ. \աիս$էււ.թ–իւ%ք՝ \^իք^ գաբու. սկիղբՆերը^գբեթ-է յիաՐէ եկեղեռւսկասնստց սաասցու-ասհյթն էին ւ ^աւո եբբ խւսչա^ կբու.թ–եաՆց ձեէւ.<ա բաբօբո»֊թ–իւ% ու. աբսաասքքէն կբթ֊ոէ–^ թ–իւ.Ն բՆգ^էէտեոէ֊ր եղաՆ , գիս$ու^թ–իւ%ք սււեկեղեցս§կանէսց սեՆեա^ներէՆ ելան ոէ. ^ս$սսւբս»կասռ կեՆէսց Ար՚՚Ո անբնգւֆ^ քակաե սէզգեցոա-թիւՆ ու.Նենէսլէու. սկսէսՆ ։ — \%ւասւիաւէ Խբեւ–եքի բանսէսսէեղձ^երսւ. ձեռզք բւսբձբսէգօյՆ կբթ-ու.^ թ-եաԱ րնգու^ստկութ-իւՆ եւ. գիաոեսւկաՆօւ.թ–եաե ո1^բ բՆգ^անո$.ր Խզալ. » ^իշու-ելռա^ ւսրժաևի ե՛ն ի ւ1կ9 "էւէ՚՚ց ^էա^գկ \^վհ^էերհ (փ1321) »սսս՚ա֊ւսհոաւյ1ւՆ կւսասէկեբգսւ,^ թ-եան բաՆասսէեոձ-բէ ^եւէբասբգսւ ^փ 1374) "՚– ^"Գգ՚՚՚չեքւ (փ 1375) ^"ւա ^է^ աշխասբՀքքւե սւ.սոա–ւԴլյու.%էսկսւն մա^ էոե%$սգբսա^թ–եէսՆ գիաոոա-ք^եասմբբ ւԳպյհ ^1ՆարէԱէ–ոբ եղասէ պոբե ոբ սւււէսքրն անգսէէՐ կ . Գ^ոլս/^ փւսխսւե– յդւ^ Գէ՛^՛՛ Ն$սկան յհ(ՈաէւՆսսէք%^բիսորէրսէս\՚իէրասչիսէ ձ–$սՆօթ–սդքու.ռ (1393)* \\՚՚^ւծ ^՚–" ը^գ^ա^՚ու.բ \անօթ–ս»ցսէւ. ւոլ%ւսկա^ էէաւոեՆս§գբսւ,թ իւ%բէ եբբ կ . ԳՀսւսու ւսո,ւ1ձքհ^% եսաեւ. , քսեք մբ <ոհՆ եբեսեւէ գեբգէէէէ§աոանՆեբ ^^$ւ.%սIսIՈIէէնք^ ^էոէսւբաս գւաէոքՅ-եցիՆ է ^աա չաեցաւ. , ՚իսաւսքիայի իշիւաս՚ն՚Ներբ գիէոՆաւ»^ կսսնասց օպ%եւու. եւ. յու%սէկաե ու. ^ռսմկւսկաՆ մաէոեՆա., գբու.ք9–եսւ% ու.սման եսէեսկ հյեօէւսւ. յկքիբասրու. ^եա ակսաձԿւ ՚^ցէէյ ՍԼ՚՚՚՚^/ք ՚^ք՝ <ս<11է1»4՛^ աւ-եւի Նշա%էէ1–ոբ եղաե Ս՝^– սաիչի%եբբէ ՎեշասէսսէՆեբորգ գասբու% քւս^աՆայսւպեանեբ^է ա/է եւ. է մասնալ.ոբի ՚\եւ.ո^է ^ (փ 1521)՛ ^ւսա֊ղոս ^« (է 1649). Գրիգ-ր ԺԳ. ("I» 1682/՛^ ՚եոբ Տ՚"՚՝՚»բւլ խոթեց) ու. յձեքուոոս \քՀ (փ 1590) շաա յաս^ա^ացսւ-ցիՆ գիաու.^ թ-իւ^էնեբև ու. սւբոսեսաեեբոէ յ\յաւ ք^՚՚^էտ "ր՚՚՚՚^ղ^եբՆ եօա% կէբթ բասևսւսս$եզհ%եր ու. աեէու^աեէ մաաէքԽագիբեեբ ք 182 ի%չսւհ՛»՝ ^քէ—՚Գ՚Ա (է 1633) . իոբգու.ագոյիա»սաք (փ 1595)» Ա՚պքիավ^Աի (է 1527)» 1440 ^է» 6»^. կ»».գէյ՝պկկ գեր^ աէանացւ.դՐէ ձեո-գթ եւԸսձ՛ ապագբա-թեա՚ն գիւաովը ՚ֆքւ^/ք ւֆ գանոէ-եսաւ. $ աւս մեհ– մարգի^երոսն յաահ–մու.\քխեբե ու. գրաւ^ահ֊քեեքւը^ շու^աով^ եւ. ամկ՚Ն ՚"եղ^ սփօ-ելու. ։ Հ\ու.թ–եաՆս ւէւ.Նե^ոէ.աձ– ես-աեգը^ Նոր կե%գաեոլ... թ-իւՂէ մի աու֊աւ. Նաեւ. աբու.եսաի^ ։ Հին արոսեսսաՆերոլ.% Ոա^սրգՆեբը^ բոլոր \աալիայի , թ՚^ց ւԴսնաս^անգ Հո–ուֆ 1^9 ւԱէե– փոէ-թ-ով սկսա՚ն փ՚Նաո^ու-իէ^ա էւ. քէչ^ աաե՚նոէ-ան ^9 ՚եկարչու.թ–իւ^ւն իր բարձրութ-եաՆ ծ-ագքլ ^ասաւ. 1յէ"֊ Նաբադյ աա Վհ՚եչիի (փ 151 9 - փլորեՆաեան գպր»ձ)ւ ՄՒթ՛^՛՛ յհլ^ էՁ^^լ^ ^ոՆարոգգիի (փ1564» »բ ՜ճաբաաբապէւո , քանգակագոբձ– ու. %կարիչ^ 1^ր էֆանգայԽր) , Հռոմսչք I) . Գ\եաբոսի մայր եկևղե^սոյն ՜ճաբաոարապեաին , քիափա^ յհլ աանցիոյի (^ ւհՂՕ ^«–"՚/կակաՆ գպրո^) , Ղ–սրրԿ^»յի (ք1Ց34ւ քոմպարաական գպրո^) եւ. գիցիաՆոյի (փ1576« վե՚Նեասէկա^» գպբոց՝^ ձեռզք * 88– \| ^աղ^ձ^ « ^^^ՃԱ գ^ց Փ^ւհպպ–1^ի — 2* 17Ր1՝ "կ"՛– ՚Վաւր>–^է սւոա%ը» \՚Նչպ1^ա կէէէռաս^ վարԽ^% ^—/^^ ^*քէ "– \\սրոքո^ \^է 3 ի՛^^ պւաաաււերսէդԺեեր Խպա% կէս^ րւէարաէ ՏԼ1՛ ^՚՚ք»»եակ* յ^^գղ1էսէեա^։ ^ գսւ$լդիասեաէւ աասէոԽրւ»»պէաԽրԽ ք^է^ ^նԲ –%եցաէ,%է 4* Ո՚Հ. ^ Լւււ.գաավիկքս յ»Ա,. ի\|»** "Հ^ յ—ք^ՐԳ՚՚Յ * Թ"»ք""–"՛ րսէկոաե իշխո§հ–ե.թ–իա^ն (՚^չ^ կԽրպաորսւկթ ասռ՚աէւ. էտէ/ս միքացիս է I. քէ.է^պկա (էւ>\^դդո4 գ.ի% (1270-1285) Հ^րբդ/ե \ու.գովէեոսի ոոգւ֊դյհ աաև՚ն (77) ^ոմսոԱ.–^ ֆժե՚անօ մեհ՜ մասո ֆժւսգքւն ^էրսա պւսւցան ^ սա Լայն թսւգէսւոոքւն հշէսանոէ.իօ–հէհւո սւսէօմաիօ-հւ. պօուսսոո սււ.ս»սւէսռոէ.էսց պւսւո7ճէսռսքւ. գ&ռ շաա ւոկաո ^ր է Փքւյ–ւՈ–* ՚»՝– ՚^^՚ձտ^Հ (1285-1314) թա, գաւորսւԼան իշէսւսեու֊թհւ-՚մն իր նահւոոգնե–ր1^ սււելի ոեգւսբձաեեց է ^ոնիփսւեիոս Րռսւ^էաւնէաս/պե՚սւրք–~ որսսն ^ե՚սէ գժաեցաւ. ք ե՚եեոե-ցւսեանաց էԽսչյ Աէու.ոթ էէնելույն ^սւմար — բունեւաւաէ-սււ* ես էրե՚ո՚և սչյնաէս գս0րճու.ց ք ԾՐ ^ոնէփւսկիոսէ էւսՕորգոո օւս^անայէս^ պեա%ևրր 1305 - 1378* էբ^Յ "՚Թ՚^՚^Ր 1^ւ.1/եիոՆ փոիէւսգրԾցքւե * որով Ղ՝"՚Դ՚ւե^Ւ ք^՚՚Գ՚^՚ր^ե–րո եեե^ ղե-ցւսկաևէսց ՚Խ՚^ւ ՚^^ սւօգեցոսթէւն սասէռանէ Տ՛"՝՛ ք83 ՚ճաոէսեանսւօ ՚կւսրգՈք ե-րկաւն ^սւէէսՆմհսկօնե՚ռէ՚ն ճ^«. ւռե-է. 1312/՛^ ՚1էրՑ"՚–9 \\ոմսե–ր1^՝ գր$սւՐ եոխելոս հոասւոէ^ԽթԿ սէէՆնոԱ-եցսէէ^ * եւ. որոշոա^եօսսւ. որ հոէանռ ասաո1աասն1^ թէսգսւէ.ոոակ$աէե բստբ^ուսգզԲւ ս$ս%եաէփն եսՅո1աեպւ բոռղթուէէէ փՒւե՚՚էՊ՚^՚է էսաէ/ն սկսաՆ քա՛^ ղպբէսց պւսսէգսէա1աւ.որնե–րո ա 1^ոու.թ ե-Աէն ժ ցոուծէԾրցւ^ մէջ^ մաեելյ կ^/ե կերպովդ ղօրւսցոէ.ցթէք ^իտիպպոսի որգէռև ու. յա^բգնևրքլ Հ ո^ՀՈ^ Ո ^ո^ ^ . (1314) Փ)^դդ^^ • 17 (1316) "՚֊ կ^քք»ք«««» ՛ի» (1322) /«^«՚՚<ք «՚–՛»/»՛՛՛^"՛^ իշխանու.թիւ^րւ — կսքրոէոս ՚ի»^Ն Հետ 1ս2օ/՚^ք սպւս^ ռե՚ցսէւ. ՚կսւպԾսւես^ց ոէ.որո գՒ՝^Ր* 2* Վ^^^յթ էոաե թսւգսէւորնեոր կառ սքվսւբե՛^ ցի՛ն Ղ^աղղիա՚ե 1^2^ ^1ք)^^1 - Փ\ձ.ՊՈ ՛ ՚^–^^ Գ՛"^ եւՓը՛^ աաե՚Ն (1328-1350) Նգ"՛֊ "՚րգ Գ ւճ^գղե՛"^ ցքւեք վ^իլիպպոսի թոոՆք սկսաւ. գսէղղիւ^ի »1ջ^ պսա> ՀանշԱհւ.նբներ ոնելէ \քգու.ասոգ ւսաղթեց Գր^սիի ^"^ 134:6/^ 1"–ր էԱղեղնաէ-որնևրուԽ» ե՛ւ. իր որ^ գսոյե \^եւ. իշի»աե§էն օէսՕութեէսմթր^ գստչ^ն սէռս/ւ. է Տո^յսէ^ս ք.այ^ (1350-1364) 1356^* ^էէւ.էսգի^ի քու/յձեւ. իշէսան^ ւադթ– ու^ևցաւ. ու. գերի րռնու-եցւսւ. X \^օաաել^Ն եաեւ. իր էէրգւ.ուՆ վ^իլիապոս ^յ»իքւե էոուսէւ. Գ^ա^րկու%էոիէսն իրրեւ. էէէւ.սէսա (1օօՅ)՛ յ^պեոէ-էսկաեւսց ՀսէրսաւսՀւսրութ–իւյե%եր^^ աստտ՚ճա^ ռսւհ՜ գեղացւոց ւսաստ ամսու.թիայնր\<օ 2^^ԳՀԼ&11^) ՚ճըն^ շուեցաւ. անգթու.թեաւդւ (1358)» յւ«»\|յ–յշ;;Ղք (1364– 1380) Աէ«–/1^«՚^Ա^֊ ղիա գաո^ալկ՚ն եաեւ. (փ 1376)> ^էրգրաե ^իւ կէս^ ւե՚եի առաքեորգութեաւ/ի մերժեց ք^գղիացի՚ներրլ, որով^ ասքէնց ձեռքո Աեաց միպխ ^աաէ ու. Գ^որադյւ 3. կ«.ք–ւյ– Ջ.. (1380-1422) յ»/՛;^–"– 1392 §Տն, ու֊սէոի թսւգասորքւն եդբայրր \ոէ.գ» ^րլես՚եց^՝ ՚ / 1 184 (որ Լ4ը\)%1՛^ սաանու,ևւյաէՏ\ եւ. ^ով^ս»1տնկս \^է–ր^ Լհ՚-Ո 1էէնսւմանւա»լոէ.ք^եաե կսէմէսո էուսրու. ^Ե-սա սԼսան կո-ոսիր Ա^«/ պւ^ցիս Հ^օր՚նրիկոս \|^« յ^^գւէիայի թէսգսւ^ սոոո պւսէոԵոսւօմր նոոա^ սեսոսէ.* ւսքդթեռ գ^ս$դոի^ "՚3^"3 \^1է^Գ"՚–րի ^"^.(1415) ^^ 14:20 ի՜եփիչԻպ՛– պոս Գ\ոէ.րկունէոացէ.^1յն ^եա ՚իրոէ.այի գ*՚շէ՚Կքր գոաւ., որույև էչօրոէ-քժօոսւՈւ ^^ւ^գ՚յէսչւհ 1ժէսգէԱէ–որո ՚ճաեչ^ ռոսեռստւ. ^աողրւար հշէսսՅն ու. թսքգաժառանգ ։ կաքոը4^ է.^ (1422-1461) ժամանակ, չւո^ ժանգւսկ ^րւ.ս» կ^աոորսւ ^^^գորացւ֊ոռ ճեպբն անռսէէ^է Դ%աւաոգ օօոսւաետո պաշարե-ց ^Րլհ՚՚^Րյ է–^1ը 1429 /քՆ ք ով^սւէէնւս սա \^գ ք ւոքժսէոէ^գքւսէցի գե-դացւու մի սւո^անէՆ ւսէոթու-եցսէւՀ կսւոոէոԱք քէհ^մսի մէ0 ասսէկոսեւ^Ն եսաս-լ. ^ոմ\ան՚եսւ ^ գ^ոմբիկյեհ ^Ոէք բէՆեոսեցսււ. ու. յլԳւսԼք^ ՒԲՐ^^ Հ>՚"–7 ^)ՐՈԼ.եցս։ւ–Հ ^քււ%ու.սէ սկսէսՆ– Գ"Ր^Հքր ^սռսէՕ էոէսուսւ. է դ%սէլպոգհ միէ^ն գալիք զոր պա^եցբն միՆշ&ւ. 1558 • 4– Լք#–«ք»է^լ»» Ժ֊Ա. (1461-1488) որչափ րւերսցէ ու. էսորսէմանկք ՚Նունչափ ւսւ անէրսււ. ու. ւսն՛^ գութ էր • բո^ութ-ե՜ստմի ու. կսւշսէռօոէ/ մեհ՜ ւսւասւ՛^ Աէռու.սւց օօրութհւ^ր կրցսււ. կոսարեւ տ \\արուոս ւ^րէքաե մեոյևև–լի% եաեւՒ Գ\ոպւկունաիան չժսէգք^ն ^ետ մէացոսց (147 7 )ւ ^՚– ^րովւմևսի , \^ժու.ի ե՛լ. կկ–ա՛^ աոչս^յ Խ^ էրսէւ.ուն թ ՍէՈՍէցսաւ. : \\ագ^^^ \|Լ, (1483-1488) ^րըյէաեեէ ժա^ ռաՆգ իշխանոս^ւոյն ^էրա ամու.սնաեսւլոմք Բ"ՐՐ գսւոոէսւ մ^կ թսւգասւորոսթհսն մ՝ ե-ոստււ պօրա^սււ. որ ՜Հոսգ, ^(^ գըեթ-կ բասսւրձակ իշխաե մ* ե^ ղալ.։ ^կրոսթ՜եասե ժողա^երր ւֆայհ թ–ասգս»ւ.որքէհ ^րէսմա^ %ովըլ կր գսւ^մարոսք^ի՚ն։ ~– ^^ւսգսււ.ոոսւկան օօրա֊թ–ես»Ն գլխսււ.որ մկկ օգնս»կա1»հ 1^ր « ՚ս/ս միջոցի՛ն սկսօւ֊սւ^ ՏձւսյսւՆ ՚§շրքբ* \^՛– ոքով^եսւեւ. սէւ–աս$ուսս^ուՆերր օիՆւէլ.որու–թ՜եահ 185 երքք9–ա0Ըււ. պւաբէղք^Ն իրե\ք պիբ^քկք էսդաս» բրսւձ– կիՆ , ւք օք. ս$երէաղՏե թսաո ւԱէհ-ի աՐսսէՆ վաբձեէաաե$սւպօբսվ ^Ր/Ա՚՚Ր ՚ \^սս%ք պսււէ$Խբս§օմի ւմթԿէեէսւ^^ Խւոքե էսւ եբկբ^ ^9 հՐ ՏձսքյիՆ (յքլ. եթ-կ սւրիշ^ իշխաե մի գէբե՚^ղթ իր հոառսԱՈէ–^ թ-Խան ւքհ9 չաււ^ոսր , երկրիՆ ^սւմաբ ւ^& ասւա$իժ յրՆ ւ^ի՛^՛) * (^լ«քա%ք^ վաբձկաեսէօօբէ՛ կսւօմհց \ոււգովիկ»ս ^1^ • ղի%աաէկիբեեբբ (^6ոԺ&ՈՈ68) ւ առաքին Տնա^սսՆ բամնակբ ւ –՚– ԳՀէսւոեբասօմեւու. եղանսէկր բուոբովիՆ ՚եսբ կեբսլաբաեք ւՐ սւօ-էսւ. Գւեբգ^սլսա ՜^յաբ^ կբօնսքէ-օբիՆ (1354) վաս-օգբ գանելովԱէ յ^կօթա^ւ կբ գւէբծ–ասձ–»ւ.^բ վաա-օգր մեհ՛ սաՆ^ գեբէ ^էսբեբ Նեաեքու . քիչ ՚քի եւոբբ ակսասւ. գսբձ-աս^Ււաէ-իք պգաիկ թ^գաեդթ-Նե^ու. եւ. վեբքաակս պւսւորու.կս1էոբ ^բօւսսէՆՆեբու ^սւմաբ է 89. ր>էւյ– -- 2 • հ՚^ձ ^ –պիաքսկ ոա. կասբյիր վաքգԽրոա. ւ կէսմ՝ \^արգի ել. Լա՚եգսէագրի յքԽդԽրաւ»% կռիւ.ը» ի՛^^ վաի1ճ՚աէ\և ոէ%Խ^§սա. \քգ»ա.§աքգ \ք » ու. քիքտաք^գ^^ա գ» 3 • \ք՝ՐԲ ՚^ է՚1»չպհ– ւԳատէ^ս§% երկու. կող»1եստկւքու.քՅ–իւ.Ն՚եԽրը • \| ^^ կ1ւբպս§^ րաէտ ■«քււաձ– կր ՈԱՈ է/իքուքք։ո աո՚1ւգգխստկաա։\։ ոաաՀւՌւէեաաէգրութիւ^ւըա 1 . \–էսղդիէսԼան աս$սէեոապմրն ժսէմաեէսե^ Ա,^– գղջւսն\Ղդ)՚ես»եւ. ՚եեոբքէն խւՆովութեանռ էսսպարէ^պ մ է-ղաե– հր^ ^ե՚ւ իշյսանթն անեարոո որգ^* քիափփփ*»՛^ 9^Ո4է ր.. (1377-1399) Հե՚նրիկոս ՛ի. \անգասգրի գոկքս1^՚ն քէււր սէ1Նեու.Ծռս§ւ. ու. մեռէսւ. ( 14001 բան^ էոի էքէք։ Հ^^գդէսսիմէլ 1399-1461. ֊ Հէ1քյյ»դ..(ք 1413) եէսռամաոեռ շսւոոէՏնսէսեէԱէ^ռոմոԱ-բօ՜եահռ ու. ւսպրս–^ Հ\^^^V^^ ե– (է 1422) Գր^՚՚պյի գաշիքով^ ըեգունե՚ցաւ. աաաՀովաէքՈւցու.աՐ գաւԼղէսչյէ գա^թԱ ^ԱէՕորգձ-չու, ձ-լ. թուչու.ց ևոկու. թէսգաւորու.թիւՆ^ ն&րն ալ իր իՆՆամՆև,^ Հէ՚^՚քյլ^^-^Զ.– (1422-146 1) շ. քէ^^փա^^յաու^՝ Ն"ՐԳԻ իշխա՚Նըյ Հև՚երիկոս ՏԼ* քւե ^իսանգոսթե-ան սւաեՆ պէսշաաս§ն անու-աԱոսսաօ՜ \ 186 է^կ որգիէՆ սձրէրչույե թագթև վջպք սկսաւ. պա^ ^սԽքյուկթնևր րեելյ բւ^^ քԽկաւ. վյա/գֆիլաի 7^ակսւ^ ա/^1\|»«/էձ(1460)» հՐ որգի՚ե \քքյաո^աէՀ> դ.. յադթկ (1461) ՀեՆրիկոս ք^փՆ ւքեկանշ^ \^արգարիաէ^ի , բւսյց ԱաորԱն գաւառՆե-րր փախչելու սաիպուե-ցաս ^ՐԲ Գչարանսի դուքսն ևւ. ^սարվիգ կոմսլէ 1470^^ Հէքե^ րէԼոս Քլ. նոր էն գա^ ^անկքւնէ կգոսարգ իր քեռսօյ^ ր1^ \\արուոս ԱՀւ^է^Ն օգնու.թիւն գսանելով^ ^աալթևց 1471/՛^ ^^"՚րվծգք՛ ^՚– \Ր"՚րգ"՚ւփ""^ի ՚ \\՚՚"ր վր՛^ Հ1քնրիկոսի որգԱե յեռցլէնե-աաուաւ. ևւ. խե՚ւ մի սպա–^ ՚նու.թիւէւնևրուԼ^ իր գա\ն ապա^ովցուց։ Ն^^՚^^ւ^ Ն՛ յ"՚է^րգկ Ի՛՛ր ^^ոլ (1483) սակպ/ն ^օրևդբօրւլ քէ^^փա^քյաո^ Գ.^^ (1483-1485) ^էօ-քւօօ սաանուեցասէ-է ^Ա(յց սւսիկաւ աք կորսնցու.ռ թագն ու. կե-ակթր^ Հ&նրիկոս ՚իուաորի \^արգարի^ ս՚պյի որգէ-ոէն գ1։մ՝ ե-ղահ– ^ոսվըրգի 7^^ակաաիՆ ւ^Օէ 3» Հէ^ք յլ»*** է • հգ՚՚՚-՚^ՐԳ Գ-ի՚ե գսաձրշէ կղե^ սաբե-թի Հևա ամու.սնանալով2 մէէսցուց կրկքէն կոոմԼ. ՚նակցութիւէւներըէ ՚ի«9^«^«»է»1 աու.%ը^ կառավարեց \^գ.^ա% 1485-1603. (թ. 99). շ^երմակ (եււրգեաՆ՝^ ու. կարթֆբ կանգասգրԽաԴւ) վարգեմ րսւ.Ն կէւիւ֊րէ կսէԱքԱղու-թ՚եւաայի էլ. անգթ-ութ-եսւէՈա. մկբւ.սւքՒ հր» Լգ^րՒ բ՚ւ^"֊՚՚^եւաու% ^ւսմար գքխաաոմաՆ գործիք–՛ Ներս է աաԱէոԽրասօմի գասշաէրուՆ վր."՛/ գրուասհր հի%\ւ \կթք>՚՛ թ-սւքՅ-էւ^ւն 1$նկահ– կր « բէսրէոաւկանոսքՅ-իսյնր վաէոԽՆաայասա^ ^պտ պյս ՚փք՚՚ցէ՛ աեգղէակաե սսւ^մաՆագրու^թ–ևլ%ս կօէ^ էոսւրեքապէ» կսէրգի իւոթ-ու֊եցաաւ. է \քգոէ.սէրգ <\|« , ի ս§$էւե\է՝ \սոր^բգսէնոռն սւեոմ ^ասւա»էսէու% կերպստրաՆք մ՛ ւսօ֊ւսւ– > "Ր էՐՐ՚՚՚^Ր^ բարձրագոյն եկեզթցականա^ ^եա՝ Վձ-րին էւե^ Նեէսկոէ էսկ ԱէսպեսէեԽրուՆ պասսագսէւէասորնէրր՝ աէԱէոպօաօ պսէ$ոգաս»1աւ–»ր^$եբսւ% ^եա ԱսաորիՆ սեՆեաակո կւսօմեռէա^է * ւ^ա^ւՈէէնագբոսթ-էան էկղքւուՆքՆեբՆ 1^ի% 1 , որ գրամա^ աոսսրքը^ էէսւսրին սէնեկի՚Ն ^աճոլ.՚թ֊Խայրն րոայ . 2 . որ օրէւ^ք մը^փսխելսւ. ^ամար կրկէՆ սե%ևս§կՆերքլ.Ն ^էսւ֊անու..^ թ–իւ%ըլ ^ասրկէսսւար ըլլայ , 3* »Ր սաորիՆ սԽՆեսէկթ ^րաաւպա^ րսէկէսկաե ղեղ&ւՈ»^^ ու. անկսւրգութ-եսէհա ^էէոաօօւոու.^ ^ 187 ու֊թ-եէէէՆ կւսՆչեւ կէսրէՆպյ ։ \^ւոորիՆ սԽՆեկի% աղգե^ոււ^ քՅ–իւ.ՆՆ սււեՓ ւ1եհ–սսէա^է ՚\ա^՚գս»աւգբէ աոասՆ թւսգէսւորՆերսւՆ աս§է$ե1է։ ք^գ ^Աէկ»»ււա–$սկՆ երկու. Փ^րգէտ ՚^>՚"^/><՚«^^^՚><– ժսէմանէսկ աս§րսն՚նԽրւ»ւ.Ն թ-իւՆ էւ. սսժքւ շաա ի՚Նկսքւ. . արաժ^եսէեւ. այէ՛ ֆ9րտ^՛^ Բ՚՚էՐԲ ^րկ1՚ր^^բ՛"–^ ^Է՚^Գ^Ր՚՚ԲԳ մասր ք9–Աէգ$սսէ$րիՆ ձեռյոե ի՚Նկւսւ. 90* ս«դ^^յ^– 1. ի>ւձ փափ-խոա^թէ^^ԽԽր կրԽւք ապա%ի»ա.կ,ա/ե թԽրակզււխ% Ը. գսէքէՆ ՚Գ՚է՚քեա. ^Հ^« գաաբ ։ — 2< 1»^^ կԽրսքԱքէա^տ է—ււէէււ. \^Աէկււ՚Խիաւ » ՚ի՚%չ»քէս ընգէտթՀքքկԽ.. 9՛"^ ^աԽագիլիսէ է — 3* ^՚րքպէւ1ք ՚՛– ^իերգք1^§ա%գէաա ի ՚եչպէաւ թագսք.սրԽ»ի՚եւ* է^'4 էղաւ. ^^աւաաաէւիսԱի ։»էո»աք1թե ք9–սէգսա.էէրը։ - 4« ի՚^Հ, 4^^՚"^Ւ ՚^է. ^Ւ՛^ գիսէՈէ-թիա^կթ Ոէ. արոա.եապթ իքւԽբակէք՚Ա թ–Խր–կղղա.ղիւ վք—քք (Լ • գ^^^ր^^'՝ ա1քւԽ.^ չեւ ՏձՀ* է–՛"/" ժէսմանաե 711 /՚^ ( ք^ • Օ 7 • 8 յ • մէսխ ասգոէ֊րակաե աեոանռ Աբայ ^ գպժսէԼան փդբրհկ Աք1^րու.թքււ.Ն տ/հ ան^ կէսխ աւտս^ահ– ^լ^ Օ^^՛"^» ^՚– 900 Հ^^ ^"1ՔՐ Լ^"՛^ գլքսսէւոր ռադռու1է ԷԼ^՛/ ժամանաեք^ սրՆչեւք ծ՚\ք* գւսոոս՜ն Ռ՚ր9"ՐՐ օրհսաոնեալռ յ\րսէբսաւ.օ^ ^էՐս» գրեթւ^ անրեգ^էսա աաաևրէսռաւերու, մհ^ հէե* ու. անոնց օԼեո^^Ն ^հսազ^1ոո^ գսւսէսւՆնԾլւն եսա սէռ^ւ — \^գ1^ն ^. գարոսն սէ0ք ^«՚/՛ \հ՚ոեի թ սւգէսււէոոէ.^ թև՚և^ն ղասո Գ\է9ւ.րկոսի կոմսոսթքււՏնրք որ իր տէւսգ^ յաթիւ. գոե^աԱներոէհփ ԼՕձ8է611օտ) ^ք՚/ս՛/՛) ^ասգէէիսա ՚՚՚ւկր կ՚չ՚ւ–հր \\պանհսւկէսն սէս^է/անակոմսութ եՆէՆ կազմու.Մօաե կէսյարրսչւհ թ ագւաէւորոէ-թհւ^Ոք (որու^ ^սքրա լային մասր 1օ12/՛^ ^ևրգիՆանգոս կաթ ու. ^ ղիկ^ական էսշքսար^ակալե-ց, իսկ ^իւ.ս, մասր^ ւԵօս ին Գս՚ղդիպյի ^եա ւֆացաւ. \ Գ^արսկ՚լոևայի կոմսո§,^ թիւ-սն ու. ՝\^րակոնիաւի լժ սւգսււորու֊թիււՏնրւ շ. \կ9ակոՆիա ք \\օ7 ի% գագալոնիպյի ^ևա միառաւ.Հ 6^^7*^ 11 ս»շհ»ս>ր^ակաաեռ Գ\ալ^սւրեաե կղպի՚եեր՚ն ու. 1238^^ Վ^ւթնսիան։ Դ^էգաո^ ^» 1282/՚1^ սիկիլի"^՛ ք^՚^Յ "՚" հԴՅ^ արա^ սէո֊ւսւ. 188 Լոնսէեան ցՄդրն թւսգւսւ֊որւսօ %ոս»Ան ^ր ու. ^ւսռէլ Լոնիսչյի թագաւորն&որ Հր՛– ր9 1300/՛^ ստռէւե Նւսե-լ. գփԼաԱէէաո** յ^է^էԼ ձ&ռօք՝ Լէ"^ք՛ թագաւ.որոէ–թեսէն ^եէո սիէսռէսսՀ ի/7 ու. էր ւէսՕորգւսռր^ եւ. մաՂւաւ.անգ 1085^^ գոլետոն աշխար՚^ակալոլ յօա^ Աք^՛^*^ ՔՀքւե էսսւե՚ն քէէոսէոիկղյ աէ Վհվար (որ Ահս՛ եր եո^^ չուի ՚յ՛ 1099) \^Ր՚"Բ՚՚՚Ց՚՜"Ց "^ր^^՚փ՛^ եօահ– ^րէ լ^ւ/ոՆք 1^1 Հհ՛ն ^ոլովսայր սէրիւ-՚նսէ՚^հո ճսէեսւաքւն սէՕ ւսքոքՅ-ոէ-եռաՆ ք ուր գրեթէ 200000 էէարգ ի՚նկաւ֊է Փէքք"ք^****ք"՛՝ Ա"՚–ՐԷԸյ> 1250/՛^ ասէե-՚ե՚ևևրրէ աշիէար^ակէսլե-ց ՚Հքսգրէսմասւու֊րան ^ Ա՚ու.րսհան ու. \^^ս$սքչուսիան • այնպէս որ \\րաբւսցհռ կրաեաէոա»ի մէ^ Օէսշոէ-եէու. ^արկէսգր&ցան։ Տ» ի«լ^«գէքէյ» գասգիչհացթն (1469 ) աշ^ չսար^սէկսյչեց 1492/՛^ \\րանասէան \\ոսս.էսցէ–ոց ւքեր՛^ շհ՚ե հոկիրր» քւսկ Փ^ւ՚գք՚^՚՚՚^Գ՛" է Ւ^Ր ^ՐՒ^ւԼ ՚Փ՚՚՚Ց՚՚՚՚Յ 1504^^ էր Աէ1^րու.թե–անր ^հա կոՆօալվոյ գորաո՛^ վացէ^՚ե էսո-Աէհ– ՚\^1^սէաոլէսր հ \Խպաա^լլայէ մա^ՈԱ. րն1^ եահւ. (1504)՝/՛/՛ փեսա% Փ)^1^ՂԴ^^ Գ^^^ք^Հ Ա՚֊«֊ ս$րէսւցէՆ ք գժբէսէ§տ ^ոէ1Հան՚նայէե Գ՜րէկՐէ հւ. ւսսոր (1506/^) ւյա^ու.աՆէ՚ն եաեւ^ \^էմե%կս պաշաօնկէւե ԳՒԺ՚՚ՕՒ էշե"՛^ ճանչցոսհցաւ-է լլ<«/ւ/9 թուՆՈ կէսրոչոս լլ» (էրրե-լ. գ&րւ/ա1եէաէէ կայսր կարոչոս \ք) եոաւ. երկու լժսէգաւ֊որութե-անց (^րէսկոնէայէ^ ^էսսգէ^ 1Ր^ւէ) աք"՚9"ՐԳ "՚՜ աեու֊անհց է՚հք. ՚էսհք. 1^ագ՚^^^ր յձպանէսչյէէ 189 4 ^դիւ֊րէէնէէէւն քՏ-երակղոի՚նէ \^ր»սթաւչքւ֊ւ»^ իշիէԱէ%սսթ՝է$ս% էէ»$էւկ մՆէՆեչկ% եսաեւ. • \քւրոաայի ւսմեՆ^^ բասէրՈսմարգ ու. յիսէնգամայՆ ասւ/ե՚Նւսւաւ. ւՌաեոլ. ւսհ– էրկ^րներ^Ն »^կՆ ^ր է գ%իսէ»ւ֊թ–էւ%ք ոէ– ւսրուեաաք գ ււրոնս ւս$ալ.ոս^ագէմոէ.թ–եասԽ Խւոե~1։ հ1^ ւաւմիրսւաե$»ղռ է ամկՆ հէպյ՝ աարսւհ ու.աս^ հք^ — ^ւ.մԱեաս^ւօ էսւֆրէսպեաոս թ էան հ^1 ՚Ռ "(Գ^Ւհ "՚է՚բ"^՛՛ թ–իւ%երու. բսւժՆ»ւ.ելո^ ո»֊ անռնգ^ւսէո պսւաոերէսղՏէէւէրււյ եօկոքքեւ "Ա^ բասրեյսէքօռ վիճսւկ1»ն <»> ՚էէբք ս»րւ»է֊եաւսւ^ է խաերակզօւ. ո^ք քրիէւաոեեաւ սւ^քքթէ֊թեաս^էսր ^9» "՚գ^ %ոսւսկւս\ռ շաաո Աեե– սէրտո<^ւոէ.թիլ.Ն՚Ներ ոնգոէ^ւսճ գէ^է » վասս ղէ պւսսէերէսպԱեեոէւ»^ ^9 ք9– էէէգսէւսրասա աս9 թէսօոսկ^ %երե հ1^* ^"ԱՏ ^"Հք^^^ Փերգի՚նաՆգոս կ»սթ»սռիկ^–»»էկ$սնի ժսւմասն$»էկ ասաէւեա ու^ժր կոսաոեաէսւ. ^ »քանէսա.էսՆգ ^$սւ.ս0ասէա. քնՆւէւթ-էէսմի. »ւ. 1^ւ1երիկսււի գանոսեչովը^է - - ՚^քէրիաէոո^ Նեաւ սւէրու.թիւ.Նէւերսւ% \^րէսբւաաւ.ւ»օ ^եսւ ու.Նեաէսծ– «աօ». սւէրսէօՏւձերոէյե ժսէէէաՆւսկ , ^րիասաոնեայլռ , գրեքՅ–1է միշա \Րաս^յեսէ$սկանասռ ^ես» կր խսւռՆսւ.^իՆ , սրսվ^ կրօեւսկս$ե ւէեհ– աաեւ$ւսւրբերոէ^թ–իւ% մհ ւառսւք եկւսւ. ։ \^>"ր սէռքեւՆ էսա^ե/ու. եւ. ^սւէ^էսսէղէ աեւա»ւրաաէւոա^ թիւ.Նո պ$ս^եւու. Հսէմաբ սւեանոէ Հ^աաւկաաՆ սա բսէնս թ–«»ւգսէէ^ւքրՆ1քրէ% ւէմաեք չա^ րասչար գսրծ՚սւքՒե^ի՚ն է Նւսեւ. §Ոէձ–ասւէեհ–ս» սքղգեսու.թիւ%ր կսսւրելու. եւ. "՚֊րէշ "շ/^՚՚՚/՚Հ՛^^^ %աասսււս1էեերոա– ^$սւ/ար է \^ւ^րք՚կ՚գւք՛ գսէեոէ֊ելովյըլ պսւսէերսւպմէԱս^ր ափ»ուսսւկաևաառ ^սւքագորե-ւէա-թ-եւս՚Ն %սո ասսպւօրկպ մի բսւօոա^եաասւ. եա^ իեւ մի երեւ.ե^ գերգ«էս»ոսէհՆեր \^պաՆիա§է^ եւաԿ» . ոէ^ր սւնգի^^ , ւսշխ»սր^էէքկս0լու.$սծ– երկիրՆեր^՚ն թ–ասգ»Աէ֊»բսէս ձեա֊քբ ^ասէէասհ– ^ւսրւ»սւ$ւսթ–եսէմբ թսէգի% «»ւղս.եսւ»ա.քՅ–իւ.%Ն ոէ– պօրսէ^թ-էւ^ն անչափս ասէ-եւքսաւ. է ^ո^ոա ՚6աՏ^ա1 1լշ^գ1քփ^^ 1498– ւաԽր^է — 3 \յ բր գւքԽէէ».Խյքա1հ ^էար1Աոա.աՀք ՝կաւ.ա^գաէ%ըէ 1լյ&՝է.1^\|4՝ււէ1հ Հը^գ– ց—էէա գիէ.աոԽքկէ՝ ^ւ»։ւԱ1^քաէակբթոէ.թ– Խատ՛ա %կէաաէ յայի I լ. Հե՚Նրիկոս ^Ոէ.րկու.՚նաիս^ի գուռսր 1094– ^էքք ^որէէու.կալի (ք^"/"/–^– Տ՝՛"/^) կօ՚^՚՚ւ-թիւՆՆ ըՆ^ գօւ%Մռաւ. իբրեւ. ասասա իր ահեոփյ^ )^լփոնսոս Քհ* է^է որուձէ մաՀոսաեէ^ և սոթն (1109/՛^) ք՚կԲ ՚Փ՚Կռ անկախ ըբաւ. է Ա//»/» որգԲն՝ Աքճ«ւ1»«ք9«ք ^էրք՚քՒ ժ""է^ թոէ-թեՆ^Ն ձ-աե-Լք քւկբ կէքկո ^քրգք-կս՚ւքւ ք^ագ՚Աէ որ էսնոււանեցէ 1ՇէՂ"՚է"էհ^ \)^ր>՚՚ր>^3^՚9^ .ս»ւՆնու.եօւսս 190 (1250)» ^՚– 1300/^^ ասէև՚ւ/նևբը^է ^որգոսկաԼէ Գէ ^ քէնէսհոս յ^գաչւ^էւ սէւոՄևէ ՝\քւրոպսչյի $սմե%^^Ն Ծ$սղե1ոսւ գաւ.որաց աաե լ13օ8–1Օօ0) սեսաւ. գիւաե-րէէւն շ՚՚՚էւքը^ որոնօ ՚\^է–րոասէօւոօ Նռր գորե–է$ւ.Ն^ու,թե–ւսՆ յեհ– ասաւսր^օ(լ բսէցի%է \)ոե–լ.Ծչե–ան ՀնգԼէսսաւսՆէ Հ^ՄԱէ անրնգպւ^էսսս/ն եեոաոմ ւսռուէոուրքւ ասէոասս.ե՛^ ոոէ-թեա՚Ն ա^ք մաՆհէւոէ. ^ամար փոոճեօա» ^փրէկե^է բ֊ոլոոսւհթր Նովոսն վջայ1/ն ՜ճամնլաւ մի գտնե՚լւ Հե՜1ե–^ րէեոս հ՚ովագնսւօ իշրէանր \1^ոսգաԽ սօՆՆեւէՆ էոոեւ. ք լ^լՕ^^ւ ՛նոր ա1րոե–ր գանե-լու. ^ամար ՛նա սե՛ր խւսս^ Բ^Տ 11՛"՛^ գւ^ա՚ն (14։1Տ) Ւ՚՚ՐԳ^ ըաեգոնք յք^աւոկ^ բան ե-լ. \\գ.Օս) ^պոոե-ամներր» ու. Նւսէ֊&օ^ն Դ\այէս^ 4ոոր գւքսույն Բ՚՚Ր՚ր՚՚՚հքր Հ^քքնրէեոսէ ւ/ա^Ոէ^ս^1^% լէ"՛^ ռաՕ (1460յ ^՚րգ՚^կ^1տ1ա Գ""՛^ Նստե՛լ. Աե^և&ձալյ ՚Գ^աբվե^րէոե՚աԽ եղզ^երն ու. կու^^էսնէ ^.^չ^մէևտքչ (1486) ^արթաւղիմէոս Տի^ 4Աօ անօաւ. կւսբոէ գորսէՆգոպոն » ղոր ^ա1\ս^%է–ս թսէ^ գ ւսւ. ոոր ^արեյու. սոտ ^րու.անգան անու. անեց % ԼհէՍ օք՛^ \%յանոս1^ւ յրե-հ^Ան էսսէէքն գսւսււ. Վասգոյ ւքքՀ։ կս/մա ՝^ձյ՚"–"10–ան Հ^գալսէԱէոանհ հ՚ոփաքէն ճւսւ/ււանէ գէս^ չիգու–գ1/ն աշբւսէր^էսկալեց1էն ^րԱ^քէոա ու. Ա/ա#ւք.« գ^բբ կոաէք\| ւրէսլագգան ու. \բոլու.գ1ոսնն&րր։ \ձ,սոբ վրսչյ ^որգոԱ.կալց1§թ յ^ե՚նսՅց ու. յ^աքւոնացւ-ոց ^եա 4սռեւաըակ%սն յաոաբեոու֊ք^եան մէ;0 մա անէ լլ^« գիւ.սւեր^ ասնմիքապ^ւ» եէոքր, սկսւսւ. ^ոըգսս^ 1լս»1է ^սէմար ոսկեգարրէ \^ո^օսսքու.րր շաա հ–աս$ակեցսւէ– • քւպյց սաէկայ գրեթ^; միասր» թէ»էգ»սւ֊որսւկաե%սւա..էԱէոորէ1կէ՚Ն ձեո^քն կր* ^^ռեէ֊սարդյ գւխէսւ.ոթ%իւ.թ–եա1Ն հէ՚^է ՚ՂԴ^^՚Լ. ^՛ "՚-ՐՒլ. ^""^^է^ր է ՚^՚՚ւսէք՚՚1> 1՛– բաւդւէսկիԴփիէ-թեբք ւէարգսւ՛֊ րէսէ եա– "ք/ւ^ յյ՚^՚^չէ՜ւ. *ք/^՛ ս»սւե% »դ/^ վա1^ասււ,քներր ^ասւս^ լէ–>յէ հրսվեպէրեաւէք քադպքներու.Դէ , եւ. ի էՈսսՆէսւ֊օրի Վյ^֊ %եաիկի , շ^ենովայի ալ. ^էզ^է ձեռօք \^ղիքսանգրիսքքի , Փ՚կՏԲ \Ճ՚՚1"^Ւ կամ՝ կոէւաանգինոէ^պսըւդյ վշսէյէ~ե ք^"՝–՛ . 191 Հ^#^«•ք^^ էսէւււլւոէէսրՆ օր քան ղօր ւսրԽւ.մաեաՆ \ք1.րապաւի ս/ղգսւ^ ձեռքն աէէնռասւ. , որով^ես$եա. ^1նգկասկսան վաճասոք^ ^երքԼ Լ^աւս»պւ»նի մկք^ կբ գի^էքք֊^ի՚ն եւ. անկկ , գվխասէարաբաբ Վ, յՀոԱանասւ^է^ոո ձեռզք , ւ»ւրիշ սքեզու֊սէկք կբ փոխսւգրաւ^ ^^^ի'ն։ ք^հէպէ՚սէ այս վա՝1ճս»ոքներր "՚-րՒձ. ^^""^՚՚՚^^՚Աներ^^ շասա սէսհլէ աէժաա/ն կբՆաաիՆ հոսխօէ֊իւ, աա»ւսէ^ ասւՌէնէԱէնիէւ. աէասս՚նամէւվ եզահ– սէռւէա^Աէսւբբ ւ1եձ– շա^ կբ բեբկբ ու. ւփ^ սէնգսէմաան բ»բգօէ^կւսաս սա %ւ»բ կէնգասնու.թ-իւ.% ^՚"~ """Բ ՚ ^էապպքաէ^իք ^սէբսէոսւ^էսՆ եւ. թաէգաէԱէքբսսկան իշի$անէէէ֊^ թ-եան 7ճախոէւ^թ–էւ%բ աաւճեռէսւ. . «"–/> անգի^^ ասպնոէ.սւկէէ$կը գբեթ-1^ բ-չոբ էրենց յսւռսէքոսաաւն էաբէոօնու.թ–իւ.^նեբբ կ՛՛բ–՛ աըն/քսւ-յքի՚ն ։ \քբբ ^սբգոսկալ (1580-1640) սպանիական ՛ գտսւ.աււ. Խղաւ֊, իբ \^սիաէ՚ի ^հք ոսնէռաս^ եբկիրնեբսւձ «Տեծ-ւսգղքն մասբ Հէէոանսւաաւօսէւռ ձեէԼքն անօասա^ է ՚, ՚՜ ■ 98. Ա4՚քէ1– \Լ է՚»՚^–4 1492. 1 է \քքր. -»֊ արո՚լ% ձեաաք-վ^ ակաէաա. ^ւԱքրիկաԽքի գիա.քը • կաչւ^յիւէա իր յօէի1քաէ§^\ ՚Ս^ւա.աւք§1^ ^Խգ^^ա§քօ»դ%դփ\ թ՚՚էՐՐ՚/ւթԸ ^––եքրւ. –՛ ւ/ ձեա^թ ղաբկաաւա — 3 • )՝^^ կեքա ր աթ ա ա %ա ա$է§.ի\ էաւաա.էաա».ր «•. աբա^ԽէՈէւ ՚^ք՚՚ր ՚՚էէ^՚՚թ^յտ1՛՛ գայ^ա-Խաբ^թ I օՀ։Ն անցնելով^ ասւսնե աւ ^ֆոհսաէսփոո ՚կոլոմպոս շք^^«- \\^գչսՖւո* ք^վսիանոսն ւմևոԱԾւովՀ եոնւա Ա/ւ ^^ք. • Հոնգ–^ Լէասսոան ^ասնէլւ \քՐբ էր հ՚^^գեան ռէսղպբն I^^\|[V\|^#\|«. գոէ^եաւիէնգիոո մերժոսեցսէւ^ գիմեց \^աւսնիաւի, ^ոե էէււթրաաոի սպսւսե-լ^^ ե-աեէ.՝ րեգու-Նե-ցաէ. իւքապ^ւլա Գ^Աքսգէլիսքցի^ն եո1Հռ 1ևաւ ք ոբոՆցմհմ սկսսււ. 1492/^՛^ \1ձ/սգոսա օ\յձ,ւՆ1սՕի՚ն ՚ճէսմիորգոէ-թէւհւըՀ ք1հյ^պէ^$ո իր %սււ.այն ւ^Օ 1սւՆովութիս1»նե՚ո ե-լանք սաեպէՆ ՀոԼա , 1 Հր՛՛ կոա-անսէ^անի ԼԱս^ \^էսչմասաորյ մլ. ^հչ մր ե՚առր ^ու֊պսէ եւ. Հաէգի (ՀիսրանքէորսՀ կղզ^ե՚րր գսէսէւ» վձ–ր0^Նին ՚1ջայ ^է"^^3 գ՚՚"ւԹ՚՚կ՚՚^ք–(^է^ ՚%* — Նր՝՛ Խքրգ ՝ճսււդւորգու.թ1էէսն Ժսս1աևաե \Գ։Սօք՚^ք գաւսւ. ^էսլրաիսէներր ու. –^ւսմաիգան, երւ. կանգնեց Լհսրանե,^ ուայի սէՕյ ոսր սւռասՕէ՚ն գսւդ^ականութիսնր Հնգեկ^ %երո փ՚ճացուցսէհ– ^^ք^ք \%ղապեաս ամրոց րէ - - \քՐ^ V 192 մաիգաեէ մ^ք բռ՚նոսևռւսւ– եւ. շոթա^ւսկէսպ \^աան^սք բե-րուե-օէԱԼՀ - - Զ"Րր՚՚րգ ՚ճւսյիորգոսթիէյնր 1օ02 /՚Նք անօբ մի փնւոռեւու. ^սէմար հր Բ–՚ՕՑ է\|՚՚/՚"4^՛"՛ յԼէսմահգէս%եսէոսեցւսա. ու. ^սւպր՛– է՚ե՚ւ մի մաէսԱգնեոէ^ եաբր էսօաաեցաւ. ւ \^շէւոր^սւ1/ւսաու.Թ6ոսւ/հ վէսրձաս^ արոսահ–՝ է/եռսէւ. Վաչե՚էԱէոոչ^էՈ ռսւղպթր (1օՕօ) \^սե հր գտահ՜ "ՐկհրՐ եոչոսօցէսւ. ^ \|\|Ո\| սշէ>^՚Ր^յէ1^ ասռսէ՚Օ^ն էոաքսսէսաԱՆերո հ՜ոսէգրոո ^իոր^Նցէսցքւ \^ւՌք^ րէԼոս Վյօքսբուչչբի անոէ֊սւմբու 2 1^1/ եոսէհ՜ ժէսմանսէկ ^ւսպրասլ ^որգու.եւսչ^ ցք^է ւ^րօ-ւ֊ե՜չե-աե Հ^գկսէսսւանի ՚ճսւյիու^ ՚1ր՚^1էգե^՚1 Ւ արե-ւմհսպռ ւրյսրնու.ե–լոյ գսաաւ. \0\)\)քէն քք^րաօէլիաեէ ԼՕւօքւ^ ^ւսլպոան անռաւ. ^անսէմէաի կիո՚ճոՀ \քոկոսւգորհ–ութեէսյի ոս սէոոէ-եսաիւ. ե՚րե–լ~ել1ւ ու. ^գօր \^ոնգկ;օու.յայէ/ե՝ կառավարոէ-ահ– \րԼրռսիկոն՝^ Փ^րգք՚^՚՚՚^գ Գ՚՚ՐԳ^Գ (1ձ21/՚^)\| ոսկեշաա հերոսն՝ աեգոսթ Փրանկիսկոս իիդարէ^ք (1531) ՚"– Զէւէ՛^ յ^րՌսկողք է սաանիակաե թսւգքքն ^ա4սսւակեցոսո1էՆ % Փ"րգքւ՚նս^գոս յյ^ասկէ-լ^ւ՜նք սպանքւէսկաՆ ե^ա^ ռաւութեաՆ սէ0 եու^ոբորգու.կէոյք1էն 1օ1 9/՛՛^» "^Յ՚Ք մէա գտնելու, ^սէմաո ք ՚նւսւ-աոկեց ^արաւ. » \^սեոիկաւ^ բ՚՚/րրաիբո։ \^կաւ. իր ս^ույևովըլ կոչուահ– ՚Նեղու.ցիհ պւժեորգոէ^թե-Աէմի \սսւոաոակաՆ ^աքկիանոս) եւ. գաաւ. Հո՛ն գ,ողոց ^Դ՚ւե՚^^ՐՐ; ք՜"ՕՑ 1օ21/՛^ սպանու.ե^ Տէսւ. Փհւե՚՚ւ՚Ղ ՚՚՚^՚^Օ՛՛^^ 4Տ^ * ^/՚ ՚նէԱէ-երքցն ՚^ԴՐ Հսէսաւ. \^ւ.րոպաս 1չ22/՛^ Հոոագնգի՚ն բոչորէոիքն ԱէռւսՕին ՚ճամիորգութիւ^մն րնել^ն եաեւ-է –^–^ Հողա^ գնգին չորս գի՚ե գւսրձաւ. հ՚րկրորգ անգսւմ՝ Փր"՛^՛ կիսկոս ^րագե ասնգդիացին^ 1580/՛» է.՚–<՜՜՛ ■ –՚ .՚ 1 յ V 193 ^ 1^ 3՛ Արգէ՛^ 14:21 թ ւՇ^գղիացիք կապողի առ^ ^ սէ^որգոէ-թէոսւՌւ կոր՚՚^ունսէւսւնս9իան բռՆւսէՒ ^քւհ։ ւ 1օՕՕ^^ գաղոէւսւեաե աէՆսւ^ին գէսղ^սէԼաեու-թիւյնո է սւստրի %էւրանոր գսքղրք–էսկսւնութ–իւ%Ներ ^րասպէէէ.րէօիՆ գհ՛^ ի յ^ւէերիկսէ է ^ւսւց որովՀեաեւ ""կէ "՚– ս»րհ–սւթ– ւդայն կ ոա^օ^ի՚Ն գաոՆեէ, աս՚նոր ^էսմար ւսռուէոսսրն «ւ. է–րկրաս.ա յ, յՀակու.թիւ%ր գրեթ–^ բոչօրովի՚ն երես^ ձգոա-եցահ ։ \^ւ11^ ք, եւարի երկու, ^եդ կր խասրէբ \1պաե1ւս իր ^սսււսաորէֆզըլ ^ \^յեբիկա , բովե–րու% եկսէմոէ֊աը^ քլերել^ւ. ^աւ/ար ։ իովերը^ բանեռընե՚ււլ քանի մի առաՆձՆականասց Թ՚Աք արԾւ֊ահ– ^ր I էֆաւն, որոևօ սէկրսսթ-եա^է որոշետսւ աօ»–րքմի^ կլԼվճսէբկիՆ է \| լ^</է-1^ «"«4– օ.ս«7/9՚«»^ա%»աօ ^եսա ւսռուաոա֊բ չէր կբնսսր րնել։ \| ո^աղաքակիրթ– ևրկիրներու. Աէ^ (\Տ^^Ք՚՚Ւ^Ղ/ ՚ ^եր"– >) շ»՛–^ մի կաՆոնստէ֊որեասք մարչաւ֊թ-իւ^ մի խոթու^եաասւ. ։ ի*կ ,՝ ու֊րիշ կւէոմերսւ^ ^ՆգիկՆէրր ^սւսս»ւսւոու% գւսղթ–սկսէեէււ — լ թ-իա^էներ կսէօմեռիՆ ս§ռաօեւսւ.թ եանց ձեո-բոմէ ար ի "կի՚է՛ \ բաե մհւ֊րացիկ կրօՆսււ.էւրսւց ձեովխ էր ու եպօ^^ ^իսու֊սի \| րնկերու.թ–եաե ասՆցասս ։ \|^՚>օ սրով^եւոես բովերու. ե-անր Հ գսրձ-քերու, սւկէսր այգր^^սւք^1^՚ներր չհէ՛^ Գ՚"Ր ՚ ՚"է^–֊՚միւո ք \աս գԱէդասիՆ խոր^րգովը^ 1517/^՛^ \^փրէ^^ե^ ւառաա§քէքե ա$եւսէմքւրթ–ՆերՆ \^մերիկւա սւս»ր»ւէ–հոաե ։ \\յս ժամանէակէ% • գերեվաճւսռոլթ-իլ^ր մէշսա ռււ.եւէ ս։ս»րւսծ–ոլ.եր»մ՝ անո^ ղորմ ա^ւս»գորոեու.թեասմբ շարոա^սւկոէ^եցսէւ. ։ I յձ,մերիկասքէՆ \քսր§էասւ եկոո մեհ– ^էսրսէՈու.թ–եՆ1;Ն ա^ » ^ սեչի պսւսւու^էսկէսՆ եդաւ. գիսաու թեւսՆց , երթ-եսեկու^ թ-եսսՆ ու. ասբու-եասւիռ յւաւռաքաոոա֊ցու.մի* յ^ռու.սւսւ֊րև §սք թողուց Ա^ի^րկրսւկաե Տ՚ո^ ոլ. եղաւ. ^սւմաշխւսր^աս^ կէսՆ ։ էքրկրասգրոսթ–իլ.Ն, սւսԱքեղսւգիոու.թ՚եւ.Ն , բնակս$ն պւսս։մհսթ–իւ% էւ. գրե՚թ-կ "՚^բէշ ամ1~ն գիսէՈւ.թ–իւՆՆերր ^ ըՆգւսրձէսկ էսսպասրէռ «/ սւռքէե ։ ^. -, ; I 1֊. 13 / նՈՐ ՊԱՏւԲՈհԹԻհն ո ւսժ՚նոսհ X 1* ՚կոոոգոդութ Մե1^^ ւփ՚նչեւ. Վյագֆալէայէ խաղաղութիւԴէ» 1517-1648* Հ* Վ&սգֆէս§1ւէաքէ իււսոաոու֊թե՚նէ՚ն սրնչեւ. գ աղղիական յ &ղափոխութիւ.Ն . 1648-1789* մեր ժամա՚նակլ. 1789-1878* ^որոգողոհթեՇհԱ^ փՇչեհ վեսդֆաւիայի խւպւսղոս՛ թիսնը, 1617-1648։ ^Յփ 1յ^ք ••••ք** ^՚ՀդՈ^ոԳ՚ոոոէ^ի^աԼ ^^ՏաԼ*Հ, \, \՚՚1՚է կը գ1»հ օէռքիւ%ի– \ք»՚ր պսէ՚ու/ո.թիէ^ը » %ք^ս»Նի շբ^ա՚Ա կը քէսյՒէա.իէ - • 2 • )՝՚^2, ^ "Բ 1ւ.ը–պ–կ–է՛ կ1էեէս^ իըրել. թկ՚եոր կԽրպաըա՚ւտ մը աոէ.քա1է է – 3 • ի՚^շ. էոեաաակ էր Ս՝^ք/՛^ գսւրու. ^ադսքթսէկսէԱ»է.թ– էէ^էէե հւ. ի՚եչ^ սւեսակ \քՈր գաբւււ՚հըէ - 4* հ^Լ կերպէաբասկթ ասռաե՛ կի\ \^է.րոսլէէյի աոէրոէ թիէ%՛ 1եերը ձ>Ե ՚ ՚"– ձ՚ՏՀ՛ գ–բերա,ա% աէէքյ 1 ♦ ձպեաե՜սութէւ՚և ու^եցոռ էսեո մի եո1տւե–ւ1ւ գէ^պօեո ևւ ի մասևաւ.որի վառօգի ^1304) ^^ աաա^ գոոէ,թևան գիէ-ալէ (1440)» \\ոսա ^ոլս^ ւսռոսմի (1453)ւ ւՇ^՚^րիկ՚^ի գա՚ւավւր (1492), ^ովռս ճամԼ բ.ան գհպ է արեէ֊ելյ. Հեդկասաան (\4։^0) եւոոսլա^ կան աօգաց կե՛նաց մէՕ կևրպարանափոխու֊թիմե մի յառաՕ բերի՛ն ք որ առանց աօգեցու.1մեան ^նաը^քւնչշ պես ակրու-թեանց ասանկ ալ եկեղեցէ-ոյ մրպյ^ \քՈր Գ\աամհսթեա% յ^ուաՕի՚ն շբՕանր առքեկ^ նիս կը գնեէ "էկ կողմաՆե զօրասոր ռաղպբական յ՝ 195 իշխան ո ւ.թ եա՚ն ևւ. ևւոոպաեան ա^րոէ.թեասեռ ^օ^ ո^ու.ս»Նա.էժ–եան մի ^էագու.է1ի Ւ"^ ՚^^"՚Լ եողմանէ^ հքեեղեօսւս էՈԷ9 ՚Նոոէսղանգու.իՅ–եան ճ.եռօբ ւառսւՉ ե-եահ՛ ■յեոափոիէ^սթիմն՚ն եա. անԼ1^ ^ևսէե–լ.սէհ՛ Հ/՚օ^ %աեան պսէսւերւսռտ0Օ–որ : պեւոոէ-իօ-եաԱ ե-լ, էսրռոսեև-սւց օւսղպբսսկանոսթե-ան օարգանսէլԱք ռէսոպբսէկաե ^ւսւ–ս»սսւլէէսեշռու.լժ–1ււ^ր պա^ելոս. 9՚՚կբրէ եւ-վա՚ճւսռս/եսւՆու֊թեան ու էսրուես–^ ս՚իօ ւս7ճոո սէզգօ՚օուքժիւ-Նոէ - -> Վ&րՕսւպյ^ս ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ 2Ր9՚^Ր կՐ Բ–ովանգաե1^ գասղոիանան ւեղափոԼսոսէօ-Աան պաւսէմութիսէւնյ ես այաոո ^հոոԽ^ ա.ոսթեւսւ1ի ւս»ռա^ էքեահ՛ էէէսո^սւեոսթիւյմևերր . ւ^ւՌբիկէաի ՀաՆրապեոոոսթե-աևց ^իմեուիլն ու. \ք՚ւ.՛–՛ ր՚^՚Կաի էո1^ոոէ.թեանց մեՆսւգոյև մասին սաս^մանսէ^ գրՀսեան եառավաոոսթէէյն րնգոսնիլը ւ շ. \ք1–րոպւսևան սւօգե–րու.՚Ն ռաղպռէսԼան Լե՛^ ՚նէսռ եեոպւսոսսնս§փո1սոսթիւ.Մն սսսաւ. ձ\ք գարուն է մառօգի գորհ՚ւահ^Ոէ-իյ՜ե-էսմիրՀ \^սեէ էոոթՈք Ա՚ի9ծ՛^ գսքոուն մէ^՚Օ * մեՆ՛ ՚նշանասութէւն ունեցող մարւ&ոյ օօչաւք^իւնն ու անէական օաՕութիւ1հւ էսրժկ^նին կոոսրնցուցինէ \\սպ&սէութե՚ան ^ոգին անեբեւու^ թէսցաւք ^ԲԲ– ղինաւոուէւէսՆ՛ ու թոշակաւոո մ1սր^ գհ1/նԱո1^ կէսօմուէսՆ կւսսէոսւսոուն ս.անաԱնեոն ե՛ղան միէսաե-աասց գլիւաւոր նեցուԱներոէ — ՎաքԼՕ/ւ.Հ։Ն եէոեւ սէմե՚ն^ն մեե՛ ^ռաեւութիւմնե-րն ոէ^եցան գիւաերրէ ՎամՆ ւլի այն մի՚Խցին^ որ միէսպեաս§^ կան իշիւանութիւնր 1լ րնգարճէսկուէ;^ր ևւ էսղնոււս^ կաՆըէ կ աղռւսանայինք ւսռեւտրին ՛նոր ^ոգի $սռ^ ՚նևքովԱ օսւղաբացւոց մի^^ ^"՚ՐԳՐ. ր՚սրձրացաւ ^ ե՛լ էրե՛ն ^եա կենգւսնէսցէսւ նաեւ աղատ ութ եան ^ ոգին է 13 տ 6 ՚ 196 * . ոոսթե-անց սէՕ հ^սւհ՛ սե՜րա էսւրսւբս-րութիւյևրյ ^ս»–֊ ռսէՕ բ1քոաւ. օս»ղսւբակսւն գսւշնսւէ.որոսթիաՏմն1էՈ, որոնռ ^եաօեոն սկսան աե-սնուիք \^է9^ գարոսն վե-ոՕևրՈք ^ՐԲ Ղ^՚՚՚դդե՚^է թագաւ.որե1քրն իաաչիէս ւսոշաւ-աՆռնևո Ր^^1"Վ^ ^՚–՚՚^րէ"յւէ "՚՜ 1ձ՚՚1"՚1՚իէաի ^էսխսւե^ր գրգռևցի՚ն ք Ա-լ. 1՚՚օ–լ ւՐ ուրէշ ակոու.թիւն^ Ղէե-ր ս»ւ իոհէՆռ ^եա գսէշևօէկցԾւոէէ էաս ԼռհւՆևրու՚ն մասնակից և ղան քթ». 86)՛ — ՀևտռՀևտ^ կաղմհւև^ ցաէ~ ոնգ^անու.ո Էւս9ղաղոէ.թրս1հ» սւպսւ ^ովցրնե ւու. ^էսմաո ^արկէսւոր եղսէհ– ւոա^ոոէ^էժեանց \էսւ.4ոսէսոէս^ Լշուութե-ան գաղափարըՀ \^սով^ ա^րոսթեաՆ միք ա^կւսւ ւո^րոէ-թե-անց ասւաւս^ւսոնԾոոսն մի^ամոսէս րւԱթ՚ւըէ ես պյն սէպգաց էրսւոոս ոսնեցսէՆ ւսէուս^ բե–ոու–թիւ.՚1տն սւսելր ւէս7ճսէխ ու. րնգկանոսո ե–ոս»ս ^ գէէինակաև հ՚անօթ ոսթեանց էՈէսոահ՚ոսմր գքւսրքւն^ ցաս ԱԼ– րնգ^անուր կարհ-օ՜աց ոսժր ռօրացասէ ՝ 3 լլ(–Ա՚<«>աՀ^>% իշխանոսթ-եստն $1իաււպեաոսէկանի փաա, խու.եր»Փքէ Աւ1է^» էոեո ասպնսւ^սւգոՐէ քէսղաքս$կան կեասՆռ ժը սկսսքլ. է \յՀԱՆգեաէւն իրւասասՆո վըայ ^իՁձու֊ասծ– Աէէ-Աէսւայի՚ե ւո1էրու.թ–եանց ^9 կը^ պսւկս^ր ընգ^§ս%ու.ր օրէ%ք յհէ ^^^րու-թ-իւ^ւլ բասժնոսսւծ– 4՛/» "ՕԼ. ^՚՜ ՚Ղ1Լ. օր^^Նքներ օւ. սւրսւօ՚նոա.թ–իսՆ%եր ու^եցոքլ իել մի ևկեդեռսւկէաւև ու. ս#9. խասր^այքէն վի՜ճւսկ՚ներօւ. ։ իշխանին կավհըլ անձՆասկան կւս^ մայասկանութիւ.1$ն հր է , >/> օրի՚նօռ սսւ^մանսսէ-որու֊ւսհ– չհր • ւ1եր9աահ» ժոզովու.րգր սարկստռէսծ– էր։ — կորսւգոյն ժսէ^ ւքանսէկի՚ն միսապեսւոէ-թ-եան ժէք րնգ ^ւսկստռասկ՚ն՛, երեւ.ան եաււ. րնգ^անոսր օրի՚նստռ վր—՚ւ ^իՏքեոէ֊ա^ ահրոսթ-եան իշխւսեու.թ–իւ^ ւՌէ որ կոարեո Ակկ կողմանհ արւոօնսէսեէսւ վիճւս1ր»երոէ%ւ Հաճսքռըյ եւ. վերքասոսց յկկւսւ կողւքաօնհ ասաորիՆ ժ սղովրգեւսն հ-սէո֊այսէկաե ասսսէէէ՜ճանր % ^կրսա– . թեան րուոր կպւսսէէսկՆերբ յիեսՆոյն օրի՚ն$սռ սէւսկ խո^ թ– օսեռաաւն ու. իշխաէձսւռ կէամ^ ասա չափսէւորոսեոօւա..։ լ^ «1» էսւ.էսս։սւկանու.թե%հ ՚ֆապեաոա^թէէսն անաոէ-մլէ էսյլէւ.այլ երկիրներսւ. Ակք այլեւ֊ա^ւ կերսքսմ եղսււ. ։ ^անի Պլ ե^րկ^ր^^ր»*– » Ր՚չ^է– ւՇ^գղեպյԻ »«- \^պ^ի՚Ղյե ՚^էՏ ^ՐԿՐ^՛^ էշե՚՚մեո իր ւառսէ^սան անկւսխ ւսսասէոսէռու^եա. րոա.% ռօրոլթիայնո կոսարեց այ՛նպիսի կեքէպոււ ւ/իք որ է/ասնասԼանք իրե%ս անկախոէ.ք9–իւ%ո կորսբնռոսռի՚ն եւ. մի <., «» 199 ւոաւրայե ու. եսւբ1^ն էսոսէ.ւ/էոսան \>^ր՚՚1^հ "1)1 ՚՚^է եոեէրնեոո^ն տ^0–՝ ւսդգաց գորհ^ույև^ութեան %որ կէէնգանու^թիէձտ մի սւրու֊եռաէ^ք սէկաէ կոոյաեէ^ ձ՛^ եե՚դե՚ռսւկսՈէ^եոօեսւեան ԼռՆէսց սւս^մանհՆ ա^Օ լւազ^ էՈսպսէԱւէե պէսԼւսսութհւ.ՆՆեր եոՄւան աքլանէ ^ւս՛^ ^սէնսչւէսպե–սէնևո1^ սէկ ռւսե^^ իրաքնց պէսշաՏԱն ՄկեոՄցւ–օյ^ոգւ–ոյն ^ամաճաէՆ չմաոՄէաէ ^քե պասէէւ.ր նու.էսզե–ցու.ցահ– հք՚եդ ու.ո անգէէՆ ռարձրագոյե եւ. սաորք^ եկեդհցսւկանսւռ սէկ մասՆ աեկէսրգ վաոու.օլ ու. սոգհսէՈէ-թԾսւմս. իրեՆբ դէրքքկբ ժոդովջգեսսն օ»ո.. ^սն ար^ամարՀ որ ահ՛ ^^^Ն: Աւ# չ^րէը^^րՐ ^ք՛^ կոնսւո ժոոովջգեան կրօնւսկան - բէսրոյսւկան մէ՚ճէսկոն փրէա առանց էսզգև՚ցոէ-թ եան օնէսլւ իրօր Ա՛ք ւասոնց ^Մաևսոէ^թիւձ/ն յ^Ո ք որ ժողովրգե-աե սէՕ շատ մհ դ1րո^ոէ–սն1րո՝ եկե-ղևցակսսե կևնսէց սէնաարբերութիԱ^^ կրօեական իրսւց տգիաաւքՅ-քքլյե եւ. օ.ալւու.ց ապսէկւսո^ ՚ՆոսթիւՂւ մէոահ՜ Հ։^էքէ \|^քք պէստ՚ճառաւ. շաաոնցու–րնկ Աք Ժ ^ ՌԱ^ք^ Ն^^Դ^Յք^ Ւ ԳՐ"–ք"՛^ ^^ ւանգսւմս ՚նորոգելու. էսոսւղսւ1լեհքոո^ որ >7/՚/ք«"– գորօ՚ագրու-հլյ յձէսկէան աաէսւնէ 1;ր է^^ "Ո" ՚նոոոգոսթէւՆր ^՚^քք^՚ք ե՚իբ ուզե՛նալու, ^ամար^ եկե-դհցէ-դյ է/^Փթն պ^^-ւոթ էր ելւեւ» ու֊ր րնգ ^ակէսռսւսն կր տեսնե1քբ (օ-գ– գրսէ-՚ն ^աոաՕ ե-կէսւ. որով Նորոգ ոսթիւ.ն% ւառաՕ բՄրաւ. աէ-ևրիչ^ յեղափոխոէ-թիւ՚ն ւ/ի։ — Ա«՝ գերմաՆիէ^ի կէսն \քկե–ղեցի1/ն րսէժ՚նոո ու. րովանգակ ՜կւրոսէան աաք^ոսվրայ րնոո կորոգողու.թ&ան սկիզթն րրաւ. Լոէ-թ ևր I 2 . Ա՚ս/րա^ոս \ու.թևր հ%աւ. ՝1\լԲ^ւեպք/ն քս՚– ՚նքՔէԼ (14օՅ) յձկզբնական ու~սոէ,մհւաՕոոու.թեայի չմնցրնևլթն եաևս 1505/՛^ Ա^սգոստիՆ&անց կրօնբ յտաւք ոէ-քսա գրաւ֊ք եւ. օ§ս^աՆայ ձե-աՆագրու-ե-լէՆ էոոթր^ ^Լհգգ^ք"(հրկե յ^ք Ք*Ր"՚1է–հ պս՚շաօն րնգոս՛^ 200 4օՊ1 ^^ մհէոուսկան եսւի»ագասու–թիէև գոեցէ Լէռոն ^,նոր վաոգսւպես%ու֊թ–ե՚սւն պէսսէճառսէւ. ելաԾ շփո–^ թոսթիսՍներր /"^/՚"/ ք ռՀու֊թե՚ո Հ^ռոմ* նանչեռ ե-լ. պ^եբ շահելու. Օաէւաօէ ^պւց աարսւպ տեղ» Լուրթեր իր մհլար ԼաաոՆ եասռր մբպւ էսւմառ եեցս»ւ. : 1^Հ՛ ""՚^ սւու.էսՆս»ս.աեէէե ^ս-սւ անօգոսա մէ՝ճսսս.աԱոսթիԱ–ն մ՝ ո^ Նէքլ^Ն եաեէ֊ք սեսսււ. ռսւ^աեէասւպե$յոքէն ու. \քԿքդ^Յ՜Ղ/ ^ե՜ա սւա կռութի լւ \ո»–քժեո իրէքև դհ^՝ ^աԱոսսւՆ ՚^Պյ^3 կոնգակը^ (1520) Վ^ծգգ^՚^էրկի ՚^ք^ Հրապարակաւ. ՚արեէ էոէսլ^^ եսւե՜ւ. է կ^Տրր մանիայի իշրւաէւնՄր^՚ն ու. ազնոէ–ակամնեո1;^՚ն տ^կ օանին իո1/ն ւարևցաե ^ ՚էսհՔ. իրե՛նց փառասիրու֊թիւ^մն ու. րնչասիրու.թիւյնր ^«՚՝– գեցրնելու. աարմէսր գորՆիօ էսո^ե՚ւովէ՚քիչ մի եա^ յթր նսէեւ. ^մու. սւ ՝ \|1՝ Մչակքթ ոնր)շ ա^եցաւ. X ք^յ^պկ ա Վորէ/սի աւէսգաժոոովոյն մէՉ ( 1ւ5«^1 ) ^յետս կոչոււՐ Ր^՚՚՚ւ չոսղելուն կարոչոս Հինգերորգ1/ն ասւրագրոս՛,^ թեէսն վ^իռ ընգո^նեցաւ– ^ա/օ ^րեգերիկոս \|)ա^«, սո1փաւի կւասրրնար^ն պաչաասէնոսթիւյև գպն1%էոմ Վարգպու-րկ բերգր ռասշու–եցաւ–ք ու,ր սկսաւ. ՚կոր կաակսւրա^ին թարգմանու.թ–իւ.%ր։ ՚Քիչ ՚Ո* ^^ՂՈՐ լ1օ25) առան^ու֊թիսնր ի^ոո աալով՝ ՀԱագգեմԼ, ^կհրկի ^9 կրօնասորական սբեմի ձգեց եւ. կօ«^ աարինե ^որա ^աւատաէ-որ կոսսանի՚ն ^եսէ ամհէ.՛^ էէնւսցաւ. : \|լ» եղահ– ժւսմանասկ ելաւ. ^եոացէ-ոց պա^ աերազժչԼ զոր Լութեր մեհ՛ ս^գթոէ.թեամի %ու.՚ա. սէ^եէ սւոսաւ. է Օ» Ա«"7՛ ՚1Տ"0 \հ՚^(^^րԷ կոոտ$անիցներո ^բ-սց^ երի ասագաժողովքւն մեք (\է>^^^՚նորաոանգու.թեան աարահ-ման քրգեէքք^ գեմ^ բոողբելթն եաեէ-ք (իո՛^ ոոփող^ » ^^ղոփփփ^էփէ^փ՝) իրենց երկիրներուն մ^Չ ՛նոր յքարգապեսէու-թիւնը^ խոթեցին է կաթողիկե կ^^^ ;\. %. I I /■ 201 I , ղևցսոէ ասէշէոսէմհմնռճ ու. ասւսէեեուսց ^արգու.թիա^ր՛ սերժու֊եռաե ք ռս/^անէգքից էսմհսոի կՄա՚նբր ւքե՚ոցաւ.յ Ժանբ1քրո ԺևՕոսՄցան ու. աօՆռրո ^Է^Ց"^^ կւսրոչոս \^» որ "Րշ՛՛* ԺԴյ" ոմն^ռ րողղբա^աԱ^ %երն է^գ^անուր ՚կեՄղե՚ցւ֊ւ^յն ^ևտ պւաբանռ՚աու.ք 1Օս0/՛^ \|^ւ.^»աւ»<–#ք^^ սււ.4սգաժ ողովԱ գու-մարԾցՀ Հ^ոե բոողթոոռ \^ելսսնբթոՆ1;^ ւօոթեու.ա^1է ^ս§ւ.աաու գաւ.^ անակրՆիՆ (\ձ,ւկսպոէ.րձ&տսՆ գաւ.ս^ու.թիւ.՚ն\ գՐ՚"1 աուիՆ ես (լԵօլ) \^մալօալգե՜սէն Նիպակակցոէ.թիսնր կասյեռքւն : ^աճկսւց սալէձս»կմհմեբնեոն պկարուոս սաիպե՚ցքւն (1օՑ2) կքււ–ոյևպև–րկի խսւղաղոսթե-ստէդւ ^ոոոբականՆեոուՖ ^ս»է–ւստոյ էսռասւոսթհւՏե ^^"/՚ >"/ > §փնչև–լ. րնգ^անոսր ժոոովի մի գոսմտրույիէ յձակայն իրե՛նց ԷՏեգրեէովո ^րիաե՚նգի մհ^ գու-մարուսՅէէ (1545-1563) րՆգՀաեուր ժողովեք մարգ չխաւ.^ րեցիՆէ >- - Վերսէ^էսս աաաերապժհ չսկսահ՛՝ էՌրռաւ. կ,Փեր 1546/»ւ կ^ևար. 18). 06# 1\|«^ք^լ;;»«» ՚\|^« Կ^*ք11 1519-1556» 1 յյ^այթսիմիւիանոսի մա՚^ու. օԽէն եա ես (1519) –– որու֊ն որգիՆք Փիչէաաոս ^եոեցիէլ արգ1^ էր^ էսւռասԳ^ վաէւճաՆւօՆ՛ է^ր հր թոռր \^է–Աէորքէաւքւք յձաոորքէն գօւսառսւճվ յձպանիաւի ք \^եասլոլս^ ու. լլ<^. րհկ^՚ւքէ ^ք աշէւար^ակաւոսահ– երկիրներում իշիւանր^ 1\| 44 «քք ««»««) րեարու-եցաւ. գեր մանի էոյի կ/սյսր ու. պսա՛,^ կոսեցաս ւՇ^Ի՚հ՚Նի մհչ^ 1520/՛^* ^րանկիսկոս Ա* գաղոիպցի թագաւորըյ 1\|օ»«> րոլոսի կայսր Ոէ-թեօԽ թագքւն Նւսիւէտ/Նձորգքլ \^իրսն ^\.0\Ե ի") Բ՚^^ց ^ »ր՚՚մ գիմացբլ կարոչոս իր սլա^ 1^ է ք » • 202 ԴաՍէէ-ս/ռէսց ւԱ;^ ւ/ոու.ւսօ՜ չորս ասւսւե՚ոսւղսեերրէ Ա«^44«^1 դաք^^^ասՏ^ (1521-1526) սկսաւ. աԽէւէ որ Դ^էԱռոք՚ս՚քհբ իաոէսչ1ւսչյ^Ն վււնւոոսՄցան եւ. կարոլոս՝ ^րովանսի է/ըսչյ աեօգոէ֊ա էս/րճւսձու-է/ մ՝ ր^ րսսւ. Հ ^րանԼիսԼոս սսՀյսե՜րսէ1/աՆ՚Ն&րյ^ ^սէւիսոր յըլուէ ւաո^ոսս$հ՝ ու. գՄրի րռ՚նու.ս»հ՛ \1^ս§սէրքւէոի իաուս^ ոութս-ԱէէՌւ էւոսսէսէցսււ. Գ\ոսրսու%զ9հսսն թոոու֊լ ու քատաչբաքէՆ ^րաժէսրէլ* սսւեայն ս»զ§սաՄլխն եաբր (1526) երդմաւդւ էսոսոս»ցսւՆ աէամամևե րէ^ եւ. ոչ^ յէկը^ սչաՀևցէ \\այսերաԼանսւռ ՀռուՐ բո^եէլոէհլ ու Լոոոասւե–՛^ 1բվրՀ1Ե21) "կսաւ հք^ք^ք^; ղափքէ^յ^աղձլ (1527 — 1529)» Աէ/" ՚ՓւրտՒ՛^ ^Ր "Ր շՀ^^"^՝ յձ^գրէաս Տ՚՚Ր^՚^յՒ ^սռօթք ^սէռո1ւաւյ^ բւսժՆու-եցստւէ ^քք*քէ" (1536-1538)՛՛– Զ«»քք«»ք»ք ղաք^^^ յա^կոաՀ մէլ^ (1542-1544) Փր՚^Վ Ա» \^»^է՛ գան \1ք՚ւ–1գյման \|\.^Ն ^աոո գսւշնէսեցեցւսւ ւ կարոլոս ար ՀՄնրիկոս \|Լփ անգղ^ացււ^յե Հեա ՚նիղաեաԼցու՛,^ թէւկ մ՝ Ր^ե-ւով ^աղոիէս մէՈէսւ, եւ. ^արէղ^ն երկու, օր ^եռու. ^րեսրհհ գսւշ1ւեօրգրսււք որոմ^^րանկԱսկոս ր^՚գ սրշա կրսւժս$րեոաւ. \աաոսէւէայ1/ե ու. կարոլոս էկուրկունաիալե^եէ ք ^ ^. %. <,^յ ՝- 2 . կսէրէէէսաի ու. ք^րէսեկիսկէւսի ւ/է9 եղաձ– ասէսւերւսզւ/1 %եբՆ էսնոր Հսէմար մեհ– %շանա»էկութիաձւ սւՆԽաան , ոքէէվ^Խ». էոել էԱք» $ԳքոռիՆ %որւսղա՚նգոէ,թիւ.Դէր կրռւսւ. ^երմանի»աի աււեւ.ա§ւ Կ՚՚Գ^^ՐՐ ւ1ոեեէէ \^ղյ1ւն ըսԽլսւ ե^տ սւասճձասկաէք պսսսւերաօէրւե ^ւստՈսր ւսւ» որսվ կսէուքչոս \ք»^ ձեռոսը^աերր բոչբրովիՆ կէսպուեսան է .-- Հ^աւր1^էքքւոիՆ լյ^լ.«ճ^ւ/2ւքէք ք^. իՆ սսէէ^աաոորւքդբ կրսէմանասաաօրր էգէսբսւ-էոան փասշայ ք ասււասւ. ւ^յ^^էրիՆ ու. դաւ%սւռԱ» եւ. ձ^ովա^էնււէ^ք9–եւսմխ Ա^իՕթր.. Լրսէկէսն ծ՜ււֆւ աեասպսւ^ու1 ըբւսւ. կաաոոլոս աշէէսւո^ս»., կասչեռ 1535^^ ^է$ւ%ու.դ/լա ւ1երժուէսհ– իշխսՕւէ/ իւր սւթ-ոռր գբաւ. եւ. 20-000 քրիօաոՆեաք գերի աղաաեց է ^"Աց \\ւյ^^րՒՒ ■•«քււ •\ V - ՚ . Հ : 203 այ%պ^;§ւ որ ՜կսքրոլոս \|^ • ի եղթաւրր վէեբգի՚նէէ/նգււա - • 15274^ վեր ձ^սւ^գսւրիասյի ու. ^ս^եյիասյի թ–սւգասւ.որր ^էսրկէսգրեսասւ. ք»^ք 9հ%ք պարսէսււ.»րե/ դ•րէա^^՝ սէասրեեասե Հւսրկ վյՏ^սւրեչու. է \\ . ^ով^աննու. ասաաեաէէսւց կասէբգիՆ Հ^ռոգոս Կ՚ւԳէդ/^ սէէոէ ղբր Տ՚՚՚^Է^Ք ""■–^^1522/՛^» \\^»»րը^ \հ^^1^» \1^ալգա կղղք»^ աու. .էսա^ է 4 ք 96» \\ք^\ձ։^Մ^*^ •ղաք^^^ա^, 1546* կք՚—ք Օ՚քթ^՚^օ՚յք–՛/^ ասաաքսէոսւմիուքքք-իէ^ը ^եսէեա-ու^թիւՆ ւՐու.ՆԽաէ$է. » ի Նք քոա.քւ% » ^կարոգոդոէ.թեսւԽ գչիւաօյար սէ1սււքեսէ՚1ւ^ա 1՚ւ/ &՚օ««է.է X • կսէրոչոս \քփ աբսւպռթև եռէւխեոր չսեցրնև^ ւ1^՚ն ՄԱէեւ.ֆ պսւաոսէսէոուերցսււ. Աէ/աէքէԱէառրա1ե Նիպսւ^ ԼսՅԱցոսէօ-եւսմէւ իոսէոու. ^և՚սէ պւսւբաՆսաՆ՛ բոոոբաԼաե իշրէէսն՚նե՚րուն գհմ՝ եէՓ^ւու. հ ^սաեեով^ ե՚ւաւ. սմաի^ քալաե-աե պաւոՄրաւրՌէ 154:6 ՚՛ 1–^4ւ < ^"Օ՚՚ՐւԼ. ^ար* գ>Ա–ոմաՀէքւաւե բոդղբւսեան՚ներո պէԱսէժեչխՆ ճ^«. սոեւ^ մէսւցաէ^ ՝^աէ.բ^կ՝իոս ^ասբսոՆացւ-ղյն եւ. հ^Ո ^՚ի՛ \ բօրր Փ"ՐԳՐ^՚՚՚^Գ՛"* )^է–սարէս՚ց՚–ղ^ ^ետւ ^աոթե-ց Հ^ 154:7^^ Յ՚՚Հ^» Փրե-գերիկոս կէ^սըընէոիր էշխէսնքէն ^ Ա որ բոՆոէ-եցաւ֊» յՏէէ^ ՚Օ* ե-պբՆ էսւ ՓՒէե՚է՚՚է՛^՛՛ "2^ ձ 2 • յյ^սւէ-ոիկիոս \^աօսոնիայի կայսորնտերր կպյ՛^ սեր րսսէ ռմաց գորօ՜ ելուն ու. բողոռողաց շնոր^ու֊ահ– սւռժէսմաՆսւկեայ ( 1ւ^ւէ6Ր1ա) էսպաաոսթեան մբպէ սասս^ /^ էոէկ ՚նեոացսէհք գ^սէոոիայի ^եսւ սրէսցաւ-ք կայսեր վրաէ քՍէրձսւկոսմներ րնելու. սկսօււ. ու. Գ^^ սսաիպեց (100 2^^) ^ս>սսէէ–է գաշ^եբո ո%ելու.ւ ^՚քյց շաա չչսեցս§ւ. (1օօՑ) քւնկաւ, յձիֆերս^ւ"^ղ^^հ ՚ճստկսւաԱև մեք \^՚–(ք՚՚"ք՚"–Ր^1՛ կրօեսէկաե խսէոաոոէ^թ ես»Ն սհք (\հ)Է)օ) իւսսս"֊^ Գ՚՚՚շե՚հԸՐ ՀաստասէՈէ-եցսւս ֆ եւ. բողղռոդաց կրօնի սէռաաու֊թիւն եւ. ոԼդոափւսռսւց ՚Հ^ետ ^աււսսստր իրաւ.ոսՆռ շեորկ(ււ.եցաէ.է ) I։ է^ ^ ■՚^ )»-- 1 1Ի , < ; I– 1^-1 ■ I, 204 կէսբոլոս \ք . իր ժասմանէսկի՚ն ստէ^Ն գէէոու.թ–եասնռ եւ. սսրու-եսաիս յհք Ր"֊ կբթ–ու.Աքհւ ր ււալով $1եձ սասւղանգի աէր է սոէսւֆաս իշխան , գորձ-ու^եաա եւ. ս/դկ^կ թւսփանռոո օսւղաքսէգկսէ մոն 1^ր։ 17^'\|^ էրկու. կրօնւսկասե կոդՏԼւս^ կտՈԱ^թ-իւ-ն՚Նէրքչ գարձեալ միայցըՆելոա^ ամկ՚ն^անքբլ պարապի եւահ– էոէօսքւ. , կէէԱսրսէ-թե՚ՆԷՆ ^րսւժսւրեց»սւ. (15Ց6)* է«/> Փիքիպպոս սրգւ.ոյն աոսսաւ. ԱաւէրիՆ գ»ասԱ.աո^ե–րբք \1^պւս^ Դէիան , ՚կկապուիսն »ւ. 1Րիւանը^։ ՛իսկ եղթաքրրլ ^երգի^ Նանգսս Հ\սսսւրիաքի արքիգու֊քսչլէ Հ^ու.Նգարիասքի ոա^ Գ\ո^ ^եմիէսւի թ-ագսւսորսէ իր1ք^» յասքորգեց կայսերւսկան գւս^ու.Ն վբ—1 < ՜ւ^եռսէւ. կարօչոս ՜իսգրամարուրաքի Ս . ^ք»ք.ւէւ«ւո« վաՆքիՆ յէլ 1օ6տհ" 3. Հևլու-եասայի մէջլ կը^ քարոգ^ր 15184՛^ վե-ր ք\է.աաչբիկ» ք^վէնկւիոս Ձ^ք՚^Ր^ՒՒ <ք՜ողովջգապՄտը^ \^ւ.ե՚աէսրանէԱ&աՆ %ոո վարգսւպե՚տու-թրսն յ^« ու մե^ ռաւ. 1531^^ ռւ.ռոափառաց գհք՝ աուահ– գ^աբբ.1^լի Դ^անէստքւն սէՕ : –^– ի^^ ու. քէր էսշԼեոտնեոո Հնորո^ գաեսքկքՀ կոաարբԾոքԽ ւու.թեոաեա1քնԾը1^ գւէսաւ-ո^ ոէսբւսր մեո^1ւն ընթրեէսց վաոգսսէսեէոու^քօ՜Ծաեո սէՕ է գ^սէոոիւաի սէՕ էուսոէԱՀքոսեռսւսՆորոգոոու.թիւ.՛^ ՚նչլ ^ով^ան՚ն^^ս կալոէւինքւ (փ 1564) ձեռ^^Հ ՝Լոա.թ–էրակա% եկեդեսի՚ն ընգու.Նեսսւ»– ^իւսիս գ»երա. մանիաս է ^րու–սիսէ \| ^^ուրւաևսւիս» , ՜ւիվլանէոիա , ՜^սսեա , \^սրոսեգիա ու. դ%աւնիսէ ։ \քՈրոգ«»ւկ«»ւՆ եկեղեոի՚ն մհէւ-աոօ գաաւ. Հ^ելոա-եսւիայի մեձ-ագոյՆ մասի՛ն, \^եւ.ւՐ, ^երմա^ %իաաււի ք գւ»քողիայի , յյ^եձ՚Ն ^րիսւանիայի ու. ^իմակոա^ասն Հ ոսանաայի մկք ։ կորաա§զանգոէ–13–եան գէմ՝ մե^է ււսքոզոա^թ-եամի սլա^ աոերաօմեցան ^իսոսսԽասկթ է 1^յս \\ • \է1էեւսսւիոս \"1՚՚ւա ՝Աաանիաէցի1;% ^իՁնուսէՏ– եա– 1540/՛^ Գ^ասղսս դ». քս՚– ^ւաւնայւսպես։1~ն կւսս1ուսաօւ.ասհ– \\րէէնրք գրեթ–^ ւսմէ% ^Ր– կիրներու. մէ9 վարժոցներ ՀիԱէւեց \| եւ. գիտոցսււ. ապգսւ. կե՛րպով մի $սմէն աեոկսրոգողոսթեան գ^;մ գորե-եէէ ըՆկերոա.ք9–ե՜ւսն՝ ՜ճէսրսէարոէ^թ-եասմի եւ. շաս» ընաոիր րւ՚ւրղւ–֊ ականոէ^թ-եամբ անոէ^անի ասնգասՅներր (իռրեւ. խոաաո^ մանսէ^աւր , էառաոքեսէԼ, կր^իչ ես "(11^՝) հՐՏ"՛^ ՚»ր՚*՚՚քդյ կէսրգի ասզգեսոսթ-իւՆ մի վասարկիւ։ կրօնո 1773/^ ^Գ^" մկս ^դ» .4^ քՆքոսեցաս » րաքց 1814^^1 Պ^"« է «4^ %սրկ% ^աաաասաու.եռւսւ, ։ \– 1 - / V \ 205 \ Ա4ւէ 1581. 1. ի^ձ ՎԻ^՚-ԿԻ ՚^է ԿԸ գա%Խ\թ \^աորի% գ,աէ.աա.այ ա1քր.ւ.թիա.\1>Խբը յ.՚ի . Խէ. յ»Ե» գաքԽր-ա-՚ե մէէէ — 2. ^ք՛ րթ «»• ի"1է^կո »կաէաւ. ԱաարիՆ <)«<»ւ.աքւ.այ աա%եու.մէ է — 3 • Հէ^-է—՚՚քէ՛՛ գս»–ս»–^եր՚ե I^րքւ ձԽոփ է^^րք>^ Ւր^՚՚9 –՚^կ^1"–^՛֊ 1 Փէւյ«գ«գ»»** Ր֊* (1556-1598) կասկաէ^ոտք բսչւց քսոոէսմանկ իշխանրյ \\տորէն ^ասւսւՆէսց ս/ղա^ ^ աոէ-քժհսՆր ^քե§դւ. փորձովո աասւ՚ճսէռ սէու.աւ. աեոր \^աանիաքէ;Ն բսւժՆուե-լու՚նէ \^սասրի՚ն կ%սւէ–սււա..ասռ ւ/կկ ւ1ասՆ ւէւմհւ.սՆութ–եւաւյի (82)* պսէ.բկու.Նաոեան կրաոսերս/գոյն աւձն էնկսււ. (1369/^^) > "/՚ 200 սւարւա»^ յիքացի՚Ն մհ^ (^6)՛ ^"՚" էէէ-սի՚ն ժասռան^ գսէ-թ-եսէէքի ու. րսէո յասին գւսշամի , մկկէսւ մաոերՆ ասւ ըՆգու-՚ևեցաւ. է ^ա՚նոսանհ Գով$ * 1Շ^եըկիա.ղ^ (1404-1419) ^ յյ՚ւսրգէսրիւոէս Հ^ոչւանէոացւսյՆ ^եէո ամոա–ս%սէՆալոմ "Ա՛ գքսոԼթեանռ ՚Խ՛^ իրսէւու^քռ վասսւշկեցէսւ. , սր Խսէքէ^ իր որգւ֊ղյն՝ Փէւեպպ"– ^արիթէ (1433) ան^աւ. ։ Ա«/^ք«>Տ/ ժէսէւ֊ա^էգեռ Նւսեւ. ԳՀրսէսլաՆ^տ ու. \իմպու.րկքԼ . դ^եց ՚\|\|«՚<– մհէ-ոՆ ու. ՚\ու.քսեյպսւրկբ եւ. եղաւ. ա սանկով իր ժէս.. մաեսակիՆ էԱւաՆա^»արա..սւո իշխէսՆո։ կէչւո1էրնչա սւշխասր^ւսա, կալոդկարոլոս յձ,րիէ՚ն (1467-1477) «"՚՛՛^^ ^ասրսաոութ-իւՆ՚ն աաւէ–եէի ւսճեոաւ. , բ.ա§ց սասոր ^Խաո Նէսեւ. ղեդի$ոլ.թ–իլ.11ւն ո/ւ. շո-այլութիւ^ւլ։ ^^րիւ.կկ1; , կհ՚եգ, ու. 1550^% վեր \^Նգու.^ երոիա է եւ.րոպէսկան սէՈւ֊րեւ.էսռիՆ կեՆգրոՆՆ եղա& էի՛ն • \ձնգու.երրիայի Նաէ–ա^անգիսս»քլ կ/Լ մՆանւէր սււ^Ն օր 500 Նւսւ. եւ. շարքՅ-է շարաթ– 2000 րեոյաԱ կաււք ւ ^րսս^ արասիկաե սւրու-եոսաի՚ն վաճէէւո^^երը^ ւդՆչեւ. Հ^՚հգկւաոսւան ու. \^ր§սոիէս կ՝ երթային։ իաաչական ւսս-եսարի՚ն ժեր^ին ^ասրուահ–սաու.ոո ^որգոէ֊կսւաւ֊ոո ու. \յպասնիառսոո գիւ^ սաերր, ՍէոսրիՆ դ^աէ^աււձերոա.^ ասւ1Ո^եւ֊ին չՓւասեոին։ \^0–եււորի՚ն ^եւո է^կ աեո կր ճ–սւդե(;իՆ երկրիՆ ւ^ք ա~. րուեսպք . եւ. ի մասնւսա..որի 7^արսասարապեսէոԱ.թ–իւ^ , փո^ րէսգրւաւ.թ֊իլ.% , %կարչու.թ–իս% ԼՎան ՏՒք 1410) եւ. ոա^ ։ ԼՐ/^ եաիսկոպոսու.թիս1/Նե–րր շատցընե-լով ևւ. սրբ՛–՛ բ^պբ1տԱու.թհսնր խոթելով^ շաւոերու. ատելոսթիւ^մԱ էրե՛ն գ^ւՐ գոգռե-օ։ յյպս^իա գացստՆ ս»առն ^ իրե՛ն փոխանոոգ թողուռ \^աոգարիտւս ^արմացքւն • էսկ 206 Դւէցք/։Ն աաէՆթւ ՚նախագա՛^ ճւրանվևքըււ կարգքւնաքը^։ Հո1Աա%ապյի ել ^քանսւրի^ի կառավարները գւքւ֊չի– Կւմ-ոս Օրա՚Աիօսի իչխա%–ե «ւ. էկմ՚ռՆա կոմՆքլ, ես. Հոռ-ն եռվակաչբ՛ (1564) կրա%վե^չյչյար առ՚նո^^լը յաքողցյ^եւէ-ն եաե^–,^՝աՐ^ուակա1.ք (1565) պւաբանեցաև ու. սրօ-ԱէռսնուլժիւԱռ ւ1եբօըեեւու. ^աւ/ար աղերսագիր մի մատռւ–Օաեե/ե եսէեւէ հոե՚Նօ դիրե՚կբ ց–ու.րացիկԼ§\1&11^.)ա՚նուանեցթ. ոէ.ր անգ/ւէՆ իաււնիճաղա1ւճ^ շաա տեղու.ա՚1^ եկեղէցեաց վրսԱ յարձակեցա^, կողըպաեց օւ. սրբոց պաակերՆեր/լ կոարաեց, 3. ^պա՚եիակա՚ն բա-նակով^ մէ (1567^1՛) ^ր֊ րեւ. կառավար \^աորի՚ն գա>–առ%եր% եկող^ \).լքք" գ-ւ-քս/լ Հոռն/լեւ. ա.րիլ 18-000 ^"գի գքխաաել աուաւ.–. - Ա» եղաՆ Ժամ՝ա%ա1ք գօէ-ւիԿւք»՛՛ Օր–1՚Ի֊ ացի-ն, գերմաՆի^ի յկԼ (1572) րա^ակ մէ ^«^֊ 4^1^42 ՈպաՆիացթւերւլ Դւ-ս. գաւաո^երԿ՚Ն վո^նաեց (1573). ե. հ՚՚՚ե պաշապա-եեց ինք ղթքԸ. 1ե՚1Տթ ^Լք^Ւ յ–"է1՚ԳԲ՛՝ Օ՚կ՚-լէնս/,, ու. 1576/՛՛՛ Տ"1՛ ^ռ-ա՚ե ը.ւսարք,ա^ւ–ղք% գեմ՚ւ Ո^գրեիաի մէջ^ ալ (1579), հի^օի^թ՜ գա^առներուՆ իրարու Հեա ^անարանռ-թիյնր^ կր^աւ յաքողց/^նել. որով^ 1581 ի՚ն ՀոքւձԱ՚ւ՚աւ^ի միացեալ ակրոլթիւԱնևրր^ ^լանա , ք\^գբէի,գ,է,եչակ,%, է\վերիսել, ^րիղւա՚նա ու կ^^օ. ^թւկկ՚ն իրե՚կք ղէրե՚եք անկախ ՚^րաաարակեցի՚ն։ %աղթ"՚լ «՚֊ 1585^ ռ.նգուերրիանաշիար^ <;ակալող^ \^ղեքսա՚նգր ք^արժՆւցիիՆ գեԺ՝ պաշտպա^ նեօ ւՏւասանեալ ակրու.թեանց աօաաէութիէՖր^ Օբա՚նիացի՚ե, - Փի/իպպոս, ^>գղէպ)ի աէ, պաաերաղ^Ն մհշ^ կորմնցո^ց (1588) եքի Նաւ-աաորւֆղըւ Ասռ^ւ վրօց ք-որգռւ.֊ րեւ ել. Հեգկասաս1նի ւ&չ^ ւքլ.՚նեցան եր^ 207 ^էր^^ՐՐ ՀոԱանտացէ.ոց ձեռօն էսեցանք ոոոեբ 1619 թե Գ^ագաւիան ^իաէե-^ին։ Հաօիւ. 164։8/՚^ւ ՜ճանչցաւ. յձպաեիւս ^ւսսարակապետոէ-թե-սւն անկաքսութիւյնրւ 4 (ծ^։եւ. սէսկկ^ եաքն սււ յյաորիՆ կ%սէւ.$սռաց կէսլօէ-ի^ ՆսէկաՆ՚ներուՂէ ու. \\ր1"Փ՚եեաՆքռ մհք կրօնսէկաՆ գժասւ-ա. քՅ՜իէ-ՆՆեր երսն, սէսկասխ ^Աէսսւրսէկստւսեսաոէ-թ-իւ^/Նէ Օ/""^^՛ սէյիաան կսէռյսվաբնեըսւ% աոակ, իՆչպ^ս ասռեէ^սարաէ՝ անանկ էսլ ասրսւեսսւիւ. շասւ ձ–Ա0գկեռսէւ. ։ \քրեսեւի ե% էանսւ^անէ ձՆ 7՜՛"/""՛՜^ գ1էանսւկսւՆ$ա^ սս սւըու.ե սէուսգիաոսւց Ակք^ն , ւ^բիՆողա փիչիսսփաՆ (ք 1 6 7 7) . ^ոէ-պե՝^"՛ (ք 1 640) . վ^««^ ^$/^ (է 1641) . (^հմպրաՆգ (փ 1674) ՛Նկարիչները^ Հարա,.^ ՚ս/ի՚Ն գւսւ.ս»ււ%երը Լ^իմակօէ^ան ^եզգիան\ ՁնսւռիՆ էֆնչեւ. 1713 \\պ"՚Նէաւի Աէէսկ է եպքլ(;՚ն \\է^սս»րիւաէյի անոան » ^իլէպսլոս \|\ . էոաճկւսկս/ն ՆւսւսսռորաԳդքլ \հր–՚՚Նգդւէ Ք՚՚4 Ց՚՚Հ^ յ^՚-ոսքրիացէ^սյն ւաէռսւ^սրգաէ֊թ-եէսյիր փ՜ճւս^ ^րնելիՆ եսաեւ. (1571) է վասսաը1լեցս$ւ^ &»վաւի% »սւ1Խ՚նսէմեձ– ղօրոէ-թ-իւ^էն «<- 15804՛^ եպօըՆսւեւ. ^որգւ»ւ.կս§ւի թսւգաա^^ որււէ.թ–իւ%ր։ ^"Աց սէրգկՆ իր ժսււՐաես»^ սկսս»»Հ մհկ կողմն^կ երկայև ւզւսսաերո»պբԼերւ»յ եւեւ.ւՏւ»ւ–աօր %ա.սւղիւ, ու. յկկսսք կողմաե^ հւնսէւ ուսսէ^էՈւէսկան կեանօսէ ՛իր յս»՛֊ քջրգ"^ ս*»եՆ սկսւտտւ. ւս^;րոէ. թ-եան աարւսգ աՆկոսմիէ \յպաՆիասկաՆ սրր.պքէ/էէու–թիւ%ր Փ^ՐգՒ^՚՚՚Նգ՚՚"Ի "՚– ՜իէըսպեչըէ^յի ասսաե՚ն սկսաւ. , որ երթ-ւսւով էսւ.ևլի է^ձ^ Աէսւ^ րաս^ոլթիւն ստռսււ. ւ \Րւսււնս§ւ.որ»սւս(^ս շասա խիաո էր ^ւսւ.էսսէաօՆնոէ–թ–իւ.Նր քրիսաոււՆկու.թ–եան գւսրձոո \|յ«0ւ.« րիսւահէսցւոց ու. ՀքՐ^^ի/ք գ^;մէ ^աաՆաէւ. սււՌքՆ^;՚ն սւղեսւ.^ ասկասՆ գերգսէԱէոանՆերէ՚Ն օւ§ մարգիկ ^ս»չա1Ւոէ–եցաև որով բսէոմաթիւ. մեհոսյեհ-՚եեր գոէ-րս գւսռթ-եռի՚ն։ Փիլիապ» Դ* »ի ժէսէքանակ, թ*Ր՚ր \^օրիսգոեերր 1մաէ–րի»ոաԱւսռա^սռ սեա. րունղՆերը ) ւԳլիո՚նէ ւՐ սււ.ելէ , սւմե՚նսէճսւրսասւր գսրհ^ս$լ.որ^ Ներ՚ն ու. սւ$ՈէՆ1ԷՆ ւսշխոյժ երկրսւգործ՜ՆերՆ ՝Աասէ%իա§կՆ աքսորոէ֊եյյան» Հ^ւսղիւ. ^Ր՛ գարուն 4է1՚2^ՐԸ. Հ""–՛"՛ ւոպքՆ՚Նոս13–իւ.՚նն իր յսւռւսքսւ.ան խսսւոէ^թ-իւ^ր ^գեց . քիչ^ »1քԼ եպքՆ ալ^ (1820) րոչորովի՚Ն վերցոէ^եցաւ ։ ^§փ 1\|ք6՚»«<»7*» պագ^1թղ^ ^1՝**՚է1ճ*1)է ^^* 1* ք^րուՆ ՝^ԽէԱ ելաւ. 0րլէսէՆի սւուքեը թ%սգսաա.որսաես/Խ գա՚^ը» ՚\%"1աչպկա կէւռւս,^ Վասրեց ՀեՆրիկ—ս ք\ • \|է>^ո>. էկէասՀԱ &\|>օէււ«ք4ւս)< պէԱսւէքրսէդՏ1եԽրը ^սէդզքւաաի ՚/էքյէ \* ^Լ հ ^րՒՏ Հ^^րՒ^՚՚՚՚՚՚՚Տ պ՚՚՚—երւսաաԴլ է - 2 • )՚^> աեսսէկ կասւ.ւս^ վարո^թ-իսե ոսեԽ^ասէ. ՀԽ\քր» ՛ի* ի՚^չ^ կերպարաէքօ ւառսահ– 4՜ր մէսալԽասէկէսԱ \. \ոաա^ո^\լո^ ձ^ով^ (88) Գս՚ղղԻպյի գա^Ն ^լաւ. Օքքէ^)^ ^ք՛^ աունըյ որ թագաւ.որևց 1498– 1չ89տ - 11/՛^՝ է-^3 1օ–և1ժեռաւֆտ ու. ղեղխ Փէ"՛^՛^ 208 ^իսկոս Ա. թ (1515-1547) յ՚^ջ^րգկ Իր «րգի՚ե Հ^^քհ՛** ք^* (1547-1559), «/» \Տ՚ասրիկիոս \^ա^ ռսոնւսռւ.ոյե ^ե-ա յիաբւսնահ–^ %որոգեց պաաե-րսքօաւ յձպանիաքի գէմ՝։ քՏհէպէա (1557) ԱէՆ֊գէ՚նգէՆի ոս (1558) կրավէլիեկէՆի քով^ յադթուեցաւ. Հե՚երիկոԱէ քւպւբ յասէորեռրօէսւ. դստւ/չւրէսքէօի չս ադսէ ռութ ռ՜ տատ մչւ (1559) Գ՚^լէք ՚իոէ-ը Մէչք ««- ՀԼհրտէ^օե քաղաքևևրլլւ Լ^օՆրհեոսհւ եոեբ ոոգէ-ոռո ժէսմանսսԼ գ^սւղոիսւ արհ^%ւս^եո սրօեսւԼաե ասէէոեբսւօմաց էսսպսւոէպ ւՐ և՚դւսէ, է յ^ւսոաէաէ ու. մաօթ աեւսր եւ սւէսրէ մհ սի^ աւն թւտ/գէաւ.ոոողՓք^\ր՚1՛ ^փ \^ս՚րհաւՐ յձգու.–^ ւսրգէ է^ոկաեր -- լք՚քըՐգե՚օ ասէսհսէմեաւ կ«4««»Օք4* \|9«* (1560-1574)՛ Ա"»/» "հդԸ. կառավարեց սէէրու.^ թիւ%Ն իր մայորյ կւսասւր^1^ \^է^էոիչիՀ ք\ւ.ղդափսւռ կո01սնսւկցու–քժեոս% գլոա^իւո կե-ցւսհ՛ ^ո կհպե-ան Տղօր գե՚րգւսսէոաեոէ ^Ոէ-ոպոէ/նեոր լլէքսւոՆ կւսւ/աոոէսռհն (Հ1/Նոիկոս, դ%,ին Տ՚^յՐՐյք ե–դբ.այոր^ գ%ոնա1^ իշրւս^րյ Է1նչպ1;ս Նւսերլ. գ%ութների հ՜ովակալԱք Նոոադանգներւէսն (Հք՚՚-կը^^յ գչքսաւորՆե-րն հ՜է՚եՀ Ա՚՜Թր """րք՛ փոփոլս բաէյաոէ1 սոՄւ^եց պսւսոե^ րէսզմհէ ԱՆ<ոոՆ ոա. ^ոաՆկհսկոս \\հզ է գւսՈծԼեաւ գ,ոն^ էո^ էսռաՕ^ էՈէսոԱնԾոն քէեկան է ^ոոոթսւկաՆսսց եոեբ ^ե՚ո կոօնհ սսօաէՈու.թհէՏն շնոո^ուէէռաս ու. գաոձեաւ սրէո առՆու.ռրցսււ.է ^սւրհօր աոեան ^սւոսաԱոռովը^ աա^ տեուսղմի %ոոէ՚ն էսոհ–արհ՜ե–ց<սւ ք որով^&սէս-լ. 1572/՛^ ^աոթ ու. դիսէոսի գՒշ^ՐՐ. (24» Ա՚-Օ^ ««/«» • ) Գու^ե՚հ 5000 ^է՚՜կր^Դք սպաեուե՚ցսսՆ • ՚նունր պաաա^ե-ց %էԱՄւ. գաէ-էսո-Նռրրու՚ն սէՕ : Հ).կ\\ո^ գ. (1574-1589) ի-֊ր եղբօրլ .&.- ^Ոէ-աՆք^՚ե Մւոեւ. \ե^ասսէաևհ (Յ-սւգրք գ%էսոոիայքւնրե ^ս-սէ փոխեռւ կրմհսրի ^րովարաակոյ 15օ5^^> Լորում ռօրութե-ամե. է՚֊ոլոր բողղռակսւ1թ գւսղոիայ1^ ու. էԱԼ. ՝.^յս։–աԹաէ ա ճ^ 209 աէսոոո ե-չլ^քաՀ ^ գա^^ ՚Խ՛^ ստռա^^ իրսււ.ուկբե ուՏնե-ռոո Հ1քերիկոս կավաբրացթէ ք նոր1^ Ճ^Սէ՚Ց Հն՚նոէկոսա^ պէսաեըաղյֆ գրգւՆու.ե–ռւսււ կիոա^ կակցութևան (\\&\1^յ գչու.խն սսնցնոո Լ֊ւ. թագին եաեւ^ւ^ քւեկոո Հռէնրիկոս \փղ՝ թագաւորքւե ^ուս^ ( յէսնսօ^ սպաեո(ւ.եցւսւ.է ^սւգսււորր (^Հւ/նոիկոս\ ՚նի^ զսէկէսկցոսթեաև ձեռ^թ ^արիղէ՚ն վո^տուե/Ոէք * Հե՛ն՛.֊ ոիկոս ՚կէսվարրացսղյն չւաեակչլ փախաւ. ք եռ ^ոՆ կդե^ա. յ^^ս ^ակոչւ Դհոսրնիկերան^^ սպանոս եցաւ. : քաՈէ^մ սպառևցաւ. ՀԼալոսւսյի ցևղԱՀ շ. Հե՚երիկոս դ** բն ^ե-էո ե-լաւ. գաղոքէսւկսԽ գահին վջայ, պոա^^^^աԱ ^ճ^^շ^ (1589– 1848)» - Հ^^է\\^՛ Դ՝– (1589-1610) վեց աաըինիղա^ կակցոսթեան ու. Փէւե"է՚՚(՛՛՛ ք^* \^պանիսսռւոյն հեա ասւաեոէսպմեւոս սաիաու.եցաւ. • ասէոխ-^ե-ց \^՚1րիի ,Ո^/ (1590) "՚– պաշարևց ^աչ»իղըլ։ ^սչքց սլքն ժամանակ ւֆայն սէմէնթր ղրնբ թէսգաւ^որ ՚ճանչցանք ե՚րս. ոււի. ւյսէփառու.թիւ.նն ընգէքւ-նռ-ցստէ^է կ–ւ»նգի հլաովաոսէէս՛^ կով (1598յ շքք^Ր^^Ց բողոթականաց կրօնի ադա՛., աոսթիւ֊ն ե՜լ. մհւ.պբ տ^րոսթևան աէսշագԱնեոու^է քէէւսվայլեսւգրն ճեռյթէ;^ րնգու.նսւհ՛ մահո օգ հանեց Հասպսաոսոկեան տան գե^ Ոէ^եցէսօ՛ աէսսասէկէս.֊ գիէ/ներըՀ Հ^ե%րիկոս Դէ • ի իւ/ասէոոլ% վարչւ$ւ.թ–եսւմթբ \| շուսա մի 4ր^ եկասւ. դ.էսողիւս ։ ՛իր ասւշաօեեաՆ \\է^սէէ ասպ^ւու.ւսա. կաաէՆ գօէ-օսոք շաս։ռու~ռ եկսէմհէ֊աքո։ \1Լ^օ^ոէ.սաուրՆ ու. գաըհ^$ս1§ւա^»ևե–րն սկսան &ասղկիլ։ Աիէսպես»ոէ֊թիւ.%՚ն աք" գ^^ ^րասնկ »\^, էն էԱէոե՚Ն կստասէրեսււ կերպարանք ւՐ՝սէււ.էււձ– հր * \^՚~աաւսօ.ու–օ փոխանստկ էԱէ–ասս»էսկան ձ–ստռաւու.թեան՝ սկսան աոլրօ վճւսրեւ ւ ^կրութ-եան սւնկախ ժողո^երոայն քեդ^ »1ացսէ.եցսււ. թ–ս§գաւ.օր1;խ կւսխու–ւՐ աւՀնեցո/լ ւսղշ. նոէ.Աքկանւսօ ժոզոֆւերրէ 14 210 ք^վ^Խրաբգիէ –«2. Ո՛Հ ^ կղխաա^^թ. ի՚^չ կառավաբ^,.թիմԽ .4.%,ա<. . - 3« Ո\|»»՚« ^եաա Խքաւ. ագւա».ւաքգԽաճ •^•I^ւնք՝ Ա՚^ք-ք^ոշ/^ գւէւ^% ՛Է՛՛՛Ս* ^"՚Կ—Ի II ՚^* –՚Հ յ-^էքէգետ՛ Ւ՚՝՚ճ #–^«Հ««^–^^^. -.. 4^խ^ա,\ «յԽԽցաա. կա^լաա Ա., - 4. ի^ ^«ւ-փ–»––^^^–՝՛ ՚–՚՚յ Գ^-^«.^էլ. Ա^ոք՛»;^ ^-.V— ֊ էդԽաէք.թ–իա%քւ քա^ի՛ –արի –էԽա.Խյք* — $ * ի1Խչպէա կււքա.աքիէթԽյքի% կաքքլ» ք^ •, Գաա^էմաա «\|,.է - 6. ի՚^ձ վէՕ^ակի յէլ կք. գա%Խ\թ ,,Աա >Գ(՚^% 1ճ>Գ՚Ժ<ՀքՒ 1. Հէ.1քէ1–– Ը. (1509-1547), Հենր. է./1 որգքէեք դ%ոսաորի սանէնք (89) ^րէկքէ (1՛ "՛ ԲՐ"–՝^ %սււոր իշբէան միք ի սկօթ.ան Լութե՚րի գ^/՝ ԳՐ^Ձ (ճօքՕՈՏՕՐ ճճօւ)» բպյց եաքհ՚ե թ֊ողջսց Ոէ.ղոափա^ ռւէւ.թիէՏեո՝ ^ՐԲ օա^անսչյապևաԱ իւ֊ր ամսւ.սթ»1^^ ՚կաաւսրքւն^ ^ձԲՐ՚՚՚^՚՚^էտտաֆ^^ բ**^եու.ե–ւու. հրւսման չսււռւաւ.» &ւ. ^ր$սէուսրս»կեց ք՛^ ^քք^ անգոիս$կաԱ ե՛^ եեոե^է^դխ գւուխէ Աւ^Ն եկեղեցսականռ ^ասրկէսգոե–^ օաԱ իր գմսաւ-որա^թիւՖր քՏԱբՐՕա&էւօ) ՚ճան^Աքչր^֊ երգոէ.ւՐ ընե՚լՀ ՀԼաեօերու. սաա^ոսաՆ՚եևրռ յաբբու–^ եհս գոաէ.ու.և՚ցան ք ու.ղոէսփէսռՆս՚ր^% շատև՚որ (թեչաւ^ս էսօնա-սւկաե ք^ովմ՝, յրքւրէ) գ§բէէսւոոսևցան կաւՐ բաե–^ սոաարկոսնցանՀ Հէ/ՆրիԽս» իր ւ/եց կԱներ^ երկււկթր (\|ձՆՆօ» քդ պ^աՐ ու. \^սէսւս»րիէն1^ Հոմարարյ գւքսսքաեա սւոէ.աւ. Հ Կ^^աա^^ ՏԼ.ին (1547-1553) Հ^V^^'"'^^- ^ով^ա1/նւս \կ1լ§մհէ.րի որգւզխ աաերն^ ՚նորսէղաեգու.^ թեաՆ գլուիւե աՆցաՆ է^ր գրանտ^ր էսրքեպիսկոպոսր ւ \քաձաՏ ֊- (1553 - 1 558) ՀՀե%րիկոսի երկ գոէ-ստրոք փի/Ի՚՚^՚՚Ր"՛ Ւ* \\պ՚՚եիացսղրէ ւսյհւսի՚նոյ իր Տքօբօրւ^Ն թագաժառանգ որոշոսահ– ^ովՀւսն՚նա կրք^՛^ ժէԼ գւե"՚"՚"1 սոոսէսւէ ք\ւ.ղդափառ ե-կե-գև-ցին ^էսս՛^ տաաևւթե ևաևս ք Գրաեւ^ր ևւ. "է^րիշ^ Ւ^ք ՊԼ Բ"՝^ ոոքս§կամնօ–ր սչքրու.ե–ցաետ շ. 1,11– ^է1^ (1558-1603) Հե՚նրիկոսի էւ. ^ 211 եառրյ հկև՚ոե–ցսւկսւն%ե՚ր^ երգոէ.§Ր պա^աե0ե–օ ու. ^իտւ&ց \քաիսկո պոս ական կսօՐ ^արձր եկեոթօթտ \^գւՓէ^է մեքյ 1ձ,ս՚էեցմէ լւաժՆոսե-ցսւն \քրէցականբ ՜կաւՐ ԳՀարօակրօեթ որոկթ բարձր եկե-ղե-ցսււշյն մհք գև՚ււ. պաս^ոէ,ս»հ՛ ոսղդափսւռ հ-ք^սերր րուորով^ 9ըյն՛^ քե-ք կ ոէ-դ^թէք եւ. թէսգոէ^^ւյ^Ն գչրէաԼորութ&ա՚Նի երգոէ-մ՝ Ր^^ւ էՕ^ւ՛^ ու.զև–ր։ \^ոիսար ^^ք՛ կամսյյական ^ րսըը խորագետ կա–^ Տ ,<( ( ճ. ռամարու-թերան աաե՚Ն սկսսէւ. ստրթ՚մնէսւ Նաւ.ագ1ևա^ ՚ յցութեէսն ե՛ւ. վաճառ ակաեու.թ եան ^ոգԱեգ որով 11^«՛ ք ՝** գդքօս հր ապագաէ ԱՄՀքու^թեան ^ստստատւ.։ \^գղրսսօւոօ \ ^– Փէւե"է՚^""ե նասաաորմդին ^8^ա^ճ^) վր՛^ ԸԲՏ^ ՚^^ յՏ / ՐհՏ՛ յ"ղթոէ.թեաւֆը (1588) ^ի՛^ գրոսեցաւ. ^Տ^գդիէ^ի ^ Նովա^քւե ղօրու.թե–ա%ւ Փ/""^^ ՏՐ"՚գէ ±ԵօՕ^^"՛^՛ ՚ I արկևց ^ողագնգքւե րոըրաքւրըյ 1584/^^ ^իւ֊սիս ^յևրիկււ^ի մէք^ վյրգքւեիաք ու. 1600/^^ \^եւ,&լիան Հ^գկսւսաաեի է^կերու֊թէէյևր ^իմնոսեռէսւ, : /^ձէն ^^աՇկիսկոս ք\. գաղղիասքի թ–աւրաա^աբքքե , յեաւէք իէ^բ / ^օբեղթօր ու. վերքապ^;» ղանիկպյ սպասնողի՚ե Հձ՚օ» սւմասսա. Դւա^ալ.» բպյչք էր ^պաաա^եբէԴէ բէւձէէէ^ելոմ եւ. եպթէն գաւ^ււ^Դէ վար սէււ%աւ.ելո$էյ սաոիպալ.ե^էսւ. 1566/՛^ \քգե՛"՛՛՛՛ րեթ-ի սւաաէ.իՆիլէ որ զ^^^քէ 19 էոարի բաեսէի Ակք պս§^ . ^ե^Ն եսէեա-է \5Տ7 ի՚ե^գւքսաաել աոու.աւէ աաԱձ 3 գակոր 1\»^ քիրրե-ւ. թագաւոր յ^կովաիպչ^ի ^ակոր ք^,յ Հե1եր* (Լքւ՚ե սհկ քրոքըլ թոո%որգսւ^ եւ. ք^արիամ՝ Հ^գոսարգի որգւ^ղքն ^եա եչաւ. \|)<շ«9««4շ»«^ ^^աԱ ցեղն աեգղիակաե գա<^ին վրւսյ (1603-1714)5 ^ա\ո^ Ա. (1603-1625) յիացռւ.ց ^Լ^գղիա^ \^կովաիպյի ^եա* սակէ^ն ՚էէրքե՚^Ր 100 աարի մըն աւ ու^էր իր առանձթէ խոր^րգաեոցրյ, քակորի կա^ աքսոսւկաե վարչու.թիւնն առիթ տու^էսւ. (1605) վյ^» ռօգի գւսւ.էսկցու.թեաԱք որ ղ^կբ ու. իէոր^րգանոցե օգ ^աեեէ կ՝ ու. ղեր • 14 212 \ւա^9փը** Ա. (1625-1649) ^ոգիՆևրքլ գըլր^ գռեո ք Ոէ.ղոափս>ռոէ–1ժ ե՚ան սրսաելու/յ րսա օմաց ՆաՆր աոէ-ոօեո գհԾէոմ ու սա^մանսէդրութե՚ան ա^^ փոփո^ խու-թիւ^մԱեր Րք՚^Ր՚էյ \սոր^րգարա%իՆ (1628) \րաւ. ^ աեց եոչուասհ էսդաչանքր շնոո^եւկն եաոհռ^ Լսւռւս–^ վարևց^ ^հօթթւկ^էւֆ սաևւլ աեցնուլ \^գրէֆֆըրսէ պսւշ$ոօն^^ ձե՚ռդը էոսէսնքքԼմէԼ Ա9էսոի էսռաեց էաոր^ ^րգաեոռհ մրեչեւ, որ ե-րհցաեսւն ^կոփոիսսցհբ էրե՚ե գ1;էՐ գսւշեէսնցոէ-քժէւե մհ եսւօմեռ^Հ ՚^սոՆց օջնու.հ^ սէոիպեց զթ-ւսգսքա-որոք 1640^^ \քրկարատեւ. խոր^ըբա. գաեոցր գա.յարե–չու–^ որ զ^գր^ֆֆրրգ գլքսսւսէե-ւ տուէսւ. օ-լ, թս»գսօ.որաԼւսն հշքսահութեակ հրսսւ.՛^ ու՚կբներն ետե՚ւէ^ եսոե՚ւ. հրւ/ն ւափշսւսւեօրցՀ կէսրոլոս ՝\Հւեսաոն1^ փախաւ. ք16՚42)> Բ՚՚ւՍՅ ԳԲ՚՚՚^^^ւՒ ս՚ո֊աք^. %որգու–թ1ոսե տսւկ եոոոիւոր^րգէսրաեի օօրօ1^ էսւղ^ թուեցաւ* ևւ. 1647/՛^ \\կովսէիացԲն1քրք^ խորՀրգա^ %ոց^ աանճեու. եցսէւ. տ յ^^կսքէւնե-րու.% ու. երհռասկաեսէց ա;^երեբ աարի պսւէՈԾրւսւոՐ րԱաէք^ Լաոես ՜կարոլոս Ա. կո^^ղի ժողովէ՚ն (ւսայ)–թ8,ւ1աա6Ոէ) մա<^ու.ան գա^ տապարտու հցաւ ու. 1 6 4:9 (^ գչ/սսէաու. եցաւ է 1649-1660» Գրոմհւէ-լ կարոչոսքէ որդւդիւ առա^ ^որգու-թ ևասն տակ ևոոո յձկոմաիացքէեե-րր \Ճ.Ե\յքւե Տըեպարի #ք 1. 1 6 5 \բե 1\^ըՐ"ԳՐ^ Ք"՚Լ. ՚ըքՐ՚^^ւէ՛^ եաեւ. \| ւ՚հո Պ^ԿՈ բ֊աեակւ^Ն ԳՀաշապան ^յ^գ՚Ժ՚^ք՛ աեուաեե-ք տու.աւ. (16531658) » ք^էպէա խոր^րգարանչԼ լու.^ հ՚ևցք Բ֊՚^Յ կասսւգեւսցութե–ան վ^ռու^ - - "/"՚Հ. ՕէսարակաՆէսց հր՚ք^Տ "օ՜պ^սւկա^է մա՚ճսւռբ^^ ասս» վաճաոօ \^գոիսւ րե՚րելԱ կ ս»րգիլոէ.^ր^ — ՀիէՐ գրստւ. ւՇ^գզէայի սէպւսգաէ սւռէռտրական ւ/եհ՚ու-քՅ– եոսեւ Գրաէհւ-ելքթ մա^ուանէ՚ն եսւեւ. (1658) — ^ՐԲ իր որգթև քէիօարգոս շփոթ ութ ի^1ւնե–ր ելՓ^լուՆ ^էս^ ..^ ՚՝՜^ 213 որգ \Րրնգք էւոո^ոգւսնոօ մհ ժողոմօ-ռ ու. գւիւաս9ու–ահ թէագսւլորթե յ1քհ– որգքւե կարոչոս ք^/* աեւգՕաա1^ս 5* կա^ո^ք* (Հ. (1660-1685) ^^րը^ պէ" տևսէՈ եառէսվաոա^թհայն էՐ ոսնեօէսս^ աեոր ^էսմաո խոր^րգանոցն 1673^^ քւո^ոէ^թևայի կրցաս իբ&ն Փ՚^Ր^Դյ ^ՐՐ^՚գք՚ՐՐքէ ^էԱԱէՈէԱէոեքէոսւչ, որոմ ոսղղա^ փւսպբ սէսէ՚ն ^րասպւսոէսեսւեան աէսշա^Ահեոա^ նո օըր^ կոսէթէ. ևւ. փր^ըք՚ե^լ 167 9 թ՛ ^Հե^պիէս գարբըսըյ^է "Ր՚՚՚Լ. ^"Ր"ՀՐ^^Րք /^^ էսմէ՚ե ^^խգդիա^ի բռՆու.երլու. էսսէքք՚ն՝ պ^առ ^ որ ՚նոէեքւն աատ՚ճառր գրուէ էւմանսո եւ. 2<4 յ-ամու. մ^Օգօւաասաանի առՕևւ. եսխէ (Հոսիկ ու. ք^որի կոոաւակռոսթեսւնց սկղ^աւորութիւ^ոէճ իԼ 6*յ«»ք 1^՛ (1685-1688)» "Ր ու.ղդափառ կրգԱն րնգոէ^ահ– էր ք ոսղոափառաց շնորկմհէ^կ^եր ընելուՏն^ ՛նոր սոժգո^ոսլժեսէն էսռէթ սւոա^ստսւ – \քրր իր փևսաեք գու.ւիէ^ը/ոս ^րանիացքքն ք^գղիա ցամաք ե§սւէ–ֆ գսւկոր ք^ փսէ1սաւ~ ու. փսր աէՆնու.եցաւ.ւ «ի^-յյէլքԱ– «Ւ– (1689-1712), ոքոմե յաՀ^ ձնոսևռաւ. թագԱե ^ևա %աեւ. ՚իրաւահց օրքքեագիրը^ (տա Օք քւ^հէՏ, որով^խոր^րգանոցքւն ու. մողովջգևան ^թտ աօատա,թիէ.%%&րր կը^ ^ասաաաա.է–թէ ք\ ^ակոր. ի, ի կոձՏէակքւցԱերոսե եւ. \էրլսէնաացէ.ոց յ^ւ^ելխն ևաեւ.^ ՚նորէ^Ն տեղըլ րևրաւ. ^^գղիսչքի ազգե^ու.^ թիւ%րէ \սկ գաղղիս^է Հևա ոէձւևցաՆ պատևրաւի՛ մհվԱ ամրացուը ^շխգոիս^ի նովէոյթւ զօրու թիւյևչլ։ ւ ^ւս օաղպռականոսթևա՚ն Հեաևւե-ցաւ. ՚նաես Աւ»«4 /^^ք հէք /՝՝■. ^\ (1702-1714)» ^ակոր ^.ի կրասերագՓ՛ գու-սարըւ \^՚նսչյի մա^ոէ-անէն ետհէ.^ գէորգ Ա./»^ ևլաւ. ան^ գղիակսւն գաՀին վօպ) Հ*^^^^քէ աու^ըլւ 214 թ-կ կասրոչսս քV ,ի սւաււեՆ խադադօէ. թ-իւ֊Ղւբ Հսաաէոաատոօւէ^ յքաւ. , աՆէֆջապհ» սկաաէւ. Ա՚նք^«^^ աա.ոԱ.աս–^ &աղկէլ է \^էեւ.%ոյե ժամաեակ ա7ՏԽցա% գյադթ–ակա%ւււ.ք9–իւ%ՆերըՀ ^էդափւ»խոէ.թ–եա% աս»ե% ք քսել ւԴլաժգո^էր Հ^&.« . \|^> մեբիկա գադթ-է^ի՚ն ք ^ոՆ ըաա ա%գղիակա% է§էավոըւէ§քթ֊եաեյք բ.ՍԱ^ ապաաոու-թ-եսէմթ ապբեչսւ. ^աւՕաբ ։ 1681^^ ^^^^Տ 1\ւ֊խեբէՐ ^ի%ն ^իւասահւֆիա%* Ա^ք.4^ Ա՚ենա;^ կաաւ.ավա, րա-թ-եան սււոե% էէէ»ս»»ր գէադԹ՚՚՚կ՛^ գէաէ–»էա. փէ»0ւ/»<.էէք^ ^Ր ^՚՚՚՚րԻԿ՚ՊԻ ՚^Լ՛ ՚»"»^Տ վր-Ա աէ,ե/քա% (1713) ^աէւ. Հ^քէ-աոաոհի հ^ւէ^^ եբկիընեբե ու. \քա֊րոպասւէ ^9 ՜կիպբսւչ^ գար ու. \^ի%ոբգաէ դիաութ–իւ.^տ ալ ես» չ9էա^ի% ^^գդ^՚Հյ^ »^քէ* Ո–^ Ժշք Հք^Ք՚՚ՒԻՐ (է 161 7). Փ/՚օ՚^ք* պագա%, Հոբա Վ^է– /է«../«^ (ք 1626) . ՄԻլԳԸ^(։քԱ74է)^ Հ-՚֊գ (է 1704). ի– - ^ակ կեւ.$էս$Ն (փ1727)ք պաակաաւեքի սւնու.նԴւեր են» 100* ՚Ի*»՚^է«^> ք^^հգք \|,^»ք*–էք\|\|^^ 1 • \ք՚բւ– ակէ$ա% Խրեէ.ա% ելւխլ ՚իաԽ1եիա գ ^<ւ«.1ո» ոխ. \յարէա».Խգիա • ք) \|ւ ^քր^ե Հւ«««\|(ւ. ՚\էա՚եէա իր քօրււա.քՅ–Խաեք ձ՛ագը է - 2* ի1հձ«\|\|4՛՛ թ-ագասւէրԽէք Պ§էրիա^ աֆա%ա»ա Ա. գա՚Խիաաաքի յէքյ - 3 կ՚րք. –ւ. ի Նչպէա ձեոք քւձրի% ՚Շա».եաայք1տ անկւէէիւաւք9–/ւԽ%%ի%» \|՛^^ վաբչաւթ-թ»^ ա».Նեչքաէ. 1\|ւ>4.ւքււ««ւ.ւ«» յ\ա0է§փէ։ա է — 4 •Ե՚ւ»՛ ^աաաւ. ՀԼաա.Խա իր դօրա».թԽա% գագաթըէ - Տ \|»՚ձ ՚էԻ^՚^ԿԻ ՚ք՚ձ Ր Գա^իա ձ%ՏԼ» գ—րէ՛^ ԽէոԽէ.* (\րո՚%թ ե% իրար-ա. յաքբրգւաղ^ թ-ագաւ֊արԽերւլէ %Օէ.ր ըՆգուՖե-չոսթրւՆ շգաասւ. %որս§ոսւեգու.թիԱ^րյ թէչօքէ֊ս գանիւսքիք էԼու.&աի ու. կորԾա,եգիսչքի աէրու^ թիԱձ/եերա^ մէշ^ որոեք 1397/^^յ գալմարի գաշւևա^ կցու֊թեամիք իրարու, ^եա մքէաըահ՜ է^է քիանիայի , ՚^սէ^եաի ու. կորու^եգիայի ւԱ^քյ »Գ%չեւ. ք/հ • գար աուաՆձին աա.ա%ձթէ %ոբմա%ակա% ու. գոթ-աքքի թա^ գաւոբայք աակ քանի Աէ պգաիկ աեբոԱ^թ– էլաներ կաքի%է կա%ւ>ւ.ք1էւ# 01^^^՝ (1014– 103Ց) \։^գ՚ւեայի։ ^ա՚եիայի ու. ՚կոբոսեգիասյի թ-ագոէէ. որի՛ն կառավաբոսթ֊եաԴէ Ժ»աւ1ևձա1ք^ էոաբաեուեյ^աւ. այս երկիբ%երսւ.% մկ^ քրիոաոնեա–թ–իւ%բ^ է Դ^աեիա իր ղօրու.թեան ձ-ագր ^ասսաւ.. Վաւաեմար ^Լ • (1157-1182) –՚– Վաւակմաբ ^.ի (1202^1241) ժամձւնակ. սբսԴտ ^եագ^եահ ^ուՈէրանիանք Ա՚եգչե՚նպոէ֊րկՆ ու. ՚կսգ^ ւանգիան Նոսա՚ճե^ի՚նէ \յ,րկարասէեւ. ներքին խռովու.ա. թիւ%%երե եաես, վ^ւաեւՈսր գ (1340-1375) թագաա.^ ոբակա՚ն ՚ճոխոէ֊թ-իւՆը^ %սբկ% Հասաաաե^ է իՀ1 ՚^Դ^հը, ՚Ա^աբգարիաա աւ1հւ.»%ու.թ–եամի1եաեւ. թ-ագսս-^ի՚կոբոԱ-ե^ ^ 215 պֆպ^ի ԼաքոսՆ կլ վէքաքէերկր 12604^ վեը \.աւա%գէա) . աշիար^ակաւհ^ ՜^^–եաը^ Հէ$ր»ւ% Հեա 15004՛^ էֆա^աձ՛ 1;ր ^^ւաէւսաիաձ՝^ ու. յէա^աւ.^ ^Ր^ք "՚^բօէ^թ-իլ^ւնէբբ կ%էաչ^ յՏաբի գաշԽակ/քւա,.թեաւդւ 1Տ97 թ՛ ^՚^քքք աԱկ՚ն մէկ եբկիբչլ պա^եյք իր յաաասկ աա^յանագբօ.թ–իւ.%քլ։ \^եքն ալ^ բն^ սէբսէկսւԽ 4/՛^ ք^էագսւա֊էէքէէէ^ իՀխաաեսւ.թ՚իԱ.Դէթ Հէսր»ւ.սսա ւաւի. %ԱԱ.ակաէւննե՚բէ% ԱԼ. ե՚կէդեսաւ»կաէքնեբ1է% չափս0սաբսա..ւսձ՛ էբ։ շգպՐւե "^ ՚Շ^/ք՚՚Գ^կր աշբօսրՀակւսւաՆ– 1^ր^ րնարոսե^ ըաւ. 1448/Տ^ գանիա^ի թագաէ.որ% \^ր յաքորգաց սէտաքնք ՚^յէսեէո հ՚՚Ր ս»ո.աեձ^ քքշրքաեա^ կւսռւսմա^ րոէ-թե-ան ասք^^ՏէՕււ ՏէԱք6)> եղաւ. գրե^թէ սէեկախէ յըրիոսթիւյեո Նոբ1^% ա^էՈԱ բ.երևլու. Աէր9^ փորձ էՐ^ոբսէէ. ^ա^փգՀաԱո* ր». որ (1520) ^ոսե-ան աշէւար^ կսէկսսաև՚ք եւ. \|)ոււքօ. ^ոէմէ կոսւորէսհ-ոմ^ իրե% թ^էսւտ էսեէ մի էսօնոսսէկաե՚Նե-ր ք ե–Լե՚»եգա§§կ§էձ1եօ՚ր էէս յ^է*՛ ոպռսէօքձձր գլբօսաոԾւ սաուսէէ–։ » Օ կո^4գ44փ^ա9ֆ4 Վապա ւէր^աւսսւսրգ աախոէ֊ւս^ օարւՐ շու.հ–աս»^ինք ռարեաւ. 1521/՛^ ասաէկւէէսրաեան գե՚ոառք1ւեերովԱ դսւնհացիքր» սէռսսւ. յ1^գոգ^ոէտէ ես ^%որոսեօսււ. թագւսւոր (152Ց)< \\ս»ռամարեց («–– 1560) էմասաոսթեամրւ ու. օաոցրու-թեամի» րպյը օգեեօ \ոսթերս»ես^ գաւաեու-թև՚ան տսւրաս^ւՌսնք որ 1544 ^ Ր^Գ ^՚մեոսր եոաւ. հ %երո^ 0»ոսսիսս§եք Լե՚^ւսստաեի ոս դ%էմևիւաի ^1ոո գրեթււ^ անրնգ^էսսա աւսա&րսքոտէերու. ւ^ք էքքեւ ^պյց աշխարհ ակաչիցթ (1561/՛՛») իսչանգիան* կփք^4գաաա9Փ4 ք\, )ձ,գո^9Փ4^ (16111632) աշխէսր^ ^ակալէ-ց (1616) \ձկէր՚1աեւսւնտ% ու. \ֆվըսեաո ևւ. 30 սմեա» ասօոերաղմքւն սէք բողղբսւկանոսթե-էսկ պսէշապան եւաա.Հ \|ւՀ»՝ 1654/^ թս>գ11^Ն ^րւսժարցք)^. ու. Հռոմ՝ ոսղոաՓսէռու.թռ–ան գւսրձոդյ գիաուԴէ ,Ա^ոք^ շըկաե ^քլրիսա^ք^ի ^ևտ^ շիքաւ. ՎագՓյէ ս՚ուՆո,,,^^ 216 գ» ւկէե-ւելե-աե հոէէու՚ն գսէւառնե-րն սօՆԱև՚լու, ^ւսւ/ար եղահ– պւստե րապ^երոյ էառսւ0բե–ոքւն ՚^ու-և՛^ աիք դ^աեիպյէ ք Լռ՚^ւԱՄաաՆի ու. քէէուսիսչյի մ^ք^շօշա^ փա-մ՝ մոՀ ՜^ոե-սնսււ/ևայ ասւսէհոաօյհմյ ՜^ուեա՛ կհւ.^ սիս» գ^ե-րմանիայի մ^^ երկէրներ ու. ռքւհու.ռ փսւռօ մի սասացսւէ-ք որ ղջ^ւթ ^իւ-սիսա^Ան առսւՕիՆ սւ1^ոու֊՚ա^ թիլքմն ըբաւ-է Ասով^ կըցաս 16 54/5-1՛ Գ՚՚՚հ ^ԱԲՂ^ գսքէ^ոոք^ ^իէ^սիսսսէթե ^ս»յաշբւսէր^աեաԱ պեսքոսթհւ% մր ^էաւԾքու. էԱՅսէէսեւսգհհ^ր շբ1ևեչւ՚\^սէ&աւ՚ն հր ^ս՛՝–֊ թէսգաւորին Հե՚ա՝ ՕՀք"1է^իէ "՚– ^անէայի ^ե՚սք՝ գո^ բ^Ն^սէԼՆհ էէաղաղոէ-քժէւ^էն ք^^ւր՚Լյ Իուօ-Աէ իր ։ասռաքու.ս^ Ծրեիրնե-րոսն (\հւքյչոնս»^ ՚^ւաե1^Ն եէ ՚(էՒ\ մջսչւ ս»մփոփոէ.սւՆ սնսւցէ Գ^աես9աքեպու.րեէ գհ՚մ՝ ոէ-նեցւսհ՜ պսւսէերսւզէՌն սէՕ եորէ^ոու.ց ՀԼու~եսէ(գ^ր^ պիչլք^^ի ՜ճակաաոէյն \%\0ք՚") էր Պ^՚^^֊Ց փառքոէ Հքէսսիսսչէքէե պսւսւերսւղմհյ (կարոչոս ^ք^ 1օ97՚՛ 2,1ձՕէ քՅ^* 10օ) ս՚^ց՚սե \^րեո–ե–չ1քԱ^ հ՚ովոէ– գսէւ.սւռ^ %ե–րն ե՛լ. ուրիշ ե-րկիրնևր գե-րէքաեիսշյիէ (\^1բիԼ՚» \քէ1^ոԽորայի ճրւ. իր ք^րեանը ՓՐ"Գ* Հեսսե%ի իշքսանիս ժսէմանսւսր ^ սւ1։;^րոէ.Լժիւնո Նե՚ոքիՆ Լողսնւսսցութիւյե՛,^ Ներոմ օայռայԾցսՅւ. (գլբւսւրսներր՚ե ու. գգօէսներրո\ է ՛Էր՛՛ա 17511818) քա՚՚^»ակ1ւո եղաւ. եօթ–%էսւՈէէա աէսսէե^ րւսղյէն է \\ու–սաւսւ.ւ$ս դ> . փոխեա (1772) աս^ոա-Աէկանւսօ շաա %պւսսւոսււոը սա^մանսէգրսսթ–իւ.ՆՆ ու. սէպէՀեուեօսււ. 1792/՛^ յ^\^գս՚րւգրհօւ1ի ձեօ֊օք։ կոէ.սս$ւսւ,ոս դ» • կւսբոա. ./^ո%/ւ ան^էսշսւ թ–շնւսմ1էն ^ աաիպուեւասէւ. 1808/՛^ ^է՚^է"՛^՛՜ Աէիասն (իոտ-սւսչւ սաէսլ, եւ. երկրորգ աուսբիՆ ^1809) ք–՛"^^^ իՆկսււ. է \|«՚–/> ^օրեղթայրքլ կարոլոս \|)«Տ* * "Ր՚Է^ԳՐ^Տ րրես Գ\էււձւսս»ոգ գսէղւէի—՚ցէ մարսաքախւոր^ իբրեւ. թսւգսւժսք էւանդ (որ յ՚՚՚9*րգե^ց թ-ագաւ-որսւթ-եաե 1818/՛^՛ կարոյոս ք«Դ» . ^ով^ա՚^ն1;;ւ§ աՆուՆով) ու. ընգուՆե^աա.. 1814/^^ ւ0րու.եգի§սն . Յ– 217 5 ՄԲեչէւ. 1814 %որա.ևգիպքի ^ևա ւֆացէ^լ Դ^անիւաի ՚^ք ^րէսսէիանոս իփ ՛Է՛՛Ր աւՆեոա.ել^» ե^ աեւ. ^1օ2Ց)> Հ^րքքգերիկոս Ա^էք աաէքե ւու^թերա՚ա. Լան գաքլ.ս^աեթ1և է^գկսւնոէ.ո ե՚ւաւէ ՚ք^եհ՚էԱէՖ^հկթ \դդ\քւե էաե^1առա§ թագաւ֊ոոքէն սւԽկոասւր իշէէա՛^ %ՈԱ~թէւ^ Լ՚ւ. թօէգէ ժւսւՆսԽգւսնէա>ե §ս»Օորգոէ.թէւ^է (1669/՛^ (»•• 108)– Քէ»ի>՚աիաՆ»ա ՏԼ, 1730– Փք^Գ՛ Ն լ746/՛^* էլ՛"՛/՛ էէ՜Աէմաեսւե ^1;;ո^սգոոֆ պս$շաօԱեսւն յ"֊ ա.ա»էքաօւււ֊ռ գիաոու֊թիւ^էե ոս մա՜ճսէռւաւկանա֊թիւ.%րէ –^ Քրիսաիանսս է. 1766^11՛. ԱգբոսկՆաէ իՆկաւ. 1772– Հ«է։ 2 գ ար» (^չաո^;Նպսէ–րկի գիմաչքհ ս»ոձէու.եասււ. . 1807/^^ Դ««. բ1(^Հակ \ձ^գղիացիՆեբքէՆ ^յ^գէաէկօձ-ուեէքԱքս։ Փր^Գ ՏԼ՛ (180Տ)։Քւ՚ի՚^էա%»ա քԼ, (1848) » Քրէաաիա՚նոա ^ . (1863) « յ^պաաի$Դ^սւ%ա» ք% « • ք\|»»» «• ԱԹաքփւզււ ք^ • « \ԲսէաէԱէթ–իսւա է — 2» ք^ բքւ սկէէէւէւ. ԽրԽէ,–. - » 3* է ք՚ք^ ^աասւսա. Հոէ%գասբիէւ իր էսմե՚ԽւսւՈքձր թ.օէաձրք.քժԽաւեր է 1– փկ^Ր^^ք^^ Ա– (1554-1564) Հ«ւ–3>– գ՚»՚րէ՚՚քչ)է ու. ^ո^ե-ւփս^ի թւսգւսէ^որր^ Հ^^՚է՚՚ՐԳ^Ց Ւ՜ օւոեւ. ^եոմանհպւէւ ^Պ1՚Րէ՚Ր ^1Բ–^ՐՐ կս՚րոոէս \ք,իՆէ Ա^ափ4յէյյ^ձա%Ի4* ք\. (1 564– 1576) աղևոսա^ բսւրոք եասւսրրյ սլա^եց էր >օՀ117 պ(^ս ո^0ոոու.թե–աւդւ ու. չափսօ.ոոու–թ ե-աաւի տ^րոէ.թ&ան քսսւզաոու.թէւՖբ։ (իոագո^ոԽ ^. (1576-1612) իր ՛նախորդ I գ՚^Ց "ճ– ^*՚րս՚"՚ր"՚՚1^հ^^1՚էւ 0՜<֊ ոչ ս»րհու.թհէհէե ահէե՛^ I /ք«՚«–տ ^%յ1յ՚՚~՚^11 գրկս^ւբեե-ր ասաա՚ճւսռ. տու.բե ^1օՕօ 1 ^) ^՚-ետ արանս» կան միոս^եան» օրուՆ սհք մաաե I գրեթք^ ւսմփէ րոողթոո իշէյւս^/նե-րրէ \^կարոո կ՚^՚՚ՐՐ Հ ՝^՚Խրկա^գրէքցաւ. ւ1608) 1^ւ–սս՚րիան ու. ՀոսՆգարիան հր Ա՚աաաթիաս եղբ.օրր քՅ֊ոդու-էյ եւ. ^ո^ևւֆացւո^ Վե^ափառութեա՚ն ^րովարտակաւ. կրօնի աւլաաու^ >տ է 218 /ԳՒգ^ Պր՚^^էք Կ^լ/՚ւէք՛)* ՚ 0՝*«ք»1^յյ;յ (1612-1619) կառավարոս^ թհան էստե՚ն եւաւ. ասպս%ոս»մօ.էէւ.թի^ էքը^ք ոուաԱ% ժւս^ մանսէե յՏ^՚՚՚րգ^էց ե՛լ. յ^չավագսէ Լա§սե՚րս»կան կոս–^ է/ակաըւևրւլ (1618/» Մքք* 23) ^«՚կի գդէկք^ ՚^Կ ՝՝\քաատղէս^սքե(^ն մար ՚եետու-եւքանէ ->>- շ. ՀԾԱ^գաբսէօխթ ^ա–րւս/ էե՚ո^եր11^ գէսո^սէհ՛ է^է/ե&ան (ոսգրեասՀ ժոդովոսոգ մի ՚– ^նչեւ. 9 00 ^եոմանէսոէ-ոը ամենէ/ն մաաեգւսւ–ոո ^շԱէսմքէեերո — 1000/՛^ աա1/1/ներ^ Ս* \\աեփանոսի եսէռւսփսրու.^ թՏոսն ս§տե% օոէսէոոն^ու.թէս1^ ընգոսեեռսսնէ \|)ււքՕ՚«.. փանոս է՚եէ մի գեոմաեասցԱեեո իր ^ՐԿՒՐՐ Ր"Ր՛՛^ ք ես րաժ՚եեց իսր աէրոսթիէ-նր 72 գաւառի (շօա1– է&էյտ Ա^"՛^^ թագաա-էէրք;^ աեոսսԽոսսւհ՛ գաա.աւՆւս՛^ ւ^Մտնօ-րՈք րովանգակ էսշխարկակաե ու. է^եոսորսէկաե իշխէ»Խոէ,թիէքնր ՕոՆոսւԽ^ ոսն(^Աե Ծւ. էսրռու%եաօ պաշաօնե-ասնՄրոսե էէս եպիսկոաոսաօ ^ե՚սա Լա&ճք11ձէ) կր կաղմէիՆ տէ-րոսթձ-ան խորՀրգանոցոէ յԸվէպագ&աե ցևղթե շիքաեևէէվը^ 1301^ 1\|«4#^ իօմեոք քժսւգաւոր ոՆարու֊ե^օաւէ ՚^սոր որգիՆ՝ Լքքէաք^փ»^ ^1*– Ս–է> (1343-1482) ՚եաևա.\և<;ասաա%իթա^ գասոր կ՝իշհ՚էր ՚1ձ,գրիս՚կաե Նովէն մքձչի-ս Ս^^ւ. ու. պալգիկ ^ովյ սյյյ«^–1,յ.,»« (1387-1437) ^աես գևրմանիայի կայսր » ընգոաձւեցաւ. ^արոա.աՆ մի 1396 թա ՕսմանցիՆևրէ՚ե ՚կիկոպոչօււյ ք՚՚վյ հր փե^սաե Աք«. ^^\|»ք^«9« (\, կպքսրրք մեռաւ. 1439/5՛^, ^ա2(^ա^ գէ^ ըբասհր արշաւակռի մի ժամանակՀ — Ա""/՛ Ա՚՚՚ք՚՚ՐԳ՚՚Ղ^ Վյագյէս^աոյւ ալ Վառ՚եւ^ք ՝ քով^ էյ՚եալ^^ հա (1 444) $ \ագ^^աաք1^ ^^գ^^^Ր (ջօտէհսաստ) 1ձ,1Բ"՜ՐԳ իր "Րգր^է ՚^աեչցոսեյքսււ. թագաւ֊որ* ու. V ՚ V. ՝ 219 ^ովՀ» Հոաքնիաաի կրպաաերւսպյէրէ էբր^՛– «՛է՛/""–– % յց^ագա^^ա 1\|քքք\|\|է##»յ(1458–1490)ք Հ»––– ՚նիսւաիի ոոդա-ոան Լէսռսէվաոու.թե–ասմն սէԱէօ–%ք ՀուՖ՛^ գաբիպյի սէմե%1/ե փւսռաւոր Ժէսմաեսէ1լև 1^ը հ լԼշ/սօ/Հւ«. ^աեսէքե–^ ասիկսսւ ՚^յե-ղքէսէհ ք \^որս^.իօ^ք \աէ.սէ^ը» ս§ռս»ւ. Վհէ1և1ևաե ու. աասսէաէոս»ղա»ցէյսւ. ռս§0ու.թ1քԱՏէՈւ ^սՈ^կառ գ1^ւՐէ Հիւա1քռ Օֆյ^;1ևի ^9 ^""^ի՚արսԽ ու. մաէոե-նսւգսքրաե մոէ ի/» ասէՕորգաքր^ Վ^ք«««\|»»<ք«4«ւ»ք»4 \\* ի ու. սէսոր ոքէգսւ^ \ֆֆաա^ոդղո^ \|^* ի ժաաքա՚Աակ (ք 1526 ^ոՀ^ա^ ՝Ք"՚Լ) գհՓհԲ՛ Տ՚«Դկք հ– կէրը* — Հու.%գարէա ք փէք ի21^^^^ք^^ Ա»^^ (որ՚Լոս^ դովիկոսի քր՚0՛ \^^^՚^ւէ ^եա ամոսսնացահ^ էրյ ա^ աեն՝ 1ձ,՚^ս՚՚՚րիպքի ^ե-ա ւ^ա^աւ. ք 1527)* Բ"^ ^րկր1^ կհսչ մի՛նչև.. 1600, ^աւ^կաը ձևոք% էր։ 1687/»^» կւ9րսնըու.ց Հու.1եգարիա՝ իր ըեարակաե իրասոսեքո* ու. ե-ղաւ.՝ <կո^եյիաաի պէ" է սւ.ս»՚՚րիէսկաե »ոան ժաս^ ^էեգութիա^է ռսքսգ-ոււ ւՕՏ^ Նւ^^^^^յ ղ^գ^ւ**\1շ^ 1618– 1648՛ 1 • \|>՚ք>քէ ք». ք/Խչր՚ւ. ակաաա. ԽրԽւ^ս$ւՌուԱ պսւաերաէդյէ է ~> 2 • ի՚^ձ. յ՚՚՚է՚՚՚Ը՛՜՛՛ թ-եաւ/ի աէկա».Խյքաւ. ՅՕաէՕոէԱ պաաԽրապյէ ՚իա%իաԱի ւ^ի - 3* 1^չք– ՚ֆ֊ քամաափւ եղաւ. ՝^\ա».աաա, ՚Աաալյիււ» %Օամեա/ էդաաԽրադյք^ յէԼէ - 4 գադ^ա ալ %ԳայԽաք պաա^րաղէֆ% ^^Լ աՈաա քա%Խյքէա.է 1՛ ՆՐԲ \^աաաթիպյի մեո^ևլթև ևաեւ. 1619 թ՛ Փ^ւ^^^^^ո^ 1^.(1619-1637) իր յ՚^էըրգը; ք^^ոա-ոն կոմե^ առսէ^որգու^թեսւէԴ^ մէհչեւ. Վֆ^^Անս» §ս§ռաՇացոո Գ\ո^եւփսէցիՆեր^^ վար աո^ուեցաւ֊ք եւ. Փրևգձ-րիկոս \ք • ^""էՅի կսչք՚րրեէ"իր իշբանր^թագաւ.^ որ րնսւրոսե-ցսէԼք Փ^բգք՚^^^մեգոս \|^. \^պսէնիպ^ի ^ե՚ա աֆացահ՛ ^ո^ևւֆսէ մաաւ ^ ևւ. ^րսւկի ՚ճակաաո վաս՛^ էորկե՚ւով ՝ ՓՐ"Գ"՚րիկ՛"* Կ՚՚Ր՚՚^Տ՚՚՚՜Յ ՒԸ Ր՚՚՚՚՚Գ՚՚՚՚^՚՚Ր՛՛–՝^ իէ^ր 1620/՚^« "^ձ. Պւ ^՚Ղքւլ ր՚՚ւրբ ^"^և՚Փ՛^ 220 սւս/կն եա աասէւ֊է ^^ աասաաւ/հբ գ/րւսքաարտու.–^ Ոկեէու1 պէսաժու,եռաեէ ռակաե ևոեիրներոսե մէք Պ՚՚^^^^^՚^է ^ամար սկսաւ. օգնու-թէ-ան գօոօ ժողովէլ ևւ. կողոպաե–^ քիեՆոսր յ^ոԱ եդահ– ուզռափէսռ ^իտւսէրԼու^թիսնՆռ-բըյ։ ^սոր ^ակաւՆէսկ գէ֊ոբգ Փր^Գ^Ր^կ՛"՛՝ ՚Պաա^–Տ"՚^ՐԷ1ք1^է սա^մաեակոմսւլ ՀԼիմիֆէ-նի՝ (1622) "՚– Քրիսսիա1եոս ՚ք\բաԱ^շէսքկ^ի՚ն՝ յձգատլ^ի ^/>Հ^^^623)> ՚Իիլւէ 12՝՛ ՚^՚՚^^ճ 2* ^Քբիստիս^ոս ,գ, գպեիացքէեք գերմանի ւաւ^ի յաօատու.թիւ^1ե ու, թ ւէոբօակաեու, քժիւ1նո պաշապսուԾ–.. ՝՚՝^Հ ւու. պ աարցւսւկէսւ. « ԳքԱՀրի գե՚՚ք* ելաւ.» ^ՐԲ "՚եգիգն ւրսֆօֆէլա կոմսըյ Վ^^Պքքշգ^1^ կպյսհրական պօրա^ պ1քսւ1^՚ն ^ե-ԱԱաւ֊ի յՏլով էաո^ոսնլովշ սաիպոսե^օօ. Հոսեգւսոիա ,Ռ՚՚շ՚յ՚–հւյ ոս-ո մեռաւ. սէ§ (1ս^^օ)* ~~՚ \/րբ սէսոո մջպւ յքԼոհսահաևօս ՛ի* 1օ^ճՕ^» Լր^գգէրԻ ^"Հ. ԳիլլԻէ՚Ն յադթոսկսօ^ իր ^րկիրը^ ֆ Վաւ^եշգսչյեւ^՚ն կողոպտոսե-ցաԱ֊է ք^սիկայ յ^կ^գլ^ւ». պք՚-րկր րոյեե-լէն ու. ՚իԲ"երր ՚է^^Տէ^^՛^^ եա1էւ ք I 1629/՛^ ՝Ծհգ1^պու.րկե աւ.ատ րնգոսնեըասՀ ^սոր I էս"^յ \\գր»՚ր՚ունւորպարէսպսէե–ղաաշարել^ն եաեէ-ք \ ՝ ՝–^ . ^ գսէեիսոի ^Ծէո Լի^՚^^^բի իւադաղութիւ^ս րբաէ-է ^աւց իր ս»մե.սւրէոսււ.ան վարմհւ^յյ»ե համարք գեր-ա մանակաե իշէսաեաց ի^գրևլովըլ օօրապե-աու-թենէ– 1\| V \ ՚ն^Ր ՚"–նոէ–Ծցւսւ. (16օ0յ ՚Լե՚-պհքէ խազաղու.թ–էքնէ՚ն քէչ^ մքԼ յառա^ հ՚՚Ա՚՚ՐԸ. Հ^ասաէււ-օաքՏսն ^ըօվարսաւսկո ^անէսձ– ^ր (1629)՛ "/"՚Հ. ղԸ. Տրւսմայու.^ր ^ողոռւսկանսէռ , որ ^ւսսսէսսեէսն գսւշզա^ գրոա.թեն^% եաեւ. գըսսսսսւսհ– եկեղթօսւկաս% սաա^ու^ա^ա, օերը^ սսղոափս$ււ.աա գարձընեՆ ։ \ 1ւ , /՚ / / / , \, ՚՝ \ %ակ մի կադմահ– էրք — 1630^^ գ&րմաՆիւ^ի բոոո^ ՝ օանանասց օգնու.թ եասն ե-կաւ. է ք^ք^պէւ^տ բւՆնեց ք\քք«. ». մերանիէսեք սակպքն չկրւյաւ. 1րակաէպու.րկհ աօԱսոձլ, որ 1631/^ Ղ^էէւե^ աո%ոա.եցաւ. ք կողոպաոսեցաս^ ու֊ ասէՈՈսեցսէՆ. է \\ոԱ.սս»ւսսոս գյ^ոոգ գոէ^Փհւմո՛ սւշ^սւր^սէ^ կոմսե հո1քն ^եա գաս շնաս կցելու, սաիպե-ւք^ ու. մո.րն^ աու.աՆ՛ ԴյՏԼ^ՐՐ ս՚եղե ոե^ գէսր^րնեւ^ն ե-սւե՚ւ. ք ^ոմ^» գ11^ոոգ ) յձպբսւծւիսչյի իշէւաևք^^Ն օգնու–թեաե կան՛^ չբսևցաւՀ քարկաւ գիլքք՚Ն ՚Կ^ԲցՒԿՒ Ք"Վ, 1631/՛» (՚յ^եպսէ 1 ■)* ւ«»9ր՚ա՚#»^օ»^ա/օ՚օ ՓՐ՚՚՚^կՒ՛՛^ ^ անցսււ. (1632) Հհի գեանք ուր ԳիլՓ մահացու, վհրք մէ րնգ4^ւ%ե՚ցսււ. , ու. րո^եց յ^իւՖ1ս1^րէ Վյէէլ^շգալՆ ւիու.լի իշէւանոէ^թեաւԴւ գարձ&ա§ պօրւսպե-էո աեա.աեոէ,ե–չ^^ ետե՚Լք փսսէսոէ^ց ՚^աասոնհա^ ցհբր ^ոՀեէֆսչյ11^է եւ. ՀԼու^եաաց էսւրձւսկոււԴլ կիսո%^ ^ I ո% սաոսէսոս ւ/ւսցէՆի քով^ 163^/Տ> (ե^> \ԳԼ^Ոէ.ր \\ոսսաաէ^ ՚^տորիոս ևւ. ^արէ^^աքցմ^ քւնկսաՏ ^եռՆարգոս Վ^^^ ք \. յ մարցիէ% յաղթոսևցաւ-է ք՛ ։՛^ ^ « . ՚ 5 ՝՝Ա«"7* ՚Խ՚՚է) ^^^ւք^շդ^Փ՛ Հք^՛՝^***՛^ ^եա գա էի, է անի ղւձ/էԽէկց^սթձ՚ա՚ե մէք մանև^աով^ք ^իգգոչո$ֆ՚նիէ^ \ մասէեոսեցաւ ու. 1634։/^ \էհ^րՒ ՚^ք.. Կ"10՚՚^Ր ՚Ր՛"^ ( է ՝^ •"•^ /- ■ ՚ ՝֊ մանաւ.՚Ա սպա՚նոսևցաւ-ւ />՚–՚> ^ »61 »^^ ր^^Ա^^՛՝, . Փ^՜րգք՚^՚մեգոս աբօիգուռսր Վերէ0՜ ԳօրաւԽէրքքն օօ^ութեայի ^ու֊ռ-սէէսցր^յևե-րու^ ՚էՐ՚^ւ ՚Ս^օ/""//՛^՛ կէ^է քքԼ^ ^սւդթու.թիւ.ն \1ի վաստրկ1քւ^Ն ևտես (1634^1 \\աքսո՚եիա կէ^սեի^^ևա Լ\Գ^^^ ^րակպ^ի խաոոադոԱ.թիւ^ւն ոբաւ.% որոսն պօրու-թե՚աւՈւ Հ^ա–.^ աոէ.ցյան ^րոմար$ոսւաւ եա առ%ու ս՚ցաւ. • ե՛ւ. գրաւ-ու.^ Հ. 222 սքհ՛ ե՚կեղև՚օէօկաե էքաա^ււսա^յ^ե-րր ք ռառասա^ աարի / էասէռւէղներուն ձեոյօլր պիտ որ աււ^ք^ տ 4* ^էսղդէա^ որ ^էշւէհօ պաշաէէեււ^ին ժամա^ ^ ՀԼոէ^ե՚աայ օգնահ– էր, 1636/՛^ \^պ՚"^է՚^ի ^՚– ՝\ձ,՚–՚՚"՚ր1"Գքէ գե՛^ պէսաերաղւՐ \րաաարակե–^ւ <<\|ա^Հ . ՚նէր ՚^ ու-եաացի ղօրավարլլ^աղթևց ^^ԼՒԳ2ՏԷՊ^Ւ Ք՚^՚Լ յձպբսւծւիսառւոռ ու. ^ւ֊սսքրիա^ւո^ • եւ. ասՄրե-չո/ մքւն՛^ չ1ռ ^ոսէե էսւռւսՕաօսէւ. ւ ^էքրգ^ս^գոս Գ • գա^ա– կալևւէ՚ն ևաեւ. (1637165 7)ւ աշխար <^ակալի^ իևռ^ նարգոս ՀԼսըԱարի գուփ՚Ր ^րպ^շաէ՚ե ու. ՚կչսասր* բ՛^^ սւսոր –– ^ւսէ-անակաեագզքևս թոսեուէ^ - - մեէւնեւ^ն ևտևէ-ք Գաղղէացիք իրև՚ն^ յափշաակա^քւն 1639/՛^ ;– իր ւսշքսար՚^ւսկաէաէէ Մրկէրներոէ դ^որսգ11^սոԱ ք <ք\|ս/էք«, ք %էրիքաշ^յա^րգքլվասաըկևցաս\է^ր^իկիքով^ փա^ I ռաւ-էէր էւսոթու.թէւ% մ)է ^իգգոէուտնիֆ վրա1ք մսւսէէ. Գ^ո^ձտֆա ու. յբորաւ.իէԱք աշիար^ակաէևց ք164Ց) \^ու.գրսետր* պարկաւ. կաասս ղօրապևար ^1644)՝ կի^գէրպւտի^ եւ. \\էօ^ ««- Հա^ֆէ֊ըք դօրավարնևրըլ (1 645) \անաասի քով^ Լ^՚Հ^Դպ)Ի ^է) ^– Վ/էէ»– I ^^ւէ կր սպառ%Աքր։ ի/ւ ^յ՚^^րգր ՝ՎՐ*>^կե^1^ ՚ի^«–Հ I Ր^^է ս»ռսս^որգևու,ր§–եամե, ե՚ղաՆ ՚^գէսզոիառքքևերովԱ \ (16461648) աակե ու. վբպչք ըրաւ. Գ^աւիերաՆ* \ էսկ ^քւ^օնիկսմա^օ մաաւ. ^րակւԱք աւն §ֆՕո^իՆ ^ որ Վյէսգֆսէչիպյի քսս§ղաոոսթե–ա՚ն լու-րն քսռաւ.Հ 103 ♦ է1 յ՚«ք §յյ^յ \|\|.«»ը\|#լյք–յ1յ–էյյլ 1648» ^ևւքաՆ ^րկիր^է՚ՐԸ I - 2 • հ^Լ –Գգկի"–ք^1"^ ոա%1քյաւ. 30 աւ1ե–ւսք աքաաԽրագյէ 1 • ՝ \օաոաղոէ.թլես^ րանակցոսթիւ^մնևրե որ ՚ 1643/՛^ 0՚՚^՚"^րէ^քէ ՚"՛ յ^ի՚^սգե^րի ՚^ք սկսահ– էքքեք <^աղիւ. 1848^^ լյընցանէ Գ\աաե–րաօւ/հռ աէ^ րու.թև՚էսնց ^ատու.ցոսւՐ եոաւ. ^ոմերանքւպ^ի րաժ՚ա. ՝ / \ 223 1եու. եքոգե Մւ. ենեոեռսւնս^ սսէասօոսէսօ՚ոգ ասշէսսւր^էս՛^ նանաեւսւոմԱ ւ Գ^էէէղդէա» ըքեգէէւ%Խ^էէէս էսսասւքիակս^ ՚իչսսւաձ • Հօ՛».. թԽանյւ՝ եւ. Դ\րսԱաախի վբա^ ունէ^ահ– իշխանէ»սթ–իւ%^, Խա. իրւասսւ%ք աասէ^սււ. Փ1՚ւհք՚^՚"^՚"՚րկե ՚^ք^ սլա^ա»կէէ»ազածէ դջքկ^ պէս^ելսս ։ — իււսէ-սա. ^գաւ-ՆԽ^աւ. յաէւ.«էէշակադմԽա% իոմԽրանիաեէէ քիիսկէնչլ, յեաեակսզւ^ան ^ա^րաՆիւսյի յէկ մաոբ Վհգմաչւէ ՚ ^ր^-մէ՚ն սւ. Վ^րէ»^ Խպիակէւպսէէսւքէս^$^ %Խրր Խւ. 6 ւֆչիսե թ-ւսէքէր աքասաԽրսէպյի ն-ախք ա - . է^ւ.^» պւէսքկի կրօ%էէկան՝քսէէ$դաղբւ.թ–իլձբ $ոս$րսւհ–աա^եաւաս կօ». չ^սինսէկասՆաա^ վբպյ ■/ ՚ Հք^Ը^՚-^՚՚՚^՚՚Ա^ Գ^երմաեիաքյկՆ ^ ձ–«. աէթ ՜ճէսՆ ւ^սւ ՚^«"֊»յ ԽսաԱ շ. գ%է–րւՌսեւիսէ ի%չպ^»ւ կը^ կէարձ-ա-ի, երեսԴււսւԱէայ էէլս§»է$Խ^ րագէֆ% մէլ՝ իր բՆակչայկ^ա^-ձ աէ-ձքի՚ն կււբէէընչքսսյ • Ա/»»–֊ եաանէբԴ» աւ. Խրկբաէյշակէ»սթ–իւ%բ մաբգկաեւ սւսկս$սււ».թ–Խաա պաւս»ճէսււ.սււ. բաէլ»ր»վ^ ի%կան ։ Հ^ասբիա-բւսսոբ քւաոպքձեբ յք– գէ-ղի-բ մհխքոյ ^՚Ա՛" ք–օ\|՚Հ«՛^ < \^աււ»գագեւոէ^ւՆԽբաւ. Խն. գէաշաէ-բու. "՚^զ^ կւէ սւեաՆէբ մաբգ, վայբ1ււՆա^ահ– աաձաաւս^ %Խբ։ յ^ւ-Խւէ խեղճ վիՀաւկի ՝ ՚^9 մն$էսւ. վաճւաաւսւկաեւէէւ.», թ–իւ%% ոբ աւբգ1^ \^1ո– է՚չեահ Հ^դյկւաա»ոա%ի հ–ւ»վոս ՚ճւաւէ1. քավը, էսէսսւ ^սէբսա-էաձ– ւՐ բեգւ$ւ%սէ& կբ։ Վեագֆսւլիսւկահ խաղաղոԱ-թ-ևէամբ , ^եբւՈա^ւէէ։» » հ^1 ՚Ռ Կ՛՛Ա՛՛Ր՛^ ^"1^՜ բսվիՆ ւս%կէէւի§ սէկբաա^թ-եաեց բսէժՆսսեօսէւ. ։ աւե մի9»ցք^ էբէէԿւց կձ՚նւա^ բսւբէակոա^թ-Խւսմբե ու. ւ»էօեսււ.ոս^ թ-էսէմբբ աՆսա-^սնի ^Է1^ք է վաասքբկէսան մԽհ– ^եդի%ւէւկաւ.ա, թ–իլ% գերմաՆսէկա՚ն սէրու^եէւսքիռ, գիս$սա–թեանց, աեպսէ-քւե սա– բաբղյիյքւլ վրսէք» Հու.գւ»վիկււա ^^Դ ՚^ գաւլղիակա% աէբու.^ թ-Խան էսւււ.սւձ– փաււքբ ՚^կ գէ^^է եւ. գս»ողէւական եբեւ.Խւէ յա$սե%սէգբս»ս ու. մա«էէեքւսւգբոէ.թ–էան ոաբգաոումի Ակկաւէ գիհ%է աբապքոք կարգի ա1^եչքաւ.չքի% աի ադգիցոա.թիւ.%ր^է գ%է–րմսէն»ա^իք իտսրիդ^ կ՝ե–րթ–ս»յի% գազւՓերֆ^ե ւէզոա^ ես գաէոոիս»կան բսւրսէկոէ–թ–իւ% ոորվիչու. * ^էսդւլիւսկսւ% շո^պյ^ ւոա.թփւ% էէ/էՏԷ՚Ն կհղւՐ մու.ղքէ գսաւսւ. ւ ^ ^ վնսդֆողիայի խաղտղոհթեՏհճ, փճչեհ գաղղխսկաՏ յեղէսփոխոհթիհճ 1648—1789։ 104» կ՝֊՚*ղ՚1էՀ)1 •«•ք««–է՚լ, ♦"•լ«քէ՚5«»–Ր5–^է– 1 • ի՚^ձ հը Գ^է ասռքեաԻէիս ՚\|«օ\|> աք1էւաւէոԱ.թետ1$Ն երկրէւրգ շ\|>^<՚^ք < — ՚ 2 • Ո՚Հ, յաքաբգԽյւ Հե՚Խր, ՛ի .> . Ո՚Հ է լ«–»Հէ"» յ»հ • Ի՚^Ո՜" 4"»ւ«–«»»1է""–3՚* ՜՜ 3* ի՚^շ, կսռսւվարէա^թիէ% ոէ^Խց—աա. \ոա.գ* 31» • 1^2. պւսէաէերսէպբԼևբ ըթէաւ. աւ1 պէէՈէաԽրսէպբեԽր—Վէ - 4* 1*^2. ««ւ՚^Օ՚յ^ . ,ոաղսոէԱ»կւ»էՆոլ.թԽ$ա»ե կերալ կր թԽաԽքա ՚մէԼէ - Տ • ի՚^շ, "՚քգՒ՚^ւՔ –^քէց"՛– \յ՚1–Գ * Գ"դգ1՚^բ1^ ւՈսս»ե՚եսէա ասնով^ ե ոեւ.Ծ աաաէւ^ս ասրգւսցէսւ. ու. ռօոսւօաւ. օւսէօաո^ ^ասե էփասպե՚սէութհւ^մն ք որ թսՅգասորսքնաե հշբւանոէ.^ թիււՖո չափաւ.որոո կապերում ՚էհ^Րքե՛^ սեացոոգեերն աէքք գրև՚թկ– աէԱ^ տեովե-րցանՀ ՚\%եչպ^ս առաՕ^ շրՕս^ին մհք^ երօևաեաևք սէսաեե աւ եոկքէորգքէն մհք՝ I Սէռօռէորսէկան շսւ^ե՚րր օսւղպթէսեւաւնոէ.թեան ^ե՜սէ I սեոսւիւ. յիաէ-ոոեցսէևւ \քԼ. ոոոմ\Ծտե–լ. ասէՆոսաուո եւ. I գորօ–սւրան%ելէ սւղգաէքէն ^արսւոա-թեաե գւ§սէսսոր \ սւղբիէ-րեերր կչլ ^աէ/աբու.^^ ք աեոր Հսէմար գաղ^ I թէսկանութիւՏմեեոե ու, սէսոնց ^եա Նոմաւքէե աո^ոու^ I (^Է^-Կք ք ^է ^աեուաևէ 1^աոր^ <\ստէւ.առք ու. ՜ք^գղէս» I ս»ւ.ելր սեհ– 1ևշանաւ.ոոու.Թիւ^ մր ԱէոասցանՀ •- ՚ \|^«ւ.ս#«^ I ^^ շբ^սսՆքէն մէօշ \\պաեհաւի ոէ֊՚եևցահ– առաւե՜ւ առ^ է գեցութիսնրէ \Լե–սգֆաւիսչյի խաոադու.թերնյ^1և եպթր I գաղղէսչյի աեցաւ. X Հիւ.սիսսչյքւն տէրու.թևա%ց ժէչէՆ * I առաՕին% Հ–/ք ձ սկզբաե ՚^ուե-սէք Բ–՚(1ց Ժ^(Լ գս՚ր՚՚սե I սկիդջւներև սկսան դօրանէսւ ^րոսսիա ու. քիուսիսք X դ > - - Օսսէ է/ասիՆ առ&է^սէրսէկան շսէ^ե՚ո11^ք րսա մասԱե ւոիլէապևտե-լու. տՍնչանօկ ե-լ, րսա* աՈաա^ ռսւղպռա^ կան ^աւասարակշո.ութիւ.Նր պա^եէու. քա^տէ Ս՛^՛–՛ ^ V 225 ռսքքլ^ եեաԾ էսաճաէէ պաաՄոապսներոյ տոէ.ին էասաոաՏն ռջրսւռ էսւեէւո էքեհ՛ Նշս/նաԼութքւսն ա/ի։ յթ"«* շ. ւրաբՏէով^ու, մաօթ ակար \ոաք^ո^\ո^ ծ^Գ* Ի՚ե (1610-1643) - Հե-նբիկոս գ.ի՚ս որգ^Փ — աեւլ (թ». 98) ԿւԼ փ^բք^Ր "էր"–ք^ի՛^՛^ էր ՚ք՚ւչյրր\յ^ա^ րիաւՐ յբէաիչիէ 1624-1642 աէրու.թևա% գ լոսի՛ն աե^ոո քէ^էշՓ^օ եարգթնալն սւօնու.աեան՚Նե–րր ^օ#«. ^– րրսաւս^արե՜լոյ^ նորսւոաՆգկերո ռէ՚եւսթւսփ բեեւով ու. ռսէէ/սասչք^ եւ. Նովայ^ ռօրու.ր§–հւնո շաացրներ^ չով՝ ւսյրացոսց թէսգասրրաես^ իշխանութիսնրէ \^եբ գադոիւաի սէզգՄցու.թիւ1^ սւսնաոսո աեով՝ որ Աք.ւ»«,^ ^^րհ^հ ու. յձպանհայէ գ^մ՝ եղահ՛ աէԱէոերւսղմրնմձւս^ ՛նա կից և-ղաւ. է ^^ 3 . Լ«–^^լ»– ՚հ. (1 643 - 1 7 ւ^ք^օրւլ մե^ ռահ՛ Աքաօոև ^իեգ էոար&կան հր \^ր ^թտչափա^սւսոէ.^ թե-էսե եւս մօրր ւ^^Անսէ յ^ւսսարիսէցէ-^չրէ ինաէ/աա&աու.փ^ թե–աեաաե%^կրգորհ՚1^րյյ^սւպար^ն ^էշ§հհ9ւՒ ք^գէ-ովԱւ ^աէց յսո-ովոսթշքանց պսէալԽսռ սւոսսււ. եր Լսւմ1աս»ԼաԱ կւսռսւփսրութե էսւՌւր ( X 6^4 Օյ* որով փրթսււ. ԳՀքսրսասս^ որսէո քք^Ր011ճ6) ապսաս/ոԴէՈէ-թիւՆո։ գաղղէա^ Վյքսգ^^ ֆաչէսսի էէաոաոոսսքեամր. իեա մր երկհրնս-ր աո^և՚-ա^ ա^ն և-աե-լ. ^ ^սրէ^եաԱ գւսշամր. քԼ^Օ^յէ^գուՖձցաւ. \^սլանիայ^ ^ոսսհյէերոն ու, \^րգու.ա գաւ-առն&րըէ \^րր \ոսգովէկոս \քառար1^ի մա^ոսաԱ^ ևաե-լ. Լ1661յ> աէ^^րու-քՅւ՚եան սաեձր ձե-ռալե առւաւ. ք փւս, ռսււԼոր սւշրւսքր^սէկալու.13–իէձւներո/ էր ա^րութէւՖր եւ֊րոպսէկսւե էԱէԱ^ ա1^րութևանց էսռա^^մն րբաւ. է Ա\|<ա44^1» էէէաք^^^^է^^ե^ սկսաւ. 1667/^^< Փ^՛^. աէապոսդ*\\պաեէաւէ թագաւ-որքւե մեո^եւ^ն եաեւ.^ ՝\ոսգուՌկոս - • էր սւմհսսնոէն ^րսէժարմ1մն կէսկառակ -- ^ ժէսռաևգու-թեաՆ էրասաեց է1օսԱէ ^էսԽեալ՝ սկսէսւ. յ11պանէէաք^ն Աաորք^ 1եէԱ^ս/ԱգՆե–րր աա^աեՕե-լէ իէաց 15 I յ I \ / է 226 ^^Գ՚ւե^յՒէ ՀքՈԱանտայքէ ու. ՚^ոսե-աէ երրեէսե գսւշնսւ՛^ եռու.թ1/ն1/ե ստիպօսևցաւ. (1668) 1Շա1՚՚է՚եէ իաղաղու.^. թւրաժիք ^րսնսէրի$ւչյի մէք րբահ– աշխաբ^ակաւու.^ թիւյմներր թողոսէէ վ^կժ աւՆնոսւ կ ոսղէր % սէսոկռ 1՚րքքեբ 0^րեր1կռ ռաքու–^ թե-այհ. պւսշապաէւեքթե։ 1^^էք ՚ֆ^՚՚ցք^ ՚ր \ու.գւէւՌեոս կր ստիա1^ո Փր՚՚Գ ^՚"֊ւհհրքոս ^ Գվւաևս91^աոսրեէ կ^1է>Ր1^՚՚էրր\ 1 6 I Օ յՐ՚ս՚՚ր՚՚դը՚՚քՅ-ե-ան գսէշ1^կռ գեե–լոԱ.ք \^ւ.սաոիսւ ու. \^պաեէէս պաաեոսւռւՐ ^րատւսրսւեռ՚օ^ Գ^ս՚ողհս/յհ գհ՛^^ ^Ղք9 \Հ"–գք"^կոսի պօոէՅսվաոեեոբ^ գիւրէ՚ն (փ 1675/՛^ յւ^ասպաիի ք՚՚վ/) »«- Գ՚էնտէ ք թշնապւներր ^սէէ.ասւսրւսեշւՆՈսթեոսն մէ^ պա^ե-ռէւե^ որով \^աաեիւս ^էսրեագրէէցաւ. Հ^իյվ^կի խսւղաղու-ո^ թևամի (1678) ք^ր^քքեշԳոնգ1/ն 1էւ Աաորթև գասա^ ռաց սա^է/ս/ն1եե–ոու.% Խ^ 1 ճ սէե՜ո Գ^ադղէս՚յհ աասայ. Աք#/քՀ» ՚1ր՛^ \ոսգով^կոս յյւէԱսոոոկքՅ-էքս/ն \\է^ե^ կ^ յթմնե-ւսւոսասէ.^ թկ^ րնչ և-րկիրնեո կր վնրւսրՄր1^^ քէն ^էսռսէՕագղքն րրռե էէաէնճեուահ՝ յՖսւղպօներոէ^ ե-լ. գրաա-եց \\գրսւսպոԱ.րկրք Լուլբս^ւ/պուրկն եւ. ոսրէշ քանի դ^ քաղաքներ X Ը՚չ^ վյէ1/ն՚նսայի քով^ ^ա^իկ^ Նճ՜/ւՀ։Ն ՛նեղ մաահ՛ կաւսրր^ եւ. ոչ սււ գեսպանէսռ ւսռա^ութ եան կռիսեերու% զբաոահ– ա^րա.թեան ժոոոմը կրցան ւսսոր գէ;մ* րան Ա՝ րնս-ւ հ եքք •»ք •ք դաք»՚^յա^ մէ ձևոք ղարկաս Լ#»ւ.^ գովէկոս 1օօօ/՚^ւ Հո՚-փչա պաէոՆրասղմյւ ասէշսոօն^Աե յորգորեչովԱ կսշյս&րք \\պէսնիայի ^ յ^գդիսյյիք Հովէյսե^ ապյի ու. յձսսւղյայի գկէՐւ լլ<# ասւաերաէ^» սկսասւ. րարր^ւրոսսւկան կերաովՀ շաօէ<, աե՚ղուակբ մհրւէր ու֊ անաաէսա գէայրձրնեւովէ ԱաորԱն գաա֊առսէց մհք Լ^կԲ՛^ սւ^յէսոա-ր մարա^աէէֆձ։^ ^ եւ. ^^^տալէայէ ւէք գ^սւտքւնէսէի \ \ I 227 ւսէո^ոսթֆէ^ւեերովԱ ^օէսաւ. \ոսգոմէեոս 1697 քե ղքւօ՚քհք \ւսա՝սհ մէ՚0 ո4–%Ծօսէհ՛ ա&ոս՚ոնթե պա^ե-օթե։ 4լ . Ղու-գովէեոսէ սէբապօի՚ն ձեո^էսրկսսթեաքևռր ակ^ա ՆշաՆսւա-սր ^^ր իր ՀՆա^ա»^ կսէռսւվաբօսթ-եէսն կ^Բ9Բ \^վևոսսւկանէա^ պօքէՈԱ-թ-իւ^էԻ ՚\ու^գավ, ^է^* է/ե եսւքը , եւ. §1անսւա^աս^գ քէ^էշւհհԳքէ "՚֊ ^""Բ՚՚րէ՚^ւ* ^եռՀտ ^ղասէսւհ– /»/. ւ^ւ^ւէէ \՚»֊գովէկ»ա ^Ղ * ա1^բ1»–ք«^եասՆ միոս^եաեՆ էսրգեւյէ գնսդ թ-ու֊յի. միչգ»ոասւ.է \էԽլ կրՆկս»$ոկր սւէրու.թիւ.Դքե իթըես ասմիողղ^ </» է ռսր կե%գրո%աչքսւ.օաէւձ– կր է՚-ք "՚^՚^ի՛^՛ վբ"(յ (1՚6է»է 0՚€8է աօ1)« եւ. ակրու.թեսւե ա1կք^ թ-ագաւորին հշ^ասնու-թեՆ^^^ ռասա իշիւասե$ոա..թ–իւ% չ^ր 7^ւ»§եչ\ևար ւ \|լ^<՚/> ^ւսմար, էր 72 »ուսրէ~ան կսւռասվարոէ-թ-եան՚ն սէսւեՆ, ոհ «»4՚– րոէ.թ–1քան ժողով եւ, ոչ ՚"/ սւփէՈէ-Աէկանւսռ քսռր^ուրգ §Ր եղաւ. է է^ւ. որպէս օի թ-էսգասւորիՆ ակրոսթ-եասե ՚/էք սւ%եոա»& րլւսրձր աոաի՚ճանրէ Նսւեւ. արէոսւօէ՚ն ^դսերոմ աեո՚նուփ , ւա»րռոԱ%եասօ սովորոսքՅ-էւ^ւՆերն (ճէւՕ Ա6էէ68) սււ1ե^ %աճիշգ. կերպով ^րոշու֊ե^ան ։ Որ՚՚վ^եէոեւ. \յՐսւօաբ11;Նի աքա^ոսանք;Ն եսւեւ. էսռաք^ պաշաօնեսԱ (թք6ա161 ա1Ո1Տէք6) չըխարու,ե^աւ, . աՆօր ^«/– ւ/ար վարչու^թ-եսէՆ այւեսսու ՚ճիա.դերու^ ^ամար սւռւ§ւ%ձի% պոէշաօնե աներ՛ն ^արկասոր եղան . եւ. ՚Լո՚-գ • աոօնո ըն^ ս$րոսթ–եանր յէք 1 րսք մե&է մասքէն բախս» ուՖեոաւ. է լ^«»1\|ք« է/էք^^ Նշանաւ.որ ե^ ի »էասսնս»ւ.որի \ոա–վոէս աասս»երաղմէ ու. դ»ուաեր եւեա^մաիո աաշաօնեաներոէ Վերքինբ էոեբսւ–՛ թ՚եաէ$ն եւեւ.$Ոաւ.Աէօր կստրգսէւ.ոբեո եւասռու.$ոու.բբւասռաս9ա^ ^Ր^ելով^ ու. գորհ–ս$բանՆեբ գնելով էո^րոէ..թես»ն մհսաքն աճեսսէ^ո է ^պ1^ որով^եասեւ. շարու^ակեաւ աաաոերսքղմ1. Ներբէ փառասսոբ ասրռոսնէօԽ ու. թ-ասգասսորի՚ն փառէսսոբ շի՚Նա.թ–իւ%Ներբ (^Վէր՚՚պյ/է ^"՚րւէ ^– ՚^/^) մեհ– սսւըեի գոսւՈսրՆեբ կբ պաէ^անշխի՚ն, ասնոբ ^ամաբ ղօրոա..թ–իայն՚ն սպւսռսէէՒ երկրքէն վրաւ աաբս»ու.ո մեհ– ^ՒանբաբեոՏնոա^^ թ–իւ% է՚՚կ Ք՚՚՚Պ՚^ա՚՚՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ "՚՜ գե՚Ր՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ 4բ՚՚Ս "^՚օ՛՛՛^^/^ էոու.քԱէեբ գրոսեոան։ - - ^էբոսթ-եան ԱԱ– կերպ փոխու.ե^ լովըլբնէսկան էր որ %ոբ կարգսււորոսքՅ–իլ% ՚ք բ/Ա Աբ Նասեւ. ոսսաիկատէնսսթ–եա»$ն»Դ;քէ յ^քւնչես էսյ՚ն ժա»1անակ, էսասղաղու.» թ-եան ու. կսքրգաւ–ոբու.թ–եան ^ոգբ, էոեղական վաբչու.^ թ-եսսն ւանձ%ու.սէձ– եր* ^էժակ մասնասւ.ոբ աաշաօնեասնեբ գբու-ե^ան , որոնք չե թ՜ե ւֆէս/ն մարգիկՆերռսՆ եւ. րնչիո էսպա^ովոա.ք–եաԱն է այւՆաեւ. ընգ^ա՚նբսէպես աեբ՚՚՚^ք^եան քսսւղաղոսթեա^քն եւ. բասբօրու.թեանր վրս»յ սւէս* որ ^րս^ կե1ն I Գ»աղսէնի սոաիկասնու.թ–իւն մրն ս>1 գբու.եռսէլ. « որ էսռսէնձնակա՚նաո իրաւ.ու^քօ^ն Գ՚Դ^եւ^ն ղաա , Ղւ»»աե ^ոկ %ամաևներր բանասչու. իշխանոէ.թ–իւ% ուՆեբ 5 • \ոէ–գովիկոոի կրթ-ոսթ՚եանո պղսաիկոսո Հոգ սէա^ րու^էսե չեր» սակա/ն բևական խելք ու. սրամս»ու.թ–իւ^ "Ա" 15* 228 աւէե՚նար» կերպով աառսւքացոա^ց սւրսւ.ե$»աեւերե ու. գԱոոէձ.– թիւ^ւներր։ \»ր ւսըքու.Նքքքը^ ժոպսվե^ գ^ւօղ^այի սւաււէէ9թհ գիաօնսւկանՆձբ՚ն քլ. աաՒւաքևո ասասսւս» եկսամաա.»ո ասաաես * լլ«ա1ք^«^ ^ը կէսռսւվարսւթ-եան ժսւմա^ւէակր գաադը^էսկաե մաէոեՆասգբութեան սսկեգւսրն եռաս է ^(^գսէրգ 1՝\^ուէ^ր (է1673), 4՝––^ձ. (է1«84). քհ՛"՛՛/^^ (է1699)./Լա4^»1ւ. «ոեՆաէգբուք9–եւս% սէաէողներն ձ%։ լքէք.ււ . ^իՏձե» 1663^^ ՂՐ՚Տ* 1666/՛^ գիքքսթ-եանօ ՚ճեմարաԿւներոէ \ ՝\էէւ.գավիկււսի ^^էսրաաՏ– վարչսւ^թ-իսՆթ ՀԲ՚-փ ՚Ռ ^րէ՜՛ %ասկ եղաւ. գրեթ–^ սէմկՆ եւ֊րոպսւկաէէ էօէրսսքՅ՚ձւֆՆօ ։ ^էսղ^ ոիւսկան ւսրռուՆեասա շքէզււէ.թ–էանր բւսբէւ»կէաէ.թէէո§է%Նէ ^չ^ պէ–" ^ս՚^<– Բ՚՚՚Ր՚սէտ ""՚ւ՚՚՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚-^^՚՚՚^Ր ^եսաե՚ւ֊եռան ոսրիշ Աէբռու%էօեե՚բն ա/* գ%սւղօքւեբք^ լեզա§է.ի% ^եաէ / \քա^րօաա§ի ւԱքքՒ յեէէւի՚ն յէք սւասբէսհ՜սէ-եաաեւ %ւէքեւ, գւսղդ^^կաե %սբե^ ւու֊կ էէովսբսւ.թ–էւ^Նեբր* է %ալ, - շ. իձ վ^^ք»^^ի ՛՛է է ^ր \էպ^%իս՛՝ ՓԻԺպպ^– ԳԻ -». իբ յ՚՚է՚ր՛ գ–»չՐ> աաե% ի՚^Լ էէ՛^ /՚ւ՛ –՚^՚կւքս^ ա։րաւաճ՚ասաէ%երք1 1 ՚– 3« կ՚Րթ– բս»ժ%աււ.Խւրաէ. իէւրգուկալ 1^աքա՚եիէԱքէԿւ » Ի՚^է կերպաբա՚Նք առա^ հբ իաբգու.կաԼ ^(Հ* գսէբո»^ էէէքւ չոբգկ իբ ոըգի՚ն ւ^^ո^ո^^ Ա.– (1658-1705)» յ^սոր ժսոքանէսկ էսրգք^^ սւեարսէցահ– տ1^րու.թիւ.Նէ^ սէաճԼաեաե ու. գսաղոիսւԼսհւ պւսէոերսւօսեե՚ոոյ շսսսա կբհցՀ ^աճքակք \^%^թւ^աս»մե գարա\^ու.սգաֆայի առսա^որգոէ-էօ-եասմօ. Վհէ/Անւաէ սւռ.Օե–ւ.տ \^ւսկաւՆ Ըգա^ ո1^պ1;;բնպ^ ^ւսշու^թե՜սէւ/չւ պ»սշաաանոսսւհ՜ ռսւոպռրյ ^ովՀաե%1^ս ՚^ոպի1;;էւռի լե-^աօք^ ու, կարոլրս 1՛՛–^ Թսէրքւեգքւսէօթե ատղաաեցք^Հ \^է^՚սքոքւսէօիք՝ ւսսԼ^ եպբր \ու.գ* ԳՀատրնի էշ^աեյէՆ ու. ՚կ^ւ.գին^^ոս \\աւ.ոքացւ֊զքե էաղք9–ոա.թէւ^էնեոոէհէ պւնչափ էսսռւսՕացան ք որ $ա«^ 7^հԼք 150 ս՛արիք;– ^^ր ՀուՖգարիաւէ մհք ւսաւսհ– րո^ չոր ե–րկիրն1էրր կորսընցոսցքւե է Հու.%գսէրիւս ւսէ.սւորի<^ ակւտւն տան ժէսռանգու.թիւ% եոաս 16օ7/՛^* ԲՊՅՅ պա^եց իր էսւաոէ.կ սա^յսէնագրոսթիւնրւ Գ"՚րւոմիռի I 229 խաղաղոսթեամքւ ( 1 6 9 9) > Կ՛^"/՛^ առաւ. ^^անսհլոս^ աԱիան ու. Դլաւ.ոնիան : կւ.գ1^էոսի ^ևգ1^րվարաայեի /1Հ. Գ^ե-լկրատէ ^"ք րբէսհ՜ ւաոա– ու^թիսԱնեոոմը^ք վաս^ տրկեցաւ. \^ւ.սաբիա ք ^ասարովի^ի խս$ոաոու.թե–աւ1հ^ (1718) 1սռոէ.ագիսաաեիք ԳՀոսնիէսյէէ յձևբու֊իւսյի ու. Վ^րզբիէսյի մէ^ մասը ո(ւր անգիէ^ Վյ/նե-տի^ 1699 1էն առէսե– Ա՚որ^աեք գսսլէձե-աւ եոբսնօոսռւ ^սկ^^օ եսոռե սկսաւ. ^ա՚ճկ1։ ակ;րոէ.թեսւն մհք աեկաոողութ իւձւն ու. անաէ^ոհչու-էօ-հէ^ը* որոււիո ասօգՄցութէւՏ1էո կոր–^ սոեըոկցՀ ^կակա րՆգուձէեցաև ՀձսմաԱեանռ ԳՀևւկրա–^ էոէ գս՚շէ%բոյ (1739) \Տ՚՚՚փգքէ "^ ՚իս^ուբ^ Հա, ոաւայ^ գքէե ս-ղահ– Բ-՚՚ր՚ր "Բկէր՚եեոոյ Բ֊՚111Ձ ՍԼ^^^Տ քէէուսասէոանքւ սոալու. ՀարկագբեցանՀ 2.\^պա%իս^իյէ1^փ1^էոԳՒ(\^^^–^^^^) «- ՓյւյԳԳ»** Դ՝^ (1621-1665) յ՜աւՐանակ՝ ի՚նչպէ^ս ժողով ոսրդՆ ք անաեկ սււ ե–ոկրւսգորհ–ու.թ^ւ֊նն ու. ւս–^ ոոսեսսոթ սէեսսՈւռլի կե-րպով^ հյեալու. օկսաետ •^Աէ^ ոսէբներ ու. գե-ղե-ր գրե–թ1տ^ ամայի ևղահ՛ հէ՚ե» հէ-ո ւաւնգրպ^ անաոաևեւէ սւուրռե-ոո շատ աՄոոա.աեթ էսպրս–^ ասւմիու-թէւհէնռ-ո ւառաՕ բե-ր^ւ \^պանէա Վեսգֆա^ 1Բաէ րէէսդաղոսթե-ամխ Հաոկագրեցաւ. Հ^ոըաՆտսւկան Հաերապեաոսթիւյևո ՚ճանչնալոս ե՛լ. Դ\իւ.ր1քե1րան իէօւղաոութեամէւ \ 6օ9^^ \Լոգու.ան ու. քիու.ս^չս՚ոնր գաղդիայքք աալոԱ.է Տկ"՚Ր Կ*է)ը** ք^» (1665-1 700) անյաՕոո պատեոապսնեո1;^ էքէոե՚Ա. ք Ա^^^^ քսաոաղու.^ թև ամի 1668/՛^ Գլանաչէիսչյի մկկ մասն* ու. կիմւք^կի խաղաղութևամի 1678 ^ է \\աորքւն կաՀանգնևրկ՚ն ռանի մի գսւււառ. ու. կէՈանշ գոնգի՛ն գաոոիաւի աա^ չու. Հարկագրևցաւ. (104)» 3* իորգու^կս/է սպաեոական գսււառ եոաօ՝ ժէս–^ մաեակ (1580-1640)^/» Ա/՚^^^ձ* Հ^գկ^»^"^է ^/՚– կէը^"ՐՐ Հ^ոււանւոացւ-ոց սէսււու. ՀսէոկագոեցստւՀ ^սչյգ 230 յ^գղէա եղաւ. ^որգոսկաաէ գաշեակէցո» որ մաԱէսւ.՛»^ աևգ անկարոո գոէէէասԱէ^ Ն՚է ժամանակ (1705– 1750) մեհ– էսզգեցոէ-թիէ^ սկսաւ. բանեցընե-ք ^որգու-կալի նձ^րքթև քւրողութ ևանց ՚քօ՚՚Օ • ^^^^Գ է/յն»%«ք–էլյ աաեն (1750-1777) յաււա^ցոսց (ւ/ւ^ սապոնչլ 175 5^ ե-րկրաշարժէՆ ևաևւ. նոր1/ն ու. ակևյւի փառասոո շ^եւ աու.ուլչ\ ^ոմպա/ պսէշաօնե-աե »Խ»^ ՛ճառական ութ իւ-նրէ \\ակէէչյն խեւագար \|ր4«քէ««/ Ա.^ աաև՚ն — ոըոսե ւոեո 1799^^»$՛^ կառավարէր տէ^ ոոէ-թիւն՚ն իսբ որգթէ ^ով^, Քլ* — ւսյն Նոբոգու.^ թե՚անռ աաոԱ-ոնԾոո փճաոանէ ք^ռոսաուրր բւոտոըո–,^ վ^ ՜ք^^գղէսւցւ-ոց ձեո֊բն անօաս* &բկրի մշակոէ-թիւՆր հ^աՆո սւոէ-ոբօ-րույն ես մաոգու. պսւկսութե-ստՆր պւսէո՛^ ՚ճառաս շաա ^կաււ 1700-1714. 1* կարոլոս ք^^ ս»մ1քն1^ մօաիկ ժսէռանգոյ էէ^աւի&բպյի կայսբոնաիբո^ 1699/՛^ մեռահ՛ բ քլարվ յըյնգորսէ ու. Հոչլանէուս թւսգսէժառանգ որոշե՚ցքէն կւտ/յսեբ ևբկբոբգ ոբգքէն ւյ\\աբուոսՀ յ^սոբ հակառակ կաբոչոս \\պանիացթյ ք կաակքւն մ^Օ ժառանգ ՚անոււս՛^ ՚նեը Հոսգ ձդ»ին թոռր զ^էլէսլպոս ք ոբ թագաւո՛– բքւն ժա^ՈԱ-ան^ (1700) եաև-լ. էբօբ գա^յն ելաւ.է գ^ասղղիայի ու. ^ասսէերսոի գկւՐ ՚Լէոփսչաոս Ս1յ^^ ^ես9 յիսէռաե ^րւէւսիսս է \^գոիսւ , Հ^ողաձէոսւ սս Աաէ~յ»յս»է ^սււ.իեըսէռիք դ%իրսլ^ն վււ%$ոոէ–եէ^ն եսւեւ. , սէսօնց ^եսա միսէցեւսլԳ%սէղդի$սցիքր յսւօթ-ոսեցա^ ՚^սգի՚նէոս ԱասւոյաԱա^ ^ի^ն ու. յց^արւպըրըխ%, Հ"հշգեգԻ Ք"՚Լ 1704^1^» Ա""\|» վր՚՚ւ/ կսւրոչոս սրքիգու.քսո Գ\արս(քչո՚նայի ՚^ք թէսգէսւ֊ա. որ ՝ճասնչթու.եոսէւ. է 231 շ. Լէոփոըոոսի յաջորգկ Ց«»^էք Ա՛ (1705– 1711)^/» որգթւ X 1 7 ^թ Մ"՚ՐԸքէԸԲԸք յաղթոսթիէ-Ն (1708) երեո^ միառԱաւ օօրավարնե-րր ^ւսղ^Մօ^ ՀԼաեաոմի (քՀստւ^արի օաէ\ ու. ՀԼհւԱսրէ \\ք՚՚1ԲՐ"գէէ օքքՀ^Ն որով բ.ովաեգակ\^տսւլէւ»՛՛ ^՚-՚՚^րէ՚՚՚Յ՚՜՚՚Յ ^^՚ՀԲ^ աեռսււ. է ՜^սոմ կսքրոլոս^ յյ^ասարիաի »^0 ւսւ թէսգսւ^ սոր ՚ճանչցոսե^աէ-է Ա^" եեո վէճս$եկ–ե ՚Լոսգովէկոս ^Դ«՛– "Ր քր պա Ա"–ւշքե անարգ անբ րերոոաաէՆ խէս^ ոագոսթեաե ապքմամեերր "էշՐ ^էԱԱ»ոաաու.էօ–եէսմււ եո սէրժ^ր - առաէոե-օսէւ. \^սւրլպրրրէ ե՛տ եանչոսե–^ ւովքԼ^ ՝Վս$նաոսր օանհ մի ւաղ^ութհսմն1քրոսն ^Օաօ#«. %իայի մ^;0\ եւ. ^ոփէէ;^փ \ձ, է մա^ոսսէմիո։ ՝\|^ք. որովշ. ^&աճռ ^ովս11;Փ\\»քւն ^աՕոր գահ՜ ^րք իբր (քլ. կպյսր՝ էր ևղբպքրը^ \1ա^ո^^ Զ,. (1711-1740)» ա՚նոր <^ամար ՜յձպաեիսոի \\սսարիէսկս^ պեաութ&աՆ ^եա էփանսքլԱ^ մաաԱգաւ.որ Լ երռւ.սւր ^ ռէսղպթասեաե ^սէւսւսարսակոշ^ ռոսթէւ.նր պէս^ե-ւու. ^ամար ։ ք\ւսաի ճո. Փէւե՚ք՚՚ւ՛՛՛ (1713/՛^) ^Հ՚՚Գդեպյէ՚ե ես Հո^Ասնապ^կ՚ե ոս քիչ^ մէ ե–պռր(Ո\^յ^ա&ս կւ^սրյքն \^պանիսչյի թագասոր ՚ճանչ^ո$^եօսւս : ^պյց կաասրե^ աս որ փոէւար1^ րնգոս՛^ Նեօէսւ. ՚յձպանէւսկաե յձաոր^ գւսււսոյես՚րրք Հ^^ւսպո^ §իսրք\^արգթէիաեք յցրէչաեն ու. 1րս^գոսան։իսկ յվւպ^ րալգարր թողոսռ ^պանիա ՜^^գգիւսցսոցւ Նե^ասձ– տսէ/կՆ երկիրՆ&րէ՚ն օրկու^սէձ– Ապանիստ՚ն՝ կսրէւՆասա.ա սակար Փ^/^՚^1ք17/^ (17001 746) կաս֊ավաչւօսթ-եա՚ն աաեՆ* Նսքեւ. իբ սւաւ^մնէհւսգրոսթ-եաե ՏձսւռորգՆերր։ ^եոգԱնաՆ^ գ"" ^.(1746-1759) «ւ– կար»ր,ս գ, (1759-1788) փ-ր^ ձեցիԴւ գի$ոու.թ–եաԿա ու. սէռեւ.սարի Նոր կե՚Նգանւ»ա^թ–իւ% »& էսսէլէ գ»ւսզթ–Աքկանոսթ–եէսնց աառեսսարդա էսօասւոէ֊թիւ-քէՆ է^էգարձակու-ե^ասէ. է կարոչոս դ% , 1808/^^ ^«՚ք^^ ^րաժա^ րե^էսւ. է ^^ . ՝/ ) 232 ՝ ,. / ձակԽ^աէ-է - շ. Ո՚Հ Խ իՀ՛"* . ^ ^է" ♦-•«ւ"•Հ«"^^^ • իքե՚ե ա՛ Լ յ-է՚րգե^ » 3* հ՚^շ, վաբչէ,ւթի^% ուՆեցաա. պԽարքա, \|ր4ձ– . ի՚է^ձ –՚շի»–ր^ակաը,լ.թիա.1^Խր ըրաւէ ^. \\ղգսւօ յեհ՛ գաղթ ւս կան օւթե-ամն սաաերՆ ^ քէէ^ու-սհպյի մհ^ աէսոսսհ՜ա֊սւհ՛ հքւե ֆ^է՚եեոաւնքսւաւեան ու. թաթարակաե աղգե-րըյ Հիւ֊սիսս^քւն քէհու,սիա ^^^ ^Խ 0«#9^<էէ^է առաքնէէրգոսթե-աւ/ի Լքիոա.սքւ ցևղ^ե\^ յԼա^ ոկ^կե–աէէնևր1/ն կաւՐ դաեիաց1էնե–ր1;^% Նոէ^ա՚ճոսեօաւՀ ^ՈԱ֊ոիքի ^ա^որգեևրրէ ^իէբևրի ևրկայնութևայի գհպ հ ^աոաւ. սէարսւհ՚ուԾցսսն , ճո. Ղ^է^՚է Ւր^՚^Յ "՚Հ՜՛ րու^թե-աՆ յայրաքսէդպբ ոբ^է էէ^"^ր1ւՌէ թուՆնոր^ գւ-ւշ/ե՝^ ՀԼ^Գ^յ)^ք\ աա&՚նէ ձք՜/՛^ 1000^՛»» մէոաւ. ռրրստոեկու. թիսեր ^ու^ասաանէՆէ Վյատիմիրի է՛ ե՛ք է/ի պաոիկ էշբւս$եոԱ.թե–աՆռ բսէժՆոսւսօ– ա^ոու.թրւ1էն 1 2 Օ ւ(՚^ \^ոնկոլնև՜րր 1եու–ւս^ ւՏևեկքքն \&** (Օր Մք՚՚ւյ^ ^արոէ.սա Հ^ու^որոաին 111^0^ քէ^ոԱ,րիռի ռեոին իշիէան՚նեոր սնւսռք§ն սսնկէսխ հ ՍոՆ«. կոչնևրը՛ աիրևցի՚ե քէաու.սիէսյի 240 աարիի չափ։ Ա^» ՚ԳջջՅի՚ե (1320) \Տպի՚«ակ ^ոսսիա (յրի՚նսք ^ Ս՝"^^– լ^մէ Վհգ՚^ւ՚(Ք"1) ՀԼոլէ՚եիա^ ^ոաոչէւա ևւ. ք\ւգրանիս/ անռան \հթ ոէ.աՆիայի • 133 Ս 1^ կարէֆր քիու,սիա (\\ա^ ւեցք՛^) \ե^սւսս1անիՀ ^այԲ Դ^քւէ/ուոքւ էէսդթութհւն–^ ՚ՆռոովԱ Ո՚՚կ"՜՚էե՛^ էւաՆսւկՆ աւե սւսէոհ՚ճաՆհ ակէսրսւռս/Աք որ \վան ՚(1Լչ՚"հԺ՚հՌ> կրՑ""՜ 147 ւ^^ք աառԼկաե տու֊րյօն էսսոր էոս/նաչւ 2. Ւ^^ Ա. Վ— յլ^է^ն(1462–1505) Հ«^^է֊ ս1Մռ \^ոնկունՄրր (իուսիայ^՚ն • էսշէսար^սէկսււեո կոմ^ կորոէո ու. Տրոաւ. (14:92) ՚"^/» րովանգակ քիոԱ.սիսչյի է ի^% Ռ– \^^^–՛^^ (1533-1584) առածի՛ն 0,արր կամ կայսրրյ գրաւ. աո֊էսՕէ՚ն կանոնաէ^ոո պօրւսգ գու՚եգր (է>է1՝61ւէշ)^ եւ. ՚նոսա՚ճևց ռգաղաե ու. օ^ս^ ^ հ՛ 235 գրւսքսան ։ ՝իբ ժաւ/ասնաե սԼսաւ. յձիպե-րիայի աշ^աո^ ՚^ ^ակալու^թիւՏնոք յ^ևրմակի՝՛ գոզագն&րու. աո֊աքեոո^ գքւե ձեռօթ Հաա \%վանի ոքէդւդխ ^նա շիՕաս քի"՚՚րքտբհ ցեղը. 1598^. քէ^ոսսք \իՀևռն ^ֆ^ոկոՏտե մւՆնտէքլէ-ն 1ոոևւ.ք ու. \ե^ա^ ^ետ շարունակ պասքե-րաղմելովւ ՝^ղոււսւկա1ւ աշխար^ակալութ–իսն%էր1է՚Ն յառաքէ քիաա.^ աէէաքի յկքյւ թ–կպ1;;ա կրթ–ու.թ–իւ% ։/ր Կ"՚Ր.՛ ^՚»ւեասաաեի արգե-Լք ւյձէավն երէ ^ու–սիւայի սւրեսյաեան \^սրոպայ11;% ^ քեղու.ւսւ. ու. Հասսւսաաքով $ոս$րբեր ՐԱ՚ք1Բ. Ա^ղոէ֊ւակա^է իշխէա$Նու.թեաև ւսւ/եՆ^Ն ^էսսսւկսւր ^եսէեա.ու.թիւ.\էհ եդաւ. քիու.սիէօյի Հէէմար^ է^՚՚՚ՐԴքէՏ ""^"՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚-Թք՛–^ "՚– "^74^2/՛ Աէ-թիւՆ ։ լլ^"/՛ Հսամար 1^բ , որ Օ^արերոսՆ իշխաեսւ-ա. թիւ-Նը^ մղոա.չականին պէ-ա բացէսրձսւկ ու. բ»ւ%ւսւոոսէկսւն հր \\ղեոա..էսկաէ$Նք օսքօպռնեբ^^ գսսրս, բ—Ր՚ր մշակուաաէհ^ երկիբնեբոլ. աէբէրՆ հ^Դւ ։ Գ-եպացիք գեռ ւԴ՚Նչեւ. 185Ց գե՛րի հ^ է է"կ քաղաքւսռ բեւստկիչներո իբրեւ. իշխանսւռ սեպ^էսկան ստոացուսւձ–քբ կր ՆկօէԱէՈէ^հիՆ է 3. Պէ՚քէ–* Ա– Մէ–> (1682-1725) եղթօրլ \^վահքէն Հրաժարևւի՚ն (1688) ^ւ– \Տէորհլէց՚եևրոՕն սէպսւՈէսաէբոէ,թէէ%ր %ու.ա1ճել^ն Մսէեւ ք ե՚ղաւ. սիա^ե^ հ-աե աքէրէ ^եարոս գե-բմէսեիւս ք Հոլլանաա ու. լլ1՚օ գոիա ըրսէհ– ՚ճսւնապարՀորգութե-ա՚նո յհ՝9 (1օ9 7 )> սորվե-ցաւ. սւ֊ոոաէսկան կոլժու,^հւհւ^ պոր ասւԱ^ կե՛րպ ադւ^ցՆերով քէաոէ.սիա§ե սէ9 քսոթեւու. Օաեսէց% Ղ^ր՚՚է ե-րկրրներ ՝ճամր.որգու.թիւ^ րնե–§ու, ^րաւ/ան տրու֊ե^, ոաւ. • եւ֊րոաական սէարաո մէոռուեռսււ. է ^էոարսւկան^ %եր "՜րկէր րե-րելով^ էսռոէ֊աոԼր ու. արու-եսսա էսւռսւ^ 0աօան» աասէև-րապմակաԱ եւ. ՆոաեաԱն զօրու.թէսսն ռ-լրոպակահ ՚^դյ փոէսու.եցս»ւ,Հ ՜^րքսանկռւի »Ա^ք էէ-ովայա» քննարան մի ^էսնու.եօաւ–, 0սմա՚նց^ե–ր1^ յ\ղոմ առնոէ-ձ-ցաւ. • եւ \էնկ1^րմանլաեա աշէաար՚^ւս^ կալուե-լէ֊ն ևաեւ֊ք 1703/՛^ ^էգևրսաու.րկի ^^«/՚ 9 1 է. 234 գրա^և^աէ-է 1721/՛^ ^ձարոս աեուանև^ թտ դէ՚Կք. վա»աըկեւք1էւա. ՚^Հււեւաքեերէխ է հ՚^ճ կերպւս^Աէ1տ աէքաւէԱէ֊ ^էաւ.աիսէ •^իէ.ոիաաքթԽ ւղււէ11քեբաււզմւէվէ լ. իա֊ՄԱքսւց ^ՈԾէ-ռ-լե-ան էէոմու. ե-րեիրնԾՈույև ՚Խպյ ու.%&ցսէհ– իշրէանու.1օ–և՚աե գգմ՝ ՆօւէէսԽձասոոոէ.՛,^ թէսն ժհէ պսւէո՚ճառ աու֊սքւ. (1 ւՕՕ/^՚^յ ՚իսԽիւսեաեք ՝\ե–^սէեաե ու. քէաՈէ֊սաեսԽ գսւ^սւսցոսթեաե մի (1697՞՛ 1718)՝ ՚կաոոլոս ^^* ^ուս-տաց ե-րիտսէսարգ թա^ գսէւ.ոոէէն գէ;ւՐէ ^ \\սէրոէոս ^ս^եարհ՛ գոբ^^1ե^աեն^ վրպյ յարձակե-լով^ սաիպևց (1700) պֆրեգևրիկոս Դ«« դ^աեէպյհ թագսէւորն ք իոէ^ ^եա խսւոսէոոէ^թէւ^ ոնեէու. ։ ւ^սոր ՚1ըսչյ զարեաւ. 8000 Հ^սէոոնե-բով^ \^սէովայհ յ^՚^՚է Գ\ե–աոոսի էսռա(^որգոա–թե–ստն տակ եղահ՛ աէսսնպասէէկ ռու.սս$կաև րւաեսէկր աշխւսր^ւս^ կւսլեց (1703) Բ՚՚ՐՐ \յ՚Հ՚"՚ւ՚՚ս^Ր» յձ,ւ–գոսս՚ոս ^Ր փսր առ^եւ ու. \^սւանիսլաւոս 1ե՚օ^1ևւքքք^ թէսգսէս^ էէոեցոնեւ աու.ա€.է ^1^սլ^տ յ^սգոսաոս սաէպոսե՛^ ցաւ. (1706) թագէն Հրաժաբիլ, բպյց քէչ^ ՚հէ եա^ քՐ (1709) յձս»անիսլաւ.ոսքԼ \և^աստաեե՚ն վէէեաե-ցւ 2 • լ^ք# եոաօ՛ ժսւմաԱսւկ էսշքսսէո^էսկսււեց <1\|/7՜«, տբոս ՚էձկէրմաելանտն ու. \ֆվլանսէֆ ևւ. \քսգլանաի մէե ւ/Խսբ։ կաբոչոս՝ Աառ1րբբա^ գոռագնե-բու. գնգապե^ §ո11^ն %օ՚նգութձ–Աէմի ք\սգբաՆիա կր»սպո%.րու.ե քով կոբսնցու.ց Ո09 /՚^ք ^"՚^Լգ՚՚՚Փ^քֆ ՚ճակաաով^ իբ աը^ կսքբացւսհ– բաեակրէ 1Ը^սոբ •Խտ ^սւճկսւսաաե փաիք՚աա. էէւը՚Լ^ ղչսսէկօչյ քէ^ուսիայի գ^ւՐ աւսաեբաաֆ գբգռեց էկեէոբոս ^րութի ք^ոմ ^սւճհ1յԱեբփ» .աս»շաբոա.էսհ՛ ք ղԲՑ՛"՜ Ւ^Ր Կ»՚ւ՚"»բ1^է\ էսմհսսԱզխ ձեռ<^ ^բոէ-թի ՝ -՝ - Հ փ \ ։7 յ ն.է ^ 235 րւաոաղութիսՆր գնե՚ւոմ ւսզաաիլ* սէսեաւն ^արեսւ^ գ^եցաս 1ձ,ղրվ^ ^աճկաք գար^ոնե-լէ կւսրոոէս աա^ ապ աեո ^աճիԱնեոր%որ աէսաե-րաղ^ միգոգռեէ^ն 171 ^Բե յւ^գրալօույևտ գաչէձաւ հ Քիշ^ ^Ա ^«^/» (1 718) ՚կորոա-ե-գիւաչյի գկէՐ րբասՆ աատե-ըէսօմոն ւսահքն^ ^րՒ՛–՛ աըիխս^ալջ ռոմ^ գասւ^աճսէնոԱ-քժ-եամհւ սպաեուե–ՕէԱէ.է քիոսսաօ, էէո էոաոէ է/ի §առւսք արգէ^Ն ^ս»րեագրէսհ՛ ^Ոք Դ\րէմէնուէւ. Վյ^րաէ՚նր^ Հա1/եով^րիք իսկ ^ւ/էրաէտիս^ էֆնչեւ. իէնէ ^րու. սիայի աալու. է \^է.գոսաոս ^ • Ֆորէն \ե^աց թագսէւոր ճանչցուեռսււ. է I սւււէս^Ն ա(;րւււ.ք9–իւ.ն՚ն եղաւ. . քք-՚՚Աց Դ\եէորոսի ^ւսշորգա^՚ն (1725 կաաաբիՆ/^ Ա. 1727 պեարոս (\. 1730 \րնա. 1740 \ավան պրաւ.նշվայկ0իՆ, 1741 կղիսաբկթ 1762 <կեարոա Դ» .) Աէսաէէն է քսւղաւօէսկրթ-ութ-իսՆթ շասա Դւու.սւռ յասռաս^ա^ գիմոա֊թ-իւ^ ըրսււ. , եւ. ասրա-եսսաի^ %ոը կե՚նգասնւէւթ-իաՀն մը^ ասւլոլ. սււ11~ն քահօէըն ւսպսւրգիւ֊Ն ՏնաօէՆ ։ ❁ 1 109* պքա1գ1^դք,ա.^^է 1կք,աափ^^ա. 1* 1^'ր^ »• քքՆչպէա ակասւ. երեէ.ա% ^Աել <Տ^րւս%աե%պռ».ք»կ • \>՚^Լ կևրպէէէքաէքխ Աքէւ/աէ. (\թ–ոՆ \\» ԷՆ ԽաոԽա.է ՚– 2* Ի՚^ձ ^^ք^ր^-թ՚է^ ււ»%Խցասե ^րևգԽրէկւաո 1^/1 ալ. իր յԱէքէէրգնԽրը» Ն՚ՐՐ՛ "^ քրմէ՚ե %օւաճէա».եւրաւ. ք^րքա-սիաա » կէԱրա1ն։%էԱա էտէէհ կ*Բգ1՛՛^ ղքրո–թիայ1ե՚հ Խ՚րր. ակաւսէ. էքեալ» - 3 * Ո՚Հ. ^ղք– ^ր–^–էս1՛ ւքսռաաքքւե թ–աէգաա.որը, ^՚Նչպէս կաւա».էսւէսքԽց Փր^Գ* ՚)*՚–\|^6\|;՚"> Ա * 1՝՛^^. ՛Է՛՛Ր" >՛՛^ չւււ.թի»^հ քէ.%ե^սււ.Փր^Գ* ք^ * Ա^^ * հ՚^Լ կԽր՜պաբա^թ առսւէ. երկիրըէ ^^ոևսելեան գե-րւ/անիսչյի ՚^ք՝ \|յ. գար է՛ն վեր կորնակկք1ն \\լասներր ՕէԼէ՚^՚^երըյէ ք^էպէա Հձնիիկոս Ա. ու. (\թոն Ա. Գ\րս^աևնպոէ.րկն աշխար^ակալե-չխ՚ե ետեւ Վյ^Նտերու. երկիրն երեք սսէ^մաՆակոէքսութեան բաժ՚նուեցաւ. (9683» ^"03 եւ. աէնպես ՀԼ^թնաեր՚ն արիսՆա^եղ պէսաերառսներէ ետեսք (հԱ* գս՚րոէ^ կրցան իրե%բ զիրեՆթ գերսա-ա էիաւի չհ՚ե՚ն ազատ րնելւ էՇ––՜՛ ա 236 2 • ււլյէքէհք 11ք&՛ 1 138/՛^ \^աքսոնիւ^ի գաքս կոչոա-եւ^ն եաևա.^ էէՆնեց \\\^ձ) քաեիյիգաէ.աւՆք անոսաեեց քէկբ զ1ււկբ ^Խէանսէե՚եպոսրեէ սսւ^ւ/անօ01էոժս երս Օաեւսօ՝ ւ^աորին գաւաո^&ո^Ն ե՚եսւհ– գւսդ^աԼան^ ՚նեոով իր ե-րԼիրր մշակելո^-է Գ\րս^սա1քնպու.րեի մհք յա^րգեց իըե՚ն՝ իսր 1քրկ որգին Ո^քք1 Ա. (1170– 11օ4։) ոէ-ո որ երասե-րագոյեր (^ՄէւեարգոսՀ ե՚ղաա. գաքս \^աքսոեիա^ի (1180)՛ — \\"՚կպքե ւաս՛ ^ջոցի՚ն ւաքորգե-օին իւսէռ1եակու.Թ–ե–սւնց գարռ-րՀ \|)ս/^ւ/ա%քք««. եոմսոէ-թհէյեր բւսժյւն րւսժաւ եոաւ֊է ՚կսսւմարգ ^ւս^ իէու-եցաւ. ^14:02/՛^) գերմանաեաե կարգԲե սնէսցէսհ՛ մասրլ գրաւ֊եց ՝\^քէկէսմհէ2նգոս 1388^^* Բ՚^ցՊր"^՝^ աե-՚Նպոսրկո աոսսէւ. (1^1օ) ԷԲՐ^^ աւսւտ Փրեգե^ րիկոս Հո^^ցոչլերեի կսյսրրնարք»Նք իրե՛ն ^ասատար^ մհւթե-անր կ՛ա մար է շ. Փքէքէ՚քհ–– II՛ (1415-1440) կրթեալ ու. ^գօր իշիէաեր^ կարգի րե-րաւ. իէանգսւրե-սււ եր^ կիրըյ \^րև% յաջըրգևց երկրորգ հրգի՚ն Փ^)^Հ')^է\\ո^ 1^. (1440-1470)^ - Ց^^^^Ս–^ Ա– (1499-1535) ՚նորոգոոութեւմե սաստիկ իօ-շնասր ^իէաեց (1օՕս) ^րանգֆոսրղփ ^ամաչսԽրս^Ոք ու. 151 6^^ Պ^ք//^^ տէ-0 գասէսւսսւանսէրան ժրէ իրոա^սիան հբրե՚ւ. սււստԽ րնգոսՆող^ &ք^^\չՏ յ\.^ ժամանակ (1535-157 1) իրուսիայի մէՕ ՚նորաոսւնգութիւ՚ն՚ն րՆգ^անոէ^ր եուսւ.տ\ Ցո^է^Տ Փյհ^հէ1\^^Հ152 8-1608) եղա., գորհ^ա^ կալ ու. ասոր որգքւն 3»^. \ձԱսՏո^գ>ո^ (1608– 1619) գո»–ք" ^րոսսիսչյիէ Ք։9 1228 1^ վեր ՚^եթ-ա՚նոս բնակչայյ ^եա կքլ կռոէ.^ր է 50 աւյեայ պէսաերէսօյէ ւՐ եսէեւ. Նու.ւս՝ճեօ \\՚՚րգը^ ՍԼ/՛"՛– եչես/Ն ^րսւ.սիասն , որ շու.աո ւՌ գերմանաօւսւ ։ 134:7/^ գեուե^էէււ գաանիակաՆ \քսգլսւնսէր, 1402/՛^ ՚նուա^ոսե^է ^կաաւյմաըդն ու. Աէսմռկեան՚ներո , էսյԱակւ» որ կրօնի՚ն իշխան ւ I 237 Հ^սւ^ր կր ւոարասէՒուէր ։ ^պյց եսսքբեօսէէ. կասրգիԴէ ղօրոէ֊թ-էւ^բ 14:10/՛^ Դ»«ք. %1֊եէպկըկի ք՚ւվ Վւաաոիսաււ.»։» \^էսկք;չւսն(֊ն ։ 1^"^/՛^ եպօն իր էշխահօ»է–թ–էւ%ր երթ–ս»լով%սւ.ասպեռասլ.է 1466^^ ^""Բ՛– կսէգըեոասս ^Ր*^Ր յ^յւեւ.ւ1էոևաՆ ^րքւ.սիան 1^Հ«»»ւ0ււ^. Նի էՈէԱԼ ^'^վ^ » յ1^իկիււմձւ.Դէգէո§ էֆա^էէւ.^ 1618^^ ^րսւ֊ա. սիսւն Դ\րաեւէէաե%պու.րկի ^եւո ։ ,. ։■ «իէ-քք •հ—յյէլք"» (1619-1640) ««•».^ա/.«լ 1^^ իշբա/ն^ էսաեՆ Դկ9անառրՆպուո1էք ե-ոեսնսւմեաւ պւս^ սոերսքղսրե պսէտ՜ճսէքԱասւ. անւսպւսսէ գստոձւսւ. • եւ. ^ազէւ փշս^ եեակ Փք1քէք^7^ Տ՝՚քՏէ1ւ*^ իյասաոսե ու. ^դօր իշխանի՛ն ժամա՛նակ (\Գ^Օ^\Գ%^). որ 1654^ շոսեւոսքսս^ ՚՛ լե^էսկան աասոԾՈէսռմի »օգու.տ գորհ^սէ^ Նե՚օ ու. ի^(ք ԳՐ^ \ե^ասս»անի առաէուա^ իշբ»ասնու.՚>^ ՚ թ-^1^ ապատ ըրաէ.։ Փր^Գ գու՚ւքւ^րքոէ՛՝ \ու.գա^՛^ ^գ. ին գհմ՝ (104) կրՅ"՛^ 20.000 պօրա^ք բաէիսՌյի ^անե-էէ ^.՚՛–՛՛՛՝ աիր իշխան՛ն՝ ի՚նք ղի՚նք (1701) գէօնիկսպէրկի մէ^^ ^րո^՚՚իսչւի թագաւոր պսակե՚ւ աոսաւ. (Փր^գ^րիկ՛»** Այէ \^՚իկ9ք Տի^"Տ Հ՚՚ս1^ք՛ ^աւ/աչսաբանն ու. գի՛»՛ ւոոէ–քՅ–ևանց ՚Ճծ մալման ոհ Փքէք– Գ— յյէէք^^^11(1713–1740), /ւ^/»՚«, կե՚հ-իք բւ^յՅ կարգ՚ւ՚հր իշխէտէն1ն՝ առաւ. ՚^ոսԾԱէնե-ր^^ 1720^^ ^ոյերանիանէ ի/ւ /աս վաոչու.քՅ–ևան աաե-%՝՛ ^սւռա0ացան գիաոէ֊թիւնյ արոսե-սսէ ու, բարօր ոս՛^ քժիւքնէ գե-ղա^ա-ո^ վի՚ճակր թեթեւ-օոսց^ օաար ա1^^ րու-թե-անց վւսճաո^^եբբ իր ^րկիբՐ խոթե՛լն ար^ գելե՚օ» Տի^ գրաւ. ժոոոմրգե՚ան գարոցաց ^րուսիայի էՕ^քյ կաղՏեց 80000/^ բանակ մի եւ. թոդոսց ի՜^Բ միէիոնի գանձ մի է Փքէ-էէքէւ– I՝– Մէ> (1740-1786) գա<^ ե՜ւա^Ւ այն բառորոշոսքժեամբ որ ^րու.սիան ք ս/ռաՕրՆ յ՜ 238 կարգի աէրէէա֊թեանց ^*՚ՐԳԸ^ բարձրա^^է^ւ \\ռաշքւն շւե-պէաեան աատեոսւօմհվ^ սւռէսւ. ՚^^պէաե ք՛"^ եր^ եր՚ւրգ՛"/ "՛ \^օ^^ՆսււՖայ պսւաե-րաօմհվ^ ևղիւՆ իրէ/ե պա^կ։ էսաքին կարգի աոկրքՀ-թ-իւ^նէ \^րկրի՚ե էոքաէ^ասհ– ^Բթե^Ր/է ^րեգերէկսէէէ իմասաոու֊Ն վարչրւ.թ՚եէէ§ւԴտ բժշկսւե^անէ ք^րսսեսա է գսր^արան՚նեբ է ւդակսէ^թ–իւ% ու. ս§էսւ$ւ.էուէէ. ր շէքւ.$ոէ§վ պարաւէԱԾԱէՆ է գ%իւոոէ.թ՚իւ.Նք ււսռսէքաօսւՆ է գա֊ էոասէուաւնսւկսւհւ գսրհ-ողօա^թ-իւ^էՆերլլ է^սւրղեսաեւ է Փր^Գ» թ–սղօւ.ս իր եզթօրորգլ.ղյն , ^րեդյերիկոս գ%սլչի1է՚լւր$ս ^՚ի ՚յ (1 796 - 1 797) 6 >ֆլիք% րյևակչով^ 3600 ք՛^* «/լ. էոարահ–, եր, կիր «ք«. 200000^ եւրոպակա1ւ ամէ՚եակիրթ րա%ակ ւԴլ։ 110 էյ^վՎ՛^^ դագկա^)^^շ. - ւ^–»քք յ«^յ ^ա^էք^ոէ^^^^աԱ դագէ^ա^շ, 1740* 1748» Սէքլւաքի՚Խ ❁ղասէԽրաւղյը» ք^^Լ ։խ$էէճ§ւ/հ քա^Խ^աէ. է 2 ^րԽգ» ^քէւաա.է§իաաէ^ի% ք 1. կայ^ոըփ^ ^. թողու.^ (1740^^) իրակաե վաէ.&րագրովյ&աե (տ&ՈՕէւՕՈ րՐ&^աՏէէւզԱօ) ^ամե^ մատ իր գոսստրր «•ՍՐ«4«ւ\|»«4«ք ք9»Լ<^«^«4«՝ աւ.սարիա^ կան երկիրներու, թագաժսւուանգ)ք՝ ^եգ ^ւսկւսււսւկհ ՚կարոչոս \^Րքրէիգ ^ասիերացքւե^ իրրևս ՜\^յմեսսյի ԼՓ^րգի՚ւեաէքգոս Ա/՛^ Ր^Ց Գ՛՛՛՛՛ե՛ր յ պաէ^ակր սէսս՛^ արիական պե-տոսթիւՆՆ սււՆնոսւ կ ոԱ^ռ^ր» էէս իրէ/ն պասշապաև աէլան քկաէսղոիա ք \յաանիէԱք ՚^ու.եա ^ 1)<՚՚> օս-ոնիէս ու. ^րոէ-սիս» : Աք«»«4«^7» լ«^«\|«4«է«4«1 #«««««\|յ–ք«4«Հ& (1740– 1742) սկսասք ե^ՐԲ Փբեգե-րիկոս ^րուսիա^ին ՚Շյմ՚՜դՐ՛՛ ^արճակեցաւ. ու. զարկաւ. \\ւսարի4Աօիիր Մ՚՚չր՚-ԽԻ ք"վյ 1741^^» փրեգե^րիկոս յ^քըրգ աարին ^ասչաւի քւ"ք կարէ^չոս \ոթար^գիացսդյն ւէսոխ եւով ստիաՄռ օ^լւստրիա ^ Գ\րեռլաէ.ի իւաոա^ ղութիւ^ւն րնգոսնելրւ., որով ^րոսսիա սւռստս ՜^էե^ դրա գաւառն ու. ՚կ/աց կոմսու.ք9–իւ.Նր։ 239 Ա<ք եղահ՛ ժամանակ \\սէոուոս 1^ր՚(րհէ՚գ1Ա ^է-սարրսէ ւՌոէԱԾ ոս ք"էՔ ՚էբհՔ. ^ո^եպւսչէի թագէսւոր ք քէչ^ մըլ ե-պբն աէ ^րաեգֆուրգի մէք՝ կ«<#ք>քք>» 1յ • ք1 74։2՚1 7 4։Չ) աեոսւսմի կօայսր պսէսկե-ւ տոսւսսէ Աւսկէ^Ն Հու.1նգարա^ւ.ո^ ^քՐՐ օօ%ա.թե–սււ/իւ/ գէսղ^ ոիէս^քլբ ու, Գ\սւսիե–րա^իօ յձ,ւ.սարիէա1^ն վէՆնտւէէ^եսան ե՛րբ աեգիէն գէ֊որգ \|\* ւՇ^գոէպյէ թագաէ^որՈք թիւ^մներ ոբաէ-է 1 74։0) սկսաՆ. ^ըհգեոիկոսք ւքասն օի \^ւ–ստրքւառւ.ոց էմ^ոա-0 էւսՕողոէ^թիսէէներն ս՚չ^Ր մաէ՚ցոսցւսհ– հ^Հ ք\է.սաքէ ւանկար^ Գ\ո^եւֆէս էւսր^ւսկեռաւ, ու. իբտսկան աուէսւ. ։ ^այօ ՚կաոոլոս ՚Հոէօ-սւօէՏեգհւսօ^ դըկՔՐ ^"«՚ Հե՚ւփաւ1^՚ն եսե-էու. երւ. ՚^լեռիւս ռաշու,ե–լոս սաիպե-օէ «Ք^Հ^ մի ե-պբր Փր^Գ * ե-ոկու. ճակւսա վասաոկ&չոմ Հքիգիան ապա<^ովջոէ.ց (1 745) « Ա»"/» վջ^ Տր^՚էք՚^Ւ խւսղաորէ-թ եամի որոշոա-ե-ցաւ. որ էԼւ^գծ՛" ^Բ՚^՚ք"9էք՛ է&էա, բպյցՓրհգ» ղՓրաեկիսկոս \|^լ գաեչնայ (կարոլոս \%» այս սի^ցհս մեւՆահ՜ հր) ՒԲՐ^՛– ^՚^է՚՚Ր* Փ^ա^^^Հոո Ա. Լկէթաբինգիսչյի գուքսբ) Օ՚ա^ բիամ^ ք1է»ե–րեդիպյի էբէկբ կառավաբե՚ռ իբրես գե-բ-%^ Աքանիպյի կպ)սբ 1745-1765» \\աբոլոս էէ՚ի՚ե որգթւ^ յ^աքսքէմէէիաԱոս ^ովսէփ^ 1745/՛^ \ճ–՚՚"՚րք"քյ^ 4ր՚^ ունեցաՆ՛ ամ^ աա^աՆ0մհւյկթնե–ր1^% ^բաժաբեւ^ե եէոեւ. աւ քիսէոորսէցիբ պաէոէւրաղմի շաբու^ԱակեռքէԱ ^ աֆՆչևս ՝Ախք;Նի խաղաղու.թիւ.%բ ( 1 7 48) • որուէ^ ^Ժ՛– ղջայք^Ն գուրս բ"լ»ր էԱւսաբիասկաՆ երկիրնեբբ ք^ւս^ բիամ՝ ք^ե-բե-դ/ւսչյի ձէուբո աւացքւևՀ 240 111» 1/»Ր^««»«է«ւ> ղ–գ^է–ւք 1756-1763՛ ըբաւա. Փր^Գ^քէհ""* Ո՛՛՜Ր յ–ղԹ–»–^յք–֊ * 2* \^$––էե (ք^չ^ յւագք^ ա».թ–իա.%էւԽքէ 1 • իրոսսիաքի Նէէր սաւս^էսհ– օօրու^թ^ւ^չա կո^ սարելոս ^աւճէՈք մքւաբաեե՚օսԽ ^ոՄգեր1իսոսի գհ^՝ գսօ֊որն ու. ՝\յոիսսւբէ^թ ^ոսսէայի կա^սրու֊^քւնէ Ա^ք գաշեաեռոսթե-աե ^ոգքւե է^ո գսէւ%իռ \^սսաոիւ^ի պսւշտօնեաե է լ^ 11/ սպաոսևա^ու-ս/էէ վչոանգին ւսռՕե-սՆ աո%ե^ ըաւ. ^ամար ^րևգե-ր, (1756^^) Ա^^^/"^^» Հեսս1/նի ես ^ոաւՆշվէաԼհ ^եա մէւսռւսՆ^ աւսաեւէւսէ^ւ սկսաւ. X յձպռսոեէսէ ւաոձէսԼՄցսէւ. ու. ռաոկաւ, \\՚–Ա"՚ր^^^եբբ \ովըսիցի ^"մ* քւէ^հպհա ^Ր^Ր"ՐԳ """ր^9 \կարոլոս \ոթէսր^գիւսցւղյն ՚/րպյ ^ր՚՚՚կէ աՔ"՚է էԱէո^ու-թէւՆ մ* րրաէ.^ բպէ0 Տ"""–^ մարս»^ա^ստէ^՚ն կսւչլք^ի ^"՚/ (^^^֊չյ^ \ (յ ^ադՔք-ու օ-չրվ^ ^արկագրե-օէսւ. ^ո՚^ե-էֆաք^^ ճ^^^7 տ յ^^ս եոաՆ^ ժէսէ/անակ Գ՚՚՚ռոք՚ս՚ցքքք՝ ^րուսէպքի ^է/եոսի գէսւաոյեե-րո բուեե՚ց^ % Նրկր"Բգ գսէղոէսւկաե բաեէսկի մԱաւսո^ե՚ը ^րեոէ* ^ոսպստխի քով՝ \|)քաա^ ւբցր էսո֊սւ^որգութեւսմե. ճէաէ-որ ղօրաօ աանգոէ^գԱ ^արձակյայիըլւ \^սոր վր՛^ \^1^է^ք՛ Ք՚՝էյ ՚կարորէսի գէէՐ 7%ակաա մի վասսւոկելով^ գրեթէ կորսոսահ՛ ՚^լեպէան ս»օա$ոե–ցւ ^պյց քէ^ոա-սջ \^բրաքսին զօրսէ՚ա. պեա^ առսէքեոոգութեաւդւ \էվալա ^րու.սհպյհ սպէս^ ոէսպեսաբե մրաք ^աոԲ–ու.թիւ^ մ՛^ րբ^ւ յձ,^% միքոցթէ ոբ Փերգքէնանգոս ^^աւ%շմայկցԲևք գաղղիացւ-ոց վրւ^ կբ յադթաեակէրք ^րևգ. 1758 1^ ԱոբէԱէ–^Աք ք/աս/ւ* սսքկա/ն ես» գւսո^էսլու. ^ս՚ր^ կասգրեցաւ. ք^^րփ՚՚ցՐ պարապ էոեո պւսշաոեւ^Ն ետեւ ք ; 241 եւ. ռարկաւ. քէ^ու֊սե-րո Օ^ոռՆաորֆի Ք՚՝էյ "՚֊Ր գար^՝^ տոնի սէՈԼԱւ^քնորգութեամխ ^ոսն^ոստոոֆի (գրանգ^ Ֆու.ոգ^ քէ> ^ աեգթւյ .Ո՚՚՚է^ ^րուսիառւոց աաւի. թե-ո^ 17օ9/^^> ^երւ^ւ» մէպՐւ օջոավարառ իրարու. գք^էՐ ուեեցէսՆ Նւսխաեձ ոտւ աօաաեռաւ.» սսսեայն ^ր1^ռէոա ^աուՆ(^% առՆուձցաւ ։ 1760^^ մասսւր^ կերցաւ. վ^րեգ \^^իցի ^ւսոթու.թ1ոսյր՝ ^1^ւե՚^ւի մեՆսսգոան մասն ու. դեորեսէւի ւսսոթու.թէոաէմի \|)«՚»> օսոնիանէ ^աւՔ քի՚՚^՚յբ օ՛ր երթ օր Դ\ս–րէին րռՆե-ցիեք ևւ. աեկյ^ մերժուե-լով^ սսնէսաաա գսէրձահ՛ ^րոսսիսէ գասւ.առն անռսֆք զոր ալ իրե՛նց սասէցու-ւսհլբր եր ^սւմար^թն : կղիսարե-թի՝ ^ոսսիսքցի կսցսրոս^ււքյե ւ/ա^րք ..^ Լ1 Օճի^* էսմենաւն քւնչ կե-րպւսրսսեասէիոիւ րբաւ.Հ \^ր ^ օռ՚ռորգիե Դ\ե՚էորոս դ», րոչոր սսշիւէսր^սւկսքլոա–թիւ%–^ ՚նաէրե եսէ գսւրձու.ց» եւ. ւսսոր այ^9՝ՐգՐ \ււսս՚ս»րք»նհ^ ք^* իւէսդսւոութիս՚նր ^ւսսսէէսսէեց : Հոա.պե–րգսպոէ.րկի իւաղաոութե-ւսւդւ (1763 Փեարփ 1օ)է ե՜րկիր՛նե՛ր՛ն էէնչպւ^ս որ պատերաղսհ՚ե էսւռէսՕ եքւ^1 պյնպե** աէւսցին։ ^րեգերիկոսի շա\ն աե եդաւ. որ ^րոէ.1քիէս՝ եւրոպւսկան մեհ՝ աերուքժիւՖ 7ձանչցոսեցէսւ. է ^»վսհփ ք^. (1765-1790) ^րաՆկիոկաս \^Ի "Հ յԸՐարիաւՐ ք^երեպիայի ւքրգին , բո,%եց \1Ո է՛հ Գ\աւ.իերա%՝ ասսոր աւրսէկէէէն գի&Ն սասէւսեւու. սասաեՂւ * թ՚՚ք^ ^ՐԲ Փ/^" գերիկաւ ԳՀօ^եմիա յձէսււ. , յ^ա–էւսարի$ս Դ^^շ^՚նի խասղաղու֊^ թ-եէսմի աաիպււէ^եցսււ. Դ\ւսա֊իեբաե կս$բ»լսա ք^^էսգոբոս ^ս՚ւցէ կայսրընարին գարձըՆէԼ ոբսմ յէւսյե ՚էլե բսւժթևբ ^աց յձ,լ.ս»ոբիայի ։ Օքսվսեփայ՝ ^»սԱ.իեբս»Ն ^ \|)«ւ»որ/1էք կ^աէւ.աւս»սց ^ես» փաւխելաւ. փոբձբ^, պաբաւպի ^անէրց Փր^" գեբիկա» (1785)» 16 242 112. 1 է•4-»^-էյ ^^ա^ա1»~ղ 1772. 1793. 1795. աՈէ^Խքր^է - Տ* ^Յ՚Բք– —Կ—»՛– Խրեա-ԱէԽ եըԽլ \ե՚^սաա»ս»ն » քքսւկէըււ՚Խեէտյէւ ցեդր յի%չել. (երթ աէրԽց Լե^էսաոաւս^ի 4ք"Ա ՚ — 3 • Ւ ձ վե^՚^Կի ՚^է. ^Ր ^ՐԿՒՐ^ ըԽաարաւևսւհ թ–էւգւսա.արսւց ասաէաե՚ե է - 4* (^լ.^»»»* <\|«* 4՛^ եաԽւ. ով քքեսէրւէ%.Խ~ յքաա». թ–սւգւսէ.որ . \|՝ ^> աէսք•ոճ■Ս•\|.<^ք^ Խղաւ. Հե^աաւոսէաԽի ւԽաւասք^էւ քլքժաԽւալյմաաէ •>- 5. 1^1՛/՛՝ ^Դ^"– ^ՐհՐ՚՚ԲԳ *- ^ՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ թ—էէ՜—՚^է-ւքէ է \,կագայէՐ^ ք^.քիա.սքւայի կէ^սրոէ–<^ին(^Ո ^2^ 1796)» ^Ր ք^րք՚^Ր՛ ^եարոս գ, մերժևլէ^ եա&ւ. ք սւուէսե-ստիռ ք էսռՄսարղք ու. ժողովրգեան կրթոս^ Թեոսհր %որ եե^գանւէւ.թ րւն էՈէԱէՈէէյ օէսմպբաւրն ու. բրսւհ– էադքՅ–ա^թէւ^1ւեերով^ — որոնթ ^է^շմ^ի \էովա^ քսադաղու-թեսյմչւք \՚րր՚գ՛ "հկ մասն ու. ^ուեի ^՚*ք եղաՆ ^րնէրր^) ^– Ն՛՛՛շե է՚աղաոու-թևաւդւ (1792)՝ ւ^քնչևւ. ^իէսգէւ^րք ^աւսաց յան^եէոս Հարկագրեր ցան ^ բսոց մաՆաւա1եգ \ե–^սէսաանի Ժե–ո0 աւսքոգե* րրաւ. իր ա^ոու–թիւ.՚Նր ՜\^ւ–րոպւսյի ամե՚նւ^ ^՚ՐՐ /^^ .թիւ.Ն%ևր1^Ն մկկւլւ սւոսւ շ. ՝\ե^աււսւա1ււ մի՚նչեւ. 1370 ""ւ-ասպեչե-ւս։ ^ՐւաքԱ1ա.իՎ I ^եղ1ւն թասգս»Ա.ւ»ր$սո Աէէս^ ^Ր էֆ՚Նչեւ. ւ^՝\շ, գ$սր սքաւ.եաեւ \ 1 սւմեՆԷՆ ռօրասւսր սա^րոա.թիւ^»ե հր* ^ոչեսչաւոս \^. (որոսՆք \հօրր \^իհսգուէ ասէոեՆէ ժոդովուրգր քոիսաոօնհոէ–.^էւ^Ա^ք1 ճրնգու^ե^աւււ. 965) 1000/՛^ սէաեՆներ% սէռսէքի՚ն աէէՆգս$»Ր\ Հմիայյու֊^ Լի^երըյ Աասավիայքիքւլ, Գրագովիա^իքՆ ու. ՚^յե֊ ՚ւէ՚՚՚տէ՚ՔՐ՛՛ ^"քքՅ ^երքէւ^^ՐԸ բսէժ^ոէ-ե^աՆ \է–՚^ւյսսսււս%հ^ ^ք\. գաբում։ — ^աղիմիր \|\|4–ձ– (1333) աշխար^ակայե^ ^Կ՚՚՚Ր՚Փր ւիուսիան ^\\ս»լիաիաա»ն\, աոոսսէւ. գբւսւոր օր^^եք , շի՚նեօ ^ւսղպռներ ու. ււսո–աս9աօու.ո գիաէէութ–իւ.Նո։ ^ր ^եսւոբգի՚ն Ղոսգովիկոս Հ^ու^գաբիսէւի ու. Ղե^ասսսաասՆի քթւսգսէէ-ոբր (1370~13Ց2) "՚ւ՚ւասւ. ւսպգայ^ն աօասէութ-էաե գբասսոբ սւպա^ովաաու.օոա^ւՐ էէի։ I ՚^ակհյԱոնեան ըեղըլ էոքէբեց ՝\էք^ասաոԱւ%ի վբպյ 13Ց6 - I 1572* - ~ Վւասէիսչաւ.ոո \քԱւկհււոՆ ք \իթ–ոսանիասյի ւ/Խձ– I գուքօր, \ոսգո$1էկոււի կբսասեբսէգոքն ս$դքեանոէ Հ^եասւիկի ՚ ^ես» ամհւ.էւեան$»ւլով եոաւ– թ–Աքգսււ.ոբ \ե^աոսւանի ։ ^աւսա. ՚թ-ե^ ու. ակւսբացու^ 1410/՛^ գաեբմաՆսւկաՆ կ՚՚՚բգբ* — ^ի/> ^րհց ոբգքան Վյլաւոիսլասոս դ* , — 14404՛^ վեր թ՜ա \ 243 I ՚գասւ.սը Նէսեւ. Հ^սւՆգարիոյ, — իՆկւսւ. ՜Լ^^^՚նՎաււնա^ի քո ^ասէ^կսէ/ք գ^ւՐ։ կրաւէեր ոբգի% գ%ասռի»յիր դ« . /ւնգոլ.Նես 1466^^ Ա/■^^.I^. ^րոսսէան* ՏԼերյի՚ն կակէըօՆեա՚նյք էոեՆ , ^ասսէսւ. Հե^ասւոա»^ էր ամե%է»սմԽհ– բաօրձրսւթ-ե՚անր սրով^եսքեւ. Աիկիսմհւ.Նգոս \^է–գոսաոոս 1561^^ Վյ՚1^՚քյՒ գասշէւնռսֆւ ըՆգու%եռսէւ. ՝\քւէհաեււոս^ սւ դ,ու–րչանս»ի վրայ վեոէւն սււասսււաւաեաու֊թ–էւ^ է1/ա ։ 3 • ^^էորւսկա^է թէսգւսւ֊որներ կսւռէսվարեռի՚ն \ե–^էսս^ աոաե 15724՛^ միՆչեէ֊ 1795» Աէ/^ ՚^^քՀՏք/^^ որ թ֊ս$գւսւ.որսյւ^ իշխանու^թիլ^Ն երթսէէով ԱքռՆւ$ւ.Աէկւան՚ներ1^Ն կը չափսւ^ լորոա.էր, 1617/՛^ յձէկէօմհւ%գոս ^է ասսէեն , ՝\հվ^սն.ա. սէիա ^ուեսէքէ /ր<– 1664։^^ ^ով^աԱե1;ս Գ»ասպիէ1իրի սէէոեՆ ք\ւ–գրասնիա քիու֊սք աււիՆ ։ \քրկւսրէսսւեւ. աեա1։րԱչսւ.թ–ե%^ ւՐետոեւ., 1673^^ ^ով^անՆ^ո \\»"ւէհ՚քէ ղօրավարՆ րե^ էսրու.եռէսւ. թ-ասգէսւ. որ է ՝\^սիկւսք 1աէՕսդու.թ–եամբ. պաաոե.^ րաօէԽոսաէ– Հձոման^ւ.ո^ գէ^աՐ եււ. ասպաաեո էաէկոն^յկ Լ\^^^ պաշարու.էսձ– \Լհ11;^՚եսէնէ ք^ւ.գոսսէոս ^, \^սւքսոնիայի կւսյսր^ ընսւիրՆ (1697-1733) եւ. իր որգիՆ \^սգոսասս գ. գա^ ^ակ$§0/եսի՚ն քէ^ու.սիայի օգնսլթ-եամիր \^աա՚նիսչաւ.ոս \ Նիդէ^՚՚քէԻ գեյ՝(ք^^՛ 108) է ~ ^եաոսթիսնը^ Վէրքհ ասաի^ ^^ա^ւի սակասրաո$սձ– (^ր ։ 4. \^ա,^ոփ^գքՓ4^ գ.ի մա<^ոսա՚նէն ևտեա. (1763) թսւգասւ.ոո րնսւոու^Ծօաւ. \\ասէւսրէւե^հ էսարէեցոէւթեէսպւ \\^ասէԱԼ^աէէաո^ Ա«»^Լք»«•I». ^^Հագ՚ո1է^4՛) (փ1798)« ^սւգաւ,որԱՆ՝ ռոսսստկան էսոքու.%հբ^^ եէսքսոէ^մ՝ ու.՛.^ ՚նև%ս>լուն^ ե-լ, \^ւրյս1քՈՕ^ձե–րուքե աոոսւսհ՝ իուսէ^աԱց 1րպւ աժգոՀ աղնոսակակօ ^սր օաոքթև ւ^0 Գ^՚Հ^ ՚նակցե-լով ու. ^ա՜ՃԷՍնեըէ^ օգՆու-քժիւն գսոնելով^ զէ/կբ էսռթե ^ուսէաւի ու. սաեաո թսէգսէէ^որԱն գէւՐէ յձ,սոր ^աեաո–ա1/ ^ոսսիպյէ Հե՛տ մէացաե ^րու֊սէէս ու. \\ւ–սաոիս* ե՛լ. որոշե-քք^ն \ե–^աստանի ս»ռաՕ^ բսւ՛... ժանոսԱի (լ772)տ ^րոսսէա՝ առաւ. ՚Արե՚ւ-ւՐ, ^րա.^ սիան (ի բաց առևաւ ^անցիկ ու. ^ոուն\ 600 ք՛^» ՚^Ղ* ե՚րկէր» յ^ւ-սաոիս/ ՚կալէցիան ու. \ոաոյերիան ^ 1օՕՕ օքլ* մղոն ե-րկիր» իսկ քիու.սիա՝ ^իւնսլքի ու. ^Նիէբէրք՛ էսրեւե-լե՚ան գք՚ե 2000 աՌ՛– • ՚^հ^ ^Ր^ՒՐ 0» \ե՚Տ^ՐՐ՝ (^"^՚^ք՚՚^/Ւ հ-անո ^աոսաա^արոէ.^ թիւ.ն՚Նձ–ր1^ն էսպաաե՚լու. է՚ե-է մի փորձերր փորձե՚լխն ե-էոե-լ^ ^րոսսիայի ^եւո ւՓաբանա^ Ռ՛^ ^Լ)նոր սա^^ 16* 244 յէսնսէգոութիւե յի (ժւսէՆաեգսէեան թէսգաւ.ոո^ ա^^ րու֊թ՜&աէւ ժոոոմ երկու. ս1/նեկոաք եւ. ՚^/ս) 2^"յ1՛^* Սէսեպյն սւսիեայ ռոսսւսեան էԼէսԱասաաեոկն փճէսօոսէ^^ 1ժ1^ե–լ. ^ոշիոէ-սգոյ եոկիրն ահոնց գպ^մ՝ գ^ւ-օառեէսօւաո աէսշաաանեօՀ \քՐկր՚՝Րգ բ-աՀք՜աեւՈսն ,ժսււքաևսւկ էսռստւ. (1793) քէոէ՚սէա՝ Վոլինիան ք ^ոտոլիսչյի մէկ մասր^ \իթոսաՆէպյի կկսը՛ 4օ00 Ք"^ մղոն ևրկիրՀ ^րոս^ սիա՝ ^ողէ՚նշք \խէղ^%ը<է Գ"ւեշյ Տ"՚^ցիկէ թ՝ոււնէ 1000 ք"–* մկոե ե-րկիր։ Ա^աւոէսւ^Նսօհի ե՛լ. կ^ոշրա^սգոյի ւսւՆսւ^ոոգոԱա. էժեսէմհ. ԾւաՆ \աէ^աց ո1տգ^անոԱ.ր ապսսաէւդւոէ.լժիւ.՚նՆ սէոիւՆա^եո պէսսւերրառաւեո1^ • աէաեւ. ^ոսսիաւիք ^րու.սիւյսւի ու. \^€^սսւբեաւե բսսնէսսնեո1;^Ն ՚նոսաճուե՛^ ցսէս է \^ու.ա1արոֆ ւսաոձսէկյամե. սւռւսս ^Ոէսկան 1794։ բնէ ^ոնիւսգովսլօի ստիպա^ե-ցսււ. թւսգ/^1Ա ^ոսէժաոիրէ ՜^յե՚նէ՚ն ազնոււսկան \ե՚^ե–րո գոսոս գաղ^եցքւեւ – ՚կրրոբգ բւաժասնմաԱ աաէքն^ 179օ^^* առաւ, ^րու.սիւս 1000 ^ո–* յհօե ^րԱ՚Ր "՚՛ Վյսբսաւիա օսաղպբրէ ^Ոէ-սիէս ^ոսկի ևւ. ւՓէէ^1ևի արե-լ&լե-ան գթէ՝ 2000 ռու • ւ/ղ» եոկիու \\ւսաոիսւ \ե՚^սւսաս^ի ^սար ւՌսսր օՕՕ մկոե "րկհր^ 10^"՛"/ \ե^սէսս»աե ա1^րու.թ&սւ%ց կարգէ^% ^Օու.1րցս§է. : \* \յ%չպկա կառավասրԽյքի\ գկաւրգ Ա. ,,ա.՝ գէորգ ք\ է — 3 . ի ^^ձ ՚եքր Խր– կէքքեԽր վասւէաւլկԽւքէաա. \^դդի,աւ գէ^որգ գ .ի աաԽ% է 3 • ի՚^ձ պ»ր–գ–՚^^Ր •Գ5ւք ա^ԳՂ^՚^Ւ ^–իսԻ^ աէւաաաւԽաու.թ–Խսէ%ը է — 4 • կ՚րքէ վաոաըկքա.Խցսա^ ^ե՚Խկալաքիէ ^ա,Հ^բի ... \^օԱաւ».քի եբկիրԽԽրըէ ի՚>.չ^ ա^Խաակ վարչա^թիԱ֊՚Խ էէաթ-տէ֊եւրաա. Նոր աւաաւք»է.է»^ Խբկիր%երոէ% յէք* 1» «\|՝է«>ք^ Ա* ՀաեՆովէչփ կպյսրընաիրըյ ԱՆ^ ^պքէ ի բրել. աւՈ/նէ^ մօաոիկ առգակաեր \ 1\4։ք^ Գ"^ "չԺ՚ւ՛"/^ (99) Գ"կ՚՚բ Ագոսաբգթէք յ^գղէա գաուեա^ չու. փոբձեբբ պաբւսպի Հահեցէ 245 գէ-րէ ի՚ի (Ո27-Ո&0) աաէն, ^լէքաղ^ ^^Ր \^Գդե՛՛ Վյ՚՚ԷԲ՛/ լսսւդաոասէ;;^ո ասւշւո՝օն1։^էէհ մաո^ չուԼժեէսմբո ք, եւ. ասւտնուսօյեռսււ. ՜յ^ւ-սսէոհաւէէ յա»՛ ՚9որգու.թ1ոսն աաաեոսէռպէն "հք ւա^ոդոսթե-աւդւ 1763) ^րէց^՚գ՚ւ/^ ^էգՒ ^^ռօք (^պքէ՚ե յշագաւՐ Լոմս ք "^ 1778) ւքե՚հ՜ ու-ժգնու-թեէսմքւ մղոԱ^Ծռսէւ. հ ւԼոըիս ղօրավաբիՆք Գէպեքի Ք"վ^ (1759) ըբահ՛ էսսղ(3–ու.էօ–Աէսմէւո դ%ա՚նւսսւ։Աք եէ. յ^հ^ մհ ""\ՌՐ ս//է &՝<-«. մւոե-ս/ն ՀնգնւսսաաեԱ եողե-աց մեհ՚ագոյե մասն աշ^ լսար > ա՛ եալու. եռան : շ. գէ–։է Գ– (1760-1820) ^արէղհ խաղա^ դութե-սււՌւ (1763) մասաոեեցաւ. ^Աէզոիայ1;^ Բ՚ՐՐ կ%անաէուսն ք աո1ռմտերան Հ^գեւսսէոանի սէ0 էւեէ մհ եղղ^ելէ ու. \^ե՜նե1/ալի ^Ր^ԷՐՐ՛ է"^ \\պանիայ1^ ^ւոոհսէէսնւ ^այց \ (օՕե^ ^սւոեսւգոեցսւէ^ . Հ^էէւիսայ^ յ^յեոիկայէ գաոքՅ-էսկանոսլժեանց անկէսլսռւթիւնո ճան^ւաւ Լռ կէլորէտան^ \^պսսնիէսցււէց գսւլէճրնեէ է ^ւիլե՚րւՐ ^էգէ էաւ. վաոչոսթե-ա՚ն ւսահքն (1783" 1806) ա՚&եքցաւ. ւֆօրիՆակ ^^գդհ^է ^արսաու.^ Թ^ւ.%Ն –ու. $յսզգԾցու.քժհսնր^ ԲԴ)9 ՜^՚Ա^ սւստհ՚ճանաւ. %աեւ. էս զգա էհն պսէոպբր է 3* ^ասղդէայէ "՚֊ յ1^աատէնիէսյի ^եսէ մււահ՛ ևօթ՚%աս$1Խա»ւյ հ-ովամարէոոյ որսշուեօաւ. \^յեգղէս$քի ^ա$վայքէ^ա տոիրսէ^ պե«աալ.թիլ.%ռէ –..՛կոր պսւա$Ռէ–թ–եան ՚՚^1՚ԳՐԲ բնգ^անւէւր վաճաո–ակա^աոլ,թ– էւ^էԱ ու. հ՚ովու. ւքրէ՚՚ւ ՚ոիրսւաեէոոէ.թիսՆբ \^պաՆիասւ.ոց ու. ^որգոլ.կասւցա.սռ ձեո-օե է^ր ։ \^աււնռւ^ ասն^ասւ. ձ^^Լ գէսրու.% վերքերը^ Հ^ոլբանսասւ^ւ.ոց է ^^գղի^ աքի ծովայի՛ն զօրութ-եաս՚նո ^ԷԲ գրու֊եոասւ. \քդիսաաէբեթ՝ի ասէոե՚ն I (^որ ժոզովքգեասԴւ ձեո%սէրկու.թ–եաե ^ոգի՚ն արթ-րՆ^ ռու.ռ՝^ ու. Դարոմու.ել1ւ %ւսէ֊սււէեաէոոա^թ–եաե ^րովաբէուսկովըլ (\|9 * 99) ՚ (^՛ ժսւմաեւսկ^^ միշւո Նորանոր գւսոքՅ՜ակասՆու^ թ-էլ^/եեր ^իՏԴւու^եցան լլ^^«–^/ . ու. ՚\լԼրեէ–ւՐ ^՚նգկէսսսաանի , ինչպես %ւսել. Հ^էա֊ս • է^՚^րէ^՚՚սէ ^9* "՚– ^ՐԲ եօթ–%աւ1եայ աւսաոեբսէօմհմ Գ%ասոոիայէ &ովայք/ն օօրութ-իւ^ր փճսէա. ^օ»ւ. I ՜^յսրոաայի սէո^ոլ.Տէաու.րն ու. ձ–ովայի% վեր^ իշխէԱ– %ութ–իլ.Ն՚ն անռւսւ. ^^՚^գղե՚՚ոէ * յ( –յ «. Հ I Հ%գկսւսսաանի ՚/էք վա՚ճւսւա.էսկաԱն1էր իշխան եղահ– էքէե ս$1է–^ ՚ րսէ-թ-եա՚ն մը՛ որ շ0ւ.սա էԴ թ՝^ սաւսրասհ^աւ.թեասւդլ ո<. քՅ–^^ \ քւեակչաւք թ՝ու.ովըլ ւ1աքր ^ՐհէՐ1Լ Գ^Ր՚՚՚՚Ը՚^Տ^Տ * ^"՚Դ^՚՚՚ծեք ՝ ^ասրկւսգըե^ա^ւ \յ^գդե՚՚(յէ աւո֊սօ֊եւ պօրու.թ–ե»սնր ւփշսւ էաէղի սասւլէ (\–րիշ կողման^ էրկրիՆ ս»Հխսէր^ասկէսրքլ.թ–իւ%բ ՚ գիւ.րի%օօւ.ռի% մԽհ՛ \^զ՚»ւ.լէ Քէաէ-ղակսէչՆեբոա^Ն (Նւսպոէս\աՆա, միւաբանսսթ իա^%քւ։ ՚^^ոսկւսՓ ս՚րէւ^^եղո^.թ•^\|լ.Vեեր^; եասեւ. (1765) ^ք^կ՚-ւ՚^էէ ^ա^արի ես ^րիսսւսքի սակրոԱ–թ՚իւ%^ ՚ %երոլ% վարչու.թիւ%՚ն \^գգէ՚՚^ք՚ք ձեււ.օ ասնռոէ֊ոի՚Ն է ք\սէսրա. . րկ՚Ն Հ^էսգի՚Նկսի Հ^այսա^ր \^ւիի է \քասյսոէ–րի սսսչգանին յքզԹ^Ր՚՚ւԸ. \^Գդե՚*Տ՚–՚՚Տ իշխէս%ոսթիլ.%՚ն Աէսեւէ բնգէսրա. ■ ձակսւ-ե^աւ. 3 799/՛^ ի՚Նկաս ^գկական վեր^՚ն ^ղօբ իշշ. խա%ւլ Գիրբղյ 0"^/^«^» Հ"(ք"հր Ա//՛^^ սրգթէ, իւր մայ^ րպռսէզպօո \^^րիեկսէբսէգւ»էւՐ պսւշապա^ււսե՛ ասէոեՆ է ք\՚էւերւ1* ^էգէ ^եռէտ րնգսւ^եուսւ. ք^բեւէչեաՆ Հ^գկսէսա ահի ըՆկեբոէ.թիւ^ր աէսագսաԱ սաս^մաԽասգբոէ.^ թ–էւ% մի* ՜Վէ-րսէսւեսոէ-չՆե-բբ՝ կաէսսքվաբսա-թ-ե՚նկ գբոԱ.օ»հ՛ մաափՆսքժոդրվի մի $ոակ ձգոսեօան* էսռաեօ ս$աւէւբ %»Րէ իսկ բնգ^աւեսէ-բ կէսռւսմաբբ յասրձսէկսզակաս^է պասաերւաւրՐ չ^բ կր%ասր սկօիէէ լլ^» մասմանակ^ ոնկեբա֊թեէսՆ եբ^ ,. կիբհերբ^ աոարսէ;; աոաբի շաացանէ 1843/»^ Ս/^՛^՛" "՚^ 1849^՛^ \|\^^'^ք\|^ա^ք (յ^իիտնէրու. ^րկիբբ) ՚»շխսր^ակաչեւ^՚ն եէոեւ. ^ (իոբձեօիՆ \^գղիացիՆեր՚ն ^եւոնասկսոէ/եան Հ^գկաասէաեի . մէշ^ ալ^ եբկիրՆին բՆգաբձակել։ Լ՚^եկու.՝ \\4^ի մե^ ՝ մսէէէե ս»ււՆ»ւ.եռաս% 1854/՛^)* ^"ԱՏ ՚՚՚հԻ"՚՚Ր^՚՚՚Կ՚՚Ր՚–1^^՛"՛ էոե^չաՆքՆ եւ. $սբսէԱքքոյ կաբգի խսաոոա.թ–իսեր ^յ$սռսաք բերաւ. 1857-1858 –"էկաքի $սպսսաամբու.թ–իւ% միէ "բ ա– բիւ%էս^եդ պասսւհբւսպՏ1ներ1^ եաես \| \^գղիաւօի՚էւեբ^^Ն Նոսաս^ աճոսեսւաււ–է Լ^» պաէոեբասղւՈէՆ ^եէոէրլ.ռւ.թիւ%՚ն ան եղասէ ոբ \^եէ.եւեան ձ^Նգկէսսաոանի ըՆկեբսսթ-իւ^ր ըաա֊հ-ւէէ֊ե^ օօ««– . եբկիրնեբե ու. \^գդիայի աւսշւոաստ%ու.քՅ՜եսէն $ւէսւկ Խղաե՝ Աքք;–րոսթ–իւ.%Նէբո, մեհ-% ^բիաանիսսւի քՅ-սւգքէե ^եաո կսէպոսե^սէն (1858^^ Ն^՛ 1) լ\ւքո1^ կքլ պաբու^սէկե՚Ն ^եւոՆասկսդ^^ան Հ^գկասսաաեւի եբկիրեերն ա/ է^կսաեո առ-նևւովյ 3887.590 ^"– ^ապարամկգր երկիբ ես, 190 մի^ չիմՆ բեսւկիչէ ՜կսէռւսվաբու.^ իլ%ր փոխարռաւի՚ն կամ* ինգ^անոսբ կ»է.սսւկասչի՚ն ձեռքն 1Է- . որու% սաԱընգմի9ակս^ իշխան ասթեէէէն էոա^ են ^բկրի՚ն միայն մկկ քասնի մա^ սերբ, ոսր անգի1;/նէ յ^աաբասի «^ Դ\ոմպաօյի կասսակաս^ քսէ.թ՚իւ.%՚ներբ, էսռաեձքէն կոսսւսկսքւնեբսւ. կաէՐ գւսկեբէ»^ ՆեբոԱէ իսկ ^ե՚^կաչաքի կսւ.սակաքսէ.ք3–իւ.%ը^ կ^ո մէլ բնգ^ա%սա֊ր կառէսվաբիՆ ես կ^ս մի գ*՚^^րետՒ փ՚՚Ի»՛–՛֊ %ոբգի մբ^ տոասկ են։ Լ1^բնգ»ֆքական ե^բկիրներբ կբ պսւբոս^ ՆակեՆ շ. 905500^՛– • քիչսմէգբ երկիր սս 137 միւիա%կ՚ե տսսեչի բնակիչ։՝^ ^Լան»սռան ծ-սմեբսս ^9 նոր աշխւսր^ ^ակասչսսթ֊իսՆնեբ բբաս \^գղիսէ ձ^^մՆ Գ^սսգի երեք գիանական ՚ճսէնապար^որգոսթ֊իսններսվԱ (1768-1779)* 247 V 7 I I ։ք 114» Հ^–՛ ս՚էքքւ>է «ոէք՚՚-Ր՚^՚՚՚յ ««^յ՚^յ»»»–֊ րյ-ւշ^. 1776. 1 « ի^ձ պ–ւ՚՚^՚՚՚––ք– –կք—՚ե ^ւԽրիկսէքի գադԹակա՚եքէ.քՅ–էա^1էեԽրը է - 2 . \ք՚րքէ. , ա ա%կս»խ ^րաէէաարակոա-ե^ա՚հ \յ^էարսք1էԽալ էոկրքէ-թ֊իա^կքլ է - 3 • 1՛^/ վխւ^ակի % II». կրթ»,ւ.թէաՆ ասսւիւքաՆի մէԼ ե% <1ի^ակ ^իա.ս, 1յ»քա/ւա՚^,ես,լ ակրո».թէա.\ՆԽրըէ ՝ ք 1 • ՚կոօնի եէ. օաոառէսսաե էսռատոսթեաե սաաէն^ չչք^կԲՐ 6՛ է գարոսն մէշ^ ե^րթք ՚ֆլէոե մարգ \^յերիԼա գսւղթե-րէս ^որգորսէհ՛ հր* \քրերէսգ(էր^քւե աշբէաաու.՛,.. թեւՆն աւՆւսսէու.թեէսմր. §1արձւսաորոո \ոդըք երերքւե՝ գրեքժհ աա^ սէե՚զ ^էս՜ճոյւսեան էռ սււՆՈոքարսէր օգսք^ բէսժթեբք ւսզաա ու. մպբսոմ աէ&Նեա֊բե չեոաարաւ՛^ որու.սհ՝ սւռու.ւրու.րր աասւ՚ճսւռ ե՚ղսէԿ ժոոոէ1ջգԾան օր աւուր վրաէ բսքօւՌտ՚նսաչու/նէ ՚կէշքե չաէիով կր ւ/Տ&՜օ՜.. նար Նսւե-լ. րարօրոէ^թ իւնր* պյեպք^ս որ գաղ^ակս»^ ՚նոէ-թհւկք առէռտրոյ ե՜լ. էսրուեսաի Լոոմաևհ ՚^ԽւՐ ե՚րԼրքւն ^ե՜սէ պաօեչու. սեսան։ շ. \յ.րերէսգոր^ու.թՄաե Արսչյ ^քւսեուսէհ՛ այս գսւո^աեանոէ^էօ-Ծանռ շոէ.սէ օարգահսսէԱ րնսւեաե 1;ր որ անկէս1սուքժ եան րաղճանբ ռարԼօ–ուցաՆ1^ր : \^րԿԿ)ե Ահ՚ճ րասէ^ե եաեւ^ ր^հ ս^գոէս՚եաե խոր^րգարան՚Ն քէրսէւույկռ ու.՚նր գսւոքՅ-ւսեանոէ^թե-աեօ ՚քրաւ աուրռ գՆ&լոԼք ք^հ չե • (1763/՛^ գրու.աՆ\ \\ե քան^անի օ^ րքւնագիրր (»0է6 ճս է1տէք6) ե^ա առնոս&ցաս։ ^պ)ց ք^էւէ ՚էօ՛^ գրոսահ՜ աոսրքր Ո ( օք՛^ ք ^ոսգ րն ի ւ^0 Հանեց էեոափոխութէսե մրյ որ շուտ մի րոլոր եր^ ,, կր^էԽ՚ա աարաՆ՚ու.1բցստւ տ \^գոքւաէի Հեա առձ՜ւսէրա^ 1 կան ^արս§րևրու.թէսնր գագրեցաւ. եւ. 177 օք՚^է 1 3 ^արանևաէ ա1^րու.թէւ1էնե–րն էրե՚նօ ղիրե՚կբ սէնկախ Հրս»Օէս$րակԵց^է 00՜ ^Ն ք^ւաշրնռգն ասւշապանեց Գաղո^սսյի ու. ԱպաՆիայի օգնութե-ամհ. ) Հհէ.սիսւսւթն 1ձ,^րՒ^^յէ ագաւոոսթքււյնո անգորական կրթ ս-աւ րսէ^ նա1ւներու^ գկմ՝ եւ. սաիպեց (1777) գաեատայե՚ն ք՛. V ՝՛ • / Չ Ա 1 Հ^Լ 246 4* \քօթ%էԱէՈ$աւ աէէէէոհրէսցէֆ՚Ն ժւսմաՆասե \1Լրեա.ե§եաս ՀՆգԼսւսսէաՆի է/էք վա՚ճւսւա.սէկաԱներ իշխէսե եդահ– էքւե «ո4՜– րսւ.թ–եան մի օր շու.ա մի թ՚է ւոսէրս$ձ–»ւ.թէէսմբ ու. քՏ-է թեակչսքց թ–սւ.ւքվըլ մայր երկիրը^ գեբապահւ^ե^ է կ^ադ^ա^իք ^$սբկէսգրեուս% \յ^գդհ՚՚օէ սա֊սէէ-եւ պօր—է֊թ-եա^ր ՚ֆշ՛՛՛ էաեղի ասէլէ ք\՚–րիշ կոզմանէ երկրին ս»շխասր^ւսկսււս»^ք9–իւ%ո գէ^–րք^^՚»՚–ոք»^ մեձ– \Րղու.չի աոհ-զակւսւնեբօլՆ (%ւ$ւպոպ\ան^ , միս$բաՆօԱ.թ իա^%րէ ՝\^ւ»ւէկւսքի ս»րիւ.Ն^եդո.թ–իէ.%՚Ներ1^ եասեւ. (1765) ^ք^կ՚^քզքէէ ^ա^արի եւ. 0րիսւէաքի աոէ^րու.թ֊իւ.%^ %երսա֊Ն վարչու.թ–իւ.Ն՚ն \^գդէ՚՚ոԽ> ^եւա֊օ ասնօօսռիՆ ։ Ո«–«օ\|« ր(;^ Հքէ՚՚գի՚^՚կ՚՚ի ^"Ս՚՚՚ե^Ր \Լւեծ ՚ Ա*՚ք1՚"՚րէ սոա.լգ$»ւ^ւի՚Ա յ–>ղԹեւովը^ Հ^^գղէառէ^քՕ իշխէս%ու^թիլ%% աւէ.եւէ բ՚նգասրա. Հակու-ե^ասԱ. է 3 799/՛^ իՆկասւ. ^գկական վեր^% ^ղօր իշ^ խաՆչլ ՚իիրբղյ Ա^^իպ» Հ՚^"հր Ահ/՛/՛^ օրգին, իէ.ր մսԱ^ րպբւսէւաքր յձ^րքւեկւսրւսգւսմ* աաշապանւսե՛ ւսսաե՚ն է ^^սիքեըյՐ ^էգի ձեօ-զք ըՆգուՆեռւսւ. ւ^րեւելեան ձ^գկէսէօոաեի րնկԽրաա.թ–իւ^ր լաէ-ԱէգղՐէ սէս^մանասգրոէ^ա, թ–իւ% էէիէ ՚Վերասւոեօսւ.չներր կսւա,սէվարութ–ե%1^ դրոա.օ»հ՛ մասնւսժոդսվի մէ^ աակ ձգոսեռան» սւււան^ ւսսւար ՚եդՐ» իսկ ընգկս^ոէ-ր կասսւսւվարո ւասրձս»կոզակաւէ% պասսէերազմ՝ չկր կրևար սկսի/ է \\յս ժասմաՆսէկ^Ն ընկերոէ-թ-եան եր^ կիրները^ սւսւրս.^ սէարի շաա^ան։ 1843/՛^ \^Ւ՛^՛** "՚^ 1849^^ ^ք^՜ճսւպ (յւ^իիտներու. ^րկ1՚րր) –շի»ս»ր^ս՚կալեւ^ն եէոհւ. ^ փսրձե^իՆ \^գղիացիՆերՆ ^եաեէսկսդէ/եան Հ^գկասս»աեի ՚^ճ. ՚"Լ. ^րկէր^է՛^ րնգարձակել։ Լիեկսւ 1\վ»քյի մեե֊ մասՆ ասււձսսե^ան 1854/՛^) ք^՚%/Հք ասշխասր^սէկէսլոէ֊թ-եաե էոե՚նչանքն եա^ $սրսէպբոյ կսէրգի խսսաու.թ–իսեր ^ս»Ո–աոք րլերսէւ֊ 1857՛ 1858 –"սկէԱքի սւպսսասւմիա֊թ–իւ% մը^% սր «ււ. րիւ%սէ^ես ա»ա$սերս»ս9եեր1^ եսւես \| \^գզիաս^եր^Ն նսւ.»ս.^ աճու^եսսււ. ։ \^ս պս»»ոերսէւրՈՒև ^եսաեսութ-իսնՆ ա% եղասք սր \^եէ.եւեսւ% Հյնգկսէսսէսէնի ընկեր Աէ֊թ-իւ֊Նր րաա^հ-Աէ-ե^ ոաւ. • երկիրներն ու. \^գդիաւի պսէշապա^ւոա.թ՜եսւե $ս$սկ եղած– սաերք֊ք^ի՚-^ներռ, մեհն ^րիաանիայի թ–ս»գին ^եաո կսէպսա^ե^ան (1858^^* Նդյ ՚ 1) \\սո%ք կր պսէրսւ-նսւկեն ^եաոնէսկոդ^սւն Հ^նգկասսԱէԱէնի երկիրներն ԱքՀ է^կսաես աէա-նեքսվ^, 3-887.590 ^«–. հագարամ^գր երկիր ել, 190 «^֊ չիքն րևաօկիչյւ կսսռասվարսէ֊թ-իէ^նր փոխսէրքաւին կս»էՐ րՆգ^աւնսւ.ր կսւս$սկասւին ձեռքն ե • սրսւ֊ն անրնգէՓքական իշիէաՆսսթեսէն էո$սկն են երկրին ւֆայն ^կ քասնի աՌս^ սերը^ սւ~ր անգիենք \Ր»ա$սարասսի ոխ. Դ\ու/պպքի կս»,սսէկսքա, չօւ.թ–իւններր, ասէւանձին կոէ^սասկւսէներսա֊ կամ* գսէ^եր^ս^ ներոսք իսկ ՝Դ\ենկալաքի կսւ.սակւսքսւ.քՅ–իւ%ը^ կե" ՚Օէ ընգ^անսւր կառասվարին եւ. կես մի գ՚՚՚^ք^րհ^է փ՚՚ի»–՛՛^ նօրգի մէ^ էոակ են է Լւ^ընգափշական երկիրները^ կը^ պսէրու.^ նակեն 2.905500^«ւ քիլոմէգր երկիր սւ. 137 ՚ֆւԻ՛՛՛^^՛^ սէւ.ելի րնսէկիչ։՝^ ^Լսձէսռան ձ-սվերսս ՚^եք նոր սւշխ$սր^ ^ակասքօսթ՚իւ%ներ րբաւ. \^գղիա ձ^ե՛^ Ղ՚"–գէ ե^րեք գիէոնական ՚ճս^ապար^որգոէ^թ–իւձէներո$1ը^ (1768-1779) 247 114* Հ^–՛ Ա՚էք^ւ՚^է ^կո–Հ1ա՚1էք աէ^ա^քւա,^ Րհ^ 1776. 1 « 1^2. պւս–՚^աաա.ա֊ ւէկէա1» \\։Ռէրիկաքի գսպԹս»կէէե–ա.քՅ–իէ^եերը է - 2 • է^՚ր/ւ ահկէաէխ ^րսոոաւքսկ-ա֊Խէքս/ե յ^էասքւաէէՆԽաալ էո^րաւ-թիմկքլ է - 3* \|* ^/ ւքի1էակի «3/, >. ♦ լ • կոօնէ եէ. օաոպբէսսան ս»ռասէու–թեաե սւօ՚ն^ չս/կքր ձքԼ^ գարուն սէշ^ երարբ պւլէոն մարգ \^ւ/եոիկւս գսէոթ-Մրէւ. ւորգորաօ՛ ^ր \^րերագ(էո^^ սէշքսաաաւ՛^ թիւնն առաաոսթ&աժի վարձէսարոո \ոդըէ ^Ր^Ր^՝ գրեքժէ^ ւսսէՆ ԱՈ եզ \սւճոյաեաե եւ. ւսռէէո^աբս/ր օգա^ բաժի՚եըլ, աղաս, ոս մաքսովդ ամե՚եԱին լկօպաըաս^ որուէսհ– ս§ռու.էրու.որ պաաճւսռ ե՚ղաԿ ժօղովջգեան օր էսէ-ուո վջ»ա բառմաեալու^Հ ՚կՕքե չափով կր ք/2^^«. ՚Նաո նէսե՜ւ. բսէոօրոա-թ իսնր» էաեաէ;ս ոո գսւոթաԼւս^ ՚նուքժիւքեթ առԱսսւրոյ ես սւոո/սեսահ նոոմաեե ՚^^ԽհՐ եոեոքէե ^եսւ էքոցելու. սեսստնէ շ. \յ.ոելէսւգոո^ոսթեաե վր^ ^իսնոսսւհ– ՚^/՛ \/^՛՛/^ ՝• գաո^աեանութեանռ շոսա ղարգանաէԱ բնաեաե եր ք ՚ I I / որ աեեսւէւու-ւժեաե րւադձւաէնբ զարթոսցաեեր > ՆՐ^"^/^ \ \ ւ - վե՜ճ րյԱսւկ–ե եաես) /^^ աեգոիւսեաե խորՀրգարաԱն ) 1 \ \ էրասոսնբ ու.Նր գաոթսւկանւէսթեաեց Արսչւ սւու,ոք գնելու. ^ թե չե * (1763/՛^ գրու.ահ^\ \(եթսւնշանի օ^ րի՚^ագիրը^ ԼՑՕէՕ ճս էւտէքՑ) եա առնոսեցաւ.։ ^պ)ց թ^է վր^ գրու.ահ՜ աոսրքո ւՈ օք՛^ $ ^ոսգ րն ի մկօ ^անեց աեոսսփոխութիսն միյ որ շուտ մի թո լոր եր^ Գհ կրր՚վրայ աարահ՚ոսեցէսւ. է ^խգզէսչւի ^եա էսռեւարա^ 1 լ կան ^արարերոսթիսնր գւսգրեցաւ. ես 177 6^^^» 1 3 մրարանեալ ա1^րոսթիս1/ներե էրե՚Նօ օիրե՚եթ անկսխ ^րսէտարսէկեցին։ Ա՚եէ/ն ^՚-՚սշրկբգն պաշապանեց ՝՛ Գ^էԱՈէՓսչյի ոս \^աաեիայի օգնոսթեամի ^ Հ^իսսէսաւքւն )1\յերիկայէ էսռաաոսթքէւյնըլ սսնգղէաւկան կրթ եաւ բա^ %ա1լներոսն գեմ ես սաիաեց (17773 Գաեաաաէե՚ե < ք ^ > Հ V ■ 248 ^աւՆաՕացոո բ.անակ մրյ \Ա սւ1էսգոկւա հ ռոմ Գ^կԲ^ԲՐ թափելու. , "^րք՚ր(± 781 /՚^) մ)^ աա կորգգաւնի Ք"՛/ անձնէսաէէւո րԱալու.» երբ սէնգէ1/ն ^Մնէասր՚ն ^րանգ–,^ լէ՚ե^ ՝^յքը՚պ)ւէ 1սաոաղութեէսն աաքմամևեջւուե ւԽպ^ կւլ քւանակ^էրՀ Այւք գաշամի \^1ևգղիա 1783/՛^ յրի^ աբանեւսլ սէէոու.թեւսնց անկաիւուքժեւ^ո ճանչցէսսէ ^ստշնսէԼցոէ.յժեան սսւ^մանսւգոոսքժհւ^ր^ եոկւսոէս^ աեւ նեչէթին կռիւ.Ներ^ ետեւ. 1788^^ ոըոշու^եցաւ.Հ ՚^ճ. ^"0 ^1"^^ 4:0 միքէոՆկՆ աւ^եքի բնակիչ^։ ^էրու.թ–եա%^ պսւագսւմաւորներ^^ ^սէզմու^ահ՛ (ձ-երւսկոյսա եւ. սլասւգա^ մաա^որաէք սեՆեասկ՝\ ^սւմաժողովո§ն (00Օ^Ր6տ) գաս-խ կեա. սաաւդ– 4՛ քբՐ" ՚ուսրէ յհյ մհ ը^էԱէրա֊ոո Նաաէքսւսգաս^ Ո՚ ՜՜՜՜ $^" բսսթ-եասե գչիտասա^որ զքսսդմհա-^էօն է ^Ր^րէ մշակութ-իւ^ ւ§լ. ասրու.եսսէ ք որ երթ-էսւսվ ււսէւսէ^սէնւսլու. Ար՚՚՚յ ՜՚եՆ է յ^սււՈ, յ բսէնէրոս , երկսէթ-սւղիՆերու. ել. քրաե^քներու. թ–իւԼ% աեա. 1է \\ ՚\1 / ՚ ՚ Տ""֊"""/^ կերադով կր բսէպմանան է \^էւ.ոէ.սաու.բք^ սւարաս^ )՝՝փ^ .\ հ–էււ.թ–եսւե կողմանւ^ք էֆայՆ աՆգդիւաւկաս՚նէՆ եա Հ։. բաա Ր^գ I ; / ^ ^ասկասռսէէ^ գիէոսսթ-իւյե ու. ՚ճւսբաուսբոա–թ–իւ% աակսւաք հ I Հ^արէԱսասւիՆ ւո^։րու֊թ– եասնռ ասասւասմբոսք9–իւ%բ ^իՆգ^ ա$1եայ սւրիւՆա^եո պէսսէեբասղմհմ (1Ց61-1Ց65) ^Օէ֊աճու.^ ել^ն եաեւ. վէբռաս գեբսս–թ–իւ%ր, \^իւսբյաեեասւ կս»^ա»էն^ գայք յկքյ 115 Հ,*է;+՝ ^ա^^աո^ո^^Լ^ա1 ֆյ;1ա^է հգհ^՛ 1 • ւ^՚^շ^ էէիւՏսէկի յէք^ էր բ.էէւԿւ ՀասքաէքԱէոստ% քՀւսգրսւաոույԱեէԱս թ–ւաէգսէւ.ւարււ.թ–հաԽ վԽրՆասլիՆ եէոեէ.է - 2 ք» ^չ. փոփոքսոա.քՅ–իա^հեր ^Ր^Տ ^ՐհՒՐՇ յԵ~3»(1 գէսրԽրոԱ-՚ե յէքյէ — 3 • ^Կալաա§գրոէ.թ–եա1է գիէ.աոե ւաէղգե^ա-թիէյե ւՐ՚ՈէձԽյաւ. Հէ^Խրֆիէ աէաաոե՚Նսէգրու-թ-եսէ^* ^Խւ՚չք է - 4 • \ք՚ Րք– "– "րո^ ձեոռոմ եղաէ. ՀէտոերէՆ մաատա1էեասգքաոէ.թ–եսւէէ վերաԽորէագէէէ.քՅ իէ%րէ 1 • ^սւգոասաու^եսւց թստգւյսւոոա^թեաե վեբ՚ա, ՚նսւէկհ եէոեա. բուսն Հ^այսէԱէոանքա ւսբեսմաեան մասր Գ1)եօ% արեսելեպնըլ Դ\աբսիկօք է"^ ^իւ֊սիսպյ^բ Վքքբք բռնահ– ^քն։ Վյ^րքքւննեբբ բաւ.ական ժա^ մՆ,՚նակ (1160-1220) կկրի մեէ^ մԽսի առա՚Ատ էոիրեցքււնւ Ժ՝Ւ գարուն սկիղբեերր՝ ^րկհբՐ շաա ^եո ^ւսթաբաց սէշէէար^սէկւսլութեաեօ աւար եոաւէ յ^ւ՚է կաբին եւ. էււբիշ օաղպբնեբ օաեի մի սսնգւսւՐ ( \ ^4 249 ^ գքքաեպյասւսւե եղան է \^^^ք՛ Լորդ՚սէնմսւև1^ ե-Աէե՚Լք ռնակչաօ մէկ մասն ւսէՆաշիՆ ^ե՜ո (1320) \»րէ՚^ք ՚\ևՀասւոած ու. \^ռլաաէ.իա գաղթ-ե-^Հ. — ^՚ի* գարուն Լւ^սերոյ ^աթարաց աէ–րու.թրւ.՚նր »Ք՚^յՔ՚91"՚Ր՛^՝ եո՚ա^ կհրՐ օՕ ս՚ւսրհ մի իւսպաոցաւ–ւ ^պյբ շատ չանցասք արիւ%^եոութ Լոսն արագին փոքՅ-որիկր նոր1/ն փրբ^ –^>"՝ թաԼքՈՈ զճայէսսաան սէո^աից հ՛ոմ մի գաոձուօէ \^կգիմհէ.ր իր սււերիչ աշէէար^ակալոսթիւձ/նեոովը^ Հայստսէոանի պէնչեւ. ի՚քքՈԲր ^սւսսսւտ Լ^«^^– . ^> . \ ՝2* ^սւոբաոոսէսռ ւսոշսււանբ1/ն եսւեւք Օսմա^ %եան Տ՚՚՚^է^յ^ պօրաեւսլով^ ^օոո պ^ե–ա1^ \\^%0՜ ԼԵօԵ) Հւտասասէնի մեհ՜ մասին աիրեցի1նէ ^կա1^ա յ^իչ^ մի եաօր (1603) ^*՚Ի՚հկճ ՚^ա^աբասի առաքնոր՚ա, գա^թե՚ամօ^ \^ոաոաաե ան գաէ.ւսռրբւՆնՄցին ու. օանի մի ղօոասոր բե՛ր գեր առին» Բ-՚^Յ 0</ք/ա111ք^7՚ա2ա աեղջ աալու. ստիպու.եցէմն է ՚^ա^աբաս բնակչաց մեհ՛ մասր ^եաո տար ահ՝ ւսէոհրն ք ասոնբ ՛ճամբածն ւոառապանռկ^ եէ, մանաօսնգ ՝կրասխ1/ն արաորՆօբ անօնելու. մ՛ամա՛»^ նակ շաա%եղուՀմ–իԱ^ կրեցին Հ ^աբսկասաասն կասնոո սակասաթիւ. էԽացոոգնեբր ՚^ա^աբաս կոո ^Լու.ղւաի կոոմերր բնակեցրնեւոմՀ իրե՛նց շաա առան&նա^ շնոր^ոէ,թիւյ1էներ րրասՀ \յրբ ասոր վբսոք ^սմանեանց ՚ներյթեւ. եոահ՛ աասաամբ իշիւաէէներէ^ Հայաստանի ժոդոմոԱ-րգր շաա կր %եղու.երէ ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ գաղխ-ակա^ Նու.թիլ.ն մի գնաց (1606/՛^) գէպ ի Լե^ասաանք ք^ոլաաս-իա ու. \\ժսւ^–ոիւս/ն։ ^անի մի տարի ետբրյ ,^ Հ)սմանցսոց ու. ԳՀարսից մե9՝ իւաղաոոսթիսն րաթ՛^ քով (1613)) ^Րհսք^ արեւ.մտեւսն մեհ՛ մասն առին Հ^սմանցիօ^ իսկ արեւ-եէեսէն փոօրսւգղյն մասր Գ\ար^ "Ւ^Ք ^՚^Յ ^րկ"՛– աղգին մեք նորե՛ն պաաերաղմ* բսքցու-ելոմք (^սմանեաեբ ւաոԲ-եցին ու. բ>րր Հ՛^՝՛ ասստանի տեր եղան (1727)՛ Ս"^՛^^ ^ուրսիկք <՛ 260 ^աեդյսոա չկեռաե^ էֆՆշե-ւ. որ էր^րՐ %ոն չւերթե որ Հաւասէոան քլ 7 ^6^^) երկու, աօգաք սԽք րսւժՆու.ե<^ ցասւ Աւ#\|ք/» վջպ) ^Ր^ՒՐ1Է 80 աարիի չափ (1740– 1826) երևսելի փոփոխութիսն մէ շքլրեցէ — 1826 Դ\արսիեռ քիու-սաց երկիրը ^արձակեցս/ե։ ՚\քիկոոայոս կ91ԱրՐէ ^ասգեէ.իչէ էսռէսԺեորգու^թեամր. րանակ մի խասրևց պարսից վսպ)^ Ա"/^^՛^ (1827). է^^^^՚ծ^^^ բո^ելե՚ե եաեէ-ք \^րիսանու. էսռքե-ւ֊ր ^ւսսաւ. ք եւ. Գ^արսկաս$ոաե սււ մանելով^ ԳՀարսիԱներր գօւշ^նթի է/ր սաիաեռ (1828 Փ^՛"/՛* 22)* որու֊Ն ղօրու.թե–ամի \^րասիւ եւ, կուր գեաերուՆ մ^քի երկիրի (կաուսաց պիաի անցՆւ^րՀ ^անի մի էս§փս եառր (հու՛նիս \^\ քիքքք.ւյյ9 Հձսմանեահբ գեմ^ "՚/ պսւաերսւաւ ^րւստստ^ րս»կելով2 ^ասգեւիչ կարսր րւմևեռ ու. 11^^<>՚^ւ եւ. քի> մի եաքո ԳՀսչ^սւպիտն էսոքեել^՚ե եաեւ 1829/՛^ սկիղրներրք երկու, ՜ճակսւէոով^ ^սմս/եռւոռ ւաո0–եց եւ. \\արնդ^ ւսռ^ւ. ^ւսսաւ.^ որ օանի մի օր եամե աեճնւսաու–ր րլԱսլու. ^արկագրեցաւ. : ՝\ձ,սոր ՚Խ՚^ւ * ւ^գրիաՆուաոչսոյ իւադաղութեսէմր. (\^եաաեմի » 14։) Հ^աաւսսաանի ^իւ.ս* ւսրեւեէեաե մեկ մասր ^ուսի-ա.. աքի աեցաւ. : 18771878 ք՛^ Ո"^ սասկաե՜տէԱ՚ճկակաԱ աաէոերադմի էմրՆռսւս երբ քիու.սբ Հ^աւսւսաանի մե^ հ՜ագղյն մաս^ տիրեւ^ն եաեւ֊քկսքրի^ մտանք(\օ^օ յրարսէ 16/՛^) "՚^ Ս* \Տւ"էֆ՚մնւայի գաշամի եւ. ԳՀեր–^ քբ^ի \ս»մաժողով^ որոշմամխ (գուլ» 13) ՀաւասէՈէԱ՛^ ՚եի ^իւ.սիսսչյիւն ւսրեւելեաե մասո^ կարս դ ԱՀ9<քքօ#«. ^ան ու. ԳՀսւգում՝ ք իրեՆռ շրքակաւ սաեղերովը^ (կօօՐ տՏ^կ կողմանեք ՜ճ՚՚րոխ ու. ^ե՚^%էգ գետերուՆ ստ^ րեւելեան ոսմկկա§ կոդմաեե՝ արեԱ-մաեաե կրասխպչ^ \իւսիսսւչյքւն գին եոահ՛ երկիր՚ներըյ քի/ւււ/սւօ արոէ^ե՝^ ցսէն (թ.. 133). 251 Ց< Հ. պւ սէսսւան ^դ» • «ւ ^\^ 4 գսէրերուՆ ^9՝ շար"–՛– %սւեեւսւ պսէսաերաօմաց ու. ասւ–$սրասռ.ւււ–թ–եա$ւնռ սէսսլսւբէօ ւՐ^եղաձ՛ էր • բսքրբսքրոսք ղ1ւրէսր կըլ փոխսւևսէկէիՆէ \էեչ որ ՚յ^էՆկիռխ՚՚^՚՚՚ւ ^սւթ–$սրեԽրը^ քՅ–ողուոին է ա պառեկի՛ն Հւ^եգիմհէ^րէ Էսու.ւ1բերը* %^ս^է պաամակաեա գրու.թիւ%՚նեբ ոֆ. ւիշաս$ասկէսրա$^»եւեր կսրսոսեումե , որչափ ւէեՆսէսԱէանՆեր ու, մա$ոե%ագսւրաե^եր ^րղք ՜ճէորւսկ եղան է — \^Բթ է^ո էէռո^ վութ-Խսւնո ասւաճսքււսէա– գիէոու.թ–իւ.%ո էսրեա^-Խլօ իՆկսւձր է^էն է %որ կեաեռ էսէւի՚ն ւսրեւ–մհա–սւք ապէսգրոսթ՜եան գիւ.., սավըլ։ ^եղափոխոսթ-իսՆո զոր ըրւսա.. Աէպասգրու^թեան գիլ,^ աո գիսանւսկան սւշխատր^քիս վրա^է սւռսէեո սւպգեռսսթ-եան չՏԵէսռ յ^՚՚է—՚քէ նկաս՚մամիէ \ք>– կր էոեսնե%օ թ՜է աաւրեւ-եչեան սւոգաո /է9 Հք—քւբ աւսէսք^՚ն՚ն եղան որ աք» նոր գիւ^էոին օգսւասկ$սրու.թ–իւ^ր ՚ճանչնալոմ նդՐւն իրենռ ^"՚ւրենիքո փոխագրելու. փսա..թ–ացին։ լէքէք-Ա՚ր ^սգագ^ին 16&ձին \յ,ւ–րոաւս ՝ճսւնս$էզատր^որգեո , որպկս ղէ ապսէգրսսճեան վրպյ էոեղեկու.թ–իսն ւսոձէու. եւ. ^սչյերէն գքւր ձոսէեւ ""ա \%ր ր&խւսո^ ու. $սո–ա$ոաձեռն ոգսոց ձեոձ»ս»ու– թ-եասմրր երեսան ելաձ– կո սէեոնենք առաքէն Հ^այերէն սէպսէգրու–^ թ–իլ.նը^ ՀԼենեակի մկշ^ \հ^հք»^* \^ԲԳ՚՚՚Ը աաղել ասսաւ. Աւսղմհոո։ Վենեսաիկի ապագրու.թ–եսւն յ՚՚՚քբրգեց քանի մ/Լ ասւրի եսւքը. (1584) Հ^ո-ու/ի՚նը» — ^է> • գարուն ՚^ք^ Ն՛–՜ րոպաւի եւ. \\՚ի՚՚՚ւի գրեթ՜է աաէկն երեսեքի քէսղպռներո կր գաոնեքքօ Հ^այերԱն ս/պագրոէ–թիւ%ներ ։ Լ\|լ^"ք4՛՛՛ (1616 ին) ւիյկերկ, (1624^^) ^^/'^[ք"^' (1630) ^արի^լ, (1640) ^ոսղա , (ւ^^Օ) \յ,վոո։նոյ , (լ660) \),յհգերաամ՝, (1673) Աարսիչիա, (1677) կոսաանգինոէ-պոչիս , (1660) Լյ^բ^իկ (1690) ^աաու.ա։ Ա««քն^ յէքլ առաջին աեղին ոսնի լլ«/ս~ գերաաւ/ինո։ - • ՜իրաւ. է, որ ^Զ^ ^~ ^է գաբերում յհք ""կէսգրու-թ-եւսմբ. կբասաւսբակոսաե՛ կայերեն գրքեբոէ ոչ գիէոոսթ-ես/ն եւ. ոչ ւսՀ ւեռուի կողմասնէ , ներքին մեե– աբժ1Լռ ւՐ ոսնին , վասն ռի ռսսւ մե&ի մասին ասղասէսոո»–^ աե– չեռոսաւ. գբուասհ– են ^^^հ1^՛^ ք ՚^ք) • Բ՛՛ԱՑ Ս՚՚՚^ՐԳ (^Օ .) դյսրն, իբրեւ. թ՛ե եղած՛ին փսխարէն ւՐ սնելռւ. ^ասմաբ, մեր ԱքՈ-քեւ. կո գնէ ք ասղգին քեռու ին ու. մաաենաս^ գրութ-եան վերան որ »գու.թ–եան ^փք^ՈՐյ՛ 4 • Հ^աքերեն լեոոսին ղարգացմէսնո շաա օգևեոին ձ՚\^ * ու. ^0 • գէտւրերու.ն ռանառան աեղեբ ^ս$ոաաւոուաքՒ "՚Ո–֊ եւ–այլ^ ^իՏէեաբկութ-իլ^ները^։ ձ^ գարոսն սկիդբ/Լ (1705) ^իՏնոսեռան Ղքւբասնանու. լերան մրայ երկու. Աքրգիւ.ն§սւ.որ ւԳէսբանոսթ՚իւ֊ններ ։ — ^"քքՏ 4/ք. ՚^՚^է "՚նժիւսէեւի ՚ճշմար^ աու. թիսն մի թ-է ^ Օ . գարոսն »էւ$լյսքին մարղ% եղաս \Րքսի՚. թ-ար Աեբասաացին Լ&նաձ– 1676» ք 1749)» «/» ^ի՚ք* գրաս իսր ասեոսամբո կոչոսասե կրկին (Վենեսէկոյ ոս Վիէննասւի՝\ \Րիսաբանոսթ–եանռ» վերւսնորոգեռ Հ^այ չեղուն ես մս$ս»ե^ նագրոսթ-իսնր ղանիկասյ իսր նոս$սսաոսթ–ենէն ^աևելոմ կոկեչոմ ոս մառրեւոմ է \^իիթ՜սր կբռաս աեսնեւ – որ քիչ մա^կանսէռոսի շնոբ^ոսաօ՛ է — իր կենգսձոսթ-եւսն 252 ասսւե%է է֊ր ասՆխոեք սւշխէսս$անսւս ասաոսզըլ։ - ^աւսգրսլ.^ թ–եսււ1քլ էղքէ ընՏ–աւսէ& էտւշխսէասաիրէ$սթ–իւձւներ11;՚ն կր յէ^ գպքսռՆեր»ւ% առւսքին^ քեէ աաաիւ. չիՆ ըներ ի մհք ԱԱԱ,ց Հայա^ Գ^ագ/աա^\ա\լ (1784-86 Զ՚^՚ԴԻ՛^՛^) –կՒքՐ^^ ւֆՆչեւ. ^0 գէսրու% կէսերբ. Հ–յ–»»ք–»^հ^յ^ ^\ա^§աաա^^ա\ւչ (1835 ի'ն2:ի^^եա'ն), ^րկ^աաոր Մ1–> իաք^^ա^ա՚Ա^ (1836-37 1^».գերեան),Հայ^.ք^\ Քէ-ք-ւ–»»–– Րէ–^է(1852) ու֊ Հ–յ1 ^^-֊ 9ւՒ(1 (1858 ^ագրասաուձի՝^ ։ — ^՚^Տ ""կե՚գարա֊ ըՆաիր չեդու-^՚ն բա՚նաչի՚Ն գսւնեւ վե՚րւսպա»^»սսէքՒ 4՜/> ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ ^"՚–֊ սէոձ-անօթ գարոօՐ՚ն։ իրեՆՆ ^է "՚– էրե՛ն կր աւէ$էւ սէրգիւ.Ն» օո , ւէր երկսէրսէէոեւ. ւոլօարկսա-թ՚ենե –ւ. քէէեւսգյէսսէոլ.^ թ–ե%ե եսէես է կրՏ""– Ձ"^Տէ1^^Լ գքւրհ–Նասկ»սնասաե՚ Հ<■'^^/'4^^ մասէեՆւսգրոսթ-եան վերասձ-՚նոէ֊թ՚իւ֊նն իր թ-սէրգմանսւ.^ թ–եան^րԼ^ոսա–եւ կու-րսաիոօ, յ^ւ.ասՆկի՚նիէ քկսւսի՚ն,կեպոառ\ ու. երկսէսիրոսթ-եսէեռր (շ^ասրէոսւրասիւօւէու.թ–էւ% ւ ^էեպե^ րասկան Գ^ասաւՐ* Հքկաարաւգիր ք^ւ.սմանռ ^ ^ա^սողպւ.թիւ^ եա^ ^քքծք) ^9* - ^էշէ՚՚՚է ԳՊՐ՚՚Տ^ աւսչափսմ ""1 չշասաստցւսւ. է ՎերասՆորոգեօ նաեւ. կսէմայսւկաՆսէ. թեւսն , անձ%ւսկան աախւէրժւսկսւռ, սեպ^աաւկաՆ ^մաց Աբայ գրոա^սսհ՛ աշխւսր^սէ.. րէսրը. րերասւ. օանիկայ օրէ՚նքի է1իէ մպքրեռ % աւսրօեււ ու. մօւոեցսսա Հ/^^ ւեզոա^ին < ^աղղիաււաՇ յեղափոխոհթեՇհ(է փճչեհ ՛մեր ժա՛ 1/աճակլւ. 1789-1878։ ձ * \՚^չ^ ^1՛^ ւէեձ– էԽպափոքսոա-թ ե աԱ պսէա՚ճաւա^երը ք\ ՚ք Ժ՚^Ն՚ՐԳ^Յ 1՛*–^ լ • ՜է^չսչ/^ս որ ձ^ՏԼ գարուն սկիօքւն եեեդե-ցքւե նորոգ ե-լու. ^արկասորութիսՆր^ ւաո,աՕ բևրէսւ. ՚կո–.^ րէսոաեգոէ^թէէյևոք էսսանկ սւա ^Ր* գսէրուն վեր^Ադ րնկերրակաե կե՛նաց կե՜րար փոխելու, գիաաւորու.–»^ թիւՖր ւառսէՕ բերաւ. ւեդափո1սոսքժքւսն մհ^ որ կ%ւսղղէաք11^ սկսեէՈէԼք \ք՚–ր՚"՚ր^1^ մեհ՜ագոյն մասէէն պՕպւ էՈսւրէԱՀքոսեցսէւ-Հ 1^սոր ^եէոեսութէս1/ն սէն ե՛^ ղաւ.ք որ բւսցարճակ սրսէպեաու.թհւյ1^երո սա^մանւս՚ա^ գրական աերութեանռ փոէսոսեցանէ 253 Ղ^աղղիպքի Ժէչ^ կ՚^գ* Յ^Գ՚ք՛ (104) յ՚"քջրգ^ց է իր Հ^թւգամեա^ թոււնոբդի՚ն \ոա^ո11^էլո^ ժ՝ե՛ • (1715– 1 7 74 ) < ՚^^^ոսանարԼ Հ^րլ^աևի էիբսքէե քսնսէմապ1ոոոէ–^ Թե-ան էԱէոօն ^ էսոօոմնէլբն սւրգպ^ բարւ^ի^ սւպաեա,^ ՚նոէ^թեաե ու. ռեւաւոսթե-սէն սէեղէ եոաՆ 1^ու ^ղորյելի ու. եանանց գերոհ եղահ՛ թսւգաւոր^ գէս^ակսէլե՚լ^՚ն ե՜պբրէ ստպակաեոսթիլյԱՆ ոա^ շււաււուքժիւյՆբ ւսւ^եէցւսւէ կւէէ-մհւաքւլ խեղճ վէճակի մէջ^ կ (4000 ՚ֆլ պարւղբի ժոոովու^րգո կչա^&հ՚է-ր ՛ճնշիչ տուրքերում աաեէ ^օՆոսւսեաեաց ճեոյքն Հ-^էւ էքօ/էն ղ^ա^որական ու. յՖստղպբաԼան աւսշաօԱներո, Ո9.ր անգի1^ աներգն մաաև՚եագիրՆեր (6ՈՕյօ1օյ)^ճւտէ6Տ, (ի««.ւ/^ փ 1778ւ ^յ՚ԼԳ^Ր փ 1778» Տի՚^ըր՛^* տ՚"ը"՚^էր փ 1788)» ժոզոմրգե՚ան ս^ք ս^^սէւ-Աէաութիսեք ^սւսսէրաեսւ, պեաական կտսրհ^ի^ե՚ր ու. աերոսթեան կարգա^ գրու^թեանց գէ^ւՐ տժգո՚^ու.թիսն աարւսհ՚ե-լու. ձ՚ռ. աոե՚ւ1^;^ եռան է շ. Լյ,–^«^յ»» յ.5լ. (1774-1793) /««./՚^– պւսշսէ ու. քսե-լացիք Բ-Գ/ա աեկարոո իշխան9ան աէո1/եք — Գէսղղիէս Հ^իւս 1ձ,՚երէկպյէ Տ."՛" է՛հս" բարեկա՚Խ. մա կան աարսւրերու-քօ՜եահ սհք մէոնեաով — օր^սսսոր ազատու.ք(ժեան Օսւեթն երթսւլոյ րնգ^անրացաէ-է ՚^ւ. որովՀետեւ. աևգոիսՅկաե պւսաերաօմհ սէղգա^թԱ ասսրտթն աա^ելցոսց ք եւ. շարոսեակ փոէսոսեւու. ^<^ եղոո ասւշաօնե-աեե րէ/Ա եւ. ոչ մէկր աեւ.ակաե գար^ ման մի կրռասւ. րեեէյ ս§եոր ^ստմար ^արիպի խոր^րր^ գսէրանո աէԱ^անՕեցք որ ա^րու.քժեան կարգաժոդովը^ գու.մարուիք դոր %եքէր էրՂֆ գու֊մԼարևց (1789)» ե՚որւ սսռեոսԱսկաեսէց ժոոոէ^ ալ ասռանռ սւրգիսեօի §&ս$ոէ 254 117» \|՝»"լ"^"։)է յէ՚•^^"ք••1^»-I^յ"^է• 1789՛ 1 . քք՚րէ». -- Ի ձ«^է» էկաաա. յեպափաիաա.թ–ի4%ււ է - 8 . ի՚՝»ձ «ւք""»՛^"»»^ ^«֊ է/աթ փաիւսւ. թ-ագաէ-արԽ « Արք. քւաեա գրա».ա^աւ. է ~. 3 • Աս՚^ււ/՛՛^ Ւ՚՚Ր^Գ^՜ ի%լ աղա%ոէ.թիա.%Կ,Խր ըթա». աէբ^է.րա^ իշխա%է,».թիա.%ււէ — 4* \ք՚Րթ Կ՚^՚Ա– մէէսԽ^սւա. վԽրաաաեքչաց վարՀրւթ-իա^ը • \^Լ կաքգաւսււաւթ–իէ.%%Խբ քՈթ—ւ. է 1 ՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ ^"՚ՐԳՐ ՜՜՜ ոոմէ աղնա^աեւաէնբ ու. ձ՛^ եե-ոեցւսեանօ ւյււյսժՆոէ–1քցս»1է — ^ու^իսի \%^% ^Խ^ զէւնք իբրեւ. էսղգայքւն Վե՚րանոոոգէչ սստ^մս^ագիո ժողովդ ^րատարակևց 1789/՛^» Ա"^^՛^ ^՚^րէ՚էե ՚^ք գօոք ժողփէւ.Մւոսն Ծւ. ՚կելբէրէ փ>Ր էսռՆոսեչույև ՚Խաւ զէաոացահ^ քսու֊ժաՆէ ձեո֊Հա ^ոէ^լիսի \4ւքւե ԳՀսէսգհյւը^ եորհ–ւսնեւ1^^եք ևւ– Ն՚՚ֆսչւ^գք՛ առաԺնորգուչժձ՜էսւ/ի ագ^ գայքւե պա^ւսպան դ^ՈԲ ժոոմե-էէՆ ՄաՄԱք ՚1^ՐՑ՚"^3 յձ,է.գոսա, գք՛^ գՒհ՜ՐՐ ս՚էխու-ւսեաևսէց ու. եեե՚ղե-ռսա^ եանէսց էսսէե ար$ոէ^ոէ,թհւ.Ն1եօ–րո։ \^սոր մրպէ բաքան–^ գակ ե-րկրքււն սա^ք անիշխանու.թիւ^ր աարահ-ու^ե-ցսէէ-Հ գձ՚ղացւոռ բռյևու.թքօ–%1ևօ՚րո աւստճառ եղան շաաեո^ րոէՏե գուռս գսէոքժե՚լու.Ն ։ ՚խու.ժանքւն "՚ՂՔ "1ւՒ/^ ասէիպեռ օ^սւգաւ^որր Հ^ոետեմի • 0^^ Վ "7""^/^^ ք^ք ••^ րհզ Մոթէսւու* ուր փորօսգրուօ–ցս/է.%սէԵ–լ. ւսօգաւքէՆ ժողովըւ յձ,"՚Բ "^9՝ ^ղօրագւ^Ն ե-ղաւ. (կաոա^սսի(^ո^% առսւ^ոոգու.սւհ՛ էռ ^սւեոբՄա1»նե–ո1^՚նէ ^անգոնի ու. ՚յ^արայի առաժեորգութեամէւօգնութիւե գտա^^ ւեո֊–^ %աեսւէէնեոուն եոոտտաեբոս1ժիւ%ոՀ Վ անթե՚որ վհբ^,ա. ցոսեռան ^ թագաւոր^ ու. եկեոեցականառ ք՚եչյթեոր գրաւոսեցաե ք թոթագրամըւ գորհ՚աՆութև-ան էՏ^Օ գրուե՚ցաւ. է շ. ^ե–ղափոխութիւմն արգ ելուքջանացոո՚^ի^ ոապդ^ի ւՈսՀուանւ^^ն ևտե-ւ ^ »սյհ՚Ն1^Ն թոո արու.»սհ– թագաւորլԼ 1791^^ փախաւ* ^"^3 ՚Վ^րէ^է Ք՛՛/ բէւնոսեցաւ. ու ^^Ր^Պ բեոուե՚ցաւ ուր ^արկէսգրե՛^ ցւեւ ՛նոր սա^մանագրութեան մի երգուաւ րեե-էէաԱ. է 255 1ձ,գգ9յ1՛^ օր1/եսգիր ժոոովը^ 179 Լքւն ^ակոբե՚էւԽ պաշէոօնսւրսսե^ ձեէՆօթ սաիաե՚ց զթ–ագսքէ.որն Աք–«ք«^ տրհաէի գ^յ՝ պսէէոեոէսօմ՝ ^ոաւոս>րս»եե՚լու.Հ լԼ<#ո/ւ վջէսյ թագասորւլ (1792> Ա՚-ք^՛ 10)՝ Մ՚^Ր՚ԻւԻ"՚^՚–Ղ9 ^ևա մէաոաՆ ^արիւՓ քսաւՆնի՚ճսէղան՚ճւ^ ՂՈ2՚՜^Ժ աոիւ.%ա^ե–ռ տեսաոամեերոմք դ^անբէ բեոու-եօէսէ. Էբոե-Ա. բանսէէսոկե՜էսլ, ոէ^ր անգրէ;;՚ն ^անգոՆ ք սւոգւս^ րութեան պւսշաօՆե՜ան (^ — գ յ1^&աա,\ բռՆոէ.ւսէՒ էսմևուսւեաաւե՚ր՚ն ու եեեղԾցսւնաԱնԾբր ժոոու/բգեսա վր^;^ժէաՆգրու.թեան մատնեցՀ 3* ^ՊԴ՚ա^ գաՀՆաժոոցպն իր սւռսէՕրե՚նիսա թե Աէք 1792/՛^ յւ^եաա* 12^է», օգաղռիա ^րասոսրակկ աեբաժսԽեւքւ Հ^անրսւպՄտու.քօ–իւՏե մոէ ՝\ու.գովրեոս ք գսքողիաւքւ թշնամեաց իբր&ւ. գաոչոեի խոո^րգսէերռ ւսմբէսսէոանոսե ւուէ մա^ու.ստն գատսւպարաու-եցւսւ. եւ. 1793 Գունու^ար 21^'^^ գչխատուևցաէ-է Ա«՚«/» 4ս՚Հք %ստե–ւ, աւ.եւէ կբթեւսք ու. քք՚> ՚փ չափաւոբ&սւք ^իբոնա&անք՝ ա^արկունևրհ՚ն (էՕՐքՕՈՏէԹտ) մեր^ ժուեցաեէ ^էսկոբեա1էեե–ր^^ն կաա/հսստե– Հասարսէկւսց փրկու.թեսէն մասնաժողուք ւ/բ գրու^ե՚քէսւ. * եւ. ւսսոմ սկիպբ. ե-դաւ. ար^աւ֊րաց իշէէանութե՚աե միէ Ա<"՛^ գւոէ.իւն անռսէՆ է^էւե քիոպ^սաիք^ր ^ ^անգոն ու. (գու.լր՛^ սթե ՚^արւոգ գորա&յ1^ն սպսւնու.ւսԾ\ Ա^արսւ։ լ^լ«^էք կողէՐ I ե՛ղա փոքս ական մասնաժոոոսներ կստօմհսԽցաե ^ որոնց վճիո^երբ ասգհն անգիՆ սլարաոո գՆգօ-բր գլխաաոսթե՚ան յհթև՚նայով^ ^§ա11օէ1116) է գորհ՛ կքԼ գն1;ԱԱէ կօր աոէւմար մի խոթուե-ցաւ. ռրիսաո%^;ու.. թ-իսեր վերցուե՚ռաւ.ք ե՛ս անոո աե՚ո ^րօւմայու,ե՚ցաւ. բանաւ.որու.թ ե՚աե պաշաօնր ւսսէն բւսրւ$յսւկան ու. էքաաւոր կրթու.թիւն մւ^կգի ՚նե-աու-եցաւ. ւ Վյսեա^ի մէք՝ ոԼր ժողովուրգոք թւսգաւորին գլխաամանէ^Ա եաե-լ,^ ւմնոր որգւդքե Լոէ,գ, ^^քին ^ամար (ոբ 1795 256 օսսոպբսւԼան պսէէոերւսղյհւ \^սԼ ոոՄկթ ղրոեզր գւսշ^ %սէժքէռոփէ§էէ գ1^յ* ^Ոէսասւրակոռ օաոպբներե ք՚^է^ պէս ւրարսկյէք Դ^րազ^ք Լ^ո՚^՚է ՚իու.չոնք անլու.ր անա^ գորօնու-թե՚այի ՚նոէ^աճու^եօաեՀ ^ո^լիսի «/էձ (1794)» (Ի՚՚բէւ՚պիկէ արեաև ^եոեղնևր թափելն \\^արիաւՐ \^գոէ,անէգք ^ի–^ րոեսդներըյ \%կալիգհք ^անգոն^ ^էմհւլէՆձ եւ. Աէ#֊ աա^հ-ղյ ^աւսէ$ղբՆ ու. ^ոգւղյ անմԽ^ա.թքւԼՆր վևր^ ռրնե՚ւէՆ եէՈէաԱք էսմէււսստանոէ^եօսււ. ու, գլէ»սււոոսՄռաւ.է ^էսեոբևաեց ժոոովըԼ գոցոսեուսսէ գ» \քՐՐ^ՐԳ սս՚Տ՚քէսՆւսգրութօՐէսէՌւ գոու^եցսււ. Վև-ոաաեսչաց կսէռավարու.թիւ^ էքի քճւՐ6Շէ01ք6յ 1795-1799» գոր^ագիր իշխանութիւ^ե յաևձնա^ել^ ցասւ. ^էէնգ վե՚ոաաեսու.չն1քրու.ք օոէ^սգիո իշէէէսնու.^ թհսնր^ ^ք/նգ ^արէէ-րոցք էսկ աեոր ^սւսասէաոսթէւ^ր հ՚եոոց քսոր^ոգունէ ^ափւսէ,ոոեա§ կոոաէւսկցոէ.թիւՆ1Ա սկսս§ւ կա մառ կամաց պօոանալ, ԲՊ13 "՜ Պէ^՚՚է՛^՛ յ^րգաբեր ամսդխ \ ^ թւ Խևպա .4) 1797/՛^» երկու. թագաւ.որսււֆա մէ–րսէաեսու.չներր (Գ^սէո^^ ե՛լ. Գ\սւբ^ թրլըմրՀ ^ոնաբարգ11^ի օգեու.թեէսմէւ մ^կալներք^ (^արրաք (իէօպէ/ ու. \յ՛ ՜ էիբ՚1^էէր) մե՚րժա.&ցս^ք 118 \^յ,^**քՐ ^յո։^՚1**հ՚՚^^Ւ^ կ^**ղ^^Հ)^ ք^հ^ 1793. I^&•.4^5«'^ առւսքի% %իգակ4սկ»քւաէ.թ–իէ^1է Ղ^—զղհ-Աի գհ՛^* -%• Ո՚Հ^ 4\|\|ք՚հ«»քԱ«ք. ^1^4՛* հ^^ք1ք4՛» •(ք"«"«. իր աասւաքկգաէ - Դ » %աքէ.1լխ՚»1՚Ի՝ եգիաղաաւկա% էաբշաաս.^ 1 . վ^րեգ գոսչ^էչմոս 1^* ^րուսիսէցին ու. Լէո՛^ բոըոոս \|\. կէ^սրչլէ ^ԻձքէՑՒ ՚^է. 1791/՛^» Գ՚^ղղԻ՚^Ի ^թ՛ վէճակր նորէ^ ^ասաաաելու, ^ամար իրարու, ^ձ՜աո կըլ խօսակցէ-թե։ յձ,սոր վջւտ գառնացան– գաղո/քաե* •I ,7՛ Ի՛ 257 աատեբադմ՛ ^բաաարակէք^է իրոսսիա^քւը Գվ^^սսնշվււ^^ ձի դ^ս1§ն աււէԱ^որգու-Լժհրամհւ սպէսւՆեսւաքէռ ւաւս»՛^ քսրարա.^իւ–1և մի ^անե՚ցէս ու. գւսռղրւս մաաե, Բ՚^ք^ ՎարտՆ գեգսէկոհէրլ^^ ռսէեւ.^ սասէոէե Լոաոբւսհ՚ւէւ/ ևտ գսւէՆնալոէ. սաիաու.Մօան է յ\սոր ւքօ^Օ Ղ^՚ԴդեՑհՔ ^՚^Ւ՚Ց^ ՚վ ոՀէճ/ք/ ու. ^ոսսՆգֆուրգ ռւսղպքՆե՚ոն սւռԱեւ ^՚՚քԱ՚ոիասցէռ աւ ձ^^մաբի օոժ է»սոթու.ել^ն եսէե՚Լք ւ^աոբքւն գ^սւսւսռյեեբւ^ եււեէու, ^սէբեագբե՚ռանէ ղակակցա.թիւ.նշ ք Օօ81ւէ10ո) Գաղղիւ^ի գէւՐւ Տէ՛֊՝^ յհէ.բի^ պօբապետրէ կ^բվիՆա1^^նի աԸ՚՚՚է ՝ գոպուբկի, իշ1սան1^ն ւազ^ոէ-ելոմ ^ գ^շնաւ.ոբառ կոոաւ աեցասւ. • \|յ^<ա%0 ւսւ Նոբէ^՚ն էսռնա.եցաէ.1 ^էսնայն 179օ/՛^ յաղթեց ^ուբտա՚ն, Տ1»չէօբիւ,սի ք՚՚վյ ^Ւ^ըէ՛– ձմեէւբ բոյանգաԼ ՀոԱսւնս»ան ւսշիէաբ^սէեալեռ եէս^ Ո-էօվաբր փւսլսւսւ. ու. Հ^ոլլաեւոէս (\^9քյ\ պսէգսէւԾէմն ^անբսւաեսաու.թե–ան փոիէու.եցաւ.Հ ^ՕէոոէսՅռէք քի^՛ %ոսէ ձաքս ^գ^բքբ բււեել^ ե՚աե-է.՝ դ^ոսգաևաս ^ ^բու.՛^ սէա ու. Ապահքօս Դւ^էսօ^ւէ խաէրսղու,թքււ^ւն բյ$է1ն ոբուք ^բուսէա քւէ^ե՚նոսէ ճաէ» գՒ^ ու^եցէսՆ եբԼհբնեբն ու. յձպանէէս 1ձ1;^՚՚^ուԱ^եու կդՊէդյ^ ՚1շ՚^1 ոա^եռաՆ մաս ո՛ւ ^աղոէպյի աու.թև։ — ^ոէ.բսւս/ե ձ՜ւ. յրոբ^ գե՚բ^ մանիա ^աբձակե-ցսսե (1 796)«^՚^Հք կաբոչոս աբբի^ գքս11^% ^աոթ֊ու^ելով^ յրոբու մէբք՛^ քիենոսի Կ՚՚՚ր/^ՐԲ օ ւսշու. էքցօէւ. : 2* Աքք ե-ղաՆ– ժսւմանակք հ7 ամեաւ կԱէֆո%Ա11ֆԱ 0\|«ք>1««&««ւ\|ք»^1 (1768/՛^՝ ՚ճե՚նովացիՆե-բէ՚ն աոՆուաՆ կաոբսիգա կղ^դքե ւՇ^յս՚չչիղյ քաղաքը^ հնահ֊, 1769 ^ Ի՚ե) Միչժ՚ւԻ՚%ի ^ակատովը, 119&թ \\"՚րգի՚եիպյի թսքգաւ֊ոբբ \^աէ֊ւշյւա1^ ու. ^կիցց՚՚ւքհ՛^ ^բաժաբե-րււ. սաիպեցէ ևւ. \\՚–ԱԱ՚բիացիքբ \բ"իի "՚֊ \ճրԳ՚՚լ^է Ք"Լ 17 258 ռօէ^ս^էաապե-սէթե ու. փե-րգքՏՆ անգոս դ** կ§;–ւսպոադք թագաւոոթտ գաողիւաի ^^դր խաոաղու.թ1ոսե գաշ^կք գեեԼ աուաւ-տ Աօ»/» վրէ^ (Ո97թ) էիիվչ^լԻք՛ Ք՚Վ^ ^աոթելխ՚ե^ յ^սէնգովան աո%ևլ^է ու. ւՇփ՚-՚՚՚՚՚բէ՚՚՚ՅՒքՐ \^ոպէ^ի 1եսէ1սա4էարգ գաշիՆբՆ ընգոս՚նե-լու. սաի<^ պ1է§թ% ե՚էոես Վյ/նեաիկր գրաս-երօ* ու. կս§օՏտը յ^ե՜^ ՚եով^է^ \հեոսըեաե, իսկ ՚^աեգո վպւ փէ ք ՝^ոտե%պյք/նդ Դ\ոչո%ե–էա^ն ու. ^ւ^որարաւէ;^՝ ՜կիսսէչպե-ս/ե ^ասարւս^ կօէպե-սէութիւ-Նը։ գ.ամխոֆոր^ղյի խէսոաղոսէժեսէմիդ յ^է^սսոոհսէ՝ ՚^սէորքէե գաէ,սքռ%ե–ր11^Ն ու. ի<\|I^IՀր<^Հ:է^ Հոսւժսէոեցաւ– * ե-լ. է^դոսնև-ցաւ. փոխար^^ք Վյէեէքաիկ ու. անոր եոկէոհեոր^ \^սաոիաև ու. գսւոմաաիաեէ Դ\էրթք՚է՚՚ղօրապեան կկևոեւքւ.ւշյ սաէրոսթիւ^ը^ ք 1 7 Ց 8 §ւն Հռոյ^ական ^սքսսքրսքկաա&աա-թե-աե փոքսեց» գս՚ղռ^ացքկթ՝ ^իէէմոեգր բո^եց^ւ ու. <I\|Հ-«ւէ^ ստո^&ա.. չխՆ օ-Աքէռք Ջ^^Ք^բՒ՝ ^եաու ռաստ կանք ու. ՚կ^ս» պուրս (1799 ք՚^յ կարճէստեւ. պսքաե-րաօ^ մ՝ ե՚ա&ւ. ք պսէբ^ քժե՚նոպեսաԽ ^ասսւոսէկէսպեաու.ք(ժե–աՆ փո^ուսցանՀ ք^ւ^օ եւ. պ^Յպ^^ս 1ձէ^էւե՛՛՛ փս՚^չոո (ժագսէւորքլ^ ^Դք^ սւարթև Աէմառր \^կասաոՓս գաբ^աւ. : Օ* ^էՏնաբարգէք ^խգօիացւ֊ոց՝ գաոդքքացթևե–^ րք^՚Ն առս§Ն՛ գաղքՅ–սէկանու.թեանց ա&օը չօ-ցըՆռ-չու. ^սէմաբ ք 1798/՛^ դ^ուր^ ՝%՚աւ. մաաէ^է \^գէաաոս "՚Հշ– իաբ^ակսէէե-լու. մադօ։ \^ռսէհ՛ սօո&Ն՝ օ§ռսէւ. ՚^աւգս» ^ գոիան» ու. ^իրայ1ւտ%երոէ^՚ճակաաէ՚ն եաե-ս գա^իրէՆէ \^ւ. որովՀեսէեւ. կո–չսըէք գճղոիակս;^ ՚նսէւ-սէսէոըմէղը^ 1ձ,՚՚1՚^քէրէ ք՚՚»1փճացու.ցա^ էր ^ ^առա^ացաւ. 0\|#»«* ՚նաբարգկ 1799/՛՛^ ^Լ՚՚^բէքէ ^՚նչե-լ. Ա^/ւա (գ^աղո^ էով^ գաբձաւ. առաէւձիՆ ՚գառոիա։ 259 աքաաքիԼ Խձաաաագո** 1799» Հյֆ^ապոլսւ^ ու. գրաե ^եա գաղղիւ^ի գէէՐ Նր^Ր՚՚ՐԳ 1եքւճաէէաՕօո€.քժքււՖ ւՌ եւսպմեօ \ (իայգսւա^ գՄսպս»^ %աժողովը (օՕււ^Ցտ) լու.Նոսե^աւ. ու. գաղւ^պ^ի պսսագսւմասոոնեոալ ա–Աէոոհսէցէ ռբեու.ոոնեոէ;^ սպսւ^ %ք9սե–ռէմեէ ՚կարոչոս սքրռ^գոէ^սր գւսոոիացք/Ն&րր ու. ՚կովքէի §սւդթ–ո»աք(ժես»մս, ի$ուսչբան աօաւոՄլոմ պսւրէօ–1էնոպեսէե ^աեբսւաեսէութեսէն ՚1^ր9 աու.աԱ.է ^^պյը որով^ևէոև-ւ. Զֆ^րէէ՚՚է Ք^Լ \^ասս1^ււսքէ^ բո^ ւոոոմքէե ււսւլ^ու.աՆ՛ գ^ոոսագաէէ ^ծ-սա սիաեէսւ չյսւ^ քոդօոասէւ. ք եւ. ՚^ւստրէա՝ քիու.ս^ա§հ ^եա սււ.ոոէ.եցէսւ, ք \^ու.մորոֆ հո բանաեռվԱ ե՛տ եանչոէ.եց»սսէ 2 ^ոնասօււսոդ1;^ տժգո^ կոոաւսէկցոէ.թէ^11քն օգեոէ-թիւ^ գւոսէհ^՝ չու.էէհց օքՖոէ. պօրոսքժեաւդւ 1799 Ի՛^* ՚ՆՀ/՛ 9/^4» (18 Պրի՚՚՚^ր)* 500 «5 խոբ^րգարւմեւլ եւ. ^^ ՊեհՌ ւ՚՚ռս՚քւ^– ^քււ.պս»աոս աեոսաեեէ ս»ու.սէսՀ էՀքրրորգ սա^ւ/2սեագբուՔ–իւ.Նր ^՚՚Բ՚՚Հ^Ր 100 ^"Գ^է բաղ^ացող^ քիամկապձ-աաց ժողովդ ժէ քէոեսՈ&էՆ օՕՕ ^՚^գհե օրԲնս»գիր ժոոով յիյ եւ. օՕ ս^գափ^ պա^պա1եիչ^ ^երակղյա մէ (տճո&է ^ՕՈ8^^V8^է6ս^)« ՝^Լերւսաեսա.չէէերուՖ ս»եո գրոսեցսԽ տասր աս»րւ.աՆ ^օէմար երեք ^իսպսսաոսէ Ա<ա1>^ աո-ա^^րլ էֆապե^ սքակաե իշրա^ու.թիւ.1ե ուՖեբ ոսբ սեկս՚ւ եբեույթքւն (գ%էսւՌէասեբե՚» եւ. \յլպբեօե\ մէպէե խոբ^րգսւաու. ճպյն արոսեոաա^է 17* 260 3« ^ոնաբարգէ 1800/՛^ յ^րսևամներԱ աեցաէ.. "՚րքՒդք՚՚Ւ՛^ յ՚^Ղ^^Ց "՚՜ ^՚"լՑ՚Ղ"՚–Րհը. բ՚^^^տ* Լ^–^ %էյէւէ իաղաոու-թեաէդւ (1801/՛^)» (ի^^եոօի ձախ ե՜գե՚բքր Ղ^՚՚՚՚ԴԴ^՚^/Ւ էոոու-ե՚ռաւ.» յ^ւստրիա ^աորքւե գւսէ.ւսռ%ձ–րն ե՛լ. ՜իասէէքէէաի սհ9 ու-նե^ահ– եբկիրներո մքւնչե-ւ. ՜^տի՚ճէ՝ Գ՚՚ԴդՒ՚՚^1՛ ^՚՚օ՚լու. ^արկագրեցաէ.» պագաւ֊եաեէ ^ելու.1ոոէսկանք ւէկու.րև–աև ու. կիսաէշ, պէքան ^սւերսէպետոսթիսէէեՄոո ՚ճանչցոսե^ասն • դ«Հէ^«– գաեէս էէբրեւ. Հեարոսրիէաի թսւգսււ.որու–քժիւ^ ^ար^ յ»տհ աան տրու.Մռաւէ Աք/՛/՛ ՚Խ՛^ նաեւ. կ1^։սպոաւ^ք Ապա%ի»^խ^ քիա-սիէ^ի, գրան ոս 1802/՛^ Ա^է^/^ յ^ք^ ՝\^գոիւ^ի ^ետ (որ բ՚՚Ր՚ր սէշ^ար^ակաչու.՛^ թիլյմեերՈք Գրքք^^աւսէռ ու. \^յ^ւաե գոկոս սսո^եէով* ե-էո ահա որ գարձր1ւ1^ր ք եւ. ւոԱէական ^$էէհրաաե–ոա. աոսթէւՆո պէաի ՚ճան^ս»ր\ խաղաա»ո».թեա% գաշքէՆք գրու.ե^աւ. : ՚^ակէան աք՚քըրգ աւսր^ %որ աաաերաօմ՝ մի փրթաա^ օոր սկսսււ^ ^Շ^Գ՚էե՛՛^ գւսղ^ականու.^ թիւ.%%օ՚րնք էսկ Գ՚ազոէա Հաէ^ով^ր գրաւ.եւոմէ 1804-1814. 1 • ՚Հքաքա^կձԽ քէէէթ գիէւթ էքրթ ^՚^էՐ՚Ր –՚^»–ա%ԽԼ ••«•.աւ • - 2 • 1^ձ Հս՚Հ^Յ(ււէ1հ •■•.. ^եէքաա. էէրրա/Աէ \իգասկակւրա,թ^ի»%ք$ է - . 3 • \|»է՚\|^ պաա։աէ^աա».ի ^սոէաքւ ՚կ^էւքւ1չխււԽ իրււ».աիաաքի քա. քկէէէււաիփաքի գհ՛^ պաաԽրւաղյ՛ Հրսէասէրակեյւ , ԵՐՒ կաւԸՈւ։.Խւքաա. լարրորգ %իղակակյքա,թի»%ըէ ֊■ 4. ի^"՛– »ք՛– Ս«"\|Ա»\|է^* 5«"՚«յ«»^* «՛^֊ թ֊իւՆը • \|\|»<էէ.««ւ^ւ(է^ - աաս^քկաւկ—% է^աաեքւաէէղմյէյ Է՚^Հ^ վասէաըկեւքէաա. »աււ.աւք11եւը » 1 Դ\ոեարարգէ 1802^^ ^՚ԴՔ1^ իաաչակաե (յ^չեւ. սչիւ ւստաէն \վւսալպե–ան\ ^անրապեաա^թեաԱ գա^ևրէց եւ. ցկեանս Հիւպաաոս գաոոիւսյի աէրոս՛^ թիէ^րկառավարե–ց% դօրու^թ&այի. ևւ, շրՕաՀաէե-ցոս–^ թ&աէփ* կարգաէ.որեց ելէւմոսաօր^ ևւ. Հասաատեց %որհ% ոսդղափաու կրօնո։ գա ւ. ա՛ճան ոսթ&ան միէէաա^ 261 գքիաաու.եցաւ. ք 1%ՆկիէՆի գութսր Գ^աաէ^է֊ն գաոո^ա րե–րու.ձ^աւ. ու. 1804/՛՛^ Հրացսձի բռնու.եցաԱ.^ Մ՚՚Ր^ պօէէոոու. եռասւ. ու. ^Ւշ^րՒ^ բ֊անահ ւՈտ՚ծ եհքնառր ւքերք աոէսս».»յ քգոնարրարգէ 1804/՛^ Մ՛^* ՂՕ ^ ք^Կքէ 1էկբ ժւսռանգաեաե եսչյսբ անու.աՆե§ ու. Գ\իոս ՚է^$^ ՊՐ^ սաեե՚ւ էոու-սէւէ ՆՐ^Ր՚ՐԳ ասէոքԽ քւէՓ գՒ^Ք ^ս՚ե՚ւ. ՚իասւլիւս^ի թագաւ^որ օւնու.աեեւ աաւթն եաեւ.^ ւիեու.՛^ րե-ան ^ս^ր^պհոու.թիԱ^ո <\%աղոիայի ^էոո տֆսէռուռ։ 1^^ու.թիւ.%չ^ Գ՚ադպէպյի գք^ւՐէ Ա#/ո՛/ մէք մաաւ. ետքէն կ1;^ապոէէս ալւ ՚իս^ \յաբոէթոն գաշնէսեցե-ռաւ. Դ\սււ.է–ա, երպէ^իք Վյիւ-րգեմպկրկի ու. Դ^ատրնի ^1ոո։ ք^սոր մր՛^ ք\–էֆքւ՚վ^^Տ»000\\՚–՚՚"՚րք""^^ գերի քւոՖել1է% ձ-ա&է^ք սէո^օէւ. Վյք^11;ՆՆաե ե՜ւ. ոարեաւ. \^կսաե–բչիցի »Ք՚"^ էփւս^ ցե-ալ յ\ւ.սս9րիացքան ու. քիուս&րբ ^եեաեմի» ^ք՚ե։ Փբաե^սկոս \|\. ^րէսպու.րձի խաղաղոսթեայի Հ^– նեասէկասե և-րկիբներն \^՚"՚էի՚^քէ թագաւ^ոոոսթեսէն աոԱ^աԱք Գք՚քԼՌ ^աա^էեբպ^ի, էրլ. առաւ. սէսոեռ փո՚ա. խարէ^կ Աալբպոսրկո։ Գւ^ասիերա ու. Վ^ւ.րգեմպէբձ օրոսէե թւսգւսւ^ոբութէսնՀ ՚կաբոլէոն \%0Գ 1>ե՝կէապոլս^ վջպյ իւ.բ 6'>Հ^ սէփ ե-ղբպ^բչլք Հոչլաեապչյի վրւ/^\ոէ,գոէքիկոս &էլբէ^բբ թագասոբ գբասէ ՜է^սգթւէ՚ոս Դ^ո^առ%^^^ կաբոլիւԽի "ՐԳ՚՚ԳԲԲԸ^ եղաւ. \%աալքւպՓ փոխաբբէյ^ւ ՚կսէրոչէէ^ի պաշապանոսթեան տակ եոահ՛ ^էնոսի գաշնակօա^^ թեան կաղմոսեէովւ^ ^եբմաեակասե պէոոու-թիսեբ Լ 1 8 6 ) ւը՛–՛ հ՛ու. եցաւ. : Փր՚^քք^՚՚կ՛"՛ ^ * ՚^ոսանեց թկօ քիկք կպւք*բ ՝\ձ.՚^"^րիպյի կւ^բաեկ. Ա.)ւ 3* իբոսսիէ^ի ու. քիուսիաքի ^եա ՚նոբ աա^ տեբադւՐ մի ՀՕոբբոբգ %իդակակւքՈԱ.թիմե 1806– 262 1807) անոր ^էսմար սկսաէաք վասՆ օէ ^րու.սիա^ ք»ը^ 1806/^ ՀաՆ՚եովէր %որէ՚ն պիա^ոո սօւնոէ-էրք ^ւք^««ք* 8/՛^ գ^առղրսքքյր գէէՐ պսէաե՚րէսդէՐ ^ոսւասւրսէ^ կկէ \^ակպ/ե վեց օր &պքշ ԼՀոկա , 14) կք^՚եպյի յ^ով կս$ռ.ոէխոն1^ ու. ^Աէու-ք^՚Ն ր.ոչորովԱն ււսոթու.ե–՛^ ցաւ. ու. Գ\եոլ^ գաղւՓւսցքւՆե–ր1^1ե սէ1Նեու.եռաւ.է Հլու.սա ու. րսսա յասքւե սէւէօթսէւբ կեոպոյ աէաէն^նոԱ^եօաԱ բ.երգԼրըէ յ^^չաւի անորոշ^ ՚ճակաաք^ (1807)» ^– ^անցքւկք Դւրե-դըսւ. ու. ՚է^փ^՚ոեից քաղստեերոսն էյ^ ՚նալք^ն ևւ. ^րիւասՆաի քուէ^ մրւսցեսէւ ^րուսիսւռւ^ոօ ու. քիքքլքքա^ ^աոթ-ոսելթե եաեւ^ գրու.եցաւ. ՂէւՂէգՒ գաշքքկքւԼ 1807/՚է»է1յձ^«^/է ոս քիե-նոսի մէջ^ եղաՆ ևր^ կիէխեո^^ (կքՐ ք^րոսսէա ^արկսւգրեցաս Ղ^»՚"1դէ»9ւէ ասքչյ կաօւ/ո»–եցւսւ. Վյքսգֆաւիաւիթագստւ։որոէ.քժֆւ^^ ^ե՜ոոեհա1ոս <1ք\ոեաբարգ1;;է ^աէՈսբ* եւ. ^աոսօ^պէքէե ^ոոսսիայ1;^՝ •Վավւսէսւիսչյի գռսոէ^թիւՆր^ \\առսոՆիայի թսքգսէւոբին ^ամաբ։ 4. յՏք՚գղԻ՚^Ի Գ^՛՛՝՝ "Ր 1805 /՚1է Գրաֆալկարի ք»վ^ գ$էէղղիասկանասսլանիս§կւ§ւ% %»սսւսւուարւֆդթ ոչըյևչաաքսւ-աէէէձ^ (՚Ն^ւ^՛^ +) եբ* գրաւ. ՚կաբպ^ձն յքամաքպքի՚հ գրասթիսՆ^ (տյՏէ^աՕ 00Ոէա6Ոէ&1) * Ա«՚»ր ՚^ԷԼ մաաե իորգսա,կավկ% ոա. դ%ա%^% պաա ս»յկ% եւ.րւէաէսկահ ս>1^րոսթիւ.%էւերբէ ^"(1^ \^գղԻպ1քիք՝ գ»բք^%^ակ էբ0գակաձ–էչսվ^է կրչք^՛^՛ յ՚^իդտը^ ^իէ$Ա.սսւկաե էոաճկէէէկա^ աս»ս§եբւ$ւզ^լէ զւ»բ ք^՚՚ՐԲ՚էՔ^Տ կաբ»չիո% 1806^^ Դ^եկաէյիերի՝ ԱքըԿւՀքաւ. 1812^1տ՛ ^–ւ֊^ գսսրկագի խէաղաղոէ֊թ-եսւմբ.» սրայ .^աէ֊աիաէ իր սէէք^ւԴա%ա էֆնշեւ. ^բւէէ.թ– ըՆգյէէբձսէկէա է ՜Րսսեէռաաի՚նեբ^Ն — սբէէա^ կէ$ւսաասւա դ». յ^աալփէֆս թ֊էագասսբը^է կաաբւ»ւկւէՆի գ^մ* ան^սւՀա թ–շՆէսմ»ւ~թես§«1բ պւէ»աեբ»սպմի կբ շաբւււ^աէկ^բ -- աշխաբ^ակաչէ^ի՚ն քի»ա.ւքք 1808^^ Գէինւանաիա% է ^աէ,եաի թ-էագսււ-սբբէ գսասս»ճա^ւսէ.թ–ես$յբ Հբսէժսէբե՝ր»ա~ աէէաիաաա^հա. ւ1^ եաԽւ. , իբ ^9բեդբաքբբ\^աբէլսա ^^ • թ–ապէաւ.ւքբ ա%աէ.ա. ա%սա.եւքաւ., սբ 1810/՛՛^ ւքԳւեո^աասգ մւսբաքախա% (1818 էտ՚ե վեբ կաբսլսս ^՚)«. ^ով^ա%%^^է^) իբե% թագաժաա.անգ "Ր՚՚շՒյք* %աււա^ա%գիււա՚հեբչլ \)^գդհ՚ք^Ի առ.շի% գէէ^ել^ յա%ձ՚ն չա^ ա-աւ., \քկէդիյքլ.ո^ աէբւասթ֊իէ.՚ն% Խւ. Հա.»»էՐ ք-՚դպթը^ ^1^Բ 263 •կաբ^ւէ^ արգէ% 1Տ08^V թռ%ա^ էր) 1809>ք> Մ՚^1"ք՚՛ գասալիւսկահ երկիր Հրսս»սէրաքկ»ա–ե^ա»ւ֊ ։ կսւր.սւկոԽի% ւ/բաւ %ղսվ^ կարգա^սւլ քս»^աեաքապեար^ րո^էաա^ե՚^աւ. եւ. \^է^ է^Տեչեւ. »ր ^էսթսքխոՆի %9»եմա^աւա րլսւխաո դէ՚^ք ^Ա9աֆ% ^ե«ո սէէ.եքէ պիշբղրւ֊քՅ–եսւմթ վարսա^եԸէ»^ սաիպԽռ։ (\|.».«.^այ( 4յ. 1808– 1812. 1 . ի>;լ»ւ. քաաաԽրա^ թաւքու.Խյա. Ապանիսքքի գէւՐ» — 2 • ի՚>»ձ \|» ^4^^\|»- 1 • կաբ ոէէ^ոե 1807 ^ ^"Ր գոէ. ^ ալ բ ռ՚նե՚լէն ւՏէՕ թսէգյւ֊ն ^ոստժարևւբէ^ սաիաե–§թե ե՚աեւ-է ք"՜Ր Գովէ1ւ1^փ եղբւււ^րր ^պստնիէ^ի ու. քեռպյր^ ^ովակիէՐ \Րէւ.րաե է \յ^$սսլոէսու թէսգսէէ^որ անոսաեե-օ տ ^ւ.ևրԱի առ.ա(խոՈգոԱ.թևա»դւ \^գղիական օգ՛,, ՚նաեսւն գոսնգմի^ ^որգու.եէԱէն էսշիէաո^ւսես$լեռւ գոմ^ ս1։փ սաիպէէւեօւսւ. \Ր$սարիա թոդօէ^ի էււացկւսէւոլ^ոնի \^ւ.սար^«ս եանչոսե՚ռէԱկ երաււ. Բ՚րԲ 1ձ"(՚՚^հւ9ւէ ^9 ըՆգ^աեոէ֊ր աւպսէասէՌւոԱ-քժէէյն մի։ ք^1^ա1^ա \^սսրւս՛^ եոսա գէա֊ցաւ^սէեաե պստշաաանու.1ժւ/ն1^ մ՝ ՕՐէոեւ. է§ն^ կաւ֊է քւպքց յաղթեցԲն 1^՚եգդիացիք ք1՚–ելզւի (եաքչլ Լոր սա ^սէրԱաէեգեՀ աո^աՀխորգոէ-քժեսէմի ՚իաէաւ,երպ^ր Ք"Լ^ 1809/՛^» Ա"7՛^՛^ «/^«/ա1ք էԼովանգակ ևրկրթ» մէշ^ գսէդդիսէցսոց շատ ւխսէս$սԼաո պասշտպանէպաեաե պղչոիկ կռիւյեերը^ (§Ա6ո11&)։ ք\ւ.ելյիեկգն յաղթեց 1812^^ ^աըսմաեգւ^ի քով^ գաղււիացԱ^ոց ք վևրցուց գասաիդը պսւշարու.է& օ՚լ. անու^անու-ե-օաւ. /^"/՚՛/՛ սպս»^ Դւիսէկահ քւանէսկաւ վևրբն^րսէմանսէսաարւ 2 • կաբոլիւէն ,1809 1՚ե յ իր&՚ն գէէՐ պատ եբաէէՐ ^րսէապբսքկոո ՜^ւսէորիւաի մջա) յէ՚1^§^ մեՆասւ. Աա՛^ 264 սամբ գերմևւնակսէե պօբբե-րովյ, 1ռ \էսեասՀոսգի ^ ՚էք՚ֆ՚֊ւծ է քիեկե՚նսսլոսլւկի ^աղԲ–ւէւ.թրւ.Ն՚Նձրէ^ ետևւ. պաաոևրաղյի ^ԷՔ^ որոշեի է ՚^սոր վջպյ ^Աքւհ՚^է գքւե մղու. ևլթն եաեւ. ք Վյսկբսօֆ ^առ^ուսթև-ԱէէԴ^ յ^սս^ սէոիան ) Վյւհ^ւ՚նպչյի խէսռաոութ իւ^1ւե րնեէոս սաիպեռ է Այ» գաշի^քով^ \^է,սարիա, յ1^աչքպուրկշ Գ\աւիերպյիէ էիսրիկեան գաւառ՚ներր կաէ.ու^ոնի ու. աոեւմաեաաՏե կս^լէ^իան՝ յԼարսաէ-իէզյի աու.աէ–է - - կաբոլիոե 1810 ^ Է՚֊Ր Գ՚^փ՚՚՚փ՛^ կքդ՚^կցք/ե ս.էսժՆոէ.ելով^ սէմոԱ֊ս..^ 1եէԱօաէ. յ^արիէԱէՐ Լո»֊գո^կաէ արք^ռքսոէ.^ւ.ղքե ^ևա» որ հ^Նսէ^- իր1/ն 1811^^ Հռուտ թսէգս§ււոոբէ ^^սեէ, եպթր \^սէքւոլ^ոե ք ալ իր պօրու.քժ§քան գագաթ% էրլահ՝ պւստ^ոէ^ց է^ր ս»1քրոէ.թե–անր ^եա կարսւրիէսե ք Հ՚^ի" աանաահ ու. ^իւս» գևրմանիէԱքի մէկ ւքասրէ ււլւաարիաքի համար, (կաւ.թք,^ի գ^մ՝, գիլ.^ադնաքւար պաաոերաղմոզ^ ՚ի1քր՚»թի՚^»երր նոէ,ա7^ու^եաա%է ^/^եւ. րնգոէ.^ %ե^ա% ըՆգհա՚եսէ..ր թ–սդւււ.թ–իւ.Ն , թւ՚ք^ էր^Տ ""՚֊՚՚՚ք^՚՚ՐԴքլ* ւՐգթ^աո Հ«քք/ք. գազ^այք,,>,յք ձետա.քՆ էնաչովյ 1810/^1տ՛ հրա^էսնի թււնսւեռսււ֊ ։ Հ^էէ "ք էր ԱէօասէսւկաաւՐ 95/^^1*4^ ^իւ.ա» գԽրյա%իաքի մէջ^ կքլ պաաերաղմկրէ ի%կաւ. 1809 ^>՚ \1^գրւէքւաու.Նէոթ աէսշաաէա^սէէծ• ւս»ոե%» 3 • քիու-սւսկան պսէԱէէքրէսռմրՆ պստէո՚ճւսռ սարոսռ–– ^աւ. անովՀ որ \ձ,ղեքսանգր ^ու.սա^ ^քք՚՚ՐՐ 1812 թէ^ Օլաէ՚նպու.րկի դքսԱե &րկիրՆ1րրու% ^ւսփշաա՛^ կոէ^ե՚չրլյե վջւ^ ռա^րա^աէ^-է ^աւէպռպյԱն գրու.ք^ե՚եէՆ ձ՚էաա-է կսւրքա§իո1^ օ^ս-Աէորիսւ ե՛լ, օիրոսէփա իրհՆ ^հոո գէսշՆակօեաու. ստիպե՚լ^ն &տ1ռք ակսօ/ւ. տար՛ա, ձւսկողականր^ ^ու.սիայի գք^էՐք կհ" ՚փտէ՛՛^ 75^^^Հ. "՚՜ 1300 թնգանօթոմ — երւ. կձնգրոեակաե րանակովԱ գէպ է 1^ոսկու.էս ^առաՕանաէովէ քիու.զբ աքկ գիէՆ պսւա&րսէօւՌ՚չոմ ու. է^կս/է գիք^Ն ասպ^ կողմ՝ սօ֊րրշյ֊ ""^7 Ճ^՚Հ. "՚ ^" յք՚ՀՐ–^^՛^^ \\մհլ^%սբ առնոյսե^աւ. • գոսգոէ^սով^ յրոսգաս գե՚էոԱն Ք"՚է յս՚ղթոէ.ե՚^աւ. օ^^- 26& \^բպէոմ^ մաաւ. \|]^Տ^«^• 14^ ամկյի ^ոսձուա քաոա^ յլր՚է քէ^^Գ՚^բշէ^է գրգռև»ովԱքաղաքՆ այրեաթն եսաեւ. ֆ ք3^իա^1էեե–րր յերժու.եռ»սե –– ^արեսւգրե–օս§ւ. սարսւսփեքէ ւքրաէթե ք բս^օյաասաաէե %ևղւ9է.թէւ^^ևոու. ք ամ^^ եե-րպ գժբաքսաաաււթձաեց ժէաե&սէվ՝ աեսւաասա աեղե՚ր1^ §քաէ ք՚՚՚շ՚՚՚^էս ^ղաաահ՛ բաեաեթե մեհսՅգդքն մասո% Պ^երեպ^աԱ սԽ^Ա&լու– ասէ4էն իե՚ղգոա.ե–ցաւ. պքնակս "է %Է^^^^Ր^ մքէպքե 1000 պ^աէ.որո».ահ– մարգովդ ասքէո&բաօմ^ պասթրասաոէ.քՅ–իւՅ§ե&ր տեմնե-րւէ. ոէ֊ր էէՏեգիք^^ \^ոոգ բրու.սիօւկաԱ օգնւսկան բանակքւե ^բամաեաւաւսբր<է քիոսաոսօ ^եա չեղղօւ9ւթե–ան պսա^ 122« \^^^գո^^^աԱ դագ^^ա^է^ 1813^ — 1814» ^ ■է»ա « յ&\|»»\|;է -- 4. գ>ա^ակի>քք Խ՚րր <1։»ւ»> իաքիէլ ք^^լ կԽրպ^քսձւք, աա^ասա. ^աադէքիէա* իւ^րք^ առ^աքքՏէէ խ»ադադէ։ա.թ4քէաւյիէ լ. ^բոէւսիաւի թագսւ–ոբբէ ^եարո».ւսբ օք՚^է (1813 ք^յ ^բե՚դըսսէ՚Ն օպաաակաէՐ ոբսորգաց օօբա^ ժողովդ յի ^բամւ^ե՚լէ1ևք \րարաի \%^ ^ոսսիպՓ ^եէո գաէշնակցէքաթԱ ու, գադոէպյէ գէ^ պաաե-բսէէրՐ ^բ»էաաաբակելթե եաեէ-ք բովաեգակ ազգթե ու. ղի^ 1եռ.ոբաս^ աաէաաբսէբու.1թէւմեե՚բ ^ահօ-ռք որոնցԱհվ գաէ/էւկօբ գէ^կԸ առՆձ-չոս եւ. Հաէբեէեև՚աց անկաիոս^ թեաե ^էաէաբ պսաաե-բաօէՈքէու. կր ^յ՚՚բգէբէբէ <1\ե՚բ^ էք^ 4^՛^ Ք՚՚՚Ր^՚Լ. հ^՚՚՚^Ժ՚^Ւ Փոխաբջաեք բբոա.սէա–~ կս^ Ուէ»է.սական ղօբթէքե (1յ1<9/> 5) յաղթ՚ոսեցաէ֊ է իէ^ գաշևակիցք %աբոյէահա1^ եբկու. աեէլ (կբոս^ կէօբշէ՚եի քով^ Ծ՚քքէ"՛ 2՛ ^– Պ՚"^Տ^^Ւ Ք՚՚՚Լ Մ՚^Ւ" 266 գաոման յ՚ամանա1լ ՀԼոսևա ու. ^սստրիա գաշեա^իք^ %էրոոսն կոռաք անօան* մէկաւ կոոԱանէ 1ճ»1^գդէ՛^ ՚կ ասէճա ^եւո գրա$քակւսն օգնու^թեան գ՚^շէ՚^կքբ (էք&1– էճ ճ6 Տսնտւճւ) գրաւ,։ շ. դա1^ակի^ռ երեբ բաեակ կաաթ^ինէ 120000^^ կառմձէ^ահ– բրոա.սիակաեք 1Նսւյ»ս»կան ոէս շրւ.եաակաե ռ.անասկ^ Հյաւ^ևաա^ թաագւսժառանգ1^ ու. ^^֊§ովէ առաքԱորգութեան աա1լ պարկաւ֊ Ո՛–՛ իր 90000 քէ^ւռսևրո^ ՈԱ. ^ու^սիացքքնևրովԱ յա§է^ (9–եց Աագւոոնաչիքյձ,է.գ9 26/՛^ գացպախի քովյ երբ. սԽգիէ^ ՀԼւխւրցէ^պէրկէ՛^ առա^որգու^ա^ մեհ՛ բսւ՚ա^ %ակքլ (230000 \^ւ^Աէորիաւքիք քիոէ^ս ու^ ^ա^սիաչ^ի՝^ ^բէղաէնի 4չ՚0 ^արձակոէւէՐ ըբաս^ բպ^^քթսբո^ո^ ՚նէ֊ւ՛ յադթոսեցաԱ. (26 ^«– 27 Ա«–^* «-/» Մ՚՚Ր^ փ)« \քբբ ասոր վջպք –վ^անաաէՐ՝ Գըք^սգէ^ (30 Ա–ք–/ գու-ւմի քովյ %^՝ Դ\իւ.լովէՆ (6 ԱՏ^պա.) Տէ^՚^է՚^չքի քով^ ու. ^է-բգրան^ (3 Հոկա»\ կորգէնք Վաբգէ֊ն^ պուբկի քով յաղթ-ու-ե՚ցան ք ^աբկագբեցաւ. կաբո^ է^ւծէ իբ բաևակո \՚9քբցէկէ Ք՚"1 ժոօովելէ. 3* դ^աշեակիցք՛ կ^բ^ԻԿԻ շքք^կպքքւլ յէաեա^ լէ^ ևտևւ. , Հոկա . 1 8 ե՚ւ. 1 9 ^^ ւ ՚^^ւ/^ Ք"՚Ղք1՛^ Ք՚՚՚Լ, ե-ղահ՛ որոշէչ^ ՚ճակաաաւէաբաովը^ — ոբոսե 400000 մաբգ մասնէսկիօ եռաէ֊ֆ - \^սէբու^ոե սաիպոԱյա-օաւ. եաո ռաշու. և լոս է ՝յձպբսո1էիսէօխյ^ պաաերսէոմւն բասքսար շորոշուահ– գսէշեասոբաո կոոՁե ս»եօան ոբոես Հճ^^ աոեէ-եցաե շոա-ա մի Գ\աԱ.իևբացիք ալյ Աակէ^^ \^աբՈա^ է^ոևֆ Հանաւի ^ոմ էբե՚Ն ճսօդւտա է/հ կբոասէ. բաեւսԼէ ^յիոսթևսՖց յեհ՛ յասրէ%դքԽ աաբթէ Աեկաե* Հոաա1եո^ աան գբաւեը ^է–ւովյ Հես»ւ.ետէաս1ւ ՚^յաբոէ^պհբկ էոկ (^սձ-չլինկէլ^ Վյւգգոբիէ^ի ^աղթոսթյ1/նէն եաես^ Ապանիւ^էն գադռիա մտասէ 267 \ թե) (իեՆա/ն օէնօաե, բ՚^ա ^^ աւեպ1քս \^սւբոլ^ոն ք. էսռս^ձին էսռսէնձաւ ււանասԱնեյրր օաԼէն1քէ^ն եէոեւ. իոհէե եռահ– խ§սղաորԱ.թ եոտ/Ն առսւշարկու^թիւ^աւևրը^ յերժև^է ԼաոՆի աադթու,թ1ոսմբ. լ9 \Րարա\ մեհ– բա՛^ ՚ՆսէԱն սնսաւ. %որ1^ն աասւՆաշանսէի սէսով^ կ01քւոլ^ոն եռալ. ։ գտսշՆսւձ^օք՝ ^արիէ^ ՚Խ՚՚Օ ^*^Ժ՚Ց^ ^՚– յ^ոնմարգր ^արձակյաԱի աււնևլոմ \\րարսւ» օ\յ ՚/>ք7<»> րպռադպօն էան^նոէ.ելու. սաիաԾօքէնէ ՚կաբոլ^ոն հ-օ՚՚յ. ոակու-տ^՚ն ՚էար էսռ^ուևլով՝ ^րաժստրե՚ցասւ. ու. (ՍԼ՚^/> 1 1 Ք^՝) էէ^Ր^՛– վև^ապե՚սէ ՜կլպա Գ^"^ ՚ գաշնսէսոբթ \ոա.գովէկոս ^\|Լ գ՛"^ Հաեեցէէն ֆ ոռ ՛նոր սսէ^մանքս՛^ գրույթ իւՏն մի աոա.ասւ,է՚՚~՛ ^արիպի առսւք^ խսէոասու.՛^ թե ամի I գաոոէա^ իր 1 792^^ աձեցահ՛ երկիրեերոԱյև մրւա էսմփոփոԱ.եցւսս% ա^ա^աեւաւսպաքտՆ ք Ապաեիւաի ու. Ա^րգք^ի՚^ի թէսգաւ-որներրյ գոսգաՆւաի ու. յրոաե՛^ ՚^՚^ծ ԳՔ՚՚^ՐԲ* ի^չ^էս ^առաքագդյ% գևրմանիաէի իշխան%երրք իրեն^ երկիր՚ներր գարձաեէ 1 • ՚կ՚՚րթ ակաաա. ւ,աքւալիւ/^թ Խրկքարգ իշխա%ււ».թ–իա%ը է — 2 • ի՚>»ձ վախ1քաՆ »»%Խէքաա. \,աքւփ Գկա ՚ Խաթ ու րգէ » ի%ձ հրկ/քւ/^Խբ կարւս\ւքաւ^ գագքքֆւա՝ իար/քպի \ձ,ւ.սարիւ^ի ք Գ\աււիերպչքի է Վյ՚՚՚րգէմպէրկի ու. քի%սնի^ պյի վե^ապետԱերե եսու^րիշ^ ւ^կրու.թ–ե»մեօ իշխան^,^ %երր կամ գԾսպա1Անևրը Վ^էն՚եէ^ի աբռւաաժողոմղքե աէ^ ևսրոպակաե իրողու^թեանց կւսրգսէւ.որո».թ ևաեր Հ;եա կ՝ըյս/^բե (1814 ւձե^պա. - 1815 ^ոէ,%իս), %արոլխոՆ է \^իւ.րպյի ըեկևրա.թ– եէսմի 181 5/՛^՝ \Րարաի 268 մէ&քէե գաղոիա ցամաք ե-լաւ. • եւ. իրե՛ն գէմ՝ իաւ֊րոէ.^ ւսէէ բաեսքեթե գրէւ.խն աեօւսհ՛* ^^ւսրիպ մասաէ. է ^իւ.րա \^ւ.սարիացւ^օ Հճ^ո.օօ ք կ1^ստպո§ս1^ մոԼնաԻա-եըաւ. ճու. ^երգքւնահգոս գ,/^ գսւււնւսչէՆ &աձռ գաչապրիւ^ի »^ք բոՆոէ-եցաւ, ու. ^րացաեոմգարեոէ.եցաէ.Հ շ. ք^էպէւ" ւ^բ՚՚պ՚^ի գչթաւ^որ աէրոէ.թիւքն^ նեո1^ ^ոժա.աՆ^էսօ.ոլե՚քերք\^ե–իի ճէսեատոգե ( 1 Օ գոէձւիսՀ ^\քհ՚ք՚՚էր եա քաշոսեէու. ստիպեց $ սակպխ \3^է^^ ^ՐէԼ Գ՚^գրք^՚^ր՚^Ի ք՚՚՚Լ ^՚" ՚քղշ՚֊^տ՛^՛ % ^– գունիս 18^^ ^Ն՚՚՚բ՚՚լէէաե աէՎագէրըչքի կա»Ր Գ\ելսէ^ ւիաեսի շ^^սէեատ^ ^եաեսոէ^թեասմլւէ^ փաիւչե-լու. սաի^ա պո».եցաւ.է գաշնակիօներր ^արիպ ^քկր՚՚ՐԳ ՚^գ՛»՛^ առին է կաբ.ոլեո1տ ^իոշֆորի քով^ Ի^ դ/քկք աե՛^ գղիացէ^ոցւ յաեձնկ, ք^պ)9 իբր^^ Գ^ՐՒ Ս Հ^դէ՚^է աարու.եցաս% ու.ր է&ռաւ. 1821/՛% Մ՛^՛ Օի^* ԷՐ՚՜Գ* Հ^քԼ* ^""ւփգ գարձսքւ-է –– ^արիդի երկրորգ իադա^ ղոէ^թեամի I գաղդիա* 1790 ի՛^ ու^եցա^ , սա ^է^անքէե ա^ք ամփոփոսեցսէւ, եւ. գաշնս»ևռասց ղօբռեն (պւնչե՜ա.. ւ^իէՆի արքպյաժէէդուքԱ 1818) ^րկրք՛^ ապա^ովու,^ թեսէհր ^սւժար 1չ 0000 դինա^որ գաուաիսէ աէսւցէ Օ Վիւ^^էաի ս՚բբէաասժոոով^ սե^^ աւ՚սարիսա^ կաե սւ. քւրու.սիակսւն աետոէ. թիէհւնևոր %որ^^ ^աս<^ ասքաոէ.&չէ1Ա ք եւ. գերժաՆիա^ի աեբոսթիլքմներրյ գևր^ յաեօէկաե գսւշես»կցու.թևսէմս. իրստրու. ^եա մի%ահ»ւսէ^^ ետեւ. ստոբագրկբե իտսրիօի սուրբ գաշանց ք յ^դ^^ք՝^ սաեգր\^,ք փրձ-գ&րիկոս գոէ.չիէւժոս գ>»ք Փրանկիսկոս լ\* ե՛լ. գրեթէ ամէ՚ե ևսրոպակաե ա1^րոէ.քՅ–իւ^Նևրր \.%\հ1^ \|]^Տ^ք^^ա• 26/1^տ ^ողով^ անգաա^երն իրև՚^տ ղիրէւ^ք^ պարաասորեցիհ» \|), Գրոց իօսբե-րուՖ Հաւ/1է«. մա աք եդքԼէ^րակսԽ սիրով յիասեաաոո^ւոէ^ք իրարոա. սիշտ օգՆոսթեաԱ ^ասեեաու, ճո. իրևնց ժողովոա.րգո ^պ^րաբար կառավարե§ոսէ 269 արէա իլՓրէաէկաԴւ գասաաձեըը^է աըաԿ^ցսկ կաղՏ^^ \–.Ւ՚–րՒ՜՛ կկի ««. դ^ադմաախաԱի թ՚էագաա.էարաէ.թ–իսՆՆ§րրը^, գէաբձհ՚աէէլ վերէ% ՚իաաւէւէ»^»՝ $գ՚նչեւ. իւա^ ու. ՚Դիչհ՚^՚ղ/ Լչամպա^աակա՚ե– վե%եաս»կէէէեւ թ–էէէգէսա^աըւէա^թ՜էւ%) » ՂՒՐ՚՚Ւ ^՚՜ Ս՚՚՚^՚՚ւ՛"–/՛^ ՚ մէկ մաաթէ ^առե%ի մեհ– գքասսթիԱ^ա, \քիա.^խէ յ^էոորի՚ն ^իե%ււ»եէ ^Լեսգֆւսէ^՛՛"՛ "՚֊ շ^–ես$ս§կս»ե ^»մէրանիէս%է ^րուիաւէՆ էաըեսեւեասե ^րիւԱա%աոթէ Հ^իրո1^ո^աաւէԴէ Խւ. ■^/Հ՛» ^ւ^^իերա՝ընգսէյեեչքաէ.Վ^իէ֊ր^պա֊րկէ \կաֆ^։%պ»ա. րկ (իէ,ս9ւիա՝ կա^^թաՆ Աւ.ւքւ»^^ա/^ գարձւււ^ աս անոը ս»եա թեգսաձեօս»ւ. ՚Վւարււփոսէայի ւԱէ& գյլ1է»»սթ–իւ%բ (ք^"– պքւխւ^ ղաա), իք^եւ. ^ասաա»աաՆկ% $ւաաեալ, Լի^^Տ քՅ–սէգասէ.»ըաա–թ–իէՀեէ ^ր«քք.օ»ք. եդաս ^անրւաւպեէսսսթ՜իա^ (թպԱք 1847/՛ Ալ "•"/•^«է//^ աՆյքաւ.)։ \\աըգինէա աէւյսւ. շՀ\|^- %սվաւէ գօէւասթիլ%ր։ ^արմաե ու. յրաս$ե%ան քձգու.%եյէս»ւ, ^էսբսւ^ս^էէ սէւՈէւսիՆր, §ււ»ւկաս§% էսաար Ժա^ոա.ան11^ էաէես (1847) ^դՐ՛ ւքքս»սթիւ.ննեքձ է%կա% ՜Լր՚֊գպքի գք-է՛^ « 0"«–֊ %ակա՚ն.վի՝Նեաակա% կղ,^Նեըք^% կազմհսե^աս ^ա%իակա% կզ^՛"^ ^ա»սէաէրսւկսւպեէքոսքՅ–քւայնը^ էէձգդիակաե պւաշապւէէա. ՆէէսքՅ-եաէւ էՈէսկէ յ^^գղէէա րՆգւքա.%է–աս»ւ. %ս»ես ^ասւգա^էէ 1Տ4« 1^–ք»*Գ^ 1815 է՛» ^Գ+Լ <\|^4#»լւլյ«4# . աաէվ^ շսէկաԽեյաա^ է \ք՚րթ ԽրԽւ.աք1» եըաա. Խրկբարգ ա։աւ^յԱ^$»ւէգքաէ.թ–խա%ք^ , ... 3 * գարձոնե՚լոԱ. քս^էօ&րն րնգ^աեէ$ւ.ր աժգո^ու.թեան առիթ աու.բե։ կ4ԽաՈ4ոս ^•ի՚ե աաձն ^1824-1830) աժգքէ^ոսթիսնն աւճևռաս* պքեպէս որ 1ևղքՆ իսկ Ա#2^^է«. րիի աշխար^ակաըէւթիսեշ (1830 6՛»՛–^* ^) էքէԲՑ՛"՛՛ ժողովըգեէէ^ ՚փպբր փոխե-լւ ^ոչ^եսւգ պսէշա€էն1է§ւե ^րամա^երն^ որոնըԱոմ մամու.ւ^ Ւ՚՚Փ ^Ռ ԳՐ՚^՚՜^Ր ^՚– ՚^՚՚րիշ ք.՚՚^Ի՝ ՚Փ եարգսէա-որուՔ-իէ^նե՚ր ^արիպի ՚ւհք (1830) յաէՆաքլ չւ երին ^ոսչիսի 2^ ի յևղափոխէէւ. ^ թիսնրՀ ք^^սոր ^եաե–ււա.քժձ–էսւՈւ Գ\ու^րպոնի տոսԽրյ գադղէպյէ՚ե աքսորուսեըաւ. ևւ. Լոէ,գ Փիւե"1՚1՛"՛ Օր– 270 ատևնակաւաց (բ&1քՏյ ժառաեգակս^ Ր 1Ա ՚1Ա ՚էՒր՛^ ոոսեցաւ. (1831) ^՚– կարորասե-անց ոս ^ասարակա^ պաոոաեանաց ^ա^ւաօ՛ ապսսէսէմէւութհւ^էնե՚որ - - #ք« ասռանռ սէոե-սւն <-- ՚նու.աճոէ.եցաե % 2 • ^ժգո^ութհւյնր ոուէւն պւսա՚&ւսռ տուսքլ. աոանեէոմ եւ. պաս9գսւմաԱ.որսւց ոետոոէ.է±եան ոոէսա֊^ա. աեց ա^գսէո^էսկոէ^ե՚ւուն ոնգգհմաես»աոմ^ էառսէՕ րևրաւ. ^արիղի մէք^ Փ^"՚Ր՚"՚՚"Ր^ (23 — 1848/՛^) սէպսաէսյհ.ու.թիա^րէ քհագասէ֊որՆ ի %պսէսա է՛՛ր թո^ ո-աեք ^աոիղէ կոմս^ ^ թւսգֆ^ ^րաժարե-ցաւ, ոս Աէ՛՛ գոքւսէ փւսիւսւէ, է ՀսէնրէսպևտոսթիսՏնր Լփեա» ^Գյ ^րս»^ սէէսրսքկոէ-եցաւ. ու, էսռժսէւէա1ւս»կեաւ կառէսվարու.թիայն մի գրւէւ.ե–ցսքւ.ք որուն գչուխ% էր ՜Լամարգք^է յ^ս^ի^ "է ±.^ աւասցոսսէՆ եւ. րԱգ\անու,ր յթա.է^արկոէ.թեստմի րնաոոու.ասՆ– ւսսգաւ^ ժողովԱ գավենե-էսգ. պօրավարքէե աանՏն1քց ռսաղայթպյ^ ու. օքւնոէ.որակաե իշբաւնոէ.–^ թիլյևր» ^րէսաարակեց կ^» 12^^ Հ$սնրապե՚»ոոսթ1քաե սաՀմանագոոսթիէ.՚1ւն ո». ոնտրե^ց գևկա • 20^^ (^ / շ ՚ֆի ձպքեով\ Լւքւ.«ւ« \^աէւոլ^ոե ք^ոԱաբարգ1^ իշիանր ^սւսարէսկապեաոււթեան գսէՀեոկցէ \^ս^կէք/ ՑՐ՚՚^^Ց Լգեկա. 2իՆ 1851^%) ազգպքի% ժողո% 1ռ 1852^1^ \|1««էւ ^ անու.աւ1հ.է \^աթու^ոե է^կ կոոմաե1է ոստհկւս^ ՚նոսթ ևան եւ. դ^ոսորսւկաՆ պօրոէ֊թե՚աե Արպւ աեցաՆ՛^ երկէէէթեպո բւմնակով^ մի երկրթե խաղաղու.թիսեաա կանգում բոՖսւհ՛ ւսաեՆք է^կսքա կողմն§ե1^ քանաց է՚-ր իշքսս^ու-թիւ^Ա սէմիէսցոեեէ^ գէսզոիւսկան աղգայնու^^ թ-իսաւ ու. փաՈյՕր շողղռորթոռ էսրաաբք1ն է/"՛^^ ^աղպռսէկ$սեոԱ.թե՚այիէ ^րիաւսեիաէի ^ե՚ա գաշեւս^ 271 կոտրե՛լու. 0անացւ քիու^սիւ^ի \\օ\) եւ.\^ւ.սարիւաի (126) ՚1ը՛^ ըբահ– ^աղԲ֊ոսթիւձւեերով^ կւ.րոպաո, կան ռաոպռականոէ^ւժեան մէՕ՝ գ^աոոիաւի աո,սււ.եէ իշ1սանա.թիւ^ մի աուաւ. • որ ^աօիւ. 1 օ 7 1 ^ (132) գերսԴսնիէ^քւՆոր կերպարաեօ առնէէէռվԱվերցաա-է՚կա», րոէկոե գ. • ամհս^ացաւ. 1 8 3^^ \ք^գ^հ^ Մ՚^գէՒ՚Ջք յձպաՆիսէըւ^ղի Ղ^ք^պ^^ կոմսոս^է^զխ ^եա որմ^ ոէ–^ ՚նեցաւ. 18օ6/՛^ կպյսերական իշխանոէ \րևռաւ. %արոլիմե \Տ^գղհէգքի Զիղռչ^ք՚-ր՚՚գ գ^ղռ 1873» Գ^աղղիա (528000 ^«ւ • ^աղարամկգրաաււահ– • Ճրլ 36^է Փէ» թ^՛ •) ^ւէա-Փ՚՚էՀւքքդ՚՚՚փ՚՚Ր""–^^^^^^ եէոեւ. , էսրսւեա»»իյք • էսաւ-եսէորսքէ է/շակաա^թձէսն ոէ^ ազգայքճւ գարգա^մաԿ» մէք շասէ յասռյսքա^ա§է– ։ Փեսէրււէ^է»ւրի յեղափսխսւ-թ՜էք^ւկ՚ն եաեւ. թարօրսէ-թ-իւնն ի%կաւ. Խհ. աղգայթհ պարաքղ 12000 ֆլ» ֆըաեգի ձչաէ.է ՚Հ^էաթ»ք1^էւն շաէո ^»գ աարսււ. ընկերւէ0կաե աւ. ւսզգաէիՆ իրաա, մեհ–ս§գաւրձ– 9քմհւպԿ$եքսյ% ՜ճւսմխաԿէերավ 01. շիՆոէ.թ–իւ11ւեերով, քանաօ գւ»րհ–ւսվարսէօ ռբ.ւսղսէ.»Ր ւՌ գաեեէ Խէ. անոԿա վի՚ճսէկր աքա^էէէօըԽել ա֊ր »»էնգի(ք՚Ն սւա^^ աա.էու»»–ր ել. սսրոա^եասւ գիէո$»ւ.թ–եսւՆա եւ. սւրէէէ..եւէաԽ/ Հօ»» էՈաշխար^ակա՚Ն ^անգ^ա՚ներՎ (^ւՏեե * 1867. 1878) ^^չյւք է« %աԽա– աա^ւ.է1քրակա% գաշ^^ղթեԽքսվ^ յս»>ա.էս^ա^աե է 185* \\^^\^ •- Հ՚^^ւՀ՚^Վ՚^Լ; 1՚Ւ՚Ճ Վ^^-՚հԻ ՚՚^է^Ր –Ա" Գ՚^ք֊– •♦^լ11"« \^պա1,իաէ - 2. Ը՚Հ յաքբքգԽյք ք>ակ–».Խյքա՚Խ ՀարաէյւԱքքԽ 1ձ,՚^ւՓհ՚%ւԻ ապա՚Խքէակաե երկիրԽԽրըէ - 4 ի՚%ձ փ"՛ փէէէ❁ւէա.թ–իա%ՆԽր կրեք իքքէդյէէ^կալ^ 18204՝՛^ Խստը » գպքթ» ժողովեր» \Գորգկ^երու\ 181 ^ք^ ^ԱաՆ սա^^ աՌմեագրա.թիւ.1եր ^եր^՚՚է-ք եէ. ^աչահ^հց անոր աաշա^ պաե%ե՚րըէ թ^է-սքէա \^յերիկա ե-րթ-ալու. որոշոէ֊ահ– գնգօ-րուՖ սէպսԱքամհոԱ-թեսամրւր^ թագսասոր^ն սաի^ պա^ե՚^աւ. ( 1 820) գորգ1^ւքևե–րու. սսւՀյանագրոԱ-թե-աե երգու.§Ր ոեելյ րօ^^ ՀԼթրոնպ^ի արքպյաժոոով^ մէք 272 դիսքկաե օւսԽաե միք որոա^ աամե^ոէ^էսհ՛ 4։հ> պքս ոբոշ^ ման գոոհ–ագրու.քՅ–իւ^ըյէ դթագաա-որև իր ^աուս$շու.է»ձ իշ^աեոէ.^ ե՚աեր մհք ^աէ»աատե^ է վերըոռևւէ՚ն ետքշ^ 1 8 3 3^՛» ^«–/» ^ո.»յ"/ւ/ք՝ի«ք<*««յէէԸ ք^* ոոէէէ^Ն աեոամաոևօ իշ^անոսքժէւ^Խ իր մա^րր ՚Քրի»–^ աիՆ^^է ^՚աց որոմՀեէոև՚ւ. ԳՀսէսգե՚ան գս§ւ.աոնևրն ••«. •կամար րա ^երգքւեաեգոէքԱե եղջ.պյրր ՚կսէրոլոսր ^ ««.«. դհք^ է անոր ^ամար օլսւղսւբպյ^ ^՚^է^ Պ, փրթաս ք ոբ ե՚օք^ը աարի մհէե-գնու-քժեասմի ու. կէսասւղոսթե-ա^բ. շարոէ^ակեօաէ. : Վ^րքապք^ս կարոչոս (իսրարգէր^ք^ յաոթ-ու^ելով^ սաիպոսե^աւ. 1839^^ գաղռի"՛ ան^^ եիէ% \%սրարգ1^րա 1մե»ս»&էկէսէէժ€սգու.^լյա»ն ^րաժար.ա^ մաեք^% ևաե՚է, ք\օ±. Լի^ Ր^Գ ^՚մնու^ր իէեամակա§ ճաեչ^ ոու.1րըաս, ք-՚՚^ց 1843^^ \^պաեիպքէ;ն աօսորւէսե^աէ֊է 1868/՛^ ^լ)ճո^ա.յ գաաիղի մէՕ ապստամիու.թի^ էՐ^ե՚չաւ, ^ որ \\երրւյսեղքի ասռօէՀխորգու.քժ՚եոսմի ք բ՚՚ր՚բ ^Բ^րՒ ՚Խ՛^ աարսւհ–ու.եցաէ–է ՚իղապ1էԱա թագու.\ք^ե գէսռոիսէ փէսիօսւ.» ^ոէ^րպոՆօ-ակբ գ«ս^(^ մե՜րմ՚ոսէաՆ՜ ^րասքարակոէ.Մօանէ ^ռժամաեսէկե$ա կէսռսէմարոա.^ քՅ-իւ^ւ^ ասօգպւիւե մ-ոէսէմ կանչէը ^ որ աաագպք սաէ\^ մե^ւսգրու-թիւՆն որոշթէ \^սիկաւ ^անրապետակաա^ օօրսէէ.որ ԼոոսնակցութեէսՆ մի հակառակ ք ՚^ոսգպաաի գուքսը^ \%տալի§^ի Վյիկա,^ ՝կմմանու.էէ թագաւ.որբե ևրկրորգ որգինք \\պաեիէԱէի թագսէւ^որ րեաորԽը (1872)» Գ^պ)9 ^ւ"՚Գ"0ի Գ^՚՚ք^ք^ աիրող^ խռոփո^^ թեանո պսէա2%առաւ. ե՛րկու, ասւրի^^և ^րամէսրեարՎՀ ՚նոր^^ ^ս^րսքպեէոու.թիւ.% ^րասաարակոսեօաւ֊^ մքէե.ա^ չես որ 1874/5՛» «իձ-^ա. 30 հ՚է^պք^ըւ^Ի "րգի՚ե 18 էսւՈքսչք \^լմւէ^սոս» սէմեՆւ^ թագսէէ^որ ^ս^չ0ու.ե–աաա^* 273 3. յւ^պանթա (495-000 ք–՛ հաքարամէգր աաբա& . «է. 16 «4^1^ աաձն մէ քաէւապաաիկ թեակչէավյ ԳադդիաԱի ^եա ալ%եցէա^ պ»աաԽըւսգՏևերւաէքԽ եէ^ \^ւԱէրիկպքի գսէղթ-աէկսւ^ \աա,ք9–եաեւ^ իքմէ՚ն բէաժ%ոսեչ»վԱ շաւ>$ թնկէաւ, * յձ.ւսասէոասրք %էաեււ. աար»է^եաւէ» երեաք^ ձգոա^էս9է է երկք»սգւքրՏ–ոա.թիսքէե թ%^ քաձ– •■. եքեա-մհսպթք^շաա սղորւԱրչի վի՚է^ակի »Տէք^ են» 1837 ^V քա%ի դ փափախա^թիւ%ներ»վ^ 1812/^% սա^մԽ%ա^ գրաւ,քՅ–էէ%բ խաթ՚սա^ելովէ ձրկբիՆ %որ կե՚նգաՆա^թ-իԱ^ ւԴլ էսքոա-եաւէէա^ է \|]•«ք^I^'I^ գւււ^սէկէսչ»ւ.թ–եւա% կռիւներն աւ. յաճէ^խ »էէպաէ1էսէմթ»ա^ք9՚իւ%%երքւլ, ոկասէ^էաՏ– գ՚՚ը^կ^ էապաէը.^ ղփ՛–^ թ՚էաղու^իԴէ» յ^պաՆիայի գադթական«սթիւ.Նները ^լմերիկայի մկլ, կշ^ պահաՆջիի% 18104^ Հ^ք. •%/• հԿբԻ՛^ ^4^ա ^ա..«.« Հ^6-«#ք&՚^ ՚^« բանս էբե՚Նա »ֆշա կբ^ պւա^սւ.1^ր , $ա§նոր ^սաւՈսր կադմձէ.ձյքա% ՀԼենեղաէ^եւայի ^ (1819/^1^ ^»Փվաըի աա^ք^ %ւէթգաէ^թ–եւամխ էսրէւ%աս^եօ աւասաերսւղթԼեր(^ ես$եէ^, դ»»» լոսէքպիաս սւօաէո աոկրոա^թ-էւ^ ւՐ եդաԱ.» Բ"^/^ 1830^^ ^Լ,՛^՜ Նեղսսեէաւիէ ՚կ՚՚Ր կրաձսասաաքի սււ \քգ»ւ~էս»ոորխ էէ§օաա Հանբապեէաասթ՚եա^էց բյաժԴաա^ե^աս^»^ ^"էե^՚՚Աէ Լ^^1^ ^կրաւձ ք ^կբա-ի ԼԽրկոա-քե ա/ Գ^ԱԼիվարի ւսւսսէ^սրգոս^ թեամի ա%կախ եղա%\%24էի՚ն) , քչիւէի\ւ^\% թ» \^ա% քր-ք/.– գկՆի ձեա^զ^) , Լաթւագաքի, ^աըակո^այի (1817-1837 ^բաՆ^իսա իշխաեւասքեէէէի սէսաէՆ՝^ եւ. ք^ւ֊րսւ.կաէ^աքի Հ^■»^^• րսէպես9ոա.ք9՝իա.^էնեբբ — կոէ-սւգէմալա էէ^^քէ գ^\ք անկէսքս հբաաաբակե^ 1821/՛^. ե՛֊ Մկ''ԻկVծ Պ^" (162^ է՛ն կեր) գսէՀնէէ§կյքեսէ1 ^ասերւսպեէոաւ֊թ-իաձւ աէրն է է ԼԼ/՛ »"1հ՚ն «4՚– բասթ-եաէէնս ^հք շփւէթ՚ոէ-թ՚իւ^նեբՆ ու. յսէ^օմսա^քքբ կբ շա^ բաւ%էակաււ.ի% է աե»բ ^սամաբ ււա^մանսւգըու–թ–էԱ^էնէ1ն գեա– ^էսաէԱէսաէէաձէ չխ . եա^ բէսբ9բոէ~թ–^ւ.՚նբ — թ՚եեււ. երկիբն սաբա, սաապչւ^ կսաբգի էսբգէսւ.անգ 4՛» — գեւս շաւս ես։ է։ 1864 թւ . Ա^աքաիմէչիաՆաս յձւ^սաբիսքքի աբքիգաւքա^ %աբոլխ»Ն գ,ի՚Ն աէւաքաբկելսվԱէ յՐկքիկքքի կ՚^՚՚Բ աեոսաՆուե^աւ. « յ11ակա/ն գա^ղիայքէ.սյք Մկ-ԻԿդ/է Ք՚^21ք՚֊^է^4ւ^ ^ասաբա^ կապեաակա%%եբ^։՚ն յադթ-սւ-ե^աւ. սւ. 1867^՛^ Հ/""^՛՛^/^ բյայեսսե^աէս < 2^ Նրբ ^որգոէ^կաՓ յէջ^ (1820/^՛) ղօրա^ Գ^Գյ ւձ՚՚է՚՚^է՚^յէ սսւՀյանագոոԱ.թևսւն ՛նման սսէ^էՌս^ 1եէսգրա.թ/օյե ւֆ աաաԱէւ. եւ. ^ոէպաԽԱէէՓ^ ք^ թագաա-որո եսւ գսւրձէէէէ. I Գ^ոաօէէ^՛^՝ ^ոոգոսեւսւթն քւաէ/^ոա^էրքաւ. » ե՝ւ. <1\եարոս յ1\»քքն ասաե% թեք օ/%օ սէնկախ ձաւսրա,, թիաձէ Հրատարակև^է ^եարոս ^օրր մա^ու.աեք^ 18 274 (1826) եաևւք ի Նպաստ իւ.ր \|յ«4ք»է«4/ \|^. գսաերՈք ^ոոգօւ.եէսւի թօւգք^Ն ^րաժալաևցաւէ ^ս^ը Դ\ես9բոսի ^ղԲ-՚^րՐ Մքտք՚^^է^ էրե% ^ափշւոակե-ց էշխսաեու.թիւ^Ն ու. հ^Ր 1քէսռ.ստմարութրւ.՚Նո ^ասսւսւսէոսե պսէ^եց ք՚^էքԸ^ՐՐ աք՚ԲՈ՚՚՚^ւ"՛ Գ րէԱ^եէուք եւ. գլբււսպսսրտու.^ թիւյմեեոովէ Գ\ևտրոս ^արկագլաեցաս (1831) Պ/»»– էըրգ^տ) 1 8 32 /^^ Օբ-՚՚րգ՚ս "՚՝ քէէ, ՚Օլ ^"՚քչլ \իէէապոե մահեւուք էսզգաւքւն ժոոոմը^ գսւրձեէսւ ^ՎԱէքԱէսւսղեռ (1833)* \^ր մա^ու.անփ$ ևաքը^ 1834/^^ Ս՚^էԸԸԳ^Ց իրե՛ն Ա«4ք »4««ք ք\. հ՚-Ր գոսսաորյ էէո ^ևրգիՆաԱգւէս կ%ոաու.րձի էշխանի՚ն ^ևա էսմհսսնագաւ. եւ. 1822^^ ^ս§սա$սաոէ–ւսհ^ սսւ^յանագրու.թէսեՆ ( 1 8 օք^) Ր^Գ՛^ ունեցաւ. : Ա՚սէրիաէՐ ի * ին ^՚^ք՚^րգ եը 1853 ^^ ք որգթե պ՚^գյ$ո4է ի. է Աւ/^ք/ք աէ 186 1^1^ Լ«»– •^••^^••** Ա* » . ք^^;էգէա 1^ւարգուկաւԼ (3/յ ՚Դլ՝ (է1եակչով^ ու. 95000 ւ^^ • ես պւնպկս \^Ա.ըոասւոի սքւՌ%^% ս$ոօս$ս$ գւսսսօւՆէբ^^ տ^^ւե է։ \յրկր1^ կ^ս^^ էԱէ-ելի՚ն անմշակ 1^ գորքՒարաԿ$ներթ շա»ո քէք եՆք սքս-ուսաոկրբ գրեթ-կ միար» ^^^գղհ՚՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ ^^՚հա^ 4՛ ք ժոդբախգեաւէե կրթոսթ-իւՆ՚ն ս1 եբես^ ձգու֊սւ^ ։ 186 ի«ք»»լյ». աէա.ի% \^իկիւֆ՚Հքի է Հ–֊–Գ՝է ՚Նէ—պ-էք^ ել. »Հ/^ է ապսաաւդսք-թ-իա^եէԽրքւ I - 3 • \ք՚Րթ –^ ի՚ե^սէկա աՕէԱէցէԱէ. թ–սէգէԱէ.»րա».թԽաաաԽ ա1ը վ/թւա^ թովանգւսկ ^»աաաէքի^» է – 4. հ՛՛^ Վէ^՚^ԿՒ •էք. է ^ի՚Ոսկ երկիրը։ լ, \ԽԱէալրօչքի սէ9 կ^քդ՚Ժաօւոօ սաիոապեսւոա^^ թենէն եաեսք իաաըսեէյսե ւֆոէ-թեաՆ եաեէւէն ք^՛^ Լոռ Գ^արպօեարեէսՆց ըՆեերոէ.թիա,նր աարստհ^ոսեցսաա. % ^էսքպոԼԱ^ ^ք ելահ– ^եդափոխու.թիսե մհյ սսփպէքօ •է^էոքէէԱաԱէ^ոս Ա* \^^0 ի՚ե ^սպւէ^իակաե սա^Աաիսա,^ գրա-թիւՖՆ ընգունեչոԼ տ կդ/եպֆսի խռովոսթիա^եբ սաիպեցքէնՆաեւ. իիէւ/ոնգի մ^ք ՚էՂ^^՚՚՚՚՚Ր ՚կ^^պեոէւէա 275 դս/րդինիպ^ի թապՆ իր °^ԴԲ^ՐՐ կ՛/"^" Փ^էեո՚՚ի 1821/^^ ասս^է^բէսւկաե բէաւեէսկոմ մի աառ«սքու.աե ւՌճակր բեբոէ.ե՝օաե է \րոս»&ն§աիք ^ւսր$1ա»ի ու. \յևհ–՚ա. Դ^ցսօէ էոք^րռւթե՚սֆե սէՕ աՀլահ՛ սապսսէԱքմէւոէ^թհւ^^Ծոն ս» ^1օ31) \^ւ.սաբիսքքէ.ո^ ձեռօթ ՚նոսաքճուսեօաե ւ 2» քք\իւէս քՅ» օէս՚^անա^Աէպե՚աիԱ՝ ա^բուք^ՏրէսՆ էաքէբ^ու.բգ ւ/բ ^ասԱՈէԱէԱՄչու. ^ամաբ Հանահ՛ ^բովաբ^ աակկն ե-պքըլ (1847 Հոկա* 14) գբ^թէ իաալիաքի ւսմէն Լոդաւ ազասւակւաէ սւսբգասդբոէ.1ժե՚աեց ^ոգԱէւ սքբթնցսքէ.է 1848 ^Ոէ^ոէ.ս»բ \ճի^ ^էսւթբմկյի ւ^Հ1 եւահ՛ ու. շոսա Սի բորբ ^ՒկէՓ՚^Ւ ՚ԽՊ1 ՚**՚բ>՚Ն Ոէ.օաՆ սասասսասէմբոսկօ-հքսե մհ^ էժագսո-ոբաօեան գու%գօ՚բբ կոգֆքԽ թոդ էՈԱքլու. ստիպևէ^ի՚կՀ յ^ռժամաևէսկե՚ա^ փ^Ր՛^ չու-քժէւՖ աքի գբոէ.եցաս^ որ , 1812^^ սա^մանա՛^ գրու.թ&աՆվ&րաաու.չոէ,քժիւ.%բպաՀանշ1քց(1\պր՝։ 1 3) &ք. Գ\ոէ.բաոնէ էոոսնր \^Ւ^1՚ւՒ՚Պէ՛ Գ*Տ՛^ էքեբժոսահ՛ ^բաաաբակե–ց% ՆրԲ քսռովրսթիմմեևբր սւոսա&օտցան ք ե-բկու. ւձէ^ք՚ւե՚^յէ "՚՜ ^՚^րգք՚^է՚^էէ թագաւ.ոբեերե եւ, դ^ոսգանպյէ Ժեհ՛ գոկթսբ սսէ^մաՆագբսէկաէ» վար^ չութ֊իւ% քսէԽտացանՀ ^աբմՆոի գոսբսբ փէսխաւ.» \րոտեեաւէեբ վոնաու.եցաէ,* հ*կ կհ։՚՚Կ՚^բդյ աաբս՛^ ասէմբու.քժէսԱր (1^ Ս՛^) թւսգս» սոր ական օօբթ^Ն Նու.աճոէ.1էցս0է.է կսէբոէոս \1Լլբ1^րգոս ՝)ձսէբգափսւլքէ էժա ՚». գսէւոբք^ գբգռոսսէհ՛ \ոմպէսբաէ^սոց էսաոաէԱ»Ռւու.՚Խ, թևամբ (յրարա 18)ւ \\էւսս$բիացի%1քբ% ոաիպա-եցսԽ Ա^իիսՆ Ոէ-Վյ/եեաիկթոոտալոսևւ. \^աի^է՚ի ^իսս, գքւԱ քաշոսեչու. ւ^^-ձ-լ. կար, \կրձ՚բգոս՝^ույևիս 1 8/^» Լոէ/աաբսէիէմև ք/բ աք^բոէ^քյ ձ՚աեո Հ^Տէ՚ո. տֆասցւսհ՛ ^բսէ^ ՚ոարակեք,բւ^ցԳոււսգոցց^ի քով^Լգաւ.լ.2հ) քհ»– սէէցքֆ՚էն ^աղթոսկաւ. , որ \^թ.գոստ Շթ՛ յւրիըաւեր բո%ե–ց քո^ թագաւ-ոբբ է^նագագար յնևլոս սաիպ&ցէ 18» 276 պսէշաօեէբե սա։սեօւ.ե»^ե օւ. յլա^անպ^ապեաթէ \%^* 15) Կպքէգ»^ փախչէլէՆ Լա&ւ.՝ Հււոաֆ մէքլ 1849 օք^^Ն փաէւաւ. տ - - ՚կարոլոս \\չբռ–րգոս օ^ւոգագարՆ ասրեչէ՚էւէ բւ^ 1իաաէ^իէ՚ե(յրաբա* 24) ՚Ն՚՚վ^Ր՚^ի ամէս ե-պօն ալ Օբ՚՚րգդք^ ՚Տ^ք ժեռաս է ^իորէ%^աե* ւ^պքիսիք ՚Ծ^գոեան՝ հունիսի մէք^ \^է.սարիա^իք ք իսկ ՀււուՐ ^է»ւ.չիսթե գաղղէա^խթ առթտք ^ւ֊տ^ւ^ի առա^ ^ոոգուքժե-էսյհւ* որ յչա^աեէաասպեաքէն §էէշբօսր^ակս^ իշիքաեուիՒիւնր գարձեէսլ ^ասսաաաեօՀ գ^ոսգաեւաի է&հ՛ գույթսո ^ասրյայի ու. Աոսւ&1ևէաի էՆբսԽրո ա&ո&ր^ %քէն գէսրձան Վ$րնե§ոիե քԱւ.ււ* 22 յ Աք.ւ/ւււ\|1ք^ս#օ&.«ա ^պաաաեե՚ցաւ. տ Ց • Գ՚^ղդի^ք՛ ^՚– յ^՚^Րգք^ի՚^ի գէժ՝ րրահ՛ պաա^ տերաարՌ^ մէք կ՚՚Բ"^Տ"՜3 1\՚–՚"՚>՛/՛^" 18օ9/՛^ \|^<^'•՚ ւճեՆգպյի Հգոս^իս 4) «- քՅ՚՚էֆէրթ՚^ի (24 6"՛–^՛՛) 7ճակաաաէէարա%ևրէ% ձտՏո.՝ Հլ^Աաֆրա^գպյի իա^ ղաղոէ.թե^աքմբ \ո§ՈսարաիսԽ էֆ%չեւ, քք^ք՚ք՚չէ^է ՚^ս երկիբե առաւ. Վյւկաոր \%մԱձ^ու.ք^§ (ու. փոիարէՆ աուաւ. գաղդէպյի^ %իցցաե ու. \|)աք.^ա1&)է \^իաքոսց ասոր է1րպք էբ ա^ոա.թեւսնր ^եա՝ ^ոսգսԽան ք ^էսր^ մանք յըրոաՏ/Խէ/եք ՚\^կեոեցւ.^ ա1^րուՔ–ևան մէէհ՛ մաոո* ել. կարիպաէսւիի աաոթ֊ու-թիա^մեեբովԱ %աեւ. երկու. Աէ՚կիչէ՚՚^ք՛ թագաւորոա,թիւ^ե (ոա֊ր իր հօրշ^ Փ^Ր^ գքւեանգոս ^•թ» ^աշըրգա^ էր 1860^ Փրանկիս՛^ կէէ§է իյ եւ. բկռ դ/ւկք ^րաաարակեց 1861^^ \^արաի մհշ^ թագաէ,որ \^աա^պյիէ 1866/՛^ ըեգուձե^աա^ք ^ուսիաչիոէք՝ \^ւ.ոտրիա^ի վր՚քք ըբահ՛ յաղթոա^^ 277 թեամ^ վ^ե՚նե–աիկ1ե (1274)* «՚<– գրասեց^ գերԱա^ %աև՚ւ. գՀռոաՐէ 1օ7օ ^ուէէոսար 9/^ էՖքւնոռ Վ^կաոր աէաասյթե ^՚՚ղ^րր ^ը^ ձ–էաղկի% երկրասգսրհ–օւ.քՅ–իւ% աւ. ՜արա. ւ»ա.Խ»Աէ է Վերքհ ՚ք»ւր(էեեր»ւ% յեղափ»ախէէւ.թ–իւ.\ձ&րէւ^ «լ պաաերապՈերսվԱ բար1»բ»սթիա.Ն/լ շաա կրեյյ * ^ապռվըբ^ գեաե կրթոա^ք9–իէձւ/լէ գրեթ1^ բ»չոբ9քվի% երԽսկ թ՚սէրասահ՛ ^՚ ^"Տա ""՚^՚^՚՚՚^՚՚՚գւ՛՛՛՛^՛՛՛^ վարչոա^թ-եսէմխ երկիրը^ %ււր I • ի՚-ճչ^ փափ»խա».թ իա%՚ԽԽր կրԽց գԽրմ^»%իս. 1815 «Յհ 4«Փք * 1՝^ ք –""^^՚^՛"– 1848/1^ գԽրւ1էւա%իէԱքի դա1հաքա՛^» հ՚Դ^Ր1* յեպափէւխ–ւ.յթ–իէ1ե%Խք Խքա%է ^ւ0պա11էաադսա».թ–ֆ%հ1ԽԽրքւէ — Տ* ի՚^ձ հ^ԲՊ՚՚՚ք^ –էռ—էա. իրււ».էէիւա 1848 /է1>՛ յսաւ,աաայիաա.թէ^է% ԽաԽ,. է 4< ի՚^ձ Հեա,Խէ.աա.թի»% »»%Խյաէ. 1866^11» «ք»֊ էէէԽքէաւպմը . ք^՚Ր/* քաէ֊^ա».Խւքէ1էւ. <\|>&^\|■^/ս(>»«էֆ<»>» մե^ գա^սէկւքոէ.թ–իա%ը . ^՚Լ աւ\ցւ»§. ^իա.էաիաաքքՏ^ էէԽրմէսնւակաէԽ գ–ա^ւակքք1»է.թ–ԽաԽ գքՈ^քսըէ -֊ $• հ՚^շ. կ^՚Ր՝՛ \^\օա»է 38 ս^եաի աէրօւ.թք§է^Նե–րէ կաօմհւ.սէե– գոոԱ^թիւ^բ եատսէրելագորհ՚ոա^ե-^աւ. 1820/՛^ ՚՚Բ"Հ^ էրեցթէ նաեւ. գերմա^ակսէե քաեի մի "(՚Րրէ սւէրու. «, թքհսմե1էք^(՝կարւէւոս Դկէաա^շվա^կի գէւքսրվէւնաա.ե ^ ցասդ որոմ ա§^է^ա աչ ^աբկագրեըան սա^մաևա^ գրակաէէ վարչու,թիւն իոթելէ գաղոիակս^^ Փ^՚՚՚րա^արի ես յքարաի (1848) տեղափոխ Ոկթեան ^եաեւ.էէ§,թ1րաւգ.ր^ քանի մի գե՚ր^ յա^եքէէկէմեէոէրէէւՔ՚ես^օյէք քսռւքվոէ^թիւ^մեեր եէՓըէէէ^ ամէէւ տեղ մամաա աօատոսթէէ^ շէ»>ր^ա.եէէն ևաեւ.^ Տ^սԽգֆւաւ^րղֆ ւ^^(0<^» 18) ըեգ^աեու.բ շեարոս^ թե՚աԱի գւաա^մէսրոէ^ահ– գերմանւսկաե աղգպք^ ժո^ 278 ոովյ մի բա^ու.եցաւ.1 \^սի^է^ ս^է9սեիս ^^^ ընար1ք^ աեղաեաի գերւ&§եակ$սն դ^աշեակւքոււթե՚աԿ ժոոցվ§լ ւու.Նու.եցաւ^ (12 Տ»–/ ♦) ^^ գաղքւէպյ1քն ու. Հե-էՈէ^և^ աիայ^^Ն Նե՜րս ւարձսսեահ՛ ^ւսսէսրակապեասւկսէն գըւե՚ա. գևր՚ն ետ մղոէ.ևցա\ւ %երմն ալ <;ասարակապետակա% կոոտէսւկ^ա֊քժ եաե ^անէսէէ ռաեազաե էեոափո1սոս–^ ԹիւնՆէ՚րը օքւՆու. ղօրա-թեոսմե. ՚նոէ-էսճոսեցանՀ ՝^էի^ Գ "քԱ^ յ՜ողով^ն 1849 ք՛^ ք 0"՛/"" 18) ^բաաաբակու. ^ ահ՛ սէս^յանագրոէ-թ հւ.%ր իրուսէօւ չըեգէէւ%ՄցսւսՀ \քրբ ասոր ւԽպւ ^րուսիսչյ^ սէռաՕարկուա^ (1800) §ֆու.թեաե ստս^ժաէքԱ^րու.քժիւ.Նր ա^րոսթևօքեց մե–^ Նագւոյն մասքԱե ոնգու.՚նե–ւի չթղաւ. ք \^սս$որյիսչ^^ քաէէռովը (1801) գսւր^օոսւ գեոմանակաե գէսշնէսեցա-թեան ^հ՚ե սա^է^%սյգրութ^ւ%ր \ասսէւսս1ու.Մռէսւ. : տէՍէդպռպւէաօկրթ՚ա^թ-եաե աեէՀսւ.շա ՝սէռսւքքւ\/ն է ւ ^բռա^սիա, –(1^^ (182Ց) ^^արռսսէձ– մաքսի ընկերօւ֊թ՚եսւմի — արսա^ յէ9 մաան \^ւ֊սւոբիաւ1^՚ն պաս։ » սւյկ՚Ն գերմա՚նասկաա^ «"4՜֊ ոսւ.թ–իս%՚ներբ • - - ներքին աւո^ու–ԱէՏ$».ր սա֊ էսրա.եսէս սօ^եւ^ րնգսէրձսւկ սս արասգ օարգսէռու.ւՐ ւՐ սւռէՆ է կրքՅ-ոսթիա-Նբ կ^երւՌսեիայի ^ասսսւբսւկ ժոդսվրգեաե »քէքէ ՚–ըէշ էա^% աղւէեքկ՚Ն աւ֊էլի 4՛ 2* Հ^ւսսաբիսէկաե կաւսրու^թիւՆոք \^ւսբւոի \օք՛ ^1848) աասաա$դւութՏոս՚քդւ •<~ ^ե-գգեո^նիկ իշքսա^ ՚եթէ եբկիբբ^թուլաաւթ՚ն^ 1835^^՝ Փք ^^՚յ^^յ»»* ^՚ի յ»՚9^ԲԳ՚»լ փՆքԳ՚է^**^Գ^^^ Ա* Կքք^Բ՝ ^Ր՚՚՚կ փախա, \երլ^ն ու, մամաոյ ւսղաէԻոա.թէւ% ե՛ս սէս^մանստգբակսէե կառսէմաբու.թ–ք§ւյե խոսէոացա֊եա^^ հէոեւ.ք - ^ սքբիւս^ ՚նա^ե՚դ %&–լք0իՆ պաէոեբաօմԽց սէսպաբ1^Ծ աՐ^եդաւ. ւ ^բակպքի ւ^ք (ւ^ուՆիս Ո թե) ե՚չաէՒ աէր»է.եմե էթպըս,^ աայիոէ.թիւ.նբլ նոսէսՀՕքց Վյ^աիշկբէ-ց ^^ու֊լիսի ւ^քէ ոպօ եւահ՛ \ռա1պսէբաառթեեբու1»՛ էէսղ^եց ^էսաք^ցթի • Վյքքէ՚^աք (՚^՚-բ աէԱէՈ&բւսաֆ պաշսքԵնե՚ա^ ^ \ագէուր 279 րնաոոո Հու^գսսրիսէօ^րյ Վ^^քՆսէիշսր1^^պ^ ու. Է^Հա., չհշէ^ եսւ յթաշու.ևլու. ^աբեագրևցաեւ ^սչք^ ^ՐՒ (գևկսէեյի» Ղք^յ Վի(քրդ1ւե անգոս Ա« ի ՛նպաստ իէ^ր Փք^^լէ\^^Գ*Պ^Հ^1Շա* եոբօրորգւղյն ք գա^քե ^րա^ ժս/րե-ռս/Լք եւ. 184:9/՛^ \^՚՚ր^է ՚4^ աւստրիասեան կա։սոոէ–^^հքան ^ամար %որ սսէ^մանագրա թիսն մհ ^րասսէԱէՈաեոսեցսւլ ^ ^ունգսէոաեան Աքղգւաթե ժոդոա, վԸ-է Տէպրկթքի մէչ^ (\1պր՛ 14ե) Հապսպուրկ^րա1ե–լո,^ թսէո^գև-ան ցեղն Հունգարհսլքք» գա^^տ ի%կս§€է ^րսէաարակե-ց է եւ գ^ոշոսգո Հու.՚ՆգարսկսՖ ^աերա^ պեաոսթեան գահերեց րնարեցէ ^եպեք ասսարի^ սէկան բանս9^երր^ դոլնոգիք Վյ՚^Տ^Ւ * ^^ՀգՒ "՚՜ գոմոռՆի 7^ակսէանեոոմԱք ւֆՆչեւ. ^րե^պք-րկ էքղոսե^ 0Ս/1&1 Բ^քՅ ^՚՚՚^՚գեվիչի աակ հունիսի աէք ւսւռաՕա-Խ, բոո ո.ու.սսէկան բսքնակ^ առշեւ. Հոսնգսքրս»ցքւօ աեոի ,աալու. սսէիպուեցանՀ է1<՚ք/> ՚Խ՚^1 «՚ւոէւ<ա^1& ժողոմկն (28 0՛"–/^՛՛)^ Ղ՝՚2Բ՚–գէ ս՛եռ ^րսւյանապետ սանոսա^ ս/նուԱքհ՛ \\ե<^րկե^ աեձ՚նսւտու ր եղաւ. ^ երբ յ^ւ.սարիա<^ ցԽէ Հ^արէս»ւ.ի ասռսէքնորգութեամի ^պյսի եւ. վԼիլա^ կքշէ քոէէ(\\ւ–գոստ. Դ եւ. 13) յ՚՚՚ղթեցի՚եՀ գոշոսգյ ^ե՚ք՝ եւ. բւմնակթէ մեկ մասո ^աճկասասքն փաիաւ. ոըովյք^րատքէ ք ^եգերւԽ՚Ր**պյ^է "՚՛ գոէ/ոռՆի ամիու/>^ թիւյւ^եր^ ^անձ՚նուեէ^^ եպքրէ ապստսքմիու,թքււ%ո ք^եպսաեւՌւերի մե^^ ՐՕ^Ց"՛՛–^ 3. ^եպե« ւ^^Օի՚ե Փքձ՚է՛* Գ»–ւյէւք»«» Գ ^րոսսիպյի թագաւ.որթւ յ՚»՚քըբգ՚"լ Փքէք • Գ^՚^^\;^ Տ^4 «ի. 184։8^^ք յ^արա \օ^* խոստացահ՛ էր որ . ^երմանհան գօ»շնսւկցեաւ աերու-թիէ^ ւՐ ընե ^ Գ՚՚՚շ^ %ակռեաւ րանակոէ§ ու. ՚նասսէսէորսղուք եւ. սա^մա^ 280 %ս»գոաեաե վարչոէ-թիւն մի ա«^\| ^"ՕՑ Դ)^^Խ՛^ ՚հդքե օրր ^երչ^ի մէք արիսնա^եո ապսաէսւֆ.ոէ^^ թիԱ^ ւՐ ե-րսւ. • որով էՏՏ^^ՐԲ. •էէ՚՚՚՚ԼՔ^^ ^եռաեաչոս սաիաոսերօանէ ^ոօթեի սւասաամբու.թէսնր ՝Ծ^յԷ՚՚Է ա^0 ՚նոսւսճոէ-եէ^» եւ. է»ե–ւ մի ռւսղպթնհրու, աէ9ք պ^ոս օօբոսթօ՚սէւՌ. քսսւղաոուսթիայերգէսրճօ՚էԱէ ^ս»ս^ աաաոա-եադՆ ե՚սւքրք րեգ^աեու^ր ոնսորսԱ^էժ-եստմբ. գսա^^ մարու.ւսհ՜ ժողովը^ \Գե՚Լսա է)է§ն\ լոԼ^ոսՄօաէս եւ. պքե օոո ^ոսւս»սւոսէԼա.ահ՛ սսւ^մանագոա^թերսւե ^րոմաո^ սոսւեր ասւսւգւսմասոոէսց սեՆսոսսնեհոմն ^էսէ-անոս^ թևաԱիո գունուար ՕԼք՚՚ե լ18&0) "՚էր՚՚է-ք^եաէէ ի բրել. ^իէԽաեաե օրե^ք ^աեչքոէ^եռաւ.։ Փր^Գ^րէ* կոս գոսլիեը1հս դ^,ի՚ե յ՚՚՚^րգեց ^1861/՛^) էր ^դ^ ^երեց՚՚սթեւսմբ կւսօյհւ.ւսհ՛ աաշաօնւսբասԱաէ ւսւն^ես ւոերու.թեան իրողոէ-թեաեո յաբչու.^ք»ւ^ՈՀ դ«օքլ«»«. օ^անու-էժեսւսբ. վէբասոբոսաՆ թւսգաւ.որբ 187 օ/^՛^ ^ույեիսի՝ աեբ՚ք^^եան փսրչոա^թիսւէն իր ՓՐ^Գ* գու-չիելմհս թագւսժառաԱգ ոբգսդի ^աԱ^եեըւ ^* ՚կսւսգւ^բի ասչքմաեսէգբոսթեաե. գոբհ՚ա^ գրոսթեան եւ. գերմանական գաշնասկցո%.թեան սա^՛^ ւՈսնագրոէ,թիւ.նր ձմնեէու. ^ամար ^բոսսիաւե՚ն աս^ ռաՕաբկուահ– գերմանակսւն խոր^բգանոցքւն ՚Խքք^վէ եղահ– կէսբհ՚եաց էոսարբերու-թիսնբ աառւսՕ բերեն գերմանական պաաերապմի (1866 Տ"^^^^) Աք/^ ւֆ՛^ շըցքքնյ որ ^բոսսիպյի բանաւքնեբր ՀսՏԱնովեր ՚><– Տր^Դ^ աան բռՆեցթև ք էֆացան իրա^սիա^ի երեք գէխաԱ^ոբ բանաէքներն իբարոս Հճ^ա• ոս յաոթ-եըԱն (Տու.լ* 3) յ^ւսարիայսոց^ Գէօնիկբեցքւ Ք՚՚՚էյ Հաե՚եովեբէ թա^ գաւ֊որբ պի՚Աաթափ եղաԱ,» ոս ՜Աւսաբիա՝ Վյ/նեաիկբ գաղղիացէ.ոց կպասեր աու^ասք թեպե»" եւ-՚Աչպբէիս՛ ւ^՚^սս՚րի՚^ի աբթիգոկքսքլ ^բու.սիպյի ^ետ գաշնակից ֊1 281 րացԽէ ՝ք^ա/ե^ աեգ^ «սեցնելու. ^սէրևագոեռաե ու. ^րոսսիաց1տ ^ոկհէ օօրսւպեաին էսռւս^ոոգոէ.քժեէսւդւ Տ^րանգֆու.րգ մէոանէ Ա^^. եռահ՛ ժաօՏսնւսե^ օարեթե լլ<– ւ^սք Հւ^աօ^օ ՚իաալաեաե %աւ.ւսսքորւտղը \հսսայէ յէ՚՚՚Լ ՚կ^գոչսէսու.ո1էքւ ՚նւսէէսւեսէոգ րւէսղաղու,քժեոսե աւամա՛^ ՚եագոութ եՆ1^ ճրաե՚Լք ■Վհէ^րգ^նպէրեք քկւսւիև-թա ու. Դ\սէա1^^ ^րոսսհաւէ ^օ՜սւ պաշտպէսնոոաեաե ու. ^^սրա, ձէսկողաեսաե գսւշ1եաւոբու.թ–իւ.Նեե–ր ըրի՚Նէ ՛իսկ լլ<–\|ք«. տոհսէ յձ,–գ ճՅՔ^ ^Ր՚՚՚՚-՚՚հ՚՚քւ^ ^ե-սք ^րս՚եհ քսաղաաչս՛^ ^էւ^ւն րբաս* ոբու.1ե ^ք ^աւ-աեեցաա^ գե՜րմա՚Նւսկս^ գս/շ1եասցոա.թս–աՆ չու.հ՚ու.&չույե* սօ֊&չքւ աեձոսե գս$շ^ %«ակցու^եան մի կաղմհւ.էքչու.% ք դջր^ ^րոսսիւէ^ի թսք^ գաւ^ոքրք ՚ ՚^պքեբե ^իսսիսւ^թև ^՚՚Դ՚քհ "(է՚՚՚է ^է^՚էր* եւ. ւոմպարա^սեաե վ1քեե–աւսեսԽ թագ»սսոոու.թ–1քա1^ իաւսչք^ւաի ^եա մէաԱս§էոսն\ ^ոոս,սիաէի թօէգւսէ֊ոբր ՜էյէպոա-իկք Հոլշդպքն^ ՀաԱԱովկբ ^ Հկսսէքն գասսէլ, ՚կսւսսսաւ. ու. ^րէտէնգֆուրռյև՝ իր ա^րա^թեաե ^եա ւփացրներ/ն եաՄա.ք ^իսսիսւահՆ գեր§^էնւսկան գս՚շ^ %ակցու.թեէմկ գաու.է»ե աեցաէ–^ ասբր է^քմտսԱէ գե՚ր^ աՈսեիաաի տ^րոսթէւաներ^ յձ,ւ.սսէրիասւ11^ ^ Դ^սաէ.իե՚ր§ա^ է^ք Վյ՚՚՚րգէ՚՚^էրկէ^ "՚՛ ^աաընէ-ն օաա։ Աք0Հ՛ 4է"91 ^արօէէ.* գերէՈ$էնֆւէլյի ա(;^րութիս1էՆերրյ գրք՛^ ^արոէ.^ "Ւ՚՚&Ւ ^^՚" սւաշապսւնոդակաե ու. ւսւրճէսկոռակսՖ գաշ/քեբ ժիք իրարու. սսւ^ւՈածէեերն աւդւոո^ պա^Ա§ոս ապա^ոմացո4.ցմաւ&. : . յ^է^սարինք^ի է^քյ գժրսւխտ պաաե–րաա^% ճ^«. աեւ-է սկսաւ. վերաԱսրոգուք^-իէձէ մոՀ ^առսքքոԱաաև ^ու^գէսրակէէէե սա^յանագրուք^-իւ^ր կէսսաաաու.ե^ ցաւ ^րա՚եկ, Գովսէփ կ^՚»եր իէշգի ՚^Լ (1867) ՚ ^սՏԱգիսոսթեսէմի Հոսնգարիւսւի իժ-ագէաւոր պօա^ կոէ^ևէէվԱ է 282 Հի՚նան յ^կ աէդ^ա>ւ.%էըավ^– Տ6^/է ՚ֆլ՛ թ^՛՛ ^ւ 650.000ք«>. ^էապարէաւ^գր էոաւր «^ ւսւ1ե՝նաա^ս Հէէղավ աւ. երկ(ւս»էդակէ$ս^ քՅ-եսւմի I քւեքլքչեքաւ. կէէսմաեւ^ \քւ.րապ»էսի սէւՈէ%էէէ^»սրւաէււէէո էքկիր^ք 4՛ Բ՚^Ա է-րկւսրաէաեւ. պ՝ս$ս»երսպՅնԽքւ»յ բա0րօրաւ.ա, թիա֊%էլ շաա կրած^ •<. եչեւյձւաքչ^ խ^քյ^ վե^՚^կի ^ձ է * ^ր»ւ.աիա (460.000^––. հդրմկ.ր,աար.2Տ\/^յիչ^.բ%.) կւ-էէէւպայի ^ի^պ. աււաքթէ աէրւ»ւ.թձա%չք յէքխ՚նք աաբա^ հ^0ւթեա%, իՆչպ1^է1 %աեա. քթ%ակչաչք կադւ/ա%է ամե%^ն ադ^ քօք1Ո% ոա^պպաիկՆ է . \|էա^ իբ ղի՚Ն»է.սրօքկա% գբաէ-թ-Խասմքա^ իք կսՕւանսւա-ոբեսււ վարչ»ւ.վՅ՚եսէյբն աւ. ժււղսվըգԽա^ քէս^ ղպթակքթոա^թեամխլ \,սքապաԱի է/բՀք շաա յեհ՛ աղգէ^ ասւքՅ–իա–Ն ոս%իէ Հիռսիաաէ/իՆ գեըմաՆական գաՀնակչքՈէ.թիւ.՚նչլ 47500Օ քա.»^պրմէգրաաբա& եէ^ 29 «(^ձ.* ք^* "^է* Դ»ք^ակ^»Լ^,, թ-եասՆ օր^;%ագբու֊թ–իւ֊%բ^ ^ԸաՀք գւաշնաակ^ոէ-թ-է-ան քսւ՚ր-ա. ^էԲԳ՚Ժ՛ Լ՚՚Ր՛"֊^ ՚^քԼ ^Ր՚"–՚՚1"՛՛ աէ\ի 17 ք \1^աքոաՆիաէւ 4 1 ՜էլվեբէ^ւ ռւ. Գկ§»սւ.%շվայկ՝ է՜բկէբկաւ. ւ իւէկ ա»ա^աե–%եբբ^ ՚^Ա՜ ա1կկ ձսսյ%\ I եէ. ընգ^անոէ֊բ ու.ղռակի ր1եսաբաւ.թ–եամբ եզան՛ աղգայիՆ ժէղովի՚ն ձեո^զբէ դ%աշ^ակցսւ.թ–եաԹ գէաէ^բիա. ^սԱ.թ–իւ%ը^ ք^բւէւ.է$իա^փ ձեատեւ է՛» աբ գաշ^ակ^»ավՅ–իւ.%% բաաադգայւ իբասա՚ե^ՆեբկայայքբեէԽլսւ.^ պաաեբադմ^՚^բա^ աոաբակելու. , խսէղաղսէ֊թ-իւՆ եւ. գաւշիԴքօ գէաելաւ. ք գեա^ պա՚Ն՚նեբ 1սբկեըէւ. եւ. ս^1ն է իբսո-ու^քք էէւձի, եւ. գաշ^էաւ^ կսու.թեան ասւմպքսԱի՚եէ աս եէէվա^իՆ Գ^Ր՚՚՚Տ՝ 4Բ՚^ ՚էէքք՛^ ^բսէմաՆաաաբ Հ։ (0** 132)* վիճակի յէլ հ Գյ՚ակ ՀԽ,ա».Խաոֆաէ - 2, ի՚^չ փափաիասթիւ%%Խբ կբԽ^\ յիէորթէւ գւսւասռսււք երկիրեերւա ւքԽրքթե 50 աււաբւա1ե յէքլէ — 3* 1՛^/. ^^–կի մէԼ 1/^է Գմակ Հոըա՚եաա •«. իԽքէէիա ։ 1 . Հևլոււևաիէ^ի (83 ք^Փ՚ե «4-շ յիշոա.ահ^ 15 խաօյևաեոսթիէձԽևր1ւ^ եաս-Աք սքսեաէմև 18 1օ^^ գաս^է»»կցու.^եաԱ ժոդով(հ§ Հճ^ււօօ՝ եօթր ասբտ սա թե գաԼառն&րՆ աչ ՚^՚՚ք՛^՛^* Ա՚կ՚՚՚չՓ^ք յկւձօժԼք թ^ուր՛^ կաւ.քգ1քսսթւ^ՀԼաագք ՚կէ^օշագ^Լւէւ. \\է^եֆՀ 1830/՛*՛ հ՜ւսգւս^ շփոթոէ-թիւՏւ^ե-ր^ ձ՚աձ-Լք ^ս^ի մի գսւս^ սէոյեե՚րու. ւ^0 %որ \ո.այԼս§պեաւսկէէա\ սա^ւՔսնա,. գրութիւՆ խոթոսևցաւ. է \^՚կ եօթ% ոսղոափառ 283 Հեւբւ-եաիպքի (40.000 ^«. . ^պր՚քկք աարա& . 2^/ք ՚փլ՛ բ^») իրւ»ղաւԼթ–իաձէ^Խր% եա. մաեււ»է.աԽգ պս»»սերսւհՏեեքՏն ու. գսքշԿ»ս$կյյէւսթ–իէ%Նեբբ քսսի^րգէէւբէանի% ՚/էք կ Րա՛^ "Ր աԱԷ% երկու, աարի »ՕւԱ մէ Զ>իւ–րիխի > ^հ^ի եւ. Լու^եքւԴփ ՚^ճ. 41Ը ^"Դ՚՚^հ * ձ^ողովւււրդՆ ալ^ փ»խսէՆորդ%Խրով կսաէՐ գաւ.էսա.ակաՆ ^ա§ւարակոէ.թ–եա%^ ձէքՈ^Հտ օրֆ^կքներ կոէ. էոա^ա արոՆց գոբհ–ագրոէ.թ՚իւ%ը^է օբ^^ոդիր իշխաեա»–թ՚է^^ ածւոա-օձւաւսէէէ^ աո^-րէէւթ-եաե քապէ^րգսքրա^ւթ կա ^սգա^է 2 . գու֊ւբսէ քսպստսսՈւոէ.թե–աե ^ձսէ&ւ.ու.–^ թևամի՝ պրիա.սսէչի^լ (1830^1^) յ^՚֊գ՛ 26 յ^՚էք– փոխւէւ֊թէսե էՐ եաաէ–^ որ ւ^այւբին գաէ.առաց ^սէրաւ.» ոէ^ղոափսւռ մաս^ 4օՊ) ՚՚1 2^^՛" ՚ՕԼ ^""՚Ր՚՚՚^՚՚՚՚երցւսւ. հ ցու-թեամբ՝ գոպոսրկի Հ^ոփոլաոս իշխաեր 1834^^ թագսէէ^ոո րնսւրոէ.ե՚ցաւ.է ՚\Հէնտոնհ գԾսաաեսաժողո–^ մդքե «հք^ խաոաոոսթՏոսՆ ^ւսմար եղահ՛ Նաիաձաբգ խոր^ԻսրգեևրքԼ ՀուԱսեապքի թագասոոր չընգո^ե^՛ ցասՀ .ՀոասեաացԽ^ Օբաեիպյի իշխաեին առա^ոո^ գա.թ1քայի ^եղգիպ^ի յէքյաղթ֊ոէ^թեսէմբ էառսւ՛^ Օացան* Բ՚^Յ գ՚՚՚Դ՚Ժ՛՛՛^"^ էւանւսկի էՌլ ^ե-դգիա մաևեէէէվը ^արկսէգրևցա^ ե՚ա ք՚՚՚շր՚՚^չյ Ա""/՛ ՚էբ՚^ք 1832^ (գէ՚ֆս»» 23) \^գոա,ե՚րբիա ք ՀոըանաացքԽե^ ո1^ աոյկոէ,եցս9ս է \քբե»ւ. ա^^րութեանց է^Գէ հոոոու.ա^ թիս1ճԱևրր (1839/՛^) \ոՆաո1եի գևսպսմևաժոդովզքե վթր^ակս^ որոշմհւ^եբնեբովըլ կարգի խոթ ունեցան \ ՚կաբոչխոե կպքսևբ ու. ՀոԱաեապվէ թ ագաէ֊էէբքէն էէէք՝ \ուքսէէէպոէ^բկի մևհ– գքսքէւ.թիէՖբ գեձ-լու. վրպց եղահ– բասՆակցոաՔ֊իէ^մնե՚բբ ՚^իբոա^սիպյի գիմագբոսթեամբ խափանոսևցօ^Հ 1867^^ \ահէաոեէ գէէսպաեաժոոո^ շքաէսօօքլ^յ Դ%ռսոէ^թՏէան չէաւբու֊թիւ^բլ Ֆհ– աէբոէ.^ թիԱյԱեեբէքե ՚ճսՏեչսոսեցաւ. • եւ. րեգ ^ակառ աէ^ ւառա^ 284 Օագզքն գերմանսկաե գա^ակցՈԱ,թե–ան վէբաբերոո \ույթ>հ՚քպոսրկի էսյիօէ^թիա^եե-բր յէէսնգու.ե^անէ 3. Հ–քէա%աա (ե^/ք հ՚լ* թ^՛ » •«֊ 29500 Հ«– ^աււրՔ;գբ . թեակ շաա/լ կ/լ գԽքադա%քքհ . եբկրագորձ^ասթիս%՚ե ըաա քսասաւկանի &աէ«քկեաէլ I;– , գսրձ-սարաաԱԽեր էսլ չթն պաւկ»իք է ^ողավրգևաա^ւ թ.սէրօրաէ.թ–իա.^քլ ^թէ ժսւյանսքկ^\ւ ՏՏւաւքաձ՛ ա^ա^ին ւ1Խհ– ^աբսասա-թ֊եան Հեաեսաւ.թ–իէ^՚Կէ ^է թ»ա^ գագարին իշխաեաւ.թ–էա^բ^ (^աւ.ւէկք^ա Ա/^՛^ ^բաժա^ բեք^ն եաեւ. 1840^^ իք "րգթ՛ գ–./քէք^» Ր֊– •- 1849 4* վեք ^»ւ–^^լմոք կ») չափսէսարւէււսՏ– 1^ բէէգ^»$էնաա^բ կաար^ գաժէէղա^եբւաաձա ձեո^ավըէ ^Խպգիա, Հոըանա^հ՚ւա քիչ^ մէ պագաիկ, բպյյյ Աէկ էֆքիսն բնակչսվ^ աւ.հւէէ 18654՛^ 4էը. \եւաբւ»լաոա ք^>/՚% աակէ աէգոսԽսաիյւ յէք^ ՚ֆպՐ՛ Ա^^ք^՚Հ/է՛» ^"՚ 4–« Ա«–«ւ– աոաէ-բե օր քսՏե» պօբ թ^ւգւսքձաււկոէ^եքաւ. 4բ՚՚Տ§ 4՛ Լե-բկասթ-աւ.^ դի%Խբ է եք կաթ՛ ի աս ^ա^տաէքթւ ահ֊խդյ առ.աաոսթ–իւ^ < ^ողավբգեաէն կրթաա.թիւ.%/լ ՀսԱաՆասԱի չափ չխ » ՍաՀւ/ա. Նագր»ւ.թիւ%չ^, Ղ՚^՚1՚^"Աի 1830^ ւ>ա^մա%ագւ»»սթեա% կաագապաբին ^^ շի%ու.սէհ– 4՛* 129Ա՚^է1յ–» <\|^#4»1յ4^, Հ ոա^գ ,՚՚Հ^ո^ոա\,^^ «4 ♦ 1Ի՚^ձ փ՚՚փ–ի–ա.թիՀե՚Խ1,ր կրեց \^^ղիա ^%^0 հ՚Խ 1,ս.քյ. \.՚^Հ Ա,ա.ս.իէ։^%1. Հ^ա* \|»շ^ պաւէււէՀառաք. հ՚ւագԽց—՚ա, թք1թագ.աիսէկւա% ՚. գա%իսէկան պսաաէԽրսադյքւ » –քք Դ–. (1820-1830). Ա««/. ^՚ոէն գէ՚ենթ^ Հ-է 1օ2ք յ ք՚բ Ժամաեէսկ^ IսէԶ^նսէ^Ռ•հ՚ օասոպոսէգ1^սաՈք աեգղբակսԽ սէս^մաՆսէգբու^եան մ^Գ. բաթէրաՀ. Ն/ք«. բոգոսթ-իւնհբբ Նսքխապասաբասսէե^ (\^զաաօւ.թքէւՆ ոսղղափա1Նաց\ւ գոէ^ձ^^աւ^ Գք^ ժամանակ ^1830 - 1օՑ 7) ^4/ Գ՚^՜Ք"1Լ ԳէՐ՚^ք՛՛ ^"^^^ ՚նօիոգա^քՅ՜եաե օբթ§ագիբե ու,, գեբևա^ աղատոսթիւյեբւ ՚իբէքհ յ"^ է^ԲԳ^Ն Վ^Գ^է1Հ^1 (1Տ40 է՛ն ՚–^ ւ»բ ^աքաէԴէ գ.«^ պէ§ւբկի^ \կբ,ե՚բգո§ք իշէէաէփն ^եա աաքհսսՆացա^ էր) աաԾն պաբապի եաաւ, ^ ՚ւ^կապկ^ա^եածէ Հու,իկ աաշաօ՛^ նաբանք^ աղքատ ժոոովբգևաԱ վէւճակր րսսա^ոնև^ա^ 285 որ (1846^^)ք ^փլէաե՝ դ^որիի պաշաօեարս/^րք քորե^ %ի օրէՆօր ՚1^Ր^^^1ր4 աղռաԱէ ժոոուքջգեան ^^ ւՇՏ՚՚Գղհ-սԻ՝ (ՅՅՀ^ձ.՛ 1^– 3 10. 000 ^«–. ^աղբմգր, աար.) գպօէսկաՆ կէաէքք^ "՚՜րՒլ, "՚Ք^^ երկիք^երկ՚ե »սՀ.Խւի ժսա. ղովըգձա^է ւէհք^ թ-ափաԿէ^ահ– կ * ^արծ–արա՚Աե»եր/Լ Հ^գ^շ^ք^ մթ-Խւք) է աբէոպքդյ կաբգի աարահէաա-թ֊իայեէ առահ– ^^^^* ՎՀէա^ ՚ճաառաւկաանսէ֊թ-իս^բ քւավաեգակ Հապագ»ււ%գքԼ քւա%ա»հ– 11^ • վաա%ղի աէնգդիակա% գաղթ ակա$էէէէ».թ–իաձ^էեբւէ (յ^Գ "՚Քք–՛ ^/* 120 ՚Փչհ՚՚^ե՛^ "՚^^ւֆ) ւ՚֊՚՚ւ^ք ^Րհէէ" ^Բ՚՚Ս "՚արաե-ււսա^ էք^էէ ՛կենտի՛ն աաւէքսաասրը^ ա՚Նթ-իւ. քրա՚Նչքր%է–րււվ^է ՚^ամէ, թյահէրսյ էււ. էէրկսքթ-սա֊դֆներւէվ Հ^՛" գէ^քէ՚^Տ՛՛^՛՛՛^ ^՚ Ա«՚4#5 ^ չափապա1>^ հարաաո,.թի^Նյլ» 1839^> Քէ^^գ^աԱո** Ը. ես ասոր աէ \%^ճի՚ե՝ իր որգթ» Փ1^^^հ\\^^ է» Ա/»^4^ Քրիսա, Ը. իր քէ^ա^ Ր^«#^ վյքււահ^ էր (8 Տ՚՚^Լ 1848») դքսոսթՏոսե^ , դաեիւաի ^եսէ սր Րաթ՚լը.^ Փրե-գե՚րիեոս \|^. գ^ր^^^ ^աեի ^9 եղահ– ^ ե ռա փոխսս կաե շարժմամր. մհյ սաի^ պէՕ-Տէօսէւ. ՚Շլեղուիկւ^ քիաեիւ^ի Հևա »Դաեա^ Հրսս^ աարակե-լոա. է — ^յէդ՚՚^՚է^ք՛ "՚– Հ՚՚էձԳ՚Գք^է ՚էր՚^գէ մէք գրոէ.էսՆ՛ սԱէԼսէխա.թիւ%ր աւսշաաաեելու. Հէամար 1848^^» Ա^/՛ ^ի^է գե–րմա1եական գսէշնա&^ութե՚ս/ե գեգե՚ր Հ^ուշէւայե մաաե ու. \քիա.գլաեարբոՖե–չքթեէ իքԱ^ ե՚րր \^սգոսէո* 2օ^ գրու-ահ– պ^ագսէգարրյ լ1՚"9՚^րգ աարիե Լփ^՚՚՚Ր ) Ղ^անիէ^ի ձեռ^ռ §ոէ.հ^ոա.ե^աէս ք ք^-ըշ^ նաէ^է^թիսե^ե՚րն յԸ^պրիւէ՛ ^9 ^"րէ^ սեսսձ* սակպքե \%սՕֆ էէ^սոազոսթեամր ւմընցաե* որոա^ Համեմաա ՀՀյեդուփկ ու. Հոլշդպլեք էիաեիա^ի Հետ ^աււաքէէէ.աե յարարերա^թիւնքէ պիտ* որ ոմեե%պյթ»է 185 2/՛^ ) Լ՚^«՛ աձնի գէսշսէէֆ. ք ^ձրիսաիսքեոս իշխսաեր^գւմեֆակաե աէբՀ. ոէ^թևաԿ թագաժաէՆէմեգ 7ճաեչցոէ.եւքաէ.% \քրքւ ասէԽ. 4 Տ 286 կւա գա^ակա^սթեաե աաեՆ^ (1863 •Քէէ^գէաԱաւ^ յձստսոեիացիք ոս Համնովէրցիքք Հպշգպքկլքւո%ե^բն^ իսկ ք^րոա.սիացիք ու. \\՚՚՚»ս՚բիա^իք (1864/՛^) ՀքԻ^ զու.հկ մՏոաե եւ. \քիւ.գրւէնաի$սն աո%ել^խ Տոոձւ^ Վհ^ ^ննաւի՛ էէԱքղազսսէժ–ե$սէդԼ ^ֆրֆսաիաեոս \|3»* ճ^ւ^՚՚^է գռսու.1ժիւ^ւներր ^ոուսիայի ու. \^ւ.ստրիպյի աուսււ.։ կասգէ^յՆի գաշի՚կբով^ ^րոսսիա ըՆգու,1ե&^աւ. 186օ բե Լաէ-ԷՆպուրկՆ ու. Հչյի-օուիկքւ վարչոէ.թիւ.նր, է՛^. ^ւ֊սս՚րիա^ ՀոԱդպՐտի փսրչոէ^թէւ^ըէ 1866^^ Շ/^՛" դոա-քքկ ու. Հ՚՚ււգ՚^քյ^ ^Ր՚՚՚-՚՚^՚ք^/ք՛ Տ^՛" պ՚ս՚ցաՆւ էիա%իա (38000 ք՛^՛ Հ՚^քք^ք-ք • աաբաձ^, էլ. ւ^/ղ՚Գլյ՛ էսոէ֊բա շաւէէ %ււսսէպաՏ– ^^ » իսկ%երօքւ^ս Գ^է, ՜ճւսւմիաՆեքւաայև ^աամաբ ոչինչ է դ^սէեւ. էսրաւէւէԱէբ՝ երկրին եէսրօ§ոու–թիւ.%բ 1եսէ1ե1էւու. բսէսսէկաե չէ ։ Փրէ՚գեբիկւէս ^ փ քսքթ՜ես ւ$ա^–ա, էքանսէգբասկան կսէէւ.ւավաբէււ^9՜իԱ^ ։ ՚^ու-եա ոէ– 1ք1աբւ»է–եգիա (7ՃՕ000^՚>–* ^աղրմկգբ * սւաբ • եւ. ^յէլ» (.- 1813^1^ ՚քեբ կաբոլ«» ձԳ* 6"<^՛ Պ^՛^– %սղաոգիէ 18444՛^ աաոբ ոբգւ.ււ/ն (1էպ.աբթ, 1859^^ Կ՚^Բ^Ը^" ^1^.^ սւսւկ»՝\ էբ բեբքեբօւ^ քիչաւթ՚եաեր ազաասաճսււլ.ս»ւ. %ւաւ–սւօէսռւււ.սասւ–բ ու. սւբու–եսէո ու%ի , թ՚աո եբկբւսգոբդ-ու.^ թեէս՚ն շաա 1ս%Աքվօ կբ տոաբուի» ք^էսգւասսբի% իշխա%ոա^^ թ–իւ%բ թ-է ՚^ոա-եէոի եւ. թ-է կոբոսեգիայի յկ^իւ֊բպքան... չէ՚՚֊բ էոեբոա-թ-եաե ոէռահձքէն խոբ^բգանոոիՆ ձեռօք չա<ա փսւ%.ոբու^ասհ– էւ 130* (\|՚*»"^յ«ք յ ^պա^^գաև վիւճ՚ակի /Տէձ է ^իյակ (իաա^սիա է 1՛ ՚հ^^ղ^յ^^ Ա. (1825է^ Օաու^սիպ^յի կ՚^քր) Դ^րան գք^եՐ պաաևոաօւՐ ^րաաարակե^ Լ՚ՕՃՕ^ք լք՛"՛^ ո^աքջսակ գաշքԽ^ն&րր չյարգելոա^ ^ամարէ քկոէ՚տ աշքաաբ^ոէկաէե՚^ին յ^^ուտաւ.իան ու. ՎյսքպօիաՆք բւբո.^ ՚նկւճտ Վյտտռնսէե ու. \^^2ի՚ե\^մքսարիա1ե» ^պւ անգիէՆ քևասգևվֆչ^ կրֆվանէ՚Ա (դոբ 1828/^ ^աքսէկ՚ներ1/ե 287 առաե– էր) Հւ^ասաաե ^առա^ կլչ քաչէր^ Տ^՚ք^Հ^ ՎՀալգա1էնե–ոն աեցսււ., ես յ^գոիանոսպուէս րււՆնելբվ^ ՚իոսռո իաղաուէւ.թիւ.1և ^ելու. սաիպեը % Աււո Հ^ օ անի մր գաւ.աւՆներ1^ օատէ ւ^գոսնեցաե քիօսսՕք է՚^1 0* առեսէորաեան սւռանճ^աշնոր^ոէ-թրսէւնեոէ դ%ու.էՆր ^ոսնէսսաւմևի սԽեսւիւու-թէւյևր ճաեչցաւ. : 2 • \ե՚^ասաանիյէՕ ^էսէսնւսեահ անևաքսոսթ ս-Աէն ւիշաասսԼրգեռ ւՖռա^ չէր* ^^ւսս՚օ գէ՚ք* աեմհռսւց աաե-քոէ-թքււնէ թեչպէ" %աևս գսէղոքէէաի օրէէնակր ^յս՛՛^ ռաչ^ էւևրին 1830/^^» Նդ/^՚փ* ^^է՚՚^է Վյսրսաւիէաչքի ապսաաէդւու-թիւնո* որ ււոսսանաԱ-էէնգևրր ^ւսչահ-ձ՛^ աէն Մաևւ. \| րոլոո երնրհ սէք տսւրւսՆոսՄՕսււ. ւ ն՚ւրրի^^ օհ ^րսւյւսեապե՚տո չոսա ւ/հ եսւրգ եանոն գոաւ.է \\գգ՚9/ք^ ^"Դ՚՚^Ա \է^էսսսւէսնի գսէ^ր գսՅաարկէսցա^ ^րատարակեց (1831 ^"^վյ) ձ^ողըվոսրգլԼ ղէեքի վաօե-ռ, քկ%ու.սո Տե՚ւՒէՒ առսէՀքէէորգոսթ-ւքսաւդւ շասո մեհ՛ ընգգէմյււԼօ-հսն գսէէսնէ^սւսգեվէչ աեօէսւ. ՎյVԼք՚'է^ գեա՚ն ու. ւսռսւա. Վարսաւ֊էաե ք\|)^^աք^I• ( իա\։^սոր մօԿէ \հթ ոսանիէ^ի ոս ՚(Լր1^է^է ^ք ե-չաէէ ապստամիա–՛^ էօ-էէ^մԱ էսւ նու.ս»73ևու,եցսք–ւ Լօ՚^էսկստն առօ^ձին գյոսն^ ԳՈԼ ւ՚^՚՚"րի՚՚կա^ ա. բոու.սհակաե ևրկէրրփսէիաեէ ^սէսգերվիչ^ \\Լարսաւ.իէաի իշէասւնս\ ե՚ղաւ. \ե–^տսսաաեի փ^ոիաոբա^ է Լօ-^սւսաան (183 ճք՛") ո֊ոսսական սլեսէոս՚ա. քժ-Մէսե ^եսա պււսռասէ \ե^սէկան Նոր էսպսսէսւմէւոս^ թիւձւ մքԼ (1863^^) ՚^^ ւթասակութե-ամի (յրոսրա՚ա^ ւ֊իէֆ) ղսպո՚-ե՚Օէ էԱ/Լէ 3. \ք1–րսասէւի ե^։ա% ու. 1Շյ>է՚՚՚յէ ՚^^ երրորդ.ւսնան մաա. "էԼ՛ (§խէաւ1հ՚^^1գագեգի՚> ^/ղ^մաաւլ^ կամ* Ե^/^Գւիւ$% քա., ^դրւ^գբ\ պէթրքււ%սէկոէԹ եւ. ^(^միւիսե րնսէկի* ուձւեչքաա Դա0$^սիան է քսքդպօակրթ ւէսթեաՆ սէւ^Ն ՝ճիւ–ղեր»Ա^ ՚^9 \^սրապւ^^% գեո– շա«էէ եսա 1է> ձ՚՚Դ^4^^ՐԳ^ օսասս^էակւաԽ– կրթ–սւ,թ–իւ.% գբէ-թ֊է աւանեււ.ին չւաւ.նի է կ^սր^արա^էէէեբը^ Քեէ,՛ Բ՚Ղ/Յ Է^Գ Հ«ս^^«ւ<ւ»^1ք աէսասասս^ Ընգաարձակ կէ \քք» կքէադակէ1է.թ–խ.%է քավագսքէձ–աա֊թ՚իս% աս »քա»քգ»սթ՚իւ.% 288 (1856 0՛ վեքք) աշիար^ա^աւե^\%հ%ի\^տ,սրիևրկէւ,^. %ա,.աճե^ 1859/՛^ • \1է»վկաա»ա^ գձէս ա%կախ ժ»դավ»ւ.րգ^ \Խքւլ հա, վեո՚՚՚^Տ 1860/՛ գԽքաա^թիս^լէ ^աղթեյք 1878 /է* 131 « ք^աէէա4$գ4ս1է /^#^1ւ«««փ«^441ւ. 1 * Ե Րք* ՚էա»%չթաէ. ^աէ^կի աէրոա.թ–իւ%ը ^ա»%աւուաէաէէի ադա–ւո».թ–իա%ը է - 2 • կգիպաւաաի աա, Գբա\ ^է Խղաէ֊ ա%էֆա^ա%էւ ա.թիաՖ,% ի%չէ^^ա շա^ւ^յթաէ. փ ^ Տ* ^՚^ձ ^ 1851^ էւ.էւա.աա^Ն~1ւա1էկակա% արաաԽրադյֆ% պաէա Հ էաէպւ » 1» \^ոլտաէ.իսՀքի մէքյ 1821/՛^ ^ղէքսանգր ՚իբէփչանգիի էսռսքժնորգոէ^թէոսյի ^և՚ղափոէէոսթիւՖ ւՐ^եէաւ.ֆ որ թ^ա^ա շոէ^սա ու. է»սս»ու.թես»մհւ եւէւ.աս^ ՜ճոԱ-եօսէա-ք Բ՚ա^ Ա՚սէ11ւպք ա^է ^ե՚տեւ֊ոսթիա^ն ուՖե՚ռսքլ. որ բ՚՚Ր՚ր ^դ/^ ժոդովոսրգն ոտք եա»սւ ^աճի^ե՚րր ^ևտ ղ^ե-աէ ր.էքրգ1էրը^ քաշոսելու. ^արկասգրեոան Տռ 1822/^ ^ոսեասաանի ամեեաէւու.թիւՆո ^րսւաաբաա, կու-եցաա, տք^•^է ցս»մպջքւ ք(1գիսե–ւ.Ոէ ԳաոլոգոգրէԽիէ ^ո^ Ն՚ՔորիսՀ եւ. թ1^ հ՚ովու. 4օ^ \Տ^Է՚՚"*–ւե^ է գաաեսարիսՀ Գ՚ւ/եէրրր էՌ^հ՛ ռսաշու.թեէս§դւ պատերառմևռաեւ Ս«ւ#«. Կ՛^ (1825/^^) \ապրաԴէՐ,\քգիսւտոսի փաշսյւ^թէ հր^, գք^ք յր՚՚րէս՛ ^՚"^Խէ ^ւԺ՚ը՚՚ք բո^ևց յրիսոչուՖկԱե (1826^ ^՚՛ ապակաեե^ ^ՐԿէՐՐ* "Բ ՚^՚Փ* Ւ՚՚է Գ"^ րւ ոաիսգրիւէլյի գ ա ^երկ ըՆարու. ե՚չէէւ եսառր^ ւ&՚հ– խա/ւ ^ %ակոէ.թե–ան մհք աւաոէ - - Հոնաոեհ դսէշեսագրու,՛^ թեաւգ. (1827)» ՀՕ՚Գդե"* գաղոիա եռ ^ոռսիա եէաեւ.^ եղան ^ դա.ռը ^աւ.աեօ^է–լու. ք որ գու^սէս^ էոաէէ աղատ թողու.է\^սոե^ մէաոեէԱէ եաա.աօ»որմրղԱ կափսր^^փ յՏւ՚^՚է էոաս՚ճկսօկան՚^եգէաասէկաե %ասատոր՚ա. յ^«է2ք ոչԱչա^ըեեւ^ե ես գաղռէական բւմեակ յիյ \քգէ՛^ պաա^քւներր^ \^որե՚^է^ վռ.ըԱաե§^Ա եաեսք գոսռը^ ՚օանչոէու. յ^գրիանոսպոաղ^ խէսղաղոսթեամիք 1օ2հՀ թ§ ԳէէԱ^եասաաեի աեկախոէ^թիւՖըւ գարոաքագրիպքքւ 289 իանն ու. ասոր մերժմաե1ւի» եահւ^ֆ 1863 Ղ^՚՚^է^է թէսգաէ^ոո ոնաոըոա^ե^ան X էոոոէաե անԼսախ փսւշաէք^ գ^ւՐք ^էսրկ ե՚ոաւ. որ յ^ՈԼ.ի.. գաի ^էէ^Խ^Տո^ք^ ք^ լ1833^ ռուսսէեաե բանւսկ ւՈւ գգնու.թե–ան կաեչթէ ^ու.»ա թ^ա^ա սւրգեէերցթւ ՚իպ^ բա Հէֆ ^առաՕ ք»ս§ելԱ բ պյց \^ոսլգանր ^աբկսսէբէք ^ ցաւ. ^""բքւբր փաշայի սաէ-ասսս էՈէսլոէ.* ոբ թ^ \ոէւ ու. թ–^ \քգիպաոԱք ղանէսզան %ոբոգու.թիւՏմեեբ (սոթեցւ 1 839^^> ՄէՏէ^՛^^"՛ \^ւ1՛^ "՚պքոսօֆ. ^բաաաբակոա֊ե^ ցս՚է. Բ՚^էՏ ՒԸ ՚՚Րգք^\՚՚1Ր՚՚Տհ^ք փ՚ճառու.ց տսւ՚ՃԼասկաե բաեակբ ՚հք՚՚՚ւ՚բէ Ք՚^՚ԼՒ հ՚՚ք յ1ԲաՀմու.ս>ի ւՔյս^ոա^ս/նէն եաբր (\ գոսԼյ 1839)» ՚եաւատոբմկի պաշտօնեո»^՝ բ՚ԲԲ ՚եէսւաէոոբմդովը ՚կգիպասւռւ-ոց կոոաւ աէւցւսւ. հ ^"րԽ Օ^ԳդՒ՚^Ւ էԻ՚՚^՚՚էպ)Ւ$\ճ՚–՚՚»"րԻպյիքիր"՚–՚՚է^ի) գաշնաէ.ոբու,թ–ևամբն (1840 0"–/^՛՛ \օ)հպբաՀիւՐ փաշան ՝\^սորքւռ^ վէէեաոէ-եցաւս ոԼ \րէ^է՚ւ/ւ/էա ՛Աչի (՜յ՛ 1849) ՚\^գհսէԱ9ոսհ ժառանգէսկան հշիէաե 7%սէնչ^ ցու֊ևցաս Բ՚^էՅ բ՚՚՚Բ^բս՚գ^^ ՚\բաե վեբքՏե իշէսաեու.^ թօ-ա՚Նր աակ։ Օ* ՕաոսսսքկաՆ էոէսճկէսկահ պէսաե՚բսօաւ որ ե^ Րք^ 18օՅ/՚^> (մաս^> գքւ քւէաոսսհա^ Բ՚1"Ր ^ւս՚ճկւսսաաեի սհ9 գանոսստհ՛ էոԽ ռբհսսաոե1։հց մր»^ ասէշապաեու.^ թիա^ կր պսւ^աեՕ^րո սկսաւ. կորշաօովէ առա^որ^ գոսթեսէմբ ռոսսէսկաե բէսնւսկի ա1բյ յըրոլաասիսէ ու. Վալպբիւս մանս-լուհ» եւ. \^^ոաէ Նստկա^անգսսէ^ մ^ք աասճկսէկսԻէ 1ևսււ.ւսաորէփոԱ փ՚ճաեւԱէոյՀ ՚^ԷԺս՛– աոբհաե պւսբսւպ սէե՚ո պւսշաբեւ^ն եաեւ. քէաոէ.էա ^աբ^ կագբեցաե դ%աեու.բի իշքսաէ/ոէ-թիւՆ՚Նձբր թողոսա Լ 1 8 4) տ Գադղիակաե - ակգ դէակաե (ձ-պռ^Ն սաբ^ 19 290 գԱեիակաեով^ ւՌլ ղօրա^քԱՄյ բաեակ մէլ \|\|(՚էք^ - Ա"–՛ ՜ 1ե^էի ել. ^ակրաԽի առաքնորգոէ-թև-աաքի. յ1^եպ, Լգքեք ^րիէՐ ^ամպօ ե-չաւ» ^աղթ֊ե^ ^ալսալաէ֊պքի ու. իՆ^ կէբմաեի քովյ Ա»«/» վրպ^ ^էչք"1՚է– Աեպա&§ֆփ Տք^ք \Տծծ Բ^ (Մ՚"1Պթվ^ յարձակէէԽյի աււեեըէվ^ տիրե^ \^եւ.աստոբոաէ ^ս/րաա.» մասթւ» ե՚րր. աեգիէՆ ռւէէ.սւ»^ կան բաեէսկ միյ յ^ու.րսւա.ի1^ֆի աւււս^որգոսթ-եէաէժաւք ^կ^եմիերի էԱ^ք^ կարսշ բունեց։ 1856/՛^ (1ք«7»"»/է \^քա\ ^սէբֆօէ քսառաղութեսօդւ՝ ք1էէու.սիէս ^ ՚իանոսբի բեբամե եղահ– եբկիբբ յ^ոլաաւֆւ^ի տոսէսւ. • ես գւԱա^ %§էսբեաե իշիէՏ^եոսթեաՆ^ 4^^ ոսնե^ասհ՛ պաշապսւ^ 1Աէէէ.թեՆե1ե Հբաժաբեցաւ.է քլ^ա, 1ւիկդաա%եք% աւ. 1863^^ վէք Գա%իակա% կղյԻ՚՚երքլք 50000^«– • հդՐ՚^ԳՐ • աարահ֊ . ^է\|֊ 1 ք/է հ՚Լ,՛ \| •) ապաաաա^^ թ–Խա% պաաաերագմՏէֆւ էսպէէէկաԿէահ– աւ. աէէՆԺՆէբգա»քճ$էակ ե՛,. դա^է* հքկբԻ մշակ-սթիս^ւլ* ժաղավրգեա% կրթ»սթիւ.\% աւ. էէւքաէ-եպթ շաէո ե՚սէ ե%» քւ«Հյքք աււ.ասաաԱ.բշ^ բաա^աւ.կ ^է ^ե՚դաւ.% ե՛ս Հ/^1՛ քէևաքԱ^սրսսթ-Խա^է Հեացոթ աւաէցէէէհ– ձ-1^ "՚ք֊ գի% վրայ. ^<դ^ ԽբկաԱ%ժամանակէա/ թոձակա/ոա^թեայխ ս^ակաձա^է 1%^ձթ$^թաՆ թագաւ.»ր% ապաաադասթե^ \1^ յէ աաիպաւ.ահ–՝ ժաղավբգեա՚Կ» աա^ժա%ագրակաձ վար. աւ.թիււ.% աոաա֊ւաւ. ։ ^աճկա»էւաա% (^^7'^'^^^ ^աւէաժաղավավյ Դ\աս%թա՚Հեբ^ Ղ՚"֊լկաբիաքի ասՀա/աաաանի մէկ ւ/աա\ւեւ. կիպբաա 4ք<(^1^ \|ւ1քք.«էքյ(^նձ270 000 ^«.՚ ^ա^արյկ.բ, երկիր աւ. 6 էֆէԻ՚՚՚^ե՛^՛ ա^ ւեւք թ՛ե. կարա%^րնեչե% եաես,) 1.900000^«ւ ^ագարամգր, աար, եւ. 22 միքիաՆ րեակչավ^ — շաս» ակարա/^աե է։ 1\|»ւ֊Հշ֊ գաան \րսէ^աՌէւ.էո ք^* ս$րիւձւա»^եպ պասոերսւդյ^ ւՐ՝եսւԽւ. ՎէՈ՚՚՚֊Ց հ^ԻչիբԻ^՚^քճ՛ ՚"՜ ԻԲ րաՆաակշ եէ.րապա0կ,յ1, կար^ գասարոէ֊թ-հասե տ/օաե^աւ.^ $ 1839/՛՛)^ Ւր^^ ժ՚՚՚է^ՐԳ՚՚՚է \^պաիւ.չ^ \|\|՝4^«" որգթէ ՚կխքՀանեի ^"՚ԳգՒշիէիֆ–վ^ խաա^ էոաէ^էսա– սաեր՚՚ւ-թ՜եաա^է յկքեղահ քրիաս»ւաՆեէսՆերաւ% վի1(էա^ կր ւաւա^րնէ/ւ օահձկք դիՆու^արա»կան ձ-Աէռա/աւ֊թեաէք աէւոձւասւ եւ. իրենա էաւԴ^ րէսԱի <^^ ^սււ֊ասսւարւււ.թ՜իլՆ աէս Աքպաաոսսթ՚իւ^ շիար^ե/, սսակսԱԱ խոսս»մէ»ւ%ս^երթ Տէեէա.^ յքի% թղթի վրսքք* Ա՚ե^1՚"՚Ի յ—է^^ԲԳԿ Իր բ^լաքադտ եղ^ րայր^ ւ^պաիւլ Ա^^լ (1861/՛^)* արօւ.% մեհ֊ արգիս^գէՆ եղաււ. է որ աոաճկօէկան %աա–$սսաորէէռի՚ն %ար կե%գանաա–Թ–իւ^ աոոէ^ւսւ. ։ յւ^^էսկայՆ վերանարսգէ$ւթիւ.Դւ «ւ. եսրոպսւկսա^է սսւ^^ մնէես$գրու.թ–իլ% պսւ^ա1»9ժո ժոզովրգե՛^՛ Հք/՛ ""՚^-ւեաէսա.. 291 (1876, Տ*՛^ 1) - "՚^դռգ^^ ^ա1$ա»–կքաա^ եղրքաբգ/ւ%է Ա§էՀ,րաա \^ • քէպ/^ աա ալ մաաէէչք ա%կար»դէէէ֊թ–եաաե» ^աա/ար ե^էկ^ աոՈէք^ ^րաժարեչու. աէոիէզսա֊ելավ^ թ–ագաէ,որ ՏԸ"՛֊ աարակասկաս (յ^եպաեյի. 1 .) աա^բ եդթպքրյլ յ^դաի^լ Հայիա, Այ» ՚Գլ՚՚տէ^ Հէբ^^կավթ^ի , յրոՆգէԱէկր^ի եւ. քիլ ՚Դ^ ^՚^էք1Լ Պ՚"–1հ՚^ե"Սէ ՚^ճ. ^Ը^ աո^սաաւգ»ս֊ թ–իւ%շ^ Հ%շւէսա9Ւ արէ^, էզաաեքաղմ ^րաաաքակև^ Ս^~ րաա^իա ՛իրան գ^էՐ* սակայն ^ս^նիշի պաաեււադմհվ^ (Ա*– ՚^ի՚֊լՂ-կիւՐ) յապթասե^ասէք^հքհա աոսր վըայ խոաաա, յքաա.աձ– էւա^ա0^ձագքաա–թիւ%չ^արաէ.կաւ.Լ1Տ76 ՚իէկա 23) • պէէէ^ասեշաւլ քիաա.աիա%է դրէա% գ1(;մ^ պաաերագէՐ Հրաաա^ քակկք (1Տ77՛ Աք/». 24, թ». 1ՑՅ)« 1870-1871. 2 կ՚բր Խղաւ. ^ըաաա%ի 7ճակաաա»1աբաը^ թել ^աԽայ,աք–ի».% էէ՝ա%Խ^աւ.է -> ալաււաԽրադյավյէ 1 • Նր^ սպսձիսէ^աե առժամանակեա^ կառտ^ վարոէ-թիէձԽ (125) \^՚(ւ՚՚եիպքի թագչլ \խոբոլաոս մեըճասոը աօգակաեքԱ <՚>«<7 կու.պհը% ՚կաքւո^ոն գ, աերաւըՕէե իբրևւ. յաբսՈսը առիթ՛ առաւ.։ ^րոսսիա թէպէա սպս^իակաե թագրմերժե^ ք Ւ՚^Ց ^՚^ պխպկս Գ^աղոիա՛ պասէե^րապւ/ ^րսւասէրակե-ռ ^րոա,սիւ^ի գհ^ (1870 6«^^– 19) է գու-Փհլյհս ^րոսօիւ^լյի թա^ գա.որր (Ղ Աճ.օ.յ մքւնչեւ. պի» աահքԱ չասոսաՆ շաոս^ թե ամի. գու.»/արու.աէէ գերմանական ^դօր բաեսւկին (600»000 ^"Գ^) վէլփ՚ե <^բամանաաարօսթիւ.%չԼ վջաե առա^* պաեիկևսք երետ ՚ճէսոի բաժ՚նեէով^ Գ^՚է ի սալման »առւս0ա^աւ֊է կրկու, օր ևաքը^ ԼԱէ.^. 4։) իրոսսիաքի թ ագաժառէսեգթև աււա^որգռւ.թձ–ան աակ և դահ– կրրորգ րանակրյ ղարկաս Գ՚՚՚ղղիա^իթը^ 19* 292 գնեց է ^աղթ՚ոա-Աքհ– գադոէակ»»էե բաեա^երրո գէպ ի յրէտ ք՚՚^^կ*^ բպյց ^"«՚ (Ա«–ք–* 14/5՛») գե-ր^ մանաես^ Աո աքքւե բաեակէ՚ե գարձՏոս» ^աղ0–ոս ևցան ւ \ըրաբ՚չա՚՛ դյուրի ևս Վյււէեւ1ԻՓ (^^ 1^սգոսա ^ 12 ժամոսաե սաստիկ աաաե–րադ^% եաէո-ք գաղռքւացքլթ \|\|^(-^ մոյևաու^&ցաճ ե՛լ. վՏէր^ապէ" 11՚–9– • ձ.օԹ$ բ"^ վաեգակ գաոոէակաե բաեակո ^էղոեվիլի ևս կրա՛^ ՚Խւ^ԳՒ Ք՚՚՚Լ Գ"–տ1՚էր/^ս թագաա.ոբև% ^արձակսւաՐ մի կր^1ր4Տ Բ՚ԸԲ՚՚1ե՛^ յաղթ-ոսևցաւ , ևւ. յ^էցի 4՜^ աօէշաբսսևաովՀ ^սւբիսի հևա ոա.%ևցս»հ– ^աբաբևբոս՚ա., թև՚նև՚ե կարոսևցաւ։ 2 . Ա^ագ յ^ահւ^ի ւրևցի օգնոսթ-ևա՚ն հասնևլոս աաբսւպ փոր^և՛^ ևաևւ. ("՚-բ գսւզոէս՚կաե բանակրյ քղսւ ս^Ա մաբասՕաէէա^ հևա գևրմանսքկաե ք^բկբ՚՚ԲԳ բանւսկև^ փսէկոսահ՛ ևբ) ^ոմոնի փօւռսքէՀոբ ՚ճասկս»՛^ աով^ քԱւօ.. օ^\յքագ յրահոե մևհ՛ կոբսաով^ Աբաաե քաշոսևէոս հաբկագբևցաս ։ Հոս՝ Աևպա* մեկթւ ոս ևբկցսսթւ է կբ1էնոս.ևցսաւ. ահսէգԱե ա»սաևբսէօմբյ ևւ. լ 50000 մաբգև կս՚գչքո՚-սէ^ գէսոոիսէկան բանս»^ այե ասաիճս^ի կոաոբս»հ– կբևց ք ոբ բանսէկ^ սեա^ոբ՛^ ՝ գՐէ յւ^ևպաևմբ ճ^ կև՛՛ օբք \^բաա1ևթ սւյբոսթևաեցբ հևէս ^ս^^ոսևլու. սսփպոսևսասՀ ՚կսէբոէև՛՛^ ■ Գ* ք^ա ղ^կբ ^աե^Աևց գոպիևրքհսի • իսկ գ%աղոիպ^ի կառսէ^ վաբոսթիսեբ^ ՜^սգթէև կսչյսրոսհսւէիււ - ^ Ա^«՛ պաբ^ աոսթևանց հևսաևսսսթ-ևսէմբ՝ ^^՚՚բիգի ՚^^» ^1ՊքԲ1Լ. Աաբ աօյեսսևցսէԱգ ևւ. հանբ$սաևաոէ.իժիւն հբսէս§սք»^ բակոսևցասէ Գրբ Բ՚^Ր՚Բ Գօւղռէս» էսռաեց կա^իէ մհ ասբևաե րնգուՖևցսււ֊Հ <կսւաևբս§պմի էառստ^ աաս^ ^Ի1Բ՝ ւքըաե առաա. յ^ղգէ^թե պասշապանոսթևսԽ կա, ռա^աբսսթիմնոէ ՜^Հպ^սբոսհ^^ որդԼ^քե հևա յ^գոէս» փախաս X 293 3 I) եպտեւդւեբի ւ^քյ իաչփօաւ^ն կողմանէ փա» Լու-է-քսաէ.» ե՛լ, Լաոնիք գու.չքքու. ^գրասպու.րկի (ւ1^ե՚պա^ 27) ռեոգեոն աո%ոէ.ե՚ցանւ Հոետ» ճ 7/՛^ ^ան^ե-ց քկաօէ՚ե յւրարա քախան իր րանակր ք 1 7 3000 ղ1^Ոէ.որ\ ոս ա^էց Ւ^ՐԳէԼ Փր^Գ^ր/՛^"՛՛ կարոոէս իշխանթև։ գադդքէէ^ի պաաեբսւռէֆ պաշաօ%էինք կամպէգգպ^իք ^ոոա^ի սհք րրաե՛ էսսէ^% քակռերալ^ ՛նոր բանակովդ ^աոհղի տՌաենէԱ1ու.ք անկւսրեէի եոաւ^է Ա""/՛ ՚1ը՚՚1Ա գ^սւզոիւսկսէն ^էա-սիսւա^ քւանւսկրյ Հ^՚ֆք^է Ք"՚Լ. ""՚ մկո^ևւթն Լ%ղք . 2 7) եաե,. , Տու.նու.ար 1 9/^է» ( 1 8 7 1) Ս գէնգէնի օււվ^ բոչորովին ^աոթ-ոսե-^աէ.։ \Հ1սարի նոր րաևակր փճացոէ^ց ^^րեգերէկոս ՚կարոլո» (ք^ոս^ նոէ^ար ^ — \2յ,իսկքկոսրսլագիի առա^որգու֊թհաե աակ ևղահ՛ ^արաէ^ւ^ին րս^ակրյ ՀԼք^րաէր ղօրա^ պեալլ պէչֆորի քով^ Լւ^ոա^ոսար 15 - 17)« Ա«/" էֆՕոցէւե ք սաիպոա-ևցաէ^՚նաերլ. ^արիղյ վեր^ի ասաի՚ճա^ նի Նեո մաեեւ^եք եա. է՚եւ յի արիւՖա^էքղ^ Բ՚^Տ ՚Փհ՛^ անօգոէ֊ա ^արձակմու.1կռ%ե–ր լ^ելթն եաեւ. ք1871* ^ունվյ 2^՚\ ^անձ^ա.&լու,։ կրեք շարթու^ան պինա՛,^ գագար եռաս* ^արէպէ ամրոսթիւ^ւէներր գերմաՆսք^ 0ւ–ւ»օ էս^^ա-եռաէէ* իարիպ օանի էՐ օր գերմանական օօրռերեն րո%ոսեցասէ Գ\որաղյ . կանչոսահ՛ առգպ^քւն ժողոէծլ ԳԳհեր Գ^՚դդե՚^ւ՛ կ՚"^՚"փ^Ր՚"–(^^"՛^ գլուջի գրաս» որ գերմսւնիւաի աաենագպրին Դփղմարգ իշ^ խանքւն ^ետ ք իւսղաոոէ^թեան գաշք1կք գրաւ. ։ ՚^սոր օօ^ րոսթեամի գերմանական ՚ՀոթարքՏնգֆան \^էցէ ^եա ք ե՛լ. ՚կչսաս գաԱ^առՈֆ գերմանիպյի արոսեցաւ֊է գագշ. ղէա վճարեց 5000 ^է* Փ/՛* պատերաղմի հ-ա/սք։ Ա«« եոահր ժամանակ գերմանացի իշխաններւէ գուչիե՚էմոսի ընե՚էաեցին կպ^սրոսթեան թագո - որ նւ^իտր աան^ ւսռաաա - իրեն^ եւ. իրոսսիպ^ի գսէ^էւն մջ՚Պւ իր^քն էաքորգներոսն \սւմարՀ 2 » ՃՐ 294 1877-1878. յէ, \»\լ ^էակաա\եր ԽպաՕէ Հայքաաէաա^ի 4էչ* - 2* \|>>^ ա%ցա% ք\|»«..տ1ք\|>\|.* Գրա»% մէւ^ Խպա^ յաբձակաղւակաւ»% աա. պաչաւէքա%»ււակա% գաշամխ ք՛^ ^գէաւ.^ 1 • ՆՐՐ– \\,՚^–^՚՚րէ^է ւսրաաԱբԱն գորհ՚ոց պէսշ^ աօեէթէ 9 ե-ւ. ասոր ւ/բպք իրոսսիպ^ի եւ. §իու.»իէ^ի ք Լագք՚րնե՚րրԴուռո շըՆգուն&օաւ ք եւ. կոսս9ա1եգթեոա,^ պոչսդ^ է^ք՝ ՚ւէ^ ՚քեհ՛ ա^ոոսթե՚անց գեսպասնսսժոդո^» §$Խօգու.ս» սէեո ա^է&սէոեէ^ե եսւեւ. ւոսհ՚էէէւեցէսւ. ք քիքո... ^ սիա ^սէրձրագդքե դբան գ^մ՝ պսւաերստաՐ ^րւսաէսբսք^ կեց (1877 յ\պր* 24)» 1^՛֊ %իկող^ոս Ժե^ դքսքՏւ* ^ առէսքնորգութե-ԱէէԴւ անմէ^ապկս ա^ագ^ բանւսե մի ^րոէ-թ^ն անցոկօ^ ոէ.ր սսնգէւ^ն \\ովկէսսեաև բսք^ տք> յ^ ՚եսէկբ Լորիս յ^եՓք՚^՚ւե առաԺնորգութևայի ^աճԼի սա^մա1մՆ անօսււ. է ւ^Խ՚՚Ւկ՚՚ւքյ ռԷ^ ^հ ՚՚՚՚1ՌՐ \\րս՚սք^էսն բեբգաբսէոպօչ^ Հէ^մաՆի ԱէււասքՆոբգոէ^թՏոսէ^ աււասա. է ք^1^ա1^ա սէսոբ Աջպ) Հպ^ասաաևի մէ^ք եղոո ուուսէս^ կան եբկբոբգ բանակբ \|)^^էւ^ Ք"՚1– ^՚" ք՚՚՚ՀԲ^^Ր"՛ ք՝ք ^աբկագբե-ւյաւ-ք բպքց ^՚– պքեպէս ^ու.աոթ եսւե-Ա֊է՛ \ I քրսէե՚ւ. ՀպքԱէսաանի ւՌ՜հ՛ մասին սւիբ&ցին* ե՛լ. յթիք ՚Ո» \ ևսկթը^ (յրաբաի ւՇին 1878) կաբին մա անէ 2 յձ,ս ե՚ոահ– ժամանակք ս/եգին \յ^բե՜ւմաե–աե յ բաեսէկն ոչինչ կոբսաոմ մի դաս/նուբն անօսէւ. (27 ^ հունիս 1877)» %իկոպոչիս յանձնուե^աւ. (^ուչյ 1 15) «»- ^ալգաննհբբ^ (^Խգ՚^Ւ "՚՚^ՅՔԸ.) Կ"^ՐԳՂքՒ առաքնոբգու-թե-ամբ բռնոսեցաեէ ^ոէ.սօ^ ք^էէ^^ի Ք՚՚Լ (6՚»ձ 2^ "^ 30) Օսման փաշսւչյէ֊ն յաղթոսե^ չին ու. եա քաշոսեաու. Աաիաոսեէ^ն եաեսք ^լթէքեԱէԹ 295 Նոր դպէոսթե-ԱէէՌւ սէմէՆ ԼոուՈւ/ե^։ պսէշաոուեա \Գոալ^պկ1և\է լլ^^ա^ա^ ռւսղպբչ^ յեհ՚սէգղքե օօրա^՚Խ, թեան չգհմաէւսէչոէ/ ւան^ւնու֊եռսււ. (Գ^եեսւ 12)> Աք//քՀ> ՚Խ\1 Բ–՚^"31՛^ քհ"՛–^ ՚նւսեւ. յ^գրիաեոէւա/էչ^սն ու. ^էչ ՚^հ "ՊՌՐ \Փ^"Րյ էւ«էւք<\|ք« ^"Ոէոյ առՕես Տ""^ սան։ գուռո էաւսսէոու-աէէ ւսսէն օգնոսթ1^1^ ԴԲՐ՜ Լու֊աէէ ստորագոեռ իր ւսռՕՄւո գրու.սէհ՛ յ^աք^ֆանաէ գէսշ^քկօիհ» որոմ եո ՚ճաեչնսէր քէ^ոսմե՚նհա^ ՚^երոէ-էսէ ու. յքոեգ1;^Մերւո $Խւ,աաաեաե իշրւաեՀւպժեսՖո ան՛^ սարւա.թհսնր» գէտւրձե՜ւսլ^ էք\ու֊լեէսրիաէի ^ սէէսաաաաու. իշբօսնութիւյե րյւաչըլ > ժաո^անգսէեաե հշէսանհ մա» սէսէե I քէաա^էւիսէ պէս» որ րնգոսեէ^ր պաաՄրապմր հ^արտ^ օ^էւ աեղյ Հ^այասսէսԽԷ մէե մասոէ Ձք^ա/0 էսս գսէշանռ գ^մ՝ աՆւտքապ1^^ս ու, րո^ մանգէսեք պօրու.թՄսւմհ. ոպք Լոքս&օ մանասաեգ \|]/Տ^^Ն իրիաանիէս, որով^ քիուսիա սաիպոսեռաւ. \|)* Սււ»4։«. ֆաեղքի գաշ^կբր Պ^րւ^է ՚^9 գոսմարու.աՆ մեհ՛ էո^^րոսթեան^ ժողովդ^ մ՝^ սւո֊^եւ. գեեւ (^ուՖիս 13՛ Տու-է. 13) « յ\՚՚"Ր ^ք^ Ս՛ ւձ՚ոէֆաե^ի գաշ^քԱ ըստ գղքու.թքքս/ե <խՕոէ֊եէ^ն եաեսք որոշու-ե՚ոստւ. որ Դ\ու.ի, կէսրիպյի մք^ե մասե րաա սւղաա իշ^աեութէսե % Է-՚^Ց ^աս^կի ^արկաաու. • իսկ մէկաւ մասմ ըՆգու.Նքք քրէս^՛ տոնեսո կոԱ֊սօէկսէէ մոէ — ^ոսսիս/՝ եա սւռաւ. քիու.–^ մե%իսչյ11^ էք\եսարարիան* րայռ վե-րՕ^մե րեգու^եցաւ. ս»սոր գէմառր ^ոպրոԼճաե : Հայասաանհ ^հ^-Ա • սւրեւ.մ՝» մասր ՀկարԱք յ^ասւ^ան ու. ^ագու.մ՝\ հրե՛ն սալման ոսնև%ալոմ մ^կ կողման11^ –յ^որոխ ու. ^1;մն1ցգ գե՚ա. աերրյ — ՚^ք^ սւո^եւոմ՚նաե՚ւ. Հ^ւԹՒ աԸ"1՚^Ր — Ւ՛՛^ մէկւսք կոռմանյ^ք ՜^յրասիւ գե՜ա՚ն՝ աեցսււ. քիու.սրւ/^ր տ 0%ու.յե1Աիսք ք \^ե–րու.իսէ ու. \^էէեգ11^Նե՚կրոյ եղսւև րոլորո՛»^ ^ մ^ անկաիտ իշրւանոսթ իս1էներ ; Հ^ւսարիսէ րնգու^ե.»^ 0Աքւ. ^րօէմանք Գ\ոսՆիան ու, Հ^երռկկոմ^ևան իր Գջր՛^ 296 քովԱ բռներէւ. Լո^ր մասէւ. գոսի 29 յ քէսե Գ\աոսքէ1խ ու. վէֆւ֊րս՚ե–բ11^ սէպսէ^ոժ ԲԱ^ւ^՛^ ^սէմար • ՚ճանչնասչոյ սա^ աոբ %կսւսամայքլ եւ.քոպակաե աէ11;–րալ.թե«ս%ա կրկի՚է* Հւ"»՛֊ կւէգոսթիա^Նբէ գղիսքք գրան ^եա ^արձակողակսւե ու. պաշապաեո^ ղակէմև գաշեէսկցու-թիւն մ^ըբահ– էր^ ոոոսն ղօոոԱ.՛^ թէոսմի \^գոիա կքԼպարտասորէր ^յթ ղ/ւ1կօք յձ,"^՛^/՛ սէշ^ եղահ՛ աաճկական ձ-րկիրներո պաշտպանե՚էՈԱք անոր ^ստմար ԱքԱոր գիԱացն ընգու^ե՚սսււ. ^աս՚ճկէ աէրութեւԱէն ճվւպրոս կռօթե։ Ց ռ ^ Կ ՚Ն111«Աէ.ԱհՒՂ, Ա, ՀաէոաԾ. — ԳսէոէՐոհթխճ էսրեհեւեաճ ազգաց. 1. յ\սիաէէքի ^քն երկրագբութեանշ վրպյ ՚ւեըէՆ աե^ սւքւ.թ–իւՆ մէ ...... 3 2 . յըյո^աքէ՚ն մԽբգիկ 6 3 • ^աթելոէւ» է \\ս»րեսաաե 8 4 . Ս՝<»/^ » Պաըսէկք 10 5– Հպյք • 13 <^– Հք՚՚պւՔ 18 ղ. փԻ՚֊՚^ԻԿ՚^^Իք • 20 8. հգէպ՚^՚^յԽ 21 ^ . Հաաած — ^աաէՐոհթիճԱ ^ոսնաց, բի% աեաոա^թիայն ^^^ ....... . 26 աֆՆչձւ. գարիակաՆ գադթակա՚Նաւա^թիս% փ — 1104 28 11 ք^* ^յ^^աԱ* — ՚իորիական գադթւսկանու֊թՏրնւ^ն աֆ՚նչթլ. Դ^սէբակսւկաՆ ասաւԽը^պյ1ւ^է "Կէ^Ռ. 1104 — 500 30 12* ապաբաա 32 13* ^թւեկէ 34 Խ<«\|«1* աաաէքէոա,%^ա\ 41>ք»^<«քք 500 338՛ 14 . ^1քրսկս$կաե պէէ§$ոեբւսղւՐ 16* ճԹ^՚^^թԻ –՚յենամեՏ– բարձրւէա,թիւ.%ը^ . . 16* ^եղոպւէնեսէսկա% պւ§$ս»եր«սօւՐ ... * 17* 1\|ք■■'/"''"^^^ ՚"> է^^թհ՛^ ապարապեաոսթ-իէձւ 18 ^ու^ասկաե ասօասէու֊թեահ վերքեաւ^» 37 40 42 46 47 298 ^ . Հատած. — ^ոհԽկտճ՛ Ա^ակեդ* պեաոհթիհճ* 81 • յ^ակեգոեէա ես ^ՈԱ^աււաաե ..».., 51 ^. Հատած, — (^ատւՐոհթխԱ ՀոոէՐայեցհոց , 23. Հ/՛* հ՚^աւիպյի վրպք եբկրագր , աեսոսթիւՆ մէ. 66 ^^^^րէ-է ^քէ–.լէ 753-509. 24* ՀւսաւՐ թ-ագաւոբա^ աակ ^^^էւ.սՔ;ական դբաւ.ցաց ^ամեմԽա) 57 է^ւ^աէ •^«••ք՚էքօ՚ւք^է^քտ, 509 — 264» 25* ՀքՈ-ուՐ ^էսււաբէէէկապեսէ1էւ.թիւ.Ն 61 20 . Դ\ւսէոերւսօմ՝ գ^ասղոէասասա^ սս ^ձ^^է՚՚՚յք՚՜՚՚Յ ^^՚" ^^ 27 ^աաէբաղւՐ՝ Դ1իւ.ա.ոաի ^եա 66 ^^ակ ղձ.^ո>.^յւ%\,քլ 264– 133 . 28. կւսբթեգւ>է$է յձէը՚՚՚կ՛"–՛"՛՛ 68 29* ՚^ռաքի՚ն պասնիկեա՚ն պաաևբաղմ՝ . . . . • 70 80* \քՐհՐ՚՚ԸԳ պ՚՚^էկեաե պսէ$ոեբասզւՐ 71 31* ^աաեբաղւՐ՝ Աակեղյէնիաքի է \^–՚՚րքւքք՛ -֊ 6"՛– Նսէսսաա՚նի ^ե$ո ..••«..••• 73 32" կաբքԽգոնի «ւ Աիբակ»ւ.սս»քի կսբհ-անաԱ֊մէ^ • • 74 Ա^^«»««ք>«»«* 133 — 30» 33* ԳբակքեաՆ^ ■շփէ»թ–ու.թ–իլ%%եբբ^ 75 34 • գ-ւ֊գաւբթ-եան » կիմիբե$սն եւ. գաշնասսբաւք պափ. սէեբէէէօՏեեբր .....֊ 77 35 • ԼԼ՛՛–՛՛)^^ քադաքակ«յ1» պաաեբապւՐ 78 36 ^ւ>ւ/2\|4՚՚՚ք> կեոաբ, կբքսսոէւ։ • • 79 37 • \ւըկքքԳ քադաքսէկաե պւսսէեբասղւՐ 81 38* լլ%«»»1^^«>ւք է (ւկսէւսւիահոս 82 1ա% ղ1,գոա^1աՀ ւ^^^աՀո^յ՚լ 30—476» 39 • ՚\ձ,ւ֊գէէէւաոս * . ♦ 84 40* 1^<–ք.ուք«ու<ք^ սաւ.%բ • 87 299 41 . Լաււ կայարՆերքլ 89 42 . պեաաա.թԽա% ա%կա,.>Դլ գ(;լ կպյաերա^ աա\. • 91 43* յ\թ.բեգխանւէա ք քիիակդԽաիաՆաա , կսաաոէճւգիա1ե»է$ 92 44 • Հք՚ս-է^ակաՏեէ պեասա^թ-եան քսէէժ%աւ.իք^ ^(է-ագաա յբ^ձ^ք/ն ձե.1տ . 94 45 Ա/՚^<–«՛ Հ«.«<^ափա՚ն պեա0ւ.թեա% կւ$րձ–ա՚ն»լյէ 95 Ա^4^, 4^^^ ւ\|>ք«ոէ«է^ է––շյէ^է 476 — 843– 46. Սձ^* Գ՚^Բ »7 47 . գ^ք>ռա%%երչլաւգա^ գադթակա%ասթե%կ% յսա^աք^ 98 48* գեքւմա%ակա%՚^$ւ.ոյկակաՆ պաաերազք • . • 99 49* \\՚լգ՚՚՚(1 գաղթ–ակաՆաա–թ–իւ%ը^ • • 101 50* ւ^՚֊/՚՚՚ք՛՛ ագգա^ գադթ-ասկաՆսսթ-եՆ^ եսք1քա. 104 51 ԳկմանՆեր^ ^ա^սմէակաՆ ^աղէ% վր-Ա» • • • 105 52. յձրեսեւէաՆգախ-աչքակ^րոէ-թիւնչլիաաւէա^իյէքլ 106 63՛ Լ»Նգսւէաբգա^է.>»չք ակքաւթիա^ւլ իաոէսւիայի մէք^ 107 54* Գ»ա.աա1ւնիա%»ա 108 55 * ^իա-պանգԽան պեաա»ւ.թ–եաՆ աՆկսէ֊աՌ • • • • 109 56. յՐ-ա^համՕ^ա 110 57. Աւ(\|է/»ա«^\|ք«է«.–^^ւ.Ն 112 58 • 1^ւֆբս՚պեսաաէ.թէաէւՆ Տ–ւսղկիչՆ «ւ. Աէնկսլւ/ի 114 59. ՀպքՔ 1Տ՚աքէղսլա%ա^ ու. Աք ա\|ա^^<–«»9 աաե% . . 117 60* ^"ԱՔ ^"՚ԳԸ""՛""^^^^ Ժամաեակ 119 61. ՀԼաւ,աւ%ակոսթէա.Ն 121 62 . Փ/"^^4"ւ0ք ակոա^թէէ^ւլ 124 63. \կար»Ա,ս \|քձ– * 126 64* Վյ^բաէօնի գաշէ%քւլ 129 65. ^ք^ա^ւայապեաուսկան սէբաէսքի՚ն էշխա»ւՆութ–եա^է ււկղթեւաէէ1֊որւ§է.թ–իս՚նչէ • . 130 843 - 1096. 66* գեբյւԱնիէս կարոչինկեաՆ^ աակ 132 67» Գ^եբմաՆիէս ւււ$կ^ասնակւս% կէգյսեբա^ սէէսկ 133 68* ԳեբէՈէձնէա փբանկ կէգյսէբաչք աակ .... 136 69. Գբէգ՚Ր է 137 70. ՚կոբմԽ\բ . 140 «յ–– Հ–.».–.^. - \օա^\^ո^^1աՀֆ 1096 –֊^291» 7\. \\ռաքէՆ խաչակիբ^ 143 72 . գեբ»1աէւիա՝ Հս^^-նշգասֆեա՚նչք աակ , • 145 73. 1Լաբու.%ակ»ւթիւ% 147 I 300 74. Հո<;հ1՚շգա>.ֆեա%յ վէրքք, 161 76– Նքկք՚՚քգ ^րքբգ. "՚֊ լ՚րր՚՚բգ հ՚^չ^էք-ԹԻ՛՛^ • 163 76. Հա^^վձա^ա% կպյար^սթիաձէւլ , . . 1Տ4 77 . <\|.««քւյ^ա* կապեաԽաձց աափ ~ վյքրքի% խաչակիբբ 156 78. ւօաչակրայ^ ադւ^^սւ.թիւյ1ւ^ եսքոպակա% ապէէաց վբպք 158 79* ^ա^ա^^պյապեաակաե իշիանււսթ–եա% ա§ՈքնաւՈքձ– քլարձրու֊թ-էւ^էե ալ. անկ»ւ.էԴ^ 160 80. քիւ»ւ֊բԱ՚հեա%ք 161 81. ^արէւսեակոսթիւն 166 րյ-է 1191 - 1517. 82 . գէրրէՈէւեիա՝ 1իսւ.ապՓք՚՛ Հապ€,պոէ.րկ^իի% աաե% 169 83. ^ասքփոա \,ա€,աէ.չքիՆ . - Ա^/>4:^7■ 11՛ Ա–"֊ արիայի% 170 84 Գ»եբէ1Խ՚եիա՝ \»ւ.քս^մպէ§ւրկեա՚ե կաա^ոԽբայ/ աակ • 172 85* գեքմաՆիա՝ \\ա.սարիակա% կա^փրաց աակ — \ յ^ւասէաաՆգիՆոսպսչոոք էէէա.ու.էՌ « ՚ • 175 I Տ^ ՚ Մ՚^՚Ի՚ԳԺ"՛^՛"՛ \^ 177 1 87. ^աաչիա 178 1 88. 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<p>I'm currently investigating <a href="https://github.com/worldveil/dejavu" rel="nofollow">dejavu.py</a> (<a href="http://willdrevo.com/fingerprinting-and-audio-recognition-with-python/" rel="nofollow">some more info</a>), and I must say that I am quite impressed by it so far. Though I do find that the docs are a bit incomplete when it comes to user interfacing.<br> When you recognise a song from file with <code>oDjv.recognize(FileRecognizer, sFile)</code>, you get returned a dictionary which looks like this: </p> <pre><code>{'song_id': 2, 'song_name': 'Sean-Fournier--Falling-For-You', 'file_sha1': 'A9D18B9B9DAA467350D1B6B249C36759282B962E', 'confidence': 127475, 'offset_seconds': 0.0, 'match_time': 32.23410487174988, 'offset': 0} </code></pre> <p>And from recording (<code>oDjv.recognize(MicrophoneRecognizer, seconds=iSecs)</code>): </p> <pre><code>{'song_id': 2, 'song_name': 'Sean-Fournier--Falling-For-You', 'file_sha1': 'A9D18B9B9DAA467350D1B6B249C36759282B962E', 'confidence': 124, 'offset_seconds': 24.89179, 'offset': 536} </code></pre> <p><strong>So, to the questions</strong>:<br> 1) What exactly is <code>confidence</code>, and is there an upper bounds for the confidence level?</p> <p>2) What is the difference between <code>offset_seconds</code> and <code>offset</code>?</p> <p>3) Why does it take the algorithm somewhere between 30 and 60 seconds (in the case of all tests I ran) to identify the song from disk, but it can do it in 10 or so seconds when recording audio?</p> <p>4) When running the function to record from audio, I get the following chunk of code preceding the actual output (even if successful) from the function. Where are we trying to go? </p> <pre><code>ALSA lib pcm_dmix.c:1022:(snd_pcm_dmix_open) unable to open slave ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.rear ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.center_lfe ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.side bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) ALSA lib pcm_dmix.c:1022:(snd_pcm_dmix_open) unable to open slave Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory Cannot connect to server request channel jack server is not running or cannot be started </code></pre> <p>5) Is there an online music Database that I can just plug into the config?</p> <pre><code>dConfig = { "database": { "host": "some magical music database", "user": "root", "passwd": "", "db": "dejavu" } } oDjv = Dejavu(dConfig) </code></pre>
Carlo Cudicini (born 6 September 1973) is a retired Italian football player who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a club ambassador and assistant to the first team head coach at Chelsea. Born in Milan, Carlo belongs to a family of footballers in which Fabio Cudicini, his father, played for A.C. Milan as a goalkeeper and Guglielmo Cudicini, his grandfather, was a defender who played for the Italian football club Ponziana. Further, he is the uncle of Matteo Cudicini who currently plays for Italian club Vigevano Calcio as a defender. Club career statistics \|- \|1991/92\|\|rowspan="2"\|Milan\|\|rowspan="2"\|Serie A\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|1992/93\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|1993/94\|\|Como\|\|Serie C1\|\|6\|\|0 \|- \|1994/95\|\|Milan\|\|Serie A\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|1995/96\|\|Prato\|\|Serie C1\|\|30\|\|0 \|- \|1996/97\|\|Lazio\|\|Serie A\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|1997/98\|\|rowspan="2"\|Castel di Sangro\|\|Serie B\|\|14\|\|0 \|- \|1998/99\|\|Serie C1\|\|32\|\|0 \|- \|1999/00\|\|rowspan="10"\|Chelsea\|\|rowspan="10"\|Premier League\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|2000/01\|\|24\|\|0 \|- \|2001/02\|\|28\|\|0 \|- \|2002/03\|\|36\|\|0 \|- \|2003/04\|\|26\|\|0 \|- \|2004/05\|\|3\|\|0 \|- \|2005/06\|\|4\|\|0 \|- \|2006/07\|\|8\|\|0 \|- \|2007/08\|\|10\|\|0 \|- \|2008/09\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|2008/09\|\|rowspan="2"\|Tottenham Hotspur\|\|rowspan="2"\|Premier League\|\|4\|\|0 \|- \|2009/10\|\|\|\| 83\|\|0 146\|\|0 229\|\|0 References 1973 births Living people Chelsea F.C. players Italian association football goalkeepers Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Sportspeople from Milan
John William Alan Okell OBE (; 1934 – 3 August 2020) was a British linguist. He was known for his studies related to Burma. Okell was born in Brighton, England. He retired from SOAS in 1999, although he remained a research associate in the Department of South East Asia. In 2014, in the Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to UK/Burma relations. He died on 3 August 2020 at the age of 86. References 1934 births 2020 deaths British educators British linguists
Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Station (羽田空港国内線ターミナル駅 Haneda-kūkō Kokunaisen Tāminaru eki) is a Railway station of Keihin Electric Express Railway (Keikyū) in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Adjacent stations Keihin Electric Express Railway (Keikyū) Airport Line Airport Ltd. Exp. Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Ltd. Express (Tokkyū) Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Ltd. Express (Kaitoku) Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Airport Express Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Local Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Railway stations in Tokyo
The Portuguese Communist Party is a communist, Marxist–Leninist political party in Portugal based upon democratic centralism. The party is characterized as being between the left-wing and far-left on the political spectrum. The Party was founded in 1921, establishing contacts with the Comintern in 1922. PCP was made illegal after a fascist coup in the late 1920s, the PCP played a major role in the opposition to the dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. During the five-decades-long dictatorship, the party was constantly suppressed by the political police, which forced its members to live in clandestine status under the threat of arrest, torture, and murder. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, which overthrew the 48-year regime, the 36 members of party's Central Committee had, in the aggregate, experienced more than 300 years in jail. After the end of the dictatorship, the party became a major political force of the new democratic regime. One of its goals, according to the party is to maintain its "vanguard role in the service of the class interests of the workers". The PCP is the fourth largest in the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic, where it holds 10 of the 230 assembly seats. The Party publishes the weekly Avante!, founded in 1931. Its youth organization is the Portuguese Communist Youth, a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. References
The Ant and the Aardvark is a series of 17 theatrical short cartoons produced at DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and released by United Artists between March 5, 1969 and June 16, 1971. Plot The cartoons follow attempts of a blue aardvark named Aardvark (voiced by John Byner impersonating comedian Jackie Mason), to catch and eat a red ant named Charlie (also voiced by John Byner, but impersonating Dean Martin. Aardvark does this by inhaling with a loud vacuum cleaner sound. In the episode Rough Brunch, he claims that his name is simply "Aardvark." Charlie Ant gives his nemesis several names as sly terms of endearment (Ol' Sam, Ol' Ben, Ol' Blue, Claude, Pal, Buddy, Daddy-O). In several bumper sequences of The Pink Panther Show, he is called "Blue Aardvark." Filmography All the voices were provided by John Byner unless otherwise noted. Production The Ant and the Aardvark series was originally released by United Artists. Seventeen theatrical shorts were produced in the original series, and were subsequently featured in various television syndication packages, usually shown with DFE's other characters such as the Pink Panther and The Inspector. Most of the 17 entries appear in their television syndication form (complete with an audible laugh track added by NBC-TV) on the video on demand service Amazon Video. When The Ant and the Aardvark first appeared on The New Pink Panther Show in the fall of 1971, the series became wildly popular, so much in fact that the duo became a featured part of the NBC series. Even though the 17 entries remained popular throughout the broadcast run of The Pink Panther Show, no new entries were produced. The series used several unique production techniques for the period. The aardvark's body was solid blue: his only clothes—a pair of blue shorts and matching T-shirt—were a matching blue. Similarly, Charlie Ant was solid red, and did not sport any clothing. As such, the character's solid colors allowed them to stand out clearly against the multi-colored backgrounds featured prominently in the series. Charlie also sported half-closed eyes, as a sign of a bon viveur. Musical director Doug Goodwin was responsible for the jazzy music score. Goodwin assembled an established group of jazz session musicians to perform the series' theme music and musical cues. For the first time in animated cartoons, all six musicians—Ray Brown, Billy Byers, Pete Candoli, Shelly Manne, Jimmy Rowles, and Tommy Tedesco—received on-screen credit. Art Leonardi was responsible for the main title graphic for all DePatie-Freleng entries. For The Ant and the Aardvark series, Leonardi expanded on a technique first introduced for the first Pink Panther cartoon, The Pink Phink. This entailed tearing paper into the forms of objects and characters to form stylized images. Additional characters There were additional minor characters in the series. Among them were the following: Cousin Term the Termite (Rough Brunch) Aunt Minerva, one of the Gi-ants (The Ant From Uncle) Tiny the Elephant, an ape, and a look-alike of Roland (from another DePatie-Freleng series, Roland and Rattfink) as Charlie Ant's lodge brothers (Mumbo Jumbo) An unnamed green aardvark, similar to the blue aardvark except barrel-chested instead of pot-bellied (I've Got Ants In My Plans and Odd Ant Out) Tiger, voiced by Marvin Miller (Scratch a Tiger) A Boris Karloff-sounding scientist (Science Friction) A nurse at an animal hospital, voiced by Athena Lorde (From Bed to Worse) An anteater-eating shark (Isle of Caprice) A nearsighted lifeguard who mistakes the Aardvark for a dog (Dune Bug) A toastmaster ant based on George Jessel (I've Got Ants in My Plans) German version In the German-dubbed versions of the cartoon, the male aardvark is transformed into a female anteater named Elise (Eliza). Charlie (voiced by Fred Maire) remains male; Elise is voiced by Marianne Wischmann. The cartoons are known under the title Die blaue Elise (Blue Eliza). Credits Producers: David H. DePatie, Friz Freleng Directors: Friz Freleng, Hawley Pratt, Gerry Chiniquy, Art Davis Story: John W. Dunn, Irv Spector, Dave Detiege, Sid Marcus, Larz Bourne, Dale Hale Animation: Warren Batchelder, Manny Gould, Manny Perez, Don Williams, Art Leonardi, Robert Taylor, Bob Goe, Tom Ray, Lloyd Vaughan, Bob Richardson, John Gibbs, Phil Roman, Robert Bentley, Ken Muse, Irv Spence Graphic Designers: Corny Cole, Dick Ung, Al Wilson, Lin Larsen Voices: John Byner, Marvin Miller, Athena Lorde Color Designer: Tom O'Laughlin, Richard H. Thomas Title Cards: Art Leonardi Production Supervisor: Jim Foss Coordinator: Harry Love Camera: John Burton Jr. Film Editor: Lee Gunther Musical Director: Doug Goodwin Musicians: Ray Brown - bass Billy Byers - trombone Pete Candoli - trumpet Jimmy Rowles - piano Tommy Tedesco - guitar/banjo Shelly Manne - drums Revivals The first revival featured the characters as part on the 1993 incarnation of The Pink Panther. The characters remained unchanged, though unlike the original 1969-1971 cartoons, they do not appear in their own segments but rather are included in segments featuring the Pink Panther (now voiced by Matt Frewer). John Byner returned to voice both Charlie Ant and the Aardvark. The second revival occurred in 2010 as part of Pink Panther and Pals. Eddie Garvar voices the Aardvark, who retains his previous characterization. Kel Mitchell, using his natural voice, voices the Ant. Home releases The complete series was digitally remastered and issued on its own single-disc DVD collection by MGM Home Entertainment/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in 2007 as Pink Panther and Friends, Volume 5: The Ant and the Aardvark. The complete series reappeared in January 2009 as part of the DVD collection Pink Panther & Friends Classic Cartoon Collection by MGM Home Entertainment, a 9-disc DVD set containing all Pink Panther, Ant and the Aardvark, Inspector and (for the first time on DVD) Roland and Rattfink cartoons. The Ant and the Aardvark was released onto Region 1/A Blu-ray and DVD on 27 April 2016. References Animated television series
Lyn Hancock is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author. She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals; her experiences while doing so have formed the basis of her 20 books, including There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag, There's a Raccoon in my Parka, Love Affair with a Cougar, and Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon. She has also written travel literature describing her experiences in the Canadian North. The Simon Fraser University has awarded her one of the 2009 Outstanding Alumni Awards for Arts & Culture. Books written There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag (1972) Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands (1974) The Mighty Mackenzie (1974) There's a Raccoon in my Parka (1977) Love Affair with a Cougar (1978) An Ape Came out of my Hatbox (1979) Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait (1979) Gypsy in the Classroom (1980) Tell Me, Grandmother (1985) Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier (1986) Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure (1988) Nunavut (1995) Looking for the Wild (1996) Winging It in the North (1996) Yukon (1996) Northwest Territories (1997) Western Canada Travel Smart (1998) Destination Vancouver: a Port City (1998) Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon (2006) Awards For There is a Racoon in my Parka: 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice For There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag: 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection For Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award References People from Perth, Western Australia Living people Australian writers People from British Columbia Photographers Year of birth missing (living people)
<p>I am using CppUTest in eclipse-cdt(ubuntu 14.0). For inherits of C function in CppUTest I should write,</p> <pre><code>extern "C" { } </code></pre> <p>Is any alternative to inherit all C project into Cpp for CppUTest ?</p> <p>What is the disadvantages of extern in CppUTest?</p>
Barnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. Related pages Communes of the Ardèche department Communes in Ardèche
The Premier of the Virgin Islands is the head of government for the British Virgin Islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the Premier is appointed by the Governor on behalf of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The current Premier is Andrew Fahie. He is serving since 26 February 2019. List References
Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery. Related pages Biathlon's two sports disciplines: Cross-Country Skiing Rifle shooting Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon): Duathlon Nordic Combined Triathlon Pentathlon Modern pentathlon Heptathlon Decathlon Other websites Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998 – The official IBU rule book, with annexes Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc. Russian Biathlon Union (rus) Russian Biathlon Union(eng) Biathlon Canada Biathlon Alberta U.S. Biathlon Association U.S. Archery Biathlon History of Biathlon Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge Biathlon on OLN TV Biathlon on DVD Biathlon Russia Biathlon Ukraine BiathlonFrance.com Skiing Sport shooting
The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a spaceport in Merritt Island, Florida, USA. It is one of the ten main locations of NASA.Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been the main launch center of human spaceflight of the United States. It borders on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which helps the Space Center. Facilities There are about 700 facilities and buildings in the of KSC. The unique facilities of KSC are the tall "Vehicle Assembly Building", the Launch Complex 39 (39A, 39B and 39C), the long "Shuttle Landing Facility", the 4-storey tall "Launch Control Center", and the "Visitor Complex". Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 The Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of KSC. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use. Shuttle Landing Facility The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) is an airport of KSC. It was used for landing of the Space Shuttle until 2011. It is also used for take offs and landings for NASA airplanes, for example the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and some civilian airplanes. Launch Control Center The Launch Control Center (LCC) is a building at KSC. It controls the rocket launches from Launch Complex 39. Factories Several factory buildings are on-site at KSC, for the manufacture and processing of space station components. They include the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C). Visitor Complex The Visitor Complex is the visitor center of KSC. It has exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, movies, and a bus tour of the KSC. , about 1,700,000 people visited the center. Total launches Related pages Baikonur Cosmodrome Cape Canaveral Air Force Station List of tallest structures in the world NASA References NASA Spaceports Buildings and structures in Florida
Events Charles V becomes King of France. May 12 – Foundation of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. September 29 – The Breton War of Succession ends with the victory of the House of Montfort at the battle of Auray. Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Costantinoples and Prince of Taranto. Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India). Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (now part of southern India). The Ava Dynasty establish rule in present-day northern Burma. Births November 30 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (died 1390) Gyaltsab Je, first throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (died 1432) Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1431) Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian humanist (died 1437) Qazi Zadeh, Persian mathematician (died 1436) Christine de Pizan (died 1430) Deaths April 8 – King John II of France (born 1319) June 30 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1297) August 5 – Emperor Kogon of Japan (born 1313) September 29 – Charles, Duke of Brittany Gajah Mada, prime minister of the Majapahit empire King Valdemar III of Denmark (born 1314) Rana Hamir Singh, ruler of Mewar Anavota Reddy, ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh
The Great Glen is a series of glens in Scotland. It runs 100 kilometres from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe. The Great Glen follows a large geological fault known as the Great Glen Fault. It bisects the Scottish Highlands into the Grampian Mountains to the southeast and the Northwest Highlands to the northwest. The Glen is a natural travelling route in the Highlands of Scotland. It is used by both the Caledonian Canal and the A82 road, which link the city of Inverness on the east coast with Fort William on the West. Geography and social history It was important in controlling the Highland Scottish clans, particularly in the Jacobite uprisings of the 18th century. This is recognised by the towns of Fort William (population ~10,000) in the south, Fort Augustus (popln. 600+) in the middle of the Glen, and Fort George (to this day an army barracks), just to the north of Inverness. These settlements were built by the British Army to control the Highlands in the 17th/18th centuries. Fort William is now a significant town. Despite the difficult terrain, Fort William has rail connection with Glasgow in the south and Mallaig on the north-west coast. It is a tourism centre. The Caledonian Canal connects it with Inverness. Much of the Glen is taken up with a series of lochs, with rivers connecting them. The Caledonian Canal also uses the lochs as part of the route, but the rivers are not navigable. From northeast to southwest, the natural water features along the Great Glen are: River Ness Loch Dochfour Loch Ness River Oich Loch Oich Loch Lochy River Lochy Loch Linnhe The watershed, or water-divide, lies between Loch Oich and Loch Lochy. Loch Linnhe to the south of Fort William is a sea-loch into which both the River Lochy and Caledonian Canal emerge. At the north end, the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. Great Glen Fault The Great Glen Fault is a long strike-slip fault that runs through its namesake the Great Glen in Scotland. The fault is actually much longer, and over 400 million years old. It extends in both directions beyond mainland Scotland. Position Aligned northeast to southwest, the Great Glen Fault extends further southwest in a straight line into northwestern Ireland, directly through Lough Foyle, Donegal Bay and Clew Bay. To the northeast the fault continues, before becoming obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting to the north of Shetland. The fault continues on the North American side of the North Atlantic Ocean, but is no longer part of a continuous fault. The complete fault was broken when the Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed 200 million years ago. The North American side of the fault runs the length of northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at least 300 miles (480 km) long. History The Great Glen Fault has a long history of movements. It formed towards the end of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain building). It was caused by the collision of tectonic plates at the end of the Silurian period. The rifting continued into the early Devonian. The fault first happened about 430–390 million years ago. The second main phase of movement was during the Carboniferous. The exact timing is uncertain. Folds in Devonian rocks are cut by members of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian dyke swarm. The Great Glen Fault had its final phase of movement during the Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary. The displacement (of one side compared to the other) is about 64 miles (104 km). Weathering along the fault zone during Quaternary glaciation formed the famous Loch Ness. The fault is mostly inactive today, but occasional moderate tremors have been recorded over the past 150 years. Notes Geography of Scotland Valleys
Wajib ( Wājib, "Duty") is a 2017 Palestinian French Colombian German United Arab Emirates Qatari Norwegian drama movie directed by Annamarie Jacir and starring Mohammad Bakri, Saleh Bakri, Maria Zreik. Other websites 2017 drama movies 2010s road movies Palestinian movies French drama movies Colombian movies German drama movies United Arab Emirates movies Qatari movies Norwegian movies Movies directed by Annamarie Jacir
The 1987 Burkinabé coup d'état was a coup d'état by the Burkina Faso Armed Forces. It happened in Ouagadougou on 15 October 1987. It was started by Captain Blaise Compaoré against the President Thomas Sankara, who was his friend. References 1987 20th century in Africa Coups d'état 1987 coup d'état October events Ouagadougou
<p>I have an SSL certificate that I am using to secure port 443 (HTTPS) on my nginx server running on Ubuntu for about 10 months now.</p> <p>When I bought the cert, I got it for one year, so I have about 2 more months with this certificate. My question is: "When I renew this cert, Will I just need to pay for renewal? or will I have to re-issue the cert with a new CSR, and have a potential downtime while installing?</p> <p>I need to plan for any downtime from now.</p> <p>Thanks in advance for your answers.</p>
FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk (Russian: ФК Енисей Красноярск) is a football club from Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The team currently plays in the Russian Premier League. The club was founded in 1937 as Lokomotiv Krasnoyarsk. They currently play at the Central Stadium, which has a capacity of around 22,500 people. The current head coach is Dmitri Alenichev. Yenisey Krasnoyarsk was promoted to the Russian Premier League after defeating Anzhi Makhachkala in the relegation play-offs. This is the first time the club will play in the Russian Premier League. Squad References Other websites Official website Russian football clubs 1937 establishments
<p>I am not sure whether it is suitable to ask this question here, but I will try to explain my question as clearly as possible.</p> <p>I have a machine to control. Basic operation functions (e.g. move, open doors, wait for commands, etc.), interfaces, etc are all writen in C++, and we need to write some service scripts in lua. The pseudo codes of service scripts are like:</p> <pre><code> * define the service name and give some description * declare the task address * declare the input and output class name * list the input plugin files * define a "run" function -- publish the machine state -- initialize the machine -- wait for commands -- call the "service" function -- wait for stop command * define a "service" function -- set the service state to be true -- move the car to destination -- open the door for a while -- close the door * after the service is finished, send a "finish" flag to the center handler. </code></pre> <p>In this pseudo code, we have 2 functions, and lines started with "--" are usually basic operation functions written in C++ or functions defined in other lua plugin files. </p> <p>I have written very simple C++ code and Lua script before and connected them. But they are just like pass a table of numbers from C++ to lua, use functions in lua to calculate the sum/factorial/sqaure... and then pass the result back to C++ and print out. In such exercises, I just used functions such as lua_State *L; L = luaL_newstate(); luaL_openlibs(); luaL_loadfile(); lua_pcall(); lua_tostring(); lua_tonumber(); ......</p> <p>But now I need to handle such a complicated lua script and C++ code system. I think simply doing what I used to do is not enough....I was wondering whether there is a specific way to parse the lua script, get value of each component (task address, function, etc..) and save them in C++ code, then probably it will be easier for me to connect the extracted component to existing C++ functions.... </p> <p>Or is this possible: just return everything (including values, functions, etc...) from lua in the form of table, then I write a C++ code to read the table and save the values, and then I connect the extracted items to existing C++ functions....</p> <p>I am not sure whether I make my question clearly...I am newbie in Lua and I think there is a large deal of greatness of Lua that I haven't found..I know people say that Lua is a light and fast language and I want to make the most of it. If you understand my question and have better ideas to solve my problem, I will be more than happy to learn! </p>
Ernest Jennings Ford (February 13, 1919 – October 17, 1991) was an American country music and gospel singer and actor. He served in World War II as a bombardier and flew missions over Japan. He made 57 studio albums and had 83 singles during the course of his musical career. In 1955 he sang the song Sixteen Tons. He snapped his fingers on the recording. The song sold over a million copies. He won a Grammy Award in 1964 for best album. He hosted a daytime talk/variety show from 1962 to 1965 known as The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show (later Hello, Peapickers). He was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1990 and was also elected into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1994. He died of liver failure on October 17, 1991 in Reston, Virginia. Other websites Tennessee Ernie Ford's Official website References 1919 births 1991 deaths Deaths from liver failure Singers from Tennessee American television actors Musicians from Tennessee American guitarists Country musicians Gospel musicians Grammy Award winners American television personalities Actors from Tennessee
Janet Heijnert is a Dutch water polo player. She competed for the Dutch women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships and 1983 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Dutch water polo players
<p>HTML Code:</p> <pre><code><!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head></head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"> <div class="sheet" style="width:80%;max-width:1024px;height:400px;"></div> </body> </html> </code></pre> <p>CSS Code:</p> <pre><code>html, body { min-height: 100%; margin: 0; padding: 0 } body { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex-direction: column; } .sheet { background-color: red } </code></pre> <p>What I expected to see was a red rectangle floating in the middle of the screen but what I get is the rectangle being at the top-middle.</p> <p>It never worked in FF, it worked in chrome before adding the DOCTYPE tag but after that it no longer works in chrome either.</p> <p>What does work is when I use <code>height</code> instead of <code>min-height</code> but I don't want to pin down the height value to the size of the screen since I may need it when containers long enough to scroll come into play.</p>
<p>Is it possible, in a script executed in MS SQL Server 2005, to copy a trigger from one database to another?</p> <p>I've been asked to write a test script for a trigger my project is using. Our test structure is to create an empty database containing only the object under test, then execute a script on that database that creates all the other objects needed for the test, fills them, runs whatever tests are needed, compares the results against expected results, and then drops everything except the object under test.</p> <p>I can't just create a database that is empty except for the trigger, because the trigger depends on several tables. My test script currently runs the CREATE TRIGGER after all the required tables are created, but this won't do because the test script isn't allowed to contain the object under test.</p> <p>What's been suggested is that, instead of running a CREATE TRIGGER, I somehow copy the trigger at that point in the script from the live database to the test database. I've had a quick Google and haven't found a way to do this. Thus my question - is this even possible, and if so, how can I do it?</p>
Angling is a way of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a fishing line. The line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel. The reel is used for storing, getting back and paying out the line. The hook itself can have lures or bait added to attract fish. Angling is the main method of sport fishing. Some commercial fisheries also use angling. Catch and release fishing is done by more and more recreational fishermen. Fishing Animal rights
Kim Ki-Su (born 5 August 1982) is a North Korean association football player. Club career statistics \|- \|2005\|\|rowspan="3"\|Mito Hollyhock\|\|rowspan="3"\|J. League 2\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0 \|- \|2006\|\|19\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|20\|\|1 \|- \|2007\|\|18\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|19\|\|1 \|- \|2008\|\|rowspan="3"\|Fukushima United\|\|rowspan="3"\|Regional Leagues\|\|13\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|14\|\|2 \|- \|2009\|\|12\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|15\|\|0 \|- \|2010\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| 65\|\|4\|\|6\|\|0\|\|71\|\|4 65\|\|4\|\|6\|\|0\|\|71\|\|4 \|} References 1982 births Living people North Korean footballers
Xi'an-Yuxia Railway，also Xi'an-Huxian Railway.from Longhai railway Sanmincun Railway Station.go pass Lianhu,Weiyang,Yanta,Chang'an ,Huyi.Yuxia Railway Station is at the end of it. References Shaanxi
Joachim Sauer (born 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He was born in Hosena, Brandenburg. Sauer has two sons by his first wife. He married Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel on 30 December 1998. 1949 births Living people East German people German academics German chemists People from Brandenburg
iV ^. ^// <2c^ J :sc 11 O ?J^« . X, h{ Ptifovac\j & ovum i V'"1 -townjevitoi — V f / — t sn A* m:o ...••„ I firttr/an e* ° «T? 7?^^ ^-^ Poporthl 6 fa t*\\ Brmndal )pbod VT ' 1 «H <czero V n 2tf ^^$W — Jelestooo JA ^Ublrre ^Qvcine A lorcr. 32<i0 opito tea J» ...'; LotinjiT fioberskty seJo 4 VisryeMo Jax* Wc lojano\ esrw-4 ujjjjfrie& Uttt»na«t \ \ J ■yfuaarooie 3 ^. Spas2%?4 f © Mesto $ Sumouu/koit'l ZHZlsilriiee O Jfcff t KldJtter i>r.'.uiij horake -&-^- Tyrz A VrtH (vyskave ri/lewhych vstopdckj h vysl4>vjako ch . fy ' q __ '>, 3 tf 1\S 2\0 Sl\5 / mil rakouskych. SO Cel6 jihoslovansk6 bojiste. Strategicke pomery Dalmatska, Bosny, Hercegoviny a Cerne Hory. Sepsal •h Edvard RiifFer. S dveraa dfevorytinarai a mapou bojiste povstai / Tiskem a nakladem dra. Edv. GrSgra. 1870. 3\5 tsMT/ft Aasady strategic jsou velmi jednoduche* ) a pfece je tak ne- snadno valku v^sti. Hlavni pfifiiny toho jsou, ie je skoro nemozno, miti bezpecne\ ur&te" zpravy o slle a postaveni nepfitelove" a o za- mSrech a opatfenfch jeho. Ov§em se dovf vfidce rozliCne" zpravy, zda2 jim ale mfize zcela duv^fovati? Otazka tato zpfisobuje v nej- vlce pflpadech jakousi neodhodlanost a Casto i nenahraditelne pro- meSkanf casu. K tomu druzi se i obtfZe a promeSkani zpusobene* prepravou vojska, az pfili§ casto makavy nedostatek znamosti mista u podvelitelu a nemotornost jejich v obtfznych a odvazlivych podnicich. Konecne schazf obyCejne" tim, ze jen zfidka kdy zcela urfiite" se napfed vypo5itati da, kdy valka podniknuta se skonfii, zevrubuost v ueincfch, k nim2 se pracuje, kterou jen pravi strategove" z bozi milosti, jich2 tak pofidku se nachazi, Zenialnimi prostfedky vyrovnati dovedou. Pouha pravidla strategicka a takticka nikomu tedy nedostacX Theorie casto pfi kaM6m kroku narazl na odbojnou skutecnost, a skutecne" zdanf v8ci shoduje se velmi zfidka s rozpoCtem, jejz" si vojevfidce pfed pofietlm svych podniku sestavil. Hlavnim tikolem stratega, prvnf podminka zdaru a nejlepSf znamkou proti nezdaru je a zustane vzcly jedine" zevrubna znalost vlastnich sil a prostfedkfl, jez" jim jsou po ruce, jakoz i pravS takova znalosf jevi§t6 valecn6ho a prav6, pokud mozno, seznani a posouzeni poCtu, vlastnosti a povahy nepfitele. Ponevadi povstanf, ktere" vy- puklo na jihu dalmatskem, snadno rozmeru mnohem povazlivtpfch nabyti mu2e, pokusfme se podati Ctenaium svym co mozna jasny nazor jevistS povstani, jake* je posud a jake* jeSte dale byti mule. Pozorujme pfedevifm mlstopfsnou polohu Dalmatska. Dalmatsko. Kralovstvi dalmatska, nejjiznejsf Cast mocnafstvf rakousk^ho, je uzka zeme" pobfezni na vychodni strand jadersk6ho more lezicf mezi ) Tyto zasady zalezi, jak znamo, jen v nalezeni vhodneho operacniho mfsta proti neph'teli, v zevrubn6 znalosti zeme a lidi, v zasade, veSkerych sil co mozna upotfebiti, voje na mistS, kde hlavni boj strhnouti se ma, co nejvice soustfediti. Netratiti casu, nybrz s rozvahou a prec rychle k cinu a od Sinu zas k jin6mu kraceti;vzfskanych vysledkfi dokonale vykoi'istiti ; i mezi vitezstvfm moznou zmgnu Stesteny na zreteli miti a tudiz vsidy mysliti, na zabezpeceni pochodu zpatecn^ho. 1 44° 45' 21" a 42° 10' 12" several Sifky a mezi 32° 25' 29" a 36° 38' 30" v^chodni d61ky. Na severu hranifcf s chorvatskou Vo- jenskou Hranicf, na vychode s Tureckem a Cernou Horou, na jihu a zapadu s mofem. Nejv£t§i delka jeho obnaSl 75 mil, nejv6t§i §ifka 10 mil, plocha 2324 □ mil. V lets dostafci tfi dni, aby se dojelo po parniku od jednoho konce ke druhemu, ale v zim$ panuje bora na pobreZi dalmatskem a «5ast6 boufe prudk6 znesnadnuji naramnS spojeni po mofi s ostatnimi zememi rakouskymi, coz pfi povstani kotorskem se nesmf co dulezity Cinitel pustiti se zfetele, nebot ra- kousk6 vojsko proti povstalcum vyslane" musf mlti stfedi§te" operaci svych v Terstu a cmiti po mofi utok na Dalmacii. Zem& ale je ha- jena lidem velmi bojovnym a od mladi zbrani uvyklym a pfi torn nad miru chudym, tak ie vojsko musi vsechny zasoby a potfeby voziti za sebou, coi cmi valku s Dalmatskem velmi drahou a ob- tiznou, zvlaSte" v nynej§f nepfiznive" dob§ rocni, bohat6 na prudkS boufe. Vojsko rakousk6 rnuze byti nepohodami v Dalmatsku panu- jicimi tfeba na n&kolik dni odtrifeno od stfedu operaci svych a octnouti se ve velmi kritickem postaveni, nedostane-li v cas posily a zasob potravnfch. K tomu se druizi je§tS nemenS nepfizniva okolnost pro vojsko, ie na jihu turecky okres klecky oddSluje okres dubrovnicky od several casti zemS a druhy okres turecky, Suttorina, op§t okres kotorsky od dubrovnick6ho. Tim jest tedy i silnice, jiz pod61 po- bfe2f se tahne, pfetrzena uzemim, kter6 obydleno jest lidem s po- vstalci spffznenym, pfibuznym, jenz v povstanich velmi jsa zbehly a zkuSeny v boji horskem, svou zemf (Hercegovinou) pravS jako Cerna Hora vlastni strategicke stfedisko povstalcii dalmatskych tvoff. Ra- kousko musilo vzdy jak v Cas valek zevn6j§ich tak i v miru litovati, ie ma Dalmatsko bez Bosny a Hercegoviny ; povstalci ale jsou v Sfastnych okolnostech, ze mohou beze strachu pfi v§ech podnicich svych opirati se o tyto dv6 zeme\ Tak msti se op6t dlouholeta, v stejn6 mife nesfastna jako ne- japna politika videnskeho kabinetu v otazce vychodni, ona jedind je vinna tim, ze Bosna' a Hercegovina, a6 jiz byly princem Eugenem Savojskym pro dum habsbursky vydobyty, nestaly se casfrni cisafstvi rakouskGho, nybrz" ie pfi Turecku zustaly. Turecko vsak nebude nikdy s to, tentokrate Rakousku starou lasku a pfatelstvi splatiti a nahraditi velk6 zajmy, pro kter6 by nyni Rakousku na torn z&lefelo, aby m§lo Bosnu a Hercegovinu. Pfi takovych pomerech jest jiz zevnejsf pohled na Dalmatsko pro vojevudce, ktery je ma valkou pfekonati, velmi malo svfidny a v^sledek dobr^ slibujicf. ZevnejSf tento pohled na Dalmatsko lief Ida z Diiringsfeldu temito uchvatnymi slovy: „Zadne zem£ nelze tak snadno a tak t62ko poznati, jako Dal- macii. Tu fada ostruvku, tam uzky pas pobfe^nf, ktery misty pro- tvien jest pohofim, konecnS fady hor, za nimiz leii fi§e tajemna, ze kter6 Morlakov6 sestupujf. Ostr&vky v£t§f i men§i, ostrovy a skaliny jednotlive" i ve skupenich, v§ecky strm6 a skalnat6, zelenou posety myrtou a limbou (pinii), vonnou salvejf a rozmarinou, plav6 aloem a bflou r6vou. Pobfe^i, kde rovn6 je, tam s bujnou je olivou a Ser- n^mi hrozny, tmave vavfinem a cypfiSi; tu a tam bazmate\ nikde ale stinn6, ac" v Iiojnosti tu stromu fikovych a marusovych ; kde vsak hornate\ tam srazne" a blede\ parn6 a omamujicf, pust6 jest i nepo- hostinne\ Hory blize i dale od more, vySSi i ni^Ii, na pate tenine" rostlinstvem pobfezuim, na temenu Casern (jako na pfiklad nyni) jasn6 sn6hem, stale se lesknouci v barvach pfekrasnych. Za nimi, v fi§i te tajenme, luka a stada, kukurice a mednik, les posledni a posledni zvef. Dalmatsko je zemf protiv! Jak bohato je more, tak chuda je zeme" — jak skoupa je pfiroda na rostlinstvo potfebn6, tak Stedra na plody, jez slouzf nadhefe." Posledni slovo zni pro stratega, jenz vzdy na zasobovani vojska sveho mysliti ma, zajist6 velmi ne- pfijemnS. Dalmacie ma jako uzeini Terstu a Istrie bfehy hluboko rozryt6, pfi torn vysokS, srazn6 a skalnate\ Pfed nimi le2ici Setae" skalnate" ostrovy jsou od nich oddeleny nzkymi, za to v§ak velmi hlubokymi vodnimi drahami, ktere" necmi-li uskali a inenSi „scogliu plavbu ne- bezpecnou a namahavou, i velkym lodem valecnym pfibliftti se k bfehu az na dostfel dovoluji a zatocinami svymi, stfidanim se a malou Sifkou tim spi§e s velkym proudem porovnati se dajf, ano proudgni more k severu temito prulivy velmi silne" jest a plavbu ve smSru tomto v t6mze pomfiru ulehcuje jako v opacnem stgzuje. Tento zaji- mavy ukaz zasluhuje pravS v neprizniv6 dobe rocnf povSimnutf. Co se pudy ty£e, jest Dalmacie hornatina, cmici stupnovinu, jiz hfbet se co prodlouzeni julickych Alp uherskym pfimofim na jih tahne a stale bfehu se pfiblizuje, a2 s Velebicem do Dalmatska sestoupi, jehoz hfebeu (arete) hranici k Horvatsku tvofi. Popatrme nyni blize na tuto dalmatskou soustavu hor, abychom si jeSte" vice znazornili obtize, jim2 musi vojsko proti povstalcum bojujici ve valce horsk6, jiz rovnez tak je lopotna jako nebezpecna a zahubna, vzdorovati. Nejvy§§i vrcholy hor jsou pfedevsim: Vrch Miza, jimz se jizne od Carlopago pohofi zvySuje, Vichtenura (5158'), Monte santo neb Sveto Brdo (5569'), Socro (4138'), Zerropaz (4271'), kde se pasmo k prosmyku Czmannsk6mu sklani a se na druh6 Strang k Urlici vyvysuje, jez Sim hranicni kamen trojitych hranic a sice dalmatskS, horvatsku a bosenske\ Tento uzel horsky je pro ten pfipad dulezity, kdyby povstani vStSich rozmfiru nabylo a Cernou Horou a Bosnou podporovano i Horvatsko uchvatilo. Od Urlice deli se velmi znacn6 pasmo, kter6 v jihovychodnim smeru hranice zeme tvofi a jehoz vynikajici vyvySeniny : Oslov (3824'), Monte Dinara (5728'), Gniath, Jancreve, Sternica, Gradina a vrchi Tovarnica jsou. V ImoSi opou&tf pasmo, kter6 jiz na pahorkatinu skleslo, zemi, vyvySuje se ale opet znacne na druh6 strany Narenty. U paty tohoto velehorstva, jez" „dalmatskymi" neb „dinarickymi Al- pami" se nazyvaji, lezi zem§, jako zmotanina kotlinatych prohlubenin, uzkyeh udoli se struhami hluboko zabihajicimi, malymi jezery, ztra- cejicimi se potoky a jednotlivymi jen vyvy§eninami. K mofi klesa vSude kolmym pobfezim, ktere' na dosti velkou vzdalenosf k vySMiory vystupuje a druhe horske pasmo tvofi. Toto objfma co holy, skalnaty fetez s uzkymi, ryhovanymi hfebeny pobfezi od Zadru az ku Eotoru a je§te" dale i nazyva se Svitaja gora, Tartar, Karban, Mossor a Bi- occova, vystupuje takt6z vysoko , ano dosahuje u Monte Bioccova 5520' a v uzemi kotorsk&n, Pasvem a Orienem i 5623' a 6004' vy§ky nad hladinou mofskou. I v niZM casti vynika skalnatymi, ma- lebnymi obrysy. Skoro vsude jevi nedostatek luk a lesu, jez se jen v udoli, zfidka kdy na vysmach nachazeji. Jest proryto Kerkou, Ce- tynou a Narentou, jez mnoistvfm vody, je§t6 vice v§ak jakosti svych udoli za „ velmi podstatu6 oddily pudyu povazovati se musl a to tfm vice, ano malo jen mostu pfes feky tyto se nachazi, kter6 casto u Cetyn§ i zcela sch&zeji. Za pasmo tfeti, jez ale zcela oddeleno od ostatnich a rozdrobeno rovnob$zn6 s nimi se tahne, mu2eme miti fady dalmatskych ostrovu, kter6 v§ecky srazne" jsouce a skalnate" a taktez* rozervane* k vy§i az 1800—2000' nad more se vypinajf. VeSkere" dalmatske" hory jsou jakozto vapencove" hory rozervany, na vetsinS strme, ho\6 skaly, je2 jednotlivymi skalisky k vrcholum svym dosahujf. Jsou velmi bohaty na propasti a dutiny, z nichz" az" posavade skoro ani jedina neni fadn6 proskoumana. Take" tyto dutiny, je2 pouze polodivokemu obyvatelstvu hor znamy jsou, prospivaji velmi po- vstalcfim. V techto mohou si sv6 sklady zfiditi, z nich nenadale vy- raziti, jako^ i pfed pronasledujicim vojskem zmizeti, aby pak jako blesk nenadale, jako by ze zem6 byli vyrostli, jemu v zadu se objevili. PohlednSme nyni na spojovaci prostfedky zeme. Po pevne" zemi je Dalmacie velmi nepfistupna, ano horstvo ji obklicujici skoro neobydleno jest a velmi drsnate\ Jsouf vy&ny Vele- bice obycejnS az* do konce dubna, Prologu a Casto i Bioccova az do konce kvStna nSkdy jestfi i v Cervnu sn6hem pokryty, kdezto na po- bfezi podnebi vla§sk6 panuje, Cest vozovych ve vnitru zeme schazf skoro zcela. Jedina silnice, jez- tarn vede, deli se od chorvatsk6, Liccou do Knina pfed Cerjem a vede v mnohych zahybech pfes Pragh na hofe Velebici do Obbrovazza k Crmani a podel sam6ho more okolo Carino do Zadru. Cesta z Kninu u paty pohofi Prolozskeho, pfes Ver- licci udolim Cetyny stava se teprv u Signa silnici, ktera pak pfes Xuppu, Vergoraz okolo jezera Jezero a2 do Torre di Norin k NarentS se tahne. Dale vedou skoro jen cesty pro soumary nebo silnice druhe" tfidy uzemim dubrovnickym a kotorskym. Do Cern6 Hory vedou jen cesty pro soumary, nebof Francouzove\ jimz silnice, pokud jak6„. jsou, puvodem svym jsou povinny, nebyli s to, to prosaditi, aby jim Cerno- horci dovolili skrze uzemi sv6 silnici pro vojsko zaloftti. Nadarmo nabizeli synum Cernych hor, ze dulezitou tuto silnici jim zcela zdarma vystavf. Cernohorci, ktefi s pravem velmi na nepfistupnosti svych hor si zakladaji, nechteli o tomto velkomyslnSm daru praniceho slySeti. Od te doby ubShlo vice nez" pul stoleti a pfec se rakouska vlada moudre" myS16nky marsala Ma'rmonta nikdy vice nechopila, afikoliv 2enialn§j§i politikou vychodni zajiste snaze nez tenkrate Francouzov6 Cernohorce k tomu mohla pfiv^sti, aby stavbu silnice alespon jednim dilem zeme sv6 dovolili. Hfichy opominuti se ale vMy od 6asu k casu t§2ce msti. Nahofe dotCena silnice stoji s krajin&mi pobfeznfmi dvemi lepSimi silnicemi ve spojeni : Prvni z techto vede z Kninu neb Verlice pfes Dernis do Sebenica, druha ze Signu pfes prusmyk Klissky do Splita. PoStovni cesta ze Zadru pfes Gorki, Ostrovici, Skardonu, Sibenik, Traci a podel pobfezi pfes Solonu do Splita jest misty silnici. 7* V§ecky ostatnf spojovaci prostfedky jsou s malymi vyminkami spatne" a obtfzue" cesty uvozove\ Do Hercegoviuy vedou jen dve lep§l cesty, jez by se konecne" bez velkgho namahanf i pro potfebu povozu vojeuskych zfiditi daly, totiz: Velmi uSlapana cesta pro soumary ze Splita pfes Sign, prosmykem Bilibriifekym a pfes pasmo Plolozsk6 pfes Livno, tivozy Suicske" a pfes vysocmu KupreSskou Skupiu v udoli VerbasovS do Travniku — a pak cesta soumaroya z pevnfistky Opus, podel Narenty vzhfiru pfes Metkovic" do Mostyru, d&le prusmykem Cognicskym op8t podle Narenty a pfes hlavni hfbet pohofl Ivanova do Bosna-Seraje. VSecky ostatnf cesty jizdne" a pg§i pfes hory pohranicne' jsou obtizne* a velmi nepfihodne* pro tazeni vojska pravideln^ho. Obchod mezi pobfeznymi misty skoro vyhradne se deje po vodS, obchod s vni- trem zem6 vyhradne" soumary. Vozu jest velmi malo v zemi. Mimo cesty soumarove* 5inf dalSf postup kameni a ro§ti skoro nemoinym. MnoSstvf trnitych kfoyin tvofi ohrady, jimiz vsecka pole jsou obkliCena a jsou takto velkou, skoro nepfekonatelnou pfekazkou pro vojsko pravidelne\ Mnoha krajina se stava jimi zcela neschudnou. Boka Kotorska, zaliv to £tyfi mile do zeme" zasahujici se Ctyrmi uzmami a starym Emporium kotorskym, plati pravem i za krajinu pro obchod, zvla§t6 dokonCenim pruplavu Suezskeho duleMtou, jakoz" i za dulezity bod strategicky. Ve spisech, jich2 se co Skolnfch knih pro vys§f rakousk6 vojenske" ustavy uziva, stoji doslovn6: „Boku ko- torskou lze tak za klic" k mofi j&derskemu a jeho pobfezJ povaZovati jako jest Korfu klffiem k mofi stfedozemnimu." A to je zajiste" pravda. Co pak se ale vzhledem k tomuto zcela pravdivemu uznani se strany Rakouska ucinilo, aby si pojistilo tento „klfC mofe jadersk^ho?" Vy- stavelo si ngkolik pevnustek a srubu podel Cernohorskych hranic — to bylo vse. Pohl6dne§-li vsak v Kotoru z okna, vidi§ stale hrozici, ohromne vysoke", pfi§ern6 blfzke" hory cernohorske. Jakou ochranu podava pevnustka San Giovanni proti temto horam? VhodnS pravi Ida z Duringsfeldu : „Popatfi-li se v Kotofe, jake" je po5asi, nespatfi se poCasi, nybrz Cerna Hora; chceS-li k nebi pohl6dnouti, neuvidis toho, nybrz Cernou Horu. Tak jako v arabskych bachorkach duch na ramenou jak£hosi negfastneho, tak tfzi Cerna Hora siji Kotoru." A mimo to pfipomi'na Kotor je§te velmi zive" boficich kuli, jez Cerna Hora jemu z Vermazu vysilala, kdyz jsa- prave francouzsky mermomoci ruskym se stati chtel. Jaka opatfeni se od toho casu ve Vfdni stala proto, aby se pfi pfilefttosti neobnovil tento byvaly pfipad s kulemi boffcimi? Moudra vychodni politika vlady rakouske" byla by za to, kdyby Cernohorcum „bez prace" turecky pfistav Spizzu na albansk6m pobfezi byla zao- patfila a ostatne se pfatelsky k synum Cerne" Hory chovala, toho do- sahla, ze by ji byla (3erna Hora nejnebezpecnejsf dil zeme" za Kotorem odstoupila. Spizza by byla ostatnfi Cernohorce na jine" mySlenky pfi- vedla a jim zlaty jejich sen o nSkdejSfm dr^eni Kotoru, ktery vskutku jiz jim jednou pfinalezel, z mysli zapudila. Mimo to, by se odstou- penim turecke Spizzy rakousklmu uzemi 2adnd §koda nebyla stala. Ale ne, to se musilp z Vidn6 stale v Cafihrade pusobiti k tomu, aby jen porta Spizzy Cernohorcum nepostoupila. Cerna Hora ale potfebuje pfistavu, ona chce pfistav a nebo zemfiti! S pfistavein stane se vzdelani pfistupnou, bez neho odkazana je na vScny boj se sousedy. A Cernohorei vedi, Ze Kotor dfileziteJSi jest ne2 Spizza, byli by ale pfec s poslednSjSim byvali spokojeni, kdyby jen ve Vidni jim ho byli pfali. Jest velmi tSzko strategii od politiky oddeliti a Cert aby byl strategem, kdyz se mu bojiSte" mnohymi politickymi poklesky za pole k poraikam pfipravilo. Jen ve Vidni jsou tim vinni, ze Cernohorei jeSte az podnes piseii zpivaji „brzy se zbudi Ivo Crnoj, jen2 ve skry§i pod hradem Obodem v narutt Vil odpoSiva. Probudi se a povstane, by bratrum svym Kotor a modre' more vybojoval." Ano, chytrym rnusi ClovSk byti! Popatfme jestd na vodopis zeme\ V celku je Dalmatsko zeme chuda na vodu. Naleza se tu jen raalo fek, ano v mnohych krajinach je v lete" nouze o vodu. Jen nfikolik malo krajin ma hojnost pramenu, jako ku pf. krajina Castell-ska. Pozorujeme-li feky dalmatske' od severu k jihu, pfichazime nejdfive k Crmani (Tedanius). Reka tato, jez jizne" od Male- Popiny v Chorvatsku vzuika a do pr&livu morla- ck£ho se vteva, ma vysok£ srazne" bf ehy skalnate\ maze se jen v hofejSim udoli na nekolika mfstech pfeplouti a jest pouze na malou vzdalenost proti proudu splavna. Kerka (Tit i us) jejiz pramen se naleza na Hore Urlice v tu- recke'm Chorvatsku, spada spojivv§i se s Cikolou, skrze jezero Pra- clinske' u Sibeniku do more. Casto jest strmymi na v6t§in6 nepfe- kroCitelnymi skalnatymi bfehy zuiena, ma mnoho vody, vystupuje casto, kde bfehy ploche- jsou, pfes tyto a pusobi rozsable\ nezdrave* moCaly. Bez lodi nelze ji nikde pfeplaviti. U Kninu vede zdeny, u Ronchislap dfeveny most pfes tuto feku, po niz fadnou plavbu cetne" vodopady nemoznou dinf. Cetyna (Telurus), ktera u Sorgente-Cetiny pramenf v dosti otevfen^m udoli do zalivu Brazzy odte"ka a do neho u Almissy se vleva, ma az" do Signu v letni dobe" mnoho melkych mist. Z jara v§ak a v&bec v deStiv^in pocasi rocnim nelze ji pf ebroditi. Od Signu zp£t stavaji se bfehy velmi kolme", od Duaru az k mofi zhola nepfe- krotfitelne. Ostatne" takt£z neni splavna. Narenta, jejiz pramen se v HercegovinS severne" od Verby na upati hory Ivan-u naleza, te£e z poMtku v smSru severnim, obraci se pak pfijavsi z gackoske" roviny pfit£kajici Drinovnik, pozdeji malou Narentu a mnohe jine" vody horske\ v Sirok^m nejvice udoli ucinivsi kratky, ostry oblouk okolo pohofi Vrabacsk^ho k jihu, tece pfes Mostyr, bahni§tem Ulovskym, protrhava pasmo Prolozsk6 a vstu- puje na pudu Dalmatskou u Metkovid, kde se pod tvrzi Opus ve dv& ramena d61i, deviti ustimi do prulivu Narenty vl6va a siroke", ne- zdrav6 bahni§t6 objima, jez v cele" dobe1 de§tive zaplavf. Az k Me- tkovici jest pro lode" rnofske splavna s 100 — 150 tunami nakladu, 40 — 50° siroka 15 az 20' hluboka, ma ploche" vzdy bazinate\ hustS sitim porostle" bfehy a maly spad. Pfes tuto feku vedou jen dva kamenne* mosty a sice u Konjice a u Mostaru a HercegovinS. ) ) U MoBtaru jest to stary fimsky, na obou stranacb. vezi opatfeny most. 10 V Dalmatsku lze ji u Torre di Norin a tvrze Opus na pramech pfe- plouti. Kratky Norin, jenz od Vida k nf pfiteka, jest takt^z" splavny. V uzemi dubrovnickem jest Ombla nejznamenitej§i feka. Mimo to ma zemS jen nepatrn6 potoky, jez" v lete" skoro zcela vysychavaji a jen po silnem deSti tak nable ze skalnich der vypry- Stuji jako rychle op£t mizi. V Case de§tiv6m Cini prave" tyto potoky z vnitra se finouci a nabihajici prostfedky spojovaci velmi nepfi- stupnymi a tim i pohyb vojska velmi znesnadnuji. T6z" moSaly, je2 v lets skoro zcela vyschnou, stavaji se v zimS velmi nepffjemnymi. NejvetSi bazinu v zemi tvofi Paludi di Narenta (6. motfaly Narenty) pfi vtoku stejnojmenne' feky. T6z Cetyna tvofi od pramenu sv6ho a2 ku Triglu skoro v nepfetrzite" fad§ velke" pobfezni moCaly, nej- rozsahlejSi pak v posledni dv£ mile dlouh6 vzdalenosti. Ostatni mocaly nalezaji se u Nony, u Lago di Vrana, jenz" na severu se v dosti znacnou bazinu konfii, u Morpolazza a Ostrovizze, u Kninu nad Kerkou, v udoli Kosovu a u Imoschi nad tamej§imi jezery. Naproti tomu ma Dalmatsko pouze jedno vlastni jezero, totiz dot5en6 ji£ jezero „Vrana", mimo to ale obcasne" nadrzky mal6ho ob- jemu, jez sice tea" se jezery nazyvajf, v lets vsak oby6ejn6 suche" jsou. Takove" jsou: „Lago di Boccagnazzo", „L. d. Nadin", „L. d. Prosolaz", „L. d. Rastocn", „L. d. Jeseraz," „L. d. Bachino," „L d. Proclian", jakoz i jezero Blata na ostrove" Curzole. Podnebi pobfezni nema severni zimy, nybrz jen dobu deSfu, kterou ale „borau v ni panujici velmi nepfijemnou 6ini. Bora), )ei v zufeni sv6m lidi i zvifata na zemi poraii, neni nej en velmi nebez- pefina plavbS, nybrz i pravou metlou na veSkere' vojensk6 podniky valecn6 v nepfizniv^m pocasi. Svym casto stra§n6 nahlym se obje- venim Cini nejlepSi pochodova opatfeni zvlaste' pak lezeni v poli zcela nemoznym a zvySuje svizele vojska v t6to hornat6 a unavujici zemi tak, ze jim jen silni lide" po del&f cas odolati mohou. Obmezili jsme se u popisovani zeme" teto jenom na to, co jest pro vojsko dulezit^. Dfive nez v tomto smeru k taktSz potfeb- n6mu popisu obyvatelstva pfistoupime, myslime, ze jiz die pfedeslan^ho vyfknouti muzeme usudek, ze se Dalmatsko die cel6 sv6 polohy mistni nijak nehodi pro pohyby velkych oddeleni vojska, maid ale valka ze tarn s velkym prospgchem v6sti se muze. Nynejgi povstani muze tedy mocnafstvi, bude-li chtiti je moci potlacit, mnoho penez a krve stati. Pfichazime nyni k vypisovani narodopisnych pomerfl zem8. Obyvatelstvo dalmatsko, jez- asi 450.000 du§f cita, deli se vyjma albanskou osadu v mestisi Erizzo u Zadru zalezici v 900 duSfch a 600 „§panelskych zidu" ve Splitu a Dubrovniku, ve dva zivly, totiz slo- vansky a pfistShovaly vla§sky. PonSvadz ale i dalmatinSti skoro vy- hradne v pobfeznich mSstech zijici Vlachov6 jen 22.000 du§i Citaji, ) Bora (Bernus), severni vitr. alpsky, jenz bez jakycbkoiiv znamek najednou a se strasnou moci se zjevi, po zemi se plaze snik rozryva, lidi i zvirata porazi. Spousty, jez ledovy tento vitr zpusobuje, cini spojeni mezi Lublanem a Terstem po nekolik tydnu zhola nemoznym, aneb je tu tfeba odvahy, jez stati mflze zivot. 11 a i tento po£et vysoko je vzat, vidime z toho, 2e zeme" t£mSf zcela uzemim slovanskym jest. Skutedne je Slovanu na 400.000 dusi a tvofi tedy bez odporu nejv6£§i a nejdule2it$j§f £as£ obyvatelstva zenae" te\ Nechceme zde o to se pfiti, byli-li Slovane- nebo staff Illyrove" (Albanove" nebo Skipetafi) praobyvateli zeinS, dukazy vsak mame, ze jiz pfed 6. stoletim po K. Slovane" Dalmatsko obyvali, netvofili vsak pfed velkyra pfistShovanfm Chorvatu a Srbu (mezi 634 a 638 po K.) vlastniho st&tu. Potomci Chorvatu a Srbu li§f se ale pry posud fecnii svymi mezi sebou, jakoz" i srb§tf pfistehovalci, kteff ve 14. stoletl z Rascie do Dalmatska prigli. Tito obyvaji stfedni Cast zem6, kdezto potomci Horvatu Porphyrogenitovych die Vuka Stefanovice zvlaSte na ostrovech se nal^zaji. Ve sv£m „Mare adriatico" rozeznava Menis pflvodni kmcny die tvafnosti jich obliCeje: „Mezi Crmani a Cetynou olivova nebo pfihnedla plet, Cerne" neb tmavokagtanove* vlasy, tetez barvy, vi-sak bez zivota o6i, trochu podlouhly oblicej, vazny a vyhruZny pohled a obycejue" vysoky vzriist. Za Cetynou velmi obratne' a sou- merne" t&lo, plet tmava do Servena a hust6 Cerne vlasy Cerne* o6i, vzezfenf bojovne a odhodlane" a pfi velmi vysokem vzrustu a silnych utvarech telesnych vazna postava. Oba kmeny, zda se, 2e smisily se severne" od Kerky. Obyvatele* ostrovu Scogliani, Cakavci, vynikaji vyznamnymi tahy obliceje a probudilejSim duchem, nemaji vsak tak silne" postavy telesne\ Obyvatele" vnitra nazyvani jsou od obyvatelu pobfeZf a ostrovu „Mor- laci". Morlakove* tito jsou pfi nynSjsmi povstani hlavnim cmitelem, neb oni to jsou, ktefi bojujf proti c. k. vojsku. Povazovani jsou co pravzor slovansk6ho kmene v Dalmatsku, co2 plat! i co do feci i co do schopnosti, mravu a zvyku, jez maji se Srby v knilectvi, v Bosne" a Hercegovin£ spoleSne\ Poslysme nestranny nSmecky usudek o nich, jej2 pi§e Ida z Diiringsfeldu : „Musim se pfiznati, ze jsem nevidela nikdy krasnejsich lidi nad Morlaky. A jak by nemeli byti krasnymi? Krasa mu2e zaleft v sile, budsi rozumove' neb hmotn6 a Morlakove' rodi se k hmotn6 sile i jsou k nf vychovavani. — Casto v poli pfichazejf na sv6t, a matka je nese domu. Kde ale matky tak silne jsou, tarn jsou i ditky silne, zvlaSte, kdyz" jich pak laska nerozmazli. Veskefi vStrove hrajou si s ditetem Morlaka, jez nosi matka jdouc na praci sebou na zadech v kol^bce a na strom zavSsf, jestli prave, jak pravi Lovric', nejaky strom tu jest. Neni-li stromu, zajist6 jest tu kameni: kolebka najde ochrany, a£ se kam- koli postavi. Dite pak, to plaSe k slunci a kfiCi pfed bouff. Slunce i boufe jsou mocny v horach dalmatskych, ditSti vsak neublizl Ony dobfe na n6 pusobi, tuzi oko jeho a prsa cmf kovova. Kdyz pozdeji muzi utvofi se rapouchy na lirsou, on jich neciti. Slunce-li na jeho turban prazi, netisni ho. Kraci velkymi kroky pfes uskali a trni: udy jeho, kdyz" jeSte jak uponka revy tenke byly, seznamily se jii s temito dalmatskymi latkami cest. Nikdy mu nedojde dech, vidyt jej ssal na prsou matfiinych, jez dve" i tfi leta mleko pro nej m61a. Spi u ohn6 a spi ve snehu; ve v6ku, ve kterem my sv6 ditky je§te za ruku vodime, on jiz stado pasl, v osmi letech vedl jiz kravy na skromnou pastvu, jez zalezi ze stebel, ktera mezi kamenim puCi. 12 KraCeli Splitem. Zeme zn£la pod jich pruznymi kroky. Copy jejich se leskly, o6i a zuby zafily, stfevice byly Cervcem, opasy purpurem, §aly duhou, byli samy samet a zlato, pycha a sila — ti Morlakove\ NejkrasnejSf vsak jich ozdobou jsou prec jen hanzar, pistole a rucnice. Anoizenyjsou ozbrojeny, nosi totiZ britvu (dyku)." Jine znameni, z nfhoz se na rytifskou, bojovnou mysl tohoto obyvatelstva souditi da, jest je§t6 podnes u nich panujfci „pobra- timstvf." Zdaz" nemyslime, 2e jsine se octli v dobach rytirstva, 5tetne-li u teze spisovatelky popsani slavaosti, jez pfedchazf svazku pobra- timstvf. „Probratimci nesmejf se nikdy zraditi. Knezem jsou zasvSceni vzajemne" nezruSitelne" vSrnosti. OkraSleni jako k nejvStsf slavnosti zivota vstoupi v 6ele svych pfibuzaych a pfatel do chramu ; klefiice se svicemi v rukou poslouchaji msL Pak nasleduje pozehnani a pffsaha: Stalost a pomoc az do smrti. Polibi se pak s naruftvosti, jez jest Morlaku dovolena, ano, ktera mu £es£ dinf, s dusevnf laskou mu2e k muzi. Pruvod pfeje jim §t£stf — neuzavfeli ten nejkrasn£j§i svazek? Kde ale pfatelstvi tak silne, tarn i nenavisf je mocna, neb kdo v pravde miluje, umi t6i v pravde" nenavidSti. Morlaci v pravde" nenavidi a lehko vrazdi, kde nenavidi, tarn kde zbran po boku vzdy visf, ma to ruka velmi pohodlne\ se ji chopiti. V zadne" zemi rakou- ske" neni tak malo kradezi a tolik vrazd jako v Dalmatsku. LiCeni tato stvrzuji i jini cestopisci (jako Kohl, Peller, Stieglitz, Cattalinich, J. Lavallee atd.), die nichz je§t6 jednou kratce pova- hopis Morlaku takto v prehledn6m souboru podavame. Jsou to lide" kr^sne'ho razu, vStsina vysoke", statne" postavy, siln6ho a obratn6ho tela, vyzoamnych a muznych tahu. Vlasy jsou plave\ ruse neb zcela cern6, zuby, jez vydr2i jim az do nejvy§§iho stafi, leskle bile\ plef parnem zahnSdla, ani od mladi sv6ho stale na slunci jsou, pfed nimz" je ani cervena fiapka ani turban nechrani. Hlas je silny, sluch a zrak velmi bystry a slla t£lesna neobyfiejne" velika. Od mladosti vydani v§em v£trum a nepohodam utu£i se tak, ze ani nejhorSf na- mahani a nedostatky, ani to nejvetSi hejfeni zdravi jejich neuSkodi. Se skute5nymi 16kafi nechtSji take" nic mit, „abyu, jak fikaji, „pfi smrti nemusili dvoji pohfeb platiti." Prec v§ak jsou mezi nimi rodiny, v nichz jak^si lekafstvi a ranhoji£stvi s otce na syna pfechazi. — Vezmeme-li vse to op6t do uvahy, nahledneme, ze neni tak snadno druhe"ho obyvatelstva evropskeho (mimo Cernohorce a Hercegovince), jenz by pro malou a zvlaSt6 pro horskou valku byl schopnejsi ne2 Morlaci. Jakou daly praci gpanelske" guerilly francouzskym vojum za prvniho cisafstvi a prec, co jest nejzmuZilejsf a nejlstivejgi Cataloncan proti Morlakovi? Calabresu, ktefi si ve valce guerillske" te"z jakehosi jmena ziskali, nelze s Morlaky ani porovnati, atfkoliv po vice let jihoitalske" tyto legitimistske" bandy hezky dil italskSho vojska zne- pokojovali. Mfi2eme smSle bez prehanSnf fici, ze Morlakovi k valce horske ve sv6 otcme" skalnate" narozeni a vychovani jsouce nejstrasn$j§fmi guerillami jsou, s nimiz pravideln6 vojsko se jen mSfiti muie. A 13 s nimi jefit6 nad to spolecnS pracujl Cernohorci a Hercegovinci, ktefi se jim zajiste" vyrovnaji! T62 valecne" dejiny Dalmatska nas u&, ze zemi tuto nesnadno a vubec jen pod tou podminkou tiplne" podmaniti lze, zmocni-li se nepfitel drive zadnfch krajin. Staff barbarsti Illyrove" cili Dalmatse, t62 Dalmatii nazvani, ktefi lovem, rybafstvfm a chovem dobytka , zvla§te pak lupem se Sivili, valSili poprv6 r. 15G pi. Kr. s Rfmany, ktefi konecnS aspoii na po- bfe^i panstvi svoje zalozili. V 6asu, kdy Caesar v obou Galliich a v Illyrii mistodr^itelem byl, povstali jestS nepfemozeni Dalmatinci hor s ostatnimi Illyry, aby s Liburny, ktefi byli spojenci Rimanft a zapadni cast nynejsiho Horvatska a severni Dalmatsko obyvali, valku vedli, porazili r. 50 pf. Kristem Caesarem proti nim poslane" vojsko fimske\ jako2 i r. 40 pf. Kr. 15 kohort a 3000 jezdcu pod Gabi- niem a uvolili se teprv po skonCeni tehdejsfch fimskych valek obcan- skych k mfrnSmu poplatku. Ale hned po smrti Caesarove odepfeli jej opet, a tiplne podmaneni byli teprv Statiliem Taurem, roku 23 pf. Kr. Podmaneni toto bylo konecne upevneno potlacenim velk6ho dalmatsko-pannonsk^ho povstani, r. 10 po Kr. Od toho casu tvofila zeme tato v Liburnii a Japydii provincii Ulyrskou a rozprostirala s od Tilia (Kerky) az" ku Drilu (nyni Drin, t6z Drim, srb. slovo Drima, feka v Albansku, jez tvofic zaliv drinsky do jaderskelio mofe se vle>a), ohranicena a pfetrZena jsouc bebickym, ardickym a skadarskym pohofim. Dve fimske" legie m&ly zde sv6 stale" byty. V torn Case, kdy v zemi fimska vzdelanost zkvStala, odvadfili ffmsk6mu vojsku nejlepsi vojiny. Pozdeji prodelala zem§ vsecky zmSny rozpadajici se fimsk6 fise. Okolo r. 545 zpusto§ili Slavini pozdeji Avarov6 zemi ; temto jen mesta Zader a Trava odolala a tvofila pak spolu s Dubrovnikem, Splitem a Justinopolis, mimo ostrovy Arbe, Oeglia a Osorno jakousi zvlaStni drzavu, ktera jen svrchovanost feck6ho cisafe dosti povrchn§ uznavala. Ostatni pak zem.6 spustosena surovymi Avary zustala tak, a2 konecne Slovane" v prvni polovici sedm6ho stoleti jho avarske" setfasati pofiali. Mezi tim obsadili Srbove" Dalmatsko mezi mesty Durazzem, Du- brovnikem, Narentou, Chorvate" zapadni Cast. Oba tito narodove" se- stoupili do Dalmatska ze zadnich zemi a to jest pricinou, proc jim zustalo, pfes vsecky snahy Franku, usaditi se t62 v duleZite" t6to krajink Ponenahlu vystupuji i Saraceni pustosice na pobfezi a pu- sobi tim, ze se cel6 pobfeSi, aby bylo 16pe chraneno, na konci 9. stoleti knfzatiim Chorvatuv, ktefi tenkrate velmi mocni byli, pozdeji pak republice benatske" poda. Tim povstala dlouha strasnavalka mezi Benatkami a Chorvatskem, ale toto, jez" se spolehnouti mohlo na obyvatete hor, porazilo Benatcany tak, Ze chorvatsky kral Kresci- mir Petr r. 1052 t6z" titul krale dalmatsk6ho pfijal. Pozdeji povstal pov smrti krale Zvonimira opet divoky spor mezi Chorvaty, Benatcany a Reky o krasnou tuto zemi, ve kter^m stf asnS utrpela ; konecne" pfi- misilo se i Uhersko do rozbroje. Na poCatku 13. stoleti pfistfchovali se opU ze zadnf zem6 a proto i bez odporu Morlaci do Dalmatska, ktefi r. 1242 i utok Mongolu pfetrvali. Krvav6 boje trvaji stale mezi Uherskem a Be- 14 natkami o dalmatske pobrezi a od r. 1462 pofcinaji i divocf Osma- nov6 pravidelnS loupezne" vpady do Chorvatska a Dalmatska se strany namofni cmiti, kter6 sice od pevnych m§st se odrazejl, pobfezni nivy ale pustoSf. Benatcan6 udrZeli se ale v zemi tim, ze Dalmatincum svobodu pojistili, ano ji i zvetSili novymi vyboji. Dubrovnik, slovanske to Benatky, jediny zachoval svoji tiplnou neodvislost. Benatcan6 a Dal- matinci odrazcli vespolek vsecky ty bezpfetrs&ite utoky Turku, jimZ se nepodafilo, Dalmacie vydobyti, pon6vadz jim Benatky odpo- vedfiti smely: „Neobdr2ite ji, i kdybychom v§ecky svoje posadky ze zeme vyvedli, neb Dalmacie dovede sama se braniti." KonecnS uCinil mir pozarevsky r. 1718 valkam s Turky pfitrz a ur&l Dal- matsku hranice, jez" je§t£ nyni ma. Tu pohfbil mir v Campo Formio (12. kvStna 1797) starou republiku do2fi, v Zadru slozili srautne" korouhve republiky na hlavni oltaf kathedraly, Dalmatsko se stalo zemi rakouskou. V§ak i Ra- kousko zakusilo zmeny osudu, ktera se zda zvlastS nad touto zemi vznaSeti se, a muselo ji jiz v miru Bretislavsk6m (1805) opet Na- poleonu I. odstoupiti, ktery ji zahnav odtud Rusy, k tehdejsi'mu kralovstvf vlasskSmu pfipojil a pozdeji se svoji illyrskou provincii sloufcil. Po r. 1841 pfipadla Rakousku nazpSt, ktere" ji znovu za kralovstvf povySilo. Kratky tento nastin dejepisu valecn6ho Dalmatska poufcuje nas o dvojim: zaprve" totiz, jak vysoko cenili rozliCni narodov6 tento majetek; za druhe" ale, ze vMy jen tenkrat zemS v skutku upln6 vydobyti se podafilo, vzata-li byla nejen od more, nybrz" i od zad- nich krajin. Take" nyni doufa rakouska vlada, Ze podniky svoje proti pov- stalcum dalmatskym tim si pojisti, ze bud Turkfim prenecha podniky vale5n6 proti ni nebo vlastnim vojskem v Hercegovine je provede. Pravi se vsak, z"e Hercegovinci jiz vlastnim svym povstanim ji byli v torn pfedeSli. Ostatne" neni za Bokou kotorskou jen Hercego- vina, nybrz" i Cerna Hora. Pokud povstalci tuto co zaklad svuj po- dr2i, dotud jsou vsSecky podniky valecnS proti nim, i kdyby se zdan- livymi vysledky vykazati mohly, mamive\ Kdo se opovaZf, povstalce az" na pudu Sernohorskou pronasle- dovati? Stalo-li by se to pak, mohla by dalmatska valka Rakouska snadno pocatkem se stati valky, ktera by velkou cast slovansk6ho svSta do zbrani svolala. 0 vedeni valky ve vlastnim uzemi kotorskSm ucmfme si zcela jasny pojem, popatfime-li na pfilozenou mapu. Jak vidgti lze, jest vlastnS okres (obvod) kotorsky zcela od ostatniho rakousk6ho statu odloucen. Podoben skoro trojnhelniku, jemuz" za zaklad slouZf more, hrani£f na jihovychodu s Cernou Horou a Cast! severni s clstS tu- reckym uzemfm Hercegoviny. Kdo by cht§l na povstalce, ktefl v ho- rach a rozsedlinach vlastni pudy nejlepgi nalezaji oporu, s prospSchem udefrti, spomohlo by mu velmi malo, kdyby po stezkach pro sou- mary do vnitra vnikl, aneb s c. k. sruby a pevnustkami pod61 hranice Cernohorske" postavenymi v statem byl spojeni. Toto posledni jest skoro nemozne. Muselo by nejen dovoleno 15 16 byti, jak z tizemf Hercegoviny, tak i z Cerne" Hory proti nim utoky valecne" cmiti, musila by se i pfekaziti ka2da posila, jich od tamtud dochazejfcf, nybr2 i moznost, prechazeti na ona uzemi, kdykoliv se jim zlibi. To by bylo strategicke" stanovisko, jez" by se proti po- vstani zaujmouti m61o. Ponevadz" ale i zde opet strategic uzce s po- litikou souvisi, jest to pro c. k. vojsko velmi zl6. Neb kdyby se i s povolenim Turecka do Hercegoviny vtrhnouti smelo, nebyli by tim je§t6 nikterak povstalci potlaCeni. Aby se povstalcove" obejiti a se na ne" ze zadu vpadnouti mohlo, musilo by se vojsko zcela volne v zemi fcernohorske" ponybovati. Jez"to vsak toho Cernohorci zajist6 ne- dovolf, budou pfinuceni bud tez s Cernou Horou valku po5iti, coz" by byl krok velmi odvazlivy, aneb se toliko na takticke" postupovani s mno^stvim spolehnouti, ktere bez pffznivych pfipadu jeSte" dlouho by konce povstani neucinilo. Popatfme ale i nyni trochu blfze na toto takticke" hromadne" postupovani, jake" az posud, jiz e. k. vojsko nehrube" s velkymi vy- sledky zkouSelo, vykonano bylo. Ponevadz" uzeini zcela hornate" jest a jedinou jen trochu dobrou silnici, je2 vede z Kotora do Budvy, ma, jest postupovani proti povstalcum velmi obtizne\ a to tim vice, an okres tento bohat jest na sluje, rokle a prusmyky. Podafi-li se i se znamenitou v§t§inou a s mnohymi ztratami povstalce z jednoho mista zahnati, bude prec vojsko velmi nepffznivym zimnim pocasim, zurenim bory a castymi lijaky, je2 5ini t&bofenf pod §irym nebem nemoznS, nuceno, velmi brzy zpatecni pochod do poCtem skromnych pobreznich m$st, a sice zvlaste" do Kotora a Risani) nastoupiti. Nez" ale Cerstve" (nov6) pfijde vojsko, vykonali davno jiz povstalci opet novy smSly cin, aneb zmizeli, aby op&t nenadale na zcela jin6m mistS se objevivle, vojsko znepokojovali. K tomu druli se i ta okolnost, 2e v tomto mal6m, skalnatSm a v horach svych tolik zahubn6ho skry- vajfcim uzemi jen s velkymi obtfZemi v§tsi oddelenf vojska potravou zaopatrovana byti mohou. Vojsko vScnymi putkami stenSeno, umdli na nejvy§ ztrmacenim, a mnozstvi nezdravou povStrnosti onemocni. Totot jsou velmi malo vabive vyhlidky. Nesmi se i zapomenouti, ze povstalci nejen rucnicemi, nybrz i skalnimi balvany bojuji, kter6 na vojsko prosmyky jdouci s vyiin svaluji, jako to i Tyrolan6 tak s hroz- nym vysledkem Francouzum Cinili. V nofcnfm Case hrozf i ohnS c. k. lodem, kter6 v zalivu risansk6m a kotorskem zakotveny jsou. Cernd Hora. Pojednavse o Dalmacii, obrafrne zraky sve* na Cernou Horu, jez" jaksi levy jeji bok cm. Crna gora — zem§ Iva Crnoje, ktery se po ztroskotani velik6 fiSe srbske- v bitve" na Kosovu polje 1389 se Srby, ktefi se nechtCli od Turku dati ujafmiti, do t6to vysociny byl uchylil — left mezi 36° 21' a 37° 13' v^chodni d&ky (od Ferra) a 42° 9' a 42° 55' se- ) Budva je padem pevnfistky Stanjevice, ktera vladla nad silnici do Cerne Hory, v nejvyssim Stupni ohroSena. 17 vernf Sffky. Rozprostira se skoro 78 □ n£m. mil mezi Dalmatskem a Albanskem od dinarsk6ho horskeho uzlu az" skoro k jaderskdinu mofi, aniz by vsak se ho dotykala, okolnost to, ktera, jak jsme se jiz v pojednani o Dalmatsku byli zminili, vecny „casus belli" mezi Cernou Horou a Tureckem zpusobuje. Po&najic jihozapadne od jezera skutarskeho tahne se Cerno- horska hranice k Albanii pf es horu Arvan, Sutormana va Vrsutu, pak ua severozapad zabocujic az k trojimu rozhranf mezi Cernou Horou, Albanii a Rakouskem. Hranice, jez k Rakousku po&na, tahne se okolo rakouske tvrze Presjeku az k Stanjevift, vinouc se pode4 svahu hranicneho pohofi. Odfcud az k Miraci pfekrofiuje hfeben hory a b62i pak okolo tvrze Trojice (Trinita) a nad Kotorem az skoro k pevnustce Dragailji, odtud na zapad zatacejic pod61 Grahova polje k hofe Vu6i Zub se pfiblizuje, kde se zeiniSte" dernohorske\ rakouske" a hercego- vinske" stykajf. Odtud po&na hranice k Hercegovine, ktera zprvu v severnim smSru okolo okresu Grahova a Rudiny se vinouc, za- padne" pfes horu Malou Kitu a na prav6m bfehu Zety az k prosmyku slivjesk6mu se tahne, odkud pak severne se zata£ejfc vrcholu hory Vojniku dosahuje. Zde poclna hranice bosenska, ktera okolo jizni paty Dormitoru udolfm Tusmy jde, a pfekrocujfc hfbety hor Linje- viny a Trebjesu nad vesnici Kolasinem pfes Taru a vrch Vladus, vy- socinu Vasojevickou dosahuje, odkud pak ve vselikych oklikach a2 k pohofi Ku5i-Kora se tahne. Pfi usti Gradisnice do DreCky zafilna pak opet albanska hranice, jez* od Komu pfes vrchol hor Vardu, Crne" Planiny a Djebezy az k vtoku Male Rjeky do Morace se tahne, pak tuto (Moracu) po pravem bfehu az k usti Zety provazi, pod61 Zety mili vzhuru bezi, tuto pak pul hodiny od tureck6 pevnosti Spuze opouSti a koneSne pfes pfihofi hory Bauova-Comily podel po- toku Crkovnice fitfku Sitnici dosahuje, jiz az k tureckSmu mistu Far- maki provazi, kde pak rybuik Malo Blato pfefiznuvSi, podel Male Bara5e ke skutarskemu jezeru pfichazf. Cerna Hora rozpada die politick^ho rozdSleni na vlastnf vy- socmy Crnogory a na Brdu, totiz pozdeji pfipadle vychodni uzemi, ktere" od hlavnfch hor, jez zaujima v sobe, Brda se nazyva. V r. 1860 upraveniin hranic pfipojena plemena Grahovo a Rudine pofttaji se vsak k vlastui Crnogore. Crnogora dSlf se na Styry okresy (Nahije : Ka- turska, Crmnicka, Rje6ka a Ljesanska) a na okres Grahovo-Rudinsky. Brda obsahjje tyto £tyry nahije: Bjelopavlic, Piperi, Moracu a KuCku. Nahije rozpadaji opet v 40 piemen. Jedno plemeno pak tvofi v jednom okresu bydlici rodiny, ktere" odyozujf rod svfij od stejn^ho praotce. Horopis Cerne" Hory jest Cerna Hora sama, smSsice vapenco- vych skal, o niz vlastni obyvatele" vypravuji : „Kdyz stvofitel po zemi kracel, aby kameny rozdeloval, vroztrhl se pytel, v nemz je nesl, a co jest§ tarn zustalo, padlo na Cernou Horu. " Mohutny horsky hfbet, ktery jiznS od 44° severni §ifky skoro rovnob^ne s jaderskym mof em se tahne, vysyla pod 36° 30' a 37° 10' vychodni delky dve" ra- mena: prvni ke Kotoru a Adrii, druh6 smerem k skutarskemu je- zeru; mezi nimi lezi zcela hornata, malo pfistupna, ke skutarskemu jezeru se klonici kotlina Cernohorska. Proti mofi vystupuji tahnouce se severozapadne" mezi hofejSfm 2 18 jezerem skutarskym (Skadarsee) a morein predhori pobreznich pasem, ktera Cernou Horu v c!61ce 6 mil od Dalmatska deli. Pasmo toto, ktere, nedaleko od skutarsk6ho jezera, udoli Crmnicu se skalnimi stenami uzavira, dosahuje jiz tarn v hore Sutormanu, ktera jest jednim ze £tyr sloupu velehor (Sutorman, Dormitor, Trnovo aKom), mezi nimiz uzemi Cernohorske lezi, znamenite" vy§ky. U uzlu horsk6ho Vrsuta zataCi se (pobfezni pasmo) zapado- severne, tvori pak val okolo pristavniho chobotu Spizi (Zagradje) ) a cini od Divli-Vrhu pofifnaje svym hlavnim hfbetem hranici mezi Cernou Horou a uzemim kotorskym. Mezi Spizem a Budvou kloni se pohori velmi sraznS k poMezi, obrati se pak od Budvy po6i- najie ve skoro rovn6m smeru k sam6mu mSstu Kotoru, nad kterym u LovCenu (Monte Sella) nejvySsi vrch (3240') dosahuje. Odtud pak obklifiuje pasmo zaliv kotorsky, d61i mezi Dragalji a Risnem dalmat- skou hornatinu krivosljskou od more, posune mezi tuto a hercego- vinskym vysokym udolim Zubci rameno na sever, ktere" nejvice pfi Orjenu, VuCf-Zubu a Jastrebica vystupuje, nad to pak pres Sutorinu s Prologhem se spojuje. Z tohoto lze jasne videti, jak uzce uzemi kotorske" s Cernou Horou souvisf, s kterou horami svymi takofka prirozenS srostl6 jest. Okolnost ta jest zajiste povstalcum bok6zskym pfi vsech pfilezitostech vitana. Nez" pozorujme pomSr tento dale. Mezi nyni tak casto jmenovanym Risnem (odkud c. k. vojska valefine" svoje podniky do Ledenice a i dale konaji) a Dragailji ubiha od pobrezniho pasma horske" sedlo, ktere" je s onim spojuje pohofim, jehoz" prihorf udoli grahovo obrubuje a se pak jednak mezi cernohor- skymi horskymi okresy Cuce, Cevo, Pje§ivci a OzriniC, jednak mezi Gra- hovem a Rudine v severo-vychodnim oblouku tahne, z kterSho hory Pusti Lisac a Budos vycnivaji. Odtud klesa povlovne pohori s je&te" 3000' vysokou kapou az k prosmyku slivjesk6mu, od n&hoz se v§ak hlavni hfbet opet vyvySuje a pak s Mlijecno-brdo dinarskym hrbetem Alp spojuje. Dinarske" pasmo Alp *) vstupuje do Cerne" Hory horami Dormi- torem (7600') a Vojnikem (55000 a obklicuje s celou radou strmych hor kotlinu udoli TuSiny, odkud se okolo pramenu MoraCi vinouc a mezi touto a prameny Tary v Ostrocovacu znova znamenite" vystu- pujic, hlavnf skupeni vasojevickych velehor tvori, ktere" v Vasojevici- Komu 8000' a v Ku5i Komu 7500' dosahuje. Mezi horami Sutormanem a KliCevacem deli pobfezni pohori Adrii od pfitoku skutarsk6ho jezera, mezi KliCevacem a Vojnikem vstoupi Cernohorsko-hercegovinske" hranicnf pohori mezi uzemi sku- tarsk6ho jezera a uzemi Narenty, dinarske" pasmo Alp deli jako roz- hrani vod (separation de rivieres) uzemi skutarsk^ho Blata od uzemi Driny mezi Vojnikem a Crnou-Planinou. ) Tento od Albanesu Spuz tez Spizza nazvany pristav, ktery by pro Cernou Horu tak velky mel vyznam, byl ji i Ruskem i Francouzskem popfan. Ma vytecne pfistaviste, ktere by Cerna Hora obema statfim r£da otevrela, cim by ony pohodlna stanovigte lodi v jaderskem mofi si ziskaly. *) Toto pasmo hor ma co hlavni rozhrani vod cernohorskych, hercegovinskych a bosenskych zvlastni vyznam. 19 Kiicevac a Pusii Lisac vysylaji sve pfihofi do novych okresu Grahova a Rudine, pot;trkujice zapaclnf upady az k TrebinjStica, jezto druhe" pohofi rovnobezne" s pobfeznim pohofim od BraiCe az k Pusti Lisaci postupuje, mezi kteryma obSnia pohofima se dlouha vysoka planina rozprostira. Povsimnuti hodao jest, ze vychodni Cast Cerne" Hory, jez Cini siroke" hfbety odvetvenych dinarskych Alp, rozhodne vy§Sf jest nez" cast zapadni. NejstrmeJSi skupeniny hor, ktere" hlavni pasmo a hluboko za- krojeny udolni bfeh obklicuji, nazyvaji se svym obydlenym ,vysokym povrchem Bjelopatic, Piperi, KuCi a Maruca. Die zasluzneho popisu Cerne" Hory od setnika Sestaka, jsou nejdrsnat6j§f casti techto okresu: Hornatina nejblize u lizlu hory Kom, pak hofejSi Vasojevide a prostfedni Cast MoraCi, krajina to, kterou plemeno Rovcfl obyva. Nem6ne neschfidna a bohata na uvozy jest krajina mezi hofejsl Moracou a bosenskym okresem Kolasmem, obydlena Sinjevinskymi a trebjesenskymivUskoky. Nizsi a pfistupn§j§i jest pohofi, jez na zapad s nik§ickou Zupou hraniCi a za tou pfi- cmou se jeho co pruvodu mezi Kolasinem a NikSidem vice uZiva. Horske" sedlo Javorje jest v§ak nejvyhodnejgi pfechodiSte" z udoli hor hofejsi MoraCi do ndoli Tusmy a k horske" kotline Piva-Drobnjaku. Hlavni pfechodiSte" pfes hercegovinsko-cernohorsky hfbet jsou : z Nikslce pfes horske" sedlo Slivje do udoli Zety, a z udoli gra- hovskeho do Tresnjeva. PfistupneJSi jest hornata krajina mezi Kotorem a Detyji, jakoz i mezi Braioem a Cernohorskym hlavnim mCstem. Hory Cernohorske" jsou utvaru kraSskeho. Jsou to z vSti&i Casti hole", divoce protrhane" spousty skalni ; pfevahu majici hornatina jest §edy neb b&avy, zfidka kdy Cervenavy vapenec. SmSsice skal techto klesa jen zfidka na vCtSi rovinu vyjma v okresu bjelopavlicsk6m a v udoli kukskem; ktere" oboje pokrajnymi horami obroubeny vysokymi jsou tidolimi. MeniSi udoli jsou udoli n£gu§ske' a Crmnicke\ Na jiho- zapadu a v okresu katunsk£m jest puda skoro zcela kamenita, lysa a klana. NejurodnejSi jest krajina okolo skutarskdho jezera. Na za- pade" Cerne Hory povzna§eji se krajiny lesnate" jen malo nad hla- dinou fek.) Ve vychodnfch Brdach naproti tomu jest zrust lesu ve vysce 3000—4000' vetsi, kde2to opet dolejsi svah jakoz i lesnate" krajiny daleko pfevysujici vrchole pohled na neuteSenou holost podavajf. Pohlednuvse takto na horopis zem6v vysvCtlime si zajiste" jiz" slova marsala Marmonta: „Aby se mohla Cerna Hora vydobyti, po- tfebi by bylo vojska 150.000 muzu." Ackoliv nema Cerna Hora hojnych vod, poskytuje vodopis jeji vojsku mnohych prospSchu. VSecky Cernohorske feky, vyjma n&ktere" na severo-vychodni strane" dinarick6ho pasma Alp vznikajici prame- Stromovi sestava na horach z jalovce, myrty, rozmariny, jakoz i okolo vseho se vinouciho ostruzinoveho housti a z jahodniku. NejhojnSji vysky- tujici se stromy lesni jsou: jasan, buk, borovice, topol, vrba, olse, ofech, marchanik, oliva, mandlove a morusove stromy. 2* 20 nit6 feky, vlevaji se do skutarskeho jezera. U Javorje vznikajici MoraSa jest hlavni fekou zeme. Prot6kajic v uzk6m, silne ztrhanem tidoli „Brdy" zvan6m a pfijavsi Malou-Rjeku pospicha mezi Cernou Horou a Albanii bystrym bShem, svymi vysokymi skalnatymi bfehy taktickou pfekazku clnic, a2 pak na druhem bfehu Zetu pfijfma, odkud do uzemi albanskeho pfichazi a pfijav§i k sobe jestS Sitnicu a Zjevnu v dvojit&n proudu (Moraca a Mala-MoraSa) do skutarsk6ho jezera se vleva, V Albansk6m uzemi vede nad Podgoricou most „Vezir most" pfes jejf brehy. Prebroditi ji lze u Jasenovo, pfi vtoku Male" Rjeky a u Dukla. Pfitoky MoraCi jsou fiticl se s vasojevickych hor mezi vysokymi skalnatymi brehy Mala Rjeka, pak Zeta, ktera v Hercegovine v horsk6 kotline NikSice se prameni, u Slivoje op6t pod zemi se ztraci, u strategicky dulezit6ho klaStera Ostrog-u pak op6t na denni svStlo vychazi. Tato pak protSka bjelopavlicske udoli nad tu- reckou pevnosti Spu2f, kde vysok6 ma bfehy, pfechazi na pfidu albanskou a tvoric v male vzdalenosti hranici Sernohorskou u Dukly se do MoraCi vl6va. Brody jsou u Frutaku, Orjaluky, Curilace a Spu2e a pfijima v pravo od Garage pfit^kajici Susicu nad Spuzi, v levo s piperskych hor spadajici potok Slatinu u Gradace, pfes ktery „U2icki most" vede, kter6zto obe male" vody svymi pfikrymi brehy a mnohymi zde svedenymi putkami proslulymi se staly. Mimo to vleva se u Farmaki do Morafie jeste" na Stavoru pry- §ticf se Sitnica), jeji'z pravy bfeh zcela ovlada levy bfeh. Druha samostatna feka zeme" je v nahiji Rjecke' na Yertjece vznikajici Rjeka Crnojevic ), ktera az" k mistu Rjeka (kde se brod nachazi) uzk6 skalnate" udoli prolomuje, ktere" se odtud poCinajic gffi a sice tak, ze splavna jest. Kdy2 byla karatunskou stoku pfijala, zbahni lev^ jeji bfeh. T6z tato vle>a se do skutarsk6ho jezera, jakoz i obe u Utrga a Soturmanu vznikajici male" fitfky Orohovka a Crm- nica. K pofifci Driny naproti tomu patfi Tara a Drefika. Prvni s Ku6i Komu spadajici vine se hluboce vykrojenym skalnatym ko- rytem mezi vasojevicskymi horami a pfijavsi plestanicky potok, kde lze ji prebroditi, dosahuje bosensk6ho uzemi, aby se dovDriny vlila. Dre5ka, bezprostfedni to pfitok Limu, 6inf, nezli byla Cernon Horu opustila, svym severo-vychodnim behem hranici fcernohorskou k Albanii. Musime jeSt6 se zminiti o vodach, ktere" se na dinarick^m hlavnim hfbetu pry§ti, pfedevSim o TusmS, ktera v horach trebje- serskych pramenic vysokymi horami uzavfenou hlubinou k bosenske hranici spScha a pak o pfitocfch jejich, totiz na Dormitoru vznikajici Bukovici, jez" na drobnjakske" hranici most „UskoCki-Mosta ma, jakoz i o potoku Mokr6, jenz na hofe Javorje temeni. VSecky tyto kraticke\ mezi vysokymi skalnfmi stenami tekouci vodnf ramena Cini rozhodne" takticke" pfek£iky. Tam, kde lze je pfe- broditi, nalezaji se oby6ejn8 pfesmyky. Skoro jen pfi Zet$, Sitnici a dolejSim Crnojevici dajf se mosty klasti. Mimo jezero skutarske" ) Proteka plemeno komanske. *) Na fece tdto lezf hlavni mSsto zeme, Cetynje. 21 jsou je§t6 mala jezlrka u Biziova v nahiji kuksk6 a gornje blato v rjefiske" nahiji. Podnebi zemS neni ste jne\ Na severu a severo-zapadu jest krute\ Snlh pada tam hluboko a zustava v mnohycn horskych rozsedlinach pfes cele leto lezeti. Jemnej§i jest ve vychodni Casti. Na blizku sku- tarsk^ho jezera panuje vlaSske podnebi. Plodiny zemske" jsou: ovtfi vlna, uzena skopovina (kastradina), nasolen6 ryby, kozi syr, barevne" dfivf, ovce, kozy, prasata, brambory, maslo, ubli a jin6 vafivo, luj, kuze, vydelane" ku2e, ptaci, kukufice, rejZe, dfevene uhlf a jablka. Trzi§te na tyto plodiny jest Kotor a na skutarskem jezeru Vir- Bazar. Spojovaci prostfedky zeme nalezaji se v takov6m stavu, ktery kazd6ho velitele vojska nale2it6 rozjfmati nutf, ma-li na uzemi to vstoupiti. Hlavni silnicnf uzel Cerne" Hory jest sldelni m£sto Ce- tyne, z kterehozto na v§ecky strany zeme silnice vyblhajf, rozumej 6ernohorsk6 silnice, na kterych zadny silniCnf stavitel kdy nepra- coval.) Sledujme nejdfive ona spojovadla, ktera z Cetyne" pfes po- bfeznf horstvo vedou. Tu jest nejprve" §est hodin dlouha silnice od onoho hlavniho mi'sta pfes Njegus do Kotoru s t62ce pffstupnym odvgtvenim z Njegusi do Dobroty, pak cesta z Cetyne" pfes Reznu, Dub, Dide, Ovsinec, Rzanido, Grab a pfes horsky k bfehu velmi pfikfe se klonicf hfbet a okolo rakouske pevnustky Ledencic do RiznS ve velmi skalnatS, hornate" krajine" s drolinou, v kter6 i horska d61a jen s uejvStSimf obtizemi pfepravovati se mohou ; pak z Cetyne" pfes Klobuk do Trebinje s odvStvim z TreSnjeva do nyni tak casto jmenovane" pevnustky Dragalji; pak z Cetyne" pfes Ocjevic a Unji do Braic a odtud pfes klalterni pevnustku Stanjevice do Budvy; taktez z Cetyne" pfes bv. Mikula§sky ehram do Stanjevic a Budvy. Dal§i cesty pfes pobfezni pohofi jest cesta z Rjeky cer- nojevicskym uvozem pfes Kobilic, Za£ir, Cestopolje a tvrz Gomillu do tvrze Lastvy, a silnice z Vir-Bazaru pfes klagter „Sveti Ilija" k rakouske" pevnustce Presjeku (odkud cesta pro soumary k alban- sk6mu pfistavnfmu mistu Spici jde) do tvrze Lastvy. T62 pfes 6ernoborsko-hercegovin?k6 hranicni pohoff vedou mnohe" stezky, tak z Cetyne pfes Dobrogoru, Ternine (kde r. 1716 Cerno- horci Turky porazili), Rudinu a hercegovinske uzemi z Banjan do Gacka; pak z Cetyne skrz pravou smesici skal pfes prosmyk slivjsky do Nik§ic, konecne, vze Zabljaku pfes Podgoricu, pevnost Spuz, u lesu VisoCice ^do Cerne Hory vstupujfc a odtud pfes Martinic (kde roku 1796 Cernohorci Turky porazili), Lakic, Gradac, Persia, Kalan, Lavevic, Osmjedrin a Velejte, neb v pravo okolo Zety skrze Cernohorskymi vftSzstvimi slavna mi'sta Ko§ic (1839), Jastreb (1839), Curilac (1792), Orjaluka, Frutak, Drenost, Bostosa, Ostrog*) a pfes Slivje do Nik§i6e. Mimo to nalezaji se Ctyry popfiCna spojenf mezi cestami Cetynfi- ) Jedinou vyjimku cini stavba silnice mezi Cetyni a Rezaou, ktera ale die Sestaka vzbledem k upotrebeni nic lepsi neni nez cesty od pfirody. *) Pevny klaster Ostrog, nejdulezitejSi strategicky klic zeme, panuje svym po- bodnim postavenim nad spojenim z Niksice s Spuzi a s Cetyni. 22 Niksicem a Zabljak-Nik§i6eni. Tatei vedou z Cetyne" pies Rjeku (prosmyk rjecky, kde r. 1687 Turci porazeni byli) do Zabljaku; pak z CetynS pfes spoji§t6 u Gradace a Krusu (kde r. 1796 Cernohorci nad Turky zvitezili) do Podgorice; pak z CetynS pfes Stitari do Spuze (velmi obtfzna poloha!) a konecne z Rezna pfes MiSke do Frutaku. Spojeni mezi Cernou Horou, Bosnil a Albanskein jsou nasle- dujicl: nejdfive z Podgorice pfes Duklu,) Stjenu, Crnci, Ricani, Ja- senovo, Javorje uvozem strugskym pfes vychodni svah Dormitoru do TaSlidje na silnici pro karavany z Serajeva; pak z Javorje pfes Po- steni do Drobnjaku; pak z Niksic do Tazlidzu; z Javorje do Sa- ranci v Bosnii: z bosenskSho Drobnjaku do Kola§ina v Bosnii (pfes Posteni, Malinsko, Strug a Siravac v Cerne" Hofe jdouc) ; pak z Ja- senova do KolaSina; z Jasenova do Bjelopolje v Bosnii a koneSo.6 z Ricani do Guzinji v Albansku. Je§te zkratka zminujeme se o popficnem spojeni udoli MoraCi a Zety; tato vedou: z Jasenova do Frutaku; z Jasenova do NikSice a z Javorje do NikSice. Z toho patrno, 2e raimo Cetyni t6z Jasenovo, Javorje a udoli hofejsi Tu§iny dulefttymi jsou spojiSti. Mnoh6 spojovaci silnice sbi- haji se i pfes Ostrog a Frutak dolii v udoli Zetiny, ktere k tureckG tvrzi Spuzi vedou, jakoz se vubec u Spuze a Podgoric vesker6 cesty z udoli Zetinsk6ho a Moracsk6ho soustfecfuji. Setnik Sestak lifii v&ecka tato sppjeni nasledujicimi, malo vabf- cimi slovy : „Nes5isln6 stezky, kter6 Cernou Horu ve vSech sm&rech kfizujf, jsou jen pro nohu od mladi ku slizani hor cviCenou schudn6. Cizinec naproti tomu s tizi se dale dostane na cestS pro soumary. I po tfcchto nemfize vuz jeti, procez spatfi§ v Cerne" Hofe jen zfidka vfiz a jezdce. Vozy obytfejne tahnou voli. K jezdeni uzivajf nej- vice soumaru. Hubeni, mali, slovansko-tatargti kon§ jsou ostatnS pro 6ernohorsk6 spojeni zcela jako stvofeni a nosi jezdce se v§i jistotou pfes pafezy a kameni." Ty2 zpravodaj ma za to, „ze sbor, vpad nepfatelsky do Cerne" Hory podnikajici, i kdyby jen z lehkycli tlup sestaval, jedin6 cest pro soumary k svym valecnym podnikum uziti by mohl, pfedpokla- daje, ze kolony pfedchazejici oddeleni zakopnick6 pilu6 by na zlepseni jich pracovalo." Totof jest 'ale zla domnfcka, neb Cernohorci, ktefi 6hlavni ne- pfate!6 staveni silnic jsou, s teii by oddeleni zakopnicke" klidnS pra- covati nechali. Jen v plochem fifinfm udoli Zety, v krajinS dolni Moraci a na pobfeinim pokraji skutarskclio jezera, muze se lehkSho jezdectva a del upotfebiti. Totof jest ale mala prostora, a pfes to, ze Turci to cinili, nepfineslo to a2 posavade jim mnoho pozehnani. Popatfi-li se jen na obyvatelstvo Cerne" Hory, zvysi se jen ucti- vost k t6to skalnf pevnosti, jejiz obyvatel6 vslckni rozeni vojfnov6 a sice, 6im se chce je§t6 vice fici, rozeni hrdinove jsou.*) ) Zficeniny Dukly jsou byvala Dioclea, jiz Diocletian vystavel a kde se Ri- mane usadili. *) £e vyrok ten neni prehnany, pozname z dejin valecnych Cerne Hory. 23 Cernohorcu , naroda to z nejfrstsiho jihoslovansk6ho kmene, cltalo se na konci roku 1864 196.250 dusl. Mluvi feii srbskou, die nabo2enstvi patfi skoro vyhradne" k fecko-vychodnf cirkvi. Jest to mohutny, bojovny narod, jemuz" se telesnou zdravotou, rychlosti a vytrvalostf, jakoz" i bystrosti smyslu a silou hlasu zadny jiny evropsky narod nevyrovna. Svobodu milujf uade vse a nepfetrzite boje za jich neodvislost cini vyhradn^ dejepis zeing. ZamSstnavaji se chovem dobytka, lovenfm ryb, chovaji ale zvlaStnf nelibost ke v§em feineslum ; v tomto ohledu rovnaji se je§te" dnes zcela rytifum stredovSkym, s nimiz' i jinak mnohou podobnost majl. Odev zalezl z malebneho narodniho kroje, z girokyeh, jen az" po kotniky sahajicich modrych kalhot, z kamizoly ozdobnS vy§ite\ ze zivutku z hrub6, bile" vlny, ktery prsa vzdy odhalena neehava, z lehkych opanek a smele do hlavy ^tlaCene" cerven6 Cepice. Tlumok, pas se zbran§mi a pfes ra- mena pfehozena rucnice doplfiuje obraz Cernohorce. Valecna moc, ktera ve vseobecne brann6 povinnosti zaleZi, jest znaCna. V seznamu valecnSm jest 25.000 muzu pro kazdy okamzik valecn6 pripravenych zaneSeno. V nouzi pak mohou tito nejm6n6 o 10.000 m. rozmnoz'eni byti, tak ze Cerna Hora bez namahani hned 35.000 bojovnfku, kteriz dobfe ozbrojeni a v zbrani zkuSeni jsou, do pole postaviti muze. Vudcem jest Mirko Petrovic, otec nyn&jsiho pa- nujfciho knizete. Jemu podfizeno jest 40 kapitanu (setniku). Ozbro- jeni jsou nyni zadovkami. Pohled'me nyni na jejich dSjiny vale6ne\ Zbytky vojska srbsk^ho, ktere\ aSkoliv 30.000 Turku pobilo, v bitvS na Kosovu polji (15. Cervna 1389) porazeno bylo, tahly se, aby nebyly pulmSsfcem podmaneny, do vysocmy mezi Hercegovinou a skutarskym jezerem, mezi srbskymi horami a Adrii zpSt. Zde zfidili uto5i§t6 jihoslovanske svobody, krestanskou oasu v tureck£m tenkrate tak vysoko se vlnicim mofi, jez se daleko pfes Uhersko proudilo a vlny pfiboje o zdi VidnS zlo- milo. Od bitvy na Kosovu polji jest Crnogora, zem6 a narod „6er- nych hor," zem6 Iva StraSimfra, jenz prvni zaklady k teto hrdinske" fi§i polozil, ktery pro svou tmavou plef a svou bojovnou straSnost crni (5erny) se nazyval, po nem pak cela zemS jmeno m£la. Od tohoto casu zavznfva skoro neustale hrdinny zp8v, tentof jest deji- nami , dfijinami valecnymi nepfemoSitelnych Crnogorcu. Die vele- zasluznych praci Medakovide („Poviestnica Crne-Gore." Zemun 1850), Andride („Geschichte des Fiirstenthums Montenegro." Wien 1853) a J. Vaclika („La souverainete" du Mont6n6gro") podavame zde hlavni uryvky Sernohorske" valecne" kroniky. V r. 1410 porazil Bal§e, kni2e zatansky, turecke" vojsko, jemuz" velel Euren pasa a r. 1421 znicll jine\ ktere Mahmud II. sam osobnS na Cernou Horu vedl. Mezi r. 1424—1436 zvftSzil Stefan Crnogorac, bratr Balsuv, nad Turky v 63 bitvaeh, vystavel tez" pevnost Zabljak, sidlo to Ivana Prvniho, a zalozil dv6 trftste" na jadersk6m pobre^i. Mezi dobou r. 1440—1450 zvitSzil kni^e Ivan II. v mnohych bitvdch nad pasou vezirem Selim-Bostanzem vedenou tureckou moci a po- razil ji konecnS, spojiv se se svym bratrem Djuradjena III. 6pln6 u Djemopolje. Kdy2 pak Sultan Mahmud II. s BenatCany vdldil a se Antivaru zmocnil, byl op6t od spojenych BenatCanu a Cernohorcu 24 pod Ivanem I. porazen. V r. 1480 vybojovali Cernohorci Zabljak zpet, ktery jim v stra§n6m boji v ddoli MorafiskSm kratce pfed tim odfiat byl. Mimo to bojoval Ivan, spojen jsa se Skanderbegem alban- skym, v 60 bitvach proti nevSrfcim a vizdy zfistal vitezem. Roku 1483 odrazila Cerna Hora opSt straSny vpad turecky, pak porazil Djurdj, se svymi Crnogorci u LjeSkopolje sv6ho odbojneho bratra Stani§e BaSutliju, ktery se Cerne" Hory pro Turecko zmocniti chtSl. Djuradj V., posledni knfze z hrdinn6ho rodu Crnojevicu, Cernohorsky Kodrus, vlozil r. 1516 kniz"eci svoji moc u pritomnosti cel6ho naroda do rukou metropolity (vladyky) Vavila a ustanovil tim cirkev za fiditelku svo- bodn6ho statu cernych hor. Od toho 5asu vitSzi Cerna Hora pod vedenim svych vladyk. Porazila r. 1522 Solimanem vyslanelio odpa- dh'ka Petra, zprostila r. 1524 bosenskou pevnost Jajcu pod Jovanem Vukovicem proti 20.000 Turku v dvoudenni bitvS oblezenf, znittla r. 1570 vojsko Beglera Bassa RumelskSho, zvitezila r. 1604 nad Alim Beyem v mnohodenni bitve" na bfezich MoraCe a zhubila r. 1612 jadro tureckeho vojska pod pasou Mehmedem: Tyz osud pfipravilo r. 1613 jen 10.000 Cernohorcu 60.000 muzu Citajicimu vojsku Arslan pa§ete. Sulejman, pasa skutarsky, chtSl r. 1613 v cele velk6ho vojska Cernou Horu si podmaniti. Dvacetidenni boj pouCil jej ale o nemo£- nosti takeho podniku. T6z v r. 1687 zniCili Cernohorci turecke" vojsko, jako2 i v tem^e jeSte" roku porazili vyfitivse se se svych hor pod VuCetou Bogdanovicem pasu Topala u Mokriny. K vitfczstvi tomuto fadila se brzy na to bitva na hofe Vrtjelki, kde Cernohorci po osmi- dennim nepfetrzit^m boji odpadlika Sulejmana Bagailiju s jeho voj- skem odrazili. Roku 1689 uzavfela Cerna Hora s cisafem Leopoldem smlouvu proti Turecku a prokazala mu tenkrate ve valce dulezite sluzby. Ucastnila se t6z vit§zn6 valky, jez Benatky proti Turkum roku 1693 vedly. Za dik dostalo se ji upln£ho zapomenuti v karlovicke'm miru. Ale jiz v noci vanocni r. 1702, sicilskych to ne&porach Cerne Hory, statecny vladyka Danilo setrasl haraS (poplatek z hlavy) a za- hnal i posledniho Turka zev sv6ho neodvisl^ho uzemf. R. 1706 pasa hercegovinsky, jen2 chtel Cernou Horu vydobyti, od vladyky Danila PetroviCe Njeguse na hlavu porazen. R. 1711 uzavfel Petr Velky rusky smlouvu s Cernou Horou a uznal v slavnem manifestu jeji ne- odvislost. Tito jemu tenkrate v HercegovinS jako i v Albanii vyborne sluzby prokazovali — zapomnelo se ale op6t v miru na nS. Meli nyni svych sluzeb pykati. Achmet II. poslal r. 1712 pod vedenfm Achmeta paSete vojsko pomsty Sitajfcf 107.000 muzu proti nim, byl vsak porazen tak, ze v zkazonosnych horskych propastech 40.000 mu£u zanechal. R. 1714 mel pasa Duman Cuprilic s vojskem pfes 120.000 muzu hany t6to pomstiti. Na zacatku byl fasten, ale boj prodluzoval se, jako vzdy v tSchto horach. Roku 1715 byl v§ak na hlavu porazen a z Cerne" Hory vyhnan. Nov6 vit§zstvi slavila Cerna Hora 1716 proti 7000 Turkum pod Beyem Cengicem a 1717 osvo- bodil vladyka Danilo benatcanem Mucenigem proti Turkum hajene" Antivari od oblezeni. Co dik za to zapomneli Benatcane" op£t v miru passarovickem (21. c"ervence 1718) na Cernou Horu. Mezi sokolem cernych hor a tureckym supem trvala valka bez prestanl dale, ale 25 sokol m61 ostfej§f zobak nez oSklivy jeho protivnik. Tak porazila Cerna Hora r. 1722 pasu HusseiQa Trebifisk6ho s 20.000 muzi, r. 1727 CeDgiCe Bekira s fcetnym tureckym vojskern, r. 1732 pa§u Topala Osmana s 30.000 mu?i, r. 1739 pa§u skutarsk^ho Hoda Verdi Muhmet- Begovice s 15.000 mu2i, r. 1750 pa§u bosenskeho Cehaja s 30.000 muzi, a a£koliv potmSSilosti Ben6tcanu dovoz praehu zakazau a tim nouze o prach nastala, jest6 telioz roku jine" vojsko turecke\ 30.000 muzu silne\ V Cafibradfi zufili nad vysledky poslednich rytffu kfesfanstvf. Ji2 r. 1756 poslano bylo op&t 80.000 muzu" silne" vojsko proti nim, a po jednomSsiCnfm tazeni bylo i toto vojsko se ztratou 40.000 muM pora^eno. K. 1767 vystoupil dobrodruh z Chorvatska, Stepan Mali, ktery se za care rusk6ho Petra^III. Orlovera zadu§en6ho vydaval, povedlo se mu rozliCne" strany v Cerne Hofe sjednotiti a hajil vitSzne zeme" proti pfemoci s Benat6any spojenych pa§fi bosenskeho, albansk^ho a rumelskeho, jicMto spojen6 vojsko 120.000 muzu r. 1768 s ne- s&slnymi ztratami porazeno bylo. Nasledkem zavedenych s nimi vy- jednavanf a manifests, ktere cisaf Josef II. rakousky a carovna Ka- tefina JI. ruska, pfi zapofieti valky proti porte" r. 1788 Cerne Hofe vydali, uchopili se tito zbrani a zam&stnavali 50.000 Turku az do r. 1791, byli ale v mini sistovskem 14. srpna 1791 pfes vSecky ob- dr^ene sliby op&t zapomenuti. Roku 1792 utrp61 vezfr skutarsky Vara Mahmut BaSatlija dvS por&2ky v bitvach s Cernohorci, r. 1795 zvitSzila op6t Cernd Hora v Thermopyl&ch Morafie nad desetkrat siln£j§fm tureckym vojskern. Kdyz" revoluce francouzska vypukla a Benatcane v same Italii zamSstnani byli, hodlal Kara Mahmut tuto situaci vykofistiti a roku 1796 s 30.000 muzu sUnym vojskern benatskych drZebnosti v Dal- macii, pfedev§im ale Cern6 Hory se zmocniti. Avsak 6000 Cerno- horcu, ktefi mu u mista Krus v cestu se postavili, porazili jej tak stra§n£, 2e se od t6 doby Turci pfes pul stoleti niceho proti Cerae* Hofe podniknouti neodvaZili. Pfi vypuknuti rusko-francouzske" valky 1805 uposlechli Cerno- horci hned vyzvanf cafe Alexandra I. a bojovali spoledn6 s Rusi v dalmatsk^m pobfezf az do miru v Tilsite 1807. Francouzov6, jim2 nejvfce na torn zalesfelo, aby se Boky kotor- sk6 zmocnili, pokouSeli se slibovanim vladyku Lauristona za pritele si ziskati, 2e jej Napoleon za dalmatsk6ho patriarchu ustanovi. Vla- dyka ale nedal se pfemluviti. Marsal FrantiSek Marmont, ve>oda du- brovnicky, pokouSel se r. 1808 Cernou Horu si podmaniti; chtSl spojeni k Dunaji Bosnou si otevfiti a aby zada kryta m§l, Hercego- viny se zmocniti. Vladyka ale zfldil hned vseobecnou hotovosf, aby hranic zeme" pffsne" stfeziti mohl a donutil po nSkolika krutych bo- jfch Francouze, ze upustili od sv6ho strategick6ho planu. V r. 1810 svedl skutarsky pa§a Mustaj pro nahii Piperi valku proti Cernohor- cum, je£ se pro neho velmi negfestne" skon&la. Tote^l potkalo t6ho2 pa§u v r. 1812. R. 1813 valcili Crnogorci spolecne" s locTstveni angli- ckym proti Francouzum v Boce kotorske\ Vladyka vybojoval Budvu, zmocDil se utokem veskery<;h tvrzi v tomto uzemi a i samo mSsto 26 Kotor pfmutil, aby se vzdalo, nace2 cele" uzemi Boky k Cern6 Hofe pfipojil, avsak jiz v nasledujfcim roce, nasledkem mfru pafi2sk6ho, Rakousku odstoupil. Putky Cernohorcu s Turky nemSly od t6 doby zadn6ho konce. V r. 1819 porazili pasu Tschelaudina s 12.000 muzi, 1821 Deli pasu se znacn6j§im je§t6 tureckym vojskem, 1832 vezira Meheineda Resida. R. 1835 vybojovalo 12 Cernohorcu 300 muzi hajenou pevnost Zabljak a hajili ji po 4 dny proti 3000 Turkum, nacez se opSt s kofisti do hor svych odebrali. R. 1839 porazen byl prudce vezfr Bej Busatlija od 300 Cernohorcu, ktefi 10.000 muzfi silne jeho^vojsko na utek obratili. Nova vitSzstvi slavili Cernohorci r. 1840 u Zabljaku, Sarenci a Drobnjaku, 1842 u Grahova, 1844 u Doljane, 1847 u Vir Cer- mnicki a 1849 v nahii kuCkaske. Nova fadna valka vypukla ruezi Cernymi horami a Tureckem v r. 1852. Turkum podafilo se za nmohoDasobne" stfidav^ho §t£sti zbrani az do polovice unoru jen obsaditi pfedni zeme, nikoliv v§ak dobyti skalDich sten v stfedu zem6 a nepfizniva povStrnost, nemoci a nedostatky vzaly tureckSmu vojsku chut tak, ze porta rada pfijala sprostfedkovani Rakouska a sv6 voje ji£ koncem unora opet z uzemi Cernohorskeho vyvedla. I r. 1854 pfi&lo to opet ku krvavym pohra- nicnim spor&m. R. 1858 v Hercegovine vypukle povstani zapletlo sousednouvCernou Horu do valky a 11. kvStna toho roku utrpeli Turci od Cernohorcu ale tak citelnou poraiku, &e opSt od valky upustili a sprostredkovanim Francie mir uzavfeli. Pfec v§ak jig r. 1862 priSlo to opet pro povstani v HercegovinS k zjevne" vaice s portou. Tentokrate byli Turci zvlteziv§e u Ostrogu (10. Cervence) a RjeCky (24. a 25. srpna) vnikli na pocatku zafi az k Cetyni. Ztraty, ktere" v tomto tasfenf turecke vojsko utrpelo, byly vsak tak ohromn6, Cerna Hora i po dobyti Cetyne tak malo skrocena, ze Turkum to mil6 bylo, kdyz Cernohorci mime" od nich uCiuSne" vyminky miru pfijali. Ten to jen kratky pohled na valecny dejepis Cernohorcu doka- zuje zajiste dostate6ne\ ze by nikterak snadno nebylo s timto tak statecnym a ve zbrani vycvicenym narodem s prosp£chem valditi. Zahrnme nyni cely nastin stanoviska 6ist6 vojenskSho je§t6 jednou nfekolika malo slovy: Cernou Horu obklidujici hory poskytuji k nim se bliSfcimu nepfiteli malo pfekroCitelnych mist a i tyto nami napfed uvedene" spojovaci prostredky, setkavajf se, Sim hloubeji v uzemi Cerne* Hory vnikajf, s tim vStsimi pfekazkami, ktere* kazd6mu vojenskemu podniku skoro nepfemolitelne obtize kladou. Tato povaha pudy ulozila Crno- gorcum zvla§tni pfirozeny zakon pro jich vedeni valky, zpetbSznou obranu, ktera nepfitele od prosmyku k prosmyku, od skalniho naspu k skalnimu naspu, dale az" do nejneschudnSj§ich a nejnebezpe6n£j§ich casti zeme laka. Na dalmatske" a hercegovinske* strand jest Cerna Hora ochrd nena nepfetrzitou, nedobytnou hradebni fadou vScnych svych skal- nych hor jeste vice kBosnii, proti kter6 hory jeji hlavni baStu tvofi. Jen k Albaaii, smSrem skutarsk6ho jezera, do kter6ho se feky cer- nohorske* vtevaji, otevira se zeme\ 27 Prlmo z Bosnie jest zcela nemozno proti Cern6 Hofe cos pod- niknouti. Pomgrne" nejsnaSSiho pfistupu poskytuje naproti tomu udoli feky Zety, do kter6ho turecke" uzemi jizne" pevnosti Spuzi, severne" pevnosti NikSicem vnika. Proti slabym temto mistum hledi se Cer- nohorci velmi pevnou klasterai pevnosti Ostrogem kryti. Mimo tento klaSter maji i Cetyne" a Jasenovo co silnicnf spojistS zvlastnf stra- tegickou dfilezitost. Ostrog, lezici na cest$ ze zapadni Cerne* Hory do Brd, panuje svym pobocnim polozeniin nejen nad spojenim z NikSic se^ Spuzi a Cetyni, nybrz jest i pfi offensivnim (utoCnim) postupovani Cerno- horcu sinerem k Niksicum nejlep§i oporou. Cetyne" jest vytecnymi postavenimi u RjeSky, Testiariy, Stitari, Oranida, Miske, LovCenu, Njegu§e, OSjenice a Utrgu dobfe kryta.^ Jasenovo konecn§, kde se cesty z Hercegoviny a Bosnie pfes Niksic, Drobnjak, Taslidzu, Saranci, Kolasin a Bjelopolje, jakoz i z^ Albanie pfes Bratono§ic a Podgorici a t6z i cesty ze zapadni Cern6 Hory kfizujf, kryty jsou dostiv mnohymi postavenimi, jimiz tyto cesty jednotliv8 opanovany jsou; Cerna Hora jest skalni pevnost, v niz" bydli rod hrdinuv. Jisty nemecky popisovatel zemS t6to, ktera drive nebo pozdeji ve valkach narodu balkansky ostrov obyvajfcfch je§t6 znamenitou ulohu hrati bude, nazval ji „Kovarnou muzuv". Vyznamne" slovo, na kter6 je§t<§ stale v Cetyni uschovan6 lebky v boji zabitych tureckych velitelu az" dosti jasne" upominaji. Mame za to, ze zfejme muzeme vyfknouti, ze Cernohorci svym skoro pgtistyletym bojem za neodvislosf proti Turkum, jichzto sily tak casto seslabili, o cele* evropsk6 kfesfanstvi si zasluhy ziskali. „Cerna Hora", tot byl kul v mase Mosleminu, skala o kterou nej- lepsf a nejdivo5ej§i jich sily se zlomily a dokrvacely. Zajiste" nepodvolf se zadny kfestansky stat tak politovdni- hodne" jak obtizne" uloze, zkrotiti tento hrdinny narod moci. Zajiste* spoCivalo by to vsak ve v§eobecn6m evropsk^m prospechu, pomoci Cernohorcum, t. j. jim urodne" bfehy skutarskeho jezera a na choboty bohaty pfistav spizsky opatfiti, aby se koneCne" zabezpefcenemu, ti- ch6mu vyvoji osv6ty (vzdSlanosti) oddati mohli. Taky tin byl by du- lezitym politicko-strategickym sachovnim tahem v tak temne zamotane" vychodni otazce. Bosna a Hercegovina. Bosnie (Bosna) a Hercegovina lezi mezi 42° 40' a 45° 15' se- veral sifky a mezi 33° 20' a 38° 45' vychodni delky. Na severu cmi hranici Glina od Maljevacu a2 nedaleko Starosela,) pak (silnice) cardaky (sruby) chranena cara a£ k Tople, Unna pfes Kostainicu az k Jasenovaci a Sava, az" po ustf Drjny u Kace. Na vychodu deli posl6ze jmenovana feka az tam, kde Zupa se do ni vl6va, bosenske ) Pohranifine stanovisko, straz. 28 uzemi od srbsk6ho. Od vtoku Zupy pofcinajic tahne se hranice po prav6m bfehu Driny, obkliSuje Stolac, Bielu, Usiel-Planiau a nejpo- slednej§i upady Bielo-Brda. Srbsk6 Cardaky naznafiujf ji, jak popi- suje prapornik Roskiewic, ) a2 k pohranicne strazi Podzigle, velmi na blizku vtoku Uvace do Limu. Od tohoto stanovi§t£ (strafe) poCfnajfc 6ini Uvac hranici az hre- benem horskym Planiny muretinsk6, Machmatem, Javorem a solnickou Planinou tvofena pasmovym stanovi§tSm se naznacuje. Nedaleko Ra§ky rozprostfra se hranice podel feky Sbaru az k mfstu Sarenje, odkud pod61 prave t€ie udolni stSny az do krajiny Mitrovicke bezi. Na jih tahne se od Mitrovic po&najic v mal6m oblouku op£t k Sbaru, pro- vazi tuto feku kratkou vzdalenostf, speje na hfeben mokre" Planiny a jde pak tahnouc se na sever ke kruSevicske" Planine" a k Limu u vsi Bioce. Tam kde vleya se VraDJurtica do Limu jest troji hrauicni mez Bosny, Albanie a Cerne Hory. Odtud bezi hranice podel svrchu jmenovane"ho potoku az k pramenu, pak v rovne" Care al k horsk6mu jezeru Cikva Jezeru, odtud uzemi kolaSinske" na jih jiznS uzavirajfc, v severozapadnim smeru k hofe Ornici a v zapadnim, pozdeji jiho- zapadnfm k Vojniku, koneSne tahnouc se na jih v rovne" Safe k prohlu- ben6mu usti Matice, ktera ag !u vtoku GoropoljskG-Rjeky do jezera Slana mezi cmi. Od jezera tohoto b£2i pfes Kittu, Pomelenik-Planinu k VuCimu Zubu (trojske- rozhrani) a odtud az ke vsi Mokrine do udoli suttorinsk^bo k zalivu Novi. Na zapadu Cini az k pfistavu kleckemu hranici dalmatske" pobfezni pohoff Drinji a Debeli-Vrch. Mofske" pobfefi Imotice az k Slivnu ve vzdalenosti jedne" mile v severozapadnim smeru pfinalezi HercegovinS, ) kdezto hranice se na vychod k hofe Zabe" obracuje, odkud se na severozapad k Narent6 u Metkovi6 tahne. Dale zasahuje vsi Blasinac, Vertovic, obklicuje v kruhu Imo§i, dotyka se v tomto smeru a2 i Arzana a vkroci pak na hfeben pasma prolo2sk6ho az k Dinafe. Od hory Dinary tahne se pak hranice udolim balonickym az k Unne, podei ktere az k Armainu b62i a pak ji zanechajic skoro v rovne" Cafe az" k stanoviSti Zavalje, ne- daleko Bihadu se tahne, odkud pfes Tarzac podei Koranny u Sturlid a konecne" odtud pfes Valiselo do Maljevic na Glinu jde. Bosnu d&li na severu Sava od Slavonie (Rakouska), na vychode" feky Uvac, Lim a Drino od Srbska, na zapadu dinarsk6 Alpy a Unna od Dalmacie, kdezto na jihu s Dalmacii, Cemou Horou a Albanskem hranifif. Obsah plochy a poCet obyvatelstva Bosny obnasi 760 Q mil s 796.000 du§i, Hercegoviny 240 Q mil s 230.000 du§i a okres Novi- bazar 125 D mil s 125.000 du§i. Die rozdelenf politick6ho rozpada Bosnie na 6 kaimakamlyku neboli vladnich okresu: ) Studien fiber Bosnien und die Hercegovina von J. Roskowicz, k. k. Major im Generalstabe, Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus. ) tfzemi bosensko-hercegovinske protina Dalmacii, aby az k Adrii dostoupilo, dvakrate, cfm uzka paska, na ktere Dubrovnik lezi a s druhe strany uzemi kotorsk6 od ostatni Dalmacie oddeleno jest. Zvlastni toto ohranideni po- chazi z casu dubrovnickS republiky, ktera, aby lepe proti Benatkam chra- nena byla, na obou stranach uzk6 kusy zeme Ports odstoupila. 29 1. Serajevo s kraji (nahije neb kasa), Serajevo (kraj mgstsky), Visoka, Foiniza, Neretva, TSelebi-Bazar. 2. Travnik s kraji: Travnik, Seniza, Livno, Glamo6, Alkhissar, Jajze, Golhissar, Prosov. 3. BihaC, severozapadni cast, s kraji: BibaC, Novoselo, Priedov, Novi, Dubiza, Ostrosak, Krupa, Starimejdan, Kosaraz, KliuC. 4. Banjaluka s kraji: Banjaluka, Derbend, Tesanj. 5. Zvornik, vychodne podel srbske" hranice s kraji : Zvornik, Bielina, Tusla-Gornja, Tusla-Donja, Srebernica, BerCka, Kladina, Gra- dal§a£, Maglaj. 6. Novibazar, na jihovychodu, s kraji: Novibazar, Novivaro§, Senica, Metrovica, ViSegrad, Tergusna, Bihor. Hercegovina ma 3 Sandi-saky: Mosar, Trebinje a Tazlydsa neb Pavlje s 17 nahiemi. Horstvo bosenske a hercegovinske nalezi k zemiSti dinarskych Alp a tvofi odvStvujfc se od dalmatsko-bosenskych pomeznich hor dinarskych a gujatskych rozhrani vod mezi pfltoky Savy a pfitoky more jadersk^ho, tahnouc se hlavnfm tahem ve smeru severozapadnim jako i v jihovychodnim smSru skrz Bosnii, Hercegovinu, Cernou Horu a severni Albansko. Die Boskiewice vykazuji vubec mezi Vrbasem a Drinou na sever a severovychod se odvStvujicf horska pasma hfbetni tvary, v6tve za- padne od Vrbas, jakoz i ty, kter6 se od rozhrani vod na jihozapad • a jih d£lf, tvary panvicne" a krasove\ Cela zemS je hornata a nenazyva se nadarmo illyrske' Svycarsko. Na vychodu dinarskych Alp naplnena jest sounalezitou soustavou rovnobSznych, od severozapadu na jihovychod tahnoucich se horskych pasem, ktera Setnymi die b6hu fek poznamenanymi podelnymi udolimi dSlena jsou. Nejhlavnej§i t&chto pasem jest pohoff vitorgaske" (na severozapadu) a jeho jihovychodni prodlouzeni, Malovan, ktery u Kupresu 4500' vys. k 3000' vysokSmu bystricsk6mu udoli klesa; vychodne" od tohoto zdviha se u pramenu Sanisci, Koprilnica Planina ) az k 5000' na druhe strand Vrbas Radovan. Kdezto odtud na sever a severovychod k Save horska pasma pozvolna klesajf (jako na pf. L§uba£-Planina 1500'), zdviha se jiznS (u Vojnici) s 6000' vysokou Lec-Planinou po- cinajfci vysoke pasmo, jez provazi horni Narenta a vychodnf hranici hercegovinskou tvofi. Na jihozapadu stoji nejm6nS t6z tak vysoky Vranad, a jiz"n£ od tohoto 3800' vysoky Porim. Pfes toto horstvo vede silnice z Mostyru do Bosny Seraje ve vy§ce 3500' pfes 4000' vysoke" vrcholy. JeSte dale na jihovychod po stranach hofejsi Driny, lezf opSt vice nez 6000' vysoka preskavacska a sufiinska Planina, jako Volojak (5900') a Voin, kter6 na jihovychodu na rohu fierne" Hory s gigantickym Dormitorem (pfes 8000' vysoky) se konci. Mezi planinami nalezajfcf se vlnovitou planinu horskou pokryvaji sfavnata hofcem okraSlena alpska luka. Popatfime-li na horopis t6to zeme, dame spisovateli vojenske" studie „Horska valka" zajiste" za pravdu, ktery pravi: „Bosna jest ) Planina nazyva se pohori. 30 jedna ze zeml, ktera die sv6 povahy pudy od pfirody same za bojistS trvale male valky a tSzce udusitelnych guerillnich boju vyhlidnuta se byti zda." Kotlinate' dtvary po&'naji jiz jiznS, stupne" sirky Bihac" BanjaluSske" pfibirajf k jihu a zapadu Vrbasu povaze krasove horskych pasem od- povidajice vzdy vet§l rozmery a zasluhuji pro hojnost vod a vysok6 polozeni s pfibyvajfci velkosti jmeno vysoeiu (Vysociny mal6 rozsahlosti, jakoz i nfziny maji oby£ejne jmeno „poljeu.) Tyto z vetsi Casti roklinatymi fekami, t. j. takovymi vodnfmi zilami svlazovan6 vysocmy, ktere" misto aby se do jinych fek vlevaly, najednou opet v horskych roklinach se ztraci, aby snad po nekolika milich daleko vzdaleny pod jinym jmenem opet na povrch vystupovaly, jsou od severu na jih vysocmy Bilaj a Petrovac (s pot&ckem Co§kou), s kterymi chuda na vodu Bravsko-polje hraniCi, vysocina Dobrinia a Hidin Megdan (spatna a jen obtfasnS svlazovana), vysocina PodreSnica (bohate ovodn£na ale mocalovita) vys. Grahovo (Gvizdo-Rjeka, potok), Sinokosa (bazinata), Livno, t6z Livajnsko-polje nazvana (s mnohymi mosty, 40' Siroka a 2—3' hluboka Bystrica), Glamoc neb Glamofiko-polje (Vrba), Kupre§ (potok Milad), Duvno (Suica), Kakitno, kterou Smianja ovlazuje, Kotlina Rusko-polje vychodnS od Arzana, vysocma posusjeska vychodne' od Smo§e, kterou Grabovica ovlazuje, a vysocina brotujoska na NarentS severne" od Po£itelji. V§ecky tyto vysocmy lezi v krasovS pudS, skromne" rozsahlosti a vyjma posledne jmenovane jsou jen slabe olidnSny. Se suchoparnou krasovou plochou Bachtievici (na ceste z Konjice do Mostyru) hraniCi vysocma nevesenjska, jez jest nejrozsahlejgi v Bosnii a HercegovinS. Zavlazovana jest Zamolskou-Rjekou, ktera pfijima potok Moreski, a zapadne od Bratace po kamennem moste pfejiti se da. Vychodnf pokracovani vysociny nevesenjska jest vysocina GaCko, ktera opet vychodnS Rjebu-Dolinou pokracuje. (Svlazovana bohatou na vodu Musicou, jez pfijima Gracanicu a Ljesnicu a jizne od Metokia most ma.) K t6to pojf se jizn6 vysok§ udoli Cernica, kdezto se rovnobezne k vysocmam nevesenjskym a gafikoskym a jizne od obou vysociny Dabra a Fatnica (velmi nepatrnymi vodnfmi zilami) se rozprostirajf. K t6to poji se opet na vychodu vysoCina Plana a Korito (jen cisterny), o kterou se opet v smeru jihovychodniin kamenita pfida Golia a v pohofi dugaskem dobfe svlazovane' Gornje-polje opira. Vysocmu niksicskou proteka dilem £ernohorskou hranici tvofici Malica, ktera, vznikajic na Pusti-Lisacsk6 Gorrpolsku, Mostanicu, Zetu a GarCanicu-rjeku pfijima, kterezto pfftoky na silnici z NikSic" do Bilku mosty maji. Dv6 hodiny na jihu od Dabra rozprostira se malo ovodnSna vysocina Ljubinje, na kterou v jihovychodnim smSru kotlina krasova, le&ci na silnici Trebinje-Bilek, nasleduje, kdezto se, 5 hodin severovychodnS od ni, co strategicka operacni opora proti Cerae" Hofe dulezita vysocina BileCska rozprostira, ktera okolo ni lezici kamenne pou§ti jedine" bohatstvim pramenu s to jest, aby v6t§i voje vodou zaopatfovala a mimo to i t6 vyhody poskytuje, ze blizko Cernohorske hranice spojiStem vice cest jest, kterych co fadovych silnic uziti se muze. Na pat6 vysociny BileSske" tahne se vysoCina TrebinCicska do 31 Tiebinje, kde jmeno Trebinsk6 a Popovo-polje pfijfma. (Trebincma stfidavS raezi 20' a 6' §iroka a 2' — 4' hluboka ma nad Trebinji [Arslaaagica-Most] a u Slana most, a u Gran6arevo a Trebinje jsou pfivozy.) Ctyry hodiny severovychodne' od Ulloku §ffl se po prav^m bfehu Narentine na zapad a vychod otevfena vysocma zagorska (nepatrne" vodni 2ily). N£co malo severne" od Zagorie naleza se kotlina krbliny. Na planine" horske" a jiznich upadcich Romanjske Planiny rozprostira se vysocma Glasimace (potok BeSetnica), na ktere se hlavni silnice spojujf, jez" od Zvorniku a VySehradu do Serajeva vedou. VychodnS od telo naleza se kotlina Kosutica, jiz Lehova proteka a na krasove" horske planing, ktera Eomanjou, Semecem, Kopitarem, Studenou Baturou- Kraljevou- a Vuksicltou planinou se tvofi, naleza se je§te mno2stvi kotlinatych svahu, z nichz nejznamenitejSi je na silnici do VySehradu isanske, selianske\ pesurifiske a §emedske-polje a vychodne od Gla- sinace mrkalsk6, arnautovic^ke" a kraljevo-polje. Od severozapadu k jihovychodu tahnoucimu se pasmu hor v Hercegovine se podobajice a sledujfce pfirozenS tyz smer fadi se t€i vyso&ny, coz se zfejme v poloze vysocm nevesenjeske" a ga£ske\ Dobra, Fabrica, Plan6, Lju- binje a Sasenu, jakoz i v b&hu Trebin&ce objevuje. VStsi niziny nalezaji se skoro jen podel prav^ho bfehu Savy. Co takove" uvadime: rovinu vychodne" od usti Unny do Savy, naproti Jasenovacum, LjevSanicu Polji, mezi Savou jiznS od Busudu (Brodu). ZapadnS od usti Bosuy, pak vychodnS teto pod61 Savy az k usti Driny v menici se sifce 3—6 hodjn. Dulezitej§i nez Dalmacie a Cern6 Hory jest vodopis Bosny a Hercegoviny, ponevadz znamenite" vodni zily timto uzemim prot6kaji. Brani-li hory jiz spojeni vojsk, Jest te2ko pfec opanovati je a jen malo hornatych krajin, vyjma snad Cernou Horu a jizni Dalmatsko neposky- tuji skoro nikdy tak trval6 obrany, jako velke" proudy a feky. Nejdulezitejsi feka Bosny jest Sava, jez v sifce 150—400 kroku od Jasenovatfe po£inaje rakousko-bosenskou hranici tvofi. Jest splavna pro parolodi, nese tizi 4000 centnyfu a tete sm6r casto menic mezi 2° — 3° vysokymi rozsedlymi bfehy a nevede, dokud se Bosny dotyka, pfes ni zadny most. Pfitoky jeji po prave" strand jsou: 1) Unna, ktera u Armaiku na turecke" uzemf vstupuje, z po- 6atku uzkym a skalnatym, od Bihaee az k Krupp6 otevfenSjSfm, odtud az k Novi lesnatym pohofim uzavfenym a pak az k Dubice hornatou krajinou tvofenym §irokym udolim tefie, az u Dubice na rovinu vstupuje a se u Jasenovace do Savy vle>a. Pfi usti 150 kroku Jiroka, jest na dolnim sv6m b£hu splavna, u Kullen-Vakufu, Bihaee, Kruppi a Kostainici nalezaji se mosty, u Ripac, Perekovic, Ostro- zam, Ottoka, Novi u Dubice pak pfivozy. Pfijima v levo nSkolik potoku, v pravo v Cerne Hofe vznikajici, u Armainu ylevajici se Unnac (u Dervaru most), Cagiavici a Sannu, ktera v Cern6 Hofe vznikajic u Kljuce dobfe zdSlanym, odtud u Janski Mostu roz§ife- nejsim, u Prjedoru se opet uzicim udolim prot6ka a konecng op6t sirokym udolim se vinouc u Novi do Unny se vleva. Na dolnim behu 200 kroku Siroka, pocina byti u Prjedoru splavnou a ma u KljuC, 32 Sanski-Mostu a Novi mosty. V levo i v pravo prijima nepatrne" ffCky a potoky. 2) Verbas, prysticf se na Lecu a Radu§ske" planine" te6e sm&rem severnim, od Goruc-Vakufu, az k Skoplje Sirokym, urodnym, odtud az k Banjaluku skalnatym, lesnatym 6asto uzkym udolim obracuje se tam k severo-vychodu a jest ode vsi Maglai poSinaje jen na pra- v6m bfehu provazen motaiCaskou planinou, na levem bfehu ale roz- sahlou Ijevcanickou rovinou ohraniCen. Pfi usti a Sterbasu do Savy 150 kroku Siroky a od Banjaluky pocmaje 4—5' hluboky, jest splavny odtud pro men§i lodS. U Skoplje vede pfes n£ho kamenny most a dva dfevSne" u Sajce i Benjaluky a jeden u Trnu. Z pfitoku jeho slu§i mimo nekolik potoku poznamenati v levo Plivu na Vitorogu vzni- kajicf, ktera jde vysokym horaatym udoh'in, v pravo Janicku, v levo u jezera Maidansku-rjeku prijima a pod titnto mistem krasne" jezero Gyslhisser tvofi. V16va se u Jaice 60 kroku jsouc §iroka do Verbasu, ktery v pravo u Skoplje Oborcu, nad Jaicem Koslar u zficenin Ko- metinu Ugar, u Karanovace Svrakovu, pak Verbanju prijima, kte- rezto v§ecky feky vysokymi skalnatymi, castecne" hustfi lesy porost- lymi bfehy obklftfeny jsou. 3) Ukrina, jakoSto velka Ukrina na Gfiensu a co mala na boriaske" planing vznikajic, a se pak pfi usti potoku Denis spojujic, proteM az" ke KremnS lesnata, hornata, pak vzdelana, §ir§i udoli a vpada u Koracja-Dolni do Savy. U Der^entu jest most, lze ji v§ak i prebroditi. 4) Bosna, na pate igmansk^ho pohori vznikajic, 50 — 500 kroku giroka, 2 — 5' hluboka prot£ka Sarajevsko-polje od Dvoru az k Gra- disdi udolim stfedopohofi, od Gradisci k Orahovice lesnatymi pro- smyky, pak az k Modrici dosti rozsjfenym udolim, tece pak na ro- vinu, kde se zapadne od tureck£ho Samace do Savy vleva. Od Ma- glaje pofiinajfc jest pro male lode splavna, u Ilidzie ma kamenny, u Raljeva, Visoke a Lenic dfevSny most. U Kakanje, Orahovic, Zepfi, Maglaiu, Doboje, Kotorska a Doboru nalezaji se prevozy. V levo pfit6kaji k ni (u Visoke) Kre§evou (u Ban Brda) a Fojnici (u Kiseljaku) sesiln&na, 50 kroku Siroka Zepenica, pfes kterou u Ban Brda, Kiseljaku a Visokev mosty vedou, jakoz i Lasva a Ussora. V pravo vl6vaji se do ni Zelesnice, jez ma most u Ilidze, pfi dstf sv6m 60 kroku Siroka Miljacka, jez ma 6 mostu, pfi usti 80 kroku Siroka Krivaja (s lavkami u Viaku, Carev-Hanu a Gosovice) a pfi usti 70 kroku Siroka Spreca (u Stipovopolje most). Mezi ustlmi Bosny a Driny pfiteka k Save" vice malych fek, toti2: Tolisa, Gojmir, MreSnica, Perkovica, Blazevica, konecne Tinje, kteraz z velke" a male" Tinje v Majevici sestava. VSecky tyto ff£ky# lze prebroditi, maji ysak pfi usti pro vozovou cestu vedouci ze Sa- mace do Ber£ky most. 5) Drina povstava spojenim se Pivy, ktera co drava horska voda skalnatym udolim se vali, a u kl&§tera Piva most ma, s Tarou na upati Komu vznikajicf, ktera uzemim kolasinskym v skalnatych ddolnich stenach proteM u Kolasma, Kapitanovu-rjeku prijima a pri spojeni se s Pivou u Humu 50 kroku §iroka jest. Od Humu az k FoCi pohybuje se Drina k seveni, odtud k vy- 33 chodu, teCe pak v mnohych zahybech mezi skainimi a lesnatyini po- hon'mi a2 k Vysehradu (kamenny most s 11 pilifi) a odtud v smem severnim od usti Zepy pocinajic, tvofi liranici az k Zvorniku. U Janji vstupuje feka na rovinu a vltfva se naproti Ra£i do Savy. Odtud pak nelze Drinu vice pfebroditi, u Fo£i 100, u ViSehradu 170, pfi usti 3—400 krokfi Siroka, jest od Ljubovice pro male" lod6 splavna. Pfivozy na.leza.ji se u Humu, u Rrodu nad Focou, u Ustikoliny, Govazdy, Medzidzje Ljubovie, Zvorniku, LoSnice, Janji, Balatuna a u RaCi. V levo jeji pfitoky jsou: Sustinska, ktera u Prosejenic veli- kolep6 skaliuy Sela a Volujaku prolomuje a 60' siroky skalni pro- smyk tvofi, kde za 6asu srbskych cafu zamykaci prosmyk byl. (V pro- smyku sam6m vedou pfes ni tfi pod Ticntistou jeden most.) Nad Focou ustici se Bystrica, jiz lze vSude pfebroditi, ktera u vytoku sv6m u Gorazdy 40 kroku Siroka a Pra6a, kterou po dfeySn6m mostu prejiti lze; pfi usti pod Vratarem 30 kroku Siroka Zepa (u vsi Zepy naleza se stezka); pod vsi Mihailovicemi vlevajlci se KfiSe- vica; v Sirokem udoli u Kosierevopolje, pfi usti 60 kroku Siroka Drinaca, ktera sama vice nenepatrnych pfitoku ma (v pravo TivCa, Suovarac a Sadar, kfery u PaloSe a Nove" Kosaby most ma). DalSi leve" pfitoky Driny az k usti jejimu do Savy jsou : Josava, Sapna, Jasenica, Lokajuska, PjeliSka, Tavna a u vtoku 30 kroku Siroka Janja. Pfitoky Driny v pravo jsou : 30 kroku Siroka u Fo£i (kde dva mosty jsou) v!6vajfci se Cehotina; nedaleko Goraz"dy ustici se Prisoj; Janina (u vsi Batfvy); jezero Plavn protekajfci, naproti Medzidzje 60—70 kroku u usti Siroky Lim, ktery u Priepolje most ma, a mnohe pfitoky pfijfma (v levo KreSticu, Grasdinicu, Vranju- sticu, Jalovicu, Akocku, SelaSnicu s Svezdanskou Rjekou a Poblat- nicu; v pravo: Ljubusticu, Drfku, Ko£evu, MiloSevu, Bystricu, Kra- tova, GoduSu a Uvac\ ktery skoro po sedm hodin srbsko-bosenskou hranici cmi a 40 kroku Siroky u Priboje se vle>a; Strzava, jez" na bosenskSm uzemi u Jagodiny most ma, ostatn6 vSude ji pfebroditi lze, a ktera se u VySehradu 30 — 40 kroku dlouha vleva. Druha blavni feka zeme jest Narenta, je2 spojenim se dvou potoku. (Krupace na jabu£sk6m pohofi a PridvoriCky-Rjeky na hofe Gredlu) u Pridvorica vznika, odtud az ke Konjici v severozapadnim, a2 k usti Ramu v zapadnim smeru teSe, pak na jih se otaci, a2 k Bune tomuto smera vSrnou zustava, pak se jihozapadne obracf u Metkovic v Dalmatsku na rakousk6 uzemi vt6ka a ve viceramennou (v dvou hlavnich ramenou a v 6 vtocich) u pevnustky Opus svym nezdravym poMenim tak povestne" do Adrie se vleva. Od sv6ho vzniku az ke Konjici obklfCena jsouc vysokymi £a- stecne lesnatymi skainimi stSnarni, teCe odtud az" ke Konjici otevfenej- Sim, dilem lesnatym, dilem vzdSlavanym udolim suzena jest op&t ai k Podporimu kolmymi 2 — 3000' vysokymi skainimi stenami a tece nad a pod Mostyrem rozSifenymi udolimi, kter6 ale pod Bunou nfz- kymi horami opet velmi suzeny jsou. Od Buny az" po PoCitelj a u Gebelly, kde prolomeno jest pohofi prolozsk6, onraniCuji jen mirnS vysoke horske paty feku. U GlavatiCeny lze ji pfejiti po df evened, 3 34 u Konjice t62 i u Mostyru po kamennem moste\ Pfivozy nalezaji se u Buny, PeCitelj a Metkovic a brod Y, hodiny nad Mostyrem. Ji2 u Mostyru jest 4' hluboka, 60 kroku Siroka, jest od KruSevic splavna a od Metkovic plavou s parniky. V6t§ich pfitoku pfijima Narenta devSt v pravo, totiz" : Naretvu neb malou Narentu (20 kroku Sirokou) usti ma nad Konjicou; Ramu (30 kroku Sirokou) dve hodiny pod Uzdem; s vy§ky 80' do Narenty se fitici Perutac aProporac; DivuGrabovi6i, ktera se usti u Luksa-Grabu; Dreznicu (25 kroku girokou) 4 hodinypod Sablanici; Vojnu; Listici neb Sasenici, pfes kterou vedou u SirokSho Briegu a Buny mosty po dobrodruzn6m b£hu, pfi kter6m skrz jezerni bahno mostarski Blato jde a pozd&ji jedenkrate 22/2 hodiny pod zemi teSe u Buny (40 kroku Siroka) do Narenty se vl6va; Trebisat, ktery ma u Priboje a u Strugu mosty, u Strugu se usti. Pfitoky Narenty v levo jsou: Potok Gvoznica: Stranina, ktera prot6ka na silnici z Konjice do Mostyru se nalezajici male jezero „Jezero" a pak jako Vlach-Rjeka pod GlavatiCevem se usti; Biela nad, Tisevica pod Konjici; Lagoscma u Jablanic; bohata na vodu 100 kroku Siroka, 2 — 4' hluboka Buna, ktera u Buny (kde se naleza kamenny most) se usti; casto vyschla Bisina; Bregava, ktera ma u Stolace dva (kamenne) u Prebiloce jeden most (60 kroku siroka) u Capliny se vleva — a v Utove-Blate pramenici se pfebroditelna Kruppa, je2 se u Doljana do Narenty vle>a. Tfeti feka zem§, Ibar totiz, jak sam Roskiewic, jenz nejlepsi mapu Bosny sdSlal, se pfiznava, jest u sv6ho pramene jako i b6hu jen malo znam. S jistotou se fici musie, ze se u Mitrovic na sever obraci, od Jarenje hranici tvofi a pod Ra&kou srbske" uzemi protSka. U Ra§ky pfijima Ra§ku, v levo Ludsku a DeZevu, v pravo Jasanici, Trnavu a Ili6ku na blizku Nov6ho bazaru. Hlavni spojovaci prostfedky BosDy a Hercegoviny jsou na- sledujici: Ze Serajeva (45.000 obyvatelu, pevnost jiz" silne" se rozpadava) pfes Rakovici, Kiseljak, Busovac, Travnik (12.000 obyv.), Skoplje (2.000 obyv.), Pru§ac, KupreS, Suica, Livno (tr2i§te, 3.500 mahome- danu, 1.600 kfestfanu); Prolog-Han do Signu (41 tureckych jezde- ckych hodin). Z Travniku pfes Karaulu, Jaice (2.500 obyv.), Varcar-Vakuv (2.000 obyv.), Cadjavice, Kljuc, Han-Bravsko, Petrovac (2.000 obyv.), Bilai, Lippu, Dubovsko Ripac, do Bihace (zanedbane" pevnosti 4000 oby- vatelu, l/a hodiny odtud jest pohranicni strai Zavalje (37 tureckych jezdeckych hodin). Z KljuCe pfes Bravsko, Petrovac, Dervaz do Resanovce (vsi, 1672 tur. jezdeckych hodin. Z Travniku pfes Vitovlje, Ugar, Skender, Vakuv, H. Plocu, Javoru, Koranovac, BanjalUku (15.000 obyvatelu), Ivainsko, Kosarac (2 — 3000 obyv.), Prjedov do Novi (mgsto, drive casto oblehana pev- nost, 3. fijna 1789 Laudonem vybojovana, 1600 obyv., 36lh tur. jezdeckych hodin). Z Banjaluky pfes Maglai (ves) do stare" GradiSky naproti ve vojenske" hranici lezici pevnosti Berbiru (1500 obyvatelu, r. 1789 Laudonem vydobyte\ 11 tur. jezdeckych hodin). Vozova cesta ze Serajeva) v bosenskem udolf pfes Rakonici, Kiseljak, Busovac (700 obyv.), Vites" ZeniC, Vrauduk (ves s tvrzf horskou), Zepse (2000 obyv.), Maglai (mSstys 1800 obyv.), Doboj (1600 obyv.), Foci (2000 obyv.), Dervent (se starou tvrzf; 2000 obyv.), do Brodu neb Busudu (hlavnf vchod do Bosnie!) 46 tur. jezd. hodin. Ze Serajeva po prav6m bfehu Bosny do Zenice, 16 hodio. Ze Serajeva pfes Han Osren, Olovo, Kladain (1600 obyv.), dolnf Tuzlu (6000 obyv.), do Bercky (2000 obyvatelu, 30 tureckych jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Vlasenici, Zvornik (mSsto a pevnost 8—9000 obyv.; r. 1688 od markhrabete Ludvika badensk6ho, 1689 op£t od Turku dobyta), Janji (1200 obyv.), Balatum do Racii (na rakousk^m bfehu Savy, 38 tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Vygehrad, Novy Varos" do Novibazaru (s tvrzi; 9000 obyv,, 51 tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Gorazdu, Gainici, Priepolje, Sjenici do Nov6ho Bazaru (49. tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Blazni, Tarcm, Bradinu, Konjic (12000 obyv., az sem jest silnice ledva schodna, pak jest obtfzna), Borke, Zimlje- Han, Mostar (18000 obyv.), Bunu do Metkovic (mSstefika v Dalmat- sku, 281/2 tur- Jezd- hodin). Z Neretvy po levein bfehu Narenty && k usti Ramy (kamenny most) pfes Uzdo, Prozor, do kotliny Ramy, pak pfes Stit a Mokro- noge do Livna (25 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Doberkovi, Mammice do dalmatske^ho m§- stefcka SmoSi (12 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Bunu, Stolac (3000 obyvateluv), Ljubinje (1500 obyv.), do Trebinje (spatne opevnena, 3000 obyv., 18 ture- ckych jezd. hodin). Ze Stolac pfes Dabru, Fatnici, Planu do Bileku (vsi na vy- socme" bile£sk6, 12 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Nevesenj, Zatom a pfes Grabovici, Metokiji (1000 obyv.), Krstac do NikSic (2000 obyv., 29 tur. jezd. hodin). Snad by to mSlo zvla§tnf zajmy, spojovaci prostfedky Hercego • viny jeSte" jedenkrate samy pro sebe pozorovati. Tyto daji se oddi- lem, ktery Narenta od Konjice az ku svemu usti stfedem zeme" cmi, nejle'pe na spojeni v levo a v pravo rozdeliti. Na levo nal^zajf se spojeuf z pevnustky Opus do Mostyru; ze Stagna pfes Polje a Trnovo do Trnovic a odtud prusmykem hranicnf ho pohofi do Stolasu ; ) ze Slana do Stolac ; z Dubrovniku pfes Stari-Slano, Ljubinje (s pevnym zamkem) do Mostyru ; z Du- brovniku star6ho a Novi (Castelnuovo) udoli'm trebinjgtickym do Tre- ) Serajevo, hlavni mesto Bosnie, bylo r. 1697 princem Eugenem Savojskym vydobyto. *) Stolac ma polozenim svym na vybSzku skalnim proti strelam chraneny zamek. 36 binje) (odkud cesta pfes horn Clivo a mfsto Rudine do Bilece vede); z Novi a Risn6, kdyz se byly obe cesty u proslul6 pevnustky Dra- galje spojily, polem grahovskym (kter6 pod ochranou Cemohorcu jest) pfes pevnustku Klobuk (ktera cestu tuto ovlada a kde r. 1807 bitva mezi Turky, Rusy a Cernohorci se strhla) a BilaC *) do Mo- styru; konecne" velmi obtizna cesta z Mostyru, hlavniho mesta Pa- Saliku, pfes tfi rovnobezne fetSzy z Konjice na Narente" do Se- rajeva. Spojeni v pravo od Narenty jsou: z Metkovic pfes Gabellu; Strugo, Caplinu, Bjelotice a ViSepolje do Mostyru; z Vergovac dlouhou uzlabinou Prologhu pfes Ljubuiku do Mostyru; z Imo§e pfes Posojfcje, Duvno a Nakini-Dvori do Mostyru; ze Splita pfes Sinj, pfekroSujic Cetyni a hfbet Prologhu prosmykem bilibrigskym do pevnostivLivna, kde se deli cesty na rozlifine' strany; vychodne" do zamku Zupanjace, pak Rakitna, pro spojeni s cestou, ktera vede zlmoSe; dale pfes Zupanjac a Gostinice do Serajeva, s druh6 strany i Konjici, pak pfes Prisak, Serbici a LjubanSice do GlamoSe, ze Sokol do Grahova, konecne" pfes proloSke pasmo prosmykem vrilloskym do Kninu. Nejschudne-jSi ze spojeni tSchto jsou ona z Dubrovniku pfes Stari-Slano, z Opusu pfes Matkovice do Mostyru a ze Splita pfes Livno, kterazto v§ecka pfes Konjici do Serajeva vedou. Za nejdulezitejSi mista v Hercegovine' v ohledu strategick6m plati: Trebinje, Mostyr a Livno, jakoz i silnicni spoji§t6 : Niksic, Gacko, Stolac, Nevesinj a Konjica. Obyvatelstvo bosensk6 a hercegovinske' nalezi y6t§inou svou k jihoslovanske' Celedi. N6co malo naleza se tam t£& Zidu a Cikanu a cizincu, jiz tam usedli nejsou, jakoz i fadove" turecke vojko (asi 5.700 muzu). Panujici fee" jest bosensko-srbska, jez zvla§t6 po kraji Cistou a ve sv6 p&vodni krase se udrzela. Plati die vyslovnosti, liboznSni a hojnosti slov za nejkras§i ze v§ech slovanskych fe6i. Turecka fe6 nemohla se nikdy na bosensko srbske pud6vzmoci. Die nabozenstvi deli se obyvatelstvo na kfesfany, Turky a Zidy. Turci, jizto i Cikany v to pofiftaje, sotva 384.000 dusi 6itaji, jsou temef pu- vodem svym vesmSs Bosnaci, ktefi druhdy, aby ze svych statku olou- peny nebyli, Mohamedany se stali a od t€ doby nejhor§fmi nepfately svych soukmenovcu byli, ktefi se kfesfansk^ho nabozenstvi pfidrzeli. Kde2to pfivrzenci Mohamedovi na v6t§im dile v mestech obyvaji, pfevladaji kfesfane* po kraji co rolnici a pastyfi. ZvlaSte v cele" severni 6asti od Novi a2 po Bielinu, pak v 21 krajich pod61 dal- matske hranice maji vrch. Na neStSsti d§li se na feeko-katolicke a vychodo-katolicke' kfesfany a nenavideji se vzajemnS co taci vice nezli spolecnGho nepfitele sv£ho. ) Trebinje jiz r. 872 sidlo knizete Krajna, bylo r. 1366 od krale bosenskeho Tvrtka, r. 1463 od sultana Mohameda II. a r. 1694 od Benatcanii dobyto. ) Z mnohych spojeni, jez u Bilic se krizuji, vede odvetvi pres Omutice do Cerne Hory, jine vychodnS prusmykem Dugy do Niksic a odtud pfes pru- smyk Slivje tez do Cerne Hory. 37 Fysicka jakost bosensko-hercegovinskych Slovanu rovna se uplne" jakosti sousednich Slovanu. Nalezame mezi nimi touz vysokou, mo- hutnou postavu, tyz vStrem a parnem osmahly obliCej, touze vyznam- nou krasu v tazicb, tyz poklid a dustojnost ve vzezfeni. T6z jich kroj rovna se kroji Morlaku. V £ervene barve maji sv6 nejvetsi za- libenl, a ponSkud i v modre\ Obydli jejich ve vesnicich neli§i se ni&m od dalmatskych Morlaku, obydli mestska skladaji se vetsim dilem toliko z tramu, hlinou a vapnem slabe nahozenych, a tak zvan6 kule (vSze, v nichz zamoznej§i lid.6 pfebyvaji), jsou jen kamenna, k obrane zfizena staveni o jednom patru, v jehoz pfizeml v Cas ne- pfatelskych utoku dobytek se ukryva. M6sta zalezeji vubec ze tfl cast!; z gradu aneb tvrze, z varo§e aneb vlastne" z m6sta, je2 casto naspem aneb zdi jiz sesutou opatfeno jest, a konecne z mahaly, pa- lanky aneb zagrady, t. j. z pfedmSstf. Prave" tak, jak malo fee se zmenila, nezmenily se hrube" i mravy a nahledy Bosnanu od te doby, co pod tureckou vladou jsou. U kfe- stfanskych Bosnanu nalezame bez rozdllu je§te v§ecky prvotnf mravy a mravni vlastnosti: neobmezene" pohostinstvi, patriarchalni rodinny 2ivot, udatnost a bojechtivost, az fanatismu dotykajici se naboznost, poCestnost u obcovani vzajemnSm a neporu§itelnost pfatelstvi (po- bratimstvi), avsak te2 krvava nesmiflivost v nepfatelstvi, mstivost a jakasi naklonnost k fatalismu. Ponevadz synove" i po sv6m ozeneni v dome" rodicu pfebyvaji, cita rodina nezfidka 60 a vice udu. Spravu vede stareSina, jehoz bez vyminky posluSni jsou, kdezto jeho zena aneb nevSsta co stopa- nica domacnost fidi. Jich strava jest velmi jednoducha: sestava pfedevSim z mleka, syra a cibule. Kdo chleb ma, pokladan jiz za bohat6ho. Krm6 z 6er- stveho syra, mouky a masla v horke" vode" svafena (cicvara) jest jich svatefinim jidlem. Cela t£m6f puda a zeme" nale2i Mohamedanum. Obyvatele vesnic jsou skoro vesmes pachtyfi bez vlastni pudy a obydli. Vgt§i a men§i drzitel6 statku jsou bud'to Begov6, t. j. pfede v§im potomkove" slo- vanske, pfed easy na viru Mohamedskou pfe§16 Slechty, aneb Agove\ t. j. turefiti drzitel6 pozemku, s nimi2 kfesfansky sedlak svou smlouvu uzavfiti musi, a jizto na dSdinach svych na mnoze t62 spravce maji, aneb konecne Spahiove\ turecti lenni panove\ jimz po dobyti zeme pozemky dany jsou. V torn shoduji se v§ecky zpravy, ze jeSte po dnes jako za Casu nejv£t§iho rozkv&tu fi§e Osmanske ubozi kfesfanSti obyvatele" bo- senSti a hercegovinSti i pfes vsecko hulakani, jez nadelano o tak zvanych tureckych opravach Cili reformach, nizadneho prava nemaji a kaMe" libovuli svych mohamedanskych utiskovatelu vydani jsou. Za tou pfifiinou povstanou ve prospech ka2d6ho napa- dajiciho vojska, jez jim osvobozeni od tureck6ho jha pfislibi. Zem6 neni na plodiny chuda, vzdelavani ale pudy u vysok&n stupni zanedbano. Je^to vody k zavlazovani na zbyt jest a zvla§te hory bosensk^, jsouce pSknymi lesy pokryty, hojn6 prameny v sobe" chovaji, mohla by tedy zeme" tato pod kfesUanskou vladou netoliko 38 obyvatelstvo sv6 hojne vyzivovati, nybrz tez je§te vydatnemu vyvozu se t§§iti. Oba hlavni mocaly zeme, mostyrsky a blatobussky osivajl se ryzi. Bohuzel v6ak nejv£t§i Cast krasnych a urodnych udoli zeme ladem lezi. Malo co poll se vzdelava, puda se nehnojf a krasna luka sekaji se toliko jednou do roka, ponSvadz se bati inusi, aby jich za bohate" nemSli jich mohainedan&ti tryznitele\ Avsak i pfes to sklizi se obili vseho druhu, a je-li rok urodny, i ho vybyva, taktez hojne ovoce, jmenovitS slivky 6ili savky a pozegase, teg jablka, hruSky a tfesne\ V Hercegovine pestuji se fiky a jizni ovoce, rejze a buraky, t£z dobre" vino, tabak a krap. Velike mnozstvi le&vych bylin roste divoce na horach. Teplota jizniho podnebi zmirhuje se znacn6 ho- rami. Jenom Hercegovina ma pon6kud italske podnebi jako Dal- matsko; Krajina (turecke" Chorvatsko) a Posavina (zem6 pod61 Savy) jsou mirneJSi ne£li rakouske Chorvatsko. Na vysocinS Kupresske" a na mnohych jinych mistech zufiva £asto bora jako na Kra§i. Herce- govina ma zapadne od NikSic poCinajic az po prameny Narentiny a odtud az do Jablonice tyz raz jako dalmatske" pomezi: jest pusta, chuda na rostlinstvo, podobajic se Krasi, ma mocaly a jezera; na vychode" jsou vsak lesy a pastviny Alpske, a obydli a obyvatelstvo rovna se bosenskSmu. V prvni casti rostou rostliny jako na pobrezi stfedniho more (kfemelaky, myrty, granaty, vavfiny, revy, fiky), v po- slednim jest vsak listnate" a jehlicate" stromovi. Dosti urodna hornata krajina Bosenska jest tak chladna, ze se v ni reva hrub£ ani nedafi, na mnoze neurodna zeme hercegovinska je vsak tak tepla, ze se tarn pgstuje a dari na mnohych mistech jizni ovoce. Zv&fe jest tarn hojne\ Co do chovu dobytka maji tam zvlaSte' mal6, trvale koniky, 6etn6 skoty, t6z mnoho koz, ovcf a drubeze. Prasata chova toliko kfes£ansk6 obyvatelstvo. Vojsko, jez by tedy nepifatelsky do Bosnie a Hercegoviny vniklo, nemohlo by spolehati na to, ze by se tamnfmi prostfedky uziviti mohlo, nybrz musi k sv6 vyzive blizko hranic zaloziti si skladiste. Popatfme nyni t«§z na valecny dejepis tohoto velmi zajfmaveho uzemi, kde vsak pro obmezenost mista toliko nekter6 v6ci dostatecnS vytknouti mfizeme: Za doby stare" byla Bosnie Casti velkeho Illyrska, jez sve vlastni krale m61a, av&ak fiinskSmu vale£nemu umeni podlehla, byvsi od Rimanu z Uher a Dalmatska prepadnuta, nacez pak ke konsularni Panonii, posleze k Dalmatsku privtSlena byla. Jsouc s fi§i fimskou spojena, byla s ni zapletena v tuhe boje proti Gotum a A varum a pfipadla pak dilem Serbii dilem Chorvatsku. Pokud bezpecne pisemne" zpravy sahaji, obyvali v ni vzdy Slovane\ Svatopluk zfidil z ni opel zvlaStni provincii a dal ji zupany a bany spravovati. Za Kresimira II. (994) pfipojeno i Chorvatsko k Bosnii. Bosnie povazovala se az po tu dobu za vedlejgi zemi Dalmatska, Cimz v stra- tegickem a kulturn6historickem ohledu vzdy byla, Boriz vsak (1149 az 1168) pocal v Bosnii samostatnou vladu provadeti. Na to Bosnie bany a2 po Tvartko II. spravovana byla, stala se vsak v posledni dob6 v2dy vice odvislou od uherskych kralu. Tvartko, jenz od roku 39 1376 py§ny nazev krale z Bo2i milosti srbskeho, bosenskeho a pri- morjskeho mel, podmanil si Dalinacii od boky kotorskg &z po Zadro a porazil nekolikkrate t6£ Tarky na hlavu, jimz" se skoro soucasnS braniti musil. Za neho byla nejkrasnSjSf 6asf jihoslovansk6ho bojiSte" spojena a v tomto spojenf strategicky nepfemoZitelnou. Po nem na- staly rozepfe nabozenskS mezi feckou a fimskou cirkvi na jeho uzemi a spory tyto mely v zap(5tf svem zrMu, skrze kterouz" Turci Bosnie ponejprv se zmocnili. Av&ak je§t6 jednou byla od Uhrfi, od Savy vySedsfch, od Mosleminu vysvobozena. Od r. -1463 — 1527 panujf uhersko-chorvatStf kralove" v Bosnii, ji'2 od te" doby neustale boje s Turky podstoupiti bylo, kter6 by byly Tiirkum asi zadnych strate- gickych vysledkuv neposkytly, kdyby byla nesfastna bitva u MohaCe (r. 1526) tez nad Bosnii nerozhodla, jez" nyni od Turku uplne za- plavena byla. Od te" doby zfistala Bosnie pod tureckou vladou a po£ala polni taZenf nmsko-nemeckych cisafu na Bosnii, ponevadz" vidensky dvur prava sv6ho k zemi t6to se dovolaval a zbraue" sv6 pfes Unnu a Savu nosil. NejkrasSf a nejznamenit£j§i polni tazeni vykonano princem Eugenem (r. 1697), jenz i Serajeva dobyl a tim op6t skutecny dukaz podal, ze Bosnie dobyti lze prave" tak dobfe se strauy Uherska jako z kniz'etstvi srbsk6ho. Od tobo casu nebyla neSfastna ta zeme prosta vzpour, jimz se vsak jiz nedostalo pomoei z fi§e cfsafske\ Nejv6t§im ne§t£stim pro Bosnu a Hercegovinu bylo, ze se Srbum nepodafilo, pfivteliti zemi techto k uzenf svemu pfi §£astnem jich pozdvizeni proti Turkum. Sbor srbsky sice r. 1807 prekrofiiv Drinu u Zvornika a Ljesnice vniknul az k Serajevu, musil v§ak pfesile ustoupiti a nazpet se obratiti, ponevadz francouzske" pomocne" vojsko z Dalmatska k vo- jum Hassana pa§ete bylo pfirazilo. T6z" dva pozdej§i pokusy Srbu, zmocniti se tohoto hlavnibo mSsta a tim t6z" zem6, nezdafily se. Mimo onu vpzouru bosenskych Mosleminu, jiz rozpustfmi sboru jenicar- sk6ho za Mahmuda II. provolalo, byla jedna z nejznamenit$j§ich ona v KrajinS (r. 1846), kde jakysi Bej n£zev Alkenojrukucafe, aneb cfsafe zelen6ho ramena pfijal, ale od Kiamila paSete v udoli dobrinsk^m porazen a zajat byl. Pokusy vzpoury r. 1848 rychle byly potlaceny. Od Alikeditfe (1849 — 1850) zfizena a vedena vzpoura, kde povstalci se i pevnosti BihaCske" byli zmocnili, nemohla by tenkrate od Omera pa§ete po- tlaCena byti, kdyby byl pfi torn kfestanfi na Mosleminy a pak op6t opacne neuzil. Ovsem 2 e vSeci obyvatel6 Bosnie a Hercegoviny s fa- denfta Turku nespokojeni jsou, i Mosleminove, av§ak i za t6 okol- nosti, 2e tez obyvatelstvo temer veskrz jedne\ totiz" slovanske" na- rodnosti jest, jest za§tf, jez\ jednotliva vyznani u nich rozdmychujf, za§tf to, jez v kazdem sv6m sousedu ne Slovana, nybrz budto pro- klet^ho Moslemina aneb opovrzeni hodn^ho hristjanina (feck^ho ka- tolika) aneb co kacire vykficenSho kriStjanina (fimskeho katolika) spatfuje, jest tak velik6, 2e zrdda je§te ka2d6 vzpoufe konec ufiinila. Turci panujf v Bosnii a v Hercegovine' toliko schytralym uzitim tohoto nerozumn^ho nabozensk^ho za§ti. Strategicky nemohli by uzemi toho za pficniou jeho osamotnfileho polo^eni mezi cisafskou i'f§f rakouskou, mezi Srbskem a Cernou Horou ani naproti Rakousku, ani naproti 40 Srbsku, ante t6z naproti siln6mu, dobfe zfizenSmu a vojensky vede- n6mu povstanf udnfeti. Uvazime-li nyni k zavSrce strategicke" pomery Bosnie a Herce- goviny je§te" jednou, shledame, ze za nyn£j§ich poniSru pro Turecko prave priznivymi nejsou. Kdyby Bosnie a Hercegovina hajeny byly ovsem od obyvatelstva, jemuz by na zachovani „ status quo" zale2elo, dalo by sice uzemi horske" ledva pfemoci, snad i s takovou obtift, jakoyou Cerna Hora. Je2to v§ak kresfansti, ano i moslemiticti obyvatele" t6to hornate" krajiny vlady Turkuv se jiz nasytili, bude bez odporu Turkum od- nata, jakmile Rakousko aneb knizetstvf srbsk6, tito jedini pro ten pfipad vyhlidnuti d6dicov6, jednou opravdovS v6ci t€ se chopi. Snad by se dal i ten pfipad pfedpokladati, ie by se Rakousko a Srbsko o to dohodli, aby Rakousku Hercegoviny a Srbsku Bosnie se dostalo. Mohou vSak i jine" pomSry nastati, ktere" snad jeSte vzdaleny jsou, totte ty, ze by Bosnie a Hercegovina pomoci a pak pod ochranou Cerae" Hory samostatnosti sve" si vydobyly. V tomto pfrpadS by zajiste Rakousko na vzdy zadnich zemi dalmatskych se zffci muselo. Federalisticky zftzen6 Rakousko by se v§ak bez prace Hercegoviny zmocniti, a bez zavisti divati mohlo, ze by za to Bosna ku knlzectvi srbsk^mu pfipadla. Zisk, kter6ho by ve vojensk6m ohledu tim cisafstvi nabylo, mel by t6m6f ohromny dosah. Neb bojiSte" hercegovinske" okazuje nam nejsilnej§i stranu prav6 na jihu a vychodu. Na jihu hajena je Hercegovina zcela dobfe pevnostmi Trebinje, Klobukem, NikSicemi, Bilecemi a Gackem proti Cleme" Hore. Tato obranna £ara nabyla by v jinych nez v tureckych rukou jeSte" v6t§f duleZitosti. Na vychode proti Bosne" neni sice zem§ zadnymi silnymi misty chranena, avsak zde skoro neschudne se vypinajici dinarska alpska pasma dovoluji nepfiteli jen velmi obtiznymi a nebezpeCnymi pro- smyky vnikati. Proti Bosne muze tudiz" zem§ za dostatecne" chranenou pova- zovana byti. Zcela jinak ma se to na zapadni casti proti Dalmatsku I zde cmf zajiste" pohoff prolo2sk6 mohutny nasep, av§ak ne- podava prostfedku, zabraniti postup z jak6hosi stfedniho postaveni vpadl6ho z Dalmacie vojska. V nejzazsim severu nachazejfci se pevnost Livno kryje vice Bosnu nez Hercegovinu a mezi Narentou nenateza se a2 k Mostyru zadn6 pevn6 misto vice, prav§ tak jako jizne' od t6to feky. Mimo to jsou Trebinje, Stolac a Po&itelj tak se§la, ie i ony zadn6ho zminky hodn6ho odporu vice konati nemohou. Zajiste vsak poskytoval by smer ?eky Narenty, ktera bojiSte" hercegovinske ve dv6 skoro stSjne" velke" jevi§te vojenskeho podnik- nuti deli, braniteli velkych vyhod, jezto by v rychl6 zmen§ bfehfi v zkazonosn&n zpusobu z jednoho boji§t6 podniknuti na jine" pfenSsti mohl. AvSak k tomuto bylo by nejen opevnenych pfechodi§t nybrz" i vytecne se pohybujicich a velmi obratnfe vedenych tlup potfebi, 41 kterych v§ak Porta nikterak nema. Ztracena-li je v§ak pro obhajce Narentina cara, jest cela Hercegovina utocnlku v moc vydana. Ztratou Narenty ztrati ale obhajce i spojeni se Serajevem pfes Konjici, timi nepodafi-li se mu rychly zpatecni pochod skrze pro- smyky dinarskych Alp, ktere ztSzi projiti lze v udoli SuCesinS aneb v udoli Pivy, k upln6mu slozeni zbrani donucen byti muze. AvSak v§e toto zaklada se vzdy na domnence, ze vpadle" vojsko te§i se soucitu obyvatelstva Hercegoviny. Nema-li toho, aneb ztra- tilo-li ho svou vinou, tu ochromuje je vsude ohrozujici a jejich spo- jeni nifiici horska valka kazdy jich pohyb a muze samo i vitSzne" postupovani v torn pfipadu klamnym u6initi,va to tim spi§e, oboh'-li se tez Cerna Hora na operujici vojsko. Cerna Hora byla by s to, kdyby zastupy jeji strategicky dobfe vedeny byly, ve spojeni s Her- cegovinci vnikl6mu vojsku s linii Narentinou ziskany jiz klic" zeme" op$t odniti, Turci vsak nejsou zadnym zpusoVem s to, aby tot6z vykonali. Co se Bosny same" tyce, uvedli jsme uz, ze nejen Eakousko jiz" castSji zbran§ sv6 pfes severni jeji vodni branu Unnu a Savu, nybrz i Srbsko pfes vychodnf jeji vodni branu, Drinu totiz pfeneslo. Pro turecke toliko vojsko bude zalezeti v Bosnii braneni vzdy ve vodnich carach. AvSak i zde nastane otazka, uzije-li turecke" vojsko dobfe prospSchu vodni cary, ktery v taktickych svych ca- stech stale offensivni jednani umoznuje? Na tfi hlavni pfechodi§te z vojensk6ho Chorvatska pfes Savu do Bosny, totiz" Novi, Gradiska Berbir a Brod-Busud bude od ra- kousk6ho vojska, kter6 razne" postupuje, v2dy, jak to i dgjepis doka- zuje, uto5ne udefeno. Dobyta-li utokem Sava, neni sice alpska krajina Bosnie tim jiz vydobyta, zajiste" v§ak otevfena. Tu pak b62i o to, aby dule^itych poloh Bosny a Verby se zmocnili, aby Serajevo, srdce zem6 a Mosle- minu vzato bylo. Silny sbor vojska musil by od Busadu do udoli bosensk£ho proti Bosne-Seraji postupovati, kdezto jiny sbor pfes Gradiska-Berbir rovinou levjanicskou na Verbas by proti Banjaluku jiti a tfeti sbor od Novi pfes Prjedor, Kosarac a Ivansku na Ban- jaluku by vrazil, aby se zde s druhym sborem spojil a spolecne s timto pfes Saice proti Travniku a odtud proti Serajevu postupoval. Plan tento byl by vsak skoro nevykonatelny a aspon pochybny, kdyby se misto s tureckym vojskem s mnozstvim Bosnanuv samych bojovati melo. Se strany Srbska bylo by pro vojsko srbske" nej- prospe^nej&i, kdyby se hned na poSatku nepfatelstvi pevnosti Zvor- niku na Drin6 zmocnilo. Majfc Zvornik, mohlo by se jednak o dobr6 srbske spojeni opirati, jednak nejen Dolnja-Tuzlou a Kladarnem, jakoz i pfes Vlasenici po dosti dobrych silnicich okresnich proti Serajevu po- stupovati. Srbsko spojene" s Clernou Horou nalezalo by se v nejpfijem- n6j§im stavu, Bosnu zcela od Albanska a tim od svazku s ostatnim Tureckem odtrhnouti. Smlouva srbsko-Cernohorska ucmila by tudiX hospodafstvf tureck^mu v t6to zemi nejkratSi a nejjistejsi konec, a za- jiste" musime se diviti, 2e se to pfi pfihodne* pfilezltosti posavade ne- stalo. Turecko vubec ma jen svou jsoucnost nesjednocenosti svych nepfatel dSkovati. Hlavni ulohou strategie je, jak znamo, na spojovaci linie ne- 42 pfitele pusobiti. Ve valce horske\ a tato jest v Dalmatsku, Cerne Hofe, Hercegovine a Bosnii jedin6 mozna valka, jest podnikanf na spojovacf linie a zaklad neprltele patrnS jediny prostfedek, dosici vubec trvaleho vysledku. Kdyby byli politikove rakouSti tuto strategickou v6tu mlvali na zfeteli, melo by cisafstvi davno jiz Hercegovinu, neb rakousko-srbsko- Cernohorska sralouva byla by Hercegovine a Bosnii lined spojeni s Tu- reckem odiiala a spojencum v §anc vydala. Jake" dfilezitosti by smlouva takova spolu i pro pfirozene" rozluSt&ni otazky vychodni byla, neho- dlame zde vykladati. Ze by ale takova smlouva jestS nyni uciniti se mohla, dovolujeme si silne pochybovati. Hodina rozlustSni otazky vy- chodni pfichazi vzdy blize a blize. Mohli bychom skoro mysliti, ze jiz daleko bliz§i jest, nez jak si to v samein PetrohradS mysli.^ Jaka opatfeni politicko-strategicka od Rakouska, Srbska a Cern6 Hory, s druhe" strany pak od Ruska pro tuto tajuplnou hodinu u6i- nena jsou, a zdaz vubec dostaSi tato opatfeni, nevime. Jestlize jsme ale touto rnalou studii na to ukazali, ze nami liSene" prav6 kfidlo balkansk6ho poloostrova, ktere" Rimane" a po nich srbSti cafove' jedenkrate jiz v jeden celek spojili, od pfirody ur&ty znak obdrzelo, a svymi utvary pudy, jakoz i obyvatelstvem skoro totez uzemi 5ini, podali jsme snad tim zrale" politick^ strategii opory, Mere" by nejakGho povsimnuti zasluhovaly. Kmen jihoslovansky nebude snaSeti vzdy panstvi tureckeho, hory jeho nejsou k tomu stvoreny, aby staly zde co sloupy hanby; av§ak kdo bude osvoboditelem ? B&/&vrw*s,TY 3 1197 2229;™» II r
The Istanbul Pogrom was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government. A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the leaders of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson. Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$, the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$. The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just 2,500 in 2006. Related pages Armenian Genocide Assyrian Genocide Anti-Armenianism Pogrom References Robert Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954–59, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, pp. 75–78. The Washington Post, “In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History”, an article by Karl Vick referring to the events as a “pogrom”. 1955 20th century riots Anti-Armenianism History of Turkey Istanbul
The 2022 Winter Olympics, formally called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games, is the 24th Games of the Winter Olympics. It is an international winter sports event that will be held from February 4 to February 20, 2022. The winning bid was announced in the summer of 2015 and Beijing was chosen, and since it hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, it will be the first city ever to host both the Summer and the Winter Olympics. Candidate Cities Beijing, China (chosen) Almaty, Kazakhstan Oslo, Norway Bids Asia Harbin, China: Li Zhanshu, governor of Heilongjiang, has said that "If we fail again for the 2018 Games, we are determined to win the 2022 Winter Games." Harbin bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics, but did not make the short list. Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan considers to bid for the 2022 games, either in Almaty, the former capital, largest city, and financial centre, or divided between Almaty and Nur-Sultan, the capital. The Almaty alternative gives higher chance of winning, but the divided alternative is preferred by the government because of lower cost, since more arenas and hotels exist already. Kazakhstan hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games, which can be seen as preparation for hosting the Winter Olympic Games in 2022. The Asian Winter Games were divided between Astana and Almaty. On November 29, 2011, Almaty was chosen to host the 2017 Winter Universiade. Europe Lviv, Ukraine Prahova Valley, Romania - Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu Tăriceanu said on June 14 2007 that the country is thinking about a bid for the Games to be held there. Zurich, Switzerland North America Quebec City, Canada Salt Lake City, Utah, United States: Salt Lake City considered a bid for either the 2018 Games or the 2022 Games. The city hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. Montreal, Quebec, Canada – Lake Placid, New York, USA: Officials from Quebec and the state of New York have met to talk about the possibility of a bid together. With Vancouver hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics, the earliest that Canada hoped to host the Olympics was 2022. Montreal, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Games and Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Games. South America Santiago, Chile References Olympics Winter Olympics in Asia 2020s in China 2022 in Asia February 2022 events Sport in Beijing
William Francis "Bill" Hagerty IV (born August 14, 1959) is an American businessman and politician. He is the junior U.S. Senator from Tennessee since 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the managing director and co-founder of Hagerty Peterson & Company, a private equity investment firm. On March 27, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Hagerty to serve as United States Ambassador to Japan, replacing Obama appointee Caroline Kennedy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 86-12 vote. Hagerty was born in Tennessee. He studied at Vanderbilt University. On July 16, 2019, Hagerty announced he would resign as Ambassador to Japan. This came after President Trump announced his support for Hagerty for U.S. Senator of Tennessee in the 2020 election. In August 2020, he won the Republican nomination. References Other websites 1959 births Living people United States senators from Tennessee Businesspeople from Tennessee Ambassadors of the United States to Japan US Republican Party politicians
Street fighting is hand-to-hand combat in public places, between several people. The fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street fights are gang-related. A usual situation might involve two people arguing in a bar. One steps outside. A fight begins. Being involved in a street fight often results in public disorder. Any people fighting may be charged by the police. Practice varies between countries, and even between towns. If any injuries are caused in the fight, the severity of the injury may determine the sentence and fine of the participants. A bar fight, or bar brawl, is a street fight which happens in bars or taverns. References Violence
ZEE5 is the digital entrainment destination, Launched by Zee Entailment Enterprise (ZEEL), a global media and entertainment powerhouse. Launched in India on 12 February 2018, with content across 12 languages like, Hindi, English,Tamil and Gujarati and many more. References Entertainment websites
Bamyan (), also spelled Bamiyan and Bamian, is the capital city of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. It has about 61,863 people. It is the largest town in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan. It is 240 kilometres north-west of Kabul, the national capital. Education Bamyan has the region's only university, Bamiyan University. References Cities in Afghanistan
to eo $ Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculade. XIX. Notes on Species of the Family CORBICULADS, with Figures. Bx TEMPLE PRIME, (Continued from Vol. viii. page 418.) Read November 22d, 1869. Genus CORBICULA. 53. Corbicula ammiüiralis, nov. spec. C. testa trigona, subtriangulari, zquilaterali, compressiuscula, Fio, 70. solidiuscula; latere antico rotundato, postico brevi, Lx subtruneato, margine inferiore arcuato; umboni- hg ^^ bus parvulis, obtusis; pagina interna violacea ; suleis irregularibus, quantummodo obsoletis; epi- dermide olivaceo-lutescente vestita; cardine in- Corbicula ammiralis. erassato. Long. 14; lat. 18; diam. 7 mill. Hab,—Saigon, Cambodiæ. Collect. Morelet et Prime. Closely allied to species from the same region, Corb. Lydigiana, erosa and castanea, though smaller than either of them. Com- pared with Corb. castanea, it is more triangular, the hinge-margin is more angular, and the hinge itself is stronger. It differs from Corb. Lydiqiana in being less solid, less triangular, less inflated, less heavily suleated, and in having an epidermis of a different color and which is not glossy. : 54. Corbicula gubernatoria, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula, :equilaterali ; ex- ne. 51. — tremitatibus subrotundatis; umbonibus parvulis, e rotundatis; sulcis obsoletis; epidermide pallide p^ ^ viridi-flaveseente, subnitente, vestita; pagina in- terna candida; dentibus violaccis. Long. 16; lat. 18; Diam. 8 mill. Corbicula gubernatori. JTJah,—Saigon, Cambodia. Collect. Morelet. In outline and size this species presents some similarity to Corb. occidens, J Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculada. 299 55. Corbicula Delessertiana, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, equilaterali; extremitatibus rotun- datis; regulariter striata; umbonibus tumidis, prominentibus, colore violaceo sabradiatis; epidermide nitente viridescente vestita; valvis intus violaceis. Long. 20; lat. 17; diam. 11 mill. Hab.—Smyrna, Asie Minoris et Egypta. Collect. Morelet et Prime. The specimens of this species in the cabinet of M. Morelet came from Smyrna, and those in mine from the Pyramids, but I have been unable to detect any material difference between them. Named in memory of Daron Delessert, of Paris, who was in possession of the original Lamarck collection. 56. Corbicula imperialis, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, compressiuseula, zquilaterali ; latere antico rotundato, postieo subtruncato; umbonibus brevibus; margarita violacea; regulariter et densà striata; epidermide subnigra, nitente vestita. Long. 27 ; lat. 23; diam. 14 mill. Hab.—Pondicherry, Indiv. Collect. Prime. 957. Corbicula Amazonica, Ayrnoyy, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-trigona, obliqua, compressiuscula, subinzequila- terali; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico elongato, sub- angulato; umbonibus prominentibus, obliquis; regulariter et densé striata; epidermide olivacea vestita; valvis intus violaceis ; sinu pallii brevi. Long. 18; lat. 16; diam. 10 mill. Hab.—¥ lumen Amazonicum, Americe Meridionalis. Collect. loeo Cambridge dicto, Mass., et Prime. This species was found in the stomach of a fish collected by Professor Agassiz’s expedition to Brazil, in the Amazon river. Very closely allied to Corb. obsolete from Uruguay ; it is, how- ever, smaller and less heavy ; it may possibly prove to be the young of that species. 800 Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculade. 61. Corbicula baronialis, nov. spec. C. testa ovato transversa, compressiuscula, subsequilaterali ; la- tere antieo rotundato, postico subtruneato; umbonibus brevibus; epidermide flaveseente vestita; sulcis irregularibus, quantum- modo obsoletis; valvis tenuibus, intus albidis. Long. 17; lat. 14; diam. 9 mill. Hab.—Portum Mortoni, Australie. Collect. Prime. 62. Corbicula consularis, nov. spec. C. testa ovata, solidiuscula, tumidula, :wquilaterali ; latere antico rotundato, postico subtruncato; umbonibus tumidulis; striis regularibus, distantibus; epidermide flavescente, maculis subnigris plus minusve notata, nitente, vestita; valvis intus albidis. Long. 17; lat. 14; diam. 10 mill. Hab.—Malacea. Collect. Prime. 63. Corbicula episcopalis, nov. spec. C. testa subtrigona, inmquilaterali, compressiuscula; latere Hb antico dilatato, postico quantummodo abrupto; uinbonibus tumidulis; regulariter sulcata; epi- dermide pallide viridi-flaveseente, maculis sub- nigris plus minusve notata, nitente, vestita; valvis solidis, intus pallide violaceis ; cardine incrassato. Long. 16; lat. 14; diam. 9 mill. Cortlenla epbeerilis— / fa) — Cambodia. Collect. Morelet. Compared with Corb. Larnaudieri, from Siam, it is larger, heavier, aud less transverse. Genus CYRENA. 13. Cyrena tribunalis, nov. spec. C. testa trigona, inaquilaterali, tumida; latere antico rotun- dato, postico angnlato, longiori; denst ct regulariter striata ; Review of the Fish of Cuba. 301 epidermide olivacea vestita; valvis solidis, intus albidis, ad margines violaceis; sinu pallii cunciformi. Long. 55; lat. 45; diam. 33 mill. Hab.—Ecuador, Amerieze Meridionalis. XX.— Review of the Fish of Cuba belonging to the Genus Trisorropis, with an Introductory Note by J. Carson Bre- voort. By Ferre Poey. Read December Sth, 1869. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. THe genus Serranus, as established by Cuvier, brought to- gether a number of fish which had been scattered in at least twelve other genera by various authors. Cuvier divided it into three groups, which, however, are not well detined. In the “ His- toire des Poissons,” vol. ii., 1828, one hundred and seven species are described, collected from all the tropical and subtropical seas. Dr. Albert Giinther, in his Catalogue, vol. 1., 1859, describes one hundred and thirty-five species, and enumerates many others which he had not seen or identified. He proposes groups without generic names, founded in part on characters that vary with age, and which bring together species that inhabit widely remote seas. Mr. Th. Gill, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236, and in 1865, p. 104, separates the West Indian and Atlantic American species into distinct genera that appear well founded. Professor Poey, of IIavana, who has done so much for the natural history of Cuba, and who is par- ticularly well acquainted with the ichthyological fauna of that island, has adopted Mr. Gill's genera in his Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, In this catalogue he enumerates forty-nine species of West Indian Serranini. Three are found on the Atlantic coast of the U. S., as far northas New York. No ichthyological
<p>I'm making a Blazor server-side SPA client app which communicate with API controllers on a MVC server through HTTP requests.</p> <p>What should I add in both <code>Startup.cs</code> of the client and server to make the routing work when making the HTTP request ? And how can I configure the routes ?</p>
is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team. Biography Tomiyasu was born in Fukuoka on November 5, 1998. He joined J2 League club Avispa Fukuoka from their youth team in 2015. Although Avispa was promoted to J1 League in 2016, Avispa was relegated to J2 in a year. He played many matches as center back from 2017. In January 2018, he moved to Belgian First Division A club Sint-Truidense. In July 2019, he moved to Italian Serie A club Bologna. In 2017, Tomiyasu was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2017 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played all 4 matches as center back with Yuta Nakayama. On October 12, 2018, he debuted for the Japan national team against Panama. In 2019, he participated 2019 Asian Cup. He played all 7 matches and Japan won the 2nd place. He also participated 2019 Copa América. Statistics \|- \|2015\|\|rowspan="3"\|Avispa Fukuoka\|\|J2 League\|\|0\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|2016\|\|J1 League\|\|10\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|16\|\|0 \|- \|2017\|\|J2 League\|\|35\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|37\|\|1 \|- \|2017/18\|\|rowspan="2"\|Sint-Truidense\|\|rowspan="2"\|First Division A\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|2018/19\|\|27\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|30\|\|1 \|- \|2019/20\|\|rowspan="2"\|Bologna\|\|rowspan="2"\|Serie A\|\|29\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|30\|\|1 \|- \|2020/21\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| 45\|\|1\|\|4\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|54\|\|1 27\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|30\|\|1 29\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|30\|\|1 101\|\|3\|\|8\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|114\|\|3 \|} \|- \|2018\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|2019\|\|16\|\|1 \|- \|2020\|\|3\|\|0 \|- !Total\|\|21\|\|1 \|} References Other websites 1998 births Living people Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture Japan international footballers J1 League players J2 League players Avispa Fukuoka players
Dr. A. Günther on tree new Trachinoid Fishes. 85 The following closely allied species has long stood in my col- lection as H. Planorbis, Lesson; on mature consideration, it appears deserving of separation. Helix Cantoriana, Bens., n. sp. H. testa mediocriter umbilicata, tenui, depressa, orbiculato-conoidea, lenticulari, oblique subarcuato-striata, subtus læviore, utrinque lineis distincte incisis remotiusculis spiralibus decussata, fusco- cornea, translucente, nitidula; spira parum elevata, depresso- conoidea, apice nucleato, obtuso, rubello, sutura impressa, sub- marginata; anfractibus 54, convexiusculis, ultimo carina mediana obtusiuscula utrinque compressa munito, subtus convexo ; aper- tura obliqua, subquadrato-lunari ; peristomate tenui, acuto; umbi- lico infundibuliformi. Diam. major 10, minor 9, axis 3} mill. Habitat in insula Pulo Sung-Sung, prope Pulo Pinang. Detexit Dr. J. E. Cantor. A single specimen was found on the little island in question by the late zealous zoologist Dr. Cantor. Tt is certainly distinct from H. Sanis; and the peculiar sculpture, independently of other characters, affords good ground for distinguishing it from the recorded species of the same group. Including two Spiraxes, one of which is not in a sufficiently perfect state for description ; a Bulimus, which appears to be the young of the widely spread B. gracilis, Hutton ; a Helix as yet undetermined ; an Auricula ; a Melampus, and a Pythia, we have now sixteen species of land-shells from the Andaman Islands. Cheltenham, Dec. 21, 1860. XII.—On three new Trachinoid Fishes. By Dr. ALBERT GÜNTHER. [Plate X. A.J Tue family of the Trachinide, Gthr., has been established for those Acanthopterous Fishes which have the spinous portion of their dorsal fin much less developed and shorter than the soft, the anal fin similarly developed to the soft dorsal, and the ven- trals composed of one spine and five rays. Their gill-openings are wide, and the caudal portion of their vertebral column is formed by many more vertebra than the abdominal . Such are the positive characters by which they may be easily distinguished from the Scienide, Carangide, Blenniide, Gobiide, Trichonotide, &c.; whilst the negative character, that of the absence of an infraorbital bone joined to the preoperculum, Giinth. Acanthopt. Fishes, ii. p. 225. 86 Dr. A. Günther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. distinguishes them from the Cottina. Other negative characters, as for instance the absence of finlets behind the dorsal and anal, the entire absence or the small number of pyloric appendages, separate them from some of the Scomberoid genera, which other- wise would appear to have a great affinity to them. I formerly divided this family into four groups: Uranoscopina, Trachinina, Pinguipedina, and Pseudochromides. The fourth of these groups (Pseudochromides) is not identical with that so called by Miiller, all those genera having been ex- cluded which have the ventral fins not fully developed. But even then the characters of the group appear to me to be too wide to form a natural union of fishes, since I have found that Chenichthys, Richards., has the lateral line interrupted, like Pseudochromis, Notothenia, &c., and therefore should be placed in the same group with them. H, on the other hand, we sepa- rate again those Pseudochromides which have only one dorsal fin (Opisthognathus, Pseudochromis, Cichlops, Pseudoplesiops) from those which have two (Notothenia, Harpagifer, Chenichthys), two groups will be established, well defined even by their geo- graphical distribution. ; We divide, therefore, the family of the Trachinide into the following groups :— Eyes on the upper surface of the head; lateral line COMUMUOUST s o'0'v.0 5 vieleisis-ajeis ote ee alcin aa a, Uranoscopina. Eyes more or less lateral ; lateral line continuous ; no larger tooth on the posterior portion of the inter- manlar ss cainie's aa arabes e vinaleree b. Trachinina. Eyes lateral; a larger tooth on the posterior portion Ginter meseny e ee e c. Pinguipedina, Lateral line interrupted, or not continued to the caudal fin; one dorsal. (Seas between the Tropics.) d. Pseudochromides. Lateral line interrupted; two dorsal fins. (Ant- ergata ISen S Got daooaponecons oatMousoanonas e. Nototheniina. I add to the known species of this family, first, a new genus of Uranoscopina, from New Zealand. _ CRAPATALUS. Form of the head as in Leptoscopus, entirely covered with soft skin; cleft of the mouth approaching the vertical line; eye on the upper side of the head; lips fringed. Seales cycloid, of moderate size. One continuous dorsal; ventrals jugular; pec- toral rays branched. Minute villiform teeth in the jaws and on the pharyngeal bones, none on the palate ; no interior or exte- rior filament; opercles without external spines; gill-opening The genus Heterostichus, which has been placed by its describer in a family of Trachinide widely different from that so called by myself, proves to be a truly Blennioid fish, closely allied to Myzodes and Clinus. Dr. A. Günther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. 87 very wide, partially open above. Six branchiostegals, four gills, pseudobranchiz. New Zealand ; probably in the sea. Crapatalus Nove Zelandie. (Pl. X. fig. A.) Dre5. A.39. €.13. P.21. V.1/5. L. lat. 60. L. trausv. 7/7. Scales on the neck before the dorsal fin considerably smaller than those on the sides of the body. Description.—The head is broad, depressed, flat above, and rounded on the sides; its greatest width is four-fifths of its length, and its depth five-eighths of the same. The snout is very short, about as long as the diameter of the eye, which is one-sixth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth sub- vertical; the lips are serrated and fringed, having the appearance of a series of teeth. Nostrils two, the anterior produced into a short tube. The width of the interorbital space equals the dia- meter of the eye. The gills are widely cleft, and their mem- brane is only slightly contiguous on the throat; the upper margin of the operculum is fringed; there is an oblong mem- branaceous flap on each side of the isthmus, which serves for closing a part of the gill-opening. The length of the head is contained four times and one-third in the total length, the height of the body nearly seven times. The trunk is subcylindrical; the tail, which is considerably elongate, compressed and tapering posteriorly. The vent is much advanced forwards, so that its distance from the snout is contained three times and a half in the total length. The ante- rior part of the trunk is covered with small scales, and the space behind the pectorals and that before and between the ventrals is naked. The rays of the dorsal and anal fins appear to be simple, not branched ; this, however, cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, owing to their indifferent state of preservation. The dorsal fin commences behind the vertical from the origin of the anal, at a distance from the occiput which equals that of the latter from the snout, and terminates immediately before the root of the caudal; it appears to be of nearly uniform height, but much lower than the body. The anal fin commences immediately behind the vent, extending backwards as far as the dorsal; it gradually becomes lower posteriorly, The caudal fin is sub- truncated, one-ninth of the total length, and has the middle rays divided. The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the eleventh dorsal ray; its rays are branched, and the lower ones become gradually longer to the sixth upper one, which is the longest. The ventral fins are composed of one very distinct spine and five branched rays; they are rounded, somewhat di- stant from each other, and extend to the fourth anal ray. 88 Dr. A. Giinther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. The specimen, which is discoloured, was brought from New Zealand, and deposited in the British Museum. Total Lengel yo os isemes oeiee nee en R Length of the head ......... 94 Greatest width of the head ... 73 Greatest depth of the head ... 6 Greatest depth of the body ... 6 Diameter of the eye <» -ss-a «ance ean ik Distance of the vent from the snout ..,......... 2 Length of the pectoral fin g Length of the ventral tin ..... 6 Length of the caudal fin .......+.eseeeeee ee eee 43 The second new species belongs to the Trachinina, Aphritis gobio. B.6. D. 7/22. A. 22. C.18. P.16. V.1/5. L. lat. 65-70. The maxillary bone extends beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. Port Famine. This species is allied to Aphritis Durvillii, described by Cuvier from an apparently small specimen from the fresh waters of Van Diemen’s Land, This, however, is said to have the cleft of the mouth rather narrow, whilst in our species it is wide; both differ, besides, in the number of the fin-rays. The general aspect of the fish is cottoid ; the head, however, is considerably more elevated, its depth below the interorbital por- tion being one-half of its length, which is contained three times and a half in the total. The snout is of moderate extent, twice as long as the eye, with the cleft of the mouth oblique, and with the lower jaw somewhat prominent. Jaws, vomer, and palatine bones armed with broad bands of villiform teeth. The interorbital space is very concave, its width being much less than that of the orbit, which is one-eighth of the length of the head, and nearly one-third of the depth of the head below the orbit. The oper- culum terminates in an obtuse, stiff spine. The distance of the anterior dorsal from the occiput is the same as that of the pos- terior from the caudal fin ; both are of moderate and nearly equal height. Caudal rounded. The anal commences and terminates behind the opposite fin. Pectoral rounded, extending to the vertical from the third dorsal ray. Ventrals jugular, nearly as long as the pectoral. The head is entirely scaly, except on the mandibula; there are even some scales on the maxillary. The scales are rather irregularly arranged, cycloid, and those above the lateral line have smaller scales on their base, The colour now is uniform brown. Dr. A. Giinther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. 89 There are two specimens in the British Museum: one is a skin, from the old museum of the Zoological Society; the other is a stuffed specimen, 173 inches long, from the same collection from Port Famine which contained Chenichthys esox. Of the genus Chenichthys (Nototheniina) only one species was known. We add a second :— Chenichthys esox. B.7. D. 10/33-34. A. 34. C. 30. P. 21. V. 1/5. Snout without a spine anteriorly. Lateral line smooth, without granulated plates. Port Famine. This species is similar to Ch. rhinoceratus, Richards., from which it may be readily distinguished by the characters men- tioned. The general form of the head is the same as in the other species, and its length is contained three times and a third in the total length. The maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the eye; both the jaws are armed with cardiform teeth, the palate being entirely smooth. The bony striz of the operculum are differently arranged from those in Ch. rhinoceratus, and do not terminate in very prominent spines; the centre from which they radiate is near the upper anterior angle of the oper- culum; two run downwards towards the suboperculum, three towards the extremity of the operculum (the upper one being bifurcate), and the last ascends upwards towards the suprascapula. The anterior dorsal fin commences at a small distance from the occiput, and is longer than high, none of the flexible spines being produced; this, however, cannot constitute a specific dif- ference from Ch. rhinoceratus, as long as we are ignorant whethtr the sexes of the fishes of this genus show any external differences. The soft dorsal commences immediately behind the spinous, is about as high, and terminates at some distance from the caudal ; the latter fin appears to be subtruncated. The anal commences a little behind the soft dorsal, and terminates in the same verti- cal. The pectoral is broad, extending to the vertical from the third dorsal ray; the upper portion of its posterior margin is subtruncated, the lower rounded. The ventrals are jugular, and rather longer than the pectoral. The skin is entirely smooth, the lateral line being formed by small tubules, which, in dried specimens, are very distinct. It ascends in a gentle curve towards the back, running close to the base of the soft dorsal and terminating opposite to the extremity of that fin. The second or lower portion of the lateral line Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. vii. 7 90 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera commences below the last fourth of the dorsal fin, running along the middle of the tail towards the caudal. The colour is now a dirty yellowish, with brown blotches. The single stuffed specimen, brought by Capt. King from Port Famine, is 124 inches long. T subjoin, for comparison, the diagnosis of Chenichthys rhinoceratus. Richards. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Fishes, p. 13, pl. 6. figs. 1-3 (ventrals too short). B. 7. D. 7/34~35. A. 33. A hook-like spine anteriorly on the upper surface of the head. Lateral line with a series of granulated scales. XIII.—On certain Coleoptera from the Island of St. Vincent. By T. Vernon Wo ttaston, M.A., F.L.S. In the Supplement to vol. xx. ser. 2. of the ‘ Annals of Natural History’, I gave a brief notice of fifteen exponents of the Coleoptera which were captured by John Gray, Esq., and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during a day’s sojourn at St. Vincent (of the Cape de Verdes) in December 1856,—only eleven of which, however, I then attempted to determine precisely. But having lately re- ceived, through the kindness of Alexander Fry, Esq., the loan of various specimens which he has collected whilst touching at the same island on two subsequent occasions (amounting to twenty- three species, fourteen of which were not found by Messrs. Gray and Clark), and having likewise had the advantage of a few more (two of which were not included in either of the above- mentioned batches) picked up by my nephew F. W., Hutton, Esq., on the 11th of June, 1857, whilst on his voyage to Calcutta,— I have got together, in all, an assortment of thirty-two species, which I have just been examining somewhat carefully, with the intention of supplying a few critical remarks on them in the present paper. So little being known of the insect-population of the Cape de Verdes, any contribution which may tend to elucidate even a modicum of the forms that prevail there cannot but be interest- ing; and when we consider the excessive barrenness of the group (to which all travellers bear most abundant testimony), I cannot but believe that the thirty-two species recorded below, from one of the smaller islands, may give some faint idea of the general character of the Coleoptera of that particular spot. As we might naturally anticipate, m such a dry and cindery region,

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the fifth edition of the contest. It took place at the Ahoy' indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, the Netherlands on 8 December 2007, Dutch broadcaster AVRO was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was "Make A Big Splash". Results Score sheet 12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points received: All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points. Commentators – TBC (ARMTV) (non-participating country) - TBC (SBS) (non-participating country) - TBC (İTV) – TBC (BTRC) - André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys and Jean-Louis Lahaye (RTBF) (non-participating country) - Dejan Kukrić (BHRT) – TBC (BNT) – TBC (CyBC) – TBC (GPB) – TBC (ERT) (non-participating country) - No commentator (IBA) – TBC (LRT) – Milanka Rašik (MKRTV) – TBC (PBS) – Marcel Kuijer (AVRO) – TBC (RTP) – TBC (TVR) - Olga Shelest (RTR) – Duška Vučinić-Lučić (RTS2) – TBC (TV4) - Timur Miroshnychenko (NTU) References Other websites 2007 in Europe 2007 in music 2000s in the Netherlands Rotterdam Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Irma Aguirre Martínez (born 21 December 1934), commonly known as Irma Dorantes, is a Mexican actress, singer, and equestrian. She was born in Mérida, Yucatán. Her career lasted from 1948 until 2014. She sang "La Flor de la Canela". She played supporting roles in telenovelas such as Cuando me enamoro (2010). Dorantes was married to actor Pedro Infante from 1953 until his death in 1957. They had one child. References Other websites 1934 births Living people Equestrians Mexican movie actors Mexican television actors Mexican stage actors Mexican singers

Thomas Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare (17 March 1919 – 2 February 2020) was an Irish mercenary leader and adventurer. He was known for his military activities in Africa and tried to lead a coup d'état in the Seychelles. Hoare died on 2 February 2020, aged 100. References 1919 births 2020 deaths Military people Centenarians Irish people

Chigy is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Vallées-de-la-Vanne. References INSEE Former communes in Yonne

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On an Instrument for ascertaining the Dew Point. 61 it can be satisfactorily proved that such works can be made reproductive, and handed down to posterity as the triumph of the infant age of Victoria, and worthy of the times in which we live. Arr. IX.—On the Construction of an Instrument for ascer- taining the Dew Point. By R. BROUGH SMYTH, Esq., C.E., F.G.S., &c. [Read before the Institute, 6th May, 1857.] GREAT difficulty is experienced by Meteorologists in deter- mining the dew point by direct experiment. In very hot countries, or in those places where the air is very dry, Daniell’s beautiful invention is almost valueless. I need not state the objections to the black and white bulbs of Daniell: they are known to all who have ever used a hygrometer systematically, and compared the results with the dry and wet thermometers. Mr. Glaisher has emphatically protested against the use of Daniell’s instrument in hot countries, and indeed has very properly pointed out the liability to error when it is used, under any circumstances, by inexperienced persons. Even with the utmost care the best result is seldom within 0:25°. An ordinary method of obtaining the temperature of the dew point is by a silver cup, and a freezing mixture. The cup is partly filled with water, and is cooled down by stirring in the refrigerating compound until a deposit of dew takes place on the outer surface of the cup, and at the moment when. the dew is observed the temperature of the liquid is taken by a thermometer. Now all I have to offer as a contribution to the instru- mental aids of the Meteorologist is, an improvement on this last method. The drawing shows at a glance the plan I would propose. The bulb of the standard Kew thermometer A is placed close to the inner edge of the thin gold cup B. Within the gold cup there is a copper vessel, C, connected by a (Y) pipe with the exterior cups C, E, and F. These are filled with water, and the temperature of Æ is supposed to be reduced to 33°, or lower when it may be required, by a freezing mixture. By turning the stopcocks, z x, the observer can cause the gold cup to be filled with water at any required 62 New Australian Plants. temperature with great facility, and without withdrawing his attention from his instrument. It is presumed that the water and the outer edge of the gold cup will be of the same temperature ; for after the liquids at different temperatures have passed through, and over the copper vessel, C, they will be well mixed before acting on the bulb of the ther- mometer, or the edge of the cup. By the stopcock y the water, if it be too cold or too hot, can be easily run off into a waste cup. By this arrangement, though I have not yet proved it by actual observation, it is believed that the dew point can be obtained with minute accuracy, say within 0°10°. The instrument is easily portable. All the parts can be unscrewed and packed away; and it does not render neces- sary the use of a liquid lke ether, which is very difficult to carry, and which wastes and deteriorates rapidly during the summer in this country. ART. X.—Account of some New Australian Plants. By Dr. FERDINAND MUELLER. {Read before the Institute, 5th August, 1857.] Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN—It is not without hesitation that I submit to the Institute a limited number of plants, which have, perhaps, no other claims on your attention but their novelty; and I should have retained them for pub- lication in a Phytological Journal, but for a desire of recog- nizing publicly in Australia the recent contributions of some scientific friends towards our knowledge of the indigenous vegetation. It offers, however, likewise, the opportunity to show how much the wonderful works of Nature remain to be revealed in our own country. ; Some of the plants which I have the honor to exhibit are selected from a Herbarium formed by Mr. Hill, the Super- intendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, a gentleman of keen observation, and great ardour for botanical research. Others were communicated by Mr. Charles Stuart, who suc- ceeded last season in forcing his way into ‘the wilderness of Mount Lapérouse, in South-western Tasmania, and through whose exertions new features of its alpine flora have been unveiled. Others of these plants were discovered during a journey throngh the Grampians, performed by my zealous

FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR REPORT OF A PUBLIC MEETING HELD AT CAMBRIDGE 21 OCTOBEE, 1882, TO CONSIDER A Ht max id TO PROFESSOR BALFOUR. - MEMORIAL TO PROFESSOR BALFOUR. On Saturday, 21 October, a large and influential meeting was held in the Lecture-Room of Compara- tive Anatomy at the New Museums, Cambridge, to consider the most appropriate form of Memorial to the late Professor Balfour. The Vice-Chancellor presided, supported by the Master of Emmanuel, Professor Westcott, Professor Humphry, Professor Newton, Professor Fawcett, Professor Jebb, Profes- sor Huxley, Professor Henry Smith, Professor Mose- ley, Professor Williamson, Professor Ray Lank ester, Dr Michael Foster, etc. There was a large attend- ance of members of the Senate, and of Under- graduates, many of whom had been pupils of Professor Balfour. The Vice-Chancellor (Dr Porter, Master of Peterhouse) said that it would be unnecessary for him to detain the meeting with observations of his own in the presence of so many eminent persons who were about to speak. They must all feel that they were met together on a peculiarly sad occasion. Cambridge, in common with the world of science at large, was mourning the loss of her last appointed 1—2 4 Professor, an ardent student of natural science, and singularly gifted in the use of the most refined methods of analysis in the solution of the intricate problems of Biology. He would not attempt to describe the attain- ments of Professor Balfour, for he did not feel himself competent to do so, and, in the presence of the distinguished persons he saw around him, it would be out of place for him to attempt such a task. He was sure that many would recall the eloquent words in which Professor Huxley had spoken at the annual dinner of the Philosophical Society, some eleven months ago, of the grand achieve- ments which Professor Balfour had made in Bio- logical Science. When they considered how young he was, how much he had done, and what brilliant promise there was of what he would have accom- plished if his life had been spared, it would be felt that the University had sustained a loss, the great- ness of which it would not be easy to exaggerate. Six months ago one of the greatest philosophers this country had known sitice Newton had been taken from them, but the death of Charles Darwin had nothing of sadness in it, for after a long life devoted to science, he had completed his work, and by the establishment of the theory with which his name is connected effected a revolution, the greatness of which even this generation will probably hardly realise. But now they had to lament one prema- turely cut off in the prime of life, in the full vigour of his intellectual manhood. On this present occa- sion they had met together for the purpose of raising a memorial which should be of an enduring cha- racter, which should perpetuate the name of Balfour in connection with the study of Biology at Cam- bridge, and keep the memory of his methods of scientific investigation, and of his genial and attrac- tive character, ever fresh among them. He would 0 not longer detain them from the great pleasure of listening to the distinguished speakers who were to follow him. He would only add that letters had been received from many distinguished individuals who regretted their inability to be present, and who sympathised with the object of the meeting. Among these were the President of the Royal Society ; Pro- fessor Allen Thomson ; Professor Turner of Edin- burgh ; Professor Allman ; the Head Master of Harrow; the Warden of All, Souls College, Oxford ; Mr Henry Pelham, Exeter College, Oxford ; Sir Frederick Pollock ; the Master of Magdalene ; Pro- fessor Adams ; Professor Dewar ; Professor Stuart ; Mr Marlborough Pryor, and many others. Professor Paget, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge, rose to move the first Resolution: "That a Memorial to Professor Balfour be established in the University of Cambridge." He said that since he had been requested to move that Resolution, he had been con- tinually wishing some one else had been asked, some one who could have found, more readily than he could, suitable terms to give full expression to the grief which all must feel at the untimely loss of Professor Balfour ; at the cutting short of a life which was in itself so valuable, and of so great promise ; at the loss to the world of science ; to the world of Cambridge ; and especially to his many personal friends. They were many, for all who knew him had a warm regard for him, not merely as a scientific man, but for his gentleness, his kindness, and his manliness, which unfortunately for him and for them he exercised in Alpine climbing. Exercise he always thought he must have, and he took to Alpine climbing when he con- scientiously gave up his favourite sport of deer- stalking, because he was not willing, without neces- G sity, and for mere sport, to inflict suffering upon harmless animals. A memorial to Professor Balfour, such as was proposed, would not be a mere expression of the sorrow of his friends who had lost him. They meant it to be a memorial of his scientific work and personal character. What his scientific work was there were those present who could speak with an authority to which he had no pretension. But the memorial to Professor Balfour would be a memorial not only to his achievements in science, but to the spirit with which he pursued it. He loved science for science sake, and pursued it with a spirit which they all trusted would never be want- ing in that place — the spirit in which it had been pursued by such men as Sedgwick, Miller, and Clerk-Maxwell. Balfour was the last example that had been taken away from them, and his had been a bright one. They must do what they could to keep it in remembrance, in the hope of influencing future generations. Cambridge, he thought, owed him a memorial. Earnest and untiring as he had been, in the pursuit of science, he was equally un- tiring in helping others to pursue it ; and for him a memorial at Cambridge was, he thought, a suitable memorial, and especially suitable, as his attachment to Cambridge was well known. No attractions else- where would have induced him to leave Cambridge.' The memorial of Balfour might remind them there in Cambridge not only of his attachment to science, but of his attachment to his University. Subse- quent Resolutions would bring before them the form which it had been suggested that the memorial should take, in order that those connected with Cambridge might be encouraged to imitate him ; and no doubt conditions would be devised, which, while they definitely connected the memorial with Cambridge, would be in harmony with that liberal 7 and large spirit in which he himself would have welcomed merit whencesoever it might come. Professor Henry Smith, M.A., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford, seconded the Resolution. He said : " I feel very grateful for being allowed to address this meeting because it gives me an opportunity of expressing the warm interest which the resident members of my own University take in the proposal now under your consideration. There is such a true sympathy, and, I may say, such an intimate union between the two ancient Universities, that it needed not so great a loss as you have sustained in Pro- fessor Balfour to awaken a feeling of the deepest regret at Oxford. The name of Professor Balfour, I need not say, is, and has been for a long time, familiar to us. We looked upon him as one of those chosen spirits of whom but few in any generation are given to any University : as one of those who delighted to take part in the advancement of science, and who had the greatest gifts for advancing it, but who also delighted to teach others, and to commu- nicate to them the spirit which animated himself. Those of us who had closely watched his career had learned to look on the achievements of his early prime as an earnest of even greater promise for the future. Many of us had had the pleasure of knowing him personally. During the last three or four years he had paid frequent visits to Oxford, and the opportunity was thus afforded to us of forming an acquaintance with him. To know him was to love him, and when the sad news of his death reached us, there were not a few among us who felt that they had lost a valued friend. In the movement to establish a memorial to his honour, you may be assured of our warmest sympathy. It is true that his name needs no such commemoration ; 8 for he had achieved for himself an enduring place in the history of science. But it has heen truly said by the mover of this Resolution that it is right in itself and due to this University, that his great eminence, and his brilliant example, should be per- petuated by such a Foundation as that which is now- proposed. One word more. We in Oxford especially rejoice that you should associate this memorial with the University of Cambridge. A commemorative foundation attached to no particular place, to no living society, may run the risk of seeming cold and lifeless. But when you propose to establish a memorial connected with the home, and with the sphere of the studies, of the person whom you desire to commemorate, with the place where his mind was trained, and where his best work was done — a place too which he loved with his whole heart — there is, it seems to me, a fitness in such a proposal which must appeal directly to us all." The Reverend E. W. Blore, M.A., Senior Fel- low and Vice-Master of Trinity College, in supporting the Resolution, said that he did not propose to waste their time — as that hour of the day was valuable — in a number of superfluous remarks. On the pre- sent occasion he took it that there were no objections to be met, and no opposition to be overcome. He took it that all of those who had come together were all of one mind in the matter, and, therefore, why should he try to persuade those already persuaded, that the resolution was a very right and proper one? He must say for the members of his own college, which also had the honour of being the college of Professor Balfour, that when first they were informed that it was purposed to provide a memorial to their lament- ed friend, that suggestion was received with enthu- siasm, and more especially by those who had been in daily contact with Mr Balfour and his work. 9 In that enthusiasm lie took his full share. It was, perhaps, not his business to speak upon the form the memorial was to take, but it seemed to him (he would just say so much) to be a form that would do great honour to Professor Balfour both at present aud in future generations. It was just the form that he would have chosen for himself. He would ven- ture upon one remark of a practical character, namely, that he felt certain that contributions would be forth- coming which would enable them to carry out the proposal successfully by gifts of simple admiration and affection. There would not be the least necessity for putting pressure upon any unwilling contributor. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, spoke nearly as follows : " After the admirable speeches in support of the memorial to which you have listened, it might appear that there was nothing left for me to say. There is one side of Balfour's life, however, on which I do feel competent to speak : and that is, his intimate connection with the study of Morphology at Cam- bridge. It is now just seven years since he came into residence here after getting his Fellowship at my College, and since he first began to lecture. In the Long Vacation of that year, 1875, he gave a short course of lectures on Embryology, and in the following term he began that course on Mor- phology, which he continued in successive years until it was interrupted by an attack of typhoid fever in February last. That course began in a small room placed at his disposal by Professor Newton, of whose kind assistance in so doing he always felt and spoke most gratefully. The room was not large enough to hold more than ten or twelve students, to which small number the class was at first limited. The number, however, rapidly increased ; and when he ceased to lecture in February last, his class con- 1—5 10 siated of ninety students. This fact is of itself sufficient to shew what an admirable teacher he was. There is one point of special importance in con- nexion with his teaching to which I must briefly refer. He was not content with merely giving admirable expositions of his subject, but he followed up his lectures by going into his laboratory, and endeavour- ing to become personally acquainted with his pupils. To many people the work of demonstration would seem miserable drudgery. He did not take that view. In spite of the absorbing nature of his own private work, and in spite of the intense pleasure he derived from research, he gave up a considerable amount of time in order that he might personally direct the teaching of his pupils. In that way they got to know liim, and he impaired to them some of the enthusiasm with which he himself was fired. He did this not simply to those who attended his advanced lectures, but also to those who attended his elementary ones ; and I know that many under- graduates who had the strictest eye to their own business, became very enthusiastic about him, and were almost induced to desert their professional studies in order to follow Morphology. My hearers will not therefore be surprised when I tell them that in the last course of lectures which he gave, on a subject which had no practical application in life, the pursuit of which led to no position and to no honours, he had a class of twenty students studying the most complicated problems. To the School of Morphology here his loss, I need hardly say, has been crushing. The particular memorial which it is proposed to erect to him is, from the point of view of those who worked with him, the best that could possibly be devised, because it will help to cany on the work which he had be<nin. Balfour's work will always be his best me- 11 morial. We can add nothing to that ; but we can shew that his spirit is still living amongst us and that we are anxious to go on in the way in which he directed us." The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor Huxley proposed the second Resolu- tion : " That the Memorial take the form of a Fund, to be called the Balfour Fund, for the promotion of Research in Biology, especially Animal Mor- phology." He said that it would be superfluous for him to express his own personal feelings regarding the merits of Mr Balfour, whose remarkable capa- city and still more remarkable character they had all admired, for these qualities had been most accurately and sympathetically put before them by previous speakers. It was no exaggeration to say that to his eyes, and to those, he took it, of many of his age, Professor Balfour seemed to be like that Lycidas of whom Milton spoke : ' dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.' But there could be no question that, how- ever remarkable a man's capacity might be, his earlier or his later development, his more or less fortunate course of life, depended largely upon surrounding circumstances. He had a certain melancholy pleasure in reflecting that he himself happened long ago to have been one of those circumstances, which might have been favourable, rather than otherwise, to the career in which Mr Balfour distinguished himself. He was reminded the other day — he had quite forgotten it — that a paper which Mr Balfour read whilst a boy at Harrow School had been sent to him for his judgment ; and that afterwards— and that he had not forgotten — 12 when Mr Balfour was a candidate for the Natural Science Fellowship at Trinity College, he happened to be one of the examiners. Among the many faults and failures which a man who had lived to his time of life looked back upon, he rejoiced that he was at any rate free from having to reproach himself for having failed to discern the very remarkable powers foreshadowed, and indeed largely exercised, on those two occasions, by the friend and fellow-worker whom they had lost. In the Resolution which he had to move there were two words which would strike every one who had had to do with the world of science so long as lie had, as having a certain novelty about them, when compared with the language which would have been used thirty or forty years ago. He alluded to the words ' research,' and ' morphology.' In former days a man of intellectual distinction was too often con- tent with being learned. At the present time a happy change had come over science, at any rate in that respect, and if a man sought distinction, he must not only know that which was known, but he must help in the continual spread and enlargement of the boundaries of knowledge. And, agaiu, with respect to the word ' morphology,' he supposed that 30 or 40 years ago it would hardly have conveyed any other meaning than such as arose out of its con- nection with the wild speculations of a certain school of continental philosophers. But to him, in the particular branch of science with which he was con- nected, it seemed that it might be called ' the new learning.' It had become a great system of doctrine, and had accumulated an enormous mass of carefully coordinated facts. The discovery of these required methods of investigation of which no one, when he was a young man, had had the slightest conception. A man who would be a master in that field must have three qualifications. In the first place, the 13 mastery of the practical methods ; in the second place the power of precise and accurate observation ; in the third place, a certain vividness of the imagina- tion which would enable him to seize upon the in- tellectual significance of fact without stepping beyond the limits of fact. In these three qualifications he had never met with anyone more marvellously girted than the friend whose loss they had now to deplore. He appealed to those present— for in that room there might possibly be some who had known Pro- fessor Balfour better than he had done, though he doubted if there could be any who esteemed him more highly or loved him more sincerely— he ap- pealed to them to say whether (supposing that his singular modesty— his almost shrinking modesty- could have allowed him to anticipate the occurrence of such a meeting as the present one) they could imagine any form of memorial more entirely grateful to his feelings than that which was now proposed. The suggestion was to raise no mere monument in stone or brass, the value and meaning and the power of which died with the generation and the feelings that had given it life ; but they proposed to establish at Cambridge a fund which would be a perennial spring of activity in the direction in which Mr Balfour had so much distinguished himself. They hoped that generation after generation of young men, who, had he lived, would assuredly have been helped by his most generous aid, always readily and freely ' given, might yet, in that sort of vicarious way, profit by the fact that he had lived, and been loved as he had been by so wide a circle of devoted friends. _ At the opening of his speech he had spoken of Lycidas, and they would remember the conclusion of the Monody : ' Henceforth thou art the genius of the shore In thy large recompense, and shalt be good To ail that wander in that perilous flood.' > 14 . Professor Humphry, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, said he had the greatest pleasure in seconding the resolution which had been proposed with so much feeling by him who, being one of the first of living biologists, was well able to speak with authority as to the ability of the late Professor Balfour. He had the further pleasure in doing so as one of those who knew the late Professor Balfour well and had worked with him. The word ' crushing ' had been used by Mr Sedgwick, and he could say that never in his life had he felt so tho- roughly crushed and depressed as on that Sunday afternoon when, on returning to his home, he was met with the sad intelligence that Balfour's life had been lost in the Alps. It seemed impossible to realise such overwhelming intelligence. It seemed hard to believe, nay, almost impossible to believe, that that noble figure one was in the habit of meet- ing on foot and on bicycle, in our roads and streets, had passed away ; that that face, so full of intelli- gence, so full of thought, so full of force mingled with gentleness, breaking so often into that charming smile, Avould be seen no more. Those words which were used of him on a late solemn occasion were sin- gularly appropriate: "When the ear heard him, then it blessed him ; when the eye saw him, it gave witness of him." One could scarcely yet realize that he who had shown so great love for the large subjects of his own work and so great ability in solving its diffi- culties; he who might be called the teacher of Europe in his own particular subject ; he to whom all biologists were looking with expectation for the future; he who was his own fellow-labourer in that very room, where he was wont to occupy the place in which the Vice-Chancellor then sat; that he should no more in this room fill the benches with students who hung upon his words, and that the 15 latest addition to the Professoriate at Cambridge, which they all hoped would have been one of the most potent, and would have proved one of the noblest in the long roll of the great and illustrious names which have already adorned it, should have passed away before attaining anything like ma- turity; that he who had shewn his attachment to tliis University, and had clung to it in spite of the alluring attractions of Edinburgh and Oxford, clung to it by virtue of his attachment to the place, to his friends, and, above all, to the man who had brought him forward, who had encouraged him in every effort, he meant -to Dr Michael Foster; that he had been swept away from them by the treacherous precipices of an Alpine gorge. Again he would say, one could scarcely realize it. But alas! so it was, and, so far as he could judge, Cambridge had had, in his time, no greater loss, though its losses had been great and heavy. Whewell, Sedgwick, Henslow, Maxwell and many others had passed away, but he believed that never had there been in his time, or perhaps at any pre- ceding time, such a loss to Cambridge as that of Balfour. No person had passed away so full of promise of great things to come, assured by great things already done. The memorial was one which promised usefulness in the future. He was per- fectly well aware that there were some persons who had objection to what were called 'utilitarian' memorials. He certainly had no sympathy with that objection. He felt that the most honourable memorial to any man was that which continued his usefulness after he was gone, giving as it were a living force to him when he was dead, making him an abiding impulse in his own special work, and a stimulus to the spirits of others therein. Above all when, so far as we heard from others who knew him best, and so far as one could judge 16 for oneself, there could not have been any memorial selected which would have been so consonant with his own feelings had he been able to express them. He need, therefore, say no more. He heartily seconded the Resolution. ♦ The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor Newton, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, moved the third Resolution : "That the proceeds of the Fund be applied : (1) to establish a Studentship, the holder of which shall devote himself to original research in Biology, especially Animal Morphology ; (2) to further, by occasional grants of money, original research in the same subject." He said that after the tribute of honour and af- fection which had already been bestowed, it seemed quite unnecessary for him to add any words of his own to those eloquent phrases. But it was while in that room, and in that building, in connection with the present affair, that he fully felt for the first time what one of our poets had so expressively written as to ' The touch of the vanished hand, And the sound of the voice that is still.' His friend, Mr Sedgwick, was kind enough to men- tion a slight incident that had happened to him in regard to their friend so lately lost. It would always be one of the brightest of his recollections that lie had fortunately been able to further Professor Bal- four's objects j but he could only say that in helping him to carry on his researches, and to give those lectures which had been of such service in regard to the subject which he studied, he had simply done what he believed to be his duty, and what every 17 other Professor in this University would have done. He found a young man capable of giving, and will- ing to give instruction; and he put no obstacle whatever in the way of his doing so. But it was not merely in the simple giving of instruction that Pro- fessor Balfour was so conspicuous. He was above all things a student, and hence it was not inap- propriately that most of those who had considered the business before them that day had determined that the Memorial should take the form which he had to propose. There was no one who throughout the whole of his career had remained more thoroughly a student, and it was in consequence of that that he became so celebrated as a teacher. There was one near him at present who, illustrious as he had been as a teacher, had been still more illustrious as a student, that is to say, as one devoted to research. And, if he looked further round the room, many others presented themselves in the same way. It was therefore, he thought, not at all inappropriate that the Balfour Memorial should take the form proposed, and he moved that it be applied in the manner he had already stated. Professor E. Kay Lankester, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy at University College, London, said he felt it a great privilege to be present on that occasion, and to speak a few words in support of the Resolution before the meeting, because he should think that probably there was no one not at present connected with the University of Cambridge, who had so much cause to feel the loss of their dear friend as himself. For many years he had been associated with Professor Balfour in the editorship of 'The Quarterly Journal of Micro- scopical Science.' Besides that, they had constantly made expeditions together, and done zoological work 1—9 IS together of various kinds. In fact it was a mere accident— Balfour's attack of typhoid fever— which had prevented their going together to the sea-side this very summer, for the purpose of investigating some marine organisms, instead of Balfour's under- taking alone the expedition to the Alps which had led to such a terrible result. In the midst of such great grief, it was some satisfaction to find that Balfour's friends in the University of Cambridge had determined that the work he was engaged in, and which he had carried on with so much success, should not be allowed to flag or droop more than was absolutely necessary. The establishment of a Studentship to be held from time to time by a person who was to devote himself to research during his tenure of it, seemed to him the best way of keeping up such a study of Morphology as Balfour had himself carried on. Kesearch in Animal Mor- phology, it was well known, was unremunerative ; the man who devoted himself to it must be sup- ported, during the time he was carrying it on, by some form of endowment • and he thought that this Studentship, which, he was glad to see, was not to be limited to members of the University of Cam- bridge, would have a very stimulating effect in pro- moting the study of Morphology by young men at a critical period in their career. In the University of Oxford there was a Studentship of a somewhat similar kind, given many years ago by Dr Ratcliffe, and known as the Ratcliffe Travelling Fellowship ; it had had a great effect in enabling young men to carry on scientific investigations, who othei-wi.se would not have been able to pursue them. He cordially seconded the Resolution. The Resolution was carried unanimously. Professor "Williamson, Professor of Chemistry at University College, London, in proposing the 19 fourth Resolution : " That a Committee be appointed to collect subscriptions and to draw up conditions, under which, with the sanction of the subscribers at a future meeting, the Fund shall be offered to the University," said that very few words from him were needed to commend it to the cordial acceptance of that meeting, for there was hardly any nobler or more effective incentive to great deeds than the con- templation of great and noble work done by those who had passed away. And if it was useful to hold up to admiration and imitation the lives and deeds of great men who had lived long enough to make a deep and abiding mark on history, surely it was par- ticularly desirable that such action should be taken in the case of one who had only entered on a career of the very highest and greatest distinction. For they all felt not merely that they had lost a personal friend, but that the world at large had sustained a severe loss, by Professor Balfour's melancholy death. Such be- ing their feelings, it was natural and proper that men should think of what could be done, and worthily done, to give effect to the feelings they all entertained ; to establish some memorial worthy of so great a man ■ to do in his name something which would be of permanent use. He could not doubt that the efforts which were now being made, and the scheme which was now being elaborated, would be fruitful of great results — results such as Balfour himself would have wished to have had brought about. He might perhaps be permitted to throw out an idea which had sprung up in his mind, for the con- sideration of those gentlemen who would draw up and, he had no doubt, would admirably and carefully draw up — the regulations under which the Student- ship was to be awarded. He could not help feeling that if each earnest high-minded young man who became a Balfour Student had presented to him in such a form as Dr Foster could draw it up, a living 20 picture of what the man was, and what he had done — a description of his personal habits and life, and an intelligible outline of the services he had rendered to science — with, if possible, a good portrait at the beginning — he would feel stimulated and encouraged to use his best and noblest efforts to imitate the life and deeds of Balfour. Such a book would say, as it were, " Try to be like him and to do such things as he did." Professor "Williamson then read the Resolution, and said that he had no doubt that those called to serve upon the Committee would be induced to do their best in a matter into which their hearts so thoroughly entered. Professor Westcott, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge, said that when he looked at the names upon the paper he could not but feel how thoroughly unworthy he was per- sonally to take any part in the proceedings of that afternoon ; but yet he was deeply grateful to those who had arranged the meeting, that they had found a place in it for his office. He was quite prepared to recognize that he knew less about Natural Science than anyone in the room, but he would not recognize that any one in the room felt a keener interest in it than he did. He should be faithless to the study in some degree committed to his charge if he did not hold that belief most thoroughly. He would not quote the famous Latin line Homo sum nihil humanum a me alienum puto as adequately describing the range of his interest : he held that he should be expressing the thoughts and feelings of those who taught, and of those who studied, Theology at Cambridge if he changed it to Theologus sum, nihil in rerum natura a me alienum puto. He felt that it was one of the great privileges of a University that those who pursued different 21 studies there were brought together in close and most sympathetic fellowship. It was a great advan- tage to have the power of coordinating their thoughts, and interpreting their conclusions by constant per- sonal intercourse. Differences of opinion must arise among persons engaged in following out special sub- jects by their characteristic methods; but bethought that they all gained something by comparing their results, by comparing their methods, and by recog- nizing 'at least a tendency towards a fuller harmony of truth than any of them could hope to attain to separately. , i i • A t Those who were acquainted with the history ot the University knew how close the connexion be- tween the study of physical science and the chair which he had the honour to occupy had always been. He would venture to be a prophet, for he had faith in the future, and to express his belief that when his successor some three centuries hence stood in his place, he would be able to declare that the con- nexion between Theology and Morphology had been not less close. For himself he was ready to admit that even the slight knowledge which he had been allowed to gain of recent discoveries in Physiology had enabled him to hold with a clearer vision and a firmer grasp truths which he held to be most pre- cious, and which had been specially entrusted to his guardianship. And at least he could affirm this, that if those who should study science here in the future, should study it in the spirit of his friend Mr Balfour, the result which he had ventured to anticipate would certainly be attained. He had first known Mr Balfour as a boy at Harrow. He did not pursue with any enthusiasm the studies which it was his duty to guide, but he recognized his independence and force of character, and was not surprised on his return to Cambridge to find the mark which he had made. He rejoiced 22 that during the last few years of his life he had been allowed to discuss with him, from time to time, great problems of life and thought. Had they attempted to formulate their opinions, it is probable that wide differences would have been found between bhem, but in the case of such' a nature as Mr Balfour's, he could not admit that formulated opinion was a measure of spiritual difference. He was a man to whom he would not have shrunk from laying open the deepest feelings of his own heart, as he knew that he would have received such an expres- sion of his convictions with sympathy; while, on the other hand, Mr Balfour would not have withheld from him his own convictions, had he thought that the expression of them would have helped him in his work. He felt sure, for he could not have wholly misinterpreted his views, that Mr Balfour held those two great central truths — the unity of life and the progress of life — which seemed to him to lead, it might be by distant conclusions, to the essential principles of that Faith, which it was his great privilege to declare in the University. He had much pleasure in seconding the Reso- lution, which was carried unanimously. Dr Michael Foster, Trinity Prselector in Phy- siology, who was received with prolonged applause, proposed the fifth Resolution : " That the Committee be instructed (1) that the value of the Studentship be not less than £200 a year ; (2) that while it is desirable that the Student- ship should be in some way closely con- nected with this University, persons other than members of this University shall be eligible to it ; 23 (3) that it be not given away by competitive examination ; U) that in framing regulations both for the conduct of the Student and the award of occasional grants, the primary object of the Fund, namely the furtherance ^of original research, be closely adhered to." He spoke nearly as follows : " The Resolution which has been placed in my hands is mainly of a practical character ; and, with your permission, I will do what I feel able only to do. I will confine myself entirely to remarks upon that Resolution. It has been determined that the memorial shall be established in the form of a fund; it has been thought desirable that the framing of a scheme for the carrying out of that memorial should be entrusted to a committee, and the Resolution which you have just passed lays down the general principles which are to guide that committee. _ The one which I now propose to you for your considera- tion formulates more distinctly and more closely what we believe to be your wishes in this matter, and lays down certain lines to guide the committee in their decisions. The instructions seem to me so just, as hardly to need any defence on my part, and yet, perhaps, it will be well if I say a word or two concerning them. The key-note of them, it seems to me, has been already struck by my friend Mr Adam Sedgwick, who said, very justly, that what we are now attempt- ing, though called a memorial, is not really such. For our friend Mr Balfour's real memorial is to be found partly in his work, and this is open to all the world without any effort on our part, partly in the hearts of us who knew him, and this we cannot give to others. What we now wish to do is not proposed as necessary to keep his memory alive, but with the 24 view of connecting his name with some useful thing, with something which shall be of benefit on the one hand to biological research, and, on the other hand, to that University which he loved so well. The first instruction to the Committee is, " That the value of the Studentship be not less than £200 a year." The idea of that instruction is somewhat on this wise. A young man who has attended such lectures as those of our dear friend, and has gone through a certain amount of instruction under such a teacher, shares more or less the enthusiasm of that teacher. He is by his influence led to think, and to his mind thus awakened, what he sees and hears and reads suggests a number of problems, which he would love above all things to work out. We all find, as we get older, that the real seed-time of life is in our young years : in the years of early man- hood. That is the time when new ideas come to us. Men frequently spend their whole lives in laboriously working out the few bright thoughts which flashed into their minds in their early years. Is it not important then to take care of this precious but passing time 1 But in a large number of cases the young man filled with enthusiasm for his studies, is obliged by pecuniary necessity to leave those studies, and to enter upon some practical line of life — to go to the bar, to become a doctor, or to enter into business; and the studies he once so loved are soon forgotten by him; other things fill his mind and absorb his energies, so that the learning to which he was once devoted gains no help, or at most some trifling assistance only, from him in after life. The idea of the proposed Studentship is that certain persons chosen according to conditions, to be agreed upon hereafter, having discovered such an enthusiastic man of promise, shall thereby be enabled to give him the wherewithal to live for two, three, or more years, in order that during that time he may devote 25 himself entirely to inquiry and thus contribute to the advance of learning. Probably he will in conse- quence achieve a name and secure a position, and thus be able to give his whole life to science. In one word it is wished to put the man connected with Balfour's name in some such position favourable for prosecuting original work as Balfour himself through his private circumstances enjoyed. It seems to those who have drafted these Kesolutions that £200 a year will be on one hand sufficient to enable an enthusiastic man to live without denying himself, and, on the other hand, will not be a sum so large as to tempt people who have no real call for a scientific life to become candidates for the Student- ship. The second instruction to the Committee : " that while it is desirable that the Studentship should be in some way closely connected with the University, persons other than members of this University shall be eligible to it "—is simply a carrying out of the principle which I have just laid down, that the memorial shall be of benefit to the University, and at the same time, to biological learning. It may prove desirable for biological learning that a young man presenting himself should have the benefits conferred by the Studentship, even if he happen not to be connected with the University. In such a case, the University itself will be in the end the gainer; for it will benefit by young men of talent being attracted to it from various parts of the country. "While it seems desirable that in some way or other the appointment and the work of the student should be connected with the University (the details of the connection will of course have to be worked out by the Committee), and although in all proba- bility the student will generally be chosen from the University, it ought to be in the power of those to whom the management of the Studentship will be 20 entrusted to select persons outside the University, if they think that biological research will thereby be benefited. The third instruction is : " that it be not given away by competitive examination." Now in this University we have acquired extraordinary skill in examinations. It has been very justly said that in carrying on the studies of this University we have developed the machinery of examination to such per- fection that there is a great probability that at an examination the best man will be brought so near to his proper place as to be put number two on the list. But in biology we are in this respect behind the other studies, we could hardly hope to reach even this success; indeed a biological competitive examination is one of the very worst devices for selecting men; and we have great hope that, by adopting other means, the really best man may be very often chosen. Besides, this Studentship is not to be regarded as a reward for past work ; it is not to be regarded even as an acknowledgment of merit; it is intended simply to enable what without it might remain as mere "promise" to develope into actual fruitfulness. Upon those who will hereafter have the management of the Fund will be laid the responsibility of selecting, not necessarily the clever- est or the most brilliant man, but the man who in their judgment will best carry out the objects of the Fund; that is to say, the man who seems most likely to devote himself with success to biological The last instruction: "That in framing regu- lations both for the conduct of the Student and the award of occasional grants, the primary object of the Fund, namely the furtherance of original research, be closely adhered to," really embraces all the others. It is hoped, and indeed confidently expected, that the amount of money ultimately placed at the disposal 27 of the Committee will be sufficient not only to main- tain the student — for it is intended that the £200 a year shall be in reality a subsidy for sustenance — but to make grants to defray the expenses of his work. It may, for instance, be necessary to send him to Australia, or New Zealand, or the interior of Africa, in order to settle problems in the place where alone they can be settled. There may arise expenses in the way of material and apparatus, far too heavy for the student himself to bear. Those unacquainted with biological researches are perhaps hardly aware how expensive they frequently are ; many a valuable piece of work has been stopped for sheer want of funds. And the usefulness of the Fund will be immensely increased if the yearly income permits occasional grants for other inquiries than those of the student himself. If the Fund becomes as large as we have every hope it will, its distribu- tion will need to be guarded jealously ; and there is one danger against which this instruction is es- pecially directed. In this University, and elsewhere, where teaching is going on, there is a very great danger of talent being swallowed up in teaching. Now without discussing the question whether teach- ing ought to be self-supporting, I may venture at all events to place this before you : that, as com- pared with teaching, the returns of which are rapid and fairly certain, original research reqrrires careful nursing. And by this fourth instruction it is in- tended that the Committee should frame such regu- lations that the student shall suffer no temptation to be led away from strictly original research in order to undertake formal teaching, and that no part of the Fund shall be used to aid mere tuition. Teach- ing in a large sense it will be impossible to prevent, lor wherever investigation is being carried on teach- ing is quickened and strengthened. That indeed is one of the great indirect benefits which the Student- 28 ship will confer upon the University. Not only will the carrying out of original research be in itself of great value, but every part of biological study here will be in some way or other benefited by it. At the same time experience warns us that it is necessary that the student should be kept as far as possible from that formal teaching into which so many of us are drawn, in order that he may not be hindered in that original research which it is the great object of the Fund to encourage." Professor Moseley, Linacre Professor in the University of Oxford, said, in seconding the Reso- lution : The late Professor Balfour was distinguished in everything he took up, and there was scarcely a single branch of learning in which educated people were interested in whiph he was not deeply interested himself. It might therefore appear that since this Stu- dentship was being founded chiefly for the encourage- ment of 'research alone, they, as it were, were about to create a memorial which would be related to a certain side of his character only ; but such was not in reality the case, for it was impossible to say whether he was most distinguished as a teacher or as a researcher ; and there could be no doubt that the reason why he was so excellent a teacher was that he had been so remarkably successful as an original investigator. He thought that it was becoming more and more apparent, every day, that no person was qualified to teach science who had not added something himself to the stock of knowledge of the science which he professed. The best possible training for a man who was to be a teacher was, that he should have been taught by research. There was no doubt there- fore that by acting as was now proposed they would not only be practically carrying on the work which Professor Balfour would most have liked to see progress, but, at the same time, they would be 29 adopting the best possible mode for training teachers, who might, perhaps, to some extent, approach to his excellency in that matter. The Resolution was carried unanimously. Joseph Prior, M.A., Senior Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, proposed the sixth Resolution: "That His Grace the Chancellor. The High Steward. The Vice-Chancellor. The Master of Trinity College. The Master of Saint John's College. The Master of Gonville and Caius College. The Master of Trinity Hall. The Master of Magdalene College. The Master of Emmanuel College. The Lord Lyttelton. John Ball, F.R.S., 10, Southwell Gardens, S. Kensington, London. Thomas George Bonney, B.D., P.B.S., Professor of Geology in University College, London. Henry Bowman Brady, F.R.S., Hillfield, Gateshead, New- castle-on-Tyne. William Turner Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., Assistant Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. John Evans, F.R.S., Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Society. Michael Foster, LL.D., F.R.S., Trinity Prmlector in Phy- siology. George Griffith, M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, Science Master at Harrow School. Walter Heape, 17, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge. Thomas Henry Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor at the School of Mines, South Kensington Museum. Richard Claverhouse Jebb, M.A., 'Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. Edwin Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology in University College, London. John Gray M'Kendrick, M.D., Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow. Arthur Milnes Marshall, M.D., S. John's College, Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Owens College, Manchester Henry N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., Linacre Professor in the University of Oxford. 30 Joseph Shields Nicholson, M.A., Professor of Political Eco- nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Henry Francis Pelham, M.A., formerly Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. William Kitchen Parker, P.R.S., Hunterian Professor. Sir W. Frederick Pollock, Part., 59, Montagu Square, London. George John Romanes, P.B.S., 18, Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, London. Henry John Stephen Smith, F.R.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford. Allen Thomson, M.D., F.R.3., 66, Palace Gardens Terrace, London. William Turner, Professor of Anatomy in tlte University of Edinburgh. John Couch Adams, M.A., F.R.S., Lowndean Professor. Charles Cardale Babington, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Botany. William Lloyd Birkbeck, M.A., Downing Professor of the Laws of England. Arthur Cayley, M.A., F.R.S., Sadlerian Professor. Edwin Charles Clark, M.A., LL.D., Regius Professor of Civil Law. Sidney Colvin, M.A., Slade Professor of Fine Art. James Dewar, M.A., F.R.S., Jaclcsonian Professor. Henry Fawcett, M.A., Professor of Political Economy. Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity. Thomas McKenny Hughes, M.A., Woodwardian Professor. George Murray Humphry, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy. Benjamin Hall Kennedy, D.D., Regius Professor of Greek. Alexander Francis Kirkpatrick, M.A., Regius Professor of Hebrew. Henry Newell Martin, M.A., Professor of Natural Science in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Alfred Newton, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Com- parative Anatomy. George Edward Paget, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physic. George Gabriel Stokes, M.A., F.R.S., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. James Stuart, M.A., Professor of Mechanism. Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity. Richard Dacre Archer-Hind, M.A., Trinity College. Edward Vernon Arnold, M.A., Trinity College. Augustus Austen-Leigh, M.A., King's College. Edward William Blore, M.A., Trinity College. 31 Henry Bradshaw, M.A., King's College. Oscar Browning, M.A., King's College. John Frederick Bullar, B.A., Trinity College. John Willis Clark, M.A., Trinity College. Thomas Dale, M.A., Trinity College. George Howard Darwin, M.A., F.B.S., Trinity College. Francis Darwin, M.A., Trinity College. Albert George Dew-Smith, M.A., Trinity College. Lucas Ewbank, M.A., Clare College. Herbert Foxwell, M.A., St John's College. Walter Holbrook Gaskell, M.D., F.R.S., Trinity College. James Whitbread Lee Glaisher, M.A., F.B.S., Trinity College. Basil Edward Hammond, M.A., Trinity College. John Maxwell Image, M.A., Trinity College. Henry Jackson, M.A., Trinity College. Courtney Stanhope Kenny, M.L., Downing College. John Newport Langley, M.A., Trinity College. Henrv Latham, M.A., Trinity Hall. Arthur Sheridan Lea, M.A., Trinity College. Walter Leaf, M.A., Trinity College. Arthur Temple Lyttelton, M.A., Trinity College. Donald M°Alister, M.A., St John's College. Frederic William Myers, M.A., Trinity College. William Davidson Niven, M.A., Trinity College. John Peile, M.A., Christ's College. Frederick Pollock, M.A., Trinity College. Joseph Prior, M.A., Trinity College. George Walter Prothero, M.A., King's College. Marlborough Robert Pryor, M.A. , Trinity College. Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., Trinity Hall. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Trinity College. William Napier Shaw, M.A. , Emmanuel College. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A. , Trinity College. Edward Bernard Tawney, M.A., Trinity College. Henry Mai-tyn Taylor, M.A., Trinity College. Coutts Trotter, M.A., Trinity CoUege. John Venn, M.A., Caius College. Arthur Woolgar Verrall, M.A., Trinity College. Sydney Howard Vines, M.A., Christ's College. James Ward, M.A., Trinity College. James Edward Cowell Welldon, M.A., King's College. Theodore Beck, Trinity College. William Hay Caldwell, B.A., Caius College. Charles Silvester Evans, Clare College. Boger Neville Goodman, St John's College. Sidney Frederick Harmer, King's College. 32 Arthur Everitt Shipley, Christ's College. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, Trinity College Walter Frank Welldon, B.A., St John's College. be the Committee, with power to add to their num- ber, aiid that seven be a quorum ; that John "Willis Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, and Adam Sedgwick, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, be Secretaries to the Committee; and that John Willis Clark be Treasurer to the Fund." He said that after all the eloquence and scientific knowledge which had been displayed by the previous speakers in settling the great questions of principle, viz. that there should be some Memorial, and that that Memorial should take a certain form ; he had simply to move the appointment of a Committee, which, being a mere matter of detail, happily re- quired no eloquence. The Committee suggested comprised Heads, Professors, and other eminent members of the University, and also distinguished men of science outside our walls, who admired the genius of the late Professor Balfour, and loved his character. The number of names was large, but four times the number could be found, willing and eager to join such a Committee, and make any sacrifices in such a cause. It was not necessary to say anything as to the peculiar appropriateness of proposing that Mr J. "W. Clark and Mr Adam Sedgwick should be the Secre- taries. The first was the firm friend and constant associate of the late Professor ; the latter had been his favourite pupil, and was now the only man in Cambridge who could fairly be looked to to supply his place in any adequate degree. It might not be obvious to some why in the presence of so many Professors and eminent men who would feel it an honour to address the meeting, he should appear to intrude himself upon them. He would simply mention that he had been connected S3 with the late Professor for a longer period than most Cambridge men, having been his College Tutor when he came up in 1870 as a freshman. Although, after a short time, he was no longer in a position to teach Mr Balfour anything, or even to learn from him, their friendship remained, and he felt sure that during the whole period of their intercourse, no one could have admired or loved him more than he had done. George Griffith, M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, Science Master of Harrow School, said that at that late hour he would not detain the meeting with any words of his except to second the motion. The resolution was unanimously agreed to. Professor W. K. Parker, F.RS., Hunterian Professor in the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land, said that it was his agreeable duty to propose a vote of thanks to the Vice-Chancellor for presiding on that occasion. He wished besides doing that to say that he disagreed with one of the remarks made by the last speaker, who had said that Mr Adam Sedgwick had been the favourite pupil of the late Professor Balfour. He always thought that he had himself been his favourite pupil. He certaiuly had no siucerer friend, and he was certain no young man could regard him with a more childlike reverence than he had done. He used to have the gratifica- tion of frequent visits from Professor Balfour to discuss matters connected with the work in which they were both engaged, and he felt that his presence was still wiih him ; he could not lose the sense of his presence. Professor Huxley, with his usual masterly eloquence, had quoted Milton's ' Lycidas ' ; he would suggest to his Cambridge friends that ano- ther line of that fine poem should be placed over the door of the Morphological Laboratory : 'Lycidas, our sorrow, re not dead.' 34 S. H. Vines, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, said that he had very great pleasure in seconding the Resolution. He wished to thank the "Vice-Chancellor not only for presiding at that meet- ing, but for convening it, and thus giving to the friends of Professor Balfour an opportunity of ex- pressing their feelings and of taking steps to give practical effect to them. The Vice Chancellor said that he felt he had no special claim upon the thanks of that meeting. Their thanks were clue in the first place to those eminent men of science from London and Oxford who had honoured them with their presence, and contributed so greatly to the success of the pro- ceedings and to the object they had in view ; and in the second place to Dr Michael Foster and Mr J. W. Clark for the care and forethought with which the resolutions had been prepared, and all other pre- liminary arrangements had been made. He hoped that in a short time the Committee would have at its head the illustrious name of the Chancellor, who had done so much for the promotion of the study of Physical Science at Cambridge. He regretted that the office which he had filled that day by virtue of the accident of his being Vice-Chancellor, had not fallen to the lot of one more intimately con- nected with Science than he was. It would have been more appropriate if the Master of Emmanuel, whose acquaintance with Natural Science was so extensive, had occupied the chair on that afternoon. It had however given him much pleasure to do what he could to promote the objects of the meet- ing, and he now wished to thank them for their kindness. There was one other matter to which he wished to refei\ He had heard expressions of regret, in which he fully joined, that no personal memorial of 35 Professor Balfour was to accompany the scientific memorial. He was glad to be able to state that he had been informed by Mr J. W. Clark that it was believed that sufficient materials existed for both a portrait arid a bust ; and that arrangements had been made for securing a copy of the latter, should it prove satisfactory, for the Morphological Laboratory. J. W. Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, said that he would inaugurate his office of Treasurer by stating that the family of the late Professor Balfour had expressed their intention of giving £3000 to the Memorial, to which sum Dr Michael Foster proposed to add £1000, which Professor Balfour had bequeathed to him for any scientific purpose to which he might think proper to apply it. There was therefore £4000 in hand to start with. The Meeting then separated. CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, 31. A. 4 SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY TRESS.

Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016. Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017. Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84. References Other websites Official website Robert Osborne's column in The Hollywood Reporter 1932 births 2017 deaths Deaths from renal failure Disease-related deaths in New York City American movie actors American television actors American stage actors American voice actors American historians LGBT actors LGBT writers Gay men American LGBT people Actors from Washington Writers from Washington

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Vogtareuth is a municipality in Rosenheim, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria. References Municipalities in Bavaria Rosenheim (district)

I have data that looks like the following: <pre><code>Task | Number A | 1 B | 2 C | 2 D | 3 E | 3 F | 3 </code></pre> There are two columns. One with tasks and the other with values. My goal is on Google Sheets, when the user enters in a task and a number, that the code will check against all the other numbers So for instance, if I have the above data, and the user enters again F | 3 that the code will reject this user input Below is the code. I have run it, and in the alert boxes, the equation <pre><code> ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue() == ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue() </code></pre> uniformly validates to false. So the following code will declare 3 == 3 is actually a false statement. The question is why? And, how can I correct this problem? <pre><code> function checkEntry(){ //store the range as that cell var rng = ss.getRange(8, 2) //ui.alert(rng.getValue()); var dict = {} var i = 2 var k = 1 //check the sheet for(i=2;i<=last;i++){ ui.alert(ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue()); ui.alert(ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue()); ui.alert(ss.getRange(i, 2).getValue() == ss.getRange(rng.getRow(), rng.getColumn()).getValue()); } </code></pre>

The Fabulous Texan is a 1947 American western movie directed by Edward Ludwig and starring Wild Bill Elliott, John Carroll, Catherine McLeod, Albert Dekker, Andy Devine, Patricia Knight, Ruth Donnelly, Harry Davenport, Johnny Sands. It was distributed by Republic Pictures. Other websites 1947 movies 1940s western movies American western movies Movies directed by Edward Ludwig

Patrick Kennedy left Ireland in (February 16, 1823 – November 22, 1858) was an Irish farmer, businessman, and politician who moved to East Boston, Massachusetts from County Wexford, Ireland. He was born in New Ross, Ireland. He was the father of businessman/politician P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), the grandfather of businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969), and the great-grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Early life Patrick Kennedy was the youngest son of farmer James Kennedy Sr. (1770-1840), and Maria Maiden (1779-1836). Adulthood At the age of 26, Kennedy decided to leave Ireland, largely because he knew that a third-born son had virtually no hope of running his family's farm. His good friend at Cherry Bros. Brewery in New Ross, Patrick Barron, who taught Kennedy the skills of coopering, had come to that conclusion months earlier and left for America. In October 1848, Patrick Kennedy decided to follow. Patrick Kennedy arrived in Boston on April 22, 1849, having sailed from Liverpool, England on the Washington Irving, a substantial packet ship from the East Boston yard of Donald McKay. Patrick Barron helped settle him into Boston life and organized his coopering job on Noddle's Island (present-day East Boston). Not long after, Barron's cousin Bridget Murphy (1821-1888), who was the daughter of Phillip Murphy (1771-1850) and Mary Barron (1776-1846), made her way to Boston. She and Kennedy were married in the Holy Redeemer Church on September 26, 1849, by Father John Williams, who later became Boston's Roman Catholic Archbishop. Children Patrick and Bridget had five children: Mary L. Kennedy (1851-1926), who married Lawrence M. Kane (1853-1924). Joanna L. Kennedy (1852-1926), who married Humphrey Charles Mahoney (1854-1923). John Kennedy III (1854-1855), died young from cholera. Margaret M. Kennedy (1855-1929), who married John Caulfield (1856-1928). P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), a businessman and politician who married Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923). Death Patrick Kennedy died on November 22, 1858, from tuberculosis at age 35. Kennedy family

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VALERI ANUS ’ MIGN ANELLI DE SENi’s, * .-i /Abbas Gciieralis Olivetanus . , 4 ^ , • V ^ C U M Librum i cu! titiilus ; L’icaarn^ Auguflum i feu Lf* ter at or urn Peruf norum Memorial el a Patre D.Michaele Ange/o Belfort ti Perufino, ejufdem Congregatio* nis Olivetang Abbate compofitumf aliqui ex noflris Theo/ogis reco- gnoverlnt , & dignum prselo cea- fuerint > ut in iucem edi poflit ii« bcr6 eonccdimus , fi iis , ad' quos fpe£lat , ica videbitur . Datum Mediolani in noitro Mdnaderio S. ViSoris ad Corpus . ^ Die 22* Oftobris 1727. D.VaIerianus Mignanclli deSenis Abbas Generaiis Olivetaiius • D, Mar fit at Campof ampler I de Patavio » Aljhat S, Ma- ria de Riperia, & Cancel- ' lariat Olivetanat . 3 7 EMI. Digitized by Goo^qlc <£M1NENTISS1I^ SIGNORE, 1 [J^£lioe Mofca umilifllmo Servo di V; £. » dedderando dare al- ia (lampa uti Libro del P. Abbatot ^Belfocti.Olivetaao » iutitolato: caum AuguJiam > JJprratorum Ferufinorum Mmorhle : Supplica incbinato V. £. a corntnetterne la ^iViiione a cTii le placer^ 9 cbe della £irazU &c* 9 ut Deus . . i 'pH Ganogirm Vanahfii revidear^ 6 * referat . ^eap*i 3 iMartii 17 j u P. ANTONIUS CANONICUS ^ CAST£LL1 Via GEN. • * I , jp. Petrus Marcus Gyptius * Canonictts Deputatus • e . , \ [ i, i i • ’ . ' • ' * . ^ V. • * IMINENTISSIME PRINCEPS. J UfTa Em.Tuaeattente executus^ Librum » cui tltulus Lycaum Augitfittm Abbate a 8 Oli- Diyl^Jr ibyCiDOglt Olivetaiio I D. Michaefe Angela Belforti a Perufio coiicinnt^ elucu« ‘bratunv pericgi , niHilqiie In eo dci Dosmatibu5 > & Ethicae Chl^- llianas C^nonibus coutrarium repe^ ru Quaprbpter inutilitatem eorum, dc i^eteriim famiiiis notit ia de« Icftantiir* Bobiikwi virorum ejceiiv- p!tttn , 8c Perurini& Civitatis arna* ftieiituth typis inandandum cenf^^’ fi Em. Tusbl acceflerit authon'ta^ > cut me tot^ aiiimi devotione fub^ mitto . * Neapoirxv.'Kaieiid^ Moccxxxi. ; ‘I . ' • ,• • flumUrmut^ ’AdiiWjJtmu^ OifPequtmtfs.Famitius Domtiiicus Vanaleda • Attenta retrofcrtpta rdqtione Ifn^ frimatuf I^eap» Menfe Mail 1731 * B. ANTONiUS CANONICUS CASTELLI VIC. GEN. » D. Petrus Marcus Gyptius Cauoivicus Deputatus ECCEL- k. * EdCBt'LENTlSSi ' ^IGNORE !. « . -V- >t • 4 ^ F ^EiJcc Mofca Stsmpatpre , ftrp- pHcando efpone a VlEc. cqnw ^eiidera^llampare un^ Operetta in* t oUtdV Lyc^m ■ Auguflum^ fef) U4 teratorum Ferufinontm Memorialed ^Alpba^iicQ OfUne jNobilium » Ci* ^tiumqae Pr^mili arum difpopUim ; ' ’Author i t> 4 MicWele 'Angelo BfeU forti a Perupo y OHvetano Abbate\ Per tairfo fujiplica i’Ecc. Sua cbnii fnett^ne la ievfAotie’ a chi meglip le pater^ i perottenerhe le foiite li- cenze^ l^avi^agrazia^ ut Deus &c. ’ ■ ','.5 ‘W. ^ • '^9S»^,’JiJ^4DJo\Baptilla de Vtca nfideqh in.fcripth refer at* [- MAZ2ACCA.a.A Ri'tTLXOA R. GJOVENE H, PISaCAnEr. VENTURA R.CASTELLI R, P£YRIR. ‘ .-'ry H > ' Prsvifim per S. Exe.\Weap»li i>ji, , ■ ■' t Maftellonus . % ■ f EXCEL. ■ L Cou‘>Ic excelxektiss:. prii^geps. T E > Excellentiflime Princeps, maiidante , rece^riii Opurcii- liW , ciijus tituliis; 9 hycaum Au^ guftifm , ff!U,Literatoriitra Ptivufino* Tum Mtmorlale, AuBorc D^Mk^ba's f k AngiUBclforu a Per ufio^ Qllvei* lotto Abbaxe y Regiis juribu s y bo-^L nifque moribus ianoxiuni» .Patrfi ^ebaritate refcEtum, flk'adttiftdriam Literariam adoroandam pejtitile t '‘idque adea^'fi Tibi. itavpUceAt > ’^cenfeo typis mandaci.poflVK Neaped** li XI ii.'Kalendas Juntas mqccxxxu T ui ^PrlncepsJExcellentllfime*' Al Obfe<iuerttijJimus Client " Johani>es"Baj>tilli Vreus • ■Vi fa fupradiBa relatione Imprimo-^ tuty&' in publiaattane Jer>»etitrRe^» Frag. . - - • ^ , , MAZZACCAKA R.DLLOA R. GIOVENE R. PISACANER. VENTURA R. CASTELU R. PEYRXR.^ Provifum per S*Exc, I^oplMek* JeMaii 173 : 1 . . 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Trmothel » Tanzinr . TraijquilH^ Tomaceili • Tmnoli ^ Toil. ' *v • * t >•* • -W 13S <- . ibidt m . ibid. ; •i-?. 140^ - . f ^41 ■ 1 • ibid, i*4* ibiii *• - i.' A. m' Digitized by Google jutkxU TeYupnsrun\^Gl Cdg»omtml Expiries t * Fjp Homafeilus . _V;-;-.r yv BAidU VerRugiloii « ViW, . Vincioli. Vcgha . ■ ^ • Verduccioli* Valcriani. Viti . u Copamtxls BpififM .y . - V '• M V.' Goccionus • Vftlendnus. ^ : *4» vIJO 153 mi. m * 5 i » r << U 4 Wd. ^ i ■ V* . . f ^ /•:■ ,..M r ;■ . • » * ti St" . s S' !*» * INDEX Digitized by ^ iooglc IN D E X \4Uqtiortm tx\ Oliwtdnk t Bi^0q Ven^tabiUum , & Commit^ if- • • inif litm* j. ' M Arcus Antoalus rufio. ** VIncentius ^ o I ^ ^ - "lio . , »• rx\ , THeodofius ^ Bononii; . ^ ProthaHus de Affifio . BsrnabAS Fantiiccl do nia^ w P ctrus dc SenfeE , * ,/ - ^ Jo: Frana/bus ^.^M^iofano,, Andreas i Tuderta • ' Aiitonius de LaudE . Francifcus ex NeapoU . ' Tlburtius ^ Brixi^ ♦ Jofeph ^Laudd.., Carolus a Xacci , Michael de Aritnino Petrus Gaped a Neapoli . l^eWiit Siculus . '■ de P«^ Tr€vi» * 5 ^ Bonoa* *S 7 #^/V. 158 tbidt ibid* 160 Hid. Hid, '■ 1^4 Hid. Bo* r xxxlv Jtt^ex AUqtiorumy Bcnedtffcus Angelis yKeapblita- nus ^ ^ " j6z Onujjljrius Sifola a Njeapoli. ihid* Honoratus a MedioJano , ihli* l^icolaus Pa^em a Ncapoli . jd^' INDEX : . C • . . • ' 'i <, ■ V I N D E X \ ‘ 'Ad Suh/crtp^orum Obfiqudm l ♦' e ArpIuy EreinTta • v ^ Franclfcus Ercmrta. lh)L tdelphonfus Manna ra . t66 r Jofepfi Cefard .. * j Jbidi Alexander Poggi* . ]36i^or vf y !. . w, } I V Meldiior Reviglioni I ’ ' Jbtd. , JfGohus Vecelli^ - . i6S JofephjSirus VigJnV ' V' Antonlus Oigiati- Dominicus /V fplanatl .’ • • ; i i $9 ChriftppTiorus Cev^, , \ ^Uid. Jo: Baptifttt ,del Mfro • Jb/d. f^auIusTliomasMarrana* ; ajp© ■ CherubiflUsCaVallinil ^ Jb/d. Alexander BiiTgbs ; ' V 171 PauiusBellanti * * ^ ‘ Jp; Francifrus Ol/vieri ’ Benediao XUL Pontifici Maxil ' ^ ' ■ • iri Ca, r V, txxvi IfidefC ad Suhfcripu Carolo VI. linperatori.' ^ j 74 In Cellula Ven. Simplicii « .175 In Tumulo ejufdora • 1^6 Viuejufiiem. 177 F r t .* ■ . ^ t • •’ i t * !■ k j . 1 ■ r vv- ' A t. “ . C O R R I G R. Bdir$ghnf’s. Floramonti ^ •* * ^ * ' t -t ^ f* »' • ' 4 <• ► • Jt W . ; ‘-iL i pag. 2 f‘ n' '• \ ’ III'-* f • . 'V 1 ^ L fc . ^ •■) ■% t r.\ ■ ■ 1 , • . i - • , -i 4., V < :• ■ • ^ *f f. ' Digitized by Google- a: . ’irS . J Familf B ARTQLig^^fEVER VS . qui LegisPrjMceps,pK3icla^" ^ — matur , Sc qiiidero jure me-; ^ rito : In arambiJts. enim jStatytis' Iiie^flibiis gus^SenteuFfam Eruditi venerantiir , fequuiuar : Plura exa-*^ ravit Vokimiim Sole^kriora « qiui|B» . ipfurti a dir^ roarte^iVt|iMtcciivi% nobis eireptum*,^adhuc vivum fex* , wnt : ,TumuIo ciiuditur Peruiii Tnii: Templo Conventual itira S. Fran^^ cifCi , ubi hxec inffnciuatur ; Ofia* BartoU FRAJ^ICFSCyS , BSrtoIi Ne-c pos:, £ccleri£& 4 ^$inae Pr»feftus',’ > Optimi Paftbris * explevit partes moruiiT moderatione , yjgikntiS , Sapj’entiS . Piofe£t'6^plusdo6h‘jn^' ' quam fanguine Magno Patruo pro* plor , buju&latinis notis yitam^x- ' prelfit-f ad propriis af^ibus- cele^ , ‘ . , ' A * brio-* C.-’ • '.1 -I * M Digitized by Google — 1 A Eps parnilfh AJphani I briori eloquentja exaravit : Poft triginta annos , quibus i^lsinum Epifcopatum optime rexlt , extre- mum fubji't diem, fama aetembm yifiurus • ACCURSiyS j^Propatrui Bar- toii imitatus dotes, jus civile optw me calluit , de quo .Coaliliorum Volumen effbrmavit : Aliis , divei> t filque Sc ien til’s eruditus , de ejus Sapiciitia Pofteri plura experiun- tw Sapient!® incrementa . TYNDARI'S , Patri Gymnafu infignis Doctor , „iaibi juris prUi- denti® explanavit Dogmata: Evul.^ gavit Librum de Tcllibus , Inge- j ml -fui pecuiiare tellimonium ; 'Apud Concives magni eft habitus,^ Atavorum luorum yeftigia. ipfe fe- CUtUS . i .. . ; . AyOYSIUS f JunTprudenti® Majorum foorum more fedulb iii.i,, cubuit : Benedi^ino Coetui adrcri-*’. ptu^ , vit® honeftatc exceilu.it Eccleli® ^ Martino V. Epi- f fcopusdefiguaw ,, legCiS plyrima^ 1 • ' ' cie. I 1 Ex ^ Glencisconfcripfit * exempio ipF© potiflima Lex: AnnoMccccv. Mors? invidaOrbi euiji rapuip , aft non Famam iuteremit . • BERN ARDINUS , Juris Con- ftiltus celeber « cxaravit enini Le» gum Cpiifultationes , quajs Pofte- ri promuigarunt : Taurmenfem y &,Firmanam Cathedram refpuit in Patrio Gymnafiq libens po6lor, ubi laudey Auguftje Univerfitati ad&glt.; Afvid Urbanym VII. Pon- tificein Maximum pro Cpncivibys Legatioiie funftus., Penifias' vaii- du.m adjumentum depredicatur ; An. MDXQ. ibidem objit Erudico^ rum lacrymis . ALPHAN.US *’ Matfiematicis jiiftru^us prJBceptis plura prsecla.. rb compofuit ; Pro PatriS. pJuric:^ L^^tum agens , fiii gloria , Peru-, lii ^pno, ftiulta abfolvjt ; ABrariq Apoftolicp triginta praefuit aiuiis vigila QtiA ^ fed, plus incprrupta Fi- de : Corpore claiiditur prope/Ma-f * gfli Pfonvj Sar!Pog?aphum;Au:4/i>ii»t > . A ^ cj'us Dig ' . C-,)Oj(l( 4 , Famtllh Alpbani • cjus autem homen gloriofum per Conciviiim ora pervolat. JOANNES BAPTISTA , Ma- gni Bartoli Qener , qui ejus Do- ^rin« integerrimus Cuftos plura in Jure'Civili compofuit » quibus inultos na^lus eft fibi plaufus » fi* mulque noftro Augufto Gymnafio. NICOLAUS pluribus in Scien- tiis eruditiis, Philofophi^ * Mathe- matica,, ac JunTprudentia enituit; EximiusCanfariim Defenfor , fo- liiis JuftiticB Maecenas depredica- liir : Uti Doflorem infignem Bar- tolus commendat, cui titulo profe- ^6 qusBcunque laudcs meritb ce- dunt . * ^ ' > THOMAS SEVERUS Eru- ditioiii, folerteraddiaus Enidito- rum encomia comparavit : De Ita- iicls Uteris praecepta exponens , 5c Ciceronlano Idiomati ferib incum- bcns , varias condidiC Epiftolas i fane in hoc fcfibendig9»tf*ef xem- * . *. ’ . . , I . .4 - pht,^' ■ '• :•'* ; EUPHRASIA ; plufiuirt virtue . V -- 7 turn 396 P&m W^ -4nfideK ~f turn rpjen^ore praefiil^ns , pu€tate, fiowilqiie.eruditiane aMfit . Glau* flralUim , vwlgd Gia/ilTarutn , Coe^ nobii Montis Liicis olucubrata eft. Hiftoriam > de fe multa confcfjbeiW da reiiiiquens , . ' . ..... ’Ex Familia Attfidfii i •. B ALTHASSAR , hqvus Efo* quentisB' Cicem. jure merto inclame^ur tant^ enim facundl^ €rat inftruftus > ut ft'upbrem exci» taret : Mu fas quoque mirifice co* luit > &;,Gr»cas Jiteras calluit i^Va- ^aaa? Bibliotheca& iGiiftos ^ lirbix corapara vft plaufus : /Celftt Uvcrc An. MDcxiv, • MARCUS ANTQNIUS,Nur^ fi«-Pr»fe6lus , pluriupi Scientia-^ rum peritia illuftris » iegalibus Sta* tutis ei^t^ult 'i j^tus plura edidit carmina : ApuoCIemeqteni VOI* Cubiculgrius r Condvimn M«cenatem feprabui^;, acpro L©- giftis wlta eyicit . , ; V ' A I jO- t.' r- ’ -if % 4 Digitized by Google t Ek E amt ltd Aitfidu • , .JOSEPH 9 rafS priidentiu prftdi* tus , noftro /Evo pro IJtibus inter Nobiles fedandis Tra6tatufn evul- ' gavit publics^ utiiitati i propria gloriae . ' : ' - ' MARCUS ANTONIUS JuJ nior prssdi^li Filius, utriufque Le- gis Do^lor* Aulse Romanae multis fib hinc annis Prafulj Juftiti® Icon in Urbe ,'ubiqiie<praBdicatur .-Mo- rum modetatione clartis, in S^-rl Officii Tribunali Afleflbr « plur^ impendit labbres hoc Annojubilai WDCcxxv. Afsumptus eft ad Epi* fcopatum terufinum \ Benedi^o Xill. , Pontiftoe fane optiiTO,'& ab Cbclem CardinalitiS dignitate natus MDccxxiix. Objit Romii MDCCXXX. LVllI,, pf^b;; rum mcerorcv. ^ v ' ' . ’ ' : Ek Farntlid Arfiguccil A RRIGUCIUS, Legalibu® Ra:. tutis ceicberrimus 5 non Jb» Ifitn Patria t Patavium, ubi pubBBb ' . •. ~ ■ do-' Dtgitized C u BxFamtUh'Antgucci I f dqcuit , Italia tota ; Apud Sumrtios Ppnti-- ficeijtGlernentejTi'V'II. 3 ^i^iilum JII. Lpgaius,n}iilta impetrat ex Fa- ina, Doftrina; Decedit An.MpLix^ • » • * 7 Familf^ Antlgnola • , * ‘ . - '•; > •' OGE RI US , vAIter Im^rato- mm G«far .5 €nim\ armiTque iliuftrts , non minf^s A- cadem wSs , qu am eaflijra cel e ber r i im ejus pt^l^nti^ proclamantizr : Pe- rufin^mm Gymnajiuin , ubipubl/- cd Legalia praecepta tradidit-, mulr turn ejiis Sapientiae debet > Lucay Tiphernum , Boiionia > ubi Prsefes Jmperavft:, plura ab eju's.pmdenti^ accepit, universlm utiiia; Commen- tariirm in^'Jus^ Gh^ eppcieavftv, Erttditis jgratum^; Eik Familfd Armannl Staffa • U COLINUS » Legalium Dog- matiim peritiffimas &. fibf » ^ PatrisB decus accrevit : Bartolo Legiftarurn Principi fere fimilii- mus , quodcunque ejus refponfura, pro re6^^ regula cujufcunque De- crcti defervire poteft i Volumen I/Cgate edidit An.MCixxci^ : LUDOVICUSf Strenus Mile^; Militumque norma 5 fcripfit enini ^ de Re Militari , quo Traftatu in .bello proficuus , etiafn in Pace Pa- trias iHilitatem, pro qua objit , um^ ce adamavk » " Ex Farnilth AursU » ^ L UDOVICUSr , yir profea^ ' omnibus numeris abfblutus j Si dignitatem fpeftes , Lateranen* iis Baiilicse Canontcus afFuIget i Si erudftionem conteropleris,Baro- iiii celebrium Annaltum Compila- tor cxtitit Ani.Mi>cxxxiv. Elogia ' plUM - Ex AureH^l f>Ittra'infcripfit,5 IlluftriiMn Pami-^ liariimStirpesp^fteritati expoRiit^ Ipfe Sapi&riti^ celebriof , Ex eadem-F«mUi^ e|us proftf6iir A^ecla Fraiicifciis^ Cathedralis no-r Hr© ‘^vo>ArchidKconuS', Scien^ tifs illuftris , ^ Statiitis Legaijbu;^ ^ ■ polHtosrpublicus ia patrio Gymna-t Oo6^or « & fn Sactis j^caderiiiis eloquensTan^ Orator ; \Ex Earning e 'ASSAR p de ILegAllhusjyp^' I matibus ben^eritas, & ia Augufto' Lic^o' foiers 'JDo^or;^ i P/ures Italian Urbes. Judex integet-r* ! fim^srexiti enramrade fin's Gdn- ‘ I civibus pofteritatr dofiavit,, fibl — j femper decus , & honorV ^ v . * NICOLAUS, pietate ia ' | nicj dauftris commendabi/is ; infu- j las Rpipcopales a S. Pio' Vr obiatas • J cbpftariccr , fubmlfs^ refpui't , Pj* I Caaobittip tnal4 ouptaFum ad A Chriftupi Coiivbrlarui^ ia^itutbff « -j -■ ‘ 'T -A - 5 - i?ceni- | Digitized by Coogle lO Ex Fmilih Ah$ i Panitentiise Statuta eis propofiiit ; Theologus f & Conci'omtbr ptura. de his praeclare fcripfit J ’Cominen- tarra ,Sacr^ Scripture exaravit * duoquti Concionuiti voIiiFnIna:P'oe» • ta fini'ul , ac Hiftoricus Saiiftonirti Gufmatii vitas carminibus expref- (it j Pr0fe6i6 infalicabilis Vir , hI Wots- ei requiem retribuiflet Aiii wdlxxxvi u : LUDOVICUS „ optimus Juris Confultu's : PlUra de Legibus ef- formavit, Pofteris Lex, maxirriura- que Exerhpium i & Pecufiu^ l/ufci verfitatis decus • ^ GALEATIliiSi ArcMte^uS, Wathematjcus'ciomnieiida-bUiSi Ma* triti fiiae Artis momimeuta expb-* fuit , infignis Ganobti > vijFgb,/’E« fcurialu , Delineator t Genuetifilini Martial is Machinatbr , Pofteritati» Auguft® glorias perpettials pro te* flaracnto tradidit » Morte tus An.Mbr xxi I. ' * . SANGTES « Augitftinfenfiiiqi ' ^ Schbiarum d^us ; Pbilofopfius, ad - ‘ Theo. 'Pufldfltid Ale^K 'i#j Theologus celeb©r >pf»ciare de'H^ turaUbuS'fcripnt . ’ ^ , - ViNCENTiUSaapatrlaLfcgb ^laudabiJitcdbegemedocuitinutro- quejure, de quibus pJura fcrip(?tt ' Koiiiah% 'Kbtae Auditar .Juftiti^ iJoruit-^ -Epifcdpus Perufinus'delr- ,gnatus S* Carolo Borromeo charils 4mt , nam peculidri aelo , diaritate ♦ferveiui Gr^om /ibi’creditum^giiw / •bernavit An.x'i^j quibtis traalai^iis cedi £ viv ere Secula xv'i rf -* :: . J AGIOBUS !» ' iDojni tiicani co^us -AJummzs coiuinendabilis ^ non mii' Ciauflra , qciafn'Ecctefias iiiui ftravit : fnibi Thologia floruit, hrc in Flopantinpo ATchiepifdop^fu v^- ri Paftoris dotibus enituit : Sermo- ries valde pertftiles ^exporbit^ aft pperHjus.i)ertrtiHi^'<loctt]it ’i ^ I ) HILIPPUS,' Mofarain G^txw rHoftris S' TalB Pftet* «etebi» %)fe faMli>is /.PfiB^pa ' A <f (lu D|ij ’ 'cJ by C^ooglc 'l^x FamUih Alberti. fua.carmixia corrigenda ohtuirt'i Carniiiu undec^uaque fententiis re-t fertiedidit Remra Perufinariint commentaria quocjue evtilgavlt An. A^DLXXXv - ‘ . HIERONYMUS, Phllofoplitts^ MathcmaticuSv 9- Aftronomirs ia Turreao Oymnafio. dignofcitur ^ Sc quidem piaacjarus: Inibi Jiiri& , pruden.tiam docuit 9 & in FariiaiTo. iatina cecmit carmiiia vEXeiut viye- xe An, MDCLXV^ ' i Pius 9 MfidicinS' 'commenclabi-- lis, in Augufto GymnafiO hanc pu#^ biicc«xpc^iut.FloruitAn.A{i>c£xxv. , EferFmili^d’e.Angelhl. EBASTIANUS V Theologia l3 Scholai]ti’CS;9 Myilica^ Morali «Iarus , difjLTetione Spirituum illui- ftrior ,.Beat^e Golumbie Dbminica!^ nae in Spirit u Pater ejus pietatemr •excQluift, “anirartHTque direxit; Pbt- Ipfopbiac , AftronojnijB qiioque iii> ;tontu$ 9, ClauilcA de60ta;^ t k * ExFamtllh Andreo^, rj y it : Mo wens An. mdxxv^ , Rofte- ris Colunibae vium exarando ie vi- tumprwbiiit Ex Familid AndnoU . A NTONIUS-, OJiveti Pa/m® fcecunda, Canonicis, acTiieo^ togls ppasceptis Hnbutus , his pro- enituit i Oiivetani , ac Pera- fini Coe^^tus ;pcseclatum. Oruameii* turn .. . " V ' t •I > Ex Famflid-AttPtqmrn ^ . J ACOBUS » politionbusliteris- excu/tus , etiam Poeta iHuftiris d/gnoTcicur r Hi/ldricus pr»c/arti& Perufiiiornm fucinorai exaravitt Epi/lolaruftt unjLib[» i Orationum aU" ’ V terum yoiumen edidit,ac'£pigram« ^ *nwtar eyulgavit r Msdio/anenfittnis Ducis Secretariusj 8t Imjus primai^ B ti» . Urbis Moderator prudenti^ . .exQelluit ,:;&-Goi/egiumjS; G^e^ I gofU Per.uiii..ditaus > etiam e»t»8^ ‘ lU ■ Digi'-?-. ■ i. . C'( t4 Cogftt>nftfth I rls Natlonibus ^proriicuus pre{iicii« tur'. Cognomsms Epcper^s ^ I , , A ntonia i magms labo- rum exercitationibus adSer- yorum B. Virginis Geheralatum eve^liis , fummo$ excitavit plau» fus fapfentia » ac prudentia : Ppu- „ dentia namque fapienter impeiuvit, Sapientid pnrdsnter doeuit Scri- pfit iuculent^r in Li brum IV. Sen- tent ia rum . . ATHANASIITS » JOliv'etanus Praeful', ftudiorum zelo , & varia- xum Sciehtiarum notiti^ illuftris ^ Ipelebrandus . • ; ALEXANDERjipiufquam'Bar^ folus ; de Legibus enim ante Ba>- t.olum fcripftt', Jurium ProfeflToiL feus exemplar . / ' .. A N dRE a S , Theologus magnl nominis , & Servoruiii B. Virginis primus Moderator: Script t circa Theologioi volwtnejO; Eruditisgra- tum • ■ AN. 0 Co$^omifihEKp£ft^l 15 ANJ3RE AS alter , - Minoruai ' Oblervanttse Generaiis : pe Do^- matibiis Theologicis plura fcripli« Immaculatg Conceptioni? acer- riHius J^fopugnatOr •; de hac Volu- mea edtdiWenetiisAovMJDcxxjc i^ ■Ek EamtUh Mothonl i , G .UIDOBALDUS^ tiegiili ' Ftaitcrorafn fkligurne cla** rUS, Scj‘efiti5t:lirior5 Ma» tiietnaticf ^nim fecttlmi fedul'b i'tt- ttjntns i plura de liat fcripfit*, chfo Monrfs^r-,^4aria» iv^^ieStirpfis Ditidnefti prtideits texit » Jiibditfe , ^iKjd rar6 evienit , de defideria eStcitaVit Ex Edinllih lBa^hiil * A NGELUS, meram tregantrS cbnfpictitis , ftoii rti6dibcritqt imbuttiS textititt Ad Rc- 'Jd Diyiiided : / GoO‘^lc 'j Ex Pamtli^ T ,Recinetenfem Epifcopatumeveftus An.MCDix. Veri Paftoris explevic munw . Deo , Poputirque grains : Plures conipofuit Decifiones. ' ASTORRES , Minervae , Mar- tifque fiDguUre decus : Juris pru^ denti® eximius Doftor, Patrias re- paravit Leges: Strenuus Miles Pal- mas adauxit fu®FortitudinisCo- ronam'. Objit An.Mu. . BALLEONIUS, Juris Conful- ^tus Bartolo encomia. auxitV Philo- fophus Ariftoteliea explanavity .agnbvit Atcai>ajFiorcntinam Rem* public^ Prastor direxit ; Ad v oca., tus Conciftorialis in Urbe cpmmu* nes excitavit plaufus ; cotara Ale- xandro YL. peroravit « Orationera Pofteris _ promulgans , . apud q.uos jperpetub peculiarem excitat opi*. Bioiiem . - U CAMILLUS, Perufinl Gymm- fii excelienr Doftor 5 Rotas in Ur- be Auditpt , miilta^^eloquentia ex- ornatus Leoni X.. Sapient urn Fau- toti ^ ^xatus fuit ; -gcriy fit ej uclite Confiliis , -!& PefiMiones 'cxara- yit . Moritur An. mdxxxiv. , POMINICUS / Pr»dlc^torum ^Ordinis, decus ^ TheIogi|..clarus > Inquifitoris Uiubrijc. gpadu‘ illu- ftris I, multa fcripfit , S evulgavit: Vitam . Ghrifti folut^roratione , Sc Catharin® Sefienfis faciiiora car- .mine expreffit : Perufini fui Coeno- bii Hi ftoriographiis ^quam pi lira gdnotavit ; Tandem mdlxxvi. fii- premum objit diem . ' * HERCULES»'Paftorum ExeW plar > Parnafli peculiare ornameii'- fum 9 Urbevetanus faliitatus fcopus 9 zela V-& pru'denti^ rmper^-^ vit : Verfu Heroico vitas Sanflg^ xum efformavit , ,qiias iii fuis opeii ribus expr^i^^^ ^ . ■ JOANNE^WOREAS^ Pe-' inifinor um ufl» :,® J u Hi- II®. Coiig£eg%^priis -BenedijSljnis Wonacbis pbft' Cluniacenes Coe- nobitaSjPerufiqam S.Petri Appftoi li Abhatiatn ContuHt : ' LegalibuS ^atutis commeiidabUis^ jn^qre Ca- hdnico Digitized by Google i 8 FaYntlfh Ba^ioni • nonico, fcripfit . M<Jritar Anilo MCDIL. ' . ’ * MALATESTA' , Vir lindequa- que dotibiis exornatus ; EpifcopiiS PifaiirenOs defighatus » Apud Ro- tnanoriim Imperatorem Legatus % Rerum adminiftratiorte Fideiis, ze- lo ,*ac vigilantia praefuit : De Le- . gationibus Germanica ac Urbini fcr i pfi t: Mortales exuv ias <iepofuit An.MDtiit. , PETRUS ,Pradetitia illuftfis PIctate clarior, 'ATchite6lafa com^ inendabllls ; Hujus facultatis Mo- numeiltum Oratorium S. Philippi Nerii Pefufii ; Scripfit de Juventi^ te educanda ,, & monita pro Filiis fcviilgavi't • Tumulo claiiditur Ai)« mdccv. in Templo S.Doralnici Pc- iruHi > CAlipiiUS , Oratorii S. Phi!, lippi N erii Presbyter > pietate, mow ffitm' b'bneftate , Infirmorum curt laudabilis : Affiduo in Pflanitentiae iSacramenti* adminiftratione intenw tus • “ . * " A * I Google Ex FttmUih B^Uofii . 19 fiilget ; Perufi« Sapientibus. dlu- turnos drcat labores, erudka de ed- Tuni'fa6tis voiumiip.exaraiis » quo Poflerorum fibi plaufus parat • ^bjit Mi>ccxxVii. ' CORN E L I A ^ Mubebris Scientife Oraculum ;- fic iilam ad- ^niratuS'eft PauIus'IIL Pont* Aiax. nc tiiirS eloquent Iprsdieam : La- trin-is etfam /'ac’ Glacis, litetjs eni- tuit : Ut earn audiret 9 priedi6ku'$ Porttife>c Gcfinobiuiii Monialmm , \ulg6 /e Paver e,Ord inis Servoruna ingreffus eft .ubi ‘praeclarum Sa- pientisB Ornamentijm. fplk afful- lit. V, . Ex Familih Bigazzini F RANCISCUS , P€rufi« Ni. tdE,'Par»aifi decuSi Oratorutti Magnus; Fato'cefliit MixLiri I i i HIERON YMUS, GymnafiiPe. jrufini glom , ornamentdm-; Mu&i farum cultof' pdeaiata eVulgavit $ M«- the- Dl't 'lZC-d Ly- Cii>0^k‘ ^20 E96 Ftimilth Bigazzlm* thematic^ » ac Aftronomia clarult $ edidlt Progiioftica An, mdxxi r r- ^Fatalibus iftibus ceflit Anno MDLXXI I. HIERONYMUSJunior » Pra- patrui imitatus date^., omnigen^ eruditione inftruflus , Hiftorifs praecipue 9 & legalibus Dogmatf- bus daruit z De his facUkatibusr plura fcripfit. Odogenarius objit, An.MDC£iix, - . ^ PHIUPPUS ; alter Cato in quiete 9 fete Alexander in bello » providus fuae Patrras ; In Politic* % Si Militari. fcripfit An.Mcccvi. £x FamiUh Benincafa I B ENINCAS A 9 Pifan® 9 & Pe. rufinx Univerfitatis Dodor , iTurren® ornamentumrVivens prXr clar^ docuit ; mortuus luculenlet docet -Volumine edito Aii.molx 1 *> cui Titultis , de Adionibus , - ' ALEXANDER9 Michaens An- geli FrattiS;prudenti| prxditi^ - . '' " res Digilizod by C'toogi Efi Bintffcafi, it" i jpes imitatus , Alterius Fratris , qui l nune eft fuperftes,Societatis Jefu I & Concionatoris Celebris fopien-' tiam asquavit Romanae Rotce i Auditor , decifiones Juftitia ihcor- . I rupta cumu/atas , uti/itati publ/cas I -dicavit: Romg quadregenaritis mo- ( ritur All. MDCxciv. In Tempio I Philipplnorum tiimulatur decore t ejus Dignitati congrao : Moriens Perufii cor ' fepeliendum teftatus eft in Tempio Divi Dorhinlci -fub qus fimiiacrum vivid6 ipfum re-. pr®fentans quod St Affiiies com* pleverunt • CORNELIUS 9 Inlignis Juris Confultus • Gymnafii Perufini pu- bl icus Oo6lor > fblo nomine doce- bat r De Paupertate volumen eviil- gavic , quamplura -de Jure Can oni- , & Civili . * * ■* * • t ■I ■, Ex PamtUi Baldeltt . -V. , L UCIUS , utriulque Juris Do^ * ^ patrio Lic^o L^gum ■ ' ' In- a 2 Bx. Famrh' i BMplli. • Iiiterpres , poiitioribus: Ljteri^ oruatus., Magnp Pr»ceptori Aio . Bonciario gtatusfiiit: Latino idior mate 'evulgavit. lit^ras , ipfe Elo- queiidsp QWnientum . Ex Famine Bonf empi • - ik NDREAS , Paftor PerirfinuS Capituli precibus renuncia- tps a S»l]rbano V. Pontibce Bene- di6lino y & inter Pontifices Bene- di^iiiiips » quorum numerus quin* quagenarius deputatur , ultimo : In -Dignitate Dignitatis Majellas ipfe dignofcitur ...Pro Ciericis Le- ges compofuit-, fuis aflihus ipfe efficacies documenturo : Mori tut A-n.Mcccxc. ■ - , } JACQBUS jEpiTcppuSiEfinns, Concilit Conftantienfis decus3 la- nocentio VII. familiaris egregiis animi dotibus 5' Hiftodcus com- tnendabilis S. Floriani Martyris in- ventiqnem cvulgayit , uj>i ejuis pie- tas I Siipicutig eiucelcU • . ' ' ' LE- Digitized by Ci Esi Familih Bonternpi v 2 g LELIUS 9. n^agni Andrese Car- dinalis Genitor : Sapienti» addi- 61 us 9 plu.ra evulgavit iii Jure , S-Cientificis gratiffima. Philofqphiis, laiidabilis Naturae rimavit Arcana ^ fimulquq fuaB S^-piqucias. monumeii-, ta . ■ ^ PA ULUS » in faeculp Juris In- ' terpres , intra-Carmelltarum glo- rlofa clauflraThepl.ogus illuftris,& SpcbonicJB Univerfitat-js Do6lox : P-ietatq aiiteoi cei^bripr : Mors illi non pepercit An. MecciiiB. ■ Aft etfam nunc vjvitj-Voiumine ediio 4 e Theoiogi^i . ^ PaULUS Junior, Perufinarum Legiun, Reftavrator vjurifta excei- Jen5[,9 ^ Janxjenfiujn illuftris Hi^, ftoricus » Pbilpiophus 1 ThcplO; gufqnq ado^duni cp^mendabilis 9 uni.co verbp Sapientum ExempUr Ceeulo xvi# - ^ . V Ex FarniVd Boncamil • . B ONCAMEIUS RomanusSe* iiator An.MCDiL. I genis Scientiis illuftrior : Perufii publicus Legum Interpres ,lauda- biliter docuit : Senatoris potefta* tern in Urbe tutatus eft , praecU piium Tiirren® decuS'. -JACOBUS , Epifcopus Bono- nienfis An.MCcviL.Iiiter Conven- tuales Concionibus « atque Theo- logiS excellens , de bac , atque de Arcaius Pbilofopblcis fcripfit 5 Gonciones multas exaravit , libi » poftenfque proficiiaS. MARIOTTUS, ScatutorumPe- riifinorum R'eformatorr Legumque OrSeulum 5 jpfo enim coiifultante, omnes filentium fervabant : Statu- la evulgavit, ubi Pofteritas Sapien# tiam Doaoris tarn illuftris. admi- ratur. , PAULUS , in ClauftFis Mmo. rita , apud feculum Orator facet illuftris; Concioiies pofteris emifit, quern r 'f ^ . -• '^Bk FaieniJU J^ficamhf •' if ^ <i^ehi .^a^nlim .Paultinr procla-v , .ftiant'^‘^> / ’ 1 ' " ' ' • 'P A y t V S J a nior V In iiocen tip; VI I. ;gratus R qmk ab ipfo Senator , : defignaUir : Pfud'^Ofeif; rexit , Eio- ' ' qiiio prQVidit : Scr/pfit er.ndite re^?;.' gulas pro Vrbe gubernand5 , ipfe fuorum morum h one ft.or tim Mode-' ' rator . ... ■ : ' ' f ■ ■■:»* Ex Faraillh Capra P AVLVS , eeleber juris Cpn^ fultus:iii PatifiQ doceps Gyb[i« naiiar. Difcipulorum p.r®. magijS frequent!^ Aula ; Cairi-^ piUtiones injus Gompofuit > Juri Co-noWco notulas addidic , Do^d.- rum normani . • , , ^ » . BENEDICTVS , yujgb Caj^rs vocatus , voce Caprae^perfimilis , quo Famtiiy titjulum eoipnidt^vit : Ingenio fummo inftru5lus^ Verir titatls apiatp^ , rDo^qr Juris infi> guts vocatus eft : Piura in Juf®,. evuJgavit ; SepelituF' in Tempid* ' B, ^ ■' jJJ^url. • • ■A- Digitized by Google H6 Efi EamlUh Benedetti Capra. D. AuguftiniPenifii feculoxrv. - PAVLVS TETIVS , pr^dixFli DifcipuUis , Legura laudabilis Do- ftor, & Scientiariim Confanguhiet AlTecla jScripfitinJure^ Pofterls beneficus . . BENEDICTVS Junior, Lcgum > Perufii publicus Do 6 tor 5 Lucenfi, & Maceratenii Rotae prudenter, ac fcJcntifice praefuit , Rethor laudan- -dus I maribus , ^:oinitate commen- dabiliors longos ducat dies Patri® decori • PAVLVS » Abbas, acVifitator Olivetanus monacbali Oblervantia praditus pietate indfuit ^ & pliiri- bus fcientiis aflidub intentus, pr®- cipue edidit Librum de Sacris Ru- bricis Eruditis gratiim 5 Objit wnccxxvii. < / • * Ex Famllfd Barigiani • B ENEDICTVS, pluribus fcientiis inftru6tus , Patri© Vniverfitatis wnamentum , Eega- lia Ex Faml Ua Lert^hn / . 2 7 Ha dogmata interpretatus eft: Con- ^ filia plura fcripfit-, quibiis priidcn' tcr'*.ac erudite Pofterosedocet . DIONYSIVS , vix adolefcens Leges interpretatus eft publicus in' Patria Do6lor: Seiiex patrias com- pefcuit rixas : Procurator Reipu- blicce F/orcntin® , utriiifquc Sici- liae Regum Confiliarius i muitS prudeiiti^ ehituit ; fcripfit plura , confiHa : Fato cedit mdxxxv. ♦ Ex hac Familii-N.N. noftro VO, BibJiotlieeag Perufin® ab indy- to Profpero Podiani fummoiabo- ^ re , impenfifque erefl® Cuftos , in Theologia claruit. Ex FamiUh Earzt ^ ‘ ^ '•*’**• . ■ • B ARZIVS'f' Juris 'Courultus- infignis , ex Familia , iiti di- ftitant 9 S. Conftantii Martyris , Epifcopi Perufi ni ; Epifcopiis Ca- in , Nunciufq; apud*Carolum VIE ' Gallorum Priucipem , apud popu- los magnam na^us«ft veueratio** B 2. n'em, Digitized by Google tietn.j Rcgiciuft fuit ac^ceptfflirnus^* Plura in'jujre fcripfit, miilta edidU; ’ robrtalitatem e.xpiet AilmcdiB. V BEt^EPlCXVS , Legifta com- inendabiJis : Peruiiae» Ferr;irji», Bo- nonips j Ticini r- Scbis ^ Patayii -p >f‘rDrettti» purlieus' Dbaor , de ' Jjerlculum fec^€ ; Sigirmundi *Impe. ratoris Confilianus « JPrlncipi’s na* eft ben-byolcHtiaini ^ra6latuni DiTcuflioimm edidit ‘: Objit PeruGi Ab-mcdx. * io Tempio D.Augufti-- ^ pirPeni^ I ^roulaiur .. • ^ ‘ - , 'kxFAmilia Batttpi m ’ A K T i NO R V S flo]fu»t An; MDCXXxv. Jdfi hnentus ali- ^qua de - ii pc e V u /gav i t P ofte r IPatneegue proiieuuSe ; v ' ; ► \'V Ex pamili^,BahftrJttf * .t. ; Y ^ONARDYS/EpircopiiVco: ' JLi Joffenfis An.MDi i u > S^ Gon^ ' ventualium bx Goa- * • / ^ •“ V ^ ■ ' cio-. r ''' ‘ / ■ > 'T ^ ; ■ - ’T'- ^ ^ J % Digitized ly/ Googk Ea Farallta B'alejlrintl . ’2'^', donator > ^ Theologusf noa ‘garis fiabetiiri.zelo, ac pirate pcieV iitusTurd's Rhbdum obTidentibi^ • reilitit. Scripfit de Sacrii OffttoriS,' - fimulque de Thcolbgld • ‘ ASTjERIVS/ f. Poeta laudabili^ « & Hiftoriciis non vulganV ? HiftoW riam Sacri AriH*iii Beatiffimce Vir-» ginis typis concefliti ilJiufque com^ mentaria^ An. 'MDcxJfvi'. ^ • ALEXANDER Jnreexcelluit; * TurrenajjPerufiniqiie Lyc^l Hiftq* riam texuit. Volumen de 'GenCbus luci dedit : -Momlitatem explei. An. MDcDx. : \ > « : EaFamiU^BcirioUm I 1 , B ald VS , profeftb Magni di perfe^iffinia Imago ; Pjfis i Perufir,utriufqne LegHs pubiic.us Do£i:or, Rom® Advocates *’ ftoffalitf eiuxit ; -'multa ftripfit dff Jure Givili . Ferfe ofiogeiiarius fe- -- pelitu^ MXD/ Perufir in Templo. Seryoium , ail non Fani^ • - ■ ; B J I^Q** JO Eti Famtlih Bar toll \ ONVPHRIVS • -Juris, Doaor infignis » Ladislai NeapolisPrinci- fls Confiliarius, multa enituit pru- dentil 5 docuit fagax , Confilia* 8c Refponfa edidit , multa in Jure fcripfit ,, aureum ynWcrfitatis Pe- ,'rufin £E decus. LEOf Canonugi-IaudabilfS Pro- feflbr 3 Mores moderatus proprios, aliis morum regulas contexuit:Do- cuit in Patrio Lycgo Juris Canoni- ei compendium evuIgavit»Orbi Li* terario pcmtile . - . ; MARCVS ANTONI V$,Pe. nifinl CoIlegU r ex ejus agnomlne Bartolini,Fuiidaior> Extrusion In Jure enituiti , eruditione excelluit $ aft pietate illuftrior Adolefcentum tam exteforum> quam patriorum ex animo progrefliis anhekns, pras- iJiftiitn Collegium pluribiis ccnfi* bus ditatum jpfis teftatum Voluic $ mortaies depofuit exuvias Anno iioLxxvr. . • . MARIAN VS, digriltatibus pol- lens » apud Imperatorem Nuncius, ' , Ro- X. *** Diyitiz. ; by Gixj^U Ex F amt It a Barnahei 2 1 1 Rom® Rofae Auditor foliitatus eff; De Jure benemeritus Deciiiones , icripftt'. " ' *. }■ ' V ■ ' * , RICCARDVS, .prator^f ac . Poeta iilutlris ; ixiagni Pici Mirao* , duiani encpurm na^us eR - A* Ma* ximliiano Imperatore poetic4 kurp xoronatus eft, Geneik laudis. Cpropa .* . - ' ’ , Vi Ex Famine BarndbeFl H IERONYMVS , Congrega. tibnh Oraiorii 'Presbyter latino idiomate ekruie ;HiftoricU3 iplers , ;CardinaUs ^ron^l vitm ;^didtt ; Plura alia ftriisfit ;vPeiM^ fyto cedjt An/'Mi>cLxii> - . SGSPiO v> ppUtior^s Idtcala. excellens Prg.ceptoris Bonchril pe^ euH^ris prsedicetur gloria : Latino idiomate exaravit £piftolas rtyplL" que conceftrt rPpfte^iianb£j|tifto».. iatupi ideam • - ..cl • •> ' .''.V . . ■ ' . ' ■ '■ - B 4 ^ E^ . Digitized by Google • Ex FamtUh Bacchlal G ALIFFVS , cxcellens Legum Interpfes : Juris plura effor- Tiiavit Repertoria : Seneftute gra- ^atiis I difclpulis e Domo ad Gym-, hafium deportatur, ade 6 Auditor!- 'i)us gratus , projficiiiis aderat: Sub- tilis L^gum Do^oris titulum na- ftus eft . Ex Familih Baffi . B AFFVS 9 Medicus commen- dabilis , eruditione etiam eni* ^tuit : Perufiae antiquitatem9 Ludo- . Gallorum Principis mores extulit ; Decedit AnnoMDCviL. * ' in Tempio D.Hiefonymb facro Pe- rufii conditur • c JOANNES B APTISTA , Me- ^ica Arte excel/ens j. Perufini Ly- cxi publiciis Dqflor: Multade Re medicS exaravit : Aftrologian) non adjuvare Medieinam docuit, tVCVLLVS, Poeta laudabilis, ' ' : 'Me. L . 1 i:y C^OOglc y — Bfi F ami Uh Baffi . . J j Medicos^ folers • Hiftoriographus illudiis : Patriam Antiquitatetni pliiribiis demouftravrt ; ^ viyis GX* cedit Anno mdcxxxiV. ft. . ^ " r * '• ; < Ex Famine BaJlarini • S ANCTESyflorefcentibus annis Legutq InterpreS) coram Juris Perltioribus fut peri(;ulum fecit s Patrti Lyc»i Doctor maximas fibi comparavit laudes : Pilis publiciis Bartoli Antefignani . fui Coninjenr tator, pofterorum captayit jplaufus: Floruit MDCXLV. Ex FamiUa BartokiU , • ' * C iESAR 9 Epifcopus zelofer* venSf politioribus Literis cla- xus , Philofophia , ac Jurifprudeit' tia illuilris ^ Edidit Deciiioqe^ Sy* nodales pro Clericis diem Aiprc^, paum claudit An.MoqxxxiY* ■. ", <*r • . ^ •— * V . ' ..... > ' : • ' > • s* B S Digrti2i:! Ly ‘^sOOglc V Ex Familfi BoccoU i ' TE GIDIVS , Medicui commen* /■ A dahili&,. qui fcieuti^ aliis fibique pravidit % alHs medendo,. fi- bi gioriatn comparando s fcripHt medicamcnta pro Canibus Lepora- liis .. , BALTHASSAR » Plii/ofophia: Claruit f Medicina excelluit % Vie prdfe£l^ commendabiiis ^ .afiidir^ iltidiis iiitentusj De Medickia plu^ tx erudite 'compofuft , Pbilofophiier Ctiemiduita exaravit » otii perpe^ tuus Adverfarius * Ex FcmtUi EoxcIamm. P tTRXS PAVLVS^ Marei Antonii Patruus ,, huiufque •Saplentisg Fons ; ceiebrisi in utro*^ •qufe Jure Interpres etiamTheoIo* ‘giS ekruit:; Sacraa OratUri® inten- tus y Eioquenti^ e^rcelluit ;. typis conceilit epill;alas» Marco Antonio Kepot|diie£kas An.Mqcxiii. , quas Digil Esc Famine Bonciarll * merits hujus Sapientite nuncupaa fits fit ideam » MARCVS ANTONIVS, Hu: uianarum literarumReftaurator»lu* iisB Homeius; ade6 (ludiis intentuif fuit , ut oculorumkicemamiferit; Cudodia Bibliotheca Ambroiiail«> tarn Celebris , renunciata » etiam Cathedris Bononise » Pifarunique vale dixit,ut patrium ditarct Gym- jiaHuni fua fapientid r Pluribus evulgatis , atque optima evulgatis^ Moritur mocxvi^ - . - MARIVS , Fratris celeberrinu imitatus mores >^dudia eloquent tise exercuit » ac Poeh addi^us % plaufus ua^lus ell t Latino idioma- te evulgavit Epiilolas '> Grfecam Linguam caliuit t^Florefcentihus iinnis decedit ^ attapieii matures meritis » ' ^ Epi Favfhilla BelU. A LBERTVS» tltiilo pulchjer , aft animo pulchriorj fapientiSf cnini clarus » patrio Gymnafio lau- des adauxit : Juris Doftor , de Fi£ deicommiflis multa exaravit. ^ - Ex F amt ltd BuoncagnanU N Profeflione Minorita 9 Scfen- H tils indgnis : Thcologix , & Macrae Scriptur»-' interpretatione clarus has pubtice docuit: Concicui Aum duo edidit volumina » ^ ' Ex Fdmllid Bottaftjt 4 , * T IMOTHEVS • Theoldgi®; Poefis , Hiftoriarumque de- cus I Vicarius Generalis inter Do- niinici clauftra gforiofa > Ducis Sabaudia a Confeffionibus extitit; aft SapientiS illiiftrlor Traffcatum .de Contraflibus exaravit tpluriufn liiiguarum idiomate peritus » fer- Ex FamtUh Berardi l gy money quamplures confcripfit ; fu- premitm diem fubjit mdxci. > - Ex Eamilih Berardi i M ARCVS TVLLIVS , C«raJ ris imago Pofterorum exem- plar 5 Re militari iiliiftris , de Bello trai^latum typis'coiicelfit '. * Ex Familth Bovarhu L EANDER 9 vir omnibus ferfc fcientiis imbutus'-, carmine , & eruditione cIaruit;.Artem Agra» tix inVrbe exercuitj Italica carmi- >ia typis tradidit •, rar^ Comitate » fubrniilioneque etiam exoriiatus^ Principibus. quoque gratus exti- Ex FamtUd Brunacci I ICOLAVSjD.Thopi® Aqui- natis Condifcipuius: Theolo- gies Facultdte exccliult » ita. ut * Al. 3 ^ Ex Familia Brunacci • Albertus Magnus Praeceptor d© ipfo afferuerit » Nicolaus eft, alter Thomas ^ cujus etiam in pietate Imago agnofciturj quo Gufmgni illuftravit clauftra » •Ex Familih Bami * a f NEAS eruditione» atque elo- JtXli quentia illuftris , Mufis gra- tus , Vrbi clarus > -multa Poemata typis conceflit Ah.mdlxxxvu. % ft- tut etiam Oxationem pro Xifto V.. Ex'FamiU^ Bufgari •. A ntoni V Hiftoriaruitl ftudiis addi6Ius ComitisMar-^ Iciani Stirpem^ faciiioraque defcri- pfit ; "Deflit fere nonagenarius , aft plus merito maturus » . Agnominis Expertesi * . V / • B ARNABASi Olivetanus * Ge- peralUise Dignitatis faonos . Sa** • r-^ I . Agnomhh Expirt 'es Z 29 Sapletitia illuxit f Mathematlcsex- ^elluit) & pletate nemini fecuuduss ^ vivis excedit An. molxix* BENEDICTVS a Torfiano^ ^inorum Obfervai^ise Generaiis » Vir erudltioiie, 8t fcientiis confpU cuus > Typis conceiTitLibrum^ cui titulus : La Qixama dsl raradifi ,. An.MBcxxiy* ^ \c. Ex FamiUa Crifpoht I G i^SAR* variarum Sciential rUm t^otiti^ confpicuus • at PoeQ Celebris l Patril decor^ zelo* inilafiiinatus.». Hiilp* iriam Auguftac fcripfit, poftea cyui- gatam An. mociv. Liters ejns ad celebremBpnciarium in pretio flinty & Saplentis femina vocantur • • DIONYSIVS > eloquens Ora- tor, ac Do£ior Juris in Patria Viii- verfitate : Variis in fcientiis appxl- me peritus plura compofuit i CefTit J^ivere An.MocLu VE- Dl« by G()< -‘jIc 40 Ex Fvmilih CrtfpoJU ^ VESPASIAN VS, gradu Cano- nicus » Scicntia Poeta 5 hac comu- ftes captavit plalifus . ■ FAVSTINVSi Legiini Doftor, 'Romans Rots Auditor : Innocen- *.iii Xll. Pontificis ter Maximi,Pr5- latus Domefticus ; Vltimum clau- 'dit diem MDCcxxvii. Ex Fmili^ Canta?allM • A NTONIVS I Jignitate Audx- .toris Romans Rots clarus » &Pontificj Nicolao V. gratus » aft univerfo Literatorum Coetui gra» tior ; Lege enim , & Philofophia fuit illuftris , & politioribus literts ceiebrior . Decifiones pin res, con* icripfit , defiitque, vivere Roms LVDOVIGVS , Juris Doaor iJluftris : Pifis ,, Perulii » Patavii publice docuit i plura in Lege ad« notavit » Patris 9 Oxbi Literario, Benemeritus- , ' / . . 4i t . E]i Farntlth ComitoH r N EAPOLEO, VIr uudequa. que celebrandus: Pietate, ze» " ‘ lo laudabilis Collegium Perufinuni ^ Clerlcorum S.PauIi erexit : Digni- tate EpiTcopali confpicuus , pru- ■ dens PeruHi grcgem rexit ; Roma- XI® Rot® Auditor juftus doeuit! Plura evulgavit , pr®fertim Mora- ^lium Libriim; carmine quoque eni- tuit: Prafulum Perufinorum no. tam contexuit ; Excedit mocxxiv* PAVLVS , Societaiis Jefu pr«- ; di6li Germanus Prater , Theologi^ •Moral! cnituit i de qua plura ev.ul- gavit : Politiorrbus ifteris illuftris fuit r Scdis Apoftolio® Propugna- tor* Interdiftum Pauli V. acritfcr .defendit : O^togenarius , mefitifq; ^ plenus occumbit mdcxxvi. PETRVS 9 Ganonibus celeber in Romana Sapientia doeuit/: in Romani Rot^ Auditor juftus de- crevit , quo iibi t . & Patri® Jaudes ‘adegit. • £x Familih Coffoli A KGELVS FRANCISCVS? , in iitroque Jure Doflor illii- ilris : In Patrio Gymiiafio docuit » Injure fcripfit , 8c in eadem facul- tace plura evulgavit Au.mdcvl. FORTVNATVS , Profeffione Klinorita , aeque pius » ac fapiens : Fro Montibus Pietatls plura exa- ravit Anno Mccc.,Vir profeftb hac parte ceiebrandus *. FRANCISCVS , Juris iaudabi- lis Do€ioT, Patrios illuftravit iares PeruHni Gymnafii utriufque Juris Inter pres t Bis Vrbis Senator falu- tatus, Giorios vixit>Legiscoiaimea« dabilis Scriptor * . ONVPHRIVS * in Serapbic6 .Ordine inter Cappuccinos adfcitus,^ Pietate clarus » in laboribus con- fpicuus extitit • Omnium San6lb- tlim vitas in unum congedit* Peru- , iii Beatos laiidibus extuiit » & dbi encomia aiienis encqmiis efforma* %U. " JA. Digi-', .‘St • Ex l^amilthCoppoU * 43 JACOBVS , Ahimi amplitudi- iie illullris , Pietate commendabi- lis, Theologii Celebris, Perufmi . Canobii Miiiorum* vulgb Montis^ .Fundator dignofeitur j Beato enirri * .^gidio folum amplumad hoc ea^- citandum donavit,ciijtis vitam exa- ravit $ proprise laudis monumeii- turn* RAINERIVS , ante Bartolup .laudabilisjuris Interpres; plura in . Lege com pbfurt , cui ipfe Bartolus plaudit: Floruit feculo xiv.a Chri- 4 li Natali . e ROGERIVS, Bartolf , & BaJdi encomia captav it , ante bos eiiim de Jure fcripfit, pacriifque in Scho- lls docuit ; Peruhi deebre » Bx Familih Qiha • , lERONYMVS ; •pluriW Scientiis addi6lus » primum y olumen Statutorum PeruCnoruin texuit,t Rari pollens menioria car^- niina plura cecinit > mufis pergra- tWS . ■ EXr rjiijiiiZw'J by xjtMiglc Ex Famtli^ delta Gorgna • P ETR VS PHILIPPVS , cefe- bris Juris Doftor : PiTauri~» Ferrariae > Perufii publicus Legum ‘Interpres Patriam extuJit : Princi^ pibus gratiis , Concivibus » Difci-. 'pulifqub acceptus de fe defideria excitavit . Fato cedens mcdlxxii.^ PJura injure typiS conceffit . ‘ - CORNELIVS , fingulari a Na- tura ingenio inftruflus Natiirte ri- matus eft arcana ; de'AgricuItura TrJftatiiin confcripfit 9 conimuniS utiiitatis Magifter. E(e Famtlfa Coppola • I VUS 9 Romas , & Perufii publi- cs docuit:Dignitatibus pollens Famofi Piccinini Militis> Ducifque ftrenui Conf^liarius t Rom® Ad^o- catus Conciftorialis % Florentin® 9 & Senenfis Reipublic® Pr®tor pru- dentiu claruit : BisVrbis Senator illuftris Ofbi Regiminis pr®cepta expo- ^ JB>! FatnflihColomhf • 4$ expofuit ; aliqua injure evulgavit Sapientibus grata , omnibus^^utliia. ' Ex Famtlih Colornhi , . N ICOLAVS I Piato Perufinus proc/amatus ; fubtili fpecu- Jatione praeditus , ClauHra Domi- iiicana incoluit , in qUibus Theo- logus celeber dignofcitur ; Sacri ApoftoHci Palatii Magifter Aulas Romanas , Perufinas fuit illuftrij . Pkira in Theologia confcripfit .. Objit MDXxvii. nuiiquam memorial moriturus . FRANCISCVS ; etlam ipfe Philofophlcis fpeculationibus in- tentus , PJato vuJg6 dlflus 1 Medi- ci Arte Hyppocrates. De his facul- tatibus plura compofuit .. Le^uras SlmpliclOm Inftitutor 9 Pofteri multum ei debent . Fato cefllC MDti I r. . * - ' . HIERONYMVS , Vir iindei quaque eruditione coiifpicii u's. De Chrifti Natali edidit difquifitlo- nem , f'oogk '^6 Ex FamiUa Campan ) « nem Aii.mdcxix. De AngelicK , & Humana Hierarchic tra£lavit, fcri- pfit : Poefi etiam floruit , hac enim Pfalterium ^ & Canticam €xpla na- vit. EpircoporiimPeriifi norum Hi* ftoricus y de fe plaufus seternos ex- citavit* . « Ex Eam 'tlfh Campanl . X NTONIVS, literis politiori- bus celeber » has Perufii , Sc Patavii decuit . Mufis gratus car- minibus excelluit, lauro , fub qua cum Mater peperit, hoc prsefignaii- te. A’ Pio II, Pontifice Crotonien- fis Epifcopus renunciatus , in hao Digaitate eloquentiC enitnit , Ger- manis etiam Principibus peroravit, ut arma iiiTurcas caperent , Orbi Cattholicoproficiius ; Vftam For- tis Brachii PeruIini,nobilis, & flre- nui Ducis confcripfi t . Senis e me- dio excedit MDCLXxyii. • - ^ . ■ # • » . . . ' \ ^ ' Ex : t s CjiHi' N lE^ FamlUh Corromctf/f . 47 OSEPH ROSGIOLVS , M!- iforita , Theojdgia, ^ Goncid* xiatoria pr^darus^ fa per has Facu^. tates fcripfit i ap voluniina evulga- yit . In Co^nobio Perufino.t vulg6 il'Monte 9 feVvatur' lapis fanguine Chrifti afperlks ui Circumcifione ilice pietatis lignaculum ^ ac do^ iium • Ek Famllih Coppti\ F a R R I T I V , Maceratenfis Rotas A’Uditor , Juris Periifii publicus ProfelTor y 'Retliar elo- qi/eiis , Rtrufcas Linguas ftudiofus:- £didit Orationem Vermcula lin- gua , 'Eriiditis gratam . Turrena , nobilis ejus.Stirps a probo. adole? fcen te , jcjui in dks Scieatiis ie in* ftriiit ^ plura fp&rat . . Ex <.■4 ' \ Digitized by Google > Ex Farntlih Cenci • • • L VDOVICVS , Juris Celebris Doftor patrium Gymnafiurn, Legum Interpres ornavi t:De Cen- Tibus Traaatum edidit . Prudentii prseditLis pluries ad Principes Le- gatus mittitur Patrio pro bono i Oaogeiurius Naturas concedit . ibiDcxxxvii. - . ; . Ex FatniUh Caporali . J OANNES BAPTJSTA , Poe- ta commendabiliSf Architeaii- la , & Mathematica enitult . Ve- truvif Commentator Tolers Volu- men Bononise edidit mdxxxvi. Ifa- iica carmina. polleritati obtulit . Scieutiis , Artibufque affluens ma- guus celebratur V de firmandfs Ar- cibus doqiimenta fcripfit , nominis fui gloriofum Monumentuin . Ci£SAR * Juris utriufque Do- ftor, ac Poeta illuftris utroque me- tro; Vernacula lingua excelluit, iepido Digitized by Goin. t , 'Ex FamUth Caporalf . ; 49 lepKdoeniln Stylo , fere edicerem , ^ quis>Gglarem iequavit? Piui^ evul- .gavit omnibus gratiflima Pracor Atri® prudentia prxftitit , Objit . * apud Caftilionem Lacus TranfioieT ni.MD.ci. Fama fuperftite . . ’ ' ExFamiUhCatalucci. A NTONIUS; Juris Doaor, do Legibus aliqua folerteredidit Perufii MDcvL^ , Juris feguacibus grata ,;Perufini,Gymnabid€Qus. • ■ ' ■ / / • ■■ ■ . - - Ex Farnilih Coppetta . ' F RANCISCUS , Poeta fan^" magni nominis , Italo metro', plura exaravit , plura edidit . Dal vidicaxarmina proprio carmine ex-" preflit. Floruit Seculoxvi. ^ re- paratS falute . ' •, 1, . ^ ■ so Ex FamiUa Contuccl * ' F RANCISCUS, EpiTcopus Re- clnecenfis, magnus Legurti Db^ ft or. In Rota Romana Auditor, Jijftiti® incorrupt® iJluxit Lumen. Public® utilitati ejus prodiere De. cifioiies ad ejus gloriam » ac Patri® incrementiim • . _ v Ex EarnUth GardoUnl . , * j * . , N Legifta maxim® fam®'*' iSia« A lerni , ac Perufii do.cuit . Piura Juris fcripfit , & dednens vi- vere ipsa morte plaufus fibi compa- ravit . ‘ ^ ' yj' , * • ~ Ex FcttnillhContoU ^ C LAUDIUS » variarum Scien- tiarum notitia coufpicuus » Sz latino Metro iliuftris . Epigramma- ta edidit.ParnalH r ac Patri®' orna- mento . Deliit vivere initio Sccull y XI , Mufarum. ni^rore • Ex Digitize^’ Ex F ami It a. a attl . F ELIXt prbfeflione Cbiivenciia- liSjThcologicis^ dogmatibus <fx- cellens, Concionatoria clarus . Pfu- raediditt Hiftoriarumque pentus PatriiB fadnora » illuftres hujus Fi^ lios typis conceflit. E’ medio exce^. ditMDCXMli.i - ' Ex F dmilih Qalidoni * • • F RANCISCUS maria , Ju- ris ProfelTor Patria in Cathe- dra ; fuper hoc aliqua fcripfit . Mu* farum ciiltor cdmiiiibus excelliut ad propri® iaudis tiitamen • < \ . • * Ex-Farnilih Cepari . V IRGILIUS/,.Societatis Jefu . .Aflecla , variiii Eriiditionei ^ommeiidandus ; Sanftorum exara- vit vitas, de CanonizationeTra^la- tum cbnfcripfit , ficoti de honefta AiniddS ipfe cum Sapienti^ fatni- 0 \ V Digitized by Google '^2 ' Ex FarnlUh Cepars I iiaris » .extinguitur mdcxxxi* f' Ex FamtUaCaftqldf . ' - ' R ESTAURUS .JuriTprudentig feri; Reftaurator : Confilio Caroli V. Imperatons $ in Titulom lt)(litutionum Tra^atum edidit : Ncpotuin Pauli III. Pontific/s Pre- ceptor , (los Legibus inftrtuit ; Vi- ta ftuigitur Mtonx-. Sapienti® la*^ crymis , Ex Familtd Camalti . \ UCAS ANTONIUS , Patrio - LycaoMedicse facuitatis Pro- feflfor , ..bac fibi miiltas comparavit laudes ; at publics? utilitati confu* lerct Opus evu/gavit Tub titulo , il Reggimenio.t ad Talutem in calori-" bus trahendam . , . ■ i 4 m •• Digitized by GoogI< * Ex Familih Conadi • J OANNES » Dq^ihicani Cee- tus Collega Theologus nob vulgaris Gufmani ampliavit Gym- nalia , 5c fibi ampia paravit eiico» mia : Terrie' Sanftas CommilTarius zeio-Fiael excelluit ; De ilia hifto* riciim traclatum fcripfi^* * ; ■ ^ ‘ . 1 * • Ex FamlUd Cardainti H ORAxfuS , Rethor elo- quens, Grascam etiam callult lingu^m ; Mufarum Cultor plura ' ejcarayit carmina. Eloquently, Em- . ditionifque ejus elogium; Patrio in ' GymnafioRethoricorum Profeffori; latino idiomate fcriplit Epiftolas^ c ab Eruditis in pretio habitas: Vati- " cana Bibliotheca Humanioribus in Literis ejus peritiarti (ervat , lucu- bratiqnefque zelo cuftodit . c j- .1 r Digitized by Googir FamlUa Carofi , . P XACIDUS , Olivetanus Pr®- f'ul , Canonica clarus , atqiie admodum laudabilis : Bibliothec®. Montis Morcini luftitutor, Adole- /centibus OlivetaniCoetus ad fcien- tiasinancifcendas ampluih aperuit aditum : Objit MDliix. Epc FanjJl/^ Cartuhttl * H ieronymus, pecuiiari in: genio inftru^lus Poefi mcu- buit , Parnuili decore , Patriae glo- ria , fui ornaineiito-; Amoris vcna- tioiieni , ^tnifeo metro edidit An. MDX'Xv, , qyo communem captavit amorein: De univerfaii Redemptio- lie Tra;^tatum fcripfit Itaio carmi- ne , propriae Eruditipnis teflimo- iiium ^ ‘ ExFmilia Calgografi . H ieronymus /injure do:' 6lor faniam celebrem adeptus ed : Zelo Patri.'e gubernaiidse plu* ra volumina edidit mdxxi i i** jura Tiirreni vindJSantia : Statuta ejus expofuit ad firmum Pertifii decus. :• Ex FmfUh Coflanthi •’ F ULVIUS , Celebris Juris Pro- feifor j fuper Inilitutiones Ju-' ftiniani ]e6liones edidit molxvi. Aik plura injure fcrip/it y.fuft Sa* pien tias peculkre.ornamentum • . ExEamiUhOrefeimbehi P ETRUS PHILIPPUS , pru- dentiS illuftris , Lege peritus tnultos naftus eft plaufus ; Publico ’comodo Perufina correxit Statuta rabrum Regulam « Pofterorum do-, ' cunujnta A nno mdxx v i {6 'Ex Familih Cai/neni . J OANNES FRANGISCUS , Orator maximus i Poeta exi- rnius » In Patrio Gymnafio Retho- ^ricorijm Profeflbr duo I'cripfit erii- dita volumina , Epiffoiarum uiium, alterum Carminiim • Oe Elogiis^ & Oratiouibus Librum typis concef- fit MDXXXi 1 ., laurbs Mufarum iia- ftus eft , ejus Saplentia fertum . > 'Ex Familia Chrilliam P ETRUS PAULUS , Augu- ? ftae ’BibliothecsB Cuftos , Hi-”’ ftbriae Ecclefiaftlcae publiciis Do- ^or , plitrium notitia Sdentiafum commendabilis; Vivat ad fui , Tur- leiKe utilitatem 9 commoda » . ? ' t V ; Cognomitih Expertes ^ e ORRADUS, Epifcopus AflTi* fienfis 4 non mlniis -zelo, quam pletate iliuftris 5 conftUutio- ues - Ciiinomnh Expert is . lies pro Ciericis edidiCf ipfe morum obfeevantiS . laudabilis ; ( fapienti^. - fuit prjeclariis., plus tamen Chrifti .dogmata refeivit . ’ - > . CYNUS , Legiim Idea Statu^ . Vtorum Civilium Princeps . Ant& Baldum plura injure fcripfit Juris PrudentiJB Magifter 9 fane Perufi- ng-UniverfiCatis fuigentifllmum Sy- ‘ di^ . . ^ COSMASf Abbas Olivctanus^ .variarum cognitione . feiehtiarum celebrandiis 9 qaibus fibi 9 Patrias Congregationi plaufus na^us ell • Bx BamtUh Dmtes I "I I GNATIUS 9 profefllone Ort^ nis Prsedicatorum , Dignitate Epifeopus Alaterarius 9 MagU fterio Geograph isB , & Cofmogra- ph lie ‘Dp^lor in Bohonienfi Gym- iViiio . Mathematipus eximiusjplu- G 5 r» • - V > ^ CO oy C'.'xyk f . 5» • , Ex F ami lid Danns* ra de hac Facultate evulgavit . Fa^ mam communem nafliis^apud Pon- tilices Gregorium Xill., & Xiftum V.magni habitus, Cofmi etiam'Flo» rentiae Duels Celebris venerationem captavit > dignus^sBternhm vivece • ni mors invida nobis ra|)ui(rec An» ^OLXXXVI. V " , - JOANNES BAPTISTA , Ma- thematicus Magni Noininis, Vejje* tlisyltalicarum Vrbium nobiiidima'i tc linguiari., hanc facultatem ex* 'plaiiavit . Narrant alas fibi aptaife i ac fuper Adriaticas , ae Tranfimeni undas evolando propria? artis expe- nmenta obtulifse. ad fui nominis' celebritatem • " . JVLIVS , etiam ipfe Mathema- llcd , & Afohitc6lura clarus , Arti* i)^s quafr congenitis Stirpi , FamU Ihseque DantesT imprefllt adnou- tiones ad ornamenta ArchitefturSe, & Opus de Aliuvione Tyberisjdies claufit MDL’Xxy. Fama ejus ubique fuperftite . ' - . , PETR VS VINGENTiVS , ce. - " ” ' * . " iebris • 'Ex PamHih. Dantes, lebn's Architeftus , ac Mathemati- cus ; in Poeticis fuit praclarus,' . JDan te ejus Stirpi nomen imponen- te , cum ailtea Rf inaldorum ftem- ■fha: jaftitaretjimpreflit folertercom- ' ' mentum fupra Spheram Bofchi ... THEODQR A , fexti muliebn ». • * plufquam vir irigenio , nammagna- inter Mathematicos celebratur* mb Magiftra ; nepotem enim fuum JgnatiUm pras^epris hujus fciehtifi- ca; Artis indruxiti illuftremque<^ " formavit , quo mihi fas fit dicere Aduliearum prodigium . .. VINCENTIUS ,Statuarius,ac 'Piftor Celebris ; aft Architeftura excelluit $ Statuariorum nobiJio- rum exaravit' vitas , aft potiiis pro-, priaib evulgavit . Floruit Seculo Xvi.^ " Ex Pamtlih Danzetta , J OANNESj inPatria Univer^- tate Juris Doctor; erudite fcrU ^fit de Legibus , Stirpem illu- , Q 6 ftrans, i Digitized by Google 4o FamtUh Danzetta , ilrans , ac futuris confulens gla* SIX . ^ Ejus Imago fiftat » ac venetetur Archidiaconus Danzetta noftro patrii Gymnafii Doftor» El^, quens Orator i Poeta commendabi- 1|S • . ; J ' . ’I- . • V ' . t . • ■ Ex Familih'Vionyfi , J OANNES BAPTISTA , Eld- quentia clarult, ut optimus di- gnofcatur Orator, m forlaii ejus Epiftol® typis conceffae Bonciarii EpiftoJas squent ; his tamen.unitas propriam non deperduut gloriamL ^ T ■ .. ' » ■ • ; ExPamtUhDoni * T? ULVIUS f noftrS ®tate Poeta JL* illufiris, Mufis gratos identi- erudite canit , dignus ut plura 'propriorum earminum pofteritaii dpuet^ ■ . Efc Familth Eugeni . F RANGISCUS , Theologik claruit 5 Francifgi Xaverii Imago Socictatem Jefu ia- .greflTiiS jJapofliam poftea perrexit » Apoftoiico muneri pietatem con- 'jmjgens fol^im fecum Brcvia-riuin. .tiilit j ’iangulois. fui Fratribus nee vale dixit , divina Sapientia poU -dens . Floruit Seculi xvi i. . FULVIUS , fublimis Famae in ' Jure Doftor , itiultum decoris Pa- trife peperit , ac libi aeternam lau- • dem paravit: aliqua injure evulga- ^jt , Legillis grata . ■ , ' MARCVS ANTONIVS > .liior eloquentia pcrfeelebris , Juris .ujCrhirque notitii iliiiftrior . Pr^ • cipibus gratus, fu® nobili Stirpi laudes adcgit:Fidei fiiicerus ciiftos, ad ipfurn tanqualn Legum Oracb- him omnes confluebant; Volumiiia i . ConfilibruiTi, & Criminalium com-^ Di. 62 Ex Familih Eugeni . pofuit, ac pluribiis fcient/ls iiiftm- 61 us gloriofus objit mdxvic. . marcvs ANTONIVS Ju. nior , Advocatus Conciftonalis 9 ^potitis dicam praedifti Marci Antb- . nil fidilTima imago • injury Do6lor “ clarus depredicatuT : Principum/f Tomniumq; captavit benevokxitiam» -4itque Aul® Romame gratus Con-‘ • fidtatiouum in ejus comodum , ac Gonfiliorum' cxaravit volumiiJa j Eloquio ctiam prtsflitit, majora £|flurus , n\ Fatum terns eripuii^ . fet mdclvi j , ■ \ r AN GEL VS , Serapbici Ordinis .Magifter, Theologus non vulgaris* aliqua in bac facultate exaravit^ de Sacramentis volumen edidit WDCxxv. Templumilluftre S..Ma- ,.riw Apparente'Neapolis fuis excl- taVit , fuae Pietatis moiiDmciftiim Annis plenus» plus mentis afHuens diem extremum claudit * nunquam plaufibus obituruj: , & in pras^^’fto Templo tumulatur . Bx Famine Ercohni * ' w' V INCENTIVS Senior, Juris celeberrimus Interpres , in .patrio Gymnafio docult ; Piura fcripfit 9 pliira evulgavit » in omniV bus idem } Sapientias videlicet Sy- dus : Legum Praeceptor, vulgari titiilo inflgnitus communes na^tus* plaufus * Morit MDXV. FRANCISCVS i Juris Conful- tus Dofior 9 de hoc inulta typis conceflit ,.fcientificis pergrata. Pa- triae Maecenas vqcetur 9 nam pr'f> ipsa multos infumpfu labores , & coniiliis profult Floruit Anno MDfiXXIII. OGTAVIANVS , Eruditione commendabilis, Etrufco Metro ii- - luflris , aft Jure clarior r multa 'ita- lice compofuit.9 Mufis grata , pro* priae laudis memoriale ,* ^ .VINCENTlVSJunior, Gufnia- iil Aflfecla , & Perufii Epifcopus , S.Pontifici Pio V.gratUS. In Tbeo- logia , ac Sacr» ^eripturae notltiS cift- i • ^4 Familih ErcoJattt • cUrus 9 pfetate clarior extitJty pau* peribus Pater , difcolis feverus Ju* i,dex ; fcripfit aliqua in TheoIogiS f ,ac Philofophia , & opinione San- ^flita^tis defunflus MDLXXxvi. Mo- ' ' jiumentum ab ipfo vivente fibi ere- tum in Ghoro Templi Perufini D. Dominico dicati vivum nobis per- ,,petu 6 fervat • ^ ' LVCAS , Eioquehtia ’clarus , .fimulque Poefi plura in Pbctica jmpreiTit; alia erudite fcripfit. Stir-* pis 9 ac Patriae laude . Floruit An. .MOeXX. / • ^ . jf ’ . F. Ex Eamilih Eknnzi . C ONSTANTIVS , utriuf- que Legis Doftor , mul- tifq;Scientiis indru^iis » ihemoricE prodigium Jus totum Ci- vile ad yerbum recitabat : Legis Commentaria exaravit , Publico li tilia 9 ftbique gloriofa • Ex FarmltaFloretiZf . 6^ VIRGILIVS, Epifcopus Nuce- ■' riniis, Vir undequaque eruditus : .Con clones compofuit , Sacras ejus eloqueiitiae teftimonium Objit MDcvit. Faniilije Stirpifq; Infolabl- libiis lacrymis . • Eic FamtUh Fhnnti • , * »' .•*** * . - * • • F LORAMONTIVS , Vir pro- fe6l6 eruditus ; Graecam jin-’ guam calluit , & humananii^l^ite- rarum ftudiofiflimus edidit;LibrUm in Epiftolas Bonci'arii : Compen- dium Epidolarum texiu’t fcriben- • datum , ac peculiari ingenio inftru-, , , ftus I talentum, ut. verbis Evange-^ licis utar^ fibi creditum diiplica- tiim reportavit . FRANCISCVS, Poefi addi^us. Juris confultus etiam Celebris viv xit ; plura confcripfit carmina Mu-; farum decore , p'roprise laudis in- Memento. v Digitized by Google €6 Ex Famine. FumagloU . C iTISAR , eximius in Jure Ma-^ o;fter;plitra exaravit, & Lcgis Commentaria evulgavit MDLXfie. ,Vir profeft6Perufioi Gymnafii de. cus . ' HIERONYMVS , Elpquentl^ confpicuus » Prudentiae maximum lumen afFulfit jiublica utilitate , ac' cofnodo^ Edidit Idiiium mdcxx. -■ ' • .'v c • Ex FaYAilih Ferretti • . . ■ H ORATIVS , Artis miracu-i . lum: In parva Arcai quae in- flrumenta vitic neceffaria , quje or- natui congrira « quae Qomoditati confbna mirabilit^r, inc/udebat: Pluribus Principibus fus Artis ac induilrias dona obtiilit : Vnum ex hjs Neapolis in noftro Coeno- bio Montis Oliveti , ubi degebat , ’ efformatum , Pro-Rex » nobiiitaS*, oinnerque mirati maxiqTfum depre- dicarunt ; plufquain o^logeuarius FctmtUa Ferretti • 6y ex laboribus infumptis coccus cffe- ftus , Divinse Voluntati conformis pie vivebat <% Sc mortuus 9 cre- ditnus , beatam ceternitatem eft af-. fccutus , iicuti temporaneam glo- .riam femper aflequitur • Floruit fe- cuk)xvni. , . . Ex Famfli^ F roll f erf • H IERONYMVS , Hiftoricus cdmmendabilisjfuinmo enirn^ labore fuorum Concivium facinOra compilavit , Hiftoriam texuitPa*. triiS'laudibus intentus • S' Ex FarnlUa FkdentioIa> • J OANNES, Mjporum obfervan- tiae Clauftralis, Theoiogica Fa- cultate illuftris, Teri^ San^sc Cu- ftos pietatem coin it , Fidem defen« dit . Hiftoriam'Terrse Sanfl® com** pofuit^ de Pofteris benemeritus • <5S . Epc Familia Felictant I M ^ATTHi^;VS , Jurlfta con- * fpicuusimufta de Lege con- fcripfitj prudentia autem'excelJeus ad Principes legationes habuit pro Patria RepUblica mullo labore , aft nomiuis fatna seterna . Objit feculo XIV. ' , ? ^ . Ex Famine Flanchi • P HILIPPVS » Celebris in utrd^ que jure Doctor, patrii Gym- naHi laudum zclo percitus rubt|ii« ter docuit; Canonicam folerter ex« planayiti Anno mdxxxix. plura de hac Facilitate edidit publico modo , ac bono . : r , I* ' . • » Cognorntms Expertes . I P HIGERIYS « magni iiominis Prafiil ; Zelo, PrudehtiaiPie-^ tate confpicuus Perufinam rexit Eccienam : Coepifcopi S.^ Erculani * HU # 'i -j ' dogfiomtfjfs Experte's I Hiftoriam texiiit , multa de fe con. fcribenda reliquit: Clementem &VrbaaumIV. Pontifices Sum' mos fed u 16 excepit fuJ , ac Patriae cncomio . Morti occumbit AniVo jMCCljtV# PHILIPPVS f Tbeologus com- mciidabilis , Seraphic? Conventua- lium Ccetus Magiflert Pietate prx* . clams 9 virtutibtis exornatus , qiii Cce'nobiuitiNeapolitanum Conveii- tiialiifm'S. Mariae'Apparente propd Carthufiam a fundamentis erexic fuonim Fratrum incremento > prae- cipue Perufinorum , qui foli iinico Reverendiflimo Generali fubje^i Wc degunt. Nonagenariiw mqritur An.MDcxxixj^, aft abjit^non objit^ fic erudite' in ejus tumufe in praedi* S. Mariae Apparent^ Tcmpld adnotatur. .. > * ‘ v • Cigitiod by Google r . * Ba! Familih GrazhttJ . F RANCISCVS , Pcrufiinis Antilles fub Beiiediflo XII. Pontifice ,p/o , ac maximo in Benedi^tinopum Pontificmn coe- tu, non miniis do6lrina» quam pie- tate exceljens,-ac prseftans zelopro ^ fuis Ciericis leges rcripfitiiiiftaurai \itqiie Cathedralem proprii ■norai+- nis i - . MATTHiEVS r fub LadfsIao NeapolitaiiorumRege Secretarius, plurium rcicntiamm no t itta; laud a dus t gubernio Pro.Rex commens} dabilis proponitur. Qbjit » ad piau« CbuS ' vivens’ lepelitbr in Tempio Perufino Dominico facrum . ‘ - HIERON YMVS , Vir fane eru-^ , ditus , Hiftoriae.praecepta tradidit , atq ue carmine exceiieps Cieopatram dereripfit . Juris; Do6lpf - nobilem Stirpem extulit ; qiiamplurium Principum Secrftarius elbquio , > &pru- Dtgitiz. Ex Fam$lia QiglhU 7 1 St prudentia excelluic • Patr'se bo- no 9 ac incremento . ' ANTONlVSi AdvocatUB Con- ciftorialis An.MCccL., Juris Doftor laudabilis ^ Rerponforuni LiCrum exaravit , Eruditis gratitm> ac iaiu ' dibus dignum • f « ^ Ex Familih GsglioU • J OANNES THOMAS , plu- riiim iTOtitia fcientiafum cele* bris : Irt Patavino, ac Perufino Ly- Cieo libcralium Artium ProfefTor , inultani'adeptus eft famatn : la Phi^ lorophia,ac Theologia confpicuus* etiamjure^ac Mathematica enituit: Parnadi incola, latino » atque tstru- fco carmitie cecinit : plura fcripfit * ntulta edidit r Mors invlda nobis rapuit MDCXXxvi. fama ejus femper ’ fuperftite . - * v • ^ ' ‘ THOMAS % ' publicus PataVii liegiim Doftot’ , Philofophia exi- fniuS'pFiorutt initio feculi xv i i, / •ncomiia;Secundi Lahcellotti Digitized by Google • Ex Familih Gbemii • vetsni ehtus j defut tetris viv ere.', plaufibus fempet viftutus • * * * Ex Gberardi ... C /ESAR , in; pa trio GytnnaGo . Legis Do 6 lor , in Aula Ro- mana utriufque Signature Refe- rendarius, poteftaie Epifcopiis Ca- merinenfis , Dignitate Cardiiftlis ampliflimusv^ Paulo V. .admo- dtim gratliS extitlt ; In Lege p!ura compofiiit, Epiftolas latino idioma- te exaravit : Rapuit cum Mor§ fere: quinquagenaiiuin mdxxih«. , 4 , , \ . , Ex Fara*Fd Qftfdahf ti l ^ B ENEDlCTVS,c»Ieftibus^af- fluens benedi^ipnibus^plurin bus. fcientiis inftcuftus, Perufii pu- blicusJurisDoftor extitit: Marti-. • ni y.. Pontificis PraBceptorADigni- tate Epifcopus , & p.pina?i^ Jbe-. faurarius',. Collegii, S. Hierpn^nf; ,Perufii Fundator dignofcitpr ;^!^-?, migrat MCDXXiX*/ ’ V- 1 • J ^ - J . V . V .;'. y >■ . Bx Ejamilih Grtfaldl I V > • - A®^BUS , Juris Do^f .exu» ^ rttus 9 Mufis gpprjme grattis-; evulgavit Tragedias , ac de Cfuce . , poema : Ob] it MDcx XIV* . > " , ‘ PAULUS 3, The'oidgus er.ijditui, J?hilofbphia iflams Dominici iJlu^ ftravit dauftra j Oathalicae Fidei ■ Declfiones edidit , plura. in Theo- Ib^ fdfipfit , fereScholaeT-homif ftic® Oraeal«ni-5. mortdkat^ ex-> .pleti^Dcix. . " • ■ • Bx Fam/l/a .Gar^pha»i . / ■"» " . , •y ■ C AROLUS^ TheoioguS' Ordji*, pis IPfaBdiGatprum , in Sacra Scr^jtura pefittts , Oratprii clarus^ • conimunemcaptavi;; famam,.vTbco- ' ' logiam^Moralem edidic .j & Sacri - TextUS CpnTmenCa . .. GARQFANU^v Perufi,f^*publ I- cus J u r ix Dod:ar : R oni «; acja Judex wnperavirr Paeta optinii minis itaUca. carmina , ac Fabuias “ D " Cq- Digitized by Google «4 Farnllia' OUianl • Gomicas compofuit omnium utili- tati. * ^ EfcFamitiaOUianl^ D IOMEDES^; juris Cpnfiiltus laudabiHs , evulgavit Addi- tiones ad Municlpale Jus Perufii ; Floruit MDcxxx. BARTHOLOMJEUS , Juris Do- ■ftor PeruGnum raunicipal^Jusim- ptedit Pofterorum Utilitate • — Etc Familih Guglhlmi • *• * .'tV . ' ' ' . ' ^ ... F RANCISCLIS , Iitriufquo Juris Doaor'celebrandus ; Erudite fcripfit indiac facultate, quod evul- gavit mdCxxxv. Pro merito digm- ‘ tates obtintiit r Eques cnim^-aura- / tus prociamatus eft 9 propriac Sa- pient j« fertum'. " ' ‘ GUGLIELMUS", Bartboli Ge- ner, ab Ipfo Legum’Prineipe Do- iftoris foleitinis titulo decoratus : Juris utriulque Interpres Juftitias Digitized by Google Bx FamtUaQaglielmf , ’ ’VinSex.innbtuit: Pliixegltalia Ur-\ bes Judex rfexit 9 Patria?, ac fui no-*. /-Wiriis faina.'. * ‘ ■ HIERONYMUS , GufrmmAfie-^. da 9 Epifcoptis dign^ate , Tfeeolb-. - gi^ , ac gube^nk) elaruft : Conciliq Trident;no adfuit; 'de Opere fex dieriini opus coufcripfit 9 operlbus* gloriofiSiipfe pknusj Mx- Famlih Gas - 1 ^ '■ % B AR-tHOLOM^US,'profeflione Minorita Canonum Doftor in Patfio Gymtiafib 9 CDneionatov. - fia laudandus ; Pbllofophia* The(>r iogta»'Maxhemat{ca darus, Eptfco-, . pus Nemoncenfts crcatus eft a Cje- ineute VI. Ponti^ce Beuedidikio. ^ < ejus.'do6lrina Avenione lifiis eft { Plura evuIgavitThpoIogica^&Coii- cioiwtork ^ , • ^ IX a ♦ £x Digitized by Googit f > .j, ' GuidanlU - 4 ^> ' '••'t J OAHNES ANGELUS , Orato-: tia excellens $ Thebldg^us Ec- elefifi^ Cath€4rali>, Abvocatus Con- ciilorialis iiiuxit .Rpth^ricorufti jjublicusrPe'rufa Do£lor, tanti h,a- ut fere Cicero voca;etu« PliiVa, jfegantk^ exaravit , 'aft pfjs. . hymilitate nil' evulgavit r Obji t •jptuagenvius i' ’ J ENTILrs ;^Mecli’ca Arifr con* ^ fpicuuSjJoannisXXI. Ponti- fficl? Medicus renunciatus „ Aul« ji:Di[rian3e illuxit 5 Plura in fuS Pro^ feflioJtie- fcripfi t f bi ♦. Orbi /uji- lia.' - - ■ % 3x Farniitu Qtfajlufefri^ ^ f * \ ^ AULLia/GuTmani Difcfpulus, ^ celejj)fis 'Concipnator 'Afiiio ' aiiccLXXVir .{yolumina^Coocionpm jJ^lc V ■.V . ■ r . . , EaYtMh (iiiajiaferrL ^ . praslo tradidit i Sactfie eju^ Etudi^ v tionis moAumentum , ^ t . . Ex Famine GirWl I, * \ J OANNES ‘BAPTISTA '/Poetir - commeAdabilis riVletro Etr]ufc<|Jt^ iConftantini fabinora defcripHt) ajus > ' * ingehii eAcomium \ , - - / E» FamiU^QalU\l : H ieronymus , A rchivji * = Wici Compi/a^or laboribus J - - lunimis , Pemfi« aAtiquitates reffi- : tuft : Veterum-i liovorumque Tai beilioAUiti 'cdidit tabui^i^ pUbilco bdao^, ae commodo .. >. ExFmiVfhOalUmlUli-’:^^ A 'KTONIUS MARIA Sai^rda^^"' \ ; pietatecomniefidabiliar^nno . inDcxxv.PraBlo'dfidic Traaatum de ^ Pali per ttfte ipfev if tutibuf divers : ' Scripfit^AP$€diea0 iApremento.* ^ ;.c.. '. j = Ea: ■ ' K> •V Digitized by Google 78 . ' ' Ex Fdtnilih Guidelli . H Ic Magiftex Generalis Augu- ftinenfium "proclafnatiis ell t Vir fummae prudentia: 9 ac rcgimU* Ijis. Concillo TriHentlno interfutt* con'Gionem ad Patres hahens’; plu- ra edidit 9 pcjecipue notas in totunl Auguftinum i Objit mdlxxv. Coghoraltiit Expsrtes • . G 'ASPAil. » Gufmani Aflecla , V ir iftgenio- 9 memcrria pollens , Theologia claruit 9 Orator laiida^ bills de Concionatoria Icripfit Po^ ijerorum commcdo . - H. lERONYMUS, OliVeta- norum Abbas General^r facris litcrrs deditns 9 b'>s alVidu6' operam* dedit ' ad Afcetic» nficrementum, 9 fincjue anirtii profe- ^umjVir fan^ piitS) 8 c iapiens: Mo- titur Mcqxxxi I ^ ’ Ex L- • Ex Jovia l ' A lexander., Perufii , it Parmce Legum laudabilis Interpres » decus Stirpi adepius eO: : Motitur Parmce xn^ CBVO o^logenarius. . : ' ’ Cogrtomittis Export es^ J ACOBUS > Auguftlnenfis Reft* gione f poteftatc Terracing £• pifcopus » /Theologuj^ commenda^ ’ bills :Scrip.tit in quatuor Sentential' rum Libros: Prudens rexit^ Som piensdocuit* JACOBUS alter » Ordinb^Praedit catorum ; Narnienfis EpiTcopus (a- lutatus « zeio , Be fapientia Gregem rexit ; Hiftoriam fui' EpifcbpattiS' fcripfit , fuse.- glociis , ac Pofteriil’ proficuus , JACOBUS 9 hoc titulo tertius ; Rgthorica claruS » politioribus li« ' P 4 _ 4. ^ ' .'^ ' C^gnomnh EiipeTtes.l teriu orrifetus moxiic. .De mOc!^ cQiicionandi Opus' imprefllt , \e'r~ . .j^tr4 tt rvp^I if«.a tlf t Ilf l:c f*i 1 1^- !«• [•. hiim'Oei.^^vaug^lijiatttibLis peril t le* ■• . ' : . , . JOA.imES ^ Benediainus ^pro- > fa]wentii iliuftris jpi^ta te jlluftrior j ,Kac duaus- Xocf. fagr^: inyirit, horum^ue ^ xiagj Pofteivis wiftn^ndavit . ' .;J<|JANKVs after* Minorca roa- , gnae Hlpi^ Gonclpi3Nitor,Ordinis fui ampfhkator in Hungarise, Bpeift’ig- -qjue |!kgl;iis .' Ab ^^nociqntjo IV* prO;]pideJiuSi Pace> ad l^arlarotuin , < Re^fein Le^tus viuultum pro Eidp ; i lAbof^Vix'; De liac feeregwnationej 'Qpu^.iaifcFjpf^^ pi?tatis% ac, , iapientla^ moniim^ntiim .-f. .; JSjpORtlSj Miiiorum oblervaii/ tisss Claiiftralis Vir feientiiSvaddiV, . «r« ^ * ^ tia? Claiiftralis Vir leientiisv^di Sirs 9 & in.Caponica apprime perji., " tus ; Tra 6la t ii m <'d e Reftit u t i ohp, ‘ compof u i jirjp ft i^s , & (a|^iens^ i P - ^ rmt ' . w — - « A. V’ ■- c ~ .. ' '• ■ " . . > Dij jed by :v. vl- N K *■ >\.y M’ ' y- Ex P^mlM X • ..; * ■ 1 ~ . i V . ••• • # ^ AROLrtS » Art9 Retlj6fic0 . v^nerandas , Urbi\, ac f triaj •iiotus - eximiani » ob' Wuditicwiem ^ Rtimae italo carmiao: jBr«/^a/»r<w» Tmpreffit ,-.qya etiam mortaus mjdclxxh^, Fam|*viy^i^ . ret.,. • •■•■ ■: '■ ' ■ 'v.^^ IfE- APO^EO ,'Prude»tla , at^e ^ Eruditione' praBciatus i Ludovici • •' XIV. Fraiicarum Regis ^ Secretis, .. & I taJici’ idioma^tis interpf es^i Pa» - trie Stirpi decus im6lu5 eft : e^ulv •gayit italic^ TfagicPmediaro^rudi^:. ’ Jis^gratain . . ^ . -CBx Fumili^ Lattc^Uhtti * r v« • ■ ' I R OBERTUS T.vcelebrts' Legiitii Do5lor .j^Sc.ripfit iii ut roquet Jure, Perufio , Or&t utilrs , , vivere >iDtxxxi*i;i;, ^ iibu5 vi^kurus-# j. , ; ' • , - • • / ♦' r. D 5 JOAHj ; K I Digitized by Google E96 Familia Lance Hot tl . ' JOANNES PAULUS, Legis Cji- .nonicis Princeps ; primus enim ex Pauli IV.' Poatifigis Summi jiiffu CaQones conipilavit,eorumque me- thodumlitveait « acin quatuar lAm bros diftributos typis coiiceflit ^ Tanti ejus Fama vigehat, utex r0i-. metis regiouibus D.ifcipuii Peru- , Hum adlrent « folitmjoauuem Pau- 'JumaucHturi^, <$elebratun » O6I0- ■ genarius moritur mdxic. ; Et.ia '*Tetnplo Perufiiio Divi Francifcf fepulcro’claiiditur , ubi ipfe adhuc' vivens fibi mertuo tumulum para- ^ vit , Epigraphe OFiiavit , AUGUSTIN US, OlivetanuS Pras* fiilj.Theologus nou vtdgaris erUdi- ^ tione prxclarus: Dft Opere fex die* rum Tra6latum impreffit , cui titu- hi^Pem Optfex^i fcientifiaim fati& opus \ Theologis utile » atque gra- * turn t Dcfiit vivere ]MDCV*L. '» Oli* veti' Temper Palma frugifera . SECUNDUS 01 .,Auguflin!germa- nus Frater« germanufque fapientia* aft eruditione jpfumde^vicit . Vo* ^ ■ lu. Digitized by GoogI ni FamlU^L(Mcelhiti . fumftia,Og'^/ f Barfdiiqnijtii^o* ria Oiivetana , Sav^io chi I'indpvid > > aliaque rO|)era^ejus funt j fiacc . typis J)Fodiere: Labai^idfum opiU»; 1 ^ ■ MaUti^a aJk kiet, ^xii T<x^ ‘ mis comppeheiifa, qii4' viam.0rato<fc>- ' .rife»® fternit de qttacqmque fermones efformandos : Parifips^- ubi hand, typis ittand^at , extre*- - ' mum claudit diem "omaiuin tueefove ** , ^ An.Mbcviit, , . - ^ ' OGTA VHlg/rOw;cdrii Centre ' gatronis Presbyter.t fwaedidisotuiit’ v Fratserr , pietate iiinfhis » erudition he priBcIanjS'* Politioribus li^fferfts- cxofiiajtus^' has“ in Patrio Cymna- fio edoauit trigintaquatijof "annoi* . rum decurfa j. in folurS. oratiquf ali^iiA edidit * 'iil«iit‘ium.^vrrc^runl Hfftoriamcqnfcrrpfit f Ccenobia, Edtflefias dom|!iiJavit ^ ^^ibiis Tu^on'^^ irena gldtio^ e^tmciatirn EphlinH fidum y oluifHm ^xarfVit r£)eee<hq - MDCtXXK- . '■ Digitized by CiOOgle Epi Fawlih Laurt » m e ft R ISTOPHORUS, Eques rofolymitanus'eruditjone , ac, p4eta.te ill uftris.Poeli addiftiis piu- , ra compofuiciFabuIas Etrufco idio- mate imprelTit , Fabulam abfum^iis Mpexiiix. JOANNES BAPTISTA , politio-. ribus bteris, atque etuditione cora- inendabilis : Perufino in Gymna'fiq^ Artes liberales profeflTus 6 ft: Urba- ni VIII, Cubic ulari us , Pontifici t Sapieptibufque.gratus extitit ; lu« cuienter» fimulqiie erudite fcrijiiit* , Epc Emilia LsoneiH • J OANNES BAPTISTA , Cano 2 iium Profeffor Celebris : No* publice Perufii docuit , pliira hisTcripfit, plura impreflit ad com- ' muiiem utllitatem f Floruit feculq fextodecimb • / Digitizad by Famil/h Lara^ardJ y F RANCISCVS , Do£korJuriS commendabilis: Epifcopus Ve-, rulanus faiutatus aelo » ac pruden- tia rext^t. Scripfit in Jure, inter. Pe^, rulii iludiofos celebrandus • r . • Ex F ami lid L^cilli . . - • * • • J OANNES GEORGIYS , plu^ ' rium Scientiaruiticultor « Mu- fariim Familiaris , unionem Artis* cum Narturil cecinit , Annoque, MCccL. fiunc'Traftatum.evulgavit, Inter Eruditos uti Sapiens veneran- dys . . . ^ . • ' ;• . Cognmittis Bxpertei I S LEO MAGN VS , prop^ Pe- . V rutiutn in, oppida natiis jure . Turren* deciis peculiare digiwfca- tur ; Ad Cathedrajn Pontificiam . eve6lus , Sacrce Scripturas notitiS % pio guberxilo cdebratuf 9 limulque Ho- CogmmtnU E Xpert es I Homiliis , quibus cajteris doquro ac'IingUSfe latiivie pr«ftantia pr§ftat» Admodum laudabiiis ab omnibils di* gnofcatur , colitur . - • LAVRENTiyS ^ Erudltione ; ^PoefrJaudabifis adnotatur ^ Hi- iloricus'prudeiis vitam f & ^nnus KlagnI Piccinihi Ducis ilrenui compofuit 9 facinora Perufinorum defcripfit^ ingenii acumine Celebris*, yixit An.MccccLX. . J.VCIVS i^MILIVS, Eloquen- cfaeus , Ciceroais estate Retho* ijconim Principis- contra Cxfiris interfeftores concionem in Senatu habuit Aiigiiflss Pemfiie pJaDfUk - LEONARDVS 9 Congregatio* nis CalTineniis Alumnus, Pietate $ Doftrina illuftris . Poeta coinmeii- dabilis Elegias de Chiifto 9 & Vir- gine exaravit 9 plura alia feripfit propriieerudttionis^^tneitioria . Flo* ruit MDXVJI9 > ■ ■ ' . * * ■ M. ■ • ■ ♦ Familfi Mm coni • P HlLlPPVS , noftra -jBtattt' Eques coinmendabiiiS^ gl(v rii& seio incenfus viros fui9 StirpI^'Hl^uftres typis conceflit , fui laude , Vrbjs cneomio', Patrije in*. cremento.-^ ’ ' ♦ ' * ; Ex Famine Monaldt . *• . j ... - ^ . H OR ATI VS, Dignitat^ Epi. fcopus Perufinijs j Eniditio* ne''commendflbili^-f in Addemiis Maecenas ; Volumen fermonuin evuigavit proprii 2eli , & fapientiae iHonumentum ' :• “ MONA LDVS Senior^ conciOi*' oibus celeber , Theologfi pr^cia<a- ' ^ rus-: Port ProciiratGfis Gerrmliif Conventualiuminclauftris gradum, Melpbitanus Epifeopus renuncia- tur. Oanonica perinis typi j facro-^ • rum C^nqnum SuiAmom cqnc«ilit . De 1 by (Google 4 t c \ f ■ '•/> • « ' ■!■• • r • . > ■ ' ^ ExFmUih MonMi : / De Theologia plura Ccripfit'ad Po« llerorani Eruciitioiiera . •, s "• . , / . MON A LD Vs ‘ J anior , prefer- ' fidne MindfiUfHiflQfiis^'laudtf- , p’fetate venerabilis*. De Vi^ .bjf® Scrtptoribus SumiPaiji texMit, de fe aliis trad^da rei/quit . ' ' BENEpiCl^ VS , S. R.E.^Cwdi. . nail’s Epifeppus^ PerUfinus , liegiini . Doftpry Romanae Retae 'antea ' , Auditpr, Ben’eni^ Legatus , v/r omiiibiis, niimeirxs abfolutuS- app^ tjaj^ :^'EyuJgavit voiumen Decifio^ • J?ato efedit MDcviA, - ' . ‘ ' V ' . » - < • . ' r - / • . EkSarhlUh MmtffemUl* .ERIT^VS> e^Jeber JtiriS'fio- * — : 6tpr 5 Statutorum> PeruftiMi-i / ri^ni^-elta^^t^atorV Confifipruinvo- iMmeri cdflicripfit; ©bjic iijpiii pros. - - yl^rum moerore • . ' * a ^ > DIOMEDES. 5 parnaffl depus / Etru feo » & iatino-caTminppolluit; . aJiqua > .pdidft^i Sapientibus.^ Ai jucunda .r]^ P|o]pexcrutn aci^o^a«, s . tiOm '^*xaua.A' 'r'* Digitized by Google ^ . ’ Ex Far/irli^ Monte/pvrellf^* S^i tiones add.idit Ppeta^i'm exerc-ita*- / . tipnes ,*ejiis Jgruditionis ligoaciigi lUm • ■■ *• ‘r- ■■^' * ,.> ' JOANNES PETRVGCIV?, Juris infignis Do^or ,. Phijprpphi4 r * JaudabiHs 5 . Typis tradidft Librum- Confiliorum* Tdtum Jus.Qvilp , . <Canon|cumqnfe cbmpilavit^ fane Jfav feprum 'Eruditaruni_ mifac.ultt^ ' Fioriiit feaylo xy i> - . ' .0 • < F RANCISCVS' filter ^ ‘^ladlo ettira , & calamp ixeek • Iiiit ; jpfsefuit Arpi KomansgS.Aii„-f;' ' g^^i ; fiipra Vrb6m Leottiiiara .Tra-« * ^ ^atum-habuit MOiiB. , ' . /> ; RVBIN.VS 5^rn AuguilpJGyni^ naiip Juris Dpftor univerlaiis Fa?i; ^ ?. m5e^-5c-npmlnis . Patria? ^afcnPr in ^ ^ * “• * » ' - - w . • • * • ipfo . Catbedras^'celebres. Patav ji - Bonpiiiae , Pifaruni epntempftt, y.e* ^ ras-^TurreiWB filius • -Fatp* cedit. WPCXXI IX. -V -. V -. ■ - *. ■ • NIGOLAViS , Vir eruditipne. " -. '* com- < V *%>' •v • Digitized by Google Ex FamlUa Montmelint* mcndabihs ,P4)eta non vulgaris, & pietate laudandus : Plura Etrufco carmine cecinit , aft omnia Tub mo- dio occulult . Mortalitatcm explet WDCCXXIII. . " F RANCISCVS , Poetica. cla-; rus , Ethica calebrandust Du- els Mantuas Confiliarius prudentia jenituit : Evulgavit de Poctiea yo- lumifla duo i Artis fu,«'gloriofum monumentum ..** . . . CONSTANTIVS , Juris Do: ^or , Poeta laudabilis latina, etru» . leoque metro feripfit. Patrios de- core , pro qua pfudentia^ pollens « apud Pontibces Legatus niagni eft habitus . ‘ - •: - ■- LVDOVIGVS , Legis Doctor prsclariis, aft Poeta illuftriorj plu« isL typis tradidit poemata , Faipae' armonias etiam .evulgayit »;perpe« tuum fuse Famse t^imomum • H I I>I P P I/ S^in^nisjiiris _ GoHfbltiis , Poeta cogime^ dabilis ^ Ejus^Sapi^ntiSB TheatrUra extitit Paj}ienfis , febnonienfis, Pi- fa’na Firmana' > ' ac ■ Maeeraten f?s V/niveffitas i Plura 'de Lege typisi ^oiiceffet, Stirp/s , P^ufifiqi^^ iwau- * Ex Fa^tM Manfitetl- »-• •sf- A ' NDREAS^ inter Jus's ! *r^s perceiebris prediea'tur 5 ' " fu miiifi laburc piura Legis coinpila-f ,:r Vit Pofterorum utiilltate 5 dignus . *1 wt Longos duceret diesv sft .Wors ^ * i knmaturum-eunj; ^apuit, e& quo e€-: vlebh'orvivet • ^ - E E O N A R D U S» Gtifmani Alu^tiaus , Magifter^Generalis dims. atqiJc Apbftelid'^^Pa’k^^^ J Plura' de Tbeolb|ia -Icfipfit asqubt^ p38&> afe do€li»^ : Cds^obU-Perulir^' . '.i nf Bibliothecaui extruxit-Anaa MpDLXXV, . •rAt- 1 . .. Digitized by Google -8 . Eit FamiUiGttiiem . H Ic Magiftejr Generalis Augu- ftlnenfium 'proclarnatiis eil : Vir fummae prudentia: 9 ac rcgimi-* i)Is. Concilio Trident InGt interfutt* cdiiGionem ad Patres habens’; plu- ra edidtt 9 pisecipue notas in totum Auguftinuni ; Objit mdlxxv. _ Coghomittn Experts G ASPA«, » Gufmani A ffecia 9 Vir irfgenia j meraoriS 'poll€nS‘9 Tiieoiogia claruit,9 Orator Jauda* bilis de Concionatoria fcripfit Po* fteror ura comincdo . - ur lERONYMUS 9 Ollv'eta- norum Abbas Generali^, facris literis deditus t his aflidud' operanr dedit ad Afcetica rpcrementum, 9 fuique anirtil profe« iSlumjVir ranfe .prtis, & iapiens: Mo* litur UQUfXxxi Hi - - * • 19 • Ex * • * . <»- A lexander., Perufii , Parmae Legum laudabilis Interpres , decus StirpI* adepius eil : Moritur Paring cevo o^ogenarins, ’ - Cognomhis Expert is V'' J ACOfiUS > Augiidinenfis RelL gione , potedate Terracinae £• pifc^us » /Theologu^ commenda- bilis.'Scripfit in quatuor Sententia* rum Libros: Prudens rexit^lSi^ piensdocuit • JACOBUS alter t Ordinis Praedi-] catorum > Narnienfis Epifcopus &• lutatus f zelo , Sc fapientia Gregem rexit ; Hiftoriam fur Epifcbpatti^ fcripfit , fuae^gtorijs , ac Pofter^' proficuus . JACOBUS 9 hoc titulo tertius » Rethorica claruS' 9 politioribus li« ' P4 teris Digitized by Google Jo ’ C^gnomhls Expertes • teris ornTatus mdxiic. De modo concionandi Opus impreflit , ver- bum Dei evangelijjantibus peruti- le « . . JOANNES , Benediftinus pro- fefliohe , fapienti^ iliuftris j pietate .illuftriorj hac duftus Loca facra PaieftinaB iiivifit, horumque Hifto-j Viam Porter is caiiimenclavit • • JOANKtS aiter» AlinorLta , ma- , gnae Ifimte ConGlonator,Ordinis fui amptitlcator in Hungarife, Boeitiig- -que Regnis . Ab Innocentio IV. prO’Fideliuiii Pace adTartarorupi Regem Legatus » mulcum pro Fide i iboraVi-t ; De Iiac Peregrinatione Opus infcripfit » fua; pietatis , ac. iapientlaR moniimentum . • . ISipORUSj Minoriim obfervan/ tiX Clauftralis , Vir feientiis addi-.* fills 9 & in Gationica apprime peri-, tus 9 Trafbatum de Rertitutione,- ‘ cbmpofuit Jurtus , 8 i fapiens ; Flo- : rttit MOLX* i . » 1 ; Bx P^Umil^ L0^a •' •'ft ■ - • . , .•.«•• - m ARDLliS , Ar.t^ Retfidfic^r venewndos ^ Urbi ^ ae Pa- . tri® ^flottts ■ eximianr*^ob^ bfuditicwieml Rcuiias italo carmhi©' £r«/d^i/»rWifhpreffit ,'.qua etkm > mortuus a^DCLXXU. 'a. -. ■ ' . ’ • ■ «r . » .' - r€t •-.' ■■ ^ ^ j ' ' NEfAPOLEO , Prudeat^ , Erudition©' praciat us Ludovici « XIV. Fraricdirum Regis ^'Sec^tis,.,. & italici idiornajtislnterpFes*, Pa* - tti« * S tirpi decUS. eft ^ e«aU- 'gayit ijalic^ Tra^’coihediaro - ; tis^graiafn . ; - ' V ' Bx F^miU^ haftc^lktti * R i OBEj^TUS r.v-GelebrW Xegi^ ' ^ . Do£lor.;^Scripfi t iii utroqu^ Jure, ,s Perufio , Of6i utihS4i'^Ceft|^y vivere MDLXx.XM ii, wbique pki*^ vi fibus vi^urus-^ ‘ - ^ , ^ W . . • w ur . « Digitized by Google ■ ■ ' »■ E9i FatniIJa Lance Hot if • JQ AN N ES P AU'LUS , Legis Ca-V ,nonicae Princeps ; primus, eiiiro P4uli IVv'PoatifiQis SuHjpii juflTu ' Gaaones corapilavit jCotu mque me- tiix)d uml i^eQit » acm bros di^H b atbs ty piah xrencelfit -f’ .Tanti ejuS’Fam* vige^ , titjex.r#^. rdgioiiiliis 'Qrfcipuii Perii-^ fiMitt adireiit t .fol&iw J^i»inpsm Pau* apdatJirK, <leUbratifci i O^Of j - genarius morttur mdxic. ; Et. ia ' j '*Tempk> Pbufiiio Djvi Francifd i -fepulcf'c'claifdltaix)^ afe ipfe acHtjjc' vivetiafibl pa^ra*^ v ylt , Epigrapbe dfcavit v ^ AUGGSTiNUSjOIivetani^S Pra* ^ fal^Tfaes^ogfiPS n«w^ vt«Ig8j?ia c^UdT-^ tioiie prackrus: Opere.fex die*, rum Trar^latum impreffit , eui titu« vlusJ>m O/?;7«>V fcleotaficirm1aii& ^ ' opus^lf^ Tlieologis utde > atque gra* taitt'i .Dcfiit vivere. jMDCV* 1 j« V OIk vfetpfetThper Palma fni^fera . - ’ .SECUKOUSOk, Augiiftitttgerma- iii«i Prater, gfirmaiiu%ie fapientiai, a fi wuditibii’e jpfum ^vieit • *■ . <w • ■ — .*T- - ^ • I _ # Ex FamlUh LcMcelloiti . ~ luminajOggf d}, t FarfallqniiHi^Q* ria OHvetana ^ Sauio chi I'indovU ' * ' ^ , ft *>a,- aliaq'ue , Opera ejus Tunt > hccc . ' typis prodie're : Laboriofum opuf ^ js^at/ti^a aft latet, xx 1 1 . To^ ' mis comprehenfa, qiid^ viam Orato* - ribus fternit de quacqmque re ad fermones efformandos : ParififS>- ubi haiic typis mand^at , extre* - ’ mum ciauditdiem'omniunimG&rofe An.mDcv 1 1*. , IV, ^ OGTAVIUS fOratorii Congrei gationis Presbyter » pr«di 6 fcoturn * v Prater , pietate liluftris » eruditio- ne praeclarus • Politioribus lilferis' cxoruatus . has“ in Patrio Gymna- ^ — - • fio edocuit trigiiicaquatuor anno« rum decurfu ; ia folur^ oration^ aliqtia edidjt illuftrilim virorum Hiftoriam confcrrpfit » Goenobia, Ecdebas coinpiiavit % quibus Tus» rena glorioia ertunciatur t Ephsme* ridum volumfna exaravit ; Decedit MDCLXXI, ^ " Digitized by Google FamfUa Lauri . ■ m e fiRlSTOPHORUS, Eqiies Hlei^ rofolymitanus'eriiditione , ac. peta,te illuftris.Poefi addiftiis pju-- ra CDmpofuitiFabuIas Etrufco idio- niate impreflit , Fabulam abfunaeiis Mpexiiix. JOANNES BAPTISTA , politic^ ribus literis, atque etuditione com- mendabdis : Perufino in Gymna'fio, Artes'liberales profeflTus 6ft: Urba- ni VIH. CubicuJaritis , Pontifici r. Sapieptibufque.gratus extitit 5 lu-^ ouIenter> fimulqiie erudite fcripfit*. , \Ex Fmilih LsoneiH i ‘ „ I- . : ' • ‘ J OANNES BAPTISTA , Otrio^ num ProfeflTor Celebris : Nos publice Perufii docuit , pliira hisTcripfitj plura impreflit ad com- munem utilicatem « Floruit (eculq fextodeciaio . - ' . •p RANCISC vs , -I/o^O!rJuns^ commendab'ijis; Epifcp'lpiig; ruiaiTps,.faiutatus aelo:, ac pr|4d«^’ tik rex-rt . Scr/ pfi t e^.inter, riifii iludiofos celdbranaus • -r v j • — -7 — ' — - -7- ^ ^ ■•»,.» 4^ — w - rium Scientiftf uM«ultot. V farum Faniinaris , umonemhArtiiH cum Na^urii , cccjuit , Amip^e; Mcccii* 4i unc-Traila t um.^y u I ga^vi t», inter £f;_udit.of uti Sapiens yeneran; d^s \ 1/50 MAe^VS ^^prppe w ruriutnin,oppido mtiisf jurec Tarfen?c degiis pectiliare dignofca-- tur : Ad, Cfthedrapi Pont/ficiam eyeflus. Sac raei Scrip turas notitiS » pio guberaio ^^kbratu# 9 fimuiqde Ho CogmminU Expertes . Homillis , quibus casteris eloquro ; ac lingUSfc latixvje prajflantia pr^ftat, ftdmodum laudabilis abomiiibvis di'^ gnofoitur , colitur . ■ - LAVRENTiySV Erudltione ; ^bPoefrlaudabilis adnotatiir‘5 Hi- iloriciis'priideiis vitam," & fiinits Magni Picciniiii Duds ftrenui cornpofalt » facinora Pcnifinorum defcripfui ingenii acumine Celebris^ ' yixit An.MccccLX. • ' J.VCIVS ^MILIVS, Eldquetx- efacus , Ciceroais «tate Retho- liconim PrincipiS' Contra Caefarrs iat^rfeftores concionem in Senatu habuit’Auguft^PeriififiB plaftfu*. . LEONARDVS,Congregatk>-r- nis Caffinenfis Alumnus!, Pietate % Doftrina illuftris . Pbeta cainmen- dabilis Elegias de Cbrifto « & Vir-' gine exaravit j plura alia fcripfit*^ proprij^ eruditionis'ineittoria • Flo- ruit MDXVJl* ' > ' ■ ■ M. ■- ♦ - Ea FamiUi Minic^ni ; . P hilipp VS, noftrs estate Eques commendabiliS, glcu rijfe zjeJq incenfus viros fuaa Stirpii^ltuftres ty pis conceflit , fui laude , Vrbjs cneomio‘» Patrije iam cremento*A' 1 „ • ' Ex Pam // d Monaldl . ' - • ** — .4 H ORATIVS , Dignitate Epl- fcopus Perufiniis , Eruditio- nc"' commeudabiliS-, in Acideniiis ' Maecenas ; Volumen rermonun]i evuijgavit^proprii zeli , & faplentin ra®numentuin- . ' - ' , ■ MONA LD VS Senior ; i>ibns celeber ; Tbeologi^ pr^cla^' ' ^ ru5L : Poft Procuratofls Generalwf Conventualiumin^Iauitris gradum, Melpbitanus Epifeopus renuncia- tur ^ Canomca peritiis typii facto*^ ^ . rum Canaaum Summam conceffit r . . ^ De Digitized by Google Ex FamtUh Monaldi , / ' De Theologia plura fcripfit ad Po- flerorani Eruditionem . • MON ALDVS Junior , profef- fione Minorita f Hifloriis' laiida- bilis f pietate venerabilis*. De Vi^- briie Scriptoribus Summam texuit> de fe aliis tradenda reliquit . ' * BENEDIC'PVS , S.R.E. Cardi. nalis Epifcppus Perufinus , llegum . Doftpr * & Romanas Rot(e -antea • Auditor, Bonbni® Legatus » vir omnibus numeris abfolutus appa* ruit ; EvuJgavit voiumen Decifio; ^ra . Fato cedit MDcvUi* . EkSaxAtllh MontcffenlH . • r P ERIT^VS> celeber Juris I)o- . £lor ; Statutorum Perufino- rum Reflaurator • Confifiariiin vo* lumen confcripfit: Objit mdii. pro- ^ borum mcerore , . , DIOMEDES , Parnaffl decus Etrufco , & Jfttino carmine polluit; ^ aliqua metfo edidit « Sapientibus.^ ^ jucunda : Ip Propercium adnota>.. Fotrritlth Montefperellt^» 8^V ^ *4 fiottes add,idit Ppetawim exertjlta^ , tipiies ,*ejus fiTUciiti 9 ais figoacu?* vl luoi . - ^ V.' '' 4 '. ' > JOANNES PETRVGCI VS , - i ^ Ju r is in (ignis Do^or > Ph il ofophi^ • ' ^ . laudabiHs'i. Typis trfidldit Librum- . ConfilioruiTT- Tdtum J^us Civile , ^ Canonicumqufe cbmpilavitj fan^ ia-t' bornm Eruditorum /miiaeuiuni • • '' Floruit feaulo xv^i^ ^ . o " 1 ^ ’ . • f ■* Ex FumUi MdntemsUm . fr-j? ■ F RANCISCVS- filter ^ ■ 0 Mib ciiim , & calamp %ceL liiit ; pjy&fuit Arpi Komansg 5»An-^ ' , g^H i fupra Vrbem Leottinam . Tra-y' ‘ t : ' ^atuni fiabuit MDiiK/ , - . - ,v RVBIN.VS » Auguftp Gyni^ naiio Juris Do^or univerfalis F%rt;^ ni^c*^' ^-iiGinmis . Patria? '"atoor in ipfo Cathedras/celebres P-atkvii Bononix , Pirarum cantempfit, ye*: j ; ms Xurreoas filius •. ’Fato* cedit. ' WDCXXl I X-. /•- . ; , V - ■ • NIGOLAVJJ Vir eruditioiie ,. * • C0TIV* ^• <> * ' ; _ . . . Poeta non vujgarisi 8c pietate iaudandus : Plura Etrufco carmine cecinit , aft omnia fub mo- dio occuluit'. Mortalitatem explet MDCCXXill. . ' RANCISCVS , Poetica. cla-f rus , Ethica celebrandust Du^ ■ CIS Mantua Confiliarius prudentia cnituit : EvuVgavit de Poetica vo- lumiAa duo , Artis fua'gloriofum • monumenium .*: . ^ . CONSTANTIVS . Juris Doi 8tor f Poetaiaudabilis latino, etru» , icoque metro fcripfit Patrice de« core , pro qua pfiidenti^i pollens , apud Pontifices Legatus niagni eft " habitus . ' - * - - . • LVDOVIGVS , Legis Lh^iot prsBcIariis, aft Poeta illuftriorj plu- ra typis tradidit'poemata , Fan?» arnionias eeiam .evulgavk ». j^rpe- tuum fuss Famse teftimomum . ft ' * ' ■ ^ 'jfx Famine „ ..' '. ' V'.'-- - '• • H I If I P Pllf Siinf^nij^tiris Cdfifui tasi 5 : Pg e tar cboime^ dabiljis ►'EjusiSapi^nti» TfteatrUm eJttitit P^ienfis , Bbnonieflfis^ Pi« fa'na Fifmatia , ' ac ■ Maceraten fis Univeffitas i Pliira !de Lege typiS Couceffi't, • . E^Fof^lliu Mixnfuet^h, . A NDREAS> inter Juki's Do^bo* ^t§s perceiebris 'predicaltur 5 *furrim£i labcre'^plura Legis cbispiJa- v • - Vit Pofterorum- utilita^te ; dignus wt Longbs duceret diesv 8ft , Mors. immatiirjjm €41^ rapiixt, e?: quo ee- •jiebriorvivet i >v - S- L E O M A R D US* GitTmaai . . * ' j Almtimis*, Magifter.GeiieralisiOr^-^ . | dinis atqije Apbftolkd' Palati'U ^ ' -j Plin'a'de Theologi44cfipfit ®qijbXj * . j ^‘»s. r arc do^la? ; Geeqpbii4^eru4H- ' " nf Bibliotbecam extruxIt-AaiO!^ • *VVw hAy. 4 Digitized by Google ✓ '9*3 F ami a h Mdnfuetl: RA VNERIUS jXeguniperitif- fi^us , Sapient4jm‘Pr«ceptor •, Pe- rufina; Vniverfitatls fydus Volii- . mina Rerponfipnum folum fcripfit nt Artis ilia dsfideria excitaret \ ' ' * . . . • ^^xFamiHd Martelli. , ■■ (. H IERONYAWS , AbWs , ^ Cancellarjiis Oiivetanus, aft . Thelogid .prac/arior quam p/u- ' rjbus annis explanavit j Objic tocjtxxxix. . . ' ' * ' £x Familf d Maltmpl ; S EB ASTI ANUS, SapientiliH luftris, moribus ce/ebrior,Ora- toria commendabiiis ; Latino idio- mate edidit Epiftolas?, Eruditis ac- ceptas , Dilcjpulis ceiebrandas . . MARCUS ANTONIUS .‘p/«: ribus Scientiis perittis eruditione ciaruic fui ^vi Hiftoriam edidit MocxxXv, , . : I 91 "Ex Farnflid.Mangioftf • V ALENTINt/S , Vi'r puis ; ^ . do 6 ius 9 prudens « Rever'en- - diilimi Patrls Generalis Societatis Jefu Afliftens; Sci/pfit de.Votis Societatis ; Epitome ipfiu^ Legum exaravit De Thcologi^ MoraU ali* qua typis conceflit pluribus aniiis fiujus Facultatis Dodlor.: Floruit feculoxvi. ' , Ex FamlUh Manctni . T ROIL US , in ftiidiis Medici- ne afliduus 9 Celebris Doctor .Mineratur t.Parnain Incola multa metro compofuit' ad fuas levahdas .vigilias , quibus Patrie ^ Orbi prb- fuit , Hyppocratis Fidelis AflTecIa,. Floruit initio Secwli Decimifepti* lui • * , . , . * . . . . , Ex . .■» Digitized by Google EicFitmtllhJiiiQlffiTsii . G OSMAS-* do£lrina , itiorum furtvitate laudabiliS-jBoiionlscj & Ravenn® Ardiiepircopus zslo ^ juftitia, Si exempio ithixit t.Cardi- - mlis^ renunclatus -, Peui -tandem -Gathedram afcmdit fub titulo Itt- 'iibcentii Edidlt *CoiirtitutiO’ nes Apnftolicas • Objit MCDVi.' Ex FarntU^ M&Yhlarl , N icolaus » facra erudftione exofna'tiis , zelo Caiholica; Fidei exarfit . Pluribus Ecdefiis'E- pifcopus datus ©iongfienlem apfid Infideios verus Paftor , & Paterfi-- deliteV rexit Ait.mcdxiv. Hiftoji- >’CUS conitnendabilis EcciefiJS Vrb&- vet^nas , Typhernenfis » CalUenfis Fa6la pofteris commendavit • ExFamWh'MatthUl M ATTIOLUS , Vir omnium . ftre Scientiaruih fertp exor- natus : Philofophiam Aftrono- miam rfacram Theologiam calluit; Aftronomia aiitem excell uit , Me- dicina enituit^ u commiini Medico^ rum opinione habitus. Princeps : Bononienfem , P^tavinam t Penifi- nam Vhlverfitatem fua fajjlentia il- luftravit « ac Orbem totum Medici. t\x voluminibus praelo datisiorna- vit , magnaque utilitate ditavit . Objit MCDLXXX. Ex Famtlih Menni . V JNCENTIUS , Poeta illu- ftris 9 idiomate ctriifco lau- •dabilis : Italico metro Typis tradi- dit j^ncidem Maronis\ & Lingute ^Italicas regulas cciirpofuic . .. . 5 . L , r ^ )' . ' 1 i- «-• '.B'pc Fayoftt'^ • *' '■■ * . • » F ULVJUS i/ pltirii^os Scientils politiodliJUS Jiteris - iilu^jriop‘extUH ; H ^ biMs"Perwfiiiomjfn Epifcbporucp fe-» ri6ni coac<ini'Ui,vit.‘ pe Scrijitonbiis , Artium, Scieotiarumque-Gatalor gy^nedidit, , y\ ' ' ' ' Bx FaryMta Marp Ifftfi ^ v' ' ■ . . . - ► . I . 1 W yf ARCUS ANTOl?IUS,pe- jyi jufini Uycai Doaor Leges - iivilcs chUuij 5 de liis.-sliqya typis ^conceflit Mbcxxxy. • V^‘ ' ; ‘V.-’ ■ . ' ' ' . '.r. .v‘ Ex Famllia M ARCVS ANTaNIV/S , iii- figiiis, TfeeGlogia Doaor a g ‘pergfatus aiiinium levaii- Idutn mqtrice aliqua typis coiicepit iippir,* '■ , ..Jl.- ' L B99 Digitizr- £> TmiliaMaturanJt . 91 F RANCISCUS , politjoribu5 -'literis pollens in Feruling .Vniverfitate iiteraruin etwm Grae> garum Doctor il/uxit : Oratoria, & Poetic^ ciarus de liac vdiumen edi.- ; fuper TulUi Rdthvrhdm fcri^" - pfit , atque Hiftoricus comraehda- - bilfs Conciviiim fiiorum tnemorias texuit, FamiM Maphi . , B i:RN A RDIN US, Juris iitriu f. que Doctor , Parmenlis Aca^ demia ipfiim Pr/marium Civiiis Ju- ris Incerpretem audivitiSeries - nomica , Diirertationes muitipliees U. praelo concefla mdclxvi. , ejus Do- ■ • Qxinas flint Oracula . “ - ' ■¥*' R ANCISCJUS ANilS5|? . F cSemualiOm Provinpah. . Minifter V PuWicus Periifin® yn«- ^tfitatts 'rhealogus^Conc.o^w^ ^ . tiS nrbfuit. Moritur MDCC^fW-Hn-v^ BiatUlOS ' '• > . Cognmhis ik » ARt^JS , excelleris Battoli ' M ' Affecii , Aii-McD.Civihbus. Btatutis Otbi illlixit : Scriplit <? ConfiUis . , ^ ' .r \ » • N.' as* f » ' • J O BUS alter; , Bartoluss 'CiicomiV ejus v ■ ftrmiiif IJo6lrjn^ derai^t, j»oH me^ita , aam Juns mo- ^Jiumenta prado data’ eucn p]au& loq uiintur MDLv» M orii m dtiaW ta- te , & grayita^Vcel^brandiis Goa- civiutt) captayit benevolent tatn ^ac Pofterorum vehe^at/on^* . ' ExFamUi^JVardacCf, \x. r •y. - •' * ■' A HTONiUS MARIA, Mace. rat®, Perufii publicus J^e- gum' Interpres , Poefi et/am enf- tUJt : In utnTque Facultatibu's plu* ra exaravit ad FamiJiffi , Patriaque gloriam ! Ciartiit iiiitid jfeculi xvn. • W y •1 . ? - *• Xrt’ E i ►« W fCll » • I ^ 1 ■i. r- f-- Digitized by Google / lOO E^c NsyI J OSEPH* Vir profe£l6 eximius^j Philofophia * ac Mathematica infiguis.Theologia.acRethor,ca etiam clatiiif. Grxcoidiomate lau- dabilis , Leg'bufqueperitus , poe- fi etiam promptus exutit . Jus in pattio Gymtiafio , ac Porte- ros inftruxit Evulgando C<OTmen- tatia in Taeitum , & Juns Ttaaa- ‘“fRANCISCUS , faudabilis : Publicus i“ vetfitate MathematiciE D^or, Pa- tavinam Cathedram ultrb oblatam refpuit , utPatrix commod|S mler- Ex Familih Narit. J OSEPH ANDREAS, publkus Rethoricorum Leftor Anno WDccxxiv. in Perufino LycfEO * ac ' TurrenseClerjcoruiuColleoio.I lu- ra cdicerem id ejus modeftia ve ret, I Ex Famfith JVarde, lor ret , qu® tamen loquitur invita li- cet airidii6 metricis cantibus » ora- ' tionumqiie eloqucntia . Cognomtnh Expertes 2- N icolaus, Ordinis Servd^ rum Beatiflim® V/rginis Ge- neraj/s Magiftcr Anno ®tatis fu® trigefimotertio; matdrus eaim me- ntis , ac Theologia clarus in patrio Gymnafiodociiit , ac.Conftanticnli , Conciiio adfuit: Metaphyfic® efxa- ravit volumen , & Logic® Com* mencaria edldit , ejus Sapientift In* Bgne fertum • o. Ex Famtllh DegPOddt 2 V G ALEOTTUS , pitirium notitia Scientiarum illu- ilris , PoeH addi^us co- micas pr®lo tradidjt Fabulas , Otio inimicas > animi fo/amen , morum Magiftras . E- j HIE* DigUizod by Google EicFaYiiflih Degl' Odd! , HlErtOHYMUS, utriufque ju. po6lpr Qommendabilis j Dighi- tate Sigilatura& Refereridariiis » Scieiitia Legiim peiritiflimus pliira in Cangnica exaravif : Fiorefcenti- • bu;s annis mortem opetiit mdcxxi. Y jf b nifl&r-o»e » Pa;tria? lacrynji $> , , . JAGOBUS .Senier., 'Minorit'a 5 4Mi^rus > pe^nitoDfi^ » non minus pietato 9 quam fapieiitia claru$; ilia mor^ honeftos invexit , hac fub- tjlitei; docuit , in Philolbphia , ac T/jeolpgia ihifignis tXo^orjS' Scot! AfTeclai Speciiium' Tui Ordiois edi- P ‘ 4£{ jJffimb ruaruiayiitutumexein* • ' • ♦ ' . V ^ r. ' ■ . _ JACOB V:S Junior ^ Eruditione laudabilis , Dignitate Archidiacoi ' nus Peruf^ice, Auguftosque Cathe- dral is niorum honeftate iUuxIt.Vi- tam Venerabjlis Marijfi a Typher- .qp Ordinij' Seryorutfi B. Virgrnis edidit i^ficut Literas latino idioma* te . Floruit feoulo xvri. 70b]it MpCLXXV., - „-5FC>RTlA i Uberalibus/Arti- . . - . ^ ' bus Ex F am It a Vegl'Oddi» 103 bus peritus , Jure profe£l6 ex'cel- iuit : Sydiis vociietur Tycinenfis » Pataviiii y Pifani , Parmenlis , Ma- ceratenfis , Perufini Gyrpnafii , ubi pub] icl:!t»egali4 dognw ta propofui t j! plura Juris praelQ concefiit.Orbls commodo . LVppyipVSiCatHedralisPe- nifin® 'Arcftipresbyter , Turrense Rot® Auditor , in patrio Lrycaso l/Cgis Interpres , Orator commeu* dabrlis ♦ Epifcopus Jam faluta^idus h Clemente Xl.Pontifice sequepio, ac fapientc , nJ fppnte renuilfet, ui;' ftudiis majoti follicittidine vaciaret,' Immaturum nobi$ Mors rapui( M2KCXXV1. ! Ex FawUd Oxdadei J . J OANNES VINCENTIVS, Juris peritus Do6lor , fui nobi- lis generis Perufii Fundator ; pliira injure eviilgavit . Objit mdcii i. , ^ Bonciario celebri ejus funus illti- Bratur panegirica Oratione , ‘ E 4 RO- 104 Famtjia Ondadei RODVLPHVS , Jurifpruden- tix etiam ipfe praecjarus Doftor - politioribus literis ornatus Patrlam ilkiftravlt : Scripfit Additioncs ad Confilia Joannis Vincentii Patris • Floruitin fine feculi xvi. . ' = Eic Farailia Oddt • M ARCVS ANTONIVS , di. gnitate Epifcopus , ErudJ- tione illuftris , latino metro lauda- bilis: Roma Vicergerensjlhixit , Perufina Ecclefiie Praful , zelo , & prudentid enituit : Edidit Confti- tutiones pro- Clericis , carmina la- tino idiomate evulgavit ; Merit ur MDCxi IX. Pauperum , Vrbis , Pe.i rufii lacrymis . “ , Ex Farnilth Oradtni . . V INCENTIVS , Aftronomia celebrandus: Scripfit dc Ad- jc, 6 lione Literarum, etrufca Lin- gua ; Futurorum compofuit Pro- V • -- gno- Ex FarnUta Oradhi • i ojf gnolli®i . Floruit mdxxv^^. . JULIUS , Epifcopus PerufiniisJ antea Romans Rot« 'Auditor, Le- gatus ad Pontifices , & CaroIumV. Imperatorem j adhosgradus gra-' diim conftitueratSdentia> vigiliis, * ac laboribus . Patavii » ac Perufii publicus Legis Interpres Stirpem illuflravit. Fato cedit mdlxxi 1 1 ., cujus mortem lacrymis profecutus Gregorius XIIL ' lie ad Patres alloa cutus eft; amifimus virum doftifli^ mum , & integerrimum . MARCUS ANTONIUS, Juris Do6lor prseclarus Perufii publice Legem expJanavjt : Ad Vticenfem Epifeopatum evedus , femper pro- fiiit prudent ia, . Ex FamiUd OttavJafif • P AULUS , Domlnicani emtus peculiare Lumen : Pietate , & regular! obfervantia laudabilis , Sa^, picntld nuiii Tecundus appariiit : E 5 P/«? Digitized by Google jjoS' Ex FMUh Otta^jhnl . Plus quagiquadraginta anni||(*erii- -.fir lnquiritor , &enignitate » rimul- qtieijuftitia OTimtus extitit uObjic die XV II. Eteeembris i y, C^lis , ut pie putamus > pcrpetud vi^aws; . . '■'r'v Fckwli^ dsllct peftifAi > ^ GOLli^OS y Legifta mfi- g»is Paiti**- <fecus naflus ^ eft, praelo'dato voluimne Kerp^ftanum .Fldrujt feculo xv. FRANCISCUS , Kroirj® Audi- • Dfecifiones pubjicd eOmmodo - ^fefcripfit ; Familiarum Eu^p« vo* ' lumen compafiiit . BENEDI€TUS, » Jiiff laudan- ^dus> atl Paeticainfigniori Jure ali» 'profult i carmine proprid nobilf > genib indulfit : De Etnailci^tis ad Fidei Cbmmifta 'volumen cdidit ViJoe 4 1 1 iv - • , , , ''' •• '■ ' . ’ f A* £x Digiti2ed by C^i G pqftpc annis ' Perufii pubiicc docuit : Ctemens - y 1 1;.- Pautifi^x univerraiis Via-- brig caufas ad Guliclnium Perunurn - trafmrfit , aliqua iq jur^ edidit pu- blico bono'., - - B ALt>U$ f- nooriiw, ac J uri? . ritia alter Perufmus Baldusr. P loru:it^MCDi.xx 1 1 .» Tra^at us pluh lei^de jure corqpofuGt * . • ANGELUS Senior , Advoeatiii ^CJonciftofialis Roman® illuxijf Au*. I«; Patayii, P^ertifu Leges explana*. .\it ; Philofop^hia.etii^'elar^ f ^ .pJura^ edidit^jpublico coitimpdof Objit. M<:i>vn».. ,',.ac fe^Iitur ill Tempi o ServorumB. Yirgiiiis orb-^, Ijium mqerpre .. , ^ , ^ AN GELUS Junror> iaParnalTo illuildSj plura metro cecinit>& £ 6 the- Digitized r ' • . ‘ip8 Ex F ami It a Perl^Ji . thedralisCanoniciis honcftrs mori- bus enituit. Floruit.MDCxxxvu,, •» _ « * Ex Familia Perotu . ‘ ‘ N icola VS , Oxaton® fpfen- - didum fydus, carminibus per- cekbns , linguls variis peritirs, Fi- derici III Itrtperatoris Confiliaritisv Archiepifcopus Sipoutinus renun- _ , Ciatus efl a Pio H. Pontifice Opti- mo. Legatus apud Principes inte- ^ritate » prudcntia enituit . Conci- lio Ferrarenfi^ac Florentino adfuit^ plura exaravit , plura edidit , pr®- cipue deLiteris humanis . Floruit initio feculi xv. TORQUATUS , Urbani VIII. Ciibiciilarius , Epifcopus Amert- ' nus, humunioribiis litcris , ac Poe- ■fi excelluit ; Pr®lo tradidit carmU m 1 Epiftolas j telle Bonciarioj lau- dabiles . JOANNES MARIA, ®tate no- •lira Cathedralis Theologus, & pu- bllcus Canonutn liuerpres 9 facra - Seri- Digitizcci by Google E:i F aril iUh Perottl 1 09 ' ScripfurcB ie^tione profe6l6 com-’ ’ mendabilis depredicatur . Ex Emilia Podiani I M arius » Poefi » ac Oratorio illuRrfs ^Scientrarum, ac po- litiorum Literarum zelo Augufl® Bibliotheca jecit fundairicnca volu- minibiis earn ditans . Plura erudite ilripfit , metro plura compofuit % - Patrkm pubiice laudavit : 'Dies claudiC MDXXXix. ■ ■ PROSPER , Eruditorum maxi- mus,' inter Perufinps Marii veftigia prolcquens Bibliothcc® Auguftas Inftitutor dignorritut ; Incredibile opinatiir folum Civem tam copiofa, ac varia emifTe voiumina , propria defpiciens comriioda pro publico _bono. Moritiir mdcxv. Aflidub ta- menvivit in Bibliothecae Budioiifi Cultoribus . - HORaTIVS , fere alter Cicero ad Principes peroravit,eruditaB Po- fteritatis, ac Stirpis encomio . Digitized by Google 1 1'o Ek Fttwtilii P^'OUi • ■ LVCAS ALBERTVS.vit ma.- - cnl nominis , nam RethoricS , Ma- rtematlcS , PhilofophiS , Med.cinS folerter commendatur : De Pefte.S: Febtibus ,& de Oculorum Nature Traftatusedidit.Sc HyppocratisitJ patrioLycso fuit Interpres .• FRANCISCVS, inComtBdns exarandis jacundus, prssclarus;- has evuloavit coronjuni laetitias , atque Utilitati .. Eps Fam}U^ Fuccidi • M AVR'VS . inter Oliveti Ve- nerabiles recenfitus , Sacris ■ literis addiaus. devota exaravit volumina . Moral! Theologia ira- butus plurium Monialium Aicete- «!orum Perufii Magifter extltit . Moritir MiKB. Sanaitatis opmio^v & ■. J : > Ill Ex FarnlUh Faulucci • J OANNES ^4ARIAs Orduiis Frasdicatorum Doftar', Theo- j iogi^ claruit: Hiftoriis.- etiam excel- iuit P ofterorum cpmmodo ; Amiii* li j quo B. Virgo defponfata Tuit> hiftoriam edidit'. Fioruit MDC. JOANNES BAPTISTA , Con. . gregationis Cappuccinorum Coii- cionator » Sacra? Oratorias decus praenotatur i. Poefi addiftus plura cecinit carmina , Studiorum ferio. rum obJeftamenta * . ' . / ASCANIVS* Poeta non vulga- ris aliqua poetica iropreflit , eruditf ejus Mufje teftimonium: Floruit fe- culo XVI, , ^ ^ CONSTANTIVS, Cathedra- lis Archidiaconus , politioribus Li- n teris addiaus, grasco, & latino eloJ quio excelluit : Latino jdiomatc I cvulgavit Epiftoias s fupremumYu- 1 bitdiem Jtocxxiix. ANGELVSi Abbas Olivetanus ! variariim notitia /cientiarum Pa- i tri* t ! I Digitized by Google 1 1 2 Ex Familih PciuJucci . tri® decws acerevit . FVLVIVS , Pauli, V. , Grego- rii Xlll. Cubiciilariirs, fapientia il- luftris : Hdmanioribus literis dedi- tus Epiftolas exaravit ^ ac ad do- fturn virtim Lauriim iiiLfit » cjua. cvuIgataePofterofum eniditio funU Fioniit feculo XVI.- , e. • Ex Earning Fatrlz ] . t * • *“■ V INCENTIVS , HumanionV ■ bus Literis dedJtus > has f€- diiib adamavit : Protonotarius Apoftolicus Patriae illuxit : Publi- co commodo Laurctaiiani hidoriant texuit ; LVCAS ALBERTVS, Epirco^ pus Perufinus Coiicionatoria iilu-< ftrls, qiia pluries faum Gregem pa- vit ;.Templum»- Francifco a Pau-^ la facrum, magnificum profe^ib ex- tufit ; Plures ferfnones confcripfit* Eruditis gratos : Floriut in fine fe- culixvii,.-. Ex Digitized 1" 1 1 ? Ex Famine PelUni l P O M P £ V S j Hiftoriis clams peculiar! ftudio patriam Hifto- riam fideJiter texuit tribus voiumi* Jiibus contentamiDies duxit Anno ‘ Mdc. - . Ex Famillh PafcoU , A lexander, inVrbe pu» bi icus Romany Sapient!^ Do* ftor : Traftatum de Febribiis edi« dit, & alia evulgavit : Adhuc fu- perftes eft . . . Ex FarniUh Puzi . P ETRVS , Matbematica 9 PhiV iofophia, AftrologiS celebran- dus , publicc has facultates docuit omnium incremento , Opus Oro- fcQpale typisdedit# Farmlla^ Pertnhl • P ETR VS » tali a Natiira indi-' tus metro , ut per horas inte- gras improvifo caneret : Carmi- ba ejus Principibus ,-Vrbano VlII. Poetse cejebri grata fuere • Ex Faratlih Foftf I / L VDOVICVS,Legum Doftor; Piceni Praetor , plus comitate, quam feverls X»®g.Ibus rex it: Typi’s donavit, Opiijf' (!©■ .MaiiuteDe.iidS An.MDCivj^ - Ex Fcmtlth Pantoccf^ H IPPOLYTVS , fummi no- minisJDratar, Minorita pro- feffione : Pliiribus (bientiis inten- tus , labqris lletit prodigium: Poe- ta , & Aftronomus inftgnis » poji- tioribiis literis etiam excelluit ; De Ailroiiomia Traflatum evulgavit • Digitized by ;I/5 E»6 Famish Porta foie • A ngel VS , Dominican] Ordi- nis Theoiogus commendan-- dus , Concionatoria egregius , pie- tat«, Sczelo infignior: Poenit€iv. tiarius Poatificis EpiTcopus fa,, lutatus multum fuo Gregi profuit: ReguJas Tertiario fuo Ord/ni fcri- pfit » & beatus habitus morltur Mcccxxxiv.Corpus quiefcit in fuQ Templo Perulii . . ' Fx FamiUa Pahitari . V 'INCENTIVS , ^Eruditione laudabiiis ; Metro , & fc^u- ta Oratione excellens, fcripfit Ora- {ioaes plures ; Epigrammata ^r«Io tradidit • Objic MDCVC* Px FamlUh Pilot ci . R OCCVS , humanioribus lite-' ris deditiis ^ pro Pofterorum ' ' com- ji6 Ex FdmtU^'PilofCi » commodo Methodum etrufcae elo^ cutionis compofuit • Ex Famm Plat! . 0 O CTAVIANVS, Philofophus ' commendabiIis>Medicina 5 pu- blicus Doftorj Perufinas Academias cx inftitutoribus unus . Infenfato- rum Hiftoriam compofuit, fu« Sa- pientise fertuni . Floruit mdxc* Ex Familfd Provedalt ^ , V INCENTIVS, multisaddi.’ 6 lus fcientns,plures infcien- tiis inftruxit : De Donis Beat® iVirgiiiis egit , ac Tra 6 latum edidit ><Dxxxvi. Huic plura intexuitacl xPofterorum profe 6 lum . CogtJornhts Expfirtei . P AVLVS , profeflione Minon- ta, in fcculo Canonifta exccl- Icns , Gvmualii patrii fuit Do^ori ' Sa- Cognomlnh E Xpert es I iiy Sapientia divina. imbutus mt>lior evafit . Floruit (eculo xiv. PHILIPPVS , Scraphicus Mi- ^ HOrita, Nicolao III. Pontifici gra- tus 9 Sapientia eruditoOrbi gratif- fimus 9 imm6 Ordini fuo , cujus Hiftoriam texuit . Floruit feculo XIII. PHILIPPVS alter, Conveiitua- ~ liSfVirtutibus^acTheologia claruSt Cosnobium Neapolitanum S. Ma- ricE Apparente extruxit . Objit MDCXX. PL ACID VS 9. Theologia com- •mendabilis | ac Procuratoris Olive- tanoruni Generalis dignitate iilu- ftris. Ex FamtliH ^^ttropattf* S IMEON , Advocatus Concl- ftorialis 9 Legum , prcEcel- lens Doftor : ConAantrenfi Coucilio interfuit ad Catholics' - Ec- Digitized by Google i i 8 Esc F-amillh ^mttrdpdnt. Ecclcfiae profe6lus : A/iqiia de Jure confcripfit ; dies tluxit feculo X'lv. Ex FamiUa Ranhri . S PASCHALIS II. , Penifii filius t uti ab aliquibus ad- A. notatur , ex cojtu Benedi- (5iino, zelo, Sapientia, pietate con- fpicuus : Clericos Gallos ad Perfe- ^ion^m traduxit: Concilia celebra- vit, carceres fub/linuit pro Catho- lieae Ecclefias commodo : Diem fiH premuiti objit Mcciixx.,at ejus me- moria nuiiquam excidct .• RAINERIVS Senior, Legibus, flc Eloquentia illuftris : Hiftoriam unius fafti folerter defcriplit in Cojiiobio S.Petri Pcrufii : S. Petro Dainiano , Benedi6tIno , undequa- qiie perft6Io , familiaris -extitit , quod^ejiis pictatem inmiit . RAINERIVS -Junior , Juris Confultus celebratiflinius : Aiiqua in Digitized by Google Esc Familth Rant erf . 119 •injure compofuit , ac pr«Io tradi- dit Pofterorum commodo; Floruit feculo XV. BARTOLVS , nomine , & la- ' pientia rScripfit multa Confiliaiac fere Legum Principem aequavit. Esc F ami lih RoJJt . G ASPAR , Celebris Juris Con- fultiis evulgavit Opusde Be- neficiorum Refervatione : Orator magnificus pro Provincia Itali® Conciiio Conftantienfi interfuit : Aliud Opus de Confillls prcelo tra- didit . - LEMMIVS, Mathematicus lau- dabilis , Sc in Patrio Lyc»o hujus P Facultatis explanator ;* Evulgavit. " Sifiema muficum 9 modum obfer- vandi line inftrumento Cometas : Floruit MDCLX. '• MARCVS, injure peritillimiis, apud Aiiconitanos Conllitutiones pro iplis edidit , magnum Contro- verfillis rublidium . Ex Digitized by Google azo ' Ex FcimiUh Ridolfiai • R AINALDVS , Jurifprudentia inclytiis , Oratoria (imulque Pdetica laudandus : Docuit in pa- trio Gymnafio » & difcipulos ma* gni noininis , etiam S. K. E. Cardi- iiales > habuit ; InminoribiisC/e- mentem Vni. , & Paulum V. Au- ditores confpexit : In foliita Ora- tione , fimiilque Po^fi multa praeio dedit : Objit MDC. Ex F ami Ha Roffitii . T homas , Minomm Obfer- vantias Collega, facra Orato- ria » & Theologia fuit admodum commendabilis: Paradoxa Condo, natoria praelo concelTit Mottiii* ^x FaraiUh RaJidH . J OANNES BAPTISTA,Ma. thematica , ^ Medicinu com- mendandus : Politioribus Litcris ornatu^ Digitized by Googic " ^ y.(n na fi d, M ed Lea n» d bcu i iqma* ^ ' <e laHnq Epiftplas edidit , pfofe- 6ld Auguft;t Schol« Ofiiameiitum JsiDLXXlIX. . . j. f ' £x FamilU RufeeV^ lERONYMUS Pr^ r ‘TlERONYMUS.^VPr«fid€i^ i 1 <j^eneraJ 0 B Cafli^seafiiiin.'" -/j denter rexit r Pfiilofophia , Th.eo^ . - ""i logia., flc AftroJogid laudabilfs 5 .Vi ^Comiiicndam Saii6li Spiricus Ro^^ Tj mx , direaionem Florentini Hofpi.-' i J tails, libens refpuLt ; plura de Ma- - . - 1 thematLe^ partibus fcriplk. Flo--’ | luit fticiito XVI*' * ‘ \ ' ' ! " ' ' ■ - ■ '! * ■ * ■ : i Ex FamiUa Rob^rti n >! '* • j ' -^1 H IERONYMUSjConvent.iw- , ^ lium Theo/dgus iiluftris.', Ipfe Scqtus iIH plaulit cum publi- ce Periifii 4ocjeret t ’Aftrononiiam F omni Digitized by Google 122 Ex fdwUWRoberti dmttibus fubtiliterexpofult 5 pr«- lo dedit formalitates de Eate.Senex (iiprcfniini claudit diem pictatc, commendabilis . \ ' ‘ •* Es FamiU^ RaftdoU • ' 1 A SCANIVS , injure peritus,' -C^irdiiialis Valerii ppifeopi iVcconenfis Vicarius Generali’s pic- tate,, ac fapientia Gregi Catholico prof ,it ; Muita fcrlpfit de Re Sa- cra , aeSanftis , fibi ipfi d^cus . ^ ‘E?c FarniUh RainMi » A ’ SCANIUS r,magni nominls Legifta : Perufii publicedo- cuit : Plorentias » Romse Auditor , prudenter, ac fcientifice rexitj Elo qiiential confpicuus , fortiter pero. lavit i plura injure compofuit, fue fapientix fruftus . 4 EftFamilf^ Roix^nii . F E I' I X » Cfleriobii ' Perufini • Alumaiis , Generali’s Conven- tualiuni S. Francilci i^xxvii. re- nunciatus Rom$ Aii.mdcvc;* majo- res adepcus eft plaufus Theologiam ‘ doce'ns m publico Patavii Lycsco annis x x x vi r. Evulgavit Sacras poeticas Lucubratlones « Enchiri- dion Rethoricorum > & Diale^i. * cum 9 Genealogiam Gentis Corne- ll® Veiiet®. Objit.Patavii mdccu. ♦ £'x F ami li a Ricci • ' • I C ONSTANTIVS , Eloquen- .tia laudabilis ; Mufis pergra- tus multa Italo metro conferipfit j Librufn Bononi® edidit $ cui Titu^- lus ; La Mafcfjera Trionfante • Flo- ruit MoexL, . - ’ F ^ Ex Digitized by Google , Efc FdmiU^ RoJ^lU n O^or ROSELlbl , S. Mafi» Populi Ppriifii Parocliys vi- gllans,«tatc noft'ra; Rethorica? pr^-s : ^ Ceptis ^Tnbutus>loi>go teippore hssc ^ tradidit.in auguilo Gymftafio.Pa ‘‘ ^<6CQr€ , ac*^oiiini&d6 » ^ •a. ' Esc Famine Rtpa y C i^SAR , S. Mauntii iiq«€S , EfUaitibne Jlluftris., antiqua- - riws px^mjus : Imaginum antiqua- ^ ' ' rum CrofKxlog ias. ed Idit I c. jnfj^ Jcieiitificojs Hcroas ip^c collo- candiis , -ficut Iconalqgiam » opus, . OratoribuSjCoqpjpnatioribus, Poe-^ > " ' tis', Piaoribus ,, Sculptoribus uti- > - • - ' 1 - Ex altera FamVui Rita . _ , ^ ‘ V ♦ • ■ ' ■ ■* J OSEPt^> MARIA vMInprita .Tlieolog.uscommendabiliSjPriu- ' ** „ cipibjbW gTatus,SJS.SfpuIchri Hiero- -9 ' • . fo- --.ii «r>faL^ Ex aheYa Faynilia Rt,pct l 12^' foJymitain ^uftos yigilans , foJer- ^ ter imperavit , toti Ordini impera* turus » nJ Mors Invida fexagena- rium>rapuiflret , I’lnprovifQ cprre*' • ptum accidenti m Cgnobio Monti* Perufino A n.Aipccxx 1 1 1 , — • N i, . Ex FiipiJiiSfgxoreJfi^^^ > G UIDVS, Minolum Obfe«\ . vantiae Ciauflralfe^ Tbeo- Jogii darns , Matbenia ti* illuftris . Mdraii profedb inftrii- 6lus 9 de.eo gloriatur magnus Bar* tolus , €u}uS in fpirltu prasc^eptor extitit : Circa &cultates aliqiia compofurt, Eruditis gr^ta, utHia LEANDERjMartis, Muiahii^^ CuItpjCf X^eoni X. Pontifici grattis, qui ejus^ carpiinibus ^admodm# deieflabatur ; Ab Ale^^ndro VI.' in exiftiinatione habitus , qui eiim tranfmirit ad'Turcarum fras- iwndos iinpctua; FJorentiie bl&^i'iiccK - F j, ^\i6, Bx- FaYniMStgftOfdlL ‘ -Turn to.imentorum Pt«&6iui» ani- ;\ini 4lr«nuitatem ofteiidit 1 Mathe- jnaticus. Iai$dandus * etiam nunc dc-^ i. fideratiir. - BitBcmHikSenJljr >- • I . . • Juris Do i>4t|io ^^yeflea , Philofoplius ; Kurfics Priefc- Patria ad Pnii- • cipiesL'^ ra jiifmi tlSu^-Paulus. ULejugt OratidLitibus'^plaufi -qua?: edid i r Aliqua Ju^j^p^lo-dedit ; Mori tut MULXXiigiC^ - ' . ' B£KNARDmVS f, AftreTidl miis celeber i. Dc Ccfeiis ,. & Aftris; - iriulta confcrlpfit M'nc.prQpEii i i\ge-? nii mbnurnentum . f ' GUIDVSv# idlomate etruicb- , ac JErUditionC’ccnfpicTtius ; Literaruni voluipina » ac plu'ia alia ^xaravit . Poiletorum cominbdo ; ‘ ; £:c i» ■ > Digitizccrby Googic;, Ex Tamili h Scmt ,, X SCANIU$ .Juris (iiviirs'Do^ 4\ £i:or» Perufii Legafia dogma* -ta explauavic : In Coniuibricen^ Academic eriidrtc inllruxit. A’ Lu« fitano RegeEques renunclatus^hoc ejus Doftrin® extit j*,t teitjiaoliy ^ Gr®cis lite^ls exornsiS^ii^^a^tbfm foiUiitx Vir profeft^Jeii^peil^u^ dandus.t Peruiu D Oftor Me BARt6LU.edef .dignoicititf ifed niajori .titulo ejus Sapiential ftaeres, ^ fer& alfi- nisyBartolietiafr^ enepmia i PluraTcrlpfit confilia,, qute omni- bus utilia y in omnium iaude perfej verant . , . ' • ^ -iff* >2,8 Ex "Eamillh Sotil* \ •■ r^' r I. 'V ■’t * ’ ^ MLJ F ranciscvs gherivs . Epifcppus Cervi®,in Perufiao Gyinnafib Juns peritus , zelo im- peravit » fapientiS docuit : praelb dedit Indicem Tribunaliiim ad Pp- fterorum documentum . ^ JOANNES PAVLVS , Mufa-* >um Cultor? politiorum Lit'erarum PraBceptor : Maximum Jo: PauU ornamentum' gloria Bonciarium Difcipiilum; habuiffe efformaflc fya folertlfi*: Carmina aliqua fcri- pfit all Literae Kumariiores pftecu ejus deciis * ' ‘ " ■f 4 Ex VarntUa Saht . S "' ALVVS, Canonic^ clariiSjEpI-^ \ fcopus Pertifinus , prudentia % zelo commendabiiis . Ante S. Ray- tnunduni Deere tales collegrt ; Gre- gorrirm IX. comitante Perufiuo Se- natu excepit ^ eoiuit : £’ vita cef- - ' .fit > i. , <'»; ^ 4 DK)i'tf iL.i?' Ex FaraUla , 129 fit Mccvit. , feii poti^ts Auguftiirn. fydus occidit • LAVRENTIYS, PrlmiisOIiV vetanoruni' cKipliciter Moderator : Humant , & Diviiia Sapientm iiit. ' but us morura moderatione iUuxit : Agrorum menfuris iio.titiS»ac fcien- - tiaenkuit . Objk mdcxv. Probo- riim, Sapientu«i‘mo|rpre, etf^o^o^** genarfus . ^ HORAnt/S , Litcrii ^itip* ribus peVitiflimus ; Poeta illuftws cecipi^ lingua etrufca , - & . cantus edidit , proprisB Mufje encomia • ' ‘ 41 Ex Pamilih Salvucet i •ft ^ I M ARCVS ANTOKIVS,gtt. CIS , ac latinis I/teris prJBela*^ rus > Bonciarlo Magiftro nomine > & fcieiitia perfimiirs. Mufarum cuU^. tor, Idylium rexturmBoriciarii ' Tub ejus tJtulo edidit ; varia prselo de« » (St , & mdfs trigenarujm nobis ra>-; ' puit Eruditorum lacr-YinLS < • - PA V tvs, Regis Sicilia Biblid^r *i . F S • tlie- n '•4 ^ ■ V. 1 36 Ex FamlUh Sahuccu thecarius , Statutoriim Pcrufiuo- riim priidens IiiflitutoriAdoJefceris Virorum Aiigufta:. extulit facino- ra : Boccacci encomia meruit ,, qui fa tetur ex Phiiologia , ^ Tropo- logiii Pauli cognitiones pro. Deo- rum Geoealogia fumpfiffe Juris, etiam, illufl^s Doctor Perufino in LyciiBo eni tuit. FI omit feculo x 1 v.. IIVRIN.VS. , Theologia Moral! prJBceliuit PhilofophiS illuxit Humana rum: Literatum: Amator ,/ Academic. Iiifenfatorum. uiuis Fundatoribus. coiitur *, veneratur . Scripdt de PhiJofophia » Specula-. tionibns acriter iiiteutuS . . ' Ex F'nmilfh: Saccitcci. * \ . C OMES , faiie infignis Leg'ifta: PhilofopfMa ill uliriSi pruden- ^ tia comrhendabilis. PrJetoc Medio- lanum iiiciy tarn , & pet antiquam Urbem rexit MCDX. Piura injure fcriplit Turreiiie ornameato # - AL- Ex Famine Saccucti . 13 1\ ALPHONSYS» Canonicoruru S. Salvatoris Procurator Generalis,' Aulac Reman® illuxlt , proprr®i & • nobili fu® Congregationi profuit: Eioquentia clariflimus edidit Di* feeptationem > cui Titulus , Lenta confultandiFeftinatia MDcma.cuifi Eriiditorum Faude v qpNSTANTIVS , Pr®pofituS 'GeneraJis Barnabitarum r Sc Theo« Jogus illullris. : Erudite docuit* be- nigne gubetnaVit , de qua adhuc obfequens apud fuos. memoria vi- get : Vienn® ftia Collegia perluftrans. Floruit feculaxvii. . Ex Fa miifd Scar a muccia, % A LOYSIVS ^ Pcnicilla cele* bris , calamq comraendabilis: Typis couceflit 0*pus h Finezz^ del Pennollo ,^ficut yiventibus utiV le , fic Pbfteris proficuum . Floruit MDctxxiv, F 6 Digitized by Google 31 J* Esc FatmiUh SvK^trf A t^GELVS , faiic innocently t & fapientj^ Angelas , elatus .ad Minoruni Generalatum mcdl. rotlfts virtutum exempio 9 qu^ni fciperlo gubernavit : PcenitentiS aufterus I ejus Innpcentice illaCii- ftos fuic : Inqulfitor S. Offic|i_to- tiiis VmbriaB , St Theologus infi- gnis Commcntaria ii\ quart*. Libc. Sententjarum compofuit;’ CqntFft Graecos Flor0tino ConcUio Inter-* '/ait , & a .S* Antonina Vi? magnar Sclentis di6tus : CardinaUs ab £li«* genio IV» defignatus erat 9 ni Pe- tnortalcs depofiiiiTet exuvias accDLHi. 9 fepelitur ibi in Tempi© , ^nventualium . ' . " ^ ^ , Eic PamHh Setts » . ; A NSELMVS 9: Servortrm Bet- t® Virgiiijjs ProvMicialis 9 Theologia , Cgncioiiatoria# A ftro- logia enitult ; iScri^(j[tvC©Binienta> % _ r* V ExFamiUhSQttll’ jgj m Philofophias » & Theologlte ; piura Concionuni volumina exara- vic , ac metricis notis illuftris extU tit 5 gloriofos claudit diesMDCi i Epi Familii S eraphini^ * M ICHAEJL ANGELySTi AIh bas OiivetanU;S' ,*facrarum 1-iteFamin Qriiamentiim. Vicarius, ac Pro^rator Gcneraiis Congre- gatfonis annis noveki fahitatuf Vrbi , ^Congregation! enituit pru- dently, & regimine i AlonaHicae au^ ftcritatis Icon , folitudinls amatof Epifbopatum fefpuit : Fato cedic ilDCViii. / Ex Familia Sahhatinii ; " C arolus i plurium fcientiai rum notitiS confpicuus ; Hu- nianloribus iiteris ,* &,Poefi inten- ■tns varia edidifvotujniha i Tcripfit Epilcpporum SecretariuitiiThetau, ruin Lingtfssilebracas , ficut Con- i' . . cor. Ex t^amiUa Sabbat tni % cordia^n Philofopborum cum Me- dicis;prcxbiis,& prudens fupremiim diem claudit proborum lacrymis : Floruit feculo VII* ^ ^ ' Ex Famine SaJJt * - M ‘ C HRISTOPHORUS , Patrli Lyc®tRe£tor annisL quadra- gnua, maximo difcipuloruni frii* 6 lu . Oratoria commendandus , de bac pliira edidit volumina . Objit MDX* • ‘ f ' ^ ^ Ex Famtlih Sever/ •. M ARCVS ANTONIVS, Fifi mi publicus Legum Do^orj politioribus- literis celebrior » no- minis famam adeptus eft: De Legi- bus Traftatum exaravit , Eiuditis, gratuoi.. Ex FamtUk Sinejt * M ARCVS ANTONIYS,Boii. ciiirii celebci&DiTcipuIusiefus encorai* capUvit y Mufis. gratus carmiiii ceciniti typii coiiceflit E- piflolas ad Prwceptorem, Fioruit iuJtiQ feculixvi K ExFamUlk Saccbt ,• . ’ V INCENTIVS' , Erudi'tione Eloquent/a ilJuftiis 5 Poeft addiftus. ParnalTi ampliavit tlecus ; Varia coiLfcrjpfi.t OpufcUla folutai & vin 6 l^ oratione . Floruit initia feculixvii^ . Ex Fanrilik Saccbini N SACCHINIJefuita.Hifto^ rictis, ) plus , ac , Commentaria Ph ilofophJ^sQcTheom logix fcripfit , & de Modo fluden*^ di traftavit 5 Priidentia imbutus Secretarius. Societatis Jefu renun- 4 1 - EfiC Famirih Saccblni . - »■ tus eft . jMoritur mDcxxv* > ExFamiUh Sellari • 'iT G REGb.Ord.Pr^.jqurR om® Indlcis Sccretamis bis mille Articulos fecondiim D, Thomairt defeiiid'ji ; poftea Sacri Apoftotici ’ Palatii Magifter fub Clemente XI.» ^ innocentio XIII. , Benedifto XIII* TJieolegia , ac fep'tem Tomis fupra 1 , BulfamViiigenitus editis comtnei> 5 tandeiij ^^Benedi^lo XIII* ^ ad ^^ardinalitiaip Dignitaten^ An: KR>ccxxii«. ^ aiini dim dimidi^ deetfrftira abjit , fed non objit f^rc crfloge^iarm^ 'V V - •^v' 'Ex FatfilJia S^rrigbi * - .. s ' v. Ik • _ HQMAS, Ppeta.cieleber , Lt- teriS' Hiimanioribus clartrs «^ Andreaifi* V^tetfauus encomU^^ iUi ^arttdit > ; :■ - StC •*. b - 4 *• ^ X.t i i. Ex - a « A 137 Ek Pamflth Salvator I * ; v INCENTIUS, DoaorMe* dicce Facultatis in .Patrio Gymnaflo , quam' erudite docuit » & laudabiliter exercuit.Objit pluf- quam feptiiagenarius feculb xv 1 1 ly JOANNES BAPTISTA , pr«- di6ti Nepos ; etiam Medicam cultatem in Vnlverfitate Pertjfi-. na expianavit .. Solutiones- ad ^ibnes Simpliciiim inultas exarjf-" vit , Eruditis pergraUS 9 Quii>qw^- S ' TROMAT.IUS' # ante Dan- ) /tepi , ^ Petr.aRG%aqjfctal^ metri > Au ft oFr A’ sP^rarcbl ^ toJIitur , Pertrfii deeoie ii' ; • * ■' STEPHAN^ViCalilinalkil ^jDignitate , politiori- bus'literis aft illiiftridr:; typis cbi^s- ceflit Conftitutfones pfiireSjac pl.u* ^ res Epiftblas > Rara prudeiitw im- butuS: . jft- ri 3 B Co^nomintt ^ Xpert es . butus PeruficB ^ htete Pontifici* Legacus Patrias fedavitrixas^Objit MCChlV* ' Ex Famillh Tokma$ • S CIPIO i Vir Eruditjonc.con* fpicuus :Cardina(js Montal- ti ^ qui ported fuit Xiftus V. Pontifex , Secretarius , Epiftolasr A’ernacul^ Jtngua edidit, iicut aiiud iVdlumen * cUi Titulus , il G$atdi^ po dff ren ipi . Objit mdcxxx , ExFamiUhTorrelli^ R osa TVS , ^mditiflimus Le* gift a rum ^ Poeta non vuJga- lis^ 5 pJura edidit carminibus cx- prcfla , pi Lira Jus continentia • Flo- ruit feculi XVI I * initio . ' ♦ Efi Famine Tsti * P L A C I b U S » Oltvctaiius , Aftronomia excelleus in Tici- . nenfi Academia Mathematicas pu- blicus Doftor i. plura evulgavit Eruditis grata i A’ Loredanorin- ter Sapieiues commendato , plaufi- bus extoliitur • Librum Dierum Decretoriorum > Phifiomathemati- ca ejus opus funt . Moritui: Papi« MDCXil ixx« Ex FimUta Ttomontfunci- J OANNES B APTiSTA , Cap: pucCinorum Seraphicus AIum-» nus , Poeta commendabii is ? abqua carmiiu compofuit B. Felici plau- dens » ejus Sanflkatcm evulga'vrt laudabili volumlne. Floruit initio feculixvir* - FR ANCISC VS, etiam ipfe car- ~ minibus illudris ,, prselo tradidit voluinen » cut titultis, Cma Sagra^ qusB animis levandis infervit * Ex Digitized by Googlc 140 Ex Famtlta Tortetti . . . F ABIUS 9 Celebris Juris Cori- fultus , in Florentina Repu- blica Rotae Auditor 9 prudens re- xit ^ juftus decr^vit ; tria fcripfrt Confiliorum volumina 9 unum pras- lo tradidit ; diem fupremum claudit IfpVC. Ex Fa rnt It a T irnot hei . A nton I- US , CanonicS, & Theologia pcritus , vitam Bartoli exaravit j Canonicae Lail-, celibtti notulas addidit , quas lo tradidit, Objit mdlxxxi v. TIMOTHEUS , Protonotarius Apoftolicus morali Theologia > 8 c Jure civili iliuftrisj de hoc plura evulgavit 9 ab ipfis incunabilis Sa- pientiac addiftus T Floruit feculi XV 1 2 . imtio • VamtUh Tanztni , 141 J ACOBUS* Regnf,Nea poll ta- rn* Confilianus, civili Jure pe- \ “ ' rltus » publicamad utilitatcm Con- riliorum volumcii compofnit , pro- priae Sapientiae aBternum moiiumeii* ♦ turn . Ex FamtUh ^ranquilH V INCENTIUS, Hi-ftor/a Eru. ditus , Penifii , Etrunre fa- fta enumeravjt : Civitatnm pcftes a mundi initio ad fua tempora pr§- ,* iotradidit* ac Tra^latum de Pe- fte * imraortairbus plaufibus di- gnus . " Ex FamlUa Tomacelll . B ENEDICTUS 9 Theologus Dominicanus i Concionator prasciarusjHaerefimi inre6lator,Fra- ticellorum rc6lam confutavit ; In quart. Libr. Sententiarum fcripfit, mul- Digitized by Google 142 Ex FamniaTomacellt ^ 'Hiultas Conciones exaravij , ac de Paupertate Tra 6 latum compofuic , Vir undequaque commendairdus • • Floruit feculo XI 1 1. Ex FamiUh TinmVt • J OANNES , -Medicin® .Profef^ for y PhiiofophiS laudabilis ; de hac plura typis coiiceflit , Litera- nim humanarum zelo percitus Aca- demiam Infenratbnim Perufinam '' partim inftituit bonorum plauli- bus , fui gtori^ • Ex Famine 7ofi • D Oaor TOSI, noftro Oratoria celebrandus ; lllu. ftriumPerufi norum Legiftarum AH. . fecla , nuiii recundus.fuit . Cdgnomtms Eicpertet ^ r HI ‘HOMASELLUS , Grd. Pr§.= \ dicatorum Alumnus, D.Tho- Aquinatis Difcipulus, qiio MS-, giftro Theologus magni noniinis - cnituici Gufmani fane , ac Turrenae fuigidum fydus . Floruit mccxvc# . ■ V. Ex FamtliiV&am , feii B ALDVS, Legum.Prmcepsri =magni Bartoli Difcipulus j • at Praeceptorem Doflrina- TUm varietate fuperavitj fic ini' Bat-^ -toJus p/aufit j Gymhafiucri eft va* cuum Baido^abftnte ^ iic€:t linde-, quaqUe refeftum : Bononiae, Pcru- li« » Fhorentiae, Patavii^demum-TiV cini regiidocuit , ubi- fepttiageiia- , rius mori^tiir mcd. Baldi hortatti ^ i ^ . Gregorius Xl. Pontifex , olim di Difcipulus , ex Av^enione Ko. , mam FoiUificiao) Sedem retulit I ta - T ^ ' I©**' Di-:!' /; J ' ^l< V *1^4 FamiUh'VMdh, 'loriim plaufu , !n Sciiifinate Vrba- VII. folerter ciim fru^lu pero*^ rav it , profe^b maximum Legum fydus. Ejus tumulus eft iuTempJo D. Franelfci Ticini , , FEDERICVS,, etfi Vbaldoxu^ ^ liltimus , ’ ratioiie dignitatis, hoc loco adaotetur . IirGivili Jure pe- ri tus , avkae Nobilitati gloriairi adauxit ; A’ Clemente X. , Opti- mo.Poatifice > Cardinalitia Digni- tate donatus » fere viginti annis ""earn tenuit Stirpis decore, Objit Kdclxxxxi. L “ALEXANDER, Baldi Imlfa- . *-A tus dotes , Jure civili enitui^ feri- pEcvolumina Rerponfox-unj , Con-. liliorum,.. Floruit feeiiTo xv. ANGELVS primus., perftclus Legum DofldtgJ-^atavii, Floreatias, Boaonia:, Perufi^ 1 varia Juris edi- ; “di tjfeVolujmnHjferc alter Baldus: Fa- '‘■""to'ceiTit. FiOfcntia feptuageparius xfe^^cbxxi 1 1 .; ' > angel, VS. fecundus', Civilis 'f k •' ^’uris Profeftor'' , afilduis iaXe-uHis. ^ ■ . labo- v» f-. •* .. r-i Oi^tized by G*oogIe • ExFarnlUhmaW.. '-> 4 ^ laboribus plura eyufgavit volurnf* na , fu® Sapient!® ornamenta • ANGELUS 4e??ius, \ Xifto IV. Advocatus Concidbrhlis cleans , a F ederico Ilf. ImperaCore Comes Palatinus falntatus eft'; Dcccm vo: lumfnt Rerponfonmi, Confiliorufif luci'commiiit , ficut Commentarii iiijus Jiiftinian! ; ’Qocuit pubiice Ferrari® ,'Perufi® , qu« ipfiim utt magnum Bakfum.-depredicant ; Pev' rufii moritur (enex mcdvi r ic. I FRANCISCUS Senior , magni* Baldi Genitor, Pbi/ofbphia pr®cia-' rus ; circa banc 'ftfcultatem pfura Icripfic ad Scientiam nancircen.'- dam mcitamenta li - > Baldi Films r;,imm6 perfeSi fllins' raago ; piibliefc Ticini PeruHi’ Qocuit j^Advocatus OonciftorMlis^ remmeiatus, Gregorii XU. uti Ma-' . gifter veiieratur ; al'iqua in Fa. re edidit , Floruit mcd; , FRANCISGVS alter . Cardi- nalis ampliffimusv. liberalibus difei-^ G ■ - , ; pj;. i 4^ Ex Fant! Sa V&aldi , . jplinis i ‘&.huniaxupribus Uteris ex- cellent , docuit Legem' ra Patrio . JLyc»o ; tanti ejus fententiae habi- ' ' to; , *ut Vrbanus VII.’ maximus fa- ne PontUex , iiias praelp tradiderit Juflltlas commodis,Obj»t’MDcxxvx« GALEATIVS » -aimis adole- . feens « Sapiential fheiitis maturus : PiCus , IP&riifii pubiicus Legum In- terpres , politlprlbus^ Jiteris excel* lensde AUpquiis utl Bondarii Dlfcipiiius* traflavit , & tria volu* inlna edidlt ; invkk immatii- xUm rapuij&;» ne Bajdum Prptppa^ rcnteni fuperaret;. . ‘ HIERONYMVS , OrdinlsSe- raphici d.e Obfervantla Alumnus . PifistPcfufli publite Philofoplmm tra^avlc t. Cpmmexitaria in Arifto- ■ lelem ex>mpofuit •; plurAalla Philo- foph ica/eripfi t|dj gnus V baldpr um JFilius • » ■ . . , JOANNES ?ENOBIVS ’ ximiis Legumlpterprcs ; PeriiUi »• Sc Papia; publicc docuit forum 9 & OonfiriPrum' voipjnea. feri- fcripfit ; Prudenti^ hnbucus t pltirium PHnc^pum Coitfiiiari^s vi*^i xit : Mbrffflir mcO. • \ . f M A TTH ^ V S', Sacra Rortwir©' Auditor t Epifcoptis Perufinu^ Movii 1.9 ad hos gradiis gradum fe« cit Jure civill , Ybaldorum Hare- ditate » i» qu^ profcftbi elaruit : ' Plurajuris ej^aravit 9 praslo tra- didit :'\loritur MDX. NICOLA VS> A . fus Sapientiamwcelcberjuns Cen^ fuitus e^iiiu Nuncius Ppntii^ciu^' ^ ad Ludovicum^Xl. Gatlorum Re- gem prudentid enituif ; Romana Rdta Auditor jttde jud/cavft ) ty- pis conceflTt Tra^atum de Succel^ iibnibus' ab inteftato *’ Fato ceflit MCDXVIC. , • ^ ' ' PETRVS' ScHior 9 Advacstua Concidorial is ftrb Mart i no ‘V.Pon- tifice 9 Canoiiico in’ Jure excel- ’ Jens fua Scirpi laudes a>iix)t , cujus Arborem folert^r efformavit; D« Jure Canonico utfira compiUiut . Floruit initio feculi XV, G 2 P£. jr'4^ Ex Familta Vl?;af(ii \ - / PETRVS Junior » Yjr non mi- nus integritate. , .quam Jure ex- cellens *, Per Antonomaiaim Doflor vocabatur : Iniperatori gratiis Pa- triae profuit 9 fcripfit injure Gano- iiico • -s . : , • ; PETRVS alter, calamo fimul , . & gladio illuftris In -patrio Gy m- laabo Canonum Interptes , in Bello fubjulio ll. Miranduiae Obftdiohi^ InterfuLt cI^us.Miles; Plura (cri- .pfit de Canoqijoo Jurp,.& aliqua^ ledidit. Qbjit^oLxxxii.- ^ • •X/ Ex EamUimmyic^S': $ \ T J ETRVS , PhilofpphiaceJeber^ >. . Medi^ina f rsB^^larus, Puiruum. Traftatiim fcripfit , fuse Artis ex- perimentum# ^ r - . TROILV'S , Medicina commen- dabijis , hujiis facuItatisPerufii In-* terpres extitit, Method.um meden- di propofuit, Adrio.tationes iqHip!; pocratetn , & Goienuinconfcriplit fuje Virtutis notain , . JENEAS Digitized Ijy CoDglc V ' Ex Eawlia VermlgHalt, 14^ ^NEAS » • magni nonw’nis Juris Confultus : Docuit in patrio Ly- CJeos 'Legum denominabatur Ima- go ; PoeG excellens , m^imani ca-] ptavit famam r evulgavit volumen ConGlioriinii& Rerponforum: Mo- rrturMDCVE/ JOANNES MARIA , Advoca-: tus Conciftorialis , 'in patrio Gym^ nafio Juris DoSor r ConGiioruni Civilium , & Criminalium volum&f^ compofirit publico* commodo . ' HIERONYMVS r'maxim® fa* mse Medicus r In Hippocratem , & Galenuin notas coitfcripGt ^ iliedi* , ’ cinales' qu»f|iones cjraravit , * Tur* • gloriw incremcat^^ ^ ^ J Digitized by Google r^o . * •••• ■ \ExPar(ulliVibt.‘ ' > -.1 ' . U GOX<INUS,Bene<ti£ljaus Mo- ^nP^nifmo Afaeterio .S.Petwt Ad J^ifcpp^tuRi 'P or nupi <iffun[>phtus Mnno Mcccxxxi. , piotate , &: ch-a- ikMopre^pm ^bernavit : InvCa- Po^or , frripfft'^iipFa Gna^ mni iBiwiediaiiii A^miiai irampfum P^cjrettuni . • * RAYN.PlljvS laDtc Bartolum Poiftpr pr^lo ^dit Xra- :^at^ai .d[€ l^p^c^bus^-aiia^phifa cifc^ JttSfipipppfyijt ijj^feisgarlQil , Juns Piiiacipis , .<ajcpmk>^ Vi^'t mth fgcMxvy; B A L L E O N' V S Advoca** tus Conciftonalis .Rom® > Sc Pe- f ufi« raagnus Legum DoSIof : Pe- culiati prudentift pr®ditus patrias fedavit rlxas: Pro Vmbria, ac Pe- ru fio ad Pontjfices Legatus » mult* obtinuitjDe Jure pJura cpmpofuit ; Oftogenariu5 ihorltur Mocxi. » * 5 Ex FamUta Vhchli • \ r INCIOL VS /variis Scjientii:^ [ appf ime £ri|ditQS;» TarUrum • quoque Lingwum notitia inftru* 'iftus , anti(}uitatuiii fuit Scrutatori/- Poeta noil' vtilgaris muita vin 6 l$ isiratione <coQfcripfit;Signaturfl^ Re^ fercndarius Clementi VIII. gratu5 9 foli'im publicsB iluduit Commodu tati ‘ . ' . •• HIACYNTHUS * Juris Inter- fjres commendabiliStin patno Gym** 'nafio publipe docetiPolitioruin Li- terarum > & Hifloriie amator zwftro ^vo typis tradidit Apologiam ptq iuS nobili » &y^ufta Stirpe; Cop- pettae PoetJB Perufini Celebris car-; - minat Jo; Angeli Guidareili Rethai^ ris Perufini, noftrS sitate q^fpicui* varia compilavit ., & publi’cae ' luci concept : Genuenfis Rotse Audi- tor » Doftrina » Juftitia, Prudently, r encomia communia adipircitur ^ C 4 o / • * ' -* *. ..-r' *• Digitized by Google 1^3 Ex F ami U a VegUa . P tTRVS-DIONYSlVS , cefc- ber Mathematicus » & Perufi- . m Lycaei fplendor » praelo trad/- dit Conipucuni Ecclebadicum , 8i CeometriamPrafticanr I ficut Tra* ftatum de Linea, refta *. Floruit ItOCXXII*,’ , . , . . ' Ex F araiIihVerducctdJi\ . ip E L.1 X y Protonotarius Ap«>- J? ilolicus, Hidoricus.clarus -nodochii Perttfini Hiftoriam texuH MDcLXXi I . Ingeuio maximo imbu- tus y foluta.y & ymfta oratipiie ^leliuit 3 plura de his Tciipfit ^ plura jedidiu. / . - V Ex " - ' Efi P(WiiUi v ^ ^ 0 ‘ , . ' ‘ ' S ^ . 'H i , , • ^ . I- - ‘ •>>v .' * . t %• V N N'l B A 1. 1 tVI fe**®'' ’ fcidiTtiiS orh^tus/'i : tI^' crrituit ,** ficuti piet^te V utP'fecejPr^.^ r ilTirxit 5 plura/prCBlcrcdncefflK ' iibcixxxvii; HiftoritfM PeruilaftjEQ, ■ compoflii t ► • ‘ N ^ " -' "• " , ^ * • V P" ■ . ■.^. ■'" - '*1 .• \ *^V- ,> . >4-' . Ex' ‘ -iT -A' r ■ jf- ■'V'BO VlGVS f Wfdici# C9i^ , nieiidabili'? j cS^rminira brna"- mentrs tlaTUs ,' plura conTbripfil^i Phllofopbl^, Medicin-a imbutus,"i» ^ ^ marbbjj hac'^uti^'ur'Patrise fplbti^bw : re -j, ac commodit y ru«( 5 pie Sapier^ ,», V. -N .'.v> V‘>' ' . v ■ • * '-"S •‘■^.'^ ‘ ■ " • ' PPogmiffi^nh'Exprtn > ■' f,- ^ Vi ' ' X,' 7 GpCfi^IONi;® Epiicopi» J ' Sutriniis , Seraphicus Aiunt- nus' y^Flonut leGuIo xi.v. Theplo- gus magnl noittihiV^ plura de hac $cientia compofrdt : GoiiciQnatorl- ; \ ..V G' S. ‘ ■ - ■ I >■1 1 -- Digitized by Google i ^ I - 1,54 ‘ Co^tiomhh Expertes bus Prxceptor , in Scripturi *' plura adnotavit , prop.ris , & alio- r,^m Faros proficuus • ^ . ; • VAi^ENTINUS > Dominicani C^tus T^eojc^Ufi iliuflris « quo giQriatur.,.uti Pragc£ptiprie» ma^fius ' de Vio Cajetanus i fcri?* pfit in AriiloteliS MetaphyOcain^ Vir profefl6 memoria di^nus, quia - Thcologprum fydu$ . . . Ultimo loco iiftac , qoia meriti$ , Prater me us PHILIP** jp.VS , Philofophis V ac Po6ibpr Co^egi'a4is : Txiginta an* l^pr^m /patio in Patrip Gyi^naFio Hfpppcratem interprstatus efl • ' $imp|icium Lector multas Prohff- pones propofuit non folium mats* rta , fed & iatino idiomate'non rpernendas • Longo tempore vi* vat , ut roagis fe fcientiis inflruat » ' ^ Pafris cpmniodis yivat . * ' : ■ ' •- .* , -..44 peo Optimo ) Fini Ultimo* , • . -Laus • •f ' - I •’ * , * ^ ' I a *• » » 4 t. ' ■ . , , ALL ■ ' . r 1 Digi^i'Od by jC^odgk JJS A L 1 Q_U 1 Ex Olii>eta»ls PitW-t lUufires.^y' Quorum meminic - Ventrchilit Ahhas -^ V D. M A u R u S- ' PUCCIOLI i A' PeRUSIoI &UVETANUS'. / M ARCVS ANTONIVS Perafinus, Ofivcti Vili* x utor digttiflimus : Aa* • fteritatc fumm^ , orandi ailidui* tate anacof itica : ModeRiS , Cha* riute , Paticntia prsedams % fube^. *fe,, non; pr^efl^e MU ia votls fuit j • •Tennis Vfcibus gubernio fc abdica- vit; vivens cum Chrifto efTe cupie* bat ,, moriens pro certo efle fpe* ' . ramus: Hoc eteriit in Ca*Bobio Sa» xivivi All; MDLxxxv*- VINCENTIVS? ^ Trevillo , m- ter Oiivetano$ Pr«fules Abbas Ti- ' Cl d tu« • .1 - - Digitized by Google tularis. : Pluribiis annis vitam ii» Monafterio Regali Montis Oliveti ' Neapolis tradiixit vinutibus , tton'' - teniporis aiiguftiis Iii Qellula per- petub.folitarius » noflurnis /diur- .nifque horis etiam Senex iatentus ^ ■ liominum confortia vitans > facilius- Peo ad h £efit fe r v o rc/ch a ritat is: M ck • nachis benigiius, omnibus amabilis^ ' ^ fiipefnce Legi obtemperans , Cha* ' ritatrs exenrplura omnjbuSproponi- , ■ , .tur : BeatifTimas Virgi.iiis peculiaris ‘ 'Cultor f devote expirat An^MDic; . THEODOSl VS,^nonienrisPf§- .Ful , Claufliralium Vututum Aufteritatis Monafticae- Exemplar': ' Fervor Charitatis in ipfoTummus ^ eflerbuit ; ->Mdrti proxirnua* vitae aternbe fe dignum praebuit j base in * ^vexba prolocutiis in Vorni HO .morimtur 3 ire ultima fVerba proferens Beatum in Caelo pie . credimus An.MDci I. , . V PROTASiVS ab.Aflifio j pro-- Ibitatis pecuiiacis Sacerdos : Fl6^e-. . Iceatibus annis objVt pcoborum mg- ' c . tore Cj^kivjIc .>57 rorc MDXic.Confummata&Virtutis Monachus , pr®cipue enitult Cha- .ritate , & Purltate > Simplicitatis » Devotioms , ObedientraB , Pauper tatis gloripfum Exemplar , verum fecit » Kaptus eft malitil muta« : ret Intelleftum ejus .. * ^ - . BARNABAS Fantueci ,-Bono- nlenfis , Trebienfis Reformations . Monachus } Benedi^ina? Oifeipit- uae aelo effervuit ;* plura in Corv- igregatione obivit munepa.omniuoi laude . Pie quievit An. MDXiic. PETRYSSeneiifiSjAndreaeAru minenfisiinter nos venerabilis Prsc- ^ fulls , folers Difcipultis 9 Pauperta- tis >'Obedienti{e 9 & Simpl^citatiS Cuftos integerrimus, Prseceptorera expreflit; VigiHis i Orationibus ^9 jejuniis afliduus 9 pr»ClpUG noftur- w- nis horis , quo-horam extrem'ajm praeveniens fanfte ob'jit mdciv. JOANNES FRANCISCVS i Mediolano per xiix. annorum fpa- .tium in Clivatenfi Coenobio folit^- ric degens ;B. Benuidi Xnftitutotis Affe- Alicia piam vitaw traduxjt , Ora- tionum , Vigiliarum. J^niorutn Stiii v prxcipui noOlWnarum D4nitati;ficC.lod^n«s.^n. tBs\ ad.Cxlum . uti pi« opmamut, evolavit MDCV !• r*^nrk AKDREAS . Supertor Coeno- bii Tttilettini S.;Sylveari , tutibus Tudertumilluftravu . lJuus emm S*Lramcnir * Miniftex vexbo » & ‘’.P”' , * tes edocuit.Pie .n.ot.tur mdcxxi . Vivit adhuc opinione pi , cu~ juj fit teftis Vrbis maror , populi in cjus'ftinexB / ANTONIVS, vi'xit folitaritis in Onobio Saxitn- vi politioribus virtutibtts intentusi ad Txebiutn Rcformatioms Afcete- ,ium ex Obedlentii pergens .n nete Populus wftes ei pr*cid)t , in^etus pretatis tcftiroonium , ejuf- one venerationis monumentum . Jftignonius Ttebil Digitized by Co^ogl qija;nap eum fropheta/Te tdftatur , quo cdebrior fit e|us faixia » pieu- tifque opiiiio • ^ Ali/jtticx Oblath OlhitanU^HaU Ms ex, eodm Vetter ak. , , . Mauro . » • F RANCISCV5 ex NeapoJi, Smiplicitati's , ^ Obedient i» Vir: Fiaelitas in ipfo fumma, yptip ^jrvensi in pnjnes Benignita^s peculiari$ , quibus^ CPimqMnes ea- ptavit piaufus . Moritur , TJBVRTIVS Brixkttfts , Mo- naebalium Vir^utum Idea » Cfiaci-* tas^f Hiirailita5,i Orationis fervor^, Patientia,qu5 fere nunquaro iru per*^ ^eitiJSf prgBcipue in illo eluxere 9 in- firnjprum eWfA (bJlicita\,^ Seduljb Choro incumbensu nb^urni^tdiur- nifque horis afliduus /fic Pqeniten- tiae, & Eupharifti* Sacramenta pr^-. ven/ebat 1 obfequebafur . Jn Mon- tis Oliveti Archko^npbio degeps " ipult/s annifidqd Uluftravirprecum fer- ^ Digitized by • i ■ ; i66 fervorei ex qiio calfirm genibirs obduxeratj profe6ir6 verus Anacb- rita Aretii ultimum cl'audit diem ItfDViC. JOSEPH a LauJd , Crucifixa^ uti Joa^rnes » femper proxinxis ; in Ceenobid enini extra Laudam Vil- ' lx nova , ubi imago Chrifti Cruci- ,fixi colitiir 9 die no6i:eque'" idea- tidem precibds intentus , Ke^ara- torem Orbis ad mifecicordiam ex- eitabat ; Pauperum Fautor eonim Jacrymas attraxit morte praeventus , ; C^ROLVS a XaccS , Vir (im- plex, ac reftus: Aufteritatis, Obe** dieirtia;',' a<r Paupertatis- Cuftos > ' Dei ,*fibitilnumqtxe captavit amo- rem : Quiet i rarb , precibus identi- ■* jdem ihtentusjrion Oblaf., fed Coe* Hobitarum Exemplar Hluxit * ' ^ MICHAEL* Ariminenfis , For- tuna qjaiiper, Spiritu dives ofto boras orationibus vacans Deo in* ferviebat ,, Amdre in patiperes fum- too , quos proprio cibd reflaura- bat; ; by Ciqogle ■ bat : B. Virginis pecub’aris Cultor uti Patronam vewerabatur : Jejur uio fane rigido , Vinura nun^-- quam» carnes rar6 deguftavit, facro .. - Ettcharifti® cibo fe fubftentans s - Oftogeiiarius dies duudij mjdcx* . Alt qtti eicMod^f i^h Olivet anii , • ^etate commendabfles n P ETRVS Capycrus Sconditus^ ^ Neapolit;, Prasful Montis Oli- vet! integerrfmus ; Humilitate > ae •pictate iaudabi]is,perfe6li Monachi ir^Hoccntiam exf^ciiittCelltrUmVe- nerabilis Simpircii in Monte Olive- to Neapolfs pofitam' iit profpe6lu: -Januae lateralis Bibiiotliecse iiico- . iuityfed potitis vitam aemuktus eft; 'Vir omnibus numeris, abfolutiis Neapolitan® Nationis novum ad Yirtutes Exemplar . . ^ PLACIDVS j Abbas Siculus J pietate , & prudentia commenda- , bills , fema eft nwrtem fibi prcedi- - vxifle,eju5 innocenjti® teftimonium^ ^ ' BE- Digitized by Google BENEDICTVS de Angelis a Neapoli » Atrbas Titularis Con- cionator non vulgaris t pcrft^io-_ rutn virtutuffl ftiidiofiffinius cu- jXjs cogtiom I 111 a ngol ici ^ r€ fponde- rufit mores ; QbjU *f©cv>c. ONVPHRIVS Sifola de Nea- poli, ihter.Olivetanos novella Olx- j<^a admoduni frtigiferaj' anno xtatis fuse noiio inter clauftra adfcriptus^ folo quatiio.r annorum decurfu muU 'tos num^avijt dies ; Obedientia in jpfo exafta ♦ amor- in Deum fervi- dus , Hurojlitas peculiaris , puritas '‘Angelica , Milndi averfio impfaca- bilisi poftgravem inorbunu patien. tiS (ingulari ab iplb deyi: 6 tum , in- ter Crticifixi ampkxus expiiat in Monte Oliveto Neapolis die .ftfto S.Stepbani anno mdc^xii'i . /Etatis XII f. , Tyronib^is Oiiveti Perft- . ^ionis idea . - - ' HONO R A TVS Mediolanen fis; Nation! Neapolitah« adfcfiptws , ,Oblatus , afccticis virttJtibus com- meadabilis , <jui brans , morte pr^- ■ ' ven- * V ‘ » ! -Digitized by G003IC: . > v -. ■» 4 . X v ' . . , ■ ■ ‘ .. ^ i6i ventus , trt 1i^c%e^a^rii)pit j eii AiTgeii^adftaQC^ §» Sis p^cipiMS pietatis nolis^^^i3xp<raV^ m|scc^v n. 1 9 . Ka I S ep te m^is ' . ; < ’ . NJCQLAVS Paften^ a Neapg^ K 9 cseJefii Sapienlin iirtbiittis , ha.c. libi sfcteriiita'temljeatani, pi« lit crc- dlrniis ,pEOvidtt;,i^i5 fluxas fslidr tati^ aiiram f^mper dssfpeyit morum mocJeratioHe , ac fimodentia : Poft pltirium r.menifium impoctuna? fe,- bri$ e^gitaticHiem man tUc:, Anno -Mccxxv.. ^ k: . ' . . • . .1 • ; I N I s; t ^ J > -■ X -y .. f ■ -J - » ■• Ai I : - ^ ^ 1 / 1 i ♦ V G A-ROL.yS Ereiwita , Bdgr- £US cwrgiiie, ao hobiliutej mtjhdl ly^cebrJs 'deliciifque' .lc<3fltempt(S' >- foli coiv* tehiplatioai, ac folhudini iiwentus, perfe1£l.arum Yif^rtutn Perufii plu- rium anaorufticiirfi^^pmnilias: iWu- xit Idea y ac ExeiQ'p^af /Flo;:uirre-^ cutp FRANClS€VjS :E^iittta> Bel gicus j-quinqua^Int'a prape annis - humili ill Gel fa deli t«ie /. vir.tutf- biis, ac lapieacia excujtus 5 morbos diviho innixusaiixiiio fUgavitjDcBi monefque a corporibus ex^iiit 5 | eju^ G/w.ritati » ‘ac"fcrvid;i’sOratio*^ iiibus mirltum defect Perufrna Givi* • j tas, pr«Gip.ud in La%mis - i folantlis r fttblevandis : CarolLftii - I pradi6^ Alfecfa i» contemneiidS' fe- , enfe 4iQfeil4tAte-avita 'i pdm j?is, com- | modis^rrciileandis , ut pfc Gte*dib > i fern? , *^affecutux eft C«ki m. A nno ^ ^ * MDccxxix.;Nonageoariurcetate,iri j PemfinaUrbe# IDEL- ' i Dior red by G««»glc %66 IDELPHONSVS MANNA- ^ ;RA , Iiifuber , RR. Ciericorum ReguIaTi’um S. Patili du?ptici vlc^ PrJcpofitus Generalis t Concionar tor Celebris itr tota Italia , ad Epi- (copatunri Bobienlcmeve^ltss ill. Cle- mente XI. Pone;Max«, verf Paftori® . partes explevit . Objit MDCcx'xvr. JOSEPH CESAREI , Olivet t y'icarius Generalis mdccxx i x^om- iiium platifu defionatus fu^ Nea- ’ politanseNatibni femper prbficuust abundantibs p'roderrt Supremus OUvetanoTum Moderator , ANNIBAL MARCHESE , Pa. tritius Neapolitaiuis t Vir feientiis excultus ' , italiCo carrtiine dams , etrufeo enim metro ‘’edidit Vitam , ac faci.nora'exprelbt Ca roll. VI. I in- peratorisi Tragnediam Sacrain coii- feripfrt : valeat , iS: vivat dib . ALEXAi^DER ROGGt, cenfis I Gongregiitionis^Maicrs Dd Prspolit'us ' Generalis I ' Co nciona- tor beleber Coilegii Medtolanen. fis fu« Congregafioiiis Infti tutor' ' 's ■ exri- . .k i6f . dfctlti't; Dignitati fTrimarit& ultr^iac libens ceditt ut fibi ipfi perfcftiori- bus Virtutibusco,nfLiiat,aeCQnfcf- fioiiibus aflidub inteiUiu;,oBogena>« f jus licet«alienpru utilitatibus pro-, . videat; adhuc vivicin fuaGoIlegio Neapolitano S. Mavix in Porticu • Doflor ALB UZJ MedioJanen f:s, vananiraScientiarum nitore'cbnfpi- cuustBibliothec^ Anitbrofiatiss folers Cuflos , ac Orator iacer fane cele- brandus t Imma turns moritur Sa- ; pientum ni(srbre initio fi^uli xviir. Civiii', kc Canonico jureimbu* . tus MELCHIOR RE viGLlONI, ' Virtutunv exemplar illuxit : Fabri- cs S. Petri Neapoiis Sccretarius omnia (ervavit t immb adauxit pro- borum « improborumque en.eomf is: In Hofpitaii Neapolitano SS» Tri- iiitatis inleryiens. humiliima obivie fnunia: Prsdi^Ioi^i fams eiHinciat, mortis die,Fatd cedit acDcxxvr . , Sl Neafioli tumuip.ckuditur m£c* xlefii Don^$ profeliTs SbckUtis Je<f fu^Hujus veAigiis iiinilitPronepot • “ McL . m ' 4 . ’ * Digitized by Googlc Melchlor^OIiVetanus, Scientlarutn^ * PietatjTque Ornamentum .» . . JACOBUS VECELLI Vene- tus , Sapientia , ac Priidentia com* mendabilis : Bis IllullriflifTiie Con- gregationis'SoiTjmafchae Pr^pofut^ . Generalis propter fuas egregias do- tes, nnimi, morumqiie.benignLta- te4n.adhuc, injuorum iiienfioria vl- viis perfevetat ; *rupremum'-claudjt diem MDCcxx I V. „ JOSEPH SIRUS VIGHI Pa- pienfis j'^ini-morimvGeneralis^pie- tate , fcienti'ifqj exornatus benigne imperavit , to'ti Subditorum Ccetui gratus : Ad otium protcrendufn , . Animi crudeIemTyrannum,poft fu*. premum regimen quQtidieexercita*^ tioniBusrMathematicis fe committiu ANTONIVS OLGIATI NqJ vocomenfis , Goncionator * Sc Hi- ftbricus inter Cappuccinos . opti* itjus ; Duplic-i vicc Provinjciaiis fuis pracfuic Alumnls’ furnma pruden* tia T ^virtutum oninnim Nutrice f- mul ti fqne vi r Hi 1 1 b us pollens'; Fat o cedit MDccxxix. , OO- DOMINICVS ASPLANATI Januenfis , inter Oiivetanos Na- tionis Fiorenting Praeful admodum commendabilisj Si pietatem fpeflcsy peculiaris ; fl fcientiam contemple- ris, varia, ac erudita; fi zeJum, pr«- fervidus , quo notitris recpnditis nodram Congregationem illudrat^ quibus adhuc viduus Literariug Olivetanoriim Cactus , ne memoria. bujufce eruditi laboris apud Pode<* ros pereat, hlc majori, quo poffum, obf^quio innuo . CHRISTOPHORUS CEVA,’ Mediolaiienfis,dSocJcru,Rethor,ac PoetaXatinus fane eximius .‘ Apud ipfum iub ejus difciplina Perufii in ined pubertate indruebar ,*plurids admiratus fum profiuitatem ejus mentis, carmina enim de repente ia« tino metro ficdiftitabat » ac fi lege- ret f piis pra^ditus moribus decedit, fed non^iiVEruditorum memoriS • Floruit An. mdclxxx IV. ^ JOANNES BAPTISTA DEL WIRO Neapolitanus, Cadiiienfis H' Con- '170 Coiigrcgationls Procurator Gene- rali’s vigilantiflimus » eximius fane Vir : Bibliothecce Vatican® annis ’j,plunbus integerrimiis Guftos « Sa- pientibus ipiis (luporem excitavit Scfentiarum varietate , cqiicinnita- te fermonis , variarum Linguarum, peculiariter Graci idiomatis peri- tia: dignus ut ad majora evehere- tur * nVFatum » aft’potiiis ejus de* miflio , vetaflet, Deceflit anno boc >IDCCXXXI. , JEt. fu® LXXIV. Or. ibis Literarii mcerore Neapoli in (S, Severinl Coenobio . PAULUS THOMAS MAR- - RANA Januenfis , in Olivetanie Congr^gatione Theologus com- ^ inendabilisj panegiricis orationibus ctiam enituit '» a Benedi6lo XIII. * Pontificie fane Opt inlo , ad AfcuU'. Hum Epifcopatum iiiMarcbia affuirt- . ptus eft Aii.'xiDCcxxv 1 1 i., i^ratls :(xx i IX. » pr®claris ejus animi do« tibus fu®‘D:oecefi profuturus • CHERUBINUS CAVALLINt ^Juliana iftSrcilia^ AbbaS Oiiveta- ■ nus. D.yi::zectb'; Go(^k j r * nas,vir rummopere laudanclusrPie* tas in ipfo pecii'lidrist anifnaruin zt- lus projfervichis , afliduus enHH Sai cramenti PcenItentisB Minifter in Xempio noftro Urbis, tanqu^m praCandeiabrum pofitus,Virtutuin exemplar iliuxity ilnaut 'Qobii/ores Roman® foemin® ad ipfuiri confliie- rent , ut folers eas in fplritu dirige-’ ret:Nobnitim noftrarum Monia/ium Rom® inTurriS Speculorum Ceno- bio Direaor;ac Confeiraritis. ex'tra- ordinarius , mult&m illis in fpiricu profuit j tandem o6togenaritis oc^ ciibuit in noftrojiilianenfi Afcete- rio Anno mdcc r x. die v i . Julif tafi ' opinione virtutis.ut popalus ei vc- ftes abTciderit ad venerationem fb» landam ; in ejus tumiWo adeft Epi- graphes . ' « , ALEXANDER BURGOS Si- culus, inter, ConventualesS.Theo* logi® Magifter, Univerfitatum Lu- minare iplendidumjRom^ enimiPa- taviiiPerufii publictis Doctor feien- tias ipfas illuftravit promptitudine H 2 in- Digitized by Google | ingeniijcIarS fagacitate, explanatio- ne fubtilijad Catanenfem Epifcopa- *tuii#uve£lus An,MDccxxvi., ipfam . Dignitatem decore affecit ; aft proh Dolor V Vix Catficdram Epifco- palem afceiidit , quod fexagenarius occubuit j m^^tuVus Caelo . - PAULUS BELLANTI,OIive- tanus a Xacca Cflvitate, pietate,ra- pienciS\,' 8c, fpirituum difcretione^ pollens., fpiritualia, ac politica do- cumenta expreffit Mon/alibus Be- nediftinis Coehobii S. CathariiiJe ‘ejiirdem Urbis Anno mdclvi j,- JO: FRANCISCUS OLIVIE- RI , Canoniciis Collegiatcs Vifti , moderatls excultus moribus , Sa- pientia fingularis : Miifis gratiis multa cecinic , prascipue, latino me- tro, in quo Ovidium imitatus,nil in ipfius carminibus,faS fit dicere, de- fiderandum-.* Longos traducat dies publico bono , -prasrertim Adole- fcentum Vifti , ubi V iearius* Gene- rali's S. Officii degit • ♦ " . * Bfi- Digitized by Googli Benedicto XI ll. Pont. -Optimo, Urfinae Familice Ornamento, k Urbis.Neapelis Luminari prcclarOj, Gufmanae Stirpis nunc ma'ximo, Eccieriadicorum Padorum Ideas 9 Qui Aiifteritatis CuItOr Pauperum Asiium , Delictarum, Dignitat.Contemptor • Invitus » Bplfcopus, Cardiaaiis , Pontifex . Creatur , proclamatur, el igitur. Ab Anno mdccxxiv, Ufque ad Annum mdccxxx. imperavit Annis 9 Urbis, Orbifq; rollicitus,providus> Dignus, ut longioies duceret dies. .Aft aetenitlm vivit 9 Pie ut credimus , Ad Catho,4ci Gregis incolumitateiU Chrifticolis e Cf loPjropugnacuiuni. ‘ % ^ H 3 Ant* Digitized by Google A»l^ limplura Month Olhet* . JVeapolltanur/i , CARQLO VI. AUSTRIACO ; Inter Monarchas Illuftri/ t . • jPro MafcuUna Pvok impetranda* ’ ** V « — * * DEIP ARi£ M ARlAi# Virginii^ue pitBclarce Supplex Parthenope vota depromc; Maxima deHclerantur Principum Maximo '■^/'AfR O Ij O. V X. ' - Invito Duci ^ polerci Ecclefije Defeiuori j , Mafculina Proles , . Potiiis dicam ; ' Fidei .Tutameni Vaticeni firmum Propugnaculum ,, , Bceviiis exprimain Alter Carolus. , Super Cg Uttla VENiSlMPLICU CELBNiTANI ; A’NeapolI , Abbatis Oliveiany eft attte Januam Later flJem Bihlhtbeca^ Mantn Oliveti Nanpolh* . y£N.'SlMPj;-lCIiy: CELEijT Aiifl . . Olivetajius PraefiU ; Hlc i«:Terris dfilituit , Cpntemplati<Hiibas » Auderitati intentus t . Meliiis dicam ■ •>** ■* H5c Terris, C«iirq; tiotxrs apparuir* ^ ybi mortuus Mpcft. » iEt.JLxuf < . Meipofi^ piQxtiSim vivet. IttTumulo \ VEN. SIMPLICII. , I - ' , Oliveti Prxful . - Hfc jacet , Immb erlgitor « .Genitricis Parthenope * ' Oipniiimque plaufur Mundo mortuiis mdcBs % jSttBxix* Ctslo , pie ut crediimis * ^^ternClm redivivus . Puperni G>»aritate fervidiis , Aiifteritate in fe rigid Hac fibi noxius 9 lll^ de aliis perenniter benemerilus. Caducam defpexit gloriara % Sibi undequaque negle6lus • Sic pro illo verum Adagium |n p3emori4 ssternE erit Julius • VITA ■ ■.-“■■ -• ■■ ■■ JTt • \ VITA BKEViS » VERSIMPUCH C E L E N f A N I. ' '• V Enerab. Simplicius Ce* LENTA Ni- Abbas Olive- tauus, , oriuiidusa Givi-- tate Jnyeuatii » ex'FamiHa ,nobili , . .?aG peraatiqua Iiujus Orbis , Na^tis • eil Neapoli amjo 1 58^. 1 & a ge- nitoribus Jo:.Hierony<rrva„ & Cor- nelia Vopircoi.pqjbil'i Jilveaatgi foe- inina, hpneftis moribus ornatisj foU lieite educates eft^Baptizatum'Iega titulo Scipionis in Paiochi^ -Advo- cate extra portam Regalem.Nea- .polis ; Vix aipios pube^tatis ajtti- gerattquod .Ob’vetuin ingte^us ell, •Painia frugi%% f^turUs ; . Benedi;- ftinis, cahdidilque amiftihus orna- •ttis, plus cand.ida^fum virtutum ha- .Wtus induit , quarum' prefervida exercitatio , proh^fatum ! ficut in aliis.infignibus Oiiveti Bliis.con- tigit f v. Digitized by Google ’17S VhaBrevh ^ tfgit ad nos non pervenit 5 at ex ejus fcripto ^quod fervatur in Ty- focinio*Neapolitano Montis Olive- ti 9 ejus coeleftis vita , inorum inte- gritas j Monallica Oblerv.antia di« gnofci poteft , profe6l6 Oliveta- • iiorum perfe^fciorum norma ^xutd- rus.’Sk igitur ipfe alloquitun Cum fec’oTcior in quocunqUe inftanti de beneficiis a Deo mihi collatis 9 jpli, . grates h’umillimas reddo 9 de pecea* to-rum meorum ingratitudine do- leo 9 vellem peccatofes omnes ad Supernani Bonitittsm ‘convertere * imm6:, fi fas eflTet mihi 9 ipfum pec- catum extinguere r Die Lunas SS* Trinitati quodeUnque meum opus offero* "Si hoc fanguim prctiofo^, ' quern JefuS^in Horto effudit 9 ad- jle6lo9 grefldfque m'eoi^ cum Chrifti greflrbus Qt Getfemani ad 'Annx palatium effotrfiatis, conformo; Pa- triarcharum , Ptophetarum CcBttls pro prdfeftu meo in fibc die devo- te invoco 9 velut/ in’principio mor- fsUis infirmitatis inc effingo > ut fe- D, / • * l^an, CeUntani • 17 ^. • ; ' , 11 ^ id .raqrtfti me p^P|^q^uu^ * " confjderem :- Marti® ii^pqdum Sufe- "" 1 periio Kegi qpeta , mea diq> % cunj cruore ik Chrifto inter fiagella effu,p ^ fa ilj|a conjungo , ^ itmeri jefu i Palatio .Aiiuae ad Caipham itfer i ' mej^ connector: Apaftolqri^m pa- . ,trociniumjavofOxmprbumq;meupi ' ] . .ad^mo r tem pr operate refine 61 qj^Me <lie"»^d Chriftum veiuti AiiiV’ in«me« Spoftfiijn accurjq, Marty-. >um fa^^l^ipem. qti mter^qrerit ' pro n>e cqpio j, opet^ mea cum fe- nis Redei^toris ^iptexq 1 gr^lius meos etim. ipfius gjpeflEbrus a4 A* /,.j ,trium. Pilati^ cO»formo\, ^ diem i ‘ ultimum, a Div4n^ Bomtaie pr^ meispeccatiXiiVconfeflipnc abluen- ' ■ d^ mihi-conceffirn^ eonfidero . f i V is Juce Jefmn meuai foliici tumPa^ i .flpre m ,i n iequarx PootfB ce^ fan^q^ ' \i Patro nos meo®nVenetqj;i opera mi^ j ! cum Chrifti fari^qine i ^aem , i ftiiin^depontione ad crHcifig^qdum dlffudit,'codjui|go;,iti«era mea cum j OiriHi .itinere a Pilatb ^Hfro- ' ' • H 6 ' dtm H Digitized by Google i8o VitaBrevh dem conneflo , &' viaticum San* ftifliiiium me fumptiiruna confide- ro. Die -Veneris Jefum meum uti Redemptorem invdco, Cbnfeffores» Sanflofque Ccenobitas Interceffo* ires cupio opera mea cum Jefu cruore, quern' ex manuum»& pedum plagis fparfit 1 commifceo , veftigia mea cum Chrifti veftigiis ab Hero- de ad PiJatum unio , & Extremcc Drif^ionis diem eflfe jiidico : Sabba- to Ddminurh veluti Salvatorem de^ ' precor>opera mea. cum Jefu fangui- ne ex lateri« vulneremanaate con- juiigo y muiieres San6las ad mei tu- telam devott defidero , , vertigo mea cum Ghrifto Criicenv bajulan- te f conjungp , 55: mortis meae diem itffe judico . Dominica die ad ChTU flum veluti Judicem appropinquo , 'diem Refurrefkionis meae elfe refle- ‘fto , quodcunque opus meum cum Redemptoris cruore in Criice dif- fufo commifceo Angelos taaquam Advocates imploro,ac veftigia mea cum Jefu veftigiis ^ Ccenaculo ad ' -Hor. ~-T 1 Vert, Slmplicif 'CeUntanf . i8r ' Hortum adne6lo; Opera^mea devo« ta ThefaufO fpiri^uali iitcJudo , ut proficua cupio Iniidelibiis « Hiere* , ticis f Peccatoribus , cuips mdrta* Ji proximis , tribulationibus fpiri* tualibus , ac corporeis ^xagitatis « morti proximis 9 animabus in Pur* gatorio degentibus : Hos aftus dt* ^ iucul6 exerceo, Deo me offero> pro beneBciis mihi collatis ^ Superna Bonitate grates reddo> Supremum Nunien humillitne adoroy de pec- ^ catis meis doieo , hafque a6lione5 cum Jeru,& Virginis operibus coo- jungp ^ in omnibus operibus meis pati vellem ^ pro obje^o diei iJlius [ Deum meum decexno^amoris a^us JudorumyAngeiorumque omnium, . ac animarum purgantium v^luH I aftus meos in Numinis obfequium cupio: Adju^oriumjn T^n^is infpl- rationibus meritorum -Gbriijbi 9 ac Virginis Matris 9 Orationumque ' JuBorum ardenter cupio ; de pec- catis commifTts doleo ac doiorem ilium 9 q.ui Chridum in horto^fEi- xit> Digitized by Google rfj ' , VSta Sremi y ' xrt, pbfHdere c^pio v‘ac -pcBiikefN tiara illagi V quara’A^naeliGrit® geG- leruiit >^^X€icer^ valexera, iVt pro- ^ - |>6fitutTt- de cofrjgend^ patefar , vCfirjefe 5., Gum dran^bus ' amoris -a^i- . bus ;‘q.uoS«rga>Deuni elicoerunt * i fKciuntV Gi^ickntquG omnex^^ ; """ Purgantiuni a^m^fSpiritufque cf- ! ieiles frigidam amorera meum eon- ] iie^D '5 teferm P%|xis, genitique Fi- lif iSplritusr»li»i aii'Xitia, Juftoruni ; 'preees> Sanguinis Ghrifti juv, amen, animarum Purgatorii adjul;oriiK», ^ -ipebementer Gupio . I>ie unicp tres " afbus coatricionis efformare qon.or> . valde mane , in merrdie, &Jer6i. , b|en% hacom^ns pro ^rpori^ ^ firmi ta te dapes cum Verb^hiinj^ nis #po[iis indut4«dapibus commi^ceo , quidquid gufhmi^ dele6i:at , abhor- reorquidquid palafo ki^pidum»am- i ae pro benefa^tonbus de- MatutinfimfeGitanS f pro '^Infideiibus , & Fddeii^ evangclizan- |libu%» ac pro' iW^ tbrmentffpfti- ^ ^ cxoro » Uiidtsaeoj^rpfo Ditj ii-j: , (j.oo^le VlniSmpVidiCihntanl..,]L^^ ' ’ jb^eficio iijeHabili EuGhawftici Sa»- ► - ’ cramenti » qtio a<C Sup«e|»ws% plufquam IfraelJtas in Dererti>, abi. ' ' bunife reficit , -& pro difpoiitiohe' . ;ad Miflam offero: Ad H«reticorum. ' converfionero»& mearum a£^ionuai ‘ profe^lura Primarn Horarutn recito; . i ' Tertiam ad calami tates omnCs iu* . gandas dirigo ; Scxtam pro Saeer- \j dotibuS) ut re^e fuum minifterium < adimpleant \ Nonam fwo Ecclefws \ neceliitatibus oflfeto ; Ve%eras pro , ^ animarum falute >. & corporum in- ^ coliwnrtate laborantibus ; Comple- toriura pro . CatfaoUds , qut Jnter HseretiGos degunti atque.Infideles, vfil inter peccatores^VMiffisadftans prp^ljiirimall concontu eicoroiChd- ro aifi Ileus: t laudare intendo , i cum EcdefiS triompb^pte, mill tan-' ^te ; ac purgantc : Ante ftudium ali- qiias dra-tioiies , reicito. a^ mei intd- le^Lis; illuftrationem'J rAd aceedens -Pfafinam Mi far ere pro gratiad^ ' ’ ffllone recito » confcleii^a^^- v .1 f 184 . . Vita Brevh . iheam fcrutor jex le^ko furgens Mt^ farerct & Credo . Neceffarios a.dus eliciens cum aftibus natiirabbus Chrifti ne6ko, atque aftiones indif* fercntes ad Dei gloriam refero ; Klentalit^r orans 9 me antea Dep offera 9 de peccatis doleo^ Numeu adoro 5 gratiarum a 6 lioncs , obla- tiones , ac petitiones in fine ellcio: Vicibiis duabus in die i^iterno Pa- tri me offero , praecipue.niemotiom 9 ,intelle6lum Filio 9 Spiritui San£lo voluntatem , Chrifti Humanitati partem fenfuivam , & v^etatiyam Animae : VirgUii Matri humilita- ,teni 9 ac Caftitatem meam commen- do ) M.ichaelem , Archangelum ad vincendas tentationes implorOjCu- . ftodem Angelitm ut fenfus tueatiir meos, atque adjutoriurn San^orum Patrocinantlum exopto : B.Virgi. -nis Officium fic dhftribuo , Matuti- . num pro periculis yitandis>Pridiam , pro Peccatoriim converfionei Ter- rtiam pro Inftdelibiis , atque Haere- 9 pr»cipue Anglis ; & CatKp* ' ^ Hco- Vett» SmpltcU Cdentanl . 1 8 j liceriim viSioriis , Sex tarn pro ten- tatis 9 ac calamitatibus oppreflis « Koiiam proAnimarum Reftoribiis, Vefperas pro Monachis, ac Moniai* libus recito: Compldtorium tandem offero pro Defun6tis, ac pro Sacer- dotibus , ae Claudralibus > ut cadi vivant,& a mundcfhdc vitiiiVn era-' dicetur cxVirginis Intemcrat» Pa- trdcinio: Signum campanse audiens foiitas pieces ad Myderii Incama- tionis memoriam. recito , Mariae ^ratulqr , quod Dei Mater « iimul> que Virgo ab Archangcio Gabriele faiucetur : Rofarium recitans pro |>ropria Congregatione , Superiori'- bus, Moiiachifque offero, prsccipul pro Coenobio Romano , ac Afcete- • rio 9 ubi immoror: Triginta Mars a , cum quinqtie ex ma- nibus Virginis Matris ejusFilio di- ce , Deo grates referens 9 quod me creavit , redemit , Glaudra vo^' cavit , ad Sacerdotium eye^it , quod mihi Orationis rhentalis do- num contulerit ^ Triiiitatem eifdein ' Digitized by Googlc i p r rS6 Vita Brel)} t . precU>iis obteftor , ut proreflloneiii me^m fervem } & circa ipfam deffe* 6kt)is delcac : MKTasaudiens prp hi5> quibu^ ex aliquo motiv.o tenear.« S^upremo Numini offero: In Eucha- viftias fumptione vota iterum de- promo: Multas preces ( qua; utl plurimae non enumerantur) pro mp^ & pluribus qiiotidie fundo : Quo* cunque die particulariter confcien* tiam meam oxatninof ac aJiis duabus .irijcibus » feilicet antd prandium^ & quktem:Hora vigedroS prim^ mor* pragparfttionem quotidi^ , exer^ ceo, ac affidub Voluntati divina; mecommitto, 6c femper patlvel- , . km : Surgens veflem Monachalem • exofculor , Deo grates exkibens ^ quod ad Statum^Regularem me evocare drgnatus eft » preces fundo u< fic Ven. Simplicius in fcripto^^ me fi* delit^rtranfufqpto^ailoqultur ver* aacuia lingua'. - < - Hujus metbodi Vitam quis noa y^et cum antiquorum ^^ypti “ • . ^ Ana- V- ■ ■ ■■ ^ ' * Jk- . Ven, Cekfttani • 187 Anachofitarum^ cum MonadiOfUfli p€rfc6liorum Ordinis D.Benediftit & primorum Oliveti vita.cpmpa^ ♦ randam ? Si Cliinacus , CafGaivus perfeftipnis'praecepta prpppaerent, quid ainplius hprtarentur , cum Ideam perre6iionis Evangelicae in vita Celentani admireimir , Chari- tatis fervprera, cxcellenticrum vir- tutum exercitatipnes* ptii afliduam {ogam, Bernardi genuintiin fiiinm effe -cPBtempIcmur : Proh dclor ! ' itcrum dico » qucd ejiis aufteritas » cieteraque facinpra ad noftram nc- tiliam non acceffcre ; etiam tempo- libus iiodris Neapolitan! Ccenobii Mouachalem Obferv an tiam P r i nci- pes ipit r ficut quondam Rex AU phonfus-fccundusAragPuenfisjlau^ dibiiis. toUereflt , & B pmdia.* pr<^ prium regale minifterium in noftris nienfis npbis non ofierrent , fieuti laudatiffimus , benignu% Alphon- fus ♦ faltem Congregationem no- itram bcnevolentia'^ fpcciali .vene- mentur ; Qu» fcripta , vel per tra^ * ' di- *4 Digitized by Googlc P^/ta Brevh ditionem de ipfo accepi , 8c quse in mea Chronologia OlivetanS innui,. in ejus obfequium iteriim repeto j cseleftes profe6l6 numeravit dies » nec cum David lacrymis hos profe- quipoteratj dies mei ikut umbra praetereunti ac diceret, inutiles pe- reunt : Fervor Charitatis in ipfo fUmmus , auderitas maxima , zeius Animarum fe'rvidus 9 adidub Sacra^ mento Pcenitentiae Minider inten- tus; tanto in Deum amore ardebat* utpluries inextatim raptus vifus fit* 8c aiiquando fplendida luce pr^« fulgens 9 8c pluribus ^ terrd palmis eiatus ; fpiricu etiam aliquo modo Prophetiae imbutus apparuit , nam tini> Midie Venerabilis Prsfulis in- fervienti) ait9 Orathnes apudDeum nibil prodefie confiio .culpa rnorta^ Ihi 8c hoc de iilo veridcabatur: Ul- timo indrmitate correptus a R. P. Fr. Jo: Baptida a S. Petro Ordinis Praedtcatocum 9 in Ccenobio Nea- politan o,Sanitatis optimes famas vi. to invifitur s ad fere^dtimos anhe- ' litus Veit* SlrapJtcii Cekntani^* i S9 • littis rediiens , & eum ridentem in- fpexitj^quo prf notatoific de Celea- taiid .fcribit ad Reverendiflimuni . Hyacinth tim Pecorari NeapoH, Abbatem Romanum, Proefiilem ter noftros iaudabilem Sanfti ri- >dent in morte:Oh donum Pei inelV fdbilTs ! Oh Sanfta , vera » .& pul- chra Fides KPraenunciato.inortiS die meritis pienus iii^^onte C8i«e<» . to Ne^olis in fui Cell^ ante jat- nuam ex' latere publicae Biblxo^o^ cse nioritur Ap. 1650#, .& poft mo^ tern mulieri ejus pgnitcnti apparerii: ^uoddam recretUm reyelat , b^at^ SBternitatf , ut pie credimus., foel^ citer vifturus , terris gloriofus vj-' vens :■ In Tempio Mdi^s Qiivet^i Neapolis intc^ Sacelluni SS. Sacra,* . menti eju^ Corpits quiefcit, ubi aa^ no fequehtf pofl. mortem icuiptus "eft titulus Venerabi/is> iy 2 $, ^Revejendiflimus D. Balthal^ far Balzo de Neapoli'Abba^ titti^ laris in noftro Coenobio meis preGt-’ bus maufoleum cum ejus imagine aelo. 'ihb ;/ feero , In* quo D.<3atdhis Cefarer^ NeapOli Abfeas Olivefaha^ »'in Lycseo ?Tea- ' foil ta no piiblicus DO^or,'eruditas notas iriicfipiit > SfrnpliciiC®^®^^^” ni eximianr fed^i'vivaift reddidit V appO^i'o^. , .^'BBAS SlMPOqtt#CEtENTANijf ; 's HVc quiefcit , ' _ . ' i ftelitTs ai’xerimSvivit': - Kon enim fentlt mortis aculeimi J Qui omnium virtutum genere ' , Studu’it afetermtati : : ^ ' N ihil liio humilibiS , , patienti?^s nifiil.^ ' ^ ^ Omnibus faciiiSvfibi difEciIiSi ' Verbo abfoi^am, . ^ . * Ad MonafticSB Obfervabti® ' ' Ptenitudin'em Nihil iaipfo defideVandutTueliqulC. V % sT— V. • • , Vtff* SimpUcH ^defiiml . 191 '- de CalMtano, aUdfque Oli- *Deti^ opt intis virh b^cenutt^io, at fide hutfianh credenda propono , ‘ nit - de per fonts profcrens , decretis Vr* .. bani Vlll: Pontificis M^xirnl.hu^' millirac obtemperans • ltd fenth ’ Ego D. Michael- A ngeliis Bel.forti a Perufio Abbas Olimtmarrn ■ S3'9fe"4 51?' F I N .1 S. > •-■s. Digitized by Googic Digitized by^ioogle Digitized by Google ■

A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The parts of the vertebrate skeleton are: Braincase: A braincase or cranium protects the brain. Vertebrae: A series of short, stiff vertebrae are separated by joints. This internal backbone protects the spinal cord. The joints between the vertebrae let the backbone bend. Bones: support and protect the body's soft tissues and provides points for muscle attachment. Gill arches: Gill arches in the pharynx of fish and some amphibians support the gills. In the majority of vertebrates some of the arches have evolved into other organs, such as jaws. Examples of vertebrates are mammals, birds, and fish. A few tens of thousands of species have been identified. The term "fish" is used to describe at least four different kinds of vertebrates. Distinctions Vertebrates dominate amongst the animals in virtually all environments. They include the largest animals in each main ecosystem, though not the largest living things (because that would include trees). They are the only animals which have an adaptive immune system. These two facts may be connected. Taxonomy and classification Subphylum Vertebrata Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) Myxini Hyperoartia (lampreys) †Conodonta †Pteraspidomorphi †Thelodonti †Anaspida †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks") Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amphibia (amphibians) Amniota (amniotic eggs) Sauropsida (reptiles and birds) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes and tuatara) Testudines (turtles) Archosauria (archosaurs) Crocodilia (crocodilians) †Pterosauria (pterosaurs) Dinosauria (dinosaurs) Aves (birds) Synapsida (mammal-like tetrapods) Mammalia Related pages Invertebrate Vertebrate brain References Other websites Tree of Life Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

I'm developing a DSL for building API wrappers, named <a href="https://github.com/rafalchmiel/hendrix/tree/0.1.0" rel="nofollow">Hendrix</a>. I am having problems with the testing of the DSL. As it is a API wrapper, it needs to interact with external services. I am not sure how to approach this in terms of testing. I'm using RSpec and tried configuring VCR with WebMock, but no luck. How am I supposed to test this particular scenario if I don't have direct access to what request is being made? This is my <code>spec_helper.rb</code>: <pre><code>$VERBOSE = nil require 'simplecov' require 'coveralls' SimpleCov.formatter = SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter[ SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter, Coveralls::SimpleCov::Formatter ] SimpleCov.start { add_filter '/spec/' } lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__) $LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib) require 'hendrix' require 'vcr' VCR.configure do |c| c.cassette_library_dir = 'spec/cassettes' c.hook_into :webmock end RSpec.configure do |config| config.treat_symbols_as_metadata_keys_with_true_values = true config.run_all_when_everything_filtered = true config.filter_run :focus config.order = 'random' config.extend VCR::RSpec::Macros end </code></pre> The project is in its early stages (working towards version 0.1.0 at the moment). The syntax of the DSL is as follows: <pre><code>require 'hendrix' Hendrix.build 'Jimi' do base 'https://api.github.com' client :issues do action :issue, '/repos/:owner/:repo/issues/:number' end end Jimi.issue('rafalchmiel', 'hendrix', 1) # => {"url"=>"https://api.github.com/repos/rafalchmiel/hendrix/issues/1", # "labels_url"=> ... Jimi.issue('rafalchmiel', 'hendrix', 1).title # => "Implement parameters in actions" </code></pre> In most specs, I'm testing what the methods from the master module (in this case <code>Jimi.issue</code> etc) return and whether it is in a <code>Hashie::Mash</code> format. How would I test this? I don't know where to start.

I have a number of CSV files which I need to compare to one 'Master List', and determine, based on a unique ID, if these other files contain entries for that key. What would the easiest way to do this in Python be? I.e what kind of structures would you suggest I read the data into, and how would you suggest I iterate through it? Here is an example of the data and output I am looking for. <pre><code>**Master List** Unique ID : File Name : File Version : Responsible Party J578221 : Expander : 1.23 : Joe Bloggs KK89821 : Top : 0.9 : Mike Smith **Location X** Region : File Name : Unique ID USA : Acme Expander : J578221 USA : Acme Tail : MK33431 **Location Z** Reqion : File Name : Unique ID : Date Added China : Expander : J578221 : 03-04-2012 HK : Acme Top : KK89821 : 06-07-2012 **Output:** Unique ID : File Name : File Version : Responsible Party : In Location X : In Location Z J578221 : Expander : 1.23 : Joe Bloggs : YES : YES KK89821 : Top : 0.9 : Mike Smith : NO : YES </code></pre>

Like we can do, poll/epoll/select on an fd, we can not on msg queue id. I found some non standard methods to make msgqueue-id to fd, but afterall its a non standard. So my question is, Why linux geeks, not implemented poll/select on msg queue id ? Does that lead to serious issue ? I need to implement such sort of mechanism. How can I do that ?

Our God's Brother () is a 1997 Polish Italian German biographical drama movie directed by Krzysztof Zanussi and is based on the 1950 play of the same name by Karola Wojtyły. It stars Scott Wilson, Christoph Waltz, Wojciech Pszoniak, Riccardo Cucciolla, Jerry Flynn. Other websites 1997 drama movies 1990s biographical movies Polish movies Italian drama movies German drama movies Movies based on plays Movies directed by Krzysztof Zanussi

Coleshill ( ) is a town in Warwickshire, England. It is named after the River Cole, which flows through the town. It is about east of Birmingham and about northwest of Coventry. In 2011, 6,481 people lived there. References Towns in Warwickshire

I have 3 columns <div class="snippet" data-lang="js" data-hide="false" data-console="true" data-babel="false"> <div class="snippet-code"> <pre class="snippet-code-css lang-css prettyprint-override"><code>.bookingTotals.middleRow { height: 315px; bottom: 400px; } .bookingTotals.row { height: 400px; bottom: 0; margin-left: 920px; /*margin-right: 55px;*/ }</code></pre> <pre class="snippet-code-html lang-html prettyprint-override"><code><div id "myParent"> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> //some stuff <div> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> //some stuff <div> <div style="float: left; width: 400px;"> <div style="height:50px;"> //top stuff </div> <div class="bookingTotals middleRow"> //middle stiff that fills the gap </div> <div class="bookingTotals row"> //bottom stuff that i want fixed to the bottom </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></code></pre> </div> </div> I want to split the last column into 3 layers where the top and bottom <code>div</code> heights are known. So I want the middle <code>div</code> to fill the space between. What actually happens is that this footer <code>div</code> is displayed outside <code>myParent</code> as if it had no relation to it. What am I doing wrong?

134 DESCRIPTION OF NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. By tHE Rev. J. E. Tenrson Woops, F.L.S., F.G.S. [Read 8th November, 1875.] The following marine shells have been placed at my disposal for description by Mr. W. Legrand, of Hobart Town, and the Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Mr. Legrand, who has one of the finest collections of shells in the southern hemisphere, has been a collector for years, and has become thoroughly familiar with the marine fauna of our coast. Mr. Atkinson has occu- pied himself with dredging for some years, and has been the only conchologist who has sought for novelties in that way in Tasmania. He has also been indefatigable in his efforts to advance the success of conchology in the Island, and it is owing to his efforts alone that some of the very interesting species here described have been brought to light. I also observed two new species from a small collection placed in my hands by Mr. Justin Browne and the Curator of the Museum, Mr. Roblin. To all these gentlemen I take this opportunity to return my thanks. In this list the measurements are always the greatest length, width, or height, as the case may be. In bivalves length means in every case from the umbones to the margin ; width the greatest measurement in the opposite direction ; and height the thickness of both valves united. All dimen- sions in French millimetres. PISANIA TASMANICA n. s. P. t. fusiformi-elongata, alba, nitente, liris transversalibus subtillissimis, plicisque minutis, rotundatis, subdis- tantibus, creberrime cancellata ; anfractibus 7, convexis, declivis, ad suturam constrictis, varicibus eburneis, sub-obsoletis, ornatis ; apertura ovali, labro eburnco, incrassato ; labio vix calloso. Long. 20. Lat. 7. Aper long. 7. P. shell fusiformly elongate, white, shining, very thickly cancellate, with very fine transverse lirz and small rounded, subdistant plaits; whorls 7, convex, sloping, constricted at the suture, ornamented with ivory white sub-obsolete varices ; aperture ovate, outer lip ivory white, thickened; inner lip scarcely callous. Rare, D’Entrecasteaux Channel. It was not without diff- culty that I separated this species from P. reticulata, which it resembles in every respect, except that it is very much smaller, shining white, with two or three regular varices on each whorl. There are no varices in P. reticulata, and none are noticed by A. Adams (Zool. Proc. 1854, p. 188, sp. 39), whose description is hardly sufficiently detailed. In old specimens of that shell the cancellated structure causes the plaits to be very granular, and it isa dull shell of a purple 135 brown color, but young specimens are more livid, and faintly banded with chestnut. PURPURA LITT ORINOIDES, n.s. P. t. acuminato-orata, viridescenti alba ; spira clata, acuminata, mamillata; anfractibus 6, angulatis et supra bicurinatis, liris trunsversalibus, rotundatis (interstitiis @quan- tibus) ct squamatis, lamellis longitudinalibus, imbricatis cuncellatis ; apertura acnté ovata, intus atro-violascente tincta ; labio sub-planato, partim atro-violucca cneausto ; labro vie crenato. Long. 15. Lat. 8. P. shell acuminately ovate, greenish white, spire produced acuminate, mamillate; whorls 6,angulate and bicarinate above, with tranverse rounded lire (equalling the interstices in width), and cancellated with scaly imbricate lamellæ ; aperture acutely ovate, stained deep blackish purple within; inner lip somewhat flattened and partly enamelled, blackish purple ; outer lip slightly crenulate. Long Bay, Southport, common. This shell approaches in habit the P. Flindersi of Adams, and Angas, but it is much sinaller and more like a Littorina, while the other resembles a Trophon. Its deep violet black mouth is very characteristic. P. Flindersi has a violet mouth, but very much paler and clouded. TROPHON UMBILICATUS, n.s. T. t. ovata, lutea vel pallide castanea, solida ; spira eluta, anfrac 5-G, superne angulatis et concavis, con- spicue longitudinaliter plicatis (ult. anfr. 8) et transversim conferte liratis, liris magnis et parvis alternantibus, magnis planatis, et supra plicas squamato-imbricatis ; squamis post columellam validis, elevatis, canaliculatisque ; ad suturas costis lirisque obsoletis ; labro extus crenato intus dentato ; labio columellari expanso ; umbilico squamis imbricatis, rotundatis marginato. Long. 27. Lat. 15. T. shell ovate, yellow or pale chestnut, solid, spire raised ; whorls 5-6, angulate above and concave, conspicuously plicate lengthwise (8 in the last), and transversely thickly lirate, liræ alternating large and small, the larger flattened, squamately imbricated over the plaits ; sguamæ behind the columella valid, raised and eanaliculate; at the sutures, the plaits and lire obsolete; outer lip erennlate outside and toothed within ; columella lip expanded, umbilicus margined with rounded im- bricated scales. Rather uncommon, East Coast. At one time I considered this a Tasmanian variety of T. Hanleyi, Ang. but a com- parison of many specimens shows me that the present is an entirely different shell, very much more scabrous. The um- bilicus and its margin are also peculiar and distinct. TROPHON CLATHRATUS, R.S. T. t. parva, fusiformi, turrita, fulva; spira acuminata; anfractibus 8, convexis, declivibus, validis, longitu- dinaliter costatis, costis rotundatis, subdistantibus, liris distantibus, clevatis, clathratis ; apertura lata, intense rufo fulva (fasciata ?), lubro tenure; canali subelongata recurreo. Long. 9. Lat. 4. T. sheil small fusiform, turretted, brownish; spire aeu- 136 minate ; whorls 8, convex, sloping, validly ribbed lengthwise, with rounded sub-distant ribs, and latticed with e'evated distant liræ; aperture wide, of deep reddish brown (doubt- fully: banded) ; outer lip thin, canal subelongate and recurved. Rare, Bass Straits? A small very conspicuously latticed and turretted shell,in every way distinct from those pre- viously described, which have no valid transverse lire. It might be mistaken for a Clathurella, but that it has a true Trophon mouth and canal. TROPHON BRAZIERI, n.s. T.t. parva, ovata, fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, sordide alba, spira subturrita, quasi acuta, mamillata, anfractibus 7 ,costulato-varicosis, levigatis vel tenuissime striatis, ultimo anfractu varicibus sex, rotundatis, distantibus, medio convexis; aper- tura ovata, encausta, fauce castanea, labio tenui, intus indistincte spiraliter fulvo-fasciata; columella antice subtuberculuto; canali subelongato recurvo. Long. 10. Lat. 5 mil. T. shell small, ovately fusiform, attenuate at both ends, sordidly white, spire sub-turretted, almost acute, mamillate ; whorls 7, with rib-like varices, smooth or finely striate, last whorl with six, rounded, distant varices, which are convex in the middle, aperture ovate, enamelled; mouth chestnut; outer lip thin, indistinctly brown banded within; columella subtuberculate anteriorly ; canal sub-elongate, recurved. Long Bay, rather common, small, the enamelled chest- nut mouth and narrow form easily distinguish it. TROPHON GOLDSTEINI. T.t. abbreviato-fusiformi, lamelloso-varicosa, sordide alba, spira subturrita ; anfractibus 8, convexis, superné angu- latis'et coronatis, liris substantibus, subelevatis (ult. anfrac. 4, duobus basim versus inter varices obsoletis), transversim cinctis ; liris supra varices non transeuntibus; varicibus antice squamosis, flexuosis ; apertura ovata, intus encausta, castanea et fulvo-fasciata ; labro varicoso ; columella contorta ; canali contorto et flexuuso. Long. 16. Lat. 8 mil. T. shell abbreviately fusiform, lamellosely varicose, sordidly white, spire sub-turretted; whorls 8, convex, angulate and coronate above, girdled transversely with distant sub-raised liræ (in last whorl 4, the two towards the base between the varices obsolete), liræ not passing over the varices, which are anteriorly squamose and flexuous; aperture ovate, enamelled and chestnut brown banded within; outer lip varicose; colu- mella twisted; canal twisted and flexuous. Long Bay, a very pretty lamellose Trophon which I have dedicated to an old and most painstaking fellow labourer in Australian Conchology, Mr. J. R. Y. Goldstein, of Warnam- bool, Victoria. TROPHON AUSTRALIS, n.s., T.t. ovata, utrinque acuminata, sordida, viridescenti : anfractibus 6, convexis superne angulatis, obsolete long. costatis; et transversim tenuiter liratis; ultimo anfractu costis 10, 137 antice evanidis: spira acuta; apertura orata; labro tenui; columellu planata; canali longiusculo paulatim recurvo. Long. 16. Lat. 9. T. shell ovate, acuminate at each end, sordidly greenish ; whorls 6, convex, angular above, obsoletely ribbed length- ways, and finely tranversely lirate; ribs on last whorl 10, vanishing anteriorly; spire acute; aperture ovate, outer lip thin; columella flattened ; canal somewhat long and slightly recurved. Long Bay, rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson, a more globose form than any except T. Hanleyi, Angas, of which it is about one- half the size, and in no way scabrous, the ribs being very in- distinct. FUSUS SPICERI, n.s., F.t. elongata, turrita, solida, rufo-castanca vel lutea, striis lævibus transversalibus (alternantibus parvis et maj.) et costulis undulatis longitudinaliter obsolete plicata ; spira (sæpé con- torta) superné sensim attenuata; apice mamilata vel decollata ; anfr. in medio rotundatis; apertura ovata, eanali longiusculo, recto, termi- nato ; labro simplici tenui; labio inconspicuo ad suturam tenuiter canaliculato, columella encausta. Long. 25. Lat. 9. - Anf. 8. F. shell elongate, turretted, solid, reddish chestnut or yellow, cancellate, with smooth transverse striæ (large and small alter- nating), and undulating longitudinal lines; obsoletely plicate, lengthwise ; spire (which is often contorted), gradually atten- uated above ; apex mamillate or decollate, whorls rounded in the middle; aperture ovate, terminated by a somewhat long straight canal ; outer lip, simple, thin ; inner lip inconspicuous, slightly channelled at the suture; columella enamelled. King’s Island, somewhat common. W. Legrand. FUSUS LEGRANDI, m.s. F.t. subelongata, fustformi, fulvo-fusca, solidiuscula ; anfractibus 7, subdeclivis longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, in ultimo anfr. obsoletis; spiraliter liratis; liris albis, rotundatis, maj. et min. aliquando (speciatim ult. anfrac.) alternantibus, siperné obsolete muricatis ; interstitiis epidcrmidé, subsquamosis, tenuissimeque clathratis ; sutura constricta; apertura pyriformi-oblonga ; columella plano-concava ; labro tenui, intus lirato. Long. 38. Lat. 15. Apert. et can. 23. F. shell subelongately fusiform, brownish yellow, somewhat solid; whorls 7, a little sloping, with longitudinal plicate ribs, which are obsolete in the last whorl; spirally lirate with white elevated rounded lire, which sometimes, especially in the last whorl, are large and small alternately and obsoletely muricate above ; latticed in the interstices with a somewhat scaly, very thin epidermis; suture constricted, aperture pyri- formly oblong; columella flatly concave; outer lip thin and lirate within. Rare, East Coast. Mr. Legrand tells me that this species seldom exceeds the dimensions given. It is very different 138 from F. Tasmaniensis, Ad. and Ang. which is pyriform. Its nearest representative is F. muricatus Montague (in Testacea Britannica as Murex m.), but in that species the coste are much more distinct. SIPHONALIA CLARKE S. testa parva, turrita, subfusiformi, livida ; maculis rufo-fuscis sub peripheriam ornata ; anfractibus (6), de- clivis, superné angulatis, regione suturali concava ; costis radiantibus, (in ult. anfr. 12) obtusis, rotundatis, infra obsoletis, interstitiis con- cavis costis paulo superantibus ; lirulis spiralibus superné et supra costas obsoletis; canali brevi, vie curvato; apertura ovata; labro intus dentato ; labio inconspicuo. Long. 27. Lat. 9. S. shell small, turretted, sub fusiform, livid (or brown—it varies in color much as Columbella semiconvexa) with reddish brown spots under the periphery; whorls sloping, angulate above, and concave at the suture; radiately ribbed (ribs 12 in last whorl) ribs obtuse, rounded, obsolete below, and narrower than the interstices, spirally lirate ; liræ obsolete above and on the ribs; canal short sloping, but scarcely curved ; aperture ovate ; labrum toothed within ; lip inconspicuous. From the very full and concise descriptions of Siphonalia fuscozonata, by Mr. Angas “ Zool, Proc. 1865,” p. 56, our only Australian species, I am able to pronounce this species distinct and new. It is much larger, the ribs more numerous, the color livid instead of white, and the lire obsolete or absent, and lip toothed within. The brown spots are often deeply shaded at the summit of the ribs, and form a kind of fascia on the upper whorls. The labrum is often thickened into a kind of varix. At Long Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channel, Legrand and Atkinson. I have dedicated this interesting species to my dear friend and fellow labourer, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., &c, so long and eminently connected with the history of Australian geology. SIPHONALIA TURRITA, n.s. S.t. fusiformi-elongata, castanea vel livida; superne maculis rufo-fulvis zonata, posticé lineis subtillissimis punctatis rufo-castaneis cincta ; spira elata, costata ; anfractibus 7, con- veris ; ultimo obsoleté nodoso-costato ; apertura ovata, intus maculata et fasciata, fasciis interuptis; labro acuto; labio concavo; canali obliqué elongato. Long. 16. Lat. 7. S. shell fusiformly elongate, chestnut or livid, zoned above with reddish brown spots, and posteriorly girdled with very fine lines of reddish chestnut points ; spire elevated, ribbed ; whorls 7, convex, last obsoletely nodosely ribbed ; aperture ovate, spotted and banded with interrupted color within ; outer lip acute ; inner lip concave; canal obliquely elongated. Long Bay, rare, Coll. Legrand. A shell very closely re- sembling S. clarkei, but more fusiform with a longer canal, and 139 tho last whorl nearly smooth, as the ribs are almost obsolete. The spire is also much turretted, and the outer lip thin and not dentate. The lines of minute dots are also peculiar. Inside the upper zone of spots appears as a serics of longi- tudinal lines of a nut brown color. COMINELLA TASMANICA, 21.8. C.t. ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, in apicé acenta, alba, interdum virescenti ct obscuré fasciata, spira costata et mamillata ; anfractibus 8, convexis, superné subcanaliculatis, lirisque elevatis cinctis, striis longitudinalibus subtilioribus cancellatis ; aper- tura acuté vrata; labio simplici tennis, erpenso, obsolcté lirato ; labio encausto, cunalr paullulum curvato. Long. 30. Lat. 17. Long apert. 15. Lat. 8. C. shell ovately acute, somewhat solid, with acute apex, white, somctimes greenish and obscurely fasciate; spire costate and mamillate; whorls 8, convex, subcanaliculate above, encircled with lire and cancellated with very fine longitudinal striæ; aperture acutely ovate; outer lip simple, thin obsolete, lirate, inner lip enamelled; ceanal slightly curved, Long Bay. Not uncommon. Rev. H. D. Atkinson, W. Legrand. This characteristic Cominella is distinguished from C. costatum by being double the size; its distinct raised lire, the absence of any costz on the last whorl and the color. CERITHIOPSIS ATKINSONI, var, A very distinct variety of Mr. Angas’s C. crocea (P.Z.8. 1871 p. 16). It is larger and narrow, of sordid yellow color, instead of orange, and the ribs are not equal, the lower being small. It has however, the fine longitudinal striz between the 1ibs. Dredged by the Rev. H. D. Atkinson in Long Bay, 10 fathoms sand. CONUS TASMANICUS. n.s. C.t. parva, subpyriformi-turbinata, coronata, tenui, sub-inflata, levi, nitente, antice striis distantibus validis cincta ; castanea, tribus lineis fulvo alboque maculatis oblique zonata ; ad suturas conspicue albo-fulvo maculata; anfractibus 6, transversim rugosé striatis, labro tenui. C. shell small, subpyriformly turbinate, coronate, thin, sub- inflated, smooth, shining, with anterior valid distant striæ; chestnut, zoned with three white and fulvous spotted lines; con- spicuously spotted with white and fulvous at the sutures, whorls 6, transversely rugosely striate, outer lip thin. Very rare. Coll. W. Legrand. Quite distinct from any other Australian form by its color and small coronate habit. Mirra TASMANICA. n.s. M.t. orata, utrimque attenuata, badia, lineis lutco-albis bi-tri-fasciata; spira subelevata, acuminata ; anfrac- tibus 7, planulatis; longitudinaliter crebré costata, costis parvis, subobsoletis; liris transversalibus subtillissime cinctis; apertura angusta; columella quadriplicata. Long. 13. Lat. 5. Long aper- ture 6}. M. shell ovate, attenuate at both ends, brown, with two or 140 three yellowish white transverse bands; spire subelevate, acuminate ; whorls 7, flattened, thickly ribbed lengthwise with small obsolete ribs, and very finely girdled with transvorse lire; aperture narrowed ; columella quadriplicate. Rare, Coll. Legrand. The fine ribs are most prominent on the upper whorls. There is a shell very closely allied to this which I have marked as variety æ, where the ribs are larger and continuous, and another variety where they are smooth, and the whorls coronate. MITRA SCALARIFORMIs. n.s. M.t. parva fusiformi-turrita, pallide, lutea, linea albida indistincte zonata; spira acuta; anfractibus 7, rotundatis, eleganter crebré costatis, costis validis, equalibus, rotundatis lævibus, nitentibus, antice in ult. anfr. evanescentibus; apertura latiuscula ; labro tenui acuto; columella triplicata. Long. 10. Lat. 4. Long aper. 4. M. shell small, fusiformly turretted, pale yellow, zoned with an indistinct white line; spire acute; whorls 7, rounded, elegantly thickly ribbed with valid equal smooth shining ribs, which disappear on the last whorl. Aperture rather wide, outer lip thin, acute, columella triplicate. Long Bay, rather rare, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Avery pretty shell, theribsand somewhat turretted spire give it a scalariform aspect. It is somewhat dull in color. MITRA LEGRANDI. n.s. M.t. minuta, spira sub-turrita, tumida, translucente, nitente, rufo-fulva, alba et linea fulva tenui zonata s anfractibus 5, costatis, costis validis, rotundatis, nitentibus, apertura ovali, columella triplicata, Long. 5. Lat. 24. Long apert. 24, M. shell minute, spire sub-turretted, tumid, translucent, shining, reddish fulvous white, zoned with a slender fulvous line; whorls 7, ribbed with valid shining rounded ribs ; aperture oval, columella triplicate. King’s Island, rare. A very small shell, varying somewhat in the shades of its coloring, and not unlike JL tasmanica, above described, except that its ribs are more permanent and larger in proportion to its size. MITRA TERESLE. n.s. M.t. parva oblongo-ovata, tenuiscula, ni- tente, subventricosa, badia, albida bifasciata; spira breviuscula, viæ acuta; anfractibus 5, lævibus tumidis, conspicué nitentibus, ad suturam tenuissimé canaliculatis; apertura ovata, intus bifasciata, columella triplicata. Long. 7. Lat. 3}. Long apert. 34. M. shell small, oblong ovate, somewhat thin, shiny, sub- ventricose, brown, with two whitish bands; spire somewhat short, scarcely acute, whorls 5, smooth, tumid, shining con- spicuously, finely canaliculate at the suture, aperture ovate, bifasciate within, columella triplicate. Rare, King’s Island. A shining banded shell of the series of our M. pica, but much smaller. The coloring seems very } 141 persistent, and, therefore, the species not easily mistaken. I confess, however, that if this species could lose the white bands, and were to have the mouth lirate within, I should regard it as a varicty of J. scita. I think the lire are not persistent in the latter, and, therefore, the shell may be the same. Mirra scita. n.s. M. t. parva, ovata, nitente, undique intense badia, spira obtusé rotundata, apice mamillato; anfractibus 6, lavibus tumidis, sutura tenuiter impressa ; apertura latiuscula, intus badia, lirata; columella triplicate. Long. 8. Lat. 33. Long apert. 4}. M. shell small, ovate, shining, entirely pure deep brown ; spire obtusely rounded, apex mamillated, whorls 6, smooth, tumid, suture finely impressed; aperture rather wide, brown within, lirate, columella triplicate. King’s Island, somewhat common. Coll. Legrand. Speci- mens which had been mixed with JL teresie. Very distinct from its size, and intense uniform coloring, though belonging to the series of which If. badia is a large representative. MANGELIA ATKINSONI. n.s. M.t. parva, ovata-fusiformi, tumidi- uscula, alba, nitida, epidermidé ferruginea induta, linsis obtusé angulatis zonata; spira mamillata; anfractibus 6, costatis, costis validis (ult. anfr. 6) rotundatis; apertura ovata, superné acuta; labro acuto, labio simplici, replicato. Long. 3. Lat. 2 mill. M. shell small, ovately fusiform, somewhat tumid, white, shining, clothed with a ferruginous epidermis; zoned with obtusely angular lines, spire mamillate, 6 whorls, ribbed, ribs yalid, rounded (in the last whorl 6), aperture ovate, acute aboye ; outer lip acute; lip simple replicate. Rare, East Coast. Coll. Legrand. The minute angular zone on this shell is not easily seen even under the miero- scope, because of the ferruginous epidermis. This shell has boen dedicated to the Rev. H. D. Atkinson, whose dredging operations have done so much to develop the knowledge of Tasmanian conchology. CLATHURELLA PHILOMENA, n.s. C. t. elonguto-fusiformi, turrita, parca, nitente, alba, ad suturam pallidissime fulva fasciata ; apice acuta, fulva; anfraetibus 7, declivis, superné angulatis, covexiusculis, longitwlinaliter plicatis ; plicis costiformibus, rotundatis, regularibus al suturas arcuatis, transcersim liratis ; liris supra plic. transeuntibus, distantibus; apertura ovali; labro inerassato, postice profunde sinuato ; labio reflexo plus minusve fulvo tincto. Long. 11. Lat. 3$ C. shell elongately fusiform, turretted, small, shining, white, very palely white banded at the suture; apex acute, fulvous ; whorls 7, sloping, angular above, somewhat convex, plicate, lengthwise, with rib like plaits, which are rounded regularly and bent at the suture; transversely lirate, lire passing over the plaits; aperture oval; outer lip thickened and deeply 142 sinuate posteriorly; inner lip thickened, more or less tinged fulvous brown. A small, almost cylindrically turretted form, with the apex and base tinged brown, and banded. The well defined ribs give it a pretty sculptured appearance. Rather common. Hast Coast. MANGELIA IMMACULATA. a.s. M. t. fusiformi-turrita, alba, ni- tente, spira acuta; anfractibus 9, declivis, ad suturas canaliculatis ad angulum obsoleté tuberculatis, transversim obsoleté liratis ; apertura ovali ; labro tenui, sinu conspicuo; labio simplici, superné tubcrculato, Long. 17. Lat. 6. M. shell fusiformly turretted, white, shining; spire acute, whorls 9, sloping; canaliculate at the sutures, anculate and obsoletely tuberculate above, transversely obsoletely lirate, aperture oval; outer lip thin; sinus conspicuous, lip simple, tuberculate above. King’s Island, rare. A white, somewhat elegant species, with a true Pleurotoma spire. MANGELIA MEREDITHLE, m.s. M. t. turrita, fusiformt, gracili, spira quam apertura longiore ; nitente, diaphana, alba, fasciis pallide castanea creberimé cincta; anfractibus 6, declivis, superné angulatis et concavis longitudinalter plicatis plicis opacis, nitentibus, distantibus, curvatis, ad suturam angulatis ; interstitiis subtillissime striatis; striis æœtate evanescentibus ; apertura angusto ovali; labio simplici; labro extus sub-varicoso, intus levi; margine acuto. Long. 13. Lat. 5. M. shell turrettedly fusiform, graceful, spire longer than the aperture, shining diaphanous white, very thickly girdled with pale chestnut bands; whorls 6, sloping, angulate and concave above, plicate lengthwise with opaque, shining, distant curved plaits, which are angulate at the suture ; interstices very finely striate, striæ disappearing with age; aperture narrowly oval; lip simple, outer lip subvaricose outside, smooth within, margin acute. Bass’s Straits, moderately common. A very pretty por- cellaneous shining shell, with the ribs distinct, and opaque white. It varies much in coloring, sometimes the chestnut bands are numerous, and of various shades and thickness, at others confined to a simple fascia at the sutures, or the shell is quite white and shining. DRILLIA ATKINSONI. n.s. D.t. accuminato-turita, fusca, spira acuta, apice mamillato; anfrac. 9, superné angulatis convexis, de- clivibus, long. costatis, costis parvis, distantibus, subacutis, ult. anfrac. 16, supra angulum et ad suturam validis et transversim tenuiter valide liratis, liris magnis et parvis alterantibus, elevatis, supra cost. tran- seuntibus et ibi subnodosis; apertura alba, late ovata; labro tenut, expanso, incurvo incrassato, intus levi, postice profundé sinuato ; labio planato, levi. Long. 13. Lat. 5. D. shell acuminately turretted, dusky, spire acute, apex 1483 mamillate, whorls 9, angled above, convex, sloping, ribbed lengthwise with small distant subacute ribs (in the last whorl 16), which persist over the angle to the suture, transversely finely validly lirate, with small raised liræ, alternately large and small, which pass over the ribs, and there become subno- dose; aperture white, broadly ovate; outer hp thin, cx- panded, incurved, thickened, smooth within, deeply sinuate behind, lip flattened, smooth. Rare, Long Bay, dredged from a sandy bottom at 10 fathoms, Rev. H. D. Atkinson. A very pretty shell, finely sculptured, usually very well preserved. TURRITELLA GRANULIFERA. u.s. T. t. acuminato-turrita, cras- siuscula, lutea superné et infra fulro fuseiatu; anfractibus 12, con- Jfertim longitudinaliter striatis, striis undulosis; transversim unicat- matis, carina granulosa, et obsolete, infra et supra costatis; apertura subquadrata ; labro in medio sinuato. Long. 25. Lat. 8. T. shell acuminately turretted, somewhat thick; yellowish, with brown bands above and below, whorls 12, thickly lougi- tudinally striate, with undulating striæ; transversely one keeled; keel granulose and obsoletely ribbed above and below, aperture subquadrate ; outer lip sinuate in the middle. A very distinct species, with a granular keel, which is of rare occurrence in the genus. Port Arthur, somewhat common. TURRITELLA ACUTA. T. t. acutissime laneeolato-turrita, alba, ad basim acuta angulata et concava; anfractibus 15, planulatis, liratis ; ct longit. unduloso striatis ; striis, sub-lamellosis ; apertura oblique ovata. Long. 30. Lat. 6. T. shell very acutely lanceolately turretted, white, acutely angulate and concave at the base, whorls 15, flattened, 7 lirate and longitudinally undulatelv striate, with lamellar and very minutely dentate strie; aperture oblique, ovate. Long Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. TRUNCATELLA TASMANICA. 7.5. T. t. decollata cylindraceo-turrita, parva, tenui, nitente, pallida; anfractibus 5 (won decoll. 7) convexi- uscilis, plicis parvis sub-acutis,coifertissime instructis (in ult. anfrac. 50-35) apertura pyriformis; superné angulata et suleata ; labro bimarginato sub-expanso, labio infleco. Long. 7. Lat. 3. T. shell decollate, cylindrically turretted, small, thin, shining, pale fulvous, whorls 5 (if not decollate 7), somewhat convex, furnished very thickly with small subacute plaits (in last whorl 30-35); aperture pyriform, angulate and sulcate above; outer lip bi-marginate sub-expanded ; lip reflected ; peristome continuous. Bass Straits, common. The plaits or ribs on the shell are very like those on most Scalaria. For my own part I think, it very difficult to distinguish the species from T. teres, Pfr., 144 T. scalarina, T. Yorkensis, and T. Brazieri, the last three of Dr. James Cox. These are all Australian, and, as I believe, varieties of one species. I, however, mark the Tasmanian variety as above for future investigators. TENAGODUS WELDII. n.s. T. t. volubilis laxa, tenuis, alba, dia- phana, nitidula, levigata infime flavescente; anfractibus circ. 6, obliqué subtillissime striatis; rima in anfractibus tribus primis clausis, deinde apertis, marginibus subundulatis, acutis ; apertura basi emar- ginata, marginibus trreqularibus, acutis, apice septo hemisphwrico clauso. Long. 12. Diam. aperture 2 mil. T. shell loosely twisted, thin, white diaphanous, somewhat shining, smooth, yellow below; whorls about 6, obliquely finely striate ; cleft, closed in the three first whorls, then open with subundulating acute margins, aperture emarginate at the base, margins acute, irregular, apex closed with a hemispherical septum, East Coast, somewhat common. A thin very small shell, closely rolled together at the apex, and then rapidly unfolding. It differs from the Z. Australis, not only in its very much smaller size, but also in the slit being entirely open without any small rounded foramina in the upper part. I have dedi- cated this interesting species to His Excellency the Governor, F. A. Weld, Esq., C.M.G. It may be a variety of Thylacodes decussatus, Gmel., but that is much larger, and of delicate rose color. EULIMA MIcANS. n.s. E.t. minuta, obtusé-turrita, paulo curvata, translucida, polita, albida, apice mamillato, anfract. 7, superné planatis lævissimis, penultimo rotundato, ultimo subinflato ; apertura pyri- formi; labro tenui producto, labio reflexo. Long. 3. Lat. 15 mil. E. shell minute, obtusely turretted, slightly curved, trans- lucid, polished, whitish, apex mamillated, whorls 7, flattened above, extremely smooth,penultimate rounded,last subinflated ; aperture pyriform, outer lip thin,produced ; inner lip reflected. Long Bay. A unique specimen of a very minute, very highly polished translucid Eulima. TURBONILLA MARIÆ. T. t. elongata, turrita, tereti, solidiuscula, opaca, lactea; anfractibus 12, vix couveris vel planulatis ; costis nume- rosis, declivibus, crassis, rotundatis, lævibus; interstitiis inconspicuis, parvis latitud. costis equantibus; anfractu ultimo costis ad peripheriam vix obsoletis ; basi levi, nitenti, convexo ; apertura ovali, postice angulata antice producto et everso. Long. 10. Lat. 2. T. shell elongate, turretted, terete, somewhat solid, opaque, milky white, whorls 12, scarcely convex, or flattened; with numerous thick, sloping, rounded, smooth ribs ; interstices small, inconspicuous, equalling the ribs in width; last whorl with the ribs scarcely obsolete at the periphery ; base smooth, 145 shining, convex; aperture oval, angulate posteriorly, and anteriorly produced and everted. King’s Island, Bass Straits, common, closely resembling some species from Japan. Large for a Turbonilla. TURBONILLA TASMANICA, n.s. T.t., subulato-turrita, nivea, solidiuseula ; anfractibus normalibus 8, rotundatis, suturis impressis ; costis elevatis, rotundatis, nitentibus, subconfertis, interstitiis lævibus ; costis in ult. anfr. desincntibus ; apertura ovata ; antieé incrassata, 2 anfr. apicalibus inflatis, levibus. Long. 7. Lat. 2. T. shell subulately turretted, snowy white ; somewhat solid, normal number of whorls 8, which are rounded, with the suture impressed ; ribs elevated, rounded, shining, somewhat numerous, with the interstices smooth; ribs ceasing in the last whorl, aperture ovate, thickened in front, two apicial whorls inflated and smooth. King’s Island, not numerous. The peculiar inflation of the tivo apicial whorls makes it doubtful whether the specics does not belong to the genus Truncatella, but no truncate specimens were scen by me. The mouth is not entire nor rimate. CITHARA TASMANICA. n.s. O.t., fusiformi, utrinqué attenuata, cburnea, inter liras pallidissime rufo tincta; spira elata quam apertura longiore; anfractibus 7, convexis, postice angulatis ct superné exca- vatis ; eleganter longitudinaliter costatis (in ult. anfra, 12-14), et trans- versim, regulariter lirutis; costis anjulatis levibus nitentibus; liris latis planatis; apertura anguste ovata, labro tenui. Long. 12. Lat. 5. C. shell fusiform, attenuate at both ends, ivory white, between the liree tinged with very pale red; spire raised and longer than the aperture, whorls 7, convex, angular behind and excavate above, elegantly ribbed lengthwise (12-14 in last whorl), transversely regularly lirate; ribs angular, smooth, shining; liræ broad, flattened, aperture narrowly ovate, outer lip thin. East Coast, rare. Mr. Justin Browne. A delicate, ivory white shell. SYRNOLA BIFASCIATA. n.s. S.t. parva, acuté elongata, temui, witenti, cornea, pallidé fulva bifasciata, polita, subtranslucida ; an- Fractibus 10, convexiuseulis, longitudinaliter tenuiter striatis, sutura impressa ; apice mamillata ; apertura pyriformi; labro tenui; labio refleco, plica inconspicua, postica. Long. 7. Lat. 2. 8. shell, small, acutely elongate, thin, shining, horny, with two pale fulvous bands, polished, sub-translucid ; whorls 10, somewhat convex, finely striate lengthwise ; suture impressed ; apex mammillate ; aperture pyriform, outer lip thin; inner lip reflexed, plait inconspicuous, posterior. Long Bay, 10 fathoms. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. Legrand Only one specimen seen. Syrnola is a genus erected for banded translucent Odostomia. 146 RissoINA GERTRUDIS. n.s. I0.t. minuta, turrita, subulata, sub- pyramidalis lactea, trunslucenti, tenui; anfrac. 8, convexiusculis, cre- berrime plicatis, plicis parvis, rotundatis subobsoletis; ult. anfrac. basim versus spiraliter subtillissime striato; sutura late marginata ; apertura semilunari ; labro medio dilatato et incrassato; labio con- spicuo, flexuoso, antice rimato. Long. 45. Lat. 13. P. shell minute, turrettedly subulate, sub-pyramidal, milky- white, translucent, thin; whorls 8, somewhat convex, very thickly plicate with small rounded subobsolete plaits; last whorl most delicately spirally striate towards the base ; suture broadly margined ; aperture semilunar ; outer lip dilate in the middle and thickened; inner lip conspicuous, flexuous, rimate anteriorly. King’s Island, rare. I have only seen two specimens of this very minute shell, which is near to J. nivea, A. Adams, but smaller, and the sutures marginate. RIssOINA (SETIA) BRAZIERI, 1.8. .t. minuta, turbinato-con- oidea, subumbilicatu, alba, laté fulvo unifasciata ; anfractibus 5, rotundatis, levigatis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato; apertura rotun- data, superné angulata ; peristoma integra, Operculum corneum 8- spir. Long. 3, Lat. 2. Testu aliquundo epidermide intense olivaceo induta. R. shell, minute, turbinately conoid, subumbilicate, white, with one broad fulvous band; whorls 5, rounded, smooth, last angulate at the periphery, aperture rounded, angular above; peristome entire. Operculum horny, 3 spiral. This shell is sometimes clothed with a deep olive epidermis. Isthmus Bay, Bruni Island, where it is very plentiful, en- tangled in confervoid growths on the rocks. CINGULINA AUSTRALIS. n.s. Ct. minuta, subulata, turrita, tenui, nitente, diaphaneo-alba, anfractibus 7, carinis elevatis, rotundatis, spiralibus instructis, interstitiis lævibus; carinis in ultim. anfrac. 5, deinde 4, 3, etc.; sutura profunde impressa; apertura oblonga, in- tegra ; labro crassiusculo ; basi convexo, liris spiralibus (2) elevatis, rotundatis, ornato. Long. 2. Lat. 2. C. shell minute, subulate, turretted, thin, shining, trans- parently white, whorls 7, furnished with elevated rounded spiral keels, with smooth interstices ; keel in the last whorl 5, then 4, 3 &c.; suture deeply impressed; aperture oblong, entire ; outer lip somewhat thickened; base convex, ornamented with two spiral rounded elevated liræ. Badger Island, rare. An extremely minute turretted white shell, with elevated spiral keels, &c. DUNKERIA FASCIATA., 22.8. D.t. minuta, turrita, utrinque clathrata, translucente,pallidé lutea fasciata ; anfractibus 6, convexis, bicarinatis, liris paucis elevatis, nitentibus spiralibus, transversalibus pulcherrime cancellatis ; labio simplici columella arcuata. Long. 35-4. Lat. 2. D. shell minute, turretted, latticed all over, translucent and 147 touched with pale yellow; whorls 6, convex, bicarinate and beautifully cancellate, with a few elevated, shining, spiral and transverse lire; outer lip simple, columella arcuate. Bass Straits, rather common, but so minute that the shell easily escapes notice. I may be wrong in assigning the specics to the genus Dunkcria. The lattice pattern is so large, and the transverse and spiral ribs, which form it, are so far equal, that it makes a unique form. Rissoa (CINGULA) MARLE. L0.t. minuta, ovato-conica, sub-turrita, translucente, fumoso-cornea, lutea obscure fusciuta, anfractibus 4; ventricosis, declivibus, levigatis, nitentibus; apertura integru, semi- lunari, postice anguluta. Long. 24. Lat. $. R. shell minute, ovately conical, sub-turretted, translucent, smoky horn, and obscurely banded with yellow; whorls 4, ventricose, sloping, smooth, shining; aperture entire, semi- lunar, angulate posteriorly. King’s Island, common ; a very minute shiny species. Diara TUMIDA. n.s. D.t. minuta, pyramidato-tumida ; albida, ad suturas sup. et infra luteo fusciata ; anfrac. 6, planulatis, tumidis, obliqué plicatis ; plicis subobsoletis; apertura circuluri, labio refleso. Long. 2}. Lat. 1. D. Shell minute, pyramidally tumid, whitish, banded with yellow above and below the sutures, whorls 6, tumid, but somewhat flattened, obliquely plicate, plaits almost obsolete, aperture circular; lip reflexed. Swansea, rare. Coll. Legrand. DIALA TESSELLATA. n.s. D.t. elongata, conica, sub-nitente, alba, ad sutur. fuscia fulvo maculata cineta ; anfraetibus 6, basi marginatis, planulatis; ultimo anfrac. angulato ; apertura ovali, integra, antice sub-refieca ; labro tenui; labio antice subexpanso et reflexo. Long. 64. Lat. 4. D. shell elongately conical, somewhat shining, white and girdled at the sutures with a fulvous spotted band ; whorls 6, margined at the base and flattened; last whorl angulate ; aperture oval, entire, sub-reflexed anteriorly ; outer lip thin ; inner lip anteriorly sub-expanded and reflexed. Common in shallow places. A pretty white shell, with a graceful narrow band of brown spots at the suture. The mouth is faintly emarginate. There is a white variety of this shell, as well as one marked with three or four lines of long purplish spots. DIALA PUNCTATA. ns. Dt., elongata, conica, sordide alba, lineis rufo-puuctatis, crebré cinctis ; anfractibus 6, tumide-planatis, spirali- ter sulcatis ; ultimo anfraetu ad peripheriam obtusé angulato ; sutura -A ; apertura ovata; labro tenni; labio reflezo. Long. 74. = 3. D. shell elongately conical, sordidly white, thickly girdled 148 with reddish spotted lines ; whorls 6,tumidly flattened, spirally sulcate ; last whorl obtusely angulate at the periphery, suture impressed, aperture ovate, outer lip thin, inner lip reflexed. D’Entrecasteaux’s Channel, very common, but in all the specimens, except a very few, the spiral grooves and punctuate markings were worn away, and the shell smooth and snowy white. LITTORINA HISSEYIANA. n.s. L. testa minutissima, globoso-tur- binata, tenui, ventricosa ; spira brevi, obtusa, spiraliter densé striata, albida, strigis olivaceis angulato-undulutis, sepe confluentibus picta; anfractibus (5 ) rotundatis ; apertura orbiculari, integra ; labro interno subreflexo, acuto ; columella subperforata. L. shell extremely minute, globosely turbinate, thin, ven- tricose, spire short, obtuse, densely spirally striate, whitish, with angulately undulate olive streaks, which are often confluent; whorls 5, rounded; aperture orbiculate, entire ; internal lip sub-reflexed, acute, columella sub-perforate. Dimensions.—These shells are microscopic. They vary some- what in size, but the largest do not exceed 14 millimetres in length. About 50 specimens were found in the stomach of a Mullet, Agenostoma diemenensis, Rich. probably caught in the Derwent. The olive markings vary into lines and deeply shaded spots ; sometimes the shell is uniformly olive, or even blue black. NATICA TASMANICA. n.s. N. testa obtecté umbilicata, depresso- orbiculari, crassa, spira brevi, parum exserta; anfrac. convexis rotun- datis, levibus vel oblique, densé, minutissimé striatis, apertura semi- lunari, horizontalis, columella tenuicula, cullositate prominente spirali, sulcata, umbilico angulato-excavato ; ad suturam intus callosam ; pallide, fulva vel albida lineis pallide fuscis vel awrantacets fasciatis ; basi alba, intus castanea vel fulva. Long. 13. Lat. 16. Anfr. 4. Aper. Long. 10. Lat. 6. N. shell, with a somewhat covered umbilicus, depressedly orbicular, thick, with a short but slightly exsert spire; whorls convex, rounded, smooth, or obliquely thickly and most minutely striate, aperture semilunar, horizontal, columella somewhat thin, with a prominent callosity, which is spirally sulcate ; umbilicus angularly excavate; with a kind of callosity within the suture at the mouth; pale fulvous or whitish, banded with brownish or orange lines; base white, chestnut or fulvous within. This shell resembles WV. plumbea more than any other, but is seldom more than half its size, and very much paler in color. Color is so persistent in the genus that it may well be con- sidered a mark of specific value. If this not very common species has escaped previous naturalists, which, as far as I can learn, it has certainly done, it can only be from its having been 149 regarded as a small and pale varicty of N. plumbea, under which name, and that of N. stranget and N. baconi, I have seen it in cubinets. It is, however, entirely distinct in form and color and sellom varices from tho dimensions given. Hab. E., S.E. and S. coasts. NATICA NANA. n.s. N. t. parva, solidiuscula, obliqué ovata, profundé umbilicata, sordidé alba, subuiteute, tenuiter longitud. striata ; spira sub- elevata ; aufract. 4, rotundato-couvexis sublævibus ; apertura semilunari ; labro tenui ; labio recto crassiuscula. Diam. mag. 7. Min. 5. N. shell small, somewhat solid, obfiquely ovate, deeply um- bilicate, sordidly white, somewhat shining, slenderly striate lengthwise, spire subelevate ; whorls 4, roundly convex, smoothish, aperture semilunar; outer lip thin; inner lip straight, somewhat thickened. Long Bay, about 6 fathoms, in sand, Rev. H. D. Atkinson and Legrand. A small shell, white, slightly shining shell, very different in size and coloring from any other Australian form. Ruma Gioposa. n.s. FR. t. profundé umbilicata, obliqué globoso-ovata, alba, epidermide lutea; spira pellucida, convexa ; anfractibus 4, declivi- rentricosis, striis undulatis, subtillissimis, transverse cinctis ; apertura elongato-pyriformi ; labro simplici; labio postice reflexo nitente. Diam. maj. 27, diam. min. 19. R. shell deeply umbilicate, obliquely globosely ovate, white, with a yellow epidermis; spire pellucid, convex; whorls 4, slopingly ventricose, transversely girdled with very fine undu- lating striæ; aperture elongately pyriform, outer lip simple ; inner lip posteriorly reflexed, shining. East Coast, common. This large and very elegant Ruma 1s of a globose habit, of dull white color, but sometimes com- pletely covered with a shining, fibrous, thin yellow epidermis, with much the appearance of having been deposited by the mantle. In spite of its being common, it does not appear to have been described. FossaRINA SIMSONI, n.s. F.t. obliqué depresso-globosa, obtecté um- bilicata, tenuis, alba subnitenté, fulvo undulosé maculata, spira plano- convexa, vix elevata ; anfractibus 4, tenuissime creberriméque longitudi- naliter striatis ; ultimo anfracto valdé expanso: apertura rotundata ; | labro simplici; labio arcuato, postice-dilatato, sulco transverso. Diam. maj. 64. min., 5. F. shell obliquely depressedly globose, umbilicus somewhat covered, thin, white, somewhat shining, undulately fulvous spotted ; spire plano-convex, scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, very finely and closely striate lengthwise; last whorl very much ex- panded, aperture rounded ; outer lip simple ; inner lip arcuate dilated posteriorly, with a transverse groove. Rare, Long Bay, Bruni Island, Rev. H. D. Atkinson and Legrand. A pretty undulately varicgated shell, with the 150 inner lip produced posteriorly into a kind of channelled tri- angular elevation. I have dedicated this species to Mr. Augustus Simson, of Tasmania, late of Port Denison, Queens- land, an indefatigable collector and investigator into every department of Natural History. - NASSA TASMANICA. n.s. LV. t. acuminato-ovata, solidiuscula, nitida cas- tanea, luteo-castanea, vel fulva ; spira sub-acuta; granoso-plicata (in ult. anfr. plic. 17), plicis superné divisis, anfractibus 5, convezis, striatis, striis sub-distantibus, in ult. anfr. 11 ; apertura ovata, nitida, alba ; labro solido, superne sub-calloso, intus dentato (dente conspicua in medio); colu- mella valde callosa, callositate alba subrecurva. Long. 12. Lat. 7. N. shell acuminately ovate, somewhat solid, shining chestnut, yellowish chestnut or brown, spire sub acute ; granosely plicate (plaits 17 in last whorl), plaits divided above by a channel; whorls 5, convex, striate ; striæ sub-distant ; 11 in last whorl; aperture ovate, shiuing, white; outer lip solid, sub- callous above; toothed within, a conspicuous tooth in the middle, columella very callous, with a white subrecurved callosity. This species is smaller than N. fasciata and N. pauperata, which it closely resembles in every respect except size, color, and the white callosities at the mouth. It is a pretty con- spicuous shell, found only on the North and East Coast, where itis rather common. In N. fasciata the plice are very distinctly granulate throughout. In N. pauperata they are sub-obsolete except above, and in the present species they are scarcely dis- tinct, except the one which is separated by a groove at the suture. On the whole it is nearer to N. pauperata than to NV. fase. A shell very like it, oocurs in Port Jackson— N. yacksoniana, as far as size is concerned, but it is white or banded, and has no callosity. The normal color of our species is uniform chestnut, but ali Nassze vary very much in color. As all the specimens of WV. jacksoniana seen by me were poor, and thin somewhat stunted shells, it has occurred to me that they were dwarfed specimens of our species, growing in un- favourable circumstances, and that Tasmania is its true home. In that case the species would be identical, but future observa- tions must decide this. CANCELLERIA TASMANICA. n.se C. t. oblonga, alba, spiraliter tenuiter lirata, liris parvis, validis, equalibus; anfractibus 6, rotundatis, declivibus; spira acuta; sutura valida; labro tenui, conspicué lirato; columella abbreviato, triplicato. Long. 1834. Lat. 10. C. shell oblong, white, slenderly spirally lirate, with small valid equal liræ; suture valid; outer lip thin, conspicuously lirate, columella abbreviate, triplicate. King’s Island, a white finely grooved shell, more elongate than C. levigata, and nearer in form and habit to Gould’s lol C. viridula (Sowerby’s Thesaurus, vol 11, p. 449, pl. 96, fig. 102) than any other forin. CROSSEA LABIATA. n.s. C. t parva, glohoso-turbinata, anguste um- bilicata, solidiuscula, alba, subopaca, spira elevata, sutura distincta ; an- fract. 5, rotundatis, undique tenuissime elongaliter transversim liratis, sub- tillisime lony. strialis; umbilico callo rotundato marginato ; apertura ovata, antice ct postice angulata et canaliculata ; labro sub-reflexo, extus Jimbriuto vuricoso. Long. 4. Lat. 2. C. shell small, globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicate, somewhat solid, white, subopaque, spire elevated, suture dis- tinct; whorls 5, rounded, everywhere most slenderly, elegantly, lirate transversely, and very minutely striate lengthwise ; um- bilicus margined with a rounded callus ; aperture ovate, an- teriorly and posteriorly angulate and channelled; outer lip sub-reflexed, and with a fringe-like varix outside. Long Bay, 10 fathoms, sand. The fourth species of a very rare genus. The only other are two dredged from Gott’s Island in Japan, by Mr. Arthur Adams, and the third from Port Jackson, near the Sow and Pigs, at from 2 to 4 fathoms. This species is distinguished from the others by its reflected and fimbriate ip. The great peculiarity of this genus, says Mr. Adams (who erected it), consists in the canaliculate angular projection at the fore part of the aperture. In this species it is posteriorly channelled as well. C miranda Ad. is varicose. C. bellulus Ad. has the outer hp thin. C. con- cinna Angas is pellucid and has the upper whorls punctate. CoLUMBELLA BADIA. n.s. C. t. parva, acuminata, oblonga, intus ex- tusque saturata badia ; inconspicue albide maculata, spira, acuta, anfractibus 7, planatis, levibus nitentibus; apertura breviuscula ; labro intus dentato; columella obscuré corrugata. Long. 9. Lat. 3. C. shell small, acuminately oblong, saturated brown without and within, inconspicuously white spotted, spire acute ; whorls 7, flattened, smooth, shining ; aperture somewhat short, outer lip toothed within, columella obscurely corrugate. Swansea, East Coast, common. A uniformly purple brown shell, faintly variegated when worn. There is an orange red variety from Brown’s River and Blackman’s Bay, which may be a different species. COLUMBELLA ROBLINI. n.s. C. t. parva, aciculari-ovata, sub-nitente, pallide castunca, undique crebré albo-fulvo maculata ; anfractibus 7, planulatis, apice mamillato, intensé fusco; aperturu latiuscula, labro obso- lvie dentato ; columella corrugata. Long.9. Lat. 4. Var. a. Sanguineo-fulro maculata. C. shell small, acicularly ovate, somewhat shining, pale chest- nut, everywhere thickly spotted white and fulvous; whorls 7, flattened, apex mamillate, of a deep smoky brown; aperture somewhat broad, obsolutely toothed. Var. a. sanguincously brown spotted. 152 Common on the East Coast, Storm Bay, etc. It may be only a variety of C. badia, which it resembles in shape and size, but the markings seem only to vary within certain limits ; becoming sometimes an interrupted band of blood red spots. CoLUMBELLA LEGRANDI. n.s. CO. t. parva, subulata, tenui, nitente, castanea, maculis niveis fulvo umbratis ad suturas cingulata; apice mamil- lato; anfractibus, 6, elongatis, convexis, transversim subtillissime lineatis ; apertura elongata ovata; labro tenui, simplici. Long. 73. Lat. 2. C. shell small, subulate, thin, shiny chestnut, girdled at the suture with a band of snowy spots, shaded with fulvous brown ; apex mamillate ; whorls 6, elongate, convex, very finely trans- versely lined; aperture elongately ovate; outer lip, thin, simple. King’s Island, very rare. Two specimens only submitted to me, but both well preserved. A small mamillated subulate form, which cannot be mistaken for any other. CoLUMBELLA MINUTA. n.s. C. t. ovata minuta, levi, nitente, pallide castanea longitudinaliter crebré lineis castancis ornata, et maculis albis transversim bifasciata ; anfractibus 5, planulato tumidis ; apertura ovata, postice acuta, labro incrassato, intus dentato. Long. 3. Lat. 13. C. shell ovate, minute, smooth, shiny, pale chestnut, very thickly ornamented with chestnut longitudinal lines, bifasciate transversely with white spots; whorls 5, somewhat flatly tumid, aperture ovate, acute posteriorly, outer lip thickened, dentate within. Swansea, East Coast, common. One of the smallest Colu- mbellas known, and like all its congeners variable in color, but in the unworn specimens, the above characters seem pretty constant. EUCHELUS TASMANICUS. n.s. E. t. parva depresso-turbinata, carneo alba, punctis rufis aliquando in lineis obliquis maculata ; anfractibus 4, declivi-rotundatis, liris granulosis creberrimé gemmatis, interstitiis longi- tudinaliter plicatis, ad suturas canaliculato impressis ; apertura obliqué ovata, subcirculari ; labro intus lirato ; labio post columellam bisulcato, et obliqué striato. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5. E. shell small, depressedly turbinate, fleshy white, spotted with red points, which are sometimes disposed in oblique lines; whorls 4, slopingly rounded, thickly gemmed with granulous lire, the interstices plaited lengthwise, with a chan- nelled impression at the sutures; aperture obliquely ovate, subcircular, outer lip lirate within, inner lip bisulcate and obliquely sulcate behind the columella. Long Bay, Bruni Island, and S. Coast. This somewhat gibbous Euchelus appears to have traces of nacreous iri- descence, internally. It is very distinct in size (being the smallest of our species) from E. baccatus, Mke, though some- what near shape and color. Rather scarce. 153 GIRRULA AUREA. n.s. @.t. parva, turbinato-conoidea, vin umbili- cata, luteo alba, maculis rufo-aureis, pulcherrime picta ; anfractibus 4, basim marginatis et planulatis, superné rotundatis, ad suturam constrictis ; liris irregularibus, oblique subtillissime striatis cinctis ; marginé eleganter alba et rufo-aurea tesselato ; basi convexiusculo, lineis concentricis im- pressis tesselatis sculpta, apertura rotundata, Long. alt. 5, diam, 4. G. shell small, turbinately conical, scarcely umbilicate, yel- lowish white, painted very prettily with reddish gold spots; whorls 4, margined at the base and flattened, rounded above and constricted at the suture; girdled with irregular ob- liquely striate, very fine striæ ; margin elegantly tesselated, with white and reddish gold; base sculptured with impressed tessellated lines. Aperture rounded. King’s Island, rare. A very pretty shell, which is very nacreous underneath. CANTHARIDEA ORNATA. n.s. C. t. vix umbilicata, conoideo-turbinata Jusco et viridi variegata ; anfractibus declivi planulatis, superné conspicué tuberculatis (in ultimo anfractu decem), obsolete oblique corrugatis et subtillissime decussatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam acute angulato et obtuse tuberculato ; basi planato, decussatim granato liris tribus fusco maculatis ornato ; apertura subquadrata, columella arcuata et canali- culata ; labio acuto. Long. 19. Lat. 20. C. shell scarcely umbilicate, turbinately conoid, variegated brown and green; whorls sloping and flattened, conspicuously tubercled above (tubercies in the last whorl 10 in number), faintly obliquely corrugated and very finely decussate ; last whorl sharply angulate, and obtusely tuberculate at the peri- phery ; base flattened ; decussately granular, ornamented with three brown spotted lire ; aperture subquadrate, columella arcuate and canaliculate; lip acute. Seen from above the tubercles seem radiate, like the spokes of a wheel. This shell, with some others, were given to me by Mr. Ronald Gunn, the eminent botanist and naturalist, to whom Tasmania owes so much. He found it seldom, and on the north cost only. It 1s a very beautiful species with bright emerald green markings, and shelly operculum. It is closely called to C. aureus, Jonas, but distinguished by its color, larger size, and the yery conspicuous tubercles crowning the whorls, LIOTIA TASMANICA. 12.8. L. t. parva, discoidea ; sordide alba, spira plano-depresea, costis spiralibus subobsoletis, ct liris longitudinalibus cre- berrimé ornata ; peripheria carinis duobus nodosis, nodis in 2 anfr. elevatis et imbricatis ; apertura margine reflexo incrassata ; umbilico per- amplo, spiraliter dentato. Diam. maj. 8, min. 6. Alt. 3. L. shell small, discoid, sordidly white, spire plano-depressed. ornamented thiekly with spiral sub-obsolete ribs and longi- tudinal liræ, with two nodose keels at the periphery, nodæ in the second whorl raised and imbricated, aperture with the 154 margin reflexcd and thickened, umbilicus very wide and spi- rally dentate. Lene Bay, rare. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. This shell is nacreous within, and very near in form to L. discoidea Reeve. The nods on the upper carina become little raised hollow rounded squame on the second whorl. MoNILEA ROSEA. n.s. M. t. minuta, turbinata, late umbilicata, rosea, maculis albis variegata ; anfractibus 4, rotundatis, striis albis magnis et parvis alternantibus cinctis; apertura integra, rotundata ; labro pro- ducto; labio simplici; margine umbilici callo inconspicuo, albo, corrugato instructo. Diam. 3. M. shell minute, turbinate, widely umbilicate, rose color, variegated with white spots, whorls 4, rounded, encircled with white alternating large and small striæ; aperture entire, rounded; outer lip produced; inner lip simple; umbilical margin furnished with a somewhat inconspicuous white cor- rugated umbilicus. This small shell is of intense carmine color in some speci- mens. The outer lip is produced very much from the suture so as to give the aperture a sunken appearance. The callosity at the umbilicus is only perceptable under the lens iu very good specimens. GIBBULA DEPRESSA. n.s. GQ. t. depresso-orbiculata, fulvo-purpurea lugubre tincta ; umbilicata, late sulcata, sulcis transversim striatis; an- fractibus 5, depressis ; ultimo anfracta permagno, cingulis sex subelevatis, transversis, aliquando tessellatis insigno ; apertura obliquè subquadrata, intus lirata, rosea viridique splendidé irridescente, labro tenui ; labio sub- reflexo. Diam. 10 mill. G. shell depressedly orbiculate, lugubriously-painted fulvous brown and purple, umbilicate, widely sulcate, sulci transversely striate; whorls 5, depressed, last whorl, which is much larger, distinguished by 6 transverse sub-elevated, and sometimes tessellated belts ; aperture obliquely sub-quadrate, lirate within, and splendidly iridescent with rose and dark green; outer lip thin; inner lip sub-reflexed. Adventure Bay, common. This shell is always more or less encrusted with Polyzoa (Membranipora and Cellepora). It might easily be mistaken for young shells of ZLrochocochlea striolata. Its depressed, almost angular, form and interior iridescense, render it easily recognised. ZIZYPHINUS LEGRANDI. n.s. Z.t. abbreniato-conica, carneo-flave- scenti; anfractibus 6, planulatis, spiraliter densé canaliculato-liratis; ultimo anfractu angulato ; bast planulato, lineis impressis, alternantibus sculpta ; apertura subquadrata ; labro acuto; labio simplici. Alt et diam. 12. Z. shell abbreviately conical, fleshy yellow; whorls 6, some- what flattened; densely spirally canaliculately lirate; last whorl angulate, base flattened, sculptured with fine alternating 155 ; impressed lines; aperture sub-quadrate ; outer lip acute, inner lip simple. Rare, Chappell Island, Bass’ Straits. A small conical form, whose nearest congener is our reversed Z incertus Reeve. Its peculiarity for an Australian form of the genus is the absence of granulations on the lire. ZIZYPHIXUS ALLPORTI. n.s. Z.f. tunvido-conica, solidiuscula, alba : anfractibus 6, convero-decliribus ; liris transversis, granulosis cinetis ; granulis rotuadatis, interstitiis longitudinalibus oblique separatis ; sutura canaliculata ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam rotundato ; basi couvexius- culo, lineis subgranosis impresso ; apertura obliqué quadrata ; labro intus lirato, infra bidentato, labio simplici. Alt. 11. Diam. 9. Z. shell tumidly conical, somewhat solid, white; whorls 7, convexly sloping, girdled with transverse granular lræ; granules rounded, separated by oblique longitudinal striæ; suture canaliculate, last whorl rounded at the periphery, base somewhat convex, impressed with sub-granular lines; aperture obliquely quadrate : outer lip lirate within ; bidentate below ; inner lip simple. Islands in Bass’ Straits, very rare. A white, small, tumid shell, in habit much resembling a Thalotia. CLANCULVS ALOYsSH. n.s. C. t. turbinato-conoidea, umbilicata, albida, lincis et maculis intensé fuscis, vel atratis vuriegata ; anfractibus 5-7 planulatis, transversim sulcatis, et cingulis granosis ornatis (cingul. 5 in ult. anfr.), cingulis superioribus et inferioribus granulis majoribus conspicuis ; sutura subcanaliculata ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam sub- carinato, basi planiusculo cingulis granosis ornato; columella contorta, superné et infra dentato dentibus parvis ; labro lirato cet dentato; margine umbilici spiraliter striuto. Diam. 11. C. shell turbinately conoid, umbilicate, whitish, variegated with lines and spots of deep dusky brown or blackish; whorls 5 to 7, flattened, transversely sulcate and ornamented with granular belts (belts 5 in the last whorl), upper and lower belts conspicuous by their larger granulations ; suture subcan- aliculate ; last whorl subearinate at the periphery, base seme- what flattened and ornamented with granular belts; columella twisted, dentate with small teeth above and below, outer lip lirate and dentate, umbilical margin spirally striate. Though the Clanculæ vary somewhat in coloring, it is always within certain limits. There is no other black and white Clanculus among our Tasmanian species, which are numerous. CLANCULUS PHILOMEN.Y. n.s. C. t depresso-conica, alba; anfrac. 5, ad suturas canaliculatis, concavis, marginibus utrinque moniliferis, infra mary. 3-4 liratis ; liris granis circular. niteutib. ornatis, interstitiis sub- tillissime obliqué striatis ; ultimo anfract. acute angulato et marginato ; basi plano, spiraliter granulosé lirato; apertura oblique quadrato; labro intus lirato ; columella uwnidentuto et corrugalo ; margine umbilico spi- raliter dentato. Diam. mag. 11. Alt. 10. C. shell depressedly conical, white, whorls 5, at the suture 156 canaliculate, concave, with both margins beaded, within the margins 3-4 lirate; lire ornamented with round shining granules, interstices very finely obliquely striate, last whorl acutely angulate and margined ; base flat, spirally granulosely lirate ; aperture obliquely squared; outer lip lirate within; columella unidentate and corrugated; umbilical margin spirally dentate. One specimen. A very distinct white shell with monili- ferous whorls rising in stages. CYLICHNA ATKINSONI. n.s. C. t. parva, cylindracea, angusta, tenui, ferruginea, spira umbilicata, occulta, tenuissime long. et transversim striata, sordide alba; labro tenui, acuto, medio coarctato, antice sub- dilatato ; labio angusto, reflexo. Long. AL, Lat. 2. C. shell small, cylindrical, narrow, thin, ferruginous, spire umbilicate, hidden, very slenderly lengthwise and transversely striate, sordid white, outer lip thin, acute, drawn in at the middle, and sub-dilate anteriorly; inner lip narrow, reflexed. Long Bay, not common. A very small shell, brought up occasionally by the dredge from 10 fathoms; sandy bottom. Rev. H. D. Atkinson. The other Tasmanian species is O., arachis, which is Australian also. In its young state it can always ‘be distinguished from the foregoing by the dense undu- lating transverse striæ with which it is covered. APLYSIA TASMANICA. n.s. A. t. tenui fragili, translucente, nitente, oblique subquadrata, tenuiter concentrice striala, et transversim minute sul- cata ; intus subtestacea, leviter concava, encausta, cornea ; apice vix in- curvo ; margine superiori subreflexo, arcuato ; margine inferiori obliquo recto, antice producto, rotundato. Diam. mag. 38, transversim diam. max. 28 mil. A. shell thin, fragile, translucent, shiny, obliquely subquad- rate, slenderly concentrically striate and transversely minutely sulcate, subtestaceous within, slightly concave, enamelled, horny, apex scarcely incurved, with the upper margin arcuate aud subreflexed ; lower margin oblique and straight, anteri- orly produced and rounded. A large form of talcous appearance, the margin becoming insensibly membranaceous. It is somewhat similar in form to A. gigantea, of Syduey, but more oval, membranaceous, and smaller, ACMHA MARMORATA. n.s. A. i. quadrato-oblonga, postice dilatata depressa, sordide olivacea, apice eroso vel acuto, submediano ; costis 8-10, rudis, erosis, radiantibus, distantibus ; intus nitente conspieue variegata, radiis luteis concavis, interstitiis atrofusciss ; spathula nigerrima, margine albo, atro-punctato conspicuo. Long. 21. Lat. 15. Alt. 6 P. shell quadrately oblong, dilate behind, depressed, sor- didly olive ; apex corroded or acute, submedian; ribs 8-11, wide, corroded, radiating and distant; within shiny and con- spicuously variegated, with white rays and very black broad 157 interstices, spathula, black, with a white conspicuous margin. Common. The intensely black marbled appearance of the interior of this shell will distinguish it at once. It is found, I am told, in New South Wales, but rarely. PATELLA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. ovata, solida, sordide luteo-alba, sæpe corrosa ; apice submediuno ; costis radiantibus, 21 circiter, validis, angulatis ; interstitiis liris subtilibus subimbricatis profuse radiata ; intus eburnea, nitente plus minusve luteo tincta, margine angusta, elegantissime pectinata, intus ceruleo tenuissime lincato, extus linca fusca interrupta mar- ginato ; spathala vic definita. Long. 49. Lat. 33. Alt 20. P. shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded, apex sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs, and the interstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbri- cated liræ ; within ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged with yellow; margin narrow elegantly pectinated; mar- gined with a very fiue blue line within, and an interrupted dusky brown line outside. Spathula scarcely defined. Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alti- costata Angas than any other. PATELLA CHAPMANI. n.s. P. t. ovata, postice latiuscula, depressa, rufa vel ustulata, et nebuloso brunea ; apice acuto, submediano ; costis radiautibus S., plus minusve validis, depresso rotundatis ; liris subtillibus profuse radiata, et sulcis irregularibus cincta ; margine angulato, noduloso; intus alba et pallide rosea nebulosa; spathula vix visibilis. Long. 20. Lat. 15. Alt. 5. P. shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched and nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian, with 8 radiating ribs more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely radiate with very flne liræ, and girdled with irregular sulci ; margin angulate, nodulose; white within and clouded pale rose color, spathula scarcely visible. Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four anterior are smaller. Ihave dedicated this shell to Commo- dore Chapman, of H.M.S. Dido, an industrious conchologist, and from whom I received valuable assistance in preparing my list of Tasmanian Mollusca. MACROSCHISMA TASMANICA, n.s. M.t. ovato-oblonga, dorso clevata, cons vera, pallidé luteo-custanea, radiatin atrata, lincis clevatis, nodulosis, radiata; sulcis concentriets irrégularibus, rugosa, lineis concentricis confertissimis sculpta ; extremitatibus rotundatis ; postice elevata. Foramen magnum, clongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, cxcavatum. Long. 32. Lat. 18. Alt. 9. M. shell ovately oblong, dorsal region raised and convex, pale yellowish chestnut, with blackish rays; radiate with no- dulous elevated lines; rough, with irregular concentric sulci, sculptured with very close concentric lines, ends rounded ; posterior end raised; foramen large, elongate, sub-triangular, dilate and excavate behind. The common Macroschisma, of Tasmanian coasts. Until 158 now it has been confounded with JL producta (A. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850 p. 202, sp. 7) which is a narrower shell, less distinctly ribbed, and with a narrow and somewhat con- stricted foramen. AURICULA (RHODOSTOMA) DYERIANA. n.s. A.t. ovata, inflata, subumbili- cata crassa, viride albicante, fulvo bifasciata, striata, striis regularibus, dis- tantibus ; anfract. 6, suturis obsoletis ; spira conica, planata ; apertura in- tegra, nitente, pallide fulva ; labro merassato, bilabiato, intus conspicué triangu- lari inciso et dentato ; labio bidentato ; umbilico clauso, maryinato, Long. 14. Gat, 9. A. shell ovate, inflated, subumbilicate, thick, greenish white, with two fulvous bands, striate, strie regular, distant ; whorls 6 suture obsolete; spire conical flattened, aperture entire, shining pale fulvous, outer lip thickened, bilabiate, with a triangular notch within, inner lip bidentate ; umbilicus closed and margined. North Coast, brackish waters. There is a shell somewhat like this described by Mr. Swainson (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. Vol. 3, p. 45), from Dr. Milligan’s collection, and probably from Australia, but it is large, of different color, and with a semicircular notch on the outer hp. I have named the species after Mr. Dyer, of Hobart Town, the industrious col- lector, who discovered it at Kelso. PECTEN MARIÆ. 1,8. P. t. trigonali-orbiculari, subceequivalva, depressa, valra dextra paulo conrexiore, auribus inequalibus, rosea vel roseo-violascente, nebulis purpureis et lineis maculisque albis peculiariter marmorata ; costis § irregulariter long. suleatis, ct obsolete squamatis, lirisque pareioribus, inter- mediis inequalibus radiatis, superficie tota tenuiter squamose imbricata ; auribus radiatim costatis, costis nodosé imbricatis valvis intus violaceis, ser- iccis. Long. et. Lat. 44. Alt. 16. P. shell triangularly orbicular, subequivalve, depressed, right valve a little more convex, ears unequal; rose color or rosy violet, and peculiarly marbled with purple clouds, and white lines and spots; ribs 8, irregularly sulcate lengthwise and obsoletely scaly ; radiate with smaller liræ ; surface wholly finely imbricately squamose ; ears radiately ribbed, ribs no- dosely imbricated, valves colored a kind ofsilky violet within. East Coast and Maria Island. Ratheruncommon. Nearest to Sowerby’s Pecten serratus. The fine shagreen marking is different from P. bifrons, inasmuch as the scales are finely pointed. The violet hue of the inside and silky appearance are very constant. The obsoletely squamose ribs vary, but it is a character not seen iu any other Tasmanian species. DOSINIA IMMACULATA., n.s. D.t. suborbiculari subinflata ; umboncs versus subattenuata, nivea, subnitida ct sub lente eleganter irridescenti, wmbonibus leviter earneola maculatis, concentrice tenuiter striata ; striis subtilissime ele- gantissimeque decussata; area ligamenti angusté lanecolata; lunula parva, late cordata, impressa, medio carinata, intus alba; sinu palliare profundo, obtuse triangulato, Long. 20. Lat. 26. 159 D. shell suborbicular subinflited, subattenuate towards the unibones, snowy white, somewhat shining, and under the lens elegantly irridescent, umbones lightly spotted with pink, slenderly striate, and decussate very finely and elegantly with fine striæ, ligamental area narrowly lanceolate, lunule small, broadly cordate, impressed and carinate in the middle; pathal sinus deep and obtusely triangular, East Coast, uncommon. A very beautifu' snowy white, and neatly rounded shell. The transverse striæ are very regular and corbis like. CALLISTA VICTORLE. n.s. C. t. trigono-subcordata, crassa, tumida, antice rotundata, postice obtusé angulatu, inaquelaterali, confertissime concentricé striata (striis anticé lamellosis, lamcllis 3, vd. 4, parvis, crassis) ; subaitida, pallide carnea, lincis latis inequalibus, rufo-castaneis, longitudinaliter pauci- radiata ; lunula clongata, tenuistriata, linea impressa circumscripta ; latere postico obtusé anguluto, planato, ruyosé striata ; valvis intus, nitentibus, rufo- lutca nebulosis, maryiné denticuluto, Long. 55. Lat. 60. Alt. 35. C. shell triangularly subcordate, thick, tumid, rounded in front and posteriorly obtuse'y angu ate, incqul'ateral, very thickly concentrically striate (striæ anteriorly Jamellose with 3 or 4 thick small lamellæ) somewhat shining, pa’e flesh color, rayed lengthwise, with few broad unequal reddish chestnut lines; lunule elongated, sleuderly striate, circumscribed with an impressed line ; posterior line obtusely angulate, flattened, and rugosely striate ; valves shining very much within, and c'ouded reddish yellow, margin denticulate. A somewhat common she!l on all the South Australian and Victorian costs, and is said to occur in S. E. Austra ia, but the identification is doubtfu', as it has been confounded with C. rutila, Sow., with none of the description or figures of which it corresponds. The specimens from which the description is taken came from Cloudy Bay on the South of Bruny Island. It also is found in Frederick Henry Bay. I have never found it ex- cept on sandy exposed coasts where there is a heavy surf. VENERUPIS RETICULATA. 7.8. V.¢. transversa, subquadrata, tenui, de- pressa, valde inaquelaterali, antice rotundata, brevi, postice depressiuscula, latiorc, subtruncata ; costis transversis obsolctis, planatis, divaricatis, undu- losis creberrimé cincta (sublentc) ; undiqué tenuissime longitudinaliter striata ; valvis intus albis, cardine parvo inequaliter tridentato, dentibus medianis et posticis bifidis ; sinu pallii angusto, rotundato, obtuso. Albida, postice lincis angulatis atro reticulata, aliquando versus umbones radiatim rosea tincta. Long. 17. Lat. 17. Alt. 12. V. shell transverse, subquadrate, thin, depressed, very in- equilateral anteriorly rounded, short, somewhat depressed, posteriorly and border very thickly girdled with transverse obsolete flattened, undulating ribs under the lens longitudi- nally striate in every part; valves white within, hinge small, unequally tridentate, with the median and posterior tecth 160 : bifid, pallial sinus narrow, rounded, and obtuse. White re- ticulated posteriorly with black angulate lines, sometimes radiately rose tinted towards the umbones. Not uncommon on South coast. A small shell, very dis- tinct by its finely crenulately striate obsolete ribs, and reticu- late markings. Myopora TASMANICA. n.s. M. testa albida, curvato-oblonga, antiec leviter flexuosa, abrupte truncata, valva sinistra ventrieoso-eonvexa, dextera distincte concava ; eoncentrice striata ; striis paucis, rotundatis latiusculis, subdistanti- bus, regulariter, creseentibus ; sublent clegantissime, tenuissime decussata. M. shell whitish, curvately oblong, anterior slightly flexuous, abruptly truncate, left valve ventricosely convex ; right valve distinctly concave, concentrically striate with a few round, somewhat broad, sub-distant ridges, which increase regularly towards the margin, and very finely and beautifully decussate with undulating striæ. Long. 17. Lat. 13. Alt. 4. This very distinct species of Myadora has more affinities with the Australian Jf. pandoreformis than any other, but it has no movable testaceous appendage, and the valves are both distinctly striately ridged. Hab. Long Bay. MYODORA ALBIDA, n.s. J. testa albida, translucida, subquadrata oblonga, subconvexa, anticé latissimé truncata; concentrice striata; striis elevatis, rotundatis, regularibus, paucis, prope maryinem antieam angulatis. M. shell whitish, translucent, subquadrately oblong, sub- convex, very broadly truncate anteriorly, concentrically striate, striæ rounded, raised, regular, few, angulated near the anterior margin. Long. 10. Lat. 6. Alt. 2. A very pretty species, differing from the last in its sub- quadrate form, and its convex valves, which are both regularly and distinctly striate. Hab. Long Bay. ANAPA TASMANICA. n.s. A.t. crassa,trigona, gibbosa, cequivalvi, antice rotundata postice angulata ct planata, sordide alba, coneentrice tenué suleata,. versus marginem epidermidé olivacea induta; umbonibus parvis, ineurvis obliquis distantibus; area ligamentali parva, ineonspicua, aperta ; pagina, interna nivea nitente, sinu palli nullo. Long. 19. Lat. 19. Alt. 16. A. shell thick, trigonal, gibbous, equivalve, rounded anteri- orly, angulated posteriorly and flattened, sordidly white con- centrically finely sulcate, clothed with an olive epidermis towards the margin ; with small incurved distant umbones, ligamental area small, inconspicuous, open, interior surface snowy white and shining, no pallial sinus. This shell appears to me to have been confounded with A. smithii and <A. triquetra, which is a synomym of Gray. That shell is not found in Tasmania. It is, however, a much smaller and thinner shell, less tumid and more trigonal, with very much the appearance of a Cyclas. I cannot find that it has been described. 161 PINNA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. ovato-cunciformi, tenui, subventricosa, marginibus rotundatis, sordide olivacea, purpureo nebulosa, radiatim costata, costis interdum obsoletis, subnodosis, versus marginem sparsim, irregulariter squamosis, squumis devatis subtubuliformis ; apicc subtruncato, livido. Long. L90 Gat, $5. Alt-285. P. shell ovately cunciform, thin, subventricose, margins rounded, sordidly olive, clouded with purple, radiately ribbed, ribs sometimes obsolete subnodose, and towards the margin sparsely irregularly scaly, scales elevated subtubuliform, apex subtruncate, livid. Rare. On the north coast only. W. Legrand. This fine Pinna is one of the very few of the genus, with the margins rounded and not angulate. In this respect, and in the few irregularly much raised tubular scales, it is quite distinct from P. zelania, which is not uncommon in Australia. MYTILICARDIA TASMANICA. C. t. clonyato ovata, in. medio constricta vel sinu profundo distorta, luteola rel sordide alba, epidermide fusea, maxime inæquilaterali, antico brevissima, subtruneata, postice dilatata, inferne sinuosa et hiante, radiatim costata, umbonibus minimis compressis approximatis obliguis ; lunula inconspicua, profunda; costis inæqualibus, irreyularibus, flexuosis, postice lamellosis et obsoletis, primis in latere antico angustioribus, alteris sensim latioribus. Long. 10. Lat. 21. Alt. 14. M. shell elongately ovate, narrowed in the middle or dis- torted,with a profound sinus, yellowish or sordidly white; witha dusky epidermis, very inequilateral ,extremely short anteriorly, subtruncate, dilated posteriorly, sinuous and gaping below, radiately ribbed, with small compressed approximate oblique umbones; lunule inconspicuous, very deep, ribs unequal, ir- regular, flexuous, lamellose and obsolete posteriorly, the first on the anterior side somewhat narrower, the others becoming gradually wider. Blackman’s Bay, uncommon. Distinguished from M. ez- cavata by the epidermis, and the ribs beiug smooth instead of having the lamellar projecting scales. MYTILUS TASMANICUS. n.s. M.t. oblongo-ovali, tumida, erassa, concen- trice tcnué irregulariter striata, cpirdermide atro-purpurea, basim versus sparsim, irregulariter barbata capilis longis, corneis, discisque caleareis radi- catis ; marginibus intus extusqus viride viride pceuliariter encaustis ; um- bonibus terminalibus, parvis, acutis, curvatis nitentibus, glabratis, parum mar- garatacets ; fossulaad ligamentum recipiendum sutis profunda ; pagina interna nivea, impessione pallii et musculari tantum iridcscente, ligamento longo conspicuo. Long. 175. Lat. 75. Alt. 45. M. shell oblong, oval, tumid, thick, concentrically finely irregularly striate, epidermis black purple, towards the base sparsely and irregularly bearded with long horny hairs, which are rooted in calcareous discs; the margins peculiarly enam- elled a vivid green both outside and inside; umbones small acute, curved, shining, smoothed, slightly pearly, fossula for the ligament somewhat deep; internal surface snowy white, 162 the pallial and muscu'ar impressions alone being iridescent, ligament long, conspicuous. A truly magnificent species, which is so large that it must always be a conspicuous object, yet the peculiar and brilliant green enamel of the edges makes it still more so. It is only found in deep water in Storm Bay. The only shell approach- ing to it in character is M. latus, of New Zealand. PYTHINA TASMANICA. n.s. P. t. parva suborbiculari, convexa, alba, suleis coneentricis et costis bifariam radiantibus eleganter clathrata ; costis angulatis postice curvatis parumque elevatis, umbonibus, submedianis obliquiis, pams. Long. 7. Lat. 8. Alt. 3. P. shell suborbicular, convex, white, elegantly latticed with concentric sulci and ribs radiating in opposite ways; ribs angulate and curved, and slightly raised behind, umbones submedian, oblique and small. This e'egant Pythina is very distinct from the common P. deshayesi, which is larger, has the divaricating ribs somewhat lamellose behind, and is not latticed with transverse sulcations. King’s Island, rare. TELLINA MARIE. T. t. transversa ellipitica, subintata, nitente, lactea, tenui equuaterali, inequiralvi, postice hiante, antice late rotundata, postice rixs attenuato, exura minima, undique crebré tenuiter sulcata, ligamento pallide castaneo prominulo. Long. 22. Lat. 28. T. shel transverse, elliptical, subinflated; shining, milk white, thin, equilateral, inequivalve, gaping posterior.y, widely rounded in front, scarcely attenuated behind, flexure very slight, thickly and finely sulcate, ligament pale chestnut, somewhat prominent. Rather uncommon. South Coast. W. Legrand. A white shell, with no determinate characters except its oval form, absence of color, and almost perfect absence of flexure. There are are three small hinge teeth in one valve, and two in the other, and the pallial sinus is very large. LUCINA MINIMA. n.s. L. t. parva subventricosa, oblonga transversa, tenui, alba, tenui-costata,costis numerosis concentrice, tenuiter, regulariter clegantissi- meque striata, valde inæquilaterali, latere antico longiore rotundato, postico latiore, margine integro, umbonibus productis obliquis, parvis meurris, con- spicuc concentrice striatis ; valris intus albis, tnvpress. mus. conspicuis ; valv. dest. in med. unidentato dente bifido, val. sinis. bidentato, dente antico bifido. fone. 8. Lat.9. Alt. 5. L. shel small, subventricose, oblong, transverse, thin, white, slenderly ribbed, ribs numerous, finely regu arly and most e egant'y striate; very inequilateral, anterior side the longer, rounder, the posterior side wide; margin entire, um- bones produced, oblique, small, incurved, conspicuously concen- trically striate, valves white within, muscular impression con- spicuous, right valve unidentate with a bifid tooth; left valve bidentate, the anterior one bifid. Badger Island, rare.

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ELEMENTS of the HISTORY of PHILOSOPHY and SCIENCE, from the earliest Authentic Records to the commencement of the Eighteenth Century. By Thomas Morell, Author of “ Studies in History.” Svo. Price 12s. NATURAL HISTORY ENTHUSIASM. Siio tar 1, rb piv upcrji ipvaiKy. TO S' T) Kvplu. SEVENTH EDI T I O N. LONDON : HOLDSWORTH AND BALL, AMEN CORNER. MDCCCXXX1V. LONDON : H. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL. l/ . v» -.1 . ,t- Mi*.’’-'*, --V' .‘■t •* 17Zh*f . 4fV ADVERTISEMENT. The belief that a bright era of renovation, and union, and extension, presently awaits the Christian Church, seems to be very generally entertained. The writer of this volume partici- pates in the cheering hope ; and it has impelled him to undertake the difficult task of describing, under its various forms, that fictitious piety which hitherto has never failed to appear in times of unusual religious excitement, and which may be anticipated as the probable atten- dant of a new development of the powers of Christianity. IV ADVERTISEMENT. But while it has been the writer’s principal aim to present before the Christian reader, in as distinct a manner as possible, the characters of that perilous illusion which too often sup- plants genuine piety, he has also endeavoured so to fix the sense of the term — Enthusiasm, as to wrest it from those who misuse it to their own infinite damage. r CONTENTS. SECTION I. PAGE Enthusiasm Secular and Religious 1 SECTION II. Enthusiasm in Devotion 23 SECTION III. Enthusiastic Perversions of the Doctrine of Divine Influence 61 SECTION IV. Enthusiasm the Source of Heresy 79 SECTION V. Enthusiasm of Prophetic Interpretation ........ 98 SECTION VI. Enthusiastic Abuses of the Doctrine of a Particular Providence 123 VI CONTENTS. SECTION VII. PAGE Enthusiasm of Philanthropy 159 SECTION VIII. Sketch of the Enthusiasm of the Ancient Church .... 185 SECTION IX. The same subject — Ingredients of the Ancient Mona- chism 215 SECTION X. Hints on the probable Spread of Christianity, submitted to those who misuse the term — Enthusiasm .... 260 Note to Section I. 318 NATURAL HISTORY OF ENTHUSIASM. SECTION I. ENTHUSIASM, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. Some form of beauty, engendered by the ima- gination, or some semblance of dignity or grace, invests almost every object that excites desire. These illusions, if indeed they ought to be called illusions, serve the purpose of blending the in- congruous materials of human nature, and by mediating between body and spirit, reconcile the animal and intellectual propensities, and give dignity and harmony to the character of man. By these unsubstantial impressions it is that the social affections are enriched and enlivened ; by these, not less than by the superiority of the reasoning faculties, mankind is elevated above the brute ; and it is these, as the germinating principles of all improvement and refinement, that distinguish civilized from savage life. B 2 ENTHUSIASM, The constitutional difference between one man and another is to be traced, in great measure, to the quality and vigour of the imagination. Thus it will be found that eminently active and energetic spirits are peculiarly susceptible to those natural exaggerations by which the mind enhances the value of whatever it pursues. At the same time an efficient energy always implies the power of control over such impressions. Yet it is enough that these creations of fancy should be under the command of reason ; for good sense by no means demands a rigid scrutiny into the composition or mechanism of common motives, or asks that whatever is not absolutely substantial in the objects of desire should be spurned. He who is not too wise to be happy, leaves the machinery of human nature to accomplish its revolutions unexplored, and is content to hold the mastery over its movements. Whoever, instead of simply repressing the irregularities of the imagination, and forbidding its predominance, would altogether exclude its influence, must either sink far below the common level of humanity, or rise much above it. The excesses of the imagination are of two kinds ; the first is when, within its proper sphere, it gains so great a power that every other affec- tion and motive belonging to human nature is overborne and excluded. It is thus that intel- lectual or professional pursuits seem sometimes SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 3 to annihilate all sympathy with the common interests of life, and to render man a mere phan- tom, except within the particular circle of his favourite objects. The second kind of excess (one species of which forms the subject of the present work) is of much more evil tendency, and consists in a trespass of the imagination upon ground where it should have little or no influence, and where it can only prevent or disturb the operation of reason and right feeling. Thus, not seldom, it is seen that, on the walks of common life, the sobrieties of good sense, and the counsels of experience, and the obvious motives of interest, and perhaps even the dictates of rectitude, are set at nought by some fiction of an exorbitant imagination, which over- stepping its proper function, invests even the most ordinary objects, either with preposterous charms or with unreal deformities. Very few minds, perhaps, are altogether free from such constitutional errors of the intellectual sight, which, to a greater or less extent, intercept our view of things as they are. And from the same cause it is that we so greatly miscalculate the amount of happiness or of suffering that belongs to the lot of those around us ; which happens, not so much because their actual cir- cumstances are unknown, as because their ha- bitual illusions are not perceived by us. And if the colouring medium through which every man contemplates his own condition were exposed to b 2 4 ENTHUSIASM, the eyes of others, the victims of calamity might sometimes be envied ; and still oftener would the favourites of fortune become the objects of pity. Or if every one were in a moment to be disen- chanted of whatever is ideal in his permanent sensations, every one would think himself at once much less happy, and much more so, than he had hitherto supposed. The force and extravagance of the imagination is in some constitutions so great, that it admits of no correction from even the severest lessons of experience, much less from the advices of wisdom : the enthusiast passes through life in a sort of happy somnambulency — smiling and dreaming as he goes, unconscious of whatever is real, and busy with whatever is fantastic : now he treads with naked foot on thorns ; now plunges through depths ; now verges the precipice, and always preserves the same impassible serenity, and displays the same reckless hardihood. But if the predominance of the imagination do not approach quite so near to the limits of insanity, if it admit of correction, then, the many checks and reverses which belong to the common course of human life, usually fray it away from present scenes, and either send it back in pensive recollections of past pleasures, or forwards in an- ticipation of a bright futurity. The former is, of the two, the safer kind of constitutional error; for as the objects upon which the imagination fixes its gaze remain always unchanged, they impart a SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 5 sort of tranquillity to the mind, and even favour its converse with wisdom ; but the latter being variable, and altogether under the command of the inventive faculty, bring with them perpetual agitations, and continually create new excite- ments. Besides ; as these egregious hopes come in their turn to be dispelled by realities, the fond pensioner upon futurity lives amid the vexations, of one who believes himself always plundered ; for each day as it comes robs him of what he had. called his own. Thus the real ills of life pierce the heart with a double edge. The propensity of a disordered imagination to find, or to create, some region of fictitious hap- piness, leads not a few to betake themselves to< the fields of intellectual enjoyment, where they may be exempt from the annoyances that infest the lower world. Hence it is that the walks of natural philosophy or abstract science, and of literature, and especially of poetry and the fine arts, are frequented by many who addict them- selves to pursuits of this kind, not so much from the genuine impulse of native genius or taste, as from a yearning desire to discover some paradise of delights, where no croaking voice of dis- appointment is heard, and where adversity has no range or leave of entrance. These intruders upon the realms of philosophy — these refugees from the vexations of common life, as they are in quest merely of solace and diversion, do not often become effective labourers in the departments 6 ENTHUSIASM, upon which they enter : their motive possesses not the vigour necessary for continued and pro- ductive toil. Or if a degree of ambition happens to be conjoined with the feeble ardour of the mind, it renders them empirics in science, or schemers in mechanics ; or they essay their ineptitude upon some gaudy or preposterous extravagance of verse or picture ; or perhaps spend their days in loading folios, shelves and glass-cases with curious lumber of whatever kind most completely unites the qualities of rarity and worthlessness. Nature has furnished each of the active faculties with a , sensibility to pleasure in its own exer- cise : this sensibility is the spring of spontaneous exertion ; and if the intellectual constitution be robust, it serves to stimulate labour, and yet itself observes a modest sobriety, leaving the forces of the mind to do their part without embarrassment. The pleasurable emotion is always subordinate and subservient, never predominant or impor- tunate. But in minds of a less healthy tempera- ment, the emotion of pleasure and the consequent excitement is disproportionate to the strength of the faculties. The efficient power of the under- standing is therefore overborne, and left in the rear ; there is more of commotion than of action ; more of movement than of progress ; more of enterprise than of achievement. Such then are those who, in due regard both to the essential differences of character, and to SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 7 the proprieties of language, should be termed Enthusiasts. To apply an epithet which carries with it an idea of folly, of weakness, and of extravagance, to a vigorous mind, efficiently as well as ardently engaged in the pursuit of any substantial and important object, is not merely to misuse a word, but to introduce confusion among our notions, and to put contempt upon what is deserving of respect. Where there is no error of imagination, no misjudging of realities, no calculations which reason condemns, there is no enthusiasm, even though the soul may be on fire with the velocity of its movement in pursuit of its chosen object. If once we abandon this dis- tinction, language will want a term for a well- known and very common vice of the mind ; and, from a wasteful perversion of phrases, we must be reduced to speak of equalities most noble and most base by the very same designation. If the objects which excite the ardour of the mind are substantial, and if the mode of pursuit be truly conducive to their attainment ; if, in a word, all be real and genuine, then it is not one degree more, or even many degrees more, of intensity of feeling that can alter the character of the emotion. Enthusiasm is not a term of measure- ment, but of quality. When it is said that enthusiasm is the fault of infirm constitutions, a seeming exception must be made in behalf of a few high-tempered spirits, distinguished by their indefatigable energy, and 8 ENTHUSIASM, destined to achieve arduous and hazardous en- terprises. That such spirits often exhibit the characters of enthusiasm cannot be denied ; for the imagination spurns restraint, and rejects all the sober measurements and calculations of reason whenever its chosen object is in view ; and a tinge, often more than a tinge, of extravagance belongs to every word and action. And yet the exception is only apparent ; for although these giants of human nature greatly surpass other men in force of mind, and courage, and activity, still the heroic extravagance, and the irregular and ungovernable power which enables them to dare and to do so much, is, in fact, nothing more than a partial accumulation of strength, necessary because the utmost energies of human nature are so small, that, if equally distributed through the system, they would be inadequate to arduous labours. The very same task, which the human hero achieves in the fury and fever of a half-mad enthusiasm, would be performed by a seraph in the perfect serenity of reason. Although there- fore these vigorous minds are strong when placed in comparison with others, their enthusiasm is in itself a weakness ; — a weakness of the species, if not of the individual. Unless a perpetual miracle were to intercept the natural operation of common causes, reli- gion, not less than philosophy or poetry, will draw enthusiasts within its precincts. Nor, if we SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 9 recollect on the one hand the fitness of the vast objects revealed in the Scriptures to affect the imagination, and on the other the wide diffusion of religious ideas, can it seem strange if it be found, in fact, that religious enthusiasts out- number any other class. It is also quite natural that enthusiastic and genuine religious emotions should be intermingled with peculiar intricacy ; since the revelations which give them scope combine, in a peculiar manner, elements of gran- deur, of power, and of sublimity (fitted to kindle the imagination) with those ideas that furnish excitement to the moral sentiments. The religion of the heart, it is manifest, may be supplanted by a religion of the imagination, just in the same way that the social affections are often dislodged or corrupted by factitious sensibilities. Every one knows that an artificial excitement of all the kind and tender emotions of our nature may take place through the medium of the imagination. Hence the power of poetry and the drama. But every one must also know that these feelings, how vivid soever and seemingly pure and salutary they may be, and however nearly they may resemble the genuine workings of the soul, are so far from producing the same softening effect upon the character, that they tend rather to indurate the heart. Whenever excitements of any kind are regarded distinctly as a source of luxurious pleasure, then, instead of expanding the bosom with beneficent energy, instead of 10 ENTHUSIASM, dispelling the sinister purposes of selfishness, instead of shedding the softness and warmth of generous love through the moral system, they become a freezing centre of solitary and unsocial indulgence; and at length displace every emotion that deserves to be called virtuous. No cloak of selfishness is in fact more impenetrable than that which usually envelops a pampered imagi- nation. The reality of woe is the very circum- stance that paralyses sympathy ; and the eye that can pour forth its flood of commiseration for the sorrows of the romance or the drama, grudges a tear to the substantial wretchedness of the unhappy. Much more often than not, this kind of luxurious sensitiveness to fiction is conjoined with a callousness that enables the sub- ject of it to pass through the affecting occasions of domestic life in immovable apathy : — the heart has become, like that of leviathan, “ firm as a stone, yea, hard as a piece of the nether millstone.” This process of perversion and of induration may as readily have place among the religious emotions as among those of any other class ; for the laws of human nature are uniform, whatever may be the immediate cause which puts them in action ; and a fictitious piety corrupts or petrifies the heart not less certainly than does a romantic sentimentality. The danger attending enthusiasm in religion is not then of a trivial sort ; and whoever disaffects the substantial matters of Christianity, and seeks to derive from it merely, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 11 or chiefly, the gratifications of excited feeling ; whoever combines from its materials a paradise of abstract contemplation, or of poetic imagery, where he may take refuge from the annoyances and the importunate claims of common life ; whoever thus delights himself with dreams, and is insensible to realities, lives in peril of awaking from his illusions when truth comes too late. The religious idealist, perhaps, sincerely believes himself to be eminently devout ; and those who witness his abstraction, his elevation, his enjoy- ments, may reverence his piety ; meanwhile this fictitious happiness creeps as a lethargy through the moral system, and is rendering him con- tinually less and less susceptible of those emotions in which true religion consists. Nor is this always the limit of the evil ; for though religious enthusiasm may sometimes seem a harmless delusion, compatible with amiable feelings and virtuous conduct, it more often allies itself with the malign passions, and then produces the virulent mischiefs of fanaticism. Opportunity may be wanting, and habit may be wanting, but intrinsic qualification for the perpetration of the worst crimes is not wanting to the man whose bosom heaves with religious enthusiasm, inflamed by malignancy. If checks are removed, if incite- ments are presented, if the momentum of action and custom is acquired, he will soon learn to contemn every emotion of kindness or of pity, as if it were a treason against heaven, and will make 12 ENTHUSIASM, it his ambition to rival the achievements, not of heroes, but of fiends. The amenities that have been diffused through society in modern times forbid the overt acts and excesses of fanatical feeling ; but the venom still lurks in the vicinity of enthusiasm, and may be quickened in a moment ; meantime, while smothered and repressed, it gives edge and spirit to those hundred religious differences which are still the opprobrium of Christianity. Whoever then admits into his bosom the artificial fire of an imaginative piety, ought first to assure himself that his heart har- bours no particle of the poison of ill-will. The reproach so eagerly propagated by those who make no religious pretensions, against those who do — that their godliness serves them as a cloak of immorality, is, to a great extent, calum- nious : it is also in some measure founded upon facts, which, though misunderstood and exag- gerated, give colour to the charge. When professors of religion are suddenly found to be wanting in common integrity, or in personal virtue, no other supposition is admitted by the world than that the delinquent was always a hypocrite ; and this supposition is, no doubt, sometimes not erroneous. But much more often his fall has surprised himself, not less than others; and is, in fact, nothing more than the natural issue of a fictitious piety, which, though it might hold itself entire under ordinary circumstances. SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 13 gave way necessarily in the hour of unusual trial. An artificial religion not only fails to impart to the mind the vigour and consistency of true virtue, but withdraws attention from those com- mon principles of honour and integrity which carry worldly men with credit through difficult occasions. The enthusiast is, therefore, of all men the one who is the worst prepared to with- stand peculiar seductions. He possesses neither the heavenly armour of virtue, nor the earthly. It were an affront to reason, as well as to theology, to suppose that true and universal virtue can rest on any other foundation than the fear and love of God. The enthusiast, therefore, whose piety is fictitious, has only a choice of im- moralities, to be determined by his temperament and circumstances. He may become, perhaps, nothing worse than a recluse — a lazy contem- platist, and intellectual voluptuary, shut up from his fellows in the circle of profitless spiritual delights and conflicts. The times are indeed gone by when persons of this class might, in contempt of their species, and in idolatry of themselves, withdraw to dens, and hold society only with bats, and make the supreme wisdom to consist in the possession of a long beard, a filthy blanket, and a taste for raw herbs : but the same tastes, animated by the same principles, fail not still to find place of indulgence, even amid the crowds of a city : and the recluse who lives in the world will probably be more sour in 14 ENTHUSIASM, temper than the anchoret of the wilderness. An ardent temperament converts the enthusiast into a zealot, who, while he is laborious in winning proselytes, discharges common duties very re- missly, and is found to be a more punctilious observer of his creed than of his word. Or, if his imagination be fertile, he becomes a visionary, who lives on better terms with angels and with seraphs, than with his children, servants, and neighbours : or he is one who, while he reve- rences the “ thrones, dominions and powers ” of the invisible world, vents his spleen in railing at all “ dignities and powers ” of earth. Superstition — the creature of guilt and fear, is an evil almost as ancient as the human family. But Enthusiasm, the child of hope, hardly ap- peared on earth until after the time when life and immortality had been brought to light by Chris- tianity. Hitherto, a cloud of the thickest gloom had stretched itself out before the eye of man as he trod the sad path to the grave ; and though poetry supplied its fictions, and philosophy its surmises, the one possessed little force, and the other could claim no authentication ; and there- fore neither had power to awaken the soul. But the Christian revelation not only shed a sudden splendour upon the awful futurity, but brought its revelations to bear upon the minds of men with all the pressure and intensity of palpable facts. The long slumbering sentiment of im- SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 15 mortal hope — a sentiment natural to the human constitution, and chief among its passions, instead of being deluded, as heretofore, by dreams, was thoroughly aroused by the hand and voice of reality ; and human nature exhibited a new deve- lopment of the higher faculties. When there- fore, in the second century of the Christian era, various and vigorous forms of an enthusiasm, such as the world had hitherto never known, are seen to start forth on the stage of history, we behold the indications of the presence of Truth, giving an impulse to the human mind, both for the better and the worse, which no fictions of sages or poets had ever imparted. In proportion as the influence of Scriptural religion faded, the elder and the younger vice — Superstition and Enthusiasm, joined their forces to deform every principle and practice of Christi- anity, and in the course of four or five centuries, under their united operation, a faint semblance only of its primeval beauty survived; another period of five hundred years saw Superstition prevail, almost to the extinction, not only of true religion, but of Enthusiasm also ; and mankind fell back into a gloom as thick as that of the ancient polytheism. But at length the breath of life returned to the prostrate church, and the accumulated and consolidated evils of many ages were thrown off in a day. Yet as Superstition more than Enthusiasm had spoiled Christianity, she, chiefly, was recognized as the enemy of 16 ENTHUSIASM, religion ; and the latter, rather than the former, was allowed to hold a place in the sanctuary after its cleansing. Since that happy period of refreshment and renovation, both vices have had their seasons of recovered influence ; but both have been held in check, and their prevalence effectually prevented. At the present time — we speak of protestant Christendom, the power of superstition is exceedingly small ; for the diffusion of general knowledge, and the prevalence of true religion, and not less, the influence of the infidel spirit, forbid the advances of an error which must always lean for support on ignorance and fear. Nor, on the other hand, can it be fairly affirmed that ours is eminently or conspicuously an age of religious enthusiasm. Yet as there are supersti- tions which still maintain a feeble existence under favour of the respect naturally paid to antiquity ; so are there also among us enthusiastic principles and practices, which, having been generated in a period of greater excitement than our own, are preserved as they were received from the fathers; and seem to be in safe course of transmission to the next generation. But even if it should appear that — excepting individual instances of constitutional extrava- gance, which it would be absurd, because useless, to make the subject of serious animadversion, enthusiasm is not now justly chargeable upon any body of Christians, there would still be a SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 17 very sufficient reason for attempting to fix the true import of the term, so long as it is vaguely and contumeliously applied by many to every degree of fervour in religion which seems to condemn their own indifference. Not indeed as if there were ground to hope that even the most exact and unexceptionable analysis, or the clearest definitions, would ever avail so to distinguish genuine from spurious piety as should compel irreligious men to acknowledge that the diffe- rence is real; for such persons feel it to be indis- pensable to the slumber of conscience to confound the one with the other; and although a thousand times refuted, they will again, when pressed by truth and reason, run to the old and crazv sophism, which pretends that, because Christ- ianity is sometimes disfigured by enthusiasts and fanatics, therefore there is neither retribution nor immortality for man. It is the infatuation of persons of a certain character to live always at variance with wisdom on account of other men’s follies ; and this is the deplorable error of those who will see nothing in religion but its corrup- tions. Nevertheless truth owes always a vindi- cation of herself to her friends, if not to her enemies ; and her sincere friends will not wish to screen their own errors when this vindication requires them to be exposed. If, as is implied in some common modes of speaking, enthusiasm were only an error in c 18 ENTHUSIASM, degree — a mere fault by excess, then the attempt to establish a definite distinction between what is blameworthy and what is commendable in the religious affections — between the maximum and minimum of emotion which sobriety approves, must be both hopeless and fruitless ; because we should need a scale adapted to every man’s con- stitution ; for the very same amount of fervour which may be only natural and proper to one mind, could not be attained by another without delirium or insanity; and if this notion were just, every one would be entitled to repel the charge of either apathy or enthusiasm ; and while one might maintain, that if he were to admit into his bosom a single degree more of religious fervour than he actually feels, he should become an en- thusiast, another might offer an equally reason- able apology for the wildest extravagances. At this rate the real offenders against sober piety could never be convicted of their fault ; and in allowing such a principle we should only authen- ticate the scorn with which indifference loves to look upon sincerity. That the error of the enthusiast does not con- sist in an excess merely of the religious emotions, might be argued conclusively on the ground that the Scriptures, our only safe guide on such points, while they are replete with the language of impassioned devotion, ancf while they contain a multitude of urgent and explicit exhortations, tending to stimulate the fervency of prayer, offer SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 19 no cautions against any such supposed excesses of piety. But, as matter of fact, nothing is more common than to meet with religionists whose opinions and language are manifestly deformed by enthusiasm, while their devotional feelings are barely tepid : languor, relaxation, apathy, not less than extra- vagance, characterise their style of piety; and it were quite a ludicrous mistake to warn such persons of the danger of being “ religious over- much.” Yet it must be granted that those ex- tremes in matters of opinion or practice, which sometimes render even torpor conspicuous by its absurdities, have always originated with minds susceptible of high excitement. Enthusiasm, in a concrete form, is the child of vivacious temper- aments ; but when once produced, it spreads almost as readily through inert, as through active masses, and shews itself to be altogether separable from the ardour or turbulence whence it sprang. To depict the character of those who are en- thusiasts by physical temperament, is then a matter of much less importance than to define the errors which such persons propagate ; for, in the first place, the originators of enthusiasm are few, and the parties infected by it many ; and, in the second, the evil with the latter is incidental, and therefore may be remedied ; while with the former, as it is constitutional, it is hardly in any degree susceptible of correction. c 2 20 ENTHUSIASM, The examination of’ a few principal points will make it evident that a very intelligible distinction may, without difficulty, be established between what is genuine and what is spurious in religious feeling ; and when an object so important is before us, we ought not to heed the injudicious, and perhaps sinister, delicacy of some persons who had rather that truth should remain for ever sullied by corruptions, and exposed to the con- tempt of worldlings, than that themselves should be disturbed in their narrow and long-cherished modes of thinking. And yet there are some lesser misconceptions, perhaps, which it is more wise to leave untouched, than to attempt to correct them at the cost of breaking up habits of thought and modes of speaking connected indissolubly with truths of vital importance. It should also be granted, that, when those explanations or illus- trations of momentous doctrines which an expo- sure of the error of the enthusiast may lead us to propound, seem at all to endanger the simplicity of our reliance upon the inartificial declarations of Scripture, they are much better abandoned at once, although in themselves, perhaps, justi- fiable, than maintained, if in doing so we are seduced from the direct light of revelation, into the dim regions of philosophical abstraction. Christianity has in some short periods of its his- tory been entirely dissociated from philosophical modes of thought and expression ; and assuredly it has prospered in such periods. At other times SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. 21 it has scarcely been seen at all, except in the garb of metaphysical discussion ; and then it has lost all its vigour and glory. In the present state of the world the primitive insulation of religious truth from the philosophical style is scarcely practica- ble ; nor indeed does it seem so desirable while, happily, we are in no danger of seeing the light of revelation again immured in colleges. But although it is inevitable, and perhaps not to be regretted, that religious subjects, both doctrinal and practical, should, especially in books, admit such generalities, every sober-minded writer will remember that it is not by an intrinsic and permanent necessity, but by a temporary con- cession to the spirit of the age, that this style is used and allowed. He will moreover bear in mind that the concession leans towards a side of danger, and will therefore always hold himself ready to break off from even the most pleasing or plausible speculation, when his Christian instincts, if the phrase may be permitted, give him warning that he is going remote from the vital atmosphere of scriptural truth. Whatever is practically important in religion or morals may at all times be advanced and argued in the simplest terms of colloquial expression. From the pulpit, perhaps, no other style should at any time be heard ; for the pulpit belongs to the poor and to the un instructed. But the press is not bound by the same conditions, for it is an instrument of knowledge foreign to the 22 ENTHUSIASM, SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS. authenticated means of Christian instruction. A writer and a layman is no recognized func- tionary in the Church ; he may, therefore, choose his style without violating any rules or pro- prieties of office.* * See note at the end of the Volume. SECTION II. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. The most formal and lifeless devotions, not less than the most fervent, are mere enthusiasm, unless it be ascertained, on satisfactory grounds, that such exercises are indeed efficient means for pro- moting our welfare. Prayer is impiety, and praise a folly, if the one be not a real instrument of obtaining important benefits, and the other an authorized and acceptable offering to the Giver of all good. But when once these points are deter- mined, and they are necessarily involved in the truth of Christianity, then, whatever improprie- ties may be chargeable upon the devout, an error of incomparably greater magnitude rests with the undevout. To err in modes of prayer may be reprehensible ; but not to pray, is mad. And when those whose temper is abhorrent to religious services animadvert sarcastically upon the follies, real or supposed, of religionists, there is a sad in- consistency in such criticisms, like that which is seen when the insane make ghastly mirth of the manners or personal defects of their friends and keepers. 24 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. The doctrine of immortality, as revealed in the Scriptures, gives at once reason and force to devotion ; for if the interests of the present life only, in which “one event happeneth to the just and to the unjust,” were taken into calculation, the utility of prayer could scarcely be proved, and never be made conspicuous, at least not to the profane. As matter of feeling, it is the ex- pectation of a more direct and sensible intercourse with the Supreme Being in a future life, that imparts depth and energy to the sentiments which fill the mind in its approaches to the throne of the heavenly Majesty. But the man of earth, who thinks himself rich when he has enjoyed the delights of seventy summers, and who deems the hope of eternity to be of less value than an hour of riotous sensuality, can never desire to penetrate the veil of second causes, or to “ find out the Almighty.” Glad to snatch the boons of the pre- sent life, he covets no knowledge of the Giver. Not so those into whose hearts the belief of a future life — of such a future life as Christianity depicts, has entered. They feel that the promised bliss cannot possibly spring from an atheistic satiety of animal or even of intellectual pleasures; but that the substance of it must consist in com- munion with him who is the source and centre of good. This belief and expectation sheds vigour through the soul while engaged in exercises of devotion ; for such employments are known to be the preparatives, and the foretastes, and the ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 25 earnests of the expected “ fulness of joy.” The only idea which the human mind, under its pre- sent limitations, can form of a pure and perpetual felicity, free from all elements of decay and cor- ruption, is that which it gathers and compounds from devotional sentiments. In cherishing and expressing these sentiments, it grasps, therefore, the substance of immortal delights, and by an affinity of the heart holds fast the unutterable hope set forth in the Scriptures. The Scrip- tures being admitted as the word of God, this intensity of devotional feeling is exempted from all blame or suspicion ; nor can it ever be shown that the very highest pitch of such feelings is in itself excessive or unreasonable. The mischiefs of enthusiasm arise, not from the force or fervour, but from the perversion of the religious affections. The very idea of addressing petitions to Him who “ worketh all things” according to the counsel of His own eternal and unalterable will, and the enjoined practice of clothing sentiments of piety in articulate forms of language, though these sentiments, before they are invested in words, are perfectly known to the Searcher of hearts, imply that, in the terms and the mode of intercourse between God and man, no attempt is made to lift the latter above his sphere of limited notions and imperfect knowledge. The terms of devotional communion rest even on a much lower ground than that which man, by efforts of reason and imagination, would fain attain to. Prayer, in its 26 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. very conditions, supposes, not only a condescension of the divine nature to meet the human, but a humbling of the human nature to a lower range than it might reach. But the region of abstract conceptions, of lofty reasonings, of magnificent images, has an atmosphere too subtile to support the health of true piety ; and in order that the warmth and vigour of life may be maintained in the heart, the common level of the natural affec- tions is chosen as the scene of intercourse between heaven and earth. In accordance with this plan of devotion, not only does the Supreme conceal Himself from our senses, but He reveals in His word barely a glimpse of His essential glories. By some naked affirmations we are indeed secured against false and grovelling notions of the Divine Nature ; but these hints are incidental, and so scanty, that every excursive mind goes beyond them in its conceptions of the infinite attributes. Nor is it only the brightness of the Eternal throne that is shrouded from the view of those who are invited to draw near to Him that “ sitteth thereon;” for the immeasurable distance that separates man from his Maker is carefully veiled by the concealment of the intervening orders of rational beings. Although the fact of such superior existences is clearly affirmed, no- thing more than the bare fact is imparted ; and we cannot misunderstand the reason and necessity of so much reserve ; for without it those free and kindly movements of the heart in which genuine ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 27 devotion consists, would be overborne by impres- sions of a kind that belong to the imagination. Distance is understood only by the perception of intermediate objects. The traveller who, with weary steps, has passed from one extremity to the other of a continent, and whose memory is fraught with the recollection of the various scenes of the journey, is qualified to attach a distinct idea to the higher terms of measurement ; but the notion of extended space, formed by those who have never passed the boundary of their native province, is vague and unreal. Such are the notions which, with all the aids of astronomy and arithmetic, we form of the distances even of the nearest of the heavenly bodies. But if the traveller, who has actually looked upon the ten thousand successive landscapes that lie between the farthest west and the remotest east, could, with a sustained effort of memory and imagination, hold all those scenes in recollection, and repeat the voluminous idea with distinct reiteration until the millions of millions were numbered that separate sun from sun ; and if the notion thus laboriously obtained, could be vividly supported and transferred to the pathless spaces of the uni- verse, then, that prospect of distant systems which night opens before us, instead of exciting mild and pleasurable emotions of admiration, would rather oppress the imagination under a painful sense of the measured interval. If the eye, when it fixes its gaze upon the vault of heaven, could see, in 28 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. fancy, a causeway arched across the void, and bordered in long series with the hills and plains of an earthly journey — repeated ten thousand and ten thousand times, until ages were spent in the pilgrimage, then would he who possessed such a power of vision, hide himself in caverns rather than venture to look up to the terrible magnitude of the starry skies, thus set out in parts before him. And yet the utmost distances of the material universe are finite ; but the disparity of nature which separates man from his Maker is infinite ; nor can the interval be filled up or brought under any process of measurement. Nevertheless, in the view of our feeble conceptions, an apparent measurement or filling up of the infinite void would take place, and so the idea of immense separation would be painfully enhanced, if distinct vision were obtained of the towering hierarchy of intelligences at the basement of which the human system is founded. Were it indeed permitted to man to gaze upward from step to step, and from range to range, of the vast edifice of rational existences, and could his eye attain its summit, and then perceive, at an infinite height beyond that highest platform of created beings, the lowest beams of the Eternal throne, what liberty of heart would afterwards be left to him in drawing near to the Father of spirits ? How, after such a re- velation of the upper world, could the affectionate cheerfulness of earthly worship again take place ? ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 29 Or how, while contemplating the measured vast- ness of the interval between heaven and earth, could the dwellers thereon come familiarly, as before, to the Hearer of prayer, bringing with them the small requests of their petty interests of the present life ? If introduction were had to the society of those beings whose wisdom has accumulated during ages which time forgets to number, and who have lived to see, once and again, the mystery of the providence of God complete its cycle, would not the impression of created superiority oppress the spirit, and obstruct its access to the Being whose excellences are absolute and infinite ? Or what would be the feelings of the infirm child of earth, if, when about to present his supplications, he found him- self standing in the theatre of heaven, and saw, ranged in a circle wider than the skies, the congregation of immortals ? These spectacles of greatness, if laid open to perception, would present such an interminable perspective of glory, and so set out the immeasurable distance between ourselves and the Supreme Being with a long gradation of splendours, that we should hence- forward feel as if thrust down to an extreme remoteness from the divine notice ; and it would be hard or impossible to retain, with any com- fortable conviction, the belief in the nearness of Him who is revealed as “ a very present help in every time of trouble.” But that our feeble spirits may not thus be overborne, or our faith 30 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. and confidence baffled and perplexed, the Most High hides from our sight the ministries of his court, and, dismissing his train, visits with infinite condescension the lowly abodes of those who fear Him, and dwells as a Father in the homes of earth. Every ambitious attempt to break through the humbling conditions on which man may hold communion with God, must then fail of success ; since the Supreme has fixed the scene of worship and converse, not in the skies, but on earth. The Scripture models of devotion, far from en- couraging vague and inarticulate contemplations, consist of such utterances of desire, or hope, or love, as seem to suppose the existence of correla- tive feelings, and indeed of every human sympathy in Him to whom they are addressed. And although reason and Scripture assure us that He neither needs to be informed of our wants, nor waits to be moved by our supplications, yet will He be approached with the eloquence of importunate desire, and He demands, not only a sincere feeling of indigence and dependence, but an undissembled zeal and diligence in seeking the desired boons by persevering request. He is to be supplicated with arguments as one who needs to be swayed and moved, to be wrought upon and influenced ; nor is any alternative offered to those who would present themselves at the throne of heavenly grace, or any exception made in favour of supe- rior spirits, whose more elevated notions of the ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 31 divine perfections may render this accommodated style distasteful. As the Hearer of prayer stoops to listen, so also must the suppliant stoop from the heights of philosophical or meditative abstrac- tions, and either come in genuine simplicity of petition, as a son to a father, or be utterly ex- cluded from the friendship of his Maker. This scriptural system of devotion stands opposed then to all those false sublimities of an enthusiastic pietism which affect to lift man into a middle region between heaven and earth, ere he may think himself admitted to hold com- munion with God. While the inflated devotee is soaring into he knows not what vagueness of upper space. He “ whom the heaven of heavens cannot contain,” has come down, and with benign condescension, has placed himself in the centre of the little circle of human ideas and affections. The man of imaginative, or of hyper-rational piety, is gone in contemplation where God is not; or where man shall never meet him : for “ the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is holy, and who dwelletli in the high and holy place,” when he invites us to his friendship, holds the splendour of his natural perfections in abeyance, and proclaims that “ He dwells with the man who is of a humble and contrite spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones.” Thus does the piety taught in the Scriptures make provision against the vain exaggerations of enthusiasm ; and 32 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. thus does it give free play to the affections of the heart ; while whatever might stimulate the ima- gination is enveloped in the thickest covering of obscurity. The outward forms and observances of worship are manifestly intended to discourage and exclude the false refinements of an imaginative piety, and to give to the religious affections a mundane, rather than a transcendental character. The congregated worshippers come into “ the house of God,” the hall or court of audience, on the intelligible terms of human association ; and they come by explicit invitation from Him who declares that “ wheresoever two or three are gathered together in his name, there He is” to meet them. And being so assembled, as in the actual presence of the “ King of saints,” they give utterance to the emotions of love, veneration, hope, joy, penitence, in all those modes of out- ward expression, which are at once proper to the constitution of human nature, and proper to be addressed to a being of kindred character and sympathies. Worship is planned altogether in adaptation to the limitations of the inferior party, not in proportion to the infinitude of the supe- rior : even the worship of heaven must be framed on the same principle ; for how high soever we ascend in the scale of created intelli- gence, still the finite can never surmount its boundaries, or at all adapt itself to the infinite. But the infinite may always bow to the finite. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 33 Those therefore who, inflated by enthusiasm, contemn and neglect the modes and style of worship proper to humanity, must find that, though indulgence is given to their affectation on earth, there can be no room allowed it in heaven. The dispensations of the divine providence towards the pious have the same tendency to confine the devout affections within the circle of terrestrial ideas, and to make religion always an occupant of the homestead of common feelings. “ Many are the afflictions of the righteous,” and wherefore, but to bring his religious belief and emotions into close contact with the humiliations of natural life, and to necessitate the use of prayer as a real and efficient means of obtaining needful assistance in distress ? If vague specu- lations or delicious illusions have carried the Christian away from the realities of earth, urgent wants or piercing sorrows presently arouse him from his dreams, and oblige him to come back to importunate prayer, and to un- affected praise. A strange incongruity may seem to present itself, when the sons of God — the heirs of immortality — the destined princes of heaven, are seen implicated in sordid cares, and vexed and oppressed by the perplexities of a moment ; but this incongruity strikes us only when the great facts of religion are viewed in the false light of the imagination ; for the process D 34 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. of preparation, far from being incompatible with these apparent degradations, requires them ; and it is by such means of humiliation that the hope of immortality is confined within the heart, and prevented from floating in the region of material images. We have said that, when an important object is zealously pursued in the use of means proper for its attainment, a mere intensity or fervour of feeling does not constitute enthusiasm. If there- fore prayer has a lawful object, whether temporal or spiritual, and is used in humble confidence of its efficiency as a means of obtaining the desired boon, or some equivalent blessing, there is no- thing unreal in the employment ; and, therefore, nothing enthusiastic. But there are devotional exercises which, though they assume the style and phrases of prayer, have no other object than to attain the immediate pleasures of excitement. The devotee is not in truth a j petitioner ; for his prayers terminate in themselves ; and when he reaches the expected pitch of transient emo- tion, he desires nothing more. This appetite for feverish agitations naturally prompts a quest of whatever is exorbitant in expression or senti- ment, and as naturally inspires a dread of all those subjects of meditation which tend to abate the pulse of the moral system. If the language of humiliation is at all admitted into the enthu- siast’s devotions, it must so be pointed with ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 35 extravagance, and so blown out with exaggerations, that it serves much more to tickle the fancy than to affect the heart : it is a burlesque of penitence, very proper to amuse a mind that is destitute of real contrition. That such artificial humiliations do not spring from the sorrow of repentance, is proved by their bringing with them no lowliness of temper. Genuine humility would shake the whole towering structure of this enthusiastic pietism ; and, therefore, in the place of Christian humbleness of mind, there are cherished certain ineffable notions of self-annihilation, and self-re- nunciation, and we know not what other attempts at metaphysical suicide. If you receive the en- thusiast’s description of himself, he has become, in his own esteem, by continued force of divine contemplation, infinitely less than an atom — a very negative quality — an incalculable fraction of positive entity : meanwhile the whole of his deportment betrays the sensitiveness of a self- importance ample enough for a god. Minds of superior order, and refined by cul- ture, may be full fraught with enthusiasm without exhibiting any very reprehensible extra- vagances ; for taste and intelligence conceal the offensiveness of error, as well as of vice. But it will not be so with the gross and the uneducated. These, if they are taught to neglect the substan- tial purposes of prayer, and are encouraged to seek chiefly the gratifications of excitement, will hardly refrain from the utterance of discontent, d 2 36 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. when they fail of success. Whatever physical or accidental cause may oppress the animal spirits, and so frustrate the attempt to reach the desired pitch of emotion, gives occasion to some sort of querulous altercation with the Supreme Being, or to some disguised imputation of caprice on the part of Him who is supposed to have with- held the expected spiritual influence. Thus the divine condescension in holding intercourse with man on the level of friendship, is abused in this wantonness of irreverence ; and the very same temper which impels a man of vulgar manners, when disappointed in his suit, to turn upon his superior with the language of rude opprobrium, is, in its degree, indulged towards the Majesty of heaven. “ Thou thoughtest that I was alto- gether such an one as thyself,” is a rebuke which belongs to those who thus affront the Most High with the familiarities of common companionship. We say not that flagrant abuses of this kind are of frequent occurrence, even among the uneducated ; yet neither are they quite unknown. A perceptible tendency towards them always accompanies the enthusiastic notion that the principal part of piety is excitement. The substitution of the transient and unreal, for the real and enduring objects of prayer, brings with it often that sort of ameliorated mysticism which consists in a solicitous dissection of the changing emotions of the religious life, and in a ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 37 sickly sensitiveness, which serves only to divert attention from what is important in practical virtue. There are anatomists of piety who destroy all the freshness and vigour of faith and hope and charity, by immuring themselves, night and day, in the infected atmosphere of their own bosoms. But now let a man of warm heart, who is happily surrounded with the dear objects of the social affections, try the effect of a parallel practice; let him institute anxious scrutinies of his feelings towards those whom, hitherto, he has believed himself to regard with unfeigned love; let him in these inquiries have recourse to all the fine distinctions of a casuist, and use all the pro- found analyses of a metaphysician, and spend hours daily in pulling asunder every complex emotion of tenderness that has given grace to the domestic life ; and, moreover, let him journalize these examinations, and note particularly, and with the scrupulosity of an accomptant, how much of the mass of his kindly sentiments he has ascertained to consist of genuine love, and how much was selfishness in disguise ; and let him, from time to time, solemnly resolve to be, in future, more disinterested and less hypocritical in his affection towards his family. What, at the end of a year, would be the result of such a pro- cess ? What, but a wretched debility and dejec- tion of the heart, and a strangeness and a sadness of the manners, and a suspension of the native expressions and ready offices of zealous affection ? 38 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. Meanwhile the hesitations and the musings, and the upbraidings of an introverted sensibility absorb the thoughts. Is it then reasonable to presume that similar practices in religion can have a tendency to promote the healthful vigour of piety ? By the constitution of the human mind, its emotions are strengthened in no other way than by exercise and utterance ; nor does it appear that the religious emotions are exempted from this general law. The Divine Being is revealed to us in the Scriptures as the proper and supreme object of reverence, of love, and of affectionate obedience ; and the natural means of exercising and of expressing these feelings are placed before us, both in the offices of devotion, and in the duties of life ; just in the same way that the opportunities of enhancing the domestic affections are afforded in the constitution of social life. Why then should the Christian turn aside from the course of nature, and divert his feelings from their outgoings towards the supreme object of devotional sentiments, by instituting curious re- searches into the quality and quantity and com- position of all his religious sensations ? This spiritual hypochondriasis enfeebles at once the animal, the intellectual, and the moral life, and is usually found in conjunction with infirmity of judgment, infelicity of temper, and inconsistency of conduct.. But it is alleged that the heart, even after it ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 39 has undergone spiritual renovation, is fraught with hidden evils, which mingle their influence with every emotion of the new life, and that an incessant analysis is necessary in order to detect and to separate the lurking mischiefs. To know the evils of the heart is indeed indispensable to the humility and the caution of true wisdom ; and whoever is utterly untaught in this dismal branch of learning is a fool. But to make it the chief object of attention is not only unnecessary, but fatal to the health of the soul. The motives of the social, not less than those of the religious life, are open to corrupting mix- tures, which spoil their purity, and impair their vigour. As, for example, the emotion of bene- volence, which impels us to go in quest of misery, and to labour and suffer for its relief, is liable, in most men’s minds, to be alloyed by some particles of the desire of applause ; indeed there are nice and learned anatomists of the heart, who assure us that benevolence, when placed in the focus of high optic powers, exhibits nothing but a gay feathery coat of vanity, set upon the flimsiness of selfish sensibility. Be it so — and let men of small souls amuse themselves with these pretty discoveries. But assuredly the philanthropist who is followed through life by the blessings of those “ that were ready to perish,” and whose memory goes down in the fragance of these blessings to distant ages, is not found to spend his days and nights in pursuing any such subtile micrologies. 40 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. Have the sons of wretchedness been holpen by Rochefoucaulds and Bruyeres; or by Howards? If the philanthropist be a wise and Christian man, he will, knowing as he does the evils and infirmities of the heart, endeavour to expel and preclude the corrupting mischiefs that spring from within, by giving yet larger play and action to the great motives by which exclusively he desires to be impelled ; he will, with new intent- ness, devote himself to the service in which his better nature delights, and bring his soul into still nearer contact with its chosen objects, and oblige himself to hold more constant communion with the miserable ; and he will spurn, with renovated courage, the whispers of indolence and fear. Thus he pushes forwards on the course of action, where alone, by the unalterable laws of human nature, the vigour of active virtue may be maintained and increased. If the heart be a dungeon of foul and vaporous poisons, if it be “ a cage of unclean birds,” if “ satyrs dance there,” if the “ cockatrice” there hatches her eggs of mischief, let the vault of dark impurity be thrown open to the purifying gales of heaven, and to the bright shining of the sun ; so shall the hated occupants leave their haunts, and the noxious exhalations be exhausted, and the deathly chills be dispelled. He, surely, need not want light and warmth who has the glories of heaven before him : let these glories be contemplated with constant and ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 41 upward gaze, while the foot presses with energy the path of hope, and the hand is busied in every office of charity. The Christian who thus pur- sues his way, will rarely, if ever, be annoyed by the spectres that haunt the regions of a saddened enthusiasm. The moping sentimentalism which so often takes the place of Christian motives, is to be avoided, not merely because it holds up piety to the view of the world under a deplorable dis- guise ; nor merely because it deprives its victims of their comfort ; but chiefly because it ordinarily produces inattention to the substantial matters of common morality. The mind, occupied from dawn of day till midnight, with its own multifa- rious ailments, and busied in studying its patho- logies, utterly forgets, or remissly discharges, the duties of social life : or the temper, oppressed by vague solicitudes, falls into a state which makes it a nuisance in the house. Or, while the rising and falling temperature of the spirit is watched and recorded, the common principles of honour and integrity are so completely lost sight of, that, without explicit ill-intention, grievous de- linquencies are fallen into, which fail not to bring a deluge of reproach upon religion. These melan- choly perversions of Christian piety might seem not to belong, with strict propriety, to our sub- ject; but in fact religious despondency is the child of religious enthusiasm. Exhaustion and dejection succeed to excitement, just as debility 42 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. follows fever. Yesterday the unballasted vessel was seen hanging out all the gaiety of its colours, and spreading wide its indiscretion before a breeze ; but the night came, the breeze strength- ened, and to day the hapless bark rolls dismasted, without help or hope, over the billows. Amid the various topics touched upon by Paul, Peter, John, and James, we scarcely find an allu- sion to those questions of spiritual nosology which, in later periods, and especially since the days of Augustine,* and very much in our own times, have filled a large space in religious writings. The Apostles believed, with unclouded confidence, * The metaphysico-devotional “ Confessions ” of the good Bishop of Hippo may perhaps not unfairly be placed at the head of this very peculiar species of literature. The author is reluctant to name some modern works which he might deem liable to objection, on the ground of their giving encouragement to religious sentimentalism, lest he should put into the mouth of the irreligious a style of criticism which they would not fail to abuse. He is aware that he runs a hazard of this sort in advancing what he has above advanced. He can only say that he thinks the subject much too important in itself, and too inti- mately connected with the theme of this Essay, to be passed in silence. And he cautions the irreligious reader, if the book should fall into the hand of any such unhappy person, not to suppose that the author would either disparage the important duty of self-examination; or speak slightingly of those mental struggles which will ever attend the conflict between good and evil in the heart that has admitted the purifying influence of the Holy Spirit. What he pleads for, is, that self-examination should always have reference to the Christian stan- dard of temper and conduct ; and that spiritual conflicts should always consist of a resistance against evil dispositions or immoral practices. What he fears on the part of religious folks is, a forget- fulness of meekness, temperance, integrity, amid the illusions — now gloomy, now gaudy, of a diseased brain. ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 43 the revelation committed to them, of judgment to come, of redemption from wrath by Jesus Christ, and of eternal glory : these great facts filled their hearts, and governed their lives ; and, in conjunction with the precepts of morality, were the exclusive themes of their preaching and writing. Evidently they found neither time nor occasion for entering upon nice analyses of mo- tives ; or for indulging fine musings and personal melancholies ; nor did they ever think of resting the all-important question of their own sincerity, and of their claim to a part in the hope of the gospel, upon the abstract dialectics which have since been thought indispensable to the definition of a saving faith. Assuredly the Christians of the first age did not suppose that volumes of metaphysical distinctions must be written and read before the genuineness of religious profes- sions could be ascertained. The want, in modern times, of a vivid conviction of the truth of Chris- tianity, is probably the occasional source of many of these idle and disheartening subtleties ; and it may be believed that a sudden enhancement of faith — using the word in its unsophisticated meaning, throughout the Christian community, would dispel, in a moment, a thousand dismal and profitless refinements, and impart to the feelings of Christians that unvarying solidity which naturally belongs to the perception of facts so immensely important as those revealed in the Scriptures. 44 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. In witnessing, first, the entreaties, and sup- plications, and tears of a convicted, condemned, and repentant malefactor, prostrate at the feet of his sovereign ; and then the exuberance of his joy and gratitude in receiving pardon and life, no one would so absurdly misuse language as to call the intensity and fervour of the criminal’s feelings enthusiastical ; for however strong, or even un- governable those emotions may be, they are perfectly congruous with the occasion : they spring from no illusion ; but are fully justified by the momentous turn that has taken place in his affairs: in the past hour he contemplated nothing but the horrors of a violent, an ignominous, and a deserved death : but now life with its delights is before him. It is true that all men in the same circumstances would not undergo the same in- tensity of emotion : but all, unless obdurate in wickedness, must experience feelings of the same quality. And thus, so long as the real circum- stances under which every human being stands in the court of the Supreme Judge are clearly understood, and duly felt, enthusiasm finds no place : all is real ; nothing illusory. But when once these unutterably important facts are for- gotten or obscured, then, by necessity, every enhancement of religious feeling is a step on the ascent of enthusiasm; and it becomes a matter of very little practical consequence, whether the deluded pietist be the worshipper of some system of abstract rationalism, or of tawdry images, and ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. 45 rotten relics ; though the latter error of the two is perhaps, preferable, inasmuch as a warm- hearted fervour is always better than frozen pride. One commanding subject pervades the Scrip- tures, and rises to view on every page : this recurring theme, towards which all instructions and histories tend, is the great and anxious ques- tion of condemnation or acquittal at the bar of God, when the irreversible sentence shall come to be pronounced. “ How shall man be just with God,” is the inquiry ever and again urged upon the conscience of him who reads the Bible with a humble and teachable desire to find therein the way of life. In subserviency to this leading intention, the themes which run through the sacred writings, and which distinguish those writings by an immense dissimilarity from all the remains of polytheistic literature, are those of guilt, shame, contrition, love, joy, gratitude, and affectionate obedience. And moreover, in confor- mity with this same intention, the Divine Being is revealed — if not exclusively, yet chiefly, as the party in the great controversy which sin has occasioned. The intercourse, therefore, which is opened between heaven and earth is almost con- fined to the momentous transactions of recon- ciliation and renewed friendship. When the Hearer of prayer invites interlocution with man, it is not, as perhaps in Eden, for the purposes of free and discursive converse, but for conference 46 ENTHUSIASM IN DEVOTION. on a special business. “ Come now, let us reason together, saith the Almighty; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow, though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.” The same speciality of purpose and limitation of subject is plainly implied in the appointment of a Mediator and Advocate ; for although the establishment of this happy medium of approach authorizes and encourages even a boldness of access to the throne of the heavenly grace, it not less evidently imposes a restriction or peculiarity upon the intercourse between God and man. As the intercessor exercises his office to obtain the bestowment of the benefits secured to man- kind by his vicarious sufferings, the suppliant must surely have those benefits especially in view. The work and office of the Mediator, and the desires and petitions of the client, are correlatives. “ No man,” said the Saviour, “ cometh unto the Father but by me.” It follows then, naturally, that those who thus come to the Father should keep in constant remembrance the great inten- tion of the mediatorial scheme, which is nothing else than to reconcile transgressors to the offended Majesty of heaven. But this unalterable condi- tion of all devotional services contains a manifest and efficacious provision against enthusiastical excitements; for the emotions of shame and peni- tence, and of joy in receiving the assurance of pardon, are not of the class with which the ima- gination has near affinity; and, in a well-ordered ENTHUSIASM OF THE ROMISH WORSHIP. 47 mind, they may rise to their highest pitch with- out either disturbing the powers of reason, or infringing the most perfect inward serenity, , or outward decorum. In a word, it may be confidently affirmed that no man becomes an enthusiast in religion, until he has forgotten that he is a transgressor — a transgressor reconciled to God by mediation. But when, either by the refinements of ra- ' tionalism — a gross misnomer, or by superstitious corruptions, the central facts of Christianity have become obscured, no middle ground remains between the apathy of formality and the extrava- gance of enthusiasm. The substance of religion is gone and its ceremonial only remains — remains to disgust the intelligent and to delude the simple. This momentous principle is strikingly displayed in the construction of the Romish worship. That false system assumes the great business of pardon and reconciliation with God to be a transaction that belongs only to priestly negotiation ; and as forgiveness has its price, and the priest is at once the appraiser of the offence, and the receiver of the mulct, it would be an intrusion upon his function, an interference that must derange his balances, for the transgressor to act on his own behalf, or ever to inquire what passes between the authorized agent of mercy, and the court of heaven. No room then is left in this system for the great and central subject of all devotional exercises. The doctrine of pardon having been cut off from 48 ENTHUSIASM worship, worship becomes unsubstantial. The expiatory death and availing intercession of the Son of God are taken within the rail of sacerdotal usurpation ; and of necessity, if Jesus Christ is at all to be set forth “ crucified before the people,” it can only be as an object of dramatic exhi- bition. This is the secret of the popish magni- ficence of worship. Music, and painting, and pantomime, and a tinsel declamation, must do their several parts to disguise the subduction of the essentials of devotion. The laity, having nothing to transact with God, must be amused and beguiled, “lest haply the gospel of His grace” should enter the heart, and so the trading intervention of the priest be superseded. The great purpose of the Romish worship, which is to preclude all genuine feelings hy substituting the enthusiasm of the imagination, is accomplished, it must be confessed, with con- summate skill and a just knowledge of the hu- man mind. The end proposed will, manifestly, be best attained when the emotions which spring from the imagination are made to re- semble as nearly as possible those that belong to the heart. The nicest imitation will be the most successful in this machinery of delusion. Hence it is, that while all those means of excite- ment are employed which quicken the physical sensibilities, the deeper sensibilities of the soul are also addressed, and yet always by the inter- vention of dramatic or poetic images. A plain OF THF. ROMAN WORSHIP. 49 and undisguised appeal to the heart is unknown to the system. If it be for a moment forgotten, that in every bell, bowl, and vest of the Romish service, there is hid a device against the liberty and welfare of mankind, and that its gold, and pearls, and fine linen are the deckings of eter- nal ruin ; and if this apparatus of worship be compared with the impurities and the cruelties of the old polytheistic rites, great praise may seem due to its contrivers. Nothing in Chris- tianity that might subserve the purposes of dramatic effect has been overlooked ; even the most difficult parts of the materials have been wrought into keeping. The humiliations and poverty which shroud the glory of the principal personage, and the horrors of his death ; the awful beauty and compassionate advocacy of the virgin mother, the queen of heaven ; the stern dignity of the twelve ; the marvels of miraculous power; the heroism of the martyrs; the mortifications of the saints ; the punishment of the enemies of the church ; the practices of devils ; the intercession and tutelary cares of the blessed ; the sorrows of the nether world, and the glories of the upper ; — all these materials of poetic and scenic effect have been elaborated by the genius and taste of the Italian artists, until a spectacle has been got up which leaves the most splendid shows of the ancient idol- E 50 ENTHUSIASM worship of Greece and Rome at a vast distance of inferiority.* But of what avail is all this sumptuous appa- ratus in promoting either genuine piety or purity of manners? History and existing facts leave no obscurity on the question ; for the atrocity of crime, and the foulness of licentiousness, have ever kept pace with the perfection of the Romish service. Those nations upon whose manners it has worked its proper influence with the fullest effect, have been the most corrupt and the most debauched. Splendid rites and odious vices have dwelt in peace under the same consecrated roofs, and the actors and spectators of these sacred pantomimes * Strictly speaking, the religion of Greece was not eminently a religion of ritual splendour ; on the contrai-y, there reigned in the public services of the most intellectual of all nations much of the simplicity of devout fervour, much of the chasteness of fine taste, and much of the archaic and unadorned solemnity that had descended to the Greeks from the patriarchal ages. Even in their theatres and on their race-courses, there was far less of pomp and finery than is de- manded on similar occasions by a modern European populace. The Romans carried the sublime in decoration to a further point; and in the same degree exchanged reason and taste for colours, gild- ings, and draperies. Upon the Roman barbaric magnificence the corrupt church of the fifth and following centuries engrafted, in a confused medley, the gorgeous conceptions of the eastern nations — the terrible ideas of the northern hordes — the jugglings of Italian priests, and the sheer puerilities of monks and children. Such is the Christian worship of Rome ! Nevertheless, its elements comprise so much that is beautiful, or imposing, that its puerilities catch not the eye ; and a man must be very rational who altogether repels the impression of its services. OF POPULAR ORATORY. 51 have been wont to rush together from the solemn pomps of worship to the chambers of filthy sin. The substitution of poetic enthusiasm for ge- nuine piety may however take place without the decorations of the Romish service ; but the means employed must be of a more intellectual cast: eloquence must take all the labour on itself, and must subject the doctrines of Scrip- ture to a process of refinement which shall deposit whatever is substantial and affecting, and retain only what is magnific, pathetic, or sublime. And yet the principles of protestantism, and, in some respects, the national temper, and certainly the spirit of the devotional services of the English church, all discourage the attempt to hold forth the subjects of evangelical teaching in the gor- geous colours of an artificial oratory. And if the evidence of facts were listened to, such attempts would never be made by men who honestly desire to discharge the momentous du- ties of the Christian ministry in the manner most conducive to the welfare of their hearers. A blaze of emotion having the semblance of piety, may be kindled by descriptive and impassioned harangues, such as those that are heard on days of festival from French and Italian pulpits ; but it will be found that the Divine Spirit, without whose agency the heart is never permanently affected, sternly refuses to become a party in any e 2 52 ENTHUSIASM such theatric exercises ; these emotions will therefore subside without leaving a vestige of salutary influence. Yet is there perhaps a lawful, though limited range open, in the pulpit, to the powers of de- scriptive eloquence. The preacher may safely embellish all those subsidiary topics that are not included within the circle of the primary prin- ciples on which the religious affections are built; for in addressing the imagination on these acces- sary points, he does not incur the danger of founding piety altogether upon illusions. The great and beautiful in nature, and perhaps the natural attributes of the Deity, and the episodes of sacred history, and the diversities of human character, and the scenes of social life, and the secular interests of mankind, may, by their in- cidental connexion with more important themes, furnish the means of awakening attention, and of varying the sameness of theological discourse. Or even if no unquestionable plea of utility could be urged in recommendation of such divertiseinents, at the worst they are not charge- able with the desecration of fundamental doc- trines ; nor do they generate delusion where delusion must be fatal. But it is not so with the principal matters of the preacher’s message to his fellow-men, which can hardly be touched by the pencil of poetic or dramatic eloquence without incurring a hazard of the highest kind, inasmuch as the excitement so engendered OF POPULAR ORATORY. 53 more often excludes, than merely impairs genuine feelings. If the taste of an audience be quickened and cultivated, nothing is more easy to the teacher, or more agreeable to the taught, than a transi- tion from the sphere of spiritual feeling to the regions of poetic excitement. Intellect is put in movement by the change ; conscience is lulled ; the weight that may have rested on the heart is upborne, and a state of animal elasticity induced, which, so long as it continues, dispels the sadness of earthly cares. Let it be supposed that the subject of discourse is that one which, of all others, should be the most solemnly affecting to those who admit the truth of Christianity — the awful process of the last judgment. The speaker, we will believe, intends nothing but to inspire a salutary alarm ; and with this view he essays his utmost command of language, while he describes — the sudden waning of the morning sun, the blackening of the heavens, the decadence of stars, the growing thunders of coming wrath, the clang of the trumpet, whose notes break the slumbers of the dead: the crash of the pillars of earth, the bursting forth of the treasures of fire, and the solving of all things in the fervent heat. Then the bright appearance of the Judge, encircled by the splendours of the court of heaven ; the con- voked assemblage of witnesses from all worlds, filling the concave of the skies. Then the dense masses of the family of man, crowding the area 54 ENTHUSIASM of the great tribunal ; the separation of the multitude ; the irreversible sentence, the depar- ture of the doomed, the triumphant ascent of the ransomed. Compared with themes like these, how poor wrere the subjects of ancient oratory! And such is their force, such the freshness of their power, that though a thousand times presented to the imagination, they may yet again, whenever skil- fully managed, command breathless attention — while the sands of the preacher’s hour are running out. Nor ought it to be absolutely affirmed that excitements of this kind can never produce salu- tary impressions ; or that such impressions never accompany the hearer beyond the threshold of the church, or survive a day’s contact with secu- lar interests : peremptory assertions of this sort are unnecessary to our argument. The question to be answered is, whether this species of move- ment be not of the nature of mere enthusiasm, and whether it does not ordinarily rather exclude than promote religious feelings. In reference to the illustration we have ad- duced, there might be room for the previous inquiry, whether, on sound principles of inter- pretation, the language of Scripture ought to be understood as giving any warrant whatever to those material images of terrible sublimity with which it is usual to invest the proceedings of the future day of retribution. But let it be granted that the customary representations of popular OF POPULAR ORATORY. 55 oratory are not erroneous ; and that when the preacher thus accumulates the physical machinery of terror, he is truly picturing that last scene of the terrestrial history of man. Even then it were not difficult, by an effort of reasoning and of meditation, and by following out the emotions of our moral constitution, to realize the feelings which must fill the soul on that day when the secrets of all hearts shall be published ; and these feelings may be imagined, on probable grounds of anticipation, to be such as must render all exterior perceptions dim, and make even the most stupendous magnificence of the surrounding scene, to fade from the sight. It is nothing but the present torpor of the moral sen- timents that allows to material ideas so much power to occupy and overwhelm the mind ; but when the soul shall be quickened from its lethargy, then, good and evil will take that seat of influence which has been usurped by unsub- stantial images of greatness, beauty, or terror. What are the thunderings of a thousand storms, what the clangour of the trumpet, or the crash of earth, or the universal blaze; what the dazzling front of the celestial array ; or even the appalling apparatus of punishment, to the spirit that has become alive to the consciousness of its own moral condition, and is standing naked in the manifested presence of the High and Holy One ! That time of judgment, which is to dispel all disguises, and to drag sin from its coverts into the 56 ENTHUSIASM full light of heaven, will assuredly find no moment of leisure for the discursive eye ; one perception, one emotion will doubtless rule exclusive in the soul. No extravagance or groundless refinement is contained in the supposition that, in the great day of inquiry and award, the moral shall so overwhelm the physical, that when, by regular process of evidence, according to the forms of that perfect court, conviction has been obtained of even some minor offence against the eternal laws of purity or justice — an offence, which, if confessed on earth, would hardly have brought a blush upon the cheek, the heart will be penetrated with an anguish of shame that shall preclude the perception of surrounding wonders : on that day it will he sin, not a flaming world, that shall appal the soul. If anticipations such as these approve them- selves to reason, it follows that the humblest and the least adorned eloquence of a purely moral kind, of which the only topics are sin and holiness, guilt and pardon, takes incomparably a nearer and a safer road towards the attainment of the great object of Christian instruction, than the most overwhelming oratory that addresses itself chiefly to the imagination. Nay, it may be affirmed that such oratory, however artfully ela- borated, and however well intended it may be, is nothing better than a curtain, finely wrought indeed with gorgeous colours, hut serving to OF POPULAR ORATORY. 57 hide from men the substantial terrors of the day of retribution. Nothing then can be more glaringly inequit- able than the manner in which the imputation of enthusiasm is frequently advanced in relation to pulpit oratory. On the ground, either of com- mon sense or of philosophical analysis, the epithet must be assigned to him who, in neglect or con- tempt of the substance of his argument, draws an idle and profitless excitement from its adjuncts. And on the same ground we must exculpate from such a charge the speaker who, however intense may be his fervour, is himself moved, and labours to move others, by what is most solid and momentous in his subject. Now to recur for a moment to the illustration already adduced. In the anticipations we may form of the day of judgment, there are combined two perfectly dis- tinct classes of ideas; on the one side there are those images of physical grandeur and of dra- matic effect which offer themselves to the ima- ginative orator as the proper materials of his art, and which, if skilfully managed, will not fail to produce the kind of excitement that is desired by both speaker and hearer. On the other side there are, in these anticipations, the forensic pro- ceedings which form the very substance of the fearful scene ; and these proceedings, though of infinite moment to every human being, tend rather to quell than to excite the imagination, and therefore afford the preacher no means of 58 CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. producing effect, or even of keeping alive atten- tion, unless the conscience of the hearer is alarmed, and his heart opened to the salutary impressions of fear, shame, and hope. In looking then at these themes, so distinct in their qualities, we ask — Is he the enthusiast who concerns him- self with the substance ; or he who amuses him- self and his hearers with the shadow ? Yet is it common to hear an orator spoken of as a sound and sober divine, who, for maintaining his influ- ence and popularity, depends exclusively, con- stantly, and avowedly upon his power to affect the imagination and the passions by poetic or dramatic images, and who is perpetually labour- ing to invest the solemn doctrines of religion in a garb of attractive eloquence. Meanwhile a less accomplished speaker, who — perhaps with more of vehemence than of elegance, insists simply upon the momentous part of his message, is branded as an enthusiast, merely because his fervour rises some degrees above that of others. Ineffable folly! to designate as enthusiastical the intensity of genuine emotions, and to approve as rational mere deliriums of the fancy, which in- tercept the influence of momentous truths upon the heart. Yet such is the wisdom of the world ! It cannot be pretended that the distinction be- tween genuine and enthusiastic piety turns upon a metaphysical nicety : nothing so important to all men must be imagined to await the CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. 59 determination of abstruse questions ; and if the distinction which has been illustrated in the pre- ceding pages is not perfectly intelligible, it may safely be rejected as of no practical value. But surely there can hardly be any one so little ob- servant of his own consciousness as not to have learned that the feelings excited by what is beautiful or sublime, terrible or pathetic, differ essentially from those emotions that are kindled in the heart by the ideas of goodness and of purity, or of malignancy and pollution. And every one must know that virtue and piety have their range among feelings of the latter, not of the former class ; and every one must perceive that if the former occupy the mind to the exclu- sion of the latter, the moral sentiments cannot fail to be impoverished or corrupted. It is moreover very evident that the great facts of Christianity possess, adjunctively, the means of exciting, in a powerful degree, the emotions that belong to the imagination, as well as those which affect the heart; it therefore follows that the former may, in whole or in part, supplant the latter ; and thus a fictitious piety be engendered, which, while it produces much of the semblance of true religion, yields none of its substantial fruits. In this manner it may happen, not in rare instances, but in many, that if, in the his- tory of an individual, a season of religious excite- ment has once taken place, though it had in it little or nothing of the elements of a change from 60 CRITERION OF ENTHUSIASM. evil to good, it may have been assumed as con- stituting a valid and inamissible initiation in the Christian life; and if subsequently the decencies of religion and of morality have been preserved, a strong supposition of sinceiity is entertained to the last even though all was illusory. Yet these melancholy cases of self-deception are not to be remedied by mere explanations of the delusion ; on the contrary, the practical use to be made of definitions and distinctions and descriptions in matters of religious feeling, is to exhibit the necessity, and to enhance the value of more available tests of sincerity. Thus, for example, if it appear that, in times like the present, when religious profession undergoes no severe probation, the danger of substituting some species of enthusiasm for true piety is extreme, there will appear the greater need to have re- course to those means of proof which infallibly discriminate between truth and pretension. This means of proof is nothing else than the standard of morals and of temper exhibited in the Scrip- tures. No other method of determining the most momentous of all questions is given to us ; and none other is needed. We can neither as- cend into the heavens, there to inspect the book of life, nor satisfactorily descend into the depths of the heart to analyze the complex and occult varieties of its emotions. But we may instantly and certainly know whether we do the things which he whom we call Lord has commanded. SECTION III. ENTHUSIASTIC PERVERSIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF DIVINE INFLUENCE. A sentiment natural to the human mind, leads it to entertain and to dwell with pleasure upon the belief of the stability and permanence of the material world. Whether we view the multiform ranks of organized and animated beings which cover the earth, or examine the occult processes of nature, or look upwards, and contemplate distant worlds, the regularity with which the great machine of the visible creation effects its revolutions, inspires a deep emotion of delight. This feeling brings with it involuntarily the sup- position of extended duration ; nor is it without extreme difficulty that we can separate the idea of so vast a combination of causes and effects, moving forward with unfailing precision, from the thought — if not of eternity, yet of unnum- bered ages gone by, and yet to come. While these natural impressions occupy the mind, a strange revulsion of feeling takes place, if sud- denly it is recollected that the massy pillars of creation, with its towering superstructure, and its high-wrought embellishments, and its 62 DOCTRINE OF innumerable tenants, are absolutely destitute of intrinsic permanency, and that the stupendous frame, with its nice and mighty movements, is incessantly issued anew from the fount of being. Apart from the Divine volition, perpetually ac- tive, there can be no title to existence ; and in the moment which should succeed to the cessa- tion of the efficient will of the First Cause, all creatures must fall back to utter dissolution. Reason as well as faith justifies this doctrine, and demands that we deny independency to whatever is created, and devoutly confess that God is “ all in all.” In Him by whom they were formed, all things consist:” in Him all “ live and move and have their being.” He is the author and giver of life ; and in the strictest sense it may be affirmed that every day is a day of creation, not less than that on which “ the morning stars” uttered their earliest shout of joyous wonder : every moment during the lapse of ages, the word of power is pronounced from the height of the Eternal Throne — “ let there be light” and life. This belief constitutes the base- ment-principle of all religion, and is the senti- ment from which piety must take its spring. The notion of independency and of eternity, suggested by the regular movements of nature, are thus thrown off from the surface of the visible world, and go to enhance our impressions of the glories of Him who alone is eternal, unchangeable and independent. 63 DIVINE INFLUENCE. But it is certain that the conditions of exist- ence, not less than its matter and form, are from God. In truth the notions of being, and of well- being, are not to be distinguished in reference to the Divine causation ; for each of His works is perfect, both in model and in movement. There is therefore no particle of virtue or of happiness in the universe, any more than of bare existence, of which God is not the author. Neither Scrip- ture nor philosophy permits exceptions or dis- tinctions to be made ; for if we attribute to the Creator the organ, we must also attribute to Him its functions, and its health too, which is only the perfection of its functions. And thus also, if the soul, with its complex apparatus of reason, and moral sentiment, and appetite, be the handy work of God, so is its healthful action. But the healthful action of the soul consists in love to God and free subjection to His will. Virtue is nothing else in its substance, nothing else in its cause. As in Him we live and move and have our being, so also it is He who “ worketh in us to will and to do” whatever is pleasing to him- self. Whether we take the safe and ready method of acquiescing in the obvious sense of a multitude of Scriptures, or pursue the laborious deductions of abstract reasoning, the same conclusion is attained, that in the present world, and in every other where virtue and happiness are found, virtue and happiness are the emanations of the divine blessedness and purity. 64 DOCTRINE OF But if this efflux of the Divine nature belongs to the original constitution of intelligent beings, and is the permanent and only source of all goodness and felicity, it must be intimately fitted to the movements of mind, and must harmonize perfectly with its mechanism ; just as perfectly as the creative influence harmonizes with the mechanism and movements of animal life. Whatever is vigorous and healthful in the one kind of existence, or holy and happy in the other, is of God, whose power and goodness are, throughout the universe, the natural, not the supernatural cause of whatever is not evil. It were then a strange supposition to imagine that this impartation of virtue and happiness may be perceptible to the subject of it, like the access of a foreign and extraordinary influence ; or that while the creative agency is altogether undis- tinguishable amid the movements of animal and intellectual life, the spiritual agency which con- veys the warmth and activity of virtue to the soul, is otherwise than inscrutable in its mode of operation. As the one kind of divine energy does not display its presence by convulsive or capricious irregularities, but by the unnoticed vigour and promptitude of the functions of life; so the other energy cannot, without irreverence, be thought of as making itself felt by extra-natural impulses, or sensible shocks upon the intellectual system ; but must rather be imagined as an equable pulse of life, throbbing from within, DIVINE INFLUENCE. 65 and diffusing softness, sensibility and force through the soul. It is indeed true that if death or torpor has long held the moral powers in suspended action, the returning principle of life, while working its way in contrariety to the inveterate derange- ments of the system, may make itself felt other- wise than where no such derangement has existed ; yet will it only be perceived by its collision with the evils that have usurped the heart ; not by its spontaneous movements. These are, in truth, the foreign and disturbing influences ; it is these that make themselves known by their abrupt and capricious activity, by their convulsive or feverish force. Meanwhile the heavenly emanation which heals, cleanses, and blesses the spirit is still, and constant, and transparent, as “ a well of water springing up unto eternal life.” Nevertheless, from the accidents of the position in which we are placed, the divine influence may appear under an aspect immensely unlike that in which we should view it, if our prospect of the intelligent universe were more extended than it is. Thus the sad tenant of a dungeon, who has spent the days of many years alive in the dark- ness of the tomb, thinks otherwise of the light of the sun, as he watches the pencil ray that tra- verses his prison wall, than those do who walk abroad amid the splendours of the summer’s noon. Or we may imagine a world of once 66 DOCTRINE OF animated beings to be lying in the coldness and corruption of death, and we may suppose that the creative power returns and reanimates some among the dead, restoring them instantaneously to the warmth, and vigour, and enjoyments of life. The spectator of this partial resurrection, who had long contemplated nothing but the dismal stillness and corruption of the universal death, might, in his glad amazement, forget that the death of so many, not the life of the few, is anomalous, and strange, and contrary to the order of nature. The miracle, if so he will term it, is nothing more — nothing else, than what is every instant taking place throughout the wide realms of happy and virtuous existence. The life-giving energy, whose beams of expansive beneficence had been for a while, and in this world of death, intercepted or withdrawn, has returned with a kindling revulsion to its wonted channel ; and now moves on in copious tranquil- lity. And yet the dead may out-number the living; nevertheless the condition of the former, not that of the latter, is extraordinary ; and the return to life, how amazing soever it may seem, could with no propriety be called supernatural. The language of Scripture, when it asserts the momentous doctrine of the renovation of the soul by the immediate agency of the Spirit of God, employs figurative terms which, while they give the utmost possible force to the truth so conveyed, indicate clearly the congruity of the DIVINE INFLUENCE. 67 change with the original construction of human nature. The return to virtue and happiness is termed — a resurrection to life ; or it is a new birth ; or it is the opening of the eyes of the blind, or the unstopping the ears of the deaf; or it is the springing up of a fountain of purity ; or it is a gale of heaven, neither seen nor known but by its effects ; or it is the growth and fructi- fication of the grain ; or it is the abode of a guest in the home of a friend, or the residence of the Deity in His temple. Each of these em- blems, and all others used in the Scriptures in reference to the same subject, combines the double idea of a change — great, definite, and absolute ; and of a change from disorder, corrup- tion, derangement, to a natural and permanent condition : they are all manifestly chosen with the intention of excluding the idea of a miracu- lous or semi-miraculous intervention of power. On the one hand, it is evident that a change of moral dispositions, so entire as to be properly symbolized by calling it a new birth, or a resur- rection to life, must be much more than a self- effected reformation ; for if it were nothing more, these figures would be preposterous, unnecessary, and delusive. But on the other hand, this change must be perfectly in harmony with the physical and intellectual constitution of human nature, or the same figures would be devoid of propriety and significance. But a doctrine of divine influence like this, f 2 6S PERVERSIONS OE though so full of promise and of comfort to the aspirant after true virtue, offers nothing to those who desire transitory excitements, and who look for visible displays of supernatural power; and therefore it does not satisfy the religious enthu- siast. Not content to be the recipient of an invigorating and purifying emanation, which, unseen and unperceived, elevates the debased affections, and fixes them on the Supreme Excel- lence ; nor satisfied to know that, under this healing influence, the inveteracy of evil dispo- sitions is broken up, and a real advance made in virtue, he asks some sensible evidence of the in- dwelling of the Holy Spirit, and would fain so dissect his own consciousness as to bring the presence of the Divine agent under palpable examination. Or he seeks for some such extra- ordinary turbulence of emotion as may seem unquestionably to surpass the powers and course of nature. Fraught with these wishes, he con- tinually gazes upon the variable surface of his own feelings, in unquiet expectation of a super- natural troubling of the waters. The silent rise of the well-spring of purity and peace he neither heeds nor values ; for nothing less than the eddies and sallies of religious passion can assure him that he is “ born from above.” A delusive notion of this kind at once diverts attention from the cultivation and practice of the virtues, and becomes a fermenting principle of frothy agitations, that either work them- THIS DOCTRINE. 69 selves off’ in the sourness of an uncharitable temper, or are followed by physical melancholies, or perhaps by such a relaxation of the moral sentiments as leaves the heart exposed to the seductions of vicious pleasure. Thus the reli- gious life, instead of being a sunshine of aug- menting peace and hope, is made up of an alternation of ecstacies and despondencies ; or; worse, of devotional fervours and of sensual indulgences. The same error naturally brings with it a habit of referring to other, and to much less satisfactory tests of Christian charac- ter than the influence of religion upon the temper and conduct. So it happens that prac- tical morality, from being slighted as the only valid credential of profession, comes, too often, to be thought of as something which, though it may be well in its way, is a separable adjunct of true piety. The rate of general feeling that exists at any time in a community measures the height to which the exorbitances of enthusiasm may attain;, thus in times of peculiar excitement a perverted notion of Divine influence is seen to ripen into the most fearful excesses. In such seasons it is not enough that the presence of the Holy Spirit should be indicated by unusual com- motions of the mind ; but convulsions of the body also are demanded in proof of the hea- venly agency. Extravagance becomes glut- tonous of marvels ; religion is transmuted into. 70 PERVERSIONS OF pantomime: delirium and hypocrisy, often found to be good friends, take their turns of triumph ; while humility, meekness, and sincerity, are trodden down in the rout of impious confusion. Deplorable excesses of this kind happily are infrequent, and never of long continuance; but it has happened more than once in the history of Christianity that the habit of grimace in religion, having established itself in an hour of fanatical agitation, and become associated, perhaps, with momentous truths, as well as with the distinguishing tenets of a sect, has long survived the warmth of feeling in which it ori- ginated, and whence it might derive some apology, and has passed down from father to son, a hideous mask of formality, worshipped by the weak, and loathed, though not discarded, by the sincere. Meanwhile an hereditary or a studied agitation of the voice and muscles, most ludicrous, if it were not most horrible to be seen, is made to represent before the world the sacred and solemn truth, a truth essential to Christianity, that the Spirit of God dwells in the hearts of Christians. Whatever special interpretation may be given to our Lord’s awful announcement concerning the sin against the Holy Ghost, an announcement which stands out as an anomaly in the midst of his declara- tions of mercy, every devout mind must regard it as shedding a fearful penumbra of warning around the doctrine of divine influence, and THIS DOCTRINE. 71 will admit an apprehension lest he should, by any perversion of that doctrine, approach the precincts of so tremendous a guilt, or become liable to the charge of giving occasion in others to unpardonable blasphemies. If it be true that the agency of the Holy Spirit in renovating the heart is perfectly congruous with the natural movements of the mind, both in its animal and intellectual constitution, it is implied that whatever natural means of suasion, or of rational conviction, are proper to rectify the motives of mankind, will be employed as concomitant, or second causes of the change. These exterior and ordinary means of amend- ment are, in fact, only certain parts of the entire machinery of human nature ; nor can it be believed that its Author holds in light esteem His own wisdom of contrivance ; or is at any time obliged to break up or to contemn the mechanism which He has pronounced to be “ very good.” That there actually exists no such intention or necessity is declared by the very mode and form of revealed religion ; for this revelation consists of the common materials of moral influence — argument, history, poetry, eloquence. The same divine authentication of the natural modes of in- fluence, is contained in the establishment of the Christian ministry, and in the warrant given to parental instruction. These institutions concur to proclaim the great law of the spiritual world. 72 PERVERSIONS OF that the heavenly grace which reforms the soul operates constantly in conjunction with second causes and ordinary means. In an accommo- dated, yet legitimate sense of the words, it may be affirmed of every such cause, that the “ powers that be are of God; there is no power but of His ordaining; and whosoever resisteth (or would supersede) the power, resisteth the ordinance of God.” No one can doubt the possibility, abstractedly, of the immediate agency of the Omnipotent Spirit of Grace without the intervention of means ; nor does any one doubt the power of God to support human life without aliments ; for “ man liveth not by bread alone.” But in neither case does He adopt this mode of inde- pendent operation : on the contrary, the Divine conduct, wherever we can trace it, is seen to approve much more the settled arrangements of wisdom, than the bare exertions of power. The treasures of that wisdom are surely never exhausted, nor can a case arise in which an im- mediate effort of Omnipotence becomes necessary merely to supply the lack of instruments. Nor does the vindication of the honours of Sovereign Grace need any such naked interpositions ; for the absolute necessity of an efficient power above that which resides in the natural means of suasion is abundantly proved, on the one hand, by the frequent inefficacy of these means, when employed under the most favourable circumstances ; and THIS DOCTRINE. 73 on the other, by the frequent efficacy of means apparently inadequate to the production of the happy changes which result from them. It is not only affirmed by Scripture, but established by experience, that “ neither he that planteth, nor he that watereth, is any thing and at the same time it is affirmed by the one, and esta- blished by the other, that, apart from the plant- ing and the watering of the husbandman, God giveth no increase. No persuasion or instruction, we are assured, can of itself, in any one instance, avail to pene- trate the death-like indifference of the human mind towards spiritual objects ; but when once this torpor is removed by inscrutable grace, then the very feeblest and most inadequate means are sufficient for effecting the renovation of the heart. A single phrase, speaking of judgment to come, lisped by a child, will prove itself of power to awaken the soul from the slumber of the sensual life, if, when the sound falls on the ear, the spirit be quickened from above. In such a case it were an error to affirm that the change of character was effected independently of external means ; for though they were dis- guised under a semblance of extreme feebleness, and were such as might be easily overlooked or forgotten, they had in themselves the substantial powers of the highest eloquence ; and what might have been added to the momentous truth, so feebly announced, would have been little 74 PERVERSIONS OE more than embellishment, like the embroideries and embossments of the warrior’s garniture, which add nothing to the vigour of his arm. Two causes seem to have operated in main- taining the notion that divine influence is disso- ciated from concurrent means of suasion ; the first of these is an ill-judged but excusable jealousy on the part of pious persons for the honour of Sovereign Grace ; and is a mere re- action upon orthodoxy from the Pelagian and semi-Pelagian heresies : such persons have thought it necessary for the safety of a most important doctrine, not merely to assert the su- premacy of the ultimate agent ; but to disparage, as much as possible, all intermediate instruments. The second of these causes is the imaginary difficulty felt by those who having unadvisedly plunged into the depths of metaphysical theology, when they should have busied themselves only with the plain things of religion, fail in every attempt to adjust their notions of divine aid and human responsibility ; and, therefore, if they would be zealous for the honour due to the first, think themselves obliged almost to nullify the second. If any such difficulty actually exists, it should be made to rest upon the operations of nature, where it meets us not less than in the precincts of theology ; and the husbandman should desist from his toils until schoolmen have demonstrated to him the rationale of the combined operation of first and second causes. Or if such a demon- THIS DOCTRINE. 75 stration must not be waited for, and if the hus- bandman is to commit the precious grain to the earth, and to use all his skill and industry in favouring the inscrutable process of nature, then let the theologian pursue a parallel course, satis- fied to know that while the Scriptures affirm in the clearest manner whatever may enhance our ideas of the necessity and sovereignty of divine grace, they no where give intimation of a sus- pended, or halved responsibility on the part of man ; but, on the contrary, use, without scruple, language which implies that the spiritual welfare of those who are taught, depends on the zeal and labours of the teacher, as truly as the tem- poral welfare of children depends on the in- dustry of a father. The practical consequences of such speculative confusions are seen in the frightful apathy and culpable negligence of some instructors and parents, who, because a meta- physical problem, which ought never to have been heard of beyond the walls of colleges, obstructs their understandings, have acquired the habit of gazing with indifference upon the profaneness and immoralities of those whom their diligence might have retained in the path of piety and virtue. Another capital perversion remains to com- plete the enthusiastic abuse of the doctrine of divine influence ; and this is the supposition that those heavenly communications to the soul which 76 PERVERSIONS OF form a permanent constituent of the Christian dispensation, are not always confined to the matter or to the rule of Scripture, and that the favoured subject of this teaching, at least when he has made considerable advances in the divine life, is led on a high path of instruction, where the written revelation of the will of God may be neglected or scorned. This impious delusion assumes two forms : the first is that of the tranquil contemplatist, the whole of whose reli- gion is inarticulate and vague, and who neglects or rejects the Scriptures, not so much because he is averse to its truths, as because the misti- ness of his sentiments abhors whatever is dis- tinct, and definite, and fixed. To read a plain narrative of intelligible facts, and to derive prac- tical instruction therefrom, implies a state of mind essentially different from that which he finds it necessary to his factitious happiness to maintain : before he can thus read his Bible in child-like simplicity he must forsake the re- gion of dreams, and open his eyes to the world of realities : in a word, he must cease to be an enthusiast. The other form of this delusion should excite pity rather than provoke rebuke ; and calls for the skill of the physician, more than for the in- structions of the theologian. The limits of in- sanity have not yet been ascertained ; perhaps it has none ; and certainly there are facts that favour the belief that the interval between THIS DOCTRINE. 77 common weakness of judgment and outrageous madness is filled up by an insensible gradation of absurdity, no where admitting of a line of absolute separation. Where, for example, shall we pause, and separate the sane from the insane, among those who believe themselves to be fa- voured perpetually with special, particular, and ultra-scriptural revelations from heaven ? The most modest enthusiast of this class, and the most daring visionary, stand together on the same ground of outlawry from common sense and scriptural authority ; and though their se- veral offences against truth and sobriety may be of greater or less amount, they must both be dealt with on the same principle ; for both have alike excluded themselves from the benefit of appeal to the only authorities known among the sane part of mankind, namely, reason and Scrip- ture: those who reject both surrender themselves over to pity — and compulsion. It would manifestly be better that men should be left to the darkness and wanderings of unas- sisted reason, than that they should receive the immediate instructions of heaven, unless they possess at the same time a public and fixed rule to which all such supernatural instructions are to be conformed, and by which they are to be discriminated ; for the errors of reason, how great soever they may be, carry with them no weight of divine authority : but if the doctrine of divine communications be admitted, and 78 PERVERSIONS OF THIS DOCTRINE. admitted without reference to a public and permanent standard of truth, then every extra- vagance of impiety may claim a heavenly origin; and who shall venture to rebuke even the most pestilent error ; for how shall the reprover assure himself that he is not fighting against God? It has already been affirmed that enthusiasm, far from being necessarily or invariably con- nected with fervour of feeling, is often seen to exist in its wildest excesses conjoined with the most frigid style of religious sentiment. Thus, for example, the three egregious perversions of the doctrine of divine influence, which have been described in the preceding pages, are maintained, and have been professed and defended during several generations, by a sect remarkable, if not for the chilliness, at least for the stillness of its piety, and its contempt of the natural expres- sions of devotional feeling; and even for a pecu- liar shrewdness of good sense in matters of worldly interest. But the incongruities of human nature are immense and incalculable ; or it would not be seen that general intelligence, and amiable manners, and Christian benevolence, are often linked with errors which, when viewed abstractedly, seem as if they could belong only to minds lost to wisdom and piety. SECTION IV. ENTHUSIASM THE SOURCE OF HERESY. The creed of the Christian is the fruit of ex- position : no part of it is elaborated by processes of abstract reasoning ; no part is furnished by the inventive faculties. To ascertain the true meaning of the words and phrases used by those who “ spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost,” is the single aim of the studies of the theologian. Interpretation is his function. But the work of interpretation, considered as an intellectual employment, differs essentially from that of the student of physical or abstract science; for it neither needs nor admits of the ardour by which those pursuits are animated. Nor has nature furnished the faculties that are employed in the labour of expounding the terms of ancient documents with any very vivid sus- ceptibility of pleasurable excitement. The toils of the lawyer, of the philologist, and of the theo- logian, must therefore be sustained by a refer- ence to some substantial motive of utility ; and > though there may be a few minds so peculiarly constituted as to cultivate these studies with 80 THE ENTHUSIASM enthusiastic ardour from the pure impulse of native taste, the ranks of a numerous body of men can never be filled up by spontaneous labourers of this sort. Christianity, being as it is, exclusively a re- ligion of documents and of interpretation, must utterly exclude from its precincts the adventu- rous spirit of innovation. Theology offers no field to men fond of intellectual enterprise : the Church has no work for them ; or none until they have renounced the characteristic propensity of their mental conformation. True Religion, un- like human Science, was given to mankind in a finished form, and is to be learned, not im- proved ; and though the most capacious human mind is nobly employed while concentrating all its vigour upon the acquirement of this docu- mentary learning, it is very fruitlessly, and very perniciously occupied in attempting to give it a single touch of amendment. The form under which Christianity now pre- sents itself as an object of study does, in a much greater degree, discourage and prevent specula- tion and novelty, than it did in the early ages; and in fact, if all the varieties of opinion which have appeared during the eighteen centuries of Church history are numbered, a large majority of them will be found to belong to the first three centuries, and to the eastern church. That is to say, to the period when doctors of theology, possessing the rule of faith in their vernacular OF HERESY. 81 tongue, had no other intellectual employment than either to invent novelties of doctrine, or to refute them. Other causes may, no doubt, fairly be alleged as having had influence in quickening that prodigious efflorescence of heretical doctrine which infected the whole atmosphere of Chris- tianity in the east during the second and third centuries, and at a time when the western church maintained, in a high degree, the simplicity of Scriptural faith ; but the cause above-mentioned ought not to be ranked among the least efficient. But theology in modern times offers an un- bounded field of toil to the student ; the toil of mere acquisition and of critical research ; for a familiar knowledge of three languages, at least, is indispensable to every man who would take re- spectable rank as a teacher of Christianity; espe- cially to every one who aspires to distinction in his order ; and some acquaintance with two or three other languages, is also an object of reason- able ambition to the theological student. And moreover, an accomplished expounder of Scripture must be well versed in profane and church his- tory ; nor may he be entirely ignorant of even the abstract and physical sciences. These multifarious pursuits, which are to be acquired compatibly with the discharge of the public duties of the pastoral office, assuredly furnish employment enough for the most active and the most industrious mind long beyond the period of college initiation. Nor are we to calculate merely upon the natural G 82 THE ENTHUSIASM influence produced upon the intellectual habits by these employments, in preventing that dis- cursiveness of the inventive faculties which is a principal source of heresy; for its quality, not less than its quantity, is decidedly corrective of the propensity to generate novelties of opinion. Every one who has made the experiment well knows that the toils of learned acquisition have a direct tendency to impair the freshness and force of the intellectual constitution, to chill and cloud the imagination, to break the elasticity of the inventive faculty ; if not to blunt the keenness of the powers of analysis. Thus they indispose the mind to the wantonness of specu- lation, and impart to it rather the timidity, the acquiescence, the patience, which are proper to the submissive exposition of an authoritative rule of faith. Biblical learning, therefore, not only serves directly to dispel errors of opinion by throwing open the true sense of Scripture ; but it contains within itself what might be termed a physical preventive against heresy, which, if it be not always efficacious, is perceptibly ope- rative. Nothing then can be more desirable than that public opinion should continue, as it now does, to demand erudition from the teachers of religion. Nevertheless, when a large class of men is professionally devoted to the study of theology, there will not be wanting some whose mental conformation (not to mention motives which are OF HERESY. 83 foreign to our subject) impels them to abandon the modest path of exposition, and to seek, within the precincts of religion, for the intel- lectual gratifications that accompany abstruse speculation, discovery, invention, exaggeration, and paradox. All these pleasures of a morbid or misdirected intellectual activity may be ob- tained in the regions of theology, not less than in those of mathematical and physical science, if once the restraints of a religious and heartfelt reverence for the authority of the word of God are discarded. The principal heresies that have disturbed the church may, no doubt, fairly be attributed to motives springing from the pride or perverse dispositions of the human heart ; but often a mere intellectual enthusiasm has been the real source of false doctrine. Errors generated in this manner possess, com- monly, some aspect of beauty or of greatness, or of philosophical simplicity to recommend them ; for as they were framed amid a plea- surable excitement of the mind, so they will have power to convey a kindred delight to others. And such exorbitances of doctrine, when advanced by men of powerful or richly furnished minds, conceal their deformity and evil tendency beneath the attractions of intelli- gence. But the very same extravagances and showy paradoxes, when caught up by inferior spirits, presently lose their garb, not only of beauty, but of decency, and show themselves in g 2 84 THE ENTHUSIASM the loathsome nakedness of error. The mischief of heresy is often more active and conspicuous in second hands than in those of its authors; and the reason is that it is usually the child of intel- lectualists — an inoffensive order of men : but no sooner has it been brought forth and reared, than it joins itself, as by instinct, to minds of vulgar quality, and in that society soon learns the dialect of impiety and licentiousness. The heresiarch, though he may be more blameworthy, is often much less audacious, and less corrupted, than his followers ; for he, perhaps, is only an enthusiast ; they have become fanatics. In like manner as the passion for travel impels a man to perambulate the earth, and then makes him sigh to think that he has not other conti- nents to explore, so the constitutional enthusiasm of speculation urges its victim to traverse the entire circuit of opinions ; and even then leaves him insatiate of novelty. It is not caprice, much less is it the excessive solicitude of an honest mind, always inquiring for truth ; but rather the impetus of a too highly -wrought intellectual activity, which carries the heretic onward and onward, from system to system, blazing as he goes, until there remains no form of flagrant error with which he has not scared the sober world. Then, though reason may have forgotten all consistency, pride has a better memory; and as this passion forbids his return to the centre OF HERESY. 85 truths he has so often denounced, and denounced from all points of his various course, nothing re- mains for him, when the season of exhaustion arrives, but to go off into the dark void of in- fidelity. The sad story has been often realized. In the conformation of the heretic by temperament there is more of intellectual mobility than of strength : a ready perception of analogies gives him both facility and felicity in collecting proofs, or rather illustrations, in support of whatever opinion he adopts. So copious are the materials of con- jectural argument which crowd upon him, and so nice is his tact of selection, and so quick his skill of arrangement, that ere dull sobriety has gathered up its weapons, he has reared a most imposing front of defence. Pleased and even surprised with his own work, he now confidently maintains a position which at first he scarcely thought to be seriously tenable. Having con- vinced himself of the certainty of the new truth, and implicated his vanity in its support, deeper motives stimulate the activity of the reasoning and inventive faculties ; and he presently piles demonstration upon demonstration, to a most amazing height, until it becomes, in his honest opinion, sheer infatuation to doubt. In this state of mind, of what value are the opinions of teachers and of elders ? Of what weight the belief of the catholic church in all ages ? They are nothing to be accounted of ; there seems 86 THE ENTHUSIASM even a glory and a heroism, as well as a duty, in spurning the fallible authority of man : modesty, caution, hesitation, are treasons against conscience and heaven ! The young heresiarch, we will suppose, to have spent the earliest season of life, while yet the ingenuousness of youth remained unimpaired, in the pursuits of literature or science, and to have been ignorant of Christianity otherwise than as a system of forms and offices. But the mo- ment of awakening arrives ; some appalling acci- dent or piercing sorrow sets the interests of time in abeyance, and opens upon the soul the vast objects of immortality. Or the eloquence of a preacher may effect the change. In these first moments of a new life, the great and common doctrines of religion, perceived in the freshness of novelty, afford scope enough to the ardour of the spirit ; and perhaps also, a new sentiment of submission quells, in some measure, that ardour : the craving of the mind does not yet need heresy ; truth has stimulus enough ; and even after truth has become somewhat vapid, the restraints of connexion and friendship have force to retain the convert three years, or five, in the bosom of humility. But the first accidental contact with doctrinal paradox kindles the con- stitutional passion, and rouses the slumbering faculties to the full activity of adult vigour; contention ensues; malign sentiments, although perhaps foreign to the temper, are engendered, OF HERESY. 87 and these impart gloom to mysticism, and add rancour to extravagance. And now, no dogma that is obnoxious, terrific, intolerant, schismatical, fails to be, in its turn, avowed by the delirious bigot, who burns with ambition to render himself the enemy, not of the world only, but of the church. But will even the last extravagance of false doctrine allay the diseased cravings of the brain? Not unless that physical inertness which, towards the middle period of life, sometimes effects the cure of folly, or perhaps some motive of secular interest, supervenes. Otherwise a progression must take place, or a retrogression ; and when the heart is sick and faint from the exhaustion of over activity, when the whispers of conscience have long ceased to be heard, when the emotions of genuine piety have become painfully strange to the soul, nothing is so probable as an almost sudden plunge from the pinnacle of high belief, into the bottomless gulf of universal scepticism. A lamentable catastrophe of this kind, and which is nothing more than the natural issue of an intellectual enthusiasm, would, no doubt, much oftener take place than it does, if slender reasons of worldly prudence were not usually found to be of firmer texture than all the logic of theology. A chronic intellectual enthusiasm, when it becomes the source of heresy, most frequently betakes itself to those exaggerations of Christian 88 THE ENTHUSIASM doctrine which pass under the general designation of Antinomianism ; — not the Antinomianism of workshops, which is a corruption of Christianity concocted by mercenary teachers expressly to give license to the sensualities of those by whom they are salaried ; but the Antinomianism of the closet, which is a translation into Christian phrase- ology of the ancient stoicism. The alleged rela- tionship consists, not so much in the similar abuse which is made in both systems of the doctrine of necessity ; but in the leading intention of both, which is to enclose the human mind in a perfect envelop of abstractions, such as may effectively defend it from the importunate sense of responsibility, or obligation, and such as shall render him who wears it a passive spectator of his own destinies. The doctrine of fate was seized upon by the stoic, and is taken up by the antinomian, because, better than any other principle, it serves the purposes of this peculiar species of illusory delectation. Yet the Chris- tian stoic has some signal advantages over his ancestor of the porch. For example : the egre- gious absurdities of the ancient philosophist met him on the very walk of life, and stood in the way of constant collision with the common sense of mankind: and thus the sage, in spite of his gravity and self-command, could hardly pass a day in public without being put to shame by some glaring proof of practical inconsistency ; for as often as he spoke or acted like other men, as OF HERESY. 89 often as he made it evident that he did not really think himself a statue or a phantom, he gave the lie direct to the fooleries of his scholastic profession. But the modern stoic, while by a sinister in- ference from his doctrine, he takes large leave of indulgence to the flesh, (an indulgence which he uses or not as his temperament may determine) and so borrows the practical part of epicureanism, transfers his egregious dogmas to the unseen world, where they come not all in contact with common sense. In the vast unknown of an eter- nity on both sides of time, he finds range enough, and immunity for even the most enormous para- doxes which ingenuity can devise, or sophistry defend. Besides, the argumentative resources of the modern, are incomparably more copious and various and tangible than those of the ancient stoic ; for the latter could only fall back, ever and again, upon the same abstractions ; but the former may take position on any part of a very wide frontier; for having so large and multifa- rious a volume as the Scriptures in his hand, and having multiplied the argumentative value of every sentence it contains, almost indefinitely, by adopting the rule of Origen and the Rabbis, that the whole of Scripture is mystical, and may bear every sense that can be found in it, he is at once secure from the possibility of being con- futed, and revels in an unbounded opulence of proof and illustration in support of his positions. 90 THE ENTHUSIASM To the sober interpreter the Bible is one book;- but to the antinomian it is as a hundred volumes. With a field so wide, and means so inexhaus- tible, the stoic of Christianity lives in a paradise of speculation ; and no revolution to which human nature is liable can be less probable than that which must take place before he abandons his world of factitious happiness. The dreamer must feel that sin is a substantial ill, in which himself is fatally implicated ; not a mere abstrac- tion to be discoursed of : he must learn that the righteous God deals with mankind not fantas- tically, but on terms adapted to the intellectual and moral conformation of that human nature, of which He is the author ; and he must know that salvation is a deliverance, in which man is an agent, not less than a recipient. It belongs not at all to our subject to attempt a confutation of this, the most pestiferous of the many corruptions which Christianity has un- dergone : our part is merely to exhibit against the system the charge of delusion or enthusiasm; and this charge needs no other proof than the plain statement that, whereas Christianity re- cognizes the actual mechanism of human nature, appeals to the moral sentiments, urges motives of every class, labours to enhance the sense of responsibility, and authenticates the voice of conscience ; antinomianism, with indurated arro- gance, spurns all such sentiments, and substitutes OF HERESY. 91 nothing in their room but bare speculations; and these speculations are all of a kind to cherish the idle and selfish deliriums of luxurious contem- plation. But to take a course like this is, whatever may be the subject in question, the part of an enthusiast. Whoever in any such manner cuts himself off from the common sym- pathies of our nature, and makes idiot sport of the energies of moral action, and has re- course either to a jargon of sophistries, or to trivial evasions when other men act upon the intuitions of good sense, and rebuts every idea that does not minister gratification either to fancy or to appetite, such a man must be called an enthusiast, even though he were at the same time — if that were possible, a saint. We have spoken of the enthusiasm of mys- ticism. But there is also an enthusiasm of simplification. The lowest intellectual tempe- rature, not less than the highest, admits extra- vagance, and sometimes even admits it more; for warmth and movement are less unnatural in the world of matter or of mind, than con- gelation : what so grotesque as the coruscations of frost ? If the reasoning faculty had not its imaginative impulse, the sciences would never have moved a step in advance of the mechanic arts ; much less would the high theorems of pure mathematics, or the abstruse principles of meta- physics, have been known to mankind. But if 92 THE ENTHUSIASM this natural and useful impulse is irregular and excessive, it becomes the spring of errors. Yet the perfection of science and its general diffu- sion in modern times, operate so effectually to keep in check that propensity to absurd speculation of which the elements are always in existence, that if we are in search of specimens of this species of intellectual disease, we must expect to meet with them only without the pale of education, and among the self-taught philo- sophers of workshops, who sometimes amuse the hour of stolen leisure in digesting systems of the universe, other than the one which is demon- strated in our universities. Driven from the enclosures where the de- monstrable sciences hold empire, the enthusiasts of speculation turn off upon ground where there is more scope, more obscurity, more license, and less of the stern and instant magistracy of right reason. Some give themselves to politics, some to political economy, and some to theology; and whatever they severally meet with that is in its nature, or that has become concrete, com- plex, or multifariously involved, they seize upon with a hungry avidity. The disease of the brain has settled upon the faculty of analysis; all things compound must therefore be severed, and not only be severed but left in disunion. It cannot but happen that in these zealous labours of dissolution some happy strokes must now and then fall upon errors which wiser men have OF HERESY. 93 either not observed, or have spared : mankind owes therefore a petty debt of gratitude to such eager speculatists for having removed a few excrescences from ancient systems. But these trivial successes, which are hailed with a din of applause by the vulgar, who delight in wit- nessing any kind of destruction, and by the splenetic, who believe themselves to gain what- ever is torn from others, inspire the heroes of reform with unbounded hopes of effecting uni- versal revolutions ; and they actually become inflated to so high a degree of presumption, that at a time when all the great questions which can occupy the human mind have been thoroughly discussed, and discussed with every advantage of liberty, of learning, and of ability, they are not ashamed to adopt a style of speak- ing as if they thought themselves morning stars on the verge of the dark ages, destined to usher in the tardy splendours of true philosophy upon a benighted world ! Or of true religion ; as if the Christian doctrine, in its most essential principles, had become extinct, even in the days of the apostles, and had remained under the bushel of super- stition, not only during the ages of religious despotism, but long after the chains of that despotism have been broken, and after the human mind, with all the vigour and intensity of renovated intelligence and renovated piety, has given its utmost force, and its utmost diligence 94 THE ENTHUSIASM to the exposition of the canon of faith. Of what sort, it might be asked, were this canon, if its meaning on the most important points might, age after age, be utterly misunderstood by ninety- nine learned, honest, and unshackled men, and be perceived only by the one 1 Yet this is the supposition of simplificators, who from the mere impulse of a faulty cerebral conformation, must needs disbelieve, because theology would other- wise afford them no intellectual exercise. It is a common notion incessantly repeated, and never sifted, that diversity of opinion, on even the cardinal points of Christian faith, is an inevi- table and a permanent evil, springing, and always to spring from the diversity of men’s dispositions and intellectual faculties. Certainly no other expectation could be entertained if Christian theology were what moral philosophy was among the sophists of ancient Athens — a system of ab- stractions, owning subjection to no authority. But this is not the fact ; and though hitherto the ultimate authority has been much abused or spurned, the re-establishment of its power on fixed and well understood principles seems far from an improbable event. We say more, that an actual progression towards so happy a revolution is perceptible in our own times. We do not for a moment forget that a heartfelt acquiescence in the doctrines of Scripture must ever be the result of a divine influence, and is not to be effected by OF HERESY. 95 the same means which produce uniformity of opinion on matters of science. But while we anticipate, on grounds of strong hope, a time of refreshing from above, which shall subdue the depraved repugnancies of the human mind, we may also anticipate, on grounds of common reasoning, a natural process of reform in theo- logy — considered as a science, which shall place the intrinsic absurdities of heresy in the broad light of day, henceforward to be contemned and avoided. The fields of error have been fully reaped and gleaned ; nor shall aught that is new spring up on that field, the whole botany of which is already known and classified. It is only of late that a fair, a competent, and an elabo- rate discussion of all the principal questions of theology has taken place ; and the result of this discussion waits now to be manifested by some new movement of the human mind. Great and happy revolutions usually stand ready and latent for a time, until accident brings them forward. Such a change and renovation we believe to be at the door of the Christian Church. The ground of controversy has contracted itself daily during the last half century ; the gro- tesque and many-coloured forms of ancient heresy have disappeared, and the existing differences of opinion, some of which are indeed of vital conse- quence, all draw round a single controversy, the final decision of which it is hard to believe shall 96 THE ENTHUSIASM long be deferred ; for the minds of men are pressing towards it with an unusual intentness. This great question relates to the authority of Holy Scripture ; and the professedly Christian world is divided upon it into three parties, com- prehending all smaller varieties of opinion. The first of these parties, constituted of the Romish Church and its disguised favourers, affirms the subordination of the authority of Scripture to that of the priest. This is a doctrine of slavery and of ignorance, which the mere progress of knowledge and of civil liberty must overthrow, if it be not first exploded by other means. The second party comprises the sceptical sects of the Protestant world, which agree in affirming the subordination of Scripture to the dogmas of natural theology ; in other words, to every man’s notion of what religion ought to be. These sects, having no barrier between themselves and pure deism, are continually dwindling by desertions to infidelity ; nor will be able to hold their slippery footing on the edge of Christianity a day after a general revival of serious piety has taken place. The third party, comprehending the great majority of the Protestant body, bows reverently, and implicitly, and with intelligent conviction, to the absolute authority of the word of God, and knows of nothing in theology that is not affirmed or fairly implied therein. The dif- ferences existing within this party, how much OF HERESY. 97 soever they may be exaggerated by bigots, will vanish as the mists of the morning under the brightness of the sun, whenever a refreshment of pious feeling descends upon the Church. They consist, in part, of mere misunderstandings of abstract phrases, unknown to the language of Scripture ; in part they hinge upon political constitutions, of which so much as is substan- tially evil is by no means of desperate inveteracy : in part these differences are nothing better than the lumber of antiquity, the worthless relics of forgotten janglings, handed down from father to son, but now, by so many transmissions, worn away to an extreme slenderness, and quite ready to crumble into the dust of everlasting forgetful- ness. Men shall not always so remain children in understanding as that the lesser shall be pre- ferred to the greater ; nor shall it always be that the substantial sin of schism shall be incurred and vindicated on the ground of obscure his- torical questions, fit only to amuse the idle hours of the antiquary. This trifling with things sacred must come to its end, and the great law of love must triumph, and the Christian Church henceforward have “ one Lord, one faith, one baptism.” H I SECTION V. THE ENTHUSIASM OF PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. Disappointment is perhaps the most frequent of all the occasional causes of insanity ; but the sudden kindling of hope sometimes produces the same lamentable effect. Yet before this emotion, congenial as it is to the human mind, can exert so fatal an influence, the expected good must be of immeasurable magnitude, and must appear in the light of the strongest probability; nor must even the vagueness of a distant futurity inter- vene, otherwise the swellings of desire and joy would be quelled, and reason might maintain its seat. On this principle, perhaps it is, that the vast and highly exciting hope of immortal life very rarely, even in susceptible minds, generates that kind of emotion which brings with it the hazard of mental derangement. Religious mad- ness, when it occurs, is most often the madness of despondency. But if the glories of heaven might by any means, and in contravention of the established order of things, be brought out from the dimness and concealment of the unseen world, and be placed ostensibly on this side of PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 99 the darkness and coldness of death, and be linked with objects familiarly known, they might then press so forcibly upon the passion of hope, and so inflame excitable imaginations, that real insanity, or an approach towards it, would probably, in some instances, be the consequence. A provision against mischiefs of this kind is evidently contained in the extreme reserve of the Scriptures on all subjects connected with the unseen world. This reserve is so singular, and so extraordinary, seeing that the Jewish poets, prophets and preachers were Asiatics, that it affords no trivial proof of the divine ori- gination of the books : an intelligent advocate of the Bible will choose to rest an argument rather upon the paucity of its discoveries, than upon their plenitude. But now a confident and dogmatical inter- pretation of those prophecies that are supposed to be on the eve of fulfilment, has manifestly a tendency thus to bring forth the wonders of the unseen world, and to connect them in sensible contact with the familiar objects and events of the present state. And such interpretations may be held with so full and overwhelming a persua- sion of their truth, that heaven and its splen- dours may seem to stand at the door of our very homes : to-morrow, perhaps, the hastening crisis of the nations shall lift the veil which so Ions' has hidden the brightness of the eternal throne from mortal eyes: each turn of public affairs; a h 2 100 THE ENTHUSIASM OF war, a truce, a conspiracy, a royal marriage, may be the immediate precursor of that new era, wherein it shall no longer be true, as heretofore, that, “ the things eternal are unseen.” When an opinion, or we should rather say a persuasion, of this imposing kind is entertained by a mind of more mobility than strength, and when it has acquired form, and consistency, and definiteness, by being long and incessantly the object of contemplation, it may easily gain ex- clusive possession of the mind ; and a state of exclusive occupation of the thoughts by a single subject, if it be not real madness, differs little from it ; for a man can hardly be called sane who is mastered by one set of ideas, and has lost the will or the power to break up the continuity of his musings. Whether or not this explanation be just, it is matter of fact that no species of enthusiasm has carried its victims nearer to the brink of insanity than that which originates in the interpretation of unfulfilled prophecy. It need not be asked whether there is not some capital error on the side of many who have given themselves to this study ; for the indications of egregious delusion have been of a kind not at all ambiguous. There must be present some lurking mischief when the study of any part of Holy Scripture issues in extravagance of conduct, and in an offen- sive turgidness of language, and produces — not quietness and peace, but a wild and quaking PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 101 looking-for of impending wonders. There must be a fault of principle when the demeanour ot Christians is such that those who occupy the place of the unlearned are excused when they say, “ ye are mad.” That some peculiar danger haunts this region of biblical inquiry is established by a double proof ; for not only have men of exorbitant ima- ginations and feeble judgment rushed towards it instinctively, and with the eagerness of infatua- tion ; but sometimes the soundest understandings have lost, in these inquiries, their wonted dis- cretion. At several periods of church history, and again in our own times, multitudes have drunk to intoxication of the phial of prophetic interpretation ; and, amid imagined peals of the mystic thunder, have become deaf to the voice both of common sense and of duty. The piety of such persons — if piety it may be called, has made them hunger and thirst, not for “the bread and water of life,” but for the news of the political world. In such instances it may be confidently affirmed, previously to a hearing of the argument, that, even if the interpretation were true, it has become entangled with some knotted thread of egregious error. The proper remedy for evils of this kind is not to be found in the timid or overbearing pro- hibitions of those who endeavour to prevent the mischief by interdicting inquiry ; and who would make it a sin or a folly for a Christian to ask 102 THE ENTHUSIASM OF the meaning of certain portions of Scripture. Cautions and restrictions of this nature are in- compatible with the principles of Protestantism, as well as unnecessary, arrogant and unavailing. If indeed man possessed any means of intrusion upon the mysteries of the upper world, or upon the secrets of futurity, there might be room to reprehend the audacity of those who should attempt to know by force or by importunity of research what has not been revealed. But when the unseen and the future are, by the sponta- neous grace of heaven, in part set open, when a message which might have been withheld, has been sent to earth, encircled with a benediction like this — “ Blessed are they that hear, and keep these words then it may most safely be con- cluded that whatever is not marked with the seal of prohibition, is open to scrutiny. In truth there is something incongruous in the notion of a revelation enveloped in menace and re- striction. But be this as it may, it is certain that whoever would shut up the Scriptures, in whole or in part, from his fellow disciples, or who affirms it to be unsafe or unwise to study such and such passages, is bound to show reasons of the most convincing kind for the exclusion. “ What God has joined, let not man put asunder but he has connected his bless- ing, comprehensively, with the study of his word. It may be left to the Romish Church to em- ploy that faulty argument of captious arrogance. PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 103 which prohibits the use of whatever may be abused. Unless then it can be shown that a divine interdiction encloses the prophetic portions of Scripture, it must be deemed an ill-judged and irreligious, though perhaps well-intended usurpation, in any one who assumes to plant his little rod of obstruction across the highway of Revelation. Morever, prohibitions of this kind are futile, because impossible to be observed. Every one admits that the study of those prophecies which have already received their accomplishment is a matter of high importance and positive duty ; “we have a sure word of prophecy, to which we do well to take heed.” But how soon, in attempting to discharge this duty, are we en- tangled in a snare, if indeed the study of unful- filled prophecy be in itself improper ; for many of the prophecies, and those especially which are the most definite, and the most intelligible, stretch themselves across the wide gulf of time, and rest upon points intervening between the days of the Seer, and the hour when the mystery of providence shall be finished : and these comprehensive predictions, instead of track- ing their way by equal and measured intervals through the course of ages, traverse vast spaces unmarked ; and with a sudden bound, parting from an age now long gone by, attain at once the last period of the human economy. These abrupt transitions create obscurities which 104 THE ENTHUSIASM OF must either shut up the whole prophecy from in quiry, or necessitate a scrutiny of the whole ; for at a first perusal, and without the guidance of learned investigation, who shall venture to place his finger on the syllable which forms the boun- dary between the past and the future, and which constitutes the limit between duty and presump- tion ? A prediction which may seem to belong to futurity, will, perhaps, on better information, be found to regard the past ; or the reverse. These extensive prophecies, and such are those of Daniel and of John, must then either be shunned altogether from the fear of trespassing on forbidden ground, or they must be studied entire, in dependence upon other means than voluntary ignorance for avoiding presumption and enthusiasm. Whoever would discharge for others the difficult office of marking, throughout the Scriptures, the boundaries of lawful investi- gation, must himself first have committed the supposed trespass upon the regions of unful- filled prophecy. We conclude, therefore, that a separation which no one can effect, is not really needed.* * It is surely a mistaken caution which says — of the Apocalypse for example, it is a dark portion of Scripture, and better let alone than explored. Very unhappy consequences are involved in such an interdiction. This magnificent book is introduced to the regards of the Church as a discovery of things that must shortly come to pass. Now we must either believe that the ev rax «> was intended to indicate a period of eighteen hundred years (perhaps a much longer term) or admit that the initial, and probably the larger portions of the PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 105 The ancient Church received no cautions against a too eager scrutiny of the great pro- phecy left to excite its hope : on the contrary, the pious were “ divinely moved” to search what might be the purport and season of the reve- lation made by the “ Spirit of Christ” to the prophets ; and though these predictions did in fact give occasion to the delusions of “ many prophecy have already received their seal of verification from history, and come therefore fairly within the scope of even the most scrupulous rule of inquiry, and in fact should now form part of the standing evidence of the truth of Christianity. To think less than this seems to imply a very dangerous inference. If a part of this prophecy he actually accomplished; and if yet it be impracticable to assign the predictions to the events, will not one at least of the great purposes for which, as we are taught, prophecy was given, have been rather defeated than served? There is not perhaps a fulfilled prophecy on the page of inspiration which learned ingenuity might not plausibly allege to have been hitherto altogether misunderstood, and errone • ously supposed to relate to such or such events. It is a matter of course that, when a multitude of minds, variously influenced, and too often influenced by a wish to establish a theory upon which literary ambition may build its pretensions, are employed in the exposition of mystic predictions, every scheme to which any appear- ance of probability can be given, should actually find an advocate. And then those who wish to discourage inquiry may vauntingly say — See how various and how opposite are the opinions of inter- preters! Meanwhile, it may be perfectly true, that among these various interpretations there may be one which, though not altogether unexceptionable, or wholly free from difficulties, will firmly secure the approval of every unprejudiced and intelligent inquirer. Some very sober Christians, while endeavouring by all means to secure the young against the mania of prophetical interpretation, seem little aware of how far they are treading upon the very path which infidelity frequents. To advise a diligent study of prophecy (to those who have the leisure and learning requisite) would it not be far safer, than to shrug the shoulders in sage alarm, and to say — Prophecy ! oh, let it alone ! 106 THE ENTHUSIASM OF deceivers,” and though they were greatly mis- understood, even by the most pious and the best informed of the Jewish people; yet did not the foreknowledge of these mischiefs and errors call for any such restrictions upon the spirit of in- quiry as those wherewith some persons are now fain to hedge about the Scriptures. To the Christian Church the second coming of Christ stands where his first coming stood to the Jewish, namely, in the very centre of the field of prophetic light ; and a participation in the glories “ then to be revealed” is even limited to those who in every age are devoutly “looking for him.” It is true that this doctrine of the second coming of Christ has, like that of his first, wrought strongly upon enthusiastic minds, and been the occasion of some pernicious delu- sions ; yet, for the correction of these incidental evils, we must look to other means than to any existing cautions given to the Church in the Scriptures against a too earnest longing for the promised advent of her King. To snatch this great promise from Scripture in hasty fear, and then to close the book lest we should see more than it is intended we should know, is not our part. On the contrary, it is chiefly from a diligent and comprehensive study of the terms of the great unfulfilled prophecy of Scripture, that a preservative against delusion is to be gathered. To check assiduous researches by cautions which the humble may respect, but PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 107 which the presumptuous will certainly contemn, is to abandon the leading truth of Revelation to the uncorrected wantonness of fanaticism. It is often not so much the intrinsic qualities of an opinion, as the unwarrantable confidence with which it is held, that generates enthusiasm. Persuade the dogmatist to be modest, as every Christian undoubtedly ought who thinks himself compelled to dissent from the common belief of the Church ; persuade him to give respectful attention to the argument of an opponent ; in a word, to surrender the topmost point of his assurance, and presently the high temperature of his feelings will come down near to the level of sobriety. To doubt after hearing of sufficient evidence, and to dogmatize where proof is con- fessedly imperfect, are alike the indications of infirmity of judgment, if not of perversity of temper ; and these great faults, which never predominate in the character apart from the indulgence of unholy passions, seem often to be judicially visited with a hopeless imbecility of the reasoning faculties. Thus, while the sceptic be- comes, in course of time, incapable of retaining his hold even of the most certain truths, the dogmatist, on the other hand, loses all power of suspending for a moment his decisions; and, as a feather and a ball of lead descend with the same velocity when dropped in a vacuum, so do all propositions, whether loaded with a weight of 108 THE ENTHUSIASM OF evidence or not, instantly reach in his under- standing the firm ground of absolute assurance. Instead therefore of enhancing the arrogance of the half-insane interpreter of prophecy by inviting him to display the blazing front of his argument, it may be better, if it can be done, to demonstrate that even though it should appear that his opinion carries a large balance of proba- bility, there is still a special and very peculiar impropriety in the tone of dogmatism which, on this particular subject, he assumes ; so that the error of the general Church, if it be an error, is actually less than the fault of him who, in this temper, may boast that he has truth on his side. Such a case of special impropriety may, in this instance, very clearly be made out. The language of prophecy is either common or mystical. Predictions delivered in the style of common discourse, and free from symbols, as they are little liable to diversities of explication, do not often tempt the ingenuity of visionaries: they may, therefore, be excluded from consideration in the present instance. Mystic prophecy, or future history written in symbols, under guidance of the divine foreknowledge, in being committed to the custody and perusal of mankind, must be pre- sumed to conform itself to the laws of that par- ticular species of composition to which it bears the nearest analogy. For if the Divine Being condescends at all to hold intercourse with men. PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 109 it cannot be doubted that He will do so, not only in a language known to them, but in a manner perfectly accordant to the rules and proprieties of the medium He deigns to employ. Now the prophecies in question not merely belong to the general class of symbolic writing, but there is to be discerned in them, very plainly, the specific style of the enigma, which, in early ages, was a usual mode of embodying the most important and serious truths. In the enigma, the principal subject is, by some ingenuity of definition, and by some ambiguity of description, at once held forth and concealed. The law by which it is constructed demands, that while there is given, under a guise, some special mark which shall prevent the possibility of doubt when once the substance signified is seen, that substance shall be so artfully depicted that the description, though it be a true representation, may admit of more than one explication. There can be no genuine and fair enigma in which these conditions are not complied with. For if no special mark be given, the true solution must want the means of vindi- cating its exclusive propriety, when the substance signified is declared; a vague riddle is none. Or if the special mark be not disguised, if no varnishing opacity be spread over it, the sub- stance is manifested at once, and the enigma nullified. Again, if the general description is not so contrived as to admit of several plausible hypotheses, then also the whole intention of the 110 THE ENTHUSIASM OF device is destroyed, and the special mark rendered useless ; for what need can there be of an infallible indicator which is to come in as arbiter among a number of competing solutions, if, in fact, no room be left for diversity of interpretation ? Whenever, therefore, among mystic enuncia- tions we can detect the existence of some couched and specific note of identification, we may most certainly conclude that it is placed there to serve a future purpose of discrimination among several admissible modes of solution ; or in other words, that the enigma is designedly so framed as to tempt and to allow a diversity of hypothetical explanations. An enigmatical or symbolical enunciation conformed to these essential rules, serves the threefold purpose of presenting a blind to the incurious, a trap to the dogmatical, and an exercise of modesty, of patience, and of saga- city to the wise. And this seems to be the result intended, and actually accomplished by the sym- bolical prophecies of Scripture. When the subject of enigma already stands within the range of our knowledge, and requires only to be singled out, the process of solution is simple. The several suppositions that seem to comport with the ambiguous description are to be brought together ; and then the special mark must be applied to each in turn, until such a precise and convincing correspondence is dis- covered as at once strips the false solutions of all their pretensions : if the enigma be fairly PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. Ill constructed, this method of induction will never fail of success. Thus, with the page of history before us, those prophecies of Daniel, for exam- ple, which relate to the invasion of Greece by the Persians, to the subsequent overthrow of the Persian monarchy by the Macedonians, to the division of the conquests of Alexander, to the spread of the Roman arms, and to the sub- division of the Roman Empire, are interpreted without hazard of error, and with a completeness and a speciality of coincidence, that carries a conviction of the divine dictation of those pro- phecies to every honest mind. A course somewhat less gratifying to the eagerness of enthusiastic spirits must be pur- sued, if the subject of the sacred enigma does not actually stand within our view ; if it rests in a foreign region, as for example, in the region of futurity. It will by no means follow that a symbolic prediction, which remains un- fulfilled, ought not to be made the subject of investigation ; for as the description doubtless contains, by condensation, the substance of the unknown reality, and perhaps also much of its character, it may, even when mingled with erro- neous interpretations, serve important purposes in the excitement of pious hope. The delivery of these enigmas into the hands of the Church, and their intricate intermixture with fulfilled prophecies, and their being every where em- bossed with attractive lessons of piety and virtue. 112 THE ENTHUSIASM OF not to mention the explicit invitation to read and study them, may confidently be deemed to convey a full license of examination. Yet in these instances the well-known laws of the pecu- liar style in which the predictions are enveloped, suggest restrictions and cautions which no hum- ble and pious expositor can overlook. The fault of the dogmatist in prophecy is then manifest. Is a mystic prediction averred to be unfulfilled ? then we know, that, by the essential law of its composition, it is designedly, we might say, artfully constructed, so as to admit of several, and perhaps of many plausible interpretations, having nearly equal claims of probability ; and we know moreover, that the special mark couched amid the symbols, and which in the issue is to arbitrate among the various solu- tions, is drawn from some minute peculiarity in the surface and complexion of the future sub- stance, and therefore cannot be available for the purpose of discrimination, until that substance in the shape and colour of reality starts forth into day. The expositor, therefore, who presumptuously espouses any one of the several interpretations of which an enigmatical prophecy is susceptible, and who fondly claims for it a positive and exclusive preference, sins most flagrantly, and most out- rageously, against the unalterable laws of the language of which he professes himself a master. If dogmatism on matters not fully revealed be in PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 113 all cases blameworthy, it is eminently and espe- cially condemnable in the expositor of enigmatic prophecy ; and that, not merely because the events so predicted rest under the awful veil of futurity, and exist only in the prescience of the Deity; but because the chosen style of the com- munication lays a distinct claim to modesty, and demands suspension of judgment. The use of symbols speaks a design of concealment ; and do we suppose that what God has hidden, the sagacity of man shall discover ? In issuing the prediction, He does indeed invite the humble inquiries of the Church ; and in using symbols which have a conventional meaning He gives a clew to learned research ; and yet by the combi- nation of these symbols in the enigmatic form, an articulate warning is issued against all dog- matical confidence of interpretation. The adoption of an exclusive theory of expo- sition will not fail to be followed by an attempt to attach the special marks of prophecy to every passing event ; and it is this attempt which sets enthusiasm in a flame ; for it belongs, in common, to all the religious vices that, though mild and harmless while roaming at large among remote or invisible objects, they assume a noxious ac- tivity the moment that they fix their grasp upon things near and tangible. There is scarcely any degree of sobriety of temper which can secure the mind against fanatical restlessness when once the habit has been formed of collating, daily, the i 114 THE ENTHUSIASM OF newspaper and the prophets ; and the man who, with a feeble judgment and an excitable imagi- nation, is constantly catching at political intelli- gence— apocalypse in hand, walks on the verge of insanity, or worse, of infidelity. In this feverish state of the feelings, mundane interests, under the guise of faith and hope, occupy the soul to the exclusion of “ things unseen and eternal meanwhile the heart-affecting matters of piety and virtue become vapid to the taste, and gradually fall into forgetfulness. The fault of the dogmatical expositor of pro- phecy is especially manifested when he assumes to determine the chronology of unfulfilled pre- dictions. In the instance of prophetic dates the different lines of conduct suggested by the dif- ferent styles of the communication, are readily perceived, and cheerfully observed by calm and modest interpreters. We may take, for illustra- tion, the predicted duration of the captivity of Judah, which was made known by Jeremiah (xxix. 10) in the intelligible terms of common and popular computation ; nor could the suppo- sition of a symbolic sense of the words be admitted by any sober expositor. On the authority of this unequivocal prediction, Daniel, as the time spoken of drew near, made confession and suppli- cation in the full assurance of warranted faith. In this confidence there was no presumption, for his persuasion rested, not on the assumed validity of this or of that ingenious interpretation of PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 115 symbols, but upon an explicit declaration which needed only to be read ; not expounded. But when the beloved seer received from his celestial informant the date of seventy weeks, which should fix the period of the Messiah’s advent and propitiatory sufferings, the employ- ment of symbolic terms, of itself announced the double intention of, at once, revealing the time, and of concealing it. For, as the terms, though mythic, bore a known import, they could not be thought to be absolutely shut up from research ; yet, as by the mode of their combination, they became susceptible of a considerable diversity of interpretation, the wise and good might, after all their diligence, differ in opinion as to the precise moment of accomplishment. Thus was devout inquiry at once invited and restrained ; invited, because the language of prediction was not un- known ; and restrained, because it asked for interpretation, and admitted a diversity of opi- nion. Those pious persons, therefore, who, at the time of the Messiah’s birth, were “ looking for the consolation of Israel,” could not, unless favoured with personal revelations, affirm “ this is the very year of the expected deliverance for the symbolic chronology might, with an appearance of reason, bear a somewhat different sense. Yet might such persons, though not per- fectly agreed in opinion, lawfully and safely join in an exulting hope, that the time spoken of was not far distant, when the Son of David should appear. 1 2 116 THE ENTHUSIASM OF The same rule is applicable to the position of the church at the present moment. No one, it may be affirmed, can have given due attention to the questions which have been of late so much agitated, without feeling compelled to acknow- ledge that a high degree of probability supports the belief of an approaching extraordinary de- velopment of the mystery of providence towards Christendom, and perhaps, towards the whole family of man. That this probability is strong, might be argued from the fact that it has wrought a general concurrence of belief among those whose modes of thinking on most subjects are extremely dissimilar. Christians, amid many contrarieties of opinion, are, with a tacit or an explicit expectation, looking for movement and progression, to be effected, either by a quickened energy of existing means, or by the sudden ope- ration of new causes. This probable opinion, if held in the spirit of Christian modesty, affords, under the sanction of the coolest reason, a new and strong excitement to religious hope. He who entertains it may exultingly, yet calmly exclaim, “ The night is far spent, the day is at hand and the kindling expectation wall rouse him to greater diligence in every good work, to greater watch- fulness against every defilement of heart, and frivolity of spirit, and inconsistency of conduct : he will strive with holy wakefulness, to live as the disciple should who is “ waiting lor his Lord. ’ Thus far he can justify the new vivacity of his PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 117 hopes upon the ground of the permanent motives of religion ; for he feels nothing more than a Christian may well always feel ; and the opinion he entertains relative to the near accomplishment of ultimate prophecy, serves only as an incite- ment to a state of mind in which he would fain be found, if called suddenly from the present scene. While giving free admission to sentiments of this sort, he knows that though he should be mistaken in his theoretical premises, he shall certainly be right in his practical inference. But if the discreet Christian is tempted or solicited to admit an incongruous jumble of poli- tical speculations and Christian hopes ; if he is called upon to detach in any degree his attention from immediate and unquestionable duties, and to fix his meditations on objects that have no connexion with his personal responsibility ; then he will check such an intrusion of turbulence and distraction, the tendency of which he feels to be pernicious, by recollecting that his opinion, how probable soever it may seem, is, at the best, nothing more than one hypothesis among the many, which offer themselves in explanation of an enigmatical prediction. To-day this hypo- thesis pleases him by its plausibility ; to-morrow he may reject it on better information. Nothing then can be much more precise than the line which forms the boundary between a legitimate and an enthusiastic feeling on the subject of prophecy. Is a prediction couched 118 THE ENTHUSIASM OF in symbol ? is it entangled among perplexing anachronisms ? is it studded with points of special reference ? We then recognize the hand of heaven in the art of its construction ; and we know that it is so moulded as to admit and invite the manifold diversities of ingenious explication ; and that therefore, even the true explication must, until the day of solution, stand undistinguished in a crowd of plausible errors. But for a man to proclaim himself the champion of a particular hypothesis, and to employ it as he might an explicit predic- tion, is to affront the Spirit of prophecy by contemning the chosen style of His announce- ments. And what shall be said of the auda- city of him, who, with no other commission in his hand than such as any man may please to frame for himself, usurps the awful style of the seer, pronounces the doom of nations, hurls thunders at thrones, and worse than this, puts the credit of Christianity at pawn in the hand of infidelity, to be lost beyond recovery, if not redeemed on a day specified by the fanatic for the verification of his word ! The agitation which has recently taken place on the subject of prophecy, may, perhaps, ere long, subside, and the church may again ac- quiesce in its old sobrieties of opinion. And yet a different and a better result of the existing controversy seems not altogether improbable; PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. \W for when enthusiasm has raved itself into ex- haustion, and has received from time the refu- tation of its precocious hopes; and when, on the other side, prosing mediocrity has uttered all its saws, and has fallen back into its own slumber of contented ignorance, then the spirit of research and of legitimate curiosity, which no doubt has been diffused among not a few intel- ligent students of Scripture, may bring on a calm, a learned, and a productive discussion of the many great questions that belong to the undeveloped destiny of man. And it may be believed that the issue of such discussions will take its place among the means that shall con- cur to usher in a brighter age of Christianity. Not indeed as if any fundamental principle of religion remained to be discovered; for the spiritual church has, in every age, possessed the substance of truth, under the promised teaching of the Spirit of truth. But, obviously, there are many subjects, more or less clearly revealed in the Scriptures, upon which egregious errors may be entertained, consistently with genuine, and even exalted piety : they do indeed belong to the entire faith of a Christian ; but they form no part of its basis ; they may be detached or dis- figured without great peril to the stability of the structure. Almost all opinions relating to the unseen world, and to the future providence of God on earth, are of this extrinsic or subordinate character ; and, as a matter of fact, pious and 120 THE ENTHUSIASM OF cautious men have, on subjects of this kind, held notions so incompatibly dissimilar, that the one or the other must have been utterly erroneous. But the detection of error always opens a vista of hope to the diligence of inquiry ; and with the mistakes of our predecessors before us for our warning, and with a highly improved state of biblical learning for our aid, it may fairly be anticipated that a devout and industrious re- consideration of the evidence of Scripture will achieve some important improvements in the opinions of the church on these difficult and obscure subjects. And yet, though an expectation of this kind may seem reasonable, there is, on the other hand, some ground to imagine that the accomplish- ment of the inscrutable designs of the Divine Providence, may require that the pious should henceforth, as heretofore, continue to entertain not only imperfect but very mistaken notions of the unseen and the future worlds. Well- founded hopes and erroneous interpretations have been linked together in the history of the church in all ages, even from that hour of falla- cious exultation when the mother of a murderer exclaimed — “ I have gotten the man from the Lord,” the man who should “ break the ser- pent’s head.” Neither the discharge of present duties, nor the exercise of right affections, nor a substantial preparation for taking a part in the glory that is to be revealed, is perhaps at PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. 121 all necessarily connected with just anticipations of the unknown futurity. Thus when the in- fant wakes into the light of this world, every organ presently assumes its destined function : the heaving bosom confesses the fitness of the material it inhales to support the new style of existence ; and the senses admit the first im- pressions of the external world with a sort of anticipated familiarity ; and though utterly un- taught in the scenes upon which it has so sud- denly entered, and inexperienced in the orders of the place where it must ere long act its part, yet it is truly “ meet to be a partaker of the inheritance ” of life. And thus, too, a real meet- ness for his birth into the future life may belong to the Christian, though he be utterly ignorant of its circumstances and conditions. But the functions of that new life have been long in a hidden play of preparation for full activity. He has waited in the coil of mortality only for the moment when he should inspire the ether of the upper world, and behold the light of eternal day, and hear the voices of new companions, and taste of the immortal fruit, and drink of the river of life ; and then, after perhaps a short season of nursing in the arms of the elder members of the family above, he will take his place in the service and orders of the heavenly house, nor ever have room to regret the ignorances of his mortal state. The study of those parts of Scripture which relate to futurity, should therefore be undertaken 122 PROPHETIC INTERPRETATION. with zeal, inspired by a reasonable hope of suc- cessful research ; and at the same time with the modesty and resignation which must spring from a not unreasonable supposition, that all such researches may be fruitless. So long as this modesty is preserved, there will be no danger of enthusiastic excitements, whatever may be the opinions which we are led to entertain. It must be evident to every calm mind, that the discussion of questions confessedly so obscure, and upon which the evidence of Scripture is limited, and of uncertain explication, is abso- lutely improper to the pulpit. The several points of the Catholic faith afford themes enough for public instruction. But matters of learned debate are extraneous to that faith ; they are no ingre- dients in the bread of life, which is the only article committed to the hands of the teacher for distri- bution among the multitude. What are the private and hypothetical opinions of a public functionary to those whom he is to teach the principles of the common Christianity ? And if these doubtful opinions implicate inquiries which the unlearned can never prosecute, a species of imposition is implied in the attempt to urge them upon simple hearers. It is truly a sorry triumph that he obtains who wins by declamation and violence the voices of a crowd in favour of opi- nions which men of learning and modesty neither defend nor impugn but with diffidence. I he press is the proper organ of abstruse controversy. SECTION VI. ENTHUSIASTIC PERVERSIONS OF THE DOCTRINE OF A PARTICULAR PROVIDENCE. No species of enthusiasm, perhaps, is more extensively prevalent, and certainly none clings more tenaciously to the mind that has once entertained it, and none produces more practical mischief, than that which is founded on an abuse of the doctrine of a particular Providence. It is by the fortuities of life that the religious enthu- siast is deluded. Chance, under a guise stolen from piety, is his divinity. He believes, and he believes justly, that every seeming fortuity is under the absolute control of the Divine hand ; but in virtue of the peculiar interest he supposes himself to have on high, he is tempted to think that these contingencies are very much at his command. This belief naturally inclines him to pay more regard to the unusual, than to the common course of events. In contemplating God as the disposer of chances, he becomes forgetful of Him who is the governor of the world by known and permanent laws. All the honour which he does to one of the divine 124 ABUSES OF THE attributes, is in fact stolen from the reverence due to another ; but he should remember that “ the Lord abhorreth robbery for offering.” A propensity to look more to chance than to probability is known invariably to debilitate the reasoning faculty, and to vitiate the moral senti- ments; and these constant effects are more often aggravated than mitigated by the accession of religious sentiments. The illusions of hope then assume a tone of authority which effectually silences the whispers of common sense ; and the imagination, more highly stimulated than when it fed only on things of earth, boldly makes a prey of the divine power and goodness, to the utter subversion of humble piety. A sanguine temper, quickened by perverted notions of re- ligion, easily impels a man to believe that he is privileged or skilled to penetrate the intentions of Providence towards himself; and the anticipa- tions he forms on this ground, acquire so much consistency by being perpetually handled, that he deems them to form a much more certain rule of conduct than he could derive from the forecastings of prudence, or even from the dic- tates of morality. Delusions of this kind are the real sources of many of those sad delinquencies which so often bring reproach upon a profession of religion. The world loves to call the offender a villain ; but in fact he was not worse than an enthusiast. He who in conducting the daily affairs of life DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 125 has acquired the settled habit of calculating rather upon what is possible than upon what is probable, naturally slides into the mischievous error of paying court to Fortune, rather than to Virtue : nor will his integrity or his principles of honour be at all strengthened by the mere metonymy of calling Fortune — Providence. It is easy to fix the eye upon the clouds in expec- tation of help from above with so much intent- ness, that the tables of right and wrong, which stand before us, shall scarcely be seen. This very expectation is a contempt of prudence ; and it is not often seen that those who slight Prudence, pay much regard to her sister — Probity. Or if consequences so serious do not follow from the notion that the fortuities of life are an available fund at the disposal of the favourite of heaven, yet this belief can hardly fail to spread an infection of sloth and presumption through the character. The enthusiast will certainly be remiss and dilatory in arduous and laborious duties. Hope, which is the incentive to exertion in well-ordered and energetic minds, slackens every effort if the understanding be crazed. The wheel of toil stands still while the devotee implores assistance from above. Or if he pos- sesses more of activity, the same false principle prompts him to engage in enterprises from which, if the expected contingent to be fur- nished by “ Providence,” be deducted, scarcely 126 ABUSES OF THE a shred of fair probability remains to recommend the scheme. If the course of events in human life were as constant and uniform as the phenomena of the material world, none but madmen would build their hopes upon the irregularities by which it is diversified. Nor would the enthusiast do so if he gave heed to the principles that impose order upon the apparent chaos of fortuities from which the many coloured line of human life is spun. To expose then the error of those who, on pre- text of faith in providence, build presumptuous expectations upon the throws of fortune, we must analyse the confused mass of contingences to which human life is liable. This analysis leaves the folly and impropriety of the enthusiast without excuse. Any one who recalls to his recollection the incidents, great and small, that have filled up the days of a year past, will find it easy to divide them into two classes, of which the first, and the larger, comprises those events which common sense and experience might have enabled him to anticipate, and which, if he were wise, he did actually anticipate, so far as was necessary for the regulation of his conduct. The ground of such calculations of futurity is nothing else than the uniform course of events in the material world, and the permanent principles of human nature, and the established order of the social system : DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 127 for all these, though confessedly liable to many interruptions, are yet so far constant as to afford, on the whole, a safe rule of calculation. If there were no such uniformity in the course of events, the active and reasoning faculties of man would be of no avail to him ; for the exercise of them might as probably be ruinous as serviceable. In the whirl of such a supposed anarchy of nature, an intelligent agent must refrain from every movement, and resign himself to be borne along by the eddies of confusion. But this is not the character of the world we inhabit : the connexion of physical causes and effects is known and calculable, so that the results of human labour are liable to only a small deduction on account of occasional irregularities. We plant and sow, and lay up stores, and build, and construct ma- chines in tranquil hope of the expected benefit ; and indeed, if the variations and irregularities of nature were much greater and more frequent than they are, or even if disappointment were as common as success, the part of wisdom would still be the same ; for the laws of nature, though never so much broken in upon by incalculable accidents, would still afford some ground of ex- pectation ; and an intelligent agent will always prefer to act on even the slenderest hope which reason approves, rather than to lie supine in the ruinous wheel- way of chance. And notwithstanding its many real, and many apparent irregularities, there is also a settled 128 ABUSES OF THE order of causes and effects in the human system, as well as in the material world. The foundation of this settled order is, the sameness of human nature in its animal, intellectual, and moral con- stitution, of which the anomalies are never so great as to break up all resemblance to the com- mon pattern. Then those conventional modes of thinking and acting which sway the conduct of the mass of mankind, strengthen the tendency to uniformity, and greatly counteract all disturbing causes. Then again the sanctioned institutions of society give stability and permanence to the order of events, and altogether afford so much security in calculating upon the future, that, whoever by observation and reflection has be- come well skilled in the ordinary movements of the machinery of life, may, with confidence and calmness, if not with absolute assurance of success, risk his most important interests upon the issue of plans wisely concerted. Skill and sagacity in managing the affairs of common life, or wisdom in council and command, is nothing else than an extensive and ready know- ledge of the intricate movements of the great machine of the social system ; and the high price which this skill and wisdom always bears among men, may be held to represent two abstractions; — first, the perplexing Irregularities of the system to which human agency is to be conformed ; and then, the real and substantial Uniformity of the movements of that system. For it is plain that if DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 129 there were no perplexing irregularities, superior sagacity would be in no request; or, on the other hand, if there were not a real constancy in the course of affairs, the greatest sagacity would be found to be of no avail, and therefore, would be in no esteem. There is then a substantial, if not an immov- able substratum of causes and effects, upon which, for the practical and important purposes of life, calculations of futurity may be formed. And this is the basis, and this alone, on which a wise man rests his hopes and constructs his plans: he well knows that his fairest hopes may be dis- sipated, and his best plans overthrown ; and yet, though the hurricanes of misfortune were a thou- sand times to scatter his labours, he will still go on to renew them in conformity with the same principles of calculation ; for no other principles are known to him, and the extremest caprices of Fortune will never so prevail over his constancy, as to induce him to do homage to Chance. The second, and the less numerous class of events that make up the course of human life, are those which no sagacity could have anti- cipated ; for though in themselves they were only the natural consequences of common causes, yet those causes were either concealed or remote, and were, to us and our agency, the same as if they had been absolutely fortuitous. By far the larger proportion of these accidents arises from K 130 ABUSES OF THE the intricate connexions of the social system. The thread of every life is entangled with other threads, beyond all reach of calculation. The weal and woe of each depends, by innumerable correspondences, upon the will, and caprices, and fortune, not merely of the individuals of his immediate circle, but upon those of myriads of whom he knows nothing. Or, strictly speaking, the tie of mutual influence passes, without a break, from hand to hand, throughout the human family: there is no independence, no insulation, in the lot of man ; and, therefore, there can be no absolute calculation of future fortunes ; for he whose will or caprice is to govern that lot stands, perhaps, at the distance of a thousand removes from the subject of it, and the attenu- ated influence winds its way in a thousand meanders before it reaches the point of its des- tined operation. Both these classes of events are manifestly necessary to the full development of the faculties of human nature. If, for example, there were no constancy in the events of life, there would be no room left for rational agency ; and if, on the other hand, there were no inconstancy, the operations of the reasoning faculty would fall into a mechanical regularity, and the imagina- tion and the passions would be iron-bound, as by the immobility of fate. It is by the admirable combination of the two principles of order and disorder, of uniformity and variety, of certainty DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 131 and of chance ; that the faculties and desires are wrought up to their full play of energy and vivacity ; of reason and of feeling. But it is espe- cially in connexion with the doctrine of Provi- dence that we have at present to consider these two elements of human life ; and as to the first of them, it is evident that the settled order of causes and effects, so far as it may be ascertained by observation and experience, claims the respect and obedience of every intelligent agent; since it is nothing less than the will of the Author of nature, legibly written upon the constitution of the world. This will is sanctioned by immediate rewards and punishments ; health, wealth, pro- sperity, are the usual consequents of obedience; while sickness, poverty, degradation, are the almost certain inflictions that attend a negligent interpretation, or a presumptuous disregard of it. The dictates of prudence are in truth the com- mands of God; and His benevolence is vindicated by the fact that the miseries of life are, to a very great extent, attributable to a contempt of those commands. But there is a higher government of men, as moral and religious beings, which is carried on chiefly by means of the fortuities of life. Those unforeseen accidents which so often control the lot of men, constitute a superstratum in the system of human affairs, wherein, peculiarly, the Divine Providence holds empire for the k 2 132 ABUSES OF THE accomplishment of its special purposes. It is from this hidden and inexhaustible mine of chances — chances, as we must call them, that the Governor of the world draws, with unfathomable skill, the materials of his dispensations towards each indi- vidual of mankind. The world of nature affords no instances of complicated and exact contrivance, comparable to that which so arranges the vast chaos of contingencies as to produce, with un- erring precision, a special order of events adapted to the character of every individual of the human family. Amid the whirl of myriads of fortuities, the means are selected and combinedfor construct- ing as many independent machineries of moral discipline as there are moral agents in the world ; and each apparatus is at once complete in itself, and complete as part of a universal movement. If the special intentions of Providence towards individuals were effected by the aid of super- natural interpositions, the power and presence of the Supreme Disposer might indeed be more strikingly displayed than it is; but his skill much less. And herein especially is manifested the perfection of the Divine wisdom, that the most surprising conjunctions of events are brought about by the simplest means, and in a manner so perfectly in harmony with the ordinary course of human affairs, that the hand of the Mover is ever hidden beneath second causes, and is descried only by the eye of pious affection. This is in fact the great miracle of providence — that no DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 133 miracles are needed to accomplish its purposes. Countless series of events are travelling on from remote quarters towards the same point ; and each series moves in the beaten track of natural occurrences ; but their intersection, at the very moment in which they meet, shall serve, perhaps, to give a new direction to the affairs of an empire. The materials of the machinery of Providence are all of common quality ; but their combination displays nothing less than infinite skill. Having then these two distinguishable classes of events before us, namely, those which may be foreknown by human sagacity, and those which may not; it is manifest that the former exclusively is given to man as the sphere of his labours, and for the exercise of his skill ; while the latter is reserved as the royal domain of sovereign bounty and infinite wisdom. The enthusiast, therefore, who neglects and contemns those dictates of com- mon sense which are derived from the calculable course of human affairs, and founds his plans and expectations upon the unknown procedures of Providence, is chargeable not merely with folly, but with an impious intrusion upon the peculiar sphere of the divine agency. This impiety is shown in a strong light when viewed in connexion with those great principles which may be discerned, not obscurely, to govern the dispensations of Providence towards mankind. In the divine management of the fortuitous 134 ABUSES OF THE events of life, there is, in the first place, visible, some occasional flashes of that retributive justice which, in the future world, is to obtain its long- postponed and perfect triumph. There are in- stances which, though not very common, are frequent enough to keep alive the salutary fears of mankind, wherein vindictive visitations speak articulately in attestation of the righteous in- dignation of God against them that do evil. Outrageous villanies, or appalling profaneness, sometimes draw upon the criminal the instant bolt of divine wrath, and in so remarkable a manner that the most irreligious minds are quelled with a sudden awe, and confess the hand of God. And again there is just perceptible, as it were, a gleam of divine approbation, displayed in a signal rewarding of the righteous, even in the present life : a blessing “ which maketh rich ” rests sometimes conspicuously upon the habitation of disinterested and active virtue : “ the righteous is as a tree planted by the rivers of water ; whatsoever he doeth, prospers.” In these anomalous cases of anticipated retribution, the punishment or the reward does not arrive in the ordinary course of common causes ; but starts forth suddenly from that store-house of fortuities whence the divine providence draws its means of government. If the oppressor, by rousing the resentment of mankind, is dragged from the seat of power, and trodden in the dust ; or if the villain who “ plotteth mischief against his DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 135 neighbour on his bed,” is at length caught in his own net, and despoiled of his wrongful gains, these visitations of justice, though truly retribu- tive, belong plainly to the known order of causes and effects : they are nothing more than the natural issues of the culprit’s course ; and there- fore do not declare the special interference of heaven. But there are instances of another kind, in which the ruin of villany or of violence comes speeding as on a shaft from above, which though seemingly shot at random, yet hits its victim with a precision and a peculiarity that proclaims the unerring hand of divine justice. In like manner there are remarkable recom- penses of integrity, of liberality, of kindness to strangers, and, most especially, of duty to parents, which arrive by means so remote from common probability, and yet so simple, that the approba- tion of Him who “ taketh pleasure in the path of the just,” is written upon the unexpected boon. There are few family histories that would not afford examples of such conspicuous retributions. Yet as they are confessedly rare, and administered by rules absolutely inscrutable to human penetra- tion, there can hardly be a more daring impiety than, in particular instances, to entertain the expectation of their occurrence. But the enthu- siast finds it hard to abstain, in his own case, from such expectations, and is tempted per- petually to indulge hopes of special boons in reward of his services, and is forward and \ 136 ABUSES OF THE ingenious in giving an interpretation that flatters his spiritual vanity to every common favour of providence ; the bottles of heaven are never stopped but to gratify his taste for fine weather ! A readiness to announce the wrath of heaven upon offenders, is a presumption which charac- terises, not the mere enthusiast, but the malign fanatic, and therefore comes not properly within our subject ; and yet the species of enthusiasm now under consideration is very seldom free from some such impious tendency. In the divine management of the fortuities of life, there may also be very plainly perceived a dispensation of moral exercise, specifically adapted to the temper and powers of the indivi- dual. No one can look back upon his own history without meeting unquestionable instances of this sort of educational adjustment of his lot, effected by means that were wholly independent of his own choice or agency. The casual meet- ing with a stranger, or an unexpected interview with a friend ; the accidental postponement of affairs ; the loss of a letter, a shower, a trivial indisposition, the caprice of an associate ; these, or similar fortuities, have been the determining causes of events, not only important in them- selves, but of peculiar significance and use in that process of discipline which the character of the in- dividual was to undergo. These new currents in the course of life proved, in the issue, specifically DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 137 proper for putting in action the latent faculties of the mind, or for holding in check its dan- gerous propensities. Whoever is quite uncon- scious of this sort of overruling of his affairs by means of apparent accidents, must be very little addicted to habits of intelligent reflection. Doubtless every man’s choice and conduct determine, to a great extent, his lot and occu- pation ; but not seldom, a course of life much better fitted to bis temper and abilities than the one he would fain substitute for it, has, year after year, and in spite of his reluctances, fixed his place and employment in society ; and this unchosen lot has, if we may so speak, been con- structed from the floating fragments of other men’s fortunes, drifted by the accidents of wind and tide across the billows of life, till they were stranded at the very spot where the individual for whom they were destined was ready to re- ceive them. By such strong and nicely fitted movements of the machine of Providence, it is that the tasks of life are distributed where best they may be performed, and its burdens appor- tioned where best they may be sustained. By accidents of birth or connexion, the bold, the sanguine, the energetic, are led into the front of the field of arduous exertion ; while by similar fortuities, quite as often as by choice, the pusil- lanimous, the fickle, the faint-hearted, are suf- fered to spend their days under the shelter of ease, and in the recesses of domestic tranquillity. 138 ABUSES OF THE Bat who shall profess so to understand his particular temper, and so to estimate his talents, as might qualify him to anticipate the special dispensations of Providence in his own case ? Such knowledge, surely, every wise man will confess to be “ too wonderful” for him. To the Supreme Intelligence alone it belongs to dis- tribute to every one his lot, and to “ fix the bounds” of his abode. Yet there are persons, whose persuasion of what ought to be their place and destiny is so confidently held, that a long life of disappointment does not rob them of the fond hypothesis of self-love ; and just in proportion to the firmness of their faith in a particular pro- vidence, will be their propensity to quarrel with heaven, as if it debarred them from their right in deferring to realize the anticipated destiny. Presumption, when it takes its commencement in religion, naturally ends in impiety. Men who look no farther than the present scene, may, with less glaring inconsistency, vent their vexation in accusing the blindness and partiality of fate, which has held their eminent talents and their peculiar merits so long under the veil of obscurity; but those who acknow- ledge at once a disposing providence and a future life, might surely find considerations proper for imposing silence upon such murmurings of dis- appointed ambition. Let it be granted to a man that his vanity does not deceive him, when he complains that adverse fortune has prevented his DOCTRINE OR PROVIDENCE. 139 entering the very course upon which nature fitted him to shine, and has, with unrelenting severity, confined him, year after year, to a drudgery in which he was not qualified to win even a com- mon measure of success : all this may be true ; but if the complainant be a Christian, he cannot find it difficult to admit that this clashing of his fortune with his capacities or his tastes may have been the very exercise necessary to insure his ultimate welfare. Who will deny that the reasons of the divine conduct towards those who are in training for an endless course must always lie at an infinite distance beyond the range of created vision ? Who shall venture even to sur- mise what course of events may best foster the germ of an imperishable life ; or who conjecture what contraventions of the hopes and interests of an individual may find their reasons and neces- sity somewhere in the wide universe of conse- quences incalculably remote ? Whether the promise “ that all things shall work together for good to those who love God,” is to be accomplished by perpetual sunshine or by incessant storms, no one can anticipate in his own case : or if any one were excepted, it must be the enthusiast, who might almost with cer- tainty calculate upon receiving a dispensation the very reverse of that which it has been the lead- ing error of his life to anticipate. He might thus calculate, both because his expectations are in themselves exorbitant and improbable; and 140 ABUSES OF THE because the presumptuous temper from which they spring loudly calls for the rebuke of heaven. Amid the perplexities which arise from the unexpected events of life, we are not left without sufficient guidance ; for although, in particular instances, the most reasonable calculations are baffled, and the best plans subverted ; yet there remains in our hands the immutable rule of moral rectitude, in an inflexible adherence to which we shall avoid what is chiefly to be dreaded in calamity — the dismal moanings of a wounded conscience. “ He that walketh up- rightly walketh surely,” even in the path of disaster. And while, on the one hand, he steadily pursues the track which common prudence marks out ; and, on the other, listens with respectful attention to the dictates of honour and probity, he may, without danger of enthusiasm, ask and hope for the especial aids of Divine Providence, in overruling those events that lie beyond the reach of human agency. Prayer and calculation are duties never in- compatible, never to be disjoined, and never to shackle one the other. For while those events only which are probable ought to be assumed as the basis of plans for futurity ; yet, whatever is not manifestly impossible, or in a high degree improbable, may lawfully be made the object of submissive petition. Few persons, and none who have known vicissitudes, can look back upon past DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 141 years without recollecting signal occasions on which they have been rescued from the impend- ing and apparently inevitable consequences of their own misconduct, or imprudence, or want of ability, by extraordinary interventions in the very crisis of their fate. Or, perhaps, they have been placed by accident in circumstances of peril, where, as it seemed, there remained not a possi- bility of escape. But while the ruin was yet in descent, rescue, which it would have been mad- ness to expect, came in to preserve life, fortune, or reputation, from the imminent destruction. That such conspicuous deliverances do actually occur is matter of fact ; nor will the Christian endure that they should be attributed to any other cause than the special care and kindness of his heavenly Father : and yet, as they belong to an economy which stretches into eternity, and as they are not administered on any ascertained rule, they can never come within the range of our calculations, or be admitted to influence our plans : a propensity to indulge such expectations belongs to infirmity of mind, and is in fact an intrusion upon the counsels of infinite wisdom. Nevertheless, so long as these extraordinary interventions are known to consist with the rules of the divine government, they may be contem- plated as possible without violating the respect that is due to its ordinary procedures; and may, therefore, without enthusiasm, be solicited in the hour of peril or perplexity. The gracious 142 ABUSES OF THE “ Hearer of prayer,” who, on past and well re- membered occasions has signally given deliver- ance, may do so again, even when, if we think of our own imprudence, we have reason to expect nothing less than destruction. What are termed by irreligious men ‘ the fortunate chances of life,’ will be regarded by the devout mind as constituting a hidden treasury of boons, held at the disposal of a gracious hand for the incitement of prayer, and for the reward of humble faith. The enthusiast who, in contempt of common sense and of rectitude, presumes upon the exist- ence of this extraordinary fund, forfeits, by such impiety, his interest in its stores. But the prudent and the pious, while they labour and calculate in strict conformity to the known and ordinary course of events, shall not seldom find that, from this very treasury of contingences, God is “ rich to them that call upon Him.” In minds of a puny form, whose enthusiasm is commonly mingled with some degree of abject superstition, the doctrine of a particular provi- dence is liable to be degraded by habitual asso- ciation with trivial and sordid solicitudes. This or that paltry wish is gratified, or vulgar care relieved, ‘ by the kindness of providence ; ’ and thanks are rendered for helps, comforts, deliver- ances, of so mean an order, that the respectable language of piety is burlesqued by the ludicrous character of the occasion on which it is used. DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 143 The fault in these instances does not consist in an error of opinion, as if even the most trivial events were not, equally with the most consider- able, under the divine management ; but it is a perversion and degradation of feeling which allows the mind to be occupied with whatever is frivolous, to the exclusion of whatever is impor- tant. These petty spirits, who draw hourly, from the matters of their personal comfort or indul- gence, so many occasions of prayer and praise, are most often seen to be insensible to motives of a higher kind : they have no perception of the relative magnitude of objects ; no sense of pro- portion ; and they feel little or no interest in what does not affect themselves. We ought, however, to grant indulgence to the infirmity of the feeble : if the soul be indeed incapable of expansion, it is better it should be devout in trifles, tban not devout at all. Yet these small folks have need to be warned of the danger of mistaking the gratulations of selfishness for the gratitude of piety. It is a rare perfection of the intellectual and moral faculties which allows all objects, great and small, to be distinctly perceived, and per- ceived in their relative magnitudes. A soul of this high finish may be devout on common occa- sions without trifling : it will gather up the fragments of the divine bounty, that “ nothing be lost and yet hold its energies and its soli- citudes free for the embrace of momentous cares. 144 ABUSES OF TIIE If men of expanded intellect, and high feeling, and great activity are excused in their neglect of small things, this indulgence is founded upon a recollection of the contractedness of the human mind, even at the best. The forgetfulness of lesser matters which so often belongs to energy of character, is, after all, not a perfection, but a weakness ; and a more complete expansion of mind, a still more vigorous pulse of life, would dispel the torpor of which such neglects are the symptoms. Thwarted enthusiasm naturally generates im- pious petulance. If we encumber the Providence of God with unwarranted expectations, it will be difficult not so to murmur under disappointment as those do who think themselves defrauded of their right. In truth, amidst the sharpness of sudden calamity, or the pressure of continued adversity, the most sane minds are tempted to indulge repinings which reason, not less than piety, utterly condemns. The imputation of defective wisdom, or justice, or goodness, to the Being of whom we can form no notion apart from the ideas of absolute knowledge, rectitude, and benevolence, is much too absurd to need a formal refutation ; and yet how often does it survive all the rebukes of good sense and reli- gion! So egregious and palpable an error could not find a. moment’s lodgment in the heart, if it did not meet a surface of adhesion where DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 145 presumption has been torn away. The exagge- rations of self-love not quelled, but rather inflated by an enthusiastic piety, inspire feelings of per- sonal importance so enormous, that even the infinitude of the divine attributes is made to shrink down to the measure of comparison with man. When illusions such as these are rent and scattered, how pitiable is the conscious destitu- tion and meanness of the denuded spirit! with how cruel a shock does it fall back upon its true place in the vast system of providence ! Whoever entertains, as every Christian ought, a strong and consoling belief of the doctrine of a Particular Providence, which cares for the wel- fare of each, should not forget to connect with that belief some general notions at least, of that system of Universal Providence which secures individual interests, consistently with the well- being of the whole. Such notions, though very defective, or even in part erroneous, may serve first to check presumption, and then to impose silence upon those murmurs which are its off- spring. A law of subordination manifestly pervades that part of the government of God with which we are acquainted, and may fairly be supposed to prevail elsewhere. Lesser interests are the component parts of greater ; and so closely are the individual fates of the human family inter- woven, that each member, however insignificant L 146 ABUSES OF THE he may seem, sustains a real relationship of in- fluence to the community. The lot of each must therefore be shapen by reasons drawn from many, and often from remote quarters. Yet in effecting this complex combination of parts, infinite wisdom prevents any clashing of the lesser with the larger movements ; and we may feel assured that, on the grounds either of mere equity or of beneficence, the dispensations of Providence are as compactly perfect towards each individual of mankind as if he were the sole inhabitant of an only world. If Heaven, in its condescension, were to implead at the bar of human reason, and set forth the motives of its dealings towards this man or that, these motives might, no doubt, be alleged and justified in every particular, without making any reference to the intermingled interests of other men : and it might be shewn that, although certain events were in fact followed by consequences much more important to others than to the individual immediately affected, yet they did in the fullest sense belong to the personal discipline of the individual, and must have taken place irrespec- tively of those foreign consequences. This perfect fitting and finishing of the ma- chinery of Providence to individual interests, must be premised ; yet it is not less true that in almost every event of life the remote consequences vastly outweigh the proximate, in actual amount of im- portance. Every man prospers, or is overthrown. DOCTRINE OF PROVIDENCE. 147 lives, or dies, not for himself; but that he may sustain those around him, or that he may give them place ; and who shall attempt to measure the circle within which are comprised these ex- tensive dependences ? On principles even of mathematical calculation, each individual of the human family may be demonstrated to hold in his hand the centre lines of an interminable web-work, on which are sustained the fortunes of multitudes of his successors. These impli- cated consequences, if summed together, make up therefore a weight of human weal or woe that is reflected back with an incalculable mo- mentum upon the lot of each. Every one is then bound to remember that the personal sufferings or peculiar vicissitudes, or toils through which he is called to pass, are to be estimated and explained only in an immeasurably small proportion if his single welfare is regarded ; while their full price and value are not to be computed unless the drops of the morning dew could be numbered. Immediate proof of that system of interminable connexion which binds together the whole human family may be obtained by every one who will examine the several ingredients of his physical, intellectual, and social condition ; for he will not find one of these circumstances of his lot that is not, in its substance or quality, directly an effect or consequence of the conduct, or character, or constitution of his progenitors, and of all with l 2 148 SYSTEM OE whom he has had to do : if they had been other than they were, he must also have been other than he is. And then our predecessors must, in like manner, trace the qualities of their being to theirs ; thus the linking ascends to the common parents of all ; and thus must it descend, still spreading as it goes, from the present to the last generation of the children of Adam. Nor is this direct and obvious kind of influence the only one of which some plain indications are to be discerned ; and without at all following the uncertain track of adventurous speculation, it may fairly be surmised that the same law of interminable connexion, a law of moral gravita- tion, stretches far beyond the limits of the human family, and actually holds in union the great community of intelligent beings. Instances of connexion immensely remote, and yet very real, might be adduced in abundance : the influence of history upon the character and conduct of successive generations is of this kind. Whatever actually imparts force or intensity to human motives, and by this means actually determines the course of life, may assuredly claim for itself the title and respect due to an efficient cause, and must be deemed to exert an impulsive power over the mind. Now the records of history, how long soever may have been the line of transmission which has brought them to our times, fraught as they are with instances applicable to all the occa- sions of real life, do thus, in a very perceptible UNIVERSAL PROVIDENCE. 149 degree, affect the sentiments and mould the characters of mankind ; nor will any one speak slightingly of this species of causation who has compared the intellectual condition of nations rich in history, with that of a people wholly destitute of the memorials of past ages. The story of the courage, or constancy, or wisdom of the men of a distant time becomes, in a greater or a less degree, a subsidiary cause of the conduct of the men of each succeeding generation. Thus the few indi- viduals in every age to whom it has happened to live, and act, and speak under the focus of the speculum of history, did actually live, and labour, and suffer for the benefit of mankind in all future times ; just as truly as a father toils for the advantage of his family. And if the whole amount of the influence which has in fact flowed from the example of the wise, the brave, and the good, could have been placed in prophetic vision before them, while in the midst of their arduous course, would not these worthies contentedly and gladly have purchased so immense a wealth of moral power at the price of their personal sufferings ? Here then, as a plain matter of fact, is an instance of boundless causation, connecting cer- tain individuals with myriads of their species, from age to age, and for ever. It is an instance, we say, and not more : for the voice of history is but a preluding flourish to that voluminous re- velation, which shall be made, in the great day of consummation, of all that has been acted and 150 MYSTEUIOUSNESS OF suffered upon earth’s surface. In that day, when the books of universal history are opened and read, it shall doubtless be found that no particle has been lost of aught that might serve to au- thenticate the maxims of eternal wisdom, or to vindicate the righteous government of God. And all shall be written anew, as “with a pen of iron on the rock for ever,” and shall stand forth as an imperishable lesson of warning or incite- ment to after-comers on the theatre of existence. Whatever degree of solidity may be attributed to considerations of this kind, they are at least sufficiently supported by analogies to give them a decided advantage over those petulant cavils wherewith we are prone to arraign the particular dispensations of Providence towards ourselves. Are such dispensations, when seen in small por- tions, mysterious and perplexing? How can they be otherwise if, in their completed measure- ments, they are to spread over the creation, and in their issues to endure for ever ? The common phrase — f a mysterious dispensa- tion of Providence,’ when used as most often it is, contains the very substance of enthusiasm ; yet, it must be confessed, of a venial enthusiasm ; for the occasions which draw it forth are of a kind that may be admitted to palliate a hasty impro- priety of language. To call any event that does not break in upon the known and established order of natural causes — mysterious, is virtually PROVIDENCE. 15! to assume a previous knowledge of the intentions of the Supreme Ruler ; for it is to say that His proceedings have baffled our calculations ; and in fact it is only when we have formed anticipations of what ought to have been the course of events that we are tempted by sudden reverses to em- ploy so improperly this indefinite expression. All the dispensations of Divine Providence, taken together, may, with perfect propriety, be termed mysterious ; since all alike are governed by reasons that are hidden and inscrutable : but it is the height of presumption so to designate some of them in distinction from others. For ex- ample ; a man eminently gifted by nature for important and peculiar services, and trained to perform them by a long and arduous discipline, and now just entering upon the course of suc- cessful beneficence, and perhaps actually holding in his hand the welfare of a family, or a province, or an empire, is suddenly smitten to the earth by disease or accident. Sad ruin of a rare ma- chinery of intellectual and moral power ! But while the thoughtless many deplore for an hour their irreparable loss, the thoughtful few muse rather than weep ; and in order to conceal from themselves the irreverence of their own repinings, exclaim — ‘ How mysterious are the ways of heaven !’ Yes ; but in the present instance, what is mysterious ? Not that human life should at all periods be liable to disease, or the human frame be always vulnerable ; for these are conditions 152 IDEA OF THE inseparable from the present constitution of our nature ; and it is clear that nothing less than a perpetual miracle could exempt any one class of mankind from the common contingences of physical life. The supposition of any such con- stant and manifest interposition, rendering a certain description of persons intactible by harm, would be impious as well as absurd. Nothing could suggest to a sane mind an idea of this sort, if it did not gain admittance in the train of those eager forecastings of the ways of God in which persons much addicted to religious meditation are prone to indulge, and which, though they may afford pleasure for a moment, are usually purchased at the cost of relapses into gloomy, or worse than gloomy discontents. There is a striking incongruity in the fact that the propensity to apply the equivocal term, mysterious, to sudden and afflictive events, like the one just specified, is indulged almost exclu- sively by the very persons whose professed prin- ciples furnish them with a sufficient explanation of such dispensations. If the present state were thought to comprise the beginning and the end of the human system, and if, at the same time, this system be attributed to the Supreme Intel- ligence, then indeed the prodigious waste and destruction which is continually taking place, not only of the germ of life, but of the rarest and of the most excellent specimens of Divine art, is a solecism that must baffle every attempt FUTURE LIFE. 153 at explanation. Let then the deist, who knows of nothing beyond death, talk of the mysteries of Providence ; but let not the Christian, who is taught to think little of the present, and much of the future, use language of this sort. A A popular misunderstanding of the language of Scripture relative to the future state, has, perhaps, had great influence in enhancing the gloom and perplexity with which Christians are wont to think and speak of sudden and afflictive visitations of Providence. Heaven — the ultimate and perfected condition of human nature, is thought of amidst the toils of life, as an elysium of quiescent bliss, exempt, if not from action, at least from the necessity of action. Meanwhile every one feels that the ruling tendency and the uniform intention of all the arrangements of the present state, and of almost all its casualties, is to generate and to cherish habits of strenuous exertion. Inertness, not less than vice, stamps upon its victim the seal of per- dition. The whole order of nature, and all the institutions of society, and the ordinary course of events, and the explicit will of God, declared in His word, concur in opposing that propensity to rest which belongs to the human mind ; and combine to necessitate submission to the hard, yet salutary conditions under which alone the most extreme evils may be held in abeyance, and any degree of happiness enjoyed. A task and 154 IDEA OF THE duty is to be fulfilled, in discharging which the want of energy is punished even more imme- diately and more severely than the want of virtuous motives. Here then is visible a great and serious incon- gruity between matter of fact, and the common anticipations of the future state : it deserves in- quiry therefore whether these anticipations are really founded on the evidence of Scripture ; or whether they are not rather the mere suggestions of a sickly spiritual luxuriousness. This is not the place for pursuing such an inquiry; but it may be observed, in passing, that those glimpses of the supernal world which we catch from the Scriptures have in them, certainly, quite as much of the character of history as of poetry, and im- part the idea — not that there is less of business in heaven than on earth ; but more. Unques- tionably the felicity of those beings of a higher order, to whose agency frequent allusions are made by the inspired writers, is not incompa- tible with the assiduities of a strenuous ministry, to be discharged, according to the best ability of each, in actual and arduous contention with formidable, and perhaps sometimes successful opposition. A poetic notion of angelic agency, having in it nothing substantial, nothing neces- sary, nothing difficult, and which consists only in an unreal show of action and movement, and in which the result would be precisely the same apart from the accompaniment of a swarm of FUTURE LIFE. 155 butterfly youths, must be spurned by reason, as it is unwarranted by Scripture. Scripture does not affirm or imply that the plenitude of divine power is at all in more immediate exercise in the higher world than in this : on the contrary, the revelation so distinctly made of a countless array of intelligent and vigorous agents, designated usually by an epithet of martial signification, precludes such an idea. Why a commission of subalterns ; why an attendance of celestials upon the flight of the bolt of omnipotence ? That bolt, when actually flung, needs no coadjutor! But if there be a real and necessary, not merely a shadowy agency in heaven as well as on earth ; and if human nature is destined to act its part in such an economy; then its constitution, and the severe training it undergoes, are at once explained ; and then also, the removal of indivi- duals in the very prime of their fitness for useful labour ceases to be impenetrably mysterious. This excellent mechanism of matter and mind, which, beyond any other of His works, declares the wisdom of the Creator, and which, under His guidance, is now passing the season of its first preparation, shall stand up anew from the dust of dissolution, and then, with freshened powers, and with a store of hard-earned practical wisdom for its guidance, shall essay new labours — we say not perplexities and perils, in the service of God, who by such instruments chooses to accomplish His designs of beneficence. That so prodigious JLL 156 IDEA OF TIIE a waste of the highest qualities should take place as is implied in the notions which many Christians entertain of the future state, is indeed hard to imagine. The mind, of man, formed as it is to be more tenacious of its active habits than even of its moral dispositions, is, in the present state, trained (often at an immense cost of suffering) to the exercise of skill, of forethought, of courage, of patience; and ought it not to be inferred, un- less positive evidence contradicts the supposition, that this system of education bears some rela- tion of fitness to the state for which it is an initiation ? Shall not the very same qualities which here are so sedulously fashioned and finished, be actually needed and used in that future world of perfection ? Surely the idea is inadmissible that an instrument wrought up, at so much expense to a polished fitness for service, is destined to be suspended for ever on the palace walls of heaven, as a glittering bauble, no more to make proof of its temper ! A pious, but needless jealousy, lest the honour due to Him “ who worketh all in all ” should be in any degree compromised, has perhaps had influence in concealing from the eyes of Chris- tians the importance attributed in the Scriptures to subordinate agency; and thus, by a natural consequence, has impoverished and enfeebled our ideas of the heavenly state. But assuredly it is only while encompassed by the dimness and errors of the present life that there can be any FUTURE LIFE. 157 danger of attributing to the creature the glory due to the Creator. When once with open eye that “ excellent glory” has been contemplated, then shall it be understood that the divine wis- dom is incomparably more honoured by the skil- ful and faithful performances, and by the cheerful toils of agents who have been fashioned and fitted for service, than it could be by the bare exertions of irresistible power : and then, when the absolute dependence of creatures is tho- roughly felt, may the beautiful orders of the heavenly hierarchy, rising, and still rising to- wards perfection, be seen and admired without hazard of forgetting Him who alone is absolutely perfect, and who is the only fountain and first cause of whatever is excellent. The Scriptures do indeed most explicitly de- clare, not only that virtue will be inamissible in heaven, but that its happiness will be unalloyed by fear, or pain, or want. But the mental asso- ciations formed in the present state make it so difficult to disjoin the idea of suffering and of sorrow from that of labour, and of arduous and difficult achievement, that we are prone to ex- clude action, as well as pain, from our idea of the future blessedness. Yet assuredly these notions may be separated ; and if it be possible to ima- gine a perfect freedom from selfish solicitudes, a perfect acquiescence in the will, and a perfect confidence in the wisdom, power, and goodness of God; then also may we conceive of toils without i 158 IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE. sadness, of perplexities without perturbations, and of difficult or perilous service, without de- spondency or fear. The true felicity of beings furnished with moral sensibilities, must consist in the full play of the emotions of love, fixed on the centre of good ; and this kind of happiness is unquestionably compatible with any external condition, not positively painful : perhaps even another step might be taken ; but the argument does not need it. Yet it should be remembered, that, in many signal and well-attested instances, the fervour of the religious affections has almost or entirely obliterated the consciousness of physical suffering, and has proved its power to vanquish every inferior emotion, and to fill the heart with heaven, even amid the utmost intensities of pain. Much more then may these affections, when freed from every shackle, when invigorated by an assured possession of endless life, and when height- ened by the immediate vision of the supreme ex- cellence, yield a fulness of joy, consistently with many vicissitudes of external position. Considerations such as these, if at all borne out by evidence of Scripture, may properly have place in connexion with the topic of this section ; for it is evident that the harassing perplexities which arise from the present dispensations of Providence might be greatly relieved by habitu- ally entertaining anticipations of the future state, somewhat less imbecile and luxurious than those commonly admitted by Christians. SECTION VII. ENTHUSIASM OF BENEFICENCE. To say that the principle of disinterested benevolence had never been known among men before the publication of Christianity would be an exaggeration ; — an exaggeration very similar to that of affirming that the doctrine of immor- tality was new to mankind when taught by our Lord. In truth, the one had, in every age, been imperfectly practised, and the other dimly sup- posed ; yet neither the one principle nor the other existed in sufficient strength to be the source of substantial benefit to mankind. But Christ, while he emphatically “ brought life and immortality to light,” and so claimed to be the author of hope for man, did also with such effect lay the hand of his healing power upon the human heart, long palsied by sensualities and selfishness, that it has ever since shed forth a fountain of active kindness, largely available for the relief of want and misery. As matter of history, unquestionable and con- spicuous, Christianity has in every age fed the hungry, and clothed the naked, and redeemed the captive, and visited the sick. It has put 160 MOTIVES OF to shame the atrocities of the ancient popular amusements, and annihilated sanguinary rites, and brought slavery into disesteem and disuse, and abolished excruciating punishments : it has even softened the ferocity of war ; and, in a word, is seen constantly at work, edging away oppressions, and moving on towards the perfect triumph which avowedly it meditates — that of removing from the earth every woe which the inconsideration or the selfishness, or the malig- nancy of man inflicts upon his fellows. It remains then to ask by what special means has Christianity effected these ameliorations ? and it will be found that the power and success of the new principle of benevolence, taught in the Scriptures, are not more remarkable than are its constitution and its ingredients. Christian philanthropy, though it takes up among its elements the native benevolence of the human heart, is a compound principle, essentially dif- fering from the spontaneous sympathies of our nature. Now, as this new and composite bene- volence has, by a trial of eighteen centuries, and under every imaginable diversity of circumstance, proved its practical efficiency, and its immense superiority over the crude elementary principle of kindness, it would be a violation of the acknow- ledged methods of modern science to adhere pertinaciously to the old and inefficient element, and to contemn the improved principle. All we have to do on an occasion wherein the welfare of CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 161 our fellows is so deeply interested, is to take care that our own benevolence, and the benevolence which we recommend to others, is of the true and genuine sort ; in other words, that it is Christian. If, as every one would profess, we desire to live, not for selfish pleasure, but to promote the happiness of others, if we would become, not idle well-wishers to our species, not closet philanthropists, dreaming of impracticable reforms, and grudging the cost of effective relief; but real benefactors to mankind, we must take up the lessons of New Testament philanthropy, just as they lie on the page before us, and with- out imagining simpler methods, follow humbly in the track of experience. By this book alone have men been effectively taught to do good. A low rate of activity, prompted merely by the spontaneous kindness of the heart, may easily take place without incurring the danger of enthusiastical excesses ; but how is enough of moral movement to be obtained for giving im- pulse to a course of arduous and perilous labours, such as the woes of mankind often call for, and yet without generating the extravagances of a false excitement ? This is a problem solved only by the Christian scheme, and in briefly enumer- ating the peculiarities of the benevolence which it inspires, we shall not fail to catch a glimpse, at least, of that profound skill which makes provi- sion, on the one side against inertness and selfish- ness, and on the other against enthusiasm. M 162 MOTIVES OF The peculiarities of Christian philanthropy are such as these ; it is vicarious ; obligatory ; re- wardable ; subordinate to an efficient agency, and an expression of grateful love. I. The great principle of vicarious suffering, which forms the centre of Christianity, spreads itself through the subordinate parts of the system, and is the pervading, if not the invariable law of Christian beneficence. The spontaneous sympathies of human nature, when they are vigorous enough to produce the fruits of charity, rest on an expectation of an opposite kind ; for we first seek to dispel from our own bosoms the uneasy sensation of pity ; then look for the gratitude of the wretch we have solaced, and for the approbation of spectators ; and then take a sweet after-draught of self-com- placency. But the Christian virtue of bene- ficence stands altogether on another ground ; and its doctrine is this, that, whoever would remedy misery must himself suffer ; and that the pains of the vicarious benefactor are generally to bear proportion to the extent or malignity of the evils he labours to remove : so that while the philanthropist who undertakes the cure only of the transient ills of the present life, may encounter no greater amount of toils or dis- couragements than are amply recompensed by the immediate gratifications of successful benevo- lence, he who, with a due sense of the greatness CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 163 of the enterprise, devotes himself to the removal of the moral wretchedness in which human nature is involved, will find that the sad'quality of these deeper woes is in a manner reflected back upon himself ; and that to touch the substantial mise- ries of degenerate man is to come within the infection of infinite sorrow. And this is the law of success in the Christian ministry — that highest work of philanthropy. Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned minister of religion is “ baptized with the baptism wherewith his Lord was baptized.” In an in- ferior, yet a real sense, he is, like his Lord, a vicarious person, and has freely undergone a suretyship for the immortal welfare of his fellow- men. He has charged himself with a respon- sibility that can never be absolutely acquitted while any power of exertion, or faculty of endu- rance is held back from the service. The in- terests which rest in his hand, and depend on his skill and fidelity — depend, as truly as if divine agency had no part in the issue, are as momen- tous as infinity can make them ; nor are to be promoted without a willingness to do and to bear the utmost of which humanity is capable. Although the vicar of Christ be not uncondi- tionally responsible for the happy result of his labours, he is clearly bound, both by the terms of his engagement and the very quality of the work, to surrender whatever he may possess that has in it a virtue to purchase success ; and m 2 164 MOTIVES OF lie knows that, by the great law of the spiritual world, the suffering of a substitute enters into the procedures of redemption. He who “ took our sorrows and bore our griefs,” left, for the instruction of his servants, a perfect model of what should ordinarily be, a life of beneficence. Every circumstance of privation, of discouragement, of insult, of deadly hostility, which naturally fell in the way of a ministry like his, exercised among a people, pro- fligate, malignant, and fanatical, was endured by him as submissively as if no extraordinary powers of relief or defence had been at his disposal. On the very same conditions of unmitigated toil and suffering he consigned the publication of his religion to his Apostles : “Ye shall be hated of all nations for my name’s sake : Who- soever killeth you shall think that he doeth God service : Behold, I send you forth as sheep among wolves.” Though endowed with an opu- lence of supernatural power for the attestation of their commission, the Apostles possessed none for the alleviation of their own distresses ; none which might tend to generate a personal enthu- siasm by leading them to think that they, as individuals, were the darlings of heaven. And in fact they daily found themselves, even while wielding the arm of omnipotence, exposed to the extremest pressures of want, to pain, to destitu- tion, to contempt. “ Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are naked, CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 165 and are buffeted, and have no certain dwelling place.” Such was the deplorable lot, such to his last year of houseless wanderings, houseless except when a dungeon was his home, of the most honoured of heaven’s agents on earth. Such was the life of the most successful of all philanthropists ! Nor have the conditions of eminent service been relaxed : the value of souls is not lowered ; and as the “ sacrifice once offered” for the sins of the world remains in undiminished efficacy, so, in the process of diffusing the infinite benefit, the rule originally established continues in force ; and although reasons drawn from the diversity of character and of natural strength, among those who are the servants of God, may occasion great apparent differences in the amount of suffering severally endured by them, it is always true that the path of Christian beneficence is more beset than the common walks of life with disheartening reverses. Whoever freely takes up the cause of the wretched, is left to feel the grievous pressure of the burden. The frustration of his plans by the obstinate folly of those whom he would fain serve, the apathy, the remissness, or the sinister oppositions of professed coadjutors, the danger- ous hostility of profligate power, and worse than all, the secret misgivings of an exhausted spirit ; these, and whatever other instruments of torture Disappointment may hold in her hand or have in reserve, are the furniture of the theatre on 166 MOTIVES OF which the favourite virtue of heaven is to pass its trial. But this stern law of vicarious charity is altogether opposed to the expectations of inex- perienced and ardent minds. Among the few who devote themselves zealously to the service of mankind, a large proportion derive their activity from that constitutional fervour which is the physical cause of enthusiasm. In truth, a pro- pensity rather to indulge the illusions of hope, than to calculate probabilities, may seem almost a necessary qualification for those who, in this world of abounding evil, are to devise the means of checking its triumphs. To raise fallen hu- manity from its degradation, to rescue the oppressed, to deliver the needy, to save the lost, are enterprises, for the most part, so little recommended by a fair promise of success, that few will engage in them hut those who, by a happy infirmity of the reasoning faculty, are prone to hope where cautious men despond. Thus furnished for their work by a constitu- tional contempt of frigid prudence, and engaged cordially in services which seem to give them a peculiar interest in the favour of heaven, it is only natural that benevolent enthusiasts should cherish secret, if not avowed hopes, of extraordi- nary aids and interpositions of a kind not com- patible with the constitution of the present state, and not warranted by promise of Scripture. Or if the kind-hearted visionary neither asks nor CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 167 expects any peculiar protection of his person, nor any exemption from the common hazards and ills of life, he yet clings with fond pertinacity to the hope of a semi-miraculous interference on those occasions in which the work, rather than the agent, is in peril. Even the genuineness of his benevolence leads the amiable enthusiast into this error. To achieve the good he has designed does indeed occupy all his heart, to the exclusion of every selfish thought : what price of personal suffering would he not pay, might he so pur- chase the needful miracle of help ! How piercing then is the anguish of his soul when that help is withheld ; when his fair hopes and fair designs are overthrown by an hostility that might have been restrained, or by a casualty that might have been diverted ! Few, perhaps, who suffer chagrins like this, altogether avoid a relapse into religious — we ought to say, irreligious, despondency. The first fault, that of misunderstanding the unalterable rules of the divine government, is followed by a worse, that of fretting against them. When the sharpness of disappointment disperses enthu- siasm, the whole moral constitution often be- comes infected with the gall of discontent. Querulous regrets take place of active zeal ; and at length vexation, much more than a real exhaustion of strength, renders the once laborious philanthropist “ weary in well doing.” And yet, not seldom, a happy renovation of 168 MOTIVES OF motives takes place in consequence of the failures to which the enthusiast has exposed himself. Benevolent enterprises were commenced, per- haps, in all the fervour of exorbitant hopes ; the course of nature was to be diverted, and a new order of things to take place, in which, what human efforts failed to accomplish, should be achieved by the ready aid of heaven. But Disappointment, as merciless to the venial errors of the good, as to the mischievous plots of the wicked, scatters the project in a moment. Then the selfish, and the inert, exult; and the half-wise pick up fragments from the desolation, wherewith to patch their favourite maxims of frigid prudence with new proofs in point ! Meanwhile, by grace given from above in the hour of despondency, the enthusiast gains a portion of true wisdom from defeat. Though robbed of his fondly-cherished hopes, he has not been stripped of his sympathies, and these soon prompt him to begin anew his labours, on prin- ciples of a more substantial sort. Warned not again to expect miraculous or extraordinary aids to supply the want of caution, he consults pru- dence with even a religious scrupulosity ; for he has learned to think her voice, if not misunder- stood, to be in fact the voice of God. And now he avenges himself upon Disappointment, by ab- staining almost from hope. A sense of respon- sibility which quells physical excitement is his strength. He relies indeed upon the divine aid; CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 169 yet not for extraordinary interpositions, but for grace to be faithful. Thus better furnished for arduous exertion, a degree of substantial success is granted to his renewed toils and prayers. And while the indolent, and the over-cautious, and the cold-hearted, remain what they were ; or have become more inert, more timid, and more selfish than before, the subject of their self- complacent pity has not only accomplished some important service for mankind, but has himself acquired a temper which fits him to take rank among the thrones and dominions of the upper world. II. Christian philanthropy is obligatory. Natural benevolence is prone to claim the liberty and the merit that belong to pure spontaneity, and spurns the idea of duty or necessity. This claim might be allowed if the free emotions of kindness were sufficiently com- mon, and sufficiently vigorous, to meet the large and constant demands of want and misery. But the contrary is the fact ; and if it were not that an authoritative requisition, backed by the most solemn sanctions, laid its hand upon the sources of eleemosynary aid, the revenues of mercy would be slender indeed. Even the few who act from the impulse of the noblest motives, are urged on and sustained in their course of beneficence by a latent recollection that, though they move freely in advancing, they have no real liberty to draw 170 MOTIVES OF back. If the entire amount of advantage which has accrued to the necessitous from the influence of Christianity could be computed, it would, no doubt, be found, that by far the larger share has been contributed, not by the few who might have done the same without impulsion ; but by the many, whose selfishness could never have been broken up except by the most peremptory appeals. To insure, therefore, its large purpose of good-will to man, the law of Christ spreads out its claims very far beyond the circle of mere pity, or natural kindness ; and in the most abso- lute terms demands, for the use of the poor, the ignorant, the wretched (and demands from every one who names the name of Christ) the whole residue of talent, wealth, time, that may remain after primary claims have been satisfied. On this ground, when the zeal of self-denying be- nevolence has laid down its last mite, it does not deem itself to have exceeded the extent of Christian duty ; but cheerfully assents to that rule of computing service which affirms that, “ when we have done all, we are unprofitable servants ; having performed only what we were commanded.” Manifestly for the purpose of giving the highest possible force and solemnity to that sense of obligation which impels the Christian to abound in every good work, the ostensible proof of religious sincerity, to be adduced in the mo- mentous procedures of the last judgment, is made CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 171 to consist in the fact of a life of beneficence. Those, and those only, shall inherit the prepared blessedness, who shall be found to have nou- rished, and clothed, and visited the Lord in his representatives — the poor. The “ cursed” are those who have grudged the cost of mercy. And it is not only true that the funds of charity have been, in every age, immensely augmented by these strong representations, and have far exceeded the amount which sponta- neous compassion would ever have contributed, but the very character of beneficence has been new modelled by them. In the mind of every well-instructed Christian, a feeling compounded of a compunctious sense of inadequate perform- ance, and a solemn sense of the extent of the divine requirements, repugnates and subdues those self-gratulations, those giddy deliriums, and that vain ambition, which beset a course of active and successful beneficence. This remark- able arrangement of the Christian ethics, by which the largest possible contributions and the utmost possible exertions are demanded in a tone of comprehensive authority, seems — besides its other uses, particularly intended to quash the natural enthusiasm of active zeal. It is a strong antagonist principle in the mechanism of motives, insuring an equilibrium, however great may be the intensity of action. We are thus taught that, as there can be no supererogation in works of mercy, so neither can there be exultation. 172 MOTIVES OF Nothing, it is manifest, but humility, becomes a servant who barely acquits his duty. Let it, for example, have been given to a man to receive superior mental endowments, force of understanding, solidity of judgment, and richness of imagination, command of language, and graces of utterance ; a soul fraught with expansive kindness, and not more kind than courageous ; and let him, thus furnished by nature, have enjoyed the advantages of rank and wealth, and secular influence ; and let it have been his lot, in the prime of life, to be sta- tioned just on the fortunate centre of peculiar opportunities ; and then let it have happened that a fourth part of the human family — cruelly maltreated, stood as clients at his door, imploring help : and let him, in the very teeth of ferocious selfishness, have achieved deliverance for these suffering millions, and have given a deadly blow to the Moloch of blood and rapacity : and let him have been lifted to the heavens on the loud acclamations of all civilized nations, and blessed amid the sighs and joys of the ransomed poor, and his name diffused, like a charm, through every barbarous dialect of a continent. Let all this signal felicity have belonged to the lot of a Christian— a Christian well taught in the prin- ciples of his religion ; nevertheless, in the midst of his honest joy, he will find place rather for humiliation than for that vain excitement and exultation wherewith a man of merely natural CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 173 benevolence would not fail, in like circumstances, to be intoxicated. Without at all allowing the exaggerations of an affected humility, the trium- phant philanthropist confesses that he is nothing; and far from deeming himself to have surpassed the requirements of the law of Christ, feels that he has done less than his duty. Christian philanthropy, thus boldly and solidly based on a sense of unlimited obligation, acquires a character essentially differing from that of spon- taneous kindness ; and while, as a source of relief to the wretched, it is rendered immensely more copious, is, at the same time, secured against the flatteries of self-love, and the excesses of enthu- siasm, by the solemn sanctions of an unbounded responsibility. III. A nice balancing of motives is obtained from an opposite quarter in the Christian doctrine, of the rewardableness of works of mercy. This doctrine, than which no article of religion stands out more prominently on the surface of the New Testament, having been early abused, to the hurt of the fundamentals of piety, has, in the modern Church, been almost lost sight of, and fallen into disuse, or has even become liable to obloquy ; so that to insist upon it plainly has incurred a charge of Pelagianism, or of Romanism, or of some such error. This misunderstanding must be dispelled before Christian philanthropy can revive in full force. 174 MOTIVES OF Amidst the awful reserve which envelops the announcement of a future life by our Lord and his ministers, three ideas, continually recurring, are to be gathered with sufficient clearness from their hasty allusions. The first is, that the future life will be the fruit of the present, as if by a natural sequence of cause and effect. “ Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap.” The second is, that the future harvest, though of like species and quality with the seed, will be immensely disproportioned to it in amount. “ The things seen are temporal ; but the things unseen are eternal;” and the sufferings of the present time are to be followed by “ a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory;” and those who have been “ faithful over a few things, will have rule over many.” The third is, that though the disparity between the present reward and the future recompense will be vast and in- calculable, yet will there obtain a most exact rule of correspondence between the one and the other, so that, from the hands of the “ righteous Judge,” every man will receive “ severally accord- ing as his work has been.” Nor shall even “ a cup of cold water,” given in Christian love, be omitted in that accurate account ; the giver shall “ by no means lose his reward .” Such are the explicit and intelligible engage- ments of Him whose commands are never far separated from his promises. It cannot then be deemed a becoming part of Christian temper to CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 175 indulge a scrupulous hesitancy in accepting and in acting upon the faith of these declarations. And as there is no real incompatibility or clashing of motives in the Christian system, any delicacy that may be felt, as if the hope of reward might interfere with a due sense of obligation to sove- reign grace, must spring from an obscured and faulty perception of scriptural doctrines. The intelligent Christian, on the contrary, when, in simplicity of heart, he calculates upon the pro- mises of Heaven ; and when, with a distinct reckoning of the “ great gain ” of such an invest- ment, he “ lays up for himself treasures that cannot fail ; ” is, at the same time, taught and impelled by the strongest emotions of the heart, to connect his hope of recompense with his hope of pardon. And when the one class of ideas is thus linked to the other, he perceives that the economy which establishes a system of rewards for present services can be nothing else than an arbitrary arrangement of sovereign goodness, resolving itself altogether into the grace of the mediatorial scheme. The retribution, how ac- curately soever it may be measured out according to the work performed, must, in its whole amount, be still a pure gratuity ; not less so than is the gift of immortal life conferred without probation upon the aborigines of heaven. The zealous and faithful servant who enters upon his reward after a long term of labour, and the infant of a day, who flits at once from the 176 MOTIVES OF womb to the skies, alike receive the boon of endless bliss in virtue of their relationship to the second Adam, “ the Lord from heaven.” Never- theless this boon shall conspicuously appear, in the one case, to be the apportioned wages of service, an exact recompense, measured, and weighed, and doled out in due discharge of an explicit engagement ; while in the other, it can be nothing but a sovereign bestowment. But it is manifest that this doctrine of future recompense, when held in connexion with the fundamental principle of Christianity — justifica- tion by faith, tends directly to allay and disperse those excitements which naturally spring up with the zeal of active benevolence. The series or order of sentiments is this :■ — The Christian philanthropist, if well instructed, dares not affect indifference to the promised re- ward, or pretend to be more disinterested than Apostles, who laboured, “ knowing that in due time they should reap.” He cannot think him- self free to overlook a motive distinctly held out before him in the Scriptures : to do so were an impious arrogance. And yet, if he does accept the promise of recompense, and takes it up as an inducement to diligence, he is compelled by a sense of the manifold imperfections of his ser- vices to fall back constantly upon the divine mercies as they are assured to transgressors in Christ. These humbling sentiments utterly re- fuse to cohere with the complacencies of a selfish CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 177 and vain-glorious philanthropy, and necessitate a subdued tone of feeling. Thus the very height and expansion of the Christian’s hopes send the root of humility deep and wide ; the more his bosom heaves with the hope of “ the exceeding great reward,” the more is it quelled by the con- sciousness of demerit. The counterpoise of op- posing sentiments is so managed, that elevation cannot take place on the one side without an equal depression on the other ; and by the coun- teraction of antagonist principles the emotions of zeal may reach the highest possible point, while full provision is made for correcting the vertigo of enthusiasm. If, in the early ages of the Church, the expec- tation of future reward was abused to the damage of fundamental principles, in modern times an ill-judged zeal for the integrity of those principles has produced an almost avowed jealousy towards many explicit declarations of Scripture : thus the nerves of labour are either relaxed by the with- drawment of proper stimulants, or are absolutely severed by the bold hand of antinomian delusion. Moreover, a course of Christian beneficence is one peculiarly exposed to reverses, to obstruc- tions, and often to active hostility ; and if the zeal of the philanthropist be in any considerable degree alloyed with the sinister motives of per- sonal vanity, or be inflamed with enthusiasm, these reverses produce despondency ; or oppo- sition and hostility kindle corrupt zeal into 178 MOTIVES OF fanatical virulence. The injection of a chemical test does not more surely bring out the element with which it has affinity, than does opposition, in an attempt to do good, make conspicuous the presence of unsound motives, if any such have existed. Has it not happened that when bene- volent enterprises have consisted in a direct attack upon systems of cruel or fraudulent op- pression, the quality of the zeal by which some were actuated in lending their clamours to the champions of humanity, has become manifest whenever the issue seemed doubtful, or the machinations of diabolical knavery gained a mo- mentary triumph ? Then, the partisans of truth and mercy, forgetful alas ! of their principles, have broke out almost into the violence of poli- tical faction, and have hardly scrupled to employ the dark methods which faction loves. But there is a delicacy, a reserve, a sobriety, a humbleness of heart, belonging to the hope of heavenly recompense, which powerfully repels all such malign emotions. Who can imagine the circumstances and feelings of the great day of final reward, and think of hearing the approving voice of Him who “ searches the heart,” and at the same time be told by conscience that the zeal which gives life to his labours in the cause of the oppressed ferments with the gall and acrimony of worldly animosity, that this zeal prompts him to indulge in exaggerations, if not to propagate calumnies ; and exults much more in the over- CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 179 throw of the oppressor, than in the redemption of the captive ? If the greatness of the future reward proves that it must he altogether “ of grace, not of debt,” then, unquestionably, must it demand in the recipient a temper purified from the leaven of malice and hatred. Thus does the Christian doctrine of future reward correct the evil passions incident to a course of benevolence. IV. Christian beneficence is only the subordi- nate instrument of a higher and efficient agency. “ Neither is he that planteth any thing, nor he that watereth ; but God that giveth the in- crease.” Such, on the scriptural plan, are the conditions of all labour, undertaken from motives of religious benevolence. But the besetting sin of natural benevolence is self-complacency and presumption. It is perhaps as hard to find sanc- timoniousness apart from hypocrisy, or bashful- ness without pride, as to meet with active and enterprising philanthropy not tainted by the spirit of overweening vanity. The kind-hearted schemer, fertile in devices for beguiling mankind into virtue, and rich in petty ingenuities, always well-intended, and seldom well-imagined, verily believes that his machineries of instruction or reform require only to be put fairly in play, and they will bring heaven upon earth. But Christianity, if it does not sternly frown upon these novelties, does not encourage them; and while it depicts the evils that destroy the n 2 180 MOTIVES OF happiness of man as of much deeper and more inveterate malignity than that they should be remedied by this or that specious method, de- vised yesterday, tried to-day, and abandoned to-morrow, most explicitly confines the hope of success to those who possess the temper of mind proper to a dependant and subordinate agent. All presumptuous confidence in the efficiency of second causes is utterly repugnant to the spirit that should actuate a Christian philanthropist; and the more so when the good which he strives to achieve is of the highest kind. V. Lastly, Christian beneficence is the expres- sion of grateful love. The importance attributed throughout the New Testament to active charity is not more remarkable than is this peculiarity which merges the natural and spontaneous sen- timents of good-will and compassion towards our fellows in an emotion of a deeper kind, and virtually denies merit and genuineness to every feeling, how amiable soever it may appear, if it does not thus fall into subordination to that devout affection which we owe to Him who redeemed us by his sufferings and death. The reasons of this remarkable constitution of motives it is not difficult to perceive. For, in the first place, it is evident that the love of the Supreme Being can exist in the heart only as a dominant sentiment, drawing every other affection into its wake. Even the softest and purest tendernesses CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 181 of out nature must yield precedence to the higher attachment of the soul ; he who does not love Christ more than “ father and mother, wife and children,” loves him not. Much more then must the sentiment of general benevolence own the same subordination. Again ; as the promise of future recompense, and the doctrine of dependance upon divine agency, elevate the motives of benevolence from the level of earth to that of heaven, they would presently assume a character of dry and visionary abstraction, un- less animated by an emotion of love belonging to the same sphere. Zeal without love were a preposterous and dangerous passion : but Chris- tian zeal must be warmed by no other love than that of Him who, “ for our sakes became poor, that we through his poverty might be made rich.” It has already been said that religious enthu- siasm takes its commencement from the point where the emotions of the heart are transmuted into mere pleasures of the imagination ; and assuredly the excitements incident to a course of beneficence are very fit to furnish occasions to such a transmutation. But the capital motive of grateful affection to Him who has redeemed us from sin and sorrow, prevents, so far as it is in active operation, this deadening of the heart, and consequent quickening of the imagination. The poor and the wretched are the Lord’s re- presentatives on earth ; and in doing them good 182 MOTIVES OF we cherish and express feelings which otherwise must lie latent, or become vague, seeing that He to whom they relate is remote from our senses. This motive of affection to the Lord makes provision, moreover, against the despondences that attend a want of success ; for although a servant of Christ may, to his life’s end, labour in vain, although the objects of his disinterested kindness should “ turn and rend him yet, not the less, has he approved his loyalty and love ; approved it even more conspicuously than those can have done whose labours are continually cheered and rewarded by prosperous results. Affection, in such cases, has sustained the trial, not merely of toil, but of fruitless toil, than which none can be more severe to a zealous and devoted heart. It appears then that Christian benevolence contains within itself a balancing of motives, such as to leave room for the utmost imaginable enhancement of zeal without hazard of extrava- gance. In truth, it is easy to perceive that the religion of the Bible has in reserve a spring of movement, a store of intrinsic vigour, ready to be developed in a manner greatly surpassing what has hitherto been seen. Such a day of development shall ere long arrive, the time of the triumph of divine principles shall come, and a style of true heroism be displayed, of which the seeds have been long sown; of which some CHRISTIAN PHILANTHROPY. 183 samples have already been furnished ; and which waits only the promised refreshment from above to appear, not in rare instances only, but as the common produce of Christianity. In the present state of the world and of the Church, when communications are so instanta- neous, and when attention is so much alive to whatever concerns the welfare of mankind, if it might be imagined that a great and sudden extension of Christianity should take place in the regions of superstition and polytheism ; and that yet no corresponding improvement of piety, no purifying, no refreshment, no enhancement of motives, should occur in the home of Christianity, there is reason to believe that the influx of ex- citement might generate a blaze of destructive enthusiasm. If every day had its tidings of wonder — the fall of popery in the neighbouring nations — the abandonment of the Mohammedan delusion by people after people in Asia — the rejection of idols by China and India ; and if these surprising changes, instead of producing the cordial joy of gladdened faith, were gazed at merely with an unholy and prurient curiosity, and were thundered forth from platforms by heartless declaimers, and were grasped at by visionary interpreters of futurity ; then, from so much agitation, uncorrected by a proportionate increase of genuine piety, new prodigies of error would presently start up, new sects break away from the body, new hatreds be kindled ; 184 MOTIVES, &C. and nothing scarcely be left in the place of Christianity hut dogmas and contentions. Thus the cradle of religion in modern times would become its grave. But a far happier anticipation is with reason indulged ; for it may well be believed that the same Benignant Influence, which is to remove the covering of gross ignorance from the nations^ shall, at the same moment, scatter the dim- ness that still hovers over the Church in its most favoured home : then, and under that influence, the fervours of Christian zeal may reach the height even of a seraphic energy, and without enthusiasm. SECTION VIII. SKETCH OF THE ENTHUSIASM OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. An intelligent Christian, fraught with scrip- tural principles in their simplicity and purity, but hitherto uninformed of Church history, who should peruse discursively the ecclesiastical writers of the age of Jerom, Ambrose, and Basil, would presently recoil with an emotion of disappointment, perplexity, and alarm. That within a period which does not exceed the reach of oral tradition, the religion of the Apostles should have so much changed its character, and so much have lost its beauty, he could not have supposed possible. He has heard indeed of the corruptions of popery, and of the enormous abuses prevalent in “ the dark ages and he has been told too, by those who had a special argument to prop, that the era of the secular prosperity of the church was that also of the inci- pient corruption of religion. But he finds in fact that there is scarcely an error of doctrine, or an absurdity of practice, ordinarily attributed to the popes and councils of later times, and commonly 186 ENTHUSIASM included in the indictment against Rome, which may not, in its elements, or even in a developed form, be traced to the writings of those whose ancestors, at the third or fourth remove only, were the hearers of Paul and John. But after the first shock of such an unprepared perusal of the Fathers has passed, and when calm reflection has returned, and especially when, by taking up these early writers from the commence- ment, the progression of decay and perversion has been gradually and distinctly contemplated, then, though the disappointment will in great part remain, the appalling surmises at first engendered in the modern reader’s mind, will be dispelled, and he will even be able to pursue his course of reading with pleasure, and to derive from it much solid instruction. Considerations such as the following will naturally present them- selves to him in mitigation of his first painful impressions. While contemplating in their infant state those notions and practices (of the third century, for example) which afterwards swelled into enormous evils, it is difficult not to view them as if loaded with the blame of their after issues ; and then it is hard not to attribute to their originators and promoters the accumulated criminality that should be shared in small portions by the men of many following generations. But the individuals thus unfairly dealt by, far from forecasting the con- sequences of the sentiments and usages they OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 187 favoured, far from viewing them, as we do, dark- ened by the cloud of mischiefs that was heaped upon them in after times, saw the same objects bright and fair in the recommendatory gleam of a pure and a venerated age. The very abuses which make the twelfth century abhorrent on the page of history, were, in the fourth, fragrant with the practice and suffrage of a blessed company of primitive confessors. The remembered saints, who had given their bodies to the flames, had also lent their voice and example to those unwise excesses which at length drove true religion from the earth. Untaught by experience, the ancient church surmised not of the occult tendencies of the course it pursued, nor should be loaded with consequences which human sagacity could not well have foreseen.* Again. Human nature, which is far more uni- form than may be imagined, when suddenly it is * Each of the great corruptions of later ages took its rise in the first, second, or third century, in a manner which it would be harsh to say was deserving of strong reprehension. Thus the secular do- mination exercised by the bishops, and at length supremely by the bishop of Rome, may be traced very distinctly to the proper respect paid by the people, even in the apostolic age, to the disinterested wisdom of their bishops in deciding their worldly differences. The worship of images, the invocation of saints, and the superstition of relics, were but expansions of the natural feeling of veneration and affection cherished towards the memory of those who had suffered and died for the truth. And thus, in like manner, the errors and abuses of monkery all sprang, by imperceptible augmentations, from senti- ments perfectly natural to the sincere and devout Christian in times of persecution, disorder, and general corruption of morals. 188 ENTHUSIASM beheld under some new aspect of time and coun- try, is also susceptible of much greater diversities of habit and feeling than those are willing to believe who have seen it on no side but one. This double lesson, taught by history and travel, should be well learned by every one who under- takes to estimate the merits of men that have lived in remote times, and under other skies. A caution against the influence of narrow pre- judice is obviously more needful in relation to the persons and practices of ancient Christianity, than when common history is the subject of inquiry ; for in whatever relates to religion, every one carries with him not merely the ordinary pre- possessions of time and country, but an unbending standard of conduct and temper, which he is forward to compare, in his particular manner, with whatever offends his notions of right. But though the rule of Scripture morals is unchange- able, and must be applied with uncompromising impartiality to human nature under every variety of circumstance, yet is it impracticable, at the dis- tance of upwards of a thousand years, so fully to calculate those circumstances, and so to perceive the motives of conduct, as is necessary for esti- mating fairly the innocence or the criminality of particular actions or habits of life. The question of abstract fitness, and that of personal blame- worthiness, should ever be kept apart : at least they should be kept apart when it is asked, and we are often tempted to ask it in the perusal ot OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 189 Church history — May such men be deemed Christians, who acted and wrote thus and thus ? Before a doubt of this kind could be solved satisfactorily, we must know— what can never be known till the day of universal discovery, how much of imperfection and obliquity may consist with the genuineness of real piety ; and again, how much of real obliquity there might be under the actual circumstances of the case, in the con- duct in question. Who can doubt that if the memorials of the present times, copious, and yet inadequate as they must be, shall remain to a distant age, they will offer similar perplexities to the future reader, who, amidst his frequent admiration or approval, will be compelled to exclaim — But how may we think these men to have been Christians ? Christianity is in gradual process of reforming the principles and practices of mankind, and when the sanative operation shall have advanced some several stages beyond its present point, the notions and usages of our day, compared with the commands of Christ, as then understood, will, no doubt, seem incredibly defective. Perhaps it may be said, that in all matters of sentiment, depending on physical temperament, and modes of life, the people of the British islands are less qualified to appreciate the merits of the nations of antiquity than almost any other people of Christendom ; and perhaps, also, by national arrogance and pertinacity of taste. 190 ENTHUSIASM we are less ready to bend indulgently to usages unlike our own than any other people. Stiff in the resoluteness of an exaggerated notion of the right of private judgment, we bring all things unsparingly to the one standard of be- lief and practice, or rather to our particular pattern of that standard, and do not, until our better nature prevails, own brotherhood with Christians of another complexion and costume. A somewhat austere good sense, belonging, first to the haughtiness and energy of the English character, then to the liberality of our political institutions, and lastly, but not least, to the all- pervading spirit and habits of trade, renders the style of the early Christian writers much more distasteful to us than it has proved to Christians of other countries. Moreover, recent enhancements of the national character, result- ing from the diffusion of the physical sciences, and from the more extended prevalence of com- mercial feelings, have placed those writers at a point much further removed from our predilec- tions than that at which they stood a century ago. But again : in abatement of the chagrin which a well-instructed Christian must feel in first opening the remains of ecclesiastical literature, it must be remembered, that these works offer a very defective image of the state of religion at the era of their production ; that is to say, of religion in its recesses, which are truly the OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 191 homes of Christianity. Those who write are by no means always those among the ministers of religion, whom it would be judicious to select as the best samples of the spirit of their times. Moreover, it is the taste of a following age that has determined which among the writers of the preceding period should be transmitted to posterity ; and in many instances, it is mani- fest, that a depraved preference has given lite- rary canonization to authors whose ambition was much rather to shine as masters of a florid eloquence, than to feed the flock of Christ. It were therefore an egregious error to suppose that the spiritual character of the Church lies broadly on the surface of its extant literature: on the contrary, charity may reasonably find large room for pleasing conjectures relative to obscure piety, of which no traces are to be found on the pages of saints and bishops. The record of the spiritual church is “ on high,” not in the tomes that make our libraries proud. These and other considerations, which will present themselves to a candid and intelligent mind, cannot but remove much of the embar- rassment and disrelish that are likely to attend a first converse with ancient divinity. And the pious reader will proceed with heartfelt satisfac- tion to collect abundant evidence of the fact, which some modern sophists have so much la- boured to obscure, that the great principles of revealed religion, as now understood by the mass 192 ENTHUSIASM of Christians, were then clearly and firmly held by the body of the Church. And he will rejoice also to meet with not less abundant and satis- factory proofs of the energy, purity, and in- tenseness of practical Christianity among a large number of those who made profession of the name. Nevertheless, after every fair allowance has been made, and every indulgence given to diver- sity of circumstance, and after the errors and disgraces of our own times have been placed in counterpoise to those of the ancient Church, there will remain glaring indications of a deep- seated corruption of religious sentiment, leaving hardly a single feeling proper to the Christian life in its purity and simplicity. It is not heresy, it is not the denial of the principal scriptural doctrines, that is to be charged on the ancient church ; the body of divinity held its integrity. Nor is it the want of heroic virtue that we lament. But a transmutation of the objects of the devout affections into objects of imaginative delectation had taken place, had rendered the piety of a numerous class purely fictitious, had tinged, more or less, with idealism, the religious sentiments of all but a few, and had opened the way by which entered, at length, the dense and fatal delusions of a superstition so gross as hardly to retain a redeeming quality. Not a few of the Christians of the third cen- tury, and multitudes in the fourth and fifth, OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 193 especially among the recluses, having lost the forcible and genuine feeling of guilt and danger proper to those who confess themselves trans- gressors of the Divine Law, and in consequence become blind to the real purport of the Gospel, fixed their gaze upon the ideal splendours of Christianity, were smitten with the phaze of beauty, of sublimity, of infinitude, of intellectual elevation, were charmed with its supposed doc- trine of abstraction from mundane agitations, and found within the sphere of its revelations unfathomable depths, where vague meditation might plunge and plunge with endless descents. Fascinated, deluded, and still blinded more by the deepening shades of error, they forgot almost entirely the emotions of a true repentance, and of a cordial faith, and of a cheerful obedience ; and in the rugged path of gratuitous afflictions, and unnatural mortifications, pursued a spectral resemblance of piety, unsubstantial and cold as the mists of night. While hundreds were fatally infatuated by this enthusiastic religion, the piety of thousands was more or less impaired by their mere admira- tion of it ; and very few altogether escaped the sickening infection which its presence spread through the Church.* * A volume might soon be filled with proofs of this assertion, drawn exclusively from the writings of those of the Fathers who retained most of the vigour of native good sense, and held nearest O 194 ENTHUSIASM Modern writers of a certain class have expa- tiated with disproportionate amplification upon the open and flagrant corruptions which, as it is alleged, followed as a natural consequence from the secular aggrandizement of the clergy, when a voice from the heavens of political power said to the Church, ‘ Come up hither.’ No doubt, an enhancement and expansion of pride, ambition, luxuriousness, and every mundane passion, took place at Rome, at Constantinople, at Alexandria, at Antioch, and elsewhere, when emperors, in- stead of oppressing, or barely tolerating the doctrine of Christ, bowed obsequiously to his to the purity of Christian doctrine. The works of Chrysostom would atford abundant illustration of this sort. Let his Epistle to the Monks be singled out, which contains many admirable instruc- tions and exhortations on the subject of prayer; and, with much propriety, recommends the practice of ejaculatory supplication. Nevertheless, there is scarcely a passage quoted from the Scriptures in this piece that is not distorted from its obvious and simple mean- ing, in such manner as would best comport with the practices and notions of the ascetic life. If the meaning put by Chrysostom upon the texts he adduces be the true one, then must a large part of the inspired writings be deemed utterly useless to those who have not abjured the duties of common life. Or if such persons may still be permitted to enjoy their part in the Scriptures, not less than the monks, then must we suppose a double sense throughout the Bible. In fact the notion of a double sense flowed inevitably from the monkish institution, and wrought immense mischief in the Church. This is an evil not wholly extinct. The epistle just referred to (Sa- ville’s Chrysos. Vol. VII. p. 225) stands foremost in the ‘ Thesauiuis Asceticus ’ of the Jesuit Peter Possinus; a collection affording abundant, and very curious illustration of the topics of this and the following section. i OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 195 ministers.'* But the very same evils, far from being called into existence by the breath of * There is no need to question the truth of the following anecdote reported by Sulpitius, concerning St. Martin of Tours. The Empe- ror Maximus, a man of a haughty temper, and elate by victories over his rivals, had received the unworthy adulation of a crowd of fawning Bishops; while Martin alone maintained the apostolic authority. For when suits were to be urged, he rather commanded than entreated the royal compliance, and refused many solicitations to take a place with others of his order at the imperial table, saying, that he would not eat bread with a man who had deprived one em- peror of his throne, and another of life. But at length, when Max- imus excused his assumption of the purple by pleading the force that had been put upon him by the legions, the use he had made of power, and the apparent sanction of heaven in the successes with which he had been favoured, and stated also that he had never destroyed an enemy except in open fight, Martin, overcome by reason or by en- treaties, repaired to the royal banquet, to the very great joy of the Emperor. The tables were crowded by persons of quality ; among them, the brother and uncle of Maximus ; between these reclined one of Martin’s presbyters ; he himself occupied a seat near the Emperor. During supper, according to custom, the waiter presented a goblet of wine to the Emperor, who commanded it rather to be offered to so holy a Bishop, from whose hand he expected and desired to receive it again. But Martin, when he had drank of the cup, handed it to his presbyter, not deeming any one present more worthy to drink after himself; nor would he have thought it becoming to his character had he preferred even the Emperor, or those next to him in dignity, to his own presbyter. It is added, that Maximus and his officers took this contempt in exceeding good part ! — Snip. Sev. de Vita B. Martin. cap. xx. The same writer reports a not less characteristic incident in honour of the holy Bishop, in his dialogue concerning the miraculous powers of St. Martin. This personage, it seems, was in the habit of fre- quenting the palace, where he was always honourably entertained by the Empress, who not only hung upon his lips for instruction, but, in imitation of the penitent mentioned in the Gospels, actually bathed his feet with her tears, and wiped them with her hair ; and he who never before had sustained the touch of woman, could not avoid o 2 196 ENTHUSIASM imperial favour, bad reached a bold height even while the martyrs were still bleeding. And moreover, how offensive or injurious soever these scandals might be, either before or after the epoch of the political triumph of the cross, they did but scathe the exterior of Christianity. In every age the vices, always duly blazoned, of secular churchmen, have stained its surface. But when there has been warmth and purity within, her assiduities. She, unmindful of the state and dignity and splen- dours of her royal rank, lay prostrate at the feet of Martin, whence she could not be removed until she had obtained permission, first from her husband, and then by his aid from the Bishop, to wait upon him at table as his servant, without the assistance of any menial. The blessed man could no longer resist her importunities ; and the Em- press herself made the requisite preparations of the couch, and table, and cookery (in temperate style) and water for the hands ; and as he sat, stood aloof, and motionless, in the manner proper to a slave ; with due modesty and humility, mixing and presenting the wine. And when the meal was ended, reverently collected the crumbs, which she deemed of higher worth than the delicacies of a royal banquet. Cap. 6. In how short a time may prodigious revolutions take place in the sentiments of men ! This monkish Bishop was removed by not more than three or four lives from the Apostle John! And this humble Empress occupied the honours which, within the memory of the existing generation, had been sustained by the mother of Galerius ! It should be added, that the auditor of the story above related, shocked at the inconsistency of St. Martin in thus admitting the offices of a woman so near his devoted person, requires from the narrator an explanation ; who, in reply, reminds his friend, that the compliance of the Bishop with the solicitations of the Emperor and Empress was the price by which he obtained from the former release and grace for the persecuted Priscillianists. The best thing, by far, related of the Bishop of Tours, is his firmness in opposing persecution. There is great reason to believe that, in common with several of the most noted characters of Church history, his true reputation has been immensely injured by the ill-judged zeal of his biographer. OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH. 197 the mischief occasioned by such evils has scarcely been more than that of giving point to the railleries of men who would still have scoffed, though not a bishop had been arrogant, or a presbyter licentious. Christianity lost its simplicity and glory in the hands of its most devoted friends long before the impure alliance between the Church and the world had taken place. The copious history of this internal perversion would afford a worthy subject of diligent inquiry ; and though materials for a complete explication of the process of cor- ruption are not in existence, enough remains to invite and reward the necessary labour. The enthusiasm of the ancient Church presents itself under several distinct forms, among which the following may be mentioned as the most con- spicuous : — The enthusiasm of Voluntary Mar- tyrdom ; that of Miraculous Pretension ; that of Prophetical Interpretation, or Millenarianism ; that of the Mystical exposition of Scripture ; and that of Monachism. Of these, the last, whether or not it was truly the parent of the other kinds, includes them all as parts of itself ; for whatever perversions of Christianity were chargeable upon the sentiments and practices of the general Church, the same belonged by emi- nence to the recluses. A review of the principles and the ingredients of this system will better accord with the limits and design of this Essay, 198 THIS ANCIENT than an extended examination of facts under the separate heads just named. A strict equity has by no means always been observed by Protestant writers in their crimina- tions of the Romish Church. With the view of aggravating the just and necessary indignation of mankind against the mother of corruption, it has been usual to lay open the concealments of the monastery ; and with materials before him so various and so copious, even the dullest writer might cheaply be entertaining, eloquent, and vigorous. Meantime it is not duly considered, or not fairly stated, that the reprobation passes back, in full force, to an age much more remote than that of the supremacy of Rome. The bishops of Rome did but avail themselves of the aid of a system which had reached a full maturity without their fostering care ; a system which had been sanctioned and cherished, almost without an exception, by every father of the Church, eastern and western ; which had come down in its ele- ments even from the primitive age, and which had won for itself a suffrage so general, if not universal, that he must have possessed an extra- ordinary measure of wisdom, courage, and in- fluence, who should have ventured beyond a cautious and moderated censure of its more obvious abuses.'* * The Christians of Neocaesarea are reproved by Basil for admitting too easily the slanders propagated by Satan, the Father of lies, against MONACHISM. 199 Every essential principle, almost every adjunct, and almost every vice of the monkery of the tenth or twelfth century, may be detected in that of the fifth : or if an earlier period were named, proof would not be wanting to make the allegation defensible.* But if it be affirmed that the actual amount of hypocrisy and corruption usually shel- tered beneath the roof of the monastery, was in- comparably greater in the later than in the earlier age, it should, as a counterpoise be stated, that in the later period the religious houses contained almost all the piety and learning that any where existed ; while in the former there was certainly as much piety without as within these seclusions ; and much more of learning.f The monkery o the middle ages, moreover, stands partially excused by the dense ignorance of the times ; while that certain women of the monastic order, whose improprieties, aKoo-fua, if real, he does not wish to defend. It is evident that these converts of the good Gregory, though they wisely disliked the monkish system, scarcely ventured to do more than find fault with its glaring abuses. The same sort of measured and reserved reprehension may be found not seldom in those of the fathers who were the least inclined to the prevailing enthusiasm. * The life of St. Anthony, by the pious and respectable Athanasius, would alone afford ample proof of the assertion, that even in the third century the spirit of fanaticism, and the practices of religious knavery, had reached a height scarcely surpassed at any later period. t The first Christian monks followed the Essenes in this particular also, that they despised human science ; and it was not until learning had been driven from among secular persons, that it took refuge in monasteries. If the monks had avoided the infection of the philosophy, “falsely so called,” which the Platonists brought into the Church, and instead, had given their leisure to the toils of biblical learning, they would not so soon and so completely have spoiled Christianity. 200 ORIGIN OF THE of the ancient Church is condemned by the sur- rounding light, both of human and divine know- ledge. The very establishments which redeem the age of Roger Bacon from oblivion and contempt, do but blot the times of Gregory Nazianzen. Eusebius,* followed by several later writers, asserts, although in opposition to the most explicit evidence, and manifestly for the purpose of giving sanction to a system so much admired in his time, that the Christian sodalities were directly derived from those of the Essenes and Thera- peutics of Judaea and Egypt, whom he affirms to have been Christian recluses of the first century, indebted for their rules and establishment to St. Mark. The testimony of the Jew Philof gives conclusive contradiction to this sinister averment ; not to mention that of the elder Pliny, and of Josephus ; for the minute description given by that writer of the opinions and observances of the sect, besides that it is incompatible with the supposition that the people spoken of were Christians, was actually composed in the life- time of Paul and Peter, and the recluses are then mentioned as having long existed under the same regulations. Nevertheless the coincidence between the sentiments and practices of the Jewish and of the Christian monks, is far too complete * Ilist. Eccletsiasl. II. 1G. See also Evan. Prcep. VIII. 11. The Romanists generally adopt this misrepresentation of Eusebius. f The passages from Philo, Josephus, and Pliny, are given at length by Prideaux, Connect. Part II. Book V. ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 201 and exact to be attributed either to accident, or merely to the influence of general principles, operating alike in both instances ; and the more limited assertion of Photius* may safely be adopted, who affirms that “the sect of Jews who followed a philosophic life, whether con- templative or active — the one called Essenes, the other Therapeutics, not only founded monasteries and private sanctuaries, aepveta, but laid down the rules which have been adopted by those who, in our own times, lead a solitary life.” A reference to the previous existence of mo- nasticism among the Jews, in a very specious, and, in some respects, commendable mode, is indispensable to the forming of an equitable judgment of the conduct of those Christians in Palestine and Egypt, who first abandoned the duties of common life for the indulgence of their religious tastes.f They did but adopt a system * Bibliothec. Art. CIII. Philo. The annotator upon this article quotes Philo in illustration of the meaning of the word aepvaov, which seems to have been the designation of the little chapel or oratory so frequently constructed in secluded situations by the devout Jews, for the exercises of piety ; and to which allusion is supposed to be made in the Gospels. See Bennet's Christian Oratory, and Camp- bell’s Dissertations. Into these little sanctuaries no article of food, or accommodation for the body, was ever brought ; they differed there- fore from the cells of the hermits. t On the common and acknowledged principles of historical com- position, the practice which has so much prevailed of commencing Church history with the ministry of Christ, must be deemed unsatis- factory and improper. If the rise and progress of Christianity is to be understood as matter of history, the state of the Jews and the surround- ing nations in the preceding century should be fully depicted. 202 MOTIVES OF TILE already sanctioned by long usage, and which, though existing in the time of Christ and the Apostles, had not drawn upon itself from Him or them any explicit condemnation ; * and which might even plead a semblance of support from some of their injunctions, literally under- stood, though plainly condemned by the spirit of Christianity. Nor is this the sole circumstance that should, in mere justice, be considered in connexion with the rise of Christian monachism ; for before the mere facts can be understood, and certainly before the due measure of blame can be assigned to the parties concerned, it is indispensable that we divest ourselves of the prejudices, physical, moral, and intellectual, which belong to our austere climate, high-toned irritability, edacious appetites, and pampered constitutions ; to our rigid style of thinking, and to our commercial habits of feeling. The Christian of England in the nineteenth century, and the Christian of Syria in the second, stand almost at the extremest * Different suppositions have been adopted for explaining the remarkable fact that no mention of the Essenes occurs in the New Testament, though the other Jewish sects are so often and so expli- citly named: the reasons given and adduced by Lardner, Crcd. Parti, chap. 4, are satisfactory. It has been well observed that though our Lord does not explicitly name, or refute the Essenes, every one of their distinguishing principles is condemned in his arguments with the Pharisees. So far as these recluses were worthy of blame, they came virtually under the censures pronounced upon the practices anc doctrine of those who, while they exaggerated the adjuncts ot piety, forgot its substance. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 203 points of opposition in all the non-essentials of human nature ; and the former must possess great pliability of imagination, and much of the philosophic temper, as well as the spirit of Christian charity, fairly and fully to appreciate the motives and conduct of the latter. That quiescent under-action of the mind to which we apply the term meditation, is a habit of thought that has been engrafted upon the European intellect in consequence of the recep- tion of Christianity. It is a product almost as proper to Asia as are the aromatics of Arabia, or the spices of India. The human mind does not every where expand in this manner, nor spon- taneously show these hues of heaven, nor emit this fragrance, except under the fervent suns and deep azure skies of tropical regions.* If the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures had been con- fined to the East, as in fact they have been almost confined to the West, the modern nations of Europe would perhaps have known as little of * Persia and India were the native soils of the contemplative philosophy ; as Greece was the source of the ratiocinative. The im- mense difference between the Asiatic and the European turn of mind — if the familiar phrase may be used, becomes conspicuous if some pages of either the Logic or Ethics of Aristotle are compared with what remains of the sentiments of the Gnostics. The influence of Christianity upon the moderns has been to temper the severity of the ratiocinative taste, with a taste for contemplation ; contemplation by so much the better than that of the oriental sages, as it takes its range in the heart, not in the imagination. 204 MOTIVES OF THE the compass of the meditative faculty, and of its delights, as did the Romans in the age of Sylla. The Greeks, being near to Asia geographically, near by similarity of climate, and near by the repeated importations of eastern philosophy, im- bibed something of the spirit of tranquil abstrac- tion : yet was it foreign to the genius of that restless and reasoning people. Pythagoras pro- bably, and certainly Plato, whose mind was almost as much Asiatic as Grecian, and whose writings are anomalies in Grecian literature, effected a partial amalgamation of the oriental with the western style of thought. Yet the foreign mixture would probably have disappeared if Christianity had not afterwards diffused eastern sentiments through the west. The combination was again cemented by the writings of those fathers who, after having studied Plato, and taught the rhetoric and philosophy of Greece, devoted their talents to the service of the Gospel.* But though the nations of the west have ac- quired a taste for this species of thought, it is the distinction of the Asiatic to meditate ; as to reason, and to act, is the glory of the European. To withdraw the soul from the senses, to divorce * Writers, such as Justin Martyr, Clemens Alex. Origen, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, &c. if not all professedly Platonists, brought not the less into the church a style of thinking and a mode of expression which they had learned from Plato or from his disciples. ANCIENT MONACHTSM. 205 the exterior from the inner man, to detain the spirit within its own circle, and to accustom it there to find its bliss ; to penetrate the depths and concealments of the heart, to repose during lengthened periods upon a single idea, without a wish for progression or change ; or to break away from the imperfections of the visible world, to climb the infinite, to hold converse with supernal beauty and excellence ; these are the prerogatives and pleasures of the intellectualist of Asia : and this is a happiness which he enjoys in a perfection altogether unknown to the busy, nervous, and frigid people of the north. If by favour of a peculiar temperament the oriental frees himself from the solicitations of voluptuous indulgence ; if the mental tastes are vivid enough to counteract the appetites ; then he finds a life of inert abstraction, of abstemiousness, and of solitude, not merely easy, but delicious. The lassitude which belongs to his constitution and climate more than suffices to reconcile the contemplatist to the want of those enjoyments which are to be obtained only by toil. A genial temperature, and a languid stomach, reduce the necessary charges of maintenance to an amount that must seem incredibly small to the well- housed, well-clothed, and high-fed people of northern Europe. The slenderest revenues are, therefore, enough to free him from all cares of the present life. He has only to renounce mar- ried life, its claims and its burdens, and then the 206 MOTIVES OF TI1E skeleton machinery of his individual existence may be impelled in its daily round of sluggish movement, by air, and water, and a lettuce.* The Asiatic character is in no inconsiderable degree affected by the habits which result from the insufferable fervour of the sun at noon, and which compels a suspension of active employ- ments during the broad light of day. The period of venial indolence easily extends itself through all the hours of sultry heat, if necessity does not exact labour. And then the quiescence in which the day has been passed lends an elasticity of mind to the hours of night, when the effulgent magnificence of the heavens kindles the imagina- tion, and enhances meditation to ecstasy. How little, beneath the lowering, and chilly, and misty * Sulpitius affords abundant illustration of the topics adverted to in this section. Perhaps, within so small a compass, the principles and practices of the ancient monachism are no where else so fully brought into view, as in his Dialogues and Epistles. He may properly be quoted in the present instance. Postumianus, lately returned from the East, that is to say, from Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine, describes to his astonished brethren of a monastery in Gaul, the abstemiousness of the oriental monks, as well as their piety and marvellous exploits. (On his outward voyage Postumianus had gone ashore at Carthage to visit the spots dedicated to the saints, especially — ad sepulcrum Cypriani Martyris adorare.) His first specimen of a monkish dinner, in the oriental style, was the being invited to partake, with four others, of half a barley cake ; to which was added a handful of a certain sweet herb, altogether deemed to be — prandium locupletissimum. Sulpitius lienee takes occasion to joke a brother, who was present, upon their own comparative appetites ; but he replies that it was extremely unkind to urge upon Gauls a manner of living proper only to angels. Hearty eating, says he, in a Greek, is gluttony ; but in a Gaul — nature. ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 207 skies of Britain, can we appreciate the power of these natural excitements of mental abstraction ! In an enumeration of the natural causes of the anchoretic life, the influence of scenery should by no means be overlooked. As the gay and multiform beauties of a broken surface, teeming with vegetation (when seconded by favouring circumstances) generate the soul of poetry ; so (with similar aids) the habit of musing in pensive vacuity of thought is cherished by the aspect of boundless w'astes, and arid plains, or of enormous piles of naked mountain : and to the spirit that has turned with sickening or melancholy aversion from the haunts of man, such scenes are not less grateful or less fasci- nating than are the most delicious landscapes to the frolic eye of joyous youth. The wilderness of the Jordan, the stony tracts of Arabia, the precincts of Sinai, and the dead solitudes of sand, traversed, but not enlivened by the Nile, offered themselves, therefore, as the natural birth-places of monachism ; and skirting as they did the focus of religion, long continued (in- deed they have never wholly ceased) to invite numerous desertions from the ranks of com- mon life. A general and extreme corruption of man- ners, the wantonness, and folly, and enormity of licentious opulence, and the foul depravity which 208 MOTIVES OF THE never fails to characterise the misery that follows the steps of luxury, operate powerfully in the way of reaction to exacerbate the motives, and to swell the excesses of the ascetic life, when once that mode of religion has been called into being. If the “ powers of the world to come ” are vividly felt by those who renounce sensual pleasure, the vigour of their self-denial, and the firmness of their resolution in adhering to their rule, will commonly bear proportion to the depth of the surrounding profligacy. Nothing could more effectually starve this species of enthusiasm in any country in which it appeared to be growing, than to elevate public morals. The exaggerated virtue of the monastery can hardly subsist in the near neighbourhood of the genuine virtue of domestic life ; nor will religious celibacy be in high esteem among a people who regard adul- tery, not less than murder and theft, as a crime, and with whom fornication is the cloaked vice only of a few. But in Syria and the neighbour- ing countries, at the time when the monastic life took its rise, the most shameless dissoluteness of manners prevailed, and prevailed to a degree that has rarely been exceeded ; and there is reason to believe that the early establishments of the Essenes were, in a great measure, peopled by those who, having imbibed the love of virtue from Moses and the prophets, fled, almost by necessity, from a world in which the practice of temperance and purity had become scarcely ANCIENT MONACHISM. 209 possible.* In after times, the corruption of the great cities, in a similar manner, contributed to fill the monastic houses. A large indulgence, to say no more, is there- fore due to those ardent but feeble-minded per- sons, who, untaught by an experiment of the danger they incurred, fell into the specious error of supposing that a just solicitude for the pre- servation of personal virtue might excuse their withdrawment from the duties of common life ; especially as they were willing to purchase a discharge from its claims, by resigning their share of its lawful delights. The Christian re- cluses fled from scenes in which, as they believed, purity could not breathe, to solitudes where (though no doubt they found themselves mis- taken) they supposed it would flourish spon- taneously. And, in truth, though it must be much more difficult to live virtuously under the provoking restraints of monastic vows, than amid the allowed enjoyments of domestic life, refined by Christianity, there may be room to question * The evidence of Josephus, (often cited) though there may some- times be traced in it a little oratorical exaggeration, is sufficient to prove the existence of a more than ordinary profligacy and ferocity among the Jews of his time. This people, destitute of the restraining and refining influence of philosophy and of elegant literature, which ameliorated the manners of the surrounding nations, had been de- prived, almost entirely, of all salutary restraints from the Divine Law by the corrupt evasions of Rabbinical exposition. At the same time, the keen disappointment of the national hope of universal dominion under the Messiah, exasperated their native pride to madness. 210 MOTIVES OF THE whether the balance might not really be in favour of the monastery, when the only alternative was an abode with extreme profligacy. So natural to young and ardent minds, under the first fervours of religious feeling, is the wish to run far from the sight and hearing of seductive pleasure, and so plausibly may such a design recommend itself to the simple and sincere, that, even in our own times, if by any means the general opinion of the Christian Church could be brought round to favour, or to allow the practice of monastic seclusion, and if, instead of being on all sides reprobated and ridiculed, it were per- mitted, encouraged and admired, the conjecture may be hazarded, that an instantaneous rush from all our religious communities would take place, and a host of the ardent, the imagina- tive, the melancholic ; not to mention the disap- pointed, the splenetic, and the fanatical, would abandon the domestic circle and the scenes of business, to people sanctuaries of celibacy and prayer in every sequestered valley of our island. Besides the ordinary miseries of frequent war, and of a foreign domination, which afflicted, more or less, the other provinces of the Roman empire, the existence among the Jews of a species of fanaticism perfectly unparalleled, allowed the Syrian Palestine to taste very imperfectly the benefits of temperate and vigorous rule. The AN Cl F. NT M0NACH1SM. 21 1 intractable and malignant infatuation of that people so baffled the wisdom of the Roman government, and so disturbed its wonted equa- nimity, as to compel it to treat the unhappy Judsea with unmeasured severity. Or if respite were enjoyed from military inflictions, the brutal violences of their own princes, or the atrocities perpetrated by demagogues, kept constantly alive the brand of public and private discord. During such times of insecurity and wretched- ness, it is usual for the passive portion of the community to sink into a state, either of reckless sensuality, or of pining despondency. But if, in this class, there are those who have received the consoling hope of a bright and peaceful immor- tality, it is only natural that, when hunted from all earthly comfort by violence and extortion, they should look wistfully at the grave, and long to rest where “ the wicked cease from troubling.” In this state of mind it cannot be deemed strange that, upon the first smile of opportunity, they should hasten away from scenes of blood and wrong, and anticipate the wished-for release from life, by hiding themselves in caverns and in deserts. A frightful solitude might well appear a para- dise, and a state of extreme privation be thought luxurious, to those who, in their retreat, felt at length safe from an encounter with man, who, when savage, is by far the most terrible of all savage animals. Such were the causes which had p 2 212 MOTIVES OE THE driven multitudes of the well-disposed among the Jews into the wilderness. The severities of per- secution afterwards produced the same effect on the Christians ; and first on those of Syria and Egypt* So long as he could wander unmolested over the pathless mountain tract, or exist in the arid desert, the timid follower of Christ not only avoided torture or violent death, but escaped what he dreaded more — the hazard of apostasy under extreme trial. Having once effected his retreat, and borne for a time the loss of friends and comforts, he soon acquired physical habits and intellectual tastes which rendered a life in the wilderness not only tolerable, but agreeable. To the fearful and inert, safety and rest are the prime ingredients of happiness, and, if absolute, go far towards constituting a heaven upon earth. In the utter solitude of the desert, or in the mitigated seclusion of the monastery, a large pro- portion, probably, of the recluses soon drooped into the inanity of trivial pietism : a few, perhaps, after the first excitement failed, bit their chain, from day to day, to the end of life ; or wrung a wretched solace from concealed vices. But those who, by vigour of mind supported better the * This effect is well known to have resulted from the Decian per- secution, and probably also from those that preceded it. No blame can be attributed to Christians who, in such times, fled from cities, and took refuge in solitudes ; unless, indeed, by so doing they aban- doned those whom they ought to have defended. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 213 preying of the soul upon itself, could do no other- wise than exchange the simple and affectionate piety with which perhaps they entered the wil- derness, for some form of visionary religion.* To maintain, unbent and unsullied, the rectitude of sound reason, and the propriety of sound feelings, in solitude, is an achievement which, it may confidently be affirmed, surpasses the powers of human nature. Good sense — never the pro- duct of a single mind, is the fruit of intercourse and collision. When the several circumstances above men- tioned are duly considered, they will remove from candid minds almost every sensation of asperity or contemptuous reprobation towards those who, in their day of defective knowledge, became the victims, or even the zealous sup- porters, of the prevalent enthusiasm. We have done then with the parties in these scenes of delusion and folly ; or at least with those of them who were sincere in their error. But when we turn to the system itself, and gain that license which charity herself may grant, while an ab- straction only is under contemplation, we must remember that this monkery, so innocent in its * The errors and extravagances generated by the monastic life did not ordinarily extend to the fundamental principles of Christianity. The monks were, for the most part, zealously attached to the doctrine of the Nicene Creed ; and the Church owes to many of them its thanks for the constancy with which they suffered in its defence. 214 MOTIVES, &C. commencement, and so plausible in its progress, was the chief means of destroying the substance of Christianity, and ought to be deemed the principal cause of the gross darkness which hung over the Church during more than a thousand years. I SECTION IX. THE SAME SUBJECT. — INGREDIENTS OF THE ANCIENT MONACIIISM. Among the principal elements of the ancient Monachism, it is natural to name, first — Its contempt of the divine constitution of human nature, and the outrage it offered to the most salutary instincts. It may be hard to determine which is the greater folly and impiety — that of the Atheist, who can contemplate the admirable mechanism of the body, and not see there the proofs of divine wisdom and benevolence ; or that of the enthu- siast, who, seeing and acknowledging the hand of God in the mechanism of the human frame, yet dares to institute and to recommend modes of life which do violence to the manifest intentions of the Creator, as therein displayed ; and more- over, is not afraid to assert a warrant from Heaven for such outrages : as if the Creator and Governor of the world were not one and the same Being ; one in counsel and purpose : or as if the Author of Christianity were at 216 INGREDIENTS OF THE variance with the Author of nature ! * Yet this preposterous error, this virtual Manichaeism, has seemed to belong naturally to every attempt to * The dictates of good sense are often curiously intermingled in the writings of the Fathers with the defence of the absurd system they espoused. The incongruous mixture, has it not been of frequent occurrence in every age? Cyril of Jerusalem, in the fourth of his Catechetical Discourses, and in the section nepL crcoparos, with great vigour and propriety urges the consideration referred to above, while reprehending those, in his time, who affected to despise and mal-treat the body. “Is not the body,” says he, “the excellent workmanship of God?” and he reminds the ascetic that it is the soul, not the body, that sins. He goes on, in a lively manner, to hold forth the mean of wisdom between opposite extremes; and while he much commends the monkish celibacy, nevertheless bestows upon matrimony its due praise. Et de continentia sermonem in primis audiant, ii qui vitam degunt solitariam, et virginum coetus, qui vitam in mundo angelicam instituunt. Magna vobis fratres corona reponita est, ne voluptate parva magnam dignitatem commutetis. Audite quid ait Apostolus — Ne quis scortator, aut impurus sit, ut Esau, qui uno edulio primatus suos vendidit. In evangelicis libris posthac describeris, quia tibi continentiam proposuisti, vide ne vicissim delearis, propter stupmm commissum. Neque vero si continentiam instituas ac prasstes, ita sis superbia elatus, ut nuptiis allegatos insecteris. Honorabile est enim connubium, et thorus immaculatus, ut ait Apostolus. Et qui caste vivis, nonne natus es e conjugatis? Neque enim si possideas aurum, reprobes argentum. All this is very well, if we except the abuse of certain terms. But this abuse is in fact of the most danger- ous tendency. The Fathers by appropriating the words — continence, chastity, temperance, virtue, to the monastic life, robbed the Christian community of that standard of morals which belongs to all. Our Lord and his Apostles enjoined purity and continence, and temper- ance, and heavenly mindedness, upon Christians universally, married and unmarried ; engaged or not engaged, in the affairs of common life. But the monks shuddered to talk of purity and celibacy as if separable. What part then could the married claim in the practical portions of Scripture ? These holy precepts were the property of the Elect of Christ, that is, of the monks. Such are the consequences of extravagance in religion ! ANCIENT MON ACIIISM. 217 stretch and exaggerate the precepts of the Gospel beyond their obvious sense ; and indeed has sel- dom failed to shew itself in seasons of unusual religious excitement. Christianity is a religion neither for angels nor for ghosts ; but for man, as God made him. Nevertheless, in revealing an endless existence, and in establishing the paramount claims of the future world, it has placed all the interests of the present transient life under a comparison of immense disparity; so that it is true — true to a demonstration, that a man ought to “ hate his own life” if the love of it puts his welfare for immortality in jeopardy. Unquestionably, if by such means the well-being of the imperishable spirit could be secured and promoted, it would highly become a wise man to pass the residue of life, though it should hold out half a century, upon the summit of a column, exposed, like a bronze, to the alternations of day and night, of summer and winter;* or to stand speechless and fixed, with the arms extended until the joints * The story of Symeon Stylites, told by Theodoret, has been often repeated. The well-attested exploits of the fakirs of India render this, and many similar accounts related by the same writer, by Gregory Nyssen, Sozomen, &c. perfectly credible in all but a few of the par- ticulars; and in these it is evident that the writers were imposed upon. The fasts professed to have been undergone by Symeon, by Anthony, and by others of the same class, most certainly surpass the powers of human nature, and must be held either to convict these monks and their accomplices of fraud, or their biographers of falsehood. 2 1 8 INGREDIENTS OF THE should stiffen, and the tongue forget its office ; or to inhabit a tomb, or to hang suspended in the air by a hook in the side : these, and if there be any other practices still more horrifying to humanity, were doubtless wise, if, in the use of them, the soul might be advantaged ; for the soul is of infinitely greater value than the body. And much more might it be deemed lawful and commendable to refrain from matrimony, to with- draw from human society, to be clad in sack- cloth, to inhabit a cavern, if such comparatively moderate abstinences and mortifications were found to promote virtue, and so to ensure an en- hancement of the bliss that never ends. Conduct of this sort, however painful it may be, is per- fectly in harmony with the principle universally admitted to be reasonable, and in fact very com- monly reduced to practice, namely, to endure a smaller immediate loss or inconvenience, for the sake of securing a greater future good. The dictates of self-interest every day prompt sacrifices of this kind; and the maxims of natural virtue go much further, and often require a man to make the greatest deposit possible, even when the future advantage is doubtful, and when the sufferer is not the party who is to reap the ex- pected benefit. On this principle the soldier places himself at the cannon’s mouth, because the safety or future welfare of his country can be purchased at no other price. On this principle a pious son denies the wishes of his heart, and ANCIENT MONACHISM. 219 remains unmarried, that he may sustain a helpless parent. Christianity is not therefore at all pecu- liar in asserting the claims of higher, over lower reasons of conduct in peculiar circumstances ; or in demanding that, on special occasions, the enjoyments of life, and life itself, should be held cheap, or abandoned. Our Lord and his ministers explicitly enjoined such sacrifices, whenever the interests of the pre- sent and of the future life came in competition : and themselves set the example of the self-denial which they recommended. Nothing can be more clear than the rule of hodily sacrifice maintained and exemplified in the New Testament;* and this rule is in perfect accordance with the dictates of good sense, and with the common practice of mankind. Fasting, celibacy, martyrdom, and such like contrarieties to the “ will of the flesh,” stand all on the same ground in the system of Christian morals ; they are ills which a wise and pious man will cheerfully endure whenever he is so placed that they cannot be avoided without damage or hazard to the soul. But when no such alternative is presented, then the voluntary * Matt. v. 29, and xviii. 8. The same principle, in its application to the conduct of Christians towards others, is explained and illus- trated by Paul with the utmost perspicuity, and in a style directly at variance with that of the monkish writers. See Rom.xiv. through- out, and 1 Cor. vii., and viii. 13. To relinquish the less for the greater, to prefer the soul to the body, the future to the present, is the sub- stance of all these apostolic precepts. 220 INGREDIENTS OK THE infliction becomes, as well in religious as in secular affairs, a folly, an impiety, and often a crime. To die without necessity, or to afflict oneself without reason, is not only an absurdity, but a sin. And how immensely is this folly and immo- rality aggravated when it is found that the vo- luntary suffering, instead of being simply useless, becomes, in its consequences, highly pernicious; when, by abundant evidence, it is proved to generate the very worst corruptions and per- versions to which human nature is liable ! Such, clearly, are the inflictions of the monastic life — the solitude, the abstinence, the celibacy, the poverty ! The rule of Christian martyrdom is precise and unequivocal,* and is such as absolutely to exclude every sort of spontaneous heroism. The * Matt. x. 23. The First Epistle of Peter holds forth the prin- ciple and temper of Christian submission under persecution with a dignity, calmness, pathos, good sense, and perfect freedom from fana- tical excitement, which, if no other document of our faith were extant, would fully carry the proof of the truth of Christianity. Let the genuineness of that epistle be granted (and it cannot be denied) and it will be impossible to reconcile it with any supposition but that of the reality of the facts to which it refers. It would be well if, in the argument with infidels, some single portion of the evidence, such, for example, as this epistle, were adhered to pertinaciously until the proof it contains were satisfactorily disposed of. There is not a column of the apostolic epistles, that would not amply suffice for the refutation of all the tomes of ancient and modern scepti- cism; wei-e but the admitted principles of historical and critical evidence allowed to take their course in the argument between the Christian and the unbeliever. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 221 motive also by which the Christian should be sustained is of a heart-affecting, not of an ex- citing kind ; and the style of the Apostles, when alluding to this subject, is singularly sedate and reserved ; nor is an idea introduced of a kind to inflame fanatical ambition. The reason of this caution is obvious ; for to have kindled the enthusiasm of martyrdom would have been to nullify the demonstration intended to be given to the world of the truth of Christianity. So long as martyrdom rested on the primitive basis (and it rested there, w7ith few exceptions,* until miraculous attestations had nearly ceased to be afforded) it yielded conclusive proof of the reality of the facts affirmed by the confessors. That is to say, so long as the Christians suffered * Ignatius must be held to have set an example of unhappy conse- quence to the Church. His ardour for martyrdom, though unques- tionably connected with genuine and exalted piety, was altogether unwarranted by apostolic precept or example, and stands in the strongest contrast imaginable with the manner of Paul, when placed in similar circumstances, whose calm, manly, and spirited defence of his life, liberty, and civic immunities, on every occasion, imparts the highest possible argumentative value to his sufferings in the cause of Christianity. Let it be imagined that Ignatius had acquitted him- self in the same spirit; had pleaded with Trajan for his life, on the grounds of universal justice, and Roman law ; had established his innocence of any crime known to the law ; and had then professed distinctly the reasons of his Christian profession ; and at the same time calmly declared his determination to die rather than deny his convictions. How precious a document would have been the narra- tive of such a martyrdom ! There can be no doubt that many such martyrdoms actually took place ; but they were less to the taste of the church historians of the third and fourth centuries than those that were made conspicuous by an ostentation of eagerness to die. 222 INGREDIENTS OF THE only when suffering could be avoided in no other way than by denying their profession, and so long as they endured tortures, and met death, in a spirit not raised above a calm courage ; or even displayed timidity or reluctance, such sufferings afforded direct demonstration of the sincerity of their belief; and they, having been eye-wit- nesses of supernatural interpositions, and being often the very agents of miraculous power, their sincere belief, their honesty, carried with it the proof of the facts so attested. But when, at a later time, martyrdom was courted in a spirit of false heroism, and came to be endured in a corresponding style of enthusi- astic excitement, it lost almost the whole of its value as a proof of the truth of Christianity. For it is well known to be within the compass of human nature to endure unmoved and exultingly the most extreme torments in fanatical adherence to a religious tenet ; and such sufferings evince nothing more than the firmness or the infatua- tion of the victim. On the contrary, when the confessor has fallen into the hands of persecuting power by no imprudence or temerity of his own, when he avails himself, with promptitude and calmness, of every legal and honourable means of self-defence or escape, when he pleads truth and right in arrest of judgment, and at last yields to the stroke because, nothing could avert it but the forfeiture of conscience, then it is manifest that a deliberate conviction is the real ANCIENT MONACHISM. 223 motive of his conduct ; and then also, if he have a primary knowledge of the facts for affirming which he dies, his death, on the surest principles of evidence, must be accepted as containing in- contestable proof of those facts. The recluses were not the first to spoil the primitive practice of martyrdom ; but their prin- ciples greatly cherished the abuse when once it had been introduced ; and still more did their conduct and their writings enhance the per- nicious superstitions which presently resulted from the foolish respect paid to the tombs and relics of confessors. These trivial and idolatrous reverences of human heroism can find no room of entrance until the great realities of Chris- tianity have been forgotten ; until the humbling and peace-giving doctrine of atonement has been lost sight of. The contrite heart, made glad by the assurance of pardon through the merit of Him, who alone has merit supererogatory, neither admits sentiments of vain glory for itself, nor is prone to yield excessive worship to the deeds of others.* * It deserves particular notice that the martyrs of the Reformation in England, France, Spain, and I talyr, with very few exceptions, suf- fered in a spirit incomparably more sedate, and more nearly allied to that displayed and recommended by the Apostles, than did the Christians, generally, of the third century. The reason of the differ- ence is not obscure ; these modern confessors understood the capital doctrine of Christianity much more fully and clearly than did those of the age of Origen. 224 INGREDIENTS OF THE Celibacy, though it may seem to be a kind of self-devotion less extreme than voluntary martyrdom, was in fact a much greater and a much worse outrage upon human nature. This fundamental article of the monkish system had evidently two distinct motives : the first, and probably the originating cause of so extraordi- nary a practice was the impracticability of uniting the pleasures of seclusion and lazy meditation with the duties and burdens of domestic life. The alternative was unavoidable, either to re- nounce the happiness and the cares of husband and father, or the spiritual luxuries of supine contemplation. The one species of enjoyment offered itself precisely as the price that must be paid for obtaining the other.* The second motive of monkish celibacy, and which so gained ascendency over the first as to keep it almost wholly out of sight, sprung more immediately from the centre illusion of the system ; and the real nature of that illusion stands forward in this instance in a distinct and * In the only places in the New Testament where celibacy is recommended, Matt. xix. 12, and 1 Cor. vii. 32, the reason is of this substantial and intelligible kind, namely, that in the case of individuals, placed in peculiar circumstances, a single life would be advantageous, inasmuch as it would give them better opportunity of serving the Lord without distraction. Precisely the same advice might sometimes with propriety he given to a soldier, or to a states- man : a high motive justifies a sacrifice of personal happiness. No where in the discourses of our Lord, or in the writings of the Apostles, is there to be discovered a trace of the monkish motive of celibacy — namely, the supposed sanctity of that state. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 225 prehensible form. The very germ of that trans- muted piety, which, in the end, banished true religion from the Church, may readily be brought under inspection by tracing the natural history of the sentiment that attributes sanctity to single life. For reasons that are obvious and highly im- portant, a sentiment of pudicity, which can never be thrown aside without reducing man to the level — nay, below the level of the brutes, belongs to the primary link of the social system. But this feeling, necessary as it is to the purity and the dignity of social life, suggests, by a close and easy affinity of ideas, the supposition of guilt as belonging to indulgence, and then the cor- relative supposition of innocence, or of holiness, as belonging to continence. Nevertheless, feel- ings of this sort, when analysed, will be found to have their seat in the imagination exclusively, and only by accident to implicate the moral sense. They belong to that class of natural illusions, which, in the combination of the various and discordant ingredients of human nature, serve to amalgamate what would otherwise be utterly incompatible. Among all the natural illusions, or as they might be termed, the pseudo- moral sentiments, there is not one which so nearly resembles the genuine sense of right and wrong as this, or one that is so intimately blended with them. It is easy then to perceive the process by Q 226 INGREDIENTS OF THE which infirm minds passed into the error of attributing sanctity to celibacy. But the law of Christian purity knows of no such confusion of ideas. The very same authority which forbids adultery, enjoins marriage : and so long as mo- rality is understood to consist in obedience to the declared will of God, it can never be imagined that a man is defiled by living in matrimony, any more than by “ eating with unwashen hands.” But when once religion has passed into the imagination, and when the sentiments which have their seat in that faculty have become pre- dominant, so as to crush or enfeeble those that belong to conscience, then is it inevitable that the true purity which consists in “ keeping the com- mandments,” should be supplanted by that arti- ficial holiness which is a mere refinement upon natural instincts. Under the influence of false notions of this sort, nothing seems so saintly as for a man to shrink horrifically from the touch of woman ; nothing scarcely so spiritually degrad- ing as to be a husband and a father.* Impious * “ Grande est et immortale, poene ultra naturam corpoream, super- are luxuriam, et concupiscetitiae spasmeam adolescentiae facibus ac- censam animi virtute restringuere, et spiritali conatu vim genuine oblectationis excludere, vivereque contra humani generis legem, despi- cere solatia conjugii, dulcedinem contemnere liberorum, quaecumque esse praesentis vitae commoda possint, pro nihilo spe futurorum beati- tudinis computare.” The Epistle of Sulpitius, de Virginitate, in which this passage occurs, contains, it should be confessed, much more good sense and good morality, in the latter part of it, than one would ex- pect to find in conjunction with absurdities such as that above quoted. The annotator on the passage well says, that the Ascetics avoided ANCIENT MONACHISM. 227 and mad enthusiasm ; and not only irreligious and absurd, but pestilent also ; for this same monkish doctrine of the merit of virginity stands convicted, on abundant evidence, of having trans- planted the worst vices of polytheistic Greece into the very sanctuaries of religion ; and so, of infecting the nations of modern Europe with crimes which, had they not been kept alive in monasteries, Christianity would long ago have banished from the earth. How little did the pious men, who, in the third century, extolled the merit of mortification, and petty torture, and celibacy, think of the hideous corruptions in which these practices were to ter- minate ! A sagacity more than human was needed to foresee the end from the beginning. But with the experience of past ages before us, we may well learn to distrust all specious attempts to exaggerate morality, or to attach ideas of blame to things innocent or indifferent. This over-doing of virtue never fails to divert the mind from what is substantially good, and is moreover the almost invariable symptom of a transmuted or fictitious pietism. II. The ancient monkery was a system of the the pleasures of domestic life, not because they were sweets, hut because conjoined with great cares, which those escaped who lived in celibacy. Nor is it to be denied that married life is obnoxious to great and heavy inconveniences : nevertheless, if under those difficulties we live holily and religiously, our future recompense will surely not be less than as if, to be free from them, we had embraced a single life. Q 2 22S INGREDIENTS OF THE most deliberate selfishness. That solicitude for the preservation of individual interests which forms the basis of the human constitution, is so broken up and counteracted by the claims and pleasures of domestic life, that though the prin- ciple remains, its manifestations are suppressed, and its predominance effectually prevented, ex- cept in some few tempers peculiarly unsocial. But the anchoret is a selfist by his very profes- sion ; and like the sensualist, though his taste is of another kind, he pursues his personal gratifica- tions, reckless of the welfare of others. His own advantage or delight, or, to use his favourite phrase — the good of his soul, is the sovereign object of his cares. His meditations, even if they embrace the compass of heaven, come round, ever and again, to find their ultimate issue in his own bosom : but can that be true wisdom which just ends at the point whence it started ? True wis- dom is a progressive principle. In abjuring the use of the active faculties, in reducing himself, by the spell of vows, to a condition of physical and moral annihilation, the insulated being says to his fellows, concerning whatever might otherwise have been converted to their benefit — “ it is corban thus making void the law of love to our neigh- bour, by a pretended intensity of love to God. That so monstrous an immorality should have dared to call itself by the name of sanctity, and should have done so too in front of Christianity, is indeed amazing, and could never have happened ANCIENT MON ACM ISM. 229 if Christianity had not first been shorn of its life-giving warmth, as the sun is deprived of its power of heat when we ascend into the rarity of upper space. The tendency of a taste for ima- ginative indulgences to petrify the heart has been already adverted to ; and it receives a signal illustration in the monkish life, especially in its more perfect form of absolute separation from the society of man. The anchoret was a disjoined particle, frozen deep into the mass of his own selfishness, and there imbedded below the touch of every human sympathy. This sort of medi- tative insulation is the ultimate and natural issue of all enthusiastic piety; and may be met with even in our own times among those who have no inclination to run away from the comforts of common life. III. Spiritual pride, the most repulsive of the religious vices, was both a main cause and a principal effect of the ancient monachism. The particular manner in which this odious pride sprung up in the monastery deserves especial attention. That sort of plain and prac- tical religion which adapts itself to the circum- stances of common life — the religion taught by the Apostles, a religion of love, sobriety, tem- perance, justice, fit for the use of master and servant, of husband and wife, of parent and child, by no means satisfied the wishes of those who sought in Christianity a delicious dream of 230 INGREDIENTS OF THE unearthly excitements. It was therefore indis- pensable to imagine a new style of religion ; and hence arose the doctrine, so warmly and in- cessantly advanced by the early favourers of monkery, that our Lord and his Apostles taught a two-fold piety, and recognized an upper and an under class in the church, and sanctioned the division of the Christian body into what might be termed a Plebeian, and a Patrician order.* In accordance with this arrogant pretension it was believed, that while the Christian com- monalty might be left to wallow in the affairs of common life — in business, matrimony, and such like impurities, the elect of Christ stood on a platform, high-lifted above the grossness of secular engagements and earthly passions, and were, in their Lord’s esteem, immensely more holy, and higher in rank, as candidates for the honours of the future life, than the mass of the * This doctrine appears more or less distinctly in every one of the fathers who at all favours the monastic life. It may seem to bear analogy to the principle of the Grecian philosophers who had their common maxims for the vulgar, and their hidden instructions for the few. But the resemblance is more apparent than real : the dis- tinction arose among the Christians from altogether another source. The Church, that is to say the collective body of true believers, is called in the New Testament the spouse of Christ; but the monks perverted the figure by using it distinctively, by calling individual Christians “ the brides of Christ,” and by appropriating the honour to those who had taken the vow of celibacy. The most absurd and impious abuses of language presently followed from this error, and such as it were even blasphemous to repeat. Yet some of the greatest writers of the times are charmed with these irreligious conceits. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 231 faithful. When this supposition became gene- rally adopted and assented to, out of the mo- nastery as well as within it, the first and natural consequence was a great depreciation of the standard of morals among the people. If there were admitted to be two rates or degrees of virtue, there were, of course, two laws or rules of life : whatever therefore in the Scriptures seemed to be strict, or pure, or elevated, was assigned to the upper code ; while the lower took to itself only what wore an aspect of laxity and indulgence. Even an attempt on the part of secular Christians to make advances in holiness might be condemned as a species of presumption, or as an invasion of the proprieties of the saintly order. Heavenly mindedness and purity of heart were chartered to the regulars — the monopolists of perfect grace. Alas, that the privileged should have availed themselves so moderately of their rights ! A second, and not less natural consequence of the same principle, was the formation among the monks, either of an insufferable arrogance and self-complacency ; or of a villanous hypocrisy — an hypocrisy which qualified those who sustained it to become the agents of every detestable knavery that might promote the ambitious ma- chinations, or screen the debaucheries of the order. If a reputation for superior sanctity be ever safe and serviceable to a Christian, it must be 232 INGREDIENTS OF THE when his conduct and temper, even to the inmost privacies of domestic life, are open to indifferent observers ; not to the cringing servitors of a religious establishment, or to the holy man’s hangers-on, and accomplices, but to the children and the servants of a family ; the moral vision of a child is especially quick and clear. He who thus lives under the eye of witnesses not to be deceived, and not to be bribed, may actually demean himself the better for being reputed eminently good. Not so the man who inhabits a den or a cell ; who is seen by the world only through a loop-hole ; or who shows himself to an admiring crowd when, and where, and in what manner he pleases. To such a one, the praise of sanctity will most often be found inscribed, on its other side, with a license to crime. Under circumstances so blasting to the simple honesty and unaffected humility of true piety, almost the best that charity can imagine is, that the hooded saint deludes himself more than he deceives others. Such are the natural and almost invariable consequences — in monasteries, or out of them, of ambitious attempts to render religion a some- thing too elevated and too pure to be brought into contact with the affairs of common life. The endeavour generates a pretension that can never be filled out by truth and reality : the deficiency must be made up by delusion and deception, the one begetting arrogance, the other knavery. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 233 IV. Greediness of the supernatural formed an essential characteristic of the ancient monachism. The cares and toils and necessities, the refresh- ments and delights of common life, are the great teachers of common sense ; nor can there be any effective school of sober reason where these are excluded. Whoever, either by elevation of rank, or peculiarity of habits, lives far removed from this kind of tuition, rarely makes much profi- ciency in that excellent quality of the intellect. A man who has little or nothing to do with other men on terms of open and free equality, needs the native sense of five, to behave himself only with a fair average of propriety. Absolute soli- tude (and seclusion in its degree) necessitates a lapse into some species of absurdity more or less nearly allied to insanity ; and religious solitude naturally strays into the regions of vision and miracle.* * “ Habitant plerique in eremo sine ullis tabernaculis quos Ana- choretas vocant. Vivunt herbarum radicibus : nullo unquam certo loco consistunt, ne ab hominibus frequententur : quas nox coegerit sedes habent Inter hujus (Sina) recessus Anaclioreta esse aliquis ferebatur quem diu multumque quaesitum videre non potui, qui ferfe jam ante quinquaginta annos a conversatione humanh remotus, nullo vestis usu, setis corporis sui tectus, nuditatem suam divino munere vestiebat. Hie quoties eum religiosi viri adire voluerunt, cursu avia petens, congressus vitabat humanos. Uni tantummodo ferebatur se ante quinquennium prmbuisse, qui credo potenti fide id obtinere pro- meruit : cui inter multa conloquia percunctanti, cur homines tantopere vitaret, respondisse perhibetur, Eum qui ab hominibus frequentarctur non posse ab angelis frequentari.” — Sul/p. Sev. Dialog. I. 234 INGREDIENTS OF THE The monastery was at once the place where the illusions of distempered brains were the most likely to abound, and where the frauds which naturally follow in the train of such illusions were the most conveniently hatched and executed. Those dungeons of dimness, of silence, of absolute obedience ; those scenes of nocturnal ceremony ; those labyrinths of subterrene communication ; those nurseries of craft and credulity, seemed as if constructed for the very purpose of fabricating miracles : and, in fact, if all the narratives of supernatural occurrences that are found upon the pages of the ancient church-writers were numbered, incomparably the larger proportion would appear to have been immediately con- nected with the religious houses. The wonder which goes to swell the vaunted achievements of the sainted abbot or brother, was effected, we are assured, in the cell, in the chapel or church, in the convent-garden, in the depths of the overhanging forest, or upon the solitude of the neighbouring shore. Of all such miracles it is enough to say that, whether genuine or not, they can claim no respect from posterity, seeing that they stand not within the circle of credible testi- mony. History — lover of simplicity, scorns to place them on her page in any other form than as evidences of the credulity, if not of the dis- honesty of the times !* * Many laborious and voluminous discussions might have been saved, if the simple and very reasonable rule had been adopted of ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 235 The miraculous powers existing in the Church after the apostolic age, rest under a cloud that is not now to be thoroughly dispelled. But with safety the following propositions may be affirmed ; first, That the Christian doctrine received some miraculous attestations after the death of the Apostles ; secondly. That so early as the close of the fourth century, fraudulent or deceptive pretensions to miraculous power were very frequently advanced ; and, lastly. That at that period, and subsequently, there are in- stances, not a few, of a certain sort of sincerity and fervour in religion, conjoined with very ex- ceptionable attempts to acquire a thaumaturgal reputation.* These deplorable cases deserve waiving investigation into the credibility of any narrative of super- natural or pretended supernatural events, said to have taken place upon consecrated ground, or under sacred roofs. Fanes, caves, groves, churches, convents, cells, are places in which the lover of history will make but a transient stay : he may easily find better employment than in sifting the evidence on which rest such stories as that of the roof-descended oil, used at the baptism of Clovis ; or that of the relics discovered by Ambrose for the confutation of royal error (August. Conf. IX. 7, and the bishop’s own account of the affair, which the reader may find in the Benedictine edition of his works, Vol. II. p. 874,) and a thousand others of like nature. Those who, reading church history cursorily, are perplexed by the frequency of suspicious miracle, are probably not aware, generally, how very large a pro- portion of all such annoying relations may be readily and reason- ably disposed of by adhering to the rule above stated. Another rule, presently to be mentioned, and not less well founded, dis- charges again a large portion of what may remain unexplained after application of the first. * Gregory of Neocsesarea, commonly called Thaumaturgus, ought not to be involved in an accusation of this kind, for two reasons ; first, because the incidental evidence which attests liis having in truth 236 INGREDIENTS OF THE particular attention, especially as they show what are the natural fruits of fictitious pietism. If we choose to read the Church history of the fourth and fifth centuries in the spirit of frigid and purblind scepticism, all the toil and perplexity that belong to the exercise of cautious and can- did discrimination will be at once saved; and we shall, in every instance where supernatural inter- position is alleged, whatever may be the quality of the evidence, or the character of the facts, take up that vulgar and obvious explanation which is offered, by attributing a greedy credu- lity to the laity of those times, and a villanous and shameless knavery to the clergy. But this short and clumsy method, how satisfactory soever it may be to indolence, or how gratifying soever to malignity, can never approve itself to those who are at once well informed of facts, and ac- customed to analyze evidence with precision. The compass of human nature includes many motives, deep, and intricate, of which besotted infidelity never dreams, and which in its unob- servant arrogance it can never comprehend. Long before the time when ecclesiastical nar- ratives of supernatural occurrences assume a possessed miraculous powers is strong ; and, secondly, because the only complete narrative that has come down to us of his miracles, that composed by Gregory Nyssen — is scarcely worthy of serious regard, as an historical document, not only on account of its suspicious cha- racter, but because it was written a century after the death of the great and good man, whom it labours to celebrate and really vilifies. See the Life of Gregory Thaumat. in the Works ol Greg. Nys. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 237 character decidedly suspicious, or manifestly faithless, the great facts of Christianity had, with a large class of persons, especially with the re- cluses, become the objects of day-dream contem- plation, and formed rather the furniture of a theatre of celestial machinery, than the exciting causes of simple faith, and hope, and joy. The divine glories, the brightness of the future life, the history and advocacy of the Mediator, the agency of angels, and of devils, were little else, to many, than the incentives of intellectual intoxica- tion. When once this misuse of religious ideas had gained possession of the mind, it brought with it an irresistible prurience, asking for the marvellous, just as voluptuousness asks for the aliments of pleasure. This demand will be peculiarly importunate among those who have to uphold their faith in the front of a gainsaying world ; and who would much rather confound the scoffer by a new miracle, than convince him by an argumentative appeal to an old one. The first step towards the pseudo-miraculous is taken without doing any violence to conscience, and little even to good sense ; provided that opinions of a favouring kind are generally pre- valent. Good, and even judicious men, might be so under the influence of the imagination as to have their sleep hurried with visions, and their waking meditations quickened by unearthly voices ; and might complacently report such celestial favours to greedy hearers, without a 238 INGREDIENTS OF THE particle of dishonest consciousness.* Thus the taste for things extraordinary was at once che- rished and powerfully sanctioned by the example of men eminently wise and holy. Then with an inferior class of men the progression from illusions, real and complete, to such as were in part aided by a little spontaneity and contrivance, and which, though somewhat unsatisfactory to the narrator, were devoured without scruple by the hearer, could not be difficult. The temptation to pro- duce a commodity so much in demand was strong ; often too strong for those whose moral sense had been debilitated by an habitual inebriety of the imagination. Another step towards reli- gious fraud was more easily taken than avoided, * The two signal instances may be mentioned of Cyprian and Augustine, men whose thorough honesty and sincerity will not be questioned by any one who himself possesses the sympathies of virtue and integrity. They were both carried by the spirit of their times almost to the last stage of credulity and self-delusion ; but the latter much farther than the former. While speaking of Cyprian, a passage may be quoted which confirms more than one of the statements advanced in the preceding pages. The expressions are extremely significant ; they occur in the exordium of the tract, De Disciplina et Habitu Virginum. Nunc nobis ad virgines sermo est, quarum quo sublimior gloria est, major et cura est. Has sunt ecclesiastici germinis flores, decus atque ornamentum gratise spiritalis, beta indoles, laudis et honoris opus integrum, atque incorruptum, Dei imago, respondens ad sanctimoniam Domini, illustrior portio gregis Christi. Gaudet per illas, atque in illis largiter floret Ecclesias matris gloriosa fecunditas : quantoque plus copiosa virgin itas numero suo addit, tanto plus gaudium matris augescit. In this eulogy there is not merely the commendation of single life, but very distinctly the doctrine of a two-fold morality, and the recognition ol a patrician class in the church. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 239 when it was eagerly looked for by open-mouthed credulity, when the Church might cheaply and securely be glorified, and Gentilism triumphantly confuted. The plain ground of Christian in- tegrity having once been abandoned, the shocks of a downward progress towards the most repre- hensible extreme of deception were not likely to awaken remorse. Practices, therefore, which, viewed in their naked merits, must excite the detestation of every Christian mind, might insensibly gain ground among those who were far from deserving the designation of thorough knaves. They were fervent and laborious in their zeal to pro- pagate Christianity ; they believed it cordially, and themselves hoped for eternal life in their faith ; and in the strength of this hope were ready “to give their bodies to be burned.” They prayed, they watched, they fasted, and crucified the flesh, and did every thing which an enthu- siastical intensity of feeling could prompt ; and this feeling prompted them to promote the gospel, as well by juggling as by preaching. But had not these religious forgers read the unbending morality of the gospel ? Or, reading it, was it possible that they could think the sacrifice of honesty an acceptable offering to the God of truth ? The difficulty can be solved only by calculating duly the influence of imaginative pietism in paralysing the conscience ; and if the facts of the case still seem hard to comprehend. 240 INGREDIENTS OF THE it will be necessary, for illustration, to recur to instances that may be furnished, alas ! by most Christian communities in our own times. Is it impossible to find individuals fervent, and in a certain sense sincere, in their devotions, zealous and liberal in their endeavours to diffuse Christianity, and, perhaps, in many respects amiable, who, nevertheless, admit into their ha- bitual course of conduct very gross contrarieties to the plainest rules of Christian morality ? When instances of this sort are under discussion, it is alike unsatisfactory to affirm of the parties in question, that they are, in the common sense of the term, hypocrites ; or to grant that their piety is genuine, but defective. The first suppo- sition, though it may cut the difficulty, does not by any means nicely accord with the facts : and the second puts contempt upon the most explicit and solemn declarations of our Lord and his ministers, whose style of enforcing the divine law will never allow those who are flagrantly vicious, those who are “ workers of iniquity,” to be called ‘ imperfect Christians.’ Our alternative presents itself for the solution of the pressing difficulty. The religion of these delinquent professors is sincere in its kind, and perhaps fervent ; but not less fictitious than sincere. Or rather the religion they profess is not Christianity, but an image of it. Whatever there is in the Gospel that may stimulate emotion without breaking up the conscience, has been ANCIENT MONACHISM. 241 admitted and felt ; but the heart has not been made “ alive towards God.” Repentance has had no force, the desire of pardon no intensity. Certain vices may be shunned and reprobated, and others as freely indulged ; for nothing is really inconsistent with the dreams of religious delusion — except the waking energy of true virtue. And thus it was with many in the ancient Church ; the stupendous objects of the unseen world had kindled the imagination ; and in harmony with this state of mind, a super- natural heroism and unnatural style of virtue were admired and practised, because they fed the flames of a fictitious happiness which com- pensated for the renunciation of the pleasures of sense. In this spirit martyrdom was courted, and deserts were peopled until they ceased to be solitudes ; and in this spirit also miracles were affirmed, or fabricated, not so often by knaves, as by visionaries. The subject of the suspicious pretensions to miraculous power advanced by many of the ancient Christian writers should not be dismissed without remarking, that it is one thing to com- pose a gaudy narrative (de virtutibus) of the wonder-working powers of a saint, gone to his rest in the preceding century ; and another to be the actor in scenes of religious juggling. If this distinction be duly considered, a very large mass of perplexing matter will at once be discharged from the page of ecclesiastical history, and that R 242 INGREDIENTS OF THE without doing the smallest violence either to charity, or to the laws of evidence. Some foolish presbyter or busy monk, gifted with a talent of description, has collected the church-tales, cur- rent in his time, concerning a renowned father. The turgid biography, applauded in the monas- tery where it was produced, slipped away silently to the faithful of distant establishments, and without having ever undergone that ordeal of real and local publicity, which authenticates com- mon history, was suffused, as it were, beneath the surface of notoriety, through Christendom, and so has come down to modern times, to load the memory of some good man with unmerited disgrace.* * One important rule of procedure in relation to the ancient nar- ratives of miracles has been just referred to,’ note to page 234. A second is to quash all serious consideration of those which exist only in biographies composed in a turgid style of laudatory exaggeration, and not published, or not fairly and fully published, till long after the deaths of the operator, and of the witnesses. An instance precisely in point has already been mentioned, namely, the life of Gregory of Neocaesarea, by Gregory Nyssen: another of like kind has also here been frequently quoted, the life of St. Martin, by Sulpitius Severus : the life of Cyprian, by his Deacon Pontius, might be included ; and perhaps that of St. Anthony, by Athanasius. In passing, it may be observed that a perusal of the last-mentioned tract, which fills only some fifty pages, would convey a more exact and vivid idea of the state and style of religion in the fourth century, than is to be obtained by reading volumes of modem compilations of Church history. At once the piety and the strong sense of the writer, and the extraordinary character of the narrative, give it a peculiar claim to attention. Let the intelligent reader of this curious docu- ment take the occasion to estimate the value and amount of the information that is to be received from modern writers— Mosheim ANCIENT MONACIIISM. 243 V. The practice of mystifying the Scriptures must be named as an especial characteristic of monkish religion. This practice was, in the first place, the natural fruit of a life like that of the recluses ; for the Bible is a directory of common life, the heavenly enchiridion of those who are beset with the cares, labours, sorrows, and temptations, of the world. To the anchoret it presents almost a blank page : a style of existence so unnatural as that which he has chosen, it does not recognize ; his imagi- nary troubles, his frivolous duties, his visionary temptations, his self-inflicted sufferings, and his real difficulty of maintaining virtue under the galling friction of a presumptuous vow, are all absolutely unknown to the Scriptures, which and Milner, for example, of whom the first gives the mere husk of history, and the other nothing but some separated particles of pure farina. But can we in either of these methods obtain the solid and safe instruction which a true knowledge of human character and con- duct should convey? It may be very edifying to read page after page of picked sentiments of piety ; but do these culled portions, which actually belie the mass whence they are taken, communicate what an intelligent reader of history looks for — namely, a real picture and image of mankind in past ages ? Certainly not. If nothing be wanted but pleasing expressions of Christian feeling, there can be no need to make a painful search for them in the bulky tomes of the Greek and Latin fathers. Nevertheless, with all its very great defects, Milner’s Church History is incomparably the best that has ever been compiled. A modern reader, led astray at every step by the malignant falsifications of Gibbon, and very partially in- formed of facts by Church historians, has no means of correctly estimating the state of Christianity in remote times ; or none but that of examining for himself the literary remains of ecclesiastical antiquity. R 2 244 INGREDIENTS OF THE therefore, to the recluse, are not profitable for reproof, or correction, or for instruction in the false righteousness which he labours to establish. To adapt the Bible to the cell, it must, of ne- cessity, be allegorized. Then indeed it is made inexhaustibly rich in the materials of spiritual amusement. It was thus that the Jewish doctors, the authors of the Talmudical writings, found the means of diverting the heaviness of their leisure : and it was thus, though in a different style, that the Essenes of the wilderness of the Jordan whiled away the hours of their solitude : and thus, yet again after another pattern, that the Christian monks, especially those of Palestine* and Egypt, transmuted the words of truth and soberness into a tangled wreath of flimsy fable. The doctrine of a mystical sense has invariably been espoused by every successive body of idle religionists ; that is to say, by all who, spurning or forgetting the authority which the Scriptures assert over the life and conscience, convert them into the materials of a delicious dream. The mask of allegory imposed on the Bible serves first as a source of entertainment, and then as a shelter against the plain meaning of all those * Origen, as every one knows, led the way in the Christian Church in this mode of interpretation. It is also well known that the monks, especially those of Alexandria, warmly espoused the cause of this ingenious writer against the bishops and clergy, who with equal warmth condemned his works as heretical. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 245 passages which directly condemn the will-wor- ship, the fooleries, and the extravagances to which persons of this temper are ever addicted. So did the Rabbis make void the law of God ; so did the monks ; so have all classes of modern mystics ; so do modern Antinomians : all have asserted a double, a treble, or a quadruple sense ; a mys- tery couched beneath every narrative, and every exhortation, or even hidden in single words : or they have descried a profound doctrine packed in the bend of a Samech or a Koph. Not one of the absurdities of the ancient monkery has been so long-lived as this : nor is there to be found a more certain symptom of the existence of fatal illusion in matters of religion. VI. The monkish system recommended itself by astonishing feats of devotedness, and by great proficiency in the practices of artificial and spon- taneous virtue. The motives of enthusiasm are so much more congruous with the unreformed impulses of hu- man nature than are the principles of genuine piety, that the former have usually far surpassed the latter in the difficult and mortifying achieve- ments of self-denial. In proportion as a system of fanaticism is remote from truth, its stimulating force is found to be great. Thus the fakirs of India have carried the feats of voluntary torture far beyond any other order of religionists. Mo- hammedans, generally, are more zealous, devout. 246 INGREDIENTS OF THE and fervent, than Christians. Romanists sur- pass Protestants in the solemnity, intensity, and scrupulosity of their devotional exercises. In conformity with this well-known principle the monastic orders have had to boast, in all ages, of some prodigious instances of mortification, or of charitable heroism. And the boast might be allowed to win more praise than can be granted to it, if there were not manifest, invariably, in these egregious exploits, a ferment of sinister feelings, quite incompatible with the simplicity and purity of Christian virtue. For example, let a comparison be drawn between a daughter who, in the deep seclusion of private life, and without a spectator to applaud her virtue, cheerfully devotes her prime of years to the service of an afflicted parent; and the nun, who inveigles beggars daily to the convent, where she absolves them, against their will, from their filth, dresses their ulcers, and cleanses their tatters. Assuredly the part she performs is more seemingly difficult, and far more revolting than that of the pious daughter; yet it is in fact more easy ; for the inflated f sister of charity’* is sustained and impelled by notions of heroism, and of celestial excellence, and by a present recompense of fame among her sisterhood, of all which the other does not dream, who, if she possessed not the substantial motives of true * The charitable offices of the nuns in the hospitals of France ought always to be mentioned with respect and admiration. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 247 goodness, could never in this manner win the blessing of heaven. Self-inflicted penances, wasteful abstinences, fruitless labours, sanctimonious humiliations, and all such like spontaneities, may fairly be classed with those painful and perilous sports, in pursuing which it often happens that a greater amount of suffering is endured, and of danger incurred, than ordinarily belongs to the services and duties of real life. But these freaks of the monastery, or these toils of the field, deserve little praise, seeing that they meet their immediate reward in the gratification of a peculiar taste. In both in- stances the adult child pleases himself in his own way, and must be deemed to do much if he avoids trampling down the rights of his neighbour. Fictitious virtue, if formed on the model of the Koran, naturally assumes the style of martial arrogance, of fanatical zeal, and of bluff devotion. But if it be the Gospels that furnish the pattern, then an opposite phase of sanctity is shown. Abject lowliness, and voluntary poverty (which is no poverty at all) and ingenious austerities, and romantic exploits of charity, and other similar misinterpretations of the spirit and letter of New Testament morality, are combined to form a tattered and tawdry effigy of the humility, purity, and beneficence of Christian holiness. But compel the imitator to relinquish all that is heroic, and picturesque, and poetical in his style of behaviour ; oblige him to lay aside whatever makes the vulgar 248 INGREDIENTS OF THE gape at his sanctity; let him uncowl his ears, and cover his naked feet : ask him to acquit himself patiently, faithfully, christianly, amid the non- illustrious and difficult duties of common life, and he will find himself destitute of motive and of zest for his daily task. Temperance without abstinence will have no charm for him ; nor purity without a vow ; nor self-denial without austerity ; nor patience without stoicism ; nor charity without a trumpet. The man of sackcloth, who was a prodigy of holiness in the cloister, becomes, if transported into the sphere of domestic life, a monster of selfishness and sensuality. Time, which insensibly aggravates the abuses of every corrupt system, does also furnish an apology, more and more valid from age to age, for the conduct of the individuals who spring up in succession to act their parts within its machinery. While ancient institutions rest tran- quilly on their bases, while venerable usages obtain unquestioned submission, while opinion paces forwards with a slumbering step upon its deep-worn tracks, men are not more conscious of the enormity of the errors that may be charge- able upon their creeds and practices, than a secluded tribe is of the strangeness and inele- gance of the national costume. This principle should never be lost sight of when we are estimating the personal character of the members of the Romish Church before the period of the ANCIENT MONACHISM. 249 Reformation ; or indeed in later times, where no free and fair conflict of opinions has taken place. The system and its victims are always to be thought of apart. A recurrence, on the part of a people at large, to abstract principles of political or re- ligious truth, is a much less frequent event than the rarest of natural phenomena. It is only in consequence of shocks, happening in the social system by no means so often as earthquakes do in the material, that the human mind is rent from its habitudes, and placed in a position whence it may with advantage compare its opinions with universal truth. The Christian Church underwent not once the perils and bene- fits of such a convulsion during the long course of fifteen hundred years. Throughout that pro- tracted space of time the men of each age, with few exceptions, quietly deemed that to be good which their fathers had thought so ; and as naturally delivered it to their successors, en- dorsed with their own solemn approbation. In forming an opinion therefore of the merits of individuals, justice, we need not say candour, demands that the whole, or almost the whole amount of the abstract error of the system within which, by accident of birth, they move, should be deducted from the reckoning. This sort of justice may especially be claimed in behalf of those who rather acquiesced in the religious modes of their times, than appeared as its active 250 INGREDIENTS OF THE champions. Thus we excuse the originators and early supporters of a bad system, on the ground of their ignorance of its evil tendency and actual consequences ; * and again we palliate the fault of its adherents in a late age, by pleading for them the influence of that natural sentiment of respect which is paid to antiquity. These proper allowances being made, there will be no difficulty in turning from an indignant reprobation of the monkish practices, to a chari- table and consoling belief of the personal virtues and even eminent piety of many who, in every age, have fretted away an unblessed existence within that dungeon of religious delusion- — the monastery. In default of complete evidence, yet on the ground of some substantial proof, it is allowable to hope that the monastic orders at all times included many spiritual members, f There * Perhaps the treatment which Jovinian and Vigilantius received from Jerom, Ambrose, and Augustine, may be thought to detract very much from the validity of the apology here offered for the ancient abettors of monachism. But the circumstances of the case are involved in too much obscurity to allow a distinct opinion to be formed on the subject. The protest of Jovinian against the prevailing errors of the Church might be connected with some extravagance of belief, or some impropriety of conduct which prevented his testimony from being listened to with respect. Yet certainly the appearances of the case show decidedly against both Jerom and Ambrose. Augus- tine knew little personally of the supposed error against which he inveighed. f The “ De Imitatione Christi ’’ alone affords proof enough of the possibility of the existence of elevated piety in the monastery. It abounds also with indications of the petty persecution to which a spiritual monk was exposed among his brethren. ANCIENT MONACHISM. 251 is even reason to believe that a better style of sentiment, and less extravagance, less fanatical heat, less knavish pretension, and more of humility and purity, existed here and there among the recluses of the tenth and eleventh, than among those of the fifth and sixth centuries. In the earlier period, though there might be much pretension to seclusion from the world, the monastery was in fact a house set on a hill in the midst of the Christian community, and was ever surrounded by an admiring multitude ; and its inmates might always find a ready revenue of glorification for the exploits and hypocrisies of supernatural sanctity.* But in the later periods, and when nothing hardly existed without doors except feudal ignorance and ferocity (we speak of the monasteries of Europe) many of the religious houses were real seclusions, and very far removed from any market of vulgar praise. Then within these establishments, it cannot be doubted, that the pious few found their virtue much rather guarded by the envious eyes of * Many of the ancient solitaries, far from living as their profession required, in seclusion, were accustomed to admit daily the visits of the multitude who flocked around them, to gaze at their austerities, to hear their harangues, or to be exorcised, or healed of their maladies. Symeon, ‘ the man of the pillar,’ every day exhibited himself to a gaping crowd, collected often from distant countries. St. Anthony, more sincere in his love of retirement, when pestered by the plaudits of the vulgar in Lower Egypt, withdrew into a desert of the Theba'is ; yet even there he soon found himself surrounded, not only by daemons, hut worse, by admirers. See Athan. Op. vita S. Antonii. 252 MON AC1IISM their less exemplary comrades, than endangered by drawing upon itself any sort of admiration. The spiritual monk (let not modern prejudices refuse to admit the phrase) glad to hide himself from the railleries or spite of the lax fraternity, kept close to his cell, and there passed his hours, not uncheered, nor undelicious, in prayer and meditation, in the perusal of religious books, and in the pleasant, edifying, and beneficial toils of transcription. Not seldom, as is proved by abundant evidence, the life-giving words of pro- phets and apostles were the subjects of these labours ; nor ought it to be doubted that while, through a long tract of centuries, the Scriptures, unknown abroad, were holding their course under-ground, if one might so speak, waiting the time of their glorious emerging, they imparted the substance of true knowledge to many souls, pent with them in the same sepulchral glooms. The monkish system retained its ancient style, with little alteration, until it received an enhance- ment and somewhat new character in France, in the hands of the followers of Jansen, and the Port Royal recluses. Then the old doctrine of religious abstraction — of the merging of the soul in Deity, and of the merit and efficacy of peni- tential suicide, was revived with an intensity never before known, was recommended by a much larger admixture of genuine scriptural knowledge than had ever before been connected IN MODERN TIMES. 253 with the same system, and was graced by the brilliant talents and great learning of many of the party : while at the same time the endurance of persecution gave depth, force, and heroism, to the sentiments of the sect. It was inevitable that whatever of good might arise within the Church of Rome, and remain in allegiance to it, must pass over to the ancient and venerated form of monkish piety. The re- ligion of the monastery was the only sort of devotedness and seriousness known to, or sanc- tioned by that Church. A new sect of fervent religionists could therefore do no otherwise than either fall into that style, or denounce it ; and the latter would have been to break from Rome, and to side with Huguenots. Embarrassed at every step by their professed submission to the authority of the Popes, which they perpetually felt to be at variance with the duty they owed to God, and heavily oppressed and galled by their necessary acquiescence in the flagrant errors of the Church in which alone they thought salvation could be had, and still more deeply injured by their own zealously loved ascetic doctrine, these good men obtained pos- session, and made profession of the great truths of Christianity under an incomparably heavier weight of disadvantage than has been sustained by any other class of Christians from the apo- stolic to the present times. They have left in their voluminous and valuable writings, a body 254 MONACHISM of divinity, doctrinal and practical, which, when the peculiar circumstances of its production are considered, presents a matchless proof of the intrinsic power of Christianity, upbearing so ponderous a mass of error. Nevertheless, while the Port Royal divines and their friends are perused with pleasure and ad- vantage, and while the reader is often inclined to admit that in depth, fervour, and solemnity of religious feeling, in richness and elevation of thought, in holy abstraction from earthly inte- rests, in devotedness of zeal, and in the exem- plification of some difficult duties, they much surpass the divines of England, he still feels, and sometimes when he can hardly assign the grounds of his dissatisfaction, that a vein of illusiveness runs through every page. Although the great principles of religion are much more distinctly and more feelingly produced than generally they are in the writings of the Fathers, and though the evidence of genuine and exalted piety is abundant and unquestionable ; yet is there an infection of idealism, tainting every sentiment ; a mist of the imagination, obscuring every doctrine. In turn- ing from the French writers of this school to our own standard divines, the reader is conscious of a sensation that might be compared to that felt by one who escapes into pure air from a chamber in which, though it was possible to live, respiration was oppressed by the presence of mephitic exhalations. IN MODERN TIMES. 255 Enfeebled by the enthusiasm to which they so fondly clung, the piety of these admirable men failed in the force necessary to carry them trium- phantly through the conflict with their atrocious enemy — ‘the Society.’ They were themselves in too many points vulnerable, to close fearlessly with their adversary ; and they grasped the sword of the Spirit in too infirm a manner to be able to drive home a deadly thrust. Had it been otherwise, had they been free, not merely from the shackle of submission to Rome, but free from the debilitating influence of mysticism and monkish notions, their moral force, their talent, their learning, and their self-devotion, might have sufficed, first for the overthrow of their im- mediate antagonist, whose bad cause and worse arguments were hardly supported against the augmenting weight of public opinion, even by the whole power of the court. Then might they, not improbably, have supplied the impulse necessary to achieve the emancipation of the Gallican church from the thraldom of Rome ; an event which seemed more than once on the eve of accomplishment. And if, at the same moment, the Protestants of France had received just that degree of indulgence, of mere suffer- ance, which was demanded, we do not say by justice and mercy, but by a politic regard to the national welfare ; and if by these means a substantially sound, though perhaps partial reform had taken place within the dominant 256 MON ACIIISM Church, and dissent been allowed to spread itself amicably through the interstices of the eccle- siastical structure ; if religious liberty, not indeed in the temper of republican contumacy, but in the Christian spirit of quiet and grateful humility, had taken root in France, is it too much to say that Atheism could never have become, as it did, the national opinion, and that the consequent solution of the social system in blood could never have happened ? The Jansenists and the inmates of Port Royal, and many of their favourers, displayed a con- stancy that would doubtless have carried them through the fires of martyrdom. But the intel- lectual courage necessary to bear them fearlessly through an examination of the errors of the papal superstition could spring only from a healthy force of mind, utterly incompatible with the dotings of religious abstraction, with the petty solicitudes of sackclothed abstinence, with the trivial ceremonials of the daily ritual, with the prim niceties of behaviour that pin down the body and soul of a Romish regular to his parchment-pattern of artificial sanctity. The Jansenists had not such courage : if they wor- shipped not the beast, they cringed before him : he planted his dragon-foot upon their necks, and their wisdom and their virtues were lost for ever to France. The monk of Wittemberg had taken a bolder and a better course. When he began to find IN MODERN TIMES. 257 fault with Rome, he rejected not only its own flagrant and recent corruptions ; but the specious delusions it had inherited from the ancient church ; and after a short struggle with the prejudices of education, he became, not only no papist, but no monk. Full fraught with the principles and spirit of the Bible, he denounced as well the venerable errors of the fathers, as the scarlet sins of the mother of impurities ; and was as little a disciple of Jerom, of Gregory, and of Basil, as of the doctors of the Vatican. The English reformers trod the ground of theological inquiry with the same manly step ; and that firm step shook the monasteries to the dust. Those great and good men went back to the Scriptures, where they found at once the great realities of religion, a condemning law, a justifying Gospel, and a provision of grace for a life of true holiness. With these substantial principles in their hearts, they spurned whatever was trivial and spurious, and amid the fires of persecution, reared the structure, a structure still unshaken, of religion for England, upon “the foundation of the apostles and prophets.” Had there existed a taste for mysticism, a fond- ness for penitential austerities, a cringing defer- ence to the fathers, among the divines of the time of Edward VI. such a disposition must, so far as known causes are to be calculated upon, have utterly spoiled the reformation in England; or have postponed it a hundred years. s 258 NOTE. Additional Note. — The almost incredible extent to which the religious delusion of the times had vitiated the common sense of Christians, is strikingly displayed in the sort of opposition that was sometimes made to the prevailing notions. Thus we find the Fathers in the midst of their sophistical and absurd encomiums of celibacy, now and then putting in a saving plea for marriage. But how im- mense an aberration from right reason must have taken place before there could be any need for such apologies. The Scriptures declare that “ God formed man, male and female, and blessed them, and said, Be fruitful and multiply.” In not less explicit terms our Lord authenticates the sacredness of the conjugal union, “ a man shall leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife and the apostle of the Lord, authoritatively affirms that marriage is honourable in all ; and he enjoins a bishop to be “ the husband of one wife.” Nevertheless, and in contempt of the plainest evidence, Christian teachers, within three or four generations of the apostolic age, are found, almost universally attempting to make void the law of God, by their inventions ; or if compelled to acknowledge its autho- rity, yet doing so in an indirect and reluctant manner. Some of the favourers of monkery were so impiously bold, as to call marriage “ a doctrine of the devil.” But this horrible audacity is strongly reprobated by those who mention it. (Clemens Alex. Strom. III.) Theodoret speaks of the sentiment as wickedly heretical, and no reputable writer can be charged with advancing so profane an opinion. Clemens condemns those who inveigh against the institution of God, which is, he says, dvaynala (3ot]96s and Xiprj v aa><ppoa~uuT]s, and contents himself with lauding the superior merit, purity, and advantage of the single life. Cyril of Jerusalem has been already quoted to the same effect. Gregory Nyssen, (De Virginitate, c. viii.) looks about and finds an apology for the divine appointment of ma- trimony on this ground, that it is the means of bringing into the world those who may serve and please God. Chrysostom allows that marriage does not impede virtue. Theophylact speaks to the same purpose ; and many others save their consistency in professing to submit to the authority of scripture, by occasional admissions of the same sort. And yet, whenever a solitary voice was raised in reprehensioh of the fundamental principle of monkery, it was presently lost amid the din and angry clamours of fanatical zeal. The natural and very mo- mentous question — Are these practices authorized by the word of God ? seems never once, from the days of Cyprian to the time of the Reformation, to have been fairly and calmly discussed. With such an instance before us of the infatuating power of religious illusion, NOTE. 259 ought not the church in every age to entertain a constant jealousy of itself; and especially when on any point of belief or practice a re- luctance is felt to abide by the consequences of an appeal to scripture ? Happily, in the age in which we live, if there be not on all hands a perfect simplicity of deference to the Bible, there is a nearer approach to it than has perhaps ever existed diffusedly through the church since the days of the apostles: and happily also, there are strong indications on all sides of an increasing deference to the only standard of truth and morals. This, by eminence, is the bright omen of the times. S 2 SECTION X. HINTS ON THE PROBABLE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, SUBMITTED ESPECIALLY TO THOSE WHO MISUSE THE TERM, ENTHUSIASM. To waive the exercise of discrimination, can, under no imaginable circumstances, be advan- tageous to any man ; nor is it ever otherwise than absurd to persist in an error which might be corrected by a moment’s attention to obvious facts. But assuredly some such suspension of good sense has taken place with those who ac- custom themselves to designate, in a mass, as enthusiasts, the many thousands of their country- men, of all communions, at the present time making profession of the doctrines of the Re- formation. All who are not wilfully ignorant must know that what is vulgarly called f the religious world,’ now includes, not only myriads of the lower, and middle, and imperfectly educated classes, in relation to whom self-complacent arrogance may easily find pretexts of scorn, and not only many of the opulent and the noble ; but a fair pro- portion also of all the talent, and learning, and brilliancy of mind, that adorns the professional circles, and that vivifies the literature of the ABUSE OF THE TERM, ENTHUSIASM. 261 country. What appropriateness is there then left to language, if a phrase of supercilious import is to be attached to the names of men of vigorous understanding, and energetic character, and eminent acquirement, of men, successful in their several courses, and accomplished in what- ever gives grace to human nature ? When those, who in no assignable good quality can be deemed inferior to their competitors on the arena of life, are, on account of their religious opinions and practices, called enthusiasts, it is evident that nothing is actually effected but the an- nulling of the contumelious power of the term so misused. We may indeed in this manner neutralise the significance of a word ; or we may draw upon ourselves the imputation of ma- lignant prejudice ; but we cannot reduce from their rank those who stand firmly on the high stages of literary or philosophical eminence. But if arrogance and malignity itself be ashamed of so flagrant an abuse of the word enthusiast ; then neither ought that epithet (unless where special proof can be adduced) to be assigned to the multitude, holding the very same opinions : for the eminent few, seeing that they profess these tenets and adhere to these practices deliberately, and explicitly, must be allowed the privilege of redeeming their belief and usages from contempt, by whomsoever maintained. An opinion gravely professed by a man of 262 PROBABLE SPREAD sense and education, demands respectful consi- deration— demands, and actually receives it from all whose own sense and education give them a correlative right : and whoever offends against this sort of courtesy may fairly be deemed to have forfeited the privileges it secures. But retaliation is declined by those who might use it, and it is declined on the ground not only of Christian meekness, but of commiseration towards such violators of candour and good manners, whom they hold to be acting under the influence of an infatuation, at once deplorable and fatal. That this infatuation should, in any great number of instances, be dispelled by the mere shewing of reasons, is what the religionists — the ‘ enthusiasts,’ by no means expect : they too well understand the nature of the malady, and too well know its inveteracy, to imagine that it may be dissipated by force of argument, even though the cause were in the hands of a college of dialecticians. Nevertheless they entertain an expectation (and have evidence to shew in support of it) which, if it be realized, will supersede many difficult controversies, and rob impiety for ever of its only effectual prop, the suffrage of the many. This expectation is nothing less than that Christianity — or, for the sake of distinctness, let it be said the religion of the Reformation — the religion of Wycliffe, and Latimer, and Cranmer, and Jewel, and Hooker, and Owen, and Howe, and Baxter, will OF CHRISTIANITY. 263 gain, ere long, unquestioned ascendency, will bear down infidelity and false doctrine, and absorb schism, and possess itself of all power, and rule the family of man. In support of a belief like this many reasons might be urged, some of which can be expected to have weight only with the religious ; while others may well claim attention from all, what- ever may be their opinion of Christianity, who are at once competent and accustomed to anti- cipate the probable course of human affairs. There are three distinct methods in which an inquiry of this sort may be conducted : of these, the first, is the method of philosophical calcula- tion, on the known principles of human nature, and which, without either denying or assuming the truth of Christianity, forecasts, from past events and present appearances, the probable futurity. To pursue such calculations efficiently, prepos- sessions of all kinds, both sceptical and religious, should be held in abeyance, while the naked facts that belong to the problem are contemplated as from the remoteness of a neutral position. The reader and writer of this page may each have formed his estimate of the intrinsic force and validity of certain opinions ; but this pri- vate estimate may happen to be much above, or much below the level which perfect reason would approve ; and, be it what it may, it can avail nothing for our present purpose. If we are to calculate the probable extension or extinction of 264 PROBABLE SPREAD those opinions, we must consult the evidence of facts on a large scale ; and especially must observe what manifestations of intrinsic power they have given on certain peculiar and critical occasions. This is the only course that can be deemed satisfactory, or that is conformed to the procedures of modern science. We do not now wish to ask a seraph if such or such a dogma is held to be true in heaven ; what we have to do is to learn from the suffrage of the millions of mankind whether it has a permanent power to command and to regain ascendency over the human mind. This question must be asked of history, and we must take care to open the book at those pages where the great eras of religious revolution are described. Having glanced at the past, our next business will be to look at the present : this kind of divination is the only one known to the principles of philosophical inquiry. The early triumph of the Gospel over the fascinating idolatries and the astute atheism of Greece and Rome, has been often insisted upon, (and conclusively) as evidence of its truth. But with that argument we have nothing now to do; yet if the subject were not a very hackneyed one, it might well be brought forward, in all its details, in proof of a different point — namely, the innate power of the religion of the Bible to vanquish the hearts of men. An opponent may here choose his alternative : either let him grant OF CHRISTIANITY. 265 that Christianity triumphed because it was true and divine ; or let him deny that it had any aid from heaven. In the former case we shall be entitled to infer that the religion of God must at length universally prevail; or in the latter, may strongly argue that this doctrine possesses little less than an omnipotence of intrinsic force, by which it obtained success under circumstances of opposition, such as made its triumph seem even to its enemies miraculous : and on this ground the expectation of its future prevalence cannot be thought unreasonable. But if there were room to imagine that the first spread of Christianity was owing rather to an accidental conjuncture of favouring circum- stances, than to its real power over the human mind ; or if it might be thought that any such peculiar virtue was all spent and exhausted in its first expansive effort, then it is natural to look to the next occasion on which the opinions of mankind were put in fermentation, and to watch in what manner the system of the Bible then rode over the high billows of political, religious, and intellectual commotion. It was a fair trial for Christianity, and a trial essentially different from its first, when, in the fifteenth century, after having been corrupted in every part to a state of loathsome ulceration, it had to contend for existence, and to work its own renovation, at the moment of the most extraordinary expansion of the human intellect that has ever happened. 266 PROBABLE SPREAD At that moment, when the splendid literature of the ancient world started from its tomb, and kindled a blaze of universal admiration ; at that moment when the first beams of sound philosophy broke over the nations; and when the revival of the useful arts gave at once elasticity to the minds of the million, and a check of practical influence to the minds of the few; at the moment when the necromancy of the press came into play to expose and explode necromancy of every other kind ; and when the discovery of new continents, and of a new path to the old, . tended to supplant a taste for whatever is visionary, by imparting a vivid taste for what is substantial ; at such a time, which seemed to leave no chance of continued existence to aught that was not in its nature vigorous, might it not confidently have been said — This must be the crisis of Christianity ? if it be not inwardly sound, if it have not a true hold of human nature, if it be a thing of feebleness and dotage, fit only for cells, and cowls, and the precincts of spiritual despotism ; if it be not adapted to the world of action, if it have no sympathy with the feelings of men, of freemen ; nothing can save it : no power of princes, no devices of priests, will avail to rear it anew, and to replace it in the veneration of the people ; at least not in any country where has been felt the freshening gale of intellectual life. The result of this crisis need not be narrated. It may even be doubted, had not Christianity OF CHRISTIANITY. 267 been fraught with power, if all the influence of kings, and craft of priests could have upheld it in any part of Europe, after the revival of learning; certainly not in those countries which received at the same time the invigoration of political liberty, of science, and of commerce. Whether the religion for which the reformers suffered, “ was from heaven or of men,” is not our question ; but whether it is not a religion of robust constitution, framed to endure, and to spread, and to vanquish the hearts of men ? With the history of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in view, it is asked if Christianity is a system that must always lean upon ignorance, and craft, and despotism, and which, when those rotten stays are removed, must fail and be seen no more ? Yet another species of trial was in store to give proof of the indestructibility and victorious power of Christianity. It remained to be seen whether, when the agitations, political and moral, consequent upon the great schism which had taken place in Europe had subsided, and when the season of slumber and exhaustion came on, and when human reason, strengthened and re- fined by physical science and elegant literature, should awake fully to the consciousness of its powers ; whether then the religion of the Bible could retain its hold of the nations ; or at least of those of them that enjoyed without limit the happy influences of political liberty, and intellectual light. This was a sort of probation 268 PROBABLE SPREAD which Christianity had never before passed through . And what were the omens under which it en- tered upon the new trial of its strength ? Were the friends of Christianity at that moment of portentous conflict awake, and vigilant, and stout-hearted, and thoroughly armed to repel assaults ? The very reverse was the fact : for at the instant when the atheistical conspiracy made its long-concerted, well-advised and con- sentaneous attack, there was scarcely a pulse of life left in the Christian body, in any one of the Protestant states. The old supersti- tions had crawled back into many of their ancient corners. In other quarters the spirit of protestation against those superstitions had breathed itself away in trivial wranglings, or had given place to infidelity — infidelity ag- gravated by stalled hypocrisy. The Church of England, the chief prop of modern Christianity, was then to a great extent torpid, and faint- ing under the incubus either of false doctrine or of a secular spirit ; at least seemed inca- pable of the effort which the peril of the time demanded : few indeed of her sons were pano- plied, and sound hearted, as champions in such a cause should be. Within a part only of a small body of Dissenters (for a part was smitten with the plague of heresy) and that part in great measure disqualified from free and energetic action by rigidities, and scruples, and divisions. OF CHRISTIANITY. 269 was contained almost all the religious life and fervour any where to be found in Christendom. Meanwhile the infidel machinators had chosen their ground at leisure, and were wrought to the highest pitch of energy by a confident, and as it might seem, a well-founded hope of success. They were backed by the secret wishes, or the undissembled cheerings of almost the entire body of educated men throughout Europe. They used the only language then common to the civilized world, and a language which might be imagined to have been framed and finished designedly to accomplish the demolition of what- ever was grave and venerated ; a language, be- yond any other, of raillery, of insinuation, and of sophistry ; a language of polished missiles, whose temper could penetrate not only the cloak of imposture, but the shield of truth. At the same portentous moment the shocks and upheavings of political commotion opened a thousand fissures in the ancient structure of moral and religious sentiment ; and the enemies of Christianity, surprised by unexpected success, rushed forward to achieve an easy triumph. The firmest and the wisest friends of old opinions desponded, and many believed that a few years would see Atheism the universal doctrine of the western nations, as well as military despotism the only form of government. It is hard to imagine a single advantage that was lacking to the promoters of infidelity, or 270 PROBABLE SPREAD a single circumstance of peril and ill-omen that was not present to deepen the gloom of the friends of religion. The actual issue of that signal crisis is before our eyes in the freshness of a recent event. Christianity — we ask not whether for the benefit or the injury of the world, has triumphed ; the mere fact is all that concerns our argument. But shall it be said, or if said, believed, that the late resurrection of the religion of the Bible has been managed in the cabinets of monarchs ? Have kings and emperors given this turn to public opinion, which now compels infidelity to hide its shame behind the very mask of hypocrisy that it had so lately torn from the face of the priest ? To come home to facts with which all must be familiar ; has there not been heard, within the last few years, from the most enlightened, the most sober-minded, and the freest people of Europe, a firm, articulate, spon- taneous, and cordial expression of preference, and of enhanced veneration towards Christianity ? Again then we ask — not if this religion be true, but if it have not, even beneath our own obser- vation, given proof of indestructible vigour ? The spread of the English stock, and lan- guage, and literature, over the North American continent, has afforded a distinct and very signi- ficant indication of the power of Christianity to retain its hold of the human mind, and of its aptness to run hand-in-hand with civilization, even when unaided by those secular succours to OF CHRISTIANITY. 271 which its enemies in malice, and some of its friends in over-caution, are prone to attribute too much importance. The tendency of repub- licanism, which obviously has some strong affi- nity with infidelity, and the connexion of the colonies, at the moment of their revolt, with France, and the prevalence of a peculiarly eager and uncorrected commercial temper, and the absence of every sort and semblance of restraint upon opinion, were concurrent circumstances, belonging to the infancy of the American Union, of a kind which put to the severest test the intrinsic power of Christianity, in retaining its hold of the human mind. Could infidel experi- menters have wished for conditions more equi- table under which to try the respective forces of the opposing systems ? And what has been the issue ? It is true that infidelity holds still its ground in the United States, as in Europe ; and there, as in Europe, keeps company with whatever is debauched, sordid, oppressive, reckless, ruffian - like. But at the same time Christianity has gained rather than lost ground, and shews itself there in a style of as much fervour and zeal as in England ; and perhaps, even has the advantage in these respects. Wherever, on that continent, good order and intelligence are spreading, there also the religion of the Bible spreads. And if it be probable that the English race, and language, and institutions, will, in a century, pervade its 272 PROBABLE SPREAD deserts, all appearances favour the belief that the edifices of Christian worship will bless every landscape of the present wilderness that shall then “ blossom as the rose.” Before, in pursuing this method of frigid calculation, the Christian doctrine be weighed against the several systems with which it must contend ere it wins its universal triumph, it is proper to inquire — what is the probability that a collision will actually take place. To estimate fairly this probability, those who are but slen- derly acquainted with the religious world, in the British Islands, in America, and in the Protes- tant states of the continent, must understand, much better than generally they do, the precise nature of the remarkable revolution that has, within the last thirty years, been effected in the sentiments of Christians on the subject of the diffusion of their religion. Such slenderly in- formed persons may very naturally imagine that the prodigious efforts that have of late been made to diffuse Christianity through the world have sprung simply from a heat and excitement, in its nature transient, and which, therefore, must be expected soon to subside. But this supposition will be found to be incomplete and erroneous. A stir and kindling of feeling has no doubt happened ; but this feeling, and the acti- vities which followed from it, have given occasion to the resurrection, so to speak, of a capital OF CHRISTIANITY. 273 article of Christian morals, which, after lying almost latent for centuries, stands forth in un- disputed and prominent authority in the modern code of religious duty. This recovered principle is now constantly recognized and enforced, and is seen to exert its influence, not merely within the upper circles of central movement, but even in the remotest orbits of religious feeling, where warmth and energy are manifestly not excessive. The founder of Christianity left with his dis- ciples the unlimited injunction to go forth into all the world and to preach the Gospel to every creature. This command, corroborated by others of equivalent import, and enforced by the very nature of the Christian doctrine, and by the spirit of Christian charity, is now understood and acknowledged, in a manner new to the Church, to be of universal obligation, so that no Chris- tian, how obscure soever may be his station, or small his talents, or limited his means, can be held to stand altogether excused from the duty of fulfilling, in some way, the last mandate of his Lord. Thus understood, this command makes every believer a preacher and a missionary ; or at least obliges him to see to it, so far as his ability extends, that the labours of diffusive evangeliza- tion are actually performed by a substitute. Before the commencement of the recent mis- sionary efforts, there had been missions to the heathen. But these, if carried on with any thing more than a perfunctory assiduity, were T 274 PROBABLE SPREAD anomalous to the general feeling of Christians, and rested on the exemplary zeal of individuals. But the modern missions are maintained, neither by the zeal of the few, nor by the mere zeal of the many ; but rather by the deep-seated impul- sive power of a grave and irresistible conviction, pressing on the conscience even of the inert and the selfish ; and much more on the hearts of the fervent and devoted — That a Christian has no more liberty to withhold his aid and service from these evangelizing associations, than he has to abandon the duties of common life ; and that, for a man to profess hope in Christ, and to deny what he might spare to promote the diffusion of the Gospel, is the most egregious of all practical solecisms. Those who are ignorant of this remarkable revolution of sentiment, or who may be sceptical concerning it, would do well to take up at hazard any dozen of the discourses, and reports, and tracts, that are yearly, and monthly, and weekly, flooding from the religious press, among which they will hardly find one that does not assume this as an admitted principle, and as the ultimate and irresistible motive of every hortatory appeal. And if among these ephemera, there are any, and such are not seldom to be found, that bear the stamp of superior intelligence, it will be seen almost invariably, that the reasoner summons all the force of his mind, not so much to prove that every Christian is bound to promote the diffusion 1 OF CHRISTIANITY. 275 of scriptural knowledge, as, by some new inge- nuity of illustration, to place the acknowledged duty in a stronger light, or to shew in what manner it bears upon the specific object for which he pleads. And it is to be noted that these popular addresses exhibit, for the most part, much more of the gravity and calmness which naturally belong to the style of those who feel that they are standing upon undisputed ground, than of the solicitude or the inflamma- tory verbosity and turgidness of writers who are labouring to fan a decaying blaze of indefensible enthusiasm. Or again ; it may well be inferred that the modem missionary zeal springs from motives of a substantial and permanent kind, since they affect, without exception, every body of Chris- tians (holding the doctrine of the Reformation) and are felt in precisely the same manner by the Christians of every Protestant community of Europe. And moreover the feeling has not declined, but has sensibly increased since the first years of its activity ; and it has endured the trial, in some instances, of severe and long-con- tinued discomfitures, or of very partial success. These are indications of a spring of action far more sedate and enduring than any feverish ex- citement can ever supply. But if the extent, and the power, and the promise of the existing missionary zeal are to be duly estimated, the inquirer should visit the t 2 276 PROBABLE SPREAD homes of our religious folks; or enter the schools in which their children are trained, and there learn what is the doctrine inculcated upon those who are rising up to take place on the arena of life : or let him listen to the hymns they lisp, and examine the tracts they read, and he will meet the same great principle in a thousand manners enforced, namely — That it is the duty of every Christian, young or old, rich or poor, to take part in sending the Gospel to all nations. Or let the observer notice the Missionary Box, in the school-room, in the nursery, in the shop- parlour, in the farm-house kitchen, in the cottage, of the religious ; and let him mark multiform contrivances for swelling the amount of the revenues of Christian charity, devised, and zea- lously persisted in, by youths and by little ones, whose parents, at the same age, thought of no- thing but of cakes and sports. And does all this steady movement, this wide-spreading and closely-compacted system of united effort, this mechanism in which infancy as well as maturity takes its part, indicate no- thing for futurity ? Shall it all have passed away and be forgotten with the present genera- tion ? If indeed it were confined to a sect, or to a province, or to a country, it might, though that were unlikely ; but not if it be the common style of Christian feeling in every part of the world where fervent Christianity exists at all. Particular associations may be dissolved, and OF CHRISTIANITY. 277 particular schemes may be broken up ; standard- bearers in the sacred cause may faint ; the zeal of certain communities may fade ; or political disasters may here and there bring ruin upon pious labours ; but unless devastation universal sweeps over the face of the civilized world, the doctrine of missionary zeal, which has been broad-cast over Christendom, in the present day, will not fail of coming to its harvest. And now if there are any who wish ill to Christianity, let them hasten to prevent the measures of its friends, let them teach their babes to hate the Gospel; for those who love it are taking such means to insure its future triumph as can hardly fail of success, and such as, on all common grounds of calculation, make it likely that even the sons and the daughters of the present race of infidels may be involved in the approaching conquests of the Son of David, and shall actually join in the loud hosanna that announces his ac- cession to the throne of universal empire. It is then more than barely probable — it is almost certain, that the attempt to offer Christi- anity to all nations will not presently be aban- doned. The next question is this — whether, on grounds of frigid calculation, such attempts are recommended by any fair promise of success. When the term calculation, is used in refer- ence to the diffusion of Christianity, a use of the word which perhaps may somewhat offend 278 PROBABLE SPREAD the ear of piety, an important distinction must be kept in view between that cordial admission of the Gospel which renovates the hearts of men individually ; and that change of opinion and profession which may be brought about among a people by means that fall short of possessing efficiency to produce repentance and faith. And while the former must every where, at home or abroad, be the great object aimed at and desired by the Christian ministry, the latter is both in itself, even if nothing more were done, and as a preliminary and probable means conducing to the production of genuine piety, a most desirable and happy revolution. It is moreover a revo- lution which may be reckoned to lie always within the range of human agency, when skilfully and perseveringly applied. For Christianity is a species of knowledge, in its nature communi- cable, and, as a system of opinions, or as a code of morals, possesses a manifest superiority when fairly brought into comparison with any existing religious system. And if it may reasonably be asked concerning any people — how shall they believe without a preacher ? the converse ques- tion might, with little less confidence be put — how shall they not believe with one ? Pagan and Mohammedan nations ought to be thought of by a Christian people just as the master of a numerous household, if he be wise and benevolent, thinks of the untutored members of his family; for although no actual subjection OF CHRISTIANITY. 279 is owned on the one side, or can be exercised on the other, there exists, virtually, the relationship and the responsibilities of that domination which is ever possessed by knowledge, and intelligence, and virtue, over ignorance and degradation. Now, as the master of a family may, to a greater or less extent, infallibly succeed by zeal, affection, skill, and patience, in dispelling the superstitions and the ignorance which have happened to come under his roof; so, with zeal, affection, skill, and patience, proportioned to the greatness of the work, may the Christian nations at length cer- tainly effect a cleansing of the earth from the cruelties and impurities of polytheism. Nothing inconsistent with the humblest and most devout dependence upon the divine agency is implied in this supposition, any more than in the belief that our children and servants may be trained in the knowledge of God, and in the decencies of Christian worship. Is there not reason to think that an inattention to this plain principle has prevented, in some measure, the adoption of those vigorous and extended opera- tions which common sense prescribes as the proper and probable means of diffusing at once civilization and religion through the world ? The probability of a change of religion on the part of an entire people may, it is true, be argued on the adverse as well as on the favour- able side, with great appearance of reason. The obstinacy of the human mind in adhering to the 280 PROBABLE SPREAD worse, even when the better is presented to its choice, seems not seldom to possess the invin- cibility of a physical law ; and it has been found as impracticable to reform an absurd usage, as to remodel the national physiognomy. How often have both reason and despotism been baffled in their endeavours to effect even a trivial alteration in ancient usages or costumes ; and there has been room to suppose, that the tenacity of life belonging to customs or opinions bears direct proportion always to their absurdity and mis- chievous consequence. The high antiquity and the still broken force of the Asiatic idolatries, in themselves so hideous, so burdensome, and so sanguinary, stand forth as most impressive and appalling confirmations of the truth that what- ever has once gained for itself the sanction of time, may boldly defy the assaults of reason. And then, when religious opinions and practices are in question, we have not merely to break through the iron law of immemorial usage, but to encounter the living opposition of the priest- hood, already firmly seated in the cloud-girt throne of supposed supernatural power, and in- terested as deeply as men can be who have at stake their civil existence, and their credit, and their means of luxurious idleness. Again, in most instances, ancient religious opinions have sent down their roots through the solid structure of the civil institutions of the people : the old superstition is an oak that was sown by the OF CHRISTIANITY. 281 builder of the state, has actually pervaded the entire foundations, and forms now the living bond-timber, to remove which would be to bring to the ground the whole tottering masonry of the social system. When this side of the question has been long and exclusively contemplated, the schemes of missionary zeal may well seem to be utterly chimerical ; or if not chimerical, dangerous. But the friends of mankind do not forget that the very same objects may be viewed in another light. Even before particular facts are appealed to, an hypothesis of an opposite kind may plausibly be advanced. It may be alleged that Opinion — the invisible power that rules the world, is a name without substance, which, though omnipotent so long as it is thought to be so, vanishes quicker than a mist, when once suspected to be impotent. It might also with great appearance of reason be affirmed as a universal law of the moral world, that the better, when fairly brought into collision with the worse, possesses an infallible certainty of ultimate pre- valence. On this same principle, it is common to affirm, that the improved mechanical processes of a scientific people will at length necessarily sup- plant the operose, and wasteful, and inefficient methods practised by half- civilized nations. And thus probably will the ruinous and depopulating usages of despotism give way before the wealth- 282 PROBABLE SPREAD giving maxims of legal government. And thus also may it be hoped that a pure theology, and a pure morality, shall inevitably, if zealously diffused, prevail till they have removed all super- stitions, with all their corruptions. Even on the lowest principles of natural theology, some such medicative power may be presumed to have been imparted to the human system, as a provision against the progress of utter moral dissolution. But while an argument of this sort is at issue, the simple method of appealing to such facts as may seem to bear conclusively upon the question, will assuredly not be neglected ; and it will be asked, whether there are on record any instances ' which give a peremptory negative to the assertion that a national change of religion ought to be thought of as an event in the last degree im- probable. And why should not the spread and triumph of Christianity in the first ages of its promulgation be accepted as an instance abso- lutely conclusive, and in the fullest sense analogous to the problem that is to be solved ? To whatever causes that first prevalence of the religion of the Bible may be attributed, it is still an unquestioned fact that entire nations, not one or two, but many, and in every stage of advancement on the course of civilization, were actually brought to abandon their ancient super- stitions, and to profess the Gospel. Or CHRISTIANITY. 283 These amazing revolutions took place under almost every imaginable variety of circumstances, and they occupied a period of not more than three centuries, and the substantial part of the change had been wrought, to a great extent, before the aid of political succour came in, and even in the front of political opposition. People after people fell away from their idolatries, and assumed (with how much or how little of cordial feeling matters not) the Christian name and code. Here once more the objector must be urged to select his alternative. — If Christianity won this wide success by aid from heaven, then who will profess to believe that a religion so supported shall not in the end vanquish mankind ? Or if not, then manifestly, the fact of the spread of Christianity in the east, and in the west, in the north, and in the south, destroys altogether the supposed improbability of its again supplanting idolatry. Nothing inseparable from human na- ture, nothing invincible stands in the way of the diffusion of our faith among either polished or barbarous polytheists ; for already has it been victorious in both kinds. Let it be affirmed and granted, that the religious infatuations of man- kind are firm as adamant; still it is a fact that a hammer harder than adamant once shattered the rock to atoms. And now it is proposed again to smite the same substance with the same instru- ment ; and are those to be deemed irrational 284 PROBABLE SPREAD who anticipate the same success ? In such an anticipation neither the superior purity and ex- cellence of Christianity need be assumed, nor its truth : nothing is peremptorily affirmed but its well-attested efficiency to subvert and supplant other religious systems. A myriad of philoso- phists may clamorously affirm the missionary project to be insane. Nevertheless Christians, listening rather to the history of their religion than to the harangues of its modern oppugners, will go on to preach in every land, “ That men should turn from dumb idols to serve the living God.” That during a period of more than a thousand years Christianity should hardly have gained a foot of ground from polytheism, and should in some quarters have been driven in from its ancient frontiers, is only natural, seeing that, in the whole course of that time, no extended endeavours, or none guided and impelled by the genuine principles of the Gospel, were made to diffuse it. Angels have no commission to become evangelists, and if men neglect their duty in this instance, no means remain for supplying their lack of service. The modern missionary enter- prises (exclusive of some very limited attempts) do not yet date forty years ; and while the fact that this spirit of Christian zeal has maintained itself so long attests its solidity, and gives promise of its perpetuity, its recentness (recent compared with the work to be achieved) may OF CHRISTIANITY. 285 justly be alleged in reply to those who ask, from whatever motive. Why are not the nations converted ? Within this short space of time the religious public has had to be formed to a right feeling on the new subject ; and all the practical wisdom that belongs to an enterprise so immense and so difficult has had to be acquired ; and the agents of the work at home and abroad, to be trained ; and the initiatory obstacle, that occa- sioned by diversity of language, to be removed. The preparatives have now been passed through, and successes obtained large and complete enough to quash all objection, and more than enough to recompense what they have cost. And these successes, moreover, warrant the belief that the universal prevalence of Christianity (considered simply as an exterior profession) is suspended upon the continuance of the missionary zeal among the Christians of Europe and America. Instead of allowing speculation to flit vaguely and ineptly over all the desolate places of the earth’s surface, it will be better, if we would make our calculation definite, to fix upon a single region ; and while we assume it as probable that the existing spirit of missionary vigilance and assi- duity and self-devotion will continue in vigour during the ensuing half- century ; endeavour roughly to estimate the chances of the entrance and spread of Christian light in that one region ; and let us select the region which may be deemed altogether to occupy the place of an ultimate 286 PROBABLE SPREAD problem of evangelical enterprise. Thus an nounced, every one will of course think of China. Nothing hardly is more difficult than to view, in the nakedness of mere truth, any object remote from personal observation which has once filled the imagination with images of vastness and mystery. Thus it often happens that benevolent schemes are robbed of their fair chance of success by the fond illusions which are suffered to swell out an empty bulk, so as to hide from view the real difficulties that ought to be deliberately met. And thus it is usual for the timid to amuse their inaction by contemplating spectral forms of dan- ger or obstruction that exist only in the mind. Hinderances and impossibilities may even yield a sort of delight to the imagination by the aspect of greatness and terror they assume ; at least while we resolve to view them only at a distance. And in such cases he must be singularly desti- tute of poetic feeling, or singularly conscientious and abstinent in the use of language, who, in describing the proposed enterprise, does not impart to the mere facts a form and colouring of unreal greatness and wonder. This sort of illusiveness and exaggeration un- questionably belongs to the subject of Christian missions to China. Who does not feel that the high numbers of its dense and far-spread popu- lation, amounting perhaps to more than a sixth part of the human family, and the yet impene- trated veil of mystery which hangs over the origin OF CHRISTIANITY. 287 of the people, and over their actual condition, and even over the geography of the country ; and then the singularity of the national character, and the anomalous construction of the language, alto- gether raise a mist of obscurity which rests in the way of the inquirer who asks— Is the attempt to introduce Christianity among these millions of our brethren utterly vain and visionary ? The natural exaggerations which infest this subject have indeed been sensibly reduced within the last few years : twenty years ago all cautious and sagacious Protestants would have thought themselves bound, in deference to common sense, to deride the idea of converting China to the faith of Europe. What the De propaganda, with its store of accommodating measures might attempt, none who must adhere to the guileless methods of Christian instruction would under- take : or even if an enterprise of this sort were commenced, it must be allowed a date of five hundred years for achieving any considerable success. But better information, and the actual accomplishment of the initiatory process, must now, by the least sanguine minds, be deemed greatly to have lessened the improbabilities of such an attempt, and to have shortened the date of our Christian hopes. What has been accom- plished of late by the assiduity, and the intellec- tual vigour, and the moral intrepidity of two or three individuals, has turned the beam of calculation ; and it is now rational to talk of that 288 PROBABLE SPREAD which, very recently, might not have been named except among visionaries. The brazen gate of China, sculptured with inscrutable characters, and bolted and barred, as it seemed, against western ingenuity, the gate of its anomalous language, has actually been set wide open ; and although the ribbon of despotic interdiction is still stretched across the highway that leads to the popular mind, access, to some extent, has been obtained ; and who shall affirm that this frail barrier, insurmountable as it may now seem, shall at all times, during another fifty years, exist, and be respected ? Within even a much shorter term is it not probable that revo- lutions of dynasty or popular commotions, may suspend or divert, for a moment, the vigilance of jealous ignorance ? In some such manner it may be supposed that, the means of diffusing religious knowledge being, as they are, accumu- lated, and headed up above the level of the plains of China, the dam bursting, or falling into decay, the healing flood of Christian truth shall suffuse itself in all directions over the vast surface. But we are told that the national intellect is spell-bound in a condition of irremediable imbe- cility. The people, it is said, have no ideas but such as are fixed under the petrifactions of their ancient usages ; or even if they had a mind in which ideas might float, they have no medium of communication, or none which can take up even an atom of knowledge or of sentiment that is of OF CHRISTIANITY. 289 foreign growth. How then shall such a people be converted to Christianity ? Were it not as well to attempt to inform and persuade the sculptures of Elephanta, or the glazed images of their own pottery ? To all this show of impossi- bility, a full and sufficient reply is contained in a single affirmation of Scripture, not less philoso- phically just than it is beautiful and sublime — “ The Lord looketh from heaven, He beholdeth all the sons of men : from the place of His habi- tation He looketh upon all the inhabitants of the earth : He fashioneth their hearts alike.” The old doctrine, that there are certain generic and invincible inferiorities of intellect which must for ever bar the advancement of some branches of the human family, has of late received so signal a refutation in the instance of the African race, long and pertinaciously consigned by interested philosophers to perpetual degradation, that it now hardly needs to be argued against. And assuredly, if the negro cranium is found, spite of phrenologists, to admit of mathematical abstrac- tion, fine taste, and fine feeling, it will not be affirmed that the skull of the Tatar or Chinese must necessarily exclude similar excellences. To assert, either that nature has conferred no physical superiorities, favourable to the development of mind, on particular races, or to maintain that the comparative disadvantages of some nations are so great and unalterable as to constitute impassable barriers in the way of civilization, is equally a 290 PROBABLE SPREAD quackery which history and existing facts con- demn, and which nothing but the love of theory or simplification could ever recommend to an intelligent observer of mankind. With the uni- form evidence of history before us, it may well be assumed as probable that certain races will always retain the intellectual pre-eminence they have acquired ; nor is it at all less reasonable to sup- pose that every tribe, even the most degraded, is intrinsically capable of whatever is essential to a state of social order and moral dignity. If the lowest degree of proficiency in the mechanical arts is justly held to give proof of the existence of those powers of abstraction whence, with proper culture, the sciences may take their rise ; so, with equal certainty may we infer a susceptibility of the religious emotions from even the feeblest indications of the moral sense. When a people diffused over so extensive a surface, and so thickly covering that surface, is seen to submit itself intelligently to the patri- archal form of government, which implies the constant and powerful influence of a moral abstraction, and a vivid sense of unseen power, no doubt can remain of its capacity to admit the motives of Christian faith. The Chinese are what they are, more from the natural consequence of having sustained, during many successive generations, what may be termed, national imprisonment, than from the operation of any physical disabilities. So complete and OF CHRISTIANITY. 291 successful an interdiction of intercourse with strangers has not been known to take place in any other country ; and a closer fitting of the restraints of custom and etiquette upon the manners than has elsewhere been effected, have not failed to impart to the national character that peculiar gait — if the phrase may be used, which must distinguish one who had been released from his swaddling-bands only to be encumbered with a chain, and had worn that chain through life. Of the Chinese people it may truly be said that “ the iron hath entered into their soul.” But even without resting upon the probability of the subversion of the existing despotism, the defeat of its jealous precautions may be antici- pated as what must at length result from the present course of events. That portion of the Chinese population which may be termed the extra-mural, and which, in numbers, exceeds some European nations, may be considered as the depository of the happy destinies of the empire ; for these expatriate millions are accessible to instruction, and if once they become, to any considerable extent, alive to religious truth, no prohibitions of paternal despotism will avail to exclude the new principles from the mother country. It is a puerile feeling that would draw discouragement from the comparative diminutive- ness and small actual results of the operations that are carrying on for imparting Christianity u 2 292 PROBABLE SPREAD to this people. These measures ought, in philo- sophical justice, to be viewed as the commence- ments of an accelerative movement, acting incessantly upon an inert mass, which, by the very laws of nature, must at length receive im- pulse enough to be carried forward in the course of the propelling cause. To be assured of this result, all that we need, is to be assured of the continuance of the spring of movement. If the several spheres of missionary labour are reviewed, none, it is presumed, can be deemed to offer more serious obstacles than the one already referred to ; or if there be one such, yet have fact and experiment already given a full reply to all objections. May it be permitted to say that a voice from heaven, full of meaning, is heard in the particular character of the suc- cesses, how limited soever they may be, which have crowned the incipient attempts to convert the heathen ? The veriest reprobates of civiliza- tion and social order have been the first to be brought in to grace the triumphs of the Gospel in its recent attempts at foreign conquest ; as if at once to solve all doubts, and to refute all cavils relating to the practicability and promise of the enterprise. If it had been thought or affirmed that the stupefaction and induration of heart produced upon a race by ages of un- corrected ferocity and sensuality must repel for ever the attempts of Christian zeal, it is shown, in the instance of the extremest specimens that OF CHRISTIANITY. 293 could have been selected, that a few years only of beneficent skill and patience are enough to transform the fierce and voluptuous savage into a being of pure, and gentle, and noble senti- ments ; that within a few years all the domestic virtues, and even the public virtues, graced with the decencies of rising industry, may occupy the very spots that were reeking with human blood, and the filthiness of every abomination which the sun blushes to behold. If one islet only of the Southern Ocean had cast away its idols and its horrific customs, if one hamlet only of the Negro or Hottentot race had become Christian, there would have been no more place left on which the objector against missions could rest his cavils ; for the problem of the conversion of the heathen would have been satisfactorily solved. But in truth, these happy and amazing revolutions have taken place with such frequency, and under so great a diversity of circumstance, and in front of so many obstacles, that instead of asking whether bar- barous nations may be persuaded to forsake their cruel delusions, it may with more propriety be asked — if any thing can prevent the progress of such reforms, universally, where Christian zeal and wisdom perseveringly perform their part. The relative political and commercial condition of nations at the present moment affords several special grounds of reasoning, on which the ex- tension of Christianity may be anticipated as a 294 PROBABLE SPREAD probable event. Among topics of this class may be named that of the diffusion of the English language — the language which beyond com- parison with any other is spreading and running through all the earth, and which, by the com- merce and enterprise of two independent and powerful states, is colonizing the shores of every sea; this language, now pouring itself over all the waste places of the earth, is the principal medium of Christian truth and feeling, and is rich in every means of Christian instruction, and is fraught with religious sentiment, in all kinds, adapted to the taste of the philosopher, the cottager, and the infant. Almost apart, there- fore, from missionary labour, the spread of this language insures the spread of the religion of the Bible. The doctrine is entwined with the language, and can hardly be disjoined. If the two expansive principles of colonization and com- mercial enterprise, once diffused the language and religion of Greece completely around every sea known to ancient navigation, it is now much more probable that the same principles of diffu- sion will carry English institutions, and English opinions, into every climate. But in calculations or speculations of this sort, merely secular as they are, much less is included than truly belongs to the question at issue. Not to assume the truth of Christianity, and not to argue on the ground of its divine excellence, and OF CHRISTIANITY. 295 not to confide in those prospective declarations, the certainty of which has been attested beyond possibility of doubt, is not only to grope in the dark when we might walk in the light of noon, but to exclude from the working of our problem the very facts of most significance in its determina- tion. To estimate fairly the probability of the uni- versal triumph of true religion, a second method must be pursued, in which the existing condition of the Christian Church is to be contemplated with a Christian feeling. When thus viewed it will appear that a promise of a new kind is now bursting from the bud ; and the inference may confidently be drawn that “ summer is nigh.” For the purpose of measuring the progress of religion, attempts have sometimes been made to effect a sort of Christian statistics, or calculation of the actual number of true believers throughout the world. But the propriety of such an appli- cation of arithmetic is far from being conspicuous ; and seeing that the subject of computation lies confessedly beneath the reach of the human eye, its accuracy may be absolutely denied. Endea- vours, again, have been made to judge of the advance or decline of religion by comparing the state of devotional feeling and of morals in the present, and in other times. But all such com- parisons must be deemed, at the best, extremely vague, and open to immense errors, arising either from the prepossessions of the individual who makes the comparison, or from the want of data 296 PROBABLE SPREAD sufficiently ample and exact ; and probably from both. No attempts of this delusive kind will here be offered to the reader ; but instead of them, certain unquestionable and obvious facts will be assumed as affording reasonable ground of very exhilarating hopes. If any one were required, without premedita- tion, to give a reply to the question — What is the most prominent circumstance in the present state of the Christian Church, he would, if suffi- ciently informed on the subject, almost certainly answer — The honour done to the Scriptures. Such an answer may be supposed as suggested by the conspicuousness of the fact. Now in order to gather our inference safely from this fact, it is necessary to look back for a moment to past times. In the first and best age of the Church, the deference paid to the inspired writings, whether of prophets or apostles, was as great as can be imagined to exist : and whatever of beneficial influence belongs to the Sacred Volume, was then actually in operation ; or it was so with a single drawback, namely — that arising from the scarcity of the hook, and its non-existence in the hands of the Christian commonalty. To estimate duly the greatness of this disadvantage, let it be imagined what would be the effect, among our- selves, of a sudden withdrawment of almost all but the church copies of the Scriptures. This OF CHRISTIANITY. 297 supposition need not be enlarged upon, for every devotional Christian, and every master of a fa- mily feels that, in whatever way the loss might be attempted to be supplied, it would still be afflicting and injurious in the extremest degree. In the next, and the declining period of church history, if the above-named disadvantage was in some small degree remedied by the multipli- cation of copies, the benefit was much more than overbalanced by the promulgation and general prevalence of a false, and very pernicious system of exposition ; a system which sheathed the “ sword of the Spirit,” and scarcely left it its power of penetrating the conscience. The im- mediate consequence of this abuse of the rule of faith and practice was the rapid growth of a thousand corruptions. Thus, while in lip and in ceremonial the Scriptures held their seat of reverence, they were dislodged from the throne of power. A night of a thousand years suc- ceeded, during which the witnesses of God lay in their tomb, literally and virtually, hidden, and silenced, and degraded. The Reformation was in all senses, a resur- rection of the Bible ; its recovery and restoration as an ancient document ; the recognition of its authority as the word of God ; the discovery of its meaning as a rule of faith and worship, and life ; and its new diffusion through the Christian body. The restoration of the Scriptures to their place of power and honour brought with it a 298 PROBABLE SPREAD revival of true piety, scarcely, if at all, inferior in extent and fervency to that which attended the preaching of the apostles. There were however deductions from the full influence and permanent benefit that might have resulted from this re- covery of the sacred canon. Of these deductions the first, was the limited and imperfect diffusion of copies ; for though the publication of the Bible by means of the press was actually great, it fell very far short of being complete. The next deduction arose from the infant state of the science of biblical criticism ; the next, from the still unbroken influence of scholastic systems and modes of expression, which spread a dense and colouring medium over the lucidness of the apostolic style ; the next, and the most con- siderable and pernicious of these drawbacks, arose from the acrimony of controversy, and from that spirit of contumacious scrupulosity which is the parent of schism. These imperfections were great enough to bar the progress of Christianity, and to sully its glory at the time, and to procure the speedy decline of piety in all the Protestant countries. But when the present aspect of the Church is compared with its condition at the era of the Reformation, several circumstances connected with the state of the Scriptures offer themselves to observation, that are decidedly in favour of our times, and such as seem pregnant with hope for the future. Of these the first, is the unexampled OF CHRISTIANITY. 299 multiplication and diffusion of the Sacred Volume : the second, is the progress made towards bringing the original text to a state of undisputed purity, and the advancement of the science of biblical criticism, by which means the verbal meaning of the inspired writers is now ascertained more satisfactorily than at any time since the apostolic age : and the third, is the incipient adoption of an improved method of ex- position ; attended by an increasing disposition to bow to the Bible, as the only arbiter in matters of religion. It remains then briefly to point out in what manner these auspicious circumstances support the hope of an approaching revival of genuine religion. For the first of them, namely, the multipli- cation and diffusion of the Sacred Volume. Whenever the true and the false in matters of religion are brought into conflict, two things are necessary to secure the triumph of the better side, namely, in the first place, that the sound opinion should be set forth in a perspicuous and con- vincing manner ; and then, that it should be borne forwards over the resistances of antiquated prejudice and worldly interest, and secular power, by the momentum of public feeling. It is not the single preaching even of an archangel, that could effect the renovation of the church when it really needs to be brought back to purity and health. All the logic of heaven would die un- heeded on the ear, unless re-echoed from the 300 PROBABLE SPREAD multitude. Now if it may for a moment be assumed that a general rectification of doctrine and practice, and a revival of primitive piety is actually about to take place, what is that preli- minary measure which might be anticipated as the necessary means of giving irresistible force, and universal spread to such a reformation ? What but the placing of the sacred canon, the arbiter of all dispute, and the fountain of all motive, previously in the hands of the people of every country ? If, in the coming era, the teachers of religion are to insist upon its doctrines and duties with new force and clearness, their success must be expected to bear proportion to the exist- ence of scriptural knowledge, or to the means of acquiring it, among those whom they address. An extraordinary excitement of religious feel- ing, arising previously to the general circulation of the Scriptures, can hardly be imagined to take so prosperous and safe a course, as it would, if it followed that circulation. So far as a conjecture on the methods of divine procedure may be hazarded, it must be believed that the extensive dissemination of the Scriptures which has of late been carrying on, and which is still in active progress, in all those parts of the world that are accessible to Christian zeal, is a precursive mea- sure, soon to be followed by that happy revolu- tion of which it gives so intelligible an augury. Let it be said, and perhaps it may be said with some truth, that the actual religious impression OF CHRISTIANITY. 301 hitherto produced by the copious issuing of Bibles among the common people in our own and other countries, is less remarkable than might have been anticipated ; then, with so much the more confidence may the belief be entertained that this extraordinary publication of the will of God to man is, on the part of Him who overrules all events for the furtherance of his gracious designs, altogether a prospective measure, and that the special intention of these many translations, and of these countless reprints of the Bible, is yet to be developed. Is there much of gratuitous assumption, or of unwarrantable speculation in picturing the pre- sent position of mankind in some such manner as the following ? During a long course of ages a controversy, managed with various success, has been carried on here and there in the world, on the great questions of immortality, and of the liability of man to future punishment, as the transgressor of the divine law; and concerning the terms of reconciliation. Hitherto, there has stood, on the affirmative, or religious side of this controversy, only a small and scattered party ; while on the other side, there has remained, with more or less of active hostility, the great majority of mankind, who have chosen to pursue exclusively the interests of the present life, as if no doctrine of immortality had been crediblv announced ; and have dared the future displea- sure of the Most High ; and have ventured the 302 PROBABLE SPREAD loss of endless happiness ; and have spurned the conditions of pardon. But it is imagined that now, events of a new order are to bring this momentous controversy to a final crisis. Yet before the moment of awful decision comes on, and while all minds remain in the listlessness of the ancient apathy, and while the winds of high commotion lie hushed in the caverns of divine restraint — in this season of portentous tranquil- lity, those writings, upon the authority of which the issue is to turn, are put into every hand ; and although the hands that receive them, seem now to hold the book with a careless grasp, ere long an alarm shall be sounded through all nations ; all shall be roused from their spiritual sleep, and shall awake to feel that the interests of an endless life are in suspense : then shall it appear for what purpose the Bible has first been delivered to every people. These views, it is granted, are in part con- jectural; and yet, who that entertains a belief of the providential guidance of the Christian Church, can suppose that the most remarkable course of events that has hitherto ever marked the history of the Scriptures, is not charged with the accomplishment of some unusual revolution ; and what revolution less than the instalment of the Inspired Volume in the throne of universal authority, can be thought of, as the probable result of the work that is now carrying forwards ? If the prejudices of the sceptical spirit, which, in OF CHRISTIANITY. 303 some degree, blind even the most devout, were removed, every eye accustomed to penetrate futurity, would see in the recent diffusion of the Sacred Writings an indubitable sign of their ap- proaching triumph over all forms of impiety and false religion. The friends of Bible Societies might on this ground, find a motive for activity, proof against all discouragement. When missionary efforts meet disappointment, when accomplished teachers are removed in quick succession by death, when stations where much toil has been expended are abandoned, when converts fall away from their profession, the whole fruit of zeal perishes : but it is otherwise in the work of translating and of multiplying the Scriptures ; for although these endeavours should at first be rejected by those for whose benefit they are designed ; still, what has been done is not lost ; the seed sown may spring up, even after a century of winter. Even if the existing Bible Societies, at home and abroad, should do nothing more than accomplish the initiative labours of translation, and should spend their revenues in filling their warehouses with an undemanded stock of Bibles, they would almost insure the universal diffusion of true religion in the ensuing age. Immediate success is doubtless to be coveted ; but though this should be withheld, the work of translation and of printing is pregnant with an infallible promise. 304 PROBABLE SPREAD The restoration of the Sacred Text to a state of almost undisputed purity, the accumulation of the resources of biblical criticism, and the great advances that have been made in the business of ascertaining the grammatical sense of the in- spired writers, are circumstances in a very high degree conducive to the expected prevalence of genuine religion. Both infidelity and heresy have, till of late, found harbourage in the sup- posed or pretended corruption or uncertainty of the canon. And the whole of those small suc- cesses, which have served, from time to time, to keep alive the flickering hopes of heterodoxy, have been drawn from the detection of petty faults in the vulgar text. There was a season when some even of the champions of orthodoxy became infected with unwarrantable fears and suspicions on this ground. But the utmost depth of the €\kos has been probed. The most sanguine sceptic can henceforward hardly hope to derive any new or important advantages from this source. The text of the Scriptures is now in a state more satisfactory than that of any other ancient writings ; and though impudence and ignorance go on to prate as they were wont, no theologian, who would not forfeit his reputa- tion as a scholar and a man of sense, dares to insist upon objections which some years ago were thought to be of the most formidable kind. It is remarkable that this work of purgation and restoration which, like that of the translation OF CHRISTIANITY. .‘305 and diffusion of the Scriptures, is manifestly of a preliminary kind, should have been completed at this precise moment. Had these doubts and suspicions remained unexamined and unsettled, they might greatly have checked the progress of a future religious revival ; they might have given birth to new heresies, vigorous from the enhanced tone of general feeling ; they might have shaken the minds of the faithful, and have distracted the attention of the ministers of religion. But this preparatory work is done ; and so fully have the holds of sceptical doctrine been searched into, and so thoroughly has the invalidity of its pleas been exposed, that nothing is now wanted but an energetic movement of the public mind to shake off for ever all its withering sophisms. It is not as if even the most faulty translation of the Scriptures, or one made from the most defective text, would not abundantly convey all necessary religious truth ; or, as if Christian doctrine and practice were, to any great extent dependent upon philological exactitude of any kind. But in removing occasions for the cavils and insinuations of captious or timid spirits, the literary restoration of the Bible, and the abun- dant means of ascertaining the grammatical sense of its phrases, is highly important. And in look- ing towards the future, it must be regarded as a circumstance of peculiar significance that the documents of our faith have just passed through the severest possible ordeal of hostile criticism at 30G PROBABLE SPREAD the very moment when they are in course of delivery to all nations. The recent progress made towards the adop- tion of an improved method of exposition de- mands to be named amongst the most auspicious indications of the present times. Insensibly, and undesignedly, and from the operation of various causes, all well-intentioned theologians have of late been fast advancing towards that simple and rational method of inferring the doctrine of Scripture which corresponds with the inductive method of inquiry, practised in the pursuit of physical science. Just as, in the ancient schools of philosophy, each pretended expounder of the mysteries of nature, first framed his theory, and then imposed upon all phenomena such an interpretation as would best accord with his hypothesis, so have biblical expositors, in long succession, from the ancient Jewish doctors, to the Christian divines of the last century, with very few, if any exceptions, followed the method of interpreting each separate portion of Scripture by the aid of a previously formed theological hypothesis. And although these theories of divinity have been, perhaps, fairly founded upon scriptural evidence, partially obtained, they have often exerted an influence scarcely less binding and pernicious than as if they had been alto- gether erroneous. This system once admitted to constitute a synopsis of truth,has been suffered OF CHRISTIANITY. 307 to exercise the most arrogant domination over every part of Scripture in detail. Certain dogmas, awfully clothed in the clouds of meta- physical phraseology, have hid defiance to the most explicit evidence of an opposite meaning ; and no text has been permitted to utter its testi- mony till it had been placed on the rack. But the folly and impiety of this style of inter- pretation have become conspicuous ; and though not yet quite abandoned, it is left to those whose minds have been too long habituated to trammels to move at all without them. The rule of the new mode of exposition is founded on a principle precisely analogous to that which forms the basis of the inductive method of inquiry in physical science. In these sciences it is now universally admitted, that, at the best, and after all possible diligence and sagacity have been employed, we can scarcely penetrate beyond the exterior move- ments of the material system ; while the interior mechanism of nature still defies human scrutiny. Nothing then could be more preposterous than to commence the study of nature by laying down, theoretically, the plan of those hidden and central contrivances, as if they were open to observation ; and then to work outwards from that centre, and to explain all facts that come under observation in conformity with the principles so ignorantly assumed. This is indeed to take a lie in our ri^ht hand, as the key of knowledge : yet such was the philosophy which ruled the world for ages. x 2 308 PROBABLE SPREAD The method of hypothetical interpretation is, if possible, more absurd in theology than in natural science. Every mind not infatuated by intellectual vanity, must admit that it is only some few necessary points of knowledge, relating to the constitution and movements of the infinite and spiritual world, that can be made the matter of revelation to mankind ; and these must be offered in detached portions, apart from their symmetry. Meanwhile the vast interior, the immeasurable whole, is not merely concealed, but is in itself strictly incomprehensible by human faculties. Metaphysical projections of the moral system, how neat soever, and entire, and plau- sible they may seem, can have no place in what deserves to be called a rational theology. We not only do not know, but we could not learn, the very things which the framer of a pretended scientific divinity professes to spread forth in all their due proportions on his chart of the upper world. The mode in which the necessarily incomplete revelation of that upper world is conveyed in the Scriptures, is perfectly in harmony with that in which the phenomena of nature offer themselves to our notice. The sum or amount of divine knowledge really intended to be conveyed to us, has been broken up and scattered over a various surface ; it has been half-hidden, and half-dis- played ; it has been couched beneath hasty and incidental allusions ; it has been doled out in OF CHRISTIANITY. 309 morsels and in atoms. There are no logical synopses in the Bible ; there are no scientific presentations of the body of divinity; no compre- hensive digests ; such would have been, not only unsuited to popular taste and comprehension, but actually impracticable ; since they must have contained that which neither the mind of man can receive, nor his language embody. Better far might a seraph attempt to convey the large- ness of his celestial ideas to a child, than God impart a systematic revelation to man. On the contrary, it is almost as if the vessel of divine philosophy had been wrecked and broken in a distant storm, and as if the fragments only had come drifting upon our world, which, like an islet in the ocean of eternity, has drawn to itself what might be floating near its shores. The abrupt and illogical style of oriental com- position, and in some instances, the character- istic simplicity of untutored minds, are to be regarded as the appropriate means chosen for imparting to mankind such loose particles of religious truth as it was necessary for them to receive. This inartificial vehicle was, of all others, the one best adapted to the conveyance of a revelation, necessarily imperfect and partial. Now it is manifest that the mode of exposition must be conformed to the style of the document; and this conformity demands that the inductive method, invariably, should be used for gleaning the sense of Scripture. While employing all the 310 PllOCABLE SPREAD common and well-known means proper for ascer- taining the grammatical sense of ancient writers, each single passage of the Inspired Volume, like a single phenomenon of nature, is to be interrogated for its evidence, without any solicitude for the fate of a preconceived theory, and without asking — how is this evidence to be reconciled with that derived from other quarters: for it is remembered that the revelation we are studying is a partial discovery of facts, which could not be more than imperfectly made known. Whoever has not yet fully satisfied himself that the Scriptures, through- out, were “given by inspiration of God,” should lose no time in determining that doubt : but if it be determined, then it is a flagrant inconsistency not to confide in the principle that the Bible is every where truly consistent with itself, whether or not we have the means of tracing its agree- ments. And while this principle is adhered to, no sentiment or fact plainly contained in the words, need be refused or contorted on account of its apparent incongruity with systematic divinity. In this manner only is it possible that the whole amount of religious knowledge intended to be imparted by the Scriptures can be gathered from them. It must be granted as not only probable, but certain, that whatever relates to infinity, to the divine nature, to the ultimate purposes of the divine government, to the unseen worlds, and to the future state, and even to the mechanism of motives, must offer itself to the human OF CHRISTIANITY. 311 understanding in a form beset with difficulties. That this must actually be the case might be demonstrated like a mathematical certainty. If therefore we resolve to receive from the Inspired Writers nothing but what we can reconcile, first to certain abstruse notions, and then to a par- ticular interpretation of other passages, the con- sequence is inevitable — that we obtain a theology, needlessly limited, if not erroneous. It may fairly be supposed that there are trea- sures of divine knowledge yet latent beneath the surface of the Scriptures, which the practice of scholastic exposition, so long adhered to, on all sides, has locked up from the use of the Church; and it may be hoped, that when that method has fallen completely into disuse, and when the simple and humble style of inductive interpre- tation is better understood, and is more con- stantly resorted to than at present, and when the necessary imperfection and incoherency of all human knowledge of divine things is fully recog- nized, and when the vain attempt to fashion a miniature model of the spiritual universe is for ever abandoned, and when whatever the Inspired Writers either explicitly affirm, or obscurely inti- mate, is embraced in simplicity of heart, that then the boundaries of our prospect of the hidden and the future world may be vastly enlarged. Nor is this all; for in the same manner the occasions of controversy will be almost entirely removed ; and though smaller differences of opinion may remain. 312 PROBABLE SPREAD it will be seen by all to be flagrantly absurd to assume such inconsiderable diversities as the pre- texts of dissension and separation. No one cordially reverencing the Bible, and believing it to be given by inspiration of God, who is “ not the author of confusion, but of order,” can imagine it to have been so worded and constructed as to necessitate important diver- sities of interpretation among those who humbly and diligently labour to obtain its meaning. Nor will any but the most absurd bigots deny that, with those who differ from themselves, there may be found diligence and sincerity quite equal to their own. What account then is to be given of those contrarieties of opinion which continue to sully the glory of the Christian Church, and to deprive it almost entirely of its expansive energy ? In endeavouring to give a satisfactory reply to this important question, we are, of course, entitled to dismiss from the discussion, first, those errors of doctrine which spring immediately from the prepossessions of proud and unholy minds, and which are not to be refuted until such evil dispositions are rectified. It is not a better ex- position of Scripture merely that will afford an efficient remedy for such false opinions. In the next place it is proper to put out of the question all those politico - religious divisions which, as they originated in accident, so now rest for their maintenance much less upon reason, than upon OF CHRISTIANITY, 313 the authority of habit, and the pertinacity of party feeling, or perhaps even upon motives of secular interest. All such causes of schism must give way and be scattered to the winds whenever the authority of the divine injunctions to peace, and union, and mutual forbearance, are forcibly felt. There should moreover be dismissed from the question those differences that have arisen in the Church on some special points of antiquarian obscurity. These, having been in a past age absurdly lifted into importance by an exagge- rated notion of the right and duty of Christians to stickle upon their individual opinions, even at the cost of the great law of love, are now pretty generally felt by men of sense and right feeling, to be heir -looms of shame and disadvantage to whoever holds them. A very probable return to good sense and piety is all that is needed to get rid for ever of such disputes. If the utmost endeavours of competent and honest men, on both sides, have not availed to put certain ques- tions of ancient usage beyond doubt ; then it is manifest that such points belong not to the fun- damentals of faith or practice, and therefore can never afford ground of justifiable separation ; nor should the Christian commonalty be encou- raged to suppose that the solemnities of con- science are implicated in the decision of questions which, even the most learned, cannot in fact decide. What less than a grievous injury to 314 PROBABLE SPREAD right feelings can ensue from the popular belief that the manifold evils of religious dissension are mischiefs of small moment, compared with the breach of some niceties of ceremonial ? Shall Christianity spread in the world, and shew itself glorious, while practical absurdities like these are persisted in ? assuredly not. But there is reason to believe, even in spite of the fixed- ness of some unsocial spirits, that the date of schism is nearly expired, and that a better un- derstanding of the great law of Christ will ere long bring all his true followers into the same fold. When the deductions named above have been made, the remaining differences that exist among the pious are such only as may fairly be attributed to the influence of the old theoretic system of interpretation ; and they are such as must pre- sently disappear when the rule of inductive exposition shall be thoroughly understood and generally practised. The hope therefore of an approaching prosperous era in the church de- pends, in great measure, upon the probability of a cordial return to the authority of Scripture — of Scripture unshackled by hypothesis. This return alone can remove the misunderstandings which have parted the body of Christ ; and it is the reunion of the faithful that must usher in better times. That a torn Church should be eminently prosperous, that it should be favoured as the OF CHRISTIANITY. 315 instrument of diffusing the Gospel with tri- umphant success, and on a large scale, among the nations, cannot be imagined ; for doubtless the Head of the Church holds the most emphatic of his admonitions in higher esteem than that he should easily brook the breach and contempt of it, and put extraordinary honour upon those who seem to love their particular opinions more than they do “ His commandment.” Even without laying any great stress upon that softening of party prejudices which has of late actually taken place, the hope of a near termination of controversy, and of the healing of all permanent differences among true Chris- tians, may still rest on solid ground. An in- telligent faith in the divine origination of the Scriptures contains necessarily a belief in their power to bring the Catholic Church into a state of unity, so that division should no more be thought of. That, during so many ages this has not been the condition of the Christian body, is satisfactorily to be attributed to causes which are by no means of inevitable perpetuity ; but which, on the contrary, seem now to be approaching their last stage of feeble existence. Meanwhile the Oracles of God are visibly as- cending to the zenith of their rightful power. The necessary preparations for their instalment in the place of undisputed authority are com- pleted; and nothing is waited for but a move- ment of general feeling, to give them such 316 PROBABLE SPREAD influence as shall bear down whatever now ob- structs the universal communion of the faithful. An expectation of this sort will, of course, be spurned by those (if there are any such) who, were they deprived of their darling sectarism, and robbed of their sinister preferences, would scarcely care at all for Christianity, and to whom the idea of Catholic Christianity, if they can admit such an idea, is a cold abstraction. And it will be rejected also by those who, though their feelings are Christian, accustom them- selves to look at the state of religion always with a secular eye, and are indisposed to admit any suppositions not obtruded upon them by im- mediate matters of fact. To all such persons the existing obstacles that stand in the way of Church union must seem utterly insurmountable, and the hope of an annihilation of party distinc- tions, altogether chimerical. But it is not to such minds that the appeal is to be made when futurity is in question ; for such are always slaves of the past, and of the present, and are destined to stand by, and wonder, and cavil, while happy revolutions are in progress ; and it is only when resistance to the course of things becomes im- practicable that they are dragged on reluctantly, more like captives than attendants, upon the tri- umphant march of truth. This assuredly may be asserted, that so far as human agency can operate to bring on a better era to the Church, he who despairs of it, hinders OF CHRISTIANITY. 317 it, to the extent of his influence ; while he who expects it, hastens it, so far as it may be accele- rated. This difference of feeling might even be assumed as furnishing a test of character ; and it might be affirmed that when the question of the probable revival and spread of Christianity is freely agitated, those who embrace the affirma- tive side are (with few exceptions) the persons whose temper of mind is the most in harmony with the expected happy revolution, and who would, with the greatest readiness, act their parts in the new and better economy ; while on the contrary, those who contentedly or despond- ingly give a long date to existing imperfections and corruptions, may fairly be suspected of loving ‘ the things that are,’ too well. There is yet another line of argument, wholly independent of the two that have been pursued above, in which the general spread of true reli- gion might be made to appear an event probably not very remote ; namely, the argument from prophecy. But besides that the subject is by far too large and serious to be treated hastily, the time is not arrived in which it might be discussed with the calmness it demands. Yet in passing this subject it may be suggested to those who, notwithstanding that they admit the truth of Christianity, constantly deride genuine piety whenever it comes in their way, that though the apparent course of events seems to indicate a / 318 NOTE TO SECTION I. gradual improvement, such as would give time to oppugners to choose the wiser part, and to range themselves quietly in the train of the conquering religion, the general tenor of scriptural predic- tions holds out a different prospect, and gives great reason to suppose that the final triumph of the Gospel is to be ushered in by some sudden and vindictive visitation, which shall arrest impiety in its full career, and deny for ever to the then im- penitent the option of making a better choice. NOTE TO SECTION I. Strongly feeling as lie does, the practical importance of the subject he has undertaken to treat, the Author designedly abstains from those abstruse disquisitions which, though they fall naturally in his way, would, if admitted, give a scientific rather than an ethical character to the essay ; and so would not merely repel the gene- rality of readers, but favour a notion he deems highly pernicious — namely, that momentous questions of religious sentiment and con- duct, in which the peasant and the sage have an equal concern, cannot be separated from certain abstruse disquisitions; or that it cannot be known whether a man is on the road to heaven or not, without the aid of metaphysics. Morals and theology have already suffered more than enough from this absurd supposition : the Author would carefully avoid seeming to favour so great an error. Never- theless, as he finds that some have wished that he had adjusted his style to the niceties of the modern philosophy, he is willing, if not to supply what has been deemed a defect, at least to state liis reasons for abstaining from such an attempt. The Author then must avow that he regards what is called the Sci- ence of Mind as little more than an affair of definitions and of phrases : an affair, indeed, which has its importance, but an importance vastly overrated (generally) by those who take rank in the republic of letters NOTE TO SECTION 1. 319 as professors of that science. Who would not wish to employ language always with the utmost precision of which it is capable ? and if certain current phrases relating to the mind are found to convey erroneous notions, by all means let them be exchanged for expressions less vague and delusive. But in fact, unless the mass of mankind could be induced to think always with philosophical precision, and to speak always with scientific care, the new terms with which we may displace the old ones, will no sooner have become common, than they, like their predecessors, will acquire manifold incrustations of error, and will thus, in their turn, lie open to the animadversions of the next generation of metaphysical reformists. Every phrase used to convey notions of the mind, and of its operations, may be regarded as an algebraic sign, representing just so much of exact truth as the mind which employs or which receives it, is already possessed of, or is capable of admitting. He who is accustomed to analyse profoundly and perfectly the machinery and the working of his own mind, will suffer extremely little disadvantage, though he should adhere to old-fashioned phrases. On the other hand, those whom nature has not gifted to descend into the abysses of the intel- lectual system, will gain from “ a new and unexceptionable nomen- clature ” very little, unless it be the preposterous conceit that they have learned to think more justly than Aristotle, Bacon, Leibnitz, and Locke. It is a natural consequence of the present unscientific state of the philosophy of Mind, that whenever controversy arises on a question of this sort, it runs off speedily from the matter of fact and observation, to a mere matter of terms, phrases, and proprieties of language ; as if to determine the exact sense of a word, were the same thing as to establish or explain a principle of the Intellectual System. When, for example, a writer, whose object is simply of a practical, not of a scientific kind, undertakes to treat of a certain order of sentiments, or of a particular morbid condition of the mind ; and when, for the sake of convenience and brevity, he adopts some familiar term as the general designation of the feeling or sentiment he is describing, and employs that term freely in speaking of the varieties of its development; readers of a certain class, instead of asking whether he has truly ex- hibited the actual phenomena of the human mind, ask rather, whether the common term has not been used by him with an improper lati- tude, or has not been perverted from its precise import. Now it may be very true, that some such extensions of a phrase may be chargeable upon a writer, and yet that he may deserve no 320 NOTE TO SECTION I. great blame on the account. The best that can be done when mat- ters of mind are under discussion, is to select from the stores of familiar language a term which, in its usual sense, approximates more nearly than any other to the substance spoken of. To require from an ethical writer more than this, is to demand that, before he enters upon his subject, he should both renovate the science of mind and reform his mother tongue. For when things not known to any exist- ing science are to be spoken of in vulgar phraseology, it must needs happen that, in proportion to the accuracy with which they are described, there will be apparent occasion for exceptions against the sense imputed to such common terms. The Author proposed it to himself, as his task, to depict, under its principal forms — Fictitious Sentiment in matters of religion, inclu- ding, of course, a consideration of those opinions which seem to be either the parents or the offspring of such artificial sentiments. Having this object before him, he would have thought it a very inau- spicious and a very cumbrous method to have constructed a many- syllabled phrase of definition, or a many-worded circumlocution, to be used on every page of his essay ; and on every page to be clipped and fitted to the special proprieties of its place. Instead of attempt- ing any such laborious accuracy, he boldly chose his single term ; confiding in the good sense and candour of his readers for allowing him a span or two of latitude when employing it in different instances, coming under the same general class. If he had known a term (sanctioned by general usage) which, better than the word — Enthu- siasm, could have served his purpose, unquestionably he would have adopted it. But after respectfully listening to all the criticism with which his Essay has been honoured, he is still unable to find a substitute, and is compelled to persist in calling fictitious religionism — Enthusiasm. a. OLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL.

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יסוכתן לגלוס סוד סים לכעסו ע"ז " שלח לי גיוכלו כ"ס כ"ס שפח לי סיונכס דוד נכך שלסל חי וקיס 5של ₪ כוער. כפי" כם"י שס סגזלו עד בעקועו סכל יקדסו לק סחדם וע"כ סופלכו כעשו' זסק 3סמר וכסודיע לק ע"י ססיען קססכיעו עליו כתסכס וצחלו (נסעכ זס כפי שסישלסל כדעס לפכצכס וננכסס דוד נלעל פסלי' פ"מי כירס יכון כצוכס וכן סול 3יכושכ(ני דכ"ס פ"ג סוף סככס ס' שביוני דכ' סכוסו כתנו לסיען על קידום סחדם עכק גולפכו סש 3כ"ס סי ג"כ כסעת סטננד סכל יככו כסודיע זספ 3פלפוס וכחרו 3סימן זס כלנז שצכל זסק טסו בד' כקדם סחדם וכל פחדו עסיענת. ססעד ולסות וסיען נסקקדטוס סכננס, סו ג"כ סין ככון לפי סרבי קפי זר דוד ומעען כל יכככו. צכיו ככי מילו כונש"כ כם"י שס 3פי' סלסטון שרני סיס דופג על זס ככן חלו סימן זה לוונר שלכי (עזכע דוד סי וקיס פי' גדוכתו ודעתו ועיין כע"ס 6"ם סימן כנ"ו ובנ'ס 6נכפי עס שסעכ 3"3 ע' ככיכל סוי לסו סיככס תוי סוי כסו כ ככם"י ע"ד כיסוף כ"פ ע"ד עומכי לסינן טוכעי, סו עלופכיס סכלעכיס עכלכו סיעום סקימכיס כעדות ולזככון תוכו ל5וף פעיד פוכן סענין ולס כפטעיס ע'ד סתוס וחפוס סעסכיל ש5ל קםר ופסל סכוונס וככל סעלו ע"ז ונפרסי 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ספ 236 כבסת ססר סיו נס תח ס5סן ולפי עס שלענרפי סנציריס וסקטניס כ3דתן וכססר שער סבינלך ‏ עס סנס ססיכו 3מ5ור ססיה לי לעדס כי ספרתי 6ם סכסל פ" שסלננין כי כי סכ כקי כגד דברי צבדיך ששכ כל" כסננכיס בניכיך וכז סכי ספרפי ונעפס סין כסחל זכופ ולשופ בו ונסכנס ססכנזי סולך בעקני סת"ל זיעבפן יונגע טמפע ועיין סו"סש נכ עכת ככדם עד כןשנס וכענכ' פלס פ"ס י'ג ובב"ק ס"ס 5ן יומס קכוי סיל וכפוס' סס דכעכין סיכל 5ן 3' שניס ולין לסלריך. כחזור כדברינו כי מיעום סקיננכיס לעדות וכזכלון קשל מד"ז לסיום פזר ככגד סםכסס בלכות "350 שסוכ סונור סיננן בדבר פכין לבס סקטי: לזכך כדריס (נ'מ(נר לש "ג סס יסנכ כך וסיטן לדכר לסבמס 3ן שלעס לסל כבתוספתק ממס 1% 4 סקול 55 כננל (נכס סיען. ‏ וסנס שיעום ססיעכיס צד"ז פעזכ סזכלון עלך ופועלפ גדול ככיעוד ספור' שכת ק"ד עטס סינניי כתולס מילוכין כ"ד סי ספולס כזכרת סכל צסיענניס (וספסוקיס שנס 3פיסס סכיכו כך מיוכיס עודע ככינס פקלל שס כ" ויותל שסי' קסכס סכס צול כעד דעס ספ סעס דסגעכיי סינכי כוכבי' ופי" כם"י קצע כס קולופ וקיעניס כין בתיכופ סעקלס וצין בגרס' םשכ עשכס כי כזען קספול' מצעל פה סית * פקורה בכתוג לק כפיכפ סקיעכי' סיפס עכ לופכיס שוכיס סדלך (ניוחד ועקוגכ כסגן סתולם כגד סטעופ וסשכסת, וכעו שסעלו שכפ קי"ז ויסי ככסוע ססלון פלםשם זו עשס כס סקצ"ס סיננכיום (נכעעכס לכוס ציין כס' ככי יכ דף מ"ס ענם"כ ע"ז כדיכל ככ סקריין וכתינין נכסות ססלוס ויפלו 3ספכ פולס. סו צכווכס. ניוסדס ען סק3"ס נסיענכיס עכ פילוש וסגבפת סדץ לו כפילום יוחד למל כפפוויס נסכדס ונטלונס ונונכו סיוס סכוונס 6 ודרך כיונוד מכנניס סלסטוני' סכקללו קופריס לשר צכלשס סיל עזלס ככננד 6 סעס פולס ש3כפ3 עס ספולס שבע"פ כננש"ם כש"י צנ ע"פ (נקולפ וקיעניס כפקוע 3כ33ס עד"ז סתוכ' מבע"פ עס ספוכ' שבכס3 וענספי 3ס' עוכס כצוכי סזנן קס"ו ססיר עד"ז וז" סקופרי' חתפלו וסשכיכו כספנניד כסועק לפ ספירוסיס וסנצכות סננקובכיס כסס בעלופ 5ס כבד בכעוד וסכון 3מעק סקל ליקס כ"ס גס בכפיכתס ספוכס כפי (שעורק טכודקט חס כ" 0 כדרכיס טוכיס עלעזיס ועוליס עפ דר דוגוס כקינכי סקופרי' מסוכסו 53 ספק עכ פי שסגככת סז זי כפ3 3פורס ססר % ללה ולוו כקללות כו 3ויו וסעכו על סכתו3 עכופ יעוד סעס סעכריס וכן יסדו על סכפו3 ששכ לט כרצי' פע"פי שסין כו עכשיו סשר עכוסל כגלס ה סוס כוי"ו ועכל כן קעכו עפ סקורט סככון וכפכו (נפכיס סלכף כסולו' גס דיניס סכזכריס עיין מס 3סריכות וכי יקקו: כק דמת סכננינו ז"5 כדריס. כ'ו שסקריץ וסכפיכין סככס כעקס מפיכי ציץ סוק יליל פפוכס קכ'3 וכס שסקופרליס מדשו לפס עדעקם. כטו סלעל ,ולוו ו כו כויו וכפכו 3פכיס סלפף" כ"ס סק3"ס לער כעםשס מיכתו3 כל 3לכף ויקלס כו כויו וכעשס כופד ססוכי כעו שנקער כו עפי ד' משנס כסן סעלס כלשל לסויס כסיות כן כלער כו שיקלס סעפס 55 כלשר כפופ וכק 5 כעו ססמככר פי. ופי ד" ככוונס ניומדפ סקסיץ וסכפיבין מלסות ססלוס ויפלופ כנו פקענניס כפכו כעולל. ססככ ונפוק חזכלון על דבל יוחד וכ ככד קרילת סעכופ גס ספקוקיס ופסקי טעעיס 65 סק סעסולופ סגדוכיס סס כסכין וכססכיכ על ידס ד5כי ספולס ש3כס3 כ" גס סיפדופ מש נפקעו עמיסס דככלי סתולס ש3ע"פ ועטעס זס כשכפ3 עשס ספורה פם ונס - כסעסו כו (נפי די של "סכה צפכ. זם 05 כתן כו סלשוס ככפו3 שופן כקפל פולס ולק. מנסלו כו כסלל פולפ סצע"פ 6של 55 כפן ככפוד עיין פשוכס. ססדב"ז ס'ג פכננ"ג פס סין כופנין סנקודס 3כ"ת וגס סטעעניס שסלי גס פס (נכסכיס טעס סכפוציס סשל מלפ לעמו כדכיס כ"ו. ויקל זה (נקלס וכו' ובילושלנני עגלס סופיף גי" לכו ססכלעופ כי ככס כסעכו. מעטס מסיכי: בע"פ כסכת3 ספולס וננקל עדול כדול לק 303ופ וסספכוס סעפיס עכו קעסוניס עכ סדע סקדם פלו ולו סספיקות ודעות סונופ וע" גס סטעיופ כיון מכל ככסצו בס" מטעס שלעלנו ועזכל סחזיל סתולס כישנס כל קדם וגס כל פים פו לשות כסדם כעו סלעכו עגכס ג' סכ סענו' שסין סכציס לשסי כקדם דבולק 3כס עס משכסלק וססזיר וס מנסכד כי כן ם* נננסל כעשס כ3כ"פ 6ם0 ים כפלם פד"ז ס מסעלו נדליס דף "ו 3סס כ"י עקלס כפונן קליין וכל כפיכן וכפיכן וכל קליץ סלכ'נ. לשל 5ליך. כילול. סל ככ ספקוקיס שסניל שס ע5 סך קריין כל כענלו כתולס ולק בשלל ספרי קדם ולין סייך םנסעלו מעשס עסיני סל דוסק 5יש3 ע"פ שלעלו ספ עס שסלעיד וופיק עפיד כחדם נלעלו כעספ עקיכי וסס גס יש לועל כפי שספינות שגכנס עפוכיס 5ליכוס לקלוס ישספכס סוריס (נגכס כ"ס 5"כ גס 3פולס פפוקין לכו קליין ולס כפיכן וכפיכן ולפ קריין עיין לעכ" 3פ'ס עסכ'י ס"ס בַּכִ'ז לפי של סוכסו סלו 3נדליס נשעע כי סמו קיכופ כפי מכסוכין לגכסי קולין פוסן כשכס כקללו וכל תן בלל קרי וכל כפיכן וכן 3עס' סופליס סונל 3"5 ספכוס לס גס שססנלס סופת 5פי שסול פגכלי קורץ פופן 5שנס ספשית עסוד ונופכם עכסול מקלום כפ"ז בס נניכיס בפולה כס כעו שסן כפוכין כעוכן. וספסל שזס כווכפ כם"י 3כדליס כ"ס ע"ל שכ' וטעעיס 5ל. עפלם 5י לשל 5ליך פ" ולי 5עק טעס 5ס סול סלכס מנשס (מסיני. לק כפי שסער טפ ישנננס עפולי' ש5ריך כקלוס ישכנכס טוחוריס טעס כפי שכפובין 5גכסי קורין סותו לשבס פ"ז קסער 5סילו כל 6תפנים ימס ועללתי כעת צש"ות כד:"ז ק"ג ססו' פק5"ד שסעיר כטניניס 5כו צי"ם וכ'. שסכוונס דכולס סכע" וכל שססופריס דקדקו. דרלויס פקלום כן לו לפקן ספי' שלל סיס סמנ"ע םר כזסם כפ3 כם"י מיצוניסו כס סיתפכםש 5י פי' כ פספרםש (סיזס טצס דקדקו ססופריס שכך סיס כפוי כסיום 5של. סי ככון 3עיני | כי כל עץ לולס ילס וישפוט. שעלופ ללס כפיכן וכל קריין גס. לי סלע"נ. כעוצן.*) כק 3לעת לס גס 5 כעלס קרין ולס כפיכין וכפיכין 65 קריץ 3עכום סכינופ 3פולפ בכ" כרסס ונגלס לפנינו כן כלופיופ וידוע ספכוגתל סי יש פס לננקרס ולעסורת וליכס ספק שכעשס כופד ספורס כעו שנסגנר כו (נפי ד' שלכווכס ניוסדס יכפ3 סעכס כן גס כסנכ פו שיקלל סעלס 5 כסכתיב וכלל זס סנלעל כעשס (פי ד' לעכין סלותיות סיס גס לשסר סשפרי קדם לעכין עלופ סכיעות ולולל זסת 5ל סיס סקרי וסכפיב כסלר ספרי קדם 3עכוס שליונות 5של לזלק 6נכ סכנ"ס ועיין בסקדעת לול פנתיצת על סתורת וסגלון עס"ו. חייס פלפכלק :"י ססיב כי. בנכתנו בי כווכת. סגע' 3כ"ז כנו מפעלפי על פופן ספקוקיס סקולין ו *) ולול ירסתי סייפי פוער סדכרי כס"י וטעעיסו ‏ ל לתפרט נום3 על סך דנלנכ כסעוך סס נונעלנל פסקו <סדין פסוקל 5פכתל פסוקין ויפער ד' ל עסס סנס פככי כל 5יך כעג סעכן לסל כלעעת 5ריך טעס כעק 5םר לזסת כון כם"י ועעעיס 5 5פפרם ועיין ענ"פ סי" כפ"כ פסל כפעם 5ליך פי' סליך פסקו כונערנף 90 כל פסיקי דכל פסקו ונשס ית פסוקין ונפרט עס דלערו כקשווסין בפסוקי 55 כקיפין. נפכנד כנס סלעכו ביננלס כ" ככ פסוקי דכל פסקי ונטס 3ית פסיקי דנטנע דפכן כקילין ולפטר כפי טלערו בונגל כ"כ סיכי דל5 לפשל סלכי ונעעלכל דפסקו סתוכק כפכפ סכין לטל לפ" יסיס פ' יתרו כג' סכתות כונו סכפנו סונפלטיס דסלקו כל סדלס גג' טנופות 5ס נס טיש סולקיס 3זס כידוע 5"כ 5פ"ז פיך פ' יפרו יסי' נג' סנפום כיון דעסרת סדגקום 5כיך (סיופ דכול לקד ונטעס זק נס נכרפ מקד וכל יםלרו סוכ כ"כ פסוקיס כסלק 3כל סכת וסכם כעד ט' נכרי לס 55 יסכק ספסוק לזס 5נ* פסוקיס וסונספי כי וננלתי כס' סנקנס כעם' קידוטין ססעיל דנר זק וכיון דכל לפסר נטעס זס סיו פוסקיס ספסוק זס. 5ג' פפוקיס וקנלון עסקץ סיות ז"ל סעיק סרסיכ כתסונתו למי. כעכין | זת לטכ ים כספליך ולכ" וכק על דנכי כס"י כלתי: ך לשכק לו על סענופ כעכס ככעלס סכפוניס כחסקון פ'. ועכ עלום סוס 3סעקועות ססקריפס סיס כיו"ד ועם"ס סכיס. רק מכביסיס וכפוכיס ולל עספקוקי' 3תוכס שסס נודעיס כככ פחד סכל דברי כציסיס וכתוניס 5 סיו שגוריס בפי שכ סכנניס ציין ע"ז די. ועטעס זט שלעכנו כשס סז'ל דקליין וכל כתיכן סכונ" עלך גס כמל סכר סקדעס לנקללום גדוכות. דפוס וויניניק נלסעס כגד סלפודי קעסי ולברבכפ"כ | לשכ 5נרו כב סחד 3ופן שחר מסקליין וכפיכין סיו לק ספקופ פשל נספפקו קנסי בכס"ג | מיי"ם | כסריכו וכבעל עיקליס. לער ג' פ'כ ס' וכן בנפול פיניס ולדעפי גס דככי ס"ס 3כדריס 5"ו ויכ'כו בוקרק 6מו סננסולות ככוניס נ"ז כי 55 לק קליס סנכות ופסקי מיעניס סכלעות וסנגינות כעו שסלריכו סעדקדקיס ככקיותיסס לג 5ל סי סנניכום 3כ"ז טעעי סנגינופ עסיני וכפעכו כעסס (ני עסעלות עול שכד עוכס זקף וכדועס 5פי שכל כתנו לכתוב בס" סיו ספקות ודעות סונופ. ועי"ז. גס. סס'כיס וסטעיות גס 3כתינת ססולס סיו שנוםיס | כ3פרט 25 סננסולו' סכלו' ננלסו ויפיכו' עס שסעכו 3נס' סופל" פ"ו ס"ד ג' ספל" כע5סו במזרס ספר (עעוכס זלטוטיי וכטיכו ססחם פיי לור יניס לדעסי עעשס זס סי" קודס סו ביני עזרס (וקפסר שפחת עזרס 55 נזכל) כי עיצי מזכס וסילך 6של שס עטרפו כל לק נכפיבת ספל תוכס כ" גס 3חועשיס 5יפידיס ופקן כסוטי3 ס"ס 3יד סופל וכקכן' בו" וציין כעצ"ס פי"ז | עס' 3ככופ שעיניו כסנו לסענניד עפולגען 55 יסיס כזסת שלס כספר סחד יס" זסנווטי וכ3' ספכליס כערי שסי' 5ריך כבטוכ כוסח זלטוויי (נמיכס זט כי סיו ספליס כביס 3זען סזס עוגסיס וגס. מועשיס 555ו והך זסטיוטי בעקוס כעלי סי לופל בזענן סצתקת צ-3 זקניס (נגלס י"ס ובעס' סופליס ססר ספסר טעס זס שסיס ידוע כסס עסיזס ספליס קדועיס שסיס כפוב 3סס זסטויי גס סזקניס סעתיקו זלטוטי עיין פוס' עגלס (ביקוםלנני עגכס דף ז' מסל סך זסטוטי כעקוס כעכלי 5של 5ריך לסגיס וכסוסיף עלעכ זם דפל'כ. ₪5 יפי" ססטצון שס ככון שלעל "ג וסעוכסיס שס רק 5% ולדעתי סכוונס עס שלעקו עכ קנת פיכות תוס שקס סיקון סופריס 5ל כנ"ם סעיקריס (נ"ג פכ"5 כ"ל כעו שלונלכו וגס סעלוך עלך עטכ פ* עד"ז עס שלעלו עיטול סופליס פי* סקרק 8 כעו סכעות כל סרו שתלגוס כל עטלו וכן סופ 3ל"ן כדליס 5"ו כי עסחכס סנשי כפריס וכו' פשר 5מוסם 6ער שסן סכנ"( כי דולו קדועיס סיו עשפדסי עיי"ם ססשל יש מפלט ג"פ. כוונפ פיקון סופכיס עד"ז שסקופריס פקכו עס םסשקצפו וקלסו וד' עודכו עועד כפכי סככסס 5₪"כ כעו שסוס כפכיכו ופכרסס פודכו עועד וכן 3כולן סנקלפו פ"ס") 6שר ספשל עפוך פקלילק סשתקנקו גס 3כפיכס וטעו, ופקכו ססופריס פי' עזכס וססכנניס עעו וסחליו מעסקו 3עכסכפ סקדם כתקן קליס וכפיב' ספוכי 3 פנכיניס עככל סטעיוס ושגיסות סכפכו 3שגגת. ססופריס שכל שעקו ככ 5רכן ע"פ סקככס סלנניתית; 6כן כל זפת 5ס גס סס סחזירו ספוקס כיושנס כסקן כל ענכיני כפיכס וקכיפת סתוכס וכפי סכרלס סיכל שצדולות ססליסס יניסו ססינוסיס כעקדס כתכו נס דדריס פפו סנונעיס כעכץ קלס פסוקיס פסקי טעעיס וסכלעות ונגינות פשל 65 כפנו ככס3 3ס"ס פו בספר (יוסד וכפרנן 3סחו(נסיס 5של כפצו ממיחידיס וסס גס נועס שלעכנו דכל תיו כופצין כס"פ דסוי כעין פולס ש3ע"פ יסיס סקול ככפו3 עניכיס 6כס 3קועשיס סו 3ספר (ניוסד 3כ"ז סיפס זפק כסס כסתיל עשוס דסוי ככל ספטל 6ו שכתצו זסת ע"ד סימכיס כעו שסנלו גטין ס' סלוגיס ססני פי' רסשי פיצוס לשל כ3כ"ק סשפעטו 3סופן זס גס סכעיס סחליסס 3ככ פכיני תולס ש3ע"פ 3עסך סזען שסיס סקול ככתו3 תולס שצע"פ דכוכי זלת לס גס סי" כסס (נגכת ספליס 5כ"ז עפננד לסשככ סכ שפכת פשכר סיס כסס 3קכ3כס ועס שפדקו ככל דכל (וסרענ3"ס כסקדגנס כ"ס כ' דלסד"ד סי כופ3 5ע5נו. ססר ברתי במ"ס וככון בציכי עס שכ' ככ" 05 טנס" | בלסנר *) בעקכלות נדוכום דפוס וויכיניפק כים פ' כעדכר י"מ פיקון סופריס לשכ כל ידעסי כפרם כי עלנל שלל סונפו 3פי ססדר נס לפי סענין סס לק ט"ו ונפלט עכין תקון סופליס 5םל 55 מנספי כט"ס כ"ל ב"כ על ספסוק ולְברסס עודגו גע5ל כספכי כ' כסעלפך ד"ס ויסי לטל עונפיס פס לק ז' ת"ם ובעכינתל פ' 3סכק ד"ק נלו3 נלוכך וכן לכוס דכ"כ פוכפו ז' וכוספי' עוד ד' שר 3כ"ז סס כק י"ל וכיכקוע ד"ס 3כו3 נלוכך שסס דכלי סעכילפפ ועדכם תנקועל סקכ ססניפ כנכלס עכלם דככיו לסון סנכילפל סניס עוד סעט פכוקיס ועיין עפנום כסונס פ' ויקל לס גס פין ספק 555 ט"כ כתנחועפ נקוף 555 טכנו ספפוקיס 5מו לכסי כנס"ג ולכך נקללו סופפיס סול לק סוספת פות3 ועפלם עפומר וסלככפי כע"ל ועיין ע"ל פי"ע : 4 סכזכר 3שס תכס לחד לשר פוס סגסון עסכי"ץ מיו"פ ז5"ל בע"ם עסל"ץ כספלו פ"כ וסור כ" דף ס'ג בסצלס עם שפזסיכ כ' ישמעפכ ספת כ" ככלונין "ג ככי סזסר ב(נלסכסך (נלסכם שעיס שלס לתס (נסקל סו ניפכל פופ סחש כע5ס ספס (נסליב סס כל סעוכס כפי שר" כפ3 3סועשיס סלו עלס לפק 5סיננן שיזכיכ 6ם סדלקוק שתיו כו כססר 3ספלס דכ"(נ כפוד וסנס טוב עסוד עפוש וכפכופ עול סוכ וצילוסלגני פעכית סל דועס לוי ולכן סזסיר כו שכל יכגיכ כעשוס כן שעל יטעס ויכפ3 כן 3גוף סספר (פס גס סככם סעלננל כפסוטו כפי שר"( סיס סופל גיץ כ'ז סוסיר כו סכל יסעוך על גדוכפו ויכפו3 לק עפוך סספכ 2 שכס3 כפי מס סעלסנו בעגכס ועיין ילושכעני שס פ"ד מגכס 3 -2 ושפס שס פס" 3שעק פ - לו כפי סי" שפיס ככ3 כ"ז כל יסעוך עד"ז סיכי דספםל) עכ ככ פנכיס 3כ'ם מעזכל וסיעפו דלגו לוד על סיניס ס3סיס וספסנלו 3כל עוז כעשוק פעוכופ 5גנען יעעדו כל סתיקוכיס שעסו 3עכין כפיצת וקלילק סתולם כדור לקלון וכס יחזרו כעקדס סספקוק ודעוס םונות ושס סופל סעוכ כעזרס ע"פ ספסוק עזרל ז' עזכס כסכל ספל דפל ילוע כו כפי כל ססולסוק סעוכֶתות פס עשופף סופר כפופ3 ס"ת ככועד תוכלס ולסופל וסוש3 (נכין לופיופ כי סוס פקן ופגיס ספל קולם, סוס כעד לת סעס סתוכס שצכק3 עס ספולס מצע"פ לםר כזסת כווכו ככדלי' כ"ו ויקלל זס פלנוס פי' כווכם סתור' ש3כפ3 ע"פ ספוכ' מצע"פ וגס סוס סי' סכסמון מכעכי סעסוכס שנקלסו 3שס סופליס כפי עס שלעכו קידוסין ל נפני שפיו סופליס ועוכיס כל סופיות שכתוכלס כסוס ני"ז גדל וסיג של יכולו זליס נכפלי דעופ סנפסדות כסנות 5 סקוכס ונס כל יכסלו סכופציס ועעפיקיס 6ק סתולס 3ככ3ות סיעיס כסנכוק ד3ר 3שגגס וככי דעס 6םק כזפם כוון כ"ע שפעל לצו פ"ג (נ"ג (נסורק סיג לסורס, ודככי כ"י בכדריס 5"ו וקכ סופליס. ספכם כ"ע לועזיס ע"ז 3סופן. קליפס סעכוס לסל יולכו ססופליס וספכעיס צסס כבר נעסר כעשס עפיני ופס יודעיס סופס כק ע"פ סקצכס סי (נפי סיש: אולם 3כ"ז כל כפקייס העסס וססעוללו. ספיקופ ופיכוקי דעות לשל מזסש סעסו קדושץ כ' לכ כל בקיפין כססלוס ויתלו' 3פסוקי 5ל בקילין ססר ככ סעלעכ מס 5ליך פי' ועלטכו 10 עפולם שסיו חיכוקי דעו 3סקלילס עשנס ע"ז כ" סיך סקס קוקס כי טוכיס דודיך ס"כ סין סד3ר כן 6של (נפוכם 6ו כפי סכל סיו עכוקדיס ולו שסיו ע"ז כוסססו' שונופ כספליס סכסס למל ים לס3ין 3זס ג"כ עס שסעכו כפוצות ס' ידו כפיב וכפכיכו 3ככ ספלי פסכיס ידיו עי" עסלם"ל סק" = לק כיון דכל סיו (נכוקדי' ידו כויו שוופיס וידיו כּיוד ויו שחת 3קלילס וסגסון (נכי"פ ז"כ סעיר כסגסות כש"ק עכ עס שסעקו 3ככופ נ"ז 56 פקלי גויס סכל גייס 3"3 ס' פלום כרעד כחננך כפיב בטין ועיין יונל פ"ז כסיב ישעס וקריין ישעס כ3שץ ינכית וכן כעקועות קסליס 3ש"ס ועדרשיס ספלי ועכילפס 6של סכיס כפעניס ספסוק. ודלמו עליסס לשק כפכיכו סין כן כסכפוכי ועיין סכסדכין ק"ל ויעפל פו (נצצי כי 6נל כ' שעעון 3ן יוחפי עלעד שעסח כן סקצ"ס סשל כוקלל שכפניכו כפיב ויצתל ועיין פוס' עילוכין ס"ס ד"ס 55 (נגכ' ג' ד"ס ויכן שלגיכ סש"ק כקכר סקל וככפוד סכווכס ופוק' 3"5 קי"ג כ' שכל סיו כקיסיץ כפענני' כפסוקי' ובענ"ל סעכתי שענסנו בספרי ספלפ ווכיכתל כסוניל דיכי' וסככוק (ען עכות ספסוקיס סמל סין כפכיכו כן וכס (נ5ספי צד"ז כס"ס 3כ5כי וילוסכעי סמל לין כועל שסול לק 6סעכקס ותוס' יבעופ ע"ז דכ' עקינל כל למיק סדעתי ספפוק כיחזקסכ וננם"כ ע"ז בכוב"י (נס"ם מס"ננג מ"ס עכ ככ פכיס כציץ עי"ז שסעל סיסי 3ן יסודס עס כ"ז מעסס פסוקיס סין כו סכלע סל 6ננכיכן קוס שכל לכו ספסוקיס ופסקי טעעיס וסעסי כ סכלינ ע"י פקוק מצעיס ועיין תוס' מס מס כתיב 3סכ(כסל וצפרנן ספסוק 6לוכ. שסול פקוק חדם 'ופפי סילוטכנני (ענגכס "ל סכו סכלעוק פחוק עוד סקום" 6סל 5פי שלעלתי נכון כי פס גס עזכל וסיעפו פקנו כל 55 כ3כ'ז לסליסס כוכדו ספיקוס ודעוס םוכות ו3סעפ כככ כ' פום' כדס דף כ'ג ד'ס וסנשל שסננקולס חולק על סש"ס עיין קס כסגסוק ופוס' עלכין כ"כ דברי סענפחיל 6םל סלץ כן בסועש סעדויק וקועס כ"ל וכסזי ספי כל סי כפמ"ד סכ"ף סי בכע"ד וי"ו וכן כסגסות סגלון לע"פ ז"כ כננכ' פסחיס שסניס מקועו' ככוס כם"ק ועדלטיס וגס 3ין כעכי סעקולס 3ע5נס כידוע סן מיכוקי דעופ קסר פטעס כי לס גס שין כסכחים עס שלעכנו שלכוונס ניוחדת סי" עסק3"ס סקקיין וכפיצין עכסופ מסלופ ויפלו לס' סינוכיס ככ"ז כפי מכפנינו כפולס סקקין וכתיכן לק כלופוס 11 לסו"י סקר סן כם כספרל ונקכ עי"ז עסוד ככוס סטעות גס בכפ3 לופיות מכו כפלט סחיכוף 3ין יוד כויו ססר קו סלו לק עלוך יופל של עטעס זם סזסלו ככפ3 ספריס בע"פ כ"6 מפוך סספר עגפס "ד וכק. עי"ז עקול כל סחיפוקיס 3ין 3עלי עסולם וגער' וגס כין כעכי (נקולס יסד ד"( פ' סעופ פ' "ג ססר פסס כי יניסך 5יוד 5מק5ת ספליס בו בעקלסוס גדוכוס. דפוס וויכיליסס ובאך כויו שווליפ 5ס גס סמככ יכחים שסק3"ם :ופ כעשס וכלך כויו פשל כס כבד סול כגד חק סכטון גס ים לסכריע מעכת יכיסך סקל עוד פעס לפת 3פרשס זסם ‏ מסקו ען סוד ככסב עלוך 3טעופ כו וים כועל שנפפוס סטעופ לפי ססויו שווסיפ דועס 3קריסס כציפ ספעוך 3כי דגם 3נכת יכיסך וסיוד ען יכיסך כדחק 3קלילס ע"י סיוד שלפניו 5עלס כי 3ככל זסת קת ספליס ונלך ויו ודעתס ככ" 6ס גס כעכעס עענו סכווכס סכל זסת ככעעס קלין וכפינן תסלופ ויפלות וסנקפלוק כד' סכסינו וככו לק כשעול וכעסות כככ סכפו3 3פולס ולפי שסיס כפניסס כך 3ספלי' סלסס 06 גס 3סקסיפם כל סים כסס ספק ש5ריך כקלות יביסך בכ"ז 3סכק3 כל מכסו לת ידס כסגיק ועיין פוכי סול סו ספל ככי יוכס שכ' וז"ל ועק5ת ספליס וכסך כויי סול טעופ ועיין 3תםו' כ"י כצית כוי סי' כ"ז ספשר כעסות יל זס לפ" ספינין סחריס שין 5ליך עכ"ל ששל ענכס זסק נוכל כדיץ גס עכ ספל מיכוקי דעו 3סעסולס ועי"ז גס סטעיוק כבספכיס כפי מכל כע5ס 3תולס כעו שסעכנו לק 3סופיום ססו"י וככר ססכיכו 3ספליס שי וכפיזס עקוס כעקופ סדין כעפקוכלם 5י כצעכי סש"ק ולין כסלליך וכסזול 56 סדכר שלעכנו כי סקקין וסכפיכן כפכו ככו עפי ס' כפיעכיס וסן סכע"ננ וכס כדעפ עוכ"ם שעשו 6נו פסופליס וסשפעטו 3סיעניס 6כו ככעד 6 סעס כיסוליס ופילוםי"3פולס לכן 3ככ זלס 5 נכחים שגס ססופליס עסו סיעניס עדעפס כעו ססותיות גדוכופ וקטכות ו כצתי 3 גסון סיו דסתגכס סדכיע 3עכת פחד וסלש ‏ 3כל פשתחוס 555 סקל ' זעילס ויקלל וכל ספחקיס 3כ"פ וגס*) *) עיין טו"ז יו"ד סי' קעד סעסר סנקודום סיו עפקנת עזקל. כעט"כ תוס' נזכמיס פ' כ' יסעעלל כסכת3 עזכל ספולס עפס עסכ נקולום וסעכ פס ילעל עפס 3ל כקדמי *5פכ ס5ל 5ס פסקתי (סנסון מסכ"ץ סיום :5" כספכו נכול ססלינוד כעקוס סלסף כל פקנות עזל? סי" לסעיר. גס על דנכי פוס' 55ו 129 סצשר כקודום ספיומסיס כעזרס סמל פכיסס כ' סרנננ"ס 6"53 מס' כ" ויוסר בסותיוס גדוכום וקטנופ וסכקודוס כעו ססעתיקו ססופריס סיש פיי 6ש כל סדנכיס ספנו 65 נסעכו 6כס כעכוס (נן סעוכקל וסמכעיס בדולופ 6מכיסס סרמינו דכך ]םס כקצוע סלכס ו דבר סכננס ועוסר על ספפוקיס כעו מלעלו סעסר נקודו' כספק פוקס עיוססו' כעזקל ) 25 5כיך לסגיס כפסקי פוס' ענסו' פ' כל סקקנכו' וכן סול כסגסום כס"ק כמס' סכָּום דכ"כ כי' "7 וסס עפומכי סכנס 3סשללס עדככ עסכם סנקול וסול ישיכ סכל עסק ונס' כן יוסטי כי ניםכ ססכוונס כפִי עם"כ כם"י סנסדקין ע"ג על סך נקודופ טנסוכס דכל נקודס 53 מעעט וכן ככ" לשכ כזלם כווכו עזקל סעכ 5ס *3ל לליסו (ולד"ק סנקסס עטס) וילער לעס נקדם ‏ פי' סל כל נקוד כעופן ע"ז יענס סלפ 5 עסקסי ענוף סדככ ס3ינס סועכס כעזפי ככקוד זס סעלנד פסטופ יכון ספסוק עוד דכסס סגלפי סנקול שעעיכן ססיפך לשכ ככל זס 5כיך פיכום 5פי סגלסס 3 ות דכ"כ ולס 'סעכ כעס כתנסי סותן לועכ כו כנכ נקדפי עכיסן ולס לעכ כו 'פס כסנת 5ענוכ סנקודס ‏ טעכיסן וכן סניל סעלוך עלך כקל נפס סנדת עסני נכסל זלת וסול 3ּע"כ פ' כעדככ כסכוי קלס עכין עעס נפסך 05 ימכ 5ן עפני עס כפכם ילעל כנכ כקדתי 60 3זס פין עסולץ פעסס 55 כסוגן ונס הפן 550כ 5 5עכ יפס כפנם סענוכ נקולתי כעס ועל עס סלס *פס. כפ3 ט5כיך לסעניל סנקודס . ולדעפי ליטב דככי ססות דל"כ ויסיו ללסליס עס דכ סוס' לק לס נניס כעקוס ‏ יפעכ לי יפס נקדם וסעכ לא יפס נקדם 393 כי בפעם. 5כיך פי' ספ פין ככיל כספי כסדם 237 ועיין עגלס ג' עננפך לופיס לעכוס וכעו סלל סיס יד עזכס לעפות פפוקיס ופסקי עעעיס כספק תוכס עסוס של סין כספל טכפנ עס ס"כ סיך 3פעת עסס עזכל סעסק נקודום כק כפי סנללס גס עזקס 592 סעטכ כקודות כקפלי פוקס לשכ סי' כפכיו עםופלי' קדעוכיס וכלס לפי סככעפו ססן ען לוכך נדול ונל סיפס די 5ו 05 יכפכ קק כספק פיופד לו כסועסיס שכלנור ועל ככ פכיס סין פוענת סעסיקס סיפס פוס כו ככזק סעניע עי"כ ולכן גל שנס עספליס סקדעוניס וכפנו ללס נס נס"פ טפו ונס פקן ככ ספלי פוכס מססקו 55ס ועשס זל כסק 3יםכל5 סככפנ סעסל נקודום לטל כזספ כוונפ פסקי סוס' לס ילעל לעס כפנת פ" סל פין כ כסדם דככ ע"ז ילער כל פסקפי פי' סכך סיו עכוקדיס כנכ ולני כק 05 פסקפי לומן סטכ זל סס גס דככי לכות דכ"כ לק בסכיכו' קלפ דכך עמס נפטְך לס יפעכ לי מס כסבפי לועכ כַכַר כקדפי עמיסן פי' ססיס ענוקדיס כככ ולס. יפכ 5ל יפס כפכת פי' ככל זפ 5 עוכ עסית סכל ק"פ ען עטס ככנו כל סי' כן ולס סקנת כל סטעיום 5עס 55 סככפ גס 3עכין עפק נקודות 3עקנום. טל ונפס ככינו וכסנק לוסן 3סספכיס ע"ז לעכ ילער 5ו כל יפס וכו' 9 פעכוכ סנקודום כסעם לף לכי ססעין שכק <עכוס. ען סעוכתל זלת כע"ם סלענ"ס ויסכיס נס עפס עעי : 1% לכסל בנכעל סוס 55 פקלל כך לכל כך וסיפ' (נטלתס לפק כזכלון עזר ועשען ע'י סיעכיס בפורס עיין עול ככוכיס*) סנק *) דכל סלכסום נכסון 55 פקקל סן לק מליפפ סטיל כעסות סינניס לעען יסי' נםעכיס 3כס סווככ ע"י כפכי קדם טסכעיכו עכיסס ועיין שכ"ס פ'ג ד"ס 55 פקכי וקכלפי כ"ע טלעכו ל"ם עסוס פים ליזס קופי' סכל לקלו' כך ולכי לועכ דלפעעיי לועל ס"ס לף כסלין קופי" כקלילפס לק לנפוס ספותו דנל כעלעו סי' פקוכג סים עפי סים כדי סנל ישכס עפיסס ולס עפי זלעס סעו כפו סינן כפיסס וסלינו ליוכיס כדככ כדעום לסעכסל וסעכו 55 פקקל ועיין עכו5 סםמנוד פ' כ"ס שסדקוטיס סנלעקיס ככסון 5"ם כל כק 3סימוף סופיום 3ין סעס5 כיעץ סו סנקודום וסככות כעו כככום ז' 55 פקלל טעום כ"ל טעום וכדועס עפכי שנכפכי סקודם סין כקודופ סנקל כקקות כעו שילום 3עיכי סקוכס כעסום כינכיס לשכ ככוכו כעיכיו, גס כס"ל ופים 3ככום 5' 50 פקלס 3סדכס 0 נסדכם עיין ע"ס כפי טים סופליס ש5ל סיו פוכין 5 לגל סס"פ וסיס נללס כעו סי"ם, ‏ לו כפי שסס עעונל לסכ גס כסטל סוסיופ קדוטין כ' סל פקלל וסננסס לכל וטכספס עיין כט"י, ונככות ;"ד 55 פקלס סנכת כ"ס סלננת (וסול כעץ כגם וככם וסנכית כפל כ<פי ססוס דנש וגס כו"ן וכע"ד ‏ עססלפין ככודע) וסכיס | םס 5לכיך עיון | דכפי סכפנ"ס דעיקל סדכטופ לק דלך ססעכתס דכ סתוקס 05 כן עס עקסס סגע' כלכות 5' וס 3סכדם כסי3 כ"ס "ג 50 פקכס כסכם 055 כספים וסכי כסלם כתינ סל 5פי סכענ"ס פין כסן דכשס געולס ולק סקעכפס ועלי ליכפם כן ס"כ נסעל כסדכם פו כלעכ לט5ט סוף סוף יכוכין כסעוך דכך זס כמיפן כעלעל וכנס סלככפי כסנסום לש" עכ"ל ולכי נפסוכתי ליו סלככסי כי כנע' לסל 5פניכו כככופ לק ודכפל כעונס כי סט דכ"י ודכ"ס וסל פכָעי לי" כנופי' כיון כפי סטל"ס סי' סדככ עקונל וכק כסניפ מיוכי' סעכו 55 פקכי וכיון דככיך כסל דכ"י דסוי עליין כפטי" כקלום 3סדכם וכן ככ"ס דענעי" 5יס כגופי" כסיום כטלם 5"כ פין זס סיען ולפעכסל כיון דכל עספטע פקכס כעס"כ סוכ' כ"ס "3 כ"ס ד"ס מכס וכפכט 5פי סככל סכ"מ סכלמכ כס"ס מכל כן לו עכל סכי עשי פלטו לסניס קפיס ען ספסוק סכל פפי קכל כל ככר סכל לסנכסס. עיין סכ"ס ס"ז ע"כ ד"ס עכס כן ס"כ קפס 3כלכות פסקטס ככל סכי ימי וככ"ס שסקסס עכל פן שפכלו לסניל לפיט ען ספסוק 55 פקלי 06ל לק ספעכסל סוס ועיין כפ"י 3ככום ע"ד פסכס דע"כ 5ל סייך כסדלם עענם לכל ס"כ 6כן קולין 3סדקם וכן 3כ"ס טע"כ דלשס נעולס סיס וסלככפי עד"ז כיםכ סקילת סעפולטיס על סתיקת ספ"ק טסקסס כפעמיס :"כ קלס וכפעעיס פלנו 5קעכפפ ולין כספקיך וכק לעולל פס על דנל 5סד 3ססוכתי לסל 950 סן כעיכיו סלסון 55 פקלס 3פעעיס על ע:ס ססת טים 05 ססי סוכלות לשל כככון 3זס ד3כי סופ' עיככין ט"ז 55 פקלס פעכו 55ל נפנכו פי' לכ פקכס כפי 050 נעכו דגס ולין כן סכל ענכו סנפיכס דגסין וכו" וכן עליכו כספלי וכל ככ ליסס פץ כפיכ כפן 055 וכל כם מיסס לפק (כיך פי" וסנס כספלי סלפניכו דפוק וויכליפס סעכ 2' 95עוכ 3ן יעק3 55 פקלפ 14 ג' פרק (נ'ג: ור"ע 6של סלו עכיו עכסו' כ" שסי" דוקש על כל קוז וקון פיכץ פיכין של סכפות כרלס כי סול סלסם כין סתכניס 5שר סקז וסענניד דכך סמכגניס סללטוניס סנקלסיס סנס 3שס סופליס כחפש וכ(05 עזר ויתד על כל סננקוככ וסעחודק 3תולס לשל טעס כ3חירק דרך זס פס מכד סוכ שכ' 3ד"( לעען 55 פפרסקנס ססככוק (נן סעקלס ולס יכסלו סכגנידיס 5שכ כל 3לו עכ עוענק סעכין כסנר סין כסלכס סזלק קשל וקכול עכ ספולם וכסקסו' כסס כי ככ דכל סעקונכ וסשכ פלניד וותיק עחדם 3סללי קדםש יפודו, 6ו עטעס כעעוד עי"ז כגד כת ס5דוקיס כופלי פוכס ש3ע"פ 6סכ פלו ולבו ופפ ככל ססר ידעו וסלחיכו עכ 6דעעפ סקדם יתד 3סקולס שצכת: כי עיקר סקכלים סי' כזסע כפת עד"ז סינניס 5כל ישכסו דלי וכל כם ליקס 955 ל נם כיפס עכסיו כל סכוגע של םל עטס לפס פולסת סיכך וסיכך ותחת כפס נקודת סכעד כסול וססים 3פפס ונמפק סעויץן ככסיכם עולס פכק ז' כ' ססכוונס 55 פקכי כסס סעניכו כעו כו 955 למס לפכ ע"ז כ' תום' סכוונפ סספלי כלעכ. ק"פ לס גס סין סספכופ 3כס3 כק 3פכועת סקעץ וספוכס סטכ ג"כ כסן סייך 5ל פקקס ננגו סכל עעכו פס לין סינוי ככפ: כק כתנועס עיי"ם ועייץ פסיקתס וכ+ גם סלל כספנס סדעם פכיו מדעום ססי' עסל קיני עדיין כלפי סי' עועד ועסלפ פכי 55 סי ולדעתי עד"ז כי נלם ונעכו עדכר כעדו ככי' ונספק יסיד כק ססיפוק כסוקלם נספר סוכלס סכון כלגש לססכוס כנו נכינוי ספועליס יםעכנו כדגם ונעדנכ כעדו סיו כלוי כסיום סכון לפי וכפניס ליכס נננכי כעי ככינוי ספועכי', יסעכנו עיין כיסור ככלסית נ' פקוק כ"3 וסיו קוקסין לכסי |נזכס סך לכסי עעכנ ססר על פיסס לכו כוסגין סיו קולסין כסגול לס גס סכפג"ע. לעכ כי כק סעכין יוכיס 5סל 5פ"ז יסיס ככון 55 פקקלו עענו 3ליכס וסכון לפס כ" נעכו כסגל וסכון 3דנט כק כווכם סוס' כעו טלעלנו לסגיד 5כו כי סל סקקס עננכו 950 נענו כסעת חין עסכיף כק כפון 55 פקקל סוס כנכס לשל ים פס 3' כווכות וסניל כל" ען ספלי ססכסון 55 פקלי גס דכך זס כי עפ נס פוכל 3סיות סעכל וגס סנינוני 6סר לולת כיוון כספלי 55 פקכי ולל כ ניסס 555 ונס כס (יפס 5סכ פין כוונפו על עלפ ליסס כי לס על עלפ כס לטק פוכל כסיות ענר וכיכוני כק כפן סול :יכוני ולעל עכסיו כל סנונע 3נשל ולס 3ספלי סוכס כסון טל פקלל 3עלס שים כו 3' סוכסות גס ספי" 3ננ' 55 פקפס נעכו ל5ל פעכו ג"כ שסכוונ' כלן ככספל ודעפ סנסון ע"ו פייס פסללפק ג'י סכוונס סספלי 55 סקלי וכל כם כפלף על סטפילס כי לס וכו ככ נויו לסולו' על ספיו3 סנס סכוגע עכסיו כ"ל לסל עופו סניסס פוקס פיכך ולילך כונו פס סי ססדס ושל2 כפיות סגנופו סולכיס ועתכועעיס תוניד וכלסק ינע פים 3כשלו סס פוככיס לו כוקסיס עעקוס 5פקוס . 15 פולס של ע"י סשקידפ פפכעוד סדסיס 35קליס וע"י. ליעוד סספטים 33קי ס(דכשי' סל זט סוסל וזס עפיל ע"י סשקלסלוק דיכוק דבריסס כספולס שדכס3 יענסו יתד וגס 5 ישכחו עס כועיסס קסר גס עטעס זס. 6ער כ"ע עקולת פיג כפולס גיין כרטוכולס כפי שדככי ספוכל' שנענסלו נדלשס וכעו שלעכו ויציכו כונקלל סכו סננקולק פן גדל וסיג כפולס כשעול ולעטו, וכעלי סעקלס סשקקו 3סיעניס כזכול דככריס ניומדיס 3ּפכגן דבכיס סזכיס עיין ית סבחירס כלצום שופרש 3זס דברי כ" מס3סנו למסרת סיג לפולס וז"ל פי" שסקיג שססדס עופס כעכפעו כזכירק סדכרי' סס גדל כפולס כטעול סכל ישפכפו ועסלפ עכסון עסלס כפי שבעכי (נסכס כסגו כן כזכול דכריס סזכיס שצעקלסוק ד"ע שצג' נקועופ כפורס נענפו סכפינו (נקדם וכסופטיס ט' סתי עיכזו וקיננן חד דכציפי ופלין כפורס וסיעכך פד"ס פיי" שסכיס סוניס ככיס ססר כסנס וכסנס 3ספלי ענסולס; וע"ד מעכלנו כם"ס 3עקוס םים (נלעכיס כלביס כסכיל (נפחכס רק (נכס פסק לסיען סשקפעסו גס כעניכי עסלס שכס כסציל ספקוקיס שכניס כפי שסיס ידועיס לק קנפס כסזכיר עכ ידו כל ספקוק נדליס כ"ו וכן 3ס' סופריס סככס ם' יש 6שר שס פפענניס כק עכם לח ס5ריך פיי ופיקון כעו מס סככת ז' פי' ענכש יכ וכגכעון לכיםעע סקוטס מ"ל כלשל (5ספי סח"ז ג'כ בספר. סיקר גמטיכוטקדיצסטכיכ 5מרטוצגע נכלפש סוקלי קדונוניות עס"ו יו"טו 5וכן דף 5"ם סעלס ד' ש5"כ ויעועכ וכנכעון לפיפכט מעע ססוטל פ" שעלק יעולל ססר ללכו 3ס' עקועופ 3פנ'ך כליך כסיות לעיסכ וכקח (נכע סעוקדעס לו סעסוחלת עספסוק כעו שסול שס 3ננכ' סופלי' סלכס ו' וסכו פס של ככיסיס ושל כפוכי' קככו סוטי 6על לו וכו' ששל ג"כ 5כיך פ" מכס כו של פפי סנללס קוכ3 על ספפוק וסעכ כו כי פתס תפן שעוסל 3/6 י"ז וקס 3ספוך לו כפי3 וכל סקלי וכן קס 3סוף ודנכו סשר כל ענסתי עלס זסק ולדעתי. כסגיס במקוס ודכלו ש5"5 פללו סו ופילסו וסו33 על ספסוק 3שו כל סללו ספ ופילפו יוכ ו' כ"ל סמל סקלי פו וסגלון עסל"ס וויככל כ' 3כ' שנופ מכיסו דף כ" ג"ל 55 דככי ול"ג סלכס ז' עכילל ויכיסל שכי סעופ מל סופליס ו3גלעין ‏ 55 3' גכניון 0 ישעע ססופר פ' 6כיסםעע ססופל וגרע סני דכליס של חש3 3נוקולס כעו עניסל ויכילפ 16 עכ"ל ולדעתי כע"ש ועיין עסולם גדוכס שכס כענו. לק ט"ו עקועות 3קנ"ך סטר' כפוציס 65 ונקליס כו וחקלו ד' עקועוס ססר סומ כ3ס' סופריס ובעקלסוס גדוכופ דפוס וויכיליסס דף פנ"ג על ספקוק ישי" ט' כל סגדכת סשעחס ט"ו כס דכפיבין 3 וקסליץ פו וסיננן כעסכ 3סדר שעיכי ופלין ען ספכוגתל ותלי סיפ 6של פולת כון פגלון שכ' וצגלעון . ב גרעון פי' םנגרע 3' דכריס שכל ססבד כננסולס וכוכ3 עכ ס:' פסוקיס ססר עליסס כ" צ3עפולס ופקין פכוגפס וססרכפי בסטוכס. וסנת כלל זם שסנלו עשס סיעכיס כתולס וכשסצחו ככי יסודס עיכוכין כ"ג דדייקס 3כשכס ועכחו כסו סיעכס ספולם כסקייעס בידו (לשל"כ ככ גכיס סי" כחק כ3ישכסל סכםננר ונכעשס עצכ דרפיס סוניס עגכס כ'3 כן ן סקוקס 53 כעי:נס וסוכס 3כס ז(נרס וכ' פופ' כפי שסיו לגיכין לשכופ סעשניות 3ועכס כפי שסיו טוכין סופן 3ע"פ וע"י כך סיו כזפכיס יופק וזעילות סיו כסס ספוקה ססר יש כפכם עד"ז (נס שלעלו 33לס פ"ד סננר כי גנלס גננר ז(נילפל תסל כוכס דכלי רש"י םס כפי שתן שוכין סעסניוק 3זעל סמיב סר"י דסננכ (ולי כפק' כך וניכ םס" כך לשור סכככ בגעור בערל שנס פשכס ספ" בעשכס כי כס3"ג סין חופק וכננשניוק כננסו כפענניס יחד דיכניס סוניס כפי שסס עתכס סחדל לו ע'ז ספדעוס סכסון לו עכין עפ דכך שיען כחזק כם סזכלון כו סעשנזע פרק כ"ע פיט ר שכת כ3פ"ד. דפםחיס. ד מכילס דקס, ועכלכס 3כ"3 משר ‏ תס כפי סעקוס שנסגו, פ"ק דענכס סשל עוכס סככות. שכסעכו ככסון סין צין וש מש עד"ז קוש" פוכ' פפסיס (נ"לו ד"ק לין (נכטכין 6של סניסו 3כס ישו3") וכסכורי (נ"ס כסרפי 5ילוף וסקנול סעסכיו' וגס3פ'פ"כ סציל *) וגס נסידול סנע' על ססופני' סכסמכי' סגול וקסול עלעקיס. כעו סענסכו כספכי כלסוניס וססקוני' ועיין קס"י יועל ע"ל סיידי דסייכי כּסייס. נפוקכי' נקיט כס וכו' פס פכיכס סיסיס לקלקל ₪523 פ' סנום סייס סול דנקיט ט וסנלון כי"פ "5 כ' לעפוס כיש3 דכלי כט"י טספקוקיס כסוקיס זס עזס ספפוק סנופ סייס נסכי ג' וספסוק פפיכס לפיס סקל עפכי ס' ססר ש לפעוס עכיו כי כעטלי פ' פסוק "5 סול ג"כ. כי 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עעטיס 5סכ יצין סכועד גס כ5כי פירוסו ס5ליכיס פירום ופיקון שתק כט"י, ורק שניס (נספליסלסשוניס סנכי יודע 6) תוס' 3שס סכ"פ נכחות כ' ד"ס של 6חליס כפכלם 5כף לחלוכס (נן עכס טעס, 3) פוס' מוכין ד' פע" ד"ס (נכניס שסליר ככו דלך כי כווכפ 3על סננסען כסעיל על סמקועוק שנענ כ' ענשס 3מכ' חוכץ *) עי"םש סכ' ועיסו בעקועוק לסחריס וכו" ופעסתי נכ מסטיס דש ס"ד פיד קוק יש ידים סינכיס םכסל עד"ז ססינן 3ש3 כ"ד כגופי" ז(נרס 5פכס דחבכס דננכתס שר לער שס כי סול נעכס עעץ כל סי שכווכת ספיננן על סעקועוס שנזכל 30 36 לעכ 30 חייל בס" כ3' פים. וכלי סעיני כי תופי וכמומץ. חית קל. נסולים בפיכו סז וצפלט ככי סככל של פוס' יפי' פיכוסו כדסס כי (נ5סכו עוד סככס נעכו 3נס' כדס ט"ו סעכ כ3 ₪36 סעכ כב מקדל 5על כ3 3דקס וכו' ולק ע"י סככל של תוס' דכ5כיו ככוניס שכווכת 3עכ סעסען כק על סמקועות 3עס' שצת ועכלפי בסלם"ל ספירק ג"כ כסשכס לק כ5כילוף דככנו. וכן *) עוד סיוס *522 סענקס כדעת ען תכל סו לונורס. כל דככיו סונפוזריס כ" סכל טו3 כענכו ככעס עניניס 5שר עד"ז בפתי לסניס בנכ' 3"3 ד' קע"ק לער כ3 *וסף 3 עכיועי 5ע 30 כסמן ככל עקוס טנסגו כססזיל עפזיכין 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לס כזלת כוון בעל סננסנען דבעל סעסענל כ3 סקס בר פפל סננובס פס כככין | עשפטי ג"כ 3סנסדקין. עוד. ‏ 3' פצעניס כככין עענס טס ועל דכך ספוס' כחונין כק 3עס' סנסדכין כי 3(וסכתקות ססלום ג"כ סוכ עיין ש3פ קנ"ג קפ"ז ב"ק דף ע"5. גס ככסל עד"ז ססימן 3סוטס דף כ"ס (סיען סע ככדדו כויס) 6של כדעפי ים כלן טעופ ו5"כ פחס 5כדו ככדו ככ וקו33 על ג' פעעניס שע5פנו כסוטס כ' יוחנן 3שס ל' (עליל 6של חול 3דף כ"ס ככ כשון סרע שסין כו 6עת, דף "3 ג' פענויס ככדו פוסל לוקו כשע, דף ע"ס ככ שלין עכום וסעכ כי מכס לחד טלפי סנרסס כו כלס סערס זסת בספר קחד ולין כסשי3 כי גס 3דף כ"ו ע"3 ופש3 כסיתן קספו ע5נו סור כ' יומנן כשס כ' (נסיר כי כפי סגלסת מכ עין יעקד 6ין סגלקל כ' סיכ 656 ככי וסגסון עס"פ כ"י כפב 5י שכדעתו גרסק סגע' ככוכס כ' יוחכן כשס כ"ע כפי עם"כ כט"י סופין ק"ג: ע"3 כל סיכי דקתכי עשוס פכוני 65 ששעע עפיו סכס ופי 6סלי" 6"כ כ' יומנן שסי' פננניד שכ כבי כנונופר בסקדעס סכננ3"ס כס' "םס שעע כ5כ"ס כל סלעודיס ודלשופ כצי עפיו (נשס"כ כ" שסיי כעס דולום כפני כ' יוחכן וכ םענע סלכה לו דכשס (נפיו כ"5 (נפי סחכריס גרס סגע' סכפנינו 6מכ כ' יוסכן משוס כ" יופר נכונס. וסנס גס 3ספרי סססלוניס סשר כ3כ5יתי כל סי חון עססל"ס ועסלם"ל שסכלתי עכ סכענן כקכת כ"ד (ני סעדבר כפכיני ססענניס חון 3עסלם"ל מידוםי לגדות עכ ססיטן כדק גס גשס קס 3כנסדקין 5 שכ' סקס 3סס ספל ישן 28 שסגרסס 3קיען סופ נדק קנס סיטן כסמכנניס סשוסניס. 5פכין תחת ונ ולחכניס העס ל סס ע'ש כפי-דבריו סגרס פמק פר קיסר כפשר ₪ 5 בפץ יכק3 ופס גס יש עוד שסכת עין כגביסס -3ן. פסיסס -05 (נסנון 2 סו שסטולכ עין 7 = ו 3% וגס תנעניע (ון = גסיסס כִכְּכַכ-בסגינו"כ < ססוכב נ . ולקקליסס 3כ' קורת. נכיסיס ‏ (וסער כ" דף "9 על -. 2% (נגכס - כערי 05 גרסיכן | שר 5קש"י פנרפס 50 עין יצק3 סגלסם . כעדי עיין. עסרם! שר כַּפ כשס גפון 6סך שסכווכס ‏ דעכס כעלי סיס כדפס שס- דגעי: 5סנן עכ םנום סנוסלכיס: כ ,כחננן: דיככ כפכן- -וכ': יומנן וזם. סיס סקימן | של כעכלי. כ'חען יתוסוע' ל'3כן: "וסכן לשכ ע"ז כפ3 רש"י הכ גלסיכן: הרבב3'ח. בּשס 5 כס 03 לפ על. כ' כחנן וכן סוכ פירוס זה 3קס עקוס שולל כספר ‏ ססונס (נסס3ק. תסוכס ע"ל ‏ 6שר כוכס. דכדכיסס - 3% ע"ד של(נכרנו: כי 5 ; שי זכסוכי -בון .3‏ כי 5ס: כע5ס לבכ" כשס\ כ'י ‏ כן: ו .מק : 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(וכטול ועוד |29 כלציס (נסקיעניס 6של לסס דלך זלות וגס ככיס קשיס מצדיקק סמכל סנככיכיס כ3יפול ונס פיקון 3עקועוק מפס עסשונסיס ע"י סדפוס כי (נעם קסר ספלי סש"ס כפנינו וחדל סטעס כי ל חרל סככים פזכלון, ועזל ועגן נגד סשכקק סלוף וטעות 6שכ עטעס זט 05 עכסתי סינניס 6כס 3ם"ק ילוסלני וגס. ס"ס בככי 0 כננסו 5ככל (סכתס, וגס 65 3עדרשיס ובספכי ספוסקיס , ועין יעק3 חון כפסיקקס זוטלפס פ' (ננור דף כ' וכ" 05 פניצזכ נפן +5סס. סינניס פנוירס עופס ספכיכס לשל סול (נלוסתל וכן 3זוסל פכשת וילס ד" ויכוס 6לסיס וסיענכך ופססופו סכפולס ‏ וככ' 3ס"ג וסיץ שיש שס על 3 לשוס עין עכיפס וגס 3עפי סגפופ כס"ק לק 63יז עקוען סעלו: עכיפס, 'ככן: 6עלפי 05 ' כוכל' כסעכיס עיץ עסס כל זנמן שסס כפכינו 3ש"ס 553 תיקון וכיסול ולעס יסעל 5ון עזו3 וסכוח לכי עישלסכ, 5כ5י שעעס וסין סיס שס על 35 מסעניכ קולי סשיכוסיס וטעיות. ופס ככיס 6ין עשגיחיס צכ' דככי סשל" שכ' ס"ז. שסודופ: גדולוק ‏ (עלועזופ: 3סיעכיס'? וסוד פ' ניכסיו גס כפי סכלסס סיעכל נכתל. כפענניס = וכככל בס ננכינק (נוסל וילקס, כחיך עי 55 ינעס ססיען 3נסכק כ"3 ע"ד (סיען ככ שעס. ילדן) ע"ד שסעכו: גכג5 מוזר 3עוכס וכן 3עקועות 6קליס ששל סעלכו |עכיסס ,‏ ככי: קפק ₪ לפיס מש 35 טוב 5פון כפוכס וס לק סס. מעננו עססלון ידיעוס ‏ סנ5רכות. לפס ששל כוסת 6נלתי כססוף: וכעלוך סופס 3(נמ3רק ‏ סזסת 5פי סידוסיסס 3ש"ק עס עס טננקתי לסציכר. עליסס,: ופט גס 65 לוכל 5ברר. (ני, ועפי, וכנה כפצו ינוכיס 3עקוונות ללס ולל 3מקועות ‏ 6סריס +פר כפי סככלוס. כחיפוף גועות ושכחס ‏ וכפרקטי. עכ סנות ספ טעעו שלפענניס כוחל לוע שכיעות וכפעעיס (נפות (נלסשי פינות וגס 0503 5לילק ססותיוס ולילופיסס שוניס וננשוניס פשכל כל"ס: סכל צכוומם \ (ניוחדת \ סנעכעס -ככו, וכס: נוככ: כונכ כנקועות ש5כיך פילוס שים כלן טעופ סדפוק, ככ זלפ 5נוטן 5ון כל סקקס ול3ו5 נעולל עכ סככפס ופיקונס וסוכי שעע סכס :כפיופ. דולש כפיון. וללחס: על עכלכס סישנס וכסלקת סזלק: עלקו סצוניס ‏ מכנות ולכלות לופס עס ככ כילוליס ופיקוניס סנלככיס כס5י3: סליוכיס כעקדס וקיעניס סגלועיס יעשס כננוכסקיס כסקזיל סלצידק . 0 בדפוות לב ע"ל סיען עעשיס 5דקס קקכן כפן פענים. (כנכ 3כוכ לס כ סעעסעכיס 3שס 5" כענין פפכס כפי מדבר כערכס שגדול יופל. נע"ט וקלצכות סכיס ג"כ מגדוכ ערך סתענית (נן סלדקס שככ סכס דרכי פקוכס (נעכילין לוע סגזילה ולק (נסנכלס שזס 3גופו חס 3עעוכו 5פי פס3יס כסיה כעו 3סלחריס (נן ספסוקיס 6ע"ג. שככי ל:עזר כע5נו ילוקכעי פעכית פ"3 דף ס' סניס קכל ע"ש תפכה 5דקק תקשוכס וכו' פיזה 5וס שלני חפן 3ו סנס זה וס 36חלסו פרוס פרע3 כסננך סי כפיב 3ו קז פקרס וס' יצכס ועד"ז 3רכופ ז' סגכס דפעניתק 5דקס. קעכית ט"ז כ6 שק ופעכית גולגניס 5כל פשוכס (נננם שכן ללכו 3סכסי ככוס 65 כסעכ ויכל לכסיס מק סקס ולפ תעניתס סכל עעשיסס, 3כ"ז כפי חק ססדל יסיס ככון 065 05 יסיס ספפק כין עכיכי פפפס "י ס(נל/נל גדול ספעכיס וכסקדיס וכסעוך סך דכ"6 גדוכס פפכס (נן קלצכות לסך סנל גדוכס פפכס (ננו"טי ובפרן כפי סנלפס שין (נקוס סעלענל דכבס 05 גזר פעניתס כיו(נס דניכס שנסנר סכופ (5'כ דכ"ש פענים). כנו שלפכיכו סעוך כסך דכ"ל ניוס שתכל3 3ת'ע כ"ס כסך דכ" גדוכ סתעכית, וכעין יעקד נפוככיס כל עכיני קפכס (נן כ" 3סםנת דככי כ' יותנן כפן שסלנ מק סכפם סשר כפכיכו 3ג(נ' כפי שגס סול סעך דככיו על ספקוק ופרישכס כפיכס ולחל שסכיל מס (נעכין פפכס גס (נסננריס סחריס (נג(נלס סדיל סך דר"ל גדולס פענית ותר ען כדקס וסך ד30 65 גזר פעכית 3ד"ע. וסנק >01 סס ככ"ז לכון כצכ סעכטן ע"י כפיכת ססיעניס לסיוק סעלעליס כסדר סזס כעעו שכפניכו סי" כו כסקדיס עכעל ופס"כ פעכיפ עכ"פ לטר 3כ"ק פיס כן קדס ולק כ"י סעדפיקיס 53 לומל וי כפקן ולסקדיס 3ססיען לכעל כפנניס. כד ע"כ סגוף סגוף עץ עשיכין ועכסיכין סינמן. ג' ככנסין כגוף עד סוף סעסל. שם חעסס ושסס ועמל סיען. מעקס לחד עמסםיס סיען עד סוף פעכן. שבת כה פע" סינן פכק עככ וכו' (נספ"ז סיננן. כדעתי כננסוק עלק ,| סיען כעו שכפצתי כסקדנס. לד ע"ס סיען כגופיס זיונרס 5יפרס בחככס דונימתס ניין הקדעת םס ססכ"ס ונענסכם"ס. נה ע"נ לסוצן 3כי עכי 5כי םעוסכ דוד ושכעס ויוסש פיננן. דברי כשצ5"כ 6ננכ כ' יופכן םכל סלוענל עכיסס משחטפו לינו 6כל טועס ולליך כסגיס 3סקיען ילסיסו 3עקוס יולם וגס כסקדיס (נקוס ססיען קודס סנכל ככ סלונכ לסו3ן. סג ע"ס כימן זלופ. כדעפי 55 ולעופ וסונכ על סדכשות (ן ספסוק ו'סדכך 5כח עוכיץן כגדוכס שכסננר 5כס כ'ס3 יכוכ שנס לשנס פ"ל פ'ל דבכ ספ יכול 6ס סגיק דעתו ק"כ ו'ענוס 5פדק ולס עוםץן כן זוכין כפולפ שכלעכ ות'וכך כולפק ניכך. קח עב עו ככון :הקסלוג כיפן. ‏ ג' פכי ל' יסודס,בל.מכיבס וכס כקח 3סקיננן כּי5ק ולק ללש סגנפס. קכט ע"5 פענן שטנקל. | שעופ סתכניס ם'נולכ כ' יוחנן* כ' לק ר'. טמ ככת. שם סקיל 3לום עס שסס סיען. = דנכי כ3 ועעולכ ופחק זיקס כקח בסיננן בלוס. קמג ע"ס שלכק ספ"ז סיען. | שעות ססכניס ש'עול5 כ'נָ כ" סונ/ס: סננ'עור כ' ס'שת כ'..פופפשתי. ז'כרִיס. (על 42 סעקסן כ3 6שי 55 נסען ופפסר כככל גס 3ק"ן מל כ3 ססת). נך צ"3 פלל מס"ז כינון. = צ'וכסדל'5 כיוי סוכליסיסככס ברב יסודס, םש'נוסכ כ' יוס'כן ז'עירי 6עלו סככס בל". 3גנ' זמירי קודס ככ' יותכן וכקיען עלוקל. |- עירובין יח ע* דיו כנכודס שדח זוכים נָתְקנקכ בנידס שכשס סימן. (נלננכיס של כ' יכוניסי 3ן-6פכזר ו5"כ (נזונופ כתקלכ גס תסלו 3' לו 3סקיננן נסעסנריס ככ 3ית שנסעעין ו דפלי פורס כ3כיכס וכו" עיוס שקקם 5" וכו" פשל כו שס. יש ע'צ מלוך יופר בפפ חינס מנס שיבמס מיען: סיכעיותיסניי ולכ מס מינן. נג ע"ס סימן םעכס עשלס ומכיס עסק כענדנו 3דוד ויכן סנל" מכ לי יוסמן "יי "תדייעוס גדכפי מ'ס עמק סלטידים כססיינו כ(נידן וסעכוק -3דוח ויכן תן ועוע ולליך כסגית כדוכו ככן כי קונכות על סעסעקיס של כ' יוסנן ככי לוסעיל כ3כיכי דולו כ3ן של סללםוניס ועלספי סוד - . / - , 3ס"ס דפוס פלפג כן כמס ט"כ דפוק וויניפיקָס וגס פס - - כל סבי במינון. בס עפ מסְער. של "כ' ‏ יוחנן בקוף עכיין םמחל כו סקכ"ס. כי דוחק מסוצני על מלעל שס דוד דגפי (וסכק6 כעודן. נד ע"6 פיען ענקיס כתייו כוחוע חלוס. \- דרסות של כני 5כפזל. פג ע"ס סיען זיכל כסניס (נחכיף שיקל ויעקד. = '5 סיוד כעכק זיכס 5ריך כסיות. ק"ש לשל נסוספת לופיוע לכעזקר וסטועות ככונח (נשוס שתוכן סעכין דת"ח. כסכיל - 555 | עססוכיל = סו סול כקילול (נכס זסק, ופפי סכל כזכר שס 5כיו כקק טעו וסקס עילו,. וכשסל ססכעיס כקק 0ל3 בעקוס 3ן כ"ס כר ססכופס, כ" בהי דרב 5יק5 כ" כ3ן יצקד. 8 עה ע"ס פיען סינוכס עלס כ3כים יחירסס כביכל דכל משכס כפכיס מקוס פפיען סייך כעיל וכווכפו על סקושיות לכ3 דיעני 6 כ3 ינסי. צר ע"ק שיני עככי סיען. 5ריך פילום קפס עכק םילי קוככס על עכ סנלנר כקעוך כקס שכוס דםענולל ככ כ' ילחק שעפרם ישנופ ככ שיש 3סן 5כולות, וענקןשלות 6קל ש'י'לי ש'עוסל י"כחק סו שעוסכ י'שנכופ כילועות וסול. סינן עוכלכ3 קס ססכס ופוכן דכריו כננס לופ יוד כסוף ולליך כסיות סה סופ ען עלת עקוקלוס גס על עס קוצצס (ולפ ע5כי כי ספי' עכ מדקות שים נסן כנועות וכל עקוסלות 5ל ככלל ₪3, וגס סין פועס שכווכת כעכ סעסמן עכ לעכ סעוקדס כעכין ספכוגסל כּין כ"ננ וכ"י, ובפרנו שננכת ע35י נכ עה שלער ר' יסודס 6(נכ 30 לפכם 35תיס וכווכפ 3עכ סענסמן כ'כפיס כ' י'סודס 6עכ. ככ קש פעס סולפ סעי"ן ככם עכ5כי פד"ז, וגס עכ עס שנופרם כ" ינחק 3ר"י דרב יסודס (נסשיך עכיסן וונציפן ככווכת ע'כיסן ל' יל'חק 3כי' דכ' י'סודס סול דופק 5שר עד"ז 5ריך פיכ' ופיקון ועיין קס"ד דף ע' שר ספשר פסת ל3וס דםנוסל 23 כ' ינחק ליפרי ולכ בר יכסק כער כעיכ דף 5" "3 סנ לסב" עקוס יש 3כלם . פסחים סח ע":3 עכ"ם סיען 6יץ סכווכס עכ פוכן כ" עכ םעופ 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עיין 3ס"ג. דף 5"ו שכל סדיס ס' על סודע ולקס כ' עכ (נלככס וספימן ככ"ד עקן כספל. שם כעדדן סיען לעב נקלס וכ (נפלגס כ'סוכן עעסס ע'גכ סשני 3'רכת כסניס ד'ן כל כקלפ וכל (נפלגס דוד וסעכון' ו3כס"ג כו לק ספיננן לעד. כז ע"5 זכפן סיון סכססכיס (נפפננידיסס ז'כסי 6כ'צזר פ'רידס כ'חוכיל 06 כל נסען על מלכות סלסלופ בס ססככת יניס סעסי 65 על סשפכס 6של עד" עפלנניד 305 שלכו פלננידיו 6 כ' זיכ6 עס סללכת יניס וספשר כפי שר' זירס 6(נוכס. יבמות סג ע"ס סיען פשס וקלקע עזל זסם שתי סנלכופ פגכי פחק *3 56 סננס(נכיס של כ' 6לעזכ כל שסין כו 6שס קלקע ספ ספעס ונכככו מפי 3 לכות וצעין יעק3 סגלקל סתי כריכות כק לת [פגכי 6של כפי סנלסס קובנת על סעסער 5 כ" עפידץ ככ. כעלי "סוענכיופ שין עוכן ולדעקי 03 סטעוס עס שלעל שס. ככ ועכנני לי פיגכי ול"ל 3מקוס תגכי לועכיופ ועכס פחפי על עס שסעכ שס בס כ"5 סי כך סועכוס פחותס. וגס פס לסעיל סנק כקח 3סקיננן עכס על עס שסעל שס סין פולעכיות 6של כפי סככלס פץן זס כ" 03 36יכל וכן סול צילקוען עיי"ם כ3סגסות 5ס"ס: פז ע"נ סיען 6עכ 5" כס נעסשס נעטיס כעניתס נעסס'ולל כעשס כוכד יבס ופלועס יכוס ופלוננס סיננן סו33 על פוכן דכלי כ' יסודם ככב 6שר פליך פיקון כנוכן גס. יש כעפוק ולש סיענן סכפוכס ונפי סנלסם סין זסם שני סיעניס כפרדיס. קב קינן ספלפ יבס קנדכ. על סדיניס. של ל' יסודס סעכ לבו 5-0 כתובות יש ע"ס קינ כל" סעופ סכניס סענפכניס 6'30 36'יי. ר3 סם'י. נג מ'3 סינון דגברי שק זרף (נפכס ויכנוס שנייס סלוקס ולנקק נכת דנככי פין שייכופ לפסיננן קשר דלך זכ כו כי סול (נורכ3 שק זכף שעופת סתכעיס של 3עכי ססיצעיות ש'שת לי 5ק'ים סכעז'ר כ'3ס כב פ'פס וסננכום עלכס ויכעק וכו' פן פוכן סליבעיופ ועלק דגצכי לק סוספס (ניד (עסוקל. צא ע"3 קיען 6לף ועלס עכות 3כתוצס יעקד זקף מדותיו 3יס עסיקין סדיכיס סעוכפיס עד פעמנס וכן סול כס'ג דף כיח 32 57| קידושין ב ע"3 כיון עכד כּים מנסיס 3ים צ3ד קלוציס ד' ספקות סס. כא ע"ל קיונן חכם תנק זנן סיען כסוך סיען עכ םעופ ססכגני ס"כ רב סח'0 ברי דריבס ככב סש'י סיכ מנופרך סל כ3 לח'ס ס6'3 ככ3 סס'י (נשוס דסיכל 5ננימר. וכו' ס"כ כ ז'וטרס 3ּרי רכ' נ'רי מרבּינ'ס סיבס כמופרך. ניטין ח ע"6 סיען ע"3 3 כק. 3ששס דכליס שוופס סוכיס כס"י וכס"כ ע'פרס עב'דו סננב'יס (נצס'ר כ'ונס כיככס סק'ונס מדס. נדרים כא ע"3 סיען ססי ולכעזר יומכן ויכפי םעופ סמכנניס סקל כלו כפכיסס סעעטיס. נזיר נב ע"3 סיען ייד שפוס גיללס ופחד ד' פיכוליס 6של כפ"ז מו עעלת יסיד ששל כוונס. על פילוץ סלסטון ככ סיכי דפפיגי רביס כלפוקי יחיד ג' עכום ססחכום כריכום פיקון וכעקוס שסוס 55 עלס סחרם עפילון שני כי קפני 935 מן סננס, במקוס גב5ס 55 גכם מפילון ג' ככ סיכי דכזיל נגלח וכן (5סתי 3ם"ס דפוס פכסג ותחפ ו5סד 55 פדל עמילון לי כי הסני כל. סיכי לסלף: ספוטה לה ע"ס סיען 6 ככדו פויס. דכסות שכ ספקוקיס ויספלו 38 לשס'ל שפץ כו דכר/6(ו, *זיסס וכי 353 וכו' עכס כעכס וכעקוס כויס 55 עניס 5של ע5 ככ סופן סן לס סנכסל כויס פו עכיס 3סימן זט (כינם פוכסס כי כק ססעק פוית חן לשל תכוס 6 ססדס ככ דרביו ונכיכיו ורק 5:0 ססחת לםשר תגניס ות ססדס נכ (כוני סחייס וסככון כעו שכפדתי בסקדנוס בי 55 מכדו בכ"ף. לח ע"3 פיען עפלוס 35רכס דוכן כעכודס כוס (נכיר כסנס בגל סעניניס של כינ"ל גס כפן 5 מסמן על דככי ליב'כ פכ:כסן ממ ככפ יד. מא ע'3 כיען 65 עובר גיספפ;כידו כידס גוכס (נלעליס מכ כ' 6כעזר ועקוס ססיננן כפני ססר של כ" כל סדס שיש כו סכופס 53 6 פעופס. בק כו ע'ל קינן סעוקס 3סס וסנִיח סכרו 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נילקוט סעעוני יםעיסו ג"ק עיי"ם ולדעתי סיס כתוג נכם"י ל עפעסיס טוניס ככלפי פינות כע"ט וסעדפיסיס תעו וכפנו ככס"י כעזל טוד לטק עי"ז כככון ל זכס פי' מנ"ט עכייס ערודיס פניל בים כק בפנת נלפפי גס כרט"י עיכלוכין ג"ד ע"ל סכתנ זכס לעזל טו: וכסנסות כט"ס דפוק פלפג נעם' יכעום "ג ע"פ ד"ס זכס עוזרפו סעיר על דכלי לם"י כעיכונין טכ' זכס מע" לשכ כ5כת לפי סנג' נ"ק דף כ"ס 3כי פיי ועזוכי 55 כזכותל תליל 555 3עזמל וכן כעדכם כנק פתיסת פיכס כנתי לכו זכיתס פי' טסייתס 3דיקיס ועוטי טוג וכן ככעס נקועום ט"כ ועדכסיס גכלס ססכוונס זכו ספי' על *די שזכות טל יכלס ועעפיס טוניס 5טכ עטעס זס גס כלט"י עילונין כנעם סטעום ע"ד טלעכו וכנ' עקועום לו כעקוס עזל טונ 5"ל עעטיס טוניס , 21 בר סנל סקר כבר סעככו כי בכ" סיס כבנכ סעסטן כוכס מיוחדת כלכס כחמם עעות שו שכחס ככ זלס ים מסעיכ שעכ טלקטיס 3קישון לס כטלסס בתך עלטריס של כ33"ס ועיין כדכליס כ"ס ערק גכי עקכבס ועש"כ כ"כ ]ז"כ במכוך ערך טלק. וגס מסר 3ססיטן עלס לועזת עכ סעסער קס סחוי כך 3כועי. דקלח ככן סככון כדעת 3כי ס"ס סעפו5ר מס"ו כפוס כ"י שעלת עלקטים סוס טעופ ול"כ כעקועס קוטכלס 5שר לועזת עכ ספלער תס סחוי כך 3פועי דקרס וכו" ק6 מפקי קוטלש ועד"ז גס 3סשן כסקדיס סעלוסכל. עד ע"3 סיטן ככ שעס יכדן עלעליס של כ' יסודס. על כ3 וש כפיון זס עכין עוסר 3עכיפס כמעדס ע"ד שלעכו 3ע"ס ובגב קהל בט|כםיע" כבכ ל1ע' פנעי ככבי שנס סכ כופיס יולדיס עעכועי ס5כקס. שם סימן ישיס גככיפכ כע3 עכ סעסעכריס מכ 30 דקני סער כד יוכתן לשר 3עקוס 30 דיעי סעכ 30 יונפן עפיד גצריסכ 5" ג"כ כעו כּסעסער סעוקדס וסעלותר. תחת כ' שנתן כ' יותכן ובעין ינק סגכסל לעכ כ' שכפן עלי דכפיד נכ יניס. יסדם סמכ. כ יוכפן עתיד: גבריסכ -.6מר 5'. יוכפן בשעס סנויפן כע3. עח ע"3 סון זגס כסן. 56יי ‏ סער. דככי סכיעז'ר: כם3"ג' (כדככו לפעעיס 300 3עקוס 3ן) כ"ע כ' כ'פן כ'ועכוס כ'קוס סעדי כולסו סילס כסו וכו'. פט ע"ל קיטן סין מעייכין ופץ גודםץ 3סגרדטין ונכיטרס שנסס ועשר כפש עסקלופ עעחק עכדס 65 עסמו כל יעשס סעסעליס של ק"כ וצגע' פחכס 6ין גודםין וסס"כ סין עעייכיץ וסני עלופ 05 יעשס 3סוף ססיען יש כנסוק כעו3ן. צ ע"3 סיטן סולכי פירום סין פולרין-וסין עוליסץ ולין עשסכלין פעטיס 533יס. עסליצין. וכס. עוליסיץ עכ סעסטריס בפ"כ וכפכיס כני סכי וכפקוס כל עוליסין ככון. יותל סין יוכלין כסשל סוס 3ּפ"ל. ל. צא ע"5 סימן עכך 36רסס עטר סניס שנפטר כסנסס כברו. מסמריס טל כב סכן בר רבל סער רב ועכם מלך על סמינכך ועלת כברו סשר כל כע5ס 3גע' 6פקר קונ עכ סקג"ס כפי שברלש ספסוק לך ס' פי' לס' כ3דו סגדולס ושכי עלום כסנקל לנדו על סך עסער ספי רים גרנופס משעיס עוקע" ליס. צא ע":3 קיען סנע פועל חרוב טכיל סערין . עסעריס של כ' יוסכן צב ע"נ סישן 6סס ועגד קור טולין ופילום. סעכיכיס ססונפו עס לקושי", וקורין על כשס כפכלי שור קסיס קועס. צד ע"ל סיט כל פרי סטרי דר' 6כין: כר' כחמן סוכָלֶס וק3ככוסט סוולום (ון עכיכי סקוטיום 5כשכל קעל קיו ע"נ סיט ככ 5פחד ויוסף פיכפכ עכשס יסם3 כוכם סעסטן. על ו' קוטיום שסקקס כ' פפל) 5סבייפ וג' עכופ סלסלוכום ען סקיען על ג'' קוסיופ קי"ח ע"3. קטז ע"ל קיען סדר עכי וחכס דלטופ טל ר' פכסס 3ן סעס. קכב ט"3 סיפן כפטס, סעופ ססכטיס לער רכ כיסען פער 30 פיפ רב ס6ס'י ע'ר בר רב 5סי. קנא ע"ל פיען זועל סיעי דעערס עפרפי פחוופל 30 עודי ורב דיני ורג יוסף. קיפולי סעעטיס ולריך פירום על עפי סונבס עכס עסרפי סי עסוס דנעעטס סיו ג' סעסום ושסי סחיו סו עכ סימי דרעי 3 חעס שכסכס 35 ככיס 15 על סספי דכ3 טוני סנפנס "3 סחיום וכדעסי כעחוק. עלס עפרפי ונס ככון יוסל כקוס זועל זוטרל כעו ססול בש"ק דפוק פללג ופקפ 39 יוסף כ יוסף. לגד ע"ס פיען עניס ר' עיפיר כ' כיפן ובר "עק3 ח'כניס . ד ע'נ יוס עעיד מלף 3עגל סיען. עלעליס ם? כ' יסוסיע 3ן לוי. כיען זס כרעז דבר עוסר ע"ד טלערו פין נך יוס טפין כך עעון סעגל שכלער 3יוס פקדי ופקדסי. סנהדרין ו ע"נ סרעק 3כקם סיען. פנסיס סעונליס כ' סכיעזר כו של ל' יוסי סגכיכי ר' פליעזר' סוער סרי סגזל כ' נ'סיר פוער לס כסער בולע ר' יסוע'יע כן קלחס לוער טלוס ל3פוע. * קט" פיס כככיי |58 6 כ:'פ מוער לף על פי סלל עלס (בע"י מיסם כעו שסעיר בהנסום 5ש"ס) כ' קעעון 3ר עכ'קיס. פוער שכיס טנסו לפכיך וריש כקים לער טכיס ענלו לדין עיין בסגסום לט"ק ל' יפוק'יע כן קרס וכל סכיס ם' ען סכין שסער כ סככיס כעו שקוס בקגקום כם"ק נשס ספוקפפל ש95 כזכר רבי סכין כל . ע'ס שעעי וספי קנע זעירות סול קיען. סקיפוליס שפער שעופל כר' יסודס רדק עע ולדים מלפוס. 5 פרפי פמם גכנס. שג בירי כסלמכם . כוער מכ וליזיל בורחס . ועל טכי סקיפוריס סלסכוכיס. דסער' כ3 קעופל 305 יסודס 3ע5לתיס ‏ יעך. גס סים סכועי 5סר בטחפי. 55 סניפ 3סיען רק עלס סול סו כעו קסערכו דפעעיס 5 עסטן על כל סעלעריס, וספטר טי כפן טעוס 530 ען סעדפיס שנסיען סיו 3' עלום סיס על סעונדס סיס כייעל ודיקולל ספיל ועלם סוס על עונדל ססו5 דקלער סים ‏ שלוני וסלעין סעדפיס שעלופ סכפכוס פן טעוס ולקח רק עלס 0 ו5 וססעיט עלס ס י5 ססר 3סעס סיו שכיסס ען סלורך 35' עכיכיס ועד"ז יש כסגיס. ולפוסיף עכת סי בסינמן. שם פעפ עעון וירפס סיטן. | עסעריס דרבי סעופל בר כסנכי סור ר' יוכסן. ולס גס לפי סכלסס לעולס ירפס דיין ע5עו עסורם רלק 6ס גס סוצל עםרם ירס כפילו סייב 3כל זסם עלי5ס עועדס ססדיין 5ריך לסיום פיט 6עם שוכל מעון ובעל ירלס ס' ע"ד סכסוד ירפי סלסיס 6כשי עס שונפי 53ע וים ‏ 5סגיס טכוטל עעון וכן סול ברי"ף, רס" טור וס"ע סטר עי"ז כככון עלס נעון כסיטן ע'3 זען כטיס. 5ריך גדי סוען. ד' ס"כ סין עעבכין 5ם סענס סכס ב ועכין. ילח כם יס. סיסס 5ריכם טִפְכִי סדלכיס. 65 עפכי סגדייס. ים ע'ס סוזר וסנך וסיפר סיטן. | דנרי ל' ייסי ם זר סדנר כיעכו. ססקין קלס סקל סקס ע ס5כם. טיסיו כסיס עם פכוס. שם ע'": סניכס קרס יוסכן ולעפו סכעזר וגלוכס שעוסל 3כיעודו סיען. קעוס ד' חכעיס ססר 3ג' סללקוניס גס עלס לסם עכטון סכסו3 ובשעוסל שגס סעלפד כלילו ינדו . כו ע"3 סיען דבר ועכיופ גכב. ג' דיכיס של כ' כסמן. 41 לב ע"5 סיטן חדפש סקפ סדלים ריט כי עכון על כ' ס'כיכס. כ'בס ר' פיפס ר' סט'י. לד ע'3 סיען עשפט עעכס עטק עיין סקדעס. לח ע'3 קעס 3קוף פכני שיען סעכוס עג' עלעריס של ר' יסודס 5עכ לד וגס פס כסעיר שלל נקס בסיטן. עלס עסעפער. 3טעו 6דס לסשון 5דוקי סיס. 7 ע'": קיען קלל חכס 3סדוס על כ' ילחק ועיין נסגסוס כש"ק. מ ע":3 סיען פלט פיי) ספלסס שכן עעונן פלט טכן 3סייף שכן כריכין 00 60 ס, מח ע"לס סיען כפס כפשי רסמינס ככיסס רסומכס 5"כ כי ס פו 3כיסס וכעל סעקען כקס לק ג' סרלטוכיס ועל סלסרון: עיסני כ פ ס. פ"ם כפש שנכלו. ס"ס סחול3 ק 3 ר. פ"ש ספוער 55 וען. וסך ח"ש עקנר סדם. עוסר סעתיס . סיס ס:יו וסעו עזרקין. סכיס סו סכטעטו בדפוק כי דוסק לוער שכפן סיטן עוככ3 ועלס ככיקל כלשי תינום ען ספ"ש קכר סדק סטיל 3ו כ'פט,. וסלופיוס כי סן טעוס סדפוק וכננוסק סקו עסיו"ד 6שר 3כילוף 3' סופיות 5 ע' ותו33 על סס"ש עופל סעפיס וסקעך סוף סלום טן כיק וססלף על סס"ש (מן סניו ולעו סקר כלוי לפי סדכ סגנ' כסקדיס 5לום סעך שקונ3 על עלס כיס בפ"ם סעלוסכ. ולולי עכם ככיסס 3טעוס כסן וטייך לעעוד 3' על סך דפ"ר סכוני ענכום ככ ם יפן למלך . נד ע"ס גשר סיען . ג'ינוי עליום ש'פיכם דעיס 3ר'כפ סקס. כח ע"3 עגניס עברו שנס סיטן. עסעריס סל ריש לקים. סא ע": סיען ענד יספחוס לעטיס. עסעריס של סכיי. עז עד סיון. סולס פליס סיעכין בכופל. דיכיס קל ר3ס. עט ע"3 סיטן כסרק. ג' עפרליס כב 35'סו סער שעולל, ‏ כים נקיט, ר'53 6שר כפ"ז סקוף עיופר ולריך כוער ב"ק על 36'סו סעכ ט'עוסל כ' כ3ל ק' כים לקים . צ ע"נ כדק גס גטס קס קיטן עיין סקדעס . ק ע"3 סיען זירל 932 מקלטיל סיכל עוציס יכסי יפס יוסכן ערחס יסושע נקלר סיען עורכג עשעוס סכעיס וסוכן דרטופיסס ולסף בחר 3על סעכען דרך זר 3כ"ק לכווכס עיוחדס . קן ע"נ קיען טנטס רלו וס5י וקרפו. טלעריס ש5 יוסכן. +5 שם פיטן גגור ורקע ולדיק סיכ וקופל. טלופ ספקוקיס ססר עפרם ל' יכפק וחקל 3קיען עלס על עס שלער עפי דכפי גס 55 יפלך 5כלק וגס על עס סשסער. עסי דכפי: יחפך ויסחך ועיין סגרק 3פ"י. שבועות ח ע"ל סיען ע"ס יופדופ עלורע כזיר. עכ קוסיות סגע' סיעל ול6 נלספי 3מוס קיען עלם וכו' כ"5 פס וסס 5פי שססר עלס ונס סל גס כקען דף <"ז כזיר סול כזיל על ויש לונסוק עלס וכו'. ע"3 סיען סכיגלון ור גזלת עלעס. ד' דיכיס סל ס"כ ויש 13 עוסל דרך של עעי ספכן כפרם 5פו דכל סגזול רק 3לוקסי עסנירו בחוזק יד 535 כל עס סלוקק 3ערלעס וערעס דנר טלין סלו 3רו כל יניעי 65 יע55 לי עון וככר סערו םז"ל כו3 3גזכ וכסעם ססלס דיכו של 6דס כסלס וכפס בלעוכס 6שר. כוסת ער 3על סעסטן סכיגלון 3ול. גולפ ערעס כי 35 זס ע"ס סניגלון גזכפ ערעס פי" עולס ססיר 3גזכם ערעס ולער ססו6 עופר עד"ז לגזול. לא ע"6 סיון סכתס סלעיד ופלם 3עלי סוב סעלטוט סועע ועטעיס סנכין סלפ ופלם שין עסעכיכיס סנוכסיס. 3גע' וכוכם. על סנקען סלתל סלעיד פי' ג' דיכיס סעונסיס ססלס סס ען סלנוד ותלם 3עלי חו3 פ" ג' סח" כולליס עכיכי ר3"ס וסס"כ סדין קעלטוט, מועע ועעעיס וגס פס דרך עיוחד 35ע5 ספסען. לה ע"3 36רסס דלטיס לכבו 3גכעס 3כיעץ שלעס דכיסל סיען . עכין שעופ סקודט . לז ע"ל סיען חו3ס כופום דבעל סכים סוער כזירס. ‏ סדיכיס שכלערו בס ס"ם. מא ע'3 סעען לפונן וקעעון דסכו סלכפס ופי ופרע פלוכי ופכוכי עפפי סטרסי 3סיעכופל כבי סרי סעעטיס שנסיס סח"ז. מכות ' ע"5 סיען 6שי ללעוד כביכל ללד דברי ר"ל כל ספוס3 ללונוד ורבּיכל כל ס0וס3 5לעד ועיין רש"י טס. 46 "א ע"ס סיעכי רנכן עסעכי וקפרי. סלולס ינין כי סו33 על ספלונסס דר"י עס קככן כ' כסעי" וכ"ע 6ס גס לכעל סמסען סנס עיוסדס | שכסן פס קיען גס ידוע כללי סעפוכטיס על סעקועום סכלעכ קפס חד סעכ פי סוס סרסטון סו סססלון 3פרע סיך בעלת (נסיעכי ככלל כסעי שר 5"ל שיש כסן עעום וגס עלס סיעני כיו"ד 5שר 55 כע5ס 3מוס עקוס 3כטון רגיס רק 3עספר יסיד סיען ולפטר לפי קרלוף גס. פס דכר עוקל לועל לכו שקיעכי דרבכן פירום סעעלום קל ס"ס עסעכי וקפרי 6םר יש 35סר כנובן על כעס דרכיס ככן שכס על סע קען ₪6 דרכו וועפו. מז ע"5 קיען גזל עסכין ופיסק. קוט" סגע' וסט סיכס . יח ע"ג3 סיען כוז. 6 על סעסטן מכון לוכל סדין של קנס"כ כ'סן שלכל עסטסת וסשס 5פכי זריקל כ" כזכור שעסספכק טכו בשעו כסן סייג ען ספקוק ולככו ולח'"כ כשסקטס 539 ען ספסוק וכל בס כסו לזסת כי 5פער תחם כסן סייג זר פטור סטר על זט סוללת סקיטן כסן וזר 6 ככ וספסל טעלפ ו' על ספקוק ו'סככו סכסן סייב וזר פטול סו על ספקוק וכל בסעס שסקסס רבס . כב ע"5 קיען ונפי סכ"ז. שעופ מכעיס סעקקיס ולספו3 | כני סוש'עיס סכיכיס. 36'וס סיביי סשי' רביכ'ס ז'עירס. כד סיטן דע"ם ע"ק כ"ק. ד'וד ע'זעור יש'עיסו ע'יכס ק' טעוס וסס ו - סיס כסו3 פס סוס 5"ל 6חם עסופיוס ישעיסו וסו33 על עס שלער ח;ר ישעיסו וסעעידן על קפיס עעוס' חנקוקי. זבחים 1 ע"3 קיען סגש 3שר. סעופ ססכעיס יסני כ3 ס'וכס. וכ3: כ'סמן ויפי3 ר3 ס'קת גכיסו 6טר לפ"ז סג' נועום ו5"ל כון שסונ: .על כב כ'חען, גס שס נסוסו עעוד יפכי כ' כחען וכ3 שטת ויפיג ר' סדס 3 נסכס גציסו 6קר <פ"ז סנים 3עלס נ'שר סו5 עעות ול"ל כו"ן כ' כ'חען כ' סיס וגס סלי"ם סול טועום ו5"ל דלי"ס כי קונב על ר3 6ד'5 3 עסכל סקר 5פ"ז 5"ל סכ"ם כט"כ. 1 ע"נ חטסס עכ עי עכפר עלס 65סר דורון סינן. כעו ככ"ע ססיון עוקדס 5סעכיכיס גס כלן \לסקדיס, סקיטן. 3דף. ז' ע"ל קודס 4 סדיכיס של כ3ס, ‏ כי ג' עלות סלסטוכום סטסם על עי סונכות על ג' דיכיס סלסטוכיס ועלום ססחלוס על שסר דיכיס . ח ע'3 שלו קנסיכן עעסר 053 03 קיען. שעופ ססכוניס: סעכ סוק דם'עוסכ. סמל פיכ'ס. סעכ כ' יוסכן מדח, ‏ ולוס וי"ו דוחק שסכווכס עכ ספי' לי סוי כפי כסכעיס וזכ כוי"ו ול"ל כנקוס וי"ו ען יוחכן סו כו"ן סדרך 3על סעסען ככון על סטס וסכן סשר בשעו 5ער כ' סילס | עפקיף 5ס כ יעק'3 3'ר ישעעסל בכללי ופרטי, ‏ 6ער 30 6'בין דוסין קדטיס סכסכליס ל' י'וסי כרני סבין 5ער דוחין קדטיס קליס כ' יל'סק 3" סצריו סיס שסטיס לקס עעשר, ער זוערס ברי דר' כסען שדלכו גס לסניס 300 3מקוס 3ּן 16 שסכו"ן טעוס ו5"5 זי"ן כעקוס כו"ן וקונ3 על ער זומרל 236 עד" יססל סוס ע"ס 3קעוך לכן סככון יופכ סקול ו"ו וסוס סופ סלסלון ען קגליו 36 של כ' ילסק ועל דרך זר כלקח 3ס'נן 36 וכן על זוטרל 3רי דר' כחונן, עסקיף כס ר' ייע'ר ברי דר' ס'כל ועעלי דבעופר ונס כסן עסטן על 305 וכן סער 03/0 שער קרס עתקיף 5 כ' 6ב'ין 3כ5. ספדי"ק בעופ ול"ל ע"ס וסו33 על 3 ע'כי סכי כעי ען כסוליס כ' סכ'6 בנדססק, סי רב'ס בר 3'5וס ג"כ נסען על 350 ונן כן ג"ל לס נס סוס דוסק. שז ע"3 וכל סופל ולס פוסל. לכיכום ועועלס עועסס יחיד ויסיד 35 קיען גס כסן עקוס סקיען 5סקדיס <פכי סקוסיות של רכס 93 ססילסי כונו בכ"נו קודס סעכיכיס . מש ע': סקים וגזילס שוס קל וחועכ סיען. על סנסער בסעוך סק יש סין סוזר ועלעד עסקים . עס שילעד עג"ם. סוזר וללווד עקו ולופן לינודיסן עד דף כ"ס. סט ע'5 קן ספן קיען ילקי וקופי סעכום ק'דטיס. 3חון' ס'ונין בפ'ניס וחון' ועיין בקגסום לש"ס צשס על 5"ק ויש כלן עוקל כי קן לכל ספן. מנחות ב ע"3 קיען עולס עולס עלק ועילס חעלפ סעוף קדעי קדטיס קדטיס קליס כון על סקוטיום םס ולקס עכל קוט" 3' תינוס וכפל 5% עלם עולס על עולס עלק ועל עולס שעילס דעס ועל לכ סעכייכיס שסקטה עוד טס 05 5קח עלום 3תקימן. ה ע":3 סיען רקיס ער 6דל לשיקיס קיען זט 5ליך פי' לפִי סכללס כו33 גס כפן על שעום סכעיס סעפלליס 5ת סקוק" עס 5ס משנת ססר פד"ז כ' כ'3 שלער עס"ע סוכיק ק' כיש לק'ים עפטס סקטרת ולפ"ז על עס כווכו ססופיופ "סח ודוסק כי ק' סו33 על ר' עק'יבל רסנל ספיסין 6קורין, " על כב סשי, ם' עלרב 5ס'ס שסער. כר"ע. כעי כפריך בפרטן שסחסר סעלס 3קיען. על כים לקים, גס דוחק שעלס רקיס קול טעום ול"ל וכיח ועקוס ססיען לפכי סתירון ער ברי דרביכס סקר עלם ער על 0 ככי ררביכס, | 5דס על ספי' םל כ3 16 3ר 036 כטיםיס סשכ 55 סיסס על 30 שיסס 3רי דר3 סידי, סו שיסרסקון על כ3 סיסס סי ססכי על 30 6שי שער עטוס דסיכס 5עיער עעיקרס דדיכס פרכס וסחם ס' בעלם לשיטיס 5"ל ח' וקובב על כ3 006 על כל פכיס 5ליך סימן סוס פי' ופיקון. יש ע'5 סיטן כפן יקעל. עכיכי סקוטיום כ'ויר פיודס ע5'ורע י"וסכ ק'רבכום ע'כחס כ'חס ספכיס. כ ע"ס סמנן טע5 סיען. 5'חליס פיע'יס 3'חון לופל ט'ועסק 'עילס. ועל ססל'ף עיין שס בסוק' 3שס סל"ס ועס שכתכתי נהקדעס. מב ע'3 קיען כנקס ג'יכס ם'נלינפס ע'י כגליס. וכף סופ סלסטון סין פין סייכופ 3עכין וסוס כק כטון סכניס וינס כנטס לכו (סושע ו' גי). נה ע"3 כסשון וסחט עוף בפסח סינ . סדרטוס עלופו. פה ע":3 סל כ' 6ניעזר קופס כ' יסוסע עוכס ר' ישעעסל עעער כבי יסודס למנו סיען. סדרקופ שס. סח ע":3 סדר סכלס גל פיל כעון 5"כ סכלס גללי וסו33 על ספיבציות סל לעי כרסעס ולס גס נפוכס סינעי ערנל ולנסוף עוד עקסל לעורסיס ל5 כחים 555 נקען ססינעיום של לענ"ס. 5 ע'3 קיען לעוליס עדם עלס שים שכן דדע"ק דסי חכש עוסכ סעורס 3חון חזקיס ספרים סטסם 5סחל יופר עיץ | סקדעק כי רק 703 קיעכיס סעיר 3על תנסופ לש" 6של צסוכס כקוס סוק עיין 53 סס"ק ולדעפי לפי שכפנתי טלפעעיס קיען עורכ3 עסעופ ססכעיס וגס עפוכן דגריסס 5קר עד"ז 9 יש כסן עככו3 וסיפוך סעלום עשגיסוס סעדפיס וכעל סעסטן כיון עכ סקוטיום טיט 5) לעדין לפכי כני וליפל. לסס ולוס סי סך. 3) וליפס עס ולסס וליעס 6י סך ‏ ג) 30,905 לוי לכי וליפס 3סס ולסס ד) יתיב כ' ילחק 0) כ3 עילס קלש וכו' 6ס 6יתל 5דכ3 יוסכן ו) עפקיף 30 טישל לס סיפל כדחזקיס ]) 6ער 30 סשי 5ר3 כסכס לס ליסס לררב יוסכן | ס) כביכס: סיקלע. כעדסוריל | וליתי בסעס ועעסס על סכעיס 5כו ופוכן דכריסס קונ ססיטן לעולין / 25 לעדין. עפדס פוכן סקום" <יפי כחס ליפי 3סעק ולסס ונרסםי ס'י ד'קייעי פ'ודס וסע"ס עכ סקום" סי דקייעי פע'ורס רק כסעכעס | 3' סופיום פי"ו דועו 5קק סע"ס ען סעוכס סו שסול סוף ססות ען לסס' עלס סלם סון ג' עלוס. סו בססימן טייכום יפר וקוננום על סעסער כ' פ'ילס. סיכם ויפני וקלעלי 5ס סיס כדר"י דסער ס'ון וכו' ועכם על על סשס עיל6 וכן על ספעל על לגכיס. שיש חוקיה שייכיס יפד וקובביס על עפקיף כב ם'יקס 5ס סיפס כדסזק'יס שכן כון על כ' ילסק 3 ם'עוסכ בר ערפס קעי' דרב כסטן סמל סט"ן על סעולל וכעקוס סני"פ 55 פ"ס וסונ על ע'רפל וסכו"ן סוס ען כ'סען ולו דסבי"ם טייך 5קען לעלס דסי 6קל 5" בדפי פי" 3'ריס דכ3 פידי סו סקונ3 על עס דסער כ3 סשי כר3 כסכס 6 סיסס 5דכ3. כסמן 6סר ססי"ן טל 39 6" כ' כ'סכס וכ' כסען סשר עד"ז לככון מכן דדע"ק דסי קונניס על סך דיפיג כ' ילסק וים כלן טעוס ו5"ל כעו לעיל ולעסוס יכוי לקח ססותיום כפסוטו ד'קייעי ס'עורס ד'קישעי פ'ורס ול"ל דעלת מדם ססר 5קס כסן סדלי"ס ‏ מן פוד'ס ובעקוס. דסי "ל וסי 3וי"ו. ובכי סבח' קעפולר עו"ס כסוס כ"י 6ער ד5"כ 5קעס ופי סשר סוס לשון סגע' לסעס ופי ונשציל שלקס <עיל לק כססי ספיכום כקט כסן סעכום שלעות. 5 3לרפי. עופר פעולס על סך דקסער כני כלוי עופל דפודס וסעורס וכי עפריטין פסלק לעוסלום. 3סוץ פירטפי וגס סוקיס. ספרם סטלס עפ סך דקלער 30 סקי כְרגָ כקנס פס פיפל ספרם מטפם לסקר יוסר ‏ סו כע"שכ סעגיס 5ש"ק וסנכון שכון על עס 4 00 טסקטס ליפי 3סעס לסריתי וכו' וסידך כסוי ועסכי סנע' ספוכס לעלס ‏ ₪6 כל סדור ועכם יוסר ען ססופיום של ספקוק סדור 5ק ססת סיו"ד ד' ועכם כססר סול קוטית סגע' ססוי. כלחריום ועלם יופד סקל כעו שלערכו סדול סול סי" סגע' ועל כל פכיס קיען סוס ען סקטיס לצדיקס ולריך סיקון וניפו. פז ע'3 סיען חל חניפי שלסן. ג' עכיכיס סקר 3עי כעי 03 סעס ער' ססדס . צש ע"ל כיען על קלח וקכ עסעליס של כים כקים וש כסיען זק פוכחס ע"י כיטול סול קלס סס"כ ולכבסוף שכק. קז ע"ל סיען יסיד 3גכל כ3וכס. 3כג עקען סופכי סספיקום. שם ע'":3 סיען עליס זס3 ין עוכס סודס שול עין סקדעס כי לק פס ע5סתי קיען לעסנס וכל 3קוס עשכס סחרס ס"ס וכעל סעגיס כם"ס כס3 סיען 5ללש סעסכיום סטר 3כוכן סרי עפי , ולפי עס שכסכתי 3חיבור עכול סעטכס סעעס על סעטשכיום סטכ כפעעיס ללוכו וכפעעיס קלרום וגס שכעסכיופ ססר לפכיכו בס"ס בי סין כן 3ס"ס ילוקלעי וגס לפעעיס טוכופ כעו 3סדלי עסכיות עס סכרטכולס וכפי' סעטכיום כסרעב3"ס סשר עד"ז סיפס כלן לק עקכס לספ של 03 סין כל דיכיס 5כו כוער סכרי עלי סקר עד"ז פין .כסקקוס לעס 05 כפן ססיטן ליד בעשכס סרלסשוכס שעפסכס ג"כ 3סרי עלי עטלון. שם סיען קעף ש"ע לדעפי 3עקוס סע"ס 3עלס ססיען קעף 55 כ"ז ססר 3ּכקל 3' פופיום כו עסו3רוס ע"י עום סעדפיסיס כסום ע' וקיען סוס סונ3 על סעופ סעסלליס קוזק'יס יוס'כן ז'עירי פ'רס ם'עולסכ 6וקע'יס סםר כפ"ז 5"כ ק כזפ ₪ ע 3קיען ולוכ כן 3ככ סדסוקיס שנקיען זס יסיס קסשי תינו ופוכן תירוכיסס יחסר עכ"פ פום לסם סקיען. בכורות ל ע"3 ס'ען סכר פלניר סכלם עכק סוזר גבפי בעלעו עכיני לפכו לבפן. חולין ד ע"פ סיפן עככיס פיועל כזכריס. עיין פוס' שס ד"ס עכניס ועט"כ 3סקדעס. ה ע"3 סיען כקלף סעופ סכעיס יוסכ'ן יעק'3 5'וי בר קפ'רל כי דוחק כוער שסוננ על ד' מקועום 3עס' סוליץ | סעלסכו 3 קפרס, פס, דף כ"ו סכי כר קפרס, | מ"ח מום 5" ככ סיסולי! שנפורס בעפס. 6שר 5פ"ז כ' כ'עמו, ק' כל 6יסורץ שנסולק 3 ונלקק ססכוס עלס 3פום ‏ ק' כעו סעללכו פסת סמיעולין עלק סטיס גס כסופיופ ק' ם', 5 סטיל צעוף כעו). פ' עו סקל שס פולץ עכנד סכריך עד" כקלף כרסס יופל סקו33 על סעוס ססכעיס. "א ע"ל סיען זען שבס עככם. כסטי פינופ ען ססכעיס ססוכיחו כו3 ען סתורס 55עז'ר ע'ר ברי דרביכס כ' כ'חען כב ם'קס 3רי דרב סידי. רב'₪ בכ ר3 סילס ר' 05'ס בר יצק3 ר' ע'כי כ*. כ'סכל כביכ'פ | כ3 סשי וגס 3קיען סוס יש ק5ס לעו סוף סכנוד = ימו רנר 513 .05 5" יקודט 86ר הלפ"ץ 555 בב חב תו ביף דלי"ס; כז ע"ל כננ"ם סיטן. 3 כ'סכס ר' ייער ל' ישעעל שסניסו פקוקיס על ססיס ען סלופר. וכל סביל. סוס על כ' חייל מפער קע"ס ען וערכו וכן דרסופ סחרוס . שם ע'3 קיטן כפננל דס 3עליקס. ‏ עלום סעכיכיס ען סקוטיופ על סד דפין שחיטס כעוף עס"פ . כח קיען ססט ספפין גרגרפ פגינס דחטלס סעוף. סדיכיס טעונליס שס 3ס"ם . שם ע"3 סיען חי קטינס גרגרם פגיעס. ג' עכום עסעכיכיס 3ת"ם וקטיכל טס סחכס שסער ס"ש וסכיח עלס סעכץ ולקח סס סעקטן . | כם ע"ס סכש פסס קיען. רסטי סיבום סל בעלי סעסרלפיס ר' ס'ושעי' ר' כ'סכס כ' ש'ימי בַר סשי ר' פ'פס ר' סס'י ססר 5ריך פירום 4* 7 על עס קוצ ססופ ססחלון ח' צקיען. ולפי סנרלק קונ על כ' סעעון 3ן <קים סקונל כיטס +חולין וסיפ5 נקדטיס ולפי ססניל עקודס פופ ש"ן על 3 סםי לכן 55 נקם כסן סטי"ן ען כ' סטעון ועניל ססים עעלס קלפו ועיכק פסר סו 5"כל סי"ו 3עקוס חי" וסוכ על עלס סעיד שס סטר עד"ז סיס קיען עורכד. וספטר לפי דרך 3על סעסען לסניס 350 3עקוס 3ן סטייך 3פרטן כלן 5פי שלקק סט"ן ען כ3 6סי 55 >פ"ז כעקוס תי"ם 5ע"ד 5ו. קו"ף | שדככו. לסניס ען לקיט ודוחק שסחי"ס קוננ על ס'ונין. 3ריטל . מ ע"3 כען סיטן. כ כלחען כ' ע'ערס כב יליפק. מג סככופ סכר כזים עלס וקורקצן קיען. עכיכיס. של כיצ"י. 6עכר ר' יוסכן . שם ע":3 דרס ספיכופ 3סכין מעלס סיטן. עכיכי סקוטיופ על עולס . מו ע"3 קינס סועקס דיצש גינדי קיען. סדיניס של 532 ועטעס שרניכס חונק ע5 כ3ס שעסכק 3ין סלדיעס מקלפס לכולק וכפלנן שסדין פדוס ליפ כנצכ כסחדם. עלר' כפן עיי"ם בפוק' ורלשוכיס ככן 55 עלעז נעל סעסען על סך דן סעוקדס כיס שסלדיעס וקל דל עכעז גס על ססטכ דיכיס. סל רבל ריני ריפס של6 = סיס סקס מקוס לטעוס ושכסס . קב ע'5 קיען טעולל שיכל טיעי. כפי דרך בעכ סנסען כפטעיס כסניל 350 3מקוס 3ן ונפרט כפן מססנות כנס דועין וגס טס 530 יש לעעופ עס ככס. ק'ג ע"ל סשן כסרל דעכס כפקופל. ג דיכיס. של סעופל: | פון סבשר יולפ. | פין עכיחין שר עליס. סטונר עפרקפס 65שכ 5" נמקוס כפקוסל עפרקתס כי דוסק כוער סכוכפ כפקופס שנפיק דס ויול6 ק"כ ע"י עלס 6של קול כגד | סליצעי' סל סגע' סו דיכעל כדידי כעי לקו פשר כן סול לפסק סלכס. ככן יש כסקן כעו סלערכו. יד ע'נ סיען סנפ חוכט וכלי זרעיס פופו ולם כו וטינוס סקן. עכיכי קוסי" הגע' ול"ל חורש 3רי"ט . במסכת ער כין ותמורה לא נמצא סימן. פייתות כו ע"6 סיען יולדופ מלולע כזיר קוטס נענלס . פוכן סקוטיות טס דססוי יו"סכ (כפר. שם סיען גגג סטלן עיין כט"י טיען קעופס עיין ערוכין ט"ז לסס"ר ספיכוס דעיס שנועם קוס גלוי עריום נסופ סרוס גוזל 5רוס עין ולס גס דכך בצעל סעסען 3לוסיום דועופ לקחס פוס ססר סעכ בקיען כלן 65 עדרכו ולפי קדר סעלום גס סלופיום. 5ריכום עסופך 3סימן . במסכת מעילה ותמיד לא נמצא סימן. נדה ע'3 סוניס נדוקין עכוסין כזויפ סיען. עקועום טנ"ם ונ"ס מודיס ופכיגי חזקיס ול' יוסכן. פו ע"ס סנעוס כפר 3חעין לטנול 3מיס ע"ג כעל סיען. עכות סדיכיס סלער כנל שס ועל סך דקפער לעיעל כשס רבס כל סחוף 0 3סנין ועל הרין טלער כ' שעולכ בר' ילסק סוץ עכטל עיין פוס' ד'ס 6טס 3טס סר"פ. ולפי פנע' נתקדיס 3קיען קעטיס וסח"כ לנוצול ועיין בס"ג דף ס"ד ע"3 סצעו כתר וסעין כעדה לנובול על גבי כליס סימ . תיקונים והשמטות 53 עולס 8 ססת פכט קל 053ט. 6 ]ןק חקו יר + --9-- -, 120000 הקר ‏ 1000006 .5 יו יו יר ;לתה 6 שו ידב מפכי 1 מפל -- נסנסס 7 , דכ5 ו , 7 סורס 3% לחכ ע5ת :'3) ים כסוסיף : ,ועיין ילוספני סקליס פ"ד ס"נ עגיסי ספל סעזרס סחיו נוטלין פכלס עפלועם סנטכס וכן כעסנה ונ"ק פ"נ לין עניסין לפי" ספ סעזכס ונלט"י ויכוסלעי כנסדלקין פ"3 כופג כו ס"ם ועניקין פופו עס"ם טל כסניס כי נלולך סזען נפכו נס כו טעיות ופי' עניסין עפקנין כיון ססוגס כנכ ולק תיקון 5ליך." 73 סולס %5 תתם כ"ם | קל 6‏ י"ס .]= שק )| , 10 , 18 לסכ על לסמכסל ים כסוסיף : ,רק כליזס נקועות ע"ד ססנסכו וסעלו ע"ז סעפורלטיס ככוד , וכפעעיס נס עפוכטי סט"כ 59 יכדו ככווכת קנע' כעכין דלטום עפסוקיס, עיין ילוסכני פססיס פ"ד על סעסנכס סני ו' סמיס (5יל י"ד כיםן לעכין עסיים עללכס) 3"ם לוסלין וכו' סל יוס לסול כני פכעזר כטס לכי סוסעיס יוס פסח קול כד' ע"כ. וכסנ סעפלם דכפינ זנק - סול 5ס' וקלל יתירל סול 555 לועק לך *וס טלתס זונק סול יסיס. כד' סייו כוכל יועל, לטל פי' זה דסוק כי כפסוק סזס 55 כזכל. עכם יוס: סויפ 5% רק כסענת כוכת *לוטכוני על ספקוק ונקדט סללטון 3ללנעס עטל יוס לחדם פסח כד' פכסקק כ"ס ט"ןו 5סרל עפולש כי נוס י"ד פסק לד' ‏ פ" יוס סלתס זונק סול יקי כד' וסייכו כולל יועל כעכין עטיים עלסכס . = וכן כּכַכַפי פספיס קט"ז ע"ל סעכו על סכל ססי' כולך וכו' טנפעל על ענום ועכלים ילכלוקו 5טל כפי סניון 753 ס"ק כעדנל ט ולל סניפ ספפוק עוקדס טעופ יכ ס וענות על עלליס ילכלוסו, ולס נס ספללנו כפעעניס פסוק עלוסכל ספת עוקדס עד" חופין קפיט ע"נ ננל קן נללם וכו" וסלדעס ע5 כלטו טר ככיון סס"ס סעופכ 3 ט"ו וכל נספסוק סעוקדס וסלדעס על כלטון סעולל 5' ד' ינ' סול כפעם ע"ד זקות ועיין גוכ'י עס"ם 5"ק תסונס פס, קלס, קלט. וסנק סנס כסכ עדכל כפיכ יפכלו פותו, ולכל ידעכל דלפסק קפלי דכסנ כעיל ולכלו לת סכסל טננופל דכלעת 5פי דככיו סונכ על ספסוק טעות י"כ לסל כלם ספסוק ולככו לת סכםשל עסל"כ בעדכר ט' לשכ מנכד יסי טעום 53יון ספקוק נט"ס נס סנוססל ען פסגדס כן עטס סלכ וכו כקייס עס טנלער עכ ונכות ועקוליס תסיס עטונסת ד5"ל ועכום עכ ננרכיס יפככוסו, | כק נפעם כעין סלועד יונן כי סנוססל גכונס ונס 5יון ספפוק נט"ס טונ וען ספסוק על ענות ונרריס בעדנר טי ככלס ככעד סלכס זלת יופל. כונו ען ספסוק סעום *3 וכן עסעעוס כל סעפולסיס ודנלי כטנ"ס 5"ע ועיין | פססיס ק"כ על ככ וכו' נ"ש עכור דכתיג על ענות לשכ ג"? ען ספפוק נעדנר ט ועיין קפ"ם, וכ סכפס דפוס פ"נ ספסוק ועלם על עלוליס | גן ספסוק ספות י3. וכן כנ"ס זכסיס כ"ו ע"ס מ"ט דכ"י סעכ כ' פכיעזכ מכי קכפי כסיני בכופר כפוג לסד כל תותילו עעכו עד קר וכתוג לקד לועכ 55 יכיס עיי'ם ככט"י קד כפסק וחד כפולס, וכתוס' פס סליך ילפיכין סל כותל עפסק 205 לעפ סך פפוק 5ל תופיכו עפכו עד 3וקל ג"כ כזכק פ' לעור כ3 5 ולק כטעום גלסס 3ס"ס סעום ינ' ססונכ על פפק ו5'ל ויקלל כ"כ וע"ז כככון עס שלעלו טס 5ינס קכס כל תותילו עפי כל יכיק, וכן סול כלע"נק 3פי"ק עס פסולי סעוקדסין סלכס ט' פסול כסופיל ענםל סקדטיס 5לסל זען לכיכפן סנלער כקל3ן פודס. 5 סופילו עעכו עד קל וס"ס לסלל קדסיס לשל ספקול כעו סכפ: סכ" 3ס"כ פ 5ו. ולדעסי עם"כ מס סלענ"ס כסלכס ז וסעופיכ לין לוקס שסלי סכפוכ כתקו כעסס טכפעל וסכופל עעכו עד קל 3לם מסרפו לשכ כפי סכ" ועכ"ע סונג על ספסוק פ' 5 טעופ כי פיך יכפינן סלר כופל ען קלנן פפם כקוסיי פוס' ולליך כסניס סכלעל וסכופל ענםל סזנק 3יוס סטכיטי 3לש יסלף ויקכס ז' יז' וכן סוס כּרע3"ס כ" ינ עס' פפוני סעוקדסין סלכס 5 סכופל ע9ום עפס כסולפו שכלעל וסנופל עכםל סזנס ועיין סע"ג וספכ ססיכון ולין כספקיך : 73 סמולס 19 סקת לדעפי | קלסל פדעתיס 5 פכוך שו 28 ככססוקס,- הפסכ סבלס די שה סכ רדיס ",ו יפכפידים לי יוכל סנס כענפכס ---- תת תת זז 190% <> 66 יוו השב ו ו שו '] כ ו ה . ה ו 7 . ה 4

Glasgow XUnlversit^ Xibrar^ jferguson Collection 1921 C /(d Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/b24927491 * I C ff*«p * - I ' I M ' ? * t e :• ' f fi i I I i f - '> I \\ 4. ^ i t giz^. » j. \ 'J V REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, WITH THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTER, AN ANCIENT TUANSEATION. HOC OVUS OPTATUR QUOD FLOS MEDICINit VOCATUR AIINALDI COM.MENT. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM A POEM ON THE PIlESEliVATlON OF HEALTH IN RHYMING LATIN VERSE. ADDRESSED UY THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO TO ROBERT OF NORMANDY, SON OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, WITH AN ANCIENT TRANSLATION : AND AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY SIR ALEXANDER CHOKE, U. C. L. AND E.A.S. OXFORD: D. A. TALBOYS. J 830. i » t T/LBOYS AND BROWNE rillNTEUS, OXFORD. PREFACE. i Above one hundred and sixty editions of the ESchola Salernitana are proofs of its merit and popu- larity, and some stray verses from it are frequently quoted. But since all the editions are now become - scarce, and few persons seem acquainted with the I poem at large, it was thought that a new edition i might not be unacceptable to the curious and literary I world. The introduction and notes, it is hoped, I will be found to comprehend whatever is known ^ relating to the poem, or which may be useful for its I elucidation. Annexed is a scarce old English translation, I which renders correctly the whole w’ork, and may I convey to the general reader a good idea of the I original. The etchings are taken from the old wooden cuts I in the German editions of Curio, printed in 1559, { 1568, and 1573. b VI PREFACE. In the Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, which was originally designed as part of the introduction to this work, amongst the modern ludicrous poems, I acci- dentally omitted an old acquaintance. Drunken Bar- nahy’s Four Journeys to the North of England. In the original edition, which has no date, it is entitled Barnabee Itinerarinm. There have been many sub- sequent editions, and the last by Robert Haslewood in 1820, of which only a few copies were printed, is a /he simile of the editio in’inceps. The author was Richard Braithwait, M. A. It is unnecessary to make extracts from a poem so well known. I shall, however, quote one verse, which has afforded a sub- ject to an ingenious painter In progressu Boreali, Ut processi ab Australi, Veni Banbury, O profanura ! Ubi vidi Puritanum, Felem facientem furem, Quia sabbato stravit Murem. In my progress travelling Northward Taking farewell of the Southward, To Banbury came I, O prophane one ! Where I saw a Puritane-one Hanging of his cat on Monday, For killing of a mouse on Sunday. » E. Prentice, engraved by Meyer. PREFACE. vii It should have been observed, that two lines of ■’Bernhardus INIortacensis'^, are from Q. Cicero, who -rsays, Femina nulla bona est, vel si bona contigit ulla, Nescio quo fato res mala facta bona est"^. I must take this opportunity likewise to return imy best thanks to Mr, Archdeacon Wrangham for a licopy of his Psyche, which was printed only for pri- ll vate distribution. This is an elegant translation liinto Latin rhyme of Mr, Bayly’s Songs on Butter- flies, and other poems, and which has served as a b classical recreation from the severer studies of the il learned editor of Walton’s Prolegomena. I have not ■ room here for a long extract, but I cannot refrain |i from inserting the first stanza of the first song. Ah ! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Rosae ubi liliaque et violse halent; Floribus advolans, avolans, osculo Gemmulas tangens, quae suavb olent ! Sceptra et opes ego neutiquam postulo. Nolo ego ad pedes qui se volutent: — Ah ! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Osculans gemmas quae suavb olent ! 1 Essay, p. 59. See Ruperti Juvenal, vol. ii. p. 607, note 97. C vni PREFACE. Since writing tlie account of the modes of versifi- cation usual amongst the rhyming Latin poets I have met with an ancient treatise upon metre^ writ- ten about the end of the fifteenth century, or proba- bly earlier, in which are laid down the rules observed by the writers of the middle ages in their Leonine verses. It is unnecessary to state particularly the contents of the first part, since it relates to metre in general: the second is entitled Colores Metrorum Variati, that is, the various rhymes of verse, and contains a great number of curious examples. They are placed promiscuously but may be arranged in the following order, which 1 before adopted. They have each their appropriate names The hexameter and pentameter metres were the most frequent. The Leonine poets observed, that from the different ways in which the feet might be legitimately varied, the heroic or hexameter verse af- ** Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, p. 17. « Published by James Nasmith, M. A. at Cambridge, 1778, at the end of two other works. Itineraria Symonis Simionis, et Willelmi de Worcestre. Quibus accedit Tractatus de metro, ■n quo traduntur regulae a scriptoribus medii aevi in versibus Leoninis observatae, exeunto seculo xv. ut videtur scriptus. In- certi autoris, e cod.manus. in Bibl. Col. Corp, Christ. Cant. N". 386. I have collated it with the original, and corrected some errors by it. Some parts seem much corrupted. PREFACE. IX orded tliirty-two forms ; the pentameter^ four only. Of these varieties they availed themselves in con- ■Rtructing: their verses. Another source of variety was derived from the oituation of the rhymes, either as they were placed, at the end of the lines only : or likewise in the middle, as the line was divided: into two: into three, or, into wzore rhyming parts: wr, from other modes of versification. I. The first kind produced the couplet only, and ;uch verses were called caudati. As in a hymn to iaint Catherine : Cceli gemma bona, succurre reis, Katerina, ! Et prece mellifluu sis aegrotis medicina. II. When the line was divided into tivo rhyming ')arts, tlie middle rhyme naturally fell upon the .Danse, which is properly at the syllable following the first two feet. These were called simpUces Leonini. IRegalis nata, — fueras dignas, venerata, In spe robusta — complectens dogmata justa. I Sometimes it fell upon a syllable short of the [pause. Citogradi. Filia regis, — supra coeli sidera degis, Pauperis egis — pracbe nobis dogmata legis. b3 X PREFACE. or the syllable beyond the pause. Hallanten. Ilumpitur ipsa ferarum — machina facta rotaruin, Deprimit agmen amarum — nobile fragmen earum. The rhymes of a line in two parts were either li- mited to one line, or extended through two, whicti resolved the stanza into four short lines, giving room for many varieties. 1. The middles and ends rhymed alternately. In- terlaqueati. Plausus Graecoi'um, — lux coeds et via claudis, Incola coelorum — virgo dignissima laudis. 2. The first and fourth, the second and third. Cruciferi or Serpent'mi. Csesareos cultus — in spe rata mens tua sprevit, Dum Caesar saevit — mansit stabilis tibi vultus. 3. All four parts rhymed. Diqylices Leonini. Artibus nitenta — tibi floruit alma juventa, Jungis non lenta — spontanea, non violenta. or laceri daclylici. Ilic ululatus incitur — ibique dolor reperitur, Iste tremore feritur — et ille furore potitur, PREFACE. XI III. When the line was divided into three parts, more varieties were produced. As to the form of the verse, each part consisted of 1. Two dactyls, except the last spondee. Titu- hantes. . O fera tormina — fit tua machina — bis rota bina, Sed tibi gratia — caelica praemia — stat medicina. 2. Of two spondees. Lentogradi. Congaudentes — laudent gentes — munera Christi. Tu peccata — nobis nata — Christe, ademisti 3. Of one dactyl, and one spondee. Claudicantes Adonici. Coesar agonis — non rationis — vota gerebat, Dum sibi servos — ire protervos — praecipiebat. 4. Of a spondee and a dactyl, the reverse of the Adonic. Declinatorii. lOc crus tangitur — hic os frangitur — ecce repentb Hic pes laeditur — hic dens vellitur — ore patente. In the application of the rhyme. 1. The beginning and middle rhymed, the ends of the two lines, as in the preceding examples, and xii rREPACE. O miseratrix — O dominatrix — praecipe dictu, Ne devastemur — ne lapidemur — grandinis ictu^ 2. The rhymes of the beginning and middle of one line were continued in the second. Virgo beata — salusque parata — benigna precanti, Dona rogata — dabis cumulata — tibi fabulanli 3. The beginning, middle, and end of one line corresponded Avith the same parts of the second line. Cellula mellis — fundis ardorem — virgo serena, Nescia fellis — cui dal honorem — nostra camena**. 4. All the parts rhymed. Adonici alterne relati. Theca pudoris, — virgo decoris — gemma valoris. Omnibus horis — es decus oris — Stella nitoris. Adonici aclu et casu intrinsice claustilati. Dirige fatum — funde precatum — tolle reatum, Erige stratum — terge ingratum — pende ducatum. IV. Other varieties had more than three rliymes in each line. 1. Four rhymes. Hexametri cxtrinsice retro- gradi varie colorati. Sometimes alternate. ^ From Everhardus. e Idem. ** Idem. PREFACE. XllI Presto — mihi mesto — vicus gesto — precor esto Vana — retro suade — me vi sana — tibi trade. Retro — fceda dato — me tetro — purificato, Sacris — vota dabo — me macris — assimulabo. 2. Every word in a line rhymed^ and the two endsj I as in a couplet. Tripudiantes. Se reserant — properant — lacerant — macerant — Kateri- nam. Concupiunt — capiunt — rapiunt — cupiuntque ruinam. 3. Every word in one line rhymed with the cor- I responding words of the other. TUiythmici retro- l gradi sbigulis relati. Doctorum — documen — diversorum — superasti, Multorum — nocumen — tormentorum — tolerasti. I thought they could go no farther, but there ap- j pears to have been another advance, for all the words ( of both lines in the following verses rhyme together, i and they are called undique relati. Plura precatura pura, cura valitura, i Cura mansura, procurajura futura, V. There were other ingenious fancies in versiti- ; \ cation. 1. In the versus immediati the rhymes adjoined i each other. XIV PREFACE. Si fugis obscanas — pa’Jias — ternas haLratorum Quorum — presswr.^ — dura — fuerunt mihi cura. 2. In a variety of these, the versus immediati de- cessii, the end of one rhyming word formed another word which rhymed of course with it. Rumpas heXlorum lorum, vim confert <^morum Morurn \ero7'um, rorum tu plena poforw?«. 3. In the repetorii every final syllable was the be- ginning of the next word. Prat;j vi\.Qx\tur iwrbaw?e« mente ^enentes. Jure retracten^ur fwrgescere repetentes. 4. Versus capitati had the beginning of the first line at the end of the second, by the figure epana- lepsis. Fac Katerina pia, precibus pia corda juvari, Foedos purgari jTac Katerina pia. In this measure is a hymn of Coelius Sedulius of 110 lines, one couplet is thus: Sola fuit mulier patuit qufl Janua leto: Ex qua vita redit sola fuit mulier. 5. The reirogradi reciproci repeated the first words of a line at the end of it, with other repetitions and transpositions. PREFACE. XV Rectificare rea scis, vis rea rectijicare, PacifiCare fera vis, scis fera pacficare. 6. In the Leonini prosaici the rhyme was con- -ealed in the middle of a word. Amoveas feritates, donans vivere vitales, Nos so/iVari fac pro coelebe vita. 7. In the extrinsice clausulati singula singulis, I'he words of the first line referred to the correspond- ing words of the second. Consolare, preme, refove, convertere, deme, ITristes, bellantes, flentes, reprobos, cruciantes. vith continued rhymes — Egere, fugere — consere desere — qusere medere Funera munera — prospera propera — vera severa. 8. The words were i-n pairs, versus hino verho Aausulati. Lugeo, soleris : peto, des : premor, auxiliaris : Caedor, vivifices: cado, stes : inimicor, amicis. 9. The first word of an hexameter rhymed with the last of a pentameter. Hexametri adjuncti pe7i~ iametris extrinsice retrogradi. XVI PREFACE. Delicias tibi scis vavias scis tradere dias. • Postulo te venias, das retio sevitias. 10. Pe7itametri rithniice I'clrogradi et hiierlaqueati. Coelum fac recoli condita vota deo, Ccfilum Sterne doli perdita redde reo. 11. Retrograde verses, the same backwards and forwards : Ecce tenet sedes sanas, sedes tenet ecce Abba suns summus, summus suns Abba. Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. In the Anthologia are some poems of this kind, entitled KapKhoi a-Ti^oi, or crab verses^. As UPON THE TOMB OF DIOMEDES : fioi Aioq apa TTtjyr) Trapa aol, Notrw <jv '6q f] lapa, Irjcrov, aCjaov. — '2o(pbg tycjye iiSi] wv tivio, %apa rwv dvcj, ysXw rd Karw Xiyu)v av, w rntpa^wj/ dvw, ribrj tyuyt ao<pbg, 12. Retrogradi iam saxteniid quein metro. Te fore lunaticam dico non, nomino puram; Nomino tricam non, coelicolam voco te. ' Ed. de Bosch, lib. vi. tit. 3. vol. iii. p. 126. THE CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. Lombard princes of Salerno, Norman princes, page 3. Early rTame for medical science, p. 4. Mount Casino, p. 5. Con- Btantine the African, p. II. His scholars and successors, p. 12, Female professors of Medicine, p. 13. Salerno created an Uni- *versity, p. 14. Medical knowledge of the Arabians, p. 17. II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Arrival of Robert of Normandy at Salerno, p. 19. He goes ito Palestine, and returns to Salerno. His marriage with Sy- ilnlla de Conversano, p. 21. His wound and stay there, p. 22. III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The Schola Salerni written and addressed to him, not to Charlemagne or Edward the Confessor, p. 23. Of John de iMilano, p. 26. I IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The precepts, whence derived, p. 28. Object and contents. :‘Style and versification, p. 29. XVlll CONTENTS. V. COMMENTATORS AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. General view of the commentators and principal printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, p. 33. Curio and Crellius, p. 37. Moreau, ib. Zacharius Sylvius, p. 38. Text altered by Lombard, p. 39, by Bruytsma, p. 40. VI. THE manuscripts: General view of the state of the manuscripts, and of the text adopted in this edition, p. 41. VII. IMITATIONS. Universities of Paris and Montpelier. Benedict de Nursia. Thaddaius de Florenti^l. Magninus. Ancient medical poems. Eobanus Hesse. Baptista Frire. Account of HLgidius Corboli- ensis, and his poem on the virtues of compound IMedicines, p. 52. CATALOGUE OF PRINTED EDITIONS, p. 67. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS, p. 94. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, p. 101. THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTER, OR THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE, p. 119. CONTENTS. XIX ADDITIONS FROM VARIOUS MSS. p. 149. A SPECIMEN OF VILLA NOVA’S ORIGINAL XPOSITION, p. 170. NOTES TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 173. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS, p, 187. INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 193. r . i r 1 INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. The city of Salerno, the earliest school in Christian Europe where medicine was professed, taught, and •practised, enjoyed every advantage which could be i ‘derived from a delicious climate, a spacious harbour, . a river, and a fertile and variegated country. Yet •yEgidius Corboliensis, a writer of the twelfth century, linforms us, that even at that time the air was bad, and afforded exercise to the skill of the physicians. 'Originally a Roman colony, it experienced the va- irious fortunes of the western empire. Upon the iiextinction of the dominion of the Goths, it be- ucame subject to the eastern empire, was soon after iiconquered by the Lombards, and, in their political ^arrangements, it formed part of the dutchy of Bene- I vento. When Charlemagne destroyed the Lombard I kingdom of Italy, the dukes of Benevento, who had B I 2 INTRODUCTION. assumed the title of prince, formed a barrier against his farther progress towards the south of Italy, and preserved their independence, and their dominions. The subordinate cities and districts within their ter- ritories were governed by counts and castaldi, of whom the counts of Salerno were amongst the principal h In the contentions of the Lombard princes, about i the middle of the ninth century, the province of j Benevento was divided into three sovereignties ; the principalities of Benevento and Salerno, and sub- ' sequently the county of Capua. Salerno was the largest, and comprehended all the southern parts of Italy, and the metropolis was a great and well forti- fied city, the seat of the prince, and of an arch- bishop In the meanwhile these districts were in an un- settled and unhappy state. All the coasts of Italy were frequently plundered and devastated by the neighbouring Arabians of Sicily, Africa, and Spain ; and they occasionally occupied parts of the country. ' Giannone, Istoria di Napoli, ed. Haia. 1753, vol. i. p. 387. 431, etc. Antonii Mazza, Urbis Salernitanae Hlsloria et Antiquitates. In Grajvii et Gronovii Antiquitates Ital. tom. ix. part iv. 2 Gian. vol. i. p. 431. INTRODUCTION. 3 ITo these miseries were added the attempts of the emperors of the east to recover their Italian do- minions. The dissensions and contests of the Lom- bard princes themselves were unceasing, and the ilestructive ]iractice of dividing their dominions imongst their sons had portioned out the country 'into a vast number of independent states^. A country so distracted and weakened was an reasy conquest to the Normans. The sons of Tancred fc)f Hauteville arrived in 1035, and were received with kindness by Guimar the fourth, the prince of Salerno. As the allies of the Lombards, they at first attacked only the Greeks and the Arabians. Robert Guiscard, to establish his power by an alliance with ■the Lombard princes, having divorced his first wife lAlverada, married Sicelgaita, the sister of Gisulf the second, who had succeeded his father Guimar. A quarrel, followed by a war, ensued between the '»)rothers-in-law. Robert besieged Salerno, took the city, made Gisulf a prisoner, and possessed himself •“if the principality, which was thus united to the ilukedom of Apulia in 1075. By this and other 1 icquisitions, the Norman power at length extended »jver the whole of what now constitutes the kingdom bof Naples and Sicily. Robert Guiscard was suc- ^ Gian. vol. i. p. 444. 4 INTRODUCTION. ceeded in 1085^ by bis son RuggierO;, with the title of duke of Apulia and Sicily From its connection with Constantinople and the Saracensj Salerno became the centre of the united learning of the Latins^ the Greeks, and the Arabians: and hence it was one of the first cities in Europe where the sciences awoke from the slumber of bar- barism. Amongst other arts, it was celebrated very early for the profession of medicine But as nothing in those dark ages could be accomplished without a miracle, the first fame of Salerno was derived from the extraordinary cures said to have been performed by the relics of saint Archelais. This lady, with two other holy virgins, Theda and Susanna, suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Diocletian, about the year 293, and their remains were deposited at length in the church of the Benedictine nuns of saint George at Salerno®. In an ancient Chronicle, quoted by IMazza, it is said, that the first founders of the school of Salerno were Rabinus Elinus a J ew, Pontus, a Greek, Adala, * Gian. vol. ii. p. 67. 74, etc. ^ In urbe Psalernitana, ubi maximae medicorem scholae ab antique tempore habentur. Orderic. Vitalis ad an, 1059. Sin da tempi di papa Giovanni VIII. (pope from 872 to 882.) Gian. vol. ii. p. 124. ® Anton. Mazza, Salem. Hist. cap. vi. INTRODUCTION. O 2L Saracen, and Salernus a Latin : who taught medi- icine in their respective languages, but at what era iis not mentioned Though medical works had never been wanting in :the dark ages, and the works of Hippocrates and •Galen were translated into Latin as early as the «ixth century®, yet this art was principally derived drom the Arabians, who likewise learned it from the Greeks. After that warlike people had softened unto habits of peace and luxury, by the encourage- ment of their khalifs, and particularly of Almamon, :at the beginning of the ninth century, they applied .themselves to learning. IMany of the Greek writers •were translated into Arabic, and the philosophy of Aristotle, and the art of medicine of Hippocrates .and Galen became their favourite studies. In their frequent visits to the port of Salerno, the knowledge Avhich tliey freely communicated was eagerly received there, and diligently cultivated. For many centuries the most able professors of medicine tvere the higher prelates, and the superior monks®. ^ Anton. Mazza, Salem. Hist. cap. ix. ® About the year 560 Cassiodorius recommended to his monks, •Legite Hippocratem et Galenum Latina lingu^ conversos. Mu- itratori Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. col. 930. ® Subsequently, by the councils of Lateran in 1139, of Tours iin 1163, and the decree of Honorius III. in 1216, the clergy B 3 I 6 INTRODUCTION. Connected with the citj'^ of Salerno by its vicinity, and the similarity of their literary pursuits, was the monastery of mount Casino. This celebrated abbey was founded by saint Benedict himself, in 528, upon a high and rocky mountain, on the site of a temple of Apollo. Here he wrote the rules of his order, and, having presided as abbot for twenty years, there died and was buried Of all this he informed the poet Dante, when he met with him in Paradise, and lamented the subsequent depravity of his monks — Quel monte, a cui Cassino nella costa, f'u frequentato gia in su la ciraa Dalla gente ingannata, e mal disposta: Ed io son quel, clie su vi portai prima Lo nome di colui, che ’n terra addusse La verita, che tanto ci sublima: E tanta grazia sovra me rilusse, CIE io ritrassi le ville circonstanti Dair empio colto, che '1 mondo sedusse. Questi altri fuochi tutti contemplanti Uomini furo accesi di quel caldo, and monks were prohibited from exercising the professions of advocates and physicians, but they still continued the practice. Mabillon, Annales ordinis S. Benedicti, vol. i. p. 55, etc. INTRODUCTION. 7 Che fa nascere i fiori e i frulti santi Qui ^ Maccario, qui h Romoaldo : Qui son li frati raiei, che dentro a chiostri Fermar li piedi, e tennero ’1 cor saldo This monastery partook of the vicissitudes of the south of Italy. Sixty years after its foundation it uvas totally destroyed by Zoto, the Lombard duke of Benevento; the abbot and monks tied to Rome^ and were permitted by Pelagius the second to build a monastery near the Lateran. After an absence of »ne hundred and thirty years, their original habita- tion was rebuilt in its primitive splendour It was afterwards frequently plundered by the Lom- bard princes, and the Saracens In 884 it was burned by the Saracens, and saint Bertharius the ibbot was slain. The monks escaped to Teano, and from thence to Capua, where they resided for sixty i'ears, when they returned to Casino Nor were hey more secure under the Normans. In 1045, ander Rodolf, they attempted to get possession of :he place, but were defeated by the monks " Dante, Pardiso, canto xxii. stanza 37. Mabillon, vol. i. Gian. vol. i. p. 254. '■* Ibid. vol. ii. p. 645. 670. ; vol. v. p. 170. etc. Ibid. vol. iii. p. 250, 481. Chron. Cass, de vita Abbatis 'fDesiderii, p. 413. Ibid. vol. iv. p. 469. 8 INTRODUCTION. Notwithstanding these misfortunes, the monastery increased in riches, power, and dignity. It was considered as the head and origin of the Benedictine order By the benefactions of princes its revenues were enormous, and the buildings magnificent. A new church was consecrated by Alexander the second attended by all the princes of Italy. It was invested with extraordinary privileges, was exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and was sub- ject only to the pope. The monks elected their own abbot, who was consecrated by the pope in person, and enjoyed the precedence over all other abbots. — Excommunication de facto was the penalty for any invasion of their possessions. This abbey gave popes, cardinals, and bishops to Holy church, and when it was thought meritorious to desert the active duties of life for the indolence of the cloister, several princes retired to it, as Carloman elder bro- ther of Pepin, Ratchis king of the Lombards, his wife Tasia, and her daughter Ratrudis^^. However the institution of the Benedictine order '® Totius tons religionis et origo. Mab. vol. ii. p. 223. Graev. vol. x. part. i. p. 214. Murat. Script. Ital. vol. iv. p. 174. Mabil. vol. v. p. 34. ; vol. ii. p, 115. ; vol. iv, p. 420. 745. : vol. V. 170. Gian. vol. ii. p. 71. ; vol. i. p. 368. ; vol. ii, p. 70. 131. 147. In 747 and 750. INTRODUCTION. 9 might afterwards degenerate, it was founded upon rational and enlightened principles. Besides their religious duties, the monks were enjoined to apply themselves to science and general literature, and to engage the services of the most learned men by <iberal salaries^®. These injunctions were executed vith diligence and spirit. In the eleventh century ihis monastery took the lead in the progress of earning. The philosophy of Aristotle, the scholastic dieology, profane and sacred learning were culti- tated ; and treatises upon music, logic, astronomy, ind other sciences, were written by the monks, vlany of the classics, as Tacitus, Homer, Cicero de Vatura Deorum, Terence, Horace, the Fasti of )vid, Seneca, Virgil, and Theocritus, Josephus, /ornandes, and Gregory of Tours, were transcribed »y order of the abbot Desiderius^*^, and the service f the church Avas performed both in Greek and Jubebantur ut literanim studiis operam darent, et in omni- !us praclaris disciplinis, ad statum monasticum pertinentibus, implissimil mercede conductis ad hoc doctissimis et praestantis- 'imis quibuscumque viris, suas omnes erudiri et nobilitare stu- <erent. Ugonius, De dignitate ac praestantih reipublicae Casi- ::ensis, in Graev. et Burman. Thesaur. vol. ix. pars i. p. i23. a. b. ■' Giannone, lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 2.; vol. ii. p. 112. 118, from ine Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. Ixiii. p. 473. 10 INTRODUCTION. Latin They were equally familiar with the writings of the Arabians, and the art of medicine engaged their particular attention^h The Chronicon Casinense written by Leo, cardinal bishop of Ostia, in the eleventh century, and Peter Diaconus, both monks of Casino, have given us catalogues of:' eminent men who flourished here. Of these, the*^ abbot Bertharius was of the royal family of France,, | and was murdered by the Saracens, and amongst: other learned works, wrote two books upon medi- cine. Alfanus the second, elected abbot in 1057,, was a philosopher, a musician, a theologian, am orator, and a poet, wrote medical books upon the? union of the soul and body, and upon the four hu- mours. Another abbot, Desiderius, afterwards pope-* Victor the third in 1085, was a learned man and a skilful physician, and furnished the library of thtt ^ Mabil. vol. ii. p. 55. Muratori. Script. Ital. vol. iv. p:| 309. 2* Peter Diaconus. Chronicon S. Monasterii Casinensis, auctore Leone, carr dmali episcopo Ostiensi, continuatore Petro Diacono, ejusdeir coenobii monachis. Leo comprehends from the foundation tt 1087. Peter Diaconus from thence to 1138. He died in 1140 There is another work of Peter, De viris illustribus Casinen:|| sibus, with Mari’s notes. Graev. et Burman. ibid. p. 329. INTRODUCTION. 11 onastery with many books Amongst these were (le Institute and Novels of Justinian, the Pandects at having yet been discovered at Amalli Such progress had the sciences made at Salerno, ad in the monastery of mount Casino, when the rival of Constantine the African commenced a -w era of learning and fame. This celebrated an was born at Carthage. After thirty-nine years ent in study at Bagdad, and in travel, he returned ; his native country master of all the learning then Trent in the world, and particularly of medicine, lis talents excited the jealousy of his rivals, he was diged to fly, and took refuge at Salerno in 1060. e was discovered by the brother of the khalif of bylon in Egypt, who happened to be in that city, id who recommended liim to Robert Guiscard. y this prince he was patronised, and made his cretary. Having been converted to Christianity he •came a monk, and retired to the monastery of unt Casino, about the year 1075, when Desiderius the abbot. He died in 1087 by his wonderful :res, the multitude of books he wrote, and the Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. vii. Ixili, ; lib. i. cap. xxxiii. t. Diac. De viris ill. cap. xii. xix. Gian. vol. ii. p. 112. 118. ; lib. x. cap. ii. Leo. p. 413. ta Desideiii. 12 INTRODUCTION. number and fame bf his scholars, having raised the reputation of the school of Salerno to the greatest height. Some of his works have been printed, and others remain in manuscript The names of few of his disciples have been re- corded. We find mention, however, of Atto, chap- lain to the empress Agnes, who translated the works of his master from various languages into Latin^®. Another, John, the physician, an eloquent and learned man, Avho published a book of Aphorisms, and died at Naples, where he deposited the books written by his master. Gariopontus seems likewise to have been a contemporary It may not be uninteresting to ascertain the other celebrated physicians of Salerno in the twelfth cen- tury, and soon after the time when the Schola Sa- lerni was written. The earliest whose name occurs is Nicholaus, who, amongst other works, vTote a book, still extant, entitled Antidotarium, upon medi- ^ Constantini Africani Opera. Basil, apud Hen. Peter. 1539. — Bib. Bod. Ilis history appears originally in the Chron. Casin. lib. iii. cap. xxxv. and Peter Diaconus, de Vir. Cas. cap. xxiii. From thence in Murat. Ant. Ital. vol. iii. diss. xUv. p. 934. Gian. vol. ii. p. P23. Fabric. Bib. Grace, vol. xiii. p. 123. Bib. Med. Latin, vol. i. p. 1192, etc. P. Diac. De viris ill. cap. xxix. ^ Moreau. Prolegom. p. 11. INTRODUCTION. 13 ciiies, which was thought to have been the summit of medical knowledge. It was commented upon hy John Platearius, in the middle of the twelfth cen- tury^ and many other writers IMusandinus wrote upon Diet, jMaurus upon Urine and Phlebotomy. The specific works of John Castalius, IMatthew Solomon, and Richardus Senior, are not enumerated. There were other learned men who studied medicine at Salerno in that century, but removed to other places, such as saint Bruno, bishop of Signia, after- wards abbot of Casino, again bishop, and who died in 1120 ; Romualdus the second, archbishop of Sa- lerno from 1157 to 1181, who attended William king of Sicily as his physician in 1127 ; Saladinus Asculanus, physician to the prince of Tarentum in 110329. Nor was the healing art confined to men only, !there were many of the fair sex who were celebrated ■for their medical skill. The time when most of •them flourished is uncertain, but probably in the leleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Or- Pdericus Vitalis speaks of a woman unequalled in Antidotarium Nicholai cum Expositione J. Platearii. Ve- : net. 1589. .Egidius Corboliensis, vide post. Peter Diaconus, IMazza, ■ etc. C 14 INTRODUCTION. medicine in 1059 Abella wrote a poem in two books, De Atrabile et de Natura Seminis Humani. IMercuriadis composed books, De Crisibus, de Febre Pestilenti, de Curatione Vulnerum, de Unguentis. Rebecca, a work De Febribus, de Urinis, et de Em- bryone. Trotta or Trottula’s book De Mulierum Passionibus ante, in, et post, partum, is allowed to be a forgery. Sentia Guerna lectured in medicine, and Constantia Calenda received the honour of the doctorate It would be tedious to mention all the learned men who studied physic at Salerno after the twelfth century, of whom Mazza has given a long catalogue. From these we may however except John de Procida, a nobleman and physician of Salerno, the friend and ])hysician of JManfred king of Sicily, and the author and adviser of the Sicilian Vespers. When the Regimen Sanitatis was written, the jirofessors contented themselves with the humble title of the School of Salerno. By the privileges of subsequent sovereigns it was gradually constituted a Pvobertus Mala-Coiona Physicae scientiam tam copiose habuit, ut in urbe Psalernitana, ubi maxima; medicorum scholce ab antique tempore babeutur, neminem in medicinali arte, pra;ter quandam sapientem mulierem, sibi parem inveniret. Orderic. Vital. Eccl. Hist. lib. iii. ad annum 1057. ^Egidius Corbol. ; Diaconus; Mazza, etc. INTRODUCTION. ir> iregular university. Ruggiero king of Sicily, about Ithe year 1137, enacted a law, that all who designed ;to practise medicine should he examined and ap- proved hy his officials and judges, under the penalty |of the confiscation of all their goods. By officials it ds supposed that the physicians of Salerno were understood, as he had lately given great privileges to that city. The emperor Frederic the second, having established likewise an university at Naples, Ipublished edicts for its government, which were llinally promulgated in 1231 . The study of physic, l^md lectures in that art, were restrained to those two .universities. Students were to apply themselves to dogic for three years before they commenced the listudy of medicine, which they were to pursue for five years. Nor were they then admitted till they jiliad practised for one year under an expert physician. After a public examination the university of Salerno iiad full power to grant a license to practise, that of .Naples could only certify the sufficiency of the can- Llidate to the king, or his chancellor, who granted the licence. The names of doctor and master were not khen known as specific titles of honour, but were [> ised in their original significations, for teachers, or [oersons skilled in their art. The licenced prac- titioners took an oath to observe the regulations respecting medicines, to inform the court if apothe- 1() INTRODUCTION. caries did not prepare their drugs properly, and to give advice to the poor gratis. Every physician was to visit his patient at least twice a day, and once in the night if necessary, and was not to receive for his attendance more than half a golden tarena^^ daily, or, if called out of the city, three tarenae and his expellees, or four tarenae to jirovide himself. He was not to undertake to cure a disorder for a specific sum, or to keep an apothecary’s shop, or to be in partnership with an apothecary. Surgeons were to study for one year, and to be perfect in anatomy before they were admitted to practise. Apothecaries were to take an oath to compound their medicines according to the forms prescribed, and for a fixed price, which for simple drugs was three tarenae an ounce. Such were the regulations of the emperor Frederic The three professions appear to have j ! A gold coin which weighed twenty grains, and would now j be worth four shillings and twopence. Qualibet uncia compu- I tata pro quinque florenis, et quolibet floreno pro sex tarenis, et I quiilibet tarena pro duobus Carolinis, et quolibet Caroline pro decern granis. Ducange. Giannone, vol. ii. p. 387. The constitutions are in many collections, the last is F. Pauli Canciani Barbarorum Leges i; Antiqui, 3 vols. fol. Venice, 1781, in vol. i. p. 367. See the i| F.pistles of Peter de Vineis, Frederici chancellar, lib. iii. epist. . ( 10, 11. 13. The constitution is entitled De Probabili Experi- ^ entia Mcdicorum. INTRODUCTION. 17 I been kept distinct as early as the time of Avenzoar, i who flourished at Seville in 980, or even in the time of Celsus ' These constitutions, and the privileges of the university of Salerno, were confirmed and extended by other princes, and were in force in modern times. They are the most ancient medical statutes in •Europe, and are curious in showing the state of the medical professions in those early times. When fully established, the university consisted of ten doctors, of whom the eldest had the title of prior. Their common seal bore the image of saint JMatthew, their patron saint, whose body had been given to them by Robert Guiscard^, and the inscription of Ci VITAS Hippocratis. Students were admitted to ■the doctorate by the solemn form of having a book lOut into their hands, a ring on their fingers, a crown bf laurel on their heads, and a kiss on their ts^heeks The medical science of the Arabians, thus intro- luced into Salerno, was in substance that of the jrreeks, from whom it was derived. In the theory Freind, Historia Medicinae, edit. Paris, p. 253. Le Cleic, tlist. Med. p. 334. Leo. Ast. lib. iii. cap. xlv. p. 461. * Anton. Mazza, cap. ix. Freind, Hist. Med. c 2 18 INTRODUCTION. and cure of diseases they followed the opinions of Hippocrates and Galen: not indeed in their native simplicity, hut often corrupted their own vain and fanciful inventions, by the superstitions of astrology, and the follies of alchemy^^. Yet it is admitted that the modern science of medicine owes much to their improvements. They greatly extended the Materia Medica by the introduction of many efficacious re- medies. They added to the list of medical plants. The hrst, but very gradual, introduction of chemistry into medicine is wholly theirs and many of their formulae of compound medicines still retain a place in modern dispensatories. In many things of practice they ventured to differ from their masters, as in less copious bleedings, in milder purgatives, in substitut- ing sugar for honey in their syrups, and they first gratified the eyes and the taste of their patients by clothing their prescriptions in gold and silver leaf; a luxury which continued till within a few years. ^ Fieind, p. 479. Gian. vol. ii. p. 119. sect. 3. Rhazes is the first medical writer who mentions chemical medicines, and the mode of preparing them. He died in 932. All the chemistry that is to be found in Greek writers relates to the fusion, or transmutation of metals. Freind, p. 213. INTRODUCTION. 19 II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Such was the situation of the country^ and the itate of medical science at Salerno, when Robert :luke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, having mortgaged his dukedom for ten ihousand marks to his brother William Rufus, set imt upon his expedition to Palestine. This army of tihe crusaders, which consisted of Britons, Normans, i;.nd French, was conducted principally by Hugh the rtjreat count of Vermandois, the duke of Normandy, 1 dobert count of Flanders, Stephen count of Chartres and Blois, Eustace count of Bologne, and Odo iwishop of Bayeux. Whilst Godfrey of Bouillon with flis companions marched through Hungary, this di- ■dsion left France, in September 1096, and crossed die Alps into Italy. At Lucca they received the ‘lenediction of the pope, visited the tombs of the •postles at Rome, and repaired to Salerno, the netropolis of the Norman dutchy of Apulia. Robert ^f Normandy was nearly related to the reigning lamily. Ruggiero, the duke, had married Adela, Robert’s first cousin, the daughter of Robert le :^rison, Avho was brother to IMatilda, the wife of VVilliam the Conqueror. The season was too far idvanced to proceed safely by sea to the coast of 20 INTRODUCTION. Epirus. The impetuosity, however, of the counts of V ermandois and Flanders impelled them to brave the dangers of the sea, and to pass over with their troops. The duke of Normandy, and the counts of Chartres and Bologne, passed the winter at Salerno. In the April following they proceeded on their ex- pedition from the ports of Apulia In their way to Bari they visited the monastery of mount Casino, to recommend themselves to the prayers of the monks, and the protection of saint Benedict From hence they sailed over to Durazzo, arrived at Con- stantinople, and joined the armies of the crusaders at the siege of Nice. It is unnecessary to relate here the prodigies of valour performed by duke Robert in Palestine. After the conquest of the holy city, the victory at Ascalon, the election of Godfrey, and the establish- ment of the kingdom of Jerusalem, the greater part of the crusaders returned home, crowned with glory, ^ Gesta Francorum Expugnantium Hieiosol. Anon. 2. in l^ongars, vol. i. p. 562. sect. 4. Mat. Paris, Lond. 1684, a VV atts, p. 24. Isti omnes (Robei tus, etc.) in Apulia et Calabria, circa hyemis ingruentis initium, nivium et glaciorum vitantes incommoda, expectabant, donee felicior aura arrideret. Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. ii. p. 498. Mabillon, vol. v. p. 238. INTRODUCTION. 21 t and exhausted by their labours. The duke of Nor- mandy and the count of Flanders, by the way of Constantinople, returned into Apulia in September, 1090. Robert was received by his countrymen and relations, Ruggiero count of Sicily, and his nephew Ruggiero duke of Apulia, with the cordiality and honours due to the successful champions of the cross, and in a round of festivities they forgot the suffer- ings of their Christian warfare. Robert was van- quished by the charms of Sybilla, the daughter of Geoffrey count of Conversano, the nephew of Robert Guiscard. She was a lady of great beauty, elegant manners, and superior understanding. At a sub- sequent period, after their return to Normandy, she was said to have conducted the affairs of the dutchy, during his temporary absences, with more judgment than her imprudent husband. lie had a son by her named William, who became count of Flanders. Yet she appears to liave fallen early a sacrifice to the envy and factiousness of some Norman ladies of nobility. Upon this marriage, from his father-in-law and other friends, Robert received a large treasure to enable him to redeem his dominions'^. ' As our general historians give little account of this mar- ( i| riage, and the lady, I extract the following passages from the H original historians. See Gesta Francorum in Bongarsius’s 22 INTRODUCTION. Besides visiting liis Norman friends, a principal object in Robert’s return to Italy was to consult the physicians of Salerno for a wound which he had received in his right arm from an arrow supposed to have been poisoned, and which had degenerated into collection, vol. i. p. 578. sect. 32. Albertus Aquensis, lib. vi. cap. liii. liv. Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne’s Gesta Nor- mannorum, p. 780. In anno 1100, consoles (comites Robertus, etc.) cum suis reciperunt se, et ii Normannis in Italia amicabi- liter suscepfi sunt. Rogerius Siciliae comes, ejusque nepos Rogerius, Apuliae dux, atque Goiffiedus de Conversano, nepos Guiscardi ducis, aliique compatriotae seu cognati eorum, salvo reditu gavisi sunt, et fatigatos pro Christo in multis agonibus pugiles lajtificare conati sunt. Tunc ibi Rodbertus, Norman- niae dux, generosam virginem adamavit Sibyllam, GoifFredi de Conversanil filiam, de.sponsavit, et secum in Neustriam adduxit. — A suo socero, qui Dominus Brundusii erat, et ab aliis amicis, copiam auri et argenti, rerumque preciosarum, obtinuit : ex quorum donis ingentem pecuniam accumulavit, quam reddere creditori, ut suum ducatum quiete reciperet, provide destinavit Will. Gemetricensis Hist. Norman, lib. viii. cap. xiv. p. 299. In Duchesne Gesta Normannorum, and Cambden’s collection, p. 672. Sibyllam, sororem Willielmi comitis Conversana;— Fuit praidicta comitissa pulcra facie, honestis moribus, sapientia piaedita, et aliquando, absente duce, ipsa melius per se negotia provincifE, tarn privata quam publica, disponebat quam ipse facerat si adesset. Vixit autem in Normannia paivo tempore, invidia et factione quarundam nobilium foeminarum decepta. INTRODUCTION. 23 la deep ulcer, called a fistula The story that the poison was sucked out by his alfectionate wife during his sleep, is probably one of the romantic tales of that romantic period, and has been told of other heroes. That his cure ivas owing to the skill of the doctors of Salerno is more probable. Amidst ithe hospitality of his countrymen, the luxuries of Italy, and the endearments of his bride, Robert wasted near a year, and by this delay he lost the rown of England, and ended a brave but impru- dent life in a captivity of eight and twenty years III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. It is the received opinion that during Robert’s continuance in Italy, or soon after, this poem, the Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, was composed, for the preservation of his health, by the physicians of ’alerno The name, indeed, of the king of higland, to whom it is dedicated, is not mentioned Auctor Chronici Normannorutn, a Moreau laudatus in •’roleg. p. 17. Gian. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. p. 125. Ordericus Vitalis, etc. Gian. vol. ii. p. 125. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. Muratori, iVntiq. Ital. vol. iii. dissert, xliv. col. 935. jMoreau Proleg. ’. 17. etc. etc. 24 INTRODUCTION. in the poem itself^ or by the original commentator, Arnaldus cle Villa Nova. But the authority of Giannone, the historian of Naples, probably founded upon original documents, is sufficient to establish the fact, which is confirmed by many other circum- stances. 1. That the poem was written as early as the end of the eleventh century is evident from its being referred to and imitated by ^Bgidius Corboliensis, in the middle of the twelfth century, and the early imitations of it by the universities of Paris and IMontpelier. 2. No other king of England was so connected with Salerno. Richard the first, indeed, was there in his way to Palaestine, in 1190, but this was at too late a period. Muratori, after stating the general opinion, that it was Robert of Normandy, expresses some doubts of it, and supposes that it was Edward the Confessor, for which he gives two reasons, both equally frivolous. The first is, that the school of Salerno was famous for medical science in his reign. But this proves nothing, since it was equally cele- ])rated both before and after that time. Secondly, that Robert of Normandy was never king of England. This is as futile : he had a just hereditary right to his throne of England, and under every title was the lawful successor of William Rufus. INTRODUCTION. 25 :lle was king de jure, if not de facto. And it is rplain from the ancient writers that he was so styled .and considered Peter Diaconus, whose work was taken from the records of the abbey of mount CasinOj expressly calls him king of England, Rod- xbertus rex Anglorum, and relates, that he sent ambassadors to the monastery, with the present of a golden cup to saint Benedict, requesting the monks to pray for the good estate of his kingdom 3. There is the internal evidence arising from the recipe for the cure of a fistula, the only prescription of a very professional nature contained in the poem, and for which it would be difficult to assign a reason inless it were written for the use of a person who aboured under that complaint. In some of the copies of the Regimen Sanitatis it iS dedicated to a king of France : <6 Pagi in Ann. Baron, vol. vi. p. 298, follows Muratori, ithout assigning any reasons. Regnum Anglia? ipsi Roberto duci contingebat, tam jure aaturas, quam regni consuetudine. Bernardus Thesaurarius. n Muratori, vol. vii. cap. Ixxxi. p. 728.— His porro diebus Rod- >ertus rex Anglorum legatos ad hoc monasterium direxit, petens it pro se atque pro statu regni sui domini clementiam exorarent, i-alicemque aureum, quantitatis non modicie, beato Benedicto per cos dirigere studuit. Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. Ixiii. p. 529. D 26 INTRODUCTION. Frayicortim Regi scripsit Schola iota Salerni. This is said to have been Charlemagne, and that he founded the school of Salerno. That opinion is mani- festly erroneous. As a mere seminary of medicine it was in existence before the time of Charlemagne, and it was not constituted an university till long after. The city, besides, was never in his power, but resisted his authority The oldest, the best, and indeed the great majority of copies, both manuscript and printed, have Anglorum regi, and the other reading is evidently supposititious. This fraudulent alteration of the dedication, from the king of England to Charle- magne, and the assertion that it was presented to him after he had conquered the Saracens at Roiife- vaux, betrays its origin That mean spirit of envy, too often found amongst even superior French- ‘men, could not bear that so popular a poem should be connected with an English monarch, and the attributing a victory to Charlemagne at the battle of Ronfevaux is a ridiculous gasconade, of which the falsehood has been proclaimed to all Europe by the trumpet of Ariosto. This poem, which is entitled in the oldest edi- Giannone, vol. i. p. 390 ; vol. ii. p. 122. Tempore quo idem vex Saracenos devicit in Runcivalle. INTRODUCTION. 27 tions, Regimen Saiiitatis Salernitanum, or Flos Medicinae, though written in the name of the whole School of Salerno, is usually attributed to John de jMilano. His name is affixed to it in many manu- scripts, one as old as 1418 but whether it occurs in any which are antecedent to the fifteenth century is doubtful, nor is it to be found in the earliest [printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, the first 'commentator on the work, and who died in 1363, I states only that it was published by the doctors of ! Salerno. The name of John de Milano does not I appear in the catalogues of the learned men of that I university, in the Chronicle of Casino, or the Con- itinuation by Peter Diaconus. Nor is he mentioned I by Aigidius Corboliensis, who enumerates the most jcelebrated physicians of that place at that period. lYet that it should be so generally ascribed, in later litimes, to a person whose very name is not elsewhere jito be found, unless it were known from undisputed [and undeviating tradition, and ancient authorities, it •is difficult to conceive. Who he was, Avhere he lived, or what share he [had in the poem, are equally unknown. There [was indeed a John, a monk of mount Casino, said Codex Tullovianus, and Codex Altorfianus vel Trevvianus. ♦See Catalogue of MSS. 28 INTRODUCTION. by Peter Diaconus to have been a learned and elo- quent physician, a disciple of Constantine, and to have flourished in 1075, who may be the person He quitted his monastery, and died at Naples, where he deposited the works of Constantine. The time and the other circumstances do not disagree, but Peter Diaconus does not mention his surname, and though he speaks of a medical book of Apho- risms written by him, he says nothing there, or any- where else, of the Schola Salerni. The evidence in his favour is therefore very slight. IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCIIOLA SALERNITANA. From the state of medicine at the time the poem was written, it is evident from what sources its pre- cepts must have been derived. The industry of commentators has traced every doctrine to its Greek, Latin, or Arabian origin. In the work itself, Hippo- crates, Galen, and Pliny, are expressly quoted : but the author was principally indebted to the poem De Virtutibus Herbarum, which was composed by Odo, or Odobanus, a physician in the dark ages, in De viris illust. Casinens, cap. 35. INTRODUCTION. 29 the name of ^milius Macer, a Roman poet, the contemporary of Virgil, Ovid, and Tibullus, and who wrote upon similar subjects, but whose works have perished From this poem much of what relates to plants is taken. Above sixteen articles, containing about forty lines, are borrowed from it verbatim et literatim. Other lines are occasionally introduced, together with the substance of other parts. Though much of this work, derived from the fanciful doctrines of the Arabian physicians, is now become obsolete, on account of the more extensive knowledge of modern times, and though many of the virtues attributed to meats, drinks, and herbs, are imaginary, yet it is but justice to observe, that the : greater ]>art of the general rules, being founded in |jgood sense and experience, are truly excellent, are [calculated for all ages and climates, and form an luseful compendium of practical directions for securing Lia sound mind in a sound body. The professed object of a poem, which was not ^designed for physicians, but for an unlearned sove- Fabric. Med. et inf. Latin, etc. It is entitled Macer de Virtutibus Herbarum. I have used Ranzovius’s edition, Lipsi®, 1590. Scaliger says of him, neque poeta, neque bonus ^medicus, neque sincems versificator. D 3 30 INTRODUCTION. reign, and for general use, was rather the preserva- tion of health than the cure of diseases. It does not enter, therefore, into any abstruse discussions, and what relates to theory only, is confined to a superficial description of the anatomy of the body, in stating merely the number of the bones, the teeth, and the veins ; and in treating more at large the four humours, which were of great importance in the ancient medicine, were held to be the great store- houses of the human fabric, and to form the great characteristics of the constitution. The means prescribed for the preservation of health, consist in the due observation of the six non- naturals^^, air, food, exercise, sleep, the excretions, and the passions. To these heads may be reduced the various rules, of living in a salubrious air, and observing the changeful seasons : the minute detail of all kinds of meat and drink, and the qualities of herbs, which constitute tlie great bulk of the poem : frequent exercise and ablutions : avoiding sleep at improper times, not neglecting the calls of nature, and avoiding care, and all other violent agitations of the mind. For the cure of diseases a general remedy is Strangely so called because they are external, and not parts of the natiiralhody. INTRODUCTION. 31 recommended in cheerfulness^ rest^ and temperance : and diet is asserted to be more important than medicine. The diseases treated of are only the common affections, which scarcely require the aid of I a physician ; such as colds, coughs, surfeits, colics, A worms, the swelling of the glands, trifling injuries Bb to the teeth, the sight, and the hearing ; and there M are many antidotes against poison, the constant sub- i: ject of apprehension to our ignorant, and therefore I . suspicious, ancestors. The medicines recommended ft are of the simplest nature, the common food of the I kitchen, and the produce of the herb garden. The li ( only composition which is of a more dispensatorial form, is the application for the cure of a fistula, evidently suggested by the disease of duke Robert, and which is compounded of chemical ingredients, arsenic, sulphur, lime, and soap. The very ample directions relating to bleeding, must be referred to lithe prevalence of that practice upon all occasions, and amongst all orders of people. The style is of course somewhat barbarous, and tithe inaccuracies have ])robably been multiplied by [ithe mistakes of transcribers. In many places the /•grammar can hardly defend itself. The ava/co- IXovOta and change of person are frequent. The [iconjunctions, and other particles, are sometimes ideficient, and at others redundant. The arrange- 32 INTRODUCTION. meiit in general is not immethodical^ though some few lines seem misplaced. In the versification, the quantity of syllables, and even the accent, are frequently disregarded. IMany lines are without rhyme, such as some which are transcribed from Macer. The rhyme is usually correct, though sometimes only the final vowels correspond, and the accent, in reading, must be transferred to the last syllable. Usually the ends of two or more lines rhyme together, sometimes the middle with the end, at others both the middle and end of one line with the corresponding parts of the next. V. COMMENTATORS, AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. A poem upon a subject so generally interesting, free from technical abstruseness, and conveyed in a pleas- ing and popular form, was soon circulated throughout Europe. It became a manual for those who were not regularly initiated into medical science, it was the institute of the student, and the text-book for the learned professors. Coj)ies were multiplied, and upon the invention of printing it was committed to the press as early as the year 1480. It was repeat- INTRODUCTION. 33 ■ edly republished in most of the cities of Europe, ■ translated into every language, and illustrated hy I voluminous comments. In the various hands through which it passed, the text was subjected to many . alterations, to omissions, additions, and corruptions, from illiterate or careless copyists, and still more : from learned and presumptuous critics The earliest commentator was Arnaldus de Villa ' Nova, one of the most celebrated men of the s thirteenth century, as a physician, a chemist, an I astrologer, and a divine. By his own account he I was born at IMilan, the year of his birth is uncer- I tain. After studying at Paris and Montpelier, he visited the academies of Italy, and the Arabian I schools in Spain, and was familiar with the Hebrew, I the Arabic, and the Greek languages. Finally he [established himself at Barcelona, whence he ^vas I styled Catalanus. He was the pupil of Peter de lApono, a celebrated divine, and the friend of Ray- mond Lully. In 1276, he cured Pope Innocent the fifth of the ])lague, by his famous tincture of gold. :He was in great favour with James the second, king !of Arragon, who employed him in 1309 in a negotia- See the catalogue of printed editions — of which I have ^described one hundred and sixty. See there specimens of ivarious translations. 34 INTRODUCTION. tion with the pope, relating to his claim to the title of king of Jerusalem. As a great master in theology he held a public disputation at Bourdeaux, Avith IMartin de Athera, a Dominican friar, in the presence of Clement the fifth. His opinions in divinity were published in France and Spain, and accorded with those of Peter de Apono : but having treated the monks and the mass with too great freedom, the clergy become his enemies. His tenets were con- demned as heretical, by the faculty of theology at Paris in 1309, and by the inquisition at Arragon in 1317, and many of his works are inserted in the Index Expurgatorius. The propositions which Avere censured, amongst others, AA'ere these : that the devil had caused the Avhole Christian people to deviate from the truth, and had left only the skin of religion, and the faith of dcAuls — that the monks corrupt the Christian doctrines, are Avithout Christian charity, and Avill all be damned — that masses for the dead are ineffectual, and that Avorks of mercy are more acceptable to God than the sacrifice of the altar When his master Peter de Apono Avas pro- secuted by the inquisition, he fled for protection to Frederic of Arragon, king of Sicily, the brother of Eymeric. Directoriuni Inquisitorium. Venice, 1607, p. 265, etc. In p. 316, is a catalogue of his forbidden works. INTRODUCTION. 35 I 1 t king James. To gratify his new patron he wrote his Commentary upon the Schola Salerni, which poem was justly esteemed as an honour to the king- doms of Naples and Sicily. It has been said, that he was sent by Frederic to cure the pope, and died upon the voyage. The time of his death seems to have been in or before the year 1313, for in that year, in the council of Vienna, pope Clement the fifth wrote circular letters to inform all persons who might have it in their possession, to produce his book De Praxi Medica, which Arnald had promised to send him, but had died in the meanwhile. His works in medicine, chemistry, alchemy, astrology, and divinity, are very numerous. They were first collected and printed at Leyden in 1504, at Venice in 1505 in folio, and afterwards, after some inter- mediate editions, more correctly at Basil in 1585. In some of his works he styles himself Domini Papa3 Physicus, and Boniface the eighth was accused of heresy for approving of his writings. The following works relating to the same subjects with the Schola Salerni may be mentioned. His treatise de Con- servalione Corporis, dedicated to king Frederic, was frequently printed with his comment on the Schola Salerni. Another work, entitled Regimen Sanitatis, was dedicated to the king of Arragon, James the second, and was often printed ; but at length IMag- 36 INTRODUCTION. ninus, or IMagnus^ a physician of ]\Iilan, having made some additions and alterations, put his own name to it, and it has since been attributed to him. There is a work of Arnaldus, De Co7ise7'vcmdd Juvcnluie, et Relardandd SenecUite, and another de Regwime Castra Sequent'mm, of the same class^. Villa Nova’s commentary is succinct, clear, and to the purpose. It well explains the precepts ac- cording to the system of physic then received, and confirms them by the authorities of Aristotle, Hippo- crates, Galen, Avicenna, Rases, Averroes, and other eminent writers, who were the genuine sources from whence they were derived. From its first appear- ance this commentary always accompanied the text, and it was printed ivith it in the earliest editions. The fame of Arnald was inseparably connected with that of the poem, which was even sometimes attri- buted to him. Though subsequent editions may have refined the language, and multiplied authorities and illustrations, the original work of Villa Nova Arnaldi vita & Campegio, prefixed to liis works. Basil, 1585. Fabric. Bib. Med. Lat. vol. i. p. 358. Freind’s Hist. Med. Shaw’s Notes to Boerhaave’s Chemistry. Bibliotheca Ilispana h Nicholao Antonio Ilispalensi, 1788, vol. ii. p. 112. Niceron, Memoires des Ilommes il lustres, vol. xxxiv. p. 8. For hlagninus, or hlagnus’s, plagiarism, see Arnaldi Opera, Lugd. 1509, folio 59. INTRODUCTION. 37 has served as the basis, and has supplied the most valuable part of their commentaries^®. The next commentators were John Curio and James Crellius, two physicians of Erford in Ger- many. The earliest edition of their work was printed lat Frankfort in 1538. In the dedication to that of 545, they profess to have altered and amended the text, and to have restored the verses to correct pro- ;ody, except where the rhyme restrained them. Their commentary is little more than a paraphrase of that )f Villa Nova, of which they say they have polished «he rude language, amended the errors, purged it from oarbarisms, corrected the quotations, turned them nto better Latin, retrenched superfluities, supplied pnissions, rejected absurdities, and replaced them >y sounder doctrines. In 1556, Curio alone pub- tshed a new edition, in which he retained the same ext, added an old German translation, and a com- eentary, which is a fuller paraphrase of Villa Nova’s, lith many additions. From this time the original iirnmentary was superseded, and this paraphrase ns substituted in its place, with few or no altera- ims: but the name of Villa Nova was still retained. Renatus IMoreau, a physician of Paris, began a re enlarged edition, of which a part was published See after, a specimen of his commentaiy. E 47 38 INTRODUCTION. in 1C25, dedicated to cardinal Richlieu. He re- duced the text of the poem, which is mostly that of Curio and Crellius, into a new method, added many verses from manuscripts, illustrated it by the commentary of Villa Nova as reformed by Curio, Crellius, and Constanson and his own copious ani- madversions. It was his object to render it a per- fect treatise of medicine, and he divides it into three parts, the j)rophy lactic, the therapeutic, and the semiotic. The first includes the six non-naturals: the second, medicine in general, and the cure of particular diseases: the third, the signs of health. For this purpose, what is wanting in the text, or the preceding commentaries, is s.ipplied by his own ani- madversions, which, under s me heads, are extremely long^^. But he has published only a part of his plan, comprehending only the two first heads of the prophylactic division ; air and food. The last and most usual edition is that of Zacha- rius Sylvius, a physician of Rotterdam, of which the dedication is dated in 1(348. The text is nearly in the same order in Avhich it was originally published, j I have never seen any edition by Constanson, but from what appears of it in Moreau, I believe he made but little altera- tion either in the text or comments. The animadversion on air, for instance, occupies above sixty i close printed pages. INTRODUCTION. 39 1 corrected by that of Curio. The commentary is : that of Villa Nova as it was reformed by Curio. ! Moreau’s additions to the textj and his animad- s versions^ are omitted, though the editor professes I to have used that edition. This has often been p reprinted, and constitutes what may be considered »as the editio recepla. Of editions printed without the commentary, in 'which any remarkable alterations were made in the text, I know of two only. John Francis Lombard endeavoured to give the poem a more classical form, and by discarding rhyme, .and changing some of the language, to reduce it to bcorrect prosody. It was first published in 1566, at Lithe end of a synopsis of writers upon the baths and I wonders of Puteoli®®. The following are some ex- rtracts from it — it commences : Anglorum Regi scribit schola tota Salerni. Si vis incolumem, et sanam traducere vitam, Curas tolle graves, motus ferventis et irae, Parce mero, sit coena brevis tibi, surge parumpbr Ir “Jo. FranciscI Lombardi, eonim quae de balneis aliisque miraculis Puteolanis scripta sunt synopsis. In calce tria opera nedica. Venice, 1566. This seems to be a second edition, Printed ag-ain in Italia Illustrata. Frank, 1600. And in Bur- knan. Thesaur. Antiq. Ital. vol. ix. part iv. 40 INTRODUCTION. Post epulas, mediae somnumque propelle diei : Comprime vesicae paril^:r nec pondera ventris. Ilaec si servabis per saecula plurima vives. Si desint medici hos canones servare memento, Praestantis medici poterunt qui munere fungi. Mens sit laeta, quies, mediocris regula victus. Post balnea sumpta, calore Membra fove, baud studeas post prandia : frigidus et si Forth eris, baud subitb, paulatim at sume calorera. Post pisces nux una juvat, nocet altera, mors est Tertia: divinet qui vult aenigma poetae ®‘. Die homo cur moritur cui salvia crescit in horto ? — Nullus hortus contra letum medicamina praestat. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremorem Tollit, ope ipsius fugit illicb febris acuta. It concludes, Ilaec sunt quae scripsit Regi Schola docta Salerni. Dogmata quae totum lustrant per saecula mundum, Testentur studia antiqui ut permagna Salerni. Reginald Bruytsina, a ])liysician of IMeclilin, in 1636, printed at Douay an edition without commen- tary or notes, in which he newly arranged the text. These two passages are quoted to illustrate some obscurities in the original text. INTRODUCTION. 41 and intermixed with it four hundred verses of his own composition, distinguished from the original by being in the elegiac metre, and without rhyme. It is entitled, Novo-antiqua Schola Salernitana. It begins : Corpore tu quicunque voles, animoque valere, Sincera jugitfer raente precare Deum. nine noscenda tui tibi sunt primordia prima Corporis, et quinara sit status indb tibi. Cognita quae certain possint monstrare salutem, Ne malb conveniens ingredieris iter. Ergo rudes simul haec, simul et versate periti. Omnibus iste potest utilis esse labor. Sunt duo, mens, corpus, fragilis primordia vitae : Illius coelum est, hujus origo solum: Vilius idque licet, constat tamen ex dementis Quatuor, et sunt haec, aer, aqua, ignis, humus. Having given an account of the commentators, >ind principal printed editions, I shall now proceed ;o describe such manuscripts as have come within my knowledge. VI. THE MANUSCRIPTS. The manuscripts of the Schola Salernitana differ .*‘ssentially in the number of lines, in the variety of readings, the additions, and the order. Whilst E 3 42 INTRODUCTION. Villa Nova lias only three hundred and sixty-three lines, IMoreau mentions, that a manuscript belonging to Naudius had only one hundred and eighty-three, his own had six hundred and sixty-four, that of Trews one thousand and seventy three, Tullou’s one thousand and ninety-six, and Schenk’s one thousand two hundred and thirty-nine. Some of the Oxford manuscrijits have one thousand and eighty, others one thousand nine hundred Those which I have seen, and probably the foreign manuscripts, may he reduced to three classes. First. Those which agree with Villa Nova’s text, with occasional various readings, and small differ- ences. These are of little value, and I believe are most of them copied from the jirinted editions. Secondly. Those which have Villa Nova’s text for their basis, preserving its character, yet having considerable additions, and alterations. The THIRD class of manuscripts contains a poem in which the Schola Salerni is incorporated, hut differs entirely from the other classes, in a more methodical arrangement, in very great, and more scientific, additions. The manuscripts vary in length, but some of them contain near nineteen Moreau’s Prolegomena, p. 4. Schenk, Bibl. IMed. See the catalogue of MSS. hereto annexed. INTRODUCTION. 43 hundred lines. The vanity of dedicating the poem to Charlemagne, the allusion to the victory at Roii9evaux, and the medical learning displayed in it, prove it to have been the work of some French physician. There are copies in the Ashmolean, and I Bodleian libraries ; from which the following ex- I ■ tracts will fully describe their character and con- I tents. They are headed — [ Alter usus versuum Salernitanorum. Incipiunt versus I medicinales edit! a magistns et doctoribus Salernitanis , in Apulijl, script! Karolo magno Francorum Regi glorio- I ^ sissimo. Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. j Quarum prima est de rebus homini naturalibus. Securida, de rebus homini non naturalibus. Tertia, de rebus contra hominis naturam (i. e. diseases). Quarta, de medicinis simplicibus et compositis. de curis eegritudinum. I The plants and other simple medicines, are ar- I I ranged alphabetically. I Incipit prirno p7'ologus. I Francorum Regi scripsit tota Schola Salerni, In metro pauca, mox commemorantia multa, Quo phisis regimine stanti compendio scitur, I Cura subest prompta, languor qua tollitur aeger. I Metra juvant animos, comprendunt plurima paucis, Pristina commemorant, quae sunt tibi grata legenti. Ilaec benb servando vitam longam tibi mando. Ilerbas in terris, coelo quot sidera cernis, A me tot mille verba salutis babe. 44 INTRODUCTION. At the endj after the epilogue : Explicit Horariuin versuum medicinaliura, scriptum Christianissimo Regi Francorum, Carolo magno, a tol^ universitate doctorum medicinarum prseclarissirai studii Salernitani, tempore quo idem Rex Saracenos devicit in Runcivalle, quod latuit usque, tardfe, et Deo volente, nuper prodiit in lucem. A few specimens may he sufficient: De locis furgandi humores. Sanguis per venas purgatur, flegma veretro, Fel per sudores, sed melancholia retro. T)e signis mortalihus in acuta febri. Virtvis pulmonis, cordis, stomachi, cadit, hgeret. Anxius insanit, sudatque, cruore fluente, Absque crisi riget, et febris auget, et absens. Est sitis, osque sonat, plorat, decoctio cessat. Livor in extremis apparet, fronte citrina. Est urina minor, egestio cruda liquescit. Certius est signum contractio testiculorum. Aut si retrahitur in veretro virga virilis. Haec sunt signa quibus inspectio mortis habetur. Whatever be the history of it, the whole of the poem upon the choice of simples and medicines by Otho Cremonensis is incorporated into it, under the INTRODUCTION. 45 title De Simplicibus IMedicinis, in alphabetical order, in which is likewise included all of the Schola Salernitana which relates to the same subject : as, from Otho: Asa Fcetida. Quo magis fcetorem facit Asa scias meliorem, De Borace. Si tibi veracem mens est novisse Boracera, Elige candentura, duram, sine sorde nitentem. De Coloquintidd. Non resonans mota, per pulpam Candida tota, Si pulpis hseret semen, si firma cohaeret Seminibus pul pa, coloquintida sit sine culpa. From the fifth part, de curis morborum, I select two short heads : De salisfaclione ajrpetitus cegroli. Quae petit aegrotans, quamvis contraria, dentur : Tunc natura viget potius cum vota replentur. Contra Squinonciam. Quando dolet guttur, velut ulcera si patiatur, Protinus abstineas, minuas®^; sic alleviatur. Bleed. 4G INTRODUCTION. The following prudential advice enters too deeply into the mysteries of the profession to have been designed for the use of the profane : De prudenlid Medici sumentis pro lahore. Non didici gratis, nec sagax Musa Ilippocratis -ZEgris in stratis serviet absque datis. Sumpta solet carb multum medicina juvare, Si quae datur gratis nil habet utilitalis. lies dare pro rebus, pro verbis verba solemus. Pro vanis verbis montanis utimur herbis, Pro caris rebus, pigmentis et speciebus. Est medicinalis medicis data regula tabs : Ut dicatur, da, da, dum profert languidus, ha, ha. Da medicis primo medium, medio, nihil irao. Dum dolet infirmus medicus sit pignore firmus. Instantbr quaere nummos, ut pignus, habere. Foedus et antiquum conservat pignus amicum, Nam si post quaeris quaerens semper eris®^. In the epilogue he speaks of the medical authors of Salerno : Maurus, Mattheus Salomon, Petrus Urso, moderni Sunt medici, per quos regnat medicina Salerni®*. A liter, injuriosus liaberis. See an account of the particular MSS. in the catalogue hereafter given. INTRODUCTION. 47 Of the additions wliich have been gradually en- grafted upon the original poein^ it is not difficult to trace the origin and ])rogress. FIRST. Villa Nova had introduced many verses of a similar nature into his commentary^ not as parts of the poenij but professedly from other quarters^ and which he carefully distinguished by such prefatory words as^ ut dicunt, juxla illiid metricum, or unde versus isti communes. These lines, to the number of near forty, found their way early into the text, and became part of the usual copies, the editio recepla. SECONDLY. The next storehouse for supplying additions was the poem of J\Iacer, from which much of the original had been taken. THIRDLY. Besides these, many floating verses, some written as marginal notes, were occasionally absorbed and embodied, and oth *r were purposely added by monks and transcribers. FOURTHLY. At length it was completely altered and reformed, in substance and method, fully to meet the ideas of the learned. Every subject which was deficient was supplied, those parts ^vhich were too short were extended, and it was trans- formed into a complete compendium of the whole art of medicine. Since near two hundred years had elapsed between 48 INTRODUCTION. the comrosition of the poem and the time of Villa Nova, it is not improbable that some alterations had been made in the intermediate ])eriod, and that even his text is not immaculate. Perhaps it was origi- nally very short, not much more than the general precepts. An attentive examination would lead one to imagine that some verses had been altered, or added. Lines Avhere there is a change of person, or number ; verses whicli do not rhyme, or which are not in the hexameter form : all repetitions of the same rule in other words : or rules vdiicli seem to be in the nature of explanations or comments ; lines out of place, and separated from others on the same subject : all these may perhaps be suspected of being supposititious, but what sacrilegious hand will ven- ture to displace them from a situation which they have maintained for five hundred 5^ears ! Although many of the general rules are excellent, and adapted to all times and persons, yet much of the detail is founded upon systems which are ex- jdoded by modern experience. The. object, there- fore, of every intelligent reader of this poem is not to learn the art of medicine, but to contemplate a venerable monument of antiquity ; and to ascertain tlie opinions in the medical science, which prevailed in the eleventh century. He wishes therefore to see it in its original simplicity, in the precise state in INTRODUCTION. 49 which it was sent to the king of England^ and free from any subsequent additions. This original text, if anywhere, is to be found in the edition which received the stamp of authenticity from Arnaldus de Villa Nova, by whom it was pub- lished and commented upon, and from the additional approbation of the doctors of the university of ]\Iont- pelier. Villa Nova lived as early as the thirteenth century. He was resident in the kingdom of Sicily, where the poem Avas written, and of course had the best opportunity of obtaining a correct copy. This commentary was written to flatter the national pre- judices of his protector Frederic, who was justly proud of a composition so honourable to his country. It is not probable, therefore, that he should have mutilated, or curtailed the original work, as has been supposed by some critics^®, for Avhich he could have no assignable motive. Neither was he a care- less, or uncritical, editor : he sometimes quotes various readings, and always distinguishes between the text itself, and other verses which he introduces into his commentary. Under all these considerations, I hai^e adopted tithe text as it was settled by Villa Nova, and as it is «« Murat. Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. col. 935. Schola Salernitana fortassis olim auctior quam nunc in editis conspicitur. F 50 INTRODUCTION. to be found in the earliest printed editions. For this purpose I have used that printed at Strasburg in 1491, collated with six others of the fifteenth cen- tury : viz. two small quartos without name or date, perhaps earlier ; one in duodecimo printed by Regnault Chandieu ; one by John de Westphalia ; another by Balligault in 1493, and one by IMichael le Noir in 1497. I have not seen what has been stated to be the earliest edition of 1480, if that is not a mis- take, arising from the date of the approbation of the sages of Montpelier. All those of the fifteenth cen- tury which I have seen, and probably any others, are mere reprints of each other, with no other varia- tions than errors of the ]iress. I have, however, re- formed the orthography and corrected the evident blunders of one edition by another After the poem itself I have printed a selection from the additional lines. VII. IMITATIONS. The Regimen Salutis being so popular, many books were written under similar titles. The universities of Paris and Montpelier are said to have produced See the catalogue of printed editions. INTRODUCTION. 51 poems in imitation of it^. In 'the year 1477 was printed, Pnlcherrimum et utilissimum opus ad sani- tatis conservationem, in prose, and in alphabetical order, by Benedict de Nursia, physician to Francis Sforza, duke of IMilan, dedicated to pope Nicholas the fifth. There is a small treatise of only seven leaves by Thaddseus de Florentia, entitled De re- gimine salutis secundum quatuor partes anni. He flourished about 1280. At the end is a colophon — Opera et industria Dominici de Lapis, impendio tamen Sigismundi a Libris civis atque librarii Bono- niensis. I have before mentioned that IMagninus, or IMay- nus, a physician of IMilan, having made some altera- tions in Villa Nova’s treatise De Regimine Salutis, I claimed the work as his own. It was printed very 1 early in his name: as at Louvain by John de West- I phalia in 1482, and in 1486. At Paris by Udeline I Gering in 1483, at Basil by Nicholas Kesler in I 1493, and often subsequently. Before the Schola Salerni were many ancient < poems upon medical subjects. In Greek there were j Nicander, Rufus Ephesius, and IVIarcellus Sidetes. I i In Latin, Serenus Sammonicus, Fannius Palaemon, i » 68 Fabric. Bib. Lat. vol. iii. lib. iv. cap. xii. Schenk. Bib. >1 Med. 52 INTRODUCTION. and the spurious Macer. In imitation of these and the Schola Salerni, verse was adopted as a conve- nient vehicle for medical science. In later times the work of Eobanus Hesse, De tuenda bona vale- tudine, and the Coena Baptistaj Frire Mantuani, are classical poems and have been often printed .®2:idius Corboliensis is an author of the twelfth century, who requires a more particular detail, as his work upon compound medicines throws a consider- able light upon the state of Salerno about the period of the Schola Salerni, and has supplied many mate- rials for this introduction 7°. For his history I think Ave have little which can be depended upon beyond the internal evidence of his poem. He states that As in Jo. Sigismundi Henninger’s Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. From the similarity of the name, this author has been confounded with an Aigidius Atheniensis, who is said to have flourished in 700, and wrote two poetical works, De Pulsibus et Urinis. Trithemius de Script. Eccl. N°. 241. Hendreich, Pandect. Brandenburg, p. 44, 45. And with Johannes .<Dgidius, or of saint Giles’s, an Englishman, whose history is to be found in Matthew Paris, ed. Watts, 1640, p. 414, 874, 974. Leland, De Script. Brit. p. 251. Fuller’s Worthies, p. 433. From these in Pegge’s Life of Grosseteste. Saxii Onomast. vol. ii. p. 268. Chalmer’s Biog. Diet. etc. Leyser’s account is very confused, p. 499. INTRODUCTION. 53 he studied physic at Salerno, under Peter IMusandi- nus, Maurus, and INIatthew Salomon, who were eminent physicians in the twelfth century and he describes that place with elegance and affection His work is dedicated to Romoaldus, who was arch- bishop of Salerno from 1157 to his death in 1181 and he speaks of having written it long before, and at Paris iEgidius Parisiensis, in a poem in honour of Char- lemagne, written in the popedom of Coelertine the second, between the years 1191 and 1198, speaks of him as a contemporary, then highly celebrated for his skill in medicine and poetry, and as having been born at Paris In a description of the hospital at Corbeil, his name is said to have been Peter, and that he was of the family of the counts of Corbeil This work of -^gidius Corboliensis is on the Virtues and Praises of Compound IMedicines, and is a poem in hexameter verse, consisting of four thousand Lib. i. ver. 93, 98, 107 ; p. 509. line 145. ; p. 510. lib. ii. line 1, 28, 31. ■^2 Lib. iii. line 465, etc. p. 593. Lib. i. line 130, etc. p. 510. Lib. i, etc. p. 505. In Carolino. lib. v. In Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Script, vol. V. p. 323. By Petit, in Journal de Medicine for September, 1786. F 3 54 INTRODUCTION. five Imndred and sixty-two lines. It was printed by Leyser, from a manuscript in tlie Wolfenbuttel library, but with many errors And it professes to be an exposition of the Antidotarium of Nicholaus, and the commentary of Platearius upon it^®. It is in four books, with a prologue to each, and what he styles prolog/is Jinalis at the end. Above seventy medicines are treated of, in alphabetical order. Without stating the materials of which they are composed, he describes their various virtues, the cases and circumstances in which they are applicable, the dose, the mode of giving them, and whether alone or in composition with other medicines, and he concludes each article with the information of how long it will keep good. The recipes for the medicines themselves are to be found in his original authors, Nicholaus, and Platearius : and in Myrepsius de Compositis Medicaminibus, and Actuarius, on the same subjects. They are mostly very complex, and the ingredients are frequently very costly : as diamar- Liber de Virtutibus et Laudibus Compositorum Medicami- num, metrice compositus, editus a Magistro .^gidio Corboilensi — In Leyser’s Ilistoria poetarum et poematum IMedii ..Dvi. Halas, 1721, p. 500. Antidotarium Nicholai, cum expositione Jo. Platearii, was printed, with the works of Mesua, at Venice in 1589. It is alphabetical. INTRODUCTION. gariton^ composed of pearls dissolved, and tlie pecu- niary value was supposed to enhance their virtue and efficacy. There are many digressions, in which the author takes the opportunity of expatiating freely upon other subjects, hut mostly relating to the medical profession, and they are the best parts of the poem ; of which the following are the prin- cipal : In book the fir sly upon medicines which cure so j quickly, that they deprive the physician of due 1 honour and fees^®. In the second book, under the head of Diamar- gariton, he proves that though the poor are unable to afford such expensive compositions, they have the consolation that poverty is the best medicine, and preserver of health Under Diasatyrion is a discus- 1 sion upon love Another against the use of honey, I and fraudulent apothecaries In book the third, are contained observations upon i the utility of the pains of labour®^. The praises f and description of Salerno®^. Advice that young I and inexperienced physicians are to be avoided, and ■ Lib. i. ver. 698. p. 531. ^ Lib. ii. ver. 68. p. 540. and lib. iii. ver. 235. p. 583. Lib. ii. ver. 218. p. 546. Ver. 894. p. 572. ' 1 83 Lib. iii. ver. 101. p. 577. 8^ ygr. 469. p. 593. i ! 56 INTRODUCTION. the description of a good physicsan The circum- stances of cases should be inquired into®*^. Various sorts of madness are described '^7. In hook the fourth, is a dissertation on the virtues of the number and an apology that the neces- sity of metre had compelled him to distort many Greek terms. A knotty question is discussed, why pills are always given in an odd number Under opiates he satirizes with some humour one Rigor- dns, an empiric, Qui requiem monachis in acutis febribus offert, Et requiem facit aeternam The description of a monstrous child, censure of INIontpelier^^ prudential hints to physicians, artifices to be used, medicines to be changed in colour and form, and disguised, as patients love variety, and despise cheap medicines In the prologus finalis, he gives good advice to young practitioners about fees, and that they should bleed the purses of the rich to aid the poor He advises them not to make any Ver. 564. p. 597. Ver. 848. p. 610. and lib. iv. ver. 309. p. 639, ^ Ver. 866. p. 610. Lib. iv. ver. 129. p. 632. Ver. 386. p. 646. 90 Ver. 564. p. 654. and ver. 639. p. 657. 91 Ver. 1119. p. 675. 92 Ver. 1049. p. 687. INTRODUCTION. 57 as^reement beforeliaiul with great people, since, if they are generous, they will reward amply, and, if avaricious, their name will advance them. With middling people to make a previous agreement, because when they are in pain they are disposed to reward a physician, but when they recover they grudge tlie fees. Though so near in time to the Schola Salerni, it is far beyond it in classical and poetical language. It is remarkable that it does not mention John de IMilano, but many Leonine verses are introduced, particularly at the beginning of each article, in imitation of the Schola Salerni. The following lines allude to it. Speaking of some roots, herbs, gums, and seeds, he adds, Quorum facunda Salerni Pagina describit®^. In censuring the ])hysicians of IMontpelier, he says, referring probably to their imitations of that poem, (iuos gula, quos stimulat et cogit avara dolosi Ambitio nummi carmen ructare Salernum®'* Other passages are directly copied from it. Lib. i. ver. 834. p. 536. Lib. i. ver. 639. p. 657. 58 INTRODUCTION. The Schola says of the nettle : Omnibus et morbis subvenit articulorum®^ ^EgidiuSj of benedicta : Dissolvit lapidem, morbum fugit articulorum®®. I The Schola of mustum, or new wine : Ilepatis emphraxim, splenem general lapidemque®’ ^gidiuSj of benedicta : Amputat enfraxes epatis, splenique tumores®®. The Schola : Si fluat ad pectus dicatur rheuma catarrhus. Ad fauces brancus, ad nares esto coryza®®. iEgidiuS;, of diaprasium : Corizam, brancum, tussim domat, atque catarrhum ' The Schola^ of sage : Salvia, salvatrix, naturae consiliatrix Sell. Sal. ver. 202. 97 Sch. Sal. ver. 77. 99 Sell. Sal. ver. 248. 9 Sell. Sal. ver. 183. 99 Lib. i. ver. 828. p. 536. 98 Lib. i. ver. 830. p. 536. ‘ Lib. ii. ver. 349. p. 551. INTRODUCTION. 59 .(Egidius, of sotira. Sotira, salvairix, naturae conciliatrix From the additions to the Schola: Pone gulae metas, ut sit tibi longior aetas ■*. ^Flgidius, of sotira : V^im chronicis morbis, quos fundat largior aetas, Ingerit, et proprius compellat stringere metas Again of diaciminum : Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditus aetas®. As the book where it is to be found is scarce, and as few persons I suppose will read so long and tedious a poem, I shall proceed to give a few speci- mens. It begins, alluding to his having kept the poem long by him, Prologus. Quae secreta diu noctis latuere sub umbrfi Clausa, verecundi signo celata pudoris. ’ Lib. iv. ver. 438. p. 649. * Lib. iv. ver. 466. p. 650. Additions, line 40. ® Lib. ii. ver. 440. p. 555. 60 INTRODUCTION. Gesta sub involucris mentis, clarescere quaerunt. Eruta de tenebris cupiunt sub luce videri. Tecta patent : obscura nitent : scintillaque mentis Fulgurat, accenditque novum fax ignea vatem. De tepida concepta prius, tenuique favilla Jam largb rutilos emittit lampadis ignes. Provehitur seges in culmum, fcccundaque multo Ordine granorum canis albescit aristis, Granaque prosiliunt studii concussa flagello. Vinea turgescit botris, jam palmes adultus Germinat, et sterili vindemia pendet in ulmo. After fifteen more lines, in which ho apologizes for the rudeness of his verse, he proceeds to invoke the muse : Inter Cirrhaeas Dea plus celebranda sorores, Parnassi bijugo nutrita cacumine montis, Lauro nexa comas, vultus pallore decent!, Et facie macrai famulam confessa Minervae, Ex Ilelicone suo migrans, in pectoris alti Transmeat occultos non invitata recessus : Afterwards he addresses his poem : Vade liber felix. Nam cum provectior aelas Jam tua sit, densisque habeas pubescere plumis, Dedecus esse potest puerili incumbere nido, Et cunas colere balbis infantibus aptas. I, cave ne titubes, firmo vestigia gressu Dirige, cum rectis habeas procedere tabs. INTRODUCTION. 61 Et quse delicti praeco solet esse, pudoris Nulla tibi teneras suffundat purpura vultus. He speaks thus of his masters : Tibi defensacula ponet Musandinus apex, quo tanquam sole nitenti Et nitet, et nituit illustris fama Salerni. Cujus si fuerit resolutum funere corpus, Spiritus exultat, et magni pectora Mauri Tota replet. Maurus redimit damnumque rependit, Prima quod in Petro passa est, et perdidit aetas. Qui tanquam nanus, humeris colloque gigantis Desuper incumbens, ipso fortasse tuetur Longius, et summo superaddit culmina monti. () utinam Musandinus nunc viveret auctor! Ille meos versus digno celebraret honore — I lie meis scriptis signum punctumque favoris Imprimeret, placido legeret mea carmina vultu, Et, quod in irriguis illius creverat hortis. Ipse meum sentiret olus, gustuque probaret Ex proprio sale doctrinae traxisse saporem, Suppliat et Petri Maurus mihi damna reformet. Pastor ovem, membrumque caput, famulumque patronus, Doctor discipulum, noscat sua mater alumnum. V'ellem quod medicae doctor Platerius artis Munere divino vitales carperet auras, Ganderet metricis pedibus sua scripta ligari, Et numeris parere meis — Urso suum te concivem gaudebit adesse, G G2 INTRODUCTION. Strenuus ambiguos causarum solvere nodos — Mente bonil mea Castalius decreta Johannes Suscipiat, quern, dum pueriles volveret annos, Myrtum humilem Musandino sub prseside vidi. Audio nunc ipsum summis contendere lauris, Et sua nobilibus aequasse cacumina cedris. IIos, physicae andstes, quos iEgidiana libellos Sanctio produxit, digno Romoaldus honore Consecret et celebret — Ipse novo faveat operi, nec Parisianas iEstimet indignum pbysicam resonare*Camaenas. — Qui trahit a docto nomen Saloraone Matthaeus, Qui nitet eloquio, qui mentis acumine pollet, Suscipiat placido Salomon mea carmina vultu ; Et se noscat in his, sua condimenta saporet — Quo Pessulanus nisi Mons authore niteret, Jamdudum physicae lux eclipsata fuisset — Richardas senior, quern plus aetate senili Ars facit esse senem — Sit judex operis placidus — ]\Iost of the articles begin with rhyming verses as under the head of Electuarium Dulcis ^ : Ex algore satus, stomachi dolor ante profatus, Sollicitare latus ventosi turbine flatus, Quamvis iratus, quamvis ad bella paratus. Lib. iii. ver. 286. p. 585. sic. INTRODUCTION. 63 Hoc semel afflatus sedat pcenam cruciatus. Jejuno stomacho potabilur addita Baccho, Nux ubi muscata decocta sit et macerata Enfraxes aperit. — Of his manner of treating his subject I give two i articles as some of the shortest : UnguenUim aureum. I Quod trahit ex auro nomen, quo praevalet auro, j Unguentum, renes lapidosos curat inunctum. » ?Solvit dura, vias reserat, resolutaque purgat ( iSaepius appositum, vicibus crebris renovatum. 1 I Omnia de gelidis mala discutit insita causis. li ■ Militat in morbis, et regnat quatuor annis®. I Unguentum album. I Omnis ab unguento scabies detergitur albo, I Quam generet salsus infecti fleumatis humor®. ' The description of Salerno relates to the subject t ;of this introduction : Terra Salerni. Urbs Phoebo sacrata, Minervge sedula nutrix, Eons physicae, pugil eucrasiae, cultrix medicinae, Assecla naturae, vitae paranympha, salutis ® Lib. iv. ver. 1081. p. 674. ® Lib. iv. ver. 1224. 64 INTRODUCTION. Pronuba fida, magis Lachesis soror, Atropos hostis, Morbi pernicies, gravis adversaria mortis. Quze quia perpetuum gessit cum morte duellum, Nec segnem sine Marte potest deducere vitam ; Ut sibi materiam certaminis atque laboris Vendicet, et nullo pacis torpore quiescat : Lethifera. regione sedet, sub sole calenti, Rupibus astriferis celsum coeloque propinquum, Audaci nimirum scandentibus sethera dorso. Arcet et excludit gelidi spiramina vend Castigata situ : pendens de colle supino Incumbit pelago, sua quod muralia radit. Extantesque domos ludentibus assilit undis. Montibus excelsis retro clipeata vapores, Et nebulas pingues, et solum combibit austrum, Fcedaque corrupt! carpit contagia coeli. Sed medicinarum sibi quas raontana ministrant Urbs jaculis armata viget, cum morte potenter Diraicat, extirpat morbos, et fata retundit, Naturam relevat, et stamina rupta renodat. Morte (mortis) regna premit, cum qu& componere quamvis Non valeat, petit inducias, et protrahit aevum, Et quae non aufert ventura pericula differt. Quae nisi tam foecunda foret, tantisque vigeret Consiliis, illam physicae nisi Delphicus artis Spiritus implueret, absorpta voragine mortis, Nec cursum hullire valens, miseranda periret Lib. iii. ver. 469. p. 593. INTRODUCTION. 65 I cannot refrain from making one more quotation. After stating that Diamargariton is so expensive a medicine that the rich only can afford to take it, he proceeds : Quid faciet Codrus ? Quid Codri curta suppellex ? Cujus plebea vacuus farragine venter Non satis impletur, spasmum patiante crumena, Cujus opes modicis depicta sophismata cartis. An quia res angusta domi, quia parca facultas, Et tenuis sumptus, nequit hos attingere luxus ? Et vetat in vetitum motus erumpere mentis, Nuda salus sine subsidio prostrata jacebit? An quia deficiunt species, et aromata desunt, Codrizat tua, Codre, salus, dejecta fatiscit Corporis integritas, quia te praesentia Mauri Splendida non recreat multo spectabilis auro ? Absit ut insidias naturae sobria ponat Mundaque paupertas, quae, certis obsita metis. Non quaerit sibi praescriptos transcendere fines ! Paupertas Medicina sibi tribus empta minutis, Quam faba Pythagorae, lardo condita pusillo, Et rude nutrit olus, cui de farragine panis Furfurea factus, avidoque in ventre receptus, Radit, et elimat grosses de corpore chymos — {^(yfiovg). Plus sapit, et reficit, nutrit, confortat, et auget, I" Se membris magis assimulat, se firmiiis illis I Inserit esca, famis avido condita sapore. j Quae via curandi morbos, quae causa fidelis i 66 INTRODUCTION. Certa medela malis, nisi parcae sobria vitae Regula, privatis plerumque accommoda mensis? Plus aqua, plus tenuis sub tecto paupere victus, Roboris et vitae confert, quam Caesaris aula, Nectarii calices, quam vitis vina Falernae, Quam caro sylvestris latrantum parta labore, Salmones sapidi, rhombi, trutaeque rubentes. Inter regales epulas, tapetaque crassa. Lanquet in hie gula luxurians, et venter obesus “ p. 541. 1.91. A CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Those which I have seen and collated are marked with an asterisk. They may be divided into nine classes. 1. The Regimen, with Arnaldus de Villa Nova’s com- mentary in its original state, and printed separately. 2. The editions of Villa Nova’s works, in which the Regimen and commentary are introduced. 3. The Regimen, with Villa Nova’s commentary, corrected and improved by Curio and Crellius. 4. As farther altered and perfected by Curio. 5. The editions by Moreau, which have Curio’s commentary, with Moreau’s animadversions. 6. The editions by Zacharius Sylvius, which have only Curio’s commentary. 7. The editions of the usual text only without the com- mentary. 8. Editions without the commentary, in which the text is altered. 9. Translations. 68 A CATALOGUE OF I. THE REGIMEN, WITH ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY IN ITS ORIGINAL STATE. PRINTED IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1480. The first edition was printed at Montpelier in this year. It is entitled, Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Ma- gistro Arnaldo de Vill^ Nova Catalano veraciter ex- positum, ac noviter correctum et emendatum, per Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno 1480, prae- dicto loco actu moram trahentes. It is in quarto, has the signatures as far as five, and each page has thirty- four lines. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, tom. iii. p. 541. Venice, by Bernard de Vitalibus, 4to. cum expositione Arnaldi de Villa Nova Cathelani. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Vill^ Nova Cathalano veraciter expositum ac noviter correctum et emendatum per Doctores Montispessulani expositum, anno 1480. In fine, a morte subito nos defendat qui eternaliter vivit et regnat, amen. No name or place. Panzer. A small quarto in Gothic letters, without name, place, or date, with the commentary. The initial letter A is written, and it is not paged. It begins, Incipit liber De Conservatione Corporis, seu De Regimine Sanitatis, compositum per Magistrum Arnaldum de Villa Nova. At the end is Villa Nova’s treatise De Conservatione Corporis, seu Regimen Sanitatis.* In the British Museum. There are two copies of it. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 69 1480 lu duodecimo, by Regnault Chaudiere, Gothic letters, with the commentary. * British Museum. A small quarto, in Gothic letters, with the commentary. At the end. Explicit Regimen Sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro Arnoldo de Villa Novh Cathalano, omnium mediconim viventium gemmh. Impressuin Lovanii in domo Magistri Johannis de Westphalih. At the end Villa Nova’s treatise De Con- servatione Corporis. * This is perhaps the oldest edi- tion. British Museum. 1482. Lugduni, in 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1484. Scholae Salernitanae de conservanda valetudine opus- culum, cum enarrationibus Arnaldi de Villa Novh. Pisae, 4to. Panzer. Paris, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1490. Montpelii, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1491. Venice, by John de Forvilio, fol. Schuster. Ackerman. Regimen Sanitatis, cum expositione Magistri Arnaldi de Villa Nova. Incipit Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum excellentissimum pro conservatione sanitatis totius humani generis peru- tilissimum : nec non a Magistro Arnoldo de Villh Nova Cathelano, omnium medicorum viventium gemmh, utiliter, ac secundum omnium antiquorum medicorum doctrinam veraciter expositum : noviter correctum ac emendatum per egregissimos ac medicinae artis pe- ritissimos Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno MccccLxxx, predicto loco actu moram trahentes. At the end. Hoc opus optatur quod flos medicin® vocatur. Tractatus qui de Regimine Sanitatis nuncupatur finit 70 A CATALOGUE OF feliciter, impressus Argen ; (Strasburg) : anno Domini Mccccxci, in die Sancti ThonuE Cantuariensis. Apud me. * The text in this edition is taken from this edition, with some corrections from other editions of this century. 1493. Paris, per Magistrum Andream Bocard, 4to. Bibliotheca Britannica. Paris, 4to. Gothic letters, per Felicem Balligault. The printer’s name in a cipher in the title page. The first letter A is w'ritten. British INIuseum. * 1494. Regimen Sanitatis Metrice, cum commentariis Arnaldi. Colonim. Panzer. 1497. Paris, 4to. printed by IMichael le Noir. His cipher in the title page, with a crest, a blackamoor’s head on a helmet, with a coronet, and this motto: C’est mon desir, de Dieu servir, pour acquerir son doulx plash. • British Museum. 1499. Schola Salernitana, seu Doctorum Parisiensium tractatu- lus medicinalis ad Regem Angliaes Argentina per Mattheam Hussfuf. Panzer. It does not appear whether this has the commentary, or the text unaltered. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, nec non et liber de conservatione corporis Magistri Arnoldi de Villa Nov&. Sine nomine, loco, et anno. Fortassis Colonia apud Ulr. Zell. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Villa Nova expositum circa annum 1480. Without place, name, or year. Panzer. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. In fine explicit re- gimen sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 71 Arnaldo de Villa Nova Cathologo omnium viventium medicorum viventium gemmS.. Without name, place, or date'. Panzer. PRINTED IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1502. Strasburg, per Matthiam Brant, 4to. Gothic letters. Brunet. About the beginning of this century was published in quarto, in black letter, Le tresor des poures selon, Maistre Ariiaudt de Ville Nove, et Maistre Girard de Sollo, Docteur in Medicine de Montpellier, translate du Latin en Fian9ois pour I’amour de Dieu. The first is a translation of Villa Nova’s Treatise de Regimiue Sanitatis. 1503. Argentorati, per John Priis, 4to. Schuster. 1505. Paris, per R. Ledru, 4to. Brunet. ' 1507. Coloniae, per Cornelium de Zyryckzee. Panzer. '1409. Liptzk, per Melchiorem Loiter. Panzer. 1513. Bod33 valetudinis cura, seu Regimen Sanitatis Saler- nitanum. Liptzk per Johan Thanner. Panzer. 1514. Lugduni, per Gibertum Villiers, folio. Schuster. Ackerman. 519. Nurembergae per Jodoc Gutknecht. Panzer. irobably duplicates, but they are not sufficiently described to iscertain this point. 72 A CATALOGUE OF II. EDITIONS OF THE WORKS OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, CONTAINING THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, AND COMMENTARY. 1504. The first edition of his works collected was printed Lugduni, apud Magistrum Guil. Hugon, in folio. Gesner. 1505. Venice, folio, per Bonetum Locatellum. Editor Thomas Murchius. Impendio horedum Octaviani Scoti, civis Modoetiensis. 1509. Lugduni, a Francisco Fradin. The same. 1509. Paris. 1514. Venice. 1520. Lugduni. 1527. Impensis hasredum Domini Octaviani Scoti civis Modo- etiensis, ac sociorum. Venice. Additis quatuor trac- tatibus. 1532. In folio. Haller. 1585. Cum Nicholai Taurelli annotationibus. Basil. 1686. Lugduni.* III. THE REGIMEN, WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM- MENTARY, CORRECTED BY CURIO AND CRELLIUS. 1538. Conservandaa sanitatis praecepta saluberrima cum Arnaldil Villanovani exegesi per Johannem Curionem locuple-» tata, ut novum opus videri possit. Francofurti, iiu 12mo. Haller. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 73 1545. De conservand^ bonS, valetudine, opusculum Scholaj Salernitanae ad Regem Angliae versibus consciiptum, cum Arnoldi Novicomensis, Medici et Philosophi celeberrimi, brevissimis et utilissimis enarrationibus. Et haec omnia a barbaric, et infinitis, quibus scatebant, mendis, tarn accurate repurgata, ut jam quasi novam faciem induerint, citraque offensionem legi possent. Opera et studio Johannis Curionis et Jacobi Crellii. Francofurti, apud Christianum Egenolphum, 8vo. with wooden cuts. Ackermann. 1545. The same, 12mo. Maittaire. The same, 12mo. at Paris. Cat. Bib. Grypesw. Ack. 1549. Francofurti, cum Johanni Katschei de Regimine Sani- tatis, 12mo. Haller. 1551. De conservanda boni valetudine, opera Jo. Curionis et Jac. Crellii. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolphum. Dedi- cated to Picus, abbot of St. Peter’s monastery at Erford. Dedication dated in 1545. Wooden cuts. No translation. At the end, Rhythmi M. Ottonis Cremonensis de electione meliorum simplicium ac spe- ciorum medicinalium. * British Museum. Otto begins ; — Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum Quod nigredo parum dat fragili subamarum. 1552. LipsiEE, 8vo. addita versione Germanic^. Fabric. Bibl. Lat. vol. iii. cap. xii. p. 884. 1553. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolph. The same as that of 1551.* British Museum. 1554. Francof. 8vo. Bibl. Traj. Bat. p. 113. 1555. Paris, apud Juven. in 12mo. Maittaire. H 74 A CATALOGUE OF 1\'. THE REGIMEN WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM- IMENTARY AS FARTHER ALTERED AND IMPROVED BY CURIO. None of the editors or critics have been aware that the edi- tions by Curio and Crellius are different from those by Curio only. As they have not in their catalogues, in many cases, distinguished whether the editions were by Curio and Crellius, or Curio only, there is frequently no means of deciding but from the dates. As Curio’s separate epistle dedicatory is dated in 1556, I suppose all editions before that time to be the joint edition, and all subsequent to be Curio’s. They mostly agree in the text, and some of them in having wooden cuts. But Curio added a German translation of the text, which had been before published, Vitebergai, apud Rhau, in 1546, of which it is said in the preface, Rhythmis Germanicis, ex perantiquo codice sumptis illustravit editor. And his com- mentary is a fuller paraphrase of that of Villa Nova, with many additions. The oldest of these editions which I have met with is — 1557, De conservanda bona valeti'dine opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, cum Arnoldi enarratione, per Johannem Curionem. Antwerp, apud J. Withagium, 8vo. with four other short medical works, two poems and two treatises, occupying only seven leaves. The epistle dedicatory to John Picus is dated in 1556 j it does not mention Crellius. He mentions a former edition, but whether of this work, or only of the joint edition, is uncertain. He distinguishes the additions. * Bibl. Bodl. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 75 1557 Francof. apud hajredes Chr. Egenolphi, 16mo. CONH. GtSNER. 1559. Francof. apud haeredes Chr. Egenolphi. * Bibl. Bodl. Paris. 1562. Antwerpiae, apud Jo. Withagiuni, 12mo. Manget. 1568. Conservanda? bonae valetudinis praecepta integritati resti- tuta et rhytmis Germanicis illustrata, cum Arnoldi, e.xegesi per J. Curionem. Berchensem cel : Erphor- dianae Reipublicae Medicum Physicum. Francof. apud haeredes Christ. Egenolphi. Six short works at the end. Commendatory verses to Curio, a Greek acrostic, M. Suffiidi Petri Leovardiensis Frisii oKpoat- Xtg. This is dedicated to Dominus Henning Hopff. * Bibl. Bodl. and British IMuseum. 1573. Apud haeredes Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1577. Lugduni, apud Jo. Lertout, 12mo. 1580. Paris, apud Hieronymum de Marncf, 12mo. 1582. Frankfort, apud haered. Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1587. Venetiis, 8vo. Ackermann. 1591. Genevae, 8vo. Haller. 1594. Francof. haered. Egenolphi. Schuster. 1594. Coloniae, 16mo. Haller. Ibid. 8vo. Haller. 1598. Genevae, apud Jacob Stoer, 8vo. Ackermann. 1599. Absque loco, 12mo. Haller. 1605. Francof. 12mo. Bibl. Frilleri. Ackermann. 1606. ColoniiB, in folio. Ackermann. 1611. Francof. apud Johannem Saurium, 8vo. Ackermann, 1612. Francof apud Vine. Steinmeyer. Ackermann. 1615. Romac, apud Andreara Phacum. in folio patente, Ack. 1617. Roterodami, 12mo, Ackermann. 70 A CATALOGUE OP 1618. Venetiis, 12mo. Bibl. Beiberni. Ackermann. 1628. Francofurti, exc. Matth. Kempffer, impensis Vincentii Steinmeyer, 12mo. Ackermann. 1628. Franc, apud haered. Egenolph. 12mo. Ackermann. liygeia: id est. Bona; Valetudinis Conservandae The- saurus locupletissimus. Coloniaa, Agrippinas typis Pet. a Bruche], 8vo. min. Ackermann. There are eleven works on diet in this collection. Vale- tudinis conservandae praccepta ex Schola Salernitana cum commentariis seu exegesi, is one. The edition of 1568 is followed. The same, Luxemberg, 12mo. Giinz. Ackermann. 1636. Genevae, 12mo. Haller. V. MOREAU’S EDITION, WHICH HAS CURIO’S COMMENTARY, AND MOREAU’S ANIMAD- VERSIONS, but contains a part only of the work. Pro- legomena of fifty-two pages, on the poem and on Leonine verse. 1625. Schola Salernitana, hoc est de valetudine tuendfi, opus Nova methodo instructum, infinitis versibus auctum, commentariis A^illanovani, Curionis, Crellii, et Con- stansoni illustratum. Adjecta; sunt animadversiones novae et copiosac Renati Moreau, Doctoris Medici Parisiensis. Paris, sumptibus Thomas Blasii. It is dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu in 1624, 8vo. 795 pages. Apud me. * 1672. Again at Paris. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 77 VI. THE EDITION BY ZACHARIAS SYLVIE'S, which has only Curio’s commentary, and a preface extracted from Moreau’s prolegomena. The dedication is dated 1648. 1649. Schola Salernitaua, sive de conservandu valetudine pras- cepta metrica. Autore Joanne de Mediolano, hac- tenus i"iioti. Cum luculenta et succincta Arnoldi o Villanovani in singula capita exegesi. Ex recensione Zachariae Sylvii, Medici Roterodamensis. Hagae.* 1657. Roterodami ex off. Arnold. Leers. Hagae, in off. Arnold. Leers. 1660. Aquisgrani, I2mo. 1667. Roterodami. 1683. Hagag. Leers. 1711. Ratisbonae. 1712. Argentorati. 1713. Argentorati. 1714. Lipsiae. 1722. Ratisbonaj, sump. Jo. Zach. Seidelii. 1753. Augustas Vindelicorum. VII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY. 1511. 4to. Marsilius Ficinus de triplici vita; scilicet sana, longa, et caelitus, una cum textu seu Regimine Sanitalis Salerni. The poem begins. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni- tanum, nec non et Magistri Arnoldi de Nova I'llla, feliciter incipit. Ex officina Johannis Schotti, Argen. It is the mere text of Arnaldus’s edition. * H 3 A CATALOGUE OF 78 1516. Lugduni, 4to. per Jacobum Myt, expensis Barthol. Trot. Maittaire, tom. ii. p. 1. page 283. 1582. I’roverbialia dicteria ethicam et moralem doctrinam complectentia versibus veteribus rythmicis, una cum Germanica interpretatione conscripta, per Andream Gartnerum. Francof. apud haered. C. Egenolph. 8vo. It contains extracts from the Regimen. Acker mann. 1622. Monspessuli, apud Fran. Chovet, 12mo. Schuster. 1 place this edition here as it is not mentioned as having a commentary. 1623. Ilerbipoli, formhpatente. For the same reason. Haller. 1647. Amstelodami, 12mo. The same reason. 1673. Schola Salernitana : id est, Conservandm Valetudinis Praecepta, post plurimas impressiones cum et sine commentariis in variis locis, nunc bono commodo om- nium sauitati suae provide consulere volentium in li- belli hujus formam redacta, una cum annexis ad finem observationibus quibusdam probatissimis. Typis Mi- chael. Thurnmayer, 12mo. Ackermann. IMany genuine verses are omitted, and spurious verses added. 1712. In Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. J. S. Hennin- ger. Argent.* British Museum. 1726. J. S. H. Collectio Scriptorum Aledico-diaeteticorum, in- cluding the Regimen. Lips. 8vo. Richter. 1763. Schola Salernitana, plurimis quibus scatebat mendis purgavit, et diversitatem lectionis adjecit Jo. Adamus Seiner. Athenis ad Elmum. Typis P. Diet. Schnorii viduae, 8vo. Acklrma.vn. It follows the edition of Moreau, with other copies. The various readings are few. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 70 1790. Stendaliae, sumptibus D. Ch. Franzen ejusque socii Grosse. llegimen Sanitatis Salerni, sive Scholai Sa- lernitanae de conseivanda bon<\ valetudine praecepta. Edidit, Studii Medici Salernitani Historic praemiss^, Joannes Christ, Gotti. Ackermann, Medicinae Doctor et in universitate literarum Altorfina professor ordi- narius. * The text is printed from that of Villa Nova; there are a few explanatory notes, but no commentary. Prefixed is the History of the Schola Salerni, and of the poem, and a dissertation on Leonine verse, chiefly from Mo- reau. With catalogues of manuscripts, and printed editions. VIII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY, IN WHICH GREAT ALTERATIONS ARE MADE IN THE TEXT. 1566. The edition of John Francis Lombard, in which the poem is altered, or translated into more classical language, and the rhymes destroyed. Venice, 1566. I 1600. The same in De Balneis Puteolanis Scriptores, in Italia Illustrata. Francof. and in Burmann’s Thesaurus Antiq. Ital. tom. ix, part iv. * ! 1636. Duaci, 12mo. Novo-Antiqua Schola Salernitana, per Reginald. Bruytsma, Medicum Mech. The original verses newly arranged, and four hundred hexameter and pentameter verses added, without rhyme. * British Museum. I 1641. Again Lovan, in 8vo. * British Museum. 80 A CATALOGUE OF IX. TRANSLATIONS. GERMAN. 1474. Apud Crewssner, in folio. Schuster. Ackerm.ann. 1481. Regimen Sanitatis, Oder ordnung der Gesundheit. Au- gust® Vindelicorum (Augsburg) in folio. Ackermann. 1493. Alternis versibus Latinis et Germanicis. Liptzick. Panzer. 1495. The edition of 1481 repeated in 4to, with the title Das Buch Regimen Sanitatis genannt, gedruckt von Hann- sen Froschauer. Supposed to contain the Schola Salerni (Bib. Schwartz, part 2. p. 217). FIaluer. Ackermann. 1508. Regimen Sanitatis, 4to. Continet 59 disticha, partim ex Schola Salernitana, Latine cum Germanica versione rhythmich. Nurembergi, per Hieron. lloeltzel. Pan- zer. 1509. Regimen Sanitatis Anglorum Regi ex Parisiensi gym- nasio missum. With a German translation. In fio- rentissima urbe Brunsvigo, per J. Dom. Panzer. 1519. Argentorati (Strasburg), in 4to. Gesner. Acker- mann. Regimen Sanitatis — Anglorum Regi conscripsit Schola Solennis. It contains distichs from the Schola Salerni and others, with a German version. In Gothic letters, without place or date. Panzer. 1532. Argentorati, 4to. Gesner. Ackermann. Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium, pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Angli® conscriptum — Magistri Franc. Mymerii Silesii rhythmis Germanicis et Polonicis ex- ornatum. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg. Panzer. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 81 1546. Regimen Sanitatis a Scholil Salernitand, vel Parisini, scriptum, without the commentary, with a German translation. Viteb. apud Georg. Rhaw. * British Museum. The same translation as in Curio’s edition. Ex perantiquo codice. 1557. Curio’s edition. * 1636. Rhythmis Germanicis illustrata. * Bibl. Bodl. 1642. Hamburg, 4to. cum versibus Germanicis, apud J. Gut- wasser.* British Museum. 1663. Ulmffi, in Jo. Jac. Becheri Parnasso Medico illustrate. Ackermann. 1750. A German translation by Gotthold Schuster. Franc, and Leipz. 8vo. with notes. FRENCH TRANSLATIONS. 1501. Paris in 4to. in French, with the Commentaries of Arnal- dus, etc. Haller. Ackermann. A book in black letter, published at the beginning of this century in 4to. entitled, Le tresor des Paures Selon Maistre Arnoudt de Ville Nove — translate du Latin en Francois pour I’amour de Dieu, is a translation of Villa Nova’s book de Regimine Sanitatis. 1561. Retardement de la mort par bon regime, ou conservation de sante, par I’escole de Salerne, traduit de Latin en rithme, par Geoffroy le Tellier. Paris, 8vo. Brunet. Another very old French translation in 4to. black letter, without date, entitled, Le Regime tres utile et tres pro- fitable pour conserver et guarder la sante. Brunet. 82 A CATALOGUE OF 1561. Paris, with Arnold’s Commentary, 4to. Hallek. Ackermann. 1637. A translation in verse, par Michel le Long. Each head has a long comment. This is the second edition. * Bibl. Bodl. It begins, Des Doctes Salernins le college sfavant Donne au Roy des Anglois le regime suivant ; Si tu veux vivre heureux soubmet la violence Des dots de ton espirit au frein de ta puissance. 1651 . During the minority of Louis the fourteenth, Scarron had rendered the burlesque style fashionable. A Monsieur Martin, a physician of Paris, travestied the Regimen Salerni in this ridiculous manner. The burlesque ap- probation is dated in 1649, and the dedication to Scar- ron in 1650. It begins : A vous, Roy de la Grand’ Bretagne, Jadis le pais de Cocagne, L’Eschole des Salernitains En corps escrit les vers Latin. Latin 1 dira quelque Critique — Parbleu vous estis Heretique — The two lines. Si tibi deficiant medici medici tibi fiant Ilaec tria, mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta, are thus paraphrased : Si d’hazard extant en Champagne, En Anjou, Touraine, en Bretagne, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 83 Tu ne peux avoir Medicins, Qui rendent les maladies sains, Sans te servir d’un Empirique, Je t’enseigneray la pratique. Trois medicins, non d’ Arabic, Ny de Grece, ny d’ltalie, Te pourrent ayder au besoin. Sans les aller chercher fort loin, Ils sont meilleur que Ton ne pense, Et ne font aucun depence. Le premier c’est la gaiete, C’est le fine fleur de Sante, I C’est de notre vie la sosse Sans qui vaux mieux estre en la fosse. a La second. Repos modere * De corps, et d’espirit, assure, Ferme, tranquille, invariable. Le troisieme, c’est Courte Table, Autrement la Sobriete, C’est la Grand-mere de sante. Si nostre Grand-pere Hippocrate D’un faux oracle ne nous flatte. At the end are, Poema Macaronicum de Bello Hu- I guenotico, and Cocceii Poema Macaronicum, * Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. Ij 1657. Gratianopoli (Grenoble) the same. ! - Sauce. ’ Repos modere, from a false stop, to be found elsewhere, re- ■ quies moderata, diaita, for moderata diaeta. 84 A CATALOGUE OP 1660. Le Long, again. 1664. Martin again, with a French translation of the Macaronic poem de Bello Huguenotico. * Bibl. Bodl. 1666. Le Long again. 1669. Jaques du Four de la Crespiliere, in a collection of epigrams, introduced some parts of the Regimen trans- 1671. lated into French verse — Afterwards, in 1671, he pub- lished the whole under the title of Commentaire en vers Fran9ois sur I’ecole de Salerne. The text is after Mo- reau, but the translation is dilfuse and ridiculous. It contains 596 pages. * British Museum. 1672. ) . 1686. $ 1743. L’Art de conserver sa sante, compose par I’Ecole de Sa- lerne. Traduction nouvelle en vers Franfois, par Mons. B. L. M. a laHaye. Ackermann. 1749. The same, at Paris. Ackermaxn. 1816. L’Ecole de Salerne, en vers Latin et Franfois, par Mons. B. L.M, The text is that of du Four in 1671, omit- ting some parts and adding others. The translation is between the serious and the ludicrous — The sense is given tolerably. * ITALIAN TRANSLATIONS. 1549. At Venice, in 12mo. Opera utilissima di conservare la sanita. Ackehmann. 1566. Venice 4to. by Jo. Francis Lombard. Haller. Ackermann. 1587. Perugiae, per Piergiacomum Petrucci impressum Scuola Salernitana, del modo di conservarsi in Sanita, trans- THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 85 poitata di Latino in volgare Toscano, da Fra Serafino Razzi, 8vo. Lib. Capponi, p. 347. Ackermann. 1662. \"enice, apud Brigoncium. Scuola Salernitana tradotta dal verso Latino in terza riina, col trattato della vita sobria di Luigi Cornaro, 8vo. Lib. Capponi. Ackermann. 1712. ParmaB, 8vo a repetition of F. Lombard’s. Ackermann. • Parma. A translation in terza rima, dalF incognito Accademico Vivo Morto. The dedication is to an unknown patron. It is a good and spirited translation, with much of the Italian sportive humour. At the end is another poem, Altre regole per conservare la sanita, tradotte per il medesimo autore dal Latino di G iorgio Pistorio Yvilingano Tedesco. There is likewise Cor- naro’s treatise della vita sobria. * British Museum. Signor quel giorno che di qui partisti Solinghi ci lascieste in questo sito : Ne mai piu a revederci tu venisti. Caro patron ho dal Comin redito Che generoso sei, e di gran cuore, Che sei gentil, e cavalier compito. Perd confesso che al tuo gran valore, E alia tua gentilezza son restato Schiavo perpetuo, e umil servitore. Dove dice, ch’ un di il collegio tutto Fisico de Salerno scrisse a un Sire, Che d’Anglia fu patron insin da putto. 1733. V'enice, in 8vo. La Scuola Salernitana dilucidata, o sia, I «6 A CATALOGUE OP la scovrimentodelveroedel falso, del utile edel inutile, di questa stimatissima opera, per sapersi conservar sano, e prolungare la vita, spiegandosi tutto sul buon gusto moderno. Opera di Fulvio Gherli, Cittadino Mode- nese, ed al presente Proto-Medico dell’ Altezza Sere- niss. del Sig. Duca di Guastalla. In Venezia presso Giuseppe Corona. It is in dialogue, and without the original text. AcKEniviaNN. DUTCH TRANSLATION. 1658. At Amsterdam, by J. G. Ackermann. BOHEMIAN TRANSLATION. 1721. Posonii Pegimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, in Latin and Bohemian. Ackermann. POLISH TRANSLATION. 1532. Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Angliai conscriptum. Magistii Franc. Mymerii Silesii rythmis German, et Polonicis. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg (before mentioned^. Panzeu. An Iliberno-Celtic translation is mentioned by M'Cullock in his Highlands of Scotland, 1824, vol. ii. p. 196. ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. 1530. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. This boke techy nge all people to governe them in helthe, is translated out of the Latin tounge, by Thomas Paynel, dedicated to Jhon, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 87 earl of Oxford. The verses are not translated, only the commentary. Printed for Berthelet. * British IMuseum. 1541. Again. 1557. Again, in St. Paul’s churchyard, at the sign of the Lamb, by Abraham Vele. Dedicated to William Paulet, marquis of Winchester.* British Museum. 1575. ) . . 1597. 5 1607. The Englishman’s Docter, or the Schoole of Salerne, or physical observations for the perfect preserving of the body of man in constant health. London, printed for J. Helme, and J. Busby. The printer says the author is unknown to him. This is a translation in English verse, without the original, and the commentary. It is in stanzas of ten lines each, and contains seventy stanzas.* Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. It is reprinted in this edition. 1609. Again. 1617. For the widow Helme, with precepts for the preservation of health, by Ronsovius, without date ; printed at Gateshead, with the Latin Text. British Museum. * 1617. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. The Schoole of Salernes most learned andjuditious Directorie, or Methodical In- structions for the guide and governing the health of men. Imprinted by Barnard Alsop. Dedicated to IMaster Joseph Fenton, Esquire — by Anonymous. The commentary is a translation of the original commentary of Villa Nova. From the beginning it wdll appear, upon comparison, that it is inferior in poetry and spirit 88 A CATALOGUE OF to tlie last. By a subsequent edition, it appears to have been written by Doctor Philemon Holland. Penes me.* All Salerne Schoole thus write to England’s king, And for men’s health these fit advises bring. Shunne busie cares, rash angers, which displease ; Light supping, little drinke, doe cause great ease. Rise after meate, sleepe not at afternoone. Urine and nature’s neede, expell them soone. Long shall thou live if all these well be done. When phisicke needes, let these thy doctors be, Good diet, quiet thoughts, heart mirthful, free. Sleepe not too long in mornings, early rise. And with coole water wash both hands and eyes.' Walke gently forth, and stretch out every limbe; Combe head, rub teeth, to make them cleane and' trim. The braine and every member else these doe relieve. And to all parts continuall comfort give. Bathing, keepe warm, walke after food, or stand. Complexions cold doe gentle warmth command. OF SAGE. Why should man dye (so doth the sentence say) When sage grows in his garden day by day. And yet all garden physicke not prevailes. When death’s sterne power our chiefest health assailes. Sage comforteth the nerves both sweete and kindly. The palsie-shaking hands it helpeth friendly, His power is soveraigne gainst an ague fit. Sage and the beaver-stone (by learned writ) THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 89 Lavender, and the primrose of the spring, Tansey, and water-cresses, comfort bring To all such members as the palsie shake. When in the very greatest kind they quake. Sage doth both councell, and keep nature sounde, Where sage then groweth, happy is the ground. The same translation was published in 1609, 1617, 1624, 1634,* 1649,* 1667. 'I'he dedication to that of 1634 is signed R. II. (Richard Holland) and attributes it to his father Philemon Holland, doctor of physic. In the library of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, amongst Brian Twyne’s Collections, is a manuscript of this poem, with an English translation, bearing date 1575. It is entitled, the Maintenance of Health, translated and collected by William Withie. The puisante kinge of Britannye The schole of famous memorye, Salernum, biddes him selfe to frame. If healthe he woulde and kepe the same : Geve cares noe place within thy brest ; Lett fretting furies be supprest ; To muche of wine use not to swill ; Suppe you but lighte, eate not thy fill ; At meate to sitte so longe a time. To rise is not soe greate a crime ; At none geve not thye selfe to slepe ; Nor use thy water for to kepe. He maye that liste this to observe Him selfe long time in healthe preserve. I 3 no A CATALOGUE OF When physicke harde is to be hadd, Three things may be in steede. The minde in noe wise must be sadde, Meane reste, and diette muste thee feede. In morne, as sone as thou mayst rise, Withe watrye handes make cleane thy eyes. Then walke a littel here and there. Stretch oute thy limbes, and combe thy here. Then rubbe thy teethe ; herbye the braine. And members all grete com forte gaine. In fine, washe well, then warme, then eate. And stande a littel after meate. Or eles goe walke an easye pase. Coole, faire, and softe, in anye case. Alias — Washe, warme, and eat ; goe or stande ; Wexe not colde out of hande. The addition. Tons, speculum, gramen, etc. The gazinge glasse, and colors greene. Such thinges maye pleasantlye be seene, d’he silver stremes bringe grete delight. Besides all this they mend our sight. The mountaines in the morninge fine. The fountaines after none be thine. Different metres are used, as Non sit acetosa cerevisia. The passingste ale is very cleare. And beste of all when it is olde ; THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 91 The strongest of the malt is dear, Good reason certes why it shoulde. If that this ale be sodde inoughe, A man can have noe better drinke. Sharpe ale is noughte, give that the ploughe ■*, By this I love good ale you thinke, An exposition of the line Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. This speeche perhapes is somewhat darke. As riddles use to be, The stile thereof with common sense Doth not so well agree. ■ But for to tell by passinge nutte Our author what he meanse ; The nutmegge first he profereth And that to good intense. In second place, what hurtfull is He semeth for to tuche^ Wherein he meaneth the wallnutte Doth hurte us over muche. But in the last what perils moughte Be hidde therein I muse Because to eate or cracke that nutte No man did ever use. * Proof. ^ Touch, or teach. 1)2 A CATALOGUE OF As well inoughe he knew that wratte ® This plesante pretye verse, So doeth he bringe in pretilye, What nutte doth use to perse’. And in his talke of nuttes in deede In sadness® first he spake, But at the last the name of nutte As loughte® for to forsake. lie sayeth that full manye a man The Crosse bowe hath yslane. The nutte whereof he blames therefore — His meaning now is playne And I do tell you, not in vaine, I'is good from such nuttes to refrain. SAGE. Whye shoulde men dye while sage is alive ! Forsootli againste death it is folly to sti ive. PEPPER. Quod piper est nigrum. Black pepper dispatcheth, yt tarrieth not. It quicklye dissolveth, because it is hotte, 6 Wrote. 7 Pierce. ® Seriously. 9 Loth. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 93 Y t purgeth flume, it helpes to digest, Whille pepper is good for paine of the brest. By this kinde of pepper the stomache will gaine Crete ease, and yt suflers no coughe to remaine. The fever approchinge this pepper will fryghte, Alsoe the shakinge yt abandoneth quyghte, lie concludes, as the usual editions of the Regimen Salutis, with the lines on the four quarters of the year, of which the last is : — Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. Which he thus translates, continues, and concludes : Thy selfe geve to quietnes, els take you plesure, A Codes name drincke well, but drincke in mesure. I mene not the mesure of a pinte, nor a quarte. But a resonable draughte to comforte the harte. IMy paines (in this precepte) beinge taken well. Will make me take more — and soe fare ye well. The labor accepted herein that I tooke, IMaye cause make me take more, in some other booke. Fare you well. Finis quoth Withie, Oxoniae, 1575, completa die mensis Februarii primo. It is followed by Joachim Camerarius’s quatrains upon the diet to be observed every month of the year, and a poem in rhyming Latin verse by Otho Cremonensis, upon the choice of simples and medicines, both translated. The latter is very meagre, the translation correspondent. 94 A CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED EDITIONS. Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum, Quod nigredo parum dat fragile subamarum, Sit grave, nodosum, subdurum, sit preciosum. ASSSA FCETIDA. Quo mage foetorem facit Assa tu die meliorem. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. Those which I have seen I have already arranged in three classes I. THOSE WHICH AGREE WITH THE EDITIO RECEPTA, with occasional various readings, and small differences. They are of little value, and, I believe, are mostly copied from the printed editions. The Harleian MS. (N°. 3706, Art. 1) has the commentary of Villa Nova, but is imperfect at the beginning and end. In two others, in the same collection, are some extracts and frag- ments (N“. 3719. Art 2 ; N°. 3407. Art. 3). In the Ashmolean museum ('general catalogue N°. 7756, particular catalogue N°. 1388, page 315) is a modern copy on paper. II. THOSE WHICH HAVE THE EDITIO RECEPTA FOR THEIR BASIS, but have changes in the order, and great additions. In the Ashmolean Museum (general catalogue 7789, parti- cular catalogue 1475) a manuscript on vellum, which contains many medical treatises. It begins at folio 245, and ends at 281 , ' Page 42. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS 9(i It is written in double columns. The first column contains this copy. The second column is another copy, of which hereafter. It begins as the Editio Recepta, and contains about 1080 verses. In the Bodleian library, one MS. (in Wood’s MSS. N". 8603, particular number 15) agrees mostly with the last, and is the best copy of this class. The name Anthony Wood, 1660, is written in it. On the page opposite the beginning. Liber medi- cinal, assignatus communi librarise Ecclesiae Cathedralis Exon, per executores venerabilis viri Magistri Stnetsham, in Sacra Theologia Doctoris, et dictze Ecclesiae nuper Canonici et Can- cellarii. At the end. Explicit per manus T. Dobych. Another copy in the Bodleian library, not so perfect or correct (N°. 2136, 67). III. COPIES WHICH DIFFER GREATLY FROM THE RECEPTA EDITIO OF THE SCHOLA SA- LERNI, in a more methodical arrangement, and in large and scientific additions. In the IMS. volume above quoted (Ashmolean general cata- logue 7789, particular catalogue 1475) in parallel columns with the copy above described, from folio 245 to 281, where the first copy ends ; and from thence to folio 294, this copy occu- pies both columns. Another copy in the Bodleian library (general catalogue 3544, 228) agrees generally with the last, though not entirely, and it is written in a plainer hand. It is inscribed, Liber Bibliothecre Bodleyana; ex dono Joh. Harmari, Linguae Graeca; Professoris Regii A. D. 1651. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 97 The following manuscripts have been quoted as being in FOREIGN LIBRARIES, f cw of them have been particularly de- scribed, but from the number of verses in each, they may probably be referred respectively to the same classes with the English manuscripts. Moreau quotes the following four manuscripts in his prole- gomena. 1 . The Codex Schenckianus, which contains 1239 verses. 2. The Codex Naudinianus has 183 verses. 3. The Codex Tullovianus 1096. At the end is the colophon : Explicit tractatus qui dicitur Flores Medicinae, compilatus in studio Salerni a Mag. Joan de Medilano, instrumenti medicinalis doctore egregio, compilationi cujus concor- darunt omnes Magistri illius Studii. 4. Moreau’s own Codex contained 664 verses. It was ad- dressed, Francorum llegi. From this manuscript he has inserted many lines not in Villa Nova’s text, and all of which I have printed amongst the additions. 5. Three manuscripts are in the king’s library at Paris, N°-'. 6931, 6891, 6941. They have not been described, and are mentioned by Haller. Bibl. Botan. tom. i. p. 158. 6. A manuscript on paper in the library which was bequeathed to the university of Altorf, by John James Trew, well written, and containing 1073 verses, of which the order is different from Villa Nova’s. There are many marginal notes, chiefly in Leonine verse. For instance, to Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina Mundificat ])alpas (palmas) et lumina reddit acuta : K 98 CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. is written in the margin — Est oculis sanum saspe lavare manum. It is entitled, Regimen generale. At the end, Explicit fios medicinae compilatus a Magistro Johanne de Medio- lano, Magistro in Medicina in Studio Salerni. Deo gratias, anno scriptum 1418®’ 7. A manuscript in the Uffenbach library (catalogue part 4, page 118), on paper, written in the beginning of the sixteenth century. The title is exactly copied from the printed editions of the fifteenth century — with scriptum per Balthasar Lotwiger civem in Hallis 1506. Probably copied from the printed editions. In the same volume is Regimen Sanitatis edituum ad Innocentium Papam ter- tium in villa Parisiensi®. 8. Another manuscript in the same library, page 128, en- titled Schola Salernitana de conservanda bona valetudine cum nonnullis additamentis et notis marginalibus. De- scripsit J. C. Mycropius. Adject : in fine victus et cultus ratio exposita quatuor in singulos menses versibus per Joachimum Camerarium. This is evidently modern^. 9. Codex Columesii — Columesias in Cimeliis librariis, page 107. It does not contain so many verses as the manu- script of Moreau. 10. At Bennet college in Cambridge, Flos Medicinae Anglorum Regi. Oxford catalogue N°. 1362, 40. In the catalogue of private libraries in England, most of which have been sold, and the books dispersed. 11. Schola Salernitana. Franc. Bernard, catalogue N°. 3667. “ Ackermann, p. 108. ^ Ibid. < Ibid. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 99 12. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. Franc. Bernard, cata- logue N®. 3669. 13. Doctorum Salernitanorum Versus Medicinales ad Carolum Magnum. Ibid, catalogue N°. 3681. This is evidently of the third class of manuscripts. 14. Schol® Salernitanae Versus Medicinales inscripti Carolo INIagno Francorum Regi — Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. John Hoby, Esq. N“. 3806. Of the third class. 15. Versus Salernitani. Car. Thyere, N°. 6645. 16. Schola Salerni. Ibid. N'*. 6681. 1 J REGIMEN SANITATIS S A L E R N I T A N U M. i C .V I 4 ■ Js*' A «r* < a *# •fl.. . > tf > » S»r-‘ ^^-w"*" t>*« i» ■* ■''V; ' . ' T " *'♦' . ‘ f %. ' ■ REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Anglorum Regi scripsit schola tota Salerni. Si vis incolumenij si vis te reddere sanum, Curas tolle graves, irasci crede profanum, Parce mere, coenato parum, non sit tibi vanum Surgere post epulas, somnum fuge meridianum, 5 Non mictum retine, nec comprime fortiter anum : Haec bene si serves, tu longo tempore vives. Si tibi deficiant medici, medici tibi fiant Haec tria, mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta. 9 Lumina mane manus surgens gelida lavet aqua, Hac iliac modicum pergat, modicumque sua membra Extendat, crines pectat, dentes fricet. Ista Confortant cerebrum, confortant caetera membra. Lote, cale : sta, pranse, vel i ; frigesce, minute. Sit brevis aut nullus tibi somnus meridianus. 15 Febris, pigrities, capitis dolor, atque catarrhus, Haec tibi proveniunt ex somno meridiano. Quatuor ex vento veniunt in ventre retento. 104 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Spasmus, hydrops, colica, vertigo, quatuor ista. Ex magma coena stomacho fit maxima poena. 20 Ut sis nocte levis sit tibi coena brevis. Tu nunquam comedas stomachum nisi noveris ante Purgatum, vacuumque cibo quern sumpseris ante. Ex desiderio poteris cognoscere certo : Haec tua sunt signa, subtilis in ore diaeta. 25 Persica, pom a, pyra, lac, caseus, et caro salsa, Et caro cervina, leporina, caprina, bovina, Haec melancbolica sunt, infirmis inimica. Ova recentia, vina rubentia, pinguia jura. Cum simila pura, naturae sunt valitura. 30 Nutrit et impinguat triticum, lac, caseus infans, Testiculi, porcina caro, cerebella, medullae, Dulcia vina, cibus gustu jucundior, ova Sorbilia, maturae ficus, uvaeque recentes. Vina probantur odore, sapore, nitore, colore. 35 Si bona vina cupis, baec quinque probantur in illis, Fortia, formosa, fragrantia, frigida, frisca. Sunt nutritiva plus dulcia, Candida, vina. Si vinum rubens nimium quandoque bibatur Venter stipatur, vox limpida turbificatur. 40 Allia, nux, ruta, pyra, rapbanus, et tberiaca, Haec sunt antidotum contra mortale venenum. Aer sit mundus, babitabilis ac luminosus. Nec sit infectus, nec olens foetore cloacae. Si tibi scrotina noceat potatio vini 45 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 10/) Hora matutina rebibas, et erit medicina. Gignit et humores melius vinum meliores. Si fuerit nigrum, corpus reddet tibi pigrum. Vinum sit clarumque, vetus, subtile, maturum, 49 Ac bene lymphatum, saliens, moderamine sumptum. Non sit acetosa cervisia, sed bene clara, De validis cocta granis, satis ac veterata. De qua potetur stomachus non inde gravetur. Temporibus veris modicum prandere juberis, Sed calor sestatis dapibus nocet immoderatis. 55 Autumni fructus caveas ; ne sint tibi luctus. De mensa sume quantum vis tempore brumae. Salvia cum ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta. Adde rosae florem minuit potenter amorem. ( De Ahsynthio b J Nausea non poterit quemquam vexare marina, 60 Antea cum vino mixtam si sumpserit illam. Salvia, sal, vinum, piper, allia, petroselinum. Ex his fit salsa, nisi sit commixtio falsa. Si fore vis sanus ablue saepe manus. Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina, 65 Mundificat palmas, et lumina reddit acuta. Panis non calidus, nec sit nim'is inveteratus, Sed fermentatus, oculatus sit, bene coctus. * Not in the original. See note. 106 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Modice salitus, frugibus validis sit electus. 69 Non comedas crustanij choleram quia gignit adustam. Panis salsatus, fernientatus, bene coctus, Purus sit sanus, quia non ita sit tibi vanus. Est caro porcina sine vino pejor ovina : Si tribuis vina, tunc est cibus et medicina. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum. 75 Impedit urinam mustum, solvit citb ventrem, Hepatis empliraxim, splenis generat, lapidemque. Potus aquae sumptus fit edenti valde nocivus, Infrigidat stomacliumque cibum nititur fore crudum. Sunt nutritivae multum carnes vitulinae. 80 Sunt bona gallina, et capo, turtur, sturna, columba, Quiscula, vel merula, phasianus, ethigoneta, Perdix, frigellus, orix, tremulus, amarellus. Si pisces molles sunt magno corpore tolles. Si pisces duri, parvi sunt plus valituri : 85 Lucius, et parca, saxaulis, et albica, tenca, Sornus, plagitia, cum carpa, galbio, truca. Vocibus anguillae pravae sunt si comedantur. Qui physicam non ignorant liaec testificantur. Caseus, anguilla, nimis obsunt si comedantur, 90 Ni tu saepe bibas et rebibendo bibas. Si sumas ovum molle sit atque novum. Pisam laudare decrevimus ac reprobare. Pellibus ablatis est bona pisa satis Est inflativa cum pellibus atque nociva. 95 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 107 Lac ethicis sanum, caprinum post camelinum : Ac nutritivum plus omnibus est asininum. Plus nutritivum vaccinum^ sic et ovinum. Si febriat caput et doleat non est bene sanum. Lenit et humectat, solvit sine febre butyrum. 100 Incidit, atque lavat, penetrat, mundat quoque, serum. % Caseus est frigidus, stipans, grossus, quoque durus. Caseus et panis, bonus est cibus hie bene sanis. Si non sunt sani tunc hunc non jungito pani. Ignari medici me dicunt esse nocivum^ 1 05 Sed tamen ignorant cur nocumenta feram. Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Si post sumatur terminat ille dapes. Qui physicam non ignorant haec testificantur. 109 Inter prandendum sit S8epe parumque bibendum. Ut minus asgrotes non inter fercula potes. Ut vites poenam de potibus incipe caenam. Singula post ova pocula sume nova. Post pisces nux sit, post carnes caseus adsit. Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. 115 Adde potum pyro, nux est medicina veneno. Fert pyra nostra pyrus, sine vino sunt pyra virus. Si pyra sunt virus sit meledicta pyrus. Si coquas, antidotum pyra sunt, sed cruda venenum. Cruda gravant stomaclium, relevant pyra cocta gra- vatum 120 108 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Post pyra da potunij post pomum vade fsecatum. Cerasa si comedas tibi confert grandia dona : Expurgant stomachum, nucleus lapidem tibi tollit, Et de came sua sanguis eritque bonus. Infrigidant, laxant^ multum prosunt tibi^ pruna. Persica cum musto vobis datur ordine justo. 126 Sumere sic est mos : nucibus sociando racemos. Passula non splenic tussi valetj, est bona reni. Scrofa^, tumor^ glandes^ ficus cataplasmate cedit, Jungepapaver ei confracta foris tenet ossa. 130 PediculoSj veneremque facit, sed cuilibet obstat. ]\Iultiplicantmictum,ventremdant escula strictum. Escula dura bona, sed mollia sunt meliora. Provocat urinam mustum, citb solvit et inflat. Grosses bumores nutrit cerevisia, vires 135 Praestat, et augmentat carnem, generatque cruorem, Provocat urinam, ventrem quoque mollit et inflat. Infrigidat modicum, sed plus desiccat acetum, Infrigidat, macerat, melan : dat, sperma minorat, Siccos infestat nervos, et impinguia siccat. 140 Rapa juvat stomaclium, novit producere ventum, Provocat urinam, faciet quoque dente ruinam. Si male cocta datur bine torsio tunc generatur. Egeritur tarde cor, digeritur quoque dure. Similiter stomaclius, melior sit in extremitates. 145 Reddit lingua bonum nutrimentum medicinoe. Digeritur facile pulmo, citb labitur ipse. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 109 Est melius cerebrum gallinarum reliquorum. Semen foeniculi fugat et spiracula culi. Emendat visum, stomaclium comfortat anisum. 150 Copia clulcoris anisi sit melioris. Si cruor emanat spodium sumptum citb sanat. Vas condimenti prcEponi debet edenti. Sal virus refugat, et non sapidumque saporat. Nam sapit esca male quee datur absque sale. 155 Urunt persalsa visum, spermaque minorant, Et generant scabiem, pruritum sive rigorem. Hi fervore vigent tres, salsus, amarus, acutus. Alget acetosus, sic stipans, ponticus atque. Unctus, et insipidus, dulcis, dant temperamentum. 1 60 Bis duo vippa facit, mundat dentes, dat acutum Visum, quod minus est implet, minuit quod abundat. Omnibus assuetam jubeo servare disetam. Approbo sic esse, nisi sit mutare necesse. 1 64 Est Hippocras testis, quoniam sequitur mala pestis. Fortior est meta medicinae certa dioeta: Quam si non curas, fatue regis, et male curas. Quale, quid, et quando, quantum, quoties, ubi, dando, Ista notare cibo debet medicus diaetando. Jus caulis solvit, cujus substantia stringit : 170 Utraque quando datur venter laxare paratur. Uixerunt malvam veteres quia molliat alvum. IMalvae radices rasae dedere faeces, Vulvam moverunt, et Huxum saepe dederunt. L 110 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Mentitur mentha si sit depellere lenta 175 Ventris lumbricos, stomacbi vermes que nocivos. Cur moriatur homo cui salvia crescit in liorto ? Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in liortis. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremores Tollit, et ejus ope febris acuta fugit. 180 Salvia^ castoreum^ lavendula^ premula veris, Nastur: atlianasia^ sanant paralytica membra. Salvia salvatrix^ naturie consiliatrix. Nobilis est ruta quia lumina reddit acuta. Auxilio rutse^ vir, quippe videbis acute. 185 Ruta viris coitum minuit;, niulieribus auget. Ruta facit castunij dat lumen, et ingerit astum. Cocta facit ruta de pulicibus loca tuta. De cepis medici non consentire videntur. Cliolericis non esse bonas dicit Galienus. 190 Flegmaticis verb multum docet esse salubres, Preesertim stomacho, pulcrumque creare colorem. Contritis cepis loca denudata capillis Seepe fricans poteris capitis reparare decorem. 194 Est modicum granum, siccum, calidumque, sinapi, Dat lacrimas, purgatque caput, tollitque venenum. Crapula discutitur, capitis dolor, atque gravedo, Purpuream dicunt violam curare caducos. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Ill De Urtica. iEgris dat somnum, vomitum quoque tollit adver- siim, Compescit tussim veterem, colicisqus medetur, 200 Pellit pulmonis frigus^ ventrisqiie tiimorem. Omnibus et morbis subveniet articulorum. Hyssopus est herba purgans a pectore phlegma. Ad pulmonis opus cum melle coquatur hyssopus : Vultibus eximium fertur reparare colorem. 205 De Cerifolio. Suppositum cancris tritum cum melle medetur, Cum vino potum poterit separare dolorem. Saepe solet vomitum ventremque ten ere solutum. Enula campana reddit prsecordia sana. Cum succo rutse si succus sumitur Imjus, " 210 Affirmant ruptis nil esse salubrius istis. De Pulcgio. Cum vino choleram nigram potata repellit : Sic dicunt veterem sumptum curare podagram. De Nasturtio Illius succo crines retinere fluentes Allitus asseritur, dentisque curare dolorem, 215 Et squamas succus sanat cum melle perunctus. 112 REGIMEN 8ANITATIS SALERNITANUM. De Celedonia. Coecatis pullis liac lumina mater hirundo^ Plinius ut scribit, quamvis sint eruta reddit. De Salice. Auribus infusus vermes succus necat ejus. Cortex verrucas in aceto cocta resolvit. 220 Pomorum succus flos partus destruit ejus. Comfortare crocus dicatur laBtificando, IMembraque defecta confortat hepar reparando De Porro. Reddit foecundas permansum saepe puellas. Isto stillantem poteris retinere cruorem. 225 Quod piper est nigrum non est dissolvere pigrum, Flegmata purgabit, digestivamque juvabit. Leucopiper stomacho prodesC tussique dolori UtilOj praeveniet motum febrisque rigorem. Et mox post escam dormire nimisque moveri : 230 Ista gravare solent auditus, ebrietasque. IMetuS;, longa fames, vomitus, percussio, casus, Ebrietas, frigus, tinnitum causat in aure. Balnea, vina, Venus, ventus, piper, allia, fumus, Porri, cum cepis, lens, fletus, faba, sinapi, 235 Sol, coitus, ignis, labor, ictus, acumina, pulvis, Ista nocent oculis, sed vigilare magis. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALEIiNITANUM. 113 Feniculisj verbena^ rosa^ celidonia, ruta. Ex istis fit aqua quae lumina reddit acuta. Sic dentes serva, porrorum collige grana. 240 Ne careas jure, (thure ?) cum liyoscyamo simul ure. Sicque per embotum fumum cape dente remotum. Nux, oleum, frigus capitis, anguillaque, potus, Ac pomum crudum, faciunt hominem fore raucum. Jejuna, vigila, caleas dape, valde labora, 245 Inspira calidum, modicum bibe, comprime datum : Haec bene tu serva si vis depellere rheuma. Si fluat ad pectus, dicatur rheuma catarrhus : Ad fauces bronchus : ad nares esto coryza. Auripigmentum, sulphur, miscere memento : 250 His decet apponi calcem: commisce saponi. Quatuor hsec misce. Commixtis quatuor istis Fistula curatur, quater ex his si repleatur. Ossibus ex denis, bis centenisque, novenis. Constat homo: denis bis dentibus ex duodenis: 255 Ex tricentenis, decies sex, quinqueque venis. Quatuor humores in humano corpore constant : Sanguis cum cholera, phlegma, melancholia. Terra melan : aqua fieg : et aer sanguis, cole : ignis. Natura pingues isti sunt atque jocantes, 260 Semper rumores cupiunt audire frequentes. Hos Venus et Bacchus delectant, fercula, risus, Et facit hos hilares, et dulcia verba loquentes. Omnibus hi studiis habiles sunt, et magis apti. L 3 114 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Qualibet ex causa nec lies leviter movet ira. 265 Largus, amans^ hilaris, ridens^ rubeique colorisj, CantanSj carnosus, satis audax, atque benignus. Est et humor choleraic qui competit impetuosis. Hoc genus est hominum cupiens praicellere cunctos. Hi leviter discunt^ multiim comedunt^ citb crescunt. Iiide magnanimi sunt;, largb summa petentes. 271 Hirsutus^ fallax, irascens, prodigus^ audax, Astutus, gracilisj siccus, croceique coloris Plilegma vires modicas tribuit, latosque, brevesque. Flegma facit pingues, sanguis reddit mediocres. 275 Otia non studio tradunt, sed corpora somno. Sensus bebes, tardus inotus, pigritia, somnus. Hie somnolentus, piger, in sputamine inultus. Est liuic sensus hebes, piuguis, facie color albus. Restat adhuc tristis cbolerac substantia nigrac, 280 Quae reddit pravos, pertristes, pauca loquentes. Hi vigilant studiis, nec mens est dedita somno, Servant propositum, sibi nil reputant fore tutum. Invidus, et tristis, cupidus, dextrseque tenacis. Non expers frandis, timidus, luteique coloris. 285 Hi sunt bumores qui praestant cuique colores. Omnibus in rebus ex pblegmate fit color albus. Sanguine fit rubens : cholera rubea quoque rufus. Si peccet sanguis, facies rubet, extat ocellus, Inflantur genae, corpus nimiiimque gravatur, 290 Est pulsusque frequens, plenus, mollis, dolor ingens REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 115 iMaxime lit frontis, et constipatio ventris, Siccaque lingua, sitis, et somnia plena rubore, Dulcor adest sputi, sunt acria, dulcia, quaeque. Denus septenus vix pblebotoiniam petit annus. 295 Spiritus uberior exit per pblebotoiniam. Spiritus ex potu vini mox multiplicatur, Humorumque cibo damnum lente reparatur. Lumina clarificat, sincerat pblebotomia Mentes et cerebrum, calidas facit esse medullas, 300 Viscera purgabit, stomacbum ventremque coercet, Puros dat sensus, dat somnum, taedia tollit, Auditus, vocem, vires producit et auget. Tres insunt istis (Maius, September, Aprilis), Et sunt lunares sunt velut hydra dies : 305 Prima dies primi, postremaque posteriorum : Nec sanguis minui, nec carnibus anseris uti. In sene vel juvene si venae sanguine plenae Omni mense bene confert incisio venae. Hi sunt tres menses, JMaius, September, Aprilis, 310 In quibus eminuas ut longo tempore vivas, Frigida natura, frigens regio, dolor ingens, Post lavacrum, coitum, minor aetas atque senilis, IMorbus prolixus, repletio potus et escae. Si fragilis, vel subtilis sensus stomacbi sit, 315 Et fastiditi, tibi non sunt plilebotomandi. Quid debes faccrc quando vis phlebotomari, Vel quando miniiis, fucris vel quando minutus ? 116 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Uiictio^ sive potus^ lavacrum, vel fascia, motus, Debent non fragili tibi singula inente teneri. 320 Exliilarat tristes, iratos placat, amantes Ne sint amentes, plilebotomia facit. Fac plagam largam mediocriter, ut citb fain us Exeat uberius, liberiusque cruor. Sanguine subtracto, sex horis est vigilandum, 325 Ne somni fumus laedat sensibile corpus. Ne nervum laedas, non sit tibi plaga profunda. Sanguine purgatus non carpas protinus escas. Omnia de lacte vitabis rite, minute, Et vitet potum pblebotomatus homo. 330 Frigida vitabis, quia sunt inimica minutis. Interdictus erit minutis nubilus aer. vSpiritus exultat minutis luce per auras. Omnibus apta quies, est motus valde nocivus. Principio minuas in acutis, peracutis. 335 -/Etatis mediae multum de sanguine tolle, Sed puer atque senex toilet uterque parum. Ver tollat duplum, reliquum tempus tibi simplum. iEstas, ver, dextras: autumnus, biemsque, sinistras. Quatuor haec membra, cepiie, cor, pes, hepar, vacuanda. Ver cor, hepar acstas, ordo sequens reliquas. 34 1 Dat salvatella tibi plurima dona minuta : Purgat hepar, splenem, pectus, praccordia, vocem, Innaturalem tollit de corde dolorem. Si dolor est capitis ex potu, limpha bibatur, 345 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 117 Ex potu nimio nam febris acuta creatur. Si vertex capitis, vel frons, aestu tribulentur, Tempera fronsque simul moderate saepe fricentur iMorella cocta, nec non calidaque laventur. Temporis eestivi jejunia corpora siccant. 350 Quolibet in mense confert vomitus, quoque purgat Humores nocuos stomachi, lavat ambitus omnes. Ver, autumnus, hiems, aestas, dominantur in anno. Tempore vernali calidus fit aer, bumidusque, Et nullum tempus melius fit pblebotomiae. 355 Usus tunc bomini Veneris confert moderatus, Corporis et motus, ventrisque solutio, sudor. Balnea, purgentur tunc corpora cum medicinis. .(Estas more calet sicca, nascatur in ilia 350 Tunc quoque praecipue cboleram rubeam domiiiari. Humida, frigida fercula dentur, sit Venus extra. Balnea non prosunt, sint raras pblebotomiae, Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. 363 THE ENGLISHMAN’S D O C T E R. OR, THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE. OR, Physicall Obseruations for the perfect Preseruing of the Body of Man in continuall Health. LONDON : Printed for John Helme, & John Busby, jun. and are to be sold at the little shoppe, next Clifford's Inne Gate, in Fleet- street. 1C07. THE PRINTER TO THE READER. READER, the care that I haue of thy health, appears in bestowing these Physicall rules vpon thee : neither needest thou be ashamed to take Lessons out of this school, for our best Doctors scorne not to read the instructions. It is a little Academi, where euery man may be a Graduate, and proceed Doctor in the ordering of his owne body. It is a Garden, where all things grow that are necessarie for thy healthe. This medicinable Tree grewe first in Salerne, from thence it was remoued, and hath born both fruit and blossomes a long time in England. It is now replanted in a wholsom ground, and new earth cast about it, by the hand of a cunning Gardiner, to keep it still in flourishing. Much good husbandry is bestowed vpon it; yet whatso- euer the cost be, thou reapest the sweetnesse of it for a small value. It came to me by chance, as a Jewell that is found, whereof notwithstanding I am not couetous, but part the Treasure amongst my contrymen. The author of the paines, is to me vnknowne, and I put this child of his into the open world without his consent : bring it up tliere- fore well I beseech thee, and hope (as I do) that he will not be angry, finding this a traueler abroad, when by his trauel, so many of his owne country, are so manifoldly benefited. FAREWELL. M AD LIBRUM. Go booke, and (like a marchant) new arriu’d, Tel in how strange a tralBck thou hast thriu’d X^pon the country which the Sea-god saues, And loues so dere, he bindes it round with wanes : Cast anchor thou, and impost pay to him Whose Swans vpon the brest of Isis swim ; But to the people that do loue to buy, (It skils not for how much) each Nouelty, Proclaime an open Mart, and sell good cheap, XVhat thou by trauell and much cost doest reape. Bid the gay Courtier, and coy Ladie come, The Lawyer, Townsman, and the Country-groom, Tis ware for all : yet thus much let them know, There are no drugs here fetcht from Mexico, Nor gold from India, nor that stinking smoake, Which English gallants buy, themselues to choak. Nor Silkes of Tw'kie, nor of Hurhary, Those luscious Canes, where our rich Sugars lie : Nor those hot drinkes that make our wits to dance The wild Canaries, nor those Grapes of France XXdiich make vs clip our English : nor those wares Of fertile Belgia, whose wombe compares XXnth all the world for fruit, tho now with scarres Her body be all ore defac’t by warres : Go, tell them what thou bring’st, exceeds the wealth Of all these Contries, for thou bring’st them health. IN LIBRUM. Wit, Learning, Order, Elegance of Phrase, Healtli, and the Art to lengthen out our dayes, Phylosophy, Physicke, and Poesie, And that skill which death loues not ( Surgery), Walkes to refresh us, Ayres most sweet and cleare, A thrifty Table, and the wholsomest cheare. All sortes of graine, all sortes of Flesh, of Fish, OfFoule and (last of all) of Fruits a severall dish: Good Breakefasts, Dinners, Suppers, after-meales. The hearbe for Sallads, and the hearbe that heales. Physitian’s counsell, Pottecaries pils, (Without the summing vp of costly bils.) Wines that the Braine shall nere intoxicate. Strong Ale and Beere at a more easie rate Than Water from the fountaine; cloths (not deere) For the foure seuerall quarters of the yere. Meats both for Protestant and Puritan, With raeanes sufficient to maintaine a man. If all these things thou want’st, no farther looke. All this, and more than this, lies in this booke. ANONIMUS. IN LAUDEM OPERIS. The gods vpon a time in council sitting, (To rule the world) what creature was most fitting, At length from god to god this sentence ran, To forme a creature like themselues (cald man). Being made, the world was giuen him (built so rarely). No workemen can come neere it; hung so fairely, That the gods viewing it, were ouer-ioyed. Yet greeu’d that it should one day be destroyed. Gardens had man to walke in, set with trees That still were bearing; but (neglecting these), He long’d for fruites vnlawfull, fell to riots. Wasted his goodly body by ill dyets. Spent (what was left him) like a prodigall heyre. And had of earth, of hell, or heauen no care, For which the earth was curst, and brought forth weeds, Poyson euen lurking in our fayrest seeds, Ilalfe heauen was hid, and did in darkness mourn. Whilst hell kept fires continual, that should burne Ills very soule, if still it went awry. And giue it torments that should neuer die, Yet loe ! How blest is man ! the deities, Built vpthis Schoole of Health, to make him wise. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Salerne Schoole doth by these lines impart, All health to England’s king, and doth aduise From care his head to keepe, from wrath his harte. Drinke not much wine, sup light, and soone arise, When meat is gone long sitting breedeth smart : And after noone still waking keepe your eies. When mouM you find your selfe to nature's need Forbeare them not, for that much danger breeds, Vse three physitians still, first doctor Quiet, Next doctor Mcry-man, and doctor Dyet. Rise early in the morne, and straight remember With water cold to wash your hands and eyes. In gentle fashion retelling euery member. And to refresh your braine when as you rise. In heat, in cold, in Julj/, and December, Both comb your head, and rub your teeth likewise : If bled you haue, keepe coole, if bath’d, keepe warm. If din’d, to stand or walke will do no harme. Three things preserve y® sight, glasse, grasse, and fountains At eue’n springs, at morning visit mountaines. M 3 126 THE SAEERNE SCHOOLE. If R be in the month, their iudgements erre, That thinke that sleepe in afternoone is good, If R be not therein, some men there are, That thinke a little nap breeds no ill blood. But if you shall heerein exceed too farre, It hurts your health, it cannot be withstood: Long sleep at afternoones by stiring fumes, Breeds Slowth and Agexves, Aking heads and Hheums, The Moysture bred m Breast, in laioes, and Nose, Are cald Catarrs, or Tysique, or the Pose. Great harms haue growm, and maladies exceeding By keeping in a little blast of wind. So Cramps, and Dropsies, Collicks haue their breeding. And Mazed Braines for want of vent behind. Besides we find in stories worth the reading, A certaine Boman Pmperor was so kind, Claudius by name, he made a Proclamation, A Scape to be no losse of reputation. Great suppers do the stomacke much offend. Sup light if quyet you to sleepe intend. To keepe good dyet, you should neuer feed, Vntill you find your stomacke cleane and voide. Of former eaten meats, for they do breed Repletion, and will cause you soone be cloid. None other rule but appetite should need. When from your mouth a moisture cleare doth void. All Peares and Apples, Peaches, Milke, and Cheese, Salt meats, red Deexc, Hare, Beefe, and Goat : all these Are meats that breed ill blood, and Melancholy, If sicke you be, to feed on them were folly. THE SALERNE SHOOLE. 127 Egges newly laid, are nutrltiue to eat, And rested reare are easie to digest, f Fresh Gascoign wine is good to drink with meat Broth strengthens nature aboue all the rest, But broth prepar’d with flowre of finest wheate. Well boyl’d, and full of fat for such are best. If The Priest's rule is (a Priest's rule shold be true,) Those Egges are best, are long, and white, and new. Remember eating new laid Egges and soft. For euery Egge you eat you drinke as oft. Fine Manchet feeds to fat, Milke fills the vaines. New Cheese doth nourish, so doth flesh of swine. The Dowcets of some beasts, the marrow, brains. And all sweet-tasting-flesh, and pleasant wine. Soft Egges (a cleanly dish in house of Swabis ), Ripe Figs and Raysins, late come from the Vine : Chuse wine you meane shall serve you all the year, Well-savour’d, tasting well, and color’d cleere, Fiue qualities there are, wine’s praise aduancing. Strong, beaivti/full, and fragrant, coole, and dauncing. White Muskadell and Candy wine, and Greeke, Do make men’s wits and bodies grosse and fat ; Red wine doth make the voyce oft time to seek. And hath a binding quality to that, Canary and Madera, both are like To make one leane indeed (but wot you what). Who say they make one leane wold make one laffe They meane, they make one leane vpon a staffe. Wine, women, baths, by art or nature warrae, Vs’d or abus’d do men much good or harme. 128 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Six things that heere in order shall insue, Against all poysons haue a secret poure, Fearcs, Garltck, Feddish-roots, Nuts, Rape, and Rew, But Garlicke cheefe, for they that it deuoure, May drink, and care not who their drink do brew May walk in ayres infected euery houre : Sith Garlicke then hath poure to saue from death, Beare with it though it make unsauoury breath: And scorne not Garlicke like to some, that think It onely makes men winke, and drinke, and stink. Though all ill sauours do not breed infection. Yet sure infection commeth most by smelling, Who smellelh still perfumed his complexion Is not perfumed by poet Martial's telling. Yet for your lodging roomes giue this direction. In houses where you mind to make your dwelling. That nere the same there be no euil scents Of puddle waters, or of excrements. Let ayre be cleare and light, and free from faultes, That come of secret passages and vaults. If wine haue ouer night a surfet brought, A thing we wish to you should happen seek! Then early in the morning drinke a draught, And that a kind of remedy shall yeeld. But gainst all surfets vertue’s schoole hath taught. To make the gift of temperance a sheeld : The better wines do breed the better humours, The worse, are causes of vnwholesome tumors : In measure drinke, let wine be ripe, not thicke. But cleere and well alaid, and fresh, and quicke. TEH SALERNE SCHOOLE. 129 The like aduice we give you for your beere, We will it be not soure, and yet be stale, Well boyl’d, of harty graine, and old, and cleare, Nor drinke too much, nor let it be too stale : And as there be foure seasons in the yeare. In each a seuerall order keepe you shall. In Spring, your dinner must not much exceed. In Summer's heat, but little meat shall need : In Autumne, ware you eat not too much fruit, With Winter's cold, full meats do fittest sute. If in your drinke you mingle Reio with Sage, All poyson is expel’d by power of those. And if you would withal lust’s heat asswage, Adde to them two the gentle floure of Rose. H Who would not be Sea-sick when seas do rage. Sage-water drinke with wine before he goes. 1[ Salt, Garlicke, Varsely, Pepper, Sage, and Wine, Make sawces for all meats both coarse and fine. Of washing of your hands much good doth ryse, Tis wholesome, cleanly, and releeues your eyes. Eate not your bread too stale, nor eat it hot, A little leuen’d, hollow-bak’t and light : Not fresh, of purest grain that can be got. The crust breeds choller both of brown and white. Yet let it be well bak’t or eat it not, How ere your tast therein may take delight. IT Porke without wine it not so good to eate As Sheepe with wine, it medicine is and meate, Tho intrayles of a beast be not the best. Yet are some intrayles better then the rest. 130 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Some loue to drinke new wine not fully fin’d, But for your health we wish that you drinke none, For SI ch to dangerous fluxes are inclin’d. Besides the lees of wine doth breed the stone. Some to drinke onely water are assign’d : But such by our consent shall drinke alone. For water and small beere we make no question, Are enemies to health and good digestion : And Horace in a verse of his rehearses, That Water-dr inket's neuer make good verses. The choyse of meats to health doth much auayle First Veale is wholsome meat, and breeds good blood. So Capon, Hen, and Chicken, Patridge, Quaile, The Phesant, Woodcock, Lark, and Thrush be good. The Heath-cock wholsome is, the Doue, the Raile, And all that do not much delight in mud : Fair swans, such loue your beauties make me bear you. That in the dish I easily could forbeare you. Good sport it is to see a Mallard kil’d. But with their flesh your flesh should not be fil’d. As choyce you make of Fowle, so make of Fish, If so that kind be soft, the great be best. If firme, then small, and many in a dish: I need not. name, all kinds are in request, Hyke, Troivt, and Feurch, from water fresh I wish. From sea, Bace, Midlet, Brcan, and Soules, are best : The Pyke a rauening tyrant is in water. Yet he on land good meat yeelds neare the later. If Eeles and Cheese you eat, they make you hoarse But drinke apace thereto, and then no force. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Some Ique at meals to drink small draughts and oft, But fancie may heerein, and custome guid, If egges you eat they must be new and soft, In peaze good qualities, and bad are tryed. To take them with the skin that growes aloft. They windie be, but good without their hide. In great consumptions learn’d physitians thinke, Tis good a Goat or Camel's milke to drinke, Cowe's milke and Sheepes do well, but yet an Ass’s, Is best of all, and all the other passes. Milke is for Agewes and for Headache naught. Yet if from ague’s fit you feel you free, Srveet-Bulicr wholsome is, as some haue taught, To cleanse and purge some paines that inward be : 1[ Whap, though it be contemn’d, yet it is thought. To scoure, and dense, and purge in due degree : II For healthy men may cheese be wholsome food, But for the weake and sickly ’tis not good. Cheese is an heauie meat, and grosse, and cold. And breedeth costiuenesse both new and old. Cheese makes complaint that men on wrong suspitions Do slander it, and say it doth such harme, That they conceale his many good conditions. How oft it helpes a stomacke cold to warme. How fasting tis prescrib’d by some physitians, To those to whom the flux doth giue alarm : We see the better sort thereof doth eate. To make as twere a period of their meat. The poorer sort when other meat is scant, For hunger eate it to releeue their want. 132 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Although you may drinke often while you dine, Yet after dinner touch not once the cup, I know that some physitians do assigne To take some liquor straight before they sup : But whether this be meant by broth or wine, A controuersie ’tis not yet tane vp : To close your stomacke well, this order sutes, Cheese after Flesh, Huts after Fish or Fruits. Yet some haue said (beleeue them as you will). One Nut doth good, two hurt, the third doth kill. Some Nut, gainst poyson is preseruatiue ; Feares, wanting wine, are poyson from the tree, But bak’t Peares counted are restoratiue. Raw Peares a poyson, bak’t a medicine be: Bak’t Peares, a weak-dead-stomacke do reuiue. Raw Peares are heauy to digest we see, Drinke after Peares, take after Apples order To haue a place to purge your selfe of ordure. Ripe Cherries breed good blood, and help the stone, If Cherry you do eat, and Cherry-stone. Coole Damsens are, and good for health by reason They make your intrayles soluble and slacke. Let Peaches steepe in wine of newest season. Nuts hurt their teeth, y‘ with their teeth they cracke. With euery ’Nut tis good to eat a licuson, For though they hurt the splcne they help the hack : A plaister made of Figges by some men’s telling. Is good against all kirnels, boyles, and sw'elling, ^\'ilh Poppy ioyn’d, it drawes out bones are broken. By J'Vgs are lice engendred, Lust prouoken. THE SALERNB SCHOOLE. 133 Eat Medlars if you haue a looseness gotten, They bind, and yet your vrine they augment. They haue one name more fit to be forgotten, While hard and sound they be they be not spent. Good Medlars are not ripe till seeming rotten, For meddling much with Medlars some are shent. New Rhennish-wine stirs vrine, doeth not binde, But rather loose the belly, breeding wind. Ale, humours breeds, it addes both flesh and force, Tis loosing, coole, and vrine doth inforce. Sharpe Vinegar doth coole, withall it dries. And giues to some ill humour good correction : It makes one melancholy, hurts their eyes. Nor making fat, nor mending their complection : It lessens sperm, makes appetite to rise : Both taste and scent is good against infection. 1[ The Turnep hurts the stomacke, wind it breedeth Stirs vrine, hurts his teeth thereon that feedeth : Who much thereof will feed, may wish our nation Would well allow of Claudius' proclamation. It follows now what part of euery beast Is best to eat : first, know the heart is ill. It is both hard, and heauy to disgest. The Tripe, with no good iuice our flesh doth fill : The Lites, are light, yet hut in small request : But outer parts are best in Physicke’s skill. H If any braines be good (which is a question), Hermes braine is best, and lightest of disgestion : H In Fennell-seed this vertue you shall find. Forth of your lower parts to drive the wind. N 134 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Of Fennell vertues foure they do recite, First, it hath power some poysons to expell, Next burning Agues it will put to flight. The stomacke it doth cleanse, and comfort well : And fourthly it doth keepe, and cleanse the sight, And thus the seed and herbe doth both excell. Yet for the two last told ; if any seede With Femiell may compare, tis Anni's-seed : Some Anny seeds be sweet, and some more bitter, For pleasure these, for medicine those more fitter. Dame Nature’s reason, far surmounts our reading. We feele effects, the causes oft vnknowne. Who knows ye cause why Spodium stancheth bleedin ( Spodium, but ashes of an ox’s bone ). We learne herein to praise Ilis power exceeding. That vertue gave to wood, to herbes, to stone. The Liuer Spodium, Mace the heart delightes. The braine likes Muske, and Lyco^'as the Lites, The spleen is thought much comforted with Capers. In stomacke, Gallingale allayes ill vapors. Sawce would be set with meat vpon the table. Salt is good sawce, and had with great facility : Salt makes vnsauoury vyands, manducable. To driue some poysons out. Salt hath ability. Yet things too salt are nere commendable: They hurt the sight, in nature cause debility, The scab and itch on them are euer breeding. The which on meats too salt are often feeding : Salt should be first remou’d, and first set downe. At table of the knight, and of the clowne. % THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 135 As tastes are diuers, so Physitians hold They haue as sundry qualities and power, Some burning are, some temperate, some cold. Cold are these three : the tart, the sharpe, the sour : Salt, bitter, biting, burne as hath been told. Sweet, fat, and fresh, are temperate euery houre. If Foure special vertues hath a sop in wine. It maketh the teeth white, it cleeres the eyne. It addes vnto an empty stomacke fulness. And from a stomacke fill’d, it takes the dulness. If to an vse you haue your selfe betaken. Of any diet, make no sudden change, A custome is not easily forsaken, Yea though it better were, yet seemes it strange. Long vse is as a second nature taken. With nature custome walkes in equal range. If Good dyet is a perfect way of curing. And worthy much regard and health assuring, A King that cannot rule him in his dyet. Will hardly rule his Ilealme in peace and quyet. They that in Physicke will prescribe you food. Six things must note we here in order touch. First, what it is : and then, _/br iv/iat tis good, And when ; and where ; how often ; and how much. Who note not this, it cannot be withstood. They hurt, not heale, yet are too many such. If Coleworts broth doth loose, the substance bind. Thus play they, fast and loose, and all behind. But yet if at one time you take them both. The substance shall giue place vnto the broth. 136 THE SALERNB SCHOOLE. In Physicke Malloives hath much reputation, Their very name of Mellow seemes to sound, Tlie roote thereof will giue a kind purgation. By them both men and women good haue found. To women’s monthly flow'ers they give laxation. They make men soluble that haue been bounde. And least we seem in Mallowes praises partial. Long since hath Horace praised them and Martial. U The wormes that gnaw the womb and neuer stint. Are kill’d, and purg’d, and driuen away with Mint. But who can write thy worth (6 soueraigne Sage ), Some ask how men can die, where thou dost grow. Oh that there were a Medicine curing age. Death comes at last, tho death come nere so slow : Sage strengths the sinews, Feaucrs heat doth swage. The Palsie helpes, and rids of mickle woe. In Latine ( Saluia) takes the name of safety. In English ( Sage) is rather wise than crafty : Sith then the name betokens wise, and sauing. We count it nature’s frend, and worth the hauing. Take Sage and Primrose, Laiiender, and Cresses, With Walwort that doth grow tw’ixt lime and stone, Tor he that of these herbes the iuice expresses. And mix with powder of a Castor-stone, May breed their ease whom Palsie much oppresses. Or if this breed not helpe, then looke for none. ^ Hew is a noble herbe to giue it right. To chew it fasting it will purge the sight. One quality thereof yet blame I must. It makes men chaste, and women fills with lust. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 137 Fayre Ladies, if these Physicke rules be true, That Rcw hath such strange qualities as these, Eat little Rciv, least your good husbands (REVV') And breed betweene you both a shrow’d disease. Reu', whets the wit, and more to pleasure you. In water boil’d, it rids a roome of fleas. I would not to you Ladies, Ont/ons praise, Saue that they make one fayre ( JEsclapius saies ) Yet taking them requires some good direction. They are not good alike for each complexion. If vnto Choller men be much inclin’d, Tis thought that Onyons are not good for those, But if a man be Flegmatique (by kind) It does his stomacke good, as some suppose, For ointment iuice of Onyons is assign’d To heads whose haire falls faster than it growes : If Onyons cannot helpe in such mishap, A man must get him a Gregorian cap. But if your hound by hap should bite his master. With Honey, Retv, and Onyons make a plaister. The seed of Mustard is the smallest graine. And yet the force thereof is very great. It hath a present power to purge the braine. It addes vnto the stomacke force and heat : All poyson it expels, and it is plaine. With sugar tis a passing sawce for meat. S!ie that hath hap a husband bad to bury. And is therefore in heart not sad but merry : Yet if in shew good manners she will keepe, Onyons and Mustardseed will make her weepe. N 3 138 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Though Violets smell sweet, Nettles offensiue, Yet each in seuerall kind much good procure, The first doth purge the heauie head and pensiue, Recouers surfets. Falling sickness cures. Tho Nettles stinke, yet make they recompence, If your hellie by the Collicke paine indures : Against the Collicke Nettle-seed and Honey, Is Physicke; better none is had for money. It breedeth sleep, staies vomits, flegme doth soften, It helpes him of the Gowt that eats it often. Cleane Hysop is an herbe to purge and cleanse. Raw flegmes, and hurtfull humours from the breast ; The same vnto the Lungs great comfort lends, With Honey boil’d: but farre aboue the rest. It giues good colour, and complexion mends. And is therefore with women in request : With Honey mixt, Cinquefoyle cures the Canker, That eats our inward parts with cruel ranker. But mixt with Wine, it helpes a greened side. And staies the vomit, and the Laske beside. Kllecompane strengthens each inward pan, A tittle looseness is thereby prouoken : It swageth greefe of mind, it cheeres the heart, Allayeth wrath, and makes a man fayre spoken : And drunke with Rew in Wine, it doth impart Great helpe to those that haue their bellies broken. Let them that vnto choller much incline, Drink Fenny-royal steeped in their wine. And some affirme, that they haue found by trial The paine of Gowt is cur’d by Penny-royal. THE SALERNE SCHOOLS. 139 To tell all Cresses' virtues long it were, But diuers patients vnto that are debter,- It helpes the teeth, it giues to bald men haire. With Honey mixt, it Ringworme kills and Tettar : But let not women that would children beare. Feed much thereof, for they to fast were better. An herbe there is takes of the Swallowes name. And by the Swallowes gets no little fame. For Plin^ writes (tho some thereof make doubt), It helps young Swallowes eies when they are out. Greene Willow though in scorne it oft is vs’d, Yet some there are in it not scornfull parts. It killeth wormes, the iuice in eares infus’d. With Vinegar: the barke destroyeth warts. But at one quality I much haue mus’d, That addes and bates much of his good desertes. For writers old and new, both ours and forren, Affirme the seed make women chaste and barren. Take Saffron if your heart make glad you will, But not too much, for that the heart may kill. Greene Leckes are good as some Physitians sale. Yet would I choose, how ere I them belieue. To weare Leekes rather on Saint Danid's day. Than eat the Leekes vpon Saint Dauid’s Eue. The bleeding at the nose Leeke's iuice will stay. And women bearing children, much releeue. ^ Blacke Pepper beaten grosse you good shall find If cold your stomacke be, or full of wind : White Pepper helps the cough, and flegme it riddeth. And Ague’s fit to come it oft forbiddeth. 140 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Our Hearing is a choyce and dainty sence, And hard to mend, yet soone it may be marr’d These are the things that breed it most offence, To sleepe on stomacke full, and drinking hard : Blowes, falls, and noise, and fasting, violence. Great heat, and sudden cooling afterward : All these, as is by sundry proofes appearing, Breed tingling in our eares, and hurt our hearing : Then thinke it good aduice, not ydle talke. That after supper bids vs stand or walke. You heard before what is for hearing naught. Now shall you see what hurtfull is for sight: Wine, Women, Bathes, by art or nature wrought, Leekes, Onyons, Garlicke, Mustard-seed, Jire and light: Snwake, Bruises, Dust, Pepper to powder brought. Beans, Lentils, Strains, Wind, Tears, and Phoebus bright. And all sharpe things our eie-sight do molest : Yet watching hurts them more than all the rest. ^ Of Pennell, Veruin, Kellidon, Roses, Reu-, Is water made, that will the sight renew. If in your teeth you hap to be tormented, By meane some little wormes therein do breed. Which paine (if heed be tane) may be preuented. By keeping cleane your teeth, when as you feede : Burne Francomsence (a gum not euil seated), Put Henbane vnto this, and Onyon-seed, And with a Tunnel to the tooth that’s hollow, Conuey the smoake thereof, and ease shall follow. H By Nuts, Oyle, Eeles, and cold in head By Apples and raw fruites, is hoarsness bred. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 141 To shew you how to shun raw running Rheumes, Exceed not much in meate, in drinke, and sleepe, For all excess is cause of hurtfull fumes, Eate warme, broth warme, striue in your breath to keepe Vse exercise, that vapours ill consumes. In Northerne winds abroad do neuer peepe. 1[ If Fistula do rise in any part. And so procure your danger, and your smart. Take Arsnicke, Brimstone, raixt with Lime and Sope, And make a Tent, and then of cure there’s hope. If so your head to paine you oft with aking, Faire water, or small beere drinke then or neuer. So may you scape the burning fits and shaking. That wonted are to company the Feuer : ^ If with much heat your head be in ill taking. To rub your head and Temples still perseuer. And make a bath of Morrell (boiled warme) And it shall keepe your head from further harme. 1[ A Flix a dangerous euill is, and common. In it shun cold, much drink, and strains of women. To fast in Summer doth the body drie, Yet doth it good, if you thereto invre it. Against a surfet, vomiting to try. Is remedy, but some cannot indure it : Yet some so much themselues found help thereby. They go to sea a purpose to procure it. H Foure seasons of the yeare there are in all, The Summer, and the Winter, Spring, and Fall ; In euery one of these, the rule of reason. Bids keepe good dyet, suiting euery season. 144 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Melancholy from the rest do vary, Both sport, and ease, and company refusing, Exceeding studious, euer solitary. Inclining pensiue still to be, and musing, A secret hate to others apt to carry: Most constant in his choice, tho long a choosing, Extreame in loue sometime, yet seldom lustfull, Suspitious in his nature, and mistrustfull. A wary wit, a hand much giuen to sparing, A heauy looke, a spirit little daring. Now though we giue these humours seueral names. Yet all men are of all participant. But all haue not in quantity the same. For some (in some ) are more predominant. The colour shewes from whence it lightly came. Or whether they haue blood too much or want. The watry Flegmatique are fayre and white. The Sanguin, Roses joyn’d to Lillies bright. The Chollericke more red : the Melancholy, Alluding to their name, are swart and colly. If Sanguin humour do too much abound. These signes will be thereof appearing cheefe. The face will swell, the cheeks grow red and round. With staring eies, the pulse beat soft and bre.efe. The veynes exceed, the belly will be bound. The temples, and the forehead full of griefe, Vnquiet sleeps, that so strange dreames will make To cause one blush to tell when he doth wake : Besides the moysture of the mouth and spittle. Will taste too sweet, and seeme the throat to tickle. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 145 If Choller do exceed, as may sometime, Your eares will ring and make you to be wakefull, Your tongue will seeme all rough, and oftentimes Cause vomits, vnaccustomed and hatefull, Great thirst, your excrements are full of slime. The stomacke squeamish, sustenance vngratefull. Your appetite will seeme in nought delighting. Your heart still greeued with continuall byting. The pulse beat hard and swift, all hot, extreame. Your spittle soure, of fire-worke oft you dreame. If Flegme abundance haue due limits past. These signes are here set downe will plainly shew. The mouth will seeme to you quite out of taste. And apt with moisture still to ouerflow, Your sides will seeme all sore downe to the waist. Your meat wax loathsome, your disgestion slow. Your head and stomacke both in so ill taking. One seeming euer griping, tother aking : With empty veynes, the pulse beat slow and soft. In sleepe, of seas, and ryuers dreaming oft. But if that dangerous humour ouer-raigne. Of Melancholy, sometime making mad. These tokens then will be appearing plaine, The pulse beat hard, the colour darke and bad : The water thin, a weake fantasticke braine. False-grounded ioy, or else perpetuall sad. Affrighted oftentimes with dreames like visions. Presenting to the thought ill apparitions. Of bitter belches from the stomacke coraming. His eare (the left especiall) euer humming. o 146 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Against these seuerall humours ouerflowing, As seuerall kinds of physicke may be good, As diet-drink, hot-baths, whence sweat is growing. With purging, vomiting, and letting blood : Which taken in due time, nor ouerflowing, Each maladies infection is withstood. The last of these is best, if skill and reason, Respect age, strength, quantity, and season ; Of seuenty from seuenteene, if blood abound, The opening of a veyne is healthfull found. (3f Bleeding many profits grow, and great. The spirits and senees are renewed thereby. Though these mend slowly by the strength of meat. But these with wine restor’d are by and by; By bleeding, to the marrow commeth heat, It maketh cleane your braine, releeues your eie. It mends your appetite, restoreth sleepe. Correcting humours that do waking keepe : All inward parts and senees also clearing, It mends the voyce, touch, smell, taste, and hearing Three speciall months, September, April, Map, There are in which tis good to ope a veyne. In these three months the moon bears greatest sway Then old or young, that store of blood containe. May bleed now, though some elder wizards say, .Some daies are ill in these, I hold it vaine : September, April, May, haue daies a peece. That bleeding do forbid and eating Geese, And those are they forsooth of May the first. Of tother two the last of each are worst. the salerne schoole. 147 But yet those dales I graunt, and all the rest, Haue in some cases lust impediment, As first, if nature be with cold opprest. Or if the Region, He, or Continent, Uo scorch or freeze, if stomacke meat detest; If Baths, or Venus, late you did frequent. Nor old, nor young, nor drinkers great, are fit. Nor in long sickness, nor in raging fit. Or in this case if you will venture bleeding. The quantity must then be most exceeding. When you to bleed intend, you must prepare Some needfull things both after and before, Warme water, and sweet oyle, both needfull are. And wine the fainting spirits to restore. Fine binding cloths of linen, and beware. That all that morning you do sleepe no more. Some gentle motion helpeth after bleeding, And on light meats a spare and temperate feeding. To bleed, doth cheare the pensiue, and remoue The raging furies bred by burning loue. Make your incision large, and not too deepe. That blood haue speedy yssue with the fume, So that from sinnewes you all hurt do keepe. Nor may you (as I toucht before presume) In six ensuing hours at all to sleepe. Lest some slight bruise in sleepe cause an apostume. Eat not of milke, nor ought of milke compounded. Nor let your braine with much drinke be confounded, Eat no cold meats, for such the strength impayre. And shun all misty and vnwholesome ayre. 14G THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Against these seuerall humours ouerflowing, As seuerall kinds of physicke may be good, As diet-drink, hot-baths, whence sweat is growing. With purging, vomiting, and letting blood : Which taken in due time, nor ouerflowing. Each maladies infection is withstood. The last of these is best, if skill and reason. Respect age, strength, quantity, and season; Of seuenty from seuenteene, if blood abound. The opening of a veyne is healthfull found. Of Bleeding many profits grow, and great. The spirits and sences are renewed thereby. Though these mend slowly by the strength of meat. But these with wine restor’d are by and by: By bleeding, to the marrow commeth heat. It maketh cleane your braine, releeues your eie. It mends your appetite, restored! sleepe. Correcting humours that do waking keepe : All inward parts and sences also clearing. It mends the voyce, touch, smell, taste, and hearing Three speciall months, September, April, Map, There are in which tis good to ope a veyne. In these three months the moon bears greatest sway Then old or young, that store of blood containe. May bleed now, though some elder wizards say. Some daies are ill in these, I hold it vaine : September, April, Map, haue daies a peece. That bleeding do forbid and eating Geese, And those are they forsooth of May the first. Of tother two the last of each are worst. the salerne schoole. 147 But yet those daies I graunt, and all the rest, Haue in some cases iust impediment, As first, if nature be with cold opprest. Or if the Region, He, or Continent, Uo scorch or freeze, if stomacke meat detest; If Baths, or Venus, late you did frequent. Nor old, nor young, nor drinkers great, are fit. Nor in long sickness, nor in raging fit. Or in this case if you will venture bleeding. The quantity must then be most exceeding. When you to bleed intend, you must prepare Some needfull things both after and before, Warme water, and sweet oyle, both needfull are. And wine the fainting spirits to restore. Fine binding cloths of linen, and beware. That all that morning you do sleepe no more. Some gentle motion helpeth after bleeding. And on light meats a spare and temperate feeding. To bleed, doth cheare the pensiue, and remoue The raging furies bred by burning loue. Make your incision large, and not too deepe. That blood haue speedy yssue with the fume. So that from sinnewes you all hurt do keepe. Nor may you (as I toucht before presume) In six ensuing hours at all to sleepe. Lest some slight bruise in sleepe cause an apostume. Eat not of milke, nor ought of milke compounded. Nor let your braine with much drinke be confounded. Eat no cold meats, for such the strength impayre. And shun all misty and vnwholesome ayre. 148 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Besides the former rules for such as pleases, Of letting blood to take more obseruation, Know in beginning of all sharpe diseases, Tis counted best to make euacuation : To old, to young, both letting blood displeases. By yeares and sickness make your computation. First in the Spring for quantity, you shall. Of blood take twice as much as in the Fall : In Spring and Summer, let the right arm blood. The Fall and Winter for the left are good. The Heart and Lyuer, Spring and. Summer’s bleedin The Fall and Winter hand and Foot doth mend. One veyne cut in the hand doth helpe exceeding, V^nto the Spleen, voice, breast, and intrayles lend ; And swages griefes that in the heart are breeding : But here the Salerne Schoole doth make an end : And heere I cease to write, but will not cease To wish you live in health, and die in peace : And ye our Physicke rules that friendly read, God graunt that Physicke you may neuer neede. ADDITIONS TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM FROM MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTED EDITIONS. J. ADDITIONS FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMEN- TARY. JI. FROM DIFFERENT MANUSCRIPTS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2. Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants, many of which are taken from IMacer. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. I. VERSES QUOTED BY VILLA NOVA IN HIS COMMENTARY, AS NOT MAKING PART OF THE POEM, BUT OF ANOTHER ORIGIN, AND WHICH WERE AFTERWARDS TAKEN INTO THE TEXT. To line 26. After salsa. Caseus ille bonus quem dat avara manus. 1. 30. After valitura, introduced by unde. Filia presbyteri jubet hoc pro lege teneri : Quod bona sunt ova hsec, Candida, longa, nova. 1. 42. Venenum, illud metricum. Allia qui manb jejuno sumpserit ore, Hunc ignotarum non laedet potus aquarum, Nec diversorum mutatio facta locorum. 5 152 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 1. 87- Truca^ unde versus. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum, A quo non dilfert Lucius iste parum. 1. 143. Generatur, jMxto illud. Ventum ssepfe rapis, si tu vis vivere rapis. 1. 149. Culi. De isto ( Marathro ) solent daii isti versus communes. Bis duo dat marathrum, febres fugat atque venenum 1 0 Et purgat stomachum, lumen quoque reddit acutum. 1. 152. Sanat^ prout hi his versibus. Gaudet hepar spodio, mace cor, cerebrumque musco, Pulmo liquoricia, splen cap. stomachusque galanga. 1. 154. Saporat, illud commune metrum. Sal primb poni debet, primbque reponi, Omnis mensa malb ponitur absque sale. 15 1. 194. Decorem — of Onions. Quidem superaddunt textui istos duos versus : ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 153 Appositas perhibent morsus curare caninos, Si tritae cuimmelle prius fuerint et aceto. 1. 254. De ossibus. Ossa ducentena sunt atque quater duodenda. 1. 259. Terra melan : aq : fleg. et aer sanguis, cole: ignis. Iste sensus etiam patet in his versibus. Humidus est sanguis, calet, est vis aeris illi. Alget, tumet, phlegma, illi vis fit aquosa. 20 Sicca calet cholera, sic igni fit similata. Melancholia friget, sicca quasi terra. 1. 294. Quseque. Notandum circa istud, quad sicnt hie ponuntur signa super ahundantis sanguinis, ita quidarn etiam ponunt signa super abundanlieB aliorum humorum sub istis versibus. Signa quideni super abtindantis choleroe sub istis versibus. Accusat choleram dextrae dolor, aspera lingua. Tinnitus, vomitusque frequens, vigilantia multa, Multa sitis, pinguis egestio, torsio ventris. Nausea fit, morsus cordis. Languescit orexis, 25 154 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Pulsus adest gracilis, durus, veloxque, calescens, Aret, amarescit, incendia somnia fingit. Sigtia verd sujjerahundantis phlegmalis suh istis ver.sihus. Phlegma supergrediens proprias in corpore leges, Os facit insipid uin, fastidia crebra, salivas, 30 Costarum, stomachi, simul occipitisque dolores. Pulsus adest rarus, tardus, mollis, quoque inanis, PrtEcedit fallax phantasmata somnus aquosa. Signa verd super abtmd antis melancholicc suh his versihus. Humorum pleno dum fasx in corpore regnat. Nigra cutis, durus pulsus, tenuis et urina, 35 Sollicitudo, timor, tristitia somnia tetra, Acescunt ructus, sapor, et sputaminis idem, Laevaque praecipub tinnit et sibilat auris. 38 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 155 II. SELECT ADDITIONS FROM DIFFERENT MA- NUSCRIPTS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO PRINTED EDITIONS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2. Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants. 1. General Rules. After 1. 44. aer, cloacce. Alteriusque rei corpus nimio inficientis. 39 1. 28. hifirmis inimica. Pone gulm metas, ut sit tibi longior mtas, 40 Ut medicus fatur, parcus de morte levatur. 1. 25. Suhtilis in ore diceta. Non bibe non sitiens, et non cotnedas saturatus, Est sitis atque fames moderata bonum medicaraen, Si super excedant important ssepb gravamen. 1. 21. Cccna brevis. 156 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Coena brevis, vel coena levis, fit raro molesta, 45 Magna nocet, medicina docet, res est manifesta, Septem horis dormire sat est juvenique senique. 1. 14. Frigesce minute. Fons, speculum, gramen, hsec dant oculis relevamen, Man^ igitur montes, sub serum inquirito fontes. 1. 134. Injlat. In die mictura vicibus sex fit naturalis, 50 Tempore bis tali, vel ter, fit egestio pura. 1. 113. Nova. Ssepb bibendo parura pondus laxas epularum, Et liquor ipse tibi proderit, atque cibi. 1. 231. Ebrietasque. Post ccenam stabis, aut passus mille meabis. 1. 57* Brumce. Pauperibus sanse sunt escse quotidianae. 55 1. 19. Isia. ADDITIONS TO THE SCIIOLA SALERNI. 157 Qui fluxum pateris, si non caveas, morieris, Concubitum, nimium potum, cum frigore, motum. 1. 35. Before Vina prohantur odore, sapore, vi tore, colore. Omnis homo primum proponit nobile vinum, Indb quod deterius, pagina sacra docet. 1. 105. De caseo. After Languenii stomacho caseus addit opeyn. Caseus ante cibum confer! si defluat alvus, 60 Ad fundum stomachi dum sumpta cibaria condit. Vim digestivam non minus ille juvat. Si stomachus languet, vel si minus appetit, iste Fit gratus stomacho, consiliansque cibum. Si sit crustosus, per lucem non oculosus, 65 Ejusdem sic onus dicitur esse bonus. 1. 160. Unctus, et insipidus, dulcis, dant tempera- mentum. Dulcis. Ilumectat, lenit, benb nutrit, mundificatque. Salsus. Incidit, ingrossat, penetrat, sed proximus exit. p 158 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Acelosus. Dicunt, infestat nervos, subtilia siccat. Ponticus. Comprimitjingrossat, corrugat, stomachuiu cito laxat. 70 Unctuosus. Lubricat, evellit, replet, supereminet ore. Amarus. Valdb deopilat, confortat, pectora stringit. Aculus. Subtiliat, mordet, calet, urit, grossa resolvit. 1. 34. Recejites. Lixa fovent, sed frixa nocent, assata coercent. Pane novo, veteri vino, si possit haberi, 75 Came frui juvene, consulo, pisce sene. 1. 162. Abundat. Ingeniumque acuit, replet, minuit simul offa. or. Quod minus est supplet, quod plus est digerit offa. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 159 II. Animals and Parts of Animals. 1. 83. Amarelliis. De Anate. O fluvialis anas, quantil dulcedine manas ! Si mihi cavissem, si ventri frsena dedissem, 80 Febres quartanas non renovasset anas. De Ansere. Auca sitit Coum mensis, campis Acheloum. Auca petit Bacchum mortua, viva lacum. 1. 73. Meciicina. Carnes porcinae cum cepis sunt medicinae. 1. 75- porcorum hona sunt, mala su?it reli- quorurn. Cessat laus hepatis, nisi gallinae, vel anatis. 85 Dissuadentur edi renes, nisi solius haedi. Splen quoque spleneticis est mansus saepb salubris, Corda cervorum removebit sella dolorum. Ut suillarum remotio tristitiarum. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum, 90 .Tam nisi natorum defuncta matre suorum. 160 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNl. 1. 93. Novum. Non vult mentiri qui vult pro lege teneri, Quod bona sunt ova, Candida, longa, nova. Heec tria sunt norma, vernalia sunt meliora. 1. 91. Bibas. Caseus, anguilla, mortis cibus ille et ilia, 95 Ni bibas, et rebibas, et rebibendo bibas. and Non nocet anguilla vino si mergitur ilia. 97 III. Of Plants, mostly from Macer. Faba. Manducare fabam caveas, parit ilia podagram. 98 In matribus faba lac spargit, mollitque capillos. 1. 170. Olus, Cicer. Jus olerum cicerumque bonum, substantia prava. 100 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Buglossa. Vinum potalum quo sit macerata buglossa, Moerorem cerebri dicunt auferre periti. Fertur convivas decoctio reddere laetos. Borrarro. O Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos auffert borrago, gaudia confert. Pastinaca. Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Attamen ilia parum nutrit quia non subacuta, Confortat coitum, non est ad menstrua muta. 1. 60. Absinthium. Confortat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venenum, Auris depellit sonitum cum felle bovino. Abrotonuni, Abrotono crudo stomachi purgabitur humor. Scabiosa. Urbanus per se nescit pretium scabiosae. Confortat pectus quod deprimit oegra senectus. p 3 162 ADDITIONS TO THE SCIIOLA SALERNI. Lenit pulmonem, tollit laterumque dolorem. Succus potatur virus sic evacuatur. Emplastrata foris necat antracem tribus horis, Languorem pecudum tollit, dirimitque venenum, Rumpit apostema lenitbr. Ratione probatur. 120 1. 149. Maratrum. Urinare facit, ventris flatusque repellit. or, Provocat urinam, faciet colicique ruinam. Semen cum vino sumptum Veneris movet actus, Atque senes ejus gustu juvenescere dicunt. Sic quoque pulmonis obstat, jecorisque querelis, 125 Siler. Siler montanum non sit tibi sumere vanum. Dat lumen clarum, quamvis gustu sit amarum, Lumbricosque necat, digestivamque reportat. Spinachia. De cholera loeso spinachia convenit ori, Et stomachis calidis hujus valet esus amari. 130 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 163 Sambiicus. Sambuci flores sambuco sunt nieliores, Nam sambucus olet, flos redolere solet. Anethum et Coriandrum. Anethum ventos proliibet, minuitque tumores, Ventres repletos pravis facit esse rainores. Confortat stomachum, ventum removit coriandrum. 1 35 1. 34. Uvce. Utilitas uvae, sine granis et sine pelle, Dat sedare sitim, jecoris cholerajque dolorem. Mora. Mora sitim tollunt, recreant cum faucibus uvam. 1. 130. Ficus. Pectus clarificant ficus, ventremque relaxant, Seu dantur cruda?., seu fuerint benb coctse. Nutrit et impinguit, varios curatque tumores. 140 164 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Zingiber. Zingiber antb datum morbum fugat iiiveteratum, Postque datum mollit, ventris fastidia tollit, Emphraxes hepatis reserat, et menstrua stringit, Algores et stomachi, thoracis, renibus, aufert. Item conditum solamen zingiber affert. 145 Zed oar a. Tu me semper ama quod tibi do zedoara. 1. 130. After tenet ossa. Tunc cataplasma facis, cum succum ponis, et herbam. 1. 221. De salice. Ilujus flos sumptus in aqu& frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes, 150 Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. 1. 225. For isto .still Ponnim. Manantemque potes naris retinere cruorem, Ungas si nares intiis medicamine tali. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI 1()5 Furfur, farina. Est cortex per se sicut furfura, mixta farinae Grossior est Simula, subtilior ipsa farina. 155 1. 58. Post. Salvia cum rutd faciunt tihi pocula tula. Fortificatur opus si conjungatur hyssopus Adde rosse florem gratum praestabit odorem. Gramalum. Sudorem profert granatum, lenit et alget. PrjEsidia granati cortex, balaustia flos est. Gians et Castanea. Antb cibum stringunt, post, glans castanea, sol- vunt. 160 Olera veris. Omne virens veris tibi dicitur esse salubre, Et magis betonica, spinachia, brancaque radix, Lupilus et caules, petrocillas junge lapaces. 166 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Olera Mstatls. Blitus cum bleta, violaria, crivolocauna, Ac triplices malvse, lactucae, portulacae, 165 Sunt apium, rapa, sic blasia, pastinaca. Olera aulumni. Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos aufert borrago, gaudia confert. Olera hyhernia. Nascitur in brum&, cerifolia, petrocilina. Neptam, cretanos, cum cepis, addito porros. 170 Carui. Urinare facit carui, ventosque repellit. Dum carui carui non sine febre fui. Malangia. Semen naturae malangia fertur acutae, Et choleram nigram viri non reddere pigram. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. BliUlS. Aggravat blitus humores convenientes, Irrorat ptisicos, et compescit sitientes. Ajnurn. Ilumores apium subitb totius adjuvat Corporis, ac capitis, vulvae, pueris epulum dat. Rosa. Curat hsemoroides rosa, semine cortice demptis. Gingivas, coligam capitis juvat ipsa dolentis. Lilia. Prsecisis nervis cum melle, combustaque membra Vultus deducit rugas, maculas fugit oris. Levistica. Hepar opilatum frigore levistica mulcet. Sorsia. 167 175 180 Sorsia ventosa medicinae menstrua clausa. 108 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Lactiica. Lac lactiica facit, scotisma, sperma minorat. 185 Phiea. Tussim effimeras etliicam tibi pinea tollit, Mascula plus tussi valet, et passiva dolori. Liquoricia. Sit tibi contenta liquoricia pulverilenta. Pectus, pulmonem, venas, refovendo rigabit: Pellit namque sitim stomacbi, nociva repellit. 190 Spiritibus cunctis sic subvenit ipsa strumosis. Gallia muscata. Gallia muscata confortat debilitata, Corda juvat, stomachum, oculi scotomaque tollit, Confortat stomachum, coitum quoque jungere cogit. Cumimim. Ventosum stomachum tibi tranquillatquecuminum, 195 Et dat pallentem permansum ferre colorem. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 169 Cicla. Cicla parum nutrit, ventrem constipat, et ejus Coctio si detur ventrem laxare probetur. Epilogux. Herbae dum florent, suniunt qua; sumere debent: Si desint flores, radices sumere debes. 200 Q A SPECIMEN OF THE ORIGINAL EXPOSITION OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, From the beginning, from the edition of 1491, Strasburg. IsTE libellus est editus a doctoribus Salerniensibus, in quo inscribuntur multa et diversa pro conserva- tione sanitatis bumanac. Et editus est iste liber ad usum Regis Augliae. Et iu textu lecto ^ auctor po- nit octo documenta generalia pro conservatione sani- tatis : de quibus postea specialiter per ordiuem de- terminabitur. Prirnum ergo documeutum est, quod liomo sanus voleus vivere debet ab eo removere graves curas. Nam curse exsiccant corpora, ex quo tristificaut spiritus vitales ; modo spiritus tristes * From the word lecto it seems as if Villa Nova’s exposition was delivered in lectures upon his author, of whom he first read a portion and then commented upon it. EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. 171 exsiccant ossa. Et sub isto documento etiam com- preliendi debent tristitiee, quae similiter corpora ex- siccant et infrigidantj maciem et extenuationem inducunt, cor stringunt, et spiritum obtenebrantj ingenium hebebant, et rationem impediunt, judicium obscurant, et memoriam obtundunt, Veruntamen aliqui pingues et carnosi sunt, spiritus adeo nobiles et callidos habentes, quod eis interdum bonum est tristari, ut spiritus calor hebetetur, et corpus aliqua- liter maceretur. Secundum documentum est, non irasci. Prime quia ira similiter corpora exsiccat, ciim ipsa summe sin- gula membra supercalefaciat. Nimia autem cale- factio siccitatem inducit, teste Avic. i. doc. iii. c. i. Secundb, quia ira, propter fervorem cordis, omnes actus rationis confundit. Advertendum tamen est, quod quidam frigidi sunt et maleficiati, quibus inter- dum irasci prodest in regimine sanitatis, ut in eis calor excitetur. Tertium est, parce uti potu vini. Nimia enim repletio vini somnolentiam, pigritiam, debilitatem membrorum, debilitatem stomachi, et multa alia bis similia, inducit. De quibus posterius magis patebit. Quartum est, parum coenare. Quia nimia noc- turna repletio dolorem in ventre inducit, ac inquie- tudinem, insomneitatem, et angustiam : prout mani- ferta probat experientia, et inferius declarabitur. 172 EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. Quintum est, surgere post cibuni sumptiim^ quod facit ad digestionem, propterea quod cibum sump- turn facit descendere ad fundum stomacbi, in quo viget virtus digestiva. Sextum est, non dormire post prandium. Cujus documenta postea tanguntur in textu ibi. Febris pigrities. Septimum est, non diu retinere urinain. Ex nimia enim urinae retentione aliquando sequitur diffi- cultas mingendi, aut omnino prohibitio a mictu. Ut testatur Avi. xix. in trac. ii. c. De difficultate urinae. Similiter ex nimia retentatione foecali plura proveni- unt nocumenta. Indurantur enim fieces in mtestinis propter continuam suctionem venarum meseraicarum cum intestinis continuataruiUj omnem liumiditatem a fsecibus sugentium, et sic remanent siccae. Diflicilis exitus intestina opilans. Ad quam opilationem, propter ventositatem, eductionis probibitionem, et aliarum secum acervationem^ sequuntur nocumenta in textu posterius posita. Ibi SpasmuS;, etc. Octavum est^ non fortiter comprimere anum. Ex hoc enim sequitur tenasmon sive exitus longationis. Ulterius subdit autor, quod omnia ista debite con- servans longo tempore sanus vivere poterit. NOTES TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Line 9. Requies, Some copies read labor, but this is evidently wrong. It has often been observed, that rest and abstinence had cured many a fever before Hippocrates. 1. 14. Lote, cale : sta, pranse, vel i: frisgesce minute. This line is not without its difficulties. Lote and pranse aie vocative cases, “ after bathing keep yourself warm ■, after dinner stand or walk gently,” that the food may descend. The latter part has received three different interpretations. I. Taking minute for an adverb, equivalent to paulatim, “ When you are heated cool yourself gradually.” It was thus understood by Villa Nova, though he has expressed it by the converse rule. Homo frigidus debet cavere ne subito se cali- faciat, sed paulatim, mutationes enim subitae naturam lajdunt. II. Considering minute still as an adverb, and synonomous with parthn or paulisper, and referring to what precedes, it is translated, “ after dinner keep yourself cool,” that the natural heat may be repelled from the external to the internal parts of the body, to facilitate digestion. III. “ After bleeding keep yourself cool.” Minute is then the vocative case of the participle of the verb minuo used by the medical writers, and the Schola for to bleed. In confirmation of this meaning some of the commentators have quoted Johannes Fernelius de vacuandi ratione, cap. ix. Neque prolinus loca a 3 174 NOTES TO THE calidiora iugrediatur — quandoqiiidem sanguis et spiritus vehe- mentius incitati, ne dissipentur aut incalescant, sedandi com- premendique sunt. Yet this seems contrary to the doctrine delivered afterwards in the Schola itself, 1. 331, Frigida vitabis, quia sicnt inhnica minutis, unless, in one case, a moderate cool- ness be understood, in the other, positive cold. Upon the whole I adhere to the third explication. 1. 25. JJiceta in some manuscripts is saliva. — But the old read- ing is to be preserved. An appetite, with slender diet prece- dent, are the signs that it is a real and not a false appetite, that the body requires food, and that it is not an artificial stimulus. The original reading is followed in all the printed editions, and is considered as the best by all the commentators, who mention saliva by the by only, legitur nec male quidem. Yet saliva gives a sense etjually good, Galen (de Locis Aflectis, lib. 3. cap. 6.) as quoted by the commentators, had observed that a saliva thin, watry, and free from any bad taste is a proof of health, and that the former food is concocted. — When a person is really hungry we say “ his mouth waters.” 1. 32. For cerebella, medulla’, some ]\ISS. have prosunt domi- nabus. 1. 33. Ova sorbilia, dressed soft. 1. 37. Frisca — this word is explained by Villa Fio\Si,J'rotliing and spariding, quod spumando sonum facit, sive quando in eo moventur atomi. In English frisky, from the German frisch, fresh not dead, consequently lively. Ital. Frizzare, to be lively. 1. 45. Scroiina, probably scrotini. 1. 50. Bene lymplialum, mixed with water. Altered to dilu- tum in some later editions. 1. 51. Cerevisia, quasi Cere risia, derived from Ceres, was SCIIOLA SALERNI. 175 known to Virgil. Georg, iii. 380 ; to Tacitus, Germania, xxiii ; and to Pliny, lib. xiv. 1. 60. Nausea. Villa Nova understands this of sea water. Hence it has been altered in some editions to. Nausea non poterit hacc quem vexare, marinam Undam cum vino mixtara qui sumpserit ante. Sylvius, etc. But these two lines are taken from Macer, lib. i. sect. 3, who applies them to Absinthium, wormwood, as they are understood by Moreau. Nausea non potuit quemquam vexare marina, Antea commistam vino qui sumpserit istam. No doubt Absynthium was intended. The error of Villa Nova, and from him of the other commentators, has arisen from the omission of the name of the plant in the text, and the want not being supplied by the title De Absynthio put at the head of the article, as has been done for the same reason to Urtica and other plants, in lines 199, 206, 212, 214, 217, 219, 224. Moreau found this title in some of his manuscripts. With- out something to refer to, the sense and grammar are defective. That Istam or illam are in the feminine, though referring to Absynthium, is no objection. It is so in Macer, whose ad- jectives all the way through that article refer to Absynthii herba. It begins. In primo calor est gradu, vis sicca secundo Dicitur Absynthi, stomachum corroborat herba Illius, quocunque modo quis sumpserit i/G?n. Moreau justly observes, that sea water was never recom- mended for this purpose, and is more likely to disorder the NOTES TO THE 176 stomach, and to produce, rather than to cure, sea sickness. Wormwood was prescribed by hlacer, and is calculated, by its astringent qualities, to fortify the stomach. 1. 63. Salsa, sauce. Ital. 1. 68. Occulatus, full of eyes. The Italians speak of the occhi and lagrime of Parmasan cheese, the holes full of a rich liquor. 1. 77. Emj)hrax\m, obstructions in the liver and spleen : from tfxfpaaffu). 1. 82. Ethigoneta. The bird designated by this strange word js described by Villa Nova as. Avis parva ad modum perdicis, sed longum rostrum hahens, cujus caro est optima. This answers to a woodcock, as it is translated by Philemon Holland. By others it is supposed to be a corruption of Ortygometra, as it appears in many manuscripts, and all the later editions. This word is first found in Aristotle (De Hist. Animal, lib. viii. cap. 12. or 14.) oprvysg — orav tvrsvQtv aTraipu}(nv, avjmTraipti i) oprvyojiyTpa. 'H c''£ oprvyojxyrpa TrapaTrXyaioQ ryv roic XipvaioiQ sari, Pliny, (lib. x. cap. 23.), and Solinus (Polyhist. cap. 18.) have only copied Aristotle, Athenaeus (Deip. lib. 9.) says, that it is of the size of a dove, with long legs, of a slender body, and a timid nature. Hesychius explains it by oprvt vTrepptysQpQ, a very large quail. And Alberti in his edition (tom. ii. p. 790.), refers to Ludolph. comment, in Hist. ^Ethiop. p. 169. Bochart, Hierozoicon part. ii. lib. i. cap. 14. p. 93. It occurs in the Septuagint for the quails sent to the Israelites in the wilderness. Exodus chap. xii. v. 13, etc. See Biel. Lex. Kcri tysvsTO taittpa, kui avt(iy oparvyopy-pa, Kai (KaXmlyf ryv TtapeplSoXy^K Of the moderns, Aldrovandus says it is il lie delle qnaglie, or Roy des Cailles, and gives a figure of it, which is that of a large quail. Camus, the French translator of Aristotle, renders it SCIIOLA SALERNr. 177 caille mere. By Willoughby and Gesner it is supposed to be the land-rail, or the daker hen. Lastly Pennant (Brit. Zool. vol. ii. p. 410.} concludes that it is the crake, or daker hen, which is found in corn, etc. and migrates before winter, the Rallus Crex of Linnaeus. With respect to the other animals mentioned in the Schola Salerni, I have explained merely the names of such as not being of classical authority might occasion some difficulty, without troubling the reader with the process from which I formed the conclusions. It is, however, difficult and uncertain in many cases to ascertain the animal really designed. Qidscnla, is a quail, Villa Nova says it is Nomen onomatoposion from its cry. Orex or otis, either a moor-hen, a wood-hen, or otis tarda, a bustard — according to Aldrovandus, Willoughby, Gesner, and Linnaeus. Trigellus, Sl chaffinch, frigilla ; tremidus, a plover ; amarellus, a teal. 1. 86. So of the fishes, saxauUs, or saxatilis, is a sole; alhica, a whiting; sormts, or gurniis, a gurnet; plagitia, a plaice ; galhio, a ray ; others are only slightly altered from the classical names, as parca, for perca ; tenca, for tinea. Ackermann has given the supposed Linnaean names of these birds and fishes ; and we may say of some of them, as the gentleman does in the farce, that the interpreter is the more difficult to understand of the two. 5tur?ta, sturnus vulgaris ; quiscula, coturnix, Merida, turdus INIerula ; frigellus, turdus Iliacus ; orex, tetrao bonasia ; tre- mulus, motacilla alba; amarellus, mergus. So of the fishes, lucius, esox lucius ; perca, perca fluviatilis ; saxaulis, cobitis barbatula ; albica, gadus morrhua ; tinea, Cyprinus tinea ; plagitia, pleuronectes platessa ; carpa, Cyprinus carpio ; galbio, raja; truta, salmo farm. 178 NOTES TO THE 1. 88. Vocibus. See line 243. 1. 90. The line, Inter pranclendum sit sape paruinque hiben- duin, is placed here in all the old editions, but as it is repeated at line 110, which is more appropriate to it, I have omitted it here. 1. 96. Ethicis, that is ^OiaucoTg, i. e. consumptis, et mace- ratis, vel habentibus febrem ethicam. Vill. Nov. Hectic persons. 1. 102. Grossus, that is, produces gross humours. Quod ex grossiori et terrestriori parte lactis sit, Vill. Nov. From grosso, Ital. from the Latin crassus. 1. 105. Cheese is here personified, and addresses the reader. These lines appear thus in some editions, the last two are found in some manuscripts, Expertis reor esse ratum, quia commoditate Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Caseus ante cibum confert si defluat alvus. Si constipetur, terminet ille dapes. 1. 108. Si post siimatur. This line at first seems tautology, but it is explained by Villa Nova to mean, that “cheese perfects the meal if taken last, by promoting digestion,” by causing the food to descend where digestion is active, that is, the bottom of the stomach. This doctrine is taken from Rhazes, Caseum ultimo post alios cibos loco iugestum roborare os ventriculi, aique auferre civops^iav ac nauseam qute ex dulcibus et pinguibus cibis proveniant. 1. 115. Unica. Villa Nova, and other commentators, understand the first nut to be the nutmeg, the second the u alniU, and the third deadly nut, to be the mtt nj a cross-bow, or the nut mechel, w'hich is SCHOLA SALERNI. ]79 said by Avicenna to be poison. But I am inclined to think tliat the verse means only that a few nuts may be wholesome, a larger quantity hurtful, and excess may be fatal ; using a defi- nite for an indefinite number. There is a well known Greek proverb. Ai^ Kpa/x^r] Oavarog. The nut of a cross-bow is the projection or hook upon which the string was hitched when the bow was charged, and from which it was discharged, as Dante says E forse in tanto in quanto un quadrel posa, E vola, e dalla noce si dischiava. Paradiso, line 23. 1. 117. Fert, an ingenious friend of mine proposes to read, Est pyra nostra pyrus— and that it is a quibble, the pear is our funeral pile, or death, nobis exitiosa. 1. 129. Scrofa, for scrofula. Foris, outwardly applied (cata- plasmate, Vill. Nov.). “ Confracta foris tenet ossa,” it knits broken bones. Other copies have “forts trahit ossa”, draws out splinters from broken bones. Sed cuilibet obstat, produces bad blood. 1, 133. Escula for mespila, medlars. Unripe they are as- tringent, and so good, particularly roasted, or otherwise dressed. Ripe they are laxative, as well as better tasted, and so better. 1. 134. Solvit, ventrem sciliet. 1. 138. Infrigidat. In desiccando visfrigida constat aceto. Macer, 1. 98. 1. 139, Infrigidat, macerat, melan : dat, sperma minorat, for melancholiam. 1. 143. Tortio, ventris tormuta. 1. 145. Similiter stomachus, melior sit in eztremitates. 180 NOTES TO THE The stomach is equally hard of digestion, but the extremities that is the bottom, and orifice, as being more fleshy, are more digestible. In some printed editions. Sic quoque ventriculus, tamen exteriora probantur. 1. 149. Semen, called marathrum, jxapaBgov. Expels wind, Vill. Nov. The place emitting for the thing emitted. 1. 152. Spodiwm, according to Avicenna, was the roots of canes or reeds burnt, for which burnt bones were sometimes substituted. 1. 158. Three triads of the qualities of bodies from the taste. Hot: salt, bitter, pungent. Cold: sour, rough, astringent. In- termediate or temperate : fat, insipid, sweet. Fonticus is astrin- gent, as the taste of acorns, etc. a pungendo, or from radix Ponticus, rhubarb. 1.161. Vippa, or vipa, a wine-sop, compounded of vinum and panis. Ojf'a is a sop in broth, etc. 1. 162. minus est implet, minuit quod ahundat. By digesting food it nourishes the body ; by digesting super- fluous and vitious humours it expels them. A MS. pas lumen, comfortat quod 7ninus est, adipem dat. 1. 165. Hippocras, In Aphorism, Sect. ii. Aph. 50, Ta sic ttoWov \povov ^vvijQsa, Kyv sy xtipw, to)v a^vvifisojv yaaov svoxXeeiv suoBs, and De Victus Batione in Morb. acut. lib. ii. Aphor. 21, 22. Meta 7nediciiur, the object, scopws. 1. 172. Hiiertmt, Uixerunt malvam nostri quod molliat alvum. Macer, N°. 70. SCHOLA SALERNI. 181 1. 176. Lumbricosque modo depellere fertur eodem. Macer, N®. 25. 1. 177. Our ancestors highly esteemed the virtues of sage. Chaucer in the Knight’s Tale says, Sundry (had) fermacis of hearbes, and eke save They dronken, for they w^ould her lives have. Fermacis, i. e. pharmacies, medicines — Save, salvia, sage. 1. 181. Premula veris, the primrose. 1.182. Nastur : for nasturtiicm. 1. 187. Astum, that is, astutiam. 1. 189. Galenus, lib. ii. De aliment, facultat, ch. 71, Ilrpt Kponiivujv, (TKopodoiv, K. T. X. OtpfiaivH dero cw/aa, /cat Xsirrvvti Tovg tv avT(p iraxtiq xvjuouf, Kai rtpvti tovq yXiaxpovg. De cepis medici non consentire videntur, Namque Dioscorides inflare, caputque gravare, Atque sitim cepas dicit succendere mansas. Fellitis non esse bonas, ait ipse Galenus, Phlegmaticis verb multum putat esse salubres. Non modicum sanas, Asclepius* asserit illas, Praesertim stomacho, pulchrumque creare colorein Affirmat Contritis cepis, loca denudata capillis Saepe fricans poteris capitis reparare decorem. Macer, N®. 26. 1. 195. Sinapi. Quartus ei gradus est in vi siccb, calidhque. Macer, N®. 27. ‘ Asclopiadcs in Pliny, lib. xx. cap. v. R J82 NOTES TO THE 1. 197. Viola. Crapula discutltur bibitu, capitisque gravedo Olfactu solo Purpuream dicunt violam curare caducos. Maceu, N“. 33. 1. 199. Urtica. Illius semen colicis cum melle medetur, Et tussim veterem curat si saepe bibatur. Frigus pulmonis pellit, ventrisque tumorem, Omnibus et morbis sic subvenit articulorum. Macer, N°. 4. 1. 205. Hyssopus. Vultibus eximium fertur praestare colorem. Macer, N°. 21. 1. 206. Cerefoliiim. Chervil. Ital. Cerfoglio. Appositum cancris tritum cum melle medetur. Cum vino bibitum lateris sedare dolorem Smpe solet Sa'pe solet vomitum, ventremque tenere solutum. Macer, N°. 30. 1. 209. Eiiula campana, elicampane. Cum succo rutm si succus sumitur ejus. Affirmant ruptis quod prosit potio tabs. Macer, N°. 20. SCIIOLA SALERNI. 183 1. 212. Pulegium, penny royal. Cum vino nigram choleram potata repellit. — Appositum viridem dicunt sedare podagram. Macer, N°. 13. 1. 214. Nasturtium, water cresses. Illius succus crines retinere fluentes Allitus asseritur, dentisque levare dolorem. Lichenas succus purgat cum melle perunctus. IMacer, N°. 65. 1. 217. Cheledonia, celandine. Caecatis pullis liac lumina mater hirundo (Plinius ut scribit) quamvis sint eruta reddit. Macer, N". 56. Pliny, lib. 25. cap. 1. Animalia quoque invenire herbas, imprimisque chelidoniam. Hue enim hirundines oculis pullo- rum in nidis restituunt visum, ut quidam volunt, etiam erutis oculis. 1. 219. Aurihus infusus vermes succus necat ejus. This line is in Macer, applied to Fceniculum, fennel ; and again to Hyoscyomus, Henbane, N°®. 14. and 68. 1. 221. Pomorum. Villa Nova explains it, that the juice of the fruit, and the flowers of the sallow, are injurious to child- birth, which they render difficult by their styptic and drying qualities. But see the additions, 1. 149, which form part of the text in Moreau, Silvius, etc. 1. 224. Porrum. 184 NOTES TO THE Manantemque potest naris retinere cruorem Intus si nares ungas medicamine tali. Contractas vulvas succo curabis eodem, Reddit foecundas mansum persajpe puellas. Macer, N°. 11. 1. 227. Piper. Vim digestivam stomachi, jecorisque juvabit. Occurrit variis thoracis saepe querelis, Quodque movere solet, frigora periodica febris Compescit. Macer, N'’* 71. 1, 230. nimisque moveri. Villa Nova says, aliqui textus loco nimis habent miniis. 1. 233. In aure. Sciendum est quod aliqui textus adhuc habent istum versum. Balnea, sol, vomitus, affert, repletio, clamor. i. e. that is, alFert timnitum in aure. Villa Nova. 1. 236. Acumina, tart or sharp things, as sauces. 1. 241. Most of the old copies have Jure, but this is evidently an error for thure, embotum is a funnel. 1. 245. Caleas dupe, take warm food. Inspira calidum, breathe warm air. Comprime fiatum, hold your breath. 1. 249. The Greek words Karappog, Ppay^og, Kopv^a. 1. 250. This is the only recipe of a chemical professional nature. Causa est quod in istis est virtus exsiccativa, et mundifica- tiva. Villa Nova. 1. 254. 219 bones, 32 teeth, 365 veins. SCHOLA SALERNI. Villa Nova says, Secundum tamen solennes medicinag doc- tores, ut Hippocrates, Galenus, Rasis, Averroes, et Avicenna, ossa hominis sunt ducenta et quadraginta octo, licet in parti- culari enumeratione ossium disconveniant, et istud vult ille communis versus. Ossa ducentena sunt atque quater duodena. 1. 259. Terra melan : aq : phleg : et aer sanguis : cole: ignis. The words of this line are apocopized to bring them into the verse, and must thus be scanned, Terra me — Ian : aq; — phleg: et a— er san — guis: cole: — ignis, for terra melancholicis, aqua phlegmaticis, et aer sanguineis, colericis ignis (comparator). This contracted line was expanded into Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur pituita;, Aer sanguineis, ignea vis cholerai. The difference in colour between venal and arterial blood is mentioned by Villa Nova. Color est rubeus ; scilicet, venalis rubeus obscurus, et arterialis ruheus clarus. 1. 266. The number here changes from the plural to the singular, but this nothing in such inaccurate writers. So in the three following paragraphs. 1. 304. This passage would be perfectly plain if the two lines. Hi sunt and In quihus, were placed at the beginning be- fore Tres insunt istis — “ those three months are good for bleed- ing, except three days, which are as destructive as a serpent, and neither bleeding, creating a goose, is proper.” Why either these months, or days, are called lunar is not explained. As R 3 186 NOTES TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. to not eating a goose on those days, Villa Nova supposes it to l>e derived from some Jewish superstition, and that the pro- scribed days may be as good for bleeding as any others, if the stars are favourable. 1. 316. Etfastiditi, if the stomach is squeamish. 1. 319. Oiling and rubbing the part, or the lancet, or the wound. Drinking wine to promote the flow of blood, bathing the fillet, gentle motion. 1. 340. Cepha : by apocope for K£0a\j;. 1. 342. Salvatella is a branch of the axillary vein, passing over the back of the hand, between the ring finger and middle finger, according to Villa Nova. The benefit of bleeding this vein was much recommended by Avicenna, and the other Ara- bian physicians. 1. 349. Morelia is solanum hortense, garden nightshade. Istud idem dicunt capitis sedare dolorem. Macer, N°. 67. 1. 350. Siccant for siccescant, grow dry. NOTES TO THE AUDITIONS. Line 4. Allia. These three lines are in Macer, lib. i. 5. 1. 7. Lucius. These two lines, with some alteration, are taken from an epigram upon pope Lucius the third, who was banished from Rome by the magistrates and people, for his tyranny. He reigned from 1181 to 1185, and consequently the lines were written long after the Schola Salernitana. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum : A quo discordat Lucius iste parum. Devorat ille homines, hie piscibus insidiatur : Esurit hie semper, ille aliquando satur. Amborum vitam si laus asquata notaret. Plus rationis habet qui ratione caret. 1. 13. Cap. by apocope for cappari, capers. 1. 17. Appositas perhibent, etc. verbatim in Macer, 26. 1. 21. Sicca calet cholera, sic igni Jit similata. .(Egid. Corboil. Ignea vis cholerae, lib. iii. 1. 536. p. 596. 1. 40. Pone gulce metas, ut sit tibi longior atas. .Egid. Corboil. lib. ii. 1. 440. p. 555. Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditur aetas. and lib. iv. 1. 466. p. 650. 188 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. Vim chronicis morbis, quos fundat longior astas, Ingerit, et proprids compellat stringere metas. 1. 48. In the Italian translation these lines are adopted into the text : Un rio, un lago, un fonte, unfiumicello, Un specchio, un prato, e qual si sia verdura, A gli ocelli dan conforto, e al cervello. La mattina nei monti e la pastura Degli ocelli, e verso sera cercherai Fonti e ruscelli, per colli, o per pianura. 1. 54. So the English proverb. After dinner sit a while After supper walk a mile. 1. 77. Ingeniumque aciiit, replet, minuit quoque, offa. This seems a contradiction. It may either mean, that by in- creasing good humours it lessens the bad ones, or it may refer to two different kinds of sop, that in soup, which is nourishing, or in water, which starves the body, or it is better explained by the other reading. 1. 91. For defunetd, some hlSS. have sugendo — de sicca— sunt audio. 1. 98. Fahis. Macer says they are good for the gout, if mixed with fat and applied externally. Anseris adjuncta huic pinguedo recens, vel ovilla Si fuerit, podagras quoque subvenit hac ratione. Macer, 86. 1. 101. Buglossa. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 189 Vinum potatum, quo sit macerata buglossa, Laitos convivas decoctio dicitur ejus Reddere, si fuerit inter convivia sparsa. Macer, 47. 1. 104. Borrago. Cardiacos. Qui in syncopen delabuntur, qui corde laborant. 1. 106. Pastinaca, Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Macer, N°’ 28. Non subacuta al. quum subacuta. Coitum, al. stoinachum — inuta. al. tuta. 1. 110. Absinthium. Unde juvat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venena Illorum extinguit. Macer, N°. 2, de Abrotono. Auris de pellit sonitum cum felle bovino. IMacer, 3. 1. 121. Maratrum, seuf<rniculum. Semen cum vino bibitum ventris movet actus. Tradunt auctores ejus juvenescere gustu Serpentes, et ob hoc senibus prodesse putatur. Macer, 14. 1. 131. Sambuci. This resembles the known epitaph upon fair Rosamond. Hie jacet in tumba rosa mundi non rosa munda, Non olet sed redolet qua; redolere solet. If this line was borrowed from the epitaph, it was of course written long subsequent to the Schola. 190 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 1, 134. Ventres, ventis in quibusdam MSS. 1. 138. Uvam, i. e. uvulam. 1. 142. Zingiber. Some manuscripts apply this to zedoary. ]. 149. Be Salice. Ilujus flos sumptus in aqua frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes, Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. Macer, 91. 1. 152. De Porro. Rlanantemque — These two lines are verbatim in hlacer, 91. 1. 158. Granatum. BaXavffriov, the flower of a pomegranate. 1. 166. Blasia, pastinaca, — Bancia pastiquenata. MS. 1. 181. Lilia. This is a strange jumble of several lines in Macer, 17. Praecisis nervis tritus cum melle medetur. — Mollescunt nervi, combustaque membra juvantur. — Ruges distendit, vultus maculas fugat omnes. 1. 185. Lactuca. Lac dat abundanter nutrici sumpta frequenter. Ut quidam dicunt oculis caligo creatur. Macer, 15. 1. 186. Pinea. Effimeras. ’E^’ j)pepag, daily or habitual. 1. 192. Gallia muscata. Galla, seu nux moschata. The nutmeg. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 191 1. 194. Cuminum. Assumptura quocunque modo depellere tradunt Viscera vexantem ventum, stomachuraque gravatum. Dicunt pallentem dare mensura saepe colorera. Macer, 74. 1. 204. Cicla, the beet, beta, hlitum, bleta, French bette. « • ■ t ' t , I V ■■■ .*• 1 9 •; ■i »■ % ■: ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Ovdiv oiiTtjg ovSe tvKpTjurov, ovde KaXbv, dvOptJTToig tv I3l<p, wg i) TAS12. Xenoph. OicoN. I. OF THE ANATOMY AND CONSTITUTION OF THE BODY. line Of the bones 254 Of the teeth 255 Of the veins 256 Of the humours — 257 Of the sanguine 260 Of the choleric 268 Of the phlegmatic 274 Of the melancholy 280 II. OF THE MEANS OF PRESERVING HEALTH. I. BY GENERAL RULES. At rising, to wash, walk, stretch, comb, and clean the teeth 10 Of cleanliness 10, 64 Of bathing 14,234,358,362 II. BY ATTENTION TO THE SIX NON-NATURALS. 1. Of air and the seasons. line Of air 43 Of the four seasons , 54, 350 2. Of exercise, motion, and rest. Exercise 357 Rest 363 Not to move after meals 230 To walk after dinner 14 3. Of sleep, and watchwg. Not to sleep at noon 5, 15 Not to sleep after meals 230 To procure sleep 199 Of watching 237, 245 4. Of repletion and evacuation. Not to retain evacuations 6 Not to retain wind 18 s 194 ANALYTICAL INDEX. line Fcecation after apples 121 Urine 76, 132, 137, 134, 142 Easting (see food) 350 A'^omiting 351 Purging 357 Perspiration ib. Bleeding — After bleeding keep warm 14 Rules for bleeding — its benefits, time for, age, constitution, how, in what cases, etc. 295 Salvatella, a vein 242 5 Of the passions. line Good 67 Crust 70 With cheese 103 Sops 161 Of meats. Salt meat 26 Y enison 27 Hare ib. Goat ib. Beef ib. Pork 32, 73 A^eal 80 4’o avoid care and anger 3 Fear 232 6. Of food, generally. Of long hunger 232 To sup sparingly 4, 20 To leave the table early 5 After dinner stand or walk 14 Not to eat till the stomach is empty 22 Pleasant food good 33 Rules for eating in the four seasons 54 Sauce 62, 154 Salt ib. Qualities of salt, bitter, sharp, sour, astringent things, etc. 158 Of food, in particular. Of bread. 30, 31 Of parts and proceeds of animals. Milk 26, 31, 96 Butter 100 Cheese 26, 31, 90, 102, 114 Whey 101 Eggs 29, 33, 92, 113 Honey 204, 206, 216 Testicles 32 Brains 32, 148 Marrow 32 Bowels 75 Heart 144 Stomach 145 Tongue 146 Lungs 147 Of birds. Hens 81, 148 Capons ib. The turtle ib. The starling ib. Fine ANALYTICAL INDEX. 195 line The dove 81 The quail 82 The thrush ib. The pheasant ib. Ethigoneta ib. The partridge 83 The chaffinch ib. The moorhen, etc. ib. The plover ib. The teal ib. Of fishes. The pike 86 The perch ib. The sole ib. The whiting ib. The tench ib. The gurnet 87 The plaice ib. The carp ib. The ray ib. The trout ib. Eels 88, 90, 244 Of fruits. Peaches 26, 126 Apples 26, 244 Pears 26,41,117 Figs 34 — cataplasm of 129 Grapes 34 Nuts, 41, 114,127, 243 Cherries 122 Plums 125 Raisins 128 Of plants. line Garlic 41, 62, 234 Rue 41,58,184,210,238 Radishes 41 Sage 58, 62, 177, 181 Roses 59, 238 Wormw'ood 60 Pepper 62, 226, 234 Parsley 62 Pease 93 Poppy 130 Rapes 141 Fennel 149, 238 Anise 150 Cabbage 170 Mallows 172 ]\Iint 175 Lavender 181 Primrose ib. Nasturtium 182 Tansy ib. Onions 189, 235 Mustard 195, 235 Violet 197 Nettle 199 Hyssop 203 Chervil 206 Elicampane 209 Penny-royal 212 Nasturtium 214 Celandine 217,238 Sallow 219 Saffron 222 Leek 224, 235, 240 Lentils 235 Beans ib. Vervain 238 Henbane 241 196 ANvVLYTICAL INDEX. Of drink. line Of wine 234 Of drunkenness 231, 233, 345 Of surfeit 197 Of temperance 4, 363 To drink often at dinner 1 10 Of wine — Red 29, 39 White 38 Black 48 Sweet 33, 38 Good, proofs of 35, 49 With wormwood 61 With pork 73 W ith eggs 113 With cheese 90 With eels ib. With pears 116 With chervil 207 With penny-royal 212 In sauce 62 Bad for the eyes 234 Of drinking wine next day 45 water 345 Of must, or new wine 76, 126, 134 Water, hurtful at eating 78 Of ale — Good, is not stale, clear, brewed of good corn, 51 Qualities of ale 135 Of Vinegar 138, 220 III. OF THE CURE OF DISEASES. General rules. Cheerfulness, rest, and absti- line nence, supply the place of a physician 8 Of diet, an usual diet not to be changed 163 Of medicines and physicians, etc. Spodium 152 Castoreum 181 Thus, or jus 241 Embotum, a funnel 242 Oil 243 Orpiment, sulphur, lime 250 Treacle 41 Hippocrates 165 Galen 190 Fliny 218 Of particular diseases. Offever 16,100,180,229,346 Of slothfulness 16 Of head ache 16, 197, 345 Of catarrh, cough, colds, phlegm, 16, 128, 200, 203, 227, 228 Various sorts, rbeuma, catarr- hus, bronchus, coryza 245 Of spasms 19 Of dropsy ib. Of cholic 19, 200 Of vertigo ib. Of the belly, 40, 76, 132, 137, 143, 171, 172,201,208, 209 Of the stomach, 107, 120, 123, 141, 150, 192, 201, 203, 228 Of the voice 40, 88 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 197 line Of poison 41,116,154,197 Of sea sickness 60 Of urine 6, 76, 132, 134, 137, 142 Of obstruction of the liver 77 223 Of the stone 11, 124 Of consumption 96 Of good blood 124 Of the spleen 77,128 Of the reins ib. Of scrofula 129 Of tumours 129 Of the glands ib. Of bones broken 130 Of pediculi 131 Of Venus 131, 186, 234, 236, 356, 361 Of wind 18,141,149,234 Of the eyes 10, 66, 150, 156, 161, 184, 187, 234, 2.38 Of scab 157 Of worms 176, 219 Of the nerves 179 Of trembling ib. Of paralysis 182 Of fleas 188 line Ofthe teeth 12, 142, 161,215, 402 Of the melancholy 26 Of the choleric 70, 190, 212, 360 Of the phlegmatic 191, 227 Of the hair 12, 193, 214 Of the head 196 Of surfeit 197 Of the falling sickness 198 Of vomiting 199, 208, 232 Of the lungs 201, 204 Ofthe joints 202,204 Of the face 192,205 Of cancer 206 Of ruptures 211 Of gout 213 Of leprosy 216 Of the ears 219, 229, 233 Of warts 220 Of partus 221 Of puellae faecundse 224 Of blood, to stop 152, 225 Of digestion 227 Of blows, falls 232 Of hoarseness 243 Of fistula 250 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS. The articles marked with a star are in the original poem. I. FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY. line Cheese * 1 Eggs* 2 Garlic * 4 The pike * 7 Rapes * 9 Fennel 10 Spodium * 12 Salt* 14 Onions * 16 The bones * 18 The humours * 19 11. FROM MANUSCRIPTS. General and miscellaneous rules. Aer* 39 Temperance * 40 Not to eat or drink unneces- sarily 42 l.ight suppers* 45 Relief to the eyes line 48 Sleep * 50 Urination * ib. To drink often * 52 To walk after supper 53 Food for the poor 55 Of the flux 56 Of wine * 58 Of cheese * 60 Of things sweet, salt, etc. 67 Of things boiled, fried. roast - ed 74 Of new bread, old wine. young meat, old fish ib. Of the bones * 76 Of animals. The duck 79 The goose 82 Pork * 84 Inwards of pigs * 85 Eggs* 92 Cheese, eels, * 95 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS. 199 Of plants. line The bean* 98 Colewort, vetches 100 Bugloss 101 Borrage 104 Parsnips Wormwood 105 110 Southernwood ■ 113 Scabious 114 Fennel 121 The osier 126 Spinage 129 Elder 131 Dill 133 Coriander 135 Grapes * 136 The mulberry 138 The fig * 139, 147 Ginger 142 Zedoary 146 'J'he sallow 149 Leeks* line 152 Bran, meal * 154 Sage with rue * 156 Pomegranate 158 Acorns and chestnuts * 160 Herbs of spring, summer. autumn, winter 161 Caraway 171 Malangia 173 The beet, blitus 175 Parsley * 177 The rose * 179 The lily 181 Levistica 183 Sorsia 184 Lettuce 185 The pine 186 Liquorice 188 The nutmeg 192 Cummin 195 The beet, cicla * 197 Epilogus, what parts of plants to be taken 199 THE END. PIUNTEB BY TALBOYS AND BROWNE, OXFORD. ♦ ' . > I 1 fS.i j ' a'' %4t -~ ‘ i -> i , IV/«A ^ .■> ; 4 f f i /V' y f iS <■ • y <1 Y n > » 4. ft. \ t t ■ i ■ .1 1 ( l!. rr- 1 Time Pa 6; e i/\ 0 • -I ''ifi I'.'ti .*i'i i;TV li.! ' li'lil'-i'H'i ; tUiS::? a; BBf3 ’B:S; - p’l’C '^i.> '*! n *, ■ ■■ i' ‘ 'i, '•'i-1*’ ■‘•li-’' '. ■ ‘ '■! '' s- v;s 'i,'.ip.! ‘.s-fcdl V[ [ '€

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(8/& 3।० ॥%3।८] ॥ &|208/2) ९ ५० & ५०) ॥#॥६)3.2/ ।33(५ ९ 22 (9 ।।02 2० ] ७ ।5] । ४४७७ 20७ 0४)॥ 8 :।2)० [209 8)।४७४७ ल>५६ [२६ । :५०हे ॥ | ७) [92] २४ (००४ ७] ७ 2४४४७ ३६३५७ ५४३ वध है. | ॥ 3200 ७. फशडेटि 'ली८ 5० (2०० [0७।2 । 220 +20& | ॥& * ॥9%]) ॥)७ ।०॥४ ॥२॥६ 8.५2 । 22-0 2 द । है 4/92] )3।- ६१४४० है /४20॥& »)|& ।॥) । है 2.४] 80%७ 30६8 »)३ ६) है ॥5:9॥2] »]।& 99॥6 »। ६8 ६&।02 | | ।४ !&).०) (९७६ ॥६। ४ ॥६ 9०४७ 23 ]।|- )।॥»)५० १|० 5 ४ 3६७७४) । | | माह है 2७३७ छ. ०3७ ॥20॥2 8 +धह 2५ ४ ४७ । है | (७७ 88४ है; ९४४ 0॥४ |3॥: ५९)॥३० । ॥&3 ।9७ ७७७७ ५ 8४ ।0२ | 3.8 3.% 32 2५ )॥२ 8४ 0० | ॥|०४ ६०।१2 ॥७ ७)॥ 3)» ॥६॥|७ ज़िः /0+ कफ [५ न (प्र 2/& | है 22))& ।२॥३)६ है; 8.02 3»% ४४) |2|> ५२) 4 ६) | के ॥ ॥५४७७. /2)५ ॥2 |(७ २५४) ५००३५) 2। ।(६६ ।४५ ॥ ॥०७५३४ ।#4५2 2.) > 5] ० 2)(७ ।2)8 ।2)५० |) ५२ ॥ 8) 3७ >०]| ॥।(& 3:-:])।/ ५८७०) ४५२ ॥ ॥8)8 ७ /।५% ७४५ 9० 39 ॥५४४ ७७४७ 20 । ।3-) क्‍ | 2.५ ॥» 9)॥»)|2)> ।0८ ४ 2 ५४)६७ ७:।७ | ७. ६ /902 [२२०] ॥९५ 5) 02 ६)७ 200 ।% फोर, 30 & ॥8.% 3)७) .) ६६ ।8॥७ 3४ ९।४७ ॥०४ ।|8 ४29 ॥॥ >)॥+०]) है ४।४ | ह €।है १॥०४.६ ])४॥७७ ॥॥0६)७ ।ह !३3- ॥६ १)६)५ ५८] (४ | 32 ५६०४० |95 9 &60९॥ । ॥2६ ।९ [(७:)४ ।६। 8. 3) 3७] ५ |. 26) 3७ छे (२३५ ४ |॥६ 20) 28 >3:% १6)॥० ॥५ ७0 | १९) ।0॥ हे |» >0)७ ।€ छे४)) ४०७ &)2 । ॥2)६ ॥| 3.० |)० । । | हे १०] 3 0० |» ४ ७96) | (-)॥5 ).8 >& ५ )५ ५) है ।+७।९ ०३०७ 3 8७४ ६) 3. )॥७॥१% ७ 0) ७०] ५ ॥ ॥ 79%] 35] ५] है ५६४ 30२ है5 ५)०७४ है. ५२) ॥॥६)| ।०)४ 3< | ५०७ || ॥ 8७ । है४] ॥७७)॥० >8 ।॥५6 80 [४४ ७६ ४28 ४2४६ ।५० ७8] 23) ४2 ।+)॥2 ४२.8 | 205)> 0४०) । ।2० ०७६ ४०७ हे ।|४७।॥६ ।७१।६ है. !>02]) ४४ )|2७)४।६ 02 ।& । ॥॥६ ॥७]॥2 | ५९ ॥9]४ )|७।।०।७) है >]|8 5 ॥७१४ ७ ॥&0 ०8) 9०00 । है; 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Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. Early life Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer. References Other websites Craxi Foundation website 1934 births 2000 deaths Deaths from diabetes Former MEPs MEPs for Italy People from Milan Politicians from Lombardy Prime Ministers of Italy Socialist politicians Italian Roman Catholics Presidents of the European Council

Perdaxius (Perdàxius) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,455 people live there. Its area is 29.5 km². It is 98 meters above sea level. References Other websites Communes of Sardinia

Boqueho is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. Communes in Côtes-d'Armor

I read a lot of questions and answers related to this issue. However, none of them solved my problem. I would like to point out that i am using the 5.12.2 of Qt. In addition, i tried to generate .exe files using windeployqt command (Calling it via the cmd). So, i have two different qt application (2 .exe files). I transfer them in a different windows machine with no Qt installation. One .exe file is running correctly however the other one gives me back the error related to the qt platform plugin "Windows". I would like also to point out, that the running exe is produced using Qt 5.12.2 (MinGW 7.3.0 64-bit). For the problematic exe, the 5.12.2 (MinGW 7.3.0 32-bit) is used. Do you know what will be the problem? PS. i double check that the qwindows.dll is in the platforms folder. I also tried to put this dll in the same folder as the exe file as well as in a sub-folder called plugins (based on some answers find around the web.) Thanks a lot,

Revision of the Homopterous genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, with descriptions of new speetes: by Antoun G. BUTLER, ELS FZ), Xe. LENG INNIS WIE. The Genus Cercopis of Walker (nee Fabricius) has been very rightly divided by Dr. Stal into the two groups Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, characterized at a glance by the form of the thorax. The following is a revised list of the species at present known to science. GENUS COSMOSCARTA. Stal. 1. C. tricolor. Cercopis tricolor, St. Fargean and Serville, Ene. Méth. X., p- 604 (1827); Burmeister, Hand. Ent. II., 1, p. 124, n. 1 (1835). Java. B.M. 2. C. Stamensis, n. sp., fig. 1. Allied to C. tricolor, but in the form of the thorax more like C. divisa. Head and thorax, basi-costal third of corium, and basal fourth of clavus reddish testaceons ; wings pale fuscous, the basi-costal veins and base reddish ; abdomen above and below blue-black; pectus and legs piceous, tibiee of hind pair of legs armed with a strong spine. Length 18 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 42. Cambodia (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. var. Entire basal third of tegmina reddish testaceous. Laos (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. 2 SO basinotata, n. sp., fig 2. Form of C. tricolor ; differs chiefly in having the tegmina crossed at base by a patch of six red spots (that on the CistuLa Enromonoaica, September 1st, 1874. T 246 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous clavus being more or less bifid) instead of the pale testaceous band; and in the narrower and interrupted red hands margining the segments on dorsum of abdomen. Length 21 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 47. Saráwak (Wallace). Five specimens. B.M. This is certainly distinet from C. tricolor, with which, however, it was formerly associated in our collection, 4. C. fuscipennis. Cereopis fuscipennis, St. Fargean and Serville, Ene Mern X., p. 605, n. 6 (1827). Cercopis plana, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 653, n. 10 (1851). Java and Penang. B.M. 5. O. nigripennis. Cereopis nigripennis, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 90, n. 8 (1803). Cosmoscarta nigripennis, Stal, Hemipt. Fabrie., p. 11, n. 2 (1869). Cereopts fulvicollis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TII., p. 660, n. 36 (1851 This is quite distinet from the C. nigripennis of Mr. Walker’s list. Java. B.M. 6. C. megamera, N. sp., fig. 3. Cereopis nigr ipennis, Walker (nee Fabric.) List. Homopt. Ins. Mike p. 653, n. 11 (1851). Form and general coloration of C. fuscipennis (C. plana, Wik.), but at once distinguished by its much greater size, black legs, the narrower reddish costal edge, and less pro- nounced basal reddish diffusion on tegmina ; the colour of the thorax and head also vary from piceous to castaneons and bright testaceous. Length 16-19 mill.; expanse of tegmina 39-47. _ Silhet; Penang; Laos (Mouhot); Hong Kong (Bowring). Fifteen specimens. B.M, Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 247 7. C. rufimargo. aa rufimargo, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. X., p. Bi T Wh, 2) SO Maldon, ose (Wallace). Type B.M. 8. C. funeralis, n. sp., fig. 4. Form of C. fuscipennis, but thorax with a distinct central ridge ; head and thorax dark castaneous ; scutellum piceous ; dorsum of abdomen reddish -orange; tegmina piceous, almost black; wines fuscous ; pectus black; venter and legs red; segments transversely banded and laterally spotted with black ; proximal extremities of femora blackish. Length 20 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 41, India. Type. B.M. 9. CO. Wallucei, n. sp., fig. 6 Form of C. tricolor; less coarsely rugulose ; ocelli very large : head, thorax, and tegmina reddish piceous, covered with testaceous pubescence ; costa and base of tegmina (especially the veins) rufescent; wings fuscous red at pase ; abdomen and legs red; venter blackish in the centre. Length 15 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 33, Dorey (Wallace). Type. B.M. 10. C. flaceida, n. sp., fig. 6. Form of preceding species ; head testaceous ; thorax dull pale testaceous obsoletely spotted with dusky; centre of front margin dark castancous with a large black impressed spot on each side; scutellum, abdomen, pectus and legs dark chocolate brown ; tegmina dull reddish-brown ; wings pale brown. Length 15 mill. : expanse of tegmina 37. Java, Type. B.M. 11. C. costalis. Cercopis eostalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins, TIT., p. 651 m 2 GED Philippines (Cuming). Type. D.M. Possibly a variety, but more probably a local form of C. theora of White, Ts: 248 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 12. C. theora. Cercopis theora, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. 13. C. proserpina. Cereopis proserpina, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming) Type. B.M. If this be considered a mere variety of C. theora, all idea of separating species by pattern must be given up at once. l4. C. plutoniea, n. sp., fig. 7. Allied to C. proserpina. Head and thorax dirty testa- ceous; scutellum black, piceous behind; abdomen grey- brown, becoming somewhat testaceous towards anus ; pectus and venter black ; femora and coxæ of legs blackish piceous ; tibiæ and tarsi dark testaceous, golden pubescent ; tegmina black; costal margin and apex dull fulvous; base ‘and a basi-subcostal pyriform streak; an irregular transverse trimacular band erossing first third of tegmina, a subcostal spot at end of second third, and the veins on second third testaceous ; wings fuscous, costa lutescent, base rufescent. Length 17 ‘mill ; expanse of tegmina 44. Corea (Arthur Adams). Type. B.M. Very like C. proserpina, but smaller, the tegmina differ- ently marked, the clavus, instead of being entirely bright fulvous, has an oval spot (the third of the transverse series) in its centre. 15. C. Daphne. Cereopis Daphne, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 147, n. 5 (1865). Manilla (Stal). Seeins allied to C. proserpina, but, according to Stal, very nearly allied to C. Charon. 16. C. Charon. Cereopis Charon, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 249 Philippines (Cuming) ; Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to, but smaller and narrower than C. viridans of Guérin ; the hemelytra duller in colour, with costal margin less arched. 17. C. viridans. Cercopis viridans, Guérin in Bélanger’s Voyage Ind. Or. Atlas, pl. 3, figs. 7, Ta (1834). Cereopis latissima, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 655, n. 20 (1851). Java. B.M. 18. C. rugulosa. Cereopis rugulosa, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 1, p. 95, u. 54 (1857). Mt. Ophir (Wallace). Type. B.M. 19, CL rujipes. Cosmoscarta rufipes, Stal. Hemipt. Ins. Phil. in Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 719, n. + (1870). Philippines (Stal). Allied to C. Charon. 20. C. rutilans, n. sp, fig. 8. Head, legs, pectus, venter, and tegmina piceous ; thorax shining black with dark castaneous margin; scutellum and dorsum of abdomen piceous, with violet metallic shot ; wings hyaline, slightly fuscescent, more particularly at costa and abdominal margin. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 32. Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. rugulosa and C. cyaneiventris. 21. C. eyanerventris. Cercopis eyanetventris, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 661, n. 37 (1851). Java. Type. B.M. JT 250 Mr. Butlers Levision of Homopterous 22, C. Malaya. Cercopis Malaya, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 147, n. 7 (1865). Malacca (Stal). Seems to approach C. xanthorhina in markings, but said to be more nearly allied to C. eyaneiventris. 23), C ea, Do Bids, jij, @: Very close to C. divisa, much smaller, the apical third of tegmina not brown; the basal spots less nnmerous*, inter- rupted, and of a bright orange colour ; costal margin dark castancous; dorsum of abdomen red; venter red, trans- versely banded with black ; legs fulvons, femora of second and third pairs blackish; wings slightly fuscescent. Length 13 mill.; expanse of tegmina 32. Dorey (Wallace). Type. B.M. 24. C. consequens, n. sp., fig. 10. Allied to C. vilis. Head, thorax, pectus, scutellum, dorsum, and venter of abdomen black; abdomen with the segments at the sides and on venter narrowly margined with reddish; anus red; legs red ; tegmina piceons, crossed near the base by three orange spots, one subcostal, sub- ovate ; one subtriangular trifid, immediately below it; the third subovate, on margin of clavus; costal edge dark eastaneous ; base slightly rufescent ; wings fuscescent, red at base. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 36. New Guinea (IVallace). Type. B.M. 95 25. C. ferociens, n. sp., fig. 11. Allied to the preceding; from which it differs in its longer and paler tegmina with two scarlet spots near base, one subcostal, the other on clavus; the scutellum paler and more elongate ; tibiæ of first and second pairs of legs and * In C. divisa, they form a transverse band as in C. tricolor. Genera Cosmoscarta and Phynvatostetha. 251 femora of third pair piceous. Length 16 mill.; expanse of teginina 39. Mysol (Wallace). Type. B.M. This species in some respects approaches C. egens. 26. C. divisa. ercopis divise, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X, P- 279, n. 299 (1867). New Guinea (IVadlace). Type. B.M. 27, C Australis, v. sp., fig. 12. Cercopis Urvillei, Walker (nee. St. Fargean), List Homopt. Ins. Suppl. p. 170 (1858). Differs from ©. Urrillei in the purplish black dorsum of abdomen, the blacker thorax and the orange area of tegmina being confined to the basal third and without any indica- tion of a transverse brown band. Length 20 mill; expanse of tegmina 35. Australia, and local form Dorey (Wallace). B.M. Specimens from Dorey are ot a darker colour and have the outline of the orange area of tegmina undulated. 28. C. wanthorhina. Cercopis wanthorhina, Boisduval, Voy. de V Astrolabe, Ent., p. 618; pl. 10, fig. 35). Dorey (Wallace). B.M. Allied to C. Urvillei. Speaking of the hemelytra M. Bois- duval says—“ On voit encore an milieu de chaque élytre, prés du bord latéral, un petit point rouge allongé presque nul.” This spot is absent in the figure : it occurs on one of our specimens. 29. Of. Urvillet. Cercopis Urvillei, St. Favgeau and Serville, Ene. Méth. X., p. 605, n. 3 (1827); Guérin, Icon. Règne Anim. Tus., pl. 59, fig. 8 (1829—1844). Cercopis nasalis, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 283, n. 311 (1867). Offak (St. Furgeau); Aru (Wallace). B.M. 252 Mr. Butlers Revision of LHonopterous The transverse black bar crossing the orange basal half of the hemelytra is but imperfectly indicated in the figure by Guérin. 30. C. rubrifera. Cercopis rubrifera, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc., vol. X, p. 283, n. 309 (1867). Aru (Makacs) DM Nearly allied to C. Urvillei, from which it may be dis- tinguished by the carmine basal half of the hemelytra, its angular outer edge, more complete transverse black bar, and blackened nervures ; the abdomen is also bright red. 31. C. ferveseens, fig. 13. Nearly allied to C. inexacta; differs in the greater width of the thorax ; the jet-black colour of the vertex of head and the thorax, the black scutellum, the blacker tegmina and the much larger scarlet spots towards base of tegmina. Length 16 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 42. Menado (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Evidently a local representative of C. inexacta from Makian; and somewhat allied to C. ferociens. 32. C. inexacta. Cercopis inexacta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 280, n. 301 (1867). Makian and Macassar ( Wallace). Type. B.M. Walker gives the locality as Tondano, but the type has a ticket bearing the abbreviation “ Mak.” G 33. C. sexmaculata. Cosmoscarta sexmaculata, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 719, n. 5 (1870). Philippines (Stal). 34. C. incanescens, n. sp, figs. 14, 14a. Cercopis undulifera (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soo vol. X p. 276, n. 291 (1867). Genera Cosmoscarta und Phymatostetha. 253 New Guinea (IVallaee). Type. B.M. The abdomen above purplish black; wings piceous. These characters are not noticed in Mr, Walker's description. 35. C. tetraspila. Cercopis tetraspila, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 277, a 292 (1867). Ternate (Wallace). B.M. 36. C. sequens. Cercopis sequens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 285, n. 316 (1867). New Guinea (Wallace). Type. B.M. 37. C. busistriya. Cercopis basistriga, Walker, Journ. Linu. Soc., vol. X, p. 280, n. 302 (1867). Mysol (Wallace). Type. B.M. As in other instances, Mr. Walker has given Morty, instead of Mysol, as the habitat of the species. 38. C. maculifaseia. Cercopis maculifaseia, Walker, Jonrn. Linn, Soc., vol, X., DZT, m Bets (Stop) Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Type. B.M. 39. C. zonata, n. sp., fig. 15. Cercopis decisa (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. X., p- 278, n. 296 (1867). Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Basal half of tegmina in type castaneous ; wings fusces- cent; abdomen above glossy black, pectus black, thorax sometimes black. 40. C. perstrigata, n. sp. fig. 10, Head castaneous, vertex piceous ; thorax black, testaceous ? I ? 2 pubescent, with castaneous margin; sceutelluin piceous, paler behind: abdomen black; pectus dark olivaceous ; 254 Mr. Butler’s Revision of Homopterous legs, femora piceous, tibiæ castaneous, tarsi testaceous ; tegmina piceous with central transverse irregular interrupted testaceous band; wings fuscescent. Length 17 mill.; expanse of tegmina 44, New Guinea (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. zonata and U. convesa. 41. C. conrera. Cercopis convera, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 278, n. 297 (1867). New Guinea (Manuce) Type. BM. 42. C. horrified, n. sp., fiy. 17. Cercopis unifaseta (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Tins ccs wok Na i ZS, Da on lsti): New Guinea. Type. BM. Wings fuscous (character not mentioned by Mr. Walker). I3. CC. sudeata. Cercopis sulcata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 281, n. 304 (1867). Tondano (Wallace). Type. BM. Alied to CL Urvillei, but at once distinguishable by its black head. Attached to the type I-found the (? Ms.) name C. balteata, Walker. 44. C. pulchella, n. sp. Allied to C. sulcata and C. heros. Head, thorax, and pectus shining black ; abdomen, legs, and tegmina scarlet ; the latter with a blackish costal spot just before the middle of the margin; apical third dark piccous, inner edge wn- dulated. Length 10 mill.; expanse of tegmina 2+. Laos (Mouhot). Type. B.M. 45. C. heros. Cercopis heros, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 89, n. 3 (1808). Cosmoscarta heros, Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., p. 11, n. 1 (1809). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 255 Cercopis abdominalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. God, n. 18 (1851). Hong Kong (Bowring); China (Lay). B.M. 40. C. chrysomelena, n. sp. Nearly allied to C. heros. Thorax distinctly wider, pur- plish black ; legs with the exception of the terminal tarsal joints entirely orange; abdomen orange, venter trans- versely banded with black; tegmina blaek, with basal third, and a regular eurved band at end of second third, orange; wings fuscescent, with base slightly orange. Length 10 mill. ; expanse of tegmina, 29. Shanghai (Fortune): Laos (Vouhot). B.M. The Siamese example is larger than the Chinese and has the tarsi completely orange. 47. C. diserepans. Cercopis discrepans, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool, vol. IL, ji, 8S, mk, OF GUST), Cercopis obtusa, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. X., p. 287, n. 325 (1867). Timor and Singapore (Wallace). Type. B.M. 48. C. egens. Cercopis egens, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 171 (1858). India; N. India (Mooker). Type. B.M. var. fascia coccinea distincta, paululum angustiore. Siam (Mouhot), Penang and India (Bowring). B.M. 49. C. ducens. Cercopis ducens, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ITT., p. 655, n. 22 (1851) ; Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4, Sér. V., p. 188 (1865). Silhet. Type. B.M. 256 My. Butlers feviston of Homopterous 50. C. concisa. Jercopis concisa, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc., vol. X., p- 286, n. 321 (1867). Tondano and Macassar (Wallace). Type. B.M. 51. C bivittata. Cercopis bivittata, St. Fargeau and Serville, Ene. Meth. X., p. 605, n. 4 (1827). Cercopis flavifascia, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 654, u. 16 (1851). Java. B.M. 02. C feralis, n. sp. Allied to C. bivittata ; larger, broader, not æneous, with narrower bands; head, thorax, pectus, abdomen, legs, and tegmina shining black; the latter crossed by two narrow pale testaceous bands (their edges irregular), dividing the tegmina into three nearly equal parts; wings fuscescent, black at base. Length 20 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 48. Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. 53. C. callézona, n. sp. Cercopis semicincta (nomen bis lectum) Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. X., p: 285, n. 317 (1867). Makian and Macassar (Wallace). Type. BAL 54. (1 latieincta. Cercopis laticincta, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. X, p. 285, n. 318 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 55. C. amabilis. Cercopis amabilis, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förl., p. 146, n. + (1865). New Guinea (Stal). Seems allied to C, laticincta of Walker. Genera Cosmosearta and Phymatostetha. 20 56. C. angulifera. Cercopis angulifera, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 286, n. 319 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 57. C. intermedia. Cercopis intermedia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p- 277, n. 294 (1867). Batchian (Wallace). Type. B.M. 58. C. Lydia. Cercopis Lydia, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p: 149, n. 12 (1865). E. India. B.M. A small species, allied to C. angulifera. 59. C. EE, Cercopis etree, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 145 (1865). Cercopis biangulata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. X., p. 280, n. 303 (1867). Tondano and Macassar ( Wallace). B.M. Allied to C. perspicillaris and to C. nexa, but with the hemelytra elongated as in V. rufimargo and allies. 60. C. delineata. Cereopis delineata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. L, . L6dmn. 132 (1857). Sarawak (Wallace). Type. B.M. — © 61. C. trigona. Cereopis trigona, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIT., p. 660, n. 34 (1851). Cercopis amplicollis, Walker, 1. c. Suppl, p. 175 (1858). N. India and Hong Kong. Types. BM. 258 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterois 62. C. eandtans. Cervopis exultans, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 171 (1858). N. China (Fortune). Type. B.M. Allied to C. bispecularis and C. trigona. 63. C. decisa. Cercopis decisa, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p 175 (1858). Darjeeling. Type. B.M. A second species is described under this name in the Journal of the Linnean Society X., p. 278, n. 296 (1867). 64. C. undata. Cercopis undata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 659, n. 383 (1851); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad, Forh., p. 148, n. 8 (1865). Silhet (Stuinsforth); N. India. Type. B.M. 65. C. flexifascia. Cercopis Jlexifaseia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., P 286, n. 320 (1867). var. Cercopis subapicalis, Walker, 1. c., p. 287, n. 322 (1867). Sumatra (Wallace). ‘Types. B.M. In the variety C. subapicalis the basal and submedian transverse bands of the hemelytra are obsolete. 66. C. bimaeula. Eoo bimacula, Walker, List Homopt. Te TTI., p. 656, 1. 25 (1851). I> sumtuost, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk, Akad. Korh,, p. 249, n. 1 (1854), Hone Kong (Bowring). Type. B.M, Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 259 67. C. bispeeularis. Cercopis bispecularis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 656, n. 24 (1851). Almorah (Warwick); Penang (Bowring). Type. B.M. 68. C. irresoluta. Cereopis trresoluta, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Homopt., p. 85 (1858). Java. Type. B.M. More nearly alhed to C. bispeeularis than to any other species. 69. C. dorsimacula. Cercopis dorsimacula, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 658, n. 31 (1851). Cercopis quadrimaculata, Walker, 1. c., p. 661, n. 38 (1851). N. Bengal, N. India, Cahar. Types. B.M. Mr. Walker describes a second species under the same name (List, p. 663, n. 41); he however subsequently describes the latter as a new species under the name of C. tomentosa (Journ. Linn, Soe, X., p. 284). 70. C. fictilis, n. sp. Closely allied to C. dorsimacula, but differs in its usually smaller size, narrower thorax, duller and more uniform colouring, and much smaller and more regularly uniform black spots. Length 12 mill.: expanse of tegmina 32. Penang and India (Bowring) ; “Silhet, E. Indies” [sic] (Bowring). B.M. This is probably the southern representative of C. dorsi- macula; the single example, supposed to be from Silhet, was most probably taken with the other Indian specimens. 71. C. bifasciata. Cercopis bifaseiata, Guérin, Belanger’s Yoy., p. 502 (1834y Cercopis septempunctatu, Walker, List Homopt. Ius. LHI. jo: GH), i STS Cercopis fulva, Walker, 1. c., p. 663, n. 43 (1851). Java (Guérin); Hab. —? Types. B.M, 260 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 72. C. guttata. Cercopis guttata, St. Fargeau and Serville, Ene, Mcth. X., p. 605, n. 7 (1825). Cereopis semieincta, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 657, n. 28 (1851). Java. Type. BM. 73. C. concolor. Cercopis concolor, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 661, n. 36 (1851). Cercopis prozima, Walker, |. c., p. 664, n. 44 (1851). Java. Types. B.M. Very close to the preceding species. 74. C. dorsalis. Cercopis dorsalis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IIL, p. 658, . 30 (1851). Cercopis connexa, Walker, 1. e., p. 663, n. 42 (1851). Cercopis ramosa, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Homopt., p. 55 (1858). N. India. Types. B.M. ~ = 75. C laecerata. Cercopis laecerata, Walker, Journ. Linn, Soc., vol. X., p. 287, n. 324 (1867). Timor (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. dorsalis and C. obtusa. 76. C. rotundata. Cercopis rotundata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 174 (1858) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 149, n. 11 (1865). Laos, Siam (Mouhot) ; E. India, Type. B.M. 77. C. nigroguttata. Cosmoscarta nigroguttata, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 720, n. 8 (1870). Philippines (Sted). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, 261 Nearly allied to C. rotundata*, the croceous area of the tegmina occupying scarcely more than half the tegmina, black spots smaller and more numerous, the third apical part of the clavus and the greater part of the dorsum of abdomen black. i 78. C. semimaculata. Cosmoscarta semimaeulata, Stal, Öfvers. Konel. Vetensk. Akad. Férh., p. 719, n. 6 (1870). Philippines (Stað). Allied to C. rotundata. 79. C. semipardalis, Cercopis semipardalis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. [., p. 165, n. 131 (1857). Sariwak (Wallace). Type. B.M. 80. C liturata. Cercopis liturata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 287, 0. 323 (1867). Flores (Wallaee), Type. B.M. Allied to C. rotundata and C. lateralis. S1. C. discolor. Cercopis discolor, Boisduval, Voy. de FAstrolabe, Ent., p. 619; pl. 10, fig. 11 (1832—1835). Dorey (Wallace). B.M. 52, C. tetragona. Cercopis tetragona, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 284, n. 314 (1867). Aru (Wallace). Type. B.M. * Three out of the four examples of this species in the National Collection have the anterior transverse series of spots on the coriumcon fluent, as in Dr, Stal’s Philippine examples, 262 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 83. O Papuensis, MASP Closely allied to C. tetragona. Head, thorax, pectus and seutellum fulvous, becoming searlet at the margins ; abdo- men black; legs fulvous, tibiæ and tarsi fuscescent ; tegmina, basal half searlet, a large black spot near the base and three in a transverse series at end of basal third ; apical half black ; wings fuscescent, base scarlet. Length 14 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 35. New Guinea (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. 84. C. lateralis. Cercopis lateralis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 285, n. 315 (1867). Mysol [not Morty] (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. discolor. 85. C. pellucida, n. sp. Head black; elypeus and thorax dull castancous ; scutellum, pectus, and legs testaceous; abdomen bright eastaneous ; tegmina pale testaceous, hyaline to end of second third, base and a transverse band at end of second third fulvous; apical third piceous ; wings slightly fusees- cent, fulvous at base. Length 11 mill.; expanse of tegmina 29, Laos (Mouhot). Type. B.M. 86. C. Timorensis, n. sp. Head, thorax, peetus, legs, scutellum, and tegmina bright fulvous; abdomen, a diffused patch on each side of pectus, and two transverse irregular bands aeross tegmina, piceous ; apical third of tegmina brownish testaceous. Length 15 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 31. Timor (Wallace). ‘Two specimens. B.M. Allied to C. pellucida, but more nearly approaching C. neza in pattern. 87. C. octopunctata. Cercopis octopunctuta, Amyot and Serville, Mist. Nat, Hemipt., p. 559, n. 2; pl. 10, fig. 6 (1843). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 263 Cercopis dorsalis (nomen bis lectum), Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., X., p. 283, n. 310 (1867). Java (Amyot); Sumatra & var. Borneo (Wallace), B.M. 88. C. carinata. Cosmoscarta carinata, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl, Vetensk. Akad. Forh,, p. 720, n. 11 (1870). Philippines (Stal). Seems allied to C. octopunctata and C. submaculata, 89. C. unifuscia. Cercopis unifascia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., vol. I., p. 9d, n. 56 (1857). Singapore (Wallace). Type. B.M. Allied to C. octopunctata. 90. C. submeaeulata. Cercopis submaculata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TIT., p. 657, w 27 (1851); var Lc. Suppl, p. 172 (1858) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 149, n. 10 (1865). Java. Type. B.M. Nearly allied to C. octopunctata, but with the seutellum black, and the spots of the second series forming a waved line across the hemelytra. 91. C. brevistriga. Cercopis brevistriga, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. X., p. 282, n. 307 (1867). Tondano (Wallace). Type. B.M. 92. C. impressa, Cercopis impressu, Walker, Journ. Linn, Soe. X., p. 281, n. 305 (1867). Flores (Wallace). Type. B.M. 93. C. Lapeyrousci. Cercopis Lapeyrousc?, Boisduval, Voy. de P Astrolabe, Ent. p. 617; pl. 10, fig. 9 (1832—35). Ug 264 My. Butlers Rerision of Homopterors Vanikoro ? Closely allied to C. impressa. 94. O., nexa. Cercopis nexa, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. X., p. 281, n. 306 (1867). Flores (Wallace). Type. B.M. Nearly allied to C. impressa. 95, C. inaurata, n. sp. Closely allied to O. semilurida ; but differs in the uni- form pale golden brown colour of the tegmina, the basal two-thirds of clavus, a large transverse irregular spot at end of first third, and the usual two spots at end of second third of tegmina, testaceous ; base red. Length 15 null. ; expanse of tegmina 37. Morty (Wallace). Type. B.M. Evidently a local representative of C. spectabilis. 96. C. semilurida. Cercopis semilurida, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. X., p. 282, n. 308 (1867). Batchian and Gilolo (Wallace). Type. B.M. The specimens mentioned by Mr. Walker as coming from Morty and Kaisa are referable to two distinct species ; that from Ternate I have not come across. 97. C. miranda, n. sp. Nearly allied to C. semélurida, but smaller: abdomen of a more uniform red colour; tegmina with basal two-thirds piceous ; the base and two transverse spots crossing the corium and clavus, bright orange ; apical third pale fuscous, the costa of a deeper tint; wings slightly fuscescent, red at base. Length 14 mill.; expanse of tegmina 33. Kaisa (Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. 98. C. spectabilis. Cercopis spectabilis, Burmeister, Nov. Act. Phys. Med. Nat. Cur. XVL, Suppl, p. 304; pl. 41, fig. 8 (1833). Genera Cosmoscarta and Phymatostetha. 265 Cercopis vanthomelena, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XV.,, p. 35 (1845). Manilla (Burmeister) ; Phillipines (Cuming). B.M. Our specimens are a little faded, otherwise they differ in no respect from Lurmeister’s figure; Stal, however, con- siders them to be distinct species. 99. C. inclusa. Cercopis inelusa, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 658; n. 29 (1851) ; Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh,, p. 147, n. 6 (1865). Ceylon. Type. B.M. 100. C. pallida. Jercopis pallida, Walker, List. Homopt. Ins. IT., p. 657, n. 26 (1851). Cercopis ferruginea, Walker, 1. c. p. 660, u. 35 (1851). India. Types. B.M. 101. C. elegantula, n. sp. Allied to C. pallida ; head and thorax metalic greenish black; abdomen purplish black, anus castaneous; pectus and femora reddish-orange, tibiæ and tarsi brownish testaceous ; tegmina piceous, veins of basal half testaceous ; base and a transverse band at end of second third reddish- orange; wings slightly fuscescent, especially at the margins, base rufescent. Length 8 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 20. India. Type. B.M. 102. C. bipars. Cercopis bipars, Walker, List Homopt. Tns. Suppl., p. 172 (1858). Java (Bowriny). Type. B.M. 103. C. semtrosea. Cercopis semirosea, Walker, Journ. Linu. Soe. L, p. 165, n. 133 (1857). Sarawak (Wallace). Type. BM. 266 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterous 104. C. pictilis. Cercopis pictilis, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 249, n. 2 1854). E. India (Stal). Seems allied to C. signifera of Walker from the descrip- tion, in which case it would have to be referred to Phyma- tosteth«. Cercopis transversa of Walker (List Homopt. Ins. p. 1151, u. 49) and C. subdolens of Walker (Linn. Journ. vol. L, p. 165, n. 135) appear to be species of Zriecphora ; C. Boitardi of Montrouzier is an Aphrophora; C. Strongii of Westwood (E. Ind. in gum animé) seems better placed in Sphenorhina. GENUS PHYMATOSTETHA. Stal. L P. perspicillaris. Cercopis perspicillaris, White, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 35 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. Local var. Cercopis varia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. X., p. 284, n. 813 (1867). Tondano and Macassar (Wallace). Type. B.M. Only differs from the Philippine form in having the two black spots on apical third of hemelytra united to one another aud to the margins; thus leaving only a red spot at apex, 2. P. punetifaseia. Cercopis punctifascia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. X., p. 288, n. 526) (1867). Batelian (Wallace) Type. B.M. 3 P undulifera. Cercopis undulifera, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. L, p. 165, m 154 (1857). Sarawak (IVallace). Type. B.M. Genera Cosiroscurta and Phymatostetha. 267 4. P. dislocate. Cercopis dislocata, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. I, p. 95, n. 55 (1857). Singapore (IVallace). Type. B.M. 5. P. Semele. Tomaspis Semele, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151, n. £ (1865). Siam, Laos. B.M. 6. P. inconspicuu, n. sp. Ji > Head above and thorax blue-black, rugulose, testaceous pubescent; head below, scutellum, abdomen and legs tes- taceous ; thorax with lateral anterior margins and two central spots, fulvous ; scutellum crossed by a black spot, venter crossed by regular series of black spots; pectus black; tegmina piceous, base irregularly testaceous, two irregular transverse bands, dividing them into three equal parts, the inner one interrupted; wings slightly fuscescent. Length 9 mill; expanse of tegmina 21. Ceylon. Two specimens. B.M: 7. LP. Stalit, ia sp. Tomaspis cireumducta Stal (nee Walker), Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 150, n. 3 (1865). No hulia, B.M Dr. Stal unfortunately publishes his belief a this is Walkers C. cireumducta (Ofvers. Vetensk. p. 721 note, 1870); however, it is so similar to that species in pattern that Mr. Walker accidentally placed the name under it in the cabinet, leaving “ C. costalis” under the type. 8. P. triseriuta, n. sp. Allied to P. Stalii, larger, with broader tegmina, the transverse bands of which are each broken up into three spots; head red-brown, becoming redder in front, clypeus searlet ; thorax, pectus and legs piceous, the lateral anterior margins of the thorax scarlet ; seutelluin black, with scarlet 268 Mr. Butlers Revision of Homopterons margin ; abdomen shining purple black: tegmina piceous, the “costal margin, a streak on the outer “basal edge of clavus, and two transverse series, each of three spots, scarlet, apical margin bright testaceous ; wings slightly fuscescent, base scarlet. Length, 14 mill; expanse of tegmina 37. Laos (Mouhot). Two specimens. B.M. 9. P. cireumdueta. Cercopis costalis (Nomen bis lectum) Walker, List Ho- ae: Ins. IL., p. 664, n. 45 (1851). Cercopis cir cumducta, Walker, 1. c. Suppl. p. 175 (1858). Malabar. Type. BM. WO P. Bornecnsis, 2. sp. Tomaspis costalis, Stal (nee Walker), Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förl, p. 151, n. 5 a Malacca (Stal) ; Sariwak( Wallace). Two specimens. B.M. Allied to P. Stalit, cirewmducta, and hilaris ; it differs from the two first in having a conspicuous orange red spot close to apex of tegmina ; in other respects it comes nearest to P. circumducta. il. P. hilavis. Cercopis hilaris, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. II., p. 665, u. 46 (1851). Malabar. Type. B.M. I do not agree with Dr. Stal in considering this identical with O. eirewmducta of Walker. 12, P l Lesoni Eurymela Lesson ii, Boisduval. Voy. de Astrolabe, Ent., p. 620, pl. 10, tig. 12 (1832-35). Amboina. 13. P. mactans. Cercopis mactuns, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. XV., p. 36 (1845). Philippines (Cuming). Type. B.M. Genera Cosmosearta and Phymatostetha. 269 Certainly not P. perspicillaris of White, although con- sidered identical by Dr. Stal (Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Form, p. 121, 1870). 14. P. Cynthia. Tomaspis Cynthia, Stal, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Förh., p. 150, u. 1 (1865). Bonrou. Appears to be allied to P. mactans & P. stellata. ily, JP, N Cercopis stellata, Guérin, Icon. Règne Anim. Texte, p. 368 (1829-44). Cercopis dorsimacula (nomen bis lectum), Walker, List Homopt. Ins. p. 663, n. 41 (1851). Cereopis tomentosa, Walker, Journ, Linn, Soc. X., p. 284, mm, 312) (1867). Malacca and Sumatra (JVadluce); Malabar. (Walkers types.) B.M. 16. P. Nympha. Tomaspis eeepc, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 150, n. 2 (1865). Malacea (Stal). According to Stal, “closely allied to C. stellata of Guérin.” 17. P. dorsivitta. Cercopis dorsivitta, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. IL, p. 662, n. 89 (1851). var. Cercopis humeralis, Walker, 1. e. n. 40 (1851). Almorah (Warwick); Silhet (Stainsforth). Types. B.M. 18. P. pudica. Cercopis pudica, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Hoimopt., p. 84 (1858). Silhet. Type. B.M. Allied to P. mactans & P. signifera. 270 Generu Cosmoscartu and Phymatostetha. 19. P. signifera. Cercopis signifera, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. TII., p. 655, n. 21 (1851); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151, n. 6 (1865). Silhet & N. India. Type. B.M. 20. P. dubitabilis. Cereopis dubitabilis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p. 173 (1858). E. India, Type. B.M. Allied to C. siynifera, but the hemelytra red not yellow at base, and with the markings somewhat differently arranged. 21. P. pudens. Cercopis pudens, Walker, List Homopt. Tns. Suppl., p. 174 (1858); Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., p. 151 n. 7 (1865). Je, India. Type. BAL > 22. P. basielara. Cercopis basiclara, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl., p- 172 (1858). S Tomaspis Larinia, Stal, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forli., p. 152, 1. 8 (1865). Jb. India. Type. DBM.

Lake Tahoe or Tahoe is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United States of America. Lake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497 km²), and highest elevation (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Of the lakes in the United States, only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m). Some visitors experience altitude sickness, because there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. To fight this, experts recommend avoiding heavy exercise or drinking alcohol until the body adjusts to the lower oxygen level. References Other websites Lakes of the United States Bodies of water of California Geography of Nevada Western United States El Dorado County, California Placer County, California

Is it still possible to do server side verification of tokens in Firebase 3? We generate custom tokens (JWT) on a server running Golang using our existing authentication system (using a Service Account). The token is used on an iOS client using <pre><code>FIRAuth.auth()?.signInWithCustomToken(customToken) </code></pre> Until there it all works fine. But when we pass the client token to the server retrieved from: <pre><code>FIRUser.getTokenWithCompletion({ token, error in ..}) </code></pre> we're not able to verify it. The JWT token is signed using RS256 and has an header.kid we can't recognize. The public key from the Service Account (which was used to sign the custom token) doesn't verify the client token. Is the public key needed to validate the client token available? I know it's possible to validate client tokens using the "verifyIdToken" call in Java or Javascript, but we hope to stil be able to do this in Golang using a standard JWT library. This all worked fine in Firebase 2 (using HS256 and the Firebase secret).

Parkstein is a municipality in Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria in Germany. References Other websites Official Parkstein Website Parkstein-net for more on the geology specifics Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)

Captain EO is an American short 3D science fiction movie. It is 17 minutes long. It is about an astronaut and hero called "Captain EO". He is played by Michael Jackson. Anjelica Huston plays the alien villain called the "Supreme Leader". The executive producer was George Lucas and the movie director was Francis Ford Coppola (who came up with the name "Captain EO" from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn). Captain EO is one of the first 4D movies. The movie played at Disneyland and Epcot. In 1996 Captain EO was shown on MTV. This is the only time it was shown on television. It has never been released on video or DVD. The movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as YouTube. 1986 science fiction movies American science fiction movies English-language movies Michael Jackson

<blockquote> Summary </blockquote> I need to purge the history of a table from rows that are older than 14 days. Being no MySQL Expert, my searches lead me to this: <pre><code>delete from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where idModificationPolice not in ( select distinct idModificationPolice from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where date(dateHeureModification) between curdate() and curdate() - interval 14 day ); </code></pre> <blockquote> Thrown Exception </blockquote> But then I'm stuck with this error message: Error Code: 1093. You can't specify target table 'SYS_VERROUS_POLICE' for update in FROM clause. What the... <blockquote> Context </blockquote> MySQL seems to be operating in safe mode, so I just won't be able to perform a DELETE where matching dates. In safe-mode, if I try to delete using only the date field, it doesn't comply. <pre><code>delete from SYS_VERROUS_POLICE where date(dateHeureModification) < curdate() - interval 14 day Error Code: 1175. You are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a WHERE that uses a KEY column To disable safe mode, toggle the option in Preferences -> SQL Editor and reconnect. 0,00071 sec </code></pre> Am I missing something?

Birbal (born Mahesh Das; 1528 16 February 1586), or Raja Birbal, was a Hindu advisor in the court of the Mughal emperor, Akbar. Birbal was appointed by Akbar as a poet and singer in around 1560. He was one of the navaratnas (nine jewels of Akbar). He is mostly known in the Indian subcontinent for the folk tales which focus on his wit. In the local folk tales he is presented as a very clever person. These tales are popular in India. These tales involve him being smarter then or making fool of other courtiers and sometimes even Akbar, using only his intelligence and cunning. From the twentieth century onwards, plays, movies and books based on these folk tales were made. Some of these folk tales are in children's comics and school books. References 1528 births 1586 deaths Akbar Mughal Empire

Bottom is a British television sitcom created by Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall. It was first broadcast on BBC2 between 1992 and 1995. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as two poor, perverted flatmates in Hammersmith, London. The show uses violent slapstick comedy. Two stage shows between 1993 and 2003; and one movie, Guest House Paradiso (1999), were also made about Bottom. In 2004, Bottom was voted number 45 in a poll for Britain's Best Sitcom. Episodes Series 1 (1991) Series 2 (1992) Series 3 (1995) '*' = Episodes featuring only the two main characters '+' = Episodes where no part of the episode is set in the flat References 1990s British sitcoms BBC television sitcoms 1991 television series debuts 1995 television series endings English-language television programs

Kappalottiya Tamizhan (The Tamilian who drives the ship) is a Tamil movie released in 1961. The movie was directed by B.R.Panthulu. The main roles were acted by Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan. The supporting roles were made by S. V. Subbaiah, T. K. Shanmugham, S. V. Ranga Rao, Savitri and S. A. Ashokan. The movie was based on the life history of freedom fighter, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. This movie was awarded the National Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Somehow it failed in the collections or became a commercially failed movie. Reception Kappalottiya Thamizhan received generally positive reviews. Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu newspaper said, "Films on patriotism are many. But Panthulu's Kappalottiya Tamizhan stands higher for the natural imitations of Sivaji Ganesan as VOC, and S.V. Subbiah as Bharatiar. The reviews praise the movie that it remains a perfect showcase of the Independence Movement in the South. Box office Kappalottiya Thamizhan was the first Tamil movie to get tax exemption (No tax is needed to pay), from the Government of India. This is because of the movie's content of patriotism. But it became a commercial failure. It faced a loss of Rs. 7 Lakhs. References Tamil-language movies

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Jane Jungyon Kim (born July 9, 1977) is an American civil rights attorney and politician. She is the first Korean American elected official in San Francisco. She represented San Francisco's District 6 on the Board of Supervisors between 2011 and 2019. She is currently a member of the San Francisco's Democratic County Central Committee and was the top vote getter in CA AD17. In 2016, she ran for the 11th California State Senate District, but lost to Scott Wiener in the primary. She was a candidate for Mayor in the 2018 mayoral election, finishing third with 24.03% of the first-round vote. References 1977 births Living people Lawyers from New York City American political activists Politicians from New York City Politicians from San Francisco US Democratic Party politicians Lawyers from San Francisco

Safi (Berber: Asfi, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; , Portuguese: Safim) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Safi Province, it has a population of 282,227 (2004 census). Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics. References Other websites Entry in Lexicorient Cities in Morocco

A praetor was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province. References Ancient Rome

This should be similar to an iOS tableview footer, also seen in various websites (sticky-footer). I want to achieve the following: <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3FUp.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3FUp.png" alt="diagram"></a> A is a <code>RecyclerView</code> with variable number of rows. When A is smaller than screen (or parent) size, B (footer) should be placed bellow the last row. When A + B are bigger than screen size, then B becomes fixed at the bottom and A content is scrollable. We are currently performing this with <code>onMeasure</code> functions that calculate all components heights in order to resize A accordingly. I was wondering if there is an easier way to do it, maybe with <code>ConstraintLayout</code>.

135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film. It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film. References Photographic film formats fr:Format 35 mm#Utilisation en photographie

Events January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. His widow Henrietta Maria lives in her native France. January 30 – The Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government. January 30 – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognized him as ruler. February 5 – In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne. March 11 – The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil. March 19 – The House of Commons pass an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England". May 17 – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged May 19 – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament. Robert Blake is promoted to become an Admiral of the English fleet August 15 – Admiral Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert to allow Oliver Cromwell to land in Dublin and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro. Unknown date – Urga founded (now Mongolian capital) Digger movement crushed at St George's Hill Births February 2 – Pope Benedict XIII February 8 – Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian February 11 – William Carstares, Scottish minister April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic July 23 – Pope Clement XI September 15 – Titus Oates, English minister and plotter December 7 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary Deaths January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman March 9 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian March 26 – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony May 14 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer September 15 – John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman October 16 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet December 8 – Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary

The List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. History UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries. Serbia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 2001. List The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time. It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow. There are four WHS places in Serbia. World Heritage List Tentative list The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated. The evaluation process is not yet completed. Djerdap National Park The Deliblato Sands Special Natural Reserve Mt. Sara National Park The Tara National Park with the Drina River Canyon The Djavolja Varos (Devil's Town) Natural Landmark Fortified Manasija Monastery Negotinske Pivnice Smederevo Fortress Caričin Grad – Iustiniana Prima, archaeological site Historical place of Bač and its Surroundings Stećak's - Medieval Tombstones Related pages World Heritage Committee UNESCO World Heritage Site Table of World Heritage Sites by country List of World Heritage Sites in Europe References Other websites List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites Serbia Serbia Serbia Europe-related lists

In physical cosmology, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis was an event that happened during the Big Bang. It made elements heavier than hydrogen when the Universe was young. Most cosmologists believe that it happened roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang. It is also calculated to have made most of the helium in the Universe and a very small amount of lithium. It also made two radioactive isotopes. They are tritium and beryllium-7. References Big Bang

Jethro Tull (1674-1741) was an agricultural engineer from England who helped start the British Agricultural Revolution. He helped improve the seed drill, which is a tool that put seeds in the ground to plant them faster. This seed drill was normally pulled by a horse or strong cattle. Jethro was one of the most influential engineers of this century. He began these inventions and soon after the economy thrived. The seed drill spaced out the seeds as well to keep the plants growing. In 1703 he perfected the seed drill, and the farmers in England began to use it. A short while after, Welsh farmers were introduced to this new machinery. 1674 births 1741 deaths English scientists

The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC). Books Blume, Jason (2006). This Business of Songwriting. Billboard Books (New York City). . Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011 Passman, Donald S. (2003). All You Need to Know about the Music Business. Free Press (New York City). . Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990). This Business of Music. Billboard Books (New York City). . Related pages Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC) Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) Other websites ascap.com, official website ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website American music Organizations based in the United States

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Ella Eyre (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013. Early life Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology. Career Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012. Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album Hotel Cabana. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart. On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song. On 31 October 2013 BBC Radio 1Xtra played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single. On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album Demonstration. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)". She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes. On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award. Her first EP Deeper was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI. Personal life Eyre is dating John Newman. References Other websites Official website 1994 births Living people British R&B musicians British soul musicians English pop singers People from Ealing Singer-songwriters from London

Oberkreuzberg is a village in the municipality of Spiegelau in the Lower Bavarian district of Freyung-Grafenau in Germany. Until 1978 it was an independent municipality . Place The parish village (Pfarrdorf) is at a height of 780 metres about 2 kilometres southwest of Spiegelau on the southern side of a mountain ridge up to 790 metres high with good views. Literature Ulrich Pietrusky, Donatus Moosauer: Der Bayerische Wald – im Fluge neu entdeckt, Verlag Morsak, Grafenau, 1985, Helmut Döringer: Vor 25 Jahren wurde Oberkreuzberg zu einem Teil der Gemeinde Spiegelau References Villages in Bavaria Freyung-Grafenau

Delano Eugene Lewis (born November 12, 1938) is an American attorney, businessman, and diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to South Africa from 1999 to 2001 during the Bill Clinton presidency. He had roles at the Peace Corps and National Public Radio. He is the father of actor Phill Lewis. Life Lewis was born in Arkansas City, Kansas. Lewis went to Sumner High School, in Kansas City, Kansas, graduating in 1956. He graduated form the University of Kansas in 1960. References 1938 births Living people Ambassadors of the United States Lawyers from Kansas People from Lawrence, Kansas Politicians from Kansas Businesspeople from Kansas US Democratic Party politicians Kansas Democrats People from Kansas City, Kansas

Gleiritsch is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany. References Schwandorf (district)

1 ■ r?1 K^i fcj^f .■^% n&'i 9 .«- A\ VOHOHTO Bibliothek der 5i!- ■' gcsammtcn deutschen National -Literatur von der ältesten bis auf die neuere Zeit. Fünfzehnter Band: Auswahl der Minnesänger. Quedlinburg und Leipzig. Druck und Verlag von Gottfr. Baese. ^ 18 4 5. XGcC Auswahl der minneisäiig^er für Vorlesungen und zum schulgcbrauch mit einem wörterbuche und einem abrisse der mhd. formenlehrc ^^ Jierausgegebeu von ffr. Karl Tolckmar, Oberlehrer am königl. pädagogium zu llfeld. Uuedlinburg und Leipzig. Druck und verlag von Gottfr. Basse. 19 4 5. 4 /j r> • 'C. Vovn^eüe. Ich glaube die herausgäbe der in diesem buche enthaltenen gedichte nicht besser hevoricorten zu können, als durch anführung einiger Worte meines hochverehrten lehr er s Jac. Grimm, der, nachdem er in der vorr. zur zweiten ausg. des Isten theils seiner deutsch, grammatik p. VIII erklärt hat, dass ihn das einladende Studium mhd. poesie zu- erst auf grammatische tmt er suchungen geführt habe, folgendermassen fortfährt: „Studium und erkenntniss der mhd. dichikunst haben in der letzten zeit [vor 1822y zwar gewonnen, aber lange nicht so um sich gegriffen, als man von der trefflichkeit ihrer denkmähler erwar- ten sollte. Sie finden noch immer wenig bearbeiter und mehr hear— beiter , als theilnehmende leser. Möchte die allmählich erleichterte ver- trautere bekanntschaft mit der spräche auch zu der lieblichkeit und Unschuld und zu dem geiste führen, die in diesen poesien walten. Die schlesischen , welche für väter der neueren dichter gellen, stehen tief unter aller vergleichung mit jenen älteren, schmählich vergessenen. Mir wenigstens wiegt ein lied Walthers (ja eine Strophe, wie die: 6 w6 war sint) einen ganzen band von Opitz und Fleming auf, die sich selten mit freiem gefühl, in unbeholfener spräche und befangen in steifer nachbildung fremder muster aussprechen , so dass das ausge- suchteste einzelne kaum ohne misfälliges und hartes sein icird. Dort aber ist alle gefügigkeit reiner, deutscher spräche, herzliche empfin- dung, überraschende feinheit der wendimgen und belebtheit des ge- dankens." Dies die warte jenes im edelsten sinne deutschen mannes, jenes ehrwürdigen erbauers des riesenhaften deutschen sprachdomes, vor dem selbst ein II. Heine seine tiefe, staunende bewunderung nicht verhehlt. Sollte die deutsche Jugend nicht endlich zur hebung eines solchen Schatzes angeleitet werden? Jeder unbefangene, deutsches Wesen und sein schönes Vaterland liebende, wird, denke ich, diese frage bejahen. Allerdings weiss ich recht gut, dass sich manche VI Vorrede. slimmen gfgen das (reiben des altdeutschen auf unseren schulen er- klärt haben, indess wird jeder, welcher den versuch wirklich damit gemacht hat, das tvas die gogner dagegen sagen mit voller auf er- fahrung gegründeter Überzeugung in abrede stellen können. Ich habe z. h. nicht gefunden, dass es für die schüler, wie herr Jlelbig vor einiger zeit in der jenaisch, literaturzeitung meinte, nur eine „unnütze quiüerei" wäre *J; im gegentheil zeigte sich bei ihnen immer viel freudige, aus der tiefe des gemiUhs dringende theilnahme. 0 wie traurig wäre es auch, könnte es anders sein! — Ausserdem braucht durch das treiben des altdeutschen anderen imterrichtsgegenständen durchaus kein abbruch zu geschehen; ich habe, auch ehe ich das mhd. einführte, drei deutsche stunden in einer classe (Secunda) ge- habt und reiche noch immer vollkommen damit aus; denn die erfah- rung hat mir gezeigt, dass, obwohl ich wöchentlich nicht einmal eine volle stunde auf das lesen der mhd. gedichte (Nibelungen u. einige minnelieder nach der Nibclungc ncM von N. Bach, der arme Heinrich ed. W. Müller, Gudrun ed. EtlmüllerJ verwenden konnte, die schüler doch in verhältnissmässig kurzer zeit es zu einer ziemlichen geläußg- keit und gewandtheit brachten. Das gothische und ahd. habe ich frei- lich aus dem spiele gelassen, obwohl ich den nutzen nicht verkenne, der aus dem betreiben desselben für die lebendige erkenntniss uns— rer muller spräche nothwendig erwachsen muss, und obwohl ich der meinung Lachmanns bin, der in der vorrede zur auswahl p. XXFI sagt: „es ziemt keinem Deutschen, seine mutier spräche, wenn er sie einmal lernt, so obenhin zu lernen, wie es etwa bei den fremden neueren sprachen gewöhnlich ist." Nach meiner ansieht würde jene gründlichere einsieht in die organische bildung „unsrer haupt- und heldensprache" , wie sie Leibnitz nennt, und zugleich liebe für die ältere literatur unseres volks, jenes heilige vermächtniss unsrer väter, am besten bewirkt und hervorgerufen werden, wenn der lehrer mit dem mhd. in Secunda den an fang machte, wenn dasselbe auch in Pritna als hauptlectüre fortdauerte , daneben aber in dieser classe, so weit es zeit und umstände gestatten möchten, das gothische und ahd. getrieben würde "*). Schon des gehaltes wegen muss das mhd. immer •^) Die bayerische reyieruny war anderer ansieht, als sie für die zwei oberen classen der yymnasien das Studium der altdeutschen sprach- denkmähler t^erordnete ("1 stunde wöchentlichj , „um soivol das quetlen- studium der yeschichte vorzubereiten und den sinn für das heimatliche zu nähren und zu bef'riediyen, als auch den Unterricht in der deutschen Sprache mehr zu verrollsländiyen.'^ **^ Zur vorbereituny für diese methode würde dann recht gut in den unteren classen dienen können Hoffmanns Neuhochdeutsche Schul- yrammatik Cdausth. 1839) und Xeuhochd. Etementargramm. (das. 1839> Vorrede. \ 1 1 ihn mittelpunkt und kern lihhn, davon abgesehen, dass uns die for- men desselben noch am 7üichsten liegen. Die genauere begriindung dieser meiner ansieht kann ich hier nicht geben; sie geeicht von der des pro f. Schmidt ab, der im stetliner programm von 1843 sich da- für erklärt, dass das goth. in Tertia, das ahd. in Secunda, das mhd. in Prima getrieben werde. Im übrigen stimme ich dem wackeren manne vollkommen bei. Man vgl. noch, was Hiecke in seinem die anforderungen an die schüler nach meiner meinung zu hoch stellen- den, sonst vortrefflichen buche über den deutschen Unterricht p. 241 ff. sagt, wogegen die im Archiv für den Unterr. im Deutschen 1843. III, 142 ff. ausgesprochenen bemerkungcn, was das mhd. betrifft, unerheblich erscheinen. lieber die einrichtung meines buches bemerke ich folgendes. Die wähl gerade der minnesänger bedarf keiner rechtfertigung , mehr die auswahl der einzelnen gedichte. Bei dieser durfte ich vor allem die bestimmung des buchs für schulen nicht aus den äugen verlieren: doch miisste ich auch bemüht sein, alle arten von gedichten vorzu- führen. Ob es mir gelungen ist, beide rücksichten glücklich zu ver- einigen, mögen andere beurtheilen. Einige tageweisen und ähnliche gedichte, die ich mifgetheilt habe, können ja auf der schule übergan- gen werden; sie sind mit einem buchstahen hinter ihrer ziffer bezeich- net. Bei einigen, im ganzen aber sehr wenigen gedichten habe ich einen oder mehrere verse ausgelassen , was immer in der Überschrift durch ein * angedeutet ist. Den text habe ich nach von der Hagens Sammlung gegeben, ausser wo mir einzelne specialausgaben den Vorzug zu verdienen schienen. Die gedichte des von Kürenberg sind nach Uoffmanns Fundgruben I p. 265 f. gegeben; indess habe ich sie nach eigenem gutdünken angeordnet und auch mit Hagen die langzeilen beibehalten. Die gedd. Walthers v. d. Vog. sind genau nach der II. ausg. Lach- manns abgedruckt, jedoch in der folge, welche ihnen in der Über- setzung von Simrock gegeben ist, die Hartmanns v. Aue nach M. Haupt, die Wolframs v. Eschenbach nach Lachmann, ebenso die Ulrichs V. Liechtenstein, Frauenlobs sprüche etc. nach Ettmüller, einige gedichte nach W. Wackernagels lesebuche. Eine eigne conjectur in den text aufzunehmen , habe ich mir nur dreimal erlaubt, näm- lich bei Hiltbolt v. Sicanegöu II, 2, 6. wo ich statt maniger den tot geschrieben habe manige der t6t; ferner in dem ged. des königs Wenzel v. Böhmen I, 2, wo nach meiner vermuthung bräht zu lesen ist statt \)Gid\{{ , in welchem worte ich keinen sinn finden kann; ein paar hdschrr. lesen prallt ; vgl. Gotfr. v. Strassb. II, 11, loj) ze lichte bringen (aoLÖriv q)aivsLV Hom.J. Ausserdem habe ich s. 140, vm Vorrede. VI, 2, 9 diu lene slalt dich lene in den text gesetzt ; eine andere lesart für dich ist dir. Der abriss der mhd. formenlehr e sollte nur das nöthigste gehen; ich habe dabei die mhd. grammatik von Hahn zu gründe gelegt. — Die metrischen bemerkungen, u-ic auch das verzeichniss der dichter nebst einigen lebensnachrichtcn über dieselben (nach v. d. Hagen) wird man nicht für überflüssig ansehen. Dass ich die dichter nach ihrer Zeitfolge habe abdrucken lassen, wird dem buche auch wohl nur als ein Vorzug angerechnet werden können ; den nutzen brauche ich nicht auseinanderzusetzen, da er in die äugen springt. Das glossarium sollte in möglichster kürze über diejenigen Wörter aufschluss geben, welche sich im neuhochd. entweder gar nicht vor- finden, oder doch eine zu verschiedene gestalt oder bedeutung ange- nommen haben, ah dass der anfänger von selbst das rechte finden könnte. Ziemanns Wörterbuch bildet die grundlage; doch sind auch andere zu einzelnen dichtem herausgegebene benutzt, wie z. b. Uor- nigs glossarium zu Walther v. d. Vog. Die kürzlich erschienenen „lieder und Sprüche der minnesinger von B. Hüppe" (Münster 1844^ sind für „freunde des älteren deut- schen gesanges" , nicht zum schulgebrauch und für Vorlesungen be- stimmt, und desshalb mit sprachlichen anmerkungen unter dem texte, aber nicht mit einem wörterbuche versehen; auch hat auf die aus— wähl der katholicismus des verf. stark eingewirkt. Uebrigens zeigt sich derselbe als tüchtigen kenner des mhd. Das buch enthalt ausser Taulers liedern und etwas von Vridankes bescheidenheit stücke von 31 dichtern. In dem bewusstsein , keine mühe gescheut zu haben, um das un- ternehmen auf eine der absieht entsprechende weise durchzuführen, überlasse ich das buch seinem Schicksale. Ich vertraue zu dem genius Deutschlands, dass mit dem durch die allmähliche Veredlung der öffentlichen zustände immer mehr erstarkenden nationalgefühle auch das studiw7i unsrer älteren spräche und ihrer schriftdenkmähler sich von jähr zu jähr mehr beleben werde. Hierdurch erschliesst sich unserem blicke am unmittelbarsten die innerste eigenthürnJichkeit un- seres Volkes; hierdurch entzündet sich die liebe zum theuren vater- lande, wie zu den tugenden unserer väter. Möchte ich doch durch meine hemühung etwas dazu beigetragen haben! Ich kann diese bemerkungen nicht schliessen, ohne meinem freunde dr. W. Müller in Göttingen öffentlich für die gute zu danken, womit er mein vorhaben auf die mannigfachste weise gefördert hat. Ilfeld, den 2. sept. 1844. »r. Mari Voickmar, 4. m Äbriss der nthd. fornienlehre. I. Lautlehre. A. Vocale. i) Die vocale sind kurze oder lange. a) kurze: a i u; e (^aus i entstanden) o; e o li. Die letzten drei sind durch umlaiit aus den kurzen vocalen a o u hervorgegangen. Anm. Das kurze e der endsilben ist stumtn, d, h. nicht hörbar, wenn es auf eine kurze^ tonlos, wenn es auf eine lange (d. h. entwe- der aus einem gedehnten od. durch doppelte consonanz, also position geschärften laute gebildete) oder zwei kurze Silben folgt (maü-ec = man'c, sael-ig-en = saelig'n , raan-eg-en = man'gen, widere, lügene). Beide fallen oft durch apocope und sgncope tveg, das stumme immer hinter l und r, meistens auch hinter m und a C'ier statt nere, im st. ime, helt st. helet, wäfeut st wäfenet, gewundert, dagegen gesegenet, list st. liset, pfligt st. pfliget). b) lange: a) a. c i ö n; ce ae , umlaute von ä ö; der timlaut von ü ist iu. — §) Diphthonge: ei iu ou U03 öu üe, umlaute von ou uo; ie, Schwächung von iu oder aus anderen lauten entstanden. '4) Der ab laut ist die regelmässige vocalabstufung, z. b. liil, hal, häleu , geholn; begione, began, begunnen; gibe, gap,gdbeu, gegebeu; trage, truoc, truogen, getragen; Lde, leit, liten, geliten. S) Der umlaut ist eine trübung des reinen, ursprünglichen lautes Ca 0 u) und wird durch ein folgendes i hervorgebracht, welches immhd. meist in e verdünnt ist; z. b. ast este (^«/trf. esti); valle vellest vellet Cahd. vellit). RückunUaut, d. h. rückkehr des reinen lautes, kann eintre- ten, wenn der den umlaut bewirkende vocal wegfällt, z. b. Iioere, hörte; brante, ahd. branta (üfft goth., tvelches den umlaut noch nicht kennt, ist der inf brauuiau, ijn mhd. brennen). B. Consonanten. Im auslaut steht statt der media die tenuis (tac, stuont, wip), statt der Spirans h die aspirata cli (zöch von zielieu). In demselben kommen keine doppelten consonanten vor, ck und iz ausgenommen — In zusam- mengesetzten Wörtern tvird, wenn sich zwei gleiche oder ähnliche conso- nanten berühren, einer davon gern ausgestossen (niagctuoui st. maget- X Abriss der mhd. formenlehre. tuoni, guo(dt, marcrtive st. rnarcgnlve, vogelin st. vogellin, siecheit st. siechheil). 1) Liquidae. 1 wechselt mit r in kilche kirclie, martel marter, smie- len sniicren. r wechselt mit n im schiure schiune , füllt mitunter weg in weit st. werltj hie st. hier, in der untrennbaren partikel ver. m wech- selt mit n in raespel nespel^ hein heim^ oehein oeheim, sant samt, n yeht oft in m über vor m und labialen, z. b. amme st. anme (an dem), imme st, inme, füllt aus in sit st. sinC, künic st. küninc. 2) Labiales, b steht nur ausnahmsweise im auslaut; es wird öfter ausgestossen in gist git für gibst gibt; ebenso die spirans w, «. b. in kiän 7ieben klawen. 3) Linguales, d steht im inlaut nicht selten statt t, z. b. in mande, rümde; ausgestossen wird es in quit st. quidet, dicit, reite st. redete. — t fällt zuweilen am ende der tvörter weg, z. b. gas, giins^ veiz, auch in angeslichen. — s geht in r über, z. b. was wären, Verliesen verlorn. 4) Gutturales, g findet man st. j in dem verbum jehen, wenn i darauf folg, z. b. gihe, gich. J)ie Silben age und ege werden oft zu ei, indem g sich auflöst, z. b. verzeit st. verzaget, verdeit st. verdaget, be- leit st. beleget, seite st. sagte, jeite sf. jagete, treit st. treget. Statt pfligest, ligest findet man pflist, list. — k oder c für g kommt oft im praet. schwacher verba vor ^ z. b. zeicte, vuocte, neicte. — Das die spirans h vertretende c!i kann auslautend wegfallen, z.b. gä, nä, vld. — h füllt mitunter weg, z. b. zär (zäher), se (sehe), versmän (versmähen), vlien (vliehen). II. Flexionslehre. A. Conjugation. Die verba werden in starke und schtvache eingetheilt; in jenen wird das praeteritum innerlich, durch ablaut gebildet, in diesen durch ein zwischen den verbalstamm und die flexion gesetztes t. a) Starke conjugation. Aus der Verschiedenheit des ablauts ergeben sich 10 starke conju- gationen. Paradigma. Indic. praes. sing, trib-e trib-est trib-et plur. (rib-en trib-et (tribent) trib-ent Conj. praes. sing, trlb-e trlb-est trib-e plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Ind. praet. sing. treip trib-e treip plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Conj. praet. sing. trib-e trib-est trib-e plur. trib-en trib-et trib-en Jmp. sing, trip plur. tribet (tribent) Part, praes. trib-ent, part. praet. getrib-en, infin. trib-en. A7im. Der timlaut ist vorhanden: ij in der 2. und 3. pers. sing, praes. ind. 2) im ganzen praet. conj. 3_) in der darnach gebildeten 2. pers. praet. ind. 1J Praes. i, praet. sg. a, plur. u, part. praet. u oder o: brinne, bran, brunnen. gebrunuen (singe, binde, brimmc); hilfe, half, hülfen. Abri'ss der mhd. formcnlehre. xi geholfen; bevilhe, bevalch, bevulhen, bevolhen (luilkc, wirre, wirde, bUIe). 8) i, a, ä, o: hil, hal (Z. per 8. haele), halen, geholu; bir, bar, baren, geborn; triffe, traf, träfen, getroffen Cvihte, uime). 3) i, a, ä^ e: gibe, gap, gäben, gegeben; sihe, sach, sähen, gesehen Clise, izze, bite). 4) a, uo, uo, a: mal, muol, muolen, gcmaln; spauc, spuon, spuonen CConj. spüene), gespanen (var, grabe, Avasche). 5) i, ei, i, i: grine, grein, grinen, gegrinen; blibe, bleip, bliben, ge- bliben; bize, beiz, bizzen, gebizzen (bite, Aviche). 6) in (ü), GVL oder 6, u, o: kliube, kloup, kluben, gekloben; sliiife, slouf, sluffen, gesloffen; vliuhe, vlöch, vluhen, gevlohen; ziuhe, züch, zugen, gezogen (biiite). 7) a, ie, ie, a: valle (vellest, vellet, vallen), viel, vielen, gevallen; spanne, spien, spienen, gespannen Cii^lse, enblande, ar). 8) ä, iCj ie, ä: släfe (slaefest), slief, sliefen, gesläfen Cräte, läze, bäge). 9) ei, ie, ie, ei: s weife, swief, swiefen, ges weifen (scheide , zeise, heize). 10) ou C") oder 6 und uo, ie attch iu, ie auch in, ou (ü) oder 6 tind uo: houwe,hiu, hiuwen, gehouwen; loufe, lief, liefen, geloufen; boze, biez, biezen, gebözen; Avuofe, Avief, wiefen, gewuofen. Anm. Zu 1) Die verba auf mm, nn oder m, n mit einem andern consonanten dulden nie brechung des 1, u i» e, o. Alle übrigen haben i im sing, praes. ind. (ich bille), imp. (bil), dagegen e im plur. praes. (wir bellen), plur. imp. (bellet), im ganzen praes. conj. (ich belle) tind im inf. (bellen). Zu 2_) Der Übergang von i, u i» e, o findet hier bei allen verben statt. Neben praet. kam kämen existirt auch kom kOmen , im conj. kseme und koeme. Zu 4) Von standen sind nur gebräuchlich praet. stuont, stuonden und part. praet. gestanden. Praes. ind. wird meistens contrahiert: ich stän od. sten , conj. stä od. ste , inf. stän od. sten , part. praet. gestän. Zu 5J Einfaches f und z wird vor kurzem vocal verdoppelt: slifen bizen, praet. sliffen bizzen. — Die verba schrien, spien haben im sing, praet. bald schrei, spei, bald schre, spe. — gedihen, rihen, lihen, zihen haben in der reget im sing, praet. e st. ei , also gedech , ausserdem (lihen ausgenommen) im plur. praet. und part. praet. g st. h, gedigen^ rigen, gerigen. Zu 6) Das iu geht (ausgenommen die verba auf iuAV) in ie über im plur. praes. ind., im ganzen praes. conj.., im plur. imp. und im inf — f und z wird nach kurzem vocal verdoppelt , sliefen vliezen, sluffen vluzzen. — Die verba., deren würzet auf s ausgeht, vertauschen dieses mit T im plur. praet. ind. (also auch in der 2. pers. sing, und im conj.) und im part. praet., kiesen Verliesen, kurn verlurn, gekorn verlorn. Zu 7_) Das nhd. fangen hat im mhd. im praes. vähe, inf. vähen, praet. \ienc (od. vie), part. gevangen; das nhd. gehen hat im mhd. meist im praes. ich gän od. gen, conj. gä od. ge, inf. gän od. gen (praet. gienc od. gie, part. gegangen). Zu S) läzen hat folgende contrahierte formen: praes. sing. 2. last, XII Abriss der mhd. formenkhre. Isest, 3. lät, la;t, plur. 1. Idn, i. lat, 3 länt^ imp. lü, inf. liia^ part. praet. hin (praet. liez und lie). b) Schwache couj ugation. Es gieht 8 schwache cottjtigationen ; in die erste gehören Wörter mit umgelauteter würzet, in die zweite solche, die nicht umlauten. I. Conjug ation. a) kurzsilbige Wörter: rege, praet. ind. und conj. regte, reglesJ, regte, plur. 3. regten, imp. sing, rege, plur. regt, part. regent, praet. geregt Cseln, zenien, denen, bürn elecare, vrümen perficere, hügen cogi- tare). Bei den verbis, deren wurzel auf t ausgeht ^ wie treten, wird im part. praet. das t gern verein/acht: getret für getrett (eigentlich getretet). b) langsilbige Wörter: brenne, praet. brante, imp. brenne brennet, part. praet. gebrant od. gebrennet (kennen, rennen, heften, hüllen, aenen privare, waenen, miuren, rüeuien). Im praet. u. part. praet. tritt der rückumlaut oft nicht ein (endete, siufzete, besendet, genaejet, gedrou- wet). Bei den rückumlautenden formen wird zusammenstossendes d und t, t und t vereinfacht: hüetcn, praet. hiiote; enden, praet. ande od. ante, ende, eute. II. Conj ugation. a) kurzsilbige Wörter: lobe, lobte, gelobt (twaln morari, harn cla- tnare, mancn, jagen, streben, smiden , wonen). b) langsilbige Wörter: salbe, salbete, gesalbet (schallen, alten, dan- ken, borgen, vären insidiari, minnen, wisen, lünen, luogen, dienen, süjuen). Anm. 1. Bei einigen verben, deren stamm auf 1 n r endigt, hat sich die alte endung öt im part. praet. erhalten, z. b. ermorderöt, ge- waruöt, geringelöt, verwaudelöt. Anm. 8. Die schwache flexion dringt auch in starke verba ein, z. b. gebete st. gap, pflegete st. pflac. Antn. 3. Beim part. praet. fehlt oft die partikel ge, z. b. kert, kouft, vreisclict, brüht, lüzcu od. hin, koiuen, vunden, worden. Anomalien. 1. Bas verb. subst. ist vierstämmig : a) 3. praes. sing. ist. b) inf. sin, plur. praes. ind. 1. sin, 2. sit (sint), 3, sint; conj. si, sist, si, plur. sin, Sit, sin; part. praet. gesin. c) 1. sing, praes. ind. bin, 8. bist; 1. «. 2. plur. birn ist selten, d) praet. ind. was, waere, was, waren, wäret, wären; conj. wasre^ waerest cet.; imp. wis; part. praet. gewesen; inf. wesen. Das praes. wise, couj. wese ist selten. 2. ajL rauoz, muost, muoz, plur. uiüezen, niiiezet, müezen; conj. müeze; praet. ind. muoste oder muose; conj. miiese, niüeste; inf. müe- zen. — b) weiz weist weiz, plur. wizzen, wizzet, wizzen; conj. wizze; praet. ind u. conj. wiste, weste, wisse, wesse; imp. wizze, part. ge- wizzen, gewezzen, gewist, gewest; inf. wizzen. — c) touc, töht (?), touc; pl. tilgen, taget, tngen od. tügen; conj. tüge; praet. ind. tohte, conj. tühte, inf. tilgen, tügen. — d) raac, mäht, mac, plur. miigen (niun) od. mügen, 3. pers. niugent od. mngent; conj, niüge, niege; praet. ind. luohte, mähte, conj. möhte, iiiehle, inf. niugen, mügeu, megeu. — e) sol Abriss der mhd. formenlehre. xiii (sal), soJt, sol, plur. sula (suii), süln^ 3. pers. sulnt , sülot; conj. sül, filur. süln, sünj praet. iud. u. conj. solte, coiij. auch sülte; inf. suId, süln. — f) kan, kaust, kan, pl. kiiDaen , künnen^ conj, küDne; praet. ind. künde, konde, cotij. künde, könde; inf. kunnen, küunen C^benso ban und gan). — g) (ar, tarst, tar, plur. turren , tfirren; conj. türre, praet. ind. torste; conj. törste; inf. turren, türren. — h) darf, darft, darf, plur. diirfen, dürfen j conj. diu-fej praet. ind. dorfle, conj. dörlte; inf. dürfen. 3. wil, wilt Cwil), wüj plur. wellen (wein), conj. welle (wolle), praet. ind. u. conj. woUe, imp. welle, inf. wellen. 4. tuon ekelten tuo), tiiost, tuot, pl. tuon; conj. tuo (selten tüeje), praet. ind. tele, taete, plur. täten, tätet, täten; conj. taete, part. getan, inf. tuon. 5. habe od. hän, hast cet., conj. habe, praet. ind. häte (hcte, hete), 2. pers. haete (hete, hete), conj. haete (hete, hete); inf. hän. 6. a) conj. bringe, praet. ind. brähte, 2. pers. brachte, conj. brachte, part. praet. braht,jnf. bringen. — b) conj. denke, praet. ind. dähte, 8. pers. daehte, conj. dsehte, part. praet gedäht , inf. denken. — c) conj. dunke, praet. ind. dühte, conj. diuhte «. diihte, part. praet. gedüht, inf. dünken. — d) conj. würke, praet. ind. worhte (wurhte), conj. würhte, wörhte, part. praet. geworht, inf. würken. — e) conj. vürhte, praet. ind. vorhte , conj. vörhte, part. praet. gevorht, inf. vürhten. B. Declination. Es giebt eine starke und eine schwache declination ; die schwache gebraucht zur bilduny der casus ein dem wortstamme angefügtes ü; die starke bietet eine grössere abwechselung in den Casusendungen dar; sie ist die ältere. a) Substantivum. Starkes masculinum. Erste declination C^hne umlautenden plural). Sing, tac tag-es , tag-e, tac. Plur. tag-e, tag-e, tag-en, tag-e. — Sing, kil, kil-s, kil, kil. Plur. kil, kil, kil-u, kil. — (arm, boum, bouc annulus, got, hac nemus, bort, mast, genüz, wolf, nagel, wagen.) Starkes mascul. Zweite declin. (mit umlautendem plural). Sing. tIuc, vlug-es, vlug-e, vluc. Plur. vlüg-e, vlüg-e, vlüg-en, vlüge. — (ast, buoc, buscb, gruoz, lön, luft, schuz, slac, wurui, vuoz, satel, niantel.) Starkes masc. Dritte declin. (in tcelcher der nom. und acc. sing. flexion haben). Sing, sit-e, sit-es, sit-e, sit-e. Plur. sit-e, sit-e, sit-en, sit-e. — (ende, cre ces, pfelle, rücke, wine amicus, swigaere, vischwre.) Starkes femininum. Erste declin. C^celche durch alle casus [leiion hat; gen. plur. endigt mit consonantj. Sing, luiob-e, huob-e, huob-e, huob-e Plur. huob-c, Iiuob-en, huob-en, huob-e. — Sing, zal cet; Plur. zal, zal-n, zai. — (ahte, brünne thorax , decke, galle, erge, kemenäte cubiculum, sträze, tür, kiir electio, Judicium.) Starkes femin. Zweite declin. Cti-elche im nom. und acc. sing, flexi- onslos ist und mit der (lexion verbundenen umlaut hat; gen, plur. endigt viit vocal.) Sing, kraft, krefl-e od. kiaft, kreft-e od. kiaf», kraft. Plur. kreft-e, XIV Abriss der mhd. formcnkhn: kreft-e, kreft-en, krcft-c. (angest , brüst, diet yena, haut, uaht , sät, werlt inundus.) Starkes neutrum. Erste declin. (nom. u. acc. /lexioiislos). Sitiff. wort, wort-es, wort-e, wort. Plur. wort, wort-e, wort-en, wort. — Sing, sper, sper-s, sper, sper. Plur. sper, sper, sper-n, sper. — (bat, -des, ors eqiais , ort cnspis, rech, -hes ca/ßrea, ros, -sses, sahs culter ; rt', rewes /'untis , stru , ströwes, knie, kuicwcs, zwi, zwies od. zwiges). Im plur. tritt oft er (ahd. ir) ein, welches umlatit bewirkt, z. b. reder^ wiber. Starkes neutrum. Zweite declin. (nom. n. aCC. haben flexion). Sinff. küun-e Cy^»usJ, künn-es, künii-e, künn-e. Plur. künn-e, künn-e, künu-en, künu-e. — (bette, bilde, eilende exsilium, heile, nisere, riebe.) Schtvache flexion. Jedes geschlecht hat nur eine declination. Im mhd. findet sich einförmigkeit der endungen, was im goth. und zum theil im ahd. nicht der fall ist. Sing, der aff-e, aff-cn, afT-en, aff-e. Plur. aff-en, aff-en, aff-en, äffen. — Sing, diu kel, kel-n, kel-n, kel. Plur. kel-n, kel-n, kel-n, kel-n. — Sing, daz herz-e , herz-en , herz-en , herz-e. Plur. herz-en, herz-en, herz-en, herz-en. (masc: ane avus, asche, bürge, lenze ver; femin.: ane avia, bnime sentis, erde, kröne, vackelj neutr,: ore, ouge, wange.) b) Adjectivum. Starke declination. Sing, blind-er blind-iu blind-cz bliud-es blind-er blind-es bliud-em blind-er blind-em blind-en blind-c bliud-ez Plur. blind-e blind-e blind-iu blind-er blind-er (-ere) bliud-er blind-eu blind-eo blind-en blind-e blind-e blind-iu. Anm. Einige einsilbige pflegen, wenn sie flectiert werden, vollere form anzunehmen: gra gräwer, blä bläwer, gar garwer, val valwer, var varwer. Schwache declination. (der) blinde, (diu) bliude, (daz) blinde folgen ganz der Substantiven flexion: äffe, herze. Gesteigertes adjectiv. 1} Comparativ C^at schwache und häufiger starke formj. Starke flexion. Sing, blinder-r blinder-lu blinder-z blinder-s blinder-re bliudei-s blinder-nie blinder-re blinder-me blinder-n blinder blinder-z Plur. blinder blinder blinder-iu blinder-re blindcr-re blinder-re Abn'ss der mhd. fornwnh'hre. xv Plur. I»linder-n blinder-n blinder-n blinder blinder bliuder-iii (liölier, bezzer, richer, schoener). Schwache flexion. Sinff. blinder, blinder-n, blinder-n, blinder-n; Plin'. blinder-n; ebenso das fem. ti. neittr., mir dass letzteres im acc. sing,, wie im nom. hat. 2) Superlativ hat starke und schwache form; flexion wie beim positiv. c) Participitim, wie das adject. d) Pronomen. ^^ 1. Persiinl. vnffeschlechtiges pron. I. Sing, ich, min, mir, mich. Plur. wir, unser, uns, uns (unsich). — II. Sing, du (du), din, dir, dich. Plur. IT, iuwer, iu, iuch (iuwich). — III. hat nur gen. sing, siu und acc. sing. u. plur. sich. 2. Persönl. geschlechtiges pron.: er, (es), im, in. Plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Sing, sie, ir, ir, sie; plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Sing, ez, es, im (ime), ez. Plur. sie, ir, in, sie. — Für sie gilt auch si imd si oder tonlos se. Aus in, ir kann tonloses en, er werden, z. ö. kusten = kuste in. 3. Possessives pron.: min, din, sin, unser, iuwer, (ir), mit starker und auch schwacher flexion, wie das adj. (miner wie blinder, unser wie comp, blinder-r). 4. Demonstratives pron.: a) der, des, dem (deme), den. Plur. die, der, den, die. — Sing, diu, der, der, die. Plur. die, der, den, die. — Sing, daz, des, dem (deme), daz. Plur. diu, der, den, diu. — Dat. plur. hat die nebenform dien. — b) dirre, dises, diseme, disen. Plur. dise, dirre, disen, dise. — Fem. sing, disiu, dirre, dirre, dise. Plur. dise, dlrre, disen, dise. — Neutr. sing, diz (ditze), dises , diseme, diz (ditze). Plur. disiu, dirre, disen, disin. — c) jener, jenes, jeneme, jenen. Plur. jene, jenere, jenen, jene. — Fem. jeniu, jenere, jenere, jene. Plur. jene, jenere, jenen, jene. — Neutr. jenez, jenes, jeneme, jenez. Plur. jeniu, jenere, jenen, jeniu. 5. Interrogatives pron. : ■wer, wes, wem (weme), wen. Neutr. waz, wes, wem (weme), waz. Das fem. wird durch das masc. ersetzt, swer (so wer) quicunque wird wie wer flectiert. — Es giebt hier noch einen instrumentalis wiu swiu. 6. Relatives pron. wird durch der ausgedrückt. 7. Unbestimmtes pron.: ieman, iemannes (iemans), iemanne (ieman), ienian, oder lernen, iemens, iemen, lernen. Ebenso geht uiemau. Meiriscite bennerkungen. 1. Die mhd. dichter haben nach dem accent, der nur die hebtinyen und Senkungen der stimme beachtet, nicht nach der buchstabenquanlität gemessen. 2. Der accent oder ton ist entweder hochton (ucutus} oder tief- ton (t/ravis), der verschiedener stufen fähig ist von dem blossen sinken bis zum völligen weichen des tons (tonloser laut) und von da bis zum verstummen des vocals (stummer laut). Vgl. anm. s. IX. 3. Der ton fällt auf die Wurzel bei dem unzusammengeselzten no- men (lebendic, biderbe), verbtim, oft auch adverbium; bei Zusammen- setzungen bekommt die Wurzel oft blossen tiefton. 4. Der reim ist entweder sttimpf C^iünnlich , z. b. guot — bliiof, gote — geböte mit dem stummen schluss-e) oder klingend C^eiblich, z. b. güete — blüete , äzen — säzen , vorsten — torsten). 5. Von den dichtem rrird nicht sowohl die anzahl der Silben, als vielmehr die der hebunyen in einem verse berücksichtigt; der geivöhn- liche vers des erzählenden gedichtes hat bei stumpfen reimen vier hebun- gen, bei klingenden drei. 6. Eine Hebung kann jede silbe treffen, die auf irgend eine art höher betont ist als die folgende. 7. In der regel hat sowohl die Hebung, als die Senkung eine silbe; jeder dichter hat aber seine besonderen kürztingen, elisionen, krasen, auch dehnungen. 8. Es kann auch zwischen zwei Hebungen eine Senkung fehlen, so oft der dichter dies will. 9. Der auftakt des verses kann nicht nur wegfallen, sondern er kann auch bis auf drei Silben verlängert werden. 10. Die minnesänger nannten jede einzelne strophe ein lied oder ein gesetz. Ton Hiess, was wir maass, weise, was wir melodie nennen. Das dritte dazu ist das wort, das gedieht selbst, das zu ton und weise gefunden werden musste. Doch wird gewöhnlich dem wort die weise entgegengesetzt als maass und melodie umfassend. 11. Die Strophe enthält zwei gleiche symmetrische theile oder Stol- len, die ein dritter ungleicher (abgesang) hervorhebt und zusammen- fasst. Beide stollen zusammen nennt man auch wohl aufgesang. 18. Wenn die lieder aus einer oder mehreren gleichgebauten Stro- phen bestehen, so verbinden die Ccantatenähnlichen) leiche vielerlei töne ungleicher struktur zu einem grösseren, meist sehr belebten ganzen. Xicht alle so verbundenen töne zerfallen in stollen und abgesang ; Häufig fehlt der abgesang; auch kehrt oft derselbe ton wieder. 13. Eine einzelne für sich ein ganzes ausmachende strophe oder eine solche, die so wenig mit anderen Strophen zusammenhängt , dass sie ein selbständiges gedieht zu bilden scheint, nennt man wohl einen Spruch; der inhalt desselben ist gewöhnlich politisch oder geistlich. MINNESINGER. ]B[it deyen und mit speere IVaren sie stets bereit^ Den frauen gaben sie ehre, Und sangen widerstreit. Sie sangen von gottesminne, Von kühner helden muth, Von lindem liebessinne^ Von süsser maienbluth. ÜBLAyD, das mährchen. CMinnosänger.) Vcrzeichmss der dichter. 1. Der von Kürenberg, wahrscheinlich aus dem von der btiry Kürn- berg bei Kenzingen im Breisgau benannten geschlechte. Nach Lachm. zu Walther v. d. Vogehv. p. 199 ed. II. nicht älter als 1170,- dasselbe sagt er vo7i den beiden folgenden. Seile 1. ?. Herr Dietmar von Ast oder Eist, im Thurgau wohnhaft. 2. 3. Herr Leutold von Seven, zu dem freiherrlichen in der gegend von Passau ansässigen geschlechte von Hagenau gehörig und im dorfe Sewen begütert. 4. 4. Herr Heinrich von Veldek, ein niederrheinischer ritter ; aus seiner Aeneis ergeben sich für ihn die jähre 1175 u. 1184. 5. 5. Der burggraf von Rietenburg, wahrscheinlich Heinrich oder Otto (Tfrk. 1179.^. Rietenburg lag bei Kelheim an der Altmühl. Die Rietenburger waren burggrafen von Regensburg. 6. 6. Herr Reinmar der Fiedler, vermuthlich ein österreichischer rit- terlicher Sänger; führt in der Maness. samml. eine geige im Wap- pen. 7. 7. Kaiser Heinrich VI., 1184 ritter f 11S6 mit Constanze von Sici- lien vermählt. 7. 8. Herr Friedrich von Husen oder Hausen, nach Haupt, vorr. zu Hartm. liedern, ein pfälzischer ritter aus der gegend von Manheim, kam 1190 in einer Schlacht gegen die Türken um. 8. 9. Herr Heinrich von Rugge oder Rucke, sesshaft im Thurgau. 10. 10. Graf Friedrich von Leiningen, nimmt theil an der kreuzfuhrl des landgr. Ludwig V. von Thüringen 1190, aus dem jetzt fürstl. geschlecht; Stammburg im Wormsgau. II. 11. Graf Otto von Rotenlauben, eigentlich graf Otto IV. von Hen- neberg, nach seiner bürg Botenlauben bei Münrstadt benannt. II. XX Verzeichniss der dichter. 18. Herr Reinmar der alte, tvahrsch. ein rheinischer ritter, lebt, wie auch der folgende dichter, viel in Wien am hofe der Babenber- gischen fürsten. 12. 13. Herr Walther von der Vogelweide, entweder von dem schloss Vogelweide im oberen Thttrgau, oder von dem orte Vogeltveide bei Saaz in Böhmen, oder nach einem hofe in Würzburg, welcher zu der Vogeltveide hiess, benannt, lernt in Österreich die dichtkunst; in Würzburg gestorben und begraben. 17. 14. Herr Hartmann von Aue, nach Haupt a. a. o. ein schwäbischer ritter, stirbt zwischen 1810 — 20. 44. 15. //«rr Wolfram von Eschenbach, nach dem Städtchen Eschen- bach bei Ansbach benannt; graf Poppo XIII. von Henneberg macht ihn bei Masfeld unweit Meiningen zum ritter; ist bei dem Sänger- krieg auf der Wartburg 1206 — 7; kann weder lesen noch schrei- ben. 48. 16. Meister Gottfried von Strassburg, ein schriftgelehrter bürger- licher dichter und „meister^^ Cif^gens. zu „herren^^ , oder adelig- ritterlichen Sängern, die oft nicht lesen und schreiben konnten; gelehrte ritterliche sänger Messen aber auch meister). 51. 17. Hei-r Waltram von Gresten, ivahrscheinlich dienstmann des alten österreichischen klosters Gersten an der Ens bei Steier. 55. 18. Herr Albrecht von Johannsdorf, vielleicht atis einem bairi- schen geschlechte dieses namens, 55. 19. Der tugendhafte Schreiber, spielt eine hauptrolle in dem wartburger Sängerkriege; gehört zu den sechs edlen sängem an des landgrafen Hermann von Thüringen hofe; er ist ritter und heisst sonst Heinrich der Schreiber, d. i. fürstlicher kanzler und ausferti- ger der Staatsurkunden , was nebst dem hofrichter und dem mar- schall das voi'nehmste hofamt in Thüringen war. Sein vollständiger name ist Heinrich von Rispach, 58. 20. Klingsor, auch Klingsor aus Ungerland, theilnehmer am wart- burger Sängerkrieg. 58. 81. Ulrich von Singenberg, truchsess zu St, Gallen, nach der bürg Singenberg im Thurgau unterhalb Blideg benannt, 59. 22. M. 23. Der Winsbeke und die Winsbekin. Der vf, der unter diesen Überschriften aufbewahrten spräche stammt wahrsch. vom Rhein. 63. 84. Herr Heinrich von Sax, im Rheinthal unweit Feldkirch wohn- haft. 67. 25. Bruder Wernher, wahrsch. in Österreich zu hause; kein mönch, sondern ein wallbruder , pilger. 71. 26. Herr Nithart, bairischer ritter, vielleicht zu der edeln familie der Fuchs gehörig; besitzt in Baiern einen ort Ritiwental; macht eine kreuzfahrt wahrsch. unter Leopold v, Österreich 1217 — 19; lebt am österreichischen hofe. Höfische dorfpoesie, 72. 27. Herr Rtibin; seine Stammburg ist Riibein in Tirol. 78. 28. Reinmar der junge, so genannt zum unterschiede von Reinmar dem alten. 79. Verzeichmss der dichter. XXI 29. Süsskind von Trimöerg, ein Jude. Trimbery ist ein fränkischer ort im Würzbiirgischen. 80. 30. Herr Wernher von Teufen, ansässig in der grafschaft Kibtirg am einfluss der Tös in den Rhein. 80. 31. Herr Reinmar von Zweier oder Zwetel, söhn Reinmars des alten, am Rhein geboren, in Österreich aufgetoachsen und benannt nach dem Städtchen Zwetel ob dem Manhartsbeiye , lebt am böhmischen hofe, später wohl wieder am Rhein. 68. 32. Herr Hildbold von Schwanegau, bürg am Lech oberhalb des Städtchens Schongau. 93. 33. Herr Ulrich von Liechtenstein; die Stammburg ist Liechten- stein in Steiermark unweit Judenburg an der Mur; wird 1288 od. 83 zu Wien ritter; vermählt mit Herta von Weizenstein; kann we- der lesen noch schreiben; stirbt etwa 1875. 95. 34. Herr Heinrich von Morungen, vielleicht benannt von Möringen^ jetzt Mörigen, bei Nidau in der Schweiz. 101. 35. Herr Kristan von Hamle, aus dem alemannischen Sprach- gebiet. 106. 36. Herr Hartwig von Raute, vermuthlich im Salzburgischen zu hause. 108. 37. Von Sunecke, wahrsch. Konrad von Suneck, jetzt Sonneck, alte bürg in Kärnthen an der Drau, Völkelmarkt gegenüber. 109. 38. Her Hardegger, wahrsch. Heinrich von Hardegge, St. Galler dienstmann. 109. 39. Herr Burghard von Hohenfels , bürg am Bodensee oberhalb Sipplingen. 109. 40. Spervogel C^er alte), ein oberdeutscher fahrender sänger; v. d. Hagen setzt ihn um 1830, was Lachm. a. a. o. für einen irrthum erklärt; er setzt ihn früher. 111. 41. Der Schert k von Limburg, wahrsch. Walther , hof- und reichs- schenk von Limburg bei Hall am Kocher im herzogthum Franken. 113. 48. Markgraf Heinrich IIL von Meissen, geb. 1818, vermählt 1834, gest. 18S8. 114. 43. Herr Wachsmut von Mülnhausen, vermuthl. von dem ober- elsassischen Mühlhausen an der III C^er von ihm erwähnte könig V. Champagne ist Thibant IV., graf v. Champagne, der 1835 könig von Navarra ward). 114. 44. Herr Gottfried von Nifen, umveit Tübingen ansässig. 116. 45. Schenk Ulrich von Wintersteten, bei Biberach in Schwaben. - 118. 46. Meister Alexander, auch der wilde A. genannt, d. h. der tvunder- same, von seinen bilderreichen räthselhaften gedichten , vielleicht aus der gegend von Burgau zwischen Ulm und Augsburg. 118. 47. Der T anhuser, aus dem hause der freiherren von Tanhusen im Salzburgischen; nachfolger Walthers v. d. V. am Österreich, hofe; macht eine kreuzfahrt vielleicht 1288. Sage von seinem aufent- halte im Venusberge. 119. XXII Verzeichniss der dichter. 48. Herr Pfeffel, viell. aus dem edlen fteschlecht der Pfeflin in liaiem, einer der hofdichter des herzoi^s Friedrich von Öster- reich. 123, 49. Herr Walt her von Metxe, d i. Deutsch oder Wälsch Metz un- terhalb Batzen an der Etsch. 183. 50. Herr Jakob von Warte, im Thurgau wohnhaft. 126. 51. Herr Hugo von Werbenwag, schwäbischer ritter. Dorf und schloss Werrenwag noch jetzt an der Donau im amte Möskirch. 127. 52. Der Marner, ein Schwabe mit dem vornamen Konrad, bei den meistersängern in besonderem ansehen. 187. 53. Meister Eelin, ein oberdeutscher fahrender Sänger. 138. 54. Meister Friedrich von Sonnenburg, wahrsch. dienstmann der nonnenabtei Sonnenb. bei Drixen in Tirol. 133. 55. Meister Sigeher, wahrsch. aus Tirol, hält sich vornämlich am böhmischen hofe auf. 134. 56. Der Helle feur, in der zeit des Zwischenreichs. 134. 57. Der Hennenberger, wohl aus dem Hennebergschen. 135. 58. Wachsmut von Künzingen, viell. aus dem Kinzinger thal in Schwaben, wo ein gleichnamiges geschlecht wohnte. 136. 59. Herr Heinrich Hetzbold von Weissensee, von der Stadt Weissensee in Thüringen benannt. 137. 60. Von Ob ernburg , benannt wahrscheinlich nach dem Städtchen Obernburg in der Steirischen landschaft Cillei. 137. 61. Der von Wildonie, d. i. Herrand v. Wildonie in Steiermark an der Mur unterhalb Graz, jetzt ein markt/lecken Wildon oder Wil- dan. 138. 62. Herr Steinmar, entweder Konrad oder Bertold, zu Klingenau an der Aar im Aargau wohnhaft 138. 63. König Konrad der junge, d, i. Konradin, geb. 1858, gest. 1268. 139. 64. Herzog Johann von Brabant, stirbt 1894 in einem turniere, 43 jähr alt. 139. 65. Von Schar fenberg , viell. Wilhelm od. Leopold v. Seh., bürg bei Ratschach in der Windischen Mark am zusammen/luss der Sau u. Saan. 140. 66. Herr Bernger von Horheim, schwäbischer ritter aus dem Kleggau in der nähe des Rheins (der könig, dessen tod er beklagt, ist Konrad, der 1254 in Neapel starb). 140. 67. Graf Konrad von Kirchberg., wahrscheinlich b'irchberg bei Ulm. 141. 68. Herr Rudolf von Rotenburg, im Lncernergebiet. 143. 69. Markgraf Otto IV. von Brandenburg mit dem pfeile, ver- mählt 1861 mit Heiltvig, tochter Johanns von Holstein. 145. Verzeichniss der dichter. xxni 70. Der Meisner, auch der alte Meisner genannt, aus Meissen, fah- render Sänger. 146. 71. Herr Otto zum Turne. Die Stammburg stand über der kirche von Obergestelen in Wallis. 150. 78. Herzog Heinrich IV. von Breslau, vermählt 1278 mit Mechtild, tochter des markgr. Otto V. von Brandenburg. 150. 73. König Wenzel IL von Böhmen, söhn Ottokars, geb. 1270, vermählt 1286 mit Gutta, könig Rudolfs tochter, starb 1305. 152. 74. Meister Heinrich Fr auenlob, auch der junge Meissener ge- nannt, eigentlich Heinrich von Meissen, nach einem von ihm ge- dichteten sängerstreit über weih und frau Frauenlob benannt, wird 1317 zu Mainz von frauen bestattet. 153. 75. Herr Konrad der Schenk von Landegge, bürg an der Thur in der St. Gallischen grafschaft Toggenburg; die Landegger waren dienstmannen und erbschenken des abts von St. Gallen. 163. 76. Meister Konrad von Würzburg, ein bürgerlicher dichter, wan- derte auf seine kunst, st. 1287 zu Freiburg im Breisgau Ocohl nicht zu Basel, s W. Grimm zur gold. schmiede p. XLJ. 164. 77. Meister Rumeland, ein Obersachse. 169. 78. Meister Gervelin j vermuthlich ein Niederdeutscher. 171. 79. Hermann der Damen, benannt von der Dahme, die bei Köpnik in die Spree fällt, oder dem daran liegenden Städtchen Dahme; fahrender meistersänger. 172. 80. Goldener , aus Xorddeutschland. 172. 81. Wizlav IV., fürst von Rügen, vermählt mit Margaretha, tochter des Pommer sehen herzogs Mestevin, nach deren tode mit gräfin Agnes von Ruppin, wohnte auf der bürg Rugard, st. 1325 als der letzte des alten fürstenstammes ; er ist der letzte der fürstlichen minnesänger. 173. 82. Boppo, tvahrsch. aus dem Österreichischen. 174. 83. Herr Brunwart von Augheim, badischer lehnsmaun, von Aug- heim benannt, dem jetzigen pfarrdorfe Auggen im Breisgau bei Müllheim. 175. 84. Der unverzagte, vermuthl. ein Niederdeutscher. 176. 85. Graf Wernher von Honberg, im Baseischen aiisässig, mit Heinrich VII. in Italien, kämpft 1320 tvieder in Italien. 176. 86. Johannes von Rinkenberg. Die Stammburg Rinkenberg steht am östlichen ufer des Brienzer sees. Er wird nicht herr genannt, weil er damals noch nicht ritter geworden. 177. 87. Meister Johannes Ha dl a üb, aus einem ansehnlichen Zürcheri- schen bürgergeschlecht. 177. 88. Der Kanzler , fahrender sänger, vielleicht aus Zürich, wo es ein bürgerliches geschlecht dieses namens gab. 188. XXIV Verzeichniss der dichter. 89 Regenbogetiy mit vornamen Itarthel, war schmied getvesen , wett- eifert in Mainz, wo er sich längere zeit aufgehalten zu haben ■ scheint, mit Frauenlob, trügt viel zur Vorbereitung der späteren meistersänger bei. 183. 90. Ein ungenannter dichter. 183. f. ner von Kiiireiiliere. I. (Ij 97 a b. Ilo/J'munn Ftindgr, /, p. 865 f.) 1. 3^7. gut mii- vouine herzeu, daz ich geweiue. Ich uiiil min geselle uiüezen uns scheiden. Daz machent lugouivre — got der gebe in leit! der uns zwei versuonde, des wtere ich vil wol gemeit. „Bite in, daz er mir holt si, als er hie bevor was, und man in, waz wir redeten, d«'» ich in ze jungest sach." — 3. ,,ViI lieber friiint ^'■, duz ist schedelich. Swer siuen fiiiint behaltet, daz ist lobelich: Die Site wil ich niinueu «•■«•«■ 4. ,,Wes manst du mich leides, man vil licp? Unser zweier scheiden miieze ich gelebeu niet. Verliuse ich dine minnc, su läze ich wol entstän, daz min fluide ist dez miunist umb alle andere mau.'^ 5. ,,Wii) >il schoene, ui'i var du sam mir. Liep und leit daz teile ich saut dir. Die wile unz ich daz leben hnn , su bist du mir vil liep; wan minuest du ein boesen, des engan ich dir uiet.'' II. O, Ö7 a b.) 1. Ez hat mir an dem herzen %il dicke we getan Daz mich des gelüste, des ich niht mohte haa Noch niemer mac gewinnen, daz ist schedelich. Jone mein ich golt noch silber: ez ist den liuten gelich. 2. Ich züch mir einen valkeu mOre dauue ein jür. Du ich in gezamete, als ich in wolte han. Und ich im sin geviderc mit golde wol bewant, er huop sich üf vil höhe und ilouc in auderiu laut. 3. Sit sach ich den valken schöne vliegen; Er fuorte an sime vuoze sidiuc riemen, Und was im sin gevidere alrötgüldin. got sende si zc samene, die geliebc wellen gerne sin! in. 0^0 1. Ich stuont mir nehtiut späte au einer zinaen. Dö hört ich einen ritter vil wol singen In Kiurenberges wise al üz der menigin. er muoz mir diu lant rümen , alder ich gniete mich siu. CMinnesänger.) 1 2 Her Dietmar von Aist. 8. ,,\\\ brinc mir her vil baMe min ros, min lspiip;t;\v«nl ! Wall ich muoz einer frouwen n'imen diu lant. Diu wil mich des be(«ingen , daz ich ir holt si : si muoz der miner minne iemer darbende sin." IV. Cib.) Der tunkelsterne der birget sich. Als tuo du, frouwe schopne: so du seilest mich, SA la dii dinc ougen gen an ein andern man: «;on wciz doch lützel iemeu, wiez under uns zwein ist gelän. 9« Her Dietmar von AInI. C1143?) I. Ahi, nu kumt uns diu zit, * IH. CJ, 99 aO der Meinen vogelline sanc, Ea stuont ein frowe aleine, Ez gruonet wol diu linde breit, unt warte über beide, zergangen ist der winter lanc; unt warte ir liebes: Nu siht man bluonien wol getan, so gesach si valken vliegen : an der beiden üebent si ir schin: „S6 wol dir, valke, daz du bis«! des wirt vil manic herze vrö; du fliugest, swar dir lieb ist; des selben troestet sich daz min. du erkiusest dir in dem walde II. einen boum, der dir gevalle: Üf der linden obene Also hän ouch ich getan : da sanc ein kleinez vogellin, ich erkos mir selben einen man; Vor dem walde wart ez li'it; den erwelten- miniu ougen; dö huop sich aber daz herze min daz nident schöne frouwen : An eine stat, da ez e da Avas; owc, wan länt si mir min liep? ich sach da rösebluomen stan, joh engerte ich ir dekeiner trAtes die manent mich der gedanke vil, niet." die ich hin zeiner frouwen han. IV. (I, 100 b.y 1. Sich hat verwandelt diu zit, daz versten ich bl der vogel' singen; Geswigen sint die nahtegal, si hant gelän ir süezez klingen, Unt Talwet obeu der walt: ie noch sti-t daz herze min in ir gewalt; der ich den siuner gedienet hän, diu ist min vröude und al min liep: ich wil ir's »iemer abe gegän. 8. 5, Ich muoz von rehten schulden hoch tragen daz herze und alle die sinne, Sit mich der allerbeste man verholn in sime herzen minne; Er tuot mir grözer sorgen rät ; Avle selten mich diu Sicherheit geriiwen hätl ich wil im iemer stsete sin: er kan wol grözer arbeit gelönen nach dem willen min." 3. ,,Ich bin ein böte her gesant, vrouwe, üf mange dine güete: Ein ritter, der dich hat erweit liz al der werlte in sin gemüete, Er hiez dir klagen sin ungemach, daz er ein senendez herze treit, sit er dich sach; im tuot stn langez beiten we: un reden wir'z an ein ende enzlt, e im sin vroude gar zerge." Her Dietmar von Aist. 3 4. Der Got, der al die weit geschaffen hat, der gebe der lieben nocij die sinne, Daz si mich mit armen iimbevähe imt mich von rehtem herzen miune ! Mich dunkent ander vrouwen guot; ich gewinne von ir dekeiner niemer höhen uiiot, siii welle gemide enzit begäu, diu sich da sündet au mir, und ich ir vil gedienet hau. V. (!} 101 «9 1. Nu ist ez an ein ende komen, darnach ie min herze ranc, Daz mich ein edeliu vrouwe hat genomen in ir getwanc; Der bin ich worden undertäu, als daz schif dem stiurnian, swanne der wac sin ünde also gar gelazen hat: so höh owi! si benenient mir mauge wilde tat. 8. ,,Jii hoere ich vil der tagende sagen von eime ritter guot, Der ist mir nne mnze komen in nunen stieten muot, Daz sin ze keiner zit min lip mac vergezzeu," rette ein wipj „nu muoz ich al der werlte haben dur sinen willen rät : so höh owi! Avol im, wie schöne er daz gedienet hilt!" 3. Wie möhte mir min herze iemer werden rehte vniot, Daz mir ein edeliu vrouwe also vil ze leide tuot, Der ich vil gedieuet hän, als ir Wille was getan ; nu wil si gedenken niht der maugen sorgen min: sd höh owi! sei ich ir lange vrenide sin. VI. O, 102 a.) 1. Ich suochte guoter vriunde rat; der allerbeste hat mir noch geraten niht ze wol; Ja enweiz ich wariimbe er daz lät: min herze mein' ich, daz vor allen vriunden raten sol. Ez riet dien sinnen, daz si mich verleiten unde selbe sich an ein vil tugentrichez wip : diu ist mir lieber, danne ich irj darürabe trürct mir der lip. 2. Mir wont vil ungemaches bi, min allerbeste vröude lit ouch an der guoten gar; Swie ungenaedic si mir si, so wil iedocli daz herze min niender anders, danne dar; Ez hat mich gar dur si verlän, unt wil ir wesen undertan: wie hän ich sus an im erzogen? ez tuot der tohter vil gelich, diu liebe muoter hat betrogen. VII. o, 101 (tO 1. „Släfest du, friedel ziere? Wan weket unsich leider schiere: Ein vogellin so wol getan daz ist der linden an daz zwi gegän." — 2. Ich was vil sanfte entsläfen: Nu rüefestu, kint, wäfen, wäfen ! Lieb äne leit mag niiU gesin. Her Liutolt von Saveae. swaz dii gebiiitst, daz leiste ich, friwendin. 3. Diu frowe begunde weinen. „Du ritest hin, unt last mich einen; Wenn will du wider her zno mir? owe, du füerst min fröide sament dir!" 3. Her I^iutolt von Saveue. I. (I, 305 aj 1. In dem walde und üf der grüenea beide meiet ez so rehte wol, Daz man sich der lieben ougenweide wol von schulden troesten sol: So hau ich vür seneden rauot tröst deheinen, wan den einen, daz min frouwe ist guot. 2. Wol im , den der kleinen vögele singen troestet unt der bluomen schin! Wie mac dem aa vröuden baz gelingen? wil er vrd von beiden sin, So hat er ir beider wal; bluomen springent, vögele singent wuuneclichen schal. 3. Ich vröuwe mich ir güete wol von schulden baz danne aller bluomen rot; Ich singe anders nibt, wan daz si in huldea scheide mich von seneder not. Wol mac mir ir werder gruoz fröude senden, swser erwenden, sorge machen buoz. II. an, 327 bj 1. Ez ist wol, daz wir die lieben beide sehen so wunneclichen stän, Wol gezieret walt uud anger beide, daz der meie hat getan. Seht ir in des meien touwe bluomen stdn, daz inöht' ougen vrö gemachen, lachen si einander an. 2. Wie solt' ich ze tanze wol gesingen, Sit ein wip mir tuot so wel Diu mir hoch gemüete solte bringen, diu tuot, same si's nilit beste. Doch wsere wol, getröste mich ein soelic wIp, daz si mit ir liebem löne schöne tröste minen lip. Her Heinrich von Veldegge. 1. 4. Her Heliirieli vou Veldegge« C1113 - 84.) I. (I, 36 aO II. (/, 36 aj Swer mir schade an tuioer 1. Tristan muose sunder dauc frouwen, staete sin der künlginne, dem wünsche ich von reht des rlses, Wan in der poisün darzuo twauc daran die diebe nement ir ende: mcre, dan diu kraft der minne. Swer min daran schöne mit trouwen, Des sol mir diu guote danc dem wünsch Ich des paradises unde valde im mine hende. Vräg' ieman, wer si si, der bekenne si dabi: ez ist diu wolgetäne. genade, frouwe, mir! der sunnen gan ich dir, 60 schiue mir der mäne! 2. Swie min not gevüeger waere, so gewünne ich liep nach leide, unt froude manic valde; Wan ich weLz vil liebiu maere : die bluomen entspringent an der beide, die TOgele singent in dem walde; Da wilent lac der sne, da stät nü grüener kle, er touwet an dem morgen; swer welle, der fröuwe sich: nieman noet' es mich, ich bin unledic von sorgen. wizzen , daz ich solchen tranc nie genam, und ich si doch miuue baz, danne er; unt raac daz sin, wolgetäne, valsches äne, lä mich wesen din, unde bis du min! 2. Sit diu sunne ir liebten schiu gegen der kelte hat geneiget, Unt diu kleinen vogellin al ir sanges sint gesweiget: Truric ist daz herze min : ich wsene, ez wil winter sin, der uns sine kraft erzeiget an dien bluomen, die mau siht in lichter varwe erblichen garwe : davon mir beschiht leit, und anders niht. II. b. 1. Manigem herzen tet der kalte winter leide, daz hat überwunden walt und ouch diu beide mit ir grüener varwe kleide: Avinter, mit dir al min trüren hinnen scheide I 2. Swenn der meie die vil kalten zit besliuzet, unt daz tou die bluomen an der wise begiuzet, unt der walt von sänge diuzet, min lip des an fröuden ouch vil wol geniuzet. 3. Min liep mac mich gerne zuo der linden bringen; den ich nähe mines herzen brüst wil twingen, er sol tougen von bluomen swingen, ich wil umb ein niuwez krenzel mit im ringen. 4. Ich Aveiz wol, daz er mir niemer des entwenket, swaz min herze fröude an sinen lip gedenket, der mir al min trüren krenket, von uns beiden wirt der bluomen vil verrenket. 5. Ich wil in mit blanken armen ümbe vähen, mit mim röten munde an sinen balde gähen, dem min ougen des verjähen, daz si nie so rehte liebes niht gesähen. Der BurcjräTe von Rietenburc. Jli. Cf, 87 *J 1. Man seit alvür wtlr manic jär, Diu wip hnzzen gnwez hAr; daz ist mir swdr; Und ist ir missepris, diu lieber h-.it ir amis (ump, dnnnc wis. 2. Dest inc noch dcst min, daz ich grä bin, Ich hazze an wiben kranlicn sin. daz si niuwcz zin \ement vür altez goU: si jehent, si sin den jungen holt durh ungedolt. IV. O, 37 bj 1. Do si an dem rise die bluomen gesähen bi den blaten springen, du wären si riche Ir manicvalten wisc, der si verjähen, si huoben ir singen lüte unt Troeliche, Kider unde hö ; min muot stät also, daz ich wil wesen vr«; rebt ist, daz ich min geliicke prise 2. In dem aberellen, so die bluomen springen, so louben die linden, unt gruonen die buochen, Sei haben ir wellen die vogele da singen; wan si minne vinden, aldd si si snocben, Reht an ir genOz, wan ir blideschaft ist gröz, der mich nie verdroz, doch si ir singen an den winlcr stellen. 3. Müht' ich erwerben miner vrouAven hulde, künde ich die gesuochen, als ez ir geza;me! Ich so! Tcrderben al von miner schulde, sine wolle ruochen, daz si von mir nacmc Buoze , sunder t«'»t, üf genäde unt dur ndtj wan ez Got nie gebot, daz dehein man gerne solte sterben. V. a, 3S aj Gern het' ich mit ir gemeine (üsent marke, sAvä ich wolde, unde einen schrin von golde, dan ich von ir wesen solde verre, siech, arm und eine: des sol si sin von mir gewis, daz diu wärheit an mir is. VI. Clf 39 bj Diu minne betwanc Salomöne, der was der allerwisest man, Der ie getruoc kfmiges kröne : wie möht' ich mich erAverren dan, Sin' betwunge ouch mich gewalt- ecliche? Sit si solchen man verwan, der so wise Avas und ouch so riche: den solt hnn ich von ir ze löne. 5. Der Biircgrave von Rieteiilinre. (1119.) I. (I, 818 a.J Ich hörte wilent sagen ein maere, daz ist min allerbester tröst. Wie minne ein sselekeit waere; des möhte ich werden sorgen erlost. Ob si erbarmen wil mine swtere; Got weiz Mol , daz ich c verba?re iemerme elliu wip, «■• ir vil miuueclicheu lip. II. O, 218 b.) 1. Sit sich hat verwandelt diu zit. des vil manic herze ist vrö, So würde ervieret ich dur nit, tset' ich niht selbe also. Min lip bet\rungen stät; noch ist min rät, daz ich niuwe miuen sanc: ez ist leider alze lanc, daz die bluomen röt begunden lideu not. 2. Sit si wil versuochen mich, daz nim ich vür allez guot, Keiser Heinrich VI. 9 So wirde ich golde gollch, dem si dicke (not gellch, duz man da prüefot in der gliiot, Ir schoL-ue nnd ir giiele, beide, Unt versuochet ez bnz, die lä^c si, so kO-re ich mich, bezzer wirt ez ünibe daz, »Swar ich dannc landes var, lüter, schoener, unde kldr; ir lop der hohste Got bewar; swaz ich singe, daz ist war: min herze erkös mir dise nül: gluot' ez iemerme, senfter wa;re mir der UM, ez würde bezzer vil, danne e. daune daz ich ir diene vil, 3. Sit si wil, daz ich von ir unt si des niht wizzen wil. scheide, 6. Her Reiiiinar ticr Videlfere. I. OIj 162 b.) 1. Meniger lüt mich ungegrüezet, daz er vürhtet, daz ich in bite, Der doch selten kumber büezet ieman, nach der muten site. Oh Jesus! daz ist ein vil armer list: ob der arge niht ensprichet, wan weiz doch wol, wer er ist. 2. Ez ist in (. .) vil swaere, die daz kriuze hie so lange trageut: So ist ez dien gar unnia?re, die dii vrcvellich versagent. Got der weiz wol, wä guot bruoder ist: si da mügen uns wol triegen: der kennet wol ir aller list. II. cm, 330 b.) Got welle, sone welle, doch so singet der von Seven noch baz, danne ieman in der werlte^ vraget niftelu unde neven, geswien, swiger, s weher, swdger, ez ensi war. Tageliet, klageliet, hugellet, zugeliet, tanzeliet, leich er kanj er singet kriuzellet, twingliet, schimpfliet, lobeliet, rüegeliet, als ein man, der mit werder kunst den Hüten kürzet langez jär. Wir mugen wol alle stille swigen , da her Liutolt sprechen wil ; ez darf mit sänge nieman göuden Mider in, er singet also höli' ob allen meistern hin, ern' werde noch, die nii da leben, den brichet er daz zil. 9^. Keiser Heiurieli Tl. (»Vi^. 1190 - 97.) O, 3 aO 1. Ich griieze mit gesange die süezen, die ich vermideu niht wil noch enmac; Do ich si von munde rehte mohte grüezen, ach, leider des ist uu vil manic tac. Swer disiu liet nü singe vor ir, der ich so gar unsenftcciich cnbir, ez si wib oder man , der habe si gcgriiezt von mir. 2. Mir sint diu rieh' unt diu lant undertän, sweuue ich bi der miuucclichen bin; 8 Her Vrlderich von Hüsen. Unde swenne ich gescheide von dan, so ist mir a1 min gewalt not min riclitiiom däliin ; Wan senden kumber den zelle ich mir ze habe: siis kan ich an früuden stigcn üf und euch abe, iint bringe den wehsei, «iIs ich waene, durch ir liebe kc grabe. 3. Daz ich si so lierzeclichen minne, unt si an wcukeu z'allen ziteu trage, Beide in herzen und ouch in sinne underwileut mit vil mauiger klage, Waz git mir darüinbe diu liebe ze löneV da biutet si mir'z so rehte schöne: c ich mich ir verzige, ich verzige mich C. der kröne! 4. Ez sündet, swer des niht geloubet, daz icli mühte geleben manigen lieben tac, Ob joch nie mer kröne ka-uie üf min houbet; des ich mich an si niht vermezzen mac. Verlür ich si, waz het' ich danne? da (ühte ich ze früuden weder wib noch manne, uut waer min bester tröst beide ze ühte unt ze banne. ^. Her Vriderieli von Hiiseii. (1190.) I. 1. Si darf mich des zihen niht, min herze enhete si in pfliht; des mohte si die wärheit an mir sehen : Unt wil sis jehen, ich körn sin dicke in so gröze not, daz ich den liuten guoten morgen bot Ed gegen der naht; ich was so verre an sl verdäht, daz ich mich underwilent niht vorsan, unt swer mich gruozt, daz ich sin niht verstän. S. Miner frouwen was ich uudertän, diu ane lön minen dienst nan, von der spriche ich niht wan allez guot, Wan daz ir muot Avider mich ze unmilte ist gewesen; vor aller not dö wände ich sin genesen. Dö sich verlle min herze üf genäde an sie, der ich da leider vunden niene hiin: nü wil ich dienen dem, der Ionen kan. 3. Ich köm von minne in kumber gröz^ des ich doch selten ie genöz; swaz schaden ich da von gewunneu hiin. So gevriesch nie man, daz ich ir iht spraeche wan guot, noch min munt von frouwen niemer getuot. Doch klage ich daz, Her Vriderich vod Hüsen. ',# daz ich so lange gotes vergaz, iint wil ez ieiuer vor allen dingen klagen, und im dar nach ein holdez herze tragen. II. O, 213 bO Si WKut dem töde entriinneu sin, die Gote erliegent sine vart: Deswar, est der geloube min, daz si sich übel haut bewart, ijwer daz Imuze nam, unt niender vert, dem Wirt doch ze jüngeste schin, swanne im diu porte ist vor verspert, die er tuot üf den liuten sin. II. CI, 214 bO 1. Min herze unt min lip die Avelleut scheiden, die mit einander wären nu menige zit : Der lip wil gerne vehten an die beiden; iedoch dem herze ein wip so nähen lit Vor al der werltj daz müet mich iemer Sit, daz si einander niht gevolgent beide, mir habent diu ougen vil getan ze leide: Got eine müeze scheiden noch den strit! 8. Sit ich dich, herze, niht wol mag erwenden, dune wellest mich vil trüreclichen län, So bite ich Got, daz er dich geruoche senden an eine stat, da man dich welle enpfäu. Owe, wie sol ez armem dir ergän! wie getorstest eine an solhe not ernenden? wer sol dir dine sorge helfen wenden mit triuwen, als ich dicke hau getan? 3. Ich wände ledic sin von solher swsere, dö ich daz kriuze in Gotes eren nan; Kz wser' ouch rehte, daz ez also waere, wan daz min stsetekeit mir sin verbau. Ich solte sin ze rehte ein lebendic man, ob ez den tumben willen sin verba?re: nü sihe ich avoI, daz im ist gar uumaere, wie ez mir süle an dem ende ergän. 4. Nieman darf mir wenden daz z' unstsete, ob ich die hazze, die ich da minnet' e: Swie vil ich si gevlehte oder gebaete, so tuot si rehte, als si's niht verste. Mich dunket, wie ir wort geliche gc, reht als ez der sumer von Triere taete. ich wser* ein gouch, ob ich ir tumpheit haete vür guot: es engeschiht mir niemerme. III. Oi 215 a.y so waere' ich noch al ümbe den Rin; 1. Min herze den gelouben hat, Wan mir daz scheiden nähe gät, solf ich oder iemer man beliben sin, daz ich von lieben vriunden min Durch liebe oder durch der minuen hau getan: swie'z doch darümbe rät, ergät, 10 Her Heinrich von Rugge. iu'rrc Got, üf die gcnüdc din s6 wil ich dir bevclhen die, die ich diir dinen willen lie. 2. Ich giinde es guoten vrouwen niet, daz iemer m& koeine der tac, Daz si den heten liep, der von uns schiet; wan ez Avaer ir t-ren slac. Wie künde in der gedienen iet, den Gotes verte als6 erschrac? darzuo sende ich in disiii liet, unt griieze si, als ich beste inac : gesaehe si min oiige nieinermö, mir taete doch ir laster wc. IV. C/, 816 aj 1. Ich lobe Got der siner giiete, daz er mir ie verlech die sinne, Daz ich si nam in min gemüete, wan si ist wol wert, daz mau si minne. Noch bezzer ist, daz man ir hücte, danne ieglicher si brachte inne des, daz si ungerne horte unt mir die vröude gar zerstörte. S. Noch bezzer ist, daz ich si mide, danuc si iine huote weere, Und ir dehciner mir zc nidc spreeche, des ich vil i^erne enbeere. Ich hau si erkorn, swaz ich lide, so lilze ich niht dur die merkiere: vremde ich si mit den ongen, si minnet iedoch min herze tongen. 3. Min lip was ie ungebunden, unt doch gemuot von der bilden; Alterst hän ich rehte ervunden, waz man muoz nach wibe liden. Des muoz ich ze mangen stunden der besten \rouwen eine roiden; des ist min herze dicke swaere, als ez mit vrüuden gerne wa;re. 4. Swie dicke ich lobe die huote, doch wart ich nie an mir selbem inne, Daz ich in iemer in dem muote werde holt, die so gar die sinne Gewendet haben, dax si, diu guote, eupfremde mir ir statten minne: di-swar tuon ich in niht m«re ich gevreische doch gerne alle ir unere. 9. Her Heiiirieli von Itn^ge. (1190.) (1,221 b.) 1. Diu werlt wil mit grimme zergün m\ vil schiere, ez ist an den liuten gröz wunder geschehen, Vröuwent sich zwene, so spottent ir viere j waeren si wlse, si mühten wol sehen, Daz ich dur j.iiuer die vröude verbir; nu sprechent genuoge, warumbe ich tumbe niht siuge, den vröude geswichet noch c danne mir. 2. Diu werlt hat sich so von vröuden gescheidcn, daz ir der viei'de niht rehte nu tuot, Juden unt Kristen, in' weiz umb die beiden, die denkent alze verre an daz guot, Wie si es vil gewinnen; doch wil ich in sagen: ez muoz hie beliben. daz uiemen den wiben nu dienet ze rehte, daz hoere ich si klagen. 3. Swer nu deu wiben ir reht wil verswacheu, dem wil ich verteilen ir minne und ir gruoz; Ich wil ir leides von herzen niht gelachen, Gräv€ Otte von Uottcnlonben. n swer nu so welle, der Mze oder tuo'z; Wan ist ir einiii niht relite gemuot, dii bi vinde ich schiere Avol drie oder >iere, die z'allen ziten sint hübesch unt guot. lO. Orave Fridericlt von liiiiiiigeii. (1190 — 1314.3 O, 26 aO 1. Swes muot ;5e früuden sl gestalt, der schouwe an den vil grüeneu Avalt, wie wunneclich gekleidet Der nieie sin ingesinde hut von richer varwe in lichter "vvät; Üz hohem muote mangen dön, gar rilich süeze wise hoert man von in, lüten klanc, vor liz der nahtegalen sanc üf grüene berndem rise. 2. Von schulden muoz ich sorgen wol, von fröuden git min herze zol, die wile ir gruoz mir wildet, Diu min herze bi ir hat. ach, daz si mich in sorgen lät! got hat si so gebildet, Daz min herze niht enkan, noch al min sin erdenken, >vie sie schoener künde sin, diu niinnecliche frouwe min, diu mir wil fröude kreuken. 3. Muoz ich mV scheiden sus von ir, daz ich ir huldc gar enbir, owc der leiden verte. Die dan gegen Fülle tuot min lipj genäde, saeldenrichez wip, Avis gegen mir niht so herte, Seiifte ein lützel dinen muot, unt sprich iiz rotem munde zuo mir niht wan eht vünf wort, diu hoehent miner fröuden hört: „var hin ze guoter stunde!'' 4. „In guoter stunde si diu vart, din lip, din sele sl bewart, din lop, din heil, din ere! Mac dich erwenden min gebot, min vlc-n, min drou, daz weiz wol got, sd wil ich biten scre. Sit daz din vart unwendic ist, so füerest zwei herze in ai-beitc, daz mine und ouch dine, hin, dii von ich iemer tniric bin : nii si Krist din geleite." tt* Gräve Otte von Botteuloiilicu« C 1196- 1315. D I. CI, 28 «.) 1. Ich hiin' erweit mir selbe süezen kumber, den Avil ich han vür aller bluomen schin; Erst niht Avise, der mich hat deste tumber: nit AA'as ie, der muoz ouch iemer sin. Durch die liebe trage ich disen pin, den hän ich erAA'eltj nü si ouch min: tuo mir, swie du Avellest, >rouAve, der gCAvalt si diu. 2. Ich mane die süezen, reinen noch ir triuwen, die si mir gap, dest unmäzen lanc; Ksem' ich Avider, ich schiede iiz allen riuAA'eu: geschiht des niht, so Avirt min leben kraue. Nach der ie min herze sere rank, mir geschiht von ir minne sunder Avanc, als der nahtegnl, diu sizzet tot, ob ir vröudeu saue. IS Her Reimär der alte. 3. Solte ich sterben von ir gruzen leiden, daz wsere mir ein angestlicliiu dM; Wes schuld' daz si, daz wii ich iu besclieideu: daz ist ir minueclichcr uiunt so rot. Vremde ich si lange, daz ist min tat; ouch wurden ir vil liehten ougen rot, do ich urloup uani unt mich in ir gendde bot. II. a, 31 b.) 1. Wsere Kristes Ion niht also süeze, so enlieze ich niht der lieben vrouwen min, Die ich in minem herzen dicke grüeze: si mac vil m'oI min himelriche sin ; Swä diu guote wone alumbe den Rin, herre Got, so tuo mir helfe schin, daz ich mir und ir erwerbe noch die hulde din ! — 2. „Sit er gibt, ich si sin himelriche, so habe ich in zuo Gote mir erkorn, Daz er niemer vuoz von mir entwiche; herre Got, lä dir'z niht Avesen zorn! Erst mir in den ougen niht ein dorn, der mir hie ze vröuden ist geborn, kumt er mir niht herwider, min spilnde vröude ist gar verlorn." 19. Her Reiinar der alte« (1197.) I. a, 17^ «0 1. Ein lieb ich mir vil nähe trage, des ich ze guote nie vergaz, Des vre singe ich unde sage, mit guoten triuwen mein' ich daz. Si muoz mir iemer sin vor allen wiben, an dem muote wil ich manigiu jar bellben: waz bedarf ich leides mere, wan, swenne e ich si miden sol? daz klage ich unde müet mich dicke s«re. 8. Ez Wirt ein man, der sinne hat, vil lihte saelic unde wert. Der mit den liuten ümbe gäf, des herze niht wan eren gert; Daz wendet im sin ungemüete; sich sol ein riter vlizen maniger güete: ist ieman, der daz nide, daz ist ein so gevüeger schade, den ich vüral die werlt vil gerne lide. 3. Ez ist ein nit, der niht cnkan verheln an den liuten sich ; War ümbe sprichet manic man: „wes teert sich der?" unt meinet mich, Daz künde ich im gesagen, ob ich woldej ich enwände niht, daz ieman vrägen solde, er enpflaege schoeuer sinne: wan nieman in der werlte lebt , er envinde wol sines herzen künigiune. Her Reimär der alte. 13 II. a, 182 aO 1. Si jehent, der sumer der si hie, diu wunne diu si koiuen, unt daz ich mich wol gehabe, als £>. Nu ratet unde sprechet, wie: der tot hat mir benomen, daz ich niemer überwinde me. Waz bedarf ich wunneclicher zifc, Sit aller vröuden herre, Liupolt, in der erde Ilt, den ich nie tac getruren sach : ez hat diu werlt an im verlorn, daz ir an manne nie so jaemerlicher schade geschach. 8. Mir armen "wibe was ze wol, swenne ich gedähte an in, unt wie min heil an sime übe lac. Daz ich des ni\ niht haben sei, des gät mit järaer hin, swaz ich iemer me geleben mac. Der Spiegel miner froiden ist verlorn; den ich vLz al der weite mir ze tröste häte erkom, des muoz ich leider äne sin. dö man mir seite, er AV£ere tot, d6 viel mir daz bluot von dem herzen üf die sele min. 3. Die fröide mir verboten hat mins lieben herren tot, also daz ich ir mer enberen sol. Sit des nu niht mac werden rät, in ringe mit der not, daz mir min klagedez herze ist jämers ?ol. Diu in iemer weinet, daz bin ich: wan er vil saelic man, jö tröste er wol «e lebene mich, der ist nü hin: waz töhte ich hie? wis im gensedic, herre got! wan tugenthafter gast kam in din gesinde nie. III. (7, 182 aO 1. Ich was vrö, unt bin daz unz an minen tot, mich enwende ez Got aleine; Mich enbeswaere ein rehte herzeclichiu not, min sorge ist anders kleine : So daz danne an mir zergät, so kamt aber höher muot, der mich niht trnren lät. 2. So singe ich ze wäre dur mich selben niht, wan dur der liute vräge, Die da jehent, des mir, ob Got wil, niht geschiht, daz vröuden mich betrage: Si ist mir lieb unt wert, als e, ob ez ir eteslichem tsete in den ougen we. 3. Ich wil aller der enbern, die min enbernt unt daz tuont dne schulde; Vinde ich iender, die es mit triuwen an mich gernt, den diene ich umb ir hulde. 14 Her lleimar der alte. Ich Ir.in iemcr einen sin : er wlrt mir nienier liep, dem ich unmaerc hin. IV. (/, 1S2 b.} 1. Mir ist ein ncU vor allem minem leide, doch durch diseu winler iiiht: Waz dar umbe, vahvcnt grüeue heideV solher dinge vil geschiht, Der ich aller miioz gedagen: ich hau me ze. tuoune, danne bliiomeu klage». 2. Swie \'\\ ich gesage giioter maire, SU ist uieman, der mir sage, Wenne ein ende werde miner swyere, darziio maniger grOzea klage, Diu mir an daz herze gät : wol bedürfte ich wiser liute an minen räl. 3. Niender vinde ich triuwe, dest ein ende, dar ich doch gedienet hün; Quoten liuten leit' ich mine liende, wollen si dar iife gau. Des w»r' ich vil willig in: uwe, daz mir nieman ist, als ich im bin! 4. Wol den ougen, die so spehen künden, unt dem herzen, daz mir riet An ein wip: diu hat sich underwunden guoter dinge, und anders niet. Swaz ich durch sl liden sol, dast ein kumber, den ich harte gerne dol. V, Oj 183 aO 1. Nieman sender suoche au mich deheiucn räl; ich mac min selbes leit erwendeu uiht. Nun' wajue, ieman grözer uugelücke hiU, iint man mich doch so vrü darunder siht. Da merken doch ein wunder an: ich solde in klagen die meisten uöt, niwan daz ich von wiben niht übel reden kan. 5. Spraeclie ich nu, des ich si selten hän gewcnt, daran begienge ich gröze iinsttetekeitj Ich hän lange wlle unsanfte mich gesent, unt bin doch in derselben arebeit. Bezzer ist ein herzescr, danne ich von wiben misserede; ich tuon sin uiht: si sint von allem rehte her. 3. In ist liep, daz man si stsetecliche bite; unt tuot in doch so wol, daz si versagent. Hei, wie manigen muot unt wunderliche site si tougeulichen in ir herzen tragent! Swer ir hulde welle hau, der wese ia bi, unt spreche in wol. daz tet ich ie: nu kan es mich leider uiht vervan. 4. Da ist doch min sclmlde, entriuweu, niht so gröz, als reht unscelig ich ze löne bin; Her Rcimär der alte. 15 Ich stiln aller vröuden , reht als eiu haut , hlöz, unt gilt min dienest wimdeiiiclie hin. Daz gcschach uiemaune nie: volende ich eine seueude uöt, si getuot mir niemer, niai^ ich'z beliüeten, wol noch wc. 5. Ich bin tumb, daz ich so grözeu kuuiber klage, und ir des wil deheine scliulde geben, !!iit ich si, äne ir danc, iu minem herzen trage: waz mac si des, wil ich uusaafte leben? Daz Wirt ir doch vil lihte leit. nii niiioz ich'z also Iiizeu sin; mir machet nicman schaden, wan min stsetekeit. VI. CI, 187 ÖO 1. Höh alsam diu sunne stet daz herze min; Daz kumt von einer vrouweu, diu kan stsete sin: Ir geniide, swä si si, si machet mich von allem leide vri. 8. Ich hän ir niht ze gebene, wan min selbes lip, Der'st ir eigen; dicke mir diu schoene git Vröude und einen höhen muot, swanne ich daran gedenke, wie si mir tuot. .1. Wol mich des, daz ich si also stüete vantl Swä si wonet, diu eine liebet mir daz lant: Vüer' si über den wilden se, dar vüer' ich hin; mir ist nach ir s6 we. 4. Hete ich tusent manne sin, daz M'aere wol, Daz ich si behielte, der ich dienen sol: Schöne unt Avol si daz bewar, daz mir von ir iht leides widervar. 5. Ich enwart nie rehte sjelic, wan von ir: Swes ich ie gewünscheu kan, des gan si mir: Saeleclich ez mir ergie, dö mich diu schoene iu ir genäde vie. VIL O, 189 »0 1. Ich han hundert tüseut herze erlöst von sorgen, alse vrö was ich; We, ja was ich al der werlte tröst: wie zaeme ir daz, sin' tröste ouch mich? Si ensol mich niht engelten lan, daz ich so lange vor ir was , darzuo daz ich's engolten hau. S. Ich wil bi den wolgemuoten sin, wan ist unvrö, da ich e da was, Da entroestent kleiniu vogelliu, da entroestent bluomen unde gras. Da sint als jaemerlichiu jär, daz ich mich under den ougen rampf, unt sprach: ,,nu gent üz gniwe här !" 3. Kume ich wider an mine vröude, al« e, daz ist den senden allen guot : Kieman ist von sorgen alsc we, 16 Her Reimär der alte. wil er, ich mache in wolgenuiot; Ist aber er an vröiiden so verzaget, daz er enkeiner buoze gert, so enruoche ich ob er iemer klaget. 4. Hoeret, waz ich zuo der buoze tuo, daz ich mit zouber niht envar: Minneclichiu wort stöze ich darziio, den besten willen striche ich dar. Tanzen unde singen muoz ich haben, daz vünfte ist wiinneclicher tröst: sus kan ich senden siechen laben. 5. Als unrehte vrö enwart ich nie, daz seit' eht sin, nu ist ez geschehen; Mich bekennent noch diu liute hie, diu mich anders hiint gesehen; Alse vröuden riche was ich dö, daz ich mich vröute unt Tröude gap: wie tuot man wider mich nti sA? ^' Vllf. O, 195 6.) Nach vrouwen schoene nieman sol ze vil gevragen: sint si guot? Er läze si im gevallen wol, unt wizze daz er rehte tuot. Waz ob ein varwe wandel hat, der doch der muot vil hohe stat. er ist ein ungevüege man, der des an wiben niht erkennen kan. ■> IX. (T, 197 bj Blatte unt kröne wellent muotwillic sin, so wwnent topfknaben wislichen tuon. So jaget unbilde mit hasen eberswin, so ervliuget einen valken ein unmehtic huon, Wirt dan der Avagen vür diu rinder gende, treit dan der sac den esel zuo der müln, wirt danne ein eltiu gurre z'einem vüln: so siht man'z in der werlte twerhes stende. Min ougen wurden liebes alse vol, dö ich die minneclichen erst gesach, Daz ez mir hiute und iemer nie tuot wol, ein minneclichez wunder da geschach; Sie gie mir alse sanfte dur min ougen, daz si sich in der enge niene stiez, in minem herzen si sich nider liez, da trage ich noch die werde innen tougen. * X. a, 198 bj 1. War kam iuwer schoener lip, wer hat iu, sselic vrouwe, den benomen? Ir wäret ein wunneclichez wip: nü Sit ir gar von iuwer varwe komen. Dast mir leit unt müet mich sere : swer des schuldic si, den velle Got unt nem' im al sin ere. Her Wahlicr von der Vo^elweide. 11 8. „Wiivon soll icli sclioene siu mit hohes miiotes, als ein ander wip? Ich cnhiin des willen min ' niht niere, wau so vil, ob ich den lip Mac beliüeten vor ir uide, die mich zihent, unde macheut, daz ich einen ritter mide. 3, Solhe not und ander leit hat mir dei* varwe ein michel teil benomen ; Doch vrömvet mich sin Sicherheit, daz er lobte, er woKe schiere komen. Weste ich, ob ez alse wäre, so engeh«'trle ich nie vor maniger wile mir ein lieber;? mserc. 4. Ich gelache in ienier an, kamt mir der tac, daz in min ouge ersihi; Wand' ichs niht ^erläzen kan vor liebe, daz mir alse wol geschihtj E ich danne von im scheide, so mag ich wol sprechen: „gen wir brechen bhiomen üf der beide/'" 13. Her H'altlier vou der To^el^eitle. r 1198 — 1888.) 1. Frauendienst. I. Blume niesen. (/, 236 b. Lachm. p. 39.^ 1. Uns hat der winter geschadet über al: beide unde walt sint beide nu val, da manic stimme vil suoze inne hal. saehe ich die megde an der sträze den bal werfen ! so kseme uns der vögele schal. 2. Möhte ich verslafeu des winters zil ! wache ich die wile, so hün ich sin nit, daz sin gewalt ist so breit und so wit. weizgot er lät ouch dem meien den strit: so lise ich bluomen da rifc nü lit. 1. b. Die verschwiegene nachtigaJl. (^7, 236 b. L. i9.) 1. „Under der linden daz ich bin saelic iemer me. an der beide, Küster mich? wol tüsentstunt: dii unser zweier bette was, tandaradei, Da mugent ir vinden seht wie röt mir ist der miint. schöne beide 3. Do het er gemachet gebrochen bluomen unde gras. ^Isö riebe Vor dem Avalde in einem tal, von bluomen eine bettestat. tandaradei, Des Mirt noch gelachet schöne sanc diu nahtegal. innecliche, 2. Ich kam gegangen • kumt iemen an daz selbe pfat. zuo der ouwe: Bi den rosen er wol mac, dö was min friedel komen f. tandaradei, Da wart ich enpfangen merken \vA mirz houbet lac. hcre frouwe, (Minnesänger.) 2 f8 Her WaUlicr von ilor Vo^elwcide. 4. Daz er bi mir I.Tge, in gnoten wiben gar ein kionc si. wesscz icnicn Kiiinl in mit ziihJcn sin goineiJ, (im cnwcnp go(I), "(^ «clmnit icli so siet diu liljc wol der rCtsva l)i. mich. Wos er mit mir pfliPge, niemer niemen bcvinde ilaz, wan er unt ich, Und ein kleincz vogellin : Jandaradpi, daz mac %vol gptriuwe sin." II. Hoscnlcsen. ff, 273 rt. i>. 112 J Mfieste ich noch geleben daz ich die rissen Nu merket nie der linden st»» der vögele singen, dar nnder blnomen nnde M^: noch baz s(«H wiben werdcr grnoz. ir minneclicher redender mnnt der machet daz man küssen muoz. Fran. 4. ,,1ch sage in wer uns wiben wol behaget, wan der erkennet übel nnde giiot, Tnd ie daz beste von uns saget. triu- mit der minneclichen sohle lesen, So wold ich mich so mit ir erkosen, dem sin wir holt, ob erz mit daz wiriemer friunde müesten wescn. wen tnot. Wurde mir ein kus noch zeiner stunde Kan er ze relite ouch wesen frA von ir röten munde, und tragen gemüete so wmr ich an fröiden wol genesen. xe maze nider unde M, 1(1. ."Schönste Zierde. (/, 238 a. der mac erwerben swes er gert: L. 43.^ welch wip verseil im einen vaden? Ritter. guot man ist guoter siden wert." I. Frowe, ich hopr iu so ^il der IV. Dornrosen. (T, 2Zi b. L. i02.) tugcnde jehen, 1. Mirst diu erc unmaere, daz in min dienest iemer ist bereit. da von ich ze jare wurde unwert, Enhict icli iuwer niht gesehen, dnz schatte mir an miner werdekeit. Nil wil ich iemer deste tiurre sin, und bite iuch, frouwe, daz ir iuch underwindet min. ich lebete gerne, künde ich leben: min Wille ist guot, nti bin ich tump: Uli sult ir mir die maze geben. Frau. 8. ,,Kuad ich die miize als ich niene kan, Und ich klagende wtere „wr mir armen hiure! diz was vert." Also han ich mangen kränz verhorn und bluomen vil verkorn. j6 brajche ich rösen wunder, wan der dorn. 8. Swer sich so behallet, daz im nieman niht gesprechen mac, Wnnnecliche er altct, im enwirret niht ein halber tac. Der ist frö, swenn er ze tanze gat, s6 vvier ich zer werlte ein saelic wip. swes herze iif ere stät. Ir tiiot als ein wolredender man, we im, des sin geselle unere hat! daz ir so höhe tiuret mlnen lip. 3. Wan sol iemer fragen Ich bin noch tumber danne ir sit. von dem man, wiez urab sin herze waz dar umbe? ste. doch wil ich scheiden disen strit. Swen des wil betragen, nü tuot vonerst des ich iu bite, der enruochet wie diu zit zerge. und saget mir der manne muot: Maneger schinet vor den frömden so lere ich iuch der wibe site." g"ot, Ritter. und hat doch valschen muot. 3. Wir man wir wellen daz diu wol im ze hove, der heime rehte staetekeit tuot ! V. Fraueu und frühling, (h 240 b. L. 45.J) 1. So die bluomen üz dem grase dringent, same si lachea gegen der spilden sunnen, 1 Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 19 in einem ineien au dem morgen fruo, Und diu kleineu vogelliu wol singent iu ir besten wise die si kunnen, waz wüuue niac sich dii geliehen zuoV Ez ist %voI halb ein himelriche. suln wir sprechen waz sich deme geliche, so sage ich, waz mir dicke baz in mlnen ougen hat getan, und tiete ouch noch, gesaihe ich daz. 8. Swä. ein edeliu schoene frowe reine, wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden, dur kurzewile zuo vil Muten gät, Hovelichen hOhgemuot, uiht eine, umbe sehende ein wi-nic under stunden, alsam der suune gegen den Sternen stät, — Der meie bringe uns al sin wunder, waz ist dii so wünuecliches under, als ir vil minneclicher lip? wir lazen alle bluomen stau, und kapfen an daz werde wip. 3. Nu wol dau, weit ir die warheit schouwen! gen wir zuo des nieien höhgezite! der ist mit aller siner krefte komen. Seht an iu uud seht an schiene frouweu, wederz ir daz ander überstritej daz bezzer spil , ob ich daz hän genomen. Owc der mich da welleu hieze, deich daz eine dur daz ander lieze, wie rehte schiere ich danne kür! her Meie, ir müeset merze sin, e ich min frowen du verlür! VI. Trost im leide. O, 238 a. L. 42.> 1. Swer verliolne sorge trage, der gedenke an guotiu wip : er wirt erlöst : Und gedenke an liehtiu tage. die gedaukc wären ie min bester (röst. Gegen den viusteru tagen hän ich nut, wan daz ich mich rihte nach der lieide, diu sich schämt vor leide : so si den walt sihL gruonen, s6 wirts iemer röt. 2. Frowe, als ich gedenke an dich, waz diu reiner lip erweiter tugende pfliget. So la stein l du rüerest mich mitten an daz herze , da diu liebe liget. Liep und lieber des enmein ich uiht: dii bist aller liebest, daz ich meine. du bist mir alleine vor al der werlte , frowe , swaz so mir geschiht. 3. Wil ab iemen wesen fr«'», daz wir iemer in den sorgen niht enleben? Wd wie tuont die jungen sd, 20 Her VValtlier von <ler Vogelwcide. die von fröiidrn soKon in Aen lüTien s\vt'b«'n' lehn wt'\x anders wcnie ichz wizen sol, u'an den riehen \v\xe ichz und den jungen. die sint nnheCwnugen : des stat in tniren übel und stiiende in fröide wo). 4. Wie frA Saelde kleiden kan, daz si mir git kuuiber unde hohen niuot! Su gits einem riehen man unRcmüete: owc waz sol dem selben guot? Min frou Sa»lde, wie si min vergaz, daz si mir sin guot ze minem muole nien schriet, si vil guote! min kumber stiiende im dort bi sinen sorgen hnz. VII. Die äugen des herzens. (1,232 0. L. 99.) 1. Sunier unde winter beide sinfr guotes mannes tröst, der tröstes gert: Er ist rehter fröide gar ein kint, der ir niht von wibe wirt gewert. Da von sol man wizzcn daz, daz man ellki wip sol eren, und iedoch die besten baz. 2. Sit daz nieman ane fröide tone, so wolte ouch ich vil gerne fröide hän Von der mir min herze nie gjelouc, ezn sagte mir ir giiete ie sunder wän. Swenn ez diu ougen sante dar, seht, s«*» brahtens im diu maere, daz ez fuor in Sprüngen gar. 3. In weiz niht wol, wiez dar umbe si: sin gesach min ouge lange nie: Sint ir mines herzen ougen bi, so daz ich an ougen sihe sie? Da ist doch ein wunder an geschehen: wer gap im daz sunder ougen, daz ez si zaller zit mae selten? 4. Welt ir wizzen waz diu ougen sin, da mit ich si sihe dur elliu lant? Ez sint die gedanke des herzen min : da mite sihe ich dur miire und ouch dur want. Nil hüeten swie si dunke guot : so sehent si doch mit vollen ougen herze, wille und al der muot. 5. Wirde ich iemer ein so saelic man, daz si mich an ougen sehen sol? Siht si micli in ir gedanken an, sd vergütet si mir miue wol. Minen willen gelte mir, sende mir ir guoten willen; minen den habe iemer ir. VIII. Deutschlands ehre. (I, 24b b. L. 56.J 1. Ir sult sprechen willekomen: Her Walther von der Vog«;iweide. 21 der iu rnacre briii^et^ daz bin kii. AIIt;z daz ir habt vernonieu, daz ist gar ein wlnt: nü (raget riiicli. Ich wil aber miete : Wirt min lüu iht guot, ich sage iu vil lihte daz iu sanfte tuut. seht, waz man mir creu biete. 2. Ich wil tiuschen frowen sn<>en solhiu uuierc, daz si deste baz AI der werlte suln beliageu : ane groze miete tuon ich daz. Waz nold ich ze löne? si sint mir ze her: so bin ich gefüege , und bite si uiht«ä nier, wau daz si mich grüezen schöne. 3. Ich hiiu lande vil gesehen unde nam der besten gerne war: Übel müeze mir geschehen, künde ich ie min herze bringen dar, Daz im wol gevalleu wolde fremeder site. nü waz hülle mich, ob ich unrehte strite? tiuschiu zuht gät vor iu allen. 4. Von der Elbe unz au den Riu und her wider unz au Uugerlant So nuigeu wol die besten sin, die ich iu der wei'lte hau erkaut. Kan icli rehte schouwen guot geläz uut lip, sem mir got, so swüere ich avoI daz hie diu wip bezzer siut danne auder Irouwen. 5. Tiuschiu man sint wol gezogen, rehte als engel sint diu wip getan. Swer si schildet, derst betrogen: ich eukan sin anders niht verstau. Tugent uude reiue minne, swer die suochen wil, der sol komeu in unser laut: da ist wünne vil: lange müeze ich leben darinne ! IX. Gemeinsame minne. C'j Tuost du daz ze guote, 242 b. L. 50.J) söne wize ich dir dar umbe niht. 1. Bin ich dir uumaere, So mit mir daz houbet, des enweiz ich niht: ich minne dich, daz si dir erloubet, Einez ist mir SAvaere, und sich nider an niineu fuoz, dii sihst bi mir hin und über mich. so dii baz enmügest: daz si diu gruoz. Daz soll du verraiden. 3. Krowe, dii versinne ine mac uiht erlideu dich, ob ich dir zihte maere si. seihe liebe an grözeu schaden: Eines friundes minne hilf mir tragen, ich bin ze vil geladen, diust niht guot, da cnsi einander bi. 2. Sol daz siu din huote, Minne cntouc uiht eiue, daz din ouge mich so selten siht? äi sol siu gemeine. 22 Her Walther von iler Vogehveide. so gemeine, daz si gc dsiz niac ich wol äiie rfiemen aagen. dur zwei herze und diir dekeinez mi-. Edel unde riche 4. Swanne ichs alle schouwe, siut si sumeliche, diemirsiiln von schulden wol behagin, dar ziio tragent si h«then nmol : S»\ bist duz min froiiwe: lihte sint si bczzer, du bist giio«. * X. Das halmmessen. (Ij 849 b. L. 6b.) 1. In einem zwivelllchen wau was ich gesezzen, und gediihte, Ich wolle von ir dienste gänj wan daz ein tröst mich wider brählc. Trost mog ez niht gcheizen , owe des .' ez ist vil kiune ein kleinez tropstelin; so kleine, swenne ichz in gesage, ir spottet min. doch fröwet sich lützel ieman , er euwizze wes. 2. Mich hat ein halm geraachet fro: er gibt, ich siil genade vinden. Ich maz daz selbe kleine strö, als ich hie vor gesach von kinden. ISu beeret unde merket, ob siz denne tuo. ,,si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot." swie dicke ichz tele, so was ie daz ende guot. daz troestet mich: dA hoeret euch geloube zuo. XI. Gegenwart der abwesenden. (T, 239 a. L. ii.J 1. Min frowe ist underwilent hie : so guot ist si, als ich des wtene, wol. Von ir geschiet ich mich noch nie: ist daz ein minne dandern suochen sol, So Avirt si vil dicke eilende mit gedankeu als ich bin. min lip ist hie, so wont bi ir min sin: der wil von ir niht, dest ein ende, nu Avolt ich, er ta;te ir guote war und min darumbe niht vergaeze. waz hilfet, tuon ich dougen zuo? so sehent si durch min herze dar. 2. Ich lepte avoI und dne nit, wan durch der lügena;re werdekeit. Daz Avirt ein langer wernder strit: ir liep muoz iemer sin min hei»zeleit. Ez erbarmet mich vil scre, dazs als offenliche gänt und niemen guoten unverwox'ren länh unstcete, schände, sünde, uncre, die rätents iemer swä raans beeren wil. owc daz mau si niht vermidet! daz Wirt noch maneger frowen schade uut hat verderbet herren vil. XII. Erlaubte lüge. (7, 27.^ a. Jj. ilG.J 1. Bi den liuten nieman hat hovelichern trost denn ich: !$ö mich sende not bestät. Her VVallher von der Vogelweidc. 2S so 6cliiiie ich geil iiuü trceste eelbeii uiiüli. Also litiit ich dicke niicli betrugen uude (liircli die wcrlt niunege Ijüidc erlogen ; daz liegeu was ab lobelicb. 2. Leider ich muoz mich culwenen niuueger wüune der min onge au such: War mich sol sich einer seneu, der uiht geloubet waz Jiie vor geschach? der weiz lützel waz daz si, gemeit. daz ist seueuder muot mit gerender areb«il. uasu>Iic si daz ungemachl 3. Maneger wteuet, der mich siht, min herze si an Iröiden hö. Höher früide hän ich niht, und Wirt mir uiemer wider, wan also: VVerdeut (iusche liute wider gnot, (lade troestet si mich, diu mir leide luu(, so wirde ich aber wider fro. 4. Ich hau ir gedieuet vil, der Werlte, und weite ir gerne dienen nu-, Wau dazs übel danken wil, und waenet des, daz ich mich niht verste. Ich verstt'U michs wol an einie site: des ich aller screst ger, so ich des bite, so git siz einem tören e. 5. lehn weiz, AV'icchz erwerben mac. des man da pfligt, daz widerstuout mir ie: VV^irbe ab ich so man e pflac, daz schadet mir lihte: sus enweiz ich wie. Doch verwsene ich mich der fuoge da, daz der ungefüegeu werben anderswä geniemer si dan wider sie. XIII. Gefahr des frohsinns. (1,276 0. L. ilO.J 1. Ich wa;re dicke gerne frö, sol daz nimmer mer geschehen, wan daz icli niht gesellen liiin. so nuiet mich daz ichz hän gesehen. Nu si alle trfirent so, XIV. Böse zeil. (I, 273 a. L. wie möhte ichz eine denne Idn? 113.^ Ich miiese ir vingerzeigen liden, Waz sol lieblich sprechen? waz ichu wolte fröide durch si miden. sol singen? sus behalte ich wol irhulde, daz siz waz sol wibes schoene? waz sol läzen ane nit: guot? wand ich gelache uiemer niht, Sit man niemau siht mich fröiden da ez ir dekeiner siht. ringen, 8. Ez tuet mir inueclichen wd, sit man übel äne vorhte tuet, als ich gedenke, wes man pQac Sit man triuwe, mute, zuht und ere In der werlte wilent e. wil verpflegen so sere, ouwc deich uiht vergezzeu mac, so verzagt an fröideu niaueges muot. Wie rchte frö die liute wären! XV. Schuld der frauen. (T, du künde ein saelic mau gebären, 888 b. L. 90.J unde spilet im sin herze gein der t. Ane liep so manic leit, wüuueclicheu zit. ^ver raohte daz erliden iemer nie? 24 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. Waer ez uilit uiihuvescheit, dii man die fiiogc au iu gesacli! Sü wolt ich sclirien „se, gelücke, so!" nn silit man wol, Gelücke, daz enhoeret niht daz man ir minne mit uufuogo lind selten iemau gerne siht, erwerben sol. swer triuwe hat. 4. Lät mich zuo den frowe« gän : ist ez also, wie sol min [daune] iemer so ist daz min aller meiste klage, werden rät? So ich ie mere znhte han, 8. Wc wie jiimerlich gewin so icli ie miure werdekeit bejage, tegelich vor minen engen vert! si swachent wol gezogenen lip; Daz ich so gar ertöx'et bin ezn si ein wol bescheiden wip: mit nilner ziiht, und mir daz uienian der meine ich niht: diu schämt sich des, swä iemer wibe.s schani geschiht. 5. Reiuiu wip und guote man, swaz der lebe, die müezen swlic sin. Swaz ich den gedienen kan, daz tuen ich, daz si gedenken min. Hie mite sü kiind ich iu daz: diu werlt enstr dan schiere baz, sü Avil ich leben SU ich beste mac und niineu sanc üf geben. wert ! Mit den getriiiwen alten siteu ist man nü zer weite versniten. er uude guot hat nü liitzel iemau wau der übel tuet. 3. Daz die mau als übel tuunt, däst gar der wibe schult : dOst leider so. Hie vor, do ir muot üf ere stuout, dö was diu weit üf ir genade fro. Hei wie wol mau iu de sprach, XVI. l'nniiuuiglich gesungen. (7, 241 ö, L. i7.J 1. Zwo fuoge hau ich doch, swie ungefüege ich si : der hau ich mich von kinde her vereinet. Ich bin deu früu bescheideulicher fröide bi. und lache ungerne so man bi mir weiuet. Durch die liute bin ich fro, durch die liute wil ich sorgen: ist mir anders daune also, waz dar umbe? ich -wil docli borgen. swie si sint so wil ich sin, daz si niht verdrieze min. mauegem ist unmaere, swaz einem andern werre : der si ouch bi den Uuteu swaere. 2. Hie vor, dö man so rehte minneclichen warp. do wäreu mine spriiche früideu riche: Sit daz diu minnecliche minne also verdarp, Sit sanc ouch ich ein teil unminnecliche. Iemer als ez danne stäf, also sol man danne singen. swenne unfuoge uü zergät. so sing aber von hüfschen diugeu. noch kumpt fröide und sanges tac: wol im, ders erbeiten mac! derz gelouben wolte, so erkande ich wol diu fuoge, wenn unde wie man singen solle. 3. Ich sanc hie vor den frowen umbe ir blüzen gruoz: Her Walther von der Vogelweide. deu uam ich wider mime lobe ze lönc. Swä ich des geltes na vergebene wartea muuz, dii lobe ein ander, den si grüezeu schöne. Swä ich niht verdienen kan einen gruoz mit mime sänge, dar ker ich vil herscher man minen nac ode ein min wange. daz kit ,,mir ist umbe dich rehte als dir ist umbe mich." ich wil min lop keren an wip die kunnen danken: waz hau ich von den Überheren. 4. Ich sage iu waz uns deu gemeiueu schaden tuot. diu wip gelichent uns ein teil ze sere, Daz wil" in also liep sin übel alse guot: seht, daz geliehen niiiit uns fröide unde ere. Schieden uns diu wip als e, daz si sich ouch liezeu scheiden, daz gefrumt uns iemer me, mannen unde Wiben, beiden. waz stet übel, waz stet wol, Sit man uns niht scheiden sol? edeliu wip, gedenket, daz och die man waz kunueu : gelichents iuch , ir sit gekieuket. 5. Wip muoz iemer sin der wibe höhste name, und tiuret baz dau frowe, als ichz erkenne. Swä nü deheiniu si , diu sich ir wipheit schäme, diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne. Under frowen sint unwip, under wiben sint si tiure. wibes name und wibes lip die sint beide vil gehiure. swiez umb alle frowen var, wip sint alle frowen gar. zwlvellop daz hoenet, als under wilen frouwe : wip dest ein name ders alle krcenet. XVII. Letzter wille. (1, 239 b. L. 60.) Ich wil nü teilen , e ich var, min varnde guot und eigens vil, Daz lernen dürfe striteu dar, wan den ichz hie bescheiden wil. AI min ungelücke wil ich schaffen jenen, die sich hazzes unde uides gerne weuen, darzuo min unsselikeit. mine swaere haben die lügeusere. min unsinnen schaff ich den die mit velsche mlnuen, deu frowen nach herzeliebe senendiu leit. 26 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. XVUI. Vergängliche Treiide. Uud enliabe doch herzeliebea nihf. (I, 237 b. L. 41 J (Ih/. ist mir alsti lihle giiot. 1. Icli biu als unschedelichc frö, ller/X'Iiebes, .swaz ich des uuch ie daz man mir avoI ze lebcune gau. gesacii, Tougenliche stät min herze hö : da was herzeleide bi. waz touc zer weite ein rüemicman? liezen mich gcdankc fri, We den selben, die so niauegeu son wiste ich niht umb iingemach. schooncn lip 4. Als ich mit gedanken irre vai, habent ze boesen nia;rcn brüht! so wil mir maneger sprechen ziio : wol mich, daz Ichs hän gedäht ! tSt* swig ich uud lä/e iu reden dar. ir snlt si miden, guotiu wip. waz wil er anders daz ich tiio? 2. Ich Avil guotes mauues werde- llete ich oiigcn oder öi'en daunc da, keit so kund ich die rede verstän : vil gerne hocren unde sagen. swenne ich niht ir beider hun, Swer mir anders tuot, daz ist mir son kau ich nein, son kan ich ja. leit: ö. Ich biu einer, der nie halben (ac ich wilz euch allez niht vertragen. mit ganzen fröiden hat vertriben. Riienia;re unde lügeuaere, swä die sin, Swaz ich fröiden ie da her gepflac, den vei'biutc ich mineu sanc, der bin ich eiue hie belibcn. und ist äne miueu dauc, \iemau kan hie fröidu viudeu, si obs also \il geniezen min. zerge 3. Maneger truret, dem doch liep sam der lichten bluomen schin: geschiht: da von sol daz herze min ich liiiu ab iemer höhen muot, niht seneu nach valschen l'röidea me. XIX. Auf Reimar des alten tod. (/, 826 «. L. 63.) Deswiir, Reimär, du riuwes mich michels harter daune ich dich, ob du lebtes und ich wa;r erstorben. Ich wilz bi minen triuAven sagen, dich selben Avolt ich liitzel klagen : ich klage diu edelen kunst, daz sist verdorben. Du kündest al der werlte fröide mi-ren, s«i duz ze guoten dingen woltes keren. mich riuwet diu wol redender munt und diu vil süezer saue, daz die verdorben sint bi minen ziteu. daz du niht eine wile mohtest bitenl so leiste ich dir geselleschaft : min singen ist niht laue, din sele müeze wol gevarn, und habe diu zunge danc. XX. Abschied von der weit. (T, 233 a. L. lÜO.J Walther. 1. Frö Welt, du solt dem wirte sagen, daz ich im gar vergolten habe : Min groeste gülte ist abe geslagen; daz er mich von dem brieve schabe. Swer ime iht sol, der mac wol sorgen, e ich im lange schuldic waere, ich wolt c zeiuem Juden borgen, er swiget unz an einen tac: BÖ wil er danue ein wette hän, so jener niht vergeKen mac. Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 2t Welt. 2. „Waltlier, du zürnest ilne not: du solt bi mir beliben hie. Gedenke m'üz ich dir eren bot, waz ich dir dines Avillen lie, Als du mich dicke sere bsete. mir was vil inuecliche leit, daz dii daz ie s« selten twJe. bedenke dich: din leben ist guot: so dii mir rehte widersagest, so wirst du nienier wolgemuot." Walther. 3. Frö Welt, ich hau ze vil gesogen: ich wil entwonen, des ist zit. Din zart hat mich vil nach betrogen, wand er vil süezer fröideu git. Do ich dich gesach reht ander ougen, dö was din schoM'en wunderlich .... al sunder lougeu : doch was der schänden alse vil, du ich din binden wart gewar, daz ich dich ienier schelten wil. AVeit. 4. „Sit ich dich niht erAvenden niac, so tuo doch ein dinc, des ich ger: Gedenke an manegen lichten tac, und sich doch underwllent her Kiuwan so dich der zlt betrage." Walther. daz taet ich wunderlichen gerne, wan deich fürhte diue läge, vor der sich uieman kau bewarn, got gebe dir, frowe, guote naht: ich wil ze herberge varn. XXI. Der greis am stabe. (i, 249 0. h. 66.J 1. Ir reinen wip, ir werden man, ez stet also , daz man mir inuoz «■■r unde minneclichen gruoz noch vollecliclier bieten an. Des habet ir von schulden groezer reht dan c: weit ir vernemen, ich sage iu wes. Avol vierzec jar hab ich gesungen oder mc von minnen und als iemen sol. Dö was ichs mit den andern geil: nu enwirt mirs niht, ez wirt iu gar. min minnesanc der diene iu dar, und iuwer hulde si min teil. 2. Lät mich an eime stabe gäu und werben umbe Averdekeit mit unverzageter arebeit, als ich von kinde habe gettln. So bin ich doch, swie nider ich sl, der werden ein, genuoc in miner maze hrt. 28 Her Walther von der Vogelweide. XXII. dai5 niüet die uideren. ob niiih daü ilit s>vaclie? nein. die biderbeu liiuit mich deste baz. Der werden wirde diust so guot, daz man inz Iicchslo lop sol geben. ezn wart nie lobelicher leben, swer 9» dem ende relite tuot. Späte reue. (7, 227 b. \or vorhteu bleichent mir din wangm L. I22.J 1. Ein nieisler las, troum unde spiegelgia», daz si zem winde bi der sta'te sin gezall. Loup unde gras, daz ie uiiu früide was, swiez nu erwindc, iz dunket mich also gestaU; Darzuo die bluoraen manicvalt, diu heide röt, der grüene walt; rot. 3. Wie sol ein man, der niuwan sünden kan, . . . gedingen oder gewinnen höhen uiuol? Sit icli gewan den muot, daz ich began zcr wcrlte dingen merken übel unde guot, Dö greif ich, als ein töre tuot, zer vinstern haut reht in' die gluot der vögele sanc ein triiric ende hat, und merte ie dem tievel sinen schal. darzuo diu linde des muoz ich ringen süeze unde linde. mit geringen : so we dir, Werlt, wie dirz gebende nü ringe und senfte auch Jesus minen stät! 2. Ein tumber wän, den ich zer weite hau, derstr waudelba;re, wand er boesez ende git: Ich solt in län, wan ich mich wol verstau, daz er iht baere miner sele grözen nit. Min armez leben in sorgen lit der buoze waere michel zit. nü fürhte icli siecher man grimmen tut, daz er mit swsere an mir gebaäre. den val. 4. Heiliger Krist, Sit du gewaltic bist der weite gemeine, die nach dir gebildet sint, Gip mir den list, daz ich in kurzer frist alsam gemeine dich sam diu erweiten kint. Ich was mit sehenden ougeu bunt und aller guoten sinne ein rint, swiech miue missetät der weite hal, mach c mich reine, c min gebeine versenke sich in daz verlorne tal. 2. Gottesdienst. XXIII. Morgengebet. (/, 258 b. L. 2i.J Mit saelden müeze ich hiute üf sten, got herre, in diuer huote gen und riten, swar ich in dem lande kere. Krist hcrre, laz au mir werden schin die grözen kraft der güete din, und pflic min wol dur diner muoter ore. Als ir der heilig engel pflaege, unt din, dö du in der krippen la?ge, junger mensch und alter got, demüetic vor dem esel und vor dem rinde (und doch mit saeldeuricher huote Her Waltlier von der V'ogelweide. pflac tUn Gabriel der guole M'ol mit triuweii sunder spolj, als ptlig oiicli min, duz an mir ilit erwinde daz din vil götelicli gebot. XXIV. Die krenzigung. (/, 263 ö. L. 37.; I. Sünder, du solt an die grozen not gedenken, die got durch uns leit, unt solt din herze in riuwe senken. Sin lip wart mit scharpfen dornen gar verscret: dennoch wart manicvalt sin marter an dem kriuze genieret: Man sluoc im drie negel dur hende und ouch dur füeze. jamerlichen Aveint Marja diu süeze, dö si ir kinde dez bluot iiz beiden siten fliezen sach. tri'irecliche Jesus von dem kriuze sprach : ,,niuoter, ja ist iuwer ungemach min ander tot. Jühan, du solt der lieben swaere büezen." IL Der blinde sprach zuo sinem knehte: „dii solt setzen daz sper an sin herze: ja wil ich die marter letzen." Daz sper gein al der werlte herren wart geneiget. Marjii vor dem kriuze trürecliche klage erzeiget; Si verlos ir varwe, ir kraft, in bitterlichen noeten, dö si jaemerlich ir [liebez] kint sach toeten und Longinus ein sper im in sin reine siten stach. si seic unmehtic nider, [daz] si [niht] hörte noch ensprach. in dem jämer Kriste dez herze brach: daz kriuze begunde sich mit sinem süezen bluote roeten. XXV. Lei eh. (f, 823 b. L. .5.) dem wiseu ist daz allez kunt, d.az niemer sele wirt gesunt, 1. Nu biten wir die muoter diu mit der sünden swert ist wunt, und ouch der muoter barn, sin habe von gründe heiles funt. si reine und er vi! guoter 3. Nii ist uns riuwe tiure: daz si uns tuon bewarn : si sende uns got ze stiure wan ane si kan niemen bi sinem minnefiure. hie noch dort genesen : sin geist der vil gehiure und widerredet daz iemen, der kan avoI herten herzen geben der muoz ein töi-e Avesen. AViire riuAA'e und reinez leben: 2. Wie mac des iemer werden rat, dar AA'ider solte niemau streben, der umbe sine missetät 4. Saa'» er die riuAAX gerne Aveiz, niht herzelicher riuAve hat? da machet er die riuAve heiz: Sit got enheine sünde lät, ein wildez herze er also zamt, die niht geriuAA'ent zaller stunt daz ez sich aller sünden schämt, hin abe unz iif des herzen grünt. 5. Nu sende uns, vater unde sun, den rehten geist her abe, daz er mit siner süezen fiuhte ein dürrez hei'ze erlabe. unkristenlicher dinge ist al diu kristenheit so vol. ' * sAVii kristentuom ze siechhüs lit, da tuet man im niht wol. 6. In dürstet sere und in da trancte nach der lere als e, da wurd er varnde von. als'er von Röme AA^as geAvon : 7. SvA'az im da leides ie geAvar, der im die schancte daz kam von Simonie gar, 30 Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 10. Dich lobet der schar: doch brühten si dia lop nie dar, daz ez volendet wurde gar, 11. Da ez ie wurde gesungeu in stimmen oder von zungen üz allen ordeuungen ze himel und üf der erde, ich mane dich, gotes werde, 18. Wir biten iimb unser schulde dich, daz dii uns sist genaediclich, 13. Si^ daz din bete erklinge vor der barmungc urspriuge: so han wir des gcdinge, diu schulde werde ringe, 14. Dil mite wir scre sin beladen, hilf uns daz wir si abe gebaden 15. Mit staete wernder riuwe umb unser missetät, die aieiuan äne got und änc dich ze gebenue hat. und ist er du so friunde bar, daz ern getar niht sinen schaden gerüegeu. kristcntuoiu und kristenhcit, der disiu zwei zesamnc sncit, geliche lanc, geliche breit, liep unde leit, der Avoltc ouch duz wir triiegen 8. In Krisle kristenlichez leben. Sit er uns hat lif eine gegeben, s(i suln wir uns niht scheiden, swelch kristen ki-istentuomes gibt an Worten, und an werken niht, der ist wol halp ein beiden, daz ist unser meiste not: daz eine ist ün daz ander tot: nü stiure uns got an beiden, 9. Unt gebe uns rü«, Sit er uns hüt sin hantgetat geheizen offenbare, nü senfte uns, frowe, sinen zorn, barmherzic muoter iiz erkorn, du frier rose sunder dorn, dii sunnevarwiu kläre. XXXVI. Abfindung. Ot 258 a. L. 20.J Waz Wunders in der wei-lte vert! wie manic gäbe ist uns beschert von dem der uns üz nihte hat gemachet! Dem einen git er schoenen sin, dem andern guot unt den gewin, daz er sich mit sin selbes muote swachet. Armen man mit guoten sinnen sol man für den riehen minneu, ob er cren niht engert. ja enist ez niht wan gotes hulde und ere, dar nach diu weit so sere vihtet: swer sich ze guote also verpflihtet, daz er der beider Mirt entwert, dem habe ouch lue noch dort niht lönes niere, wan si eht guotes hie gewert. XXVII. Habsucht. (7,258«. L. 2i.J Swer houbet sünde unt schände tuot mit siner wizzende uiabe guot, sol man den für einen Avisen nennen? Swer guot von disen beiden hat, swerz an im weiz unt sichs verstät, der sol in zeinem tören baz erkennen. Der wise minnet niht so sere, alsam die gotes hulde unt cre: sin selbes lip, wip unde kint. höhen eugel Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 31 diu liit er ü er disiii zwei Verliese. er töre, er danket mich niht wise, und ouch der sin Um prise : ich wppn si beide tören sint. er gouch, swer für diu zwei ein anderz kiese! der ist an rehten witzen biiut. XXVIII. Arm und reich. CFj 258 b. L. 22.J June man, iu swelher aht du bist, ich wil dich leren einen list. di\ lä dir niht ze wo sin nach dem guote, La, dirz ouch niht zunmiere sin. und volges du der Irre min, so wis gewis, ez frumt dir an dem muote. Die rede wil ich dir baz bescheiden, und last dii dirz ze sere leiden, zerget ez , s«) ist din fröide tot: wilt aber dii daz guot ze sere minnen. dii mäht Verliesen scle unt ere. l dii von volge miner lere, leg lif die wäge ein rehtez lot, und wig et dar mit allen dinen sinnen, als ez diu mäze uns ie gebot. XXIX. Allvater. O, 858 a. L. 22.) Swer iine vorhte, herre got, wil sprechen dlniu zehen gebot, und brichet diu, daz ist niht rehtiu minne. Dich heizet rater maneger vil: swer min ze bruoder niht enwil, der spricht diu starken wort uz krankem sinne. Wir wahsen iiz gelichem dinge, spise frumet uns, diu wirt ringe, so si dur den munt gevert. wer kan den hcrren von dem knehte scheiden, swä er ir gebeine blözez fünde, het er ir joch lebender künde, sA gewürme dez fleisch verzert? im dienent kristen, jaden unde beiden, der elliu lebenden wunder nert. XXX. Erziehung. ("/^ 827 b. la kein boese wort dar für. L. 87.) La. kein boese wort dar für, 1. Nieman kan mit gerten stoz den rigel für die tür: kindes zuht beherten : daz zimt wol dien jungen, den man zeren bringen mac, hüetent iuwer zungen. dem ist ein wort als ein slac. 3. Hüetent iuwer ougen Dem ist ein wort als ein slac, offenbar und tougen, den man zeren bringen mac: lant si guote site spehen kindes zuht beherten und die boesen übersehen, nieman kan mit gerten. Und die boesen übersehen 2. Hüetent iuwer zungen: länt si, guote site spehen daz zimt avoI dien jungen. ofl"enbär und tougen : stöz den rigel für die tür, hüetent iuwer ougen. 82 Her VVaUlier von der Vogelweide. 4. Iliietent imvcr ören, 5. Hüetent wol der drie*- oder ir sint (örcu. leider aixe fi-ier. Ii\nt ir bccsiu wort dar in, ziingen oiigea üren siut daz fiiim'rel in den sin. dicke schalcliaft, z«*ren blinJ. I)az {^nncrct iu den sin, Dicke sclialcliart, zcren hlint liint ir boesiu wort dar in, zungen ougcn örcn slut. oder ir sint toren, leider alze frier hiietent iuwer ören. Iiüetent wol der drier. XXXI. Maass im trinken, f/, 266 b. L. 29.) Ich trnnkc gerne da man bi der m:\ze schenket, und da der unmäze niemen iht gedenket, Sit si den man an libe, an guot und an den eren krenket. Si schät ouch an der st-le, hoere ich jehen die wisen: des müht ein ieglich man von sinem wirte wol enbern. liez er sich vollecliche bi der maze wern, so müht ime gelücke, heil und sselde und cre üf risen. Diu m,\ze wart den liuten dd umb üf geleit, daz man si ebene mezze und trage, ist mir geseit: nii hab er danc, ders ebene mezze und der si ebene treit. XXXII. Maass und übermaass. C^_, 256 «. L. 81.) Wer sieht den lewen? Aver sieht den risen? wer überwindet jenen »nt disen? Daz tuot jener der sich selber twinget und alliu siniu lit in huote bringet Iz der wilde in sta;ter zühte habe. _ geligeniu zuht und schäme vor gesten I mugen wol eine wile erglesten : der schin nimt dräte üf unt abe. Unmäze, nlm dich beidiu an, t manlichiu wip, wipllche man: i Pfafliclie ritter, ritterliche pfafTen, mit den solt du dinen willen schaffen ; Ich wil dir si gar ze stiure geben, und alte jungherren für eigen: ich AvU dir junge altherren zeigen, daz si dir twerhes helfen leben. Swelch man wirt äne muot ze rieh, wil er ze scre striuzen sich Lf sine richheit, so Avirt er ze here. ze rieh und zarm diu leschent beide sere An sumelichen liuten rehten muot. SAva übric richeit zühte slucket und übric armuot sinne zucket, da dunket mich enAA'ederz guot. XXXIII. Freundschaft. (7, 255 a. L. 79.) Man höhgemäc, an friunden kranc, daz ist ein SAvacher habedanc : Baz gehilfet friuntschaft äne sippe. lii einen sin geborn von küneges rippe: Her Walther von der V ogelweide. 'i'6 Er euliiihf friuut, WHZ Iiilfct Anx'i III iig seil alt ist ein selbwahseu vre: so imiüz mau friuude verdienen si-re. inäc liilfet w«»l, friiiot vcrre baz. Swer sich ze t'riiinde gewinnen lät lind oucii dii bi die tngende hat Daz er sich äne wanken lät behalten, des friundes mac man gerne schöne walten. Ich hän eteswenne friiint erkorn Sil sinewel an siner staete, swie gerne ich in behalten ha'te, daz ich in niüeste hän verlorn. Swer mir ist slipiic als ein is und mich iif hebt in balles wis, .Sinewell ich dem in sincn banden, daz sol zimstu^te uienian an mir audcn, Sit ich dem getriuweu frinnde bin einloetic unde wol gevieret. swes nmot mir ist so vech gezieret, nü sus nü so, den walge ich hin. 3. Herrendienst. Erste periode- J om tode Friedrichs v, ("1198- XXXIV. Gefährdetes geleite. (7, 224 b. L. 8.) Ich saz üf eime steine, und dahte bein mit beine, dar ilf sazt ich den eilenbogen: ich hete in mine haut gesmogen daz kinne und ein min wange. du dähle ich mir vil ange, wie man zer weite solte leben: deheinen rät kond ich gegeben. Wie man driu dinc erwürbe, der keines niht verdürbe, diu zwei sint ere unt varnde guot, daz dicke ein ander schaden tuot, daz dritte ist gotes hulde, der zweier übei'gulde: die wolte ich gerne in einen schrin. ja leider desn mac niht gesin, Daz guot unt weltlich ere unt gotes hulde mere zesamene in ein herze komen. stig und wege sint in benomcn : untriuwe ist in der säze, gewalt vert üf der sträze: (Minnesänger.) Oesterrcick bis zu PkiUpps crmordnng^ -1208^ fride unde reht sint sere wunt. diu driu enhabent geleites niht , diu zwei enwerden c gesunt. XXXV. Der waise. C/, 825 a. L. 8.) Ich hörte ein wazzer diezen und sach die visclie fliezen, ich sach swaz in der weite was, velt walt loup rör unde gras, swaz kriuchet unde Hinget und bein zer erde biuget, daz sach ich, unde sage iu daz: der keinez lebet äne haz. Daz wilt unt daz gewiirme die sti'itent starke stürme, sam tuont die vogel under in; wan daz si habent einen sin: si dühteu sich ze nihte, si enschüefen stark gerihte. si kiescnt künege unde reht, si setzent hcrren unde kneht. So we dir, tiuschiu zunge, wie stet din ordenunge ! daz DU diu mugge ir künec hat, 3 34 Her Waltlicr von der VogelweUle. iint i\ax diu tMe also zcrgät. die armen kiiitoge (lrinö,eiit dich: bekini dicli, beki-rc. Philippe scizc eu weise» "1, iinl heiz die ciikel sint xc h»-re, «i (reten hindcr »ich. XXXVI. Der I e i ( s 1 1- in. ( /, 2.')« ». L. \'»0 IHu kröne ist eller djinne der kiinec IMiilippes .si: dii mugcDt ir alle schouweu wol ein wunder bi, wies inic der .'sniit srt chcne habe gctnachet. Sin keiscrlicheü lioubet ziniJ ir also wol, daz si «e rehte nicman giioter scheiden sol : ir dewederz daz ander niht enswachet. Si liuhtcnt beide ein ander an, daz edel gesleine wider den jungen süezen man: die ougenweide sehent die fürsfen gerne, swer mi des riches irre ge, der schouwe wem der weise ob sime nacke sie: der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne. XXXVII. Saladin und Richard, (h 856 b. L. V^.) Philippes kiinec, die nahe spehenden zihent dieh, dun sist niht daukcs niille : des beditnket mich, wie du dii mite verliesest michels niere. Du möhtest gerner dankes geben tiisent pHint, dan drizec tusent äne danc. dir ist niht kunt, wie man mit gäbe erwirbet pris und ore. Denk an den miltcn Salatin : der jach daz küneges hende diirkel selten sinj s«> wurden sie erforht und oiich gemiunet. gedenke an den von Kngellant, wie liure der wart erlöst von siner gebenden han(. ein schade ist guol , der zwcne frumen gewinnet. XXXVIII. Friedrich von Ocster- XXXIX. Neidische rathgeber. reich. fA//, 327 a. L. \Q1.) QU, 327 n. L. 107.> Gelerter fürsten kröne Vil meueger mich berihtet, mit iLZ erweiter tugent, der niht berihten kan mit zuht, mit kunst, mit güete, sich selben alse er solde: hat got hin zim genomen. des alte ich vor den tagen. Der lebte hie vil schöne Wie gar er mich vernihtet mit alter knnst in jugent. der mir niht guotes gan, nach lobe stuont sin gemüete: und gibt, wie vil er wolde des w'as sin name . . . mit miner kunst bejagen der ie nach saelden warp. In fremeden landen werdekeit. nti nü pflege sin got der riche: bin ich so gesite, des wünschen innecliche, htct ich hie guot und ere, Sit (iurre ftirste sin genöz nie man- daz naem ich für daz mere, ege ztC \erdarp. dar umbe ich iemer dur daz jar des tievels jsite lite. XL. Der hof zu Eisenach. fj? 857«. L. 80.^ Der in den ören siech von ungesühte si, daz ist min rät, der läz den hof ze Dürengen fri : wan kumet er dar, deswär er wirt ertoeret. Ich han gedrungen unz ich niht m6 dringen mac. ein schar vert iiz, diu ander in, naht unde tac, Her Walilier von der Vogelweide. S5 gTüz wunder ist daz iemen da geüoeret. Der lantgriive ist so geniiiot, daz er mit stolzen holden sine habe vertiioi, der iegeslicher wol ein kenpfe woere mir ist sin hühiu Tiior wol kunt: iint gulte ein fuoder guotes wines tüsent pfiiat, da stücnde oiich niemer ritters becher lierc. XLI. Der klaiisner. C/, 824 6. L. d.J Ich sach mit niinen engen doch wart der leien mc-re. manne und wibe tougen, diu swert diu leiten si dernider, deich gehörte und gesach, und griffeu zuo der siule wider: swaz iemen tet, swaz lernen sprach. Si bienen die si wolten, ze Rünie horte ich liegen und niht den si selten, und zwene künege triegen. dö störte man diu goteshiis. da von huop sich der meiste strit. ich hörte verre iu einer klüs der e was oder iemer sit, vil michel ungebaere: Dö sich begimden zweien Hä weinte ein klOsenaere. die pfaflfen unde leien. er kiagete gote sinlu leit: duz was ein not \ot aller not: M^we der habest ist ze juuc: hilf, lip unde sele lac da tot. herre, diner kristenheit.'' die pfaffen striten sere : XLU. Wein und fass. f///. 336 b. L. 106.J Der guote win wirt selten guot, wan iu dem guoten vazze: Wirt daz bereit ze rehte wol, so habet ez den win. Dar umbe wunder nieman, ob ich an dem künege bazze, hat er ein herze als si da sagent, sol daz niht werden schln im sint die reife also vertriben : er welle ra>zer sin, so ist vaz und tranc ein wiht. guot win mac ie so lange ligen, daz man in seiger siht. Ziceitf periode. Von kaiser Ottos rückkehr aus Italien bis zu köniy Friedrichs krönuug zu Aachen. O'ili — 1215.^ XLIII. An kaiser Otto, fl, 271 h. L. \\.) Her keiser, sit ir willekomen. der küneges name ist iu benonien : des schinet iuwer kröne ob allen krönen, lur haut ist krefte und guotes vol: ir wellet übel oder wol, so mac si beidiu rechen unde lönen. Darzuo sag ich iu mcere: die filrsten sint iu undertän, si habent mit zübten iuwer kunft erbeitet. und ie der Missenaere derst iemer iuwer äne wän: von gote wurde ein engel e verleitet. XLIV. Zwei Zungen. O, 271 b. L. ti.} Got git ze künege swen er wil; dar umbe wundert mich niht vil: uns leien wundert umbe der pfaffen lere. Si lerten uns bi kurzen tagen: daz wellents uns »u widersagen. 3G Her Walthcr von der Vo<jelweide. DU (iionz diir got uuci diir ir selber i-rc, Tnd sagen uns bi ir (riiiwcn, an welhcr rede wir sin betrogen; volrecken uns die einen wol v(mi gründe, die alten ode die niuwcn. uns danket einez si gelogen. zwo Zungen stsint unebne in einem munde. XLV. Gott als kläger. (I. 271 //. /.. \i ) Her keiser, ich bin fronebote und bring iu boteschaft von gote. ir habt die erde, er hat daz himelriche. Er hiez iu klagen (ir sit sin vogct), in sines sunes lande brogct diu heidenschaft iu beiden lästerliche. Ir mufjet im gerne rihten: sin sun der ist geheizen Krist, er hiez iu sagen wie erz verschulden welle: nu liit in zuo iu pflihten. er rihfet iu da er voget ist, klagt ir joch über den ticvel nz der helle. XLVI. Aar und löwe. (7, 271 b. L. IZ.J Her keiser, swenne ir Tiuschen fride gemachet statte bi der wide, s«'> bieteut iu die fremedeu zungeu erc. Die sult ir nemen an arebeit, und süenent al die kristenheit: daz tiuret iuch, und müet die beiden sere. Ir fragt zwei keisers eilen, des aren tugent, des lewen kraft: die sint dez herzeichen an dem schilte. die zweue hergesellen, wan woltens an die heidenschaft I Avaz widerstiiende ir nianheit und ir uiilte? XLVII. Der pf äffen wähl. Ch 85» a. L. 2b.) Künc Constantin der gap so vil, als ich ez iu bescheiden wil, dem stuol ze Rörae, sper, kriiiz nnde kröne. Zehant der enge! lüte schre: „OAVe, owe, zem dritten we! e stuont diu kristenheit mit zühteu schone: Der ist ein gift nii gevallen, ir honec ist worden zeiner gallen. daz Wirt der weit her nach vil leit." alle fürsten lebent nü mit eren, wan der hoehste ist geswachet: daz hat der pfaffen wal gemachet, daz si dir, süezer got, gekielt. die pfaffen wellent leien reht verkeren. der engel hat uns war geseit. XLVIII. Der wälsche schrein. (I, 261 b. L. 34.^ Abi wie kristenliche nu der bäbest lachet, I Her Walther von der Vogelweide. 3T swauuc er siueu Wallicu seil: „ich liäiiz aisu gciiiuchet !'' Daz er da seit, des solt er nieiner Iiüii j>ed;iIiC. er gilit: „ich hau zwcii Alniän uiider eine krüuc brühl, Daz siz riche suleii sluereu unde wasteii. ie darunder fülleu wir die kasteu : ich hfinz aa ininen stoc /^cnieut, ir guot ist allez uiiu : ir (iiischez silber vert in tnitieu welschcu schrill. ir p falle II , ezzeut hiieur uud triiikeiit wiu, unde Itiut die tiutsclien vasten/' XLIX. Der neue Judas. (F, 261 a. L. 33 J Wir klagen alle, und wizzen doch niht waz uns wirret, daz uns der bähest unser vater alsus hat verirret. Nu gat er uns doch harte väterlichen vor: wir volgen iine uud kninen nieiner fuoz üz siuein spor. Ali merke, weit, waz mir dar ane missevailc. gitset er, si gitsent mit im alle: liuget er, si liegeut alle mit im sine lüge: uud triuget er, si triegent mit im sine trüge, nu merkent, wer mir daz verkOren müge: sus Wirt der junge Jiidas, mit dem alten dort, ze sciiallc. L. Der kirchenstock. (I, 262 ct. L. 3i.J Sagt an, her Stoc, hat iuch der bähest her gesendet, daz ir iu riebet und uns Tiutschen ermct unde pfeudet ? Sweuu im diu volle mäzc kumt ze Laträu, so tuot er einen argen iist, als er e hat getan: Er seit uns danne , wie daz riche stc verwarren, unz in erfüllent aber alle pfarreu. ich wyen des silbers weuie kumet ze helfe in gotcs laut ; grozeu hört zerteilet selten pfaffeu haut, her Stoc, ir Sit üf schaden her gesant, daz ir üz tiutschen liuteu suochet toeriuuc unde narren LI. Der zauberer. CI, 861 6. L. 33.) Der stuol ze Rome ist allererst berihtet rehtc, als hie vor bi einem zoubera;re Gerbreiitc. Der selbe gap ze valle wau sin eines leben: so wil sich dirre und al die kristcnheit ze valle geben. Alle zungeu sollen ze gote schrien wäfen, und rüefeu ime , wie lauge er welle släfen. si widerwürkeut siniu werc uud felschent siniii wort, sin kamcrxre stilt im siueu himelhort, siu süeuer mordet hie uud roubet dort, siu hirte ist zeinem wolve im worden uuder sinen schüfen. LH. Fürbitte, (J, 269 a. L. \QbJ Xü sol der keiser here und pruoften ungetriuwcn mori : fürbrechen dur siu cre von Röme fuor ir scheiden, des lautgräveu missetät. ir düf enmolit sich niht verheln, Wand er was doch zeware si begoudeu uuder zwischen stein sin vient offenbare: und alle ein ander melden, die zageu truogen stillcu rät. seht, diep slal dicbc, Si swuorcn hie, si swuoren dort, drö düte liebe. 38 Her Walther von der Vogelweldc. Llll. Tlniringeus blunic. (I, 862 h. L. 35.J Ich bin des miUen lantgniveii iiif-esinde, ez ist min si(e daz man mich iemer bi den tiiirstcn vindc. Die andern fnr.sten aile sinl \[\ miltc, ic doch so staeteclichen nih(: er was ez v «nd ist ez noch. Da von kan er baz daune si der mite gebaren: er enwil dekeiner lune vilren. swer hiiire schallet und ist hin ze j^re boese als e, des loup gruonet unde vahvet so der kic. der Dürnge bliiomc schinet dur den snc: sumer und winter blüet sin lop als in den ersten jüren. LIV. Rechtsfall, ff, 835. a. L. 104.J Mir hat her Gerhart Afze ein pfert Er seit von grözer svva?rr, erschozzeu z' Isenache. wie min pferit ma;rc daz klage ich dem, den er bestät: dem rosse sippe waere, derst unser beider voget. daz im den vinger abe Ez was wol drier marke wert: gebizzcn hat ze schänden. nii hoerent frömde sache, ich swer mit beiden banden, Sit daz ez an ein gelten gät, daz si sich niht erkanden. Wii mit er mich nu zöget. ist ieman der mir stabe? LV. Wunderliches pferd. (1, 885 h. L. %i.} Rit ze hove, Dietrich. jjherre, in mac." waz irret dich? „in han niht rosses, daz ich dar gerite." Ich lihe dir eiuz, und wilt dii daz. „herre, gerite al deste baz." nii staut also noch eine wile, bite. Wedr ritest gerner eine guldia katzen, ald einen wunderlichen Gerhart Atzen? „semir got, und a;ze ez höi, ez wa.'r ein frömdez pfert. im gent diu ougen umbe als einem aßen, er ist als ein guggaldei geschaffen. den selben Atzen gebent mir her: sü bin ich wol gewert.*' nü krümbe din bein , rit selbe dar hein , sit du Atzen hast gegert. Dritte periode. Von Friedrichs krönung bis zu seiner rückkehr nach Italien. C12I5 — 1820.^ LVI. Milde und länge. (T, 264 b. L. 86.J Ich wolt hern Otten milte nach der lenge mezzen: dö hat ich mich au der raäze ein teil vergezzen : waer er so milt als lanc, er hete fügende vil besezzcn. Vil schiere maz ich abe den lip nach siner ere : dö wart er vil gar ze kurz als ein verschroten vverc, miltcs nuiotes minre vil dan ein getwerc; und ist doch von den jaren wol daz er niht wahset mcre. Dö ich dem künege brahte dez mez, wie er uf schuz! sin junger lip wart beide miclicl unde grüz, nu seht waz er noch wahse: erst ieze übr in wol risen Her Waltlicr von der Vogelwoiile. 39 LVIl. An köuig Friedrich. (I, 265 a. L. 8S.J Von Uöine vogt, vou Fülle küuec, litt iiicli erbarineo. ilaz iiiun iiiicli bi riclicr kiinst I<U alsiis armen, gerne wolde ich, nuihte ez sin, bi eigenem fiurc erwarmen. Ziii wiech dauue sunge von den vogellinen, von der beide und von den bluunicn, als ich wileut sanc ! swelch schoeue wip mir denne ga}be ir liabedanc, der liez ich liljen undc röseu \iz ir wengel schineu. Kume ich späte und riJe fruo, „gast, \ve dir, wc!" so mac der uirt wol singeu von dem grüenen Mi-, die not bedenkent, niiller kiinec, daz iuwer not zergc. LVIII. Neuer lebensmuth. (/, 256 6. L. 19.J Uo Friderich üz Österrich also gewarp, dOr an der scle genas und im der lip erslarp, dl» fuort er miner krenechen (rit in derde. Do gieng ich sliclient als ein pfüwe, swar ich gie, daz houbet hanht ich nider iinz lif niiniu knie: nu riht ich ez uf nach vollem werde. Ich bin wol ze fiure komen, mich hat daz riebe und ouch diu kröne an sich genomen. wol iif, swer tanzen welle nach der gigen! mir ist miner swa^re buoz : t^rste wil ich eben setzen minen fuoz und wider in ein höhgemüete stigen. LIX. Böser trank. (I, 235 f>. L 104.J Man seit mir ie vou Tegerse, wie wol daz hus mit eren ste: dar kcrte ich nier dan eine raile von der strazc. Ich bin ein wunderlicher man, daz ich mich selben niht eukan verstau und mich so vil an fi-ömde li«itc läzc. Ich schiltes niht, wan got genäde uns beiden. ich nam da wazzer: also nazzer muost ich von des manches tische scheiden. LX. Der hof zu Wien. (/, 258 A. L. ü.) Der hof ze Wiene sprach ze mir : „Walther, ich solte lieben dir, nu leide ich dir: daz miiezc got erbarmen. Min wirde diu was w.lent gröz: dö lebte niender min genöz, wan künec Artüses hof: so wd mir armen! Wd nii ritter unde frouwen, die mau bi mir solte schouwenV seht wie jamerlich ich stß. min dach ist fiil, so risent minc wende. mich enminuet uieman leider. golt Silber ros und dar zuo kleider. diu gab ich, unde hat ouch me: nun hab ich weder schappel noch gebende noch frowen zeinem tanze, owe!" 40 Her Walthcr von der Vogelweidc. LXl. Verfall des gesanges. (I, 834«. L, 64.^ 1. Owe, liovclicliez singen, Ich cuwil nilit werben ziio der niiil, daz dich ungefücge doenc d-.i der stein so riiischent umbe gat Sollen ie ze hove verdringeu! und daz raJ s»"» niange unwise Iiilf. daz dich schiere go( gehoene! nieikent wer da harpfen sül. Owe daz din wirde also geliget ! 4. Die so frevellichen schallent, des siut alle dine friiinde unfrö. der inuoz ich vor zorne lachen, daz miioz ehl also sin: du si also: Dazs in selben wol gcvallent frö Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget. mit als iiugefüegeu sachen. 2. Der uns fröide wider breehte, Die tiiont sam die frösche in eiine st-, diu reht und gefiiege wa?re, den ir schrien also wol behaget, Hei wie wol man des gedaehle, daz diu nahtegal da von verzaget, swji man von im seile muere ! so si gerne sunge me. Ez wser ein vil hovelicher muot, 5. Swer unfuoge swigen hieze, des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol: waz man noch von fröiden sunge! frowen unde herren zajme ez wol : Und si abe den bürgen stieze, owe daz ez uicman tuot! daz si da die frön niht Iwunge. 3. Die daz rehle singen stoerent, Wurden ir die grözen höve benomen, der ist ungeliclie mt-re, daz war allez mich dem willen min. Danne die ez gerne hoerent; bi deu gebüreu liez ich si wol sin: doch volg ich der alten löre: danuen ist si och her bekomeu. LXII. Die gaukler. (T, 262 a. L. iT.) Genuoge ht-rren sint gelich den gougelseren, die bchendecliche kunueu iriegen unde vaeren. Der sprichet: „sich her, waz ist under diseni huote?" nü zucke in üf, da stet ein wilder valke in siuem niuote. Zuck iif deu huot, sü stet ein stolzer pfäwe drunder. uu zucke in uf, da strt ein merwunder. swie dicke daz geschiht, so ist ez ze jungest waa ein krä. frlunt, ich erkenne ouch daz, hähä, häha, hähä. hab din valschen gougelbühsen dii: Avaer ich dir ebenstarc, ich slüeges an daz houbet diu. diu asche stiubet in diu ougen min. ich Avil niht mer din bläsgeselle sin, dua wellest min baz hüeteu vor so trügelichem kundcr. LXIIl. Geben. O, 255 b. L. SO.) Swelch herre nieman uiht versaget, der ist an gebender kunst verschraget: Der muoz iemer nötic sin ald triegen. zehen versagen sint bezzer danne ein liegen. Geheize minre unde grüeze baz, "weil er ze rehte umb ere sorgen. swes er uiht müge üz geborgen noch selbe enhabe, versage doch daz. LXIV. Die falschen lächler. (/, 26(1 tt. L. 30.) Got weiz wol, min lop wajr iemer hovestiete, dii mau eteswenue hovelichen taete, mit gebscrde, mit gewizzer rede, mit raete. Mir griulet, so mich lachent an die lechelaere, , den diu zunge hongcl und daz herze gallen hat. Her Waltlier von der Vogelweide. 41 friuudes Indien sol siu anc niissetät, süeze als der übentröt, der küudet lüter iiiacrc. Xü tiu) mir lacheliclie, od lache ab anders wä. swes inunt mich triegen wil, der habe sin laclien da: von dem uoem ich ein wärez nein für zwei gelogeniii ja. LXV. Sinken des r ei chs. (J, 226 b. L. 85.) Ich sach hie vor eteswenue den tac, daz unser lop was gemein allen zungeu. Swä lins deheiu laut ieiider nähe lac, daz gerte suone oder ez was betwungen. Richer got, wie wir nach oren d«'» rangen! dö rieten die alten, und täten die jungen. nii krumb die rihter sint, — (diz bispel ist ze merkenne bliut) swaz nü da von geschehe, meister, daz viut. LXVI. An die fürst en. (^7, 263 a. L. 36.J) Ir fürsten, tiigendet iweru sin mit reiner güete, Sit gegen friunden senfte, tragt gein vlnden hohgenuiele: Sterket reht und danket gote der grozen eren, daz manic mensch lip und sin guot muoz iu zc dienste kcreu. Sit milte, fridebajre, lät in wirde iuch schouwen: so lobent iuch die reinen süezen frouwen. schäme, triuwe, erbernide, zuht, die sult ir gerne tragen: minnet got, und rihtet swaz die armen klagen, gloubt niht daz iu die lügenaere sagen, und volget guotem rate : so mugt ir in himele bouweu. f icrte periodc. Von Friedrichs kaiserlicher krönung in Rom ("1220) bis zu IVallhers tode. LXVII. An den kaiser. (1, 270 a. L. 10.) Bot, sage dem keiser sines armen mannes rät, daz ich deheinen bezzern weiz als ez nii stät. ob in guotes unde liute ieman erbeiten lat, S«*» var er balde und kome uns schiere, läzc sich niht locrcu; irre ouch etelichen der got und in girret hat; Die rehten pfaffen warne, daz si niht gehoeren den unrehten die daz riebe wa;nent stoeren; scheides von in, oder scheides alle von den koercn. LXVIII. Klage. (J, 272 a. L. 13.) 1. Owe ez kumt ein wint, daz wizzent sichcrliciie, da von wir hoeren beide singen unde sagen : Der sol mit grimme ervaren elliu künicriche. daz hoer ich wallaere unde pilgerine klagen : Boume, turne, ligent vor im zerslagen: starken Hüten waet erz hoiibet abe. nü suln wir fliehen hin ze gotes grabe. 2. Owt! waz eren sich cllendet [von] (iuscheu landen ! Witze unde manheit, dar zuo silber und daz golt! Swer diu beidiu hat, belibet der mit schänden, we wie den vergät des himeleschcn keisers soll! Dem sint die eugel noch die frowen holt. 42 Her Waillier von der Vogelweide. arm mau zuo der wcrllc iiud wider gof, wie der fürhtcu muc ir beider .sput I LXIX. Kreuzlied. (/, üi a. L. 7(j.; 1. Vit sücze \va:rc miuuc, bcrihte kranke siuoc. got, dur din anbeginnc bewar die kristeuliei(. Dill kiiort ist rroucboire übr al der weite swa;re. der weisen barnieDaere, hilf rechen disiu leit. Ltrscr üz den süuden, wir gern zen s webenden undeu. uns mac din geist enzüudcn, wirt riiiwic herze erkaut, diu biiiot hiit uns beguzzeu, den himel üf geslozzen. Uli loBset uuverdrozzeu daz herebernde lant. verzinset lip imd eigen, got sol uus helfe erzeigen lif den, der nianegen veigou der srle hat gepfant. i. Diz kurze leben verswiudei, der tot uus süudic vindet: swer sich ze gote gesindet, der mac der helle engän. Bi swsere ist guäde fundeu. nü heilent Kristes wunden, sin lant wirt schiere eubundcn : dest sicher sunder wän. Küngiu ob allen frouwen, lä wernde helfe sciiouwen. din kint wart dort verhouwen, sin menscheit sich ergap. sin geist müez uns gefrisleu, daz wir die diet verlisten. der touf si seit unkristen: wan fiirhtent si den stap, der ouch die jaden villet? ir schrien lüte erhillet. manc lop dem kriuze erschilict : erlflpsen wir daz grap! 3. Diu lueuscheit inuoz verderben, suln wir den lön erwerben. got wolde dur uns sterben, ^in drö i»>t üf gespart. >iin kriuze vil gehi-ret hat maueges (eil gcmürel. swer sich von zwivel krre», der hat den geist bewart. i^'iindic lip vergezzen, dir sint diu jär gemezzen : der tut hat uns besezzen die veigen «ine wer. IUI heilent hin geliche, daz wir daz hiinelrichc erwerben sicherlichc bi dulteclicher zer. got wil mit beides handcu dort rechen sinen andeu. sich schar von manegen landen des heilegeistes her. 4. Got, dine helfe uns sende, mit diner zescweu heude bewar uns an dera ende, so uns der geist verlät, Vor helleheizen wallen, daz wir dar in iht vallen. ez ist wol kunt uns allen, wie jämerlicli ez stiit, Uaz liere lant vil reine, gar helfelos und eine. Jerusalem, nü weine: wie din vergezzen ist! der beiden überliere hiit dich verschelket serc. dur diner namen ere lä dich erbarmen, Krist, mit welher nüt si ringen, die dort den borgen dingen, dazs uus als«» betwingen, daz wende in kurzer frist. LXX. Trauriges erwachen. (I, 878 a. L. 184.) 1. Owe, war sint verswunden alliu miniu jär! ist mir min leben getroumet, oder ist ez war? daz ich ie wände daz iht waere, was daz iht? dar nach hän ich gesläfen und enweiz ez niht. \ii bin ich erwaht, und ist mir unbekant daz mir hie vor was kündic als min ander haut, liut unde lant, da ich von kinde bin erzogen, Her Wallher von der Vogelweide. die sjnt mir fröinde [worden] reht als ob cz s\ gelogen. Die iniue gespileu waren, die sint tryege unde rI(. vereitet ist daz velt, verhouweu ist der walt: wan daz daz wazzer flitizet als ez wilent flöz, für war ich wände uiiu uogelücke wiirJe gröz. niicli grüezet manegcr träge, der mich kande e wul. diu weit ist allenthalben ungenäden vol. als ich gedenke an manegen wünneclichen tac, die mir sint eupfallen gar als in daz mer ein slac, iemer mere ouwe. 8. Owe wie jaenierliche junge Hute tuont, den nü vil riuwecliche ir gemüete stuont! die kunnen niuwan sorgen: we wie tuont si so? swar ich zer werlte kere, da ist uieman frö: Tanzen, singen, daz zergät mit sorgen gar: nie kristenman gesach so jaemerliche schar, nü merkent wie den frouwen ir gebende stäf: die stolzen ritter tragent dörpelliche wät. Uns sint unsenfte brieve her von Röme konien, uns ist erloubet trüre und fröide gar benomen. daz müet mich inneclichen sere (wir lebten ie vil wol), daz ich nü für min lachen weinen kiesen sol. die wilden vogel betrüebet unser klage: waz Wunders ist da bi, ob ich da von verzage? waz spriche ich tumber man durch minen boeseu zoru? swer dirre wünne volget, der hat jene dort verlorn iemer mcr ouwe. 3. Owc wie uns mit süezen dingen ist vergeben ! ich sihe die [bittern] gallen mitten in dem honege swebeu : diu weit ist uzen schoeue, wiz grüen unde rot, und innän swarzer varAve, vinster sam der tut. Swen si nü habe verleit, der schomve sinen trost: er Wirt mit swacher buoze gruzer sünde erlOst. dar an gedenkent, ritter: ez ist iuwer dinc. ir tragent die liebten helme und manegen herten rinc, Dar zuo die vesten schilte unt diu gewihten swert. wolte got, waer ich der sigenünfte wert! so wolte ich nötic man verdienen riehen solt. joch meine ich niht die huoben noch der herreu golt: ich wolte sselden kröne eweclichen tragen: die möhte ein soldener mit sime sper bejagen. möht ich die lieben reise gevaren über se, so wolte ich dennc singen wol, und niemer mer ouwe. ^^ LXXI. Das gelobte land. (I, 278 ö. L. U.) 1. Allererst lebe ich mir werde, 2. Schoeniu lant rieh unde herc, Sit min sündic ouge siht swaz ich der noch hau gesehen, Daz hcre lant und ouch die erde, So bist duz ir aller ere. der man vil der cren gibt. waz ist wuuders hie geschehen ! Mirst geschehen des ich ie ba(. Daz ein magt ein kint gebar ich bin komeu an die slat hcre übr aller engel schar, dii got mcnnischlichen trat. was daz niht ein wunder gar? 44 Her llartniaii von Oiiwe. 3. Hie licz er sich reine (oiircii, 4. Krisicii jiid<.-n iiud die licideu daz der ineusclie rciuc si. jchent d:tz diz ir etbe si : 1)6 liez er sich hie verkoufeu, Gut müez ez ze rehtc scheidcu daz wir eigeu wurden fri. durch die siue nauicn dri. Anders waercn wir verlorn. AI diu weit diu stritet her: wol dir, spcr krioz unde dorn! wir sin au der rehlen |ii;er: WC dir, heidcu ! deist dir zorn ! rcht ist daz er uns gewer. fl-i. Her Hai'liiiaii von Oiiive. (119§ - 1S05.) I. (1, 328 a. Haupt p. 6.J 1. Sit ich den suuier truoc riwc uudc klagen sü ist luin trüst ze früidcn uih( so guu(, Min saue eusülc des wiuters wäiicu tragen : dez selbe daz tuot ouch iniu seuder niuol. Wie lützel mir min staete liebes tuu( ! wau ich vil gar an ir versümct hau die zit, den dienst, dar zuo den laugen wau ich wil ir anders ungelluochet län wan s»'», si hiit uiht wol ze mir getan. 2. Wolt ich den hazzeu der mir leide luol, so möht ich wol miu selbes vient sin. Vil waudels hat miu lip uud ouch der muut:. deist au mim ungelücke worden schin. Miu vrowe gert min uiht , diu schulde ist miu. slt sinne macheut sa3ldeharteu mau und uusiu staete saelde nie gewan, ob ich mit siuuen niht gcdicueu kan, da bin ich alterseiuc schuldic au. 3. Do ir miu dieucst uiht ze herzen gie, do duhte mich au ir bescheideulich Daz si ir werden libes mich crlie : dar an bedähte si vil rehte sich. Zürn ich, daz ist ir spot uud allcl mich. groz was miu wandet : dö si den eutsaz, so meit si mich, \il wol geloube ich daz, mc dur ir cre dauue üf miueu haz : si waeuet des, ir lop stc deste baz. 4. Si häte mich mich wäue unrehte erkaut do si mich ir von erste dienen liez: Dur daz si mich so waudelbaercu vaui min Wandel und ir wisheit mich versticz. Si hat geleistet swaz si mir gehiez, swaz si mir solde, des bin ich gewert: er ist ein tump mau der iht anders gert. si londe mir als ich si dühte wert: michu sieht niht anders wan min selbes swcrt. Ich hau des reht daz min lip iruric si, wan mich (winget ein vil scndiu not: Her Hartman von Ouwc. 45 Swa;^ fröidcu mir von kiude wonfc hi, «Jie siut verziusct als ox got gebot. Mich hat bcswaerct inincs herreii t<U, dar ZUG so (rüebet mich ein varende leit : mir hiit ein wip gemidc M'iderseit der ich gedienet hiin mit staetekeit Sit der stunt deich üf mim stabe reit. II. (I, 329 b. 11. 40 1. Swes vröide an guoten «iben s(iU der sol in sprechen wo! und neseu iindertän. Daz ist min site und ist min rat als ez mit triuwen sol. daz kan mich niht vervan An einer stat da ich noch ie gcnüdcn bat: swaz si mir tiiot, ich hiin mioh ir ergeben und wil ir iemer leben. 2. Müht ich der schoenen mineu muot mich minem willen sagen, so liezc ich minen sanc. Nil ist min saelde niht so guot : du von muoz ich ir klagen mit sänge diu mich twanc. 8wie verre ich si, sü sende ich ir den boten bi den si wol beeret unde nicne siht : dern meldet min d» niht. 3. Ez ist ein klage und niht ein sanc dii ich der guoten mite erniuwe miniu leit. Die swseren tage sint alze lanc die ich si gnaden bite und si mir doch verseit. Swer seihen strit, der kumber ane fröide git, verlazen künde, des ich niene kan, der waere ein sa;Iic man. III. O, 330 a. IL Q.) 1. Dem kriuze zimt wol reiner muot 8. Nu zinsent, ritter, iuwer lebeu und kiuschc site: und ouch den muot so mac man sjelde und allcz guot durch in der iu da hat gegeben erwerben mite. lip unde guot. Ouch ist ez niht ein kleiner haft Swes schilt ie was zcr 'werlte bereit dein tumben man üf höhen pris, der sime übe meistcrschaft ob er den gote nü verseit, niht halten kan. der ist niht wis. Ez wil niht daz man si Wan swera daz ist beschert der werke drunder fri: daz er da wol gevert, waz touc ez uf der wat, daz giltet bcidiu teil, ders au dem herzen niene hat. der werlte lop, der st-le heil. 46 Her Hartman von Ouwe. 3. Dill wcrlt mich lachet triegont ftii und winket mir: nu hiin ich als ein tumber mau gevolget ir. Der hacken hiin ich manegcn tac gcloufen uiich, dii uiemen stsete vinden mac dar was mir gäch. N» hiirmir, herre Krist, der min da varend ist, daz ich mich dem entsage mit dineni zeichen deich hie trage. 4. Sit mich der tot beroubet hat des herren min, swie nü diu werlt nach im gestät, daz laze ich sin. Der fröide min den besten teil hat er da hin, und schliefe ich ufi der sdle heil, daz waere ein sin. Mag ime ze helfe komeu min vart diech hän genomeu, ich wil irm halber jehen: vor gote müeze ich in gesehen. IV. (T, 331 b. U. 11. J) 1. Min fröide wart nie sorgelos unz an die tage daz ich mir Kristes bluonieu kös die ich hie trage. Die kündent eine sumerzit diu also gar in süezer ougen weide lit: got helfe uns dar. Hin in den zehendeu kur, dar oz en hellemör sin valsch verstözen hat, und noch den guoten offen stat. 2. Mich hat diu M'erlt also gewent daz mir der muot sich zeiuer mäze nach ir scut : dest mir uü guot.: Got hat vil wol ze mir getan, als ez nü stät, daz ich der sorge bin erlün diu manegen hat Gebunden an den fuoz, daz er belibeu muoz swenn ich in Kristes schar mit fröiden Avünneclichen var. V. (i, 338 rt. n. ii.) 1. Ob mau mit lügen die scic ncrt, sA weiz ich den der heilic ist, Der mir dicke meine «wert. mich überwant sin karger list Daz ich in zeinie friunde erkös: da wände ich stajte fünde: min selber sin mich da verlos, als ich der Averlte künde: sin lip ist alse valscheh'ts ,_ sam daz mer der ünde. % 2. War umbe suocht ich frömdcu rät, Sit mich min selber herze trouc, Daz mich an den verleitet hat der mir noch niemen guoter touc? Ez ist ein swacher mannes pris den er begät an wiben : siiezer worte ist er sü wis daz man si möhte schriben: den volget ich unz üf daz is, der schade muoz mir beliben. 3. Begunde ich vehen alle man, daz taete ich durch sin eines haz: Wie schuldic waeren si dar an? ja lönet maneger siner baz. Dill hat sich durch ir schcenen sin gesellet saelecliche, diu lachet swenne ich trüric bin, wir alten ungeliche. nach leide huop sich min begin: daz senfte got der riche. VI. CI, 332 *. U. U.J 1. Niemen ist ein saelic man ze dirre werlte wan der eine Der nie liebes teil gewan und ouch dar nach gedenket kleine. Des herze ist vri von sender not, diu manegen bringet lif den tot der schoene heil gedienet hiit und sich des äne muoz begän : dem libe uiht so nähe gät, als ich mich leider wol entstän, wand ich den selben kumber hän. 2. Ez ist ein ungelückes gruoz der get für aller hande swaere Daz ich von friundea scheiden muoz bi den ich ieiner gerne waere. Diu not von mineu triuwen kamt: i Her Hartman von Oinve. 47 iclin woiz ob si der srle ilit friimr, mir tuot min stacte (Uckc wi-, sin iirii <^*^"i '''><^ lünes me wand ich mich niht getroesteu ninc \v»n (n'iren den vil langen tac. der guofen diu min sclntne [»flac. VII. (f, 333 «. //. 18.^ 1. Ich miioz von rehte den Cac iemer minnen dö ich die werden von erste erkande In siiezer zühte, mit wiplichen sinnen. wol mich daü ich den muot ie dar bewande! Dax schilt ir niht und ist mir iemer guot, wand ich ze gote und zer werlte den muot desto baz dur ir willen kcre : sus dinge Ich daz sich min fröide noch mere. 2. Ich schiet von ir daz ich ir niht enknnde bescheiden wie ich si meiudc in dem muo(e: Sit fuogte mir ein \il sa^Iigiu stunde daz ich si vant mir ze heile äue huotc. Do ich die werden mit fuoge gesach, und ich ir gar mines willen verjach, daznpKc si mir so daz irs got iemer löne. si was von kinde und muoz ie sin min kröne. 3. Sich mac min lip von der guoten wol scheiden: min herze min wille muoz bi ir beliben. Si mac mir leben und fröide wol leiden, da bi alle mine swaere vertriben: An ir lit beide min liep und min leit: swaz si min wil, deist ir iemer bereit: wart ich ie vrö, daz schuof niht wan ir giiete, got 81 der ir lip und ere behiiete. VIII. (I, 334 b. H. 22.J 1. Ich var mit iuwern hulden , herreu unde mäge ; Hut linde laut diu müezen saelic sin. Es ist UDDöt daz ieraen miner verte vrage: ich sage wol für war die reise min. Mich vienc diu minne und lie mich varn uf mine Sicherheit: nu hat si mir enboten bi ir liebe daz ich var. ez ist unwendic: ich muoz endelichen dar: wie knme ich briche mine triuwe und minen eit! 2. Sich rüemet maneger waz er dur die minne tiete : wa sint diu werc? die rede hoei-e ich wol. Doch Siehe ich gerne daz si ir eteslichen baete daz er ir diente als ich ir dienen sol. Ez ist geminnet, der sich dur diu minne eilenden muoz: nü seht wies mich üz miner zungen ziuhet über mer: und lebte min her Salatin und al sin her, dien br<£hten mich von Vranken niemer einen vuoz. 3. Ir minnesinger, iu muoz ofte misselingen: daz iu den schaden tuot daz ist der w<in. Ich wil mich rüemen , ich mac wol von minne singen, Sit mich diu minne hiU und ich si hän. Daz ich dii wil, seht daz wil alse gerne haben mich: so müezt ab ir Verliesen uuder wilen wänes vil : 4U Her Wolfram von Eschcnbacli. ri lingcnt uinhe liep Aaz iiiwcr nilil enuil: waa miigct ir arineii niiiincn sullic ininuc als ich'::' 15. Her H'olfraiii von KNClieiilinoli. ( 1803 - 15. ) I. (/, 884 «. Lnchm. p. b.) 1. Ein wip inac woi erlouben mir daz ich ir nome mit triuwen war. Ich j»er (mir wart oiich nie diu gir verliabet) niia oiiycn swingcn dar. Wie biu ich sus imveloslaht? si siht min herze in vinster naht. 2. Si «reit den helfelichen gruoz, der mich an vröuden riciien raac, Darüf ich iemer dienen muoz. vil lihte erschinet noch der tac Daz man mir miioz vn'iuden jehcn. noch groezer wunder ist geschehen. 3. Seht waz ein storch den soetcn schade : noch minre schaden h:int min diu wip. Ir haz ich ungern üf mich lade. diu nu den schuldehafleu lip Gegen mir treit, daz hize ich sin: ich wil nu pflegen der zühte min. II. O, 285 b. L. 7.J> 1. Ursprinc bluomen, loup üz dringen, und der luft des meigen urbort vogel ir alten don : Etswenn ich kan niuwez singen, so der rife ligt, guot wip, noch allez <in din Ion. Die waltsinger und ir sanc nach halben sumers teile in niemens üre enklanc. 8. Der bliclichen bluomen glesten sol des touwes anehanc erliutern, swa si sint: Vogel die hellen und die besten, al des meigen zit si wegent mit gesange ir kint. Do slief niht diu uahtegal: nu wache abr ich und singe uf berge und in dem tal. 3. Min sanc wil genäde suochen an dich, güetlich wip: nu hilf, sit helfe ist worden not. Din lön dienstes sol geruochen, daz ich iemer biute und biute unz an minen tot. Läz mich von dir nemen den tröst daz ich üz minen langen klagen werde erlöst. 4. Guot Avip, mac min dienst ervinden, ob din helfelich gebot mich fröuden welle wern, Daz min triiren müeze swinden und ein liebez ende an dir bejagen min langez gern? Din güetlich gelaz mich twanc daz ich dir beide singe al kurz od wiltu lanc. 5. Werdez wip, din süeziu güete Her Wolfram von Esclicnbacli. 49 und din minneclichcr zora hat mir vil früidc crwcrt. Mäht du troesten min geinücteV wan ein helfelichez wort von dir mich saufte erncrt. Mache Avendic mir min klagen, so daz ich werde gröz gemiutt bi minen tagen. III. Ch 286 b. L. 9.J 1. Guot wip, ich bite dich niinne, 4. Ir wengel wol gestellet ein teil dur daz, sint gevar Sit ich dir niht gebieten mac alsam ein towic rose rot. Du gib mir die gewinne, Diu schoen mir wol gevellef, daz ich baz sist valsches bar. an dir gelebe noch lieben tac. ir ougen bringent mich in n»'»t. Snel für mich , wilder danne ein tier, Si dringent in niins herzen grünt : mac mir din helfe entwenken. will an triiiwe gedenken, saelic wip, so gist ein liebez ende mier. 2. Du treist so vestez herze iif mine vlust: wie sol der site an dir zergcn? Ein müzervalke , ein terze, dem mac brüst niht baz dan dir diu dine stcu. Din munt ist üf den kus gestalt, din lachelichez griiezen mac mir wol gesüezen süre not: sus hat din minne min gewalt. 3. Möht ich die saelde reichen, diu so hoch ob miner fröide stet gezilt ! Got raüez ir herze erweichen, Sit ez noch der miner swaere niht bevilt. Man siht mich alze selten geil, ein vlins von donrestralen möht ich z'allen müleu hän erbeten, daz im der herte entwiche ein teil. IV «. Oif, so enzündet mich ir minne, daz ich von ir brinne : an der stat bin ich von der siiezcn wunt. 5. Ir schoene fröide machet, durliuhtic röt ist ir munt als ein rubin. Swem si von herzen lachet des sorge ist tot. sist min spilnder ougen schin. Ir frömde krenketz herze min: ich stirb, mir werde ir minne. Venus, diu gotinue, lebt si noch, si müest bi ir verblichen sin. 6. Ich wil des minen ougeu sagen danc, daz si si runden alse guot. Die ich da minne tougen sunder wanc, diu hat gehoehet mir den nuiot. Daz schaffet mir ir röter niuut: ir minueclichez lachen kan mir wol gemachen hohen rauot, dii von mir wirt ein fröide kun(. 424 «. L. ij 1. „Sine kliiwen durch die wölken sint geslagcn, er stiget üf mit ganzer kraft, Ich sih in gräwen tegelich, als er wil tagen, den tac, der im geselleschaft Erwenden wil , dem werden man, den ich mit sorgen in verliez : ich bringe in hinnen , ob ich kan j sin vil manegiu tugent michz leisten hiez." 2. ,,Waht?pr, du .singest (Minnesänger.") 50 Her Wolfram von Eschenbach. daz mir mancgc Trciule utmt uiulc meret minc klage. Mxr du bringest, der mich leider nilit gczimt, immer morgeus gegen dem tage. Diu solt du mir verswigen gar. Ahz biut ich den triwcn din: des lün ich dir als ich getar. so belibet hie der seile min." 3. „Er muoz et hinnen balde und Aue sümen sich: nu gib im urloup, süezez wip. Liize in minnen her nach so verhoinc dich, daz er behalte er und den lip. Er gab sich miner triwe also, daz ih in brachte ouch Avidcr dan. cz ist nu tac: naht 'was cz d6 mit druck an brüst din kus mirn an gewan/* 4. „Swaz dir gevalle, Avahtaer, sine, und hi den hie, der rainne braht und minne enphienc. Von dinem schalle ist er und ich erschrocken ie: .so nittder morgenstern üf gienc Üf in, der her nach minne ist kernen, noch ninder liihte tages lieht, du hast in dicke mir beuomen von blanken armen, und üz herzen nicht.'" 5. Von den blicken, die der tac tet durh diu glas, und dö der wahtajr warnen sanc, Si muose erschricken durh den der da bi ir was. ir brüstelin an brüst si dwanc. Der riter ellens niht vergaz (des M'old in wenden wahters don): urloup näh und näher baz mit küsse und anders gab in minne Ion. IV b. il, 286 a. L. 7.) 1. „Ez ist nu tac, daz ich wol mac mit wärheit jehen, ich wil niht langer sin. Diu vinster naht hat uns nu brüht ze leide mir den morgenlichen schin." ,,$oI er von mir scheiden nuo, min friunt, diu sorge ist mir ze vruo: icli weiz vil wol, daz ist ouch ime, den ich in minen ougen gerne bürge, möhte ich in also behalten, min kumber wil sich breiten, üwe des, wie kumt ers hin? der höhste frido müez in noch wider an minen arm geleiten.'' Meister Götvrit von Sträzbiirc. 51 2. Daz guote wJp ir vriundcs lip vast iimbcvicnc : der was cntsliifcn du. Dö daz gescliiicli daz er orsacli den grÄivcn (ac, dö muose er sin unfrö. An sine brüste driicte er sie, und sprach ,Jane erkande ich nie kein truric scheiden also snel. uns ist diu naht von hinnen alze balde : wer hat si so kurz gemezzenV der tac wii niht erwindeu, Iiut diu minne an saeldeu teil, diu helfe mir daz ich dich noch mit vrüiden müezc vinden.'* 3. Si beide luste daz er kuste si genuoc: gevluochet wart dem tage. Urlop er uam, daz dti wol zam; uu merket Avie: da ergienc ein schimpf bi klage. Si heten beide sich bewegen, ern wart so nähe nie gelegen, des noch diu minne hat den pris: übe der sunneu dri mit blicke wa?reD. sin möhten zwischen si geliuhten. er sprach „nu wil ich riten. din wiplich giiete neme min war, und si min schilt hiut hin und her, und her nfich zailen zilen.'^ 4. Ir engen naz dö wurden baz: och twanc in klage: er muose dan von ir. Si sprach hin zime „urlop ich nimc zen vröiden min: diu wil nu gar von mir, Sit daz ich vermiden muoz dinen munt, der mangen gruoz mir bot und och dln süezeu kus, als in din üz erweltiu güete lerte, und diu geselle din, diu triuwe. weme "»vilt du mich lüzen? DU kum schier wider üf rehtcn tröst. 6w& dur daz enmac ich strenge sorge niht gemazcn." 16. Ifleii^ter Oötvrit von Strazliurc. (1804-15.) I. (II, 866 «.) 1. Diu zit ist wunneclich, z'aller stunde swanne abereile gegen dem moien wont mir nähen bi. alse wunnecliche strebet, 2. Wipliche werdekeit, So hebet ze vröuden sich Got hat vor aller creatiuro erde unde luft, dar zuo sich zweien, dich gemachet also wert, swaz get, vliuzet oder swebet. Swes muot ze niinnen steit, Muoz ich iemer eine sin? dem ist din name also gehiurc, selbe ander wirde ich niemcr ane si, daz er bezzers nien' engert. diu mir an dem herzen lit, Wart iht liebers danne wip, siieze in dem munde des habe ich ungesamnct mineu muot: 52 Meister Gölvrit von Slruzburc. wlbcs naiue unt wibcs lip sint beide reine, swie doch eine uiir iinsannc tuot. 3. Ich unverdähtcr man, zc Dabilönc nach ir lüuc wolt' ich gerne vnrn. 5. Der siiincr si so giiot, daz er die schoene in sincr wiinne war tuon ich •wort, war (iion ich läze wiinnecliche leben. sinne, swanne ich bi der schocnen bin, Daz ich niht reden kan? so gar verstummet mich ir minne, daz ich bin gar anc sin. Swanne ich sprechen sol ze not, Swaz wol den engen tuot, unt sich den liuten lieben kunne, daz müeze ir diu seelde geben. Swaz grüenes uf von erden g^, oder touwes obenan nider risen nuioz, loup, gras, bluonien unde kI<S so kan ich harte kleine , des mich der vögele doenen vrume, so wird' ich blüc, von schämen röt ; dar nach besunder kan ich wunder, swanne ich von ir kume. 4. Waz hilft min umbesagen? mit einem worle si'z besliuzet, si sprichet kurzlich: „ine wii." Sol ich darumbe verzagen? geb' der schoenen wunneclichen gruoz. 6. Ir rösevarwer raunt und ir wol stenden, lichten ougen, däbi ein wolgeschaffen lip, Daz machet manger stunt, daz mir daz herze trüret tougen ; daz bedenke, ein schoenez wip ! Du senfte mir daz swaere leben nein, ich enwil; swen es verdriuzet, unde biut mir vil schiere dine hant. der bejaget niht ze vil. Ich wil si versuochen baz unt wil mich ir ze dienest sparn ; und obe si mir gebiutet daz : ald' ich muoz in den sorgen sweben; daran gedenke, iemer niht entwenke, enstricke mir daz bant. * II. (II, 866 bO 1. Ir beniden himel neiget iuch bar, (vgl. IN, 454 6.) unt nemet des siiezen lobes Mar, daz ich enbar von dem gewihten bilde, Diu sich uns vor gebildet hat mit reiner schäm, mit kiuscher tat, diu siiezen rät git manigem herzen wilde. Neige ouch diu heiligen oren din ze dem lobe, daz ich dd singe, Jesus, der siiezen muoter din, daz si gesegent niiieze sin, wan si ist ein schrin vol aller guoter dinge. 2. Ir lop mit bernder wirde iif ge, (ib.) sam loup, gras, bluomen unt der kh-, durch grüenez le, von berndes regens güete. Ez muoz uns sigen in den muof, nisam der ton von himel (uot üf bernde bluot; ez muoz uns daz gemüete Meister G'ötvrit von Stiäzburc. SS Eiilliulilcii, saiii den morgen röt der vröiidenberuder suniie; ez imioz uns bern daz lebende brot, daz guot ist vür der scle tot an rehtcr not: des hilf uns, lebender brunne! 3. Du reine uns, reiueberndcr miiot, 0^-) lachender r«>sen spilndiu bluot, wallendiu vluot, viiezendiu houeges sücze! Heine uns, daz wir dich lobende loben, unt vdhe uns mit der minne klobcn, daz man uns oben ze vröuden sehen miieze. Giuz uns daz bernde minnetrauc iu libe, in sele, in herzen, daz aller herzen widerwanc noch ie lebende süeze twanc, gib uns gcdanc, der wären riuwe smerzen. 4. Entliuhte uns, liehleberudcr tac, (ibj inbriunende minne, balseniensmac, blüejender hac, inbrünstiu herzenhizze ! Ervrühte uns, bernder gnaden ein vruht, leide uns der sünden ungeuuht, und alle unzuht uns von dem herzen lizzel Teil' mit uns, vrouwe, dinen segen, den dir der engel brähte, dö dich begüz der sielden regen; ze denselben sselden hilf uns stegen, die dir der degen mit vröuden zuo gedähte. 5. Du rösenbluot, du giljenblat, du künigin in der höhen stat, dar nie getrat ie vrouwenbilde mere; Du herzeliep vür allez leit, du vröude in rehter bitterkcit, dir si geseit, gesungen lob und ere: Des lebenden Gotes zelle was dio lip vil sa?ldenbsere ; reht als der sunne dur daz glas kan dringen, siiezcr undc baz drang <ine haz ziio dir Krist der gcwspre. 6. Du rösental, du violvelt, du wunneberndez herzengelt, du blüender helt, du süeze Gotes wünnel Du liehtcbernder morgenröt, du rehte vriundin an der not, daz lebende bröt geba?r du, küniges künne, Daz manic vinster herze kalt enlluhte und ouch enbrande mit süezer minne manicvalt; so rehte starc ist sin gewalt; des Wirt gezalt diu lob an manigera lande. 7. Du minneclicher bluomeglanz, du blüemest aller niegde kränz, der saelden swanz dich hat alümbevangeu. Du bist daz blüende hinielris, daz blüende blüejet manige Avis ; wan Gotes vliz der ist an dir ergangen. Des ist dir hohes lobes sanc ze wünsche wol gesungen; vil maniges herzen guot gedanc klenket dir suoze manigen klanc, an' allen wauc, des hastu si betwungen. 8. Du bluomenschin dur grüenen kle, du blüender lignum aloe, du gnädense, da man mit vröuden lendet. Du wunnebernder vröude ein dach, dädur man regen nie gesach, du guot gemach, des ende niemer endet. Du helfebernder kraft ein turn vor vientlichem bilde, du wendest mauigen harten sturn, den an uns tuot dur sinen hurn der hellewurn, und ander würme wilde. 9. Du aller süeze ein süezer schin, du süezer, danne ie wurde wJn, diu süeze diu mir blücn ze stelde müeze. Du bist daz süeze rainuetranc, &4 Meister Gülvrit von Sträzburc. darin diu gotlicit suo^c drauc; sireQCU sanc nie wart so rciitc sücze. Du güst dar ör, dur ougcu in zc herzen unt zc sinne, da birstu -wunncbeniden sin, Ulli stoercst alle unvrüudc liin; du bist gewiu der herzecliclicn minue. der rcinckeit ein trübe, der wilren niinnc ein grüencr kle, der gnildc ein grundelOser sv, unt darzuo nie der triuwe ein turteltübe! 13. IMaria, reiniu werdekeit, swaz man dir singet unde seit, daz ist gemeit, lieplicb vor allem sänge; 10. Ob aller Avunne ein i>cliocuez Du tuost den lip, die sdle vrö, trat, ez lüftet sinne, berzel, liö, cz cnwart nie gcstcin, noch edel nu sus mi sü, krüt, noch menschlich brüt so schoeu', vil schoenc vrouwe, . . alsam daz lieplich himcltouwc; Ez blücjet dar und aber dar vil süezer unde sücze; kiim' ich dich an sehen gctar vor dincr reinen süezc klar: mit höher war si Got, der dich dA grüczc! mit süezem anegange. Du blüejest schone in bluomen wis in herzen und in muotc; du bist so gar ein paradis, der Avuune ein blüendez rüsenris, der sselde ein pria, der genade ein wünschelruote. 14. Vol aller guiide ein reinez vaz, der stseten tugent ein adamas, ein Spiegelglas der wunne, diu sich wunnet. Du heiles unt gelückes rät, des heiligen geistes miuuesdt, 11. Ob aller tugcnde ein süczc an vröne stat tugent, din bilde wart gebrunnetj du jugende da' ende in blüeudcr Darin der lebende Gotes degen jugent; des si wol mngent din lop ze lichte bringen, Die himel uut der himel kiut und alle, die mit Gote siut. jö siut si bliut an sinne uut guotcu dingen. Die diue süezen werdekeit niht erent innecliche, die Got an dich da hat geleit mit maniger liuhen wirde breit, daz Ton dir seit manic herze tugentriche. von himel nider dräte, sam üf die bluomen süezer regen, so senfter süeze künde er pflegen .... vrüeje unt spate. 60. Unt hülfe mich nü sendez klagen, ich klagete, daz man'z möhte sagen, daz ich den tagen so lüzzel häte der minne, Mit der ich solte geworben hau daz liep, daz niemer kan zerganj mich trouc der Avän, der manigem uimt die sinne: 13. Du gimme, ein golt, eiu edel- Ich wände, unt wolde wizzen niht, stein, C^gl. Ilf, 455 a.) ich bin der wajner eine. ein milch, ein rutcz hclfeubein, ein honicseiu in herzen und in munde! Du bernder tagende edel krut, ein minneclichiu Gotes brüt ein süezez trüt, ein sseldebcrndiu stunde ! Du rehter kiuschc ein blaukcr sut-, der iuuän ist blint, und uzen siht, als allen tören da beschihtj des ist, als ein wiht, ,; mins herzen vröude kleine. 61. Gelriuwer Got, nü erbarme dich genaedeclichen über mich; , der genäden ich A bedarf von allem herzen. Der voQ Johansdorf. S6 Wan niiiier siinde der ist lud, gcmiunct, (last äu Iniigen, dau Wiiges in dem Bodeusc; daz ouch ich dir, 6 herre, klage, des ist mir we, ich was gegen diner miaue ein zage, iint dulde manigen smerzen. davon ich trage Ich hau dich lüzzel miue tage ein wundez herze tougen. III. (H, 876 aj i. Klnt, uut welle dich gelücke iniden, 8Ö daz dir Got armuot gebe an übe und ouch an guoie, Daz soltu gedultecliche liden, und ensolt darümbe hau kein tniren in dem miiote; Du solt im es genäde sagen mit herzen unt mit gedenken, niemermer soltu daran gewenken : sich, so heizet er dir dort die wernden vröude scheuken. 2. Kinfc, armuot, daz wizzest, trüt geseUc, swer die willecliche hat, daz soltu mir geloubeu, Den ernert si vor der tiefen helle ; si kan den lip, die scle, von allen siiuden rouben. Armuot ist gegen Gotes zorn diu höchste suona;riune, zwischen Got und uns vüeget si die minnc, die kein engel vüegen kan: daz nim in dine sinne. 3. Kint, armuot, die minnete der berste unt der erste, der ie was, und iemer ist an' ende; Armuot was sin anevanc zem erste, dö in diu süeze muoter sin gebar in diz eilende; Armuot leit er naht und tac, mit armuot schiet er hinnen; mit armuot muost' er uns wider gewinnen : sich, die nuiostu minnen ouch, wiltu der helle entrinnen. ±V* Her W^alti*aiii von Grcsteii. (MW 13OO0 Ol, 161 aO 1. Minne, ir habt mich so beswa;ret, 2. Minne, volget niiner lere, daz ich äne vröude bin: tuot an iuwern vriunden baz: Sweune ir mir geuaedic waeret, Er ist iemer sunder ere, 60 hct' ich ze vrüuden sin. dem die sine sint gehaz. Ouch si iu daz vor gesaget: Swie vil gar ich iuwer si, swennc ir an dem vi-iunde missctuot, ich wird' iu des willen wol ein gai>(, daz der vrcmdc an iu verzaget. da cnstc genäde bi. 19. Der von «foliaiisdorf* (1801 — 9.) I. CJ, 381 bj 1. Ich und ein wip wir haben gcstritcu nii vil manige zit; ich han von ir zorue vil erliten, noch haltet si den strit; Si waenet des, dur daz ich var, ich liizc si noch vri: Got vor der helle niemer mich bcwar, ob daz min wille si; 5<> Der von Joliansdorf. Swic vil daz mer und ouch die starken ünde (oben, icli wil si uienicr da verloben: der donreslege mühte aber lilitc sin, ditr die si mich lie^e. uu sprechet, wes si wider mich gcnieze: 81 kunU mir uienicr tac üz den gedaukeu min. 2. Swcr minne uiinneclicheu trcit, gar dne valschcn muot, des süude wirt vor Gotc niht geseit, si tiuret und ist guot. Wau sol miden bcesen kraue, unt minuen reiniu wipj tuet er'2 mit triuwen, so habe icmer danc sin tugentlicher lip. Künd' er si ze rehte beidiu sicli bewarn, vür die wil ich ze helle varn: die aber hie mit listen wellent sin, vür die wil ich niht vallen; ich meine, die da minncnt üuc gallen, als ich mit triuwen tuon die lieben vrouwen miu. 3. Ob ich si ieraer mere gesehe, des enweiz ich niht vür wiir; diibi geloube mir, swes ich ir jehc, ez get von herzen gar: Ich minne si vür elliu wip, unt swer ir des bi Gotc, daz herze min, sin und ouch al der lip, die Stent in ir geböte. Ich erwache niemer, ez ensi min i-rste segen, daz Got ir eren müeze pflegen, ,: unt laze ir lip mit lobe hie besten, 1 und iemer ewecliche, uü gib ir, herre, vröude in himelriche: daz ir geschehe, also müeze ez ouch mir ergcn. 4. Swie gerne ich var, doch jämert mich, wie ez nü hie gestc; ich weiz avoI, ez verkcret allez sichj diu sorge tuot mir we. Die ich hie läze wol gesunt, der vinde ich aller niht; swer leben sol, dem wirt menic wunder kuut, daz alle tage geschiht. Wir haben in einem järe der liute vil verlorn, an den mau siht den Gotes zoru. uü erkenne sich ein ieglich herze guot; diu werlt ist niemen stajte, unt wil doch, daz man minne ir valscheu raetc: nu siht man wol ir lön, wie si an dem ende tuot. II. C7, 328 b.J 1. Die hinneu varn, die sagen dur Got, daz Jerusalem der reinen stat und ouch dem lande 1 Der von Johansdorf. 9$> helfe nocli uie noeter warf. Uiu klage wirt der tunibeu spol; die spreclient alle, wser' ez imserni herren audc, er rwche ez an ir aller vart. Nil inügen sl denken, daz er lelt den grimmen tot, der grozen marter was im ouch vil gar unnu(, wau daz in erbarmet' unser val: swen nu sin kriuze iint sin grap niht wil erbarmen, daz sint von im die saeldenarmeu. 2. Nu, waz gelouben wil der hau, uut wer sol im ze helfe komen an siuem ende, der Got wol hülfe, und tuot es nihl? Als ich mich versinuen kau, ez ensi vil gar ein t-haft not, diu in des wende, in waene, er ez übersiht. Nu liit daz grab und ouch daz kriuze geruowet ligen : Idie beiden wellent einer rede an uns gesigen, daz Gotes muoter niht ensi ein maget: swem disiu rede niht nahe an sin herze vellet, owe, war hat sich der gesellet! 3. Mich habent die sorge üf daz braht, daz ich vil gerne kranken muot von mir vertribe; des M'as min herze her niht vri. Ich gedenke also vil manige naht: waz sol ich wider Got nü tuon, ob ich belibe, daz er mir genaedic si? Ich weiz niht vil gröze schulde, die ich habe, niwab eine, der kume ich niemer abe, alle sünde lieze ich wol, wan die: ^ich minne ein wip vor al der werlte in mim gemücic. Got, herre, daz verväch ze güete! III. (7, 323 a.) 1. Wize, rote rösen, bläwe bluomen, grüene gras, brune, gel, aber rot, darzuo des klewes blat, Von dirre varwe under einer grüenen linde Avas, darüfe sungen vögele, daz was ein schoeniu stat, Kurz gewahsen bi ein ander stuont ez schöne: noch gedinge ich, der ich vil gedienet hän, daz si mir lone. 2. Ez ist manic wile, daz ich niht von vröudeu sanc, und enweiz joch rehte niht, wes ich mich vröuwen mac; Daz ich der guoten niht ensach, des duuket mich vil lanc: doch viirhte ich, sine gewünne noch nie nach mir langen tac. Ich sol ze miize lachen, unz ich ir gendde erkenne j als ich danne ervinde, wie'z allez stät, danach lache ich dcnne. IV. (7j 323 b.) Saehe ich iemen, der jsehe, er wsere von ir komen, waere ich dem vient, ich wolle in grüezen; Allez daz ich ie gewan , lief er mir daz genomcn, daz müht' er mir mit sinen maeren büezen: Swer si vor mir nennet, der hat gar mich ze vriunde ein gauzez jär, unt het' er mich verbrennet. fl6 Klingsor. V. Ch 1. Der al der werlte vröiidc git, der trcestc min geniüetct Min vrüiide au der vil schocncn lit, nach der min herze wüete. Scheide, vrouwe, disen strit, der in mineni herzen lit, mit reines wibes güete. 2. Du nim daz, vrouwe, in dinen muot, unt tuo gensedeclichen; Gegen dir unsanfte mir daz tuot, unt sol ich von dir wichen; Du Iii gegen mir den dinen haz, sone mac mir nienier werden baz, wan in dem himelriche. 3. Unt sold' ich iemer daz geleben, daz ich si ümbevienge, So mües min herze in vrouden sweben j 384 aO swcnnc daz also ergicngc, So würde ich von sorgen vri; ir gcuäde stilnt diibi, ob si mir des verhiengc. 4. Diu Saelde hiU gekrcenet mich gegen der vil süezen Minne; Des muoz ich iemer <^rcn dich, vil werde küniginne ! Sweune ich die vil schoenen han, eone mac mir niemer missegän, si ist aller güete ein gimme. 5. Geprüefet hat ir nUer munt, daz ich muoz iemer m(5re Mit vröuden leben z'aller stunt, swar ich des landes kere; Also hat si gelouet mir: gescheiden hat mich niht von ir vrou Zuht mit süezer lere. 19. Der tiigciitliafte Ncliriliei*. 1. Ez ist in den walt gesungen, daz ich ir genäden klage, Diu min herze hat betwungen, unt noch twinget alle tage. Mir ist, sam der nahtegal, diu so vil vergebne singet, und ir doch zeleste bringet niht Avan schaden ir süezer schal. 8. Wip, vor allen guoten wiben, la mich dine hulde hän;" Bi dir mühte ich vrö beliben, stüende ez dinera willen an. Gip mir , vrouwe , hüben muot, unde seufte senden smcrzen, den ich dulde an minem herzen: ach; wie sanfte minue tuot! (ia06 — 88.) (//, 151 a.) \ 3. Diu vi! liebe, unt niht diu guote, der ich ie ze vrouwen jach, Swaz ich an si trüstes muote, daz hat si vür ungemach, Unde spottet miner klage, ei, getörste ich si gescheiden, wunder wolt* ich an ir melden: Ü des ich vil durch zuht verdage. 4. Waz toug in dem wilden walde kleiner vogelline sanc Und ir doene mauicralde, wer seit in der vuoge danc? Dankes ist so toup der walt, so ist daz wilde waltgcsinde von der wilde gar ze swiudc hübeschem löne niht gestalt. !90. Kliiigsor. C1207.) CIIJj 330 6.) Welt, swer dich lobt, ich schilte dich, du bist wol schelteus wert, Sit daz diu houbet guldin ist, unt bceser vüeze gert von erden, die durchnagen hat mauc giftic wurm mit ir unreinen münden. Welt, dich Iiat, als ein windesbnit, nit unde haz durchvaru, s6 wil diu boesc gitikeit gar keinen erden spai'u, Von Siogeuberc, Truhsaeze ze Sant Gallen. M höclivart durch keiuiii sIöjs eulut, si dring' Iiervür, swä man wil Iian Ir künde. Büezt' ich vünf tüsent kriuz' an mich und liez' den hart gra wahsen \if die vüeze, würb' ich dannoch betrogenlich, so züg' mich doch zer helle gnint, Welt, dine sündc süeze. Got miunet valsche kutten niht, si sin wiz oder grä: ein reinez herz' an' valsche pfliht daz hat Got liep, waer' ez joch üzeu blä. t9i. Von Siiigcnlierc, Xruliseezc zc ISaiit Gallen. (1809-Ä80 I. Ch 288 bO 1. Der ich diene und al daher gedienet han, Sit ich von kinde alrcrste dienen künde, Diu ist so liep, so guot, und ouch so wolgetän, daz man den allen niht geliches vuude; Si liebet sich von tage ze tage, dest ir site, der ich so holdez herze trage, daz si so süezer süeze went, daz man sich noete n.ich der lieben liebe sent. 8. Waz diu werde minneclicher minne git dem, der si nach ir werde kau geminuen! Da bi so vil wunneclicher wunne lit, daz sich des niemau z'ende kan versinnen. Wie künde ich werden höhgemuot, an ir trost, sit si so gar nach wünsche tuot? durch daz hän ich mich ir ergeben, wan si so wol gelieben kan dem man sin leben. 3. Daehte ich iemer, ine verdaehte ir güete niht, die man an den vil minneclichen vindet: Er muoz lachen , sM'er ir ander ougen siht ', des si sich nach ir sselden underwindet, Dem tuot si liep und ere schin; wol mich des, so sajlic ist diu vrouwe min, swen si mit willen vröuden wert, dem git si vröuden, swaz er ir zer werlte gert. II. Oi 890 bO 1. Vrouwe ich wsere gerne vrö, daz mag ane iuwer helfe niht gesin. — „We, wie wsere iu danne so! dän' ist niht an, nemt ander troester, danne min." Äne Got eine, kan mich niht getroesten, wan ir eine. — „lät solhen spot: deswär, ich ahte üf iuwer klaffen harte kleine." — 8. Nein, vil süeziu vrouwe, nein, stactem vriunde sol nieman also gar versagen. — „Weune wart ich des eneiii, I Von Singenberc^ Trulisacze ze Sant Gallen. daz ich iuwer swaere woldc helfen tragen?" — Wizzet, daz ich wirde vür, wirt si von iii nilit ringer. — „ich sage m baz, durch sülhe iiüt verlür ich uiht den kleinen vinger." — 3. Ir sült seihen spot verbern, jii hat mir der ernest gar den schimpf benomen. — „Nu, wes sol man iiich gewern, daz ir sprechet, daz in swa;re si benomen?'* — Des kan ich iu wol gewisen, nemt ir mich ze rate. — „verdenke ich mich als ich doch sol, so volge ich iu des rates späte." — 4. Daz min rät und ouch min klage iuch so kleine wiget, daz tuot mir anders we. — „Zürnet ir, ob ich versage, daz mir nien' enkunit, so wirt des zorncs mc." — Sit nu zorn niht vrümt, so siiene ich gerne üf iuwer güete. — „ich hjin gesworn, daz ich vor löser manne tücke mich behüete. 5. Boeser tücke ist mir niht kuut: ich hän iu gedienet äne valschen wanc. — „Wser' ez war, daz iuwer munt gegen mir sprichet, des sagte ich iu gerne danc." — Hulf es iht, ich swüerc iu, daz ich uiht kan, wan die rihte. — ,,su sült ir uiht verkunnen iuch darümbe guoter zuo- versihte." III. (T, 894 aj 1. Von vröuden vröut min herze sich, swenne ich die vröudericheu sihe; ledoch daruuder twiuget mich ein leit, des ich dur not verjihe: Ist si schoene und ist si guot, deste wirs tuot mir versagen; wa;re si alt, arm und ungemuot, so möht' ich si wol verklagen. 8. Mir ist daz ofte vor gesaget, daz ich ir gerne dienen wil; Verdulte mir ein süeze maget, daz ich ir teilte vor ein spil: Widerspraeche si danne dem teil uiht, so solde er staete sin; uiemer wirde ich doch ir Schimpfes geil, diu sü hat geschimpfet min. IV. (T, 894 aJ Der werlte voget, des himels küuig, ich lob' iuch gerne, daz ir mich habet erlän, daz ich niht lerne, wie dirre unt der, an vremder stat, ze minem sänge scheruc. Min meister klaget so sere von der Vogelweide, in twinge daz, in twinge jenz, daz mich noch nie betwanc: den länt si bi so richer kunst an habe ze kranc, Von Singenberc, Truhsaeze ze Sant Gallen. 61 (laz ich mich kümc fif ir genädc vou dem mincn scheide; Sus heize ich wirt, unt rite hein, du ist mir niht wi-, dil singe ich voa der heide iiut von dem griieneu kle : daz soitu stscten, milter Got, daz es mir iht zer^i, V. et, 294 bj 1. Nu gerte ich niht der werlde nie, Avan daz ich solde wilent jehen, der mir daz herze nie vergaz, Sit si mir tuet mit giiote we, und ir mins willen wart verjehen mit vorhte, als ich ir wort entsaz, Do was ir >vort, ir werc so minneclich, und allez ir gebaren, der iemer nach dem wünsche schönes wibes solde varen, der künde si, nach minem diinke, schoeuer niht gemachen: mich vroute, waer' ich halber tot, geruohte mich so sajlic wip von herzen an gelacheu. 2. So süezez lachen süezet mir daz jär, die wile und ouch daz leben, daz ich sorge heize uf höher stenj Ich weiz die süezen sa^lde an ir, diu sajlde vröude kan gegeben, von der wol trüren muoz zerg6n. Wie möht' also bescheidenlicher güete iht arges widerstriten, in der si reinecliche lebt mit saelden z'allen ziten? ez müeste wol sin ein üz der mäze nähe gcnde swcere, da alse werdes wibes trost, den si -wol gsebe, ruohte si's, niht guot ze buoze waere. 3. Gedinge, sorge, vlehen tuet mich vor den jären werden alt: OAve mir, wie daz vüeget si, Daz si mich weiz also gemuot, swie sere si mir (uot gewalt, daz ir min herze ist stiete bi. Nu si eilt stsete, ich wil mit sige oder äne sig' l^eliben; mir mac min guot gedinge wol die sorge noch vertriben, ob mir ir geniide gensedecliche wirt erzeiget, daz vlehen süez am ende wirt, so ist allez, daz ich we geschrc, mit vröuden gar versweiget. VI. Oi 896 ö.) 1. Ich wil minem vater gerne raten wol, daz er hinueuvür sich sanges mäze; Ez ist billich , daz ich in vürwesen sol, und er sich an minen dienest läze. Ich wil vür in dienen schoenen vrouwen: habe er daz er heime habe, unt läz' uns jungen ävenliure schouwen. — 2. „Rüedelin, du bist ein junger blappeublap, du rauost dinen vater lazen singen; Er wil sine hovescheit vüeren in sin grap, des muostu dich mit verlornen dingen ; Er wil selbe dienen siner vrouwen: du bist ein viereggöt gebür, des muostu holz an einie reine houM'en." 02 Von Singenbcrc, Trulisaeze ze Sant Gallen. VII. (Ij 297 aj 1. Rehter liebe üz staBtem inuote, waa avü mich ze tören hdn: der hän ich dil her gepflegen, swer daz si, der hüete sich, Die verstet man mir z'imguote; dist mia rat, e daz er rehte erzürne nu wil ich mich ir bewegen, mich. Ich wil vri von hinnen sin; 4. Ich wil in dem vierden liede swes ich si, si der ouch min: an ein ende ir miiot erspeheo: Sit mich güete nien' envriimet. Der mir'z noch nach willen schiede, waz ob mir iiugüete baz ze giiote daz lieze ich zem vünften sehen, kämet. Ich bin beidenthalp bereit, 2. We, daz ich der siiezen rasere al dar mich daz l»iz geseit: von der M'erden sol gedagen, seit ez wol, so singe ich baz; Dill mich dühten ie gebajre, inisseseit ez aber mir, ich singe daz miioz ich doch iemer klagen: ouch daz. Nu, waz klage ich, sit si mir 5. ich muoz von verdienter schulde niht engan? joch gund' ich ir, mich der lieben schuldic sagen; rehte als ich mir selbem gan: Des wil ich gerne umb ir hulde dest niht guot, sol ich beswichen schuldecliche buoze tragen, sin daran. Min unvuoge vüeget wol, 3. Waz bedorft' ich langer statte daz mich nieman troesten sol: dien, die mir niht staete sint? wan ein trüst, da dinge ich an, SAver daz so vergebene taete, daz sich wibes güete niht geliehen seht, der diuhte mich ein kint, kan. Als ich hän da her getan; VIII. (J, 298 nj 1. Betrogene werlt, du hast betrogen mich, und ouch vor mir manigen man; Ich hän dur dich mich dem erlogen, der mich mit not zuo z"im gewan. Owe, des briche ich leider an mir selben triuwe; nü sende, erbarmeherzer Got, mir des so staete riuwe, daz ich der Averlte widersage, unde ich mit diner süezen muoter noch den iemer werden loa bejage. 2. Wol im, der denket, waz er was, und ist, und aber schiere wirt. Der siht in ein betrogen glas, swer solhen vürgedanc verbirt, Daz er sich zer eweclichen vröude bereitet; Sit nieman rehte wizzen mac, wie lange im wirt gebeitet. hiemit ich mich allerOst man; vergizze ich des, so ist doch äne zwivel guot, gedenkeut ander Hut daran. 3. Swer weiz, unt doch niht wizzen wil, der sieht sich mit sin selbes hant; Des wisheit aht' ich z'eime spil, daz man diu wihtel hat genant: Er lät uns schouwen wunders vil, der ir da waldet. swer sich niht in der vrist verstet, wie schiere daz veraldet, daz ez im z'eime troume wirt, der si gewis, liegent unser meister niht, der ist beide hie unt dort verirf. Von Singcnberc, Trulisaczc zc Sant Gallen. CS 4. Ich cnwciü nilit giiotes, wan ciu guot, dem guote w«re ich gerne zuo; Des guotes güete sanfte tuot, beide den äbent unde vruo, Underzwischen z'allen stunden sta;tecliche, nü mache mich, der uns geschuof, des selben guotes richc; est varnde guot, mit dem wir varn: DU vüege, hcrre, mir des staeten guotes iht, alder ich muoz iemer wesen arn. 5. Swenue aller herren herre kiimet mit zorne, und er uns eischet gelt, So wirt daz reht vil kurz gedrümetj dar an gedenke, broediu weit! Unt wizzest daz, daz er da sinen anden riebet, swer saelic si, der denke bin zem winkel, da er sprichet: ,,ir rehten, gct ze der zeswen min; unt müezen, die mir dienest dd verseifen, in daz winster viur vervluo- chet sin. 6. In' weiz so guoter gäbe nibt, als uns der berre bat gegeben, Den unser broede als übersiht, daz wir im niht ze wlileu leben : Er git uns lib, er git uns guot, er git uns cre, er git uns beeren unde sehen, er git uns sin waz mere, er git uns wilt, er git uns zam, er tuot uns vliegendez unt vliezendez undertan, swer dem niht git, der habe ime schäm. 7. Diu vröude vröut unlange zit, diu dise werlt zer besten hat; Swem Got ein leben nach wünsche git, nu seht, wie gsehes daz zergät! Der biute in s webenden vröuden s webet an allen Sachen, der mac sines herzeliebes lihte morgens nien' erlacheu. diz ist ein nüt vor aller n«U, daz wir daran niht denken: ja ist daz mxre ie doch ze jungest niht wan : „er ist tot!" IX. OIJ, 327 b.J Uns ist unser sangesmeister an die vart, den man e von der Vogehveide nande, Diu uns nach im allen ist vil unverspart: uü waz vrumet, swaz er e der weite erkande? Sin höher sin ist worden kranc. nü wünschen im diir sinen werden hovelichen sanc, Sit dem sin vröude si zewege, daz sin der süeze vater nach genade pflege. 64 Der Winsbeke. 99. Der l¥inslieke. Oim ISIO.) 1. Ein wiscr mau ImC einen stion, der was im lieb als manigem ist, Den wolt' er leren rehte tiion, iint sprach also : ,,min siin , du bist Mir lieb, an' allen valschen list bin ich dir, sam du selbe dir, so volge mir ze dirre vrist: diewile du lebest, ez ist dir guot: ob dich ein vremder ziehen sol, du weist niht, wie er ist gemuot. 2. Sun, miune minneclichen 6ot, so kan dir uiemer missegän; Er hilfet dir üz aller not; DU sich der weite goukel an, Wie sie ir volgaere triegeu kan, not waz ir lön ze jungest si, daz soltu sinnccliche entstän: si git ze löne süuden löt; der ir ir willen volgen wil, der ist libes unt der sele tot. 3. Sun, merke, wie daz kerzenlieht, diewile ez brinnet, swindet gar: fieloube, daz dir sam geschiht, von tage ze tage, ich sage dir war; Des nim in dinen sinnen war, unt rihte hie din leben so, daz dort din scle wol gevar: swie höh an guote wirt din nam, dir volget niht, wan alse vil ein linin tuoch vür dine schäm. 11. Sun, SAver bi dir ein maere sage, mit Worten im'z niht underbrich; Unt swer dir sinen kumber klage in scbaro, über den erbarme dich: Der milte Got erbarmet sich über alle, die ermarmic sint. dien wibeu allen schöne sprich : ist under in einiu sselden vri, däbi sint tüsent alder me, dien tugent und cre wonet bi. 20. Sun, wiltu ganzlich schiltes reht erkennen, so bis wolgezogen, Getriuwe, milte, kiusche unt sieht, so ist er niht an dir betrogen, Unt kumt din lop wol vür geviogen. will aber leben in vrier wal, dien lügenden allen vor verlogen, der rede min triuwe si din pfant, wiltu in so ze halse nemen, er hienge baz an einer want. 82. Sun, als din heim genem den stric, zehant bis müetic unde halt; Der VV'insbcke. ft5 Gedenke an reiner wibe blic, der gruoz man ie mit dienste galt; Siz'AC eben , swende so den walt, -» als dir von arte si gestallt; min iiant ii<U nianigcn ab«; gevalt ; desselben muost' ich mich bewegen: guot ritterschaft ist topelspil; diu sielde wil des sigee pflegen. 87. Siin, bezzer ist gemezzen zwir, dan gar verhouwen due sin: £ daz diu rede entrinne dir ze gaehes üz dem munde hin, Besnit si wol , üf den gewin, daz si den wisen wol behage; daz wort niac niht hin- wider in, und ist doch schiere vür den uiunt: wiltu des rätes volgen nilit, du lebest an eren ungosunt. 30. Sun, huchgeburt ist an dem mau und an dem wibe gar verlorn, Da Avir niht tugenden kiesen an, als in den Rin geworfen körn; Swer tugende hat, derst wolgeborn. DU merke reht, waz ich dir sage: ich hän ze vriunde mir erkorn den nidern baz, der eren gert, dan einen höhen sunder tugeut, der hiure ist boeser, danne \ert. 38. Sun, si jehent alle, ez brenne vruo, daz z'einer nezzeln werden sol : Diu junger muot daz selbe tue; daz kämt dir in dem alter wol. Mit dir ich leides mich erhol, min trust ist an dich einen komen , diu licp min liop, din leit min dol: Got tuo mich zweier sorgen bar, daz du iht werdest uugemuot, unt daü din sclc iht missevar. 41. Sun, du solt kiuscher worte sin iint staetes muotes: tuoslu daz, So habe ez üf die triuwe min, du lebest in eren deste baz. Trac nieman nit, noch langen baz, bis gegen den viendcu hüchgemuot, bis vriunden niht mit diensle laz, däbi in zühlen wolgezogen, unt grüeze, da du grüezen solt, so hat dich sselde niht betrogen. CMiniiesän°:er.) M' Diu VVinsbekin. 93. Dill ^Wiiiiiilieklii. (1, 373.9 ' 1. Ei» Aviplicli wip mit ;:ühton spracli z'ir toiitcr, der si schöne pflac : ,,Wol mich, duz ich dich ic gcsach, gchochet si der süczc tac, I>il din gcburt von erst an lac ! Sit Ich mit ganzer wärheit wol mit wisor Irre sprechen mac : din anblic ist des meien zit; Got siiln wir driimbc iemer loben, der als(\ riebe cAbe uns git." — 4. ,,Trut kint, dii solt sin hohgemuof, unt darunder in zühten leben, So Wirt din lop den werden guot, uiit slät din röscnkranz dir eben; Den crcgernden soltu geben mit zühten dincn senften gruoz, unt iä in dincm herzen Sweben schäm unde müz' üf stxtcn pin; schiuz wilder blicke niht ze vil, swii lose nicrkcr bi dir sin." 8. „Sinfc wisiu wort den werken bi, so siut din sinne niht betrogen; Sint aber siu guoter werke vri, so sint diu wisen wort gelogen. Von nest ein vogel ze vruo geviogen, der git den andern sich ze spil, unt wirf im sin gevider erzogen : kint, dir mac wol alsam geschehen, hast in der jugende wisiu wort, unt last dich (ump an werken sehen." — 88. „Diu huote ist wibes eren gram, swii si üf kranken wän geschiht; Ir ende guot ich nie vernam; bctwungen lieb' ist gar ein wiht, Wan si git hohes muotes niht: diu liebe sol von herzen komen, unt haben mit stacter triuwe pfliht, II f alle Verlust und üf gewin; die ander liebe slipfic sint, alsam ein is, daher, dahin. 29. Na läzen wir die huote varn, unt sprechen von der minne mc : Mahtu dich vor ir kraft bewarn, als du mir hast verjehen e, Swem danne ein schapel schoener stc, min kint, dan dir daz dine tuo, da man die werden schouwen ge, daz läze ich iemer ane haz: ez mac ein wip avoI schoener sin, enkeiuiu lebt in zühten baz." — 1 Her Heinrich von Sax. 6T 30. „Du lobest mich, liebiu muoter min, alsnm ir kint ein muolcr sol; Icli lige dir iu dem herzen din, uut tuoü dir in den ougen wol; Min triuwe ist ouch gegen dir niht hui, dn bist mir lieber, dan min lip, der liebe ist gar miu herze vol: uu sage mir, ob diu miane lebe, iint hie bi uns uf erde si, ald ob uns in den lüften swebe?" — 31. ,,Ein wiser man, Ovidius, der tuot uns wunder von ir kunt, Er jiht, si si genant Venus, si mache süeziii herzen wunt, Uut nach ir willen wider gesnnt, diu selben aber wider siech; daz ist ir wehsei allestuut; ir willen niht entrinnen mac, si vert unsihtic , als ein geist, si enhät niht ruowe naht, noch tac." — 94. Her Heiiiricli von Hi^iL* CldlS — 36.) (I, 90 a.) 1. Ich bite iuch lieben guoten, daz ir vernement minen pin, iuch werden, hohgenuioteu, die wiben holt von herzen sin, und ouch iuch guoten vrouwen, daz ir geruochet mine nüt dur iuwer güete schouwen, wie gar ich bin an vröuden tot. 2. Ein wip diu hat mich gebunden s6, daz ich gar ane alle vröude bin. min lip muoz eht iemer sin unvro, si (en)troeste baz minen senden sin, 3. Si ist s« guot, daz mich min muot gegen ir mit ganzen triuwtn (reit. ir roter munt hat mich verwunt; des ist min ungemüete breit. 4. Ir kel ist blancj der min gedanc von ir eht niht gewenken mac; des bin ich gar au vröuden bar, sin' machet minem herzen tac. 5. Min muot und ouch gar daz herze min der siiezen nien' vergezzen kau. 08 Her Heinrich von Sax. vil giiut ist oncli diu liebe vroiiwc niiii ; ich bin ir eigcu dicncstinan. ß. Mich hiU verseret ir vil li(»h(on ouficii schiii mit ininnen geschozzen in dax sende herze min Avil si, so muoz ich ane böhgemiicte leben, «liu ht>re mac mir ouch wol höhe vrönde geben. 7. Seht, als hiit diu reine vor allen wiben uiin vil gar gewalt, die ich mit trimven meine, unt habe ouch min heil an si geznlt. 8. Sol mir wol gelingen, daz muoz cht au ir geuiiden stüu. ich wil iemer singen, unde diene ir gerne uf lieben wän. 9. 8i hiit mich gebunden su in ir banf, daz ich muoz eht ir gevangcn sin; mich liit wol ir lielferichiu hant uz banden, wil eht diu vrouwe min. 10. Nu helfet mir wünschen, ir werden man, und ouch ir guoten reinen wlp, Sil mich eht niht anders getrcesten kan, wan ir vil minneclicher lip, 11. Daz mich noch diu reine troesfc baz; daz stet ir reinen güete wol; Sit ir ouch min herze nie vergaz, noch uiemernie vergezzen sol. 12. Ir ümbevnnc mich schiede wol von sender not mit armen blanc, ich kuste ouch gerne ir müudel r«U. 13. Swaz ich gesinge, daz vröut mich in herzen niht, ich tanze, ich springe, V daz mir liep von ir beschiht. 14. Vil WC tuot mir, daz ich die vrouwen nun so lange vremede, dast mir ze lanc. mich vrüute baz ir vil liehter schin, danne eht al der vogelline sanc. 15. So wil ich doch dien jungen singen, Avaz der sumer wunne hat, dur daz si tanzen unde springen : walt mit grüener varwe stät; 16. Nahtegal süezen schal singet, der vil sanfte (uo(; meien bluot hüben muot git den vogelin liberal. 17. Heide breit wol bekleit 1 l Hfl- Ileiiiricil aüii Sax. 69 mit vil schoeiieii bluomcn lit ; siimerzit vröjide git, (l.ivon süln wir sin gcmcit. 18. Der kle den snc- von hiuDcu vertribcu luii ; des siiln wir alle mit schalle oucli in vröuden wesen. 19. Mit mir siilt ir, da diu grüene liudc stät. dii siiln wir reien den nieien, klcbluomen lesen. 20. Da Wirt diu kurze wile guo(. dar kumt schoener vrouweu vil ; da Wirt maneger wolgemuot und ouch sorgen vri. 81. Ahi, nu si vil saelic, swer mit vröuden h.ho! Sit vrö, lebt so, daz iu Got hochgcmücte gebe. 22. Man sol sich wol mit vröuden vröuu der suinerzil ; si hat den rät, daz si wol höchgemüele git. 23. Der döz wirt groz, dii wir zuo z' einander komeu. under der linden von kinden vil wolgemuot 24. Die schar vil gar dii sint, daz habe ich vcrnonicn; ir vroplich singen, ir springen \il sanfte tuot. 25. Vröude unde vröuderich gcmiictc süln wir disen sumer hau: beide und angcr, schöne in bliietc da Stent bluomeu wolgeliin. lif der beide und in dem waldc singent kleiniu vogcllin 70 Her Heinrich von Sax. süeze stimme manicvalde; des süln wir in Trüiidcn sin. 26. Nu seht, wie mangc wnnnr der sumcr al der wcrlde git, me daune ich singen kunne: waz süezer wunne an ime lit ! 87, Er kan uns vröude machen, der wunnecliche siimer guot; mit manicvaldeu sachen git er der werlte höhen miiot. 28. Diu tal, diu val den Winter e siut gewesen, da siht man zc ringen üfdringen kicbluonien vil. 29. Nu wolur, wulüf, vrüut iuch der lieben zit, diu vil raanigen herzen dicke sanfte tuot; al min vröude an einem reinen wibc lit, diu mich dünkct minnecliche unde guot. ich wil ouch mit in tanzen unde springen mc, swie mir im herzen nicmcr liep davon besehe. 30. Ich M'il ouch uzen vro gebären z'aller zit, und innän tüzen, da min herze in sere lit. 31. Solde aber ich geleben, daz diu liebe vrouwe min mir vröude wolde geben, so wolde ich in vröuden sin, 32. Innen und üze, mit vreelichem muotc, ob diu vil reine, diu hcre vil guote mich wolde enbiuden , diu süeze , diu reine, si ist wol gestellet, diu liebe, diech meine. 33. Davon wil ich ienierme und dne wanc dienen al die wile ich iemer lebe; wurde mir ir minneclicher habedanc, daz waere mir ein lieber vunt, ein richiu gebe. 34. Si hat aleine min vür elliu wip gewalt, die ich da meine; ich bän min heil an si gezalt. 35. Mich mag ouch machen ir süezez mündel röt in herzen lachen: V wil si ouch, ich bin an vröuden tot. 36. Dis tanzes ist niht mcre, den ich von miner vrouwen hiin gesungen, wünschet, daz si noch min leit verkcre! ! ¥ Uniodcr Wcruher. 11 95. Itriiotlcr 1¥eriilier. I. r//, 287 6.) Gregorje, habest, geistlicher vater, wache iiiidc brich abe dinem sliif, du wende, daz ia vreinder weide iht irre loiifen diniu schäf: ez wahset junger wolve vil in tugenllichcr wat; Lainparten glüet in kezzerheit: warüaihc leschestii daz uiht, d'dx man so vil der diner schale in kezzervuorc weiden siht? si schenkent dir von goldc ein tranc, daz dich in süudeu lät. Dem keiser hilf sin reht behaben, daz hoehet dich und alle geistlich' erden. gedenke wol, daz Got die niarter umb uns lelt uut wart begraben, läz zwischen dir und im nilit hazzes hordeu, so wirt der vrlde unde der geloube starc, unt niml niht abe; so siila wir prfieven eine vart vür söndc hin zc Gotes grabe. II. Ol, 239 rt.J Genuoge berren hänt sich sü geswachet, des ich in erban: si müezen dienen äne danc, ob ich ez rehte erkennen kan; in ist geschehen, als einem blinden, der den kneht verjaget: Swii nieman wan die zwöne sint, da muoz der blinJc aleine stau ; zehant geriuwet in diu vart, als er der wege niht kan gegan : daz mein' ich an die herren, die nu leider sint verzaget An einem künige, der ir pflac unt riebet' aldäher vil willecliche. owi-, war kam ir manues muot? swie hohe er herrcndienest war, ■si lobent lihte ein ergern sicherliche. si hänt in selben in den vuoz gestecket einen wessen dorn ; Uli hinket, lieben herren, sit wir hau den millen künic verlorn. III. (ib.) Swä herren sterbent, daz ist schade, unt sol des doch wol werden rat, wan daz ir eteslicher hie sogar unnüzzen erbe lätj der guot" crstirbet, des sich vil der liute soldc neru. Wan siht in weiden riuten vil unt darzuo büwen breitiu velt, wan grebt in siiber und in golt, diu slräze und al der wazzer zeit, daz dienet in, unt siht man si doch kieiueclichc zern. So WC mir we der alten vlorn, daz man die jungen siht so vil verzihen, und iemer we, daz ich vür eteslichen hän so vil gesworn, au dem ich wände, er wolde iimbe ere entlihen sin guot dien kumbcrhaften; dem die richer gernde schuldic t.in( : wir süln den argen iemer klagen, der uns hie lät sin erger kint. IV. OIj 230 a.) Ich hän der Swäbe werdekeit in vremden landen vil gesehen, da würben si nach prise also, daz man in wirde muoste jehen : uu wil ich in ir lande ervarn, wie si da sin genuiot. Swer mir daheime und anderswä von schulden muoz gcvallen wol, der si gewis, daz ich im tuen mit sänge, als ich ze rehte sol, ist , daz ich in vinde also , daz er vor schänden ist behuot. Ein lop, daz üz der künde vcrt, daz hat der wiscn volge in allen landen. Vi Her Nithart. vil maniger underwilent guot dur göude bi den viomdcn zcrt, den man dähciinc siht in grözen schänden. swer beide lup behalden wil, der ere sin hus, duz ist min rät: duz wazzer nicnder ist so giiot, su du ez üz von Sprunge gut. V. OJ, 832 a.} Man jiiit, daz uieraan edel si, uiwan der edelichen tiiot; und ist daz wür, des mügen sich wol genuuge herreu schämen, Die niht vor schänden sint behnot, jii wollt in valsch und erge bi; diu driu verderbent niilte und ere und euch den edelen namen. Ouwe, daz er ie guot gewau, der sich die schände und erge lät von mangen eren dringen, der soltc sehen die armen wolgemuoten au, wie die mit ganzer hübscheit künuen wol nach eren ringen: ein armer der ist wolgeboru, der rehte vuore in tugcudeu hat; so ist er ungeslahte gar, swie riebe er si, der schänden bi gestät. VI. Oh 233 bO Ich bin des edelen werden küniges milte vrö, darinne er lebt, uut däbi pfligt so tugentliche güete, davon sin lop von schulden stiget unde höhe stät. Des edelen keisers kint wil ich iu prüeven so: unt stiiende ein ganzer walt von engenden in milder bh'ie(e, der künde nieraer volle tragen die tugent, die er begät; Er ist ein reinebernder boum, der obz mit willen reret. ir aller milte ist gegen der siuen gar ein troum; sin haut vil manigem sine güüc meret: des jämert mich, wan ich der eine nie gegen im geuöz; ez irret ouch sin milte niht, wan min unsselde ist leider alze gröz. VII. OffJ Süsä, wie wunnecliche der uz Oesterriche verti Sit er sich dur des obersten küniges ere libes unt wibes, guotes unt darzuo der kinde hat bewegen; Daz er daher behalten hat, wie schöne er daz nü zert! mich wundert, swenne der künic hin gegen Sahsen kere, und er gegen Akers vert, wer da verdiene baz der sselden s^gen. Daz ist ein steleclichiu vart, die Got mit hundert tiisent lönen giltet; swelch man sin guot daruf erspart, der dunket mich ein gouch, swer in dariirabe scbiltet: het' ich getriuwet solher dinge an den von Österlant, dest war, im wrer' min schelten hiute und iemcr unbekant. *^«. Her :¥itliart« (18t7 — 30.) I. OJ, 106 rt.) Ein weh sei. 1. \» ist der kalte Avinter gar zergangen, Diu naht ist kurz, der tac beginnet langen, loa kumt ein schoeniu sumerzit, "1 Her Nithart. 73 diu al der werldc vröude git, baz gesungen nie die vogel', weder e, noch sit. 2. „Uns wil komen ein liehtiu ougenweide, Man vint der rösen wunder üf der beide, Die bluomen dringent dur daz gras, schone ein wise gedouwet was, dii mir niiu geselle z'einem kränze las. 3. Min herze gein der schoenen wunne reiet, Diu voglin sint ir gesanges lüt erschreiet, Diu zlsel unt diu nahtegal singent wunneclichen schal : wolüf, ir meid', ein ende hiit des winters zal. 4. Der walt hat alles leides gar vergezzen. Der meie ist iif sin gruenez zwi gesezzen ünt hat gewunuen loubes vil: bint dir balde, min trüt gespil, du weist eht wol, daz ich dar mit eime riter wü." 5. Daz vernam der megde muoter tougen: „Tohter min, diu rede ist äne lougen, Din valscher muot ist offenbar; bint ein hüetlin üf din här, dii rauost äne dine wät reht an die schar." — 6. „Muoter min, wer gab iu daz ze lehen, Daz ich iuch niiner wsete iht solte viehen? Ir gespunnet ir nie ?aden. lät beliben seihen schaden, tuet her slüzzel, ir entsliezet mir daz gaden." 7. Diu muoter sprach hervür uz grözem zorne: „Vrou tohter, lät die rede besten biz morne; Ez mac tälanc niht gesin, wan daz urloup daz ist min, Avolgelesen wät beslozzen hat min schrin." 8. In dem schrine was diu wät versperret; Diu wart mit einem stafel nz gezerret. Der muoter leider nie geschach, du daz kint die kisten brach, do gesweig ir zunge , daz si niht ensprach. 9. Anleite si daz rockelin so balde, Daz was gelesen mit manigcm kleinem valde, Darumbe ein gürtellin vil smal: in des hant von Riuweotal warf diu stolze magt ir vinkelvehen bal. H. (///, 185 aj i. Der swarze dorn ist worden wiz : nu hat der meie slnen vliz, geleget an den anger. zergangen ist der kalte sne, man siht hiure aber als c, diu liebten blüemel sAvanger. Der meie hat diu velt gar schön' bcsezzet mit mangerhandp bluomen fin; 74 Her NUhart. vrülich siugcnl vogclliu: ir leides sint si crgczzet. 2. Dafür lohe ich die rciucu wip : der wolgctiinen trütcr lip kau briugcQ liöchgcmiietc. Die sich vor valsche haut bchuut, die lobe ich vür allez giiot: so wol dir, wibes giiete! Wip, halt din t-rc, daz wil ich dir räteu; wis vrolich alle zit iu zuht. wip, du üzerwelte vruht, lii tiiniber minnc braten! 3. Xu süng' ich gern der vrouwcu min; so irret mich ein ander pin: ich sach die törper reien Gar üppiclichen üf dem plan ; beide, vrouwen unde man, die enpfiengen schon' den mcien. Her, langer Lanze, daz sült ir mir rechen ; darzuo so klag' ich i», her Pfluoc : rechet mir disen ungevuoc, daz in ir rüggeu brechen I 4. Ich kam dahin gein Zeizenniur, diu vart wart mir ein teil zc siir, ich hört' da vremdiu raaere. Dil vand ich einen cövenanz unt von ruseu mangcn kränz : zergangen was min swacre. Ich zogte z'einem wirte , der was ziere : des wart Engelmär gewar, — ellenwit was im sin hi-ir, — dahin so ilt' er schiere 5. Ze vierzec getelingen guo(, die waren iippiciich gemuot, die tanzten bi der linden. Er sprach: „her Nithart, der ist hie, der uns gespöttes nie erlie: Avolüf , da wir in vindeu ! Ir sult iu keines argen niht gedenken: ir get mir zühticlichen nach ; ouch Sit ze vehten niht ze gäch : wir suln im vröIich schenken." 6. Vierzec keudelin mit wiu si truogeu in ein gertelin; gar gröz was ir gereize : „Sit Got wilkomen, her Nithard iu si geschauet an dirrc vart." ich saz in eime sweize. Ich sprach: „ich bin dem Nithart uügeliche: ich bin ein jeger; mir ist zorn: I (, Her NiUiart. t5 ich bab' dri guotc hiiudc verlorn niins hern von Österriche." 7. Her Engelmar in do gebot bi dem leben , üf den tot, daz si sich sazten alle. Sä zehant du schankt' man in den vil klaren Österwin; den trunken si mit schalle. Er sprach : „unt weit ir gogelvuor' erkenne», so sizt unt Sit ein vrölich mau: ich hilf iu mit gemach hindan, weit ir mich niemer nennen." — 8. „Dir si gelobet an die haut: du wirst von mir niht mer genant, swaz ich wil vürbaz singen, Und euch, swaz ich getihten kan, du heizt der ungenante man; du solt vrölichen springen. Heiz gän die oeden törper üz dem giartcu!" — „wolüf, ir herren! wir suln gan gar zühticlichen üf den plan unt dienen vrouwen zarten!" 9. Si verswunden säzehant. dö bräht' man mir ein guot gewant, daz muost' ich dannen vüeren. Darzuo so gäbens' mir ein pfert, daz was wol drizec pfunde wert unt zeltet' nach den snüeren. Des dankt' ich schön' den mannen unt den vrouwen, unt reit da zuo z'in üf den plan : da mohten siben hundert stän, die mich begunden schouwen. 10. Üf die reise was mir gäch. mir wart ein michel kapfen nach von liebten ougen schoene : Vriderüne neckelin daz gap vür die andern schin: mit lob' ichs' iemer krcene. Ich reit gen Wien' unt seit' die ävcutiurc: swie si mir alle trüegen haz, dö ich in dem garten saz, iedoch wart mir ir stiure. II. Der herzog' sant gen Zcizcnmurj er lie vri den selben bür und al sin hüsgenözen. Des wart vrö her Engelmar, der mir half vrölich von der schar wol üf des richcs strüzen. Und Eugelmar wil ich in niemer ucuucu: er heizt der ungcnantc man, Y6 Her Nithart. der wol iiiit Vriderüne kan , — ir mii;*! in wol erkennen. III. C//, 119 b.) Ein reie. 1. Heide und an^er in vrüiidcn stät, Die habent sich hereite( mit der schoenslcn wiW, Die in der melc liüt gesant. si wir alle vru mit schalle : der sumer ist komeu in diu lant! 2. Wol i'lz der stiiben, ir stolzen kiii(, Lät iuch uf der sträzen sehen, hin ist der seharfc wint, Und ouch der vil kalte sne. hebt iuch balde ZUG dem walde: voglin singent, den was we. 3. Die sint ergezzet leides gar; Ir sult mir ez gelouben , unt ncmt sin selber war, Waz der sumer erzeiget hat: er wil riehen sicherlichen mauigen boum mit loubes wät. 4. Die nii vor grözer huote megen. Die sula balde ir bestez virtaggcwaut au legen, Unt läzeu sich darinne sehen: wir suln schouwen vor den ouwen waniger haude bluomen brehen. 5. Swie Riuweutal min eigen si, Ich bin doch disen sumer aller sorgen vri, Sit der Winter ist dahin, ich wil leren die jungen eren: nach vröuden stuont ie min sin. * IV. O^J) 214 a. W. Wackernayel erklärt dieses (fedicht für unävhl ) Diu mervart. 1. Dö man den gimpelgempel sanc, Wir zugen in der beiden laut; do stuont so hoch der min gedanc: ich wart geschozzeu sä zehanf: der ist nii so gar verdorben. von dan muost' ich entwichen. Vervluochet müeze sin diu wil"! Dd wir si angeriten, mir hiit ein heidenischer pfil •wie vast' wir mit in striten! vil groze sorg' erM'orben. ir swert vil sere suiten. Wie gern' ich vröuden pflaege ! 3. Do ich so gar verzaget was ob mir niht nähen liege und ouch des schuzzes küm' genas, ein schanze, diu ist unwaege. von dan muost' man mich tragen. ' 2. Ich kam gevarcn über mer. Ich kam niemer in grözer not; do vuor ein ungevüegez her mir wart so uälieu nie der tot mit keiser Vriderichen. bi allen minen tagen, Her Mithart. Kl Ich lag in dem eilende: Als mir wart uf der vcrie knnt. Got minen kumber wende, kopni ich noch hcin ze land' gesnnl, iint mich ze lande sende! so wolt' ich aber siugcu 4. Mit keiser Vrideriches her Von mangem törpoere. gevar ich wa;rlich niemer mer unt westen si min swiere, in solichen uugelingen, wie vro etlicher waere! V. Oll, 836 a.J 1. Ez vrite ein geiler getelint umb eins törpers muomen. ,,Xu tuo wir gemelichiu dinc, unt ge wir in die bluonieu Brechen rosen z'einein kränz, die wir in dem meicn tragen zuo dem tanz/' Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dirV üf diu triuw' daz sag' du mir. 2. „Xu pfifet iif, her spileman, daz iu Got iemer löne! Ir lebt in hofTenlichem wän : ein schüzzel voller böne Sol iu wesen unverseit. swä man guot durch ere git, da bin ich unverzeit." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 3. Do pfeif er üf dem holrerant. des wart im wol ze muote; Er nam vrou Juten bi der haut, vrou Elsen unde Trüten. Den isenbühel er üf sich bant; zwi-ne blechhantschuohe streich er au sin liant. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 4. Sin swert, daz heizt der grimme tot, damite kan er rlten. Er hat erliten mange not in mangea gäben striten. Die sluog er ab mit vricr hant, daz ir wol siben unt drizec vielen in daz lan». Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 5. Die Sporen strict' er umb den vuoz; die hiengen voller schellen. Er bot vroun Adelheit slnen gruoz, liern Swinhilt unt hern Kellen. Do träten si den hoppaldei. si sprach: „lieber Chüenzel, min sorg' ist ganz enzwei." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 6. Sin här daz ist geringelöt, des nahtes wol gesnüeret. Sin vüeze lident gröze not, swenne er den reien vüeret 78 Her Rubin. .Mit maogcm wa'licn zippcitrite: durch die schoenen Mazzcn pfligt er niuwer site. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf diu triuw' dax sag' du mir. 7. Sin hübcnncstel die sint lanc, zwo musciU dran gebunden; Die habent alze witen swanc, dainite sieht er wunden Den schoenen meiden an dem <anz mit dem üfhüpfen, der selbe gumelanz. Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din trluw' daz sag' du mir. 8. Ich kam gegangen an ein stat, di'i Mazze und Jiutel Silzen ; Hinder den zun ich getrat; vil dinges si sich mnzen. Jiutelin sprach: „sage mir: waz sizzestu hie, Mazze?" diu sprach: „daz sag' ich dir." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 9. „Die muscät, die der Chüenzel treit an siner hubensniieren, Die habent mir geprüevet leit, wan si so wite rüeren Umb sinen kragen alumb entwer: ja sint ez kiselinge; daz sagt mir Iseubcr." Mezzel, wie gevalle ich dir? üf din triuw' daz sag' du mir. 99. Her Riiliiii. ium 1830.) I. f/, 315 aO Nicman an vröuden sol verzagen, ob im sin dinc niht ebene gät, Er sol sin leit mit zühten tragen; mir selben gibe ich disen rät. VroH Soelde ist wilder, danne ein rech, und ist euch >vider mich gevcch; doch volge ich alles üf ir spor: ich bin ir dicke ndhe komen, so vlöch si mir mit listen vor. H. (/, 315 bj I. Werder gruoz von vrouwen Waz gelichet sich darzuo? nuinde der mi wunne der vröut üf und üf von gründe prüeven kunne, baz, danne al der vögele singen: der sage, waz im sanfter tuo. Kan aber iemau vrö belibeu 2. Wilent vräget' ich der ma;re, anders iht, als bi den wiben, waz vür trüren senfte wsere, vürder, swer des habe gediogen! daz wolt' ich vil gerne schouwen; Iteim-^r ticr junge. 99 Dö volget' ich der wiscn raete, der diu riche gar durvücre daz vz niht so sanfte ta;te, von dem orte xmz au daz ende, so diu vröude von den vrouwen. Der cnvunde ir uieudcr eine, Daz ist mir von ir beschehcn, diu mich alsO rehte reine sunder lougcn, diuhtc, an' alle missewende. swaz diu ougen Ob si nü diu beste si? ganzer tugende hant ersehen. nein si, herre, 3. !Si ist so guot, daz ich wol dest ir verre, * swüere, sin' entuo mich sorgen vri. III. 1. Ich wil urloup von friunden nemen, .... dem herzen niht: Ir fröude müeze in wol gezeraeu, ich minne, daz in liep geschiht. Frö müeze ich si vinden und an allen swoeren muot. da'z friundes scheiden alse rehte unsanfte tuot, dii tuot ouch friundes komen inneclichen wol: daz ist ein tröst, der mich noch fröun unt troestcn sol. 8. Daz ich von hinnen scheiden muoz unt daz so schiere sol geschehen, Wer sagt ir denne minen gruoz? wer sol ir miner rede verjehen? Daz ich so seneliche von ir scheide hin, »und ich ir doch so holt mit ganzen triuwen bin, swer ir daz sage, der müeze mit fröudcn sselic sin: des wünsche ich ie mere in dem herzen min, — 3. ,,Er tuot ein scheiden von mir hin, daz mir nie scheiden leider wart, Dem ich daz herze und al den sin ze stiure gibe üf sine vart. Und ouch der fröude min geliche halben teil, dil mit er uns erwerbe beiden gotes heil: enmüge im niht der ougen blic ze staten stt-n, si) läz er daz herze für diu ougen scn. IV. cm, 31 aO Nieman ze vruo sol prisen daz lop stet äne vroracu. mit lobe den lichten tac; So sol man sin versunncn, daz hän ich von den wisen daz man vor sänge iht tobe, lange her vernomeu : die herren baz erkunnen, Liuhtet er den moi-gen schone, c man ze vil gelobe: darnach er truoben mac mit valsche ein lop gcwunucn, vil lihte vor der nöne; da sint zwei lastcr obe. 99* Reiiuai* flei* jiiii^e. Cum 1330.) CHT, 331 a.) 1. Diewil ich nü lebe in so menigera leide, so klage ein ander die bluomen rot. Walt unde kle, diu vogelin unt diu beide helfent mich kleine ze miner nüt. 80 Her Wernher von Tiufen. Min klage ist, daz sich diu wcrlt vrötiden wert, iint daz uiiD sanc wirt mit trüreu verzert. 2. In disen vröiiden und in disen eren, bin ich gewis , daz ich iemer \va?r' : Schiere kumet einer, der mich bl deme gercu zücket hin ümbe; owe, waz wil der? Er sprichet: „get uz, ir kneht, an der stiint, vröude unt vrouwenl" des lachet sin munt. 99. »^iiezkiiit von Triiiiber^. ein «fiide. fl«18 — »5.) (11, 258 b.) Gedenke nicman kan crwern den turen, noch den wisen, darünibe sint gedenke vri iif allerhande sache; herz' unt sin dar gemach dem menschen sint gegeben, Gedenke sIüfTen diir den stein, dar stahel unt durch iseu ; gedanc klein ahte, wie diu hant diz uude daz gemache; swie man gedenke nie gesach, si doch hörte streben, Gedanc ist sneller über velt, den der blic eins ougen; gedanc glust bringet nach der miune gelt, uilch der gesihte tougen, gedanc kan wol ob allen aru hoch in dien lüften sweben. o 30. Her l^Veriiliei* von Tiufen. (1819-83) I. (I, 108 a.) 1. Lieben kint, sint vroelich vrö engegen der lieben sumerziti Nahtegal schal ist so süeze, daz er höchgemüete git. Schouwet an, stolzen man, unde reine vrouwen, weih ein kleit treit beide und anger, däbi schouweut sumerouweu ! 2. Xu sint vrö : so waer' ich gerne, tröste mich diu vrouwe min. Der ich wol sol sprechen, swie si mich doch hit in sorgen sin. Minneclicb, tügende rieh, ist diu liebe, guute, sie was ie hie liep vor allem liebe mir in mineni muote. 3. Lieplich var gar sint der lieben wengel , der miu herze sanc ; Her Wernher von Tlufeii. 81 si ist so guot, tiiot si geuäde an mir, so wirt min trüren krnnc. Wandels vri sA ist si, diu vil süeze reine : wiinsclient , daz baz troeste mich diu liebe, die ich mit Iriuwen meine. II. Cf> 108 ö.J 1. Ich sach die bhiomen wuuneclich entspringen, bi schöner zit, der walt was wol geloubet; Die vrüiide wil der winter kalt verdringen, er hat den anger siner kraft beroubet. Ddbi hat mich entänet miner sinne mins hei'zen tröst und ouch min küniginne; ir röter raunt hat mich verwunt, daz ich in rehter liebe bin ertoubet. 2. WarzHO klage ich die bliiomeu uf der beide? wan klage ich niht den kumber, den ich dulde? Daz mir ein vroiiwe tuot so vil ze leide, unt diu mich hazzet, äne mlne schulde, Wie wol si doch kan herzeleit vertriben ! si ist ein kröne ob allen reinen wiben; ir wengelin gent liebten schin: nach leide wsere ich vrö , het' ich ir hulde. III. CI3 109 hj 1. Diu süeze minne siiezen solt ir dienestmanne gi( ; Ir lön ist bezzer danne golt, daz Avizzent äne strit. Sit undertsenic minne, werden leigen, si kan wol vröude in sendiu herzen heigen, vil grözen kumber balde drüz verseigen. 8. Diu minne tiuret werden man, unt hoehet senden muot; Ir lön ich niht geliehen kan : erst bezzer, danne guot: Diu minne jämer unde leit verdriuget; min sendez herze nach ir löne ringet, ich muoz verderben, ob er mich verswinget. 3. Vil süeze mione, hilf enzit! min vröude ist leider kranc; Min tröst min leben an dir lit, twinc die, diu mich ie twanc, Daz si mich noch genäde laze viuden: wil si mich niht von herzeleide enbinden, daz kan ich äne tot niht überwinden. 4. Der weite guot ist mir ein Aviht, wan daz vil reine wipj Min stsetez herze des verjiht, (Minnesänger.) g $2 Her Rcinmär von Zweier. und ouch min sender lip. &iii ist mir liep, mir liep vor allem giiote, si wont mir z'allcn zi(en in dem muote : inin sendez herze ic n<lch ir minne wnote. 5. Der bocsen haz und ouch ir nik ich gerne dulden wil, Dur die, diu mir so mihe iit; sist miner vröuden spil. Vi! grözen kumber dulde ich von ir schulden; swaz mir von ir geschihl, daz muoz ich dulden: ich ranc unt ringe ouch ienier mich ir hnlden. 6. Wil si, so bin ich sorgen bar, wil si, so bin ich tot; Si ist mines herzens wunne gar, si kan wol wenden not. Si kan dur ganzen lip wol herze wunden; an si muoz ich gedenken z'allen stunden : ir minne hat mich senden man gebunden. 31. Her Rciiiiiiar von Zivetcr. (ISSO — 45.) (In vroun Eren done.) 13. Ol, 179 bj Got, vater unser, da du bist in dem himelriche gewaltig alles des dir ist, geheiliget so werde din nam, zuo müeze uns komcn daz rieh» din; Din Wille werde dem gelich hie üf der erde, als in den himeln, des gewer unsich. mi gib uns unser tegelich bröt, unt swes wir darniich dürftic sfn. Vergib uns allen sament unser schulde, als du wilt, daz wir durch dinc hulde vergeben, der wir ie genamen dekeinen schaden , swie gröz er sl : ,. vor Sünden bekor so mache uns vri, i unt loese uns ouch von allem übele. amen ! 64. (TI, 188 bJ \ Gewalt mac melden understän, j gedanke muoz man ledic vri, angefangen läzen gdn; ' ez wart nie keiser, künic so her, der gedanc unt merken kunne erwem. Unzuht, waz ist dir deste baz? swiget der munt, so sint dir reiniu herze doch gehaz; nert dich gewalt vor melden, vor merken kan dich nieman wol ernern. Unreht, gewalt, ze valle ste din briigge, staete als ein ton si ir rippe und ouch ir rügge; in tiefem wäge üf dünnem ise, wünsche ich, daz din geverte si, dariif din last, swsere als ein bli: din vorgedanc in dinem buosen rise! '' 93. (IJj 193 b.J Waz hilfet äne sinne kunst? Her Reinmat- von Zweier. 83 waz hilfet wol gelioeren, der darzuo niht hat vernunst? waz lielfent scIioDuiu oiigen dem, der daz wseger niemer kan ersclieu? Waz hilfet richeit ane rät? waz hilfet vil geheizen, der's niht niuot ze tuoniic hat? waz hüfet manne schoene, von dem doch niemer t-re kan geschehen? Waz hilfet sterke, der si niht versuochet? waz hilfet dienst, da man sin niht geruochet? waz hilfet ouch gebeitiu minno, diu niender von dem herzen kämet? noch miure z'allen sselden vrümet des manues leben, der valsch ist uz' «nd inne. 106. (II, 196 a.) Turnieren was 6 ritterlich: nii ist ez rinderlich, toblich, tot reis, mordes rieh, mortmezzer uut mortkolben, gesliffen aks, gar uf des nianne.s tot, Sus ist der turnei nti gestalt; des werdent schoener ^rouweu ougen rot, ir herze kalt, swanne si ir werden , lieben man da weiz in srt mortlicher nüt. Dö man turnierens pflac dur ritters lere, dar höhen muot, dur hübescheit unt dur t're, dö hete man ünibe eine decke ungerne erwürget guoten man : swer daz nu tuot, unt daz wol kan, der dunket sich ze velde gar ein recke. 108. (II, 196 b.) Daz schoeniu wip betwingent man, und ist da sünde bi , son' ist da doch niht Wunders an; 8ö twinget schaz ouch sinen kueht, also daz er im dienen muoz; S(i twinget guotes herre ouch guot, daz ez im dienen muoz, unt liden, swaz er mit im tuot; so twinget wines kraft ouch sinen man , daz im wirt sinne buoz : Dannoch weiz ich ein wunderlichez twingen, daz wunderlicher ist ob allen dingen, daz einem töten würfelbeine ein lebende man herze unde muot so gerllch undertijcnic tuot, daz ez im nimt sinne unde wizze aleine. 187. (II, 200 a.) Die engel sint , noch engel kint, unde däbi hezzic, nidic, höchgemüetic sint, wie künden si nach Gotes eren einen rehten bäbst erwelu? Römaere sint niht heilic gar, also sint die cardinäl, ob ich'z gesprechen tar, swen si unheiligen erwelut, den wellent si vür heiligen zeln. Unrehte weler weint vil dicke unrehte; die Gotes erweiten die sint sine knehtc. swer Gotes erweiter habest wsere nach dem ordcn Melchisedcch, dem er kröne unt kelch verlcch, der wiPr' uns wol ze Röme vaterbsicrr. ftl Her Keinmär von Zwetcr. 131. (il, 801 fl.) Htir unde hart uüch kl6stersiten, iint klösterlich gewant nach klöslerlichen silen gesnitcn, des >inde ich genuog : in' vinde aber der niht vil, die'z rehte (ragen. Ilalp visch, halp man ist visch , noch man; gar visch ist visch, gar man ist man, als ich'z erkennen kan : von hovemfinchen unt von klösterrittern kan ich niht gesagen. Hofmünchen, klösterrittern, disen beiden, wolte ich ir leben ze rehte wol bescheiden, ob si sich wolten läzen vinden, da si ze rehte solten wesea : in klöster manche siiln genesen, so Silin des hofs sich ritter underwinden. 133. (II, 201 a.) Der habest hat vil richia kint, diu miunet er, swä si gesezzen in den landen sint, mit in so teilt er sinen segen, so teilent si mit im ir golt. Diu selben kint sint im aö trüt, daz er ungerne kwaein mit siegen üf ir deheines hnt : wolte Got unt waeren im diu habelösen kint halp al<ö holt! F. daz der arme sun sin reht beherte, so ist der riche üf siner widerverte, der ban der ist im ab entrennet. sin vater in unschuldic seit; swie vil der arme sun gekleit, so muoz er doch den himel haben verbrennet. 136. Ob.) Wes siimestü dich, Eudekrist, daz dii niht kamst? sit al diu werlt so gar schazgitig ist: nü hastü doch ze gebene, des si da gert; gist ir, si gil sich dir. Du vunde nie so guoten kouf, so nü, du endarft niht vürhten den gelouben, noch den touf: ez ist ir allez veile, so gar stet nü nach guote ir herzen gir. Jesus Krise, den d die Juden verkouften, waer' er hie en erde, ich waene, in die getouften noch verkouften sumeliche. kum, Endekrist, du tumber gouch : den pfaffen zuo der kirchen ouch, die vindestü wol veile unt Roemschez riche. 138. (11, 208 a.) Der triuwen triskamerhort, ein ankerhaft der stsete, ein vürgedanc üf ieglich wort, ein wahter Kristentuomes, Roemscher eren grundveste unde grnnt, Ein bilde houbethafter zuht, ein volliu kraft der sinne, ein same sreldebernder vniht, ein zunge rehter urteilde, vrides hant, gewisser worte ein raunt; Ein houbet, dem nie smit deheine kröne vol machen künde siuer tilgende ze löne: dem houbte suln wir algeliche ^vünschen lange wernder tage: Her UeiniDür von Zueter. 85 wes herze, wes lip dnz lop trage? des sdla wir jeheu dem keiser Vrideriche. 140. Cif>.) Der keiser wil des riches bröt niht unverdienet ezzea , nach gerihte ist im so n6t, daz dem hungerigen bern nach honiges eüeze nie so aöt euwaii. Gerihtes wil er sich nii säten, sin hochtragendez swert muoz durch die schuldehaften waten : ir vridebrechen, wizzet, daz man iuch von den vridchabenden schart. Swelch tumber sich gegen siner wisheit wezzet, der Wirt der sinne von sinnen entsczzet. volvert er, als er'z hat begunnen, so hüeten sich vor sinen zügen selpherren, herren, swä si niügen: der tören heil hat widerswal gewunueu. 143. (II, 803 a.J Vor gelihsentere kündekeit sol man sich gerne hüeten , wan ir mantel ist so breit, daz sich darunder birget valschlicher leben , daune ir gebserde si. Geistlich gebserde unt vleischllch leben, swa diu zwei liizent ander infein bi dien krumben stehen, da suoche ein wol versunnen keiser einen glihsensere bi. Diu glihsenheit diu birget vii unreines, si hat so vil der sünden unt des meines üf sich geladen in kurzen jären, dur Juden unt durch vürsten golt, so ist man ir ze Röme holt: ir Crede mich kan schazzes wol gevaren. 146. (iö.J Ich kan gebrüggen noch gestegen niht volleclich nach sinem lobe, der uzerhalp der tugenden wegen so \erre hat gehiiset, daz sträze, noch stic ze sime lobe gät : Klimme ich oben in nach sime lobe, so zihent mich die liute, daz ich gar touplichen tobe; grüebe ich undendurch nach sime lobe, daz waere ein dieplich tat. Swä ich die wolgetriben sträze vünde ze miltes mannes hus, in solcher künde, daz ein lop daz ander drünge, daz mir tüsent lobten vor, unt tüsent nach üf minem spor, so weste ich wol, daz ich die wärheit sünge. 147. Off.) Venedisere die hänt vernomen, daz Roemesch riche veile si, des slnt in brieve komen; nü hänt si sich vermezzen, si wellen gerne darzuo ir stiure geben, Daz ez noch kome in ir gewalt: swaz si daz kosten mac, des sint si willig unde balt; si jehent, wurde in daz riebe, si wolden iemer deste gerner leben. Ir herzöge ist ein mehlic kürsenaere; unt wart ie kürsenaere krönebaere, mit sinera igelvarwen glazze. H(> Jler Keinmär von Zweier. Bo mag oucli er wol kröue (rngcn, son' darf oiicli vürbaz nieman jagen, da man ez mnge vergelten baz mit schazze. 148. Ol, 804 a.) Daz rlchc dast des keisers nihf, er ist sin iifleger unt sin voget; ir viirsten, sehet ir ilit an im so schiildeiiaftes, diivon er süle des riches abe gesten, So nemt iu einen, der in zeme, lind ouch dem riebe baz, dan er, nnt wartet alle deme: Sit ir dem kciser gram , die räche lat niiit über daz riche gcu. Ir sult des riches v\'ol von rehte schönen, swenne ir dem keiser nu genemt die krunen: fiwelh iuwer si dan uf gesezzet, der sol daz riclie wol entladen, beidiii, von nnrehte unt von schaden: so werden wir des keisers wol ergezzet. 158. (ibj Von Rine so bin ich geborn, in Oesterriche erwahsen, Beheim han ich mir erkorn vni'r dar den herrcn, dannc dur daz laut; doch beidiii siut si guot : Der herre ist guot, sin lant ist sam, vvan daz ich mich einer dinge sere bi in beiden schani, daz mich nieman vvirdet, ez ensi, ob er ez aleine tuot. Wa3re ich bi Gote im vrönen himelriche, unt heten mich die sine nnwerdecliche, daz diuhte mich ein missewende; ich hiin den künig aleine noch, «nt weder ritter, noch daz roch, mich stiuret niht sin alte, noch sin vende. 153. C7/, 205 b.J SwH meister Ernest wird ^ertriben, nnt der gemalten zühte barät meister ist beliben, dii vindent miue Sprüche vil selten stillen rüm , noch beruden grünt: Swaz ich da sse, daz wirt versaet; ez enwehset niht, swenue ez von schorpeu haneu wirt bekrset, von üven unt von orven, dazuo siuret ez barsUes munt. Swaz barute Überwirt, daz kiuwent wilzen; sus nimt min same zuo mit vülen vilzcn. si tugendelüsen geizegebele, ir dornic rät, ir distelic muot ist gnoten liuten also guot, alsam der wolf bi schären in dem nebele. 161. (IT, 206 a.) Ich kwam geriten in ein lant üf einer gense, da ich äffen, tören vant, ein krä mit einem habche die viengen vil der swine in einer bach; Ein hase zwene winde zöch, der jagte einen valken , den vienc er in den lüften hoch; schächzabel spilten mucken zwo , meisen einen turn ich müren sach ; Da saz ein hirz unt span vil kleine siden, da huote ein wolf der lember iu den widen ; Her Reiuraär vou Zweier. 87 ein krebzc vlouc mit eiuer tübea ze wette, eiu pfunt er ir abgewao ; ürie grüze risen erbeiz ein hau : uut ist daz wür, so nset eiu esel hüben. 170. C//, 207 bj Gesoten lüge, gebraten lüge, lüge üz der galrei, lüge von barat, lüge von trüge, gebalsmel lüge, gebismet lüge, lüge mit safrän überzogen, Lüge, sAvie maus' erdenken kau unt wil, der Wirt gesant an brieven in des riches stete sü \il, daz mich des ienier wunder nimt, daz si mit lüge niht sint betrogen, Daz si der lüge niht siut worden raeze, ez wurden nie so starke lügevrseze, als in des riches steten die liute: swaz man in lüge niac zuo getragen, die slindents' alle mit ir kragen : iu' weiz, ob cz ein Püllesch zouber (iute. 175. Ol* 808 bj Agez, du bist ein übel diep, ez wart nie vriunt dem andern s6 getriuweclichen liep, du stilst den einen von dem andern, also daz er vergizzet sin: Mwie vil Agez der diepheit kan, mines lieben vriundes stilet er mir niht hindan; slilet aber er mich im, daz nuioz ich also läzen sin. Agez, du bist vil dicke schalkes muotes, du verzihest dinem vriunde eiu lüzzel guotes. des müeze Agez der tiuvel sehenden! er diep, unreiner boesewiht! mins herzen vriundes stilt er mir niht : stilt er mich im, des mag ich niht erwenden. 179. (IJ, 809 (i.) Ez was ein gar unsa;Iic man in einer stat gesezzeu, darinne er nie dehein heil gewan, der dähte : ich wil versuochen , wi» min gelücke iu vremden landen si. üö im der reise ze niuote wart, Unsiielde wart sin geverte, diu huop sich mit im üf die vart; er lief gegen einem walde, er wände, er wiere uusa^lden worden vri. Er sprach: „Unsaelde, mi bin ich dir entrunnen!" ,,nein," sprach Unsa;lde, ,,ich hän den sig' gewunncnj swaz du geliefe, daz selbe ich raude: uf dinem halse was min gemach." der man da zuo z'im selben sprach: „söst niht so guot, ich enkere wider ze laude.'* ISI. Cif^O In miner äbentzit ich bin, unt trage doch jungen liuten gar junclichen morgenschin; ich lege mich üf niiaen arm, und spanne doch nach eren wol. Min äbentsunncnschin ist bleich: ist aber der jungen morgen rüt, däbi ir eilen weich, so wirt ir lip gemaches rieh, däbi an eren selten vol. June man, nü wis vrö, undc doch mit zühten. 88 Her Reinmär von Zweier.' ülflicit ist ciu sulit ob allen süliteu an jungen eregernden liuten; üirheit erziuliet jungen lip SU daz Gut, nuch reiniu wip in nilit mugen gcminnen, nuch gctriutcn. 183. (IJ, 810 a.) Swenne ein vluurzüu drin jilr gestät, uut daz ein hunt des zünes alter drin versHzzen hat, Wirt danne ein ros dristunt als alt, also der hunt; daz ist alt genuoc ; Wirt danne ein man dristunt als alt, als daz rus, seht, der ist allen wiben gar ze kalt; ern' ist niht niinnebo^re, swie vil er viurs hievur üz helme sluuc. Swer in dan vur geriht kampflich an sprichet, daz alte huvereht er an im brichet; daz sult ir sunder ti-iegen wizzen; ist, daz ich'z beziugen sol, so beziuge ich'z mit hern Hojer wol: der hat wol di*iu rosses alter verslizzeu. 186 a. (II, 810 b.J So Wiic gellt, so wint geliget, so diu starke müede den wilden tieren an gesiget, daz si sich legent durch ruowe, so engeruowet Megenzer bischof niht: Er ist ein waller her unt dar; swä er sich iiin erbiutet, so wil er lihte anderswar: alsus man sine reise den wisewazzern dicke geliche siht. Er weiz wol, velt hat ougen , walt hat ören; sus macht er siner viende spjBher tören : mit kranchalse kan er wol swigen, unt mit struzes ougen sehen, mit luhses ören rünen , speheu, steinbockeswis kan er wol berge stigen. 187 a. Cfl, 3H aO Ein sneller wolge vierter wagen, der gct iif zwelf schiben, unt hat lange her getragen zwo unt vünfzec vrouwen, die sint darüf gesezzet nach ir zal. Der wagen niemer stille stät, sin Orden z'allen zlten snelle loufet iinde gät, üz holze niht gehouwen, ern' ist ze kurz, ze lanc, ze breit, ze smal. Den wagen ziehent siben ros, sint wize, und ander siben swarz, mit staetem vlize. wer ist, der mir den wagen betiutet? dem gebe Got jär aue leit. der wagen ist lu vor geseit: der louft unz im sin meister daz verblutet. 193. a/, 813 a.) Ez vuor ein ebenheriu diet zetal üf einem wäge, daz schif gegen einer müln geriet; dö rief der schifman sine schifgereisen in den uoeten an, Daz si diu ruoder in die hant geruochten nemen : do sich der ir dekeiner uuderwant, don' muhte er ouch daz schil niht eine bringen von der müln hlndan : Her lleinmar von Zweter. 89 8us triioc der wac daz scliif mit disen liiitea hin diircli die müla. diz bispel mac bctiiilea die vürsten, die so sint verdrozzcn, daz si nilit ruodernt gegen dem Stade, e daz üf in geliget der schade, der jenen geschach, die durch die müln vlozzen. 196. Ob) Ich kam geriten uf ein velt vür einen grüenen walt, da vant ich ein vil schoen gezelt, darunder saz diu Triuwe, si wand ir hende, si klagte Got ir lelt, si schre vil lüte, unt sprach ze Got: „lii dich erbarmen, ich bin in der werlt der riehen spof, daz rihte du mir, herre, din gewalt ist niichel unde breit, Die ungetriuwen wellent mich verkcren: hen-e Got, hilf mine vroude meren : min schar ist worden alse kleine; der ungetriuwen ist so vil, untriuwe ist in der Averlte ein spil: nü hilf im, Krist, swer dich mit triuwen meine!" 208. Ol, 813 b.y Swer sich vor nide welle ernern, der minne unvuoge, unde vljze sich der tugende wern: wie sol man in genlden, wil er beliben sunder ere gar? Wes zige man einen boesen man, daz man in nide, sit er uiden niht verdienen kan? swer den boesen nideu wil, der muoz noch boeser sin, dauue er. Werde liute suln uuwerde niden; die werden müezen iemer niden liden, die werden suln sin nitlidaere, nit liden zimt dien werden >vol, so sint die boesen nides vol: nitlldsere sint bezzer, dan nidsere. 808. (11^ 814 bj Daz boeste, daz man erdenken kan in himel und üf erde, daz ist der ungetriuwe man, der blendet liehtiu ougen, unt verderbet, daz e was gesuut. Sin zunge eitergallen hat, er lebendic re , mortmeilic man, ein urspring [aller] missetät. hüet[et] iuch vor sime lachen, ez machet guote liute sere wuut. Er ist lange siech, an den sin aten rüeret, sin gruoz durch reiniu herze sträle viieret, sin zeigen s wachet reiniu wip, sin rünen toetet manigen lip, unt sin[iu] werc alle bösheit gar durchgründet. 809. CibO Waz sol ein minneclichez wip, waz suln ir liehtiu ougen, ir röter munt, ir schoener lip, waz sol ir gruoz, ir lachen, ob deheinez üz vrouu Eren kamer vert? Waz sol ouch ir vil süezer name, waz suln ir guotiu kleider, ob si diu treit äne schäme, 90 Her lieinmär von Zwetcr. wftz sol Ir wibes giiete, ob si sich tilgende mit iioi^ren wert, Waz eol ir eclioene, klArheit, uud ir jugende, waz sol, ob si wil alten äne tilgende, waz sol, ist si ndch Gote gebildet? ir reinen man, ir werden wip, hazzet so schoencn, bocsen lip, der schänden zamt, uut sich gar c-ren wildet. 211. (II, 215 a.) Spotter, du soll hoeren micli, ich wil dir sagen, avcs Got von himelriche zihet dich: er jiht, daz schulde, meiueide, untriuwe, sünde, haz iint uide« vol !Si diu herze und ouch diu lip, du vridebreche, schuldic mort an man und ouch an wip, die din gelupte zunge mit valscher süeze kan geschiezeu wol. Got slnen vriden gab al der Averlt gemeine, den brichestu mit dincm spotte unreine; daz du in erge hast gesprochen durch dinen spottigen, valschen munt, daz Wirt dort an der helle grünt, gehabe dich wol, vil süre an dir gerochen. 224. Ol} 217 b.J Wil ieman raten, waz daz si? dst lihter, danne ein loub, und ist noch swserer, danne ein bli; est grozer, danne ein berc, gevüeger, danne ein kleinez müggelin; Daz selbe schoenet manues leben, ez kan ouch mannes schoene vil der ungetaete geben; so vorhtiges, noch so liebes wart nie mer: nü rät, waz mac daz sfn. Est c ze himel, danne ein oiige muge winken; ez ist so swacre, swenne ez beginnet sinken, daz al diu werlt niht widerwuoge; ez ist ouch so gevüege wol, ez sluffe dur ein nadelhol ; est bern grüz , swenne ez veriät die vuoge. 226. 06J E heten vrouwen den gcAvalt, daz si mit liebten ougen viengen manigen ritter balt, unt betwungen die dämite, daz si sich eigeulichen muosten geben. Swä nu varnt vrouwen über velt, die vehet man dur schaz unt niht dur rehter minne gelt: unt vluh' ein wolf zuo vrouwen, man soll' in durh ir liebe lüzen leben. Ein ritter mac sin ere wol verhouwen, der vrouwen vehet, swä si vert mit juoc^rouwen, unt die rouplichen mit im zouroet: hermine zen, scharlachen munt werde im von vrouwen niemer kunt; darzuo müeze im von eijern sin getroumct. 228. (II, 218 a.J Ach, Rörae, wie du verwitwet bist, unde der stuol verweiset! swer der vröne vlizig ist, der minnct Got, noch Gotes reht, er si halt, swer er »i. Dö Royncsch lieht liihte unde bran, Her Keinmär von Zweter. öl swä Kristentuom erloscheu was: den zunte mau wider an: fiwä Kristentuom nü lischet, da silit man den gelouben iiiukeu bi. Swem väterlich daz vaterreht versmähet, ob sich ein gaeher tot an dem vergäbet, des wünschet alle, unt dannoch eines, daz uns Got geruoche geben voget unde ewart, die rehte leben, daz Simonie mit in iht habe gemeines. 230. (ib.) ^^ Aller orden pris' ich niht so sere, als die e aleine, swaz darünibe mir geschiht; barvuozer, bredigsere, kriuzerorden sint da engegen bliut. Gra, wiz, swarzer manche ist vil, hornbruoder unt martere, als ich iuch bescheiden wil, schotteubruoder unt die mit den swerten sint da engegen gar ein wiut. Tuomherren, nunnen unde leijeupfaffen, und alle die orden, die Got hat geschaßen, die lebent des diu c hat erziuget; 6wer der e ze rehte pfliget, der hat hie unt dort gesiget: swer'z widerredet, des volget niht, er liuget. 831. CibO Maria, muoter unde maget, in himel küniginne, waz uns saelden ist betaget doch, vrouwe, von der güete, die du vil üzerweltiu muoter treist, Daz du so reine ein reinez kint gebaere, herren über alle, die nü herren sintj den bräht' ouch dir vil ebene zuo dinen ören in der heilic geist. Des lä dii, süeze muoter, mich geniezen, unt tuo din heilig «)re sich entsliezen gegen miner bete, unt hilf mir armen, ^^ daz ich von sünden werde erlöst! du bist min heil und ouch min trüst, und al min hört: lä dich min leit erbarmen! 235. (IIJ, 468 h.J So wol dir, priester, rein' ein man, wie hüch ist sin gelseze und allez daz er hebet an, swenne er so werdecliche bereitet sich, daz er Got dienen wil, So stät er vri vor missetät; des ist geziuc, der sich in siue hende geben hat, • die wil' diu wandelunge wert, so hat et hoher eren vil, So stat voran daz grap ze Hierüsalcme, darzuo gelicheut sine hende schoene, so er Got üf hebet so werdeclich, als er an daz kriuzc wart gegeben : die hende sollen immer sweben enbor, daz si niht mc tseten sündeciich. 92 Her Reinmär von Zweier. 836. (//, 819 b.) ein bruDDe uz herzen gründe gtit, der vor der heizen helle vii maiiic s«}le behiielet hiU; er diiizet in die hoehe, sich vrouwet sin wol allez menschlich her; Sin ünde die sint sinewel, er vliuzet in der riiiwen pfat und ist dur ougen snel, er ist vor Kristes niiioter noch breiter dau daz wilde Lebernicr. Swer nu welle werden äne sünde, der senke in vaste, iint habe sin guote künde; er leschet eweclichez dürsten, wanne er ist lüter unde klar: swelch Sünder in geleiten tar, der mac wol werden z'cime bimelvürsten. II. OII, ^6Ö 9 <t) 1. Swel wip wil, daz man si niht cuzihe, itnt si dem zihenue gar geliche tiiot, üaz ir lop däbi wahse und wol gedihe, des hän ich keine wise keinen muot. Si mac, entriuwen , so gebären, daz si vil lihte ein wort bejaget, daz si krenket in ir jaren; in' enruoche, wer'z dem keiser saget. 2. So hie, so da, so dort, so allenthalben nement alliu dinc an guoten dingen abe, In dem pläu und iif den hüben alben, ich wajne, diu weit enkeiuen winkel habe, Ez si da wilent baz gestanden, den ez bi diseu ziten stc, und miuret vröudc in allen landen, und ist doch suuden m*}, den e. III. r//, 221 bj 1. Leschä, lesch, verschamtiu Welt, din laster riuchet dort üz diner heime in gastes ougen , din nahtgeberc der tac vingerzeiget. Nil süene, süene, bekere dich, vliuch üf ein ander ort, e dich diu naht dem tage unreine; der tören tröst din ere veiget. Ir mietevarwez lop dich trügeliche schoenet; swie dich parät üz veilem munde habe gekroenet, doch rünet meister Ernest din schäme, tunkelvarwen winkelwerc; sin spsehe wachet dir ze schaden, sin ougen dürchelnt din geberc: du ganzer valsch , begrifet er dich vor gerihte, so wirstu gehoenet. 8. Diu minne mac sich niht erwern, man trage ir bilde wol mit glihsenheit und ouch mit gebaerden, liht an der stat, da ez ir ver- smähet. Sich pinet maniger dur diu wip valschlicher , danne er sol: da ist diu minne suuder schulde; si ist dort, so er sich hie vergäbet. Si leret niht ir vriunde rüemelichez triuten; ir viende siure kan ich iu vil wol betiuten: si uimet ein tumbe, rüemic man, üz Isercm miiole in vollen munt, Her Ililtbolt von Swanegöii. 93 uDl nietet sich mit rede ir namen, ir schiioP ist im nilit luUier kunt: ir wiifentrager die siot senftes niiiotes, unrücniic bi den Unten. 39. Her Hiltliolt von l^waucgöii. C1881-54.) I. CT, 880 aj 1. Ein scliapel brun, iinderwilent ie blanc, hat mir gehcehet daz herze unt den muot; Hiebl künde ich miner vromven den sanc, daz si bekenne, wer mich singen tuot. Ich sol mich gegen ir hüetende sin noch michels baz, danne der oiigen min: si si getriuAve, daz werde an mir scbin. 8. Ez ist ein wunder, mir wart nie so we, dö ich wol vieren viir eigen mich bot; Nii minne ich eine, unt deheine ander me, lind ist nach der einen noch grozer min ndt, Danne si wa;re von roinnen als ie; ez was ein spil, damit ich ümbe gie: nu erkenne ich minne, die erkande ich e nie. II. CI, 880 bO 1. Ez ist reht, daz ich läze den muot, der mir uf minne ie was riche unde gnot, ich wil gebaren, als ez nü stät. Owe, daz minne ie daz boese ende hat! swer sich mit staete an ir iinstaete lät, wie unsanfte dem ein scheiden tuot! Als ez mir hat daz selbe getan; liebe muoz dicke mit leide zergän: wie sanft im ist, der sich hat behuot! 2. Nu werdent ougen vil trüebe unde rot, nach liebem vriunde so liden si not, die ir da beitent lihte iemerme; Daz leit getuot maniger vrouAven nu we; die vröude enpflägen mit liebe, als e, • der Avunne wendet nu manige der tot. Minne unde vriunde ich dur Got läzen wil, des dunket mich dur in niemer ze vil, Sit man uns von inie dienest gebot. — 3. ,,Min teil der minne daz sült ir iu han, daz enwil ich anders niemanne hin; f dabi sült ir, herre, gedenken min, Het' ich iht liebers, daz solt' iuwer sin, vröude unde -wunne werde iu von ir schin ; si hat mir niwan leit noch getan, Sit ich mich kerte und ie sere ranc an eine stat, da mir leider nie gelanc: baz danne mir müeze ez iu damite ergän." — 4. Daz ir geniide mich so gar vergie. 91 Her Iliitbolt von Swanegön. des bin ich vri^, undc klaget' cz doch ie ; ir edeler niinne ich noch sanfHer enbir DaDDC ich si wesJe in den sorgen nach mir, als ich nii liän unt lide nach ir. Got, unser herre, dur den ich si lie, Der günne mir des, werde ienier ein wip, der üf genäde siil dienen min lip, duz ex diu si , diu mich erste vie. in. (I, 281 a.) 1. Ich wil der lieben aber singen, der ich ie mit triuwen sanc, tu genäde und üf gedingen, daz mir trüren werde kranc, Bl der ich alsd schöne an eime tanze gie, ir Zieme wol die kröne, .. so schoene wip wart nie. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. 2. Ine gesach so tugentriche vrouwen nie, des muoz ich jehen, Noch so rehte minnecliche; swaz ich vrouwen hän gesehen. Des ist si vor in allen gewaltig iemer min, si muoz mir wol gevallen, si süezer sajlden schrin. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. 3. Saelic si diu süeze reine, ssclic si ir röter munt, Sselic si, die ich da meine, sselic si so süezer vunt, Sselic si diu süeze stunde, sselic si, daz ich si ersach, sselic si, dö sl mich vunde, • diu bant si noch nie zerbrach. Elle und Else tanzent wol, des man in beiden danken sol. IV. (T, 281 b.) 1. Daz herze ist mir vor leide nach verswunden, mir hat versagen die vröude min verkcret, Unt minen muot niwan truren geleret, wan ich nu hän ir ungenäde bevunden; Daz tuot mir leit unde we z'allen stunden, min ungelücke ist mit sorgen gemt-ret, mich habent ir wort also sanfte verseret, daz ich niht möhte überwinden die wunden. 2. Swenne ich genäden ie gegen ir gedähte, so vröuwete mich ir schin in dem muote ; S6 enpfie aber si min rede so gar z'unguote, Her Uolrich von Liehtenstein. daz icb erschrac unt mich an Jrüren brahte, Owd, so vorhte ich, daz ez si vcrsmähte, so het ich sorge, als ein kint ze der ruote, wie ich gegen ir huiden mich alsrt behiiote, daz si iht von zorne sich an mir rergiihte. V. O, 882 aO 1. Die besten, die man vinden knnde von dem Pfade unz üf den Riu, Die siiochte ich nü manige stunde, unt vant si in dem herzen min : Die ich hün erwelt uz allen wiben, diu ist hie, bi der \\'i\ ich beliben; ich wil min suochen luzen sin, ich ensol'z niht langer triben. 2. Swie die vogel' an dem risc singen nider, alder hö, S(i bin ich in einer wise, und enwirde doch niemer vrö Von der schoenen, die ich da minne, diu mac mir vröun herze unt sinne, ir genade sint also, daz ich ir niht wan vrumen gewinne. 3. Swie si in der mäze schoene waere, und alse gar niht minneclich, Sone het' ich sti manige swsere von ir niht, des düh(e mich; Wolte si hän mit mir gemeine miner sorgen niht wan eine, lihte si bedjehte sich, daz min truren würde kleine. VI. O, 884 aj 1. Kalte rifen unde sne, %o diu zergänt, so kumt, als i, beide, bluomen unde kle: unzergangen ist min not, der wirt ie me. 2. Swie man siht die beide stän, wiz, alder sumerlich getan, mir enwil min leit zergiin: daz klage ich der schoenen, von der ich ez hdn. 33. Her Uolriclt von liielitenstein. C19S3 — 74.) I. Oh 33 b. Lachm. p. 97 J Ein tanzwise. 1. In dem walde süeze doene diu mir riebet min gemüete singent kleiniu vogelin, sam der troum den armen tuot. An der beide bluomen schoene 2. Ez ist ein vil hoch gedinge blüejent gegen des meien schin : den ich gegen ir tagenden trage, Also blüet min höher muot Daz mir noch an ir gelinge, mit gedanken gegen ir güete, daz ich sselde an ir bejage. 90 Her Uolrich von Liehtenstein. Des gedingcn biu ich vn^. Des sol mir ir trost nih( wenkcD, got geb daz ichz wol verende, si enldze mich ir sin daz si mir den wiin iht wende, Mit den beiden nähen bi, der mich freut srt rehte M. so daz si mit willen günne 3. Sii vil süeze, valsches line, mir von ir s6 werder wünno vrt vor allem wandet gar, daz si sa;Iic immer si. Laze mich in liebem wilne 5. Saelic meie, du aleine die wil ez niht baz envar; troestest al die weide gar. Daz diu vreude lange wer, Du und al diu werlt gemeine daz ich wänes iht erwache, vreut mich minr dan umb ein här. daz ich gegen dem tröste lache, Wie möht ir mir vreude geben des ich von ir huldcn ger. äne die vil lieben guoten? 4. Wünschen imde wol gedenken von der sol ich trüstes muoten; dest diu meiste vreude min. wan ir tröstes muoz ich leben. IF. f//, 44 b. L. i22.) Ein leich. Got fliege mirz ze guote. ich hin noch in dem muote, daz ich wil guoten wiben mit dienest äne valschen muot immer bi beliben. dii von rat ich einen rät, der allen wol gemuoten mannen (ugenilicheu stät. Ich rät iu, cre gernde man, mit triwen als ich beste kan. Ob ir weit wernde freude hän, so Sit den wiben undertän Mit triwen äne valschen muot. ir güete ist alsü rehte guot, swer in mit triwen dienest tuot, den künnen si wol machen frö. Der werlde heil gar an in lit: ir güete ist freuden höchgezit : ir schoeue so vil freuden git, da von diu herze sfigent ho. Werdekeit sunder leit künnen si wol friundeu geben. Swem so si witze bi, der sol nach ir hiilden streben Unde Zinsen in sin leben. Daz rate ich üf die triuwe min. swer eren saelic welle sin und riebe an hohem muote, Der sol mit triwen guotiu wip reht minnen als sin selbes lip. vil guot vor allem guote Ist der wibe güete, und ir schoene schoene ob aller schoene. ir schoene, ir güete, ir werdikeit ich immer gerne kroene. Her Uolrich von Lichtenstein. 07 An ir sclioene und an ir güete sti'it min heil und oucli min wiiune. waer guoter wibe schoene niht, wie selten ich gewänne Deheinen cren geruden muot. wol mich daz si siut alsü guot, daz man hat von ir güete Su höhen trust für seuediu leit. ir schoene, ir güete, ir werdikeit git mir vil höcligemüete. Min muot von wiben hühe stüt. waz danne ob mir ir eiuiu hiit erzeiget hohe missetiit? deswär des mac wol werden rät, Swaz si gegen mir hat getan, daz wil ich gerne wizzeu Iiin mit zühten, als ich beste kan, üf genäde guotiu wip. Ich hiin ir driu und zehen jär gedienet sunder wenken gar. bi mineu triweu , daz ist war daz in der zit min seneder lip Nie gewau sülhen wän, des min stjete wurde kranc. AI min gir was gein ir sieht mit triwen äue wauc. Xu vert entwer ir habedauc, Reht als ein rat daz umbe gar, und als ein marder den man hdt in eine lin gebunden. Kund ich als si unstsete sin, so het ich nach dem willen min an si ein frowen fundeu. E daz ich min ritterliche stsete braech an guoteu wiben, ich wold c immer valscher wibe hulde vri belibeu. ich muoz in der stajtcn wibe dienest sunder löu verderben, oder ich muoz ir stielen herzen lieb alsus erwerben, Daz ich geweuke nimmer wanc von in. ir hüheu habedauc, tiud mag ich den erringen, ij6 hän ich allez daz ich wil, süez ougen wunne , herzen spil, vil wunne an allen dingen. \u waz bedarf min seneder lip geuäden mOr, ob ich ein wip ze froweu vinde , also geniuot, diu sich vor vvandel hat bchuut und uiht wan daz beste tuot? der sol min dienest sin bereit Immer me (Minnesänger.) 7 98 Her Uolrich von Liclitonsleiii. swicz org«*, «linder valscli iiiil slaetikcil. DA von gewinne ich wei(lik«-i( Und also freudc riilirn sin, des ich getiiiret immer bin an aller hande diu^en. Vind ich si, ich sol s«'» ritlerlichen n.\ch ir hiildcn ringen, daz mir von ir sta?likeit miioz hö nn ir gelingen. Si muoz abr iif die triwe min gar vrl von allem wandel sin, die ich mich laze twingen Und onch in kiimber bringen, ja gehopret man midi nimmer me deheines valschen wibes lop gesprechen noch geslngon. III. f/7, 46 b. L. 489J Ein tanzAvisc. 1. lu dem luftesüezeni meien, so der walt gekleidet stät, SA siht man sich schöne zweien allez daz iht liebes hat, Unde ist mit ein ander vrö, daz ist reht: diu zit wil S(V 2. Swä sich liep ze liebe zweiel höhen muot diu liebe git. In der beider herzen meiet ez mit vreuden alle zit. Tri'irens wil diu liebe niht, swä mau liep bi liebe siht. 3. Swil zwei liep ein ander meinent herzenlichen äne wanc Und sich beidiu sö vereinent daz ir liebe ist äne kranc, Die hat got zesamne geben üf ein wünneclichez leben. 4. Stffliu liebe heizet minm-. liebe, minne, ist al ein: Die kan ich in minem sinne niht gemachen wol zuo zwein. Liebe muoz mir minne sio immer iu dem herzen min. 5. Swil ein staitez herze vindet stopte liebe, statten muot, Dil von al sin trurea swindet. staetiu liebe ist also gtiot, Daz si stifte freiide git s(a?tem herzen alle zit. 6. Möhte ich 8ta>te liebe viuden der wold ich sö statte sin Daz ich da mit überwinden wolde gar die sorge min. Staeter liebe wil ich gern unde uustscte gar verbern. 1. Vrowe schoene , frowe reine, frowe sselic, frowe guot, Ich waen iuch diu minne kleine mfiet: des sit ir hoch gemuot. Wirt iu miunen twingen kiint, iwer kleinvelröter niunt lernet siuften an der stunt. 2. ,,Herre, saget mir, minne? ist est wip odr ist ez man? Des enwart ich noch nie inne. saget an, wie ist ez getan? Daz sült ir mir künden gar. IV. ai, 4* b. L. 434.J) Ein t a n z w i s e. waz ez si und wie ez var; daz ich mich vor im bewar." 3. Vrowe, minne ist sö gewaltec daz ir dienent clliu lant: Ir gewalt ist raannecvaltec. ich tuon iu ir site bekaut. Si ist übel, si ist guot, waz ist wol und we si beidiu tuot. seht, also ist si gemuot. 4. „Herre, kan diu minne swen- den trüren und ouch senediu leit, Höchgemüet in herze senden, Her Uolrlch von Liehtenstein. 99 liiegeu yAiht und werdekcif, Hat si alles des gewait als icli in han vor gezair, so ist ir sa;lde manicvalt.'* 5. Vrowe, ich Avil in von ir mrre sagen, ir lön ist wünneclicli : Si git freude, si git ere, si tuet höher tilgende rieh. Ollgen wiinne, herzen spil, gibt si swem si iönen wil, dar zuo höher sajlden vil. 6. „Herre, wie sol ich verschulden ir löu und ir habedauc? Sol ich kumber da von dulden, da ist min lip zuo gar ze kranc. Leides mag ich niht getragen, wie sol ich ir lön bejagen? Iierre, daz sült ir mir sagen.'« 7. Vrowe , da soltu mich meinen herzenlichen als ich dich, Unser zweien so vereinen, daz wir beidiu sin ein ich. Wis du min, so bin ich din. ,, harre, des mac niht gesin. Sit ir iwer, so bin ich min." 1. \A'ol dir, suiiier, diner siiezen wünneclicheii schoeneu zit. Du kanst trüren wol gebüezen : din kunft höchgemüeCe git. Du bist süeze dii von ich dich suoze grüeze. 2. Heide velt walt auger ouwe sach ich nie gekleidet baz. Von dem luftesüezem touwe sint die bluonien alle naz. Vogeline singent lop des meijen schine. 3. So sing ich von guoten wjbeu, als ich aller beste kan. Mit ir lobe wil ich vertriben swaz ich ungemüctes hän. Wibes güete gibt mir freuden rieh gemüete. 4. Wibes schoene , wibes ire, wibes güete, M'ibes zuht Ist für war ein eren lere, niiune gerndes herzen suht. Su ist hulde alles guotes Überguide. 5. Swä ein Averdez AA-ip au lachet einen rainne gernden man Und ir munt ze küssen machet, des muot muoz geliche stän Hoch der sunne. sin Avuun ist ob aller Avunne. VI. (II, 48 b. L. 440.J Ein tan zw i s e. 1. Hölier muot, nu Avis enpfangen Under Schilden sper versweudet in min herze tusent stunt. La dich bi mir niht belangen. dii bist mir ein höher funt. AI min freude was zergangen: die het trüren mir benomen, diust mir mit dir her Avider komen. AA'irt durch si von miner hant, diu dich zuo mir her hat gesant. 4. Höber muot, du und diu minne sult mir helfen dienen ir Sunder valsch mit siebtem sinne: so mac Avol gelingen mir. 2. Höher muot, da ich dich funden Wirt si miucr triAven inne, han, dar nige ich immer me. .Mit dir han ich überwunden trüren, daz mir tet ie avc : Dest mir gar von dir versAA'unden. Avol mich, Avol mich, daz ich ie min minne gernde herze enpfic. 3. Höher muot, dich hat gesendet mir ein AA'ip diu ere hdt. An die han ich gar gewendet mich: daz ist der minne rät. so tuot mir vil freuden kunt ir kleinvelhitzeröter munt. 5. Höher muot, mich diner lere AA'il ich AA-erben umbe ir lip. Si hat schoene, si hat ere, sist ein reine süeze Avip, Hoch geborn , gar senfte und höre, guot, in rehter mäze halt: ir lip Aviplichen ist gestalt. 6. Höher muot, du solt niht eine lOU Her Uolrich von Lichtensteia. vogt iD mincm herzen sin: «nd ist wnnlen vrciuleu jnnc, Mit dir hat dii stat gemeine An die bnist cz st're st«)ZOt, diu vil liebe vrowe min. hohe ez springet manegcn spninc. Si vil giiotc süeze reine Werdiii liebe drinne b«zct, hiU die minne mit ir brüht: diu mich selten ruowen lät, si habent zc hüse dii gedi'iht. swie h»'>ch doch min gemüete stdt, 7. Ilühf-r muot, min herze grözet • VII. eil, 5J *• ^ 4*6J Kin iizreise. 1. F.ren gernde ritter, l.U iuch schouwen Under helme dienen werden vrouwen. Welt ir die zit verfrlbrn ritterlich, «'ren rieh wert ir von gnotcn wibe». 2. Ir sült hochgemuot sin undev Schilde, Wol gezogen, küene, blide, milde. Tdot ritterschaft mit sinnen, und 9lt vrö, minnet hü : sü miigt ir lop gewinnen. 3. Denket an der werden wibe grüezen, Wie sich daz kan guoten vriunden süezen. Swen vrowen munt wol gniezct, derst gewert swes er gert : sin frctide ist im gesiiezet. 4. Swer mit schilt sich decken wil vor schänden, Der sol ez dem übe avoI enplanden. Des Schildes ampt git cre. imst bereit werdekeit: .si muoz ab kosten st-re. 5. Manlich herze vlndet man b) schilde : Zeglich muot muoz sin dem schilde wilde. Gein wiben valsch der blecket, swer in hiit, an der stat, d<l man mit schllden decket. 6. Tuo her schilt: man sol mich hiute schouwen Dienen miner herzenlieben frouwen. Ich muoz ir mlnne erAverben und Ir gruoz, oder ich muoz gar in Ir dienst verderben. 7. Ich wil si mit dienste bringen inne Daz ich si baz dan mich seihen miiine. Uf mir muoz sper erkracheu. nu tuo her Her Heiaricli von Morungc. 101 spei'i'i sper ! des twinget midi ir lachen : daz kau si süeze luaclieu. 34. Her Ueiiiricli yoii ]9Ioi*iiiige. I. Cf, 180 a.) 1. JSi ist z'alien ^ren ein wip wol erkaut, schoeuer geba;rde, mit zühteu gemeit, sü daz ir lop in dem rJciie iimbe gät; Als der mane wol verre über lant liiilitet des naiites wol lieht iinde breit, sd daz ir schin al die Avelt ümbe vät: Als ist mit güete ümbevangen diu schone, des man ir gibt , si ist aller wlbe ein kröne. 8. Diz lop beginnet vil vrouwen versmän, daz ich die mine vür alle andriu wip hin z'einer kröne gesezzet so hö, linde ich der deheine ilz genomen hau; des ist vil lüter vor valsche ir der lip, smal, wol ze mäze, vil fier unde vrö; Des miioz ich in ir genaden belibeu, gebiutet si so, min liebest vor allen wiben, 3. Got Itiz mir vil lauge leben gesunt, die ich an wiplicher stiete ie noch vaut, Sit si min lip z'einer vrouweu erkös. Wol ir vil stlezer! vil röt ist ir munt, ir zene wiz, ebene, vil verre erkant, diir die ich gar alle unstaete verkös, Dö man si lobte also reine unt wise, senfte unde lös , dariimbe ich sie noch prise. 4. Ir tugent reine ist der sannen gelich, diu tnieben wölken tuot liebte gevar, swenue in dem meijen ir schin ist so khir; Des wirde ich staeter vröude vil rieh, daz überliuhtet ir lob also gar wib unde vrouwen , die besten vür war, Die man benenne in tiutschem lande, verre oder nach, so ist si ez diu baz erkaude. II. Cl, 181 f>J 1. In sü höher swebender wunne, so gestuont min herze an vröuden nie; Ich var, alse ich vliegeu kunne, mit gedankeu iemer ümbe sie, Sit daz mich ir tröst enpfie, der mir dur die selc min mitten in daz herze gie. 2. Swaz ich wunnecliches schouwe, daz spil gegen der wunne, die ich hdu: Luft und erde, walt und ouwe sulnt die zit der vröuden min eupfun; 102 Her Heinrich von Morunge. Mir ist komen ein hfigender wüd, und ein wiinneclicher trüst, des min miiot sol liühe e(än. 3. Wol dem •»viiiinecliclien mcpre, Haz sü siioze diir min ure crklanc, llut der saufte tuender swscre, diu mit vrüuden in min herze saue ! Davon mir ein wunne cntspranc, diu vor liebe, alsam ein tou, mir iiz von den ougen dranc. 4. SscUc si diu süeze stunde, sselic si diu zit, der werde tac, Dö daz wort gie von ir munde, daz dem herzen min so nähe lac, Daz min 11p von vroude erschrac, unde enweiz von liebe joch, waz ich von ir sprechen mac. in. (I, 128 ö.) 1. Uns ist zergangen der lieplich sumer, dii man brach bluomen , da lit nu der ene; Mich muoz belangen, wenn si minen kumber welle volenden, der mir (uot j50 wc. Ja klage ich niht den klt-, sweone ich gedenke an ir wiplichen wangen, diu man ze vröude so gerne ane se. 2. Seht an ir ougen, unt merket ir kinne, seht an ir kel Aviz, unt prüevet ir muut : Si ist äne lougen gestalt, sam diu minne^ mir wart von vrouwcn so liebez nie kunt. Ja hat si mich verwunt sere in den tot; ich verliuse die sinne: geuäde, ein küuiginne, du tuo mich gesunti 3. Die ich mit gesange hie prise unde kroene, au die hat Got sinen wünsch wol geleit; In' gesach nu lange nie bilde also schoene, als ist min vrouwe , des bin ich gemcit. Mich vröut ir werdekeit baz, danne der raeie und alle sin doeue, die die vogel' singent: daz si iu geseit. IV. Ch 123 *0 1, Sach icman die frouwen Si liuhtet, sam der sunne tuot die man mac schouwen gegen dem liebten morgen, in dem veuster stän? e was si verborgen: Diu vil wol getane dö muost ich sorgen: diu tuot mich ane die wil ich m'i hin. sorgen, die ich h;iu. 2. Ist ab ieman hinne, Her lluinrich ^on Moriinge. 103 der siiie äinnc her behalten habe? Der ge uäch der sehöuen, diu mit ir krüuen gie von hinnen abe, Daz sie mir ze trüste konie, V duz ich verscheide : diu liebe und diu leide die wellen mich beide fürdern hin ze grabe. 3. Mau so] schribcn kleine reht üf dem üteinc, der min grap bevät, Wie liep sie mir wjere, und ich unmiere ; swcr danne über mich gi\(, Daz der lese dise not unde ir gewinne künde, der vil grözen sünde, die sie an ir fründe her begangen hat. V. CI, 124 b.) 1. Sie hiU lieb ein kleinez vogellin, daz ir singet und ein lützel nach ir sprechen kan : Solt ich dem geliche ir heinlich sin, SU swüere ich wol des, daz nie frouwe bezzern vogel gewan. Für die uahtegal wolt ich ir höhe singen an. öwe, herzeliebe frouwe min, nu bin ich doch din, mahtu troesten mich vil senden man ! 8. Ist ir liep min leit unt min ungemacli, wie künde ich danne iemer niere rehte werden vro? Sine getrürte nie, swaz so mir geschach, klaget ich ir niinen jämer, so stuont ir daz liei'ze hö: Si ist noch hiute vor den ougen min, als sie was do, du sie miunecliche mir zuo sprach, und ich sie an sach: öwe, solt ich iemer sten also! 3. Si ist mit fugende unt mit sta;tekeit wol behuot vor aller slahte unfrouwelicher tat, Wan des eine, daz si mir verseit ir geuiide, unt daz si mich also verderben lat. Wol mich des, daz si min herze also besezzen hä(, daz der stat da uieman wirt bereit als ein här so breit, swenne ir rehtiu liebe mich bestät. VI. (f, 125 a.) 1. Leilliche blicke und grüzliche riuwc hat mir daz herze und den 11p nach verlorn. Min alte not die klagte ich für niuwe, wan daz ich fürhte der schimpfajre zorn. Singe ab ich durch die mich frout hie bevorn, so velsche dur got nieman mine triuwe, wan ich dur sanc bin zer werlte geborn. 2. Manger der sprichet : ,,nu seht, wie der singet: wser im iht leit, er tact anders, dan so." Der mac niht wizzen, waz mich leides twingot ; nu tuon ab ich reht also ich tet dö. Dö ich in leide stuont, huob ichs unhö: 104 Her Iluinrich von Moningc. diz ist ein not, diu sanges mich twinget: sorge ist unwert AA die liuJe sint fro. 3. Diu mines herzen ein wunne und ein krön ist vor aJlen frouwen, dicch noch hän gesen, Schöne unde schöne undc schöne, aller schönisl ist sie, min frouwc: des muoz ich ir jen; AI diu weit sol si durch ir schöne flt-n. noch wssre zit, daz du, frouwe, mir löuist : ich hiin mit lobe anders törheit verjeo. 4. Sten ich vor ir unde schouwe daz wunder, daz got mit schone an ir lip hat getan. So ist des so vil, daz ich sc da bcsunder, daz ich vil gerne wolt iemer dd stan : Oiiwc, so muoz ich vil trürc scheiden dan; so kumt ein wölken so (ruobez dar under, daz ich des schinen von ir niht enhnn. VII. (/, 125 bj 1. Ez tuot vil we, swer herzecliche minnet an 80 höher stat, da sin dienest gar versmät. Sin tumber wan vil lützel drane gewinnet, swer so vil geklaget , da'z ze herzen niht engät. Er ist vil wis, swer sich so wol versinnet, daz er dient, da man sinen dienest wol enpfüt, und sich dar lät, da man sin genäde hat. 2. Ich darf vil wol , daz ich genade vlnde : wan ich hab ein wip ob der sunnen mir erkorn: Dest ein not, diech niemer überwinde, sine gesehe mich ane, als si tete hie bivorn. Sie ist mir liep gewest da her von kinde: wan ich wart dur sie und durh anders niht geborn. ist ir daz zorn, weiz got so bin ich verlorn. 3. Wä ist nii hin min lichter raorgensterne? we waz hilfet mich , daz min sunne ist üf gegäu ? Si ist mir ze höh und ouch ein teil ze verne gegen mittem tage, unde wil da lange stan. Ich gelebte noch den lieben äbent gerne, daz sie sich her nider mir ze tröste wolte län, wand ich mich hän gar vcrkapfet iif ir wan. VIII. (/, 130 aj 1. Hat man mich gesehen iu sorgen, Her Ileioricli von Morunge. 105 des ensol niht mOr ergän, Wol frouwe icli mich alle morgen, daz ich die vil lieben hän Gesehen in ganzen froiiden gar: nu fliuch von mir hin , laugez tniren ! ich bin aber gesunt ein jär. 2. Sie kan durch diu herzen bre- chen, sam diu sunne dur daz glas. Ich mac wol von schulden sprechen: si ganzer tugende ein adamas. So ist diu liebe frouwe min ein Avunnebernder suoze meije, ein wolkelöser sunnenschin. 3. Ob sie minre not, diu guote, wolde ein liebez ende geben, Mit den vrön in hohem muote saehe man mich danne leben. Die wil daz niht ist beschehen, so muoz man bi der ungemuoten schar mich in dien sorgen sehen. IX. Oi 130 b.) 1. Ich wil varn ein reise: wünschet, daz ich wol gevar; Da wirt manic weise, diu lant wil ich brennen gar, Miner frouwen riebe, swaz ich des bestriche, daz muoz allez werden verlorn, sie enwende minen zorn. 2. Helfet singen alle, mine friunt, unt zieht ir zuo Mit gemeinem schalle, daz sie mir genäde tuo. Schriet, daz min smerze miner frouwen herze breche und in ir ören ge: sie tuot mir ze lange we. 3, Frouwe, ich wil mit huldc» reden ein wenic wider dich; Daz solt du verdulden: zürnest du, s6 swige aber ich- 1(N> Her Kriätan von Hainic Wiltii dine juxende kroeucn wol mit tugendc, tiö wis mir geusedic, suozc fiulit, uut troeste mich dur dioc ziitit. X. O, 124 a.) 1. ,,0w6 des sclieidens, des er tet Daz si in grüezeut über al, von mir, d«'i er mich vil seilende liel unt ziio ziin redende gäut, Wol aber mich der lieben bet, und in doch, als einen bal, unt des weinens, des er dö begie ! mit boeseu worten unibe slant/' Dö er mich (rüren läzen bat, 3. Der dur sine uusselikeit unt biez mich in frouden sin, iemer arges iht \oa ir gesage, von sincn trehenen Avart ich naz, Dem niüeze allez wesen leit, und erkuolte iedoch daz herze min. swaz er miune unde daz im tvol be- 8. Owe, waz wizent si einem mau, hage. der nie frouwen leit, noch arc ge- Ich vluoche in, unde schadet in nilit, sprach, dur die ich ir muoz vremde sin : Und in aller eren gan! als aber sie min ouge an siht, dur daz müejet mich sin ungemach, so taget ez in dem herzen min. XI. CI, 129 a.) 1. Ich bin keiser, äne kröne, sunder lant, daz meinet mir der muot; Der gestuont mir nie sei schone; danc ir liebes, diu mir sanfte tuot. Daz schaffet mir ein frouwe fruot, dur die s6 wil ich staete sin; wan in gesach nie wip so rehte guot. — 2. ,, Gerne sei ein riter ziehen sich ze guoten wiben, dcst min rät; Bobsiu wip diu sol man vliehen, er ist tumb , swer sich an sie verlüt ; Wan sine gebent niht höhen muot: iedoch so vveiz ich einen man, den ouch die selben frouwen dunkent g»iot. 3. Mirst daz herze worden swaere, seht, daz schaffet mir ein sende not: Ich bin worden dem unma?re, der mir dicke sinen dienest bot. Owe, war umbe tuot er daz? unt wil er sichs erloubeu niht, so muoz ich im von schulden sin gehaz." 35. Her Kristaii toii Ilainle. Cum 1385.) I. (/, 118 a.) 1. Ich wolte, daz der anger sprechen solle, als der sitich in dem glas. Und er mir danue rehte sagen wolte, wie gar sanfte im hiure was, Do min vrouwe bluomen las ab im, und ir minneclichen vüeze ruorten üf sin grüenez gras. Her Krislau von Ilainle. IW 2. Her Anger, waz ir iuch vrüuden luiiostct uicteo, du min vrouwc koin gegiiD, Und ir wizen hende begunde bie(eu nÄcli iuwern bluonien wol getan ! Erloubet mir, her grüener Plan, daz ich mine vüeze sezzen niüeze, da min ^rouwe hat gegiin. 3. Her Anger, bitet, daz mir swa?rc sul biiez^n ein M'ip, nach der min herze stt-. So wünsche ich, daz si mit blozen vüezen noch hiiire müeze üf iuch ge, So geschadet in uiemer sne: wirt mir von ir ein lieplich grüezen, so gruont min herze, als imver klc. II. CT, 112 bj 1. Wiinneclichen sol man schouwen Dem stdt wol gelich diu reine: meien schin über elliu lant, nieman vindt die schoene alleine. Vögele singent in den ouwen, si ist ganzer tugende vol. diu man dicke trüric vant; 4. Swenn diu liebe und ouch diu Swa e lac vil toup diu beide, beste da siht man schoene ougenAveide: lacht, ich w£ene, ir röter munt uu ist min liehter meientac. ^ahtes üz der vinster gleste: 2. Swenne ich sihe die vrouwen ei, solt' ich in lange stunt mine Tougen spehen in rehter nsehe, wiinneclichen vor mir stan, dicke ich gerne bi mir saehe Gar gelich dem lichten schine die vil liebte roete brehen. von dem suunen ■wolgetan, 5. Möhte ich gegen der, die icli Der liebe gät über elliu riebe, meine, reht also diu minnecliche tüsent manne dienst gepflegeo, min herze iif durchliuhtet hat. Daz kund allez harte kleine n. Wol ir, wie si valsches anc gegen ir riehen löue wegen: in Aviplicben zühten lebet! Ich wil an die reinen, guoten Reht alsam der liebte mäne luues noch geuäden muoten, in den steruen dicke swebet, als von reht ir eigen man. III. C/j 112 a.J 1. Mit vroelichem libe, mit armen ümbevangen, ze herzen gedrücket, wie sanfte daz tuotl V'on einie tröstlichen wibe mit roBselehtera wangen vor liebe gelachet, daz vröuwet den miiot. Da sint zwei herzen und ein einiger lip, mit Worten underscheiden ein man und ein «ip; da muoz diu sorge ze stücken zebrechen; so liit si diu liebe ietweder üz ir munde bi langer zlt ein wort niht sprechen; da mac man küssen den süezesteu niuut, der ie manne von vrouwen wart kunt. 2. Ein twingen von vrouwen machet mannes herzen bi wilen triirig und underwileu vrö; IU8 Von Uautc. Swcr si 8ol scliouwen siiDder der hiiotc smerzen, vrüude ob aller vrüude bindet er da hü, Swd sich vier arme gesliezen in ein, nie siiczer vrüude der sunne iiberschcin. swer solhen trost weiz an lieplichcin ■\vibe; jd enist zer werlte niht bezzer vrüude, ddniit man baz die sorge vertribe : dii Wirt gedrücket von zwein herzen so nsi, loup wart nie so dünne, des stat man vunde da. 3. Swä sich vier ougen so rehte gerne sehen, du müezen ouch zwei herzen vil holt einander si; Si grüezen sich vil tougen, swaz in mac geschehen, vrüude unde trüren Avont in beidez bi. Da brennet diu minne vor liebe, als ein gluot; dennoch gruzer M'under diu minne da tuot: si lät sich münde an ein ander vergezzen, aldä hiit diu minne mit maneger vrüude soi'ge unt trüren gar übersezzen; aldä hdt diu liebe die minne Überwegen; wo! ir saelden , die mit zühten des pflegen ! 36. Ton Raute. Cum 1»95.) I. (II, 63 aj 1. Mir tuot ein sorge wo in miuem muote, die ich hinhein ze liebeu vriunden hän, Ob si da iender gedenken min ze guole, als ich ir hie mit triuwen hän getan. Si solte mich dur Got geniezen hin, daz ich ie bin gewesen in grözer huote, daz si iemer valsch kunne an mir verstau. 2. Swer waenet , daz min trüren habe ein ende, der enweiz waz mir an mime herzen lit: Ein kumber, den mir nieman kan erweudeu, ez taete danne ir minneclicher 11p. Die sorge hän ich leider äne strit, sine welle mir ir boten senden, dem ich verwartet hän vor menger zit. 3. Swie mir der tot vast üf dem rücken wsere, uude darzuo vil menig ungemach, So wart min wille nie, daz ich si verbaere; swie nähen ich den tot bi mir gesach, Da menic man der sünden sin verjach, dö was daz min almeistiu swaere, daz mir genäde nie von ir geschach. II. Cii, 63 b.) Ich sihe wol , daz dem keiser unt de« wiben Her Burkart von Ilölicnvcls. 109 mit einander nicninn gedieneu mac : des wil ich in mit saelden liin beliben; er hat hin z'in versumet manigen tac. 39. Von Nuoiiegge. (/, 349 a.) 1. Vil siieziu minne, du hast mich betwungen, daz ich miioz singen der vil minneclichen, Nach der min herze ie hat daher gerungen, diu kan vil suoze dur min ougen suchen, AI in min herze lieplich unz ze gründe j Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 2. Wil gcsach ieman ein wip so schoene unt guote in allen Welschen und in Tiutschen riehen? An kiusche ein engel, si ist in reiner huote; in al der Averlte kan ich ir niht geliehen. In' weiz niht, wa ich ein lieber vrouwen vunde; Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 3. Du ich erst an sach die reinen, minneclichen, ich wände, daz ein schoener engel waere; Ich dähte, ich solte an allen vröuden riehen: du bant si mich in manige sende swisre. In' trüwete niht, daz si mich also bunde; Wand iine Got nieman erdenken künde so lieplich lachen von so rotem munde. 3§. Der Har «legier. (1383' -64.) CII, UQ b.) Ez Wirt vil tiere in druohen und in stricken oft ersnellet; daz kumt, daz si niht Avlzzen, w<i man in die lüge tuot; Der doch dohoinez niemer würde gevangen, noch ervellet, möhten si rehte wizzen wol der wilderare muot. Hiebi heize ich die menschen tumber, danne iht wildes si: die wizzen beidenthalp den snal, des libes tot, der sele val, unt sint doch endehafter sorgen iimbe ir strnchen vr!. 39. Her Bnrkart von llolieiivels. C18«8 — 89.) * I. (T, 201 rt.) 1. Wir süln den winder so süln wir smieren, die Stuben empfiihen, unt zwinken unt zwieren, Wolüf, ir kinder, niich liepljcher gir, ze tanz süln wir gaben ! 2. Schöne ümbe slifen, Volgent ir mir, unt doch mit gedrange; 110 Her Uiirkart von llohcnvcls. Breste uns der pfifcn, •so Valien zc sanfio, Hespeii den swanz, 80 siilii wir rücken, iint zocken »int ziicken, riaz «'-ret den tanz. ^ II. (I, 204 b.) 1. „Ich wil reijen," * sprach ein wnnneclichiii inagt, „Diseu nieijen wart mir vröude gar \ ersagt: Nu hat min jiir ein ende, des bin ich vro; nieniau mich vrüudcn wende, min muot stiH M. Mir ist von ströwe ein schapel nnt min vrier muot lieber, danne ein rösenkranz , si\ ich bin behuot." — 2. „Ez ist verdrozzen hie, Sit daz min mt'iemel hat Vor beslozzen mir die mine lichten wät. Trnre ich, si jiht, ich gewinne von liebe not; vröuwe ich mich, daz tuot minue : WC, Avan wuer* si tot!" Mir ist von ströwe ein schapel unt min vrier mitot lieber, danne ein rosenkranz, so ich bin behuot. III. (I, 205 aj 1. Min herze hat minen sin wilt ze jagen nz gesant, der vert nach mit minem miiote; Vil gedanke vert vor in, den ist daz vil wol bekant, daz daz wilt stet in der huote Bi der, der ich dienstes bin bereit; ir sin, ir muot, ir gedenken kan vor in mit künste weuken: wol bedorfl' ich vuhses kündekeit. 2. Wie Wirt mir daz stolze wilt? daz ist snel, wise unde starc; snel gedenken vert vor winde, Wiser sin bi menschen spilt, Sterke in löuwen sich ie bare. der gelicii ir muot ich vinde : Ir snelheit mir wenket höhe enbor, ir wisheit mich überwindet, mit ir sterke si mich bindet: sus ir schoene törte mich hievor. 3. Tn'iren mit gewalte hat gankert in mins herzen grünt, davon höher muot mir Avildet; Yrouden segel von mir gät, werder tröst ist mir niht kunt; sist mir in dem muot gebildet. Wol versigelt unt beslozzen d.l, sam der schin ist in der sunuen: diu bant hant die kraft gewannen, daz siu brypche niht des grifen kl<i. 4. Ir vil liebten ongen blic wirfet höher vröuden vil, ir gruoz der git saelde und ^re. Ir schoene diu leit den stric, der gedanke vähen wil, des git ir gedanke lere, Mit ziiht, daz ir'z nieman wizen sol: swes gedenken gegen ir swinget, minne den so gar betwinget, daz er git gevangen vröudenzol. 5. Minne vert vil wilden strich, unde suochet triuwen spor, zuo der wirte wil si pQihteu; Wunderlich si liebet sich, si spilt im mit vröuden vor, Wunsches wils' in gar berihten ; Mit gedauken si im entwerfen kan wunneclich in slme sinne herzeliep: von dem gewinne scheiden muoz, swer triuwe nie gewan. Spervogel. III ^ IV. 1. Uns treib üz der stubeii hizxa, regen jagte uns in y.e dache; Ein altiii riet uns mit wiz;!e in die schiure nach gemache. Sorgen wart d.i gar vergezzen, (riiren muose vürder strichen, vröiide häte leit besetzen, du der tanz begiinde suchen. Vrüude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit! 8, Diu vil süeze stadelwise k linde starken kumber krenken, Eben träten s' unde lise, mengelich begunde denken, AVaz im alierliebest wjere. CI, 206 a.) swer im selben daz geheizet, dem Wirt ringe sendiu swoere; guot gedenken vröude reizet. Vröude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit ! 3. Susä, Avie diu werde glestet! sist ein wunneberndez bilde, Sd si sich mit bluomeu gestet, swer si siht, dem ist truren wilde; Des jiht mangez herze und ougen; ein dinc mich ze vröuden lücket: si ist mir in min herze tougeu stahelherteclich gedrücket. Vröude unt vriheit ist der werlte vür geleit ! 40. ^pervogel. Cum 1830?) I. cn, 372 aj 1. Ez zimt wol lielden, daz si \iö nach leide sin; kein ungelücke wart so groz, dii enwsere bi Ein heil; des süln Avir uns versehen, uns mac wol vru.Ti nach schaden geschehen : Wir haben verlorn ein veigez guot, vil stolze beide, enruochet; Darümbe süln wir niht verzagen, ez wirt noch baz versuochel. 2. So WC dir armnote, du benimst dem man beidiu, wizze und ouch den sin, daz er niht kan ; Die vriunde getuont sin lihten rät, swenne er des guotes niht enhät, Si kcrent im den rügge zuo unt griiezent in vil träge : die wile daz er mit vollem lebt, so hat er holde mäge. 3. Daz ich ungelücke hän, daz tuot mir we; des muoz ich ungetrunken gän von einem st-, Darfiz ein küeler brunne vlöz, des kraft was michel unde gr«"iz; Da buozte maniger siiien durst unt wart dii wol crgezzet; swie dicke ich minen napf da bot, er wart mir nie genezzot. 4. Swer sinen guoten viiuut (vil wol) behalten wil, den sol er vor den liulen strafen niht ze vil: Er neme in besunder hindau, unt sage im, waz er habe getan, Däne hoert ez der vremde niht, er zürne in da vil sere, unt halte in vor den liuten wol: des hat er immer cre. II. 1. Mich niiiot daz alter sere, wan ez Hergere Alle sine kraft benam ; ez sol der gransprunge man Bedenken sich enzite, (IT, 374 bO swenne er ze hove werde leit, daz er ze gewissen herbergen rite. 2. AVie sich der riebe betraget, so dem nothaften waget Dur daz lant der stegereif: 112 Spcrvogel. daz Ich ze buwe nilit ongreif, Er woldc geistlichen leben; Do mir begonde entspringeu do hiez man in der »chilfe pflegen : von alrest min bart, Sit wart er unstsete, des rouoz ich nü mit arbeiten ringen, do beiz er schäf unde swin, 3. Swie daz weter tuoje, er jach, daz cz des pfafTeo rüde tante. der gast sei wesen vriiojej 5. Zwenehunde striten umb ein bein, Der wirt hat trukenen vuoz do stiiont der boeser unde grein: vil dicke, so der gast muoz Waz half in al sin grinen? Die herberge rinnen. er muostez bei« vermidcn. swer in alter welle wesen wirt, Der ander (niog ez der sol sich in derjugende niht sümcn. von dem tische hin ze der tür, 4. Ein wolf sine sünde vlöch, er stuont ze siner angesiht unt gc- in ein klüster er sich zOcIi, nuog ez. III. CII, 375 b.J 1. Ich bin ein wegemücder man, nu vert mir einer vor, der rennet, swenne ich drabe; Ais ich der sträze niht enkan, so volge ich sinem spor; nu wirfet er mir abe Die briigge, da ich über sol: doch het er mir geheizen wol. ir stimme ist bezzer, danne ir ntuot, die mit dem blate glieni: ein valscher vriunt der schal noch mc'-r, danne offenbar ein vient. 2. Swer des biderben swache pfligt, däbi des boesen avoI, der hat si beide verlorn. Gewalt den wizzen an gesigt ; ein sinnic herze sol mit zählen tragen zorn: Des jiires kumt vil lihte ein tac, daz er ez vol verenden mac. unrehter gaehe nieman pfligt, ern' müg' ir wol engelten: guoter gebit' noch ie gebrast mit schoenen zählen selten. IV. CT, 376 a.) Der alten rät versmahet m'i den kinden, unbetwungen sint die jungen, ane reht wir leben; Untriuwe hat gemachet, daz wir vinden in dem lande mange schände, uns ist vür vröude gegeben Ungenäde, blöze huobe, wüeste lanl; dii man e wirt in vollen, stajten vrouden \ant, dane kraet diu henne, noch der hane, ein pläwe ist uiender da, die weide enezzeut geize, rinder, res, noch schuf, däne brechent ouch die gloggen nieman sinen släf, diu kirche ist oede, ir sült den pfaffen suochen anderswä. V. Cllf 376 bj 1. In himelrich' ein hüs stat, Der Schenke von Liinpiirt-. 113 ein guldin wec darin gut, Die siule die sint marmelin ; die liieret unser trehtin Mit edelem gesteine : dil enkumt nieman in, ern' si von allen sünden also reinp. 2. Würze des waldes und erze des goldes Und elliu apgrunde diu sint dir, herre, künde, Diu stc-ut in diner liende : nllez liimeleschez her daz eniuöhte dich niht volloben an ein ende. VI. (11, 377 b.) Zer werlte ein sinuericher man, daz ist ein solher hört, den nieman mac verslelu. Swie lüzzel ich der künste kan, so spriche ich selchiu wort, diu nieman solde heln. Swer hat den man, als er in siht, der volget guoter wizze uiht, swer in niht erkennen wil, wan bi der liehten wtetc: UDt trüege ein wolf von zobel ein hüt, nach künne er lihte taete. 41. Der ^clieiike von liimpiire. ( 1830 — 8».) CT, 133 bO 1. Sit willekomen, vrou Sumerzit, Sit willekome, her Meie, Der manigem buchgemüete git, unt sich mit liebe zweie. Ich sihe min liep vür bluomen schin, min liep vür vogel' singen; min liep muoz diu vil liebe sin, min liep daz kan wol zwingen : und öwe, liep, solt' ich mit liebe ringen! 2. Vil maneger hande varwe hat in sinem krame der meie: Diu beide wunnecliche stat mit bluomen manigerleiCj Sint gel, grüeu, rüt, sint blä, sint briin, blanc, sint wunneclich entsprungen; diu vogelin hoehent ir gesanc ; mich mac diu liebe jungen: hei, Wirt si mir, so habe ich wol gesungen! 3. Min liep so vil schoene treit, von dem ich singe hiure; Min lieb ist liep, ez ist niht leit, min lieb ist vil gehiure, (MiiiiiesiiDger.) S 114 Her Walismiiot von Mülnliftsen. Min lieb ist vru , (inz hize irli »in, min lieb in rchtcr güete, min lieb ist reliter sioldcu schrin : d.iz ir Got iemcr liiiete, wie gar min herze Hanne in ^ runden bliie(el 49. jflaresrAvc Heiiiricli von IfUzeii. ( 183* — 88.) (/, 13 b.) 1. Sielic sl min liebln vrouwe, din mir vrüiit daz herze mit den sinnen! Mir tuot wol, swenne ich si schouwe, von ir güete mag ich heil gewinnen; Si ist gar min tröst vür sende not und ouch vür ungemüete, ir schoene lengert mir den tot; des bit ich, Got, ir reinen lip behiiete! 2. Ich vröii mich, daz ich mac gedenken, swenne ich wil, der herzelieben vrouwen ; Si kan sendez trüren kreuken, mir tuot wol, swenne ich ir lip sol schouwcn, Ir braue brä, ir ougen klär, ir munt, reht als er glüete: s%vie verre ich si, ich wünsche ir dar, HQt bite, Got, ir reinen lip behüete. ^ ^ <- 43. Her IvWalisniiiot von Jfliiluliiisen. (1835 — 53.) I. er, 327 aj 1. Si (reit krüs har, krisp unde gel, si treit ein unvertwelten lip, Si treit eine snewize kel, al diu werlt hat niht schoener wip. Mir wsere ie liep bi ir ze sine, danne bi Go(e in paradis: Got Iierre , machet mich ir minne wis ! 2. Diu suune schiuet nie so klar, min liep dannoch schoDoer baz; Ir ougen stent vil offenbar, Got an ir nie niht vergaz. In' nseme niht die krön von Röme ze trngene vnr miuer vrouwen 11p: so rehte wol behaget mir daz wip. II. (r, 327 aO .» 1. „Juncherre, ich hän groze Iiuoter durh iuwern willen, dast mir leit, Beidiu, von vater unt von muoter; verlorn habt ir iuwer arbeit. Wolt ir mir ein lützel beiten. Her Walismiiot von Müliihrtseii. m ich löste iiicli schiere üx arbeiten : juncherliu, durch rehtc minne beite ein lü(>;el min." 2. Wwre ich lierre über al die inenige, da man priset ein giiot laut, l'nt waere ich kiinig iu Schaiiipenige, so waere ich wituuän erkant, So lieze ich sper und al die kröne, e min liep , daz ist so schiene, und ist so guot: Got heri'e, machet mir ir minne spiioi ! I!I. Ch 327 ff.) 1. Wü gesach ie mannes ougen ie zwei Avengel baz gestänV Liljenwiz gar shie lougen, wunneclichen wolgetiin ; Si treit laue, gel, valwez här: waer daz riche min und ir, des engnnde ich nieninn \mx, vürwar. 2. Ein kus von mincr vrouwen mundi» brennet sanfter, danne ein gUiot, Swem si des mit willen gunde, der wa?!-* iemer iiochgemuot : Helfet alle wünschen des, daz ir küssen werde mir, so wünsche ich aber etesM'es. IV. C^5 327 b.) 1. Ein bernde saf der miuuen blüete, 2. Reine wip, dur dine güete, ein ursprinc aller siKlikeit, nu hilf nur üzer sender not, Din zuht, diu güete ob aller güete, Unde troeste min gemüete, din munt der niinneu wäfen treit, alder ich bin an \röuden tot; Diu lichten ougen din eine sträle haut geschozzeu in daz herze min ; des muoz ich vil unverdrozzen din endelicher dienest sin. 1. Sumer, sumer, sumerzlt, waz uns din kuuft vrüude git, als diu beide in grüeue lit; Dennoch so niac mich (roesten baz ein wip, der icli noch nie vergaz; wil diu, so wirt min vröude wit, Und also wit, swanue ich si mac sehen, so ist miuie herzen dem gclich, also ist min vrouwe tugenderich; des helfent mir min ougen jehen. Wiltu niicli bewarn vor sorgen, sost mir wol gelungen. rehte als die am, wil ich mich doch wider jungen und üf gegen den Ififteu varn. (/, 327 b.) Du bist diu dri, unt bist diu ein', du bist diu vierde, die ich da mein', du bist gelich der sunuen schiu. Wan ich bin tump, so ist si vil wis; daz sol diu werde mir vertragen, daz ich ir lop sol höhe sagen, si wolgebluotez meienris! 3. Riise, r»')se, rösenbluot, du bist noch bezzer, dannc guot, du bist vil lieb unt wolgemuot, 2. Vrouwe, vrouwe, vrouwe min, Du bist min tröst, min zuoversiht, der drl der soltu eine sin min heil, min vröude, und auderi und aller tugende ein keiserin; niht, IIG Her Gülfrit von Mfen. din Ilp bAl ganzer üigende part: ei, vrouwe min, joch meine ich dich; Mir eowarl dur alle tilgende, küsse mich, •o liebes nie niht kunt. vil liebten ougen, r«>ter munt I 44. Her Oötfrit von Mifen. (1»35 — 73.) I. (I, 42 bj 1. Seelic si diu heide, saelic sl diu ouwe, atelic si der kleinen vogellinc süezer sanc! Bluomen, loup, diu heide stänt in maniger schoinve; die der kalde winter hiur' mit sinem vroste twanc, Dien ist an ir vrüuden wol gelungen : also möht' ouch ich an minen vröuden wider jungen, tr6ste mich ein röter munt, nach dem min herze ie ranc. 2. Mir was, wie min sweere hete ein lieplich ende, dö mir seite ein böte, ich solde in vrGuden vroelich aln. Ich was vröudebaere, sorge was eilende in mime herzen, dö ich wunde, ir mundes röter schin Der wolde in min herze lieplich lachen. also kan diu minne ein wunder an uns beiden machen : minne , tuo mir, swie du wellest, der gewalt ist din. 3. Röter munt, nü lache, daz min sorge swinde, rAter munt, nü lache, daz mir sendez Icit zerg&; Lachen du mir mache, daz ich vröude vinde, röter munt, nfi lache, daz min herze vrd bestö ! Sit din lachen mir git böhgemüete, neinä, röter munt, so lache mir durch dine güete lacheliche, roeselehte: wes bedörfte ich m&l 4. Minneclich gedinge vröut mich mange stunde, daz mich trceste ein röter munt, des ich noch nie vergaz; Minneclich gedinge, ob ich daz da vunde, söne künde mir üf erde niemer werden baz. Röter munt, hilf mir von den noeten! ane Got, so kan dich nieman alse wol geroeten : 6ot, der was in vröuden, dA er dich als ebene maz. 5. Wolde mir diu here sende sorge ringen, daz nseme ich vür der vogel' sang unt vür der bluomen BChln, Unt si nach miner löre ruohte vröude bringen Her Uotfrit ron Nlfen. in mir, BÖ wcer' min (ri^ren kranc , iiat wolt« in vröudca sin. Hilf mir, helferlchiu, siieze minnel twinc die lieben, sam si hat betwiingen mine sinne, unze si bedenke minen seneclichen pin. n. (/, 47 ft.) 1. Schouwet üf den anger, Winter wert nlht langer, kleine vogel twang er, diu beide ist worden swanger, si birt uns r«)sen rot, Man hoert vogel' singen, man siht bluomen springen, dur daz gras üf dringen, ir swaere wil sich ringen, als in diu zit gebüt. Alsus enpfdhen wir den nüezen meigen; wolüf, Ir hübeschen leigen, wir süln diu vröude heigen, vil vroelich tanzen, reigen. ahi, solt' ich mich zweigen mit ir, diu mir mac wenden sende not! 2. Lät mir sorge swiuden, lät mich vröude vinden, lät den krieg erwinden, ir sült iuch underwinden mls herzen, saelic wip; Vrouwe, ir sült mir meren vröude, leit verkeren, hühgemüete leren. minne , bit die heren, daz mich ir kiuscher lip Tioeste; nü ist si doch min küni- ginne. vil minneclichiu minne, troeste mine sinne, Sit ich nach liebe brinne: ob ich den tröst gewinne, der tac mir mac wol heizen leitvertrlp. 3. Wer kan trüren s wachen, wer kan vröude machen mit vil lieben Sachen, wer kan lieplich lachen? ir mundes röter schln. Wer kan trüren wenden, wer kan sorge swenden, sende nüt volenden, wer kan helfe senden? diu liebe vrouwe min, Diu mich bat von kinde her gebua> den. fli kan min herze wunden; daz hab ich wol bevunden, daz ich bin überwunden, nü unde z'allen stunden: si sol mir wol dur reht genaedic sin. 4. Wer kan leit vertriben, wer kan vro beliben? nieman, wan bi wiben; des wol ir süezen liben ! si sint vür trüren guot ; Als des meigen blücte, vröut ir wiplich güete; si gent höhgemüete; daz got ir lip behüete. doch mir einiu tuot Selten liep, die ich mit Iriuwen meine, diu süeze unt diu vil reine, der helfe ist gegen mir kleine, der ich von kindesbeine gedieuet han aleine, daz sie noch nie getröste mir den muot. 5. Ach, wan solt' ich schouwen liep mis herzen vrouwen? in den grüeneu ouwen, in luft' und ouch in touwen wart lieberz nie gesehen, Daz so lieplich waere, guot vür sende swaere, sam diu saeldebsere; wie wol ich daz bewsere, künde ich ze rehte spehen Ir munt, ir kel unde ouch ir wan- gen! diu haut mich gevangen; näh ir muoz mich belangen, het' ich den tröst enpfangen, so wser' min leit zergangen, ich hän noch wän, iHZ mir wil liep bcscbehcn. 118 Schenk' IJolrich von Wintcistctcn. 45. Selieiik' l'olrleli von ^l^iiilerstcteii. (1839.) '■^ a, 14ß b.) dar inue mit giiotein &ite! 5. Pfaffen, leiten, tret(ent an, dien Got der saelden i^an; er ist gar ein saclic man, der mit dien liiiten kan, 6. Vnder dien linden bi hübschen kinden. sorge muoz swinden; lachen machen kiinnen , wunneu wol diu kint. Erent den raeijen, singent den reijen, ir sult iuch zweijen, Hezze , Mezzc, Nese, Gese, Gütclint ! 7. Ich wil hocren : ez ist zit: ich hiin der liute nit; Wan des reigen ist ze vil, des ich erwinden wil. Ir sint niüede, dunket mich: oz ist ungcmenlich. Schrient alle : heia hei ! m'i ist der seite enzwei! 1. Wol üf, ir kint, 5int frö ! so muoz buoz Borgen sin. trüren var hin I ein, muot tuot geil, heil werden schio. 2. Wä ist uu Uot' unt Guot', uut tuot uns sorgen bar? Jütc unt Ililte unt Wille, stille komeut dar ! 3. Springent vroelich an den tanz! hiure ist der sumer gJanz: dci Wirt diu vröide ganzj man siht da manigen kränz. 4. Vrouwen unt dringent unt springent hübsche trite! rihtent zc minne die sinne nu singcut der 46. Jleister Alexander. (1839.) CHI, 28 aj lieplich daz tihten unt daz singen, von sündehafteu schulden ez kwam, daz daz seitenspil urloup nam, unt der juncvrouwen springen. Do viel ez an die ergern hant, ein armiu diet sich es underwant, üf daz der künste niht gienge abe; dö truogen herren durch die kunst den selben helfebaere gunst, unt nerten sie mit varnder habe. 1. Ein miunendiep, stilt, unde daz liep wol dieplich hilt, deme kumt sin liep ze liebe; Kan aber der diep daz dieplich liep verheln, also ein liepsteluder diep, so teilet diep mit diebe Unt liep mit liebe ir minuengelt, daz lieber ist, den al diu weit, liepliche minne rätent in dieplich manigen lieplichen rat, der lieplich under in umb gät: diu liebe ziuhet ez allez hin. 3. Do durch der weite unmüezi keit hei-abe von küniges künue schreit 3. Her Gäwin stic, noch sträze vant, do er ze Gälois in daz lant hin wider riten wolde: So mac Burgou Gälois wol sin, d>i kund' ich nie gekomcn in; Der TaaliiibCT. 119 doch vcrsuochl' iz, als ich soldc. uut heten ir herren sd verspart, Mir wart dil gruoz uud rede vcrzi- und teteu alle dem gelich, gen, als ez waere küuic Ermenrich, die eähen hiuitz iinde swigeo, unde ich der zoniic Eckchart. 49. Der Tmiliuser. C1840-2O.) 1. (11, 91 b.J 1. Staeter dienest der ist guot, den man schienen vrouweu tuo(, als ich niiner hän getan: der niuoz ich den salnniauder bringen; Einez hat si mir geboten, daz ich schicke ir abe den Koten liin Provenz in daz laut ze Nüerenberc, so mac mir wol gelingen, Unt die Tuonouwe über Riu: viiege Ich daz, sü tuot si, swes ich nuiote. danc so habe diu vrouAve min, sist geheizen Guole; spriche ich ja, si sprichet nein; sus so hellen wir eueiu: heiä, hei, sist ze lauge gewesen ü« miner huote ! Ja hiute, uud iemermere ja, heilallc, und aber jü, ziehent herze wäfenä! wie tuot mir diu liebe s«"», diu reine uut diu vil guote! daz si mich niht machet vrü, des ist mir we ze muole. 2. Mich vröut noch baz ein lieber wän, den ich von der scboeuen hau : so der Miuseberc zergc, sam der sne, so lünet mir diu reine; Alles des min herze gert, des bin ich an ir gewert, minen willen tuot si gar, büwe ich ir ein hüs von helfenbeiue, . Swä si wil, üf einem sc, so habe ich ir vriuntschaft uud ir hulde, bringe ich ir von Galile her , an' alle schulde, einen berc, gevüege ich daz, da her Adam üfe saz, heiä, hei, daz wsere aller dieuste ein iiberguld«! Ja hiute, und iemermere ja cet. 3. Ein boum stät in Indiän grOz , den wil si von mir hänj mincn willen tuot si gar, seht, ob ich ir'z allez her gewinne. )20 I)er Tanhüser. feil inuo;;^ gewinnen ir den Gral, des da pflac her Pnrciväl, unt den apfel, den PÄrJs gap dar minne V^nas der gütiunc, Unt den mantel, der beslOz gar die vrouwen, diu ist unwandellwere ; dannoch wil si wunder gruz, daz ist mir worden swsere : ir ist nach der arke we, diu beslozzen h^lt Noe: keiä, hei, brachte ich die, wie lieb ich danne wscre! Jil hiute, und iemermere jA cet. II. (II, 94 b.) I. Wol im, der nü beizen sol ze Fülle üf dem gevilde! der birset, dem ist damit wol, der siht so vil von wilde; Sumeliche gant zc brunnen, die andern ritent schonwen: der vröude ist mir zerrunnen, daz bannet man bi den vrouwen. Des darf mau mich niht zihen, ich beize ouch niht mit winden, in' beize ouch niht mit valken , in' mac niht vühsen gelägen; man siht ouch mich niht volgen nach hirzen unt nach binden; mich darf ouch nieman zihen von rösen schapel tragen; man darf ouch min niht warten, da stet der grüene kle, noch suochen in dien garten bi wol getanen kinden: ich swebe üf dem sc. 8. Ich bin ein erbeitsaelic man, der niene kan beliben, wan hiute hie, morne anderswan; sol ich daz iemer trlben, Des muoz ich dicke sorgen, swie vroelich ich da singe, den äbent unt den morgen, war mich daz weter bringe, Daz ich mich so gevriste, üf wazzer und üf lande, daz ich den lip gevüere unz üf die selben stunt, ob ich den liuten leide in also snoedem gCAvande, sd Wirt mir diu reise mit vreise vil wol kunt. daran solde ich gedenken, diewile ich mich vermac: in' mag im nilit entwenken, ich muoz dem wirte gelten vil gar üf einen tac. 3. WA leit ieman so gröze not, als ich von boesem tröste? Ich was ze Kride vil nähe tot, I Der Tauhüser. 121 wan daz mich Got erlöste: Mich sluogen Sturmwinde vil nach z'einem steine in einer naht geswinde; min vröiide diu was kleine, Diu ruoder mir zerbrächen, nu merket, wie mir waere, die segel' sich zerzarten, si vlugen üf den se; die marner alle jähen, daz si so gruze sweere nie halbe naht gewunnen: mir tet ir schrien we; daz werte sicherlichen unz an den sehsten tac, in' mähte in niht entwichen, in' müez' ez allez liden, als der niht anders roac. 4. Die winde, die so sere waent gegen mir von Barbarie, daz si so rehte unsuoze blaent, die andern von Türkie, Die welle und ouch die ünde gent mir gruz ungemüete, daz si vür mine sünde der reine Got min hüete ! Min vvazzer daz ist trüebe, min piscot der ist herte, min vleisch ist mir versalzen, mir schimelget min win; der smac, der von der sutten gät, der ist niht guot geverte, davür nseme ich der rösen smac, uut mebte ez wol gesin. zisern unde bunen gent mir niht hohen muot: wil der höhste Ionen, so wirt daz trinken süeze und ouch diu epise guot. 5. Ahi, wie sselic ist ein man, der \ÜT sich mac geriten! wie küme mir der gelouben kan, daz ich muoz winde biten! Der schoc von Oriende unt der von Tremundäne, unt der von Occidende, Arsüle von dem plane, der meister ab den Alben , der krieg uz Romanie, der Levandän und Oster, die mir genennet sint, ein wint von Barbarie waet, der ander von Türkie, von Norden kumt der Mezzol, seht, daz ist der z weifte wind. waer' ich üf dem sande, der namen wisse ich niht: durch Got ich vuor von lande, unt niht dur dise vräge, swie \v6 halt mir geschiht. III. Oh 95 b,) 1. Daz ich ze herren niht enwart, daz müeze Got erbarmen, des git man mir des goldcs niht, daz man da vüert von Walhen; 122 Der Tanhüser. Die herrcn (cilenl'z iinder sich: £o kapfen 'wir, die anntn, wir sehen jaemerliche dar, s<\ vült man in die malhen. !Sö kiiml uns anderlbalben vun Düringeu vii von {t^uote; daz lilzc ich üf die triuwe min, daz ich des niender miiote; swie tumb ich si, ich vinde da den, der mich gehielte schöne: ich waere e iemer äne guot, C: ich schiede von der kröne, dem künige sprich' ich wol: in' wciz , nenne er mir löue. i. Ich solde wol ze hove sin, da hörte man min singen: nü irret mich, daz nieman weiz, in' kan uiht gitoter doeue. Der mir die gaebe, so suuge ich von liovclichen dingen, ich sunge verrer unde baz von allen vrouwen schoene; Ich suuge von der beide, von loube iint von dem meien, ich sunge von der sumerzit, von tanze und ouch von reieu ; ich sunge von dem kalten snc, von regen unt von winde, ich sunge von dem vater unt der muotcr, von dem kinde: wer loeset mir diu pfant? wie wenig ich der vinde! 3. Diu schoenen wip, der guote win, diu mursel an dem morgen, unt zwirent in der wochen baden, daz scheidet mich von guote. Die wile ich daz verpfenden mac, so lebe ich äue sorgen: swenne ez an ein gelten gät, so wirt mir we ^e muote, Und ich diu pfant sol loesen, so kumt daz liep ze leide, s(i siut diu wip gar missevar, swenne ich mich von in scheide, der guole win der süret mir, swenne ich sin niht mac verpl'enden. weune sol min tumber rauot an truren sich volenden? ja weiz ich der herren niht, die minen kumber wenden. 4. Jii herre, wie hab' ich verlorn den helt üz Osterriche, der mich so wol behiiset hat nach grözen sinen eren! Von sinen schulden was ich wirt: nii lebe ich tnirecliche, nü bin ich aber Avorden gast: war sol ich armer keren? Der mich sin noch ergezze , wer tuot nach im daz beste? wer haltet torea als er tet, so wol die stolzen geste? des var ich irre, nun' weiz, wa ich die wolgemuoten vinde. unt lebte er noch, so wolde ich selten riten gegen dem winde. der wirt sprichet: ,, weher gast, wie vriuset iuch so swinde?" 5. Ze Wiene hat' ich einen hof, der lac so rehte schöne; Liupoltsdorf was darzuo min, daz lit bi Luchse nähen; Ze Hinperc hat' ich schoene guot: Got im der wirde löne! wenne sol ich iemermer die gülte darabe enpfähen? Ez sol mir nieman wizen, ob ich in klage mit triuwen; min vröude ist elliu mit im tot, davon muoz er mich riuweu. wä wiltu dich behalten iemermere, Taiihüsa;re? weist aber iemau, der dir helfe büezen dine swjere? owc, wie daz lenget sich! sin tot ist klageba;re. 6. Min söumer treit ze ringe gar, min pferit gät ze swäre, die knehte min sint ungeriten, min malhe ist worden laere; Min hüs daz stät gar äne dach, swie ich darzuo gebäre, min Stube stet gar äne tür, daz ist mir worden swsere, Min kelr ist in gevallen, min küche ist mir verbrunnen, min Stadel stät gar äne baut, des höus ist mir zerrunneu; mir ist gemaln noch gebachen, gebruwen ist mir selten; mir ist diu wät ze dünne gar, des mag ich wol engelteu: mich darf durch geriete nieman nidcn, noch bcschcltcn. Her VValther von Mezze. 1^ 48. Her PfefTel. (1«40.) cn, 145 h.j June man , ich wil dich leren, wis bocser worte vii. swie tiimb ich selbe si, Swd dii sehest die besten, des diu lip wirde hat: da soltu wonen bi, wiltii behalten daz, nein unt jii behalten; so soltu dienen Got, du solt in t-ren glesten, Und alle vrouwen eren, vür schände habe den huot : lä den swachen spot, so niaht rait vrouden alten, wis au zorne laz, unt wirt din ende guot. iniune wisen rat, 49. Her Ifaltlier Yon Jflezze. Cum 1S45.) * I. O, 307 bj 1. Sit daz ich min selbes leit niuoz miuneu, weit ir wizzen, waz mich des betwuugen hat? Ir vil lösen blicke üz reinen sinnen, und ir muut, der euch so gar ze wünsche stät. Ich hän menigeu munt veruomeu, der wol lachen unde sprechen künde: dirre raunt ist aller diuge voUekomen. 8. Ez ist ein wunder, swaz si mir getaute, daz ich ir doch niemer künde sin gehaz; Ich bin ir so guotes willen stajte, daz ich ir in minem muote nie vergaz. We, wes habe ich nü verjelien? ja vergaz ich ir und ouch min selbes, d« min ouge ir lösen ougeu selten sehen. 3. Mir ist min lieb ein herzeclichiu swajre, SU ist däbi daz leit min hoste \röude gar, E daz ich daz liebe leit verbsere, von dem ich vil dicke in hohem muote var, E wolt' ich ez iemer tragen: llde ich leit von rehter herze liebe, des sol ich, noch niemer sielic man verzagen. II. (I, 308 a.) 1. Sich huob ein ungevüeger zoru von guoten vriunden umb ein wip : Nü hänt sich beidenthalp versworn daz herze wider mlnen lip; Daz herze wil den ougen helfen minncu, dawider strebt der lip mit allen sinnen, darzuo begunden si mich laden: ich enwelz, wes ich mich underwaut, daz ich si suonde üf miuen schaden. Z. Zehant do si versuondeu sich durch mineu willen, als ich bat, 124 Her Walther von Mezze. Dö tdtens' dbel nider mich, daz si mich von der selben stat Nie liezen wider wichen, noch gewendcn, ich enlobt' in i, ich hiilf ir not volenden; daz hab ich umb ein dinc getan: gewinnen wir, des wir dil gern, so wellen i>i mich teilen län. S. Nu han wir iemer wunnen vil, erwerben wir daz beste wip; Nu seht, wie ich danne teilen wil dem herzen herze, übe lip, Ir sinne die bescheide ich minen sinnen, ir ougen minen ougen al ze minnen; si selben wil ich haben mir ze minneclicher ststekeit, unt wil mich selben geben ir. 4. Wan daz ich minneclichen tobe, 60 bin ich niht wolsinnic man, Daz ich mir selbem daz gelobe, des si mir übte nien' engan. Mir waer' eht liep, daz mir vil wol geschaehe, unt daz si mich von herzen gerne saehe, daz sol si läzen äne haz, ez schät ir niht, unt tuot mir wol, mir ist die wil« deste baz. 5. Ez enwizzen alle liute niht, daz wünschen alse sanfte tuot, Unt waz da liebes von geschiht: daz herze wirdet wol gemuot; Ein saplic man mac gerne wol gedenken, er enkan den sorgen niemer baz entwenken. daz h.it mich dicke darzuo briiht, daz ich min selbes herre was, als ich so liebe hdn gedäht. in. O, 308 b.) 1. Waz hilfet mich, daz ich ze vrömden vröuden var? solde ich den gesten vröude machen, die wile ich selber triiric bin? Ez muoz ein wip c vröude bi mir senden dar, in' kan den liuten niht gelacheu: si lache mir, so lache ich in; Min vröudenhort lit in ir huote, da pfendet mich diu liebe vil gewalteclichen mite ; si saelic wip, si reiniu, guote, unsprechent ich si z'allen ziten bite, in stummer wis' unt mit verswigenem muote, sus vlehe ich si nach tören site. 2. Waer' ich nu min, als ich min 6 gewesen bin, so lachet' ich üz vriem herzen vrilich aldur min selbes munt; Nu hat ein wib unwizzende min herze hin. solt' ich ir herzen tuon den smerzen Her Walther von Mezze. 125 ze rehte al dur ir 6ren kunt, Vermissete ich dan bi den liuten min selbes, so vunde ich mich dort vil lihte in ir gewalt. sol ich si swigende alsus triuten, daz swjgen tuot mich trureclichen alt: muoz aber ich ir'z mit rede gar betiuten, owä, so dunke ich si ze balt. 3. Daz si mir ist so rehte liep , tset' ir daz wol, so txt ez mir niht we so sere, als ez nii tuot vil manige stunt; Sol ich ir geben von minen vröuden diseo zol, daz si dA mit ir vröiide mcre, so trüwe ich, wirt ir rehte kunt, Wie minne wider minne minnet, iint wie diu liebe mit der wäge liebe gelten mnoz : cd si sich rehte des versinnet, so winde ir herze in rotes miindes gruoz, mit wizen zenen harte wol bezinnet, iint tuo mir dämite sorgen buoz. IV. (J, 310 b.) 1. Mirst min altiu klage hiure niuwer, danne vert, daz die bluomen maniger treit, d^st mir leit, der niht loubes >vsre wert. Alsus klage ich die bluomen unt der kleinen vogelin sanc, der ich beider niht engan manigem man, der des muotes ist ze kranc. 2. Sold' ich wünschen, so wolt' ich den vogelin wün- schen daz, daz si heten einen sin under in, unt die Hute schieden baz. Swer den liuten danne sunge, als ir herze stät, 80 erkand ein iegeslich selbe sich rehte, waz er tugende hat. 3. Swes diu nahtegal mit sänge neme war, der möht' iemer wesen vrö: seht also würde ein vingerzeigen dar, Swcm der guggouch sünge und ouch ein (islelvinkelin, den bekande man däbi tugenden vrl: wd, wie vil der müeste sinl V. (in, 389 aO 1. Diu linde ist an dem ende nn jArlanc liebt unt blöz : mich v£het min geselle, nu engilte ich, des ich nie genöz. 12« Her Jakob von Warte. 8. So %il ist unstacter wibe, die bencmont iine den sin: Gol wizze wol die warheit, daz ich iine diu holdeste bin. 3. Sl enkiinnen niwan triegen vil mnnegen kindeschen man : o\v# mir siner jiigende ! diu muoz miral ze sorgen ergAn. 4. Sich \röiiwent aber die guoten, die di\ hAUe »int gcmuot, daz (1er sumor kmnen sol: seht, wie wol daz vil mane- gen herzen tuot. 50. Her «Takoli von Haarte. C1345-1306.) I. CT, 65 a.) 1. Man sol beeren süeze« singer in dien ouwen überal Lobelichen sang erklingen, sunder von der nahtegal; Schouwet xif den anger breit und ouch an der liebten beide, wie schöne si sich mit ir kleide gen dem meien bat bekleit. 2. Maniger hande blüeraelin lachent üz des meien touwe Gen der liebten sunnen schin, diu zit ist in ir werder schouwe: Waz sol troesten mir den muot, Sit mich twinget herzen swaere, bi der ich vil gerne waere, daz diu mir niht gnäde tuot? 3. Ach, vil minneclichiu guote. enbinde mich von sender not, Ln mich niht iiz diner huote, ald' ich bin an vröuden tut. Ich sol diner helfe gern, liistu min herze üz diner pfliht, so kan mich getroesten niht, drtn' wellest mich geaäde wern. 4. Gewalt noch niangem an gesiget, daz beeret man die wisen jehen, üä man genade niht enpfliget, I daz solm an miner vrouwen spehen: Diu ist gar gewaltic min, an' genade diu vil guote lät mich truren, in unmuote muoz ich au min ende sin. 5. Minne, du solt sin gemeine, ald' ich bin an vrüuden tot; Vüege, daz mich lieplich meine der vil lieben mündet röt; Sit du bist gewaltic min unde leitest mine sinne, swie du wilt, ach, werdiu miune, so solt ouch ir gewaltic sin. (7, 68 aj II. a 1. „Guot riter, merke waz ich sage: ich hoer* die vogel' singen, von liebe scheide dich enzit ; Ein wölken gräwet gen dem tage, ich sihe in schone lif dringen ; der melde haz niht vröude git. Nim urloup tougen ze der minneclichen, unt scheidet iuch, daz ist min rät, der tac der wil geriehen, mit liebe von einander, sit diu naht ein ende hat.' 2. Üz süezem sldfe ein saelic wip vragete, dö si erhörte den wahter singen von dem tage. Si sprach: ,,vriunt, getriuwer lip, sage mir mit senftera worte, hoerstu die voglin in dem hage? I Der Marner. 12t Du hiist min herza ux süezcm slilfe erschrecket." er sprach: „liit iuwer vrägeii sin, den riter balde wecket; der morgen kiunt, Anz sage ich üf die rehten (riiiwe min.'' 3. Diu mlunecliche wacte in d«t, si sprach: ,,ach, lieber herre, der wahter kündet uns den tac; Des bin ich arniez wib unvrö, ich wolte unt waer' er verre, der uns zwei gescheiden mac." Der riter sprach: ,,din muot sol vrö beliben, du solt mich schiere in vröuden sehen din herzeleit vertriben : Got gebe uns heil! ich sihe den morgensterne schdnc üf brehen." 51. Her Hhc von IfWerlieiiiwae. (1346 ~60.) Oh 69 aO Der sumer sumerbernde kumt mit wunne wunnecliche, des loubes loubet manic walt, die bluomen blüement velt; Diu zit enzit an vröuden vrumt mit blüender blüetc riche, die süezen doene docnent vogel' ir singen sanges gelt. Mit schoener grüene grüenent tal, üz roete röt du glestet, in brüner briune purpervar der meije sich nii gestet, hie gelwer gel, dort blawer blÄ, dd wize wizer liljen schin: Got verwet varwe vil der werUe, die werlt baz anderswä. 59. Der Iflariier. C 1246 — 67.) I. Ol, 8^0 bO 1. Ich spür ein wunder dur diu lant in gelwer, grüeuer varwe schin, ez hat vuoz, ougen noch die hant, unt wil doch bi den liuten sin, beide, armen unde riehen; Ez bindet manigen äne bant, ez vert die Tuonouwe unt den Rin, ez treit den herren ir gewant, unt trinket mit den vürsten win; ez kan bi den vrouwen suchen. Ez stirbet hie unt wahset dort, ez vert spilte unde vruo, ez sleich üf einen boum der ersten megede zuo, ez sluoc der werlde vierden teil, und sieht noch ouch vil manigen gouch, 128 Der Marner. rint Ane hörn; ez liut \il nianic man sin heil, sin ]ip, sin 8<}Ie von im verlorn: sage an, wem mag ez sich geliehen? 2. Wie hüfsche liiite habe der Hin, daz ist mir wol mit schaden kunt: ir habe, ir hür, ir keppelin erzeigent niuwer vüode vunt. Krist in heire, sä sl niesen! Ez mac wol curteis povel sin, pittit mangier ist in gesunt; stad üf stad abe in wehset win, in dienet euch des Rines grünt, — ich wil üf si gar verkiesen, — Der Nibelunge hört lit in dem Lurlenberge in bi: in' weiz ir niender einen, der so inilte si, der den gernden teilte mite von siner gebe; diewile ich lebe, sin vri von mir; ir muot der stat üf solhen site : DU gip du mir, so gibe ich dir. sin' enwellent niht Verliesen. II. CJf} 841 *v) 6ot helfe mir, daz miniii kinder niemer werden alt, Sit daz ez in der werlde ist so j%merlich gestalt: wie stet ez über drizec jär, Sit man die pfaffen siht so sere striten? Sagt mir, der bäbst von Röme, waz sol iu der kriimbe stap, den Got dem guoten Sant Peter, uns z'enbinden, gap? stül' und infel gab er dar, daz er uns löste von süoden z'allen ziten. Nu sint die stüle worden swert, diu vehtent niht nach seien, wan nach golde. wer hat iuch bischof daz gelert, daz ir under helme ritet, da diu infel süenen solde? iuwer krumber stap der ist gewahsen z'einem langen sper; die werlt habt ir betwungen gar, lur muot stet anders oiht wan; „gib eht her." III. C7/, 244 aO Die vrösche wilent nämen ein geschre, daz rou si sider, zuo z'ir Gote, der solde in einen künic geben; also schriwen si tag unt naht üz einem witen se. Vü liez er einen tramen üf si von der hoehe nider, den ervorhten si, biz er begunde sweben: uf in hupften si zehant, unt schriwen nach künige, als i. Do sant' er einen storch aldar, der slant si sunder zal. wir sin die vrösche, die da schrient; daz riche ist des trämen val, Der Marner. 129 ü( sint gesezzen arge vrösche n», die sint des riches creu vient: storche, wenue kiimestii? die des riches erbe sliadent , der ist vil: (rip si wider in eigen hol, der du niht slinden wil. 8. „Swer git, der ist der wei'de; swer niht enhät, der ist unwert." als«! sprach ein künic, der was Davit genant, ich hüte nianigen lieben vriunt, dö ich bi giiote was; Die smilhent mich üf erde, ^ ir keiner min ze vriunde gert, dien ich dicke hän geboten inine hant, die kcrent mir den rügge, si sint mir mit gäbe laz. Ich weiz vil wol, swer selbe iht hat, daz ist giiot vür den zoni : schade scheidet liebe m»ge, die doch vil nahe sint geburu; daz liebe kint die rouoter sin, diu ez gebar, den vater grüezet ez vil trage unt nimet sin vil kleine war; in armen mannes munde ertrinket wizze vil; swer in dem seckel niht enhät, daz ist ein hertez spil. 3. Ez sprechent zwivelaere, (7/, 845 b.) sang unt vröude si vervarn : noch wil ich mit sänge künden unde sagen, ez lebt noch maniger werder man, der schoener vröude gert. Guot zit ist vröudebaere, man sol sanc bi wilen sparu, die vogel' singent niht, wan bi den liehten tagen; des hiure ist mit zal ein jär, daz nennet man ein vert; Ein tag, ein woche, ein mänöt, ein jär gent nach ein ander hin, der äbent, diu naht unt der morgen, golt, Silber, mösching, bli unt zin, kupfer, stahel und isen daz verswiadet ouch. swer elliu dinc wil besorgen, der dunket mich der sinne ein gouch. zit hat cre, zuht hat zierde, mäze ist guot, ^re wser' gewin, gevüeger schimpf git senften muot. 4. Lebt' von der Vogelweide CH, 846 a.) noch min meister her Walther, der Venis, der von Rugge, zwene Regimar, Heinrich der Veldeggaere , Wahsmuot, Rubin, Nithart, Die sungen von der beide, von dem minnewerden her, von den vögeln, wie die bluomen sint gevar: sanges meister lebent noch; sl sint in tudes vart; Die toten mit den töten, die lebenden mit den lebenden sin! ich vorderte ze geziuge von Heinburc den herren min, dem sint rede, wort unt rime in sprächen kunt, daz ich mit sänge nieman triuge; lihte vinde ich einen vunt, CMinnesängor.) 9 i:{0 Der Marncr. den si viinden liiinl , die vor mir sint gewesen; ich miioz uz ir garten und ir Sprüchen blnumen lesen. IV. (In des Mnrners langer wise.) 1. Ich hocre von dien alten sageti. (ff, ^^S b.) daz r-re bi dien bar ^rüude in ir wunneclichen tagen: ni'i stet vil mnniger ^ren bar, bi des vater ereberndiii vröude gern der geste pflac. Daz muoz ich undc inaniger klagen, swar ich der lande var, daz arges muotes riche zagen mit schänden sizzent ofTenbär: schaz ir minnc, schaz ir vrüiide, schaz in liebet vfir den tac. Sol daz heizen guot, daz nieman hie ze giiote kümt? begraben bort, verborgen sin der werlte vrümt, alsam der iiiweln vluc, des gires smac, des raben sinnt, des aren grif, des wolves znc, der roüggen marc, des breraen smalz iint des loiipvrosches schr^. weit, we dir we! schazzer, lebcndic re, rise dir golt, alsam der sne, dii wollest dur din gitikeit, stüendc ez an diner wal, noch m6 : gilt Gote iint gip dien armen wider; der hört dir dort gehelfen mac. 8. Got git sin gäbe, swem er wil; (fl, 849 aj er bat in lip gegeben und in der kintheit saelden vil; des sult ir iuch niht überheben: t-ret ritter, roinnet vrouwen, grüezet arme gernde diet. lu ist gesezzet üf ein zil, seht vür iuch unde neben, unt spilt ez üf der eren spil, behüget an iuwer vorder leben, der vil maniger kröne truoc, biz in der tot von leben schiet. Der in dienet, dem sult ir genAden sin bereit, in si der witwen unt der weisen kumber leit, habt die Tiutschen wert; in iuwerm herzen minnet Got, so tuot er dnr iuch, swes ir gert. verdienet Ackers, künic rieh, und ouch Ceciljen lant; in iuwer hant Swäben ist bekant, herzöge sit ir da genant; swaz Egerlant der gülte hat, unt Xüerenberc Hute unt der sant, wil ez Got, iu kumt noch uf daz boubet Roemsche kröne wert. 3. Ein esel gap vür eigen sich (ib.) dem vuohse, daz was guot; da lert' er'n sprechen wihteclich, si wären beide höchgemuot; seht , da vuort' her Reinhart sinen knappen in den grüenea kle, Er sprach: „min esel, hüete dich, Der Marner. IUI der wolf dir schaden (not, erhoert er dich, des warte uf mich." der esel in dem grase wiiot; dil schiiof im sin mag iinvrüude, daz er sang [ein] hiigeliet, als e. Zuo dem gedoene balde kam gegangen Iscngrin; swaz Reinhart seit', der wolf sprach, der esel waer' sin, des wolf er ieziint swern. do vuorte in Reinhart z'einer dru. er sprach: ,,ich mar niicli'.s nihl erwern." do niiios' er die kafsen rüeren , des was er bereit ; d.az wart im leit: diu dni den wolf versneit, er wart bestümbelt, so mau seit. ach Got, wair' ieglich kafs' eindrü, swenne ez gät an den valschen eit, daz w^aere wol; ir ist gar ze vil: nu swerä, lieger, w«'- dir we! 4. Singe ich den liuten miniii liet, (If, 251 b.) so wil der erste daz, wie Dieterich von Berne schiet; der ander, wä künic Rüether saz, der dritte wil der Riuzen stürm, der vierte F.ggehartes n«U, Der viinfte, wen Kriemhilt verriet; dem sehsten tajte baz, war komen sl der Wilzeu diet, der sibende wolde eteswaz, Heimen ald hern Witigen stürm, Sigvrides ald hern Eggen tot. So wil der ahtode däbi niht wan hübschen minoesanc,- dem niunden ist diu wile bi den allen lanc; der zehende enweiz, wie, nu sust, nu so, nu dan, nu dar, nu hin, nu her, nu dort, nu hie; dabi bete manger gerne der Nibelnnge bort; der wigt min wort ringer, danne ein ort; des rauot ist in schazze verschort : ff sus gct min sang in mangcs ör, als der mit blije in marmel bort; sus singe ich unde sage iu, des iu niht bi mir der künig enbot. V rt. Oh 836 b.) 1. ,,Ich künde in dem dAoe: lit in sldfe verborgen, der tac vil schöne uf dirre raure wil nf sin; stän ich unt triire Sere; swer tougen minne, waz sol ich m6re der beginne vriund unt viende sagen, wachen, des ist zit. Avan: ez wil schiere tagen !*' Ich beere üf den zwien 2. Diu rede ein rider singende schrien düLte vil bitter, vogellin; da er lac der tac wil nähen : bi einer vrouwen ; hinnan gäben diu gienc scüouwen sol, swer tougen lit. z'einem vensterlin: Ich warne also," Si sach vil ungerne sprach der wahter in sorgen, den morgeusterne, „der merker drO gräwen tac, 132 Meislei' Keiiii. diu wölken grisc; si sprach Ilse: ,, lieber lierre min, Der w.iliter jiht, er sehe den morgen schinen ; des wipne ich niht: dien kleinen vogellinen troumet üf esten; des Sternen glesten tritiget : der wahter linget ; fies er sich schämen mac, wan ez ist noch niht tac/' 3. Der ritter vil suoze mit liebem gruoze mangen kus bot rotem munde kurzer stunde, d(J der wahter sweic. Er rief aber lute : ,,trüt sich von träte scheide sus, daz valsche huote Pfandes iht muote." Sil der ritter neic Der vrouwen sin; di\ schiet sich liep mit leide; vil manigen pin truogen ir herzen beide. sus kan diu minne muot unt sinne teilen, wunden unt heilen. der helt slouf dur den hac : aldä liihte im der tac. 53. Ifleister Kclin. CHT, 33 a.) i. Vrouwe £re sprach zer Schande: „aü Sit ir hie vil wert, ir habet in manigem laude gewaltes hiure m«^ , den vert : ich bin gekert üz manigcs herren huse, Der i min lobes kröne hie wirdiclichen truoc, der git mir mt ze lüne arge sprüche unt der genuoc. WC, lasters pQuoc ert nü durch mine kliise! Ich hete hievor vil manigen wirt, der nü durch Gotes hulde unde ere min enbirt, der stilt unt roubet, wuochert unde meine swirt; daz klage ich deme, der mich hernider sande. daz was der tugenderiche Got; ze dem so wil ich wider hein unt leisten sin gebot; der eret mich mit aller siner engel rot: so Sit ir hie gelästert, ir vrou Schande 1" 2. Diu Schande sprach: „vrouwe £re, nu vart hin, swen ir weit, ir vint hie lüzzel mere, die iu ze dienste sint gezelt; ich han mich geselt vil wol nach minem willen. Ich ler sie ir muoter schellen, darzuo ir wib, ir kint, ich I^r sie zuht vil selten. Meister Vriderich von Suoneuburc 133 ich 1er sie aa lügenden bliut. ir Sit ein wint, ich kau iiich wol gestillen. Ir sint ze Swabeu künie dri, die innen und üzen durch iuch sint uiTeubeere vri; daz selbe ist ouch ze Vranken, swie Icit ez iu sf; die umb den Rin sint nach ze müuichen worden. so kcre ich gegen Beierlaut. sich enhüeten da die edelen, ich werde in wol bekant; s6 trahte ich z'aller zit ze AViene üf den sant: die hete ich alle gerne an minem orden." 54« Jffeistcr Tridericli toh ^iioiieiiliiirc. (1850-75.) I. (II, 355 a.) Ich süuge gerne hübeschen sanc, uut seit' ouch guotiu msere, unt biete ouch hübscher vuoge pfliht, swä ich bi Hüten bin; Min munt in allen des verjiht, daz ich wol hübscher wsere, unt haete ich hübschen habedanc, ich haete ouch Avisen sin, Ich sünge ouch wol von minnen liet unt von des ineien touwen, wie küme liep von liebe schiet, ein vriunt von siner vrouAven; diz sünge ich allez und ouch uid: nü laze ich'z ümbe daz: zuht tuot den edelen jungen wä unt hübescher sang, unt tuot in schelten wip bi wine baz. II. (II, 357 a.) O ivol dir, Gotes wundertal, ich mein' dich, tiuriu weit! Got nimt unt hat üz dir genonien al siner hosten vröuden gelt, die stne höhen menscheheit, die edelen muoter sin. Gar alle Gotes heiligen hat Got uz dir genomen; weit, waerstu niht, waz wtere uns Got, wer waere ze Gotes riche komen ? waz waere liep, waz waere leit, din \inster liehter schin? Du zarter Gotesgarte, iu dem Got wunder wundcrs hat gewundert und erbuwen manic tiure wundersät; die himelscheu Jerusalem er noch üz dir volzieret wol, üz dir al sine koere werdent eines lobes vol. 131 Der Ilelleviur. (1»50 — »8.) CII, 361 a.) 1. Got, din züin der ist verschuldet: sclioiiwet, wie der toiif uiint abe, die lieidea vuste dringen : wacliA, herre, wachä uut werü, wer! Krislcnher kuniber duldet iiude strebet uacli diuie grabe, sü dnz ir swert erklingen jnüezeu , dem geliche als über mer. Ingeborn waere uns baz, danne ob wir den sig' vcrliescu* Got, du solt diir diner ntarter ere verkiesen, und ür den, der daz lioubet ist: wizzc Krist, gesigt Otacker iht, wir sin verlorn. 2. Des keisers wal stuont gar schöne, 7 dö sin küuige pflägen c : J* nü pflegent sin Weibische pfafTen, ' die nervendem segen unt den touf. ' Dem von Stouren wirt diu kröne, wie ez ümbe den von Hollant ge, wil er ze Röme scIialTen, Jerusalem sin erbe daz ist der kout. Üf den val ]i£t der habest sich nach landen dürsten; als der tocken spilt der Walch mit Tiutschen vürsten: er sezzet si üf, er sezzet sl abe, nach der habe wirfet er si hin unt her, als einen bal. 3. Herre Got, mahtu uns erzeigen, ob din kraft müge uns ernern; mache üz zwein künigen einen, dem gerihte liebe unt Kristen c. Man siht rcrouben eigen, kirchen, sträzen, dörfer hern, man hoert die witewen weinen, unt die kleinen weisen schrien: owe! (üolhe nut hat din arme Kristenheit gemeine: Got, dur diner marter willen, nü vereine der vürsten rät und ir gewalt ist gestalt, als ein meilic hant von bluote rot. 56. Der Helle^iiir« ( 1950 - »«.) (///, 34 bO 1. Haz unde nit daz slnt zwei kielt, diu nimmer manne >voI anstäntj ich sage in, swer sie gerne trei^, k Der Hiooenberger. 135 dnz man getriuweu stseten vriiiut au dem uiht viudeu kau. Daz priievc ich au den dingen wol; er si guot vriiiut ze aller wis , daran sich nieniau lazeu sol ; sin lachen slindet siniu wort, da ist ein bitter an. Swie vil er dan ir slinden müge , sit er sich selben mit der galleu tr<Miiict, er hazzet undc nidct daz, daz man eins biderben mannes wol gedenket. man sprichet, daz man guoten stselen vriunt au im niht viudeu mac: nein man niht; er pfllt der dinge, der Judas der ungetriuwe pilac. 2. Mich hat min ungelücke grüz gemachet guotes unde vrüuden beider al geliche blöz; darumb ich dicke in rimven sizze und ouch in sorgen gen. Von disen dingen wirde ich altj swen ich mich vröuden nieten sol, so trur' ich, ez ist mir sü gestaU, armuot get mit mir shlfen, kumber wil mit mir üfsteu. Ich enbir ouch der geverten wol , ine kau sie leider von mir niht vertriben, mime helfen milte heru darzuo: geschaeh' mir daz, so roüeste ich vrö beliben, unde in den vröuden singen, daz den besten duhte von mir guot; nü helfe im Got, der mir des helfe, daz mir kumber vlieh' unde aremuot ! 59. Der Hiiiueiilierger. (um 13S0.) ein, 39 aj 1. Swer da gerne ritter wirt mit höher wirdikeit, der lege die tugent an sich vür daz allerhüste kleit, und läze daz die künige, vürsten schouwen, Unt darzuo den besten uut swer'z sehen wil; SU wirt im lob unt däbi stteter vren vil; ouch lobent in die tugenthaften vrouweu. Daz swert nem' er durch ritters tat, daz er sich wer vor sündeu unt vor schänden; er minne Got, habe rehten rät, so wirt sin lop gehöt in allen landen; den schilt nem er durch rehten vride, sd daz er decke vor missetat, und habe ritterlichez leben: so Avizzet, daz sin lop die volge hdt. 2. Ein wort, daz ist iu algemeine (..) wol bekanti missetuot ein herre, seht, man sprichet zehant, sin rät der habe die büsheit in geleret. Man mac in lihte leren, swer da übele wil; er vindet selber wol der boesen zucke vil, dämite er sinen edelen uamen verkeret. Daz tüsent lerten boese tat einen biderben man, daz hülfe kleine, ern' na;me ze sime herzen rät, unt taete ouch tugentJich, der edele, reine: ein krankez herze ist schiere bräht üf eine höhe missctät, daz sine vriunt beriuwen muoz, swenne er ze hove in houbeischanden stät. 3. Boemaere hetcn einen künic, Träjänus was er gcuaut, (riuwe und cre, milte was im wol bekant; 130 Wahsmuot von Künzingen. owe, daz er die niht erbete sime kinde! Daz selbe klag' ich noch von maDigem edeleu man, den riebe gälte ir vater hie vor hat geldn, bi den ich weder tugent, noch ere vinde. Der Roemer künic vriigete sine man an slnem ende tiigentlicher msere, ob er iht lasters hete begän? sie sprachen alle, er wsere schänden Isere. ir vürsten, herren, seht iuch vür an iuvverm hosten vröiiden tage, nii vrüget, waz ir habet getdu, iint schaffet, daz man iuch nach tüde klage. 59. UTalisiiiiiot von Huiizinseii. Cum 1950.) I. (I, 302 a.) 1. Swie der walt in grüener varwe stc, UDt diu vogellin hoehen ir sanc, Doch tuot mir min alter kumber wc, der mich hiure vor dem meien twanc; iSus ist vröude mir benomen: owe, M'enne sol mir trüst von liebem wibe komcn ! 2. Wie mac mir ein wip sü liep gesin, der ich alse gar unmaere bin? Daz kumt allez von der stsete min; doch sü ratet mir mins herzen sin, Daz ich an ir staete si; bczzer ist ein stoetiu liebe, danne unstaeter dri. 3. Mauigem ist mit sinr' unstsete baz, danne mir mit miner stxte si; Daz sol ich wol läzen äne baz, Avan derselbe ist herzeliebe vri. Swer nie leit durch liep gewan, der weiz euch niht, wie herzeliebe löneu kan. 4. Mir ist dicke herzeclichen wol, und ist mir dicke herzeclichen we; Swenne ich von der liebe scheiden sol, so hän ich dekeine vröude me, [Wan] swenne ich si aber mac gesehen, sone künde mir an vröuden niemer baz geschehen. 5. Ist diu liebe nah ir schoene guot, so mac miner swaere werden rät; Nu waz danne, ob si uugenade tuotV ich weiz doch wol, daz si beide hat: Wie möhte si ane güete sin, also gröze schoene, als si hat, diu vrouwe min? II. (7, 303 aO 1. Haete ich, swaz ich gerne haete. Seht, der darbe ich beider unt ■waere ouch, swä mich diuhte nft vil lange leider: guot, daz ist, daz mir unsanfte tuot. So wolde ich mit rehter s(ae<e 2. Owe, bluomen , owe, beide, iemer wesen höchgemuot. wie mich riuwct iuwer uogeroach! Von Obernburc. 137 Owe lichter ougenwcide, der ich eteswenne wuoder sach! Die siot du gar zergangen, mich muoz wol belangen, daz mir nie liep von ir gescbach. 59. Her Heiuricli Hezbolt von l¥izeuse. (um 1850.) Ol, 24 aO 1. Ich enwart nie halp sd vrö, mir vert in Sprunge daz herz' unt der muot, I Daz ist in lürten hü, der lip muoz junge; swer der meijen bluot Unt durch bluomen singet, der hat vrüude ganz, der trag' ir liebten kränz : min herze twinget der schoene glänz. 2. Gruoz ist min hoechster (rüst, gruoz der kan machen mich vil senden rieh; Gruoz hat mich sorg' erlost, darnach ein lachen gar dursiuberlich. Ach, sM'em ir grüezen Wirt durch ruten munt, dem kan ez sä zestunt den lip durchsüezen, daz er wirt gesunt. 3. Ich sich vil münde rüt, daz ist ein M'under, die tuont mir niht vri Min herz' üz sender not; ez stet darunder, — wie mac dem gesi? — Min herze in schricke. eist min leitvertrip; wirf an mich, süezer lip, vil zarter blicke unt sprich: „vrö belip!" BO« Ton Oberuliiirc. Cum 1250.) I. Ol, 287 a.) Ir minneclich minne mir betwungen hat als inneclich herze und al die sinne min. Versinde sich diu liebe, waz s'an mir begät, si minde mich, unt lieze ir widerstriten sin; Wil si den strlt iht langer gen mir halden, so muoz ich kumberlicher sorgen walden. genäde, vrouwe, tuot so niht, lät iuwer güete an mir mit tröste werden schin, der man ein wunder an iu siht. II. Ol, 227 bO 1. Ich bin in min herze wunt, daz tet mir ein saelic wip; Niemerme wird' ich gesunt, mich entroBste ir reiner lip. Ir vil liebten ougen schin und ir rösevarwer raunt hänt verwunt daz herze min. 2. Wseren alle wünsche war, unt hete ich ouch alle kür, So sprich' ich daz äne vär, da nieme ich die lieben vür. Ir vil liebten oogen schin unt ir rösevarwer raunt hant verwunt daz herze min. 138 Her Steirnär. Ol. JUer von ^Wildonie. (lS51-e90 (F, 348 bj 1. Wir sülu hühcn rauot enprähcu, beide, vrouwen uDde man: Trürea di'i solt von mir gaben, Sit daz ich gesehen hän Des vil liehten meien schin: >van beert in den ouwen singen diu vil kleiuiu vogcllin. 2. Diu vr5unt sich der spunden sunnen, 6wä si vor dem berge üf gilt; Waz gelicbet sich der wunnen, dd ein rose im touwe st-.U? Nieman , danne ein schoenez wip, diu mit rehter wibesgüete wo! kan zieren iren lip. 3. Liep daz hebt sich in den uugcn unt gilt in daz herze min; So sprichet liep ze liebe tougen : liep, wan solt' ich bi dir sin! disiu liet diu hiit gesungen vor dem walde ein vogcllin. 69. Her l^teiuiar. (1251 — 760 * (II, 154 a.) 1. Sit sl mir niht lünen wil, der ich hän gesungen ^il, seht, so wil ich prisen Den, der mir tuot sorgen nit, herbest, der des meien iviit vellet von den risen. Ich weiz wol , ez ist ein altez maere, daz ein armez minnerlln ist reht ein niarleraere. seht, zuo den was ich geweten: wafen! die wil ich län unt wil inz luoder treten. 2. Herbest, underwint dich min, Avan ich >vil din helfer sin gegen dem glänzen meien; Durch dich mide ich sende not; Sit dir Gebewin ist tut, nim mich tumben leien Vür in 2'eime staeten Ingesinde. — „Steiraär, sich, daz wil ich tuon, sweune ich m'i baz bevinde, ob du mich kanst geprüeven wol." — wäfen! ich singe, daz wir alle werden vol. 3. Herbert, nü hoere au min leben: Wirt, dii solt uns vische geben, mc danne zehenhaude, Herzoge Johaos voo Urabant. 13ü Geuse, hüener, vogel' , swln, dermel, pfawen suint da siu, win voa Welschem lande, Ues gib uns yil , unt heiz uns schüzzel schochcu: küpfe linde schüziiel wirt von mir unz an den grünt erlochen. Wirt, du hi din sorgen sin, wafen ! joch muoz ein riiiwic herze troesten win. 03. Küuic Cliuoiirat der Junge. ( 1858 — 68.) (1, 4 bO 1. Ich vröu[we] mich maniger bluomen röt, die uns der meie bringen wil; Die stuonden e in grözer nüt, der Winter tet in leides vil: Der meie wil's uns ergezzen wo! mit manigem wünneclichen tage; des ist diu weit gar vröudenvol. 2. Waz hilfet mich diu sumerzit unt die vil liebten langen tage? Min tröst an einer vrouwen lit, von der ich grozen kumber trage. Wil si mir geben höhen rauot, dil tuot si tugentlichen an, unt daz min vröude wirdet guot. 3. Swanne ich mich von der lieben scheide, so muoz min vröude ein ende hän, Owe so stirbe ich liht[e] von leide, daz ich es ie mit ir began. Ich enweiz niht, vrou[we], waz minne sint: mich liit diu liebe sere engelten, daz ich der järc bin ein kint. 04* Herzoge Joliaiis vou Brabaut. C 1851 — 94.) O, lö bj 1. Eins meien morgens vruo was ich üfgestän, In ein schoenz boungartegin solde ich spiln gän; Dci vant ich drie juncvroHwen stdn, si wären so M'olgetän, diu eine sanc vür, diu ander sanc nd: Harbä lorifu, harbä harbii lorifä, harbä lorifä! 3. Do ich ersach daz schoene krüt in dem boungartegin, Und ich erhörde daz süeze gelut von den megden vin, 140 Her Bernge von Ilorliein. Do verbilde daz herze luin, daz ich miioste singen nil: Harbd lorifä, harbä harbä lorifa, harbil lorifäl 3. Do gruoste ich die aller schoensten, diu darunder stiiout, Ich liez min arme alümbe gän, do zer selben stiint, Ich wolte si küssen an irn munt; si sprach: „lüt stän , liit stän, lät stän!" Harbil lorifd, harbä harbä lorifa, harbä lorilä! 05. Ton l^cliarpfeiilierc. (1859 — 58 od. 1»76-9S.) (J, 350 aO 1. Zwo gespilen mserc bcgunden sere klagen, Herzesende swa;re beide einander sagen; Diu ein zer ander sprach: „groz leit und ungemach benimet mir die sinne; hie enist niht vrüuden inne, Sit ich mins liebes niht ensach." — 8. „Diu rede ist mir gar swsere," sprach diu ander du, „Trüt gespile maere, ja wirde ich niemer vro. Ich hau den man verlorn, den ich hat' üz erkorn vür alle, die dir wären: er kaa sich wol gebären, er wart ze leide mir geborn." 3. Diu dritte kam gegangen, si saz hin zuo den zwein, Si wart niht wol enpfangen, si hiezen si gän hein: „6ä hin , da vröude si. wan wir sin vröude vrlj du mäht wol vröuden walden: diu liep wil dich behalden, davon so bistu wol dir bi." — 4. „Nu sihe ich an iu beiden, daz ir mir sit gehaz; Ich wil hinnen scheiden, vürwär sage ich iu daz: Ir habt mir daz geseit, des ich bin vil gemeit. wer künde mir gedröuwen? ich wil mich iemer vröuwen : min liep mir holdez herze treit. 5. Ich bin des worden innen an dem vil werden man. Als ich mich kan versinnen, daz er mir guotes gan; Ich bin im ouch vil holt, daz hat er wol verscholl. ich spriche ez bi dem eide, er tet mir nie so leide, ern' waer' mir lieber, danne golt." 60. Her Berufe von Horliein« (1S540 * I. 0$ 380 aO 1. Mir ist alle zit , als ich vliegende var ob al der werlte, unt diu min elliu si; Swar ich gedenke, vil wol Sprünge ich dar, swie verre ez ist, wil ich, sost ez mir nähe bi. Stare uude snel, beidiu, riebe unde vri, ist mir der muot, dur daz loufe ich so balde, mir enmac entrinnen debein tier iu dem walde: daz ist gar gelogen; ich bin sweere, als ein bli. Giävc Kuonrat von Kiicliberc. 141 2. Ich mac von vröudcn toben line strit, mir ist von niinuc so liebe geschehen ; Swji wjere ein walt, beide, lanc unde wit, mit schoeuen boumen, den wolte ich erspeheu, Da möhte man mich doch springende sehen; min reht ist, duz ich an vrüuden mich twinge. wes liuge ich gouch? ine weiz, waz ich singe: mir wart nie M'irs , wil ich der wdrheit jehen. 3. Ich mache den merkseren trüebenden muot, ich hän verdienet ir nit und ir haz, Sit daz min vrouwe ist rieh unde guot, e was mir wc, uü ist mir sanfte unde baz; Ein herzeleit, des ich niene vergaz, daz hau ich verläzen , und ist gar verswunden, min vrüude hat mich von sorgen enbunden, mir wart nie baz: unde liuge ich iu daz. II. (7, 321 aj 1. Wie solte ich armer der swoere getriuwen, daz mir ze leide der künic wsere tot! Des muoz ich von ir daz eilende biuwen, des werdent danach miniu ougen vil röt; Der mir ze Fülle die hervart gebot, der Avil mich scheiden von liebe in die not, der ich gewinne vil micheln riuwen. 8. Ich wil bevelhen ir lib und ir ^re Gote unde danach allen engein sin; Si sol wizzen, swar ich landes kere, daz ich ir bin unt si iemer min, Als ich e was, du mich ir ougen schin brähte so verre üz dem sinne min: dö was mir we, unde nü michels mere. 3. Nü muoz ich varn, unt doch bi ir beliben, von der ich niemer geschelden mac; Si sol mir sin vor al[Ien] andern wiben in mlneni herzen, beidiu, naht unt tac. Als ich gedenke, wie ich ir wilent pflac. owe, daz PüUe so verre ie gelac! daz wil mich leider von vrüuden vertriben. 09. Gräve Kuoiirat von Kiicliberc. (1855 — 89.) (I, 25 aj 1. Meige ist komen in diu laut, der uns ie von sorgen baut: kinder, kinder siut gemant, wir sun schouwen wunne maiiicvalde, Üf der liebten beide breit, da hat er uns vürgespreit manic blüemelin gemeit, erst bezeiget in dem griienen walde : 142 Grive Kiionrät von Kilchberc. Du hcrrt man die nahtegal üf dem bliienden risc singen lobelichea schal, berg II nt tal hiit der meige geret nü ze prisc. Ir geilent iiich jungen, die bluomcn sint entsprungen, ir singent den rcigeu, unt wesent vroelich vrd des liehlen ineigen! 2. Wohif, kinder, g^n wir dar an die vröiidenrichen schar uf den anger räsenvar, dd die bluomen diir daz gras üfdringent. Legen t an der eren wät, 8wä nu liep bi liebe gät, den git meige süezen rat: losä, losä, wie die vogel' singent ! Daz in uren sanfte tiiot. vröut iueh, stolzen leigen, in' gesach des meigen bluot nie SU guot: da bi süln wir tanzen iinde reigen. Ir geilent iiich jungen cet. 3. Wolüf, Rose, Gepe, Hiltegart, Geri, Guote trut, an die vart, Vrüude, Anne, Ellin, Igel zart, Nese, Engel, Uedelhilt, Beate, Gisel, Uote, Dierauot, Wille, Gözze, Irmellin, Kläre, Wunne, Ite, Minne, Tilije fin, Hezze, Mezze, Salme, Katrin, Kristin, Berhte, Liebe, Adelgiint, Vite, Guote, Mije, Suffie, Else, Uedelsint, Sidrät, Künigunt, Pride, Heil wie, Hilte, Liigge, Edeilint, Herburc kint, Krete, Saluet, Elide, Hille, Juzze, Hemme, Fide. Ir geilent iuch jungen cet, 4. Wä sint nu die jungen man? wol eht üf, wol alle dan, ZUG den kiuden üf den plaul allez trüren muoz dd sin verswachet ; » Dd Wirt siecher man gesunt, den diu minne hat verwunt, raanic roeselehter munt in sin herze sraieret unde lachet. Da man bluomen unde klc vindet in den ouwen, die sint aber ane we, hiure als e, üfgedrungen in des meigen touwen. Ir geilent iuch jungen cft. [ Her Riiodolf voa Uötcnburc. 143 5. Hei , diu liebe , swji si si, solt ich ir du weseu bi, seht, so wurde ich sorgen vri, diu mir ie was liep vor allen wiben, Vroelich in des meigen bluot, braeche ir einen schatehuot; alles guotes überguot ist diu liebe, ir lop daz wil ich (riben Gerne, unt dienen umb ir danc; kiusche unt wandeis eine ist diu liebe äne allen wauc : äne danc singe ich der vil lieben, die ich da meine. Ir geilent iuch jungen cet. 69. Her Ruoilolf toii Rotenbiiro. (1357.) I. (/, 79 b.) i. Haete ich niht anders leides mo, so wolde ich klagen den grüenen kle, den uns der rife und ouch der sn^ verderbet hat, daran geschiht mir leide : 2. Nu get mir naher ander leit, daz mir ein wip so gar vorseit ir minne, die mit stxtekeit gedienet hat min lip, min herze, beide. 3. Diu mir vor allen wiben ze vrouwen muoz beliben, wil diu mich verderben so, wer sol mich danne machen vrö? jÄ waer'z ir sünde, ob si mir also taete. 4. Ich was ir ie getriuwe, unt bin ir iemer niuwej schoener, danne ein Spiegelglas, horter, danne ein adamas, so ist ir daz herze min an rehter stap(e. 5. Wol der minne, diu min sinne leret unde kerct nach der besten einer, die man in der werlte erkennet! 6. Wol der güete, der gemiiete machet, daz mir lachet herze und al die sinne min , swä man si vor mir nennet ! 7. E ich den kumber, , den ich tumber dulde durh ir hulde, lieze, lieber biete ich Röme und Engellant verbennot. 141 Her Kiiodolf von UoleniMirc. 8. Unt liege ich daz, so iiiücze ir h.iz, der ich nie vergnz, min Icit vertragen, so wurde kranc al min gcsanc: ir werden danc muoz ich bejagcn. 9. Des wurden tüscnt herzen lebende dne swaere; swie min vrouwe ir versagen wider mich verboere, son' weiz ich noch des küniges niht, der mir geliche danne waere. 10. Waz hilfet si daz riche guot, die niht wibes minne minnent unt des niemer niht beginnent, daz man nennet hüben muot? des höfschen zimt den vrouwen niht, swcs herze unsanTte wol geluot. 11. Maniger suocbet dur daz j<lr, des er doch niht viuden wolde : sere man si hazzen solde, die den wiben sagent unwar. swie kleine es mich doch vrüme, ich gcloug in nie so tiure, als umh ein hdr. 13. Leider si minnent alle niht, als ich, die du wibes minne vlizent sich; des sol min vrouwe lan gcniezen mich. 13. Jii enbin ich's niht, der valscher minne gert, valschcs wil ich niemer werden wert; daz hab' ich her behalden drizec vert. 14. Diu vil liebe unt diu vil reine, die ich so herzeclichen meine, erwirbe ich der niht ein vil kleine, so viirhte ich, daz min sanc erzage, swie min vrouwe mir des gunde, daz ich von ir minneclichen munde ir werden gruoz bejagen künde, so verdürbe al mins herzen klage: swie ich ir minne nilit bejage, so wizzet daz ich allen vröuden widersage. II. C/j» 87 a.) 1. Ich wil singen unde lachen, swanne ich sihe, diu mich betwungen hat; Ir genäde mir niuoz wachen, sol der minen sorgen werden rdt. Si sehent min ougen, dast unlougen, die ich lieber hän, danne al der Kriechen bougen. 2. Si ist mir lieb t'iue alle unstaete, wan si wart nie valscher minne wert; Gerne ich ir genäden baete, der ich ie mit triuwen hän gegcrt: In ir gewalden iMaicgrä^e Otte von Urandoiibiirc mit dem Pfile. 145 nmoz icli uldeu, mit wil an ir mia (riauc also helialdoii. 3. Lieber lie(e ich von ir löne nilit wan eiu \il kleine;! ^ingerliu, Dan duz ricli' und oiich die kröne mit der vürsren willen w;rrp min. Der ist docli kleine, wan min eine, die des wirnen, da;^ ich si mit Iriiiwen meine. III. a, SS a.) 1. Mir seit' ein eilender pilgerin UDgevräget von der vronwen min, Wie si sclioene waere iint diibi wolgemuot : daz ist mir ein ma»re, daz mir an dem herzen ^:auflte taut. 8. Got der gebe der lieben giioten tac, Der ich anders niht gegrüezen niac! Also siniclie ich ienier wider den morgen vruo, iint vergizze ir niemer wider den abeut, guoter naht darzuo. 3. Miner sinne ich halber dil vergaz, D(^ ich urlonp nam, uut si so saz, Si bran üf vor mir schöne. sani der äbentröt: Wirt mir iht ze löne dast uudersuiten gar mit seuder not. 4. Si bat mich, dö ich jungest von ir .schiet, Daz ich ir sande rainiu niuwen liet : Diu sold ich ir senden; nu enweiz ich bi wem, der'z ir wizen hendeu schöne bringe und ir ze boten zem. 5. Waz ob mich ein böte versümet gar? Ich wil mcr danne lusent senden dar; So si ir alle bringen minen siiezen sanc, unde in schöne singen : so Wirt mir vil lihte ein habedauc. 69. ^ffaro^rave Otte von Braiideiibiirc mit «leiii Pfile. ()v<7- 1866 -130§.) ""^ I. o, 11 ao 1. Uns kiimt aber ein liehter meie, wol geloubet stet der walt, der machet manic herze vruot, des wirt vil trüric herze balt. Er bringet bliiomen mangerleie : 8. Ich wil nach ir hulde ringen wer gesach ie süezer bluot? alle mine lebende tage, Vogelin doene sint manicvalt, Sol mir niht an ir gelingen, CMiunesänger.) 10 140 Der Misnaere. seh«, so sUrbe ich sciider klage, ir diirliiihlic röJer mnut Si entroeste mich ze stiint; hiit mich uf den trtt verwunt. * •>> * li. (I, II 6.; 1. Sich, biderber man, wie din gemiiefe here», swä ein wip dich minnecliche grüezet; AI din hoffeniinge wirt gemöret, vrouwen güetc mannen kumber büezet; Änc minnc ist nieman wert, nnkiusche mac geniinnen niht, iinmiune diu ist dem ein wiht, der rehter minne gert. 2. Wie soi man baz gesprechen von der minne? nieman hat niht also rehte guoles; Swer der pfliget der waltet giioter sinne: minne tuet dem man niht arges miiotes. Swer der minnc ist undertan, si lät in manige tilgende sehen: als ich die wisen hoere jehen, si U-ret sünde hin. 3. Ja wol dem, der unmiunc z'allen stunden gerne vliuhetl den mag ere gieren; Minne wart nie bl den sünden viinden, si kau guoten mau wol rehte leren. Genuoge liute sprechent so, daz unminne sünde si: minne ist aller sünde vri, seht, minne machet vrö. 90. Der Iflisuaere. Cl868-»50 I. C///, S6 aj 1. Got, aller sselden anevanc, dir si genigen, Got, vater aller barmnnge, din lop wirt niht verswigen, künic aller rehtikeit, dine wort sint war. Krist, rihter aller werke, arider alles vrides, Krist, suoner aller missetät, durch uns den tut du lides, gebieter über aller engel schar, Hilf, schepfer aller dinge, du bist aller güete ein übervlüzzic brunne, lä uns hie niht verderben in disem elende, von dir enpfaetder lichte sunne; ein brun entspringet in dem herzen din, sündaere, kumt des ein zär durch diu ougen, der ist 6ote so msere, daz er dir vergit dine sünde gar. 5. Der apfel der ist siuewel alumb unde ümbe, swie verre er von dem stamme walgert in sliht' unde in krümbe, doch hat er nach dem stamme sinen smac. Unartic vogel koppet in sin art nach rehte; der gebür' unde der hovewart tuont nach irme siebte; der vuhs sin unkust niht vermiden mac. Ouch tuot nach sime künne der wolf; der müsar v»t vor die rephüenre raiuse. I Der IVlIsnoere. 147 hü edel man, tut liüe(e, iJaz dich diu ergc iht jage iu der schänden riiise. ein boiim mit schoener bliiot (reit unedel obez dicke; bi lugenden prüevet man daz adcl: Got dem vil steldeu schicke, der edcUichen tuo naht undc tac. 7. Maniger ist also zagehaft, daz er erschrecket, swen er siht einen vremden gast, als ein wilt wolf er blecket; da prüevet man sine uuedellicheit bi. JSin geliiz meldet, ob im der gast ist unmsere; des sol er hüeten, swd er mac, swie gerne er sin enba?re, daz man niht spreche: „boeser zage, pf'i! Wie mahtu so gebären? kanstu die untugent deheiue stunde lazen?" tar man's niht vor im sprechen, mau jiht doch hinder im, daz sin lip si verwiizen. ein biderber wirt sol ümbe sen, rehte als ein valke, unt sol ez wol erbieten dem biderbeu uude ouch dem schalke, durch daz man spreche, er si schänden vri. IS. Wil ieman hin ze Bemerlant, der sol da grüezen von mir den höchgelobeten küuic , der kan wol kumber büezen mir und in allen, die sin helfe gern. Die ungetriuweu nident, daz er ist bi guote, bi eren unt bi wirdikeit; des ist im wol ze nuiote : die vrides gernt, die kan der künic geweru. Man sol unt uuioz Im danken , ez cnwart nie kein bezzer vrideraan üf der erden: küuic Ruodolf, voget von Röme, halt in ze vriuude, daz rät' ich dir unt dem vil werden, wä naeme einen so höhen schenken daz riche, also der künic üz Bemerlant? wä lebet nü sin geliche? ein keiser solte sin ungern enbern! II. Olf, 88 b.) 2. Dill rose ist diu schoeneste under aller blüete, doch ist ir stam dornic unde äne güete, ir schoene wert niht lange, unartic ist ir vruh(. Werlt, dine schoene gelich' ich zuo der röseu, diu ist unstaete, smeichen unde lösen kanstu, du valewest an der tugeut unde an der zuht. Swie rot sie üzeu si , diu hiefe, iedoch so ist sie iunerthalb unartic gar. werlt, du ziuhes den halm vor dem giefe, unt spils mit im unt triuges in doch offenbar; üzerhalp sint gehoniget dine grüeze, innerhalp bistu bitter unde unsüeze: er saelic man, der sich vor diner list bewar ! 11. Ich wolde, daz den argen hienge ein schelle vor an der nasen, diu da klünge helle, da man sie bi erkente, seht, daz wa;re ir reht. Sit des niht ist, so wil ich üf sie singen, mit irer roissetät wil ich sie twingen, ich rüege ir werc; sus diene ich in unt bin ir knebt. Got weit die guoten üz den boesen, unt sundert sie; sus tuon ich, sint daz er'z gebdt. 148 Der Misnaere. 0«»t nu'iozo uns von den ar^cii Icrscn, iinil riK^re uns liic lier miUcn schar «Inrcli sinen löt ! Sit Got ist starker, den die tiiivel alle, der gebe den argen sinen vliioch ze valle! swer sich nn schiililic weiz, daz merke icli, wirt er nU. 14. Ich klage, daz znht iint knnst nA sol verderben; mit znht, mit kunst niac man nii niht erwerben; diu schalkeit hiit gesiget, zuht ist vertriben gar. Schale singet von schalkeit; hie ir sielde wachet: habe dort unsaelde! schale gegen schalkc lachet, sich hebent ie zwo geliche zuo der schänden schar. Swen ich mit schalken niht wil Schalken, so raten sie uf mich und legen mir wandel an. bi guotem vluge kinset man den valken; bl rehter iint bi giiotcr tat den edelen man. swelcli man durch schelclich leben kunst versmAhet, waz der von schalkes munde lobes enpfcihet, einer mucken vuoz der lop (üsent vergelten kan. 19. Ein rätgebe erhaft, menlich, milte, wise, erbarmic, triuwo, den rätgeben ich prise: ist er des niht, erne redet nimmer giioten rat. Wie niöhte ein boeser zage guot geraten? Sit daz die snceden vür die biderben traten an vürsten rat, der r.it ^il manigen schaden hAt. Nach Gotes rihte sült ir merken, daz tugent unde ere si ein wolgesniten kleit; nach rehten cren sült ir Sterken gewissen rät, des sült ir immer sin bereit, durch liebe, noch durch leide sült ir volgeo unrehter It-re, nimmer sin erbolgen: vlieht valschen rät; we dem, der valsche zungen treit ! IH. (III, 101 bj Swelich man über sinen muot ist man, daz er den muot betwinget, daz im der muot ist undertän nnd niht der man dem muote, Den man lob' ich, an' allen wän, swÄ muot mit manne ringet, daz er kan mannes herze enpfän, bestän in mannes huote. Zoumen den muot, so Wirt behuot schade von mannes übe. den zoum' durch kraft, daz sigehaft der man über den muot blibe; der man billich ze lobene stät. swä muot den man gezoumet hat, der ist gelich dem weichen wibe. IV. an, 102 aO 1. Almehtic Got, barmunge rieh, sich hie nider in diz elende ze diner armen Kristenbeit, helfe unde tröst den Kristen sende, Der >JisiKiMe. 149 Roeinisch liclie, des riches val beweiue. Der bäbes dem riclie hat gesworn, daz tr «iiuelit wil helfen kreiiken; nii daz riche gevalleu ist, des eides sol er gedenken, Sit er ein houbet ist der werlt aleine. Swer uns nü irre eines ki'iuiges, diu werlt gemeine über den schrie! ir Diutschen vürsteu, sit gemant, schafTet, daz mau den keiser wie: vür iuwer sündc vrüuwet die werlt gemeine. 8. Daz so lange gestanden hat üne keiser Kwmisch riche, daz ist von diner girikeit, Dintsche zunge, sicherliche, von dir ist Roemisch riche gar verweiset. Dir solte dienen al diu werlt: nii wiltü dich eigen machen; verliuset Diutschiu zunge ir reht, daz wirt sie an eren swachen; ow^, din girikeit daz riche neiset! Gib niht dln erbe in \remdiu laut, daz dir diu sehepfer hat angeerbet ; gedenke, wie unbarmeliche der küuic Chuonrat wart verderbet: ddvou noch allen Diutschen vürsteu eiset. V. (Uly 103 b.) Ez vräget mauiger, waz ich kunue, ich spriche: ich bin eiu lerer aller guoteu dinge, Hot bin ein rälgebe aller tugent, ich hazze schände. We dem, der mir eren verguuue! ich bin vürsten dienest, üf gnade lied ich singe, unt bin der eren pilgerim, seht, iu mauigem laude. Swer mir daz wize, der kome vür gerihte, unt gebe mir schult ümbe die kunst, die mir Got gap , ze deui ich pflihle. ist guotiu kunst uut Gotes gäbe sünde, der man gebezzert wirt und niht geergert? deu sin mir durchgründe ein valscher nider, der min leben strafe, der tuot gegen mir, alsaui der wolf tuot gegen dem schäfe : wes zihet mich der zage? ich waene, sin sajlde slafc. VI. (111, 104 b.) 1. Ich hau noch ümbeäus gedroschen, min (inkel ist mir worden gar ze spriuwe, da mir hievor weize wuohs, da wehset mir nu raten. Sin lob muoz immer sin verloschen, min schelten sol im stsete wesen niuwe; hete er mir gelogen niht, so wsere mir baz beraten. Bezzert er mir niht, ich wirfe im einen stein in sineu garten, unde eine kletten in den hart; ich muoz durch vriuntschaft lenger warten, dennoch so muoz ich in versuocheu; hilft ez mir niht, ich backe im einen kuochen von spriuwen unt von raten , daz im alle vrouwen vluochcn. 2. Gelücke, wä bistu so lauge, daz du nii uihtne kumst zuo z' einem male? mir dunket, dune wizzes niht, wa ich gesezzcu bin. Ich klage daz in mime sänge, daz du dich wilt geliehen einem äle, du Windes dich durch mine hant unt xeva von mir dahin. Ich lene mich üf dinen trost, wiKu, du mäht mich wol verderben; nu kum ze mir, des ist zit, unde (uo min ungelücke sterben. wiltu din lene von mir enthalten, 150 Herzoge Heinrich von Presseid. so (uostii mich in grüzcn sorgcu alten: ich entiel' es niht, mühte ich din, sam du min, gownlten. VII. (Ul, 107 aj Hüklimmic an der wirdikeit ist Hin lip, sü ist sin nuiot geblüeniel an der milte, snel valkcnvliic üf beides werc, mit gekrönter tiigfnt bliiet sin herze under cren schiltc; sin gebende hant vrüu[we]t, als ein süeze regen in dem meien. Er crenkerapfe unverzaget der zuht iinde der triuwen leitestab in rehter viiore, er balsmentrör vür argen smac , sa;lde hat sin lop gemezzen nach der fügende smiore, daz ez ist liiter iinde ganz an dem ge«'rten leien. *J Er liebet sich den liuten hie, rehte als ein liebez kint der mnoter tuot mit güete; swer trüric si, der seh' in an, dem git sin tugent nnt sin milte höchgemüete; er ist manlich , wcrlich, ellenthaft, ein ritter guot; davon lobe ich in mit gesange: des habe danc von Brandenburc marcgnive Otte der lauge. 91. Hei* Otte zeiu Turne. ium 1370.) CT, 344 b.) 1. Vröut inch der vil lieben zit, an der al min vrüiide lit, werden, vvolgenuioJen jnugen, Sich viir alle vrouwen gar, durch des liebten meien schin. sunder wanc, in htk-hgemüete Schouwet, wie diu beide lit: unt mit reiner wibes güete lichte bluomen sint entsprungen, Iioehet, als der adelar; man hcert kieiniu vogellin 3. Den sin adel unt sin art In dien ouwen liberal, in des luftes wilde twiuget, troeschel, lerche unt diu zise dar kein vogel nie gevlouc, doenent hügelicher wise Zuo dem diu vil reine schart mit der vrien nahtegal. ir niuot, der nach eren swinget; 2. Diu vröut sich des meien bluot ir gebaren mich niht trouc : unt der süezen sumerwunne, D«*» ich si von erst an sach, diu so höhe vröude git: dö kos ich des Wunsches wunne, So vröut sich min sender muof, me dan ich besinnen kunne, daz mins herzen spilnde suuuc, an ir: si ist der siclden dach. 99. Herzoge Heiiirieli von Pressela. Qrei/. 1370 — 90.) a, 10 aO i. Ich klage dir, meie, ich klage dir, sumerwunne, ich klage dir, liehtiu lieide breit, ich klage dir, ougebreheuder kle. Ich klage dir, grüener walt, ich klage dir, sunne, ich klage dir, Venus, sendiu leit, daz mir diu liebe tuot so wr. Welt ir mir helfen pIlihteH, Herzoge Ileiaricli von Presgelä. 151 so (rüwc ich , daz diu liebe iiiliezc rih(cii sich üf ciu ininneclichcz weseu: IUI l:il in sin gekündet roineu kuniber, dur Got, unt helfet mir gencscu. 2. „Waz (not si dir? lii hoercu uns diu schulde, daz äne sache ir iht gesche vou lins, wan daz ist wiser sin.'' — In liebem wäne habe ich yvol ir hulde, nanne aber ich viir baz ihtes ge, si jiht, icli sterbe, c solch gewin Mir von ir werde ze teile, daz ist ein tot an minneclichem heile ; o WC, daz ich si ie gesach, diu mir in herzelieber liebe reichet so bitterlichez ungemach ! — 3. „Ich meie wil dieu bluomen min verbieten, dien roseu rot, dien liljen wiz, daz sin sich vor ir sliezen zuo; So wil ich sunierwunne mich des nieten, der kleinen vogelin süezer vliz, , daz der gegen ir ein swigen tuo; Ich beide breit wil viihen si, swenne si wil nach glänzen bluomen gäben üf mich, ich wll si halten dir: Uli si von uns ir widerseit, der guoten." — sus muoz si sin genapdic mir. — 4. ,,Ich brehender kle wil dich mit schine rechen, swenne si mich an mit ougen siht, daz si vor glaste schuhen muoz. Ich grüener walt wil abe min lüuber brechen, hat si bi mir ze schafTene iht, si gebe dir danne holden gruoz. Ich sunne wil durhizzen ir herz', ir muot, kein schatehuot vür swizzen mag ir gen mir gehelfen niht, sin' welle dinen senden kumber swendea mit herzelieber liebe geschiht. 5. Ich Venus wil ir allez daz erleiden, swaz minneclich geschaflen ist, tuot si dir niht genäden rät." — O we, sol man si von dien wunnen scheiden, c wolde ich sterben sunder vrist, swie gar si mich betrüebet hat. — „Wiltu dich rechen läzen, ich schafTe, daz ir aller vröuden sträzen ir widerspenic müezen wesen." — ir zarter lip der möht' es niht erliden, lät mich e sterben, sl genesen. 152 Künic Wenzel von B^heim. 93. Müiiic "iVciizel toii nelieiiii. (1370 — 1305.J (/, 8 a.) 1. Ü« htiber liveutiiire ein süezc werdekeit hiit ininne au mir zt- lielite biulif, ich siufte \va lierüeliebe, sweniie ich denkt- dar, Du si mir gap zc minncclicher arbeit, als ich iu Wunsche hete gedühf, sO zart ein wip^ des ich mich iemer nlemen Car, Tut doch also, daz ez ir niht ze väre stt-, si gap in grözer liebe mir ein richez w^, daz muoz ich tragen lemermö, in" riioche , wem ez ze herzen g<^. 2. Mich bat min muot, daz ich der lieben küude nam, «0 wol unt wol mich iemer me, min volliii ger, min ongenweide und al min heil! Do si mir durch diu ougen in daz herze kam, du muoste ich werben baz, dauiie 0, gegen der vil klären, lösen alze lange ein teil. Herze unde sinne gab ich ir ze dienste hin, al miner vröuden urspring unde ein anbegin; 81 gap mir des ich iemer bin vrö, und Ist doch min ungewin. 3. Reht alsam ein rose, diu sich üz ir klösen W, wenne si des süezen touwes gert, 8US bot si mir ir zuckersüezen, röten munt. Swaz ie kein man zer werlte wunne enpfangeu hat, daz ist ein niht, ich was gewert so helfeberndes trostes, ach der lieben stunt! Kein muot ez niemer mc durchdenket noch volsaget, waz lebender sa?Ide mir was au ir giinst betaget; mit leide liebe wart gejaget: daz leit was vrö, diu liebe klaget. 4. Diu minne endarf mich strafen ruomes, z'war siu' darf: swie gar ich rimbevangeu het ir klären, zarten, süezen, lösen, lieben lip, Kie stunt min wille wider ir kiusche sich entwarf, wan daz sich in min herze tet mit ganzer liebe daz vil minneclichc wip. Min Wille was dien ougen unt dem herzen leit, dem übe zorn , daz ich so iriiten wehsei raeit; diu ganze liebe daz besneit und ouch ir kiusche werdekelf. 5. \u habe er danc, der siner vrouwen also pflege, ^ als ich der reinen, senfteu vruht: ich brach der rösen niht, unt hat' ir doch gewalt. Si pflac mis herzen ie unt pQiget noch alle wege; ei , wenne ich bilde mir ir zuht, 50 Wirt min muot an vröuden also manicvalt, Meister Heinricli Vrouwenlop. 153 Duz ich vor lieber liebe nilit gesprechen inac al mioes (röstes wünsch unt iiiiner sxldcn tac : nieman s<i werde iiie gelac, als ich, du min diu liebe pflac. 94. Mcif^ter Heiiirieli Troiiweiilop. (1870 — 1317.) (der junge Missener.) I. Wavon ist daz? man siht min niht, (II, 222 b. E. HT.) nieman oiich mich erkennet, da hat nigromantia pfliht mit mir, ein kiinst genennet, daz man mich niht erkennen sol unt niht gesehen mac. Des slich' ich nä den liuten bi mit slihte unt mit der krumbe; nieman envräget, wer ich si; seht , sus gät mit mir urabe din hühiu kunst, Yirgilius, diu viustert mir den (ac, Daz man mir keine helfe tuot, swd man die gäbe teilet : s£Eh' man mich, so gseb' man mir guot; in' läze niht ungemeilet vil manic laster, daz ich sihe, in miner nebelkappen. waz ich gesinge, sprich', verjihe, min kunst ist tot ei'blappen, unt get in maniges üren niht: Saide kcret mir den nac. n. CJT, 348 *. E. ö7.J (Im langen dön.) Man beizet mit den raben unt mit der bunten krä, so jagt man da mit riieden unt mit hovewarten, in des hoves garten Stent tistel rüch, unkriutic trefs bi den bluomeu zarten. waz sol des snellen valken vluc, waz sol des habeches denne? Ich spür daz wol, der hof nimt abe von tage ze tage; so ist daz mine klage : wer DU kan lösen, smeichen, siieze Sprüche reichen, dem trageut die heiTen bernde gunst; daz sint swachiu zeichen; da bi so Stent die biderben dort, reht als si nieman kenne. Her Hof, ir habt den esel Avert vür schoeniu ros, vür guotiu pfert : der smeicher hert der iuwer gert ; eins biderben manues ir enbert, der doch nach prise kan sin swert geuiizzen zuo dien noeten wol: hin, daz sin wort verbrenne! 154 Meister Heinrich Vrouwenlop. III. (ir, 350 a. E. 17a. J Ich wirb', als ich von reh(e sol, den liuten sing' ich niinen saue; Dem biderben er gevellet wol, die gebent mir ir habcdanc: Ist denne ein valscher ouch dübi, der irret mich der biderben giinst mit maniger rede; siis wirt min kunst vil selten iingemaches vrl. IV. (In der grüeneu wise.) 1. Ach Got, nu wisl' ich gerne, (///, 376. *,', 5J»|.J Avar komen sint die starken man, Wolfhart, Witeche unde Heime, Hilbrant und onch der herre Ilstln ; war kam her Iwein unt Gawin, Egge unde Hagen, die helde ouch allesaude. Wii kam hin der von Berne, Wii kom hin marcgraf Rüedigi-r, wil kom hin Ezzel gewaltic mit siner grüzcn mäht so her, wä kam hin Sivrit der hürnln, war kom künc Kantolän üz Sodculande? War kam mit Parcivale? ris' Sigenöt, unt der wilde man? — si kerten zuo dem Grale: der tot hat si erslichen. waz half Ir mäht und ouch ir kraft? der tot was an in sigehaft: ieslicher waer' dem töde als gerne entwichen. 8. Ich saz üf einer grüene, (11, 351 b. E. 26S.J unt gediihte an manger haude dinc, wie ich die werlt behielte, und ouch gegen Gote iht wurde linc; dö künde ich uiht erdenken daz, daz ouch iht töhte uf solherhande ger; Min bloedekelt wart küene von gedanken, der ich vil verschriet; unt nach der werlte zucke min kintheit mir die wizze riet, daz nieman üf der t-ren saz kunit äne schaz, des giene min leit entwer. Ich strafte vrouAven Eren, ish sprach: „ir sit ein swache meit, lät ir iuch schaz verkeren." si süfte, unt sprach: „du tumber, schaz hat mich leider Überwegen; wau mac min wol mit schazze pflegen: doch schaz an' tugent ist gen mir ein kumber." V. (HI, 116 6. E. 155.) 87. Sich biuhst in einer vremder rede ein talken körn, boc äne hörn unt rint mit esels vüezeu, lere mich so grüezen den stummen, daz er's sage dauc, unt mit galleu süezeu ein honlc, daz du bitter Aveist, daz triuwe ich wol verschulden. Du wcttericzzcst , daz der duurc muoz verzagen, Meister Heinrich Vroiiwenlop. 155 er wirt erslagen, kiimt er dir so nahen, daz du in ergalien mit Ihte inalit: so mac er sich helfe niht vervjihen; tuo gn.ide an im, sit daz er niuoz din swacrez twingcn dulden. Du jihes geperlt in spiegelspriez viur, -vvazzer, luft und erden griez. hän sis geniez, die Got verstiez, daz er dich mensche werden liez, daz wirt dir leit; der hellespiez rieht ez dort au der scie din, ob du niht körnst ze hulden. 28. Man siht in miner vünde krame, swer da wil, (E- tl7.9 des ringen vil; man vünde ouch liht daz (iure, hiure und ungehiure, dem spsehen scharpf, dem slihten weich, nach der wizze stiure; ez zimt daz hie, daz dort niht zimt; daz dort, daz hie niht zxme. Swil spa;her werke siunes valke vliegen lat, sän uime ich rdt ze mir, swenne ich'z ervreische; mit der vünde vleische lock ich im so, daz er zehaut spürt, daz ich in eische. wart er mit kunst gelocket ie, liht wirt im ruof genacme. Des -weichen siones valkenvluc, diu spaehe ist mir niur ein trucj der sichte ruc, der weiche zuc mir leisten müezen vollen kluc; unt tet' diu spech' im einen tue, sus mües sin ger weid' erren sich, daz er ir niht bekäme. 30. Z'wär, bart unt kindes wizze diu zwei tragent niht ebeuj (E. ein werdez leben, ^^'^ her Bart, des sit geschuldet; sint ir daz verduldet, ich wa?ne, ir habt dem kinde hie vor dem man gehuldet; habt ir verkorn den man, her Bart, daz mac iuch wol betrüeben, Irn werdet nimmermc gehalten also zart. her Bart, her Bart, wie mühte ez oder künde iu von herzen gründe gewerden baz, M-an daz ir stat nähe sineni munde? ir wäret kluoger wizze ein van: Avelt aber ir tumpheit üeben? Her Bart, ir zemt den mannen wol, und ninder baz, daz nemt vür vol; min triuwe ein zol des wescu sol: an kiuden bart ist tumpheit vol, an mannen wirdic, sunder dolj diu kintheit solte ein ende haben, swh bcrte sich erhücbeu. I.'^O Meister Heinrich Vroii\venlu|). 34. Her Hof, her Hof, wie lauge sol ich daz verlrageu, (K. 57J duz in behagen Kü wol die kidstergiegen? inölit ir liizcu vliegeu diu kcppel hein, der menge iinpris miieste vor iu biegen, seht hie, seht dA, seht hin, seht her: bi viirsten siht mau kappen. Her Hof, ir tiiot dem kluster iint dem orden schaden, weit ir si laden mit lust gehegeter vülle; seht, waz dii zeschülle! wii prislich kleit , wä rilich wdt , wä din werlich hülle? diu siht man niht bi gernder diet; si werdent klüslerknappen. Her Hof, mügt ir iuch manchen , lut der kiöster hof an iuwern stat, Sit daz ir rät niht anders gät, niur ,,gib iint gip! habt ir den grat, ich nim' den visch yüv missetäl!" her Hof, Idt ir niht ab , iu wirt der valke zeime rappen. 56. E Gotes herze brieche von des tödes kraft, t^- 33.) er was in haft, der höchgelobter viirste, er jach, daz in dürste. sin niartel was niht vollekouien : wc der Juden lürsce! ie sän zehant wart im ein tranc von ezzich unt von galie. Maria sprach: ,,kint, nii sich niinen kumber an, du last mich stan iu aller jämer erze; der bitterliche smerze, den ich au diuen wunden sihe, get mir durch min herze, min liebez triit, wis gen mir lüt; ze vuuz ich dir uu valle." Du sprach Got zuo der muoter sin: „sich, wip, daz ist der snne din. diu martel min hat grozen pinj du waere e min ba;rerin, — Johannes, nim sie mit dir hin, unt wis ir guot, in din behuot." dö starp Krist vür uns alle. 59. Swer Gotes bröt wil niezen unt sin bluot darzuo, (E. '<ii.J sin bihte er tuo üz volles herzen gierde, sines geistes Avierde habe kiiischen muot unt reinez leben; in so hoher zierde kein bruch in jage von Kristes e; mit kreften des gelouben Er sol die Gotes vorhte in wärer minne haben, unib sie begraben der werlde lob, ir prisen; er sol sich bewisen den vienden sin ein voller vriunt , wil er sich wo! spii>en, der lizer lust sol sinen muot niht innekeit bcrouben. Er sol ouch lüterlich vergeben Meister Heinrich Vroiiweiilop. 151 •cliult, missetat nnt widerstreben, s«^ mag er weben ein heilig leben; sin herze ist Gotes tempel eben; Krist kan in solhen himela swehen : ilie s«*» niht nemcn daz lebende bröt, we in, w«5 in, den (uiibcn ! 75. Nieman ze ringe wegen sol die viende sin: (E. 83. > swie küene ein swin oiich si, doch vil der hiinde ziehent ez ze gründe. man sol den tag niht gar volloben, die wir noch ein stunde er hat, er si dan vollebraht: so wirt er denne gepriset. Die wile ein man gesunt und «ngevangen ist, so hiit er vrist lif hell und ungelücke. ob des igeles rücke si scharpf, doch vindet man den bunt, der im sine tücke gelönen kan. so spricht min wort, daz sich hM wol bewiset, Daz ofte ein stiller guoter muot mer ernest bringt unt manheit tuot, swil ernst sich luot gen ernest vruot, wan einer, der ze schalle ist guot, mit Worten glimmet, als ein gluot: vil dicke ein grimmer stiller ernst in senften siten griaet. VI. f///, 150 b. E. 148.J Wie toelet man die sorgen? wie Wirt verwunnen allez leit? wie wirt gekrenket swaere, wie senftet man groz arebeit? wie leschet man des zornes vluot? wie wirt verschart, daz triwe muoz jsimer klagen? Wie tar tröst vorhte bringen? wie wirt verjagt haz unde nit? wie salbet man den smerzen, der senfteberndiu herzen glt, nach liebe sende heilen tuot? swer vlehet mich, dem wil ichz allez sagen. Seht, als diu sunne erliuhtet den luft und alle vinsterheit, baz dürren muot erviuhtet ein reinez angesihte. daz touwet, regenet süezen lust in mannes herze, in mannes brüst: jii, wibes name, der wünsch ist dir gerihte. VII. (JII, 153 *. E. 169.) 5. Mit jungen junc, mit alten alt, mit snellen halt, mit vrevelen vrech , mit hübschen wolgestalt, ie nach der zit sol man daz wegen : vil maniger hiure brücket, der ze jär' mac «tegen; daz hänt gezalt die wisen uns vür guot. Wis under dem, der ob dir si; i;>8 Meister lleiuricii Vruiiwenlop. wis ebene bi dem ebeneu din an art, au ireii xwi, wis boveu diner lindern diet ; volg im mit ganzes herzen kraft, swer daz dir riet; ich sage dich vri vor schandenvarwer vliiot. LA dich ze stiele in ganzen vreuden vinden, sprich lieplich zno den alten tint den kinden, s(> muoz sich gesiudcn ze dir der menege prislich liort. üz hohem ort ein vrüntlich wort daz willet nideren muot. 8. Swä man ze hoenen kunst hat wert, T^. 173.J unt narren gert vür rehte kunst, ez si ein hiint, ein pfcrt : waz sol da sunnen glastes mc? waz sol des himelzirkels snelles loufes e? waz sol ein swert, den vlühtic tuot ein rouch? Waz sol ein kröne uf ein kaplil, i'if haz ein spil? waz sol der erge jesen, der maze ein zil? waz sol der armen werlt ein zemen? waz sol dem wibel ein lazurvaz, der scheine ein lernen, der müggen swil? waz sol dem baisam loiich? Waz sol dem blinden spaeher varwe diezen? waz sol dem äffen wiser künste vliezen? waz sol satliänus niezen? waz sol dem esel tollentranc? waz sol dem sanc unt Seiten klanc, der lieber hoert den gouchV 10. Geviolierte blüete kunst, (E. 180.> dins bruuncn dunst unt din geroeset flammenriche brunst diu häte wurzelhaftez obez; gewideniet in dem boume künste riches lobes hielt Wipfels guust sin list, durchliljet kurc. Durchsternet was sin sinues himei, glänz alse ein vimel, durchkernet lüter golt nach Wunsches stimel was al sin bluot, geveimt üf lop, gevult uf margariten niht ze klein unt grop ; sins Silbers schimel gap gimmen velsen schüre. Ach kunst ist tot! nii klage, arnionie, Planeten tirmen klage niht verzie, pölus, jdmer drie. genäde im , siieze trinität, Meister Heinrich Vroiiweiilop. 15Ü maget reine, enpfut, ich mein Kiionrät den helt von Wirzeburc. 11. Swer ist ein man Got unt der diet, (E. 175.) an swem geriet, daz in diu zit der vierzic jiir besiet, ob er im selben angesiget, sü daz diu tugent selp vierde in siner zellen lige«, und nie verschriet die wiirheit mit ir sagej Treit er den reinen vrouwen pris mit manheit wis, blüet im uz maze ganzer milte ein ris, teilt im bescheidenheit ir mäht, gedult, barmunge, elich leben, diu sint geslahtj ze snel, ze lis niht rehtes zorn voljage. In zuht und in der triuwe sol sin herze welzen; swen ich nu spür sin manheit also velzen, seht, dem wil ich smelzen ein lob HZ miuer küuste golt; swer dient den solt, wip, Sit dem holt, mit liebe er iu behage. 12. Swii blic an blicke vint sin art, CE. 179.;) schon unt bewart, zehant der blic sich ze dem herzen schart; dem blicke jagt diu liebe nach; swä diu driu vröuwent sich, dA kumt der Minnen schach mit twalmes vart. den drein wils angesigen. Eins wibes wunniclicher munt, swem der tuot kunt ein lachelichez suocheu küssens vunt, sich, daz gebären ist su zart; wol unde we im, swem daz honic wirt gelarf; herz ist enzunt, gelust ist im gestigen. Da klagt daz herz denue über sin selbes blicken, unt klagt daz blicken üf der liebe stricken ; lieb' wil sich enzwicken unt klagt üf miuue ; Am.ör der voget kumt in gezoget; swä hin er broget, da muoz ir kraft geligen. 18. Her künig, ir habt ze lang' gebeit; (K. i72.J ez wirt iu leit, der pfaffen vuoz ist worden also breit, sie haut der leieu marke gar, des werdet ir an iuwer volge wol gewar, «wenn ez sich treit, IGO Meister Heinrich Vroiiwenlop. (iaz ir siilt liiite imn. Sie ahlent Uizzel, wes ir gerl, hiur iindc vert ; sie diinket nü daz riche nihte.s wert. man sach ie leienvürsten sirelien in stürmen und in striteu bl dem riche eueben und ouch ir swert bescbermeu, sunder wän: Her künig, ir sült die leienvürsten riehen ; in rehter not die pfaffen \on in wichen. waz mac beiden glicben? swi'i man belme üf binden sol durch iren zol, du siht man wol, wer manheit wil bestän. 19. Ez si gelart od ungelart, T*''- 178.J unt swaz ie wart, ze dem hat sich der bischof ouch gekart, darzuo diu klöster, klüsen, tür, diu hant die manche unt nunnen : gelt daz rouoz hervilr. blat unde hart diu sint nu gar euwiht. Solt' er davon niht riche sin? daz i$t wol schin. er liebet sich dem künige Conslantin, der da ze Röme ein houbet was, und uns die pfafheit drste erhuob, als ich ez las; bi triuwen min, daz was ein jämerschiht. Der pfaffen richtuom breitet sich lif erden, diu lant diu müezen in ze jungest werden von ir ungeberden, die sie nü tribent umb daz guot in gires gluot. ich hän des muot, ez tset' manig leie niht. VIII. (III, 360 a. E. 178.^ Man viüt in roete bleiche schäm, der zuht wirt gram, der sider redet vrevel üf vrouwen stam; gedenke, waz daz sprichet .,wip," so hoffe ich, daz der vrevel mide dinen lip. wip, süezer nam: wunn, irdisch paradis! Gedenke, waz daz „vrowe" si: vru, we däbi; vro heizent si durch diner vröuden zwl. al menschlich vrüude von in kumt; so wol in, daz natür an in mit vrühten vrumi ! swer ist nu vri der tugent an vröuden pris, I I Meister Heinrich Vrouwenlop. 161 Der denke an lieplich lachen röter munde; die strälent blicke uz spilnder oiigen gründe, strickeut vrunt ze vninde. man, wiltu pris und eren zol ervüUen vol, sprich vrowen wol, ere al ir formen ris. IX. (1//, 374 b. E. 218.^ (In der zucwise.) So stän ich hie vor werden Trouwen reine ! ich lobe die zarten vrouwen schön, die ich mit triuwen meine; si tragent wol der eren krön : M'ä wart üf erden ir höhez lop volmezzen? Unt sol ich denne von zarten vrouwen singen, so müget ir hoeren, ob ich'z kan; — nu müeze et mir gelingen, in' wolle, ez lebte üf erde ein man, der sich gen einer vrouwen het vergezzen. Ich lobe die vrouwen vruo unt spät, ir lop daz wil ich immer meren; ein man, der vrouwen hulde enhät, unt der mich wolt von vrouwen lobe keren, den wolle ich vürbaz mit gesange lezzen : ich lobe die werden vrouwen zart, sie kilnnen alles leides iins er- gezzen. X. (IIJ, 378 b. E. 2250 (In dem vergezzen dön.) Swer zeiget kunst, da man ir niht erkennet, swer ungezemtiu jungiu ros unkunde vürte rennet, swer lange krieget wider reht, swer vil verstolnes koufet; Swer vil mit nachgebüren sich gebäget, swer ungewizzenlichen gar die ungezogenen vräget, swer streichet dicke vremden hunt, swer alte Juden toufet ; Swer dienet, da man sin niht gert, swer sich mit lügenen wil machen wert, swer spotten wil der alten; swer üf die verre vriunt sich sere fidel, swer sin getriuwe saelic wip durch valsche minne midel ; sol dem ez allez wol ergän, des muoz gelücke walten. XI. CIIJ, 388 a. E. 128. J (In dem kurzen dön.^ Ir edelen süezen vrouwen guot, tuot nach der alten wirdikeit: Swer niht treit ritterlichen muot, den Idt iu immer wesen leit. Ez was ie guoter vrouwen site. swer ritterliche vuoge trage, (Minnesänger.) 1 1 102 Meister Heinricli Vrouwenlop. den grüezet lieplich alle Inge, sü volget in vrou Saeldc mi«e. XII. (///, 387 a. E. 2n.) 6 wip, trat violgarte, liö awebt dins lobes kr«)ne, ie si\, daz sich vil wiinne jö zuo der saelden stricket, bnch aller süezekeit! Ach we! ich nach dir brinne, sam in der gluot ein sinder; kam mir le wip so hcre in mincr sinne vesten? nein, des enneiz ich nieht. Lieht, werde spiegelsunne, Sit ich vind' trostes ninder, ein' des ich zuo dir warte, hilf mir der swaening' gesten durch süeze diner minne, e si min lip vers^re ! hin Wirt in stteter söne geviieret sendez leit, ob mich min liep an blicket; lob, werdez angesiht! XIII. cm, 396 6. E. H8.) 1. Owe herzelicher leide, die ich sender tragen muoz; Owe lichter ougenweidel wenne wirt mir sorgen buoz? Wenne sol diu ruter munt mich lachen an, unde sprechen: ,, stelle man, swaz du wilt, daz si getan?" 2. Ja mein' ich den munt so lösen, an dem al min troesten ligt. Sprechet alle, röte rösen, daz ein munt mit roete sigt. Baz dem munde zaeme ein lUjenwizez jsi, denne ein nein von jämer bla: daz wort tuot mich jungen grä. 3. Minne, kanstu vröude borgen, des jih' ich dir niemertac. Swem du lachest gen dem morgen, z'wär dem wirt din afterslac. Diner lüste rösen hegent scharpfen dorn; leide ist liebe zuo geborn: solhen wuocher treit din körn. 4. Minne, wiltu solhen jämer uf mich erben mine zit? Diner luste saelden ämer mir deheine stiure git. Nie dem hern Iwäne wirs kein raaget tet, Her Cluionrät der Sclieoke von Landegge. 163 waa diu .sclioeae vrou Lunet half: da Iwän tröst an liet. 5. Ach soll' ich den apfel teilen, den Paris der Minne gap, Z'wär, du müestes jämer seilen, sold' ich dadurch in min grap; Pallas oder Juno niüesteu huldeu mir: so rsech ich min leide an dir, die du hast vererbet mir. 15, Her Cluioiirat iler ^elieiike von Jjaiitlegge. flSn — 13O60 I. (I, 354 b.) 1. Vröut iuch gegen dem meien daz mir ist mich liebe wo. schoene, vröut iuch gegen des meien zit: heide in grüener varwe lit, sost geblüeroet berg unt tal; Dabi hoert man süeze doene von den kleinen vogellin, in der blüenden blüete schin doenet wol diu nahtegal. Walt und ouwe hänt von loube ein dach, röseu in touwe, der ich manigen sach, Stent in wunneclicher bluot: vröut iuch jungen h«jchgemuot. Diu vil liebe aleine mich betwungen hat, daz ich'z beweine, ob ir trust mich nu lät: troest', ein süeziu Minne mich, Sit ich helfe suoche an dich. 4. Wa?net des diu wolgetäne, der ich alse küme enbir, daz ich scheide mich von ir, dur daz si mich vremdet so? Daz ich sten ir trostes ane, die minue in min herze twanc, daz ist sunder minen danc: ach, des bin ich gar unvrö! 8. Sich vröut al diu werlt gemeine, Doch sol si niht denken, wan daz ich betrüebet bin ; tninne twinget mir den sin und ein reine, siclic M-ip. Nieman trüret, wan ich eine: wie habe ich verdienet daz? ob ich lange dulde ir haz, daz verderbet mir den lip. Sol ir wipllch güete mich in sorgen län, min hochgemüete, min tröstlicher wän Wirt an vröuden ungesunt, mich entroeste ir röter munt. 3. Minne, vrouwc, süeziu Minne, minnecljchiu helfa;rin, hilf mir mit der helfe din, daz min herze vrö best^. JDu bekümberst mir die sinne mit der liebe meisterscbaft und mit diner krefte kraft, daz min staeter muot möge an ir wenken, ich han daz behuot; wan ich hin si saelic wip lieber, dan min selbes lip. 5. Sol ich vröudelös belibea von ir, diu genade hat, son' Wirt niemer sorgen rat an mir senden hinnenvür. So muoz ich die zit vertriben jaemerlich in sender not: bezzer waere mir ein tot, danne ob mich ir tröst vürkür. Ich hi'in niht bevunden solher smerzen nie; mins herzen wunden die tuont mir so wej wan mich minne schöz aldä : davon ste ich junger grä. i«4 Meister Chiionrät von Würzebiirc. II. (/, 1. Midi miioz wuoder hün, wie cz sich steile bi dem Rine, iimb den Bodense^ üb der sumer sich dil zer. VrnDcrich hat den plüu, deu tunn siht in triiebem schine, rife tiiont in we, bi der 8euc iint bi dem mer. Dise ntU hilnts' onch bi Äne, dil ist ir vrüudc kranc : wüoDC unt vogelsanc ist in Swiiben, des ich waene; dar so jduiert mich nach der schocnen mlnneclich. 2. Lieb und allez guot wünsche ich ir, die ich dii meioe, unde nige aldar einer wile tusentstunt; Ich hün minen tnuot gar \ ereinet an si eine; swaz ich lande ervar, 357 b.) mir wart nie so liebes kunt: Diu vil süexe, reine, waudels vrie zieret äwäbeulanl; Hanegüu , Brabaut, Vlandern, Vrancrich, Picardie hilt SU schopncs niht, noch s6 iieplich angesiht. 3. Swer erkennen wil vröude unt werndez höchgcmüete, dem gibe ich den nit, der vür trüren sanfte tuot: Rehter vröuden spil ist ein wib in wibes güele, diu ir wipheit hat wiplich mit ir zuht behuot; Die sol er mit ganzen triuwen minnen, als ich tuen ein >vip, der herze unde lip kan iif wibes lop so sinnen, daz s' üz eren pfat uiemer kumt, noch nie gelrat. 96. Hleistcr Chuourät von Wiirzebiirc. I. (II, 315 bj 1. Seht an die wunneclichen zit, diu mit spUnder gücte gelfe rrtsenhüete bringen aber sol! Diu beide in lichter varwe lit von des meien bliiete. vröuderich gemüete zimet den jungen wol. Zieren kan sich daz gevilde, grüene sint berge unde tal, dd diu liebe nahtegal unt diu lerche wilde sanges ein unbilde scbellent überal. Meien bluot höcbgemuot sendes herzen sinne minneclichen tuot. 2. Geblüemet schöne stet der plan, davon wil ich kosen: üz der velse klösen brunnen klingent da; Man siht durch grüenez gras üf gan gelwe zitelösen; bi den röten rösen Meister Chiionrät vou Wiirzebiirc. lüö glcnzcnt viol blä; Durch die swarze dorne lachet wiziii Miiot vil manicvall: Die sehs varwe treit der walt, der von doenen krachet und üz loube machet kleider wol gestalt. Meien bluot huchgemiiot sendes herzen sinne ininuecliciicn (not. 3. So wol dem manne, der nu si vru von wibes minne! dem Wirt uze und inne wunneu vil bereit: Wan im der berndeu bounic zwi gruonet nach gewinne, daz im sine sinne machet vil gemeit. Liep nach herzeliebe denket unde midet leiden pin, so diu bluot ir gelfen schin sinen ougen schenket, unt diu lerche klenket in daz öre sin. Meien bluot hochgemuot sendes herzen sinne miuneclichen (uot. IL (//, 318 b.^ 1. Jiirlanc vrijet sich diu grüene linde loubes unde blüete guot; wundergüete bluot des meien c der weite bar. Gerner ich durch lichte bluomen linde liiure in touwes vlüete wuot, daune ich wüete vluot des rifen nü mit vüezen bar. Mir tuont we die küelen scharpfen winde : swint, vertunez winterleit! dur daz minem muote sorge swinde; wiut min herze ie küme leit, wand er kleiner vogelline vriJude niderlci(. 2. Owe! daz diu liebe mir niht dicke heilet miner A\7inden vunt! ich bin vunden wunt von ir: nü mache si mich heil. Sendez truren lanc, breit unde dicke >virt mir z'allen stunden kunt: wil mir künden stunt gelückes, so vinde ich daz heil, Daz si mich in spilnde vrüude kleidet; leit an mir niht lange wert; 166 Meister CIinoDrät von Würzeburc. ir gewant mir min gcmüetc leidet : kleit nie wart so relitc wert, so diu wät, der mich diu Iierzeliebe danne wert. 3. Welt, wiltü nü zieren dich vil schöne, so gip dinen kindcn wint, der niht winden kint z'unercn muge; dest min rät. Swer mit sloete diene dir, des schune! hilf im sorge binden! vlnt, die dich vinden, bint si ziio dir, gip in hordes rät! Reiniu M'ip , den riit mein' ich ze giiote. muot unt zuht ist in gewant, swen si kleident mit ir reinem muotc; guot und edel daz gewant ist, darümbe ich liz ir dienste mich noch nie gewant. 111. Oh 322 bO 1. Tou mit vollen aber triufet üf die rösen äne tuft; Üzer bollen schöne sliufet manger lösen blüete klult; Darin senkent sich diu vogellin, diu gedoene lüt erklenkent, daz vil schoene kau gcsin. 2. Bi der wunne wol mit cren sol sich kleiden mannes lip, Daz im kunne vröude mtren ein bescheiden 1. Ich solt' aber singen von den rösen rot unt des meien güete, der mit siner blüete zieret wilden hac: Nu wil mich betvvingeu des ein ander not, daz ich mit gedteue liehte bluomeu schoene niht geprisen mac; IV. sxlic wip. Swer verschulden wibes minne sol, der muoz ringen nach ir hulden mit vil dingen tugende vol. 3. Swer mit sinne valsch kan üeben, als ein dieplich niichgebür, Der wil minne so betrüebenj daz ir lieplich lön Wirt sür. Wan sol zwischen minne mit gemiht triuwe in glanzer stiete mischen : daz birt ganzer vrouden vruht. (II, 322 aj die sich in der schände klösen hänt getan : ich enwil niht kosen hiure von den rösen üf dem grüenen plan. 2. Üz dem besten wine scharpfer ezzich wirt, swenne er sich verkeret: diu bischaR mich leret, daz ich wirde sür. Ich muoz strafen die verschämten, Swie guot ich erschine, riehen , tugendelöscu; min gemüete girt Meister Chuonrät vod Würzebiirc. 167 doch in argem willen; iierren kan ich villen, sam der Avilde schür Boume vehvet unde si befrüebct ir genähte: jö wise ich von ^ren vrühte kargen man ZUG der schände sühte, Sit ich miner zühte uiht genießen kan. 3. Gernder man die kleinen gäbe schelte niht, die der miüe biete, der vil grozer miete niht ze gebene häl. Swer zerbrichet einen Spiegel, der gesiht in den stückelinen ganze bilde schinen : siis Wirt volliu tat In der kleinen gäbe erkant, die von dem guote spaltet, des ein nötic herre waltet ; ganzen schin rosezlich gelt behaltet, daz durh ^re valtet sich in stückelin. 1. Järlanc wil diu linde vom winde sich velwen, Diu sich vor dem walde ze balde kan selwenj Trüren üf der beide mit leide man üebet: sus hat mir diu minne die sinne betrüebet. 2. Mich hänt sende wunden gebunden ze sorgen; Die muoz ich von schulden nfi dulden verborgen. (IJ, 386 b.J Diu mit spilnden ougen vil tougen mich seret, diu hat min leit niuwe mit riuM'e gemeret. 3. Genäde, vrouwe reine! du meine mich armen! liä dich miueu smerzen von herzen erbarmen ! Min gemüete enbiude geswinde von leide! üz der minne viure din stiure mich scheide. VI. (II, 333 b.) (In dem hofdön.) 19. So WC mir tumben, daz mich iemer langer tage verdriuzet, unt miner järe vrist enwec so rehte balde schiuzet, daz ein bach niht vliuzet so dräte uz velse, noch üz hage! Ich wünsche dicke, daz diu stunde werde mir gekürzet; und ist si doch üf einen gsehen louf also geschürzet, daz darinne erstürzet geswinde sich min lebetage. Ja klage ich min gelt, daz ich verzer, unt klage uiht miniu zit, diu mir niemau Avider git, swenne ich si gar verliure. vertet ich vert min guot, ich mac gewinnen anderz hiure; versAvende ich aber miniu jär, diu sint mir iemer tiure : von dekeiner stiure vertäniu zit ich wider bejagc. 108 Meister Chuonrät von Würzeburc. 81. Oh 334 a.) Ein lup geblüeinet vert in huhcr wcrdikcitc solde, j| ez wchset üf ze berge, sani des ccdcrboumcs tolde; 1 sam gesteinc üz golde kaa cz vil wunnicliclien breu. Ez schinet, sam ein licht juncvrouwc in kiuscliem niagetuome; sin varwc glestct, sam der liclitc raorgensteruc in ruome, sam in toun-e ein hluomc, liit ez sich wuuniclichen st-n. Ez kan glenzen, sam durch einen klären miöl lüter win, rcUt alsam der sannen schin durch bldwcn himel schcene, unt kan auch glesten, sam nach dienste werder wibe loene: von Striizeburc ein Liechtenberger, iuwer lob ich kroene, iu muoz min gedoene durchlüterlicher tagende jen. 23. (Ily 334 b.) Vür alle vuoge ist edel sanc getiuret unt gehöret, darümbe, daz er sich von nihte breitet unde meret; elliu kunst geleret mac werden schöne mit Vernunft, Wan daz nieman gelernen kau rede unt gedoene singen; diu beide müezent von in selben wahsen und entspringen; uz dem herzen klingen muoz ir begin von Gotes gunst. An der vuoge dürfen alle rätes unt geziuges wol, swer si triben rehte sol, der muoz hän daz gerüste, damit er si volende nach der liute muotgelüste; son' darf der sanc niht helfe, wan der zungen unt der brüste; sunder valsche äküste get er davon vür alle kunst. 84. fJI, 334 bj Dem adelarn von Rome werdeclichen ist gelungen, wan er krinvogele ein wunder hat mit siner kraft betwungen, er hat lob ersAvungen durliuhtic luter unde glänz: Hebch unt valken twang er ze Österlanden und in Stire; daz mag in Pülle erschrecken wol die rappen unt die gire. rublne unde saphire vil billich zierent sinen kränz. Sime gelücke unt siner kraft entsizze, swaz nu wildes lebe, ez ge, swimme, oder ob ez swebe, ob dem kan er wol vliegen. kein vogel kan üz allen landen wider in nü gekriegen ; sich muoste ein löuwe uz Beheim under sine kläwen smiegen : er ist äne triegen, veste und au huhen eren ganz. 26. O^I, 453 b.) Ich hän durchvaren witiu lant unt suochte doch Inder künde, ob ich der schoenen ir geliche eren vinden künde; m Meister Rüraelant. 109 disiu maere ich künde, swer reiner hoher eren gert. Waz ob wir diu wunderliche maere vürbaz bürgen; ich hän gesuoc]it in dorfen und in steten und üt' bürgen ; ich bedarf niht bürgen, sint mich diu warheit selbe wert, Daz SU schoenes niht enlebt; davon darf ich niht vürbaz varn. het' ich sämen von deme varn, den würfe ich dar den scheiden, daz si in verslünden, e min dienest von ir solde scheiden; ich han der schoenen vil gedient mit swerten bar der scheiden: durch si wolde ich scheiden spaene al die wile min leben wert. 99. Ifleister Kuniclaiit« (1213-86.) I. OII, 55 a.) 1. Wsr' ich in künsten wise, also Pldtö was, ein Aristütiles unde ein meister Hippocrns, Galenus unde ein Socrates, die wisen, Virgilius kunst, Boetius, Cäto, Seneca mite, Donätus, Beda, het' ich al ir künste site, dennoch sone künd' ich nimmer vollen prisen Des höchgelobeten vürsten lop volbraeht' ich niht, sin ist mc uude io nicro; ich hän von Brünes munde unde euch von manigcm mau gehurt, daz sin lob nieman gar vol ahteu kau: wich von im, schände, swar er hinnen kere! 2. Durch swarze naht üf dringet lieht der morgen grä, der klären wolkenlosen luft ir liimel blä gezieret ist mit lichter sunnen glaste: Sam ist geschoenet unde gezieret Beij erlaut mit einem vürsten, der da loeset unser pfaut den gernden unde maniger bände gaste. Er ist vor allem valsche klär, alsam die luft, au aller triuvvc erkennet; des Boemeschen rlches erster kieser au der kür, an leienvürsten hat er slüzzel unde tür : Ludewic, herzöge uut pallenzgräve genennet. II. (7//, 57 bj 1. Mir zagelweibet sumelich hunt vriuntlichen äne mäze, der mich doch unverschuldes wilen gerne bizze; Den muoz ich streichen, daz er siner bösheit mich erläze; er waenet, daz ich siner schalkeit niht enwizze. Ja, boeser wiht, wolt' ich ez tuon, ich braehte iu dicke gelseu, ir valscher hunt! wan daz ir mir in Judas triuwen bietet iuwer helscu, daz ist mir kunt; ich weiz, daz ir iuch tuot ze mime schaden vrüuwen: doch wil ich iuwer valschen list mit vuoge stöuwen. 2. Du Got menschlich üf erden gienc mit sinen knehtcu allen; do kwam er z'einem male üf eine höhe brücken. 170 Meister Rümelaot. Darunder vI<^z ein tiefer bach, do was darin ftevallen ein man, dem sante Peter kwam dar xc gelüclien, Do er den lielfelOsen man gesach zc gründe sinken, tief was der bacli, d») rief er: ,, hilf im, Iierrc Got, lik nilit den man vertrinken!" Got widersprach: „swer sich helfen wil, dem wil ich helfe senden, der rüere sich mit vüezen unde euch mit. henden." 3. Heralt ein singer was genant, des muot was si\ verköret, der saue den bccsen herren lob , uut schalt die guoten. Do man des wart gewar, do sprach man: ,,swer nü ist geiindrct, der mac sich lobes in Haraldes don vermuoten." Der tritiwe unde cre in herzen truoc mit allen guoten dingen, den man er schalt; dem al diu menge laster sprach, des lop bcgund' er singen. des pflac Heralt: noch weiz ich den, er euslichct nimmer also Ilse, er enbezzer sich, sin lop kumt in Haraldes wise. 4. Mir vfxxe leit, daz ich den liuteu alle wol behagete; soll' ich ir aller hulde han, wie taet' ich danue? Swen ich verra;ter, diebe, rouber, morder lop bejagete, der kezzer unt der beiden, so waere ich ze banne. Kan ich der bcesen liute haz mit rehtikeit verschulden, so tuen ich reht; mit boesen werken wirbet man nach boeser liute hulden : der boesen kneht cnwil ich nimmer sin gelich, also den guoten; der erelösen hulde enwil ich nimmer muoten. III. QU, 61 aO Nu seht daz wunder Got vermac : sper unde kröne üf Drivels was vil manigen tac behalten, e sich ieman sin vermseze. Nach keiser Vrideriches zit wären künige vünve, der nie keiner sit ze Ache wenic küniges stuol besseze. Swie vil si truogen arebeit, mit kost, mit koufe unde ouch mit gäbe, daz riebe was in uubereit: DU hab' ez im von Havekesburc der grabe, der mute Ruodolf unverzaget; in also grözen cren wart nie künic betaget: kum heil dem Gotes üzerwelten Swäbe! ly. (III, 61 bj 1. Zwene trüt gesellen giengen späte in eime walde, lustelich geblüemet einen grüenen pfat sie runden, der gienc von der rehten sträze in wilder husche dorn. D6 der wise wolt' den wec ze guoter nahtbehalde, an den stic der tumbe gienc, des kriegen sie begunden. mit im gienc der wise, da sie beide ir IJp verlorn. Do sie die morder da vernämen, Jute schrei der wise : ,,owe, geselle. Meister Gervelio. Hi daz wir von rehtem wege ie kwameo, duz ist diu schult, diz swaerlicli ungevelle!" i)er tumbe sprach: „diu schult was din, daz merke, swer da welle; du waere ie wiser vil, den ich, du volgetest mir ze sncUe; des wir todeskwelle müezen liden unde zorn." 2. Alle künige, vürsten, herren, ritter, knaben, knehte, in zwein unt sibenzic sprachen, Juden, beiden, Kristen, eile, pfaffen unde leien, lantgebur, al menschen diet, Nu helfet rechen uns den mort, durch Got unt durch daz rehte, vil me wan durch des küniges tot, daz reht geriht erschelle dem künige, dem sin selbes volk mortllchen tot geriet. Getriuwe Tensche liute, rechet iuwern künic, des habet ir lob und ere, die morder meldet, unde sprechet an ir lip, daz sich ir heil verkere. swelich Teuscher wil unschuldic sin, der tuo, daz ich in lere, der sol die morder helfen tilgen vientllchen sere, daz ir laster mere: davon sing' ich iu diz llet. 9S. Ifleister Gervelin. C1S75.) On, 36 b.) t. Sselic müeze der turnei sin, saelic sin die edelen vürsten, bi den trinket man guoten win ! ez vröuwet gegen den turnei, beide, die armen unt die riehen. Sselic sl diu ritterschaft, sselic sin die stolzen knehte, die sich werent mit menlicher kraft; wie möhte sich daz urloge deme turnei dan geliehen? Der turnei vröude unt vride hat, unreht urloge vor Gote muoz sin ver- wäzen; der turnei kan geleite geben, er schaffet vride üf den sträzen, wa sol junc ritter ere nemen sine werde im in den wäfen sür? der turnei ist der schänden hagel, vrouwen Ere nachgebür. 3. Ein menlich wip, ein wiplich man, er habe die spille unt sie daz swert, der schände sie im vil wol gan; ir dunkel ere kan sie wol unde anders niemau prisen. Swaz er ja gesprechen mac, daz ist ir nein; ir ja muoz sin, sin nein ist niht ein wazzerslac; swarz unde wiz ist ungeiich, des ziehe ich an die wisen. Daz in ein wip betwingen mac, der wol ze strite eins landes kempfe waere, ir lereche si ein valke hö, hoert wunder, daz sint vremdiu msere: wibes swertes slac, mannes spinnen hat selten pris bejaget; sie man unt wib, er niht ein wib unt si vor ir verzaget. 1^2 Goldener. 90. Hcriiiaii Dauien. I. f//f, 163 aj Ich sizze tiefe in sorgen wage, lies mitoz ich sorge tribcn; ouch irret mich vil manic zage, der mit kiben mich vertriben wil. Swaz ich guotes gcsingen kan unde guotes tihten, daz wein der schänden diencstmau gar ernihten; daz irret mich so vil. Owc, der ist kleine, die rehter mcis(cr kunst wirden nach ir wirde, wan kunst hat Gotcs guust. hicvor do was reht meistersanc in al der werlt gename, dö er bi riehen kiinigen ranc: widerzteme, dankt mich, daz er uü si. II. (ii/, 165 aj Vür al daz wunder, daz ie gewart, so was daz wunder niaere, do Got menschlich üf erden was, do geiste dri ein geist. Da wart kein wunder an gespart, daz schuof der wunderaere, der geist der geiste, also icli ez las, der vater allermeist; Der geist der geiste den sune sin : wä wart ie grözer wunder schin, wan diz von eime geiste aleine? der geist der geiste, daz ist war, die muoter ob allen tilgenden gar, daz ist diu süeze maget reine. Uli geiste, vater, diniu kint, durch diner muoter ere, und lesche ir aller missetät, die hie an houbetsünden sint, die mache sünden Isere, unt gib in dort der engel wat. SO. Goldener. (18§0 — 9d.) cm, bio In Kren garten wart ein kränz geworht so viu und ouch so glänz, swie daz er eime höhen vürsten za:me. Der woer getriuwc, manlich, wis, Wiziäv. m iint haete (hohes) adels pris: sus solte er sin, der in ze houbet nscme. Diu Trknve, Kiiische und ouch diu Scham des krauzes borten drungen da mit vlizc; diu Milte und ouch diu Mazc alsam in durch erlilhten mit hohem farnize. do vrägte ich ritter, vrouwen, wer in solte tragen durch sine tugent? si sprächen: „äne schände, des künn wir dich bescheiden wol, wer in von schulden tragen sol: Wizlau, der junge helt in Rügelande." (1384-1385.) I. CHT, 80 aj „Mir geschiht niht wan mir geschaffen ist," ,,ez muoz nü sin," disiu list diu bringet manigen man darzuo, daz er sich selben triuget. „Geschaffen" und ,,ez muoz doch sin :" hoeret disiu törelin, wie sie liegent unt der werlt diu wort, ralsch von in vliuget. Tuont sie ein leit, sie sint geveit, unt jent: „diz muoz so wesen." des mac niht sin, nü merket min, ezne wart nie gelesen an Worten, noch an buochen kraft. war nement die tören disen haft, daz sie die liute triegent sus? ir sin sie selbe an liuget. II. CIIIj ^2 ^0 1. Diu erde ist entslozzen, herre, welch ein richer van die bluomen sint entsprozzen, Darüz so wirt gesticket! der müge wir nu nozzen vil sorgen sie enzwicketj unsern buosen vol, als er, geheret wirt ir röter munt, Diu vogelin lüte schrien, üf dem plane san zer stunt: in velde und üf den zwien, sie sint geheizen vröudenvunt. sie enahten keines snien ; 3. Da wirt vil manic herze sie sint irer selber her. enzündet, sam ein kerze, Diu kulde ist verswunden, von grözer mione smerze: den meien hau wir vunden owe, minne, dich entsel vrolich in meien bluote; Wiltu dich sus beweren, winder, dich verhuote, wer sol sich an dich keren, der sumer kumt ze muote. kanstu die vröude speren? 2. Die bluomen sint gewieret, enthalt dich, wis niht ze spe. diu krenzelin gepfieret, Läz diner minne deben wie daz die vrouwen zieret, ze staeter vröude leben, üf ir wilen in dem plan I sone bistu niht aleine : Ir wengel sint geroetet, süeze vrouwe, reine, gegen den meijen entbloetet, mit triuwen ich dich meine, sam ein rubin geicetet: |'}4 Boppe. S9. Sloiipe. I. (II, 377 aj 1. Ob al der werlte gar gewaltic wäre ein man, und ob sin sin durchsunne, daz nie sin durchsan, und ob er wunder wäre über elliu wunder; Ob in gelücke trücgc unz an der himel stein, und ob er künde pnieven, wizzen unde zela des nieres griez, die Sternen gar besunder; Ob sin kraft eine tüsent risen manliche mühte ervellen unde twingen, ob höhe berge unt velse risen dur sin gebot, und ob er mühte bringen, swaz wazzer, luft, viur, erde weben, swaz Avont von gründe unz an den tron der sunnen, ob im ze rehter c gegeben nach wünsche waere ein wib in cren wunnen, kiusche unde reine, wolgezogea, der schoen' ein überguldc, und ob er mit ir solde gar leben tüsent jiir: waz waere ez danne, und ob er niht erwürbe Gotes hulde? 2. Des merke unt vrüu dich, hölier, werder, wiser mensch, Cp.391.) du sist Tiutsch, Welsch, Windesch, Ungersch, oder Tensch, von welher hande spräche du siist Kristen, Der wirde, der dir Got besunder hat gegeben, ndch tüde dort ein lemerwerndez ewlc leben, unt hie daz din sin wunder kan verlisten. Dir dienet gar der werlte mäht, des hohsten kraft und al diu himelwunne, swaz bringen mac tag unde naht, die maue, Sternen, zirkelbrehende sunne, viur, wazzer, luft, der erden rüge, swaz vliuget, vliuzet, wehset, oder swimmet, der winde süs, der wölken vlüge, blizzen, donren, swaz stät, oder klimmet, daz dient dir allez von im dar, darümbe in slaete prise, ouch wand er dir sieb selben git gar äne strit, vür arger geister kündekeit so hohe z'einer spise. 3. Sich, ritter wert, an dine höhe werdekeit, unt kleide dinen werden lip mit ereu kielt, Sit daz dir ist ere unde pris gewidemet; Pflic schiltes amptes schöne und ere swertes segen, bis vridebaere in velden, weiden, und üf wegen, wirp liie nach prise unt schazze dort, unt lä dich niht an eren viuden heisen ; du tugende dich in alle wis, la dich in werder wibe dienste schouwen, halt höchgelopten ritters pris, so daz dich prisen höchgeborne vrouAven; ^ Her Brunwart von Oukhein. HS erbarme, wärheit, kiiische, schäme mit dir sia ümbehcJsel : tuostu daz, Werder ritter wis, so wirt din pris, din rilich lop , din werder name in eren wis gevelset. 4. Het' ich des küuiges Sälomunes wisheit ganz, und Absalönes schoene, däbi sunder schranz, gewalt des riehen küniges Davides; Waere ich dabi noch sterker, danne was Sarasön, künde viirbringen, also Hörant, sQezen dön, unt waere gewaltig alles goltgesmides; Waere ich, als Aristötiles, unt künde, als Virgilius, zouberie, vil wol möht' ich mich troesten des, waere ich der beste in Artus massenie, Avaere ich , als Adam , edel gar, unde Guräz was, trüt den vrouwen allen, vröloh grimme unde zühte bar, Giiwin, wem mühte daz missevallen? het' ich tugent, als Senecä, darzuo der werlte wunne, unt daz ich waere zen vüezen snel, als Azahel : hievür nseme ich, daz sich min liep gegen mir lieplich versunne. II. OIj 384 b.) Ich weiz wol, wenne min armuot ein ende haben sol, swenne der herzöge Meinhart vermidet Kernd unt Tirol unt der giege üz Österlant umb ere git die guoten stat ze Wiene, Unt herzöge Heinrich von Beierlant niht me milte enpfliget, unde der künic Ruodolf deme Soldän an gesiget, unde der Swarzwalt wirt verbrant unde daz mer gevüllet ist mit griene, Tnt Würzeburc niht wines hat, und elliu Avazzer werdent vische laere, unt zucker wirt eins Juden kwät, und alten hoverchten wibes minne vrtiudebaere, unt der bischof von Sträzburc Chuonrät bllbet äne nit, unt der edel vürste von Baden daz alte Gebzensteiu durch vorhte üfgit. §3. Her Brunivart toii Oukhein. (18§6 — 96.) CII, 76 aj 1. Wol dir, sumer, wie du herest 8. Wenne sol ein lieplich grüezen beide und ouch den grüenen walt, mir vil senden werden kunt Wie du kleinen vogelin merest Von ir, diu mir s waere büczen hohe ir stimme manicvall! n"*g» i"i<i ir vil roter munt? Davon git dir vröude ir singen Mir kan nieman truren swendeu, üf dem berge und in dem tal, wan ir liehter munt vil rot: swä man suoze beere erklingen ir tröst muoz mir helfe senden, ir vil wunneclichen schal. aide ich stirbe in sender not. I n« Der Uijvcrzagete. 3. Swie diu weit an vruiiden Wcnnc sol si tröst erzeigcu ^ 8 wache, mir gcnädclöseu man? v* doch mag ich der vrouwcn min danne wolt' ich trüren neigen : Niht vergezzcn, swie si mache, des ich leider sua niht kan. daz ich niiioz in sorgen sin. 94« Der Uiiverzagete. (.vor U882.) ailj 45 aj 1. Der künic Ruodolf minnet Got und ist an triuwen stiete, der künic Ruodolf hat sich manigen schänden wol versaget, Der kiiuic Ruodolf rihtet wol unt hazzet valsche raete, der künic Ruodolf ist ein hclt an tugenden unverzaget; Der künic Ruodolf eret Got und alle werden vrouwen, der künic Ruodolf lict sich dicke in hohen eren schouwenj -, ich gan im wol, daz im nach siner milte heil geschiht: t der meister singen, gigen, sagen, daz hoert er gerne, unt git in darümbe niht. 2. Die riehen herren süln die ritter , knehte bi sich ziehen, den süln sie lihen unde geben mit willen, daz ist min rät; Die ritter unt die knehte süln den herren niht cnpfliehen, wä man die helme houwen sol unt vriunt bi vriunde stdt. m Ir edelen herren, lät iu mineu rät nü niht versmähen: man sol den gesten mit dem gruoze unt mit der vräge nähen ; Sit ein Wirt des hüses unde pfleget der liute wol; Sit werhaft gegen den vienden, unt sit mute, wä man ze rehte geben sol. 3. Swen gernde liute gerne suochent, der ist eren riche, swen gernde liute schiuwent, der ist maniger tugende vri. Swen gernde liute gerne an sent, der lebet gar wirdiclichej swen gernde liute ungerne sent, dem wonet schände bi. Swen gernde liute minnent, der ist gerne an triuwen staete; i swen gernde liute hazzent, seht, der pflit vil valscher raete. ■ swen gernde liute prisent, der ist saelicliche geborn : swen gernde liute vluochent, der hat triuwe unde ere unt wirdikeit verlorn, 85. Orave UTerulier \ou Iloiiliere. I Cld§9 — 1380.) CI, 63 a.) Mit urloup wil ich hinnan varn unt scheiden von dem lande und niemer wider komen drin,* si muoz ez mir erlouben unt ze vriunde mich enpfän , än'allen valschen wanc. Waa seh' mich rieh, wan seh' mich am, 80 läz' ich in ir bände herz unde muot, lib unde sin: wil si mich lebens rouben, daz stet an ir eine gar, nach der min herze ie rauc. ^ Doch triuwe ich ir, si ist so guot, Meister Johans Hadloup. 177 daz si mir wende sterben; ich wil es niemer abgelän, ich hun den muot, unt soll' ich driimb verderben, ich dien' ir alle die wile ich lebe, geseit si mir'z nie- mer dauc. 86. «folftans vou Riiikciiberc. (1S91 — 1340.) (7, 339 «,) Aller wite ein ümbekreiz, der hoesten hoehe ein überhoeher, der da weiz aller herzen sin unt gedanc, und ouch geschaffen hdt al creatiure; Du bist endelöser tiefe ein stam, wazzer, luft, viur, erde du hast geschaffen sam, an ir nätür und alle[r] geschepfde, waz wesens ist gehiure ald ungehiure, Daz hästu, herre, in dlner hant, waz wont die hoehe, tiefe, in aller breite, daz ist dir vil wol erkant, din wisheit sin in elliu herzen leite, nie kein dinc so tougen wart, daz ez dir woere vor verspart: in dem kreiz alles ümbevangs dir, edeler Got, sich nie kein ding cntseite. 89. ]?£cii$tcr «foliaus Hadloup. (13930 * I. (7/, 278 aO 1. Ach, mir was lange nach ir so we gesin, davon dähte ich vil ange, daz ir daz wurde schin, Ich nam ir ahte in gewande, als ein pilgerin, so ich heinlichste mähte, do si gienc von meltin, Do häte ich von sender klage einen brief, daran ein angel was, den hieng ich an si, daz was vor tage, daz si niht wisse daz. 2. Mich dühte, si daehte: „ist daz ein tobic mau? waz wolde er in die nsehte, daz er mich grifet an?" Si vorhte ir scre, min vrouwe wolgetän; doch sweic si dar ir cre, vil balde si mir entrau. Des was ich gegen ir so gajhe, daz eht si balde kseme hin in, (Minnesänger.) 12 ns Meister Johans Hadlotip. dur daz den bricf nicmaa an ir gosirlio : si hriihtc in toiigen hin. 3. Wie si im do ticte, des wart mir nlht geseit, ob si in hiuniirfe, ald' liiete; daz tuo( mir sende leit. Las si in mit sinne, so vant si s^elikeit, tiere rede von der minne, U'az not min herze treit. Dem tet si nie sit gelichc, daz ir min nöl ie* wurde kunf. Dwc ( ) reine, minnecli«Mie du tiiost mich serc wunt. 4. In' getorste gcscndeu nie keinen boten ir, wan si nie Avolde geneiidc». ir tröst erzeigen mir; Der ir kunt taete, wie kume ich si verbir, unt si gnaden bsete nach mines herzen gir. Da vorhte ich ir ungednide, wan si mir ist dariunb gehaz. daz ich so gar gerne ha'(e ir hiilde, warümbe tuot si daz? 5. Min herze serc si mir durbrochen hat, wan si dädur, diu here, so gewaltecliche gät Hin unt herwidere, doch ez si gerne enpfät; si lät sich drinne ouch uidere mit wunnen, die si hat. Si kan so gevüege wesen, swie si mcr dan min herze si, swie si drinne gät, des mag ich genesen: arges ist si so vri. 6. Mich dunket, mau seeche min vrouwen wol getan, der mir min brüst üfbraeche, in minem herzen stdn, So lieplich reine, gar wiplich lobesan. in' Mige ez doch niht kleine, daz ich si so mac hän. Nu muoz si mir doch des giAinen, swie sere si sich vrenidet mir, doch gan si mir niht der rehten wunnen; der ich ie muote z'ir. Meieter Johans Iladloup. HO * II. (//. 279 aO 1. Ich diene sit daz wir beidiu waren kint, diu jür mir siut gar swaer' gesin; Wan si wac so ringe niiueu dienest ie, sin' wolle nie geruochen min. Daz wart erbarmen hcrren, dien wart'z kunt, daz ich nie mit rede ir was gewesen bi; des brühten si mich dar zestunt. 2. Swie ich was mit höhen herreu komen dar, doch was si gar hert' wider mich, Si kcrt sich von mir, drt si mich sach zehant; von leide geswant mir, hin viel ich. Die herren huoben mich dar, da si saz »nde gaben mir ( ) balde ir haut: do ich des bevant, do wart mir baz. 3. Mich dühte, daz nieman möhte hän erbeten si, daz si mich vri not hete getan, Wan daz si vorhte, daz si schuldic wurde an mir, ich lac vor ir, als ein tot man, Unt sach si jaemerlich an üz der nüt. des erbarmet si sich, wan ich'z hate von ir, des si doch mir ir hant dö bot. 4. Do sach si mich lieplich an unt rette mit mir; ach wie zam ir daz so gar avoI I Ich *mohte si so reht geschouwen wol getan : wa wart ieman ^ so vröuden vol? Die wile lägen min arme lif ir schöz : ach wie suoze mir daz dur min herze gie ! min vröude nie mer wart so gröz. 5. Do häte ich ir hant so lieplich vaste, Got weiz, davon si beiz mich in min hant; Si wände, daz ez mir we tat': do vröute ez mich, so gar suoze ich ir muudes bevant; Ir bizen was so zärtlich, wiplich, flu, des mir we tat, daz so sciiiert' zergangan was: mir wart nie baz, daz muoz war sin. 180 Meister Jolians Iladloup. 6. Si bäten si vaste, cteswaz geben mir, des si an ir lange hcte gehan ; Also warf si mir ir nudelbcin dorther, in siiezer ger balde ich ez nan. Si namcn mir'z imt gäben'z ir wider dö, und erbitten si, daz si mir'z lieplich böl; in sender n6t wart ich so vrd. » III. (II, 881 b.) 1. Ach, ich sach si triuten wol ein kindelin, davon wart min rauot liebes ermant: Si ümbevieng ez unde drncte ez nähe an sich; davon dähte ich lieplich zehant : Si nam sin antlüzze in ir hende wiz linde dructe ez an ir munt, ir wengel klar, owc, so gar wol kiiste si'z. 8. Ez tet ouch zeware, als ich hete getan: ich sach umbvän ez ouch si do, Ez tet, reht als ez entstüende ir wunnen sichj des duhte mich, ez was so vrö. Don' mohte ich es niht äne nit verlän, ich gedähte: owe, waere ich daz kindelin, iinz daz si sin wil minne hän! 3. Ich nam war, dö daz kindelin t-rst kam von ir, ich nam*z ziio mir lieplich ouch dö; Ez dühte mich so guot, wan si'z e dructe an sich;« davon wart ich sin gar so vrö; Ich ümbevieng ez, wan si'z e ümbevie, unt kust'z an die stat, swä ez von ir küsset c was: we mir doch daz ze herzen gie. 4. Man jiht, mir si niht als«^ ernstlich w£ nach ir, als si'z von mir vernomen hänt. Ich si gesunt: ich waer' vil siech unt siechlich var, taet' mir so gar wd minnebant. Daz man's niht an mir siht, doch lide ich not, daz vüegt guot geding', der hilfet mir aldäher; unt lieze mich der, so waere ich tot. Meister Johans lladluup. 181 IV. (II, 883 b.) Der Site ist in Oesterrich uuminneclich, duz schocne vrouwen trageut alle hüete breit; Wan ir niinneclichen var niac mau gar selteu gescliouwen, 8ü si ir hüete haut üf geleit. Mangen waer' diu zit gar unverdioiszuii, Siehe man dicke ir wengeJln und ir liehten ougen schin: wan waeren die hüete gevlozzen Tuonouwe ab, so mehte ez sin. V. CII, 280 b.) 1. \Vä vunde mau sament so manic lict? man vunde ir niet in dem künigriche, als in Zürich an buochen stat: Des prüevet man dicke da meistersauc; der Manesse ranc darnach endeliche, des er diu liederbuoch nü hat. Gegen sim hove mehten nigen die siogairc, sin lop hie prüeveu und anders wä; wan sanc hat boum unde würzen da: unt wisse er, wä guot sanc noch waere, er würbe vU endelich darnä. 2. Sin sun, der kuster, der treip'z ouch dar, des si gar vil edels sanges, die herren guot, haut zemne bräht. Ir ere prüevet man däbi; wer wiste si des anevanges? der hat ir eren wo! gedäht. Daz tet ir sin , der rihtet si nach crcu ; daz ist ouch in erborn wol an. sanc, da man dien vrouwen wolgetän wol mitte kan ir lop gemeren, den wolten si niht Idn zergän. 3. Swem ist mit edlem sänge wol, des herze ist vol gar edler sinne; ^ sang ist ein su gar edicz guot; Er kumt von edlem sinne dar: dur vrouwen klar, dur edel minne, von dien zwein kumt so höher muot. 182 Der Chanzier. W&z wwre diu weit, enwacrcn wip sd scha?nc? dar si Wirt eö vil süczckcit, dur si man wol singet iinde seit aö guot getiht, iint sücz gedoene: ir wünne saog üz herzen trcit. 89. Der Cliaiizlcr. (um 1300.) I. Ol, 390 bj Die pfafTenvürstcn sint ir wirden teil beroubet, vür iiifel heim , vür krumbe stehe siebte spieze unt sper, Vür stülcn swert, vür alba ein plat sint in erloubet, halsgerc, gupfen , coIIier, barbel sint ir umbler; Missachel hin, her wapenroc, hin buoch, bar schilte breit! umb münches blat ein krülle, ein kröne umb nunnen houbet: da ümbe sweifet wäriu hochvart, valschiu heilikeit. II. (II, 391 b.J 1. Sumerwunne, swer dich schon- wie gar wunneclich si stc! wen Swem in bliiomcn, under blüetc, welle, der kere in die ouwen, lieplich nähe ein ümbevanc, üf die berge und in diu tal. hiure kündet wibes güete, Wilder missevarwen geste der läze allez ungemüete, hänt enpfangen boume este, unt sage des dem meien danc. wan siht bluomen überal. 3. Üz einem rüsenvarwen munde Rillch gedoene in süezer wise kumt von wibes herzen gründe, singeut kleiniu vogellin. daz man gerne schouwen mac : , meie, daz si dir ze prise, Reiner wibe süezez laclien rlfen, sne, mit kaltem ise mac baz sendez trüren swachen, swindent gegen der lüfte din. danne ein blüeterlcher hac : 2. Werden alten und ir jungen, Swaz üz süezem döne erklinget, swer den winter was betwungen, swaz der walt des loubes treit, der ensol niht trüren me : swaz diu beide bluomen bringet, Schouwent an die grüenen beide, swaz diu nahtegal gesinget, wie gar diu von leide scheide, dast gegen wiben ungereit. III. (11, 397 a.) Gelücke, wol man din bedarf, bi viure, in luft, üf erde, in dem mer; swaz kunst ein man gelernet hat, diu vrümt im an' dich niht. Suez ist din kunft, din scheiden scharf, du riebest, ermest, sunder wer, du leistest ungeheizen tat, du triugest zuoversiht. Din wildez welzen wunderlich vcrre üz menschlich gedenken ist gestrichen j mit sinnen unbegrifeclich ist der Ursprung, üz dem du knmst gcslichen; du stcst dem argen ofte bi. Regenboge. 18S diu Wirt gevrout der boDse und oucli der guotc. ich waen', cz nicuiaa wizzende sJ, mit wclhctu dienst man an dich helle ntuutc. inach 1319.) cm, 347 aj Her sin, her sin, cz gct mir niht, als ir gehiezet mir, do ir mich namt von dem amböz, mir Ton dem stocke rietet; ir sprächt, ez wa?r' ouch min gcwiu, daz ich den herren süng^ lunb richcz gdot. Ze singen ich het le die pfliht und ist ouch min begir, unt weiten mich die herren groz mit gilbe vürbaz mieten, die vürsten luogeu baz vür sich, oder ich ker' wider zuo der esse gluot. Dil swer ich hamer unde zang' und ouch dem aueboz, der teilt mir willeclichen mit sin vleisch und ouch siu brOi vürwär ich zer mich nimmer bloz min kunst vor herren biz üf mineu tot. Von einem niigeuaiiiiteii «licliter. (IIT, 446 a.) 3. Stetit puella bi einem boume, scripsit amorem an einem loube. 4. Dar kom Venus also fram, ciirilatem maguam, hohe roinne bot si ir manne. 1. Stetit puella rufa tuuica, si quis eam tetigit, lunica crepuit. Eia ! 2. Stetit puella, tamquam rosula facie spicnduit et OS ejus floruit. Eia ! VForterbiicb. stm. swm.: masculinum starker oder schwacher form; ebenso bei fem, und neutr. — sw.: schtvaches verbum. — G. B. etc.: mit dem yenit, dat. cet. — GSADP cet.: die sacke steht im geiiit, die person im acc. oder dat. ab s. V. a. aber. abe, ab, adv. herab, praep. von. aber, hinwieder^ abermals, aber, doch. aberelle, swm. april. adamas, stm. diamant. adelar, swm adler. afterslac, stm. heimtückischer schlag. Agezy eigenname; bedeutet auch ei" nen elfenartigen geist, Grimm mgthol. p. 147. ahi, juchhe, hei! aht, stf. stand. äht, stf. öffentlich gebotne Verfol- gung, acht. ahte, stf. beachtung, aufmerken. aks (akes), stf. axt. äkust, jT. äküste, stf. Schlechtigkeit, list. al, adv. ganz u. gar. albe, swf. berg. albe, stf. stück der priesterlichen altarkleidung. aide, alder, oder. alden, stv. alt werden, alt machen. allererst, adv. erst, endlich einmal. alles, adv. gänzlich, immerfort. Almän, Allemanne, Deutscher ; bei Walth. V. d. Vag. die gegenkönige Friedrich u. Otto. alterseine, adj. einzig u. allein. als, alse, wie; so; als ob. alsam s. v. a. also. also , ganz so ; ganz so wie. alsus 5. V. a. also. alte, swm. lauf er im Schachspiel. alten, s. alden. alümbe, adv. rings umher. ämer, stm. begierde , Sehnsucht. amis, stm. freund, geliebter. an, in, an^ bei. anbegione, stn. anfang, das erschei- nen; sorge. ande, swm. zorn, unlust. anden, sw. rügen, ze DS. als — . anders, adv. sonst, ausserdem. anderswä , anderswo. andcrthalben, andrerseits. äne, an, praep. ohne^ ausser; äne, adj. ermangelnd ; äne tuon, befrei- en y erlösen; sich äne begän, GS. sich einer suche begeben, etwas aufgeben. Äne, Aisne in Frankreich. aneganc, -ges, stm. annäherung, Vorbedeutung. anehanc, stm. reif, feuchtigkeit, nass. ange, adv. sorgfältig, ängstlich. angel, stm. stächet. anger, stm. anger, ackerland, gras- latid. angestlich, adj. schrecklich. aeolc — betragen. 185 aenlc, adj. ermangelnd , beraubt. ankerhaft, stm. ankertau (?). ar, g. am, swm. adler. arbeit, arebeit, stf. bemühuny ^ miih- salj noth. arc, g. arges, geizig, schlecht, böse, feig. arm, adj. arm; der arme man, der unfreie unterthan, knecht C^ei WalthJ. am s. V. a. arm. art, stf. geschlecht, abstammung. aventiure, stf. merkwürdiges beson- ders frohes ereigniss; üz hüber avent. , fausto oviine. Azahel d. i. Asael, nach der kab- balistischen dämonenlehre ein über die Vögel gesetzter geist. B. bäbest, stm. der pabst. balsemensmac , stm. balsamduft. balsmen, sw. mit baisam begaben. balsmentrör, stn. balsamtropfen, balsamduft. balt, adj. dreist, kühn^ fröhlich; O. eifrig zu — . bannen, bien, in bann thun, excom- municiren; verbieten; gebieten. bar, adj. nackt, bloss, ledig. barät, stm. betrug, trug u. list. barbel, stn. (barba), der theil des helmes tinter den äugen, der das gesicht schützt. barmenaere, stm. erbarmer. barmiuige, stf. erbarmung. barn, stmn. kind, söhn. begangen (>, form.;), etwas thun. begie v. begangen, behalten, hielt, bewachen, halten. Beheim, Böhmen. beherten, sw. erkämpfen. behüeten, huote, behiiot, beivahren, verhüten, bewachen. behügen, sw. denken.] behuot, stm. schütz. behiiot s. behüeten. behüsen, sw. behausen, aufnehmen, mit einem hause versehen. beidenthalp , auf beiden seilen. bein, stn. der knochen. beiten , sw. warten , frist geben. beizen, sw. beizen, mit stossvögeln jagen, vögel jagen. bejagen, sw. erwerben, gewinnen. bekennen, sw. sehen, erkennen, er- fahren, kennen, zuerkennen. bekor, stm. er probung. belangen, siv. durch lange dauer belästigen, mit Sehnsucht, verlan- gen erfüllen; mich b., GS. mich verlangt nach etwas. ber, swm. der bär. berihten, sw. belehren, in gehörigen ^ stand setzen; APGS. zufrieden stellen in oder wegen etwas , un- terrichten von — . beriuwen, sw. betrüben. bern, bir, bar, geborn, hervorbrin- gen, gebären; tragen; grüeue bernde, grün belaubt. bernde, ptc. v. bern, fruchtbar. Berne, Verona, herrschersitz Diet- richs, d. i. des mythisirten ostgo- thenkönigs Theodorich. bescheiden, scbiet, auseinanderset- zen, DPAS. im testamente ver- machen; zuerkennen. bescheiden, adj. verständig. bescheidenheit, stf. einsieht, Ver- ständigkeit. bescheidenlich , verständig, wissend was sich gebührt, recht und bil- lig, geschickt, passend. beschermen, sw. beschirmen. besinnen, san, ersinnen. besitzen, saz, sezzea, in besitz nehmen, besetzen. besuiden, sneit, sniten, beschneiden, verhindern. bestdn (s. form.), aushalten, bleiben, stand halten, angreifen , angehn, angehören, zustehn. bestürabelu, sw. verstümmeln. besunder, adv. für sich allein. beswichen , sweich, bethören, betrü- gen. betagen, siv. zu tage kommen oder bringen, bescheren, zutheilen. bete, swf. die bitte. sich betragen, truoc, sichernähren, gemächlich leben. 186 betragen — brogen. hctrdgeu, siv. mich betraget, OS. es dauert mir zu lange ^ wird mir lästig, schmerzt mich. hetro^cn, ptc. t'o« betriegcn , falsch, belrüglich. betrüebcD , sw. traurig machen ; be- rauben C^J- betwingen, twanc, twungen, beztvin- gen, erzwingen. bevdn für bevähen, umfangen, um- schliessen. bovellien , bevilhe, bevalch, befehlen. bevila, sw. unpersönl. mit Ä. u. G. zu viel dünken, verdriessen , lüs- tig werden. bevorn , bevor, vor. bewarn, sw. bewahre». sich bewegen, wige, wac, sich ent- schliessen; mit GS. etwas auf- geben. beweren für bewaeren, beweisen (?), b. Wizlav. bezeigen, sw. bezeichnen, zeigen. bezinnen^ sw. wie mit zinnen ver- sehen. bi, praep. bei. biderbe, adj. tüchtig, wacker, brav. bienen v. bannen. bilde, stn. gestall, person, ebenbild, Vorbild. bilden, siv. vorstellen, abbilden. binden, baut, banden, verbinden; ptc. wol gebunden, mit gutem ge- bende versehen. birsen, sw. pirschen, schiessen. bischuft, stf. fabelj beispiel. bismen , sw. mit bisam, moschus versehen. bispel, stn. sprüchwort, gleichniss- rede. biten, beit, biten, verweilen, warten. biuwen s. v. a. bouwen. biuxen, sw. erweichen, aufblähen. blsejen^ sw. wehen, blasen. blappenblap , stm. ungeschliffener mensch (;?_). bläsgeselle, swm. gehülfe des gauk- lers. blat, s. blatte. blat, stn. das blalt. blatte, swf. plattes stück metall, stein; bruststück des panzers; platte , kahlkopf d. h. niünch. blecken , blacte , entblössen , zeigen (z. b. die zahne'). bliclich , adj. blinkend. blide, freudig, lieblich. blidcschaft, slf. freude. blint, adj. blind, dunkel; ze mcr- kcnne blint, schwer zu verstehen. blöz, adj. enlblösst, vnbeschützt. bloedekeit, stf. gebrechlichkeit. blüc, adj. schüchtern , zaghaft. blüenicn, sw. mit blumen schmücken. bluot , stf. die blülhe. belle, swf. knospe. borgen, sw. leihen (^ausgeben u. neh- men). borgen, stm. die bürgschaft, lohn, bezahlung des geborgten. borte, swm. borte. boese, adj. erbärmlich, schwach, schlecht, geizig. bouc, stm. ring für haupt, hals u.arm. beuge s. v. a. bouc. boungartegin, stn. baumgärtchen. bouwen, sw. wohnen, bewohnen. boven, praep. über. büzen, sw. stossen, pochen. brä, stswf. augenbraue. bräht, ptc. V. bringen. breiten bei Kith. II, 8. s. v. a. ba- räten, betrügen C-O- brehen, sw. leuchten, glänzen. breiten, siv. ausbreiten. brem, swm. brumm fliege, brömse. bren, s. v. a. brehen. brennen, sw. verbrennen, trans. bresten, briste, brast, ßntrans.) brechen; gebrechen, fehlen. brief, 6?. brieves, stm. brief, ge- schriebenes, Urkunde. bringen (s.form.), inne br., APGS. einen etwas merken lassen. brinuen, bran , brunnen , angezündet sein, im brande stehen, glühen, auftvallen. broede, adj. gebrechlich, schwach, hinfällig. broede, stf. gebrechlichkeit brogen, sw. prahlen, sich übermü- thig erheben. \ bruch — durcbgründen. 187 l)riich , stm. Übertretung der gesetze. brücken, sw. eitlen kniippeldamvi anlegen. Briin, Bruno. bruonen, sw. wie einen brunnen ent- stehen machen. briit, stf. braut. bü, G. büwes, stm. bau, bestelluny des f'eldes. büezen, buozte, bessern, wegschaf- fen y stillen j gutmachen. buoz, stm.y buoze, stf. das aufhö- ren eines Schadens, fehlers; ge- ntiythuung für das aupwren eines Schadens; des ist buoz, das wird gebüezet. €. s. K. und 'Ml. Cb. s. K. D. da, vom orte, da; wo. dach, stn. bedeckung, das höchste, oberste. dahte, prt. v. decken, dähte V. denken, dau für daune u. dannen. danc, stm. Wohlgefallen, willen, dank; sunder danc, wider willen; äne danc , zu seinem leidwesen. dankes, adv. gern, freiwillig. danne, dann, alsdann, denn; nach comp, als Coft mit folg. genit.J. dannen, von da. dar, dahin; wohin. dast für daz ist. deb für diep, dieb, Wizl. degen, stm. tapfrer mann, held. dehein , irgend ein; kein, deich für daz ich. denken, dähte, gedenken; gedaht haben ze — , bestimmt haben zu — . der für daz er. derde für die erde, dermel, stn. dim. v. dai'ni, einge- weide, wiirst CO» derniite s. v. a. darmite, damit. des, deshalb, daher. dest für des ist u. daz ist. dcswcir für daz ist w«lr, für- ivahr. deweder, adj. der eine von beiden, keiner von beiden, dez s. V. a. daz, dicke, ade. oft. dicker, adJ. dicht, dick. dienen, sw. aufwarten, dienen, ver- dienen. dienest, stm. u. n. dienst, verdienst; dienstmann. dieplich, adJ. diebisch, diet, stf. mehrere zusammengehörige menschen, gesellschaft, leute. diezeu, düz, tosen, rauschen; glän- zen. dlnc, stn. sache. dingen, sw. einen vertrag m.achen, hoffen; an — appellieren an, et- was C^or gericht) erbitten, vor gericht ziehn. diuten, düte, bedeuten. du, zeit u, grund bezeichnend, da- mals; da, dol, stf, traurigkeit, doln, sw, erdulden, erleiden, er- fahren. don, stm. ton, gesangweise, gesang. doureslac (plur. siege), stm. don- nerschlag, donresträl, stm. wetterstrahl. dörpellich, adJ. bäurisch. düz, stm. getöse, lärm. draejen, sw. sich drehen, wirbeln. dräte, prt. von draejen. dräte, adv. schnell, alsbald. drien, sw. verdreifachen. drin für darin, dahinein, dahin. dringen, dranc, dringen, drücken. Drivels, Trifels, ein schloss der deutschen kaiser bei Anniveiler im Elsass, drö, drou, stf. drohung. drü, s. V. a. druohe. drümen, sw. zertrümmern. druohe, stf. fessel, falle, Wolfs- grube, düf, stm. diebstahl. dultccliche, adj. geduldig. dur, durh, durch, praep. durch, wegen, aus. durchgründen, sw. vollständig er- 188 durchkernet — entsitzen. gründen j bis auf den grund durch- dringen. durchkernet, durch und durch ge- haltvoll. durchliljen, sw. mit lilien über und über schmücken. durchlüterlicb, adj. vollkommen klar^ glänzend. durchsternet, viit sternen besäet. dürfen, gen. bedürfen. dürheln, stv. durchbohren. dürkel, adJ. durchlöchert. durliuhtic, adJ. durchsichtig, klar. dursiuberlich, adj. lieblich. diite, s. diiiteu; emendation Simrocks statt des unverständlichen tet bei Walth. V. d. Vog. LH. dwanc «. v. a. twanc. ö, stf. Satzung, gesetzj bund, reli~ gion. eben, ebene, adv. gleichmässig, sorg- fältig, genau, sogar. ebene, adj. gleich. ebenhcr, adj. gleich mächtig j gleich edel. Egge wird von Dietrich, gegen den er ausgeschickt ist, überwunden tind getüdtet. Eggehart, der getreue Eckard, p fle- ger der Harlunge C^ritile u. Im- brecke, söhne des königs Härtung) und warnender Hüter des Venus- berges. E. not durch die Verfol- gung seiner Pflegekinder herbeige- führt. Der zornige E. , der über den mord der Harlunge zornige. ehaft, adj. gesetzmässig ; eh. not, rechtsgiltige abhaltung, z.b. krank- heit. cht, et, nunj nun einmal; bloss, nur. eigen, adj. eigenthümlich, leibeigen. eigen, stn. allodiales grundstück. ein, eine, allein; GS. frei von — , ohne — . üf eine, in eins, zusammen. einloetic, stets gleich wiegend. cischen, sw. Cp^t. auch iesch) ver- langen, heischen, auffordern, un- tersuchen, nachfragen. eisen, sw. schände r empfinden, schaudern. eitergalle, swf giftige gälte. elich, adj. gesetzmässig. eilen, stn. kraft, macht, stärke. eilende, adj. der in der fremde ist, fremd, unbekannt. eilende, stn. die fremde. eilenden, siv. sich, sich in ein frem- des land begeben, sich entfremdend ellenthaft, adj. kampfmuthig , stark. elliii , omnia , neutr. plur. von al. en für ne, auch für den. enbarn, sw. aufdecken, offenbaren. enbern, bir, bar, born, sich fern von etwas halten, entrathen. enbieten, blute, bot, baten, boten, entbieten, verkündigen (bi — durch —J. enbinden, bant, losbinden, befreien, absolviren. endehaft, adj. vollendet, bestimmt. endekrist, stm. antichrist. endelich, adj. hurtig, fleissig. endeliche, adv. entschieden, fleissig. eneben , praep. neben. enein (in ein) werden, GS. überein- kommen über etwas. engelten, gilte, galt, gölten, entgel- ten. enbein, kein, irgend ein. enpfähen, als lehensmann annehmen. enpflegen, pflige, pflac, pflegen, ge- messen. enpfremden, sw. einem andern über- lassen. enplanden, plient, lästig machen; ez dem libe, es sich sauer wer- den lassen. eustricken, sw. losbinden, lösen. entäneu, sw. berauben. entblößten, entblössen, Wizt. entliuhten, sw. erleuchten. sich entsagen, sw. sich losmachen von — . entse dich C^iell. entste dich), habe ein einsehen C?) Wizl. entsitzen, saz, A. unwillig werden entslozzen ertoeren. 18!) über etwas, AD. sich entsetzen, fürchten vor — . cntslozzcu, erschlossen. entspringen, spranc, hervorspringen, hervorsprossen. CDtstiin (/'or»<«;«;j, einsehen, gewahr werden, verstehen; sich e. ein- sehen. cntrimven, wahrlich. entwencn, sw. entwöhnen. entwenken, sw. durch wenkeo ent- kommen , entweichen. entwer, adj. schräg, überzwerch, verkehrt, quer über. entwerfen, wirfe, warf, worfen, bil- den; sich entw. aufstreben. entwem, sw. versagen, verlustig machen. entwonen, sw. sich entwöhnen. enweder, pron. keiner von beiden. enwiht, ein nichts j eine gehalllose Sache. enzit, bei zeiten, bald. enzunt, ptc. v. enzünden, brennen machen. enzwicken , sw. herausreissen , frei machen. er *. V. a. e, früher, Wizl. erban, s. erbiinnen. erbarmic, adj. barmherzig. erbeiten, sw. G. abwarten, auf et- was harren. erbeitsselic , adj. mühselig, geplagt. erbieten, biute, bot, darreichen, zu- kommen lassen; sich erb., sich begeben. erbiuwen, sw., ptc. erbuwen, be- ackern, erbauen j aufbauen. erbjzen, beiz, todt beissen. erblappen, sw. Cptc. stark) hart nie- derfallen. erbolgen (y. erbeigen), aufgebracht, zornig. erborn, geboren. erbünnen, bau, DPGS. missgönnen, versagen. ere, stf. glänz, herrlichkeit , hö- here geltung, ansehen, rühm, ehr- gefühl. erforht, gefürchtet, v. erfürhten. ergäben, sw. ereilen. erge, stf. kargheit, Schlechtigkeit, bosheit. ergern, sw. schlechter machen. ergezzen, APGS. einen entschädi- gen für — . erglesten , glaste, aufglänzen, strah- len. erhellen, hille, hal, erschallen. erkant, bekannt, angesehen. erkennen, sw. kennen, erkennen, hoch schätzen. erkiesen, kiuäe, kus, kurn, körn, ^r- blicken, ausersehen, wählen. erklenken, sw. erklingen lassen. sich erkösen mit — , viel mit jem, kosen, sich unterhalten. erkunnen, sw. kennen lernen. erläzen, APGS. einem etwas erlassen. erleiden, .sw. verleiden. erliegen, liuge, louc, lugen, erlügen, durch lügen zu etwas bringen. erliutern, sw. lauter, hell machen. erlochen, s. erlüchen. ich erloube mich eines d., ich gebe etwas auf. erlüchen, loch, lochen, aushöhlen, leeren. ermanen, siv. erinnern. ermen, sw. arm machen. Ermenrich, der Ostgothenkönig Her- manrich, lässt die Harlunge, Ecke- hards Pflegekinder , hängen. ern , sw. pflügen. ernenden, sw. muth fassen, wagen. ernihten, sw. zu nichte machen. erren, s. v. a. irren, ersehenen, schille, schal, schullen, ertönen, kund werden. erschrecken, schricke, schrac, 2«- sammen fahren, aufspringen. erschricken, schricte tt. schrac, zu- sammenfahren, erschüttert wer- den, aufspringen. erspehen, sw. forschend ersehen, sehen. erste, ersty endlich einmal. erstürzen, sw. fortstürzen. ertouben , sw. betäubt werden. ertoren, sw. zum thoren werden, in Verachtung gerathen. ertoeren, sw. bethören. IIM) ervaeren geleite. ervaeren . värle, ausser fnsstmy hrin- yen. orvarn, vuor, hindurchgehn. ervellen, stv. zu falle bringen. ervinden, auffinden, erfahren, be- finden. crviulitcn, sw. feucht machen ervreischen, erfahren ervrühten, siv. befruchten CO erwenden, siv. abwenden, entfernen. erwerren od. erwero, sw. abwenden, bewahren , DPAS. ve)tcekren. crwinden, want, wunden, aufhören, ablassen ("»""' Gen.). erzagen, sw. ein zage werden. erziehen, zöch, ausziehen. est für ez ist. etswenne, irgend einmal, zuweilen. twart, stm. gesetzhüter , priester Ezze\, Attila F. s. V. «. Pf. O. gäch, adj. eilig, gierig; mir ist g., ich eile. gaden, stn. haus, zimmerj kammer. gaben, sw. eilen, streben; beeilen. gajhe, stf. eile. gähes od. goehes, adv. eilig. galle, stf. yalle, hass , falsch. galrei für galreide, stf. gallert, gelee. ich gan Cßrmenl.) , DPGS. ich will, ivünsche jemand etwas, erlaube, gönne. gankert s. v. a. geankert. gar, gänzlich, völlig, über alle müssen. garwe, ado ganz u. gar, gänzlich. gast, stm. fremder. Gäwin , ritter der tafeirunde, freund Parcivals u. Iweins. ge-, Wörtern vorgesetzte partikel. Man suche die einfachen verba auf, wenn die mit ge zusammen- gesetzten hier nicht zu finden sind. gebaden, sw. baden, icaschen. gebagen, sw. schelten. gebären, gebaeren, stv. sich darstel- len, handeln, thun. gebaere, adj. angemessen, passend gebe s. V. a. gäbe, gebeitiu ininne, erzwungene minne. geben, gibe, gap, geben, vergeben; gebende hant, milde hand. gebende, stn. das band; bes. die mit gold u. gestein besetzten horten, die um die haarzöpfe u. um den anderen kopfschmuck gebunden werden; überhaupt der kopf- schmuck der verheiratheten frauen Cdie nnverheiratheten trugen ein schapel), der einen grossen theil des gesichts bedeckte. geberc, stm. verbergung, versteck. gebite, stf. geduldiges warten. gebresten, briste, brast, impers. es gebricht mir, ich habe es nicht. gebrüggen , sw. eine brücke bauen gebur, stm. der bauer. gcdäht V. denken oder gedenken, gedagen, sw. still schweigen, GS. geschweigen. gedinge , swm. Zuversicht, feste hoff- nung , absieht. gefristen, sw. beschützen, verthei- digen. gefüege, s. gevuoc. gegen, gein, gen, praep. mit Dat. gegen, entgegen, gegenüber. gehaz, adj. jemanden verhasst od. ihn hassend. geheizen, hiez, versprechen, ver- heissen. gehiiire, adj. vertrauen einflössend, sanft, schön. gehiure, adj. neigung, liebe ein- flössend, anmuthig , schön, milde. gehoenen, sw. verächtlich machen. gehot V. hoehen, erhöhen, geil, adj. fröhlich, lustig, muth- willig, üöermüthig. geilen, siv. erfreuen. geisten , sw. lenken j aspirare. geizegebel, stm. ziegenkopf C^). gekart, ptc. v. keren. gelägen, sw. nachstellen. gelart O. leren), gelehrt. geläz, gelaeze, stn. das aussehen, äussere erscheinen, gebaren, geleite, stn. begleitung, schütz. geliehen gestalt. 191 geliehen, sw. vergleichen, gleich machen, gleich sein. geliche, adr. auf gleiche weise. geliebe, swm. derjenige, den man liebt und von dem man wieder geliebt wird. geligen, ptc. v. lihcn, leihen, er- borgen. gelingen, lanc, lungen, mir g. an, mir gelingt, glückt es wohl bei — , ich erreiche meine absieht an od bei — . gclihsonajre, stm. heuchler. gelse, swf. strick, schlinge 0). gelt, stm. n. n. erwiederung, Vergel- tung, bezahlung, der schuldige Zins. gelten, gilte, galt, gelten, eintragen, vergelten, bezahlen. geliipt, s. liippen. gelut, stn. getane, gesang. gemach, stm.u.n. ruhe, bequemlich- keit, nutzen. gemazen, sw. massigen. geraeine, adj. gemeinsam. gemeinen, sw. zvgethan sein. gemeit, adj. stolz, froh, heiter, ar- tig, stattlich. gemelich, adj- spasshaft, belusti- gend. gemuot, ptc. von müejen. gemuot, gesinnt, freundlich. genäde, stf. glück, dank, neigung, huld, gnade. genäden, sw. gnädig sein. genagen , genuoc , nagen. genaeme , adj. wohlgefällig , ange- nehm. genenden, sw. seinen sinn auf etwas richten, sich erkühnen. genesen, genise, nas, gesunden, ge- heilt werden, von verderben er- rettet werden. genieten, s. nieten, geniezen, niuze, nöz, niizzen , GS. wider einen, von einem für etwas belohnt werden. genöz, stm. genösse; sin g., seines- gleichen. gcnt für gebent. genuht, g genuhte, stf. überfluss, fülle, reichthum. geperlt, perlenartig (tropfenweise) geflossen. ger, gir, stf verlangen, wünsch, Zuneigung . geraten, riet, rathen, anstellen, zu tvege bringen. Gerbreht, Gerbert, als pabst Silves- ter 11. (^999 — 1003), galt für ei- nen Zauberer, der mit dem teufet im bunde stand. gere, swm. der gefältelte u. ge- franzte, den Unterleib umgebende theil der kleidung; schöss , rock- schoss. geren, sw. ehren, erhöhen. gereize, stn. anreizen, auff orde- rung. geriehen, sw. hervorragen, walten, herrschen, siegen; reich sein; be- reichern. gerihte, bereit, gegenwärtig. gerihten, s. rihten. geringelöt, gelockt. mit geringen , mit anstrengung. gerlich für garelich, gar. gern, sw. begehren, verlangen. gern, gir, gar, gären. geniochen, sw. für gut finden, be- lieben, geruhen, begehren. geruowen, sw. ruhen. gerüste , stn. Vorrichtung. geruwen, s. riuwen. geschaffen, gestaltet. geschiht, stf. Vorgang, begebenheit. geschre, prt. v. schrien, schreien. geschuldet mit Gen. verpflichtet zu — . gesellen, sw. zugesellen; sich g., sich verbinden mit anderen. gesiht, stf, das sehen, der anblick. gesinden, sw. in jemandes dienst treten; gesellen. gesite, adj. eine gewisse sitte oder gesinnung habend. geslaht, angestammt, angemessen. gesmogcQ V. smicgen. gestalt (t'. stellen), beschaffen, ge- macht für etwas. 192 gestegen — grözen. gestegen , sw. einen weg bereiten. gesten, .nr. festlich schviücken; fremd werden (?). gcstillen, sw. aufhören machen. gcswichen , sweich, schwinden, ent- weichen, im Stiche lassen. geswie, stvm. affinis, derjenige, mit dem man t-erschwiegert ist. geswinden, swant, impers. ich werde schwindlig , ohnmächtig. geteliuc, g. -ges, stm. verwandter, geselly cumpan. getriuten s. t<. a. triutcn. gctriuwcn, sie. betheuern getwanc, stm. ztvang, gewaltthat. getwerc, stn. zwerg. gcvalt V. vellen. gevar s. v. a. var. gevcch, adj. feindlich. geveit, heiter. geverte, sivm. geführte. geverte, stn. fahrzeug. gevieren, sw. gleich, passend machen, anpassen. gevreischen, st. u. sie. erfahren. geTUoc , gevüege , adj. wer oder was sieb schickt, sich behandeln lässt, passend, gewandt. gewalt, stm. u. f. geivalt, macht. gewillten, wielt, mächtig sein. gewar von gewerren, s. werren. gewaere, adj. icahrhaft, wahr. gewenken, sw. wanken. geweru, sw. APGS. einem etwas zutheilen , getvähren. gewillt, ptc. V. wihen, geweiht. gewinnen an , ASDP. jemand einem entreissen. gewisse, zurerlässig. gewon, adj. gewohnt. geworht, ptc. von würken. gezemen , zim , zam , gemäss sein. geziuc, stm. zeuge. geziiic, -ges, stm. geräthschaft, Stoff. gief, stm. der thor. giege, swm. bethör ter. gierde s. v. a. girde, gir od. ger. gigen, sw. auf der geige spielen. giljenblat, stn. lilienblatt. gininie, stf. edelstein, juwel. gimpelgempel, stm. lustige tanz- weise C?^. gir, stm. geier. gitic, adj. gierig, habsüchtig, geizig. gilikeit, stf. ungezügelte gier ^ gti^y habgier. gitsen, sw. habsüchtig sein. glänz, adj. glänzend. glast, stm. helles licht, blendender glänz. glaz, glazzcs, stm. kahlheilj glatze. glesten, stv. durchsichtig scheinen, glänzen. glien,glei, plaudern, bellen, pfei- fen. glihsenheit, stf. heuchelei, gleiss- nerei. glimmen, sw. funkeln. glüejen , prt. gluote, glüetc^ glü- hend sein. glust s. V. a. gelust, stm. gelüsten, tust, Wille. gnöz s. V. a. genoz. gogelvuore, stf. ausgelassene lustig- keit, muthwilliges treiben, gouch, stm. narr, thor. güude, fröhlichkeitj insbes. beim mahle C?). göuden^ sw. prahlen. gougelbühse, swf. gaukelbüchse. goukel, stm. Zauberkunst, zauber. grä, gen. gräwes, adj. grau. gräl, stm. abendmalsschüsssl Chri- sti, das heilige kleinod des kö- nigthums von Muntsalväsche. gram, adj. abhold. gransprunge, adj. dem der bart zu wachsen beginnt. grätj stm. die gräte. grawen, sir. grauen. grien, stm. grand. griez; stm. grober sand. grif, stm. kralle. grifc, swm. der greif. grifen, greif, greifen. grimme, adj. wüthend, grausam, gefühllos. grinen, grein, knurren, weinen. grisen, sw. alt werden. griulen, sw. impers. mir graust. grözen , sw. gross werden. 1 grüene — himelzirkel. 103 grüene, stf. grüner grasplan. grüezen, sw. anreden, grüssen , be- nnnthif/en. gnioz^ 67m. das ansprechen (freund- lich nnd feindlich). güete^ stf. das gutsein, die roll- kommenheit. gülte, stf. schuld, renteu. giiggaldei, stn göcUelhahn. guggouch, stm. kuckuck. giildin, adj. golden. gumelanzj stm. cumpan. guncren, sw. verunehren, schänden. guot, gttt; ze guote, im guten, rühmlich. guo(e, adv. auf gute weise. gupfe, swm. der emporstehende ge- wölbte theil C^uppe), %. h. eines hutes, helmes; der heim. Giiraz , held eines verlornen gedichts (sonst Cuniz). gurre, swm. schlechter gaul. H. habch für habecli , stm. habicht. habe, stf. gut, habe, reichthum, haft, hafen. habedanc, stm. dankj lohn. haben Cform.) , halten, haben. hac, -ges, stm. dichtes gehülz. hacke, swf. Pflugschar C^); der h. mich loufen, nach der gewöhnt. Sitte leben, wenn nicht hacke aiich die bedeututig von zauberin, hexe hat, s. Grimms mythol. p. 586. haft, stm. fessel, halt, zwang. hagel, stm. hagelschlag, verderben. Hagene, dienstmann Günthers, viör- der Siegfrieds. halsperc, stm. aus ringen bestehen- des Panzerhemde , das vom untern ende des heims bis aufs knie reichte. halt; adv. auch, schon. Hanegöu, Hennegau. hanht prt. v. hengen. hantgetät, stn. geschöpf. har für her^ her. harpfen, sw. harfe spielen. harte, adv. sehr, höchst. (Minnesänger.) haz, stm. hass; äne üaz, in liebe, freundschaftlich. hebch s. v. a. habch. hegen, sw. einschliessen, hegen, schützen. beide, stf. grasplatz , besonders im tvalde. beigen , heien , sw. bewahren, hegen. bcilegeist, stm. der heilige geist. beime, stf. heimat (?J, wohnung C ?J } heimlichkeit C?J. Heime, held Dietrichs von Bern. bein für beim. beinlich für heimlich ^ vertraut, heimlich. heiser, adj. heiser, unschön, un- lauter. belfebaere, adj. hülfebringend. belfebernde, adj. hülfebringend. helle, stf. hölle. belleheiz, adj. höllenheiss. bellemor, stm. teufet. bellen, bille, bal, ertönen, erschal- len; Walth. LXIX, einstimmig fortziehn. beln, bil, bal, verhehlen, verbergen. belsen, sw. umarmen. hengen, bancte, hängen lassen, nie- derlassen. her, her; bisher. her, stn. menge, heer, anzahl. her, adj. strahlend, vornehm, hei- lig, stolz, froh, vbermüthig. bcrebernde, adj. heilig, hehr. heren , sw. her machen od. werden. hergeselle, swm. kampfgenoss. hermin, adj. von härmelin, tveiss. hern (herjen), sw. berauben, ver- heeren, anfallen. hcrscb, adj. herrenhaft, stolz. berte, adj. hart. berzengelt, stn eigenthum des her- zens (?). berzenbitzCj stf. herzensglut. hezzic, adj. der andere hasst. biefe, swf. Hagebutte. Hilbrant (Hiltebrant), Ilildebrand, zuchtmeister Dietrichs von Bern. bimelbort, stm. himmlischer schätz. himelzirkel, ntm. thierkreis. 13 194 liin — inftil. hin, ueg. hindan, hinweg. hindcn, adv. hinten hinlieiu, fort nach haus; zn haus. hinne für bie inne, hier innen hiure, adj. sanft. Iilure, in diesem jähre, heuer. hü, höhe, adj. hoch; höher niuoC, freudiger tnnth, sinn. höchgemüete, stn. freudigkeit, edler stolzer sinn. hohe, adv. hoch; C«if) höher stün, iveiter weggehn, zurücktreten. höhgemiic, hochgesippt, der vor- nehme verwandte hat. höhgezit, huchzit, stf. festliche lust- barkeit. hoffenlich, adj. hoffend höfschen, hövescUen, sw. (courtoiser) hofsitte pflegen, den hof machen, um liebe werben. hoehen, siv. erhöhen. hüi, liüuwe, stn. heu. hükliniiiiic, adj. erhaben C?). hol, stn. höhle. holrerantj stm. das hollunderrohr C?), eine aus hollunder verfer- tigte pfeife. hoenen, stv. entehren, schmähen hongen, sie. honigsüss sein. hoppaldei (für hoppelrei?) stm. der Springreigen. Hörant, dienstmann Hetels von He- gelingen. horden, sw. aufhäufen. hornbruoder, stm. aussätziger. hört, -des, stm. schätz, schütz, praesidium. houbet, stn. haupt. houbethaft, vorzüglich. hovelich s. v. a. hübesch. hovereht, adj. höckricht. hovescheit, stf feingebildetes und zartgesittetes tvesen, courtoisie. hovestaete, adj. an der sitte des hofes festhaltend. hovewart, stm. hofwächter , hund, kettenhund. hübe, stcf. mutze für männer und frauen. hnbonncstcl, stm. schmales band an der kopfbedeckung, mützenschnur. hübesch, hcMesch, adj. hofgemüss, feingebildet, zartgesittet, zierlich. hügelich, adj. freudig. hügeliet, stn. freudengesang, jubel- lied. Iiügen, sw. denken, freudig sein. hiilden, sw. huldigen. hiiobe, stf. ackerland, hnfe. huote, stf. aufsieht, bewachung, hut, aufmerksamkeit, sorge, vor- sieht. huofer, stm. hüter, itächter. hiiro, stm. stürmisches Schneege- stöber. hürnin, adj. mit hornhaut überzogen, beiirort Siegfrieds. hiisen, sw. uohnung nehmen. hüt, stf. haut. jagen, sie. verfolgen, jäoierschiht, stf. traurige geschichte, begebenheit. jär, stn. jähr; ze järe, übers jähr. jarlauc, von jetzt an das jähr hin- durch od. zu dieser zeit des Jahres. ie , zu irgend einer zeit, auf irgend eine iveise, zu jeder zeit, einmal (in abhäng, sätzen für nie). ieglich, iegeslich, jeglich, jeder. jehen, gihe, jach, sagen, erklären. Jen s. V. a. jehen. iender, irgendwo , irgendwie. jesen, gise, gas, gären, gischen, eitern. iet *. V. a. iht. ietweder , jeder von beiden. icze, adv. jetzt. iht, stn. etwas, irgend, in abhäng. Sätzen auch tiichts. Ilsän, bruder Ilildebrands , dienst- mann Dietrichs von Bern. in', ine für ich ne- in, hinein. iubrinnende minne, in uns glühende minne. infcl, stf. inful, amtsmütze der bi- ingcsinde — kraac. 195 I schüfe u. übte, vberh. geistliche k leidung derselben. Ingesinde, stn. diener, dienerschaß. jö, doch , ja doch. jocli, auch, doch, noch irre gän, GS. etwas nicht finden. irren, stc. irre gehn; in irrthuni führen, hemmen; sich errcn mit G. sich enthalten, verschmähen. is, stn. eis. isenbüiiel, stm. eisenberg, komisch für heim. isengewant, stn. hämisch aus eiser- nen ringen od. maschen. itslicb s. V. a. ieglicli. jungen, sw. jung werden, sich ver- jüngen. ze jungest, zuletzt. Jiite, Judith. iuwelnslaiit, adj. eulenartig. Juzze s. V. a. Jute. luciu = Iwcin. Iwein, ritter der tafeirunde. iz s. V. a. ez. kafse, swf capsa, reliquienkü st- ehen. kampflicii ansprechen, zum Zwei- kampfe herausfordern. kan für kam, quam r. komen. kapfen, sw. anschalten, gaffen. kaptil, stn. säulenknopf. karc, adj. schlau, klug. kein, ein, irgend ein. kendelln, stn. künnchen. kenpfe, swm. kämpfer, kämpe, der durch Zweikampf die sacke eines anderen vertheidigt. keppelin^ keppe, stn. dim. von kap- pe, Überkleid, mantel; mönchs- gewand. in kezzervuore, nach der ketzer- weise. kiben, sw. grollen, schmollen. kiesen, kiuse, k«\s, wühlen, erpro- ben. kiut, stn. kind; rehter fröide ein kiut, rechter freude unkundig, kiatheit, stf. unerfahrenheit. kiselinc, -ges , stm. kieselstein. kit (st. kidet) , quit Cl^ quedou), sagt, heisst. kiusche, stf keuschheit kl.i (kliiwe), stswf. klaue, kralle. klaffen , su\ klappern , singen, schwätzen. klage, stf. klage, schmerz. klagebiere, beklagenswerth. klär, adj. hell, glänzend, ausge- zeichnet. kleine, fein, tvenig, unbedeutend, ärmlich, genau, sorgsam. klein velröt, adj. zierlich und roth. klenken , sw. erklingen lassen. klobe, swm. gespaltner stock, klo- ben Cworaufman z.b. vögel fängt). klose, stswf. verschluss. Mause. klöstergiege, swm. klosternarr. kluc , stm. imbiss , anlockung für den falken. kluft, stf. das zerspalten j vordrin- gen. kliis, klüse, stf. klause, einsiedelei, verschluss. knabe, swm. edelknabe. kneht , stm. edelgeborner ivaffenträ- ger des ritter s , auch der ritter selbst. Collier, stn. icollare} halsbedeckung, kotier. komen , prt. quam, kom iform.'), kom- men, sich schicken, passen. köpf, stm. rundgeformter becher. koppen , sw. zurückschlagen (in die art). kor, stm. die singenden geistlichen in der kirche. kosen, sw. reden, plaudern. kost, stf. köstliche bewirthung. Cüvenanz, stm. C^oni. convenance) engagement; ein tanz. kraft, stf. menge, fülle, kraft. krage, sivm. hals, kehle. kräm, stm., kräme , stf. kramladen, kaufmannswaare. kranclials, stm. kranichhals. kranech, st?i. kranich, eine art schuhe, schnabelschuhe. kranc, adj. schwach. gering, schlecht, muthlos. 100 kranc — lieplich. krnnc , sttu. ahbruch, schaden, schii'äche Cri-dc mich, das credo. krencchen, s. kranecli. kreukeo, sw. kranc machen, schwä- chen, abbrach thun. Kride, Kreta. kriegen, sw. schreien, streiten. krinvogel, stm. tvildes yefliiyel (? von krimmen, zerhacken, zer- kratzen?). krisp, kraus. kristentuom, stm. Christenglaube. kriiize, stn. kreuz, bittprocession mit dem kreuze. kriiizerorden, stm. kreuzfahrer- orden. kroenen , sw. krönen, ehren, preisen, belohnen. krönebsere , adj. fähig die kröne zu tragen. krüUe, stf. locke. krümbe, stf. krümmung. krümbeu , siv. krümmen. kruinp, adj. krumm, hinterlistig. krüt, stn. kraut ^ pflanze. kulde, stf. kälte y Wizl. kiimber, stm. leid, kummer, armuth ; Steinhaufen^ schult. kiitne, ado. mitnoth u. mühe, schwer- lich, ganz gewiss nicht. Chüenzel, demin. v. Eunz, d. i. Konrad. künde, stf. künde, kenntniss; hei- math. kündekeit, stf. klugheity list, ge- wandtheit. kiinden, sw. bekanntwerden. kunder, stn. ungeheuer. kuuft, stf. ankunft. künnen, kan, kennen gelernt haben, tvissen, können. kür, stf. urtheil, wähl. kurc , adv. auf gewählte tveise. kürsenaere, stm. kiirschner. curteis povel, d i. courtois peuple, feine leute. kwät s. V. a. kät, stn. koth, schmutz. laclit'lichc, adr. wie es sich fürs lachen passl; freundlich. laden, Sil), beladen. läge, stf. heimliche nachstellung, hinterhalt, tücke. Lamparlen , Jjombardei. laster, stn. schmach, schände, schimpf. lästern, sw. die ehre nehmen, schmähen. lasferliclie, adv. schimpflich. laz, adj. lästig, träge. Idzurvaz, sin. gefäss aus lasurstein (lapis LazuliJ. lö, stn. hügel, wall, dämm. lebermer, stn. sagenhaftes geronne- nes meer. leide, stf. tratter, schmerz. leiden, sw. leid, unangenehm sein, unang. machen, verleiden, traurig machen. leie, swm. weltlicher , laie (7«i"CM.59> vngelehrter ; iiberh. mensch. leige , swm. s. v. a. leie. leit für legt. leitlich, schmerzlich, leidvoll. lernen, sw. schivach, lahm machen lenden, sw. landen. lene, swf. stütze, lehne C-J- lengern, sw. verlängern j hinaus- schieben. lereche, stf. lerche. lesclien, lische, lasch, aufhören zu brennen. lesen, lise, las, sammeln, lesen, auserlesen. letzen, lazle, aufhören machen, ab- halten; verletzen. liebe, stf. freude , tust, liebe. lieben, sw. lieb sein, lieh haben, DP AS. einem etwas lieb, werth machen; DP, einem gefallen. liegen, linge, prt. louc, lugen, in abrede stellen, lügen. lieht, adj. hell, licht; stn. licht. liep, stn. anmuth, liebes, die geliebte oder die liebende person. lieplich, mit freude, mit liebe ver- bunden. lignum alo6 — menen. 197 li^uuiu aloo, d. i. lit/mim aloes s. agallochuni , uloeholz (rauch- tverk'). lilitc, adv. leicht, tcahrscheinlich. liii, /■ /'enster, eine gallerie von aussen im ersten stockicerk. linc, adj. link; gegen gote linc wer- den, es mit yntt verderben. lialu , adj. leinen. lip, stm. leib, leben; person; dient mit yen, od. pron. poss. zur um- schreibuny Cvyl. engl. body, aäfiaj: mJu lip = ich cet. list, stm. kenntniss, kunst, list, Weisheit. lit, stn, das ylied. liuliten, lullte, leuchten. Liupolt, bei Reim. d. a., ist nach v. d. Hayen Leopold VI., herzog von Österreich, der 1194 zu Graz starb; seine yemahlin ivar Helena, tochter des Unyarnköniys Geysa. lizzea s. v. a. letzen (?). lobeu, siv. loben j yeloben. lus , adj. leichtfertig^ lieblich, rei- zend, klug. losa C^inp. V. losen), horch. lösen, sw. betrügen, betrügerisch schmeicheln. loesen, siv. erlösen. lüt, stn. das bleiloth, getvicht. louben, sw. blätter bekommen., laub treiben, belauben. loiigen, stt'. Verneinung; ane od. suuder lougen, unleugbar. lücken, sw. locken. lüften, sw. in die laß heben, er- heben. lügevniis , stm. lügenfresser. luoder, stn. ausgelassene lustigkeit. luogen, SIC. schauen. luoii (lüeu), sw. laut tverdeii. lüppen, lupte, salben, vergiften. Lurlenbci'C , Lnrleiberg. lusten , sw. gefallen, verlangen ha- ben nach etwas, liiter, adj. lauter, hell, glücklich. Lunete, ein hoffräulein der königin Laudine, Iweins gemahlin, lüzen , sw. verborgen liegen., lauern lÜKzcl, klein, wenig. n, ich niac O- form.), ich kann. mage, sivm. der magen. mägscliaft, stf. Verwandtschaft. malit V. mac, dii kannst. malhe, stf. quersack, lasche. inäne, sivstm. (selten f.) mond. manen, sw. antreiben, GS. erin- nern. mantU, miinet, stm. monat. marc, stf. mark, münzgewicht, so viel als ein pfund. margarite, swf. perle. marke, stf. grund und boden, be- zirk. niarner, stm. schiff er. marter, marteraere, stm. märtyrer. ma;re, stn. rede, erzähluny , nach- richt, Sache, von der geredet wird. nioere , adj. bekannt, berühmt, lieb, theuer, lobesan. massenie, stf. C^gl. frz. maison) alle zum hofe eines fiirsten gehö- rige personen, daz Ingesinde. mäze , stf. maass, Vorschrift, Wei- sung. sich mäzen, siv. GS. sich enthalten. insezlich, massig, wenig. me s. V. a. mcre, mehr. niegen s, v. a. niügen v. niac. Megenzer, von Mainz. meie, raeige, sivm. der mal. ineien, sw. mai werden, dem mai gemäss sich zeigen. meilic, adj. befleckt. mein, stn. betrug, frevel. meine, adv. falsch. meinen, sw. herzlich lieb haben; meinen, meisterschaft, stf. geivalt über etwas, Überlegenheit. Melchisedcch, Melchisedeck ("rf. i. könig der gerechtigkeitj , priester und könig zu Salem. melde, stf. anzeige, gerücht, ver~ rath. melden, stv. verrathen, anzeigen. mcuen, sw. treiben, führen, ein- spannen. 198 rueogelich — nehtint. nicngelich, mcnueclich, jedermann, inänniglich nienigin, ineuege, atf. gemeinde, menge. niennischlichen, adv. als mensch. luenscheit, stf. der zustand als mensch, das vienschsein. mc-rcD, stf. vermehren; wachsen, zu- nehmen. nierka?re, stm. aufpasset. merken, stv. bemerken, sehen, auf niüejen, prt. iniiete u. niuote, sw. missepriä, sttn. schände. niissetät, stf. fehltritt, bosheit. Diissevar, g. -wcs, adj. verschie- denfarbig, bunt. missewende, stf. tadel, unglück. morgenröt, stm. das moryenroth. morne, adv. morgen. niortlieLen, adv. auf mörderische weise. inortmeilic, viordbefleckt. etiras achten. mervart, stf. wallfahrt ins gelobte land. niettin, stf. frühmesse. mez, stn. das 7naass. Mezze, tveibl. taufname C^ech- thilde). raezzen, mizze, maz, erwägen, messen; sich in. mit G. sich ver- messen eines dinges C^) niichel, adj. gross, viel; michels vor compar. um vieles. mide, meit, plur. luiten, meide. miete, stf. gäbe, lohn. mietevarwez lop, auf bestellung be- rechnet C?)y bezahlt CO- Mije, Mei, weibl. name. milte, adj. freigebig, freundlich. milte, stf. freigebigkeit , freundlich- keit. min , adv. weniger. minueclich, lieblich, liebevoll. miunefiiire, stn. liebesfeuer. minneudiep, stm. entführer, der heimlich liebende. minnengelt, stn. minnelohn. minnerlin, stn., dim. v. miuner, lieb- haber. minnesät, f. viinnesaat. miunewert, adj. minne verdienend od. durch minne ehrenwerth. minnist s. v. a. niinnest, superl. v. klein, miure , comp, kleiner, geringer. minrcu , sw. geringer werden. miul, stm. ein hohes oben weiteres trinkglas ohne füsschen. missachel, stn. rundes priesterkleid. Missen£ere, der Meissner (bei VVal- ther Dietrich IV Il9&~i220). plagen, betrüben, ärgern. müemel, stn., dim. v. muomc, mut- terschwerter. miigge, swf. mücke, münchen, sw. zu einem münch machen. munt, stm. mund. miint, stf. schütz, macht. muot, stm. sinn, seele , geist, muth. mich muot v. müejen. muoten, sw. GS. versuchen, ver- langen , an einen , von jemand. Muore, fluss Mur. muotwillic, adj. aus freiem willen. mui-sel, bissen, viorsellen. muscät, stf. muscatnuss. miizervalke, swm. ein falke, der sich gemauset hat. IV. uä für Ucich, prcep. nach. nach, adv. beinahe. midelbein, stn. knöcherne nadel- büchse. nädelhol, stn. nadelöhr. nahtbehalde, stf. schütz tvährend der nacht (?J. nahtgeberc, stn. nächtliche verber- gung , das versteck C?). nan für uani von nemen. ue, en icird vor- oder angesetzt, 7iicht; ohne dass; wenn nicht. nebelkappe, swf. unsichtbar machen- der mantel. neckeliu , stn. , dim. von nac, nacken. nehtint, nehtent, nehten, adv. in vergangener nacht, den vergan- genen abend, gestern. nuigcu — pilgcriii. iUÜ neigen, sir. nlederbeuycn, senken; sich niederbeugen. uciseu, sw. verderben, betrügen. ueinen, uiin, uani, nehmen; ich niui mich einen an , eigne mir ihn an, nehme in besitz. uern, sw. erhalten, fristen, er- retten. Nese, Agnes. ulden, siv. eifersüchtig sein auf, hassen. niender, uiencr, nirgend, durchaus nicht. uieue s. v. a. niht. niet s. V. a. niht. sich nieten, sw. sich bemühen, GS, s. V. a. pflegen, geniessen, sich daran erfreuen , vergnügen. niezen, niu;:c, nöz, jßlnr. nuzjzen, nehmen, verspeisen, schmausen. uiftel, swf. nichte. uigen, neic, sich neigen (zeichen des dankes, der ehrerbietung , des segnens). uigToniantia , todtenwahrsagerei durch das heraufbeschwören ab- geschiedener. uiht, stn. nichts, nicht C^ft mit genit.). uinder, nirgends. nit, stm. eifersucht, hass, zorn. nitlidtcre, stm. der neid erfährt. niur, nur. niuwen, siv. erneuen. niwan^ uiuwan = niht wan, nichts als, nur, ausgenommen. noch, noch; in der ersten hälfte des Satzes wird oft ein weder, euweder ausgelassen. Dune, stf. neunte stunde des tages vom Sonnenaufgang an gerechnet. noete^ adv. nothgedrungen. noeten, sw.APGS. zu etwas nöthigen. uüthaft, adj. von der noth gedrückt, dürftig. uütic, adj. bedrängt, arm, dürftig, nozzeii, schmücken, anfüllen COj Wizl. O. ob, obe , auf, über, dicht bei, in. obenan, von oben herab; oben. obe;5, stn. obit od, Ode, oder, oder. oede , adj. unangebaut, unfreundlich, schlecht, nichtsnutzig. ordeu, stm. stand , gewisse classe von menschen. ordenunge, stf. Ordnung; gesungen üz allen ordenungen, aus allen gesangesiceiaen. ort, stn. ende, ecke, spitze; das quart, der vierte theil eines gul- dens ("15 xr.). orve, ohreule 0), viell. aus ör- üve, viell. auch das franz. orvet, blindschleiche , bauchschlange. üsterwin, stm. (bei JSith., wo kla- rer als beiwort steht) viell. schö- ner wein, da osterklär lieblich hell heisstj oder österreichischer wein. ougebrehende, adj. ins äuge glän- zend. ougenweide , stf. anblick. ouwe, stf. ström, w asser , wiesen- grund. P. pallenzgräve, swm. landrichter, Pfalzgraf. parät s. V. a. barät. Parciväl , stm. söhn Gahmurets und Herzeloydens. part, stm. zugetheiltes, bescherung Pfät, gen. Pfades, stm. (Padus) Pofluss. pfAwe , stm. der pfau. pfenden, sw. pfänden, berattben. pflegen, pflige, pflac, gepflegen, ge- brauchen, haben, besitzen, für etwas sorgen, in obhut haben. pfliht, stf. gewöhnung , sorge, p/lege, Verbindung , theilnahme, antheil. pflihten, siv. theil haben, beipflich- ten , dienstlich sich verbinden. pflit für pfliget V. pflegen. pfieren (öd. vieren) , sw. passend machen. pin , stm. schmerz, quäl, sorg fall. pilgerin, stm. Wallfahrer; fremd- ling. 200 pibcot — rueseleht. piscot, Schiffszwieback. piltit mangier, d. i. petit manger, magere mahlzeit, schmale kost. plan, stm. ebene, platz, aue. plat, platc, su'l'. brnstharni^ch. poisün, atm. Cpoison) liebestrank. porte, stiwf. p forte, tlior. pris, stm, prei^, vortrefflichkeit prüeven, pruofle, sw. erproben, be- urtheilen, erfahren, einrichten^ bereiten, schmücken. PüUe, Neapel, Apulien. (|,u s. H. U. ranipf, s. rimpreu. rappe, swm. rabe. rät, stm. hülfe, vorrath, berath- schlagung ; wirdet rät GPS. wird versorgt, abgethan; r.it ist GPS. es kann dafür gesorgt, ihm kann abgeholfen uerden; rät tuon GSDP. so thttn, dass für jemand der Sache rät ist; rät liaheD GS. genug haben od. zn entbehren wissen. raten, sw. uf einen, jemand nach- stellen. raten, stm. raden, unkraut. Tseze, adj. schneidend, scharf, herbe, rasend. re , g. rewes , stnm. leiche , leich- nam. rech^ rehes, stn. reh. rechen, riche , racii, rächen, gemig- thuung verschaffen. reht, stn. recht, gericht, Privile- gium, strafe, gebühr. rehtikeit, stf. ehrej Unschuld, recht- lichkeit. reichen, sw. erreichen, darreichen. reige, stm. tanz, tanzlied. reijen, reien, sio. tanzen. rein, stm. abgrenzender landdreif, rain, räum zwischen zwei nach- barhüu-ern. reinebernde, reinheit, Schönheit her- vorbringend od. besitzend. reinecliche, adv.rein, lauter., nnta- delhaft, treu, lieb. reinen, sw. rein machen. reis bei Reim. v. Zw. 106. tot reis, viell. tütrirze, sich mit ivilder tust in den tod stürzend Cvgl- niort- ripzu) oder bis auf den tod ra- send, d. h. so, dass man den tod Glicht scheut Cv'jl- tötvient). rennen, sw laufen machen, tum- meln. reren, sw. fallen lassen, abwerfen. r«5rouben, su\ rauben, indem man zugleich mordet oder verwundet; besonders vom strassenraub CO- rcspen, rispe, rasp, rupfen, zusam- menraffen. rieh, riche, adj. mächtig, herrlich, glücklich, reich, koitbar; G. reich an ettvas. riehen , sw. rieh machen. rife, swm. reif, froit. rihte, stf. Ordnung, richtung, grade richtung , richtschnur, der grade weg. rilich, adj. voll, reich, lieblich. rimpfen, rampf, zusammenziehen (vor schmerz), krümmen, in run- zeln ziehn. rinc, stm. ring, kreis, panzerring ; ze ringe od. ze ringen, rings. ringe, leicht, schwach, gering. ringen, siv. gering, leicht machen, schwächen. ris , stn. reis , ruthe , zweig. rise, swm. der riese. risen, reis, gerisen^ sich erheben; fallen, niederfallen, zusammen- fallen. riiichen, sie. rauchen, dampfen. riuschen, sw. rauschen. riiise, swf. fischreuse. rillten, sw. ausreuten. riuwe, stf. u. swm. betrübniss, schmerz, reue. riuwecliche, traurig, betrübt. riiiwen, prt. rou, riiwen, ptc. gerii- wen, impers. mich betrübt, schmerzt. Riiize, Reusse, Russe. roch, stmn. thtirm Owt Schachspiel). rosCj stswf., stvm., rose. roeseleht, adj. rosig, rosenfarben. rcßsen scliilhen. 201 roescüj sw. mit rosen verzieren , lo- ben. rusenbluot, stf. rosenblüthe. rosenvar^ adj. roseii/'arben. rotj rotte^ stf. schaar , rotte. Boten , Rhone. roll prt, V. riinven. roiiben, sw. rauben, berauben. rücken, &w. himt. herziehn, rütteln^ zausen, zupfen. rucli, adj. rauh. rüde^ swm. jagd- oder grosser schafhund. Rüedelin dimin. v. Ruodolf. Rüediger, markgruf Rüdiger von Bechelaren. rüeniaere, stm. prahler. rüemelicli , ruhmredig. rüemic, ruhmredig. Rüether, sagenhafter Langobarden- könig (Rütharis). rüge, rügge, rucke, stm. der rü- cken. rümen, sw. räumen; fortziehen Cniit acc.} riinen, sw. raunen, ruoclien, sw. GS. um etwas besorgt sein; enruoche, sorge nicht. ruoni, stm. lob, rühm; Zuversicht, Prahlerei. S. sa, sän, bald, sogleich; sän zehant, ohne weiteres. saf, g. saffes, stn. saft. sage, stf. aussage, er Zählung, saelde, stf. glück, heil, segen. sjBldebajre, adj. stelde, schaffend. SKldenarm, unglückselig, des heiles untheilhaft. saelic , adj. der sselde hat. sam, same, ebenso; gleichwie; als ob; mit. siimeu von dem varn, farrenkraut- samen, sameut fy. samenen) , gesammelt. sanfte, adv. leise, mit leichter mühe; s. tuon^ wohl thun. sant, stm. sand, gestude. sant für samet, sammtj mit. sat, g. saete, stf. die saat. säten, stv. sättigen. saz , stm. s. v. a. pfliht, antheil O'ach Ettmüller), kann aber auch sein s. v. a. saze. säze , stf. das sitzen, das besitzen; Wohnsitz , zustand. schäcli , stm. angriff. scliiichi^abel, stm. Schachbrett, Schachspiel. schalj stm. lärm, jubel , böser leu- mund. schale , stm. knecht, elender mensch. schale, adj. arglistig, ränkevoll. schalchaft, von böser knechte art, ztichtlos. schallen, sw. lärm machen, prahlen. Schainpenige, Champagne. schände, stf. schmach, hässlich- keit. schapel, stn. kränz der Jungfrauen, binde um das haar C^ltfr. chapel, chapeauj. schar, stf. reihe, tour, abtheilung, häufen. scharu, sw. fügen, ordnen; sich s., sich scharen. schatehuot, stm. kopfbedeckung zum schattenmachen. schazgitic, adj. nach schätzen gie- rig. schazzer, stm. der schätze sam- melt, Wucherer. schedelich, verderblich, meineidig, treulos. scheide, swm. ein fluss fisch, weis. schelclich, adj. gemein. scheine, stf. gespenst, erscheinung. scheiden, schilde, schalt s, v. a. schelten, tadeln. scheiden, stn. tadel, Schmähung. schenken, sw. einschenken, einem gaste speise und trank vorsetzen. Schemen, sw. muthwillen treiben, spotten, ze, über. schibe, sivf runde fläche, scheibe, rad, schiere, adv. schnell, bald, so- gleich. schifgercise , swm. die auf dem schiffe zusammen fahren. schuhen, sw. schielen. 202 scliimel sllcbeii. schiincl, stm. der weisse glänz. »cliiinpf, stm. kur%weil, spott, scherz, s/mss. schiiniifen, siv. scherzen, mit G. ver-s/zotten. 6C)iiii)i)rx>re, stm. spütter. scliinipfelict, stn. spottyedicht. Scilla, stm. licht, ylanz, aussehen. seil in, adj. offetilxir , hell. scliochcu, SIC. aufhäufen. scliuue, adv. schön. scli(rne, stf. glänz, Schönheit. scli()neu , 6'M'. schmeicheln j folgen, schonen. schorp, adj. heiser C^ *• *'• <^- scharpf?). scliotteubruoder, stm. benedictiner. schouwe, stf. das schauen; das aussehen, der anblick. schranz, stm. riss, runzel. schrie, schrickes, stm. schrecken, riss. sclirjn, stm. kästen, sehr ein. schrien, schrei, sclu-c, geschrirn, geschriwen, schreien. schriteu, schreit, gleiten, steigen. schriweu pl. prt. v. schrien, schroten, schriet, schneiden, aus- scheiden. schuldic, angeklagt, schuldig. schult, stf. Verschuldung, Ursache; von schulden, 7nit recht. schür, stm. gewitter, hagelschauer. schüre, stm. gewalt, kraft. se für sehe, segen, st)n. gebet; s wertes s. , ein- segnung des ritterschwertes. seiger, adj. schal, kahmig. seilen, sw. stricke drehn; jiimer s., unglücklich sein, elend spinnen. selbwahseu, von selbst entstanden. selch, solch. seile s. V. a. geselle, selphcrre, eigenwillig. selweu, sw. entfärben. semir s. v. a. sem mir got, bei gott. sen s. V. a. sehen. sende, stf. schmerzhaftes verlangen. sende, senede für scueudc ptc. v. seuen; scnder klage bei O. v lirandenb. p. 146. genil. caus,, vor liebesschmerz. scnen, sw. seelenschmerz , bes. lie- bespein empfinden. seuftebernde, linderuny bringend. scnfleD, sw. besänftigen, erleich- tern , erfreuen. ser, stmn. sc-re, stf. Verletzung, weh, schmerz, herzeleid. si'ren , sw. verwunden. serest, superl. zu scre, sehr, im höchsten grade. Sicherheit, stf. feste Versicherung der gegenseitigen treue; bündniss. sider, adv. nachher. sidin, siden, adj. seiden. sigen , sw. siegen , an mit Dat. be- siegen. sigen , seic , pl. sigen , sich neigen, sinken, tröpfeln. Sigen öt, ein riese, iiberivältigt Diet- rich, wird aber von Hildebrand gelödtet. sigeuunft, stf. der sieg. Simonie, stf. simonie, das gesetz- widrige kaufen und verkaufen geistlicher ämter. sinder, stm. metallschlacke. siuewel, adj. rund. sinewelleu, sw. sich runden, rollen. sinken, saue, sich neigen, sich er- geben. sinnic, adj. verständig, sinnvoll. sint s. V. a. sit. Sippe, adj. verwandt. Sit, adv. nachher, praep. seit, conj. nachdem, da. sitich , sittech; stm. papagei, psit- tacus. siiifte, sufte^ sie. seufze. ßiure, stf. säure, grimm. Sivrit, Siegfried, Siegmunds söhn, Kriemhilds gatte^ von Hagen er- mordet. slac^ stm. schlag, unglück, verder- ben. slahte, stf. die art. sleht^ adj. gerade, einfach, schlicht, aufrichtig, ehrlich. suchen, sleich, gemessenen Schrittes einhergehen. siiefen — stöle. 203 sliefenj sliufe, slouf, pl. sluffei), sich (/leitend beicegen, schlüpfen. slihte, stf. ebenheit, der grade weg. slinden^ slant, pl. sluaden, ver- schlingen, schlucken. slipfic, schlüpfrig, glatt. sloz, stn. schloss. smac, stm. geruch, duft, geschmack. smalz, stn, geschmolzenes fett. smeichen^ sw. schmeicheln. smiegen , siniuge, sinouc, gesmogen, %usammenziehn , schmiegen. smieren, sw. schmeicheln, lächeln. snal, stm. schlag einer losgelasse- nen elastischen kraft. snoede, adj. erbärmlich, schlecht. snuor, g. suiiere, stf. schnür, dün- nes stricklein. so, so; wie, zu welcher zeit, wenn. soll, -desj stm. lohn. söne = süene, suone. söiimer, stm. saumross. spaehe^ ekel^ wählerisch, verstän- dig, kunstreich. spsehe, stf. Scharfsinn, klugheit, kunst. spalten, spielt, zerhauen; zer — abspringen. spaunen, spien, spannen; gespannt sein, lauern. spc = spsehe, Wizl. spehen, sw. prüfend schauen, be- trachten, beobachten. speren für sperren, verschliessen, vorenthalten CO) tVizl. spiegelspriez, das entspriessen ("rfie Schöpfung) , ivelches eine abspie- gelung gottes ist. spil, stn. Zeitvertreib; wähl; s. teilen, spilde, ptc. von spiln st. spilude. spüle, /'. Spindel. spilu, siv. spielen, scherzen, kurz- weit treiben, froh sein, froh- locken, blinken. spor, stuf, spur, gleise. spot, stm. scherz; siinder sp. auf- richtig, fürwahr. spreiten, sw. sprengen, ausbreiten. springen, spranc, gesprungen, her- vorspriessen. spriu, stn. spreu. spuot, stm. glückt, erfolg; sp. ma- chen, beschleunigen. Stäben, siv. schritt vor schritt ge- hen; einem den eit st., die eides- formel vorsagen. Stadel, stm. stall, scheuer. stadelwise, stf. die tanzweise, die in der scheuer aufgeführt tvird. stafel, stm. fuss an einem hausge- räthe. stahelherteclich , hart wie stahl. stap, stm. Stab, stock. stat, stm. aufwand, vermögen. stat, stf. stelle. State, stf. die gelegenheit; enmüge im niht der oiigen blic ze staten steu , wenn ihm flicht die anschau- U7ig zu statten kommen kann, d. h. wenn er mich nicht mit äugen sehen kann. stsete, adj. standhaft, treu, adv. beständig ; ze staete, stets. staetecliche, ade beständig, beharr- lich. staetekeit, stoete, stf. beständigkeit, treue. stseteu, sw. dauerhaft, beständig machen. stal V. stein, stehlen. Stegen, sw. einen steg bauen. steit, steht. stel, sw. s. V. a. stalboum, name eines gestirns. stellen, sw. anstellen, stehen still- stehen) machen; ptc, gestellet^ be- schaffen. stic, stm. pfad, steig. stieben, stiube, stoup, stieben. stigen, steic, pl. stigen, steigen. stimel, stm. verlangen OtimulusJ. stiiire, stf. stütze, hülfe, beistand, abgäbe, Steuer. stiuren, sw. unterstützen. stoc, stm. holzstamm, block; opfer- stock in den kirchen. stüle, stswf. breite binde bei der feierlichen priesterkleidung, stola. 204 stolz — Tensch. stolz ^ adj. edel, hochgemiith, statt- lich. stoeren, sw. zerstören. stöiiwen, sw. stehen machen, auf- halten, hemmen. strafen, sw. zurechtweisen, schel- ten, spotten. strüle, stf. pf'eil. streben, stv. sich anstrengen, rin- gen, kämpfen, arbeiten. stricken, sw. binden, knüpf en, ver- stricken. strit Iilzen mit Dat. , jemanden den sieg lassen. sich striuzcn, strozte, sw. sich spreizen, sich breit machen. striichen^ sw. straucheln, stürzen. stiint, stf. weile, zeit; maniger stnnt, manchmal ; sa ze sliiut, sogleich; nie st. niemals; dristiiut dreimal cet.; undcr stunden, bis- iveilen; ze stunden, mitunter. Sturm, stm. stürm, kämpf. süenen, suonte, sw. busse geben; einen vergleich, frieden bewirken. süener, stm. richter. saht, stf. krankheit, pein. sülu, sol CformenlJ , sollen; schul- den. sumelicli, etlich, mancher. sun^ stm. söhn. sun für Silin von süln. sunder, adv. besonders ; praep. son- der, ohne. suon s. V. a. sun. suone, stf. aussöhnung , frieden. suona?iiuue, swf. versöhnerin. suouer, stm. Versöhner , sühner. suoze, adv. süss. siis, so. sus.i, hei .' eia I satte, swf. brunnen, lache, pfuhl. swacli, adj. unbedeutend , gering, schlecht. swachen , siv. swach sein od. ma- chen; herabsetzen. swanc, -kes, stm. der schwung. swanger, adj. schwanger , auch s. V. a. swankel, schivankend , dünn. swaaz, stm. schleppkleid, tanzan- zug der frauen; stück des weibl. kopfputzes ; tanz. swiir s. V. a. sw^erc. swa;re, adj. beschwerlich, gehässig, betrübend, betrübt. swErre, stf. leid, betrübniss. swuerlicli, adj. schmerzlich. swaerunge, swf. betrübniss, leid. swarz, die färbe der benedictiner. Sweben, sw. schweben, schivimmen. s woher, stm. Schwiegervater. sweifen, swief, winden, werfen. sweigen, sw. zum schweigen brin- gen. swel = sAvelch, derjenige, welcher. swenden, swante, sw. schwinden machen j tilgen ^ zerstören. swern, swuor, geswarn, schwören, mit D. treue schwören. swern, swir. swar, gesworn, schuier werden, schmerz em- pfinden. swiech für swie ich, wie ich auch immer, obwohl ich. swiger , stf. Schwiegermutter. swil, stn. fusssohle. swinde, gewaltig, stark, heftig. swingen, swanc, pl. swuogcn Ctrs.), schwingen, (intr.J sich heftig be- wegen, sich schwingen , fliegen; tougeu von bluomcn sw. , ein spie- lendes loosen durch blumen. T. tiilauc , adv. von jetzt an den übri- gen tag hindurch. tulkeu, adj. fettig, klein (?_), dicht geworden , z. b. von frischem brot (niederd. dellig, schwäbisch talk?). tar , s. turren. teilen, sw. einem ein spil t., einem eine mit ungewissem ausgange verbundene tvahl zwischen meh- reren sich einigermassen gleich- stehenden dingen anbieten. ein teil, adv. etwas, wenig; auch nach der gewöhnlichen Ironie viel, sehr, ziemlich. Teuscli , dänisch. terze — übric. 205 (erzc, sirm. CtercioUts) eine ful- kenart. fier, stn. vier/'üssiyes thier ^ hinde, hirschkuh. tievel, stin. teufel. tiukel^ stm. dinkel. tirinen, sw. hoch sein. tiure, adj. kostbar, theuer, tvUrdig, selten, unvorhanden. (iiireii; siv. kostbar, werlh machen^ hoch stellen, bet/lücken; werth, lieb werden. tiiisch, deutsch. tiiiten, sw. bedeuten, erklären. toben, sw. rasen, tinsinnig sein. tobic, adj. wahnsinnig , rasend. (üblich, tvüthend, rasend. tockc, swm. spielpuppe. tüdeskwelle, stf. todesqual. tolde, swmf. dolde, buschige kröne eines baumes. tollentranc, stm. toll machender^ berauschender trank. topelspil, stn. Würfelspiel. (opfknabe, swm. knabe, der noch mit dem kreiset (topfj spielt. türelin, stn. dim. von töre, der thor. toeren, torte, sw. zum thoren, nar- ren machen, betrügen^ täuschen. törper, stm. dörfler , bauer. (ou, touwe, g. -wes, stn. der thau. touf, stm. die taufe, die Christen- heit. toiigen, tougenliche, heimlich. toiip, adj. ohne emp findung , starr, öde, wüst, sinnlos. touplichcn, adv. sinnlos. träge, adv. träge. trame, stvm. balken, block. trefs, stn. trespe, raden. trehtin, stm. herr, bes. herr gott. triegen, trouc, betrügen. triskamerhort , stm. köstlicher schätz. Tristan, fürst von Parmenie, Schwestersohn könig Markes von Cornwall, geliebter Jsots. triuten, sw. zärtlich lieben. triuwe, stf. anhänglichkeit, treue, wah rhaftigkeit. (riiiwcn, trouwcn, trnwcn, sw. trauen, zutrauen, fest halfen. troeschel, stf drossel. trrtst, stm. freudige Zuversicht, hülfe. trouwen für triuwen von triuwe, stf truc, stm. trug, trugbild. trüge, stf. betrug. tnU, adj. geliebt, vertraut. triiwen , s. triuwen. tue, stm. schlag, stoss. tuft, stm. gefrorner dunst, der sich an die pflanze Ji cet. hängt. tügen, touc, tollte Cßrml.J, ange- messen, gut sein, tatigen. tugenden, sw. mit tugent begaben, vortrefflich machen, adeln. tugenderich, adj. reich an tugende. tugent , stf, jede einzelne gute eigen- schaft, bes. Schönheit und zulit. tugentliclieuj adv. vortrefflich, herr- lich. tump, adj. taub, unverständig. tuukelsterne, swm. abendstern. tuomlierre, stm. domherr, canonicus. tuoü, mit praed. acc. heisst ma- chen. tür, stf. thür, bes. des hauses. turn, stm. thurm. turnei, stm. lanzenrennen zu pferde. turren, tar, sich unterstehn, wa- gen. türste, stf. Verwegenheit , iibermuth. tuzen, sio. stille sein, trauern. twalm, stm. betäubung. twerhes, adv. schräge, verkehrt. twingen, twanc, drücken, bedrän- gen, ztvingen. U. Überguide, stf. was etwas über- trifft. Überher, adj. übermüthig, spröde. überhcre, stf. iibermuth. überhoeher, stm. der iibertreffer. übersitzen, saz, -sezzen, sich über etwas hinwegsetzeil. überstriten, streit, besiegen. Überwegen, wige, wac, überwiegen. überwerden, übrig sein. übric j adj. überflüssig, allzuviel. 200 üf — unverdrozzen. iif, prttep. auf. üinieit, stf. wolltist CO. iimbehelsen, sw. umarvien, eng ver- binden. ümbekreiz, stm. der unifantfy das tunschliessende. iiiiibcsagen, tceitläuficf erzählen. üinbeslifen, slcif, sich tanzend herum betreffen, uinblcr, umbelaTe, sttn. (humeralej priesterrock. iinartic , adj. aus der art geschla- gen, schlecht. uubilde, stn. unbill, frevelthat; grosses wunder; ärger, unwille. linde, stf. welle, fluth. uude, lind, mit, und, tvird auch oft bedinyungssätzen vorgesetzt; un- geachtet., wiewohl, da. undersniden, sneit, bunt mischen, vermengen (eig. kleider bunt machen}. underwilent, von zeit zu zeit, zu- weilen. imderwiuden, want, pl. wunden, über- winden; u. mich GSP. nehme mich jemandes an, lasse mich auf etwas ein. unebene, adJ. nicht zu einander passend. uufrouwelich , unweiblich. unfuoge, stf. unschickliche manier, rohes verfahren. ungau2 , nicht ganz. iingebaere, stf. jammern, ausdruck der Verzweiflung. ungeberde = ungebaerde, stf. vnge- berdiges benehmen. ungedult, ungedolt, stf. Ungeduld; 7vas Ungeduld erregt. ungelinge, sivm. viissgeschick , Un- glück. Ungemach, stn. übelbefinden, leid, unart. ungemeilet, unbefleckt, ungetadelt. uugemenlich, adj. keinen spass ma- chend, lästig. ungemuot, adj. betrübt, missmuthig, kleinmüthig , zornig. »ngemüete, stn. betrübniss , leid, zorn. ungenÄdc, stf. missgeschick , noth. ungenulU, stf. unenthallsamkeit. ungereit, adj. nicht zu vergleichen. ungeriten, nicht beritten. ungesaninet, unvereinigt; des hiiti ich ung. niinen muot, darin stimme ich nicht überein. ungcslaht, adj. schlecht geartet. ungesühfe, stn. rheumatisches übel. ungesuut, adj. krank, gebrechlich; an freuden ung. freudelos. ungetoete, stn. unthat. ungevelle, stn. missgeschick. ungevüege, ungeschlacht, plump, sehr gross. ungewin, stm. nachtheil, schaden, Unglück. ungewizzeuliclien, adv. unverstän- ^ dig. unguot, stn. ungüete^ stf. härte, Schlechtigkeit. unhö heben , gering achten. unkriutic, ivas unkraut ist. unkuut, adj. unbekannt. unkust s. V. a. äkust, Untugend. unlougen, stmf. was sich nicht ver- neinen lässt. iinmsere, gleichgültig, unlieb, ver- hasst. unminne, stf. verkehrte, falsche liebe, hass. unmüezikeit, stf. geschäftigkeit. unnöt, stf. nicht noth, nicht be- dürfniss. unpris, stm. schimpf, tadel. unreinen, sw. verunreinigen. iinrüemic, nicht ruhmredig. unsa;lde, stf. Unglück. unsselic, adj. unglücklich. unsaelikeit, stf. Unglück. unsanfte, adv. auf unsanfte tveise, grausam, unangenehm, traurig. unsenfteclich, adv. ungern, nicht leicht. unsihtic, adj. unsichtbar. uusinnen, sw. thöricht sein, toben. uosprecbent, adj, nicht sprechend. r uustaete, stf. Unbeständigkeit, un- treue. unverdäht, unbedachtsam. unverdrozzen, nicht langweilig. unverscliuldes — verbieten. 207 innerschuldcs, adv. ohne veranlas- suiiy. uüvei-twelt, unverküminert y voll- kommen. imvorworrcn , ttngeneckt (s. AveiTcn). UQvuofte, stf. rohes verfahren , un- yestüme (/etvalt, unschickliche vianier. unwaege, adj. unnütz, tinyiinstiy. imwaudelba-re , unveränderlich , un- tadelhaft. unwendic, adj. unabtvendlich , un- vermeidlich. iinwerdecliche, adv. verächtlich, ye- rinyschätziy. unwert, adj. verachtet, yemein, uawise, sivf. schlechte melodie. iinze, iinz, adv, u. conj. bis. UDzulit, stf. unsittlichkeit, unyesit- tetes wesen. üppiclichen, adv. übermüthiy, aus- yelassen. urborn , sw. hervorthun, sehen las- sen, zeigen. urloge, lu-liiige, stn. kriey. ursprinc, stm. das hervorspriessen ; quell, urspruny. urteilde, stf. richterlicher aus- sprtich. üve, swm. nachteule, uhu. uzen, adv. aussen, äusserlich. üzer , ausser, aus. iizer für üz der. uzreise, stf. eine weise, ein gedieht beim auszuye eines ritters. V. vilhen (vangen, s. formt.), fanyen, in seine yewalt bekommen; v. zxio DS. beyinnen; v. nach X»,!?. anfan- gen; nach etwas trachten. val, y. vahves, fahl, falb. valden, siv, falten. valewen, siv. falb werden. valscli , stm. falsch, makel, fehl, betrug. valschllcli , trügerisch. valt, stm. falte, faltentvurf. van, stvm. tuch, stück zeug, ban- ner. var, y. varwes, adj. von irgend einer färbe , gestalten. viir, stm. vare, stf. gefahr , hinter- listiges auflauern; sine var, für- wahr; ze vüre stün, gefahr haben. viiren, va-ren , sw. mit Gen. auf etwas acht haben, danach zielen, streben; nachstellen. varn, vuor, sich wohin begeben, ge- hen, reiten, schiffen, sterben; ziehen; ptc. der varude, der her- umziehende; daz varude guot, be- wegliches vermögen; varnde wer- den, zu gange kommen; varudez leit, vorübergehendes leid. fiirniz, stm. fernitz, eine art bern- stein C^J- vart, stf. reise, weg; an die vart sin, gestorben sein. vast, adv. fest, stark, heftig, sehr. vaterbiere, an des vaters stelle. vech, adj. mehrfarbig , bunt. vehen, siv. hassen. vehet prs. v. vi'lien u. vähen. vehteu, vihte, vaht, kämpfen; v. au AP. gegen jemand kämpfen. veige, adj. vom geschick zum tode bestimmt. veigeu, sw. tödten. veimen, sw. abschäumen, reinigen. vellen, sw. zu baden werfen, zu falle brinyen, tödten, strafen. velsclieu, sw. verfälschen, verleum- den. velsen, sw. erhöhen durch lob Q^). velwen, siv. falb machen. velzeu, sw. anwenden. veude, swm. bauer im Schachspiel. Venedisere, Venetianer. der Vcnis, d. h. der von Venis, der minnesinyer yraf Rudolf v. Neu- enbury. Fenis ist der nnterye- ganyene Stammsitz dieses ye- schlechts. verbau, s. verbünnen. verbennen, sw. in bann thun, ver- dammen. verbern, bir, bar, born, loslassen, aufgeben, entbehren, vermeiden. verbieten, biute, bot, pl. baten, ge- bieten, verbieten, vorenthalten. 208 verbilden — versinnen. verbilden, sif. über die müssen fröh- lich sein. verbünnen, ban, blinde, tnissgönnen. verdasen , sw. verschweigen. verdenken, dähte , bis ans ende den- ken; verd. an, an etivas denken; sich V., sich bedenken, vorsehen. verdrießen, dröz, GS. etwas be- schwerlich finden, langweile er- regen (unpers.). verdrozzen , adj. unbehaglich, un- angenehm. verdulden, stv. geschehen lassen, aus nachlässigkeit verabsäumen. vereiten, siv. mit brennen verwü- sten, verbrennen. sich vergäben, sw. sich übereilen. vergän, mit A. übergehen. vergeben , gap, verzeihen, vergiften. vergelten, gilte, galt, zurückbezah- len, befriedigen. vergezzen, vergesslich. vergie von vergangen, AP. es ver- liess mich, war fern von mir (nie praeteriit, fugitj. vergünnen, missgönnen. vei'haben, verschlossen halten, zu- rückhalten. verhouwen, hin, durch hauen ver- wunden ; niederhauen. sich verhuoten, sich hüten, Wizl. verjehen C^. jehen), sagen, erzäh- len, eingestehn mit D. u. G. verjen für verjehen; törheit verj., sich thöricht beweisen. verirren, sw. irre führen, täu- schen. verkapfen, sw. sich in starres schauen verlieren. verkeren, sw. umkehren, übel aus- legen. verkiesen (s. kiesen), AS. über eine suche wegsehen, fahren lassen, verachten; üf einen v., verzich- ten auf, verklagen, sw. bis zu ende klagen; verschmerzen , verwinden. verkorn ptc. v. verkiesen. sich verkunnen, sie. GS. auf etwas verzichten , entbehren. verlicgen, linge, loiic, verläugnen, vor mit D. verläugnen vor. Verliesen, linse, lös, verlieren, ver- derben, zu gründe richten. verlihen, Icch, zu lehen geben. verlisten, sw. besiegen; klug er- sinnen C^) verloben, sw. mit A. entsagen. verlogen v. verliegen. vermissen, sw. mit G. nicht mehr haben. vermugen, mac, besitzen vermögen. vernemen (*. nemen), vernehmen, wahrnehmen. vernihten, sw. für nichts achten. verminst, stf. einsieht, das ver- stehen. verpfenden, sw. durch ein pfand sichern. verpflegen ("*. pflegen), nicht mehr pflegen , ablassen von — . sich verpflihten zuo — sich an etwas binden. verre, fern, weit sehr. verrenken, sw. biegen und drehen. versagen, sw. absagen, abläugnen, vorenthalten. verschämt , unverschämt. verschart v. verscherren. verschelken, sw. zum sclaven, knecht machen. verscherren, sw. vermeiden. verscholl für verschuldet. verschorn, stv. verscharren, ver- graben. verschragen, sw. mit einer planke einzäunen; der ist gebender kunst verschraget, versteht nicht freige- big zu sein. verschroten, schriet, durchschneiden, zerfetzen; verschroten werc, mu- sivarbeit. verschulden, sw. verdienen, ver- gelten. sich versehen, GS. hoffen, fürchten. verseigen, sw. ganz aus/tiessen las- sen. verseren , sw. verletzen, betrüben. sich versinnen, san, pl. sannen, ver- ständig sein, getvahr werden, verslizcD — vrccli. 20Ü empfinden, einsehen; sich in ge~ danken zu sehr versenken. verslizen, sleiz, slizzeii, verderben, hinbringen. versuiän, verstnälien, sw. verschmä- hen, verschmähet werden; DAP. einem entehrend, geringschätzig, geringfügig dünken. versDiden, sneit, zerschneiden, schneidend verwunden, vernichten. verspart v. versperren. versperren, sparte, sw. verschliessen, unterlassen. verstän (ä. formt.} mit u. ohne sich, verstand haben, GS. ettvas mer- ken , einsehen. versteln, stil, stal, stehlen, ver- bergen. versümen, sw. vernachlässigen. versunnen, besonnen, verständig. versweigen, sw. schweigen machen. verswingen, swanc, wegschwingen, entgehn C?J. vert, adv. im vorigen jähre ; auch substantivisch. vertan, ptc. v. vertuen, verflucht. verteilen, sw. ASDP. für verlustig erklären, nehmen. vertragen, truoc, ertragen, sich ge- fallen lassen; erlauben. vertrlben , treip , triben , wegtreiben. vertuen, wegschaffen, verschwen- den. vervahen, vervän, verfangen, helfen, nützen; aufnehmen. vervarn, vuor, fortziehn, sterben, vervendern, sw. verkaufen. verwaenen, sw. sich eines d., etwas hoffen. verwarren, adj. verworren. verwarten , sw. erwarten. verwäzen, verwünscht, verflucht. verwinnen, wan , wunnen, überwin- den, verschmerzen. verzagen , sw. nicht muth , nicht ^lust haben etwas zu thun, ettvas aufgeben. verzie = verzihe. verziben, z^ch, zigen, sich eines d., sich von etwas lossagen; DPGS. etwas abschlagen, verweigern. (Minnesänger.) verzinsen , sw. zinsbar machen, hin- geben. veste, stf feste bürg. sich fiden, sw. sich verlassen auf vie = vienc, prt. v. vähen. vient, feind. fier Cfrz. fier) , kühn, edel, stolz. viereggot, adj. viereckig, vierschrö- tig. vieren, stv. zu vieren machen, ins gevierte bringen, geschickt zim- mern, passend machen. Villen, sw. an der haut strafen, geissein. vilz, stni. filz, viell. auch pilz. vimel , stm. ( ?) der strahl. vinkelvech , g. vches , adj. glänzend bunt. vinster, stf. finsterniss . vinster s. v. a. winster. violieren, sw. mitviolen schmücken, überh. schmücken. Virgilius, der zauberer Virgilius. fiuhte, stf. feuchtigkeit. flcn s. V. a. flehen, bitten, liebkosen. vliehen, vliuhe, vlöch, pl. vluhen, fliehen. vlins, stm. feuer stein. vlorn für verlorn v. Verliesen. vluc, stm. (pl. vlüge), flug, flügel. vluot, stm f. fltith, fluss. vluorzim, stm. flurzaun. vlust Cverlust), stf. gen. vlüste, der Verlust. voget, stm. schirmvogt, richter, Herr, fürst. vol, in der composition „gänzlichj bis zu ende^K volge, stf. nachfolge, beistimmung, ge folge. volle, swmf. fülle, über fluss. volrecken , sw. vollständig auseinan- dersetzen. volsagen, zu ende sagen. volvam, vuor, ausführen. vorder, stm. vor fahr, altvorder. vorgedanc, Mirgedanc, stm. vorsieht, das vorherbedenken. vorhtic , adj. fürchterlich. fram, adv. alsbald. vrech, adj. keck, frisch, kühn. 14 210 vreise — wän. vreise, stf. schrecken, ye fähr dang, verderben. vrenidcn, siii. mit A. entfernt sein von jemand, missen, meide», ent- fremden. vrevcle, ausgelassen, muthvoll; un- gebührlich. fre^ellichen, adv. muthuillig, frech \Ti, adj. frei, fröhlich. \rijen, sw. frei machen. fride, stm. schütz. vridebreche, swm. friedensbrecher. frideböere, friedlich gesinnt friedel , stm. der geliebte. vriesen , vriuse , vrös , frieren. vrilich, frei. vröloh s, V a. vroelich, freudig, fröhlich , ohne rückhalt. fröinde, adj fremd, seltsam. frönide s. v. a. vremde , stf. das fremdsein, entfernung ; ausländ. frön für fron wen. vröne, stf. was dem herrn zuge- hört, heiligkeit, frohndienst. vröne, adj. den herrn, zumal gott betreffend, heilig. IrOnebaere, adj. zum dienste ver- pflichtet OValth. LXIX Christus wird das leid der weit über sich nehmen gleichsam als frohndienst). frönebote, swm. heiliger böte. vröudebaere, freudig, freudenvoll. vröudenzol Otm.J geben , seine freu- den bezahlen, dafür büssen. vrouwe, swf. dame, geliebte, ge- mahlin. froiiwen für frömven. vröiiwen , sw. erfreuen , froh ma- chen. vruht, stf. f nicht, kind. frum, stm. fruine, swm. vortheil, nutzen. vrumen, vrüinen, sw. wacker, brav sein; helfen, nützen; schaffen, machen. vruo, adv. früh, bald. fruoje s. V. a. fruo. vruot, adj. klug, munter, wolge- muth. vunt, -des, stm. Cpl- vünde), das finden, erfindung, kniff. fuoge, stf. schicklichkeit, passende gelegenheit (opportunitas) , kunst, kunstfertigkeit. fuor, stf. lebensart, aufführung. vür, praep. für, vor, mehr als. vfirbaz, in Zukunft, mehr. fürbrechen, brach, zurückdrängen, vergeben. vürder, adv. hinweg. fürdern, sw. fördern. vürgedanc, s. vorgedanc. vürgeleit C^ legen), vorgelegt j dar- geboten. vürkür s. v. a. verkür von verkie- seu. viirt, pl. vürte, stm. fürt. vürwesen s, v. a. verwesen, ver- treten. W. wd, wo. wäc, stm. woge, fluth, ström, meer, see. wäfen, stn. die waffe, das wappen. wäfen, interj. weh! ha! w. schrien, nach hülfe rufen. wagen, sw. sich bewegen. waege, adj. gemäss, passend, gut, nützlich. waehe, adj. kunstreich, zierlich. wal, g. Walles, stm. das aufbrau- sen, aufsieden des w assers. Walch, stm. Welscher. walden s. v. a. walten. walgen, walgern, sw. rollen, wäl- zen. wallaere, stm. Wandrer, pilger. wallen, wiel, außrausen, wallen. walt, stm. holz; die speerschäfte. waltgesinde, stn. die waldbewohner. walten, wielt, macht über etwas haben, besitzen, behandeln. wan, 1) s. V. a. wände, denn, weil, da; 2) wenn nicht, ausser dass (folgt oft genit.J; 3J für man; 4) wann; 5) warum nicht (aus waz ne)j 6^ den wünsch aus- drückend; "7) nur. wän, stm. meinung, Hoffnung, irr- thum; üf ir wän, in Hoffnung auf sie. waen — wide. 211 waen (wa*jen), waete, ivehen. wanc, stm. abiveichtmg gebrechen, wandelbarkeit , trug. Wandel, stm. Umtausch, gebrechen, mangel. wandelbaere, tvandelbar, unzuver- lässig, mangelhaft. vt'seaen, wände od. wänte, meinen^ hoffen. wange, stn. die wange. waent für waenent. wäpenrocj stm. ritterrock , über der rüstung getragen, vorn u. hinten geschlitzt, ohne ermel. war, wohin, war, stmf. das beachten j anschauen, die aufmerksamkeit; war tuon, sich umsehn, GS. sein augenmerk auf etwas richten, beachten. waere, adj. wahr, wahrhaft, zuver- lässig. wasten, sw. verwüsten. wät, gen. waete, stf. gewand, kleid. waten, wuot, gehen, sich auf irgend eine weise bewegen. waz darümbe, was thtit das? waz ob, wie wenn? wer weiss, ob nicht? weben, wibe, wap, weben, wirken. weder, adv. in der doppelfrage den ersten theil einleitend (vgl. utrtim). weder, pron. welcher von zweien Otter). wegen, sw. bewegen, schwingen. wegen, wige, wac, wiegen, gelten, schätzen. webe, adj. weh, arm, bedauerns- werth. wehsel, stm. verkehr, Wechsel. weide, stf. die weide, futter, speise. weise, swm. der waise (orphanus), ein edelstein C^olitaire) in der von Karl d. gr. herrührenden reichskrone, dann s. t'. a. diese selbst. weise, verwaist. welle, swf. laubgewölbe , laubdach. wellen, wille, wal, pl.yfüWen, wäl- zen, in bewegung setzen, wölben. wellen für welcn , siv. wählen. Weizen, walzte, umdrehen. wenden, sw. APGS. jemanden etivas benehmen. wendic, adj. wandelbar, rückgängig. wenen , sw. gewöhnen; geivohnt sein OS. wenken , wancte , sw. wanken , aus- weichen. werben, wirbe, warp, pl. würben, hin und wieder gehen um etwas zu betreiben, sich bemühen, gegen — ttm; handeln, verfahren. werden (s. formt.}, werden; vür werden wie hin M'crden, ver- schwinden , hinschwinden, vorüber gehen, sterben, vorbei sein mit etwas C^ )• werke, der werkmann. werlich, adj. streitbar, tvehrhaft. werlich, adj. dauerhaft. werren, wirre, war, pl. wurren, ge- worren , DP. einem im wege sein, hindern, quälen, leid, unruhe, schaden verursachen; AP. in auf- regung, unruhe, schaden bringen. werdekeit, stf. anerkennuiig des werths, trefflichkeit. wem, SM-'. APGS. abhalten, fern- halten von — . wem, sw. dauern, währen, befrie- digen, gewähren. wert, -des, stm. würde, werth, freu- dige ruhe. wert, adj. trefflich, ehrenwerlh, brav, werth Cdignus, excellensj. wes, weshalb. Wesen, stn. zustand, lebensart. wesse, adj. scharf stechend. weten, wat, geweten, jochen, fu- gen. wette, stn. pfand. wetterlezzen , swn. wetterleuch- ten O)- wezzen, sw. scharf machen, an- feuern. wibel, stm. käfer, kornwurm. wiben, su\ weben. Wide, stf. das seil aus frischem holz gedreht, der sträng zum aufknüpfen der Verbrecher, bi der w., hei strafe des Stranges. 212 widcmen — zagelweiben. ividcmcD, SM', stiften, gründen, widmen. wider, praep. gegen, contra und erga. widersagen, sw. widerrufen, DP. krieg ankündigen , freundschaft aufkündigen , versagen. widerspcnic , adj. widerspänstig, widerwärtig. widersprechen , sprach , widerrufen. Widerswal, stm. das zurückwogen, überströmen. widervart, g. -verte, stf. rückkehr. widerwagen Q. v. a. wegen), wuoc, aufwiegen. widenvanc, stm. umbeugung, Um- kehr. widerwürken, sw. verhindern. widerzaeme, absehen erregend. Wien (wihen) , sw. weihen. wierde s. v. a. Avirde. wieren^ sw. zieren, schmücken. wlht, stn. nichts, elendes, elender. wihteclich, adv. nullius pretii, inepte. wihtel, stn. bergmännlein , kobold; diu wiht. , ein trügerisches spiel. wilde, adj. wild, fremd, unbekannt, wunderbar; der wilde man, ein walddämon. wilde, stf. wildniss, einöde, Wild- heit wilden, sw. wild, fremd werden od. sein. wilderaere, stm. loildschütze , Jä- ger. wile, stf. Zeitraum, zeit; die v/ile, tcährend, derweile. wilen, siv. weilen. wilent, wilen, adv. ehemals, vor- mals, zuweilen. Wille prs. v. wellen. wilz, stm. mittelmässiges pferd. Wilze, namen eines Slavenstammes. winden, want, sich kehren, sich wenden. winster, adj. link (sinister). wint, -des, stm. Windhund. wirde, stf treflichkeit, tagend. wirden, sw. werth hallen, schätzen. Mirs, adv. schlimmer, schlechter Wirte = wirde, »tf wis, adj. kundig, erfahren. wlse, stf. art und weise, gesang- weise, melodie, gesang. wisen, APGS. jemand auf etwas führen, kundig machen, unter- richten. Witech, ungetreuer held Dietrichs. witenän , weithin. Witze, stf. verstand, besonnenheit. w'iz, weiss; wize münche , Domini- kaner, Johanniter. wizen, weiz, pl. wizzen, tadeln, vorwerfen, strafen. wizzende, stf. das wissen. Wolf hart, söhn Amelolts, Hilde- brands Schwestersohn, einer von Dietrichs zwölf helden. wolgebluot, schönblühend. wolgetän, adj. stattlich, ansehnlich.^ schön. wolgetriben, w. sträze, starkbe- sucht, sehr gangbar. wolgeviert , wolzusammengefügt. wüeten, wuote, sw. rasen; nach ei- nem, von rasender liebe entbrannt sein für — . wunden, stv. verwunden. wunder, stn. wunder, grosse menge. wunnebernde, wonnebringend. wuneclich, adj. wonnig. wunnen, sw. wonne bereiten. wünsch, stm. die idee oder der In- begriff der höchsten Vollkommen- heit, ideal, wünsch, wunderthä- tige kraft. wünschen, sw. OS. herbeiwünschen. wuocher, stm. zunähme, frucht, gewinn. Würfelbein, stn. der knochen, wor- aus der Würfel besteht. würken, worhte, verfertigen, ma- chen. würz, stf. kraut. wurzelhaft, duftend. Z. zage, adj. zähe, säumig, feige, karg. zagelweiben , sw. mit dem schwänze ivedeln. zäi — zwlvellop. 213 zAl , interj. hei ! zal, stf. bestimmte zeit; Ordnung. zamcn, sw. vertraut werden. zär aus zäher, stm. zähre. zart, stm. Zärtlichkeit ^ liebkosung^ Schmeichelei. ze (z)j zuo, zu. zeglich, zaghaft. zehant, adv. auf der stelle, so- gleich. zelle, swf. zelte. Zellen, zalte, sw. anrechnen, er- zählen, begründen auf; z. ze, für etwas erklären. zelten, sw. im passe od. im schritte eines zeiters gehen. zemen , sw zähmen. zemen, zime, zam^ gezomen, ge- viäss , passlich sein, wohl an- stehn, gebühren, gefallen. zenme für zesamene, zusammen. zev, stf. zehrung, eigne Unkosten, aufopferung. zergän C^. formt.), allmählich ver- schwinden, enden. zein, sw. verzehren. zerschellen, schillej schal, pl. schul- len, sich spalten, zerspleissen. zes (dexter) , nur in flectierter form gebräuchlich , als zesewer od. zes- wer, zer zeswen (hant), zur rechten hand. zeswe, s. zes. zewege s. v. a. enwege, auf dem wege, hinweg, fort. ziehen, zöch, an, AP. sich berufen auf jemand. ziere, adj. schön geschmückt, schviuck. zieren, sw. schmücken, rühmen. zihen , zech , pl. zigen , aussagen, beschuldigen, zeihen. zihte aus ze ihte, in irgend einer hinsieht. ziln^ sw. als Zielpunkt bestimmen, setzen, vorstecken. zim = ze im. Zinsen, sw. zinsbar machen, hin- geben. zippcltrit, stm. zappeltritt O}, beim tanze. cirkel, stm. einfache fürsten- krone. zirkelbrehende, wie ein goldener reif oder im kr eislau f glän- zend c^J- zise, swf. zisel, stvm. zeisig. zisere, swf. kichererbse. zocken j sw. stark, schnell ziehen. zogen, sw. heftig ziehen; reisen, ziehen. zol, stm. abgäbe, pfand; eren zol = ere. zorn^ stm. ez ist mir zorn, ich bin darüber unwillig, böse. zouber, stn. Zauberei; mit z. varn, Zauberei treiben. zoumen, sw. fortführen, ein pferd am zäume führen. zuc Cv^' 2Üge), stf. streich mit dem Schwert; heftiger zug, das reis- sen, der zuck; boese zucke, schlechte streiche. zücken, zucken, sw. etwas schnell greifen, ziehen; rauben. zugelietj stn. marsch C^J- zuht, stf. feine Sitten, anstand, an- ständigkeit, wohlgezogenheit, lie- benswürdigkeit , höflichkeit. zunge, swf. zunge, volk, land. zürnen, sw. AP. schelten; AS. un- gehalten sein über etwas. zweien, zweigen, sw. verbinden, paaren; entzweien; zwei sein. zwi, g. zwiges, stn. zweig. zwieren , sw. mit den äugen freund- lich od. schelmisch zunicken. zwingen s. v. a. zwinken. z winken, sw. blinzeln, zwinken. zwir, zwirent, zweimal. zwivellich, angstvoll, hoffnungslos. zwivellop, stn. zweideutiges lob. Berichtigungen und zusiitze. Seite 2 Zeile 1 v. u. lies nu statt im. - 3 - 5 V. 0. - siu' - sin. - 14 - 18 V. 11. - iu - in. - 17 - 3 V. u. - rösen - roseu. - 28 - 13 V. 0. - in - in. - 88 - 33 V. 0. - ouch - auch. - 30 - 9 V. u. - houbetsünde. - 37 - 23 V. 0. - in - iu. - 38 - 6 V. 0. - dermite. - 59 - 1 V. o. - keiniii. - 71 - 17 V. u. - gelt statt zeit. - 73 - 7 V. u. - \liz - yViZf. - 88 - 14 V. 0. - herzen. - 88 - 4 V. 0. - Got. - 94 - 23 V. 0. - minnecliche,. - 98 - 4 V. u. - ez statt est. - 138 - 13 V. 0. - in - im. - 158 - 11 V. u. - sins - sin. - 160 - 15 V. u. die zahl VIII ist zu streichen - 168 _ 13 V. 0. lies ouch statt auch. - 174 nach zeile 7 v. ti. sind folgende verse einzuschalten . wirp so, daz unreht stnichen vor dir bidemet; Milt' unde manheit si diu hört, biut helfe gerne witwen unde weisen, - 175 Zeile 18 v. o, lies mühte statt niöhte. - Is6 ist nachzutragen bidemen, sw. beben. - 190 - — gelf (gelpOj adj glänzend; keck. - 208 Zeile 18 ist ein comtna hinter besitzen ausgefallen. 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I am trying to use the new <code>RecyclerView</code> widget inside a <code>Fragment</code> but I am getting this error: <blockquote> Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{com.example.myapplication/com.example.myapplication.MyActivity}: java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke interface method 'boolean java.util.List.add(java.lang.Object)' on a null object reference </blockquote> What am I doing wrong? This is my <code>Fragment</code>: <pre><code>import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.annotation.Nullable; import android.support.v7.widget.DefaultItemAnimator; import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager; import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import java.util.List; public class RecyclerviewFragment extends Fragment { private RecyclerView mRecyclerView; private RecyclerviewAdapter mRecyclerviewAdapter; private LinearLayoutManager mLinearLayoutManager; private List<ViewModel> viewModel; @Nullable @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_recyclerview, container, false); mRecyclerView = (RecyclerView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.recycler_view); return rootView; } @Override public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState); mRecyclerviewAdapter = new RecyclerviewAdapter(viewModel); mLinearLayoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(getActivity()); mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mRecyclerviewAdapter); mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(mLinearLayoutManager); mRecyclerView.setItemAnimator(new DefaultItemAnimator()); } } </code></pre> And my Activity: <pre><code>import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuItem; import java.util.List; public class MyActivity extends Activity { private List<ViewModel> viewModel; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_my); RecyclerviewFragment recyclerviewFragment = new RecyclerviewFragment(); getFragmentManager().beginTransaction().add(android.R.id.content, recyclerviewFragment).commit(); viewModel.add(new ViewModel("View")); } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present. getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.my, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml. int id = item.getItemId(); if (id == R.id.action_settings) { return true; } return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } </code></pre> Thanks!

Շօս^հ 7հւտ ւտ ձ Ճւ§ւ1ձ\ շօբյ օք ձ ^x>օ1^ էհՁէ ատտ բ^^տ^^V0(3 քօք §շոշքՁէւօոտ օո ԱհքՁքյ տհ^1V^տ հշքօրշ ւէ ատտ շա–շքս11>՛ տշՁՈՈօւՅ հյ Օօօ§1շ ձտ բա-է օք ձ բքօյշշէ էօ տՁէտ էհտ ՚^օք1Ա՚տ եօօէտ ս^տ^0V^^^Է|1^ օււ1ւււշ. 1է հՁտ տս^V^V^(1 1օո§ շոօս^ էօէ էհտ օ)բ>ւ՝ւ§հէ էօ ^xբ^^^ Ձոմ էհշ հօօէ էօ շււէշք էհշ բսհ1^^ ԱօաՁւո. ճ բսէ|1^^ ԱօաՁւո եօօէ ւտ օոտ էհՅէ ՚^ձտ ո^V^^ տսհյշշէ էօ օ)բ>՚քւ§հէ օէ ՚^հօտտ 16§յ1 օ)բ>ւ՝ւ§հէ էտաւ հՁտ ^xբ^^^(3. \\՚հշէհշք ձ հօօէ ւտ ւււ էհշ բսԵԱշ ԱօաՁտ աՁ>՛ V^^>՚ օ)սոէէ>՛ էօ շօսոէքյ. ԲսհԱօ (ՅօաՁւււ հօօ1էտ 316 օսք §Ձէ6՚^Ձ>՚տ էօ էհշ բՁտէ, ք6բք6Տ6ոէւո§ 3 ՝^6Ձ1էհ օք հւտէՕք>՚, շս1էսւ6 ՅոԱ էոօ՚^ւտԱ^տ էհՁէ՚տ օքէտո ԱւքՏշսԱ էօ ս^տ^ՕV^^. \1Ձւէտ, ոօէՅէւօոտ ՅոԱ օէհտէ աՁ1§ւոՁԱՁ բքտտտոէ ւո էհշ օքւ§ւոՁ1 Vօ1սա^ ՝^ւ11 ՁբբտՁք տ էհւտ Տ16 - յ քտաւոԱտք օք էհւտ հօօէէ՚տ 1օոջ յօսաշյ քրօա էհշ բսհԱտհշք էօ 3 ԱհքՁքյ 311(3 քաՁ11յ էօ յօս. ՍՏՅՏ6 Տսւժ61ա6տ (յօօ§1շ ւտ բաս(3 էօ բՁէէււշք աւէհ ԱԵքՅոշտ էօ ճւ$ւճշշ բսԵԱշ ԱօաՁւո աՁէ6ք131տ յոԱ ւոՁէտ էհտա ՝^ւԱ61>՛ Ձշշ6տտւԵ16. ՐսԵԱշ ԱօաՁտ եօօէտ ե61օո§ էօ էհշ բսհԱշ 311(3 աշ Ձէշ աշքշ1յ էհշւք շստէՕ(1ւՁոտ. Ի1^V^^էհ^1^տտ, էհւտ ՝^օքէ ւտ ^xբ^ոտ^V^, տօ ւո օէճշէ էօ էշշբ բ^0V^(1^ո§ էհւտ էտտօա՚է^, ՚^տ հ^V^ էշէճո տէշբտ էօ բքշ\՚շււէ Ձհստշ հյ շօտտշքշւՁ1 բտքէւշտ, ւււշ1ս(3ւււ§ բ1Ձշւււ§ 1շշհւււշՁ1 քշտէրւշէւօււտ օււ ՁսէօտՁէօՅ գսշքյւււջ. \\՚շ ձ1տօ ձտ1^ էհտէ յօս։ + \էօհտ ոօո–շօտտտրժՌ1 ստտ օքէհտթտտ \\՚շ (ՅշտւջոօՅ Օօօ§1շ 6օօ1^ ՏշՁքշհ քօք ստշ հյ ^11(Յ^V^(ՅսՁ1տ, աւձ աշ քշգսշտէ էհտէ յօս ստշ էհշտշ քւ1շտ քօք բշքՏՕՈՁւ, ոօո–(^)աա6քշւՁ1 բաբօտտտ. + Խք^^^ոխէ^ո օսէօտատճ զստւյաջ Օօ ոօէ Տ6Ո(1 ՁււէօտՁէօՅ գսշէւշտ օք ձո^ տօէէ էօ Օօօ§1շ՚տ տյտէշա։ Մ յօս Ձէշ շօււ(Յսշէւււ§ քշտշՁքշհ օո տՁշհւոշ էքՁ1ւտ13ճօո, օբէւշ31 շհՁ1Ձշէ6ք ք6(^)§ուճօո օէ օէհտէ ՁւտՁՏ ՚^հտէտ ճըըճճճ էօ յ 1ձ1§շ Ձաօսււէ օք էշxէ ւտ հշ1բքս1, բ1շՁտշ շօււէՁշէ ստ. \\՚շ շււշօսքՁ§շ էհշ ստտ օք բսԵԱշ (ՅօաՁւո աՁէ6ք131տ քօէ էհտտտ բսւրօտտտ ^աճ ա.ճ՝^ ետ Յե16 էօ հ61բ. + ^աոէաո աէոհսէԽո՚ՀԽ (յօօ%\՚շ "՚^ՁէտոոՁւէ" յ՚օս տտտ օո տՁշհ Տւտ ւտ 6ՏՏ6ոէւՁ1 քօր ւոքօքոււոջբշօբ1շՁհօսէ էհւտբայշշէ ձո(3 հշ1բւոջ էհշա \\ոձ Ձ(3(1ւէւօոՁ1 աՁէ6ք131տ էհւօս§հ Օօօ§16 Տօօէ ՏտՅւշհ. Ր16ձտ6 Ճօ ոօէ ^^աօV^ ւէ. + ^■&&/ւ (1 1տ^ռ1 \Vհ^էՇVՇ^ յօսք ստշ, քշտտաետք էհՁէ >՚օս 316 ւ«տբօոտւե16 քօէ տոտաւոջ էհտէ ահտէ յօս Ձ16 (1օւո§ ւտ 16§յ1. Օօ ոօէ Ձտտսատ էհՁէ յստէ հշշՁստշ աշ հշսշVՇ ձ հօօէ ւտ ւո էհշ բսեԱշ (ՅօաՁտ քօէ ստտէտ ւո էհշ Սուէ6(1 ՏէՅէտտ, էհՁէ էհշ ՝^օքէ ւտ յ1տօ տ էհշ բսե1ւշ է1օաաո Խ ստշւտ ւո օէհտէ շօսոէոշտ. \\՚հշէհշք ձ հօօէ ւտ տէւ11 ա շօբ>ւ՝ւ§հէ V^^^^տ քաա շօսոէէ>՛ էօ շօսոէէ>՚, ճոՃ ՝^շ շձո՚1 օքքտէ §ա1(1ձոշ6 օո ՚^հտէհտք ձո>՛ տբտշւՏշ ստշ օք ճո՝^ տբտշւՏշ եօօէ ւտ ձ11օ՚^6(1. Ր16ՁՏ6 ճօ ոօէ Ձտտսատ էհտէ յ եօօէ՛տ ՁբբտՁքՁոշշ ւո նօօ§1շ Քօօ1է Տշտքշհ տշտոտ ւէ շձո հշ ստօՅ ւո Ձոյ տտոոշք Ձո>՚՝^հ6ք6 ւո էհշ ՝^օք1(1. €օբ>ւ՝ւ§հէ ւոքքւո^տատոէ ԱՁեւԱ^ շյո ետ գսւէտ տ^V^^^. ՃԵօսէ 000^16 6օօհ Տ69ք0հ (յՕՕ§1շ՚տ աւտտւօո ւտ էօ օդձո\ւշ էհշ ^VՕ^I(3'տ ւոքօաւՁէւօո ձո(3 էօ ւււՁ1^շ ւէ սու\՚շքՏՁ11յ Ձշշշտտւհ1շ ձո(3 ստշքսԼ Օօօջ1շ 6օօ1^ Տշ^քշհ հշ1բտ ո։Ձ(Յշքտ (3^տ^ՕVՇ^ էհշ աօք1(3՚տ հօօէտ ահւ1շ հշ1բտ§ Ձսէհօրտ ձոձ բսհԱտհշրտ քշտշհ ոշ^V Ձս(3ւշոշշտ. Vօս շձո տշ^քշհ էհասջհ էհշ քս11 էշտէ օք էհւտ հօօ1^ օո էհշ ^Vշհ Յէ |հէէ)3։//հօօյ^տ.ցօօց16.շօա/| հ* ք 41^1%ա։^։ .^՚ ,ք ՛է* Ը՚օո-Հռ՚սռԻՐ 4 1 V Ա I» Տ I ^ ռ^ԳԱՏԻ՚Կ ՚ԻՊՐՈՑԱՑ ՀԱՄԱՐ *քԱ8 1,– \Ո\%է Հ– է1էք»Ա111| 1Ո–Ւ|հ– ՈՒքՏէէհ ՚՝. ՅՕ^)^ Ս(ւոաւք% ա աճաա աաատ– ( <յ՝. է– է֊^^ Յշ֊ւՏ • «»»յէ»#«1ւ ^ծրծւս ոմէսնք համԽր տարօրինակ գոր&քի մ)ք ձեոք ղարկա& երե լամ՝ առաքիկպ ծրկասիրութծամխ : Բպ/ք ասանկ քսԱէ ւՐ^աոնելու ստիպեց զիս Փորձառու՛՛ թիւնը : - Տւսէ՚ուծրկու տարի յառա1 (1866-1869) վյիէն– նա, ու ծպքէն 187 Յին Եւ 1874 ին կոստանդինուպոլիս ընդհանուր պատԱութծան դասատուութիւն րնելու ստիպուա& ըլԱԱԷով^ ոչ Հոն եւ ոչ Հոս տեսպք աշկեր– տաց վրԱԱ սպաս ուա ծ^ պտուղը։ Աս երեւութին պատ– քքառն անտարակդ/ս դասագրքի մի պակսութիւնն էր։ իրգք ալ, ունծքաժ ընդՀ* պատմհւթիւններնէս , ոմէս՚կք՝ շատ ընդարձակ րռեուած են. ոմԽկք՝ թէեւ մե& Հըմ՝– տութեամխ դրոսսծ՛ են, բպ/ց ամիոզք^ չեն, ոմակք ալ բոլորովին աԴցարմար են։ — վերքիններուն մէ^՝ ամէն բան կպք , բաց ի պատմնւթեան Հարկաւոր ու էական մ\սսէն։ Ասանկ դրքէ մի, աշկերտը առասպելէ ու ղուարմալիքէ զատ բան չի սորվիր։ Այս մէ& պակսութիւնն ըստ մ\սսին լեցընելու ՀամԽր, Ընդհ, Դ\ատմ)ոթեան՝ խել մի դասադբքերուն ՚^1է^9 Իբ Համառօտութեամին ամենս\քարմԽրն , ու 1 ժամԽնակիս ^մԽաթեամի ու հոդւո^ ղդա&ծալ դտպ/ ՊէրԺ^Ւ9 Գէօնիկշդէտծան դպրոցին վծրատեսչին ու Ընդք՛ ԴւատմԿռթծան դասատուին, քՖէոդոր ՏԻւԻքԻ ք պատմհւթծան քսաներորդ հրատարակութիւնը, զորին– &ի առա քն որդ առնծլով^ շատ ^ամ\սռօտա& , րԱԱց ՚ոծզ տեղ ալ — ու մԽնաւանդ ազդին համԽր աւելի նշա^ նակութիւն ունծցող դէպքերն — ընդարձակա& եւՐ։ Ձյեռադիրը դոր&ած^ծցի , յւրրծւ դասադիրք երէք՝ տարի (1875-1877) ու Փնտռած ծւ բազձացա& պտուղս դտպ/ ։ գիրքս՝ տարւան մի մէք^ լՅննալու նպատակաւ, 133 օրւան կամ* դասի թաժնծցի։ խրսՀքանչիւր դասին առաքելն ալ հարցումներ դրած եմ*, ուսուցչաց դիւրու* թեանը համԽր։ - Աակպ/ն, ինչպէս կը կարծեմ*, դործ^ քը քիչ մ*՚ամ*փոփ դրուելուն, մեկն ութ եան կարօտու– թիլն ունի* անոր ^ամ*ար, մեծ դիւրութիւն Կ՚ԸԱԱԱ աշկերտաց , եթէ ուսուցիչը իւրւկքանչիւր դասն աւելի ընդարձակէ ու մէկ երկու խօւՀքի մէկ ամ\իոՓուածը լու^ սաւորէ ու մեկնէ .* Թէպէտ եւ մէկալ կողմԽնէ ան ալ Փորձուած բան է , որ աշկերտին միւղցը ^ դասադրքէն հե֊ ռանալուն պէս, շատ քեղ կը շՓոթի ու քարկաւորն՝ օդտակարէն չի զանազաներ։ բնական է, որ Ընդհանուր Պատմհւթեան ւՏէչ չէր կրնար մհռաքութեան թող տբուիլ մԽսնաւ՛ որապէս տոհմնԱին մԽսը։ Աս վախժանաւ ամ՚ՓոՓած եմ* դործքիս մէք^ — որչաՓ տեղն ու դիտած վախՀքանս ինծի կը ներէր - նաեւ հպ/ոց Դ1ատմհւթիւնը՝ ժամԽ՛ նակադրութծան կարդալ իրեն պատշամ տեղը դետե՛ զելով։ 1Բէկ դի էն աս ըրած ժամանակս, զանց չեմ ըրած մէկալ, դի էն՝ մնւադիր հպ/եցուած մ" ընել նաեւ ազդպ/ին մԽտենադրութեան՝ զանազան դարերու ւ^Հ բնղունած 0Հ/0/7/^ււճ/^Հու^2ք^ Վբպ/՛ ւ՚5ք է վախքքանին գիմէլու չանա^ա&՝ քււպ§ կատարե՛ լապէս անոր հասնելու տարակասաժ ատծնս , կը յի֊ շծւՐ մէծ^ ԱԽրդու ժի խօզքծրը* Զ^սրգա^ւՈսն էութեան Ել յառաչադիւՈււթեան օրէկին մէչն է, որ էթէ ձէռն^ արկոՓԻ՛^ Հ& - քանի մի բանի մէշ իր ժամԽնակին էվքխապաշարմհւնքնծրէն խոտորելով - յուսացուած՛ արգիւԱքն անմիքւսպէս չդտնէ, պէւդք է սպասել հետա– գպ/ ղարդաքմԽն շրջանի մ1ք, որուն էէշդիւ ՀաԱէւՈտո ըէ. լսԱպյն ձեռնարկութիւնը, որպէս ղի զանիկպ/ պսակ է։ Նպատակին կը հասնինք անհվ, որով մինլեւ հի– մ\սկ հասնելու Լանացաէ ենք։ Վ/էէննա . 19 Հոկտ . 1878 : նսասօսհհ՚ւ լ. րՆգ^աեու.ր սաաՐ սէիե-ռէէոասկան ասւսէմհա.,^ թիւ.՚ճէ՝ այե անգիր ւսւ.ւսնգու.էօ–իմն՚նե՚ո1^ ու. և՚ոգե–ո1^գ գոէսւոր ու. անգիր էիշասէէսեսսրաէէներ^ 1ռ մանսէ^ ւ֊անգ ժսէմանւսեաեիռ աէս%ոմագիրներ1; ^էսսաքուէս^ ՚իոփսԼան դքէաափիոո»^ յԼոէէ*»%դ՚***ղոաՂէէահԼ էք որոնբ ^^ՐԳԿ^ք*^ րնեերուէժեան վիճսէեր եերպւսրանէԱէ..^ որեցի՝նէ շ. (^գ^ա1նոէ.ր ^էսամհւ^թիէձւն ե-րձրք կր բստժ^ նու.ի • ^– Հի՛ն է յբիքիե ու. ՚կոր է Ա. Հի^ ափսգՏո^Ր՚ը^Խո \Հ՚նագղյ1ւ ժամանէսկ^ Նե՚ր^Ն պւնչե՚ւ. էսրԾւման՚ան ^ռոսկէսեան ան՚սէոս–^ թե՚ան կորՆանու.միք 4:76 ՝Բ* 1^ *) ^Ր աարոսնւսկկ֊ յ^վւե-է^ե՜չե՜ան էսզգսէՕք ^ու^աօ ու. Հ^ռոմայեցւոօ պօ–^ աո»–քժիւ^մն1քրոՀ.*ն պս»ամհւթիւ–Նո է ^* Ս՝2^՛^ դա*ք^Տոա^Լ^ա (արեւ-աՈո, Հ^ռոմէա^ կան պԾաոսթեսան կոր հ՜ան ու.մ11^՚ն ւֆՆչևւ. *ւ^որոգոոոէւ^ թիւՖ 1517 ՝|^* 1;>*) կ^ասանգկ^ գերմանական աղգե-րոէ-ն եւ. անոնց քրիսաոն^ոսթեան ձե-ռօօ կրթու^Ծլոսն աէստմոսթիսՆոէ –^ \^*>կ *1՝* *1***ք աաք^ՏքֆէաադԼէաԱ»^ (՚կորոգողութէ-՚նէՆ սրՆչԾւ. մեր ժամանս»եր\ ք մւոաէւորսէպես ւսօաա եոոո գերմանսէկան ազգւսց պէսամհսթիւՆ՚ն եւ. անոնռ երկ*^ րիս ՚քրաք աարսէհ-ուիլըլ կր ասաամե ՚ 1 գաաաա%ի յ^ձ» Ա*»է^ ^1^ ^ Հավաա.ակա% ա^^րա^ %ա^ա,պեաակա% կա>ա.ա^արա^թի^%^, - ք^էպէա ամԽ%է% հի% աղգեր/լ աԱա կեր»յ կառավաքասթեայի , այԽ%ա^ար^ կաաա^ար գիւէս&րԽ Լի%չաքէա է ա%աԱի% կենգէս%ի%&րԽ ըԿւէսա^ %եյք/ւէ>ելէ կր՛ակի աւ. մեաաղի գար^ահ^աւթիւ%% ես ԱԱւքէ,) աբսաե– ձ% I աասկսԱԿւ աաա աաս^մանօւգքասթ-եսւմի քւասրձքաէգ^Ն յԽաւ.որակա% գարգա^ասւՐ ՚՚էկար&ւիլէ. Ի՚^ՀՊւ^– Ա՚^՚^Ւ Կւլ Տ՚՚֊Ցէ^^՛^ * Ա*^^7^ •*- ւ^+էԿ^Է աՔաքի արօաաաաա%^ %եւ*ա^ թափա».ակա% բ%ակիչ^&ր^» –՜ 3* Ա^՚^ԲԳ^՚^քք՛^ էսօգ^է մս^եոԼթե-աե շրՕսքեքւն վերաբերող ^սՏաԼաԱ գ^ոոա^ւ^աԱԱ^աէԱ դատ ք երէրբ . կերա կէսո-սւվարու֊թ իւ^ կրեակբ ղանադ^եելէ Ա. \ք^^ա4»^գոա^^յ1 (յ\1օո&Րօհւ6). որուՆ յէջ^ կո սւիրե էշհ՚է՚՚^Րք Ւ՚^Ց ժողովջգեան գորհ՚ւսկցոէ^՛^ թեէսմիր արոսահ– օրքւեէսց շբքաՆքւն մեքյ ^քաԱ^Լա^ յ#*»յ^է****» (ճօտրօէւտաօ) ւ^երթպյ ա^ս կերպ կաաա^ վարու-թիսնրէ թե "ր հշի՚ան^ կամռր V ՐԱյ^ ^րէ^կբ^ ^.յ^^ոաաա^ք^ոաա^^յւ (ՃՈ8էՕՕՐ»է16) եք ^թ \ամևոէ^ական ^ ^սւրոսսէոՀ սքօգսքտո^աքերույև սւէրսէ^ պեաու.թիւՆըւ Ա"^^՛^ կր գաււնպյ *կո»^*^*^(^ա*աաք^ոա^ ^^աԱ (օ11§&Րօեւ6)ք եթե առանձբե գերգաստան^ ներ է^ս էշիւաՆութէւէձ)ե իրեՆց կր §սէփշաակ1/նէ գ. ք^այ\^ա^^ոա^՚^յԱ (ՕօաՕՕէ&էւօ) եէ այէ^» ռւսոպթառւ.ոց վերքւն իշէւանութիէյն րամնեցրնելըէ - - Ո՛ւ–/՛ որ րոը՚ր երկրին Հնաեէ– աէասոպօացի էԹՍ^՚Լ) Բ^՛"՝^ կիչներե այս էշխէաւՆու.թիէձւր ձեռոսոնբն էքլ%Աև ^ կէսւՐ ու.ր որ իշխանութիւՆր ժողովրգ^ ռամկքւն 1լ էաէնցնէ^ Հոն կր տիրե աԴո^4*^^%ք^ո»^^^յԱ (00հ100քՁ.է16)« Հին ՊԱՏւՐՕԻԹԻԻն Հ^ պատմոէ.թիւ.նը չորս ^աաահ՛ կր րաժ^ 1 • Դ\ատմոէ.թիւ^ յ\րե–լ.է–չե–աե աօգառ* 4* ^ատւՌւսթիւ^ Հռոմկ^ևցսո^է 4|ւււաԱ՚ւււ|1|ււն ա|ւ1ււ1ւլ1ւան ւււքէա| հ՚^ձ ^ՐկՒԲ՚^^ւ* Կ՛***՛ 1 * հ՚^ք ^^ ա/Խգքւքւ գէ% $ ֊ 2. իՆք «•/ւ տա. ^/,գք,ք,աի յէլ, - 3. ՏԻգքի-Ւ *•■ ԵփՐ^՚^Ի •*՚ճ« - 4՛ է^Ր–* «^ արԽլյՐ, գթԽո 1* Մք՚է1ք^ "^ ^իսս> յ^սիա ^ի՚ներոմն գրՏէթէ բոէոբովէքԱ աէէէՒանօթ– ^–րէ \^սիպյի աոեւ.հէւե–ան օւմ1/ե1;^ մքւնչհ-ւ. ՚կասպի^ ^"վյ \^կիա.թիաւ ՚ինգոս գ&տով՝ ՎւարսկասաաՆէն բաժ՚եոսահ– Հնգկասաաեր^ Ա7/տ^^ սանգր \ր^■հ^^^ն ե-տբե սօ^ելի հանօթացաւէ ձ* \^եգոս ու. ^էգրիս գե-տե-րուն "հք կս^ • Ա, իրա&ի խսձրագահսաճ , որ ըսս» մասթե լթէմեպյիՆ ու. պտոաբ&ր է» ըսսա մաս^ աաԽասլաա »ս 1* է^մարգաբնակւ |ւՀ1 ^իւս* գք՛^ ե՚Ր \\՚*""՚(հց հ՚ովըլ» իսկ ^սւրասւ.^ն իրէքն ԱէսկմաՆ ոսն1;^ո ՜կրիթոէ-ւսեաե քարա^ բսւկսաՀ էէոտէ ու. Գ\արսից Նոցոէ |^^</ բսէրճրսւգէսսւսռր կր պէսոունստե1^ո իր սհքը. գե՚՚Կ ի ^իէ-սիսպյ^ սէրեւ.մհէ.էոբ * X* Գ\տւաաբե՜ր ու. լե–ւՆնաշաա \^փԽս*սփ^գաԱ^ կւսսպից հ՛ոմում Հւսրսէւայթե գ/ւե* \քեչււստան ք^իմաք Հսէմաաս/եյ գլխաւոր ^""յ^ուք ւ դակ-ա ի ^էսուսԱ.^ պյրե սքոՄււ/ոէ.պօ • 2* ^փԱք4*Լա4*ք*աԼ» Գ\երսե պոլիս մայրաօաոռով^ ու. <կւսսս9րգագսէ գւիէւսւ֊ոո ^ս»1^ով ; 3* <1)4«*|*ք1է*«««*«*«ք*««*« է լ^<. աւ.եւի գէպ ի Հիէ-սիս» Գ* |\««*1«^|*է««* « ^ակէորստ գւխաւոր ռւսզռովւ ք^* Ասորնսաաճ (Հիմկյ քիսրաիսսւաՆ՝) , ^իգրիսի աոԾւելեան գրն* *կէ$նոէ.1^ էՈսէրպթաոբոմ ու. յըյէբռ-ղա գլիւաւոր ^սսղօովՀ 3* ՏՒգրք՛*՛ ՚"~ \քփոաէո գեսւերոսն սէքԱ կան* 11* Հ***1*****ք ***** լեռ՚եագաւառո • ՚կասպից հ^ո^ մոսե^ Դ\ո՚Նէոոսի ք \^փրաԱոի ու. ՏՒգրՒ՚՚Ւ "^9 ^ Ղ*՚ւե"*՛՛^ ՚՜՚՚ք յէաոայթնեոն ե՛ն* ^իգրանակեոաք \^շէոիշաա ք յ^րէ^սիոք Վաղարշապասէ ք \քրոսաւեգս*շաւո է - - Հա^ ւսւսէոանի ^իւ-սիսայի՚ն գրեք ^ոեսւոսի հ՛ովում աոհան» Նովեռջիւն ւ1րպյ * Գ». Ա*իՕաֆ1ագփ, Հայաեաանի ^ս/րսէւաքին գի՚ե. սէեոիս էոօրոիս էճեոուէ ու. բ§սոեբեր գաշաԾՈՈւէոնգ մէՕա^ՍՅէոսՅՆ իապան ամայի ե՚ոկիր մի : գ>. ^^էա\ա*ՀԱ, ^ի^ագեաաց ^արաւ» Գ^է Տ՛^^ գաշաամաւր մբ» եոկէան ժամանակ \^սիայի աւՌ1է1է–Ն պաղար&ր ու. ՚^արուսա երկիրն ^^րք յրս^րպբս^դքքքք^ ^է իարե-չոնք \յ.փրաաի ^ոմ* գէքսաւոր ճազպթր կք1«–«. Նպքսաք մարակաէէ աաա՚^Ն ^իչ մ^անգիւնՀ 4։* ՝\յփոէս»ոէ էԱՈԾԱ^մաեաե գքւե ^^է^• Ա, Աք ««*ք՚(««* ♦ հայանուն ե^ովահ՜ո^ին քով» աձւէ (սե՛/ ւքը ԱէՈ-եսսւրոյ օսւղպօներէ \քՈՈսսւսո^էՐ մստյրպբազռովէ գ^ ^*է"՚լ հ-ովէզրոյ, յձիգոն ե-լ. ^իւրոս գւ/սւ»փւ.որ ռս»սայթե1քրաԼ% գ. Ա«*«9|»էք . Լիչւաեաեու ք ^աւրոսի ու. կփրա^ *ոի մէքյ գէ-պ ի ՚^իւ֊սիս ^արԲէյաաակք գէպ ի ^արաւ. էեոՆեսչքԲե ու. պաղաբե-ր։ Գլթաւ-որ օյսռպբն&ո% կ».Փ*^^ք Ա**յ***» Հ""ւՒ**ք Հե^րմհս ու. \^կանգ^ ■Ւ,ոոս գե-աէր^/ն ոռոգոէ^էսհ՛ ^ո^պյԱե Ոէ^ պաոաբե-ո ևրկիր մըն կէ իՀք ^քԱ, կը^ պէպէոմեակկ^ Ա» գհ*Կ հ ս$ւաԾւ.յհւ.աօ* 1* V^\*՜*Գ*^* գլխաւոր քաղպօնև-րե են, \^ոիոԽ ու. ^եոգւսմոն» շ. Լյ՚-՚ք՚յ***» \^"՚Րգ1՚կէ ու– ^ագնևսիա գչի* օւսռպթ%ե–րոմ* 3 . կփսքթփԽ է - ֊ 1՛ ւ1^Ր^՚^1**** %ԻԿԻ՚" գլի* ք՚"ղք"վ,* շ. Գ\ա^ա*^ԳոԱ^ա* յւ^ինոպ գլի* քաղքովյ, 3. <1|«քւ«ք»##» . ^բապիդոն գլի* ք՚^ղք"վյ գ. գէ^պ ի Հաբօէէ., էբսռեեոովէ ^* յ^է&՚"*Խրլլ* 1« ի՚^ձ <«^<"–է ք&ա1^ քք ՚Ւէ՚^Ի*՛ –՚*^–՚Ա՛՛^ ՚՚^րգւ՚Կ* - 2* Ւ՚^ձ ՚^ետւի^,.^ սաուգր մէասկ եբոայսւկւմմն 1^է 13»""/՛ ՚եպյելով^ ա/արգ^ կէսւԱհ էսօգքւն "րՐ՚^ցր Ղ՚՚՚՚Հ^ւԺ ւՐՐ՚՚՚^Ց կ՚՚՚ր^րՐ "(^ՊՔ \քՐԲ֊ մառգհկ *կդքեան մեՆ Օր^եոեղթն եպբր^ ե^րկրէ" ռօԽադան կողմերո ըրու^եըան * իրեՆ^ է-րկչփն (քւեչպ1^ս %սէեւ. լեռոսքւն ու. կոօնքւն\ որպքւսոսթե-սԽր ^Աքմևմաաք այւե–ւ.սչււ կերպոմ սկսս^ օարգաեսէէՀ ^սւլէճրսւգսւէ֊սէւՆնե՚րու. ե՛լ. սւմւահ եոկհոեեոու. քւնսս՚ա, կէէքւ^ ք^**^գ**^է^*«*ՀաԱ 1ՆաԼ^^ շարու^ակե^բև* իսկ ա»ն սէօգ&ոՆք որոնք պսւոաբե-Ոք օաէ^ գսէշաավսչքբծ՚րո գաղ^եօիւ^ բնւսկչաօ ՚^ե–ազ^&ա1^ րաօմաէէւսչովԱք ի՛՛ա՛ Հքճ^էա ^սէստասէույև բնակու.թ իմն շ^եըիւև էքլ. յշա-ա կու.թԾա% պէսրասպւքէու. սկսանէ 2* \^ոկոէսգոոհ–ու.թես^ ՎչՊ1 ^իաւա.էսհ– էսռասՕ^ ակրոսթիԱ^էներլլ^ Հոանկո ու. գիանկ^ ^անգէս եւ. ք^եգոսք ջիգրիս ոս ՚կփոատ եւ. *կեոոս գե՚աե-րոսե «^^ եոաօ– ^Աքէէ գէսշտւսմայոեոու. մրպյ կր գւոէէ&Նո։\\սոՆչք էԱէքէ^ աո֊ա^Ն՚նճ-րչ^ աիեղեոակսւն պաամհսթաէան 4^ 1^^ %շաեակու.թիսե մի չա^եռաե ւ ւ\ասՆ պի թէպկա եւ, սրայնոու֊թեամէւ ու. սւրոսևսաի ՚ճարտարու.թեէսպւ երևսեւի շ(է«»««»«^(«»1քք*ք » խիստ ^բե աա1ձ»եևըւԼ աէ^րու^ թիւն մի կւ$^գ%աէէ է/^ ) որ մեր թա-աձսճքւն առաք/ւՆ գարՏրրուն սէք^ \^՚՚է^է մեն-ագղիէ մասս կո պարոա–^ նսէկէր, սակս^ էրե՚կբ պէրէ^ը միշա մէԼատ ագ^ գեր^^ ղաաոէ^ահ՛ ու. սէմէն օաաբ ս*սգեսա^թ1րՆէՆ աղաա պսէ^ե-չով^ չկրնան մէսրգկեղէն աղգիՆ Բ^գ՛^ ^անու.ր պարգացմաեո մասնաԼք»» ըյլալէ *կդքնպէ^ս Հ^«ք յլք ալյ ոքւոեց շաա ^ին քա^ ղաքակրթութեաե յպյս՚՚եի վ^ա^ու^թիսե կսւ. աան հր1/1պ %ու.էրական մաաևա1ւներն ու. ^րաշաչի շխ/ու «, քժրւ.%Նս՜րո •- պէսսէմակաե ժսզոմրգոօ է/րաւ շաս» »ռՒ^ ասգե^ու-թիմն ոսեեսանւ ^^սւրձըագղխ մասէսոր ասոգասցման աո֊ս»^1^ սւսէ.^ չԱ Ա"/"^^ ^արաւ, • արեսմաեան գքւե եզահ՛ կո գբա^ ^^%1Բ* Հոս ^իաւձ–ցի1ե \^սոբ&սաս^1րայք ք ^աբևրսռհբյ իրէքեց յաղթ– ակքաա^թէս1ւնեքէը% \^յս միքոցթէ՝ գ&ռ. ^իսս, ու. ւֆյի՚ե յ^ս^սէք քւեչսչէս %աեւ. ^ոէոր \յ1.րոպսք սէասր» ւսսգ^ աեգ1Տե թափսէռոո ^ովոսակաե ու. ոոոա սորգ ժոոովու.րգնե–ր աէէ^է^Աևէ 3 • շ^եԴւա^իք է է/կոա^լական ^եղի% Հասահ– կրթ-աւՔ֊եաՆ աւանաթարձր աաաիճաեէչլ կչլ ^ու^չնեն է իբե%ք յաաէ$լ.կ Նկաքագիբն 4՛ յէւաակ ւֆպք • բ՛^^ ՚^կ անգաւՐ ւ$աւ1արէա&ի% ալ. Ը^էգւէւ%էսհ–1էե վր՚քյ ^սասէէաա ԱԱւսլ» գս/րձէւսա ղգէա^^ ման աս &րեւ.էսկաւա–թ՚եա§ւն աէակսու.թ–իս% ։ յվ§քհւսա աո§^^ մնձաաւգրաԱ.թ–էւ%ր էււս^սօյեսէէսկան 4՛ եւ. սաա^մաւի՚քւ քւէԱքԽ^ պէաՀաաւ.ք9–եաՆ վր՚ք/ ^Տ^»»–աձ– ւ կ՚՚Ա՚՚Րձ. ՚ոհր՚՚՚՚ք^եաե ւԳք1էաէկ1^սւչլէ ժաղավրգեա՚ն ^պքըն ^| արսա^ »սռ^ս^ ք^է^Ր Հպէէէաէւսկ%եր% անչափա/^սա կբ ^աէւՈսքւաւ.ի՚ն ։ Հ^գիճնհ–ր% ւսրգ11^ Հւնւսգայն ժւսմանէս^երբ ^քնչեւ. ^էվսք^ գ&էլ. կէ^էսձ– չորա գ^ասար կւսբգէրաւ. քսսժնաւ֊աէձ– ^ին* 1* ^րաՀւֆ՚Ններբ^(քա^աք1ւսէ%երքԼէ »է–էւսսցէչներբյ գա^ էաէսսարեերւԼէ բժիշկՆհ–ր% աւ. աէքտասնակա% խաբ^բգական^ ^եբը^։ 2* Ղ՝Հ^ԳԲ^՚՚(^^ԲԸ. Լդհ՚^՚՚՚֊՚՚Ր^^ւ՚է) * ^ * Վ՚՚՚է՚՚է՚՚՚նեբւԼ (աբաա-եասէԱէէ-ոբՆեբն ք եբկբաագաբ^^եբն աւ. ւխւճաաա.աւկաե^ %էէբբ)» 4* %՚"֊՚՚՚է"՚^^ՐԲ Լգաբեաէմաբնեբն ալ. ^աէոյսէնհ-բ^ ։ — էԼ" ^՚՚՚ՐԳ^Ր"*՜ ՚ֆաէա^աբաա^թ-1/ն^^ կ ^ւՓՒ՛^ ղաեէսդան ՚՚ւեէՒ հ՚՚՚ՐԳ^Ր* "Ր՚՚հք սւէՕէ%աաաա»աբքքն գաբ^քեբը^ կբկաաաէա.. բհի՚ն* ^"քք^ աւա%^ ա%աբգնեբը^ Գ^աբխսնեբ% էի%* 8 •է. կէաքէւ.սէվաբող^ Ռք***Հ՚^յ( պւսշաօեւր* \քպտհ՛^ Խքսւ. |)/՛֊ 4^Ի Լ^Ր՚Ս) "^ Վյճ""–Ի ԼօգէՏյ եւ. ջրղյ) պաշաօ%ը^, եւ. վԽրքապկս ^րսէ^մԼւ , Վ^շնաւ. էւ. \^իվա՝ իբրեւ. մէ յ^ապյե թարձք^ւ՚գոքե յ^էէէոսւ.^աք »/ըլ սսսեդհ-էէզ, պաս^ոդյ եւ. աւ.ե՚֊ բ»դ օօրսւթ-իւ^եւԽր ^րսւրալ. ^եա միէսւէս/քեէ ^^^1 ւսսսւա.սւ^ հ-ոսթ-իէ^ներե^ ղաաո բէսղմաթիլ. երկրորգ կւսրգի սէսէոոէ^ա. սէձՆեր էսւ կաաէնէ Հ^գկասա Նքւսիբական գ^քե-րբէ վեէոսւ^ %եբթյ էւսէեսգբիւո ւեօսւ.սէւ. գբոււսե– էՆ, եւ. մէաւեւ եբեք^ էսււյսք^ կ^՚ՐԳ^ՐԲ կր՚^՚աե օաՆոկթ կսէբգսւլէ ձ^սւա.ս»սաէ$յ վաբդյապե«ոու.թ–եաՆ կե՚նգբո՚ն% է ^•^||»փ«.|ւ.«»»–|1||»«ւ."1 եւ. ^1քա^\ոԽա^^աՀ վաբգէսպեսւոլ.թ–իւ%բէ - - %ֆբիսսււէս^ ՚էէՏ Գ"՚Ր յաա-ա^ ելաս |1– »(»«.յ«»–ք ^«–Նյ^, սբ կաբգեբէէւ. ղւա%ա^ պսւնէ1է.թ–իւ^բ եւ. յեբսէքՒ%»ւ^եսւն վաբգսէաեաոսթ–իւ.Նը^ մեբժես . եւ. կ՝ սււ.անգեբ իբբեւ. բսւբձբսսգոքև ասէւյէղբլքւեաւ^ թ-իւ^՝ ս^բ եւ. »ղոբ»Ռւա..թ–իւ.Ն այէՆ սէբսէբսէծ-սաէ ^»լ.գաքի Րէէւ1աէւա1ԽղՐէ\ ոսօսէ֊ւՈւ, բ—րւբ Հ^գկէէքսաահ շ»էւ.Աէ »1ի ասաս^ բս$հ–աա..եա»սա.. . բ՚՚ԱՏ "Բ՚ւվկեսաեւ. էսժկՆ մաբգիկնեբւէա֊ ^ք–՛ ա^էսէւասբէււ.թ–էէ^ կբ ք.ս»բւ»9եբ ւ ^բւս^էԴւՆնեբ^^ սսասսաիկ ^էւււաեակռ կբեա • եւ. էէսօ-ստքակազյԱէան Հ^գկաէաէաա^ա^^ բւէչւէբսվի՚Ն քՆքսւ.ե^»սւ. ւ ^բի»ւոանեու.թ–ե%ե Գ՚՚՚ք *Ռ զք՛"՜ »^սսքյ բԼէէւ–գսւքէււ.թ^իւ\աՆ (իբբեւ. ք^օւի կբօն\ շ^ե^սաաւսՆ սւ/ ւՈեէաւ. . եւ. ^ոե ա^բիսաէէսք;՛ 500 ՚^աբի յա».աք^ ապբսղ^ ՝կւէնփու.կի$»սի բասբոէակաե վաբգէսպեսաու-թ՚եասե ^եա խէսռ.. Նուե^սէւ. ։ ՚^^մանա–թ–իւ%բ (մ»գսէկբձնու,թ–իւ.%\ կսբհ՚Աք., %եւավյ %աեւ. ^ղու-ւիսաանի ու. ՚իէպեգէ ՚^ք^ ւՌոաւ. եւ. ւդքՆչեւ. ւքԱ՚՚օբ (րսւ1աւութ–իւ% աՆ»սասմբ\ կբ »ա$եւ.^է — ^բա^մա%ոսթիէ%ւլ կբլ գաւանիՆ ^իմկք իբբ 200 1 ի՚՚կ ^էէւ.գաքսւ.թ–իւ%ը^ Հբէ֊բք^ 450 ՚Դ՚Լ; ՚^ՐԳՒ^* 3* Ր^*^^1՚ը^ք \\^ոյւհ**գ*^*^> 1* Հք^ բսէբերսկսէն պեաու.թիւՖբ* (2000* 12օ0 ՝^* 0*) 2""" Տ/՛^ ՀՒսէմանսէններր սեմական ^եղէն է^կ 7^^իւ.ղի%^ ք.աղգէա^ւ.ո^ ^ ՚կեքւրովթ֊ե աօւաջ^ %որգդւ.յժեւսւՌւ Հայսէսսքաեի լեռ1ևձ–ո^–նք ՚կփրսւա ու. ՏէգրՒ" գեաերոմե պէողաբեո կոդմակքթ գս/ռք^-եչովը ^էաւու.ահ՛ ե ե-րեսաէ է ^1^րոէ,թե–ան մկ^րաբաղպբՈք ^էսբե-չո՚նք վա՚ճառականոա.թեամի^ արուեսաիւ^ ու. 9 գիէո ւււթեասյհ. շաա շոէ.սւ աէսռաս^առէսւ. տ \քթկո^*հւսէս^ ^եէսկան ռ$սդառս»եր1ժու1ժեանո Գղ՚՚Օ ^ Տ^՚՚^՚^ք ՚"/ ^եսխէսկսէե էսշսէէսրաեթն ^ ւսրոէ^&սասքսաե ՕրմուոՆե՛^ բոէ-ք քՅ-ոէ^մնե-րոէ. եւ. այաՀ բւսօմաթիւ. »սւ.երա1^երըՀ 2» ՝\^սոոես*ոանե–աւց աեսէու.քժե–ան լ12օ0՜ 606 ՝^* 6*՝) Հիաւագիրն ե-ոաւ ^>յտ»բե–չոՆոք Ս*օ/Հ7ա«/«, աոամմն ու, Հայւսօաաեո աշքսար^էսկւսլրո *կի՚Նոսո, ^#» %աէ9եա– *ւ^է^ոս1;^ մայոաբսքղպբր ^իա/ս՜ռէ \%ր */ա^ու.աՆ^ն ե՜պռոք Ւ*–Ր սւմու.սքէնր^ օջւսցնե՚ոոէէ ^սէմիսէսսսւ.որ ՜^աւփրաէքրյ ՜^սորեսաանեայօ պե՚սքու֊թհւ^ր պէսսւե–^ ոսէօտէերոմ պ/նչեւ. \^գոս ոԱգսւլէ^սէսեց* ^§սբ.ելոմն ու. ^^ու.1^ ^սեէաէսգորհ՛ շ^ու.թի»յն%եոով օար^ գէսրե՚ռ եւ. սոլոո էոկոուէէՒե-ասնւ ա;^ Օջանռ^ռներ % ու. աքԱթու^հաեաՆ ՚ճասմե. աեե-ր շքքնե՚ռ տ ՚^ամքւոէսյէ ^ու.աամհոքօ՜ ւաՕորգեև-րու^ ժա–^ մանսէկո յ^սոոՄԱսաանեաւց պևաոա^թեան օջրու-քՅ-հւ^ւքԱ ^Աեէսւէ ^պյց %ոոէ;^% ս-լւսւ. յ^սէու/անսէԱէսրր ժաւ/աեասկք թագաւոոութիւնո կորհ՚էսնեցէ ի#» լք՚՚՚9ըրգ՚"1Ա 0^*՛ %եռեոիյհվքռկսաւ. աերո^թեան կորՆաեու.մէէ 606 ^ *1յւեո^1^ առՆուեռաւ.» եւ. *կս$բու.պաղսար Աւ/ք**. ոեսէոաեի կուսսէկւսշե եւ. կիա-աթսսւր յր»սբսէց եշխսսՆր աէբութիւ.1եր յէ քերնին բ աժնեցքւն : Վ.^/՛^^ թա^ գսէա.որւա\^սսոգաեսաթ.առթկբ ոք՚նբո կքէներոէքԱ ու. գան^ ձերով Ա քէ^ասգաւորսէկ՚ահ պաւաաքէն մե^ ՚^1Ր^1 աոէ^սււ. է 3* յրաչա՝ ւ^^որեոաս^եւաց պեաու.թեանք §իգ*, րէ՚՚է էսրեւեւեան գք»ե ե-էոսա երկիրներում աիրեէու. սոոե%^ *կարոէ.աո»ղսս»ր ^իգրիսի ւսրեւէՐ* գի՛^ եղաՆ՜ երկիրներն առաւ. եւ. ^իճեց ՚կոա ^փէ^յէի^աէաԱ փա»^ գո^-Հւիէշ (606-538)» նր »ՐԳթ Ս՝^^^ ՚^արա.^ քոգոնոսոր (604–~ճ61)ք ^^ՐՐ կենգանա^թեան 10 ատէքԱէ ղաբկաւ. (\ւէսբկեէֆշէ ք՚՚վ^ 605) ^կէ^քաէ^ով^ կգիպաոսի թագաայէրըյ որ բքլրր Ա""/՛^^՝ էֆւկչևկ կփրաա իրՏէե յափշաակա^ էբ* 13 աարի.,պ^թքշա՛^ ոձ-չթե ե՚աևս աււէտս. ^իէ.րոսըլ» ՚եէէէ^աւճե^յկրոսսադէճ (586/՛^) ^՚՛ աաբաա^ ^րեսւնե՚բբ (70 ամքո^յ բաբե^ ա^»ս§եան գեբու^թե՚սէնէ իՀք ժա»1աԱակ ^էսբեը^ ս/շ^ խաբՎթիս աւ&նաշօ1ոլ քաւըէտե էբւ *կաբրւքք*^ գոեոսոբի մա^ոա,աեէ՚ն (561) եաևս աէբա.թիէ,%% քւնկաա.% *կաբոեիգի Լիեչբսղաբիյ ատոձնք ՜կիսբոս իա^ բևլոԱե առաս (538^^) ու. ^բկէբբ պաբսկակաե էէսա.։ սերա կսւպ»ակցու.թ–իւ% սւ%ե^»ղ^ ւսսսւէ-դա^ էպօւՀա^էե մ* •&.« %կբե Լսէսբյ^սականու-թ-իաձէ^ ։ իրե%չք ք»վ յե^^ էղասսէէւգ^ ՚^1Լ էո ի մաւ^0»աւ.»1էէէ ե՚րկի՚նքե ու. լղյ*ւէ՛ էէէոեղ^էւդ է՛լ. «ք •«Հ. (է»է–սի%թ\ ։ ^ա^ք^ աաւծէ^յկ գաա կը^ էԱէձ-արք^իֆ %ս»եա^ ^Ւ՚^Գ մսւսրակձեբն ու. կե՚նգ»»»ն»ոկասմարի նշաՆ^, քւ^աչպկա %սւեւ. \քփք$սւաո , ու. ՏէԳՐէ" գեաէրՆ . եւ. ոայլն < 1^սաու.»էէձ՚աոյի% էդէսշասէմու^տՏխիՆ քֆր՛" "է– դգո^ակաե էբ , եւ. քա$ղգկւաս. ւքք՚^^ՐԸ^ Լք՚՚՚֊Ր՚^ԲԸ^ ՚ֆ՚՚ւ/^ է բ–արձք$ագ»էր$ գիաու-թ՚եաե^ աաե^ակ էին։ \^սո%ռ շաս» ւ&ձ– սւղգե^ոսթ-իլ^ւ ուՆ^^ ժողովբւէեաե վքպք ԱէՆոր ^է1»ւՈսր որ ըՆգ^անու֊ր սւաՏք^՚նոլձ ^ււէւ.էոտքքքն էր է թ-ք^ եբ^է^ի% մաբաաչք գիրքք^ էսէղագան կրեաե գոսշակէ/։ 1< (\՚վ^ ^Ի^^Տ Ա^՚՚՚ք^Տ թ-ագաււարւաէ֊թ֊իէձը I — 2 . ՚ի՚Նչպ^^է ակսաա. էք^արէկսքկա»/^ պեաա,ա.թի^Խը% - 3* ի՚1հշ<ք4<՛ թագաա.որԽցի% կա»քխիէ.սէա . ՚իարԽ<;է ֊- 4* ի՚>՛^ « 1* Ղ՚ր^Հշ Մ՚՚՚Բ՚՚՚Յ *»"*–՚՚*՝ք^ թագաւ-ոբրք կբ ^աէՈսբոսի յրաբաց թագատսոբու.թևս^ ^է^՚^գէբԲ^^ ոբ ե՚օթ՚եպսւբիսպ \քկբսքոան՚տէպյբառէսոպթն սւէ շ^ե՚^է Աւ/ււր յաքըբղյլ Փշ^՚-^^ք*^ Յ^ղ^կԻտ պաբսի1քեեբկ աա *եոսս»ճեօՀ ^>^Ք ա$ան^ ^ԳՏԲ (^""Գ՚՚՚^՚՚բ^ եքաԱ– պթւա^փ^փսէսա ք որ յձկիա.թացթւե–բու% ^աղթ-եչի^ ե–աեւ.ք 11 *կթ§էււ^է֊ե կորզանեց (606)» Ա«"»/* յ՚՚՚ք^^րգ^ ^"^գ՛"^ Հա1քք1Ն ւսէոե%՝ ^ՐհՒՐՐ ՚^*^Ր"կ՚*՚կ՛*՛^ %էս^աեգ ե՚դաւ. (558 ք. 6)» կ աարկ^էւեէ \քրկւ9/ե սւա1քն ցեղաեից մարւսց ի^^աեոս^ քժ&ան աասկ ^ստլ^^ և-սւեւ. | ՚1^ցերւ*Իգ գարուձէ կ^սեոէ^ դօրասոի ակրոսթիմե ւ/քւլ կս^գՆ§քցին, որ շու֊ա մի ՚կա^էգոս գօոոքւն ու, \քգէ^ակւմե օ՚ու/ույե ւո(^0 եղահ՛ եո^ կէր^^ՐՐ ^քք՛ առաա-է կէւ»4»ւ»4* պեաու.թեաե ^իճա^ գՒՐԸյ ՚^՚՚՚՚՚^^ե^ց ^ասարգագէ^ի քով^յրարքը^Հ^^Տ)* էսշ^ւսր^ակէսլեռ սէսոո մրայ ^ակէորիսԽք էաղթ-եց \ՕԳ.Ս հ՛^) կր^սաասի ք ^պասաս§կեցու.ց էՈԱ^ակսւն գստւի. թակաեոԱ.թիսԱնեոոյ էսււս/ւ. (օՑօ^^) իասեչոե՚Ն եւ. ՀՐ^Ւց * ^մեպյ գերոա-թ-եաե ՚էեոք աոսսէւ.։ յրեռսււ. ռջոԱ.ց^ %աքև՚լով^ յՐ՚Աէէիբք^՚՚՚ց գ^մ* ըբահր պս§սէե^ րաղէ1^ե Աէքյ 3. կաՏէ^^ա^^ք^. (529-522) կի^րոսի որգի՚ն ու. ^^շ՚յրգՐյ ՜կգէպսէոս Օ^սՕք^ պարսկսւկաՆ %ա^ս^գ ոքէսէա^» ՜^մերգ և–դբաւրը%էսէ»աեձ1/Ա սաա1/նե՚ց ու. ւԱէռէսւ. կգիպաոս11;/ն գւսրձաօ– էսաէէե։ *ի4Փ*աիԽւ Ա. Վ^շաասպեա՚Նք սու.ա ^մերգի սպա^ %ու.&լէՆ է-պքրէ գա^ ելաւ. (52 1-485) < ՚կՈԱ^աճեց ապսաամիաՆ ^աէեէոեր(քոպիւ.րոս\ 513 ^^< Ս^^^*՛ թացւ.ոց գք^*Ր րբահ՛ ս»1ցաքոռ աըշասաՏնքովջ ^ար^ կէսաու. րբաաւ. քհրսէկիաե ու. ՚յ^սւկեգոԱիաեւ ՓԴՔԲ յըյարէաի ^ոսեսաց տսպսսէւսյիոէ..թիւ%ր պաաճսւռ. տոա֊աւ. պսւբսկակ»սե–^ու.%սւկաե պսէաերաօաէօ՚րու.%է հը^ռւսՕջա աբշաւ.սէկթը^ 492* \^արաթոնի 7^ակաաոր 490 ^^)< 4* \^աօրոսաՆ ՚իրասքեի՚ն վբպք՝ \^ք՚^^Ր^ սերւահր եւ. պա^ւագա% իրարու, "՚զգ՚՚՚^էչք ցեպեբաւ. բաժԴասւսձ– ժ»ղա^ վաւ^րգ »Դլ ւաարահ^ասահ՛ էր . սր իբ ^Ջ^՚^՚գ աւ֊եսէէա %սւփըակաե գւտ1էբ»ւ.% ւեզէէւ.էն, Քա%գիկ ժ^դովու-րգ ալ 12 կթ կոչսա-ի ։ - ՏՍ՚^Գ ւ՚՚^եասւաաւ^փ (կէՆգաս%ի թանբք ^^՝ • աէւսբւււ.Ն ՚^քէըքլ ^"՚^՚՚՚Ր^՚ք/Ւ ՚^ճ. ""էԲ՚՚զ^ ՏՍ՚՚՚՚Գ՚՚՚Հ^քՒ Լ^Լաօւաթ ու֊սսարայի\ վարգասաեաաւ֊թ-էէ^ր կր պա»էրւէւՆ»սկ1^ ։ կբ թ-ւսգէսա-ոբէ լու-ողյ ՚^ք ՒԲՐ^՛՜ "՚Ր՚՚՚Ր^ք սաիեպերօէս եւ. էոէէսիք էԱէԱք%ւա% բւսրեսւ^ * |«^ձ՛^ ^եէէա ասնընգ^ասաո պսւ^ աերօւօւԴւ ՚^ք հ յ^^րեման Լչարայկաո^ , մթ-ասթ-եաՆ ու. չսւրեաց \^սւու»ւ֊ա»է&բ։ (^«"՚^յք էէաոոբւսկօէբգէ՚սււ ձ^ է բսփբէ ևւ. ^աբ »ւգք»^»եբ ( ոբսնք ՆղՐապկա իբսքբալ. ^եսա շաբոլ%աս^ կէ-աւ պւսաեբասղմի «^^ 1ք^ 1 մք^չեւ. ոբ ք^ր*փ'§գ ՍԼՀւ՛^*՛ մանի՛ն յաղթ-^է \յ1^աբգ պէէսք է ւ1աաց եւ. գ-բ^ւ՚չք մաք,, բսւ֊թ-եւէէմբ. եւ. գ§խասւորէէւբէսբ ^սասւկւսր ասնէսսու^աւեբը^ ք^քեո՚ժէ ձ^ս/ա-եր ւոնկելսվէ գսւշաեբբ յշակելոյ եւ. «"ՀՀ^ 1\բ՚ֆդգի Աէրքւսյա^թ–իւ%՚ն ընգաբձասկել. եւ. ^ոլբբ^ իբբեւ. մևտբութ-եա՚ն Դւշան է պաշաելյ ^*էր՚»1*կյք՝ սէբգէՆ կիւ.բ»սի ժսէմանւաակ մաբւական կբբ֊ թ-սւթ-իւ.% ու. շօ-այլու-թ-իւ^էե բնգսա^ահ– էքւն ։ -- Փ՛՛"*–՛*"^՛*/՛ էսբօսւՆիօբ կբ պաս^^ի՚ն գսւսսւււ%եբէ^ եկէսօ՜ ^էսբկեբբ* ^ասբելոնէ \շկբսւասէն «ւ. ^օ/ > ւսբռայաանիսսո աէսէոպռնեբ էին» Գ\եըաեաուի§ւ թ–ասգաւ.ոբս»օ գերեօմանս»Աէե*է1ք^ * ~՜՛ Դ»էսբե^ պեսէ1էւ.թիւ.նբլ 20 ^–էի՚ս՚բաբոէ-թ-եան բւաժնե^ < *կսւխւսբսէրնեբն ոբ ի սկղբասն գս$ւ.առս/ո քւսղաքէսկան կոա^աասկէսյներն ե(*^ է կամաց կս$»1աց ղինու-սբասկան իշխւա^ %ոսթ–իաւն աւ առին եւ. եբթ-Աէլոմ »Ոք& անկէսխու֊թիւՆ ասասքցանէ \^ոոես գսբձքն էբ է ^ւաաբկեքքն էսբօու-նիք Ւ՚Ր^^էյ բասեա^քնեբր ^ոգսէ/, երկբի՚ն ււսօ-էոքագիմու֊թ-եան եւ. Հ«ս– աաբասկաա ւսաէս^ովոա^թ–ե$աւեո%աւիւէ — ^աաւնէակբկոբաՀք–.֊ %ու–էբ ս»ասնեսւ^եբու. , ^ւսբիա֊բեւաքչնեբսա. ել. ^ասօաբեակա. սեբու. է է^է^^ ^ասէԱէւակ աասաեբսւռյի ^ՒասւԼ-պյու֊թ-եան մՏոնելսւ. էղւաբսւս§կա՚ն կբ է 5. ք#4է.ք՚ք*»է** 11– (485-465) ^օ/»^՝ ^՚՚սՆաց դէ^մ՝ սնսւսՆ՛ գժօւսէքսսէ ասասէԾոաղմր ՚եոյե §մեւէսքոոու.^ թե՜սէւ/նւ շս*ոույեսէսօ՚ռ։ ^պսէս$ւ/ու&չու. եորոսսէոնեո ոա.^ ՚եևցաւ. 480/՛^՝ յձաղասֆ՚նաւի է եւ. ^^ ^ իՆ ԳՀոաաէայի յք՚էյ \^պանոԱ.ե–ցէսւ. բուեսււ-ոոսէեան եսէուավաոու.^ Քսևրքսէ^սի յաքորգներհն է Աք«ք»*^շ^«» ^ւ\***յ^ Խա^^է^սոան (465-424) 3»«–^«*՛^ »«- ապսաաա/ի %ախարարն1քրու. ^ևա կռոսևէով անօուց եևակթըէ Ղ-ա^^Տ^ ք\. %ո^ո^^ ժամանակ (424*405)"՛^՛»՛"– Նևաց աեգթոէ.թիւ^էնևրո շատռահ^ եւ. Նախարար^ Ներու. ւսսլսաայիոէ.թիւ^1/նեոր աա՚ճէսէւեցիՆէ ձ^ոդո^ 13 վուրգն օր յբլաե օօր շո֊սորէսլօ եահ ես սեւյեու– թռ՛ան յէլկ՝,էնկ^յկք, - Աք^«.շ).– «՝• Ո-շէ-էՏ (405-362) գէ^մ՝ ե-չասք \\էւ.րոս էր եոբայրր, ր՚^յց կունաթսաւի ՚ճակաաի մկ^ 401/^^ ի%կաւ.է ^^Լ^գու.թ \^^*^աձա*^ *հ« ք^փ*^ո•^ (362-338) Հ^ի^իկէ՚ե ու. կգիպաոսր ՚եոր^% %ու.ա՚ճեց ւ Դ****քէ*^ կ#»է».#»/«*#7»#»՚«* (336-331) Ի դուր աշշ. խէՍէոեցւսււ ^ ինեսէՆ պէոոութ 1աան ՛նոր ^ոգի ւոալու. : \^^ղհքսանգր քք ձծ՝ յքակ&գոՆացին , գրանիկոսի (3 3 4) > իսսոսի (333) "՚֊ Ա/7–^7՚€7^ (^^1) ^՚*՚Կ"՚"՝՚^^ր՚"1ը. ասւրսկական պեսէՈսթհւՆՆ իրեՆ ^պսւսէսւկե-ցուցՀ Հէ^կպք յ"*էքՈ^^ԲԸ* Երւ ՛՛ւ՛"»– երկիրը •՚Տ-4''7–"*"՛^"՛* *«"^"*1Ւ« — 2* (1'Հ. ^ \\րշակոէ.Նի ^արսէոոէ.թ–իէ^ը ^իէ/նոզթէ ի՚%չպէա կսւււավ^բԽց Վաղւաքւշակէ 3« ՈՀ է՜ ՏԻԳՐ–՛^ \քե&1 Ո|>" V **• ^ՏՐՏ՝ \^Իէ՚"Գ^՚Ոթ՚ե"––լ թագասար. ՚ն՚երըւ է — 4 * 1*՛^^ կէաւա.սէվաքււէ.թ–իւ% ւքա%եքաէ§՚էա իքոօրւէ^ւ ^րգ—ւք ք 11 քլ«»(11 ձ«*ւքօ«–Հ » — Տ • ի */ Հք*«4^ «^ք. 4ր ՚^"» ՚ֆէՐՏէ" ^"Ս՚՚Յ >ք>–"ե%ագրոա.թ–իա.%ււ է կւաա.թ–իԱ.Նըէ Ո|էյ»\^ 4* գչխւաէլյ»բ\Խրւէ է ձ • Ս՝^^ կոոէքանհ ^ոնէոոսի ու. կողռիսի –էքլ. յկկասէ կոռժանհ յրէշագ&աաց սէք ք՚^^՚՚Դ րարձրւս^ գւսւ-սսռ Հ^այասս»ս/11ն ^ էսզգւաէւն աւանգոսթե՚անց ^ասմեմասէք հրէքն Նա^ւսպետ ունի ժխերրոՍԹ սաս»^ %ող^ Հ*«^յյլ։ Ասււ/ւ վէցևրորգ յա^րգլլ Աք*^*/, երկհրր չ^ թ^ սրաւն օտար ^արձակու.սնե–րք^ ապաա պսւ^եցք ^սւաա ս»շիւարկակէսւուլժէււ1էներոէ1 Նսւեւ. յհնչեւ. փոքր ՍԼ"^՛" րնգարճսւկեց տ |^թ«4* *^Դ*է**ք^^ք 7^>» ժէսմանսւկ Հպյասաան %ինոս–^ ^սէկս/ն պետոա-թեսէն նահանգ, եոաւ. ( \ 200 ր Օ՛՛՛^՛^^ Պ*^ք*էէքք՝ ^է՚հէՍք ՚նի1նուկս»կան չոսՆ–^^ աէլաաե-լով^ (890)» ի՚Կ^ պի՚նք թագաա-որ ա՚նոլա%ևց։ Տ)^^^*^^ Ա՛ (580-535) ^րկէր^ աւելի ընգարձակեց ու ՛ներքին 14 ւառսքՕագքւմքէւ.թե՜ան ւսւ ւֆտ գնելով^ օէսղպբներ ^իՏւեց ու. յեհ-ագորհ՛ շհ՚Կբե-ր շ^^ց^ ^1;ակսո եւ ՀԾոսէեղե-սէ ^աէ.ասսւո ^սւմաոու.աՆ վ«4•%««*^3»X|• դ*ար&^ի այ1;;՚ն ^սւրձէսեա.Օնեորպսւրէսպէ ^աեեււ ու, Հ^պէւսսսւսէնէ գոնք^ ^էւսիսպաթև մաս^ սէՆսսւ^ խութիւ^ր աաՀեօք սաԼպխ ^ոեյթսանգր ՝^ե^ զՀսա՛^ էԱէսաան է1աեե՚գոեաեան Նա^աևգ րբաւ. ՕսՕ/՛^* "՚՛– ՚ււէրք աոսաւ. գրեթէ^ 18 Գ՝*՚Ր աեսոո Հ%ւ^կապաեց ^ս§րս§ոութե–ս/ն X Հաք «ա կրօԿէ^է է աւկպթասն ՝պր»սգասշաւԽկան ^ր դսբ ե՚տղք^քե յ^\ս»§րեաաէա%էայւչք ել. ^ոսՆասչք գի^աթանասթ՚եանշ^ ^էա խաէւձեչքիՆ։ Ա՚ե^ե՚նաշաա քաղաքներն կի% , յը^յձւսիր $ 2» յ^ոաՀթսաեգրի յա^ու.աեէ/ն ետթը ^ ե՚րնպւս՛^ ռակութեամի Ք՚^/Ք՚9/"*^ Հպյասաան^ ^ աիոև-ց Ա/՛^ շակ Վյ^^^ր՚՚րգ է կաւՐ Ա՚ի^րգաա Ա , պաբթ&ւը^ ( 1 50)» 0-լ. իր վե-րքւե իշի§անոսթ1ոսնր էոս»1լ գոս»ւ. Հայօէս^ Ա«/ աաե%ք^ն կչլ^ սկսի՝ Հ՚^՚՚ց ,Ա1*2**^2***"*է****ք Հա^^Գ^^^\յԱ^ (146 ք. 6– - 428 Ք– Ե–)է - վ#«*«է*է*ւ*շ*4*( իր 22 ասւրւաե վարչու^թ1ոսՆ սէաե՚նէ ^146-124) ^Ր^ԷրՐ ՚^^ կոոմանկ արաաքթէ թշնա^ յիւներ1;^ զ^տթոյ ապսէ^ովցոսռ ^ մէկսււ կողման^ Ներ^ ռէւն կս^րգս՚գրոէ-թիսմնև-րոյ շակեօէ - - ՛իր գորհ՚օօ ասսւԱե եղաւ.^ ՚^ասր Աքւսւ</ Ա<//է/|ք.^՚%ք* ^^սւրնէոնի մա^ սէե՚նագստրաեք^ք Հ^պւոց պս>սէմու.թիսնր՚գրԾէ սէսս/Աէ ք^ագւսէ-որաօ իշխաէւութ-իս-%% ի ւէկօթ»էւն^ ^եաէ ք %ս$^ քսսւրսւրսք^ չափսւդանաա »սրէոօեւսէ^թ–իա^%՚ՆերովԱ շաաո ԱէւՐփս., փէէւ.ասձ– եր * \\1՚՚նք սեա^էսկան ռ^բք »*- աէսշաօնեւսնեբ »ւ%ե%ասլոմ »եւ. թ–ագւսա.որի% չափաւար ^արկ մււ ասարէԱ անոր վերիՆ .իշխաԽաւս^իւ%1» ւֆայն կբ 7^անչնայի%է — Վադարշակ աւա» թաէա 7^»սրաս»րոսթեսւմի կարգի գրսւէ. > %ս$խւսրս»րԿ§երՆ ա^էէւԴւիռ ժոզովեա սւ. անոնա դաեւապան պէէէՀաօ%՚ներ ռ.աժ%եց է 3. Աք«ք»«*»շ^«* Ա» (111-86) Հպյասաանի աե^ կստխ իշիէան%ե–րր %ու.ա՚ճե–լԱ ււսռսւք տսւրսււ.» ՓՂԸՐ 15 I էմեկախ ըբաա-է իէ/ւ որգթ» ^^փշ»#«*1 քքէ^ (86-53) "Աք +*^էյ ***1ՓՀյ^ս \^եւի».կևա%թագն(^ս,,րիք1լ^սս^ աէէ սէ^էԱսէմևՆ քժագասորն &ոաւ. ։ *կո^աճև՚ո 4|ււք#»«, թեւ.ասսէսւնըյ ս»իոե՚ռ է|^/^Հ^<ք7^՝ ^""ք՚^՚^Գ՚՚՚^Ւ՚Ո^ "՚– Տ^^5^/»աՆա^ձ^ա^ քով^ (69)* ՚"– ^ոմպէոէէի Հճոա գրահ՛ գաշքքկբ՚ւվԱ Հւ^ասաէմևք^ դուրս ոա^ևցահ– ձ՚րԼիր^ %&րէ% ^րաժար&յաւ. (6 4։^ ։ քկ՚գի՚ե՝ \\յ^գա^4ա^ \^^ ս9ոնհոս^^ թ.ուեոսեցս»ւ. ք \\ղ^ոպսւէոոաա1^ սպաեօէ,&^ քքԱքլ ո-ւ. Հէասէէէէոան ^ռոսէւսես^%Աքկ*մևգ ռ-ոսթէ,։ յ^սկ^ և՚տռո խսէոաէէկ քոբսւ. Հպ§$էաաոան Հռո–^ մկքկւոք ու. Դկարթեւ^աց ձեոփրյ որոկք գրեթէ և՚ր^ կու. գաբ իրէքնց Նձ՚րբե՚ւ^ ե-ղահ՛ իշիաէ^ե-րովԱ կր կա^ վարէքւն ե՚րկիրոէ Այ* միք^1քի% որ ^ու.% Հայաաաա%ի մէլ ^^Հաքա. 1ու.թԽա% կափռԱւ, կ՚էԱէ^թ՛ (33 Ք • 6* 55 Ք* ^ ) քաՆի .դլ ^ա, %ախարաբՆԽբ Ա՚իջագ^քպ0 Խբթաչավ^ Հ;իմ1 ^ԿՐ՛ Հ՚^-ց \^իքագեաաւք թագաա.»բաա.թիա։1.1լէ - Հաա՝ իբաբու. յաիբգատլ թագաա.աբ%եբ% Խպաե \\բգաբ , Ա%». %ու,Ն , յ1^ա%էէէս»ր$9ա.կ էէւ. \քբոէ^աւ^գ * ռսէւ • V ■֊ - - .ն ֆ 4 . 1—ք »լ Ա. (217-239) թհպէ՚ո սւարսիկ^ » է *՛ ՚ "^ 9^^ Ր §1^§"4 * ^Րհէւ՚ւԼ "(՚՚՚ր^՚կ՚՚՚կ*՛^ %սւ%ա1եգ. &^ քԼյ ղաւ. (239)» \^ր որգի՚ն՝ Հո–ոմէ% գարձահ֊ ^շ»քրա«ք»շ|լ /. ՚Հ՝ ՚՛ ՚ (284-337) Ի^ը *^ զյ"՚քր՚լ պաաերաղաւերէ ե^ Աքռ–է,ք ^Ր^ՒրԸ ւ՚սս՚ղաղցոէ^ց ու. կւսրգւսւորռ-ցտ յ^ե-ռսէւ. թեչա^ս կր կարհ՚Ոէ-ի ք Նաէսարստրեեր^^ թունաա-որ՛^ էէւ^ելով^ (337)« Աքք ժամաԿա1խհբբ^ մաաէ^ Հ^աԱասաաԿէէ յկ^-քբիաառ %է՚1էւ^թ–քււՆբ^ Գ^բիգ՚՚Բ ՜Լոա^աաէ֊սբչի ձէէւ֊օք։ ^րգսէսււ^ որգւ֊ւլՐւ^ \սո**քո1ոչ ասէե-ն , ֆարսին օ Դւորէ^ Հւ^ասաաե մտաեւ ^^քճ»% (345-355)"՛^՛՛^^*՛ 16 յ1^ էՍէոթոսս-ցսէւ. եւ. ւսչ ու.րնե՚րր ^ս^ոսեցանւ ^^պք^սք ճ>^« մհ ռ-պօր ՜ՎաոԱ-սի օւէեու.թ1ոսմս. Ղ\էսրսիեռ վէմեէոուեցաե (3 ւՕ)* Բ*՚119 ՛Ա՛՛ո ո ^Ծ»ոեսութիւ1/ն $սՆ եոսԹէ-է ոո Հ^աէէսստէտ^է Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚ք՚Յ "՚^ &"՚՜^՚*՚Ք "հք ԱԱ»Հք՚–1 ՚Նուևցաւ. (384)* տ ւ^քա^է^Տդա*է%ո^ա\ խւսղաո եառավարոէ-թեան՚ն աա1/ն (391-414) Հս^ասաան քէէ^ ՚1հ ոգէ աուաա,* ևւ. յ^ևսրոպսո ու. \^ա^սւկսը ձեռօթ ^սչքևլւ1^% մատեա^ %սէգրու.թքւէ^ր շսէսւ Ն»սղ1լեցւսէ. : ՚^աեէան խսէոաղոս՛»^ քՅիլյԱն ևոե՚աե տևձ-ոդոսթիւՏե չունեցաւ֊ւ Հ՚^յք ^9՝^ «^«4«^Լ«* 1^ . ^՚ե ձանձրացաՆ՝ Վյւամէն պարսիկ յեւբւըէլան ւՐ^ ու,պե–ցքէեէ Վռ.սւ՝էՓ ոէ.օահ% ւս§ սւս ըյէԱ*՚Ր*՚1՝ էր"՚^9 ւԽպւ Հ\յտ\պէ\ոշաաոս\ր գրաւ,» որով^ վե-րՕացսււ. 1^^*– շաեոա*ևե–աց ^էսրստոսթիւ^ր 42 օ/՛^՛ 5 • ^"(§"3 .ճ՚՚՚Դ՚՚ա՛՛՛^՛՛՛^ կէանօր շ^իէէեեչու. մը՛^ եղահ՜ ՝՝ սէէէ»ֆր% , եբսա. ^այերէ^ մաս§եՂէէսգրոէ–թ–իւ.%ւն իր էաւյե%սւմե ե՛ աայքՒէսօ^ոսթԽանբ։ յրեսրոպ ^աս§եր1ք^Ն գէր^Ը ^նսւրե՚րէվ վարժոօՆեր թսքցսււ. եւ. Ս . ^ս»րց Գ"Ր^Ք^ԲԲ՛ /^"՚րգ՚^՚^ելսւ. սկսօէԼ ։ ^սւ^ս^կաա^ն գիսաոէ֊թ-եասնօ ՜ճւսշակՆ սւււձելու. Հս«., աքար սէշակեոաոաց գւսս մը^» "՚/ ճ^ոսսւաեգքւնօւ^ւպո^ս , էլ^ թ՜ււ^^ղօ սւ. \^դեքսաեգրիա խէէէէ֊րես ։ Ա« յիքոցիս յաաոսկ (406–451)ւ ոսսաի եւ. Ո"1է"1– «ք •••• ըՆէոէր ւեպոսւսւ. գրօւէսձ– ե% ի էՈսսնէսա^որի » Ա, •••>»••«-«• յ՚««ք»՛– ^ Հ,–*"՝*լք [^սկեբե^Iաևի՝ Ս՝–»քՐ՚է՚«»»է Ա^|.^«.յ,–.1.^1. եւ. Պ–*–^՛^ ■ աղ<ա»*Լ1քՊ*էք կոչօլ.աձ^ գէրք1Լ՛ կորիւ%ի՝ Ս*^»ք ••"1«"յ կ^+է,* \\էէ֊րդի 1|«է^«–*՚5» յձ.^*»յ«»*>ր^«է»^ անու.%1 էքաս$եՆօէգրութ–իւ.սը, \քԱ.սեբիսսի ՝^ք*^\\*»*՚է,* \^գաթ էսնգեղոս եւ. *գք1^՛ ՚–\՛ 11""^^ «յէ" ընաիր չե% , անոր ^ամար ալ Աք ^«^^է #|–«»֊ \ ^ քո^\ /է>»^\^էա^1»էէ^յԼ^էյԱ կբ վերաբերին է\րսվս .իւորենացւղՐք ՜ Հ՚**յ**9 Պ•*^՚'*••-I^է*"^I• ♦ Նդեշ^Ի Վ,**»**^ ո**՚՚*՚՚ք*"1։է՛՝* ՛Ա՛՛՛ք* ք^աէևաԱէ^ անէէւ.Դէ գրու~աՏ–քբ* դաօարսւ. վէւսրպեցէ֊օյն սլւսսւ» մոսթ–իւ.^$Ն եւ "սՒ՛ * Օ • \յ1^*սասաահԱէ^ո>^ ժսւմանաե աետկ֊րույեչ^ յՀայէԱստանր թշու.ս$Ո–ու.թեԱսն սւսաւսր1^պ » եղաւ.։ ԳՀարսիկտ^ Հպյոց թսէգէսւ.ոոոԱ.թ–էւյնր վե-րցընե-լ^ե • .շաաք ու-ղեցքէն քք՚9^§ նաևւ. էսնոնց կրօնլէ որպէ^ս պի ""ԱՒԸ. է՚-՚՚ՐՐ^՚ւէ՛^ էւ^^ւ^ յհք ոԱկղմե՚եւ ^ադքլերսա \ I ^ փ 17 1| ււսէէՓ է/՚՚՚շրԲԳՐ^ Ք"՚^է ՚Փ Ս՚՚՚քր՚յ պ՚՚՚*՚՚ե՚ոաէւլաւ&ր11^ աոոռ՚ւք յթռոսսէոնպ^ու.էժԾան գգմ* ա§ պաէոեոասզւՐ ^ոսասթսէՈէսկհըւ ^սսաոէւ եւ. պսւսաոէէւ-սւկսէւ. մի Հ^՚աոց Գ<^ՌԲ^ՐՐ Հ,աւս՚ս*ոս^1^% ^եռսւցոսռ եւ. Հ^ւ^առ գէ^մ՝ խաա.րեց • ճ«աօ ս^աՕոո պսւաե-րօէէրսէՆ գսէրճուքևե-որ երեիրնէն շէւաւ֊ր1քց է ՛կոկոլ, ^պյ օջրսավարներ քԱւք»#7յ/՝ կյեույևի եւ. յրաեւս՚յ^ի^ր ^շաոսնիՀ որ Հսչքսւսւոան գսւռՆւսՅ կ ուռ^ԱՆք ք՚րե%ց ք^րքոմը քարգուեցաե։ լԼ41ւք#» ՚Խ՚^ւ ^աչաօ՚ակքո սէսսս$կւսցսււ. է Հ^պւասս^ ս»աեի %որ մարօպաեոք ^""^՚՚^Տէ ե–կե–ղեցքւեե–ոու% ւ/րսքք ^էսրկ գոէսւ. ք կոօնէսսոլէնեոո ռոոսաց ^ ^սւրկերո կոէւնսէպաակեցէ ՚կկեդեցակաե էսռւս^ոըգեԾրն ու. իշխանռ Դ\սաոսոց սքոթուՖոքր պսւս§ասէւանս§աոա.ու.–^ թե-ան կանչու.եցաե ք բսւնաո գրու.եցաՆ» եւ. ւսրտսւ^ ռոսսա ^սււ.սւաքէե1§ե ոսոացոո է^կ ռանի էշխաԽաց ■■ ^եսէ ^եւ մհ մհգպեա յՀաւթւսսէան քսսէսոոսեցաԹւ. է ք^ւաօ ^ասսէոսէկ ժոոովուրգԱ ասոկց գ^տՐ գհ՚կբ ս՚ռսէւ. ու. մոգ երր ^էսլահ՚եց է ՝\*սկ ՚եախարաբբ ք Վյաօսէկ^ն օաա ու–ՐԱ»ցու–թէււ^մներեա^ մրպյզզ^սքցսէհ՛ սիսւբանե^ •Եան Գ\սէոսից գ1^մ՝ եո^էու. % — Հ՚^քՔ ^ույևէսցսէ օգՆու.^ ւթիւյև գսէնել^Ա յղքսեոն^ ^"՚Ր^Ր՚Լ^ էքօրու.թիւ%նին ժոոովեցէւնք Վյսրգսէէ/ ՚^էսւֆկոեեանթւ աււաքեորգոս^ քժեսէէ/իՆ ՚\ձ,ղու.սՈտեռ երկի որ մաաԱ եւ. կոէ^ր գեսւքէն յՏէ՚՚4 դեբուխա Գ\արսից օօր ավարա» ^ւսղթեցի՚նէ Գաքորգ աասրքէե ՜^է^րներսե^է ^պյաակարաե րանակեցաւ.Հ Վարգան 00*000 է^ԲՔ՚՚՚Ւ յ^րաազու. գսւշաթք մրա1ք \րոէ–շկաէէ *\վէսա§աւ.ու.րւոի առսւ^որ՛^ գու.էժես»աՌլ եղաՆ յթէսռապաաոէկ պէսրսկակւյսն օօրաց գէ^մ* ՚ճէսկաաեցւսւ. տ Հպւբ թեպե՛*՛ ռաՕոպժեւսւդւ պէսաերաղյեռան է բայց ւսռէսւել պօրոսթեան չգիմա^ %աւու1 մաՆասսանգ սպսւրւսպեէոթե գհւ.ցաօնական մա^ Հոսաե1^ եպռրք ասգէ^ աՆգին ցրու.եցա% (4ձ1)< 2 18 կաւ.սզ^ իշխա՚Անե–րէ§է.% գփասսրներԽ ձ% Վ^ււգաեէ/1է դաա , ^քԼիչ^՚Դ^ե^պթւլ քք^աբակասաաեւ կա1եչաւ^ւ$զ^ Նախաբաբ%եր1ւ ու. եկեոԽաէսկաէ» ասւ^էէ/գաա^ի՚ն ր.անէուէէրկու.եչքանէ դեսոն^ գեա% Ա. քա^ա%ա%եւ,լ (454) ՚կի^շաաւո^^ի յհէ%ա^աաա^ կաւ.Խ^ա%* ի»կՆախարար%եր/լ ^ա^ա. ^էբս^ (^աղկԽրաի յաջոբգին) ժամ՝ա%ակ (461) կբ^աՆ Հայաաաա% գաո^ալ. ©♦ –Հքէ՛*^՛^* օ աաա-սւա. երկիր/ւ 1^ա^^%0ե ԽաԽա.» — 3* Օ՚ք –ՂյՒ^Տ "••"է ւ1աա% Հրէք՚քքք թագաա^րավ9իա%Դ.ի% ^ր%աէխ\. ԽաԽա.։ յբէէթր՚էաի% իՆլ կադթ,ակ^ա.թիա.%%Խր կաքիէ Նոէ,ք ՚ըյւսէբսէկա1ե անս§ւԽէէւ»ոթե եւ. Նովեօե՚րեաէ Փէ՛՛՝^ Նիկք^ի մէք աե-ոԱ րնակոո ^րէ՚ակսձ "(՚ԷՐէ^ սւօգթե է^ք աւաս^։ \\՚՚է11լէ^ ու. էր սաստիկ ^ք՛^ սէւ.անգու^^ թէէՀ1ւեեոր ժոոովոԱ,րգր սէէՄօե-րսէկաե պսքտմոէ.թ–1րան մէք աեոա^աեի 1լըն1անէ ^սգքե Նսւխա^աէռ1^ Ա^Հւօ»*^ ^ա»Ր, 2000^^ ջր^եղեղէ% գրեթէ 1200 ս՛արի ե$ղբր յ^իՕագ&պբքեէ ՚ք,աեան գսէոթե^է գակորպւ "ՐգիրՐ սովի մի ժսւմանսէկ \^գիաաոս գսէօիեք ոսր իրէքեց սերուՆգր^ ւ&աց մքւնչեւ. 1500՛ Ա^«ք ՛ֆշոցիս սւօաաեց \քովսհս \քգիպտոս(^ ք ^սէրսասէ^սէրց-Աէք մողովուրգր * Խւ. %ոս»րաս% գ^Աէմեէա սԼաեգիտոա-թե՚եկ եաէքլ. , քձ/^ևաեաց երկիրրէ Հրեսոռ Օեսու.Աքց ձեո-օբ՝ ^աԱանու. հեթանոս րւեսէկիՀնէէրր ^քելէ% ետե-Աք գրձ-թէ էֆ՚եչևս 1095* աեք^գ՚^աա գրացի աղգաց Հետ սէատերառմեաոմ ասնցուցքւեՀ ՚իոբա^եչաչքւ-ռց \^ւ§էոոսձղք բՆաբԽալ ժէւղբվբգհահ Ք՚՚վ^ \ք^ովաեւ, եբկբի՚Ն ՜ճշմաբիա ^ք^բն սւ. թ՚ագաւ-սբն կբէ ՚կա.աէււղէսշաու.թ–իաձէՆ իբէ՚Ն^ ՚^ք աասաիկ ասբգելսա^ահ՛ եբ * — Հ^սաաւբ Ժողւ»վււսբձ^ւեբ1/ե ^ետսաքեէս/է բապմաթ-իւ, պս^ ՚՜> < 19 Հ^|> է յշակոււ.թ՚իւ% էւ. ^ասաաա»ւ% քՁւակւ»ւթ՚իւ%՝ օբի%աա եբկիբ^, 12 յքԽդերու. թաժ%ա^ա^ կ» « Ն^^՚Է^Ւ *՚«"«–ա– յէէւ֊թ-ևանը %սւ.իրււէ.աձ– ղեւ.աա^ի%երքլ 4»րի%ա^ եւ. աւ.աէ/^ քա^աՆայապէա/լ ^Լ^արանի յքէպ^ » Տեղերը^ կքլ թաժՆաա^^ ^^ գԽբգասաաքմեերէէ-ԼաէէԽրաէՏ^է սրսկք մասԽէաւ.սր գրււ.խ^ %եբւէ»^ Աէակ 11;ի1եէ ք^««^ ^աաբկաքա^արսւ-թ-էաււ^ե էսսւե%ւ՝ քէ«|«ւ|> աղգի՚ն գւոա^խ^ կ^աՆյքնէիՆ ժաբգիկ , պւա1տ իբրեա, գա^ րբահ՛ անյսէՕհո պաաե-րառւՕ^ աէ0 ՝ Է^Ր ՚՚ւ՚^^՚՚^գհ՛"^ *եակ ^1055– 1015) I ՀըհակաՆ ժողովու^րգե իր պօ<^^ րու.թօ–ան էէւսգր ^էօսւսէ.։ դ*ւսւ.թէ Լր ^Նաօաեգ^քէե 1\՚"՚Ր11Ք "՚՜ ^Շվ^՚՚՚Բէ"^ ւ^նչեւ. ՜կսէր§ֆբ հ՜ով։ \ք^ս§ւ՛^ սւսղ^մ* եղաւ. աե՚աու.թեաՆ մպյրպօէսոպթ ու. ^^ոմաւի աաշասէմաե մէ^ասեէ^սէ է - ֊ ^աո–ւսս1;ո ու. փափեխա^ կեաց ^ո^^ՏոԱ (1015-975) շ^^ց ւՔ^՚Լ ՚^՚^^՚^ր Հը» ^ւսրսէոա^աոեօ ժոոոմոսրռ^ ու. և՚ղաւ. հ^ձ–ոու,քժ1րսւ1ե ւսա1/ե եռւսպւսշա է ՜իր ժէսւՈսնակրյ^սոոէո ստպսւոսւմԼ, բոսթե-էսյի մի կորսու.եօասէ յձողոմոեի մա^ոսան^ ետեէ֊^ ս»ք;^րու.թիւ^ր Տէր^ կու. բաժ՛ն ոսեօաւ. է Հիւ.սիս«^քքե յլ(յ ^^ղէբՐ Տ"՛/"՛*՛ բոմամքքե սւռաքնոբգոէ֊թե՚ւսէդւր կսէօւՌ-^թե 1*^ք^^^քր թագէսէ.ոոու.թհսնբ յ^^ամաբիէս էէկըբպօազօոմյ 1^սի^ կւա շոսա մի կռաւպսէշտու.(ժե–աՆ ւԱք^ք էյնալոպե ու. 1\՚"*րհըէ ե՛լ. ^ոսգւաի ^եա ու^ե-^ւսհ՛ շարունակեաա աաաեբսւպՄևԽբոմը^ տկէսբսէցասէ Ղճս^ ^աղմանւս՛,. սաբ յ^սոբե-սաաե^թւ ե՚րկիրր Նու֊ա՚ճե^ ու. բկակչա^ մէկ մասր գերի աարւսսւ ^ոէաէ^ա (^ու.գպյի ևւ. ^ձնիամի՚նի ^եղերշ^ կ^ րու.ս§աոկմ* մայրառւսզռոմյՀ ի սկղբաե ռօ^ի մի §աւ. թագաա^որնեբ ու.Նե^աէ.է ^պ)ց 700 Հ՛^ ե-տքր^ ^ոէէ 2* 20 էսա մաս/ւ. եռւսպաշաու.թքէԱ^1ւն ու. բսսոոէիօ ապսւսօաա.՛^ թիւ.%է *կասբ.ոէ^ոգոեոսոր աււսքւ. ՕՕՕ^^ \^ու–ԱԱէդթՏւ ու. ՀոՄալրր բստբեւոեսւկաե գռ-րութ ռ՚աէ/ տէսոսէւ. տ (|1^« միջոցի կի*ն կսայի 700, Ն^^յիա 600)« 8. կիւ֊րքա՝ ՚իաՆի^ւի էփքՆոբգոսթեամիքլ, Հրէիտ ^/»"՛֊ չեւ. 332 Պ՚^Բ՚՚էտ հասաաարիէՐ Տէեայյին, Տ20՛ 200 ^Դ^պ֊ էոսքկան, 200 "167 սւսսբւսկստն իշխանոա^թ՜ե-ա^է էսսւկ ք^ի% ՚ 167-39 Ս*՚՚՚^՚՚՚/"%/^Հք՚–՚՚<9 իշխաՆոա-թ-եւէէնչ^ աակ Ագա% էսպսւաո $ — ^^ւս^էակէսլսսթ-եաեւ ալ. կաղ^ւսկա»սթ–եան ^|>«՛ կա/ե կօ.իւ%եբէ եաեա^է Հեբովւէէս քբեձ– 39 ի՛^ Քրէաասէւ1(^ ւ*էւււ.օքք ՝ ճռուէաւեաւ.ոա ձեօյևէւ»Աէ–սլ.թ–Խէսմռր թսւգաէէւար Խգաւ.. 10ի՛^ ^րիււաոււկ ե$էղք(1է կէքրձ–ա%ե՚^աս \^ր»ւ.սադթէՐ ^իէոսսի ձեո֊գք է ել. ^րէ^սէկան ՚—ղգը^ տեբ "՚– Տ"՛^ ^1Ը՚"՜ ՚ Գաէոէէէ-թ-եՆԷ՚ն եսէեւ֊ %»րււգա–ւսհ– մէւվսիսէակաքե օ|I^է^^֊ %երԱ, ՚կգիպւոա^ււէչք ու. \^սորա֊ռ^ թ՚էսգէԱէ^աբա^ էոաւկ սւէ^ ՚^Ւէ փոփոի»ոէ.թ–եասմի. Ձեսէւ»ք»ն ։ ^ոզովբգեան գւաա^խր 4՛^*՛ ■էէ|ք^ ^ո ռաս^անաււսաե»»ւթ ք ար»ւ.Ն օռձսւկսէն արոէ^էււհ՛ ^բ հ^երեբւէւ. խոր^բգսգանը^ (տւոօճոսա) » — ՀՐ^Խ ՚"ԳԳԸ. վերքի՛ն խռովսւ֊թ-իւՆներու. ժսւէՈսնսւկք երէ^ կոոթեսւկ^ սսէ-թ-եան թէսժ%ու–ս»& ^ր է 1 * Փ**ք ք՛**^^^^՝ Հ^^ Հ«#<–օ«(ք»ւա աւ. էէ$ա^ասնգսսթ–եանա սսասէիկ ւարեւսւ էՌվսիսսէկան 4»ոկ՚կռա. ներբ ՚^էշԳ գբւ*"՚>՚ր էմաաոքէն Հսէմեմաս» կբ մեՄե1^^ եւ. բ»սբեաւսշա»ւթիւ.ՆՆ սւրաաօի՚ն ւսբսաբոաոէ^թ-եաոՆ» պսւ^ պանու/9-եանբ վբսԱ կբ^ գեէիՏե » 2 . ^աւ.%սէկան կբթ-աւ... թ-եան աեոեաակ Ե«»«»|»^«»9է^էքէ \^^^է՚՚է օբէ՚կթնեբո՝ լ/»*–֊ Նէսկսւն գսւզափսէբնեբսւ. ^ե»ո միսռաբեւ կ ու֊պխքւե , եւ. կբօնսէկաե կբթ՜ոա.թ–եաեւ^ պաբէսէղեչսւ. ^էսւՈսբ ասեսակ մէ^ աԳաբաՆսւթ-իւՆ կաղմահ– էի՛ն է 3* Ս«**«ք **^(^9(^՝ ^՚^ք^՛" \քսվսի»ի օբե^քքեւեբը^ կ՝ընգէալ%էի՚ն , բ»^^ աԽոբ ըաաս աւան^ գու.թ–եա1ւ է&^»ա^թ–իւՆբ չխի՚ն ընգու.Նեբ% Հ^էւգւ.ոյ ա՚նմա^ ^ու.թ՜ե$ան է քէնչալեա %ս$եւ. ^բեշաակա^ եւ֊ գիւ.ա^ գոքոս^ թ-եան ^հ1*^ ^էսւ֊ԱէԱէսւբ է մական §ոԽղԽ1քէւ*.թիէ% ոա1Նքք1տ ՓիՀեիկԽէւա.ոց ՚Խ*ա * լ* ԳՀաոե-սսէքւեի ^ք/ւս, արե՚ւմա&ս/ն գ^ ե՚ոաէէ ւեւՆնասւԱն^ աես.ւսոես.ե–ո բպւտ ՚նաւ.սւոկու.^ռ–աՆ էէիսա էարմար Նովեղբր բոքնսէ^ ^Բ * մա՚ճէսււէսեանութեան 21 *եիկեցիք ՚եդիւ իսկ ամենք^ն Հթւ ժայաՆակներո^ իոէ/եռ ւսռեւ^արսէկաե ՚ձաօւբորգոա^թ՚իւ^^երովը^ յ^իօև-րկոսէ–^ կաե հ^ովուՆ սէմկկ և-օև-ոէսցր ւ/րպւ աարաահ՜ եւ. ի մասնասորի \ձ,Փրք՚կէ՚քւ ՚^ք 814^^ <^^ կարքեգոնի ^Ւհէ ԳՐ՚ք^է ^պթէ՚ե յըխգղիա գացա^ ու. 600^^ սաէէք1^երր նաե՜ւ. \^փրէկէէ Բ՚՚ՐՐ"՚1աՐ ՚նասագնա^ ^էէւ.թիւ% ւՐ^ըբահ՛ էթև։ Փիա^իկեըսո^ կարասսէն՚նևրր յի՚եչևւ. ք^արսից ու. \\րաբա^ւ–ո^ հ^օվահ–ոօն1րրր 1լ1քո^ թպքք՚եւ –– կփր ոա^ գրաւՐ գտնելո^»աէ ամէ՝ե ժուաո^ ՚է^Գ՚՚Յ ՚Խ՛^ ւսրւոէտէք^ կարգի ազգև-ցոէ-թիսԱ ժ^սաաս^ ցսա X -- \արեսց կո արուի %սէեւ. սւպւսկւ.ո§ ու. հ՚իրաեա^ոա գիէ.$ոս ու. րրգի պս՚արստսէոհւթիէ^րէ 2 • ^իայևիկեցւ-ոց ամե՚հ1^ Հ^Ն քաոաքե կր |]^•. գոե% րպքց Տրպքէ՚ե (1000 ի՚^յ սկսաս ^իսրոս պօրա՚եաի ղոր շը^րք 600^^ ^րկ՚^Ա^ պաշսէրմսէնկ մ՝^նաեէ–^ *և«»^ րոավէոգէքեոսոր առա»–է 5384՜^ ՚էէր ^Ր գանքկք Փի՚^իկօ-ցիէէերըլ Դ\արսից ^աւ^ասսւարիէՐ գէսշնակիցւ ի*^ ասոնց էքկաքոէքե՚ու. ^իւ.րոսի կորՆ^աԱևլովԱ (332)» ՓիլյևիկեցխՖ պաամհւ.թեաե յէօէՆ ան^ևա 1լ ոոաՆւէ կէաՆ թ–ւսգսաւ.որՆեբ »ւ.%է1էե . թաա ԱէմկՆր ւՏ^կս$եպ գ»սշ^ւ»»ն^ ^ոսթ-իաձւ սԴլ կը^ կագմէինարէէաձւ գԸէւխԴէ ^ր ^իսրո§ւ։ -֊- Փէ"–" ^^կէ^^1էք ըսէո մասի՛ն քձոէ^թ՚եաաէե ւէւռսէքկաներ1ե ու. ի մաո^ Նսէսսբի աւսաոդնէրը (ք^^Հ > ^սգսւրէոէ\եւ. ըսա մասի՛ն ս$»ս§էււ.^ էս^ա^աձ– ^ւ՚՚րգիկը^ ԼՄ^Լ^՚՚՚է՚Թ) պ-՚Հ^՚՚ղ^ կբօն •^'«է^.1^4^^1^ ւ 1. հ՚ւսչ^ երկիր է կգի^ա,.ս. Ո> ՚Գէ՚9Ի՛^ ԿԳյ^"Ա Ծ՚^՚Պ՚Ի՚՚Ի Գ՛^ պեաա».^ թ֊քէ^ւլ– ի^ձ ^^ Հիկթէէէս |ւ*ոէ•.աձ-'հ>^^|■ք * — 2* կ՚րք– կաՆգհոէ.ԽւքաԱ. քծէԽթէի Հարէսոոֆ.թ֊իէ%ըէ ՚ի՚%Լ է Խրկւէաէասսէհիյք պեսոէէ.թ–իա%Ըէ — 3* Ը՚Հ^ է Փ*՛"*՛^ է^աքտոա» \*ր1էե ուէ յաքարգԽց» ք||քէ>&.1հ յ–էոյնւեա»կ կււրէ-աՆԽցաէ. սաէրոէ.թ֊իա.1եքււէ - 4* ի^^ ԿՐ"՛^ ւէւյեէրէ Խգիպաաւթիք . Ի^Լ 1*՛"*՛՝***^**–*՛՛* րնաա.որու^ի»% ւ»»Ֆէր X* Հաապբէսրի ժպ^ռերոմ եւ. ասաղէ աԱսւ^ պսէէոեերով շրՕապաէոահ– ու. *կեէաոս գետոմ ոռոգու.^ էս^ եգիպաական ձորագաշսէր կո րաժՆու.էր՝ Վ^քԻ^ 22 գո^ք (յՐէյփի՛* գւիաւ.որ քադքով^ ու. 8^^**^ (*Ս^֊ ղոսի Տրօթր րձ՚րաեձրուՆ ՚^ք՚ւ 1ձ՚՚՚1"՛ "՚– ^եղոէ֊սիօն քադստնեբովյ % ղպբակիրթ Ժողովուրգներ1^ մէկըէ \եղոսի տ1^լգա^ք9 մոսպթք1ն մջպէ աեՆանՀ^^ ժամաՆ&սԱնԾրր ա^ոոէ.քժիսն ա1հ կանռ%ահ– էք՚^ք ^եմւիիս գլիաւոր օաոյթովէ Հ^՛^ %ագիրր կո^ամարու^ի 1|*է՚*է^< ՚կարձՆ ^աշորգոէլթա^ գաւորնևրոա^՚ե մէքէ՚ե՝ ք^^յ./, ^)աոդ^է ու֊ 11»^^^^»^ «է1ւ»«» ևէսնգնեցքւե աշիար^աՀռչակ բիրասիա՚եերքլէ գսր&կի% Տ6 աաբի 100*000 ՚քարգէ Մ^յւ1^ թագաւոբշ ԼԱւֆՆէմՀա գ.^ \եղէաի ախսէսնե՚րոէՖ աուՕե-ւ.% ս^ո^ելու. ^սօէար՝ խորեօ իր էՔէնուՖովԱ կոչու֊ահ՜ Փ Ը. * ^է"^ գրւսւ. \կւսքէեո^ յթ»§ւէի, քքե ու. կանգեեց անոր մօաերա^ ^ղքներէ^ լափիւ.%0 րթեթոս կոչոէ.ւսհ՛ աբռու.%էսկօԱւ ՚Խ^ագՏե պսէլասէոէ ՜Ա՚՚քր/տբէ^ ո*– ^իւ֊սէսպքքւե յը^րարիւ^է% սեյԽկաե ^ովէւ. (^իւյթ՚»՚՚ս\ ժոզովոէ֊րգներ ^ \^գիպւոոսի ^սւրս», §ոու.քժ1/նէ/ն ^րսէպա^րու.ահ–ք ՚քձոէ.և՚ւՓ պէսրանո^^^%*կե^ ոոսի ^Ր^ԷրՐ ՚^"^ "^ Ր՚՚ւՐՐ Նգէ՚ք՛""*՛ ^"՚րկ"՛"՛""– թբ1»ե ^2100)^ Հքքեգ^արիէ-րօէէՌ՚ւ^ չւօյեաէ-ոբսակաե իշխանոէ,թ1/նէ ւՐ^եաեւ. յ ք^ևբք^ի յ^մասիս կա»Ր Ա<Տ՚<՛ քժէսգսէւորր ռէո1ւ^է0 վերթե ՚կ^գիաւոոս^ն վո^տեը% յ^ռաւ, ասոր ՚^ջպ) ձեո^երնփ» ^#ք<.ա«/է՚՛ կամ* ^ու-թ՛^ մովսէ-ս գ* %աես սաոքէքւԱ \քգիպտու^ ու. ղէրէ՚^ԱՏէ յըլսիա ^ալա^եոէ 2 • Փ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚^ոեեաեց Նոր էն կէյս1ւօ^ու.ահ– թագաէ–^ որու.թիմնրլ (1660-740)»՛*/» *կու.պիասե աո^ե-լով^ րՆ^ գարձակահ՛ էր ք ոս՚նէր իրեն մաքրպբաղպբ Հարիսրա^ գու^ռ ^էրէն։ ԼՀլքԱ ^արսաոէ,թիւ.նն՝ իր աէԲ^%աէԲտ՚հ^ 23 բաբձրէէԱ.թե–աԽը^ ^ասաւ. յ1^ձ–թէ§սի եւ. իա.ր որդահան ^ամսէս ք\. յւբ&հ-ի Խ&սոսարիյ աաեՆը։ յւվէսոսար աշ^ \\,՚ք՚՚րքտ/լէ ^աբեչօնըյ յբիջագ&պքՆ «*. ՓԴՔՐ ^^՚՚է՚^է յէկ էԴատը* օարգարեչք կգիպաոսի ձ-ւ. %ոա.պիպ^ի յթա^ ոպէ^էերը^ պ»սլաաոներո$էյ աաճսւրԽԽոով ու. սփթէօս^ %§քրով^ եա. ^աււաքա^ու,^ ե-րկրթե պաղարերսսթիւՆր կաեձնաէ^որ&աա քրան^ռով^ մըէ — ^՚^ք^ Ց^Գ • գարու, էէ^քերր^ ՜^սիա րբահ– աքշքսար^ակարէէ^թիւՖն&րր մ1^կիկ էԱ^կիկ կորսոԱ.եռս^ եւ. ա&տուքժ&ան ւՌաոպօսէոպռր յձաորթե կգիպաոսի ^անիս ոս ևտքքւ֊ե Աօլ^իս քաղպքՀ. %Մրր փոէէւսգրոսեոաէ^է Աաճ՚Ն մի ե՜գիպաա^ւ^ո^ §ոաէկ %ոսասճէււ.սէհ՛ է^«. (ւ^՚՚վսլաց1լօր^ յւ^սէբակով^ թէէէգէէէւ^որի1և ժօէմէէ^ակք է^«> գիպաոսի վևրթ» իշրէա1ևէ§է.թիւ^ն իո§քնց ձեոյթն աե^ ցըն&ըէվ^ (740-670) էէսեիկէ^ Է^Օտարի պարկին։ ^4աս կամաց կասմաց գւսւ.ս/ռ՚ն&ր^ օասւոսէկս^ւներուն լոսհ՚ր կրցան վջաեերեէ^ թօթուելյ եւ. թեռեսւկէսց աերէէէ^թիւ.^Նէ–ր ^իճել։ յ^էսպեէամ երսե \^ աեկաէխ աէրու.թքււ.նՆե՜ր ք670ք) որոնց իշքաաե%երո իրարու. Հձ-ա գաշնագրու.թիւՆ մ՝^ոբքւե, եւ. ասոր յիշաաակթտ ^ամար Լաբիւ~ր/ւՆթոսր %որէՆ շինեցթւք ոա,ր էֆաբան ժողոէքեեր ւ^ընեԱԱ ու. ոո^եր կր մաաու.ցաեեթև։ 3* \քրկոտասանից պետու.թիւՖր §^1^% 1օ աարի աեւեցէ ^փ^էէ^ՏՏ^գէփքֆ^ աաօու^երկու, էշխսւն^ %երէ^ մէկրյ յ^)ե եւ. փիվնիկեցի վարձկաեադօրթէ ձեռօջ իշխս^ու.թեաե Հասահ՛ ՐԱՏ՚՚էր՚1^ ^աեաց իր աերուՔ–իւ>1են անով ամրացըՆեէյ որ յղ^ եւ. փիւ^ի– կեցի հ-ովա^է՚նՆերու. երկիրներ բաշխեց, ^ոմնաց՝ \քգիպտոսի ^ք ապաա վա1ճառակաեու.թիւ^ րնելու. ^րամաՆ աոու.աւ. եւ. օէոար ռ^ու.ո^եր իր օ՚առւ^ու.՛^ թեան առաւ.։ Ա<ք %որոէ.թեանց ^ամար 200*000 24 մեաիբոս երեէսւն պսէտ&րսէօաէ օոոե-լ. Փղշ՚է՚՚՚^տեՔՐ ^ասրսսէէաու. ոբսււ. % սասր»ւ.թէւ.^1»նեոր աւսո,սէ^ աոարսււ. ե՛ս վսւճսւռ ական ու. ^ թիւ^ւէն ու, Դէասագ%էսօու.թ^ւ.%ւա էառաՕաօուօ ։ փք"^՛^ Ն^սռ՜օսոօ \^փրՒկ՚1^է բոլորահօր Նաւ.ս։ռեե§ աու.աէ.» ե-լ. ոէ-օերց ^կեոոսւԼ ^**՚եռյթով մի սէոառ.սէեաե հ՚ովուե ^եա կապելյ ^՚^ց 605 ք՛^ կարձեւֆշի ք"^ ՚Ն՛"՝*՛ ռոկռոգոեոսոո1^% էաոթոսեօէսւ. ու. ւՇ^՚՚^րէա^ "՚*՛ Պ*"^ դԾսսէէւն րբահ՛ աշբօսր^ասս/չութհւյե՚ն&րր սորսընօու.^ է հր Հյ՚"9"ՐԳ*՚՚31Լ (Փ՚՚՚^՚^Փ՛՛^ "՚– ^ՊրՒ^՚՚Ւ) մ–ս»մանաե սւկոոսքժհա^Աբ շաս$ ԱնԼէթէւ-է Ա#«4*#*է4* ատ^ք մ՝ ա§ կ&%գանաօու.ո տք^րուքՅ-իսեէ/ առա,տուրն ու. սւրու.&սսէնձ–րոաս§ռս/Օաօրե&էոմէ |)<»«> կաքե իր որգին Փ*^***^՚^\^է*1^ * Գ\ևղոսսիոեի քովՀ կտսէՌ բիէ.սէսէն յաղթ-ոսեէէվ^ (525)> \քգիպ*"՚*"ք Պ"՛/"՛/*^ 1եա^€սհգ եոաւ. է -- Դ\էսրսեէԱԼւմն է/արռպաԱձ&րու. իէիսէո ^էսրսաա^արոա-քժե-անռ ^եաեւ.ու.թիւ^/1ներՆ եոաե ժո ա դուքքէգեաե ապէԱկանու.ից՜իս1էԱ ^ եւ. ասե1^ §առսւք եԼասօ՛ յա1^ախ \\Ձէարոսի 4:60» \ձ,՚ֆ*–Ր**՚է^"՚՚է 4է\.4էէ*կ^կ**՛*՛՛՛*՛ ՚նեբոսի ՕգԳ) ոքպւքԱ՚սւմիոէ.թիւ.ՆՆե–րր։ գօրութ–իւ.%է զաՆւսռա՚Ն ձեւ֊երու. ա*աե% ես գւխաաւ–որւսթ.ս$ր իբրեւ. քՀ-էրքւ– (ՍԼ^^՛–)* ՚իքքք^ Ք^՚է ԳԸ"*–՛՛՛^ հք իգակաե աաւ»»ոու.ս»հաւ.թ–էլ% ւՌ ՚իսիա (ՆշաՆ պաղէւթեք ^ք^րէ ^""1* քոսանի՝^ է — ՍԼ՛՛^^ ղաս» եգիաէսասախ» կէրնգանացոէ֊^իք գօրսւ-թ-իւՆքլ կր պաՀա^թե0 Նաեւ. կ§քՆգէս%եա^ , օրինակի աղագաա., ապիէէի ք ^եաա^սւնի (ւօհո60աՕՈ)ք «ո/էաււ»*»» կաաոսի, քաշա^աւ-ի (ւ1)18) մկք^ եւ. աք^է ՀոգւղՐ» աե^ մա^ւէւ–թ–իւ.%ը սրաւՆ տոեւակա%»$ւթ–իւ.Նբ յարՏեդյն աՆա^ պւսկա1ե Տեսա^լ.% ^եաո կսէպսսսքձ– ^^| ասւաՍճւաո– ^Գ^^ մեւլ.եքներշ^ դմՏւսե/ոա֊ եւ. ղաՆււնռ՝ սէոորերկրեաք շնգսւրձասկ գերեդւՌս%%երէւլ. «^^ պա^եչսս, սքո^տ ըսա է1Խսին գեէւ. նէ%չեւ. հիէՈսյ կեյքա& ե%։ — Ա*"^^ պէ– մեեագարձ֊ շինուաե՚ներ եին՝ \յգիպաա^սէւ^ աօաճարեեքը^է բէրամէա^ %եբ% աւ. կսթ-ողնեբբ։ *ն– Ւ. 25 «||քք%՚0 աէոսրսւկւսրգե-սա/ ք^էւ^» %էսեւ. թ–սւգյաւ,էւքլռ * \^աաէկար§ եպքլէ^է ^քք– "ր թ–ագաւ–ւէր%էրնէ <^» վի7^ակ%ե–րէն շատոէրր %ու.է$ւ՚ՃԽ^Է1քԽ I եդաե քու–րմեք1^ ածկէսխ « - ^ողբվ»ւսրգբ իր§սրէ^ խիաէս սՏԽշաէոսա^էսհ– պ^ք^էսւռաե կասրգերոա^ քւէսժնոա^^ ահ– հր* Հ^ո^աջիՆ կարգշ^ կչլ կաքքա-յքա՚Նհի՚Ն Ք«»*–ք4՚քէ« «Բ Աֆւսւհ թարձրսւգւ/ւն ոփէոսւ.թ–իւ.նՆէ–ր կաւ սսով^իե եւ. հէ՛^ յէաեգսէմաւե բ^ք՚էշկէ ղյսաոսէսոր սւ. ճէէւրէոսէրէւ»պեէո * լ^«»Նօ աու^% էԱոէ-ե^երսւ. ^դք^ է՛՛հ ք^՚»»գք1–որսաա 4ր*՚>1 թբ՚սհ– </օք. Հ«քլ.ՕքՆ գսսսււսսաոս^սվը^ Բ՚՚է^Ր <ք՝՚՚զբվրգե–ան 4րայ ^հ՛ կւսրգ^^ ւ^ր %«սէ՚ա– թ-ւսգէսւորրէ ^ոլսբ կս§ւսւ.աէ$&%եբթ քասբ^ մե–բո€, ու ռիՊէուոբսէօ սե–պ^սւկաք1ւ է՚բ , ձ-լ. էբե՚կքչ յկկէսւ կւսբգէ՝բէււ.Ն վաբձսւ. կ»ա– աաքի%* \յբբ*գգբ ^^•••–^••«քէ*»»*–*^–. ^^1»% *«. վ^*»՚ք<»«*–«»լ–»^%^յ»(^» էՀ՚՚բբ"բգւլ Հ**Հհ ^***^էքԼ* ոբ՚^ք ւ^կէսւ կսւբգեբու.% ւառքեա^ շ՚՚՚ս» ասբ^էսւէաբ^ հք^ "՚– ^է՛^ կբԼէսբ աաաօ1^սւբ ւՈո%է–էէ ք^ոասմԱկսւխ»»սէ ժասմաաձօւկ ե՜լաէ– \քԳ^*՚*Ի՚"»՚յ§1ա քիօասբ • ՏՐ՛՛– "՚– *ք՝ոԱ.ժկէաւ/ ժւ»դւ»վ»ա^բգ մբ1» հին* ւ^բկք աեսակ ՆշաՆագէբ »ւ.Նհթ» . 1. |ք^4^%«ւ*|««1. (հւ6է0^17բ1ւ6) I գչխաւոբաբաբ յիՀաաակաբաԱնեբսւ. վրայ • 2* ^|>ւ/ն»|*«*% ^հ16ք&էւգԱ6) ք կբ^ասս$ւ»ւ^ասհ– Նոսւբ գբի սոեսւսկ էԴլ քաա^բմԽբոէ, ^ս»մաբ ու. 3* ^«•՚էք՚Լքք ***1***^ (ճ6աօէ1զԱ6)ւ ^ս$ա–ա^էասկա\եւսգունէէ ^սաէմԱկէոէռււսէ ւսսւեՆ(^ * — \քԳՐ*է" աա/քիօ շԲ"" յո"՚–*՚՚քաօսւ9& հէ^ ասաոեղաբասշէասւ-թ-Խան ու. եբկբ«ոչափոէ.թ–եա^ք է/է9։ \քկ ս»բու–եոսաի քասևի ւ1բճէւ.դէբու. մկքէ Աքքե ասսէոէՐճաէէի ^ոէՈ–ս»Գագէմոա..թ–էւ^ մևե^ու^%ւ սլասւոա. ՜ճէսւռբէ "ԲԳ՚՜՚՚Տ Ւր^^Տ ^"՚ՐՏ ՚՚՚Բ՚"–^*""Բ ՚հ՚՚բելու, սլասբաաս^ ւ-ոբութ-իւԴէն հբ* 1|ւււաւքւււ|1|ււ1 |ւււ1ւււ| թքա-՚կ ք՚՚՚^ք լԲէ-՚^ք կը րայ%ա,.քէ ւ* Հեմհս լե՚րանո ոս \քգ1^սէեւսն Նովոսե մհք է^ե* ^ՈԱ^ասասԽ կր բաժ%ու,ի ^&աօռ&ա§ երկիրեերոսէ Ա, Հիհսիսայիճ ^ոհճաստաճ, ղըր պթեգոս ի ար1ռմոէ.պջյ ու. 2* պադաբե՜ր ք1հ^^^*^ք^ա*է (գէպ ի արևսելքւ) Բ, 1Րիչի(1 ^Ոհճասէոաճ կաւՐՀեււասկյլպա^ ա, բևսևլք 1* ՜^ԱքԱէ քիչ մշակու.§սհ– Ա%«4*«*յլ«4«1>է«4«1ւ • 2 * կԳ^^*^ » կէք ՚Ռլ բարբարոս ու. պաաե՛^ րէսղմաս^^ր բեստկչովյ 5* գո1քէ^աԱք գու^ասաանի ամեն1ւ/ն պղաիկ երկիրը^ 6. \ե–ռնոա ու. ճաիւնպյքւե ^էՈՀու՚էաԱ» 8* Ս*էք«^ք«^*) ^ամանոէ.% գլխաւ֊որ քաղքո$էէ Գ, ^եղոպոճհսոսը, որ \\որեթոսի պարա^ ^ո^ոԱա Հ^ԱՏ՚՚՚՚ի ^ետ կապոսահ– 1 1 կր պարոսեակէ, 1 ♦ Աքյ*^«ք յ*<»^ ; թերակղղէւ^ յէջա&դը, |ք ա1ք^ 27 4* %ոա.իրական \ք$^^է^ ուր է (^դիմպաէ չիռշ. օաղպօՆ&րովյւ Դ». ^ոհԽստաճի կղղիճերճ եճ, կեփալոեիւա եւ. ՚ա^ր - - ք^գարձէսկ ^քվեդէքցքլէ քաս %աա.»ա^անգիաահեր ^։իՆ իր աւււսաւ–է–ւութ–իւ.Դէ1եերշ^$ լէ՚՚^Լ ^"՚Բ^ ^Ր* "Ր բ^՚՚՚՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚՚՚ւե՛՛ քէսղպքակրք9–աա^քՅ–իւ.էւ ա֊ աարսա-եապք Հւ»ւ.էո յէսէա..»սքա%այի% * 2* ^օսՆէԱ^ պաւոմհսթիսեր երերռ շրք՚՚՚՚^է կր ՚Ա* ^ուհէէսօ պաամհէւթեաե սձիգբէ% պւնչեւ, գորիօէձան գաղ^սւԼանոսթիւ.՚եը* ^–1104 •^* 6՛ ք^* դ^որքւակաե գաղթականոսթենէն է^էեչեւ. պարսկակաԱ պաաերաղմի» \ \ 04 - 5 00 *^ • 6 < Նիպյի ՚ճակէստովը էուՆական $սռատու.թեսա վեիեաաԱ* 500-338 *. 6« 28 10 ♦ Հ1^՚՜*^***ց դափ^քոաայւյաաւ 4*յ^«յ^(^ւ 4՚՚ւէ– 7^է1է" ա^աԱ ^աքք^ա1լա1ոա,յ1ա^այ1ա ^ - 1 104* Նախ ^Խէէ1,Նակա\, աշԽաքժըէ - 2. Ո՚Հ «^ Հ^Ր^Կ՚Ժ՛՛ * I».*»*... . |.%ձ է՛ 8|»"֊ ^կա% պա^Խրա^՚ւ պա—ւՏաա-ըէ - 3. \>."ել կր»% *,»%հի՚ե, 6»/>^ . ի՚ւ^ձ աԽ. ասսկ կէաւ».էաւէէւբաա.ք9–իւՁԽ՝ գիա.յքսդա%յք ժէաւէՏա1Խաւկ է 1 . ^ոմնասսւանի ամե՛նին ^քէե բնսէկիչեերե եր^ կրագորհ– ու. էւնոսթե՚ան սօրու.թխձէն&րր պաշաուլ գ^ոա^^է^աէևւաէթԱ կքւն X Աս ^ք՛^ ժոոովբգեան սւևոն անցան օ-պբ^նք պէսաօ-ոազւքաս^-ր Հհ՚Օյք՛"*^^^* "Ր չորս գլքսաէ-որ ցեղե-րու. բսէէք^ոսահ– 1^ք1հ։ 1* հ^^^ք****քըՓ՝ կրրէ՚ակէ^ին ^իսս, ^ույնասաա1ե» Ց* %^է*^^^ Ա<՚՚<՚՚^^4՜ ու. Գ\եւէոաոնե–սի ^/"–՚–՛ սիսպչյիՆ հ^ովեղևրքիՆ վջայ* (Աս ևրկիրն &աքէն Ա^ քւ^էս» կոչու.եցաւ.\ ու. Գ» Ա՛ք «4»«ք*«^թ՚ք* Գ\եղոաոնկ–սի սնացւս^ գաւառ^ Նևրոսն *1հքյ Հեոէ^նական աշ^ոյժր սւմ1տն1^ աւ.եւի սւռաՆձ.^ ՚նսէկան գիԱ.ցսւօու.^մներոս (Հերակղ^սի ք Ա*թ1էոսիք ք^ե՚ս^-ոսքւ եւ. <47/^) ^ս՛ քոս քժ ե– անցն եւ. յոսւբան աան^ գոսգն ձեոնս»րկո^.^եանցո ւ/հ^ աե-սնուեցասէ \քԱ՛*– յթա»ներո^ն յ^Օ^՚ն աւան1/ն անոսանէՏնեոն եղան Ա/ք«՛ գոնսէւորգաց (բուորով^ աոէսսաելականյ սէոշասան՛^ քքէք շր՚-րք^ 1250/5՛՛՛^՛ Ք» 6* ք^եբհի պատևրաղյըլ յԼճճԵր^» Տր"՚1"՚կ՛^ պատե-ոէսօմի (\ \օԳ,քա\,^ աո-ա՛.^ 0^ ձեռ%աբկու.թ–իւ.%ն որու.ն Բ"Ր՚Ր 6^^^ մասնօէկից եղսէեէ 2» ա* <Հ^ք**(*լյՐ** Գ"քէ՚"ցէ՚^է աղաաեց ^ոէձւասաասԽըլ Ա֊սրՆէ-բ^/Ն , եա. իրեն յանձնսւ.ս§ձ– 12 ^ռչակասա^էքբ գ՚՚ր^քե՚րբ 29 ՚թ– Թէ-է»*» յո^էաց^, ապաաԽքւ շ»՚–քք^ 1250 />1^ Ա֊ Թե%Ք1լ 1ՐԲ"՚»Ի •"•«֊»* ^արկէՆ (1Րի%սաաա.բ,,ա -- Ա|,^^ ագեք^) ու. յիա^աւ.քւ \ճԹհ՚կԻ 12 ^աաարակու.թէւ.%%հք^է ***^ եւ^ողայքէ% ԼկսղքիԽ^^% ոսկեգեղմէ բերողը^, կաագա^ , 9/ • ք^կ;բկէ ափքւեքսէ» էւպա%%ւ»ւլ գժբախա ք\գիպէաի յա^ՈԱ.անկ% ևաեւ. , իր որգիքե սկսան իշիաՆոա^թ-եա՚ն ^ամԽր իրարու, ^եա կէէ–ու.իլյ \^րկարւ պաաերաղ^երէ ևաեւ. պողիկիՆև-ի որգիՆերք^Ն մ^^կչլ, ք^(^բ^ առ.Նևւով^ ^բկֆբրլ խա^ապ^աւ. % ձ. Հեղին^ի՝ Ա*ե՚Նեէւաւոսի կՆկան ք Դ\արիս^^Ն յա, փշաակսսի/Ա ասէսաճէսւլ. աոսաւ. աորսվակսճէ \^է$§ւ1Խա§ պա^ աերաղ^Ն։ ^ոլ.նայք առ^աքնորգեևրն էիՆ ՝Ագաւ/և^ո% ու. ք\գիսեւ–սէ 1\սոՆք 1200 %աւ.ով^ ^րովագասյի վրաք քա» ւե^ի՛՛ * ու. խսքրգախու.թ–եոէւդ. քւէքդ^ին սաիրև^Ն եաեւ. , արովակա% պեա»ւ.թ֊եաՆ Հ^/>^ աուին ։ Լ^րսվակա՚Ն կէ– էՐ աս–սէէ»պեւեասէ^ պաաերադւՌ, նիլ.թ– մս§ս$ակա»էրսսրեօ Հ«><՛ մԽրօսի իղիակա՚Նին ու. ք\գիսականին՝\ ։ Տ • &1/^յք պեղաէէգաս^ւ.ոո պսէշաասհ– բնութ-եաեւ ոօրոա-ա. թ-իւ֊ն՚ներն ասԿաձճաւ-որե^ի՚Ն էս սզիմաիսւկօւն է1արգ9սկերա գեղեյքիկ աոաուաձ-Նէրու. գարձոլ^իՆ (»ՈէհւՕաՕդ)հ18աԱ8) » Հ^՛*"*** Լ^բկի%ք1*)է եղաւ. աէրոսթ-եատքՆ օրինասո ասսաու, էսՆր* Հ^ք*** իր ^՚՚՚Ր՚՚^էյէԲյ ասմհԼս՚նոսթ-եաԿւ ու. բնաանեկաեէ կե՚Նս0ո աաշապսէն ։ Հ^փ^**«ք*«*«* ու. իր սքմու֊սինո Գ^^քա^ա. . փ«»է^է ասէրաասք ոոի իշխաԱնէ՚րն էին ։ Վ\է»ա^1քաԱ՝՛ ձովու. աա^ աոուահ– էր « իսկ Ա^^^«»«* քսէգպքա^ ու. քս§ղաքի% գորձ-աո֊ա, սսսթ-եասնո աւաւշապասն ու. ^իւ1նագիրէ - - ||*^^ աաաոոսու *^2^ հր ի ւ1ասնաւ.որի՝ *իորիա^ւ.ոյք ք՚^վ^ \^է–*՚^****էՏ՛*^ Ա»՞" –1"ւ–^է (ՐհՑէստ ^յ)օ11օ)» Ճ՛՛ԻԿ՛^* ծ "4^«"^՛ գ^բ՚՚՚հՐ՚՚ա ս$ս$ոու.$սքէ էր, եպօէն եղաւ. աոէրու–թ–եօէեռ վրիժառու, ել. պասշապսւն * ՚իրէ^ օ^ոտկան էր , իր ք՚ԱՐր Աք*^^ *ք ** • որ»*֊^ ոքաշաօԱն էր ^աոասկսւր գաղաեներքլ ^քելյ Դ*(>«^*ք*ք (■ Հ^բկէբ) ևրկրագոբեսէ-թեսսն է աոմհսոնսւ.թ–եա$ւն եւ. ոաոս$ոո*֊ահ–ոո ^իէքԼագիրն էր* |՝«»յ+«»«»ւ գինւ-ոյ եւ. աւ^՚ն աեսակ ոսրախ է^կե րոսթ-եասն^ աոաու.էո^ը^ * որու.Ն աոօՆը^ 2.Ք^՚Լ * Բ՚՚ՍԺ ւկաի թ-աափորեերով ու. խւսդերով^ կը^ կաաարսսէրէ Դ^իսցաղաՆո Ժամանակր^ աէրոսթ-եան^ գքոսխչլ կե^աե– էին ժառաՆգակաՆ թագավորներ ։ ք^ագաէ-որին իշխա^ նոսթիսնը^ $1իս§յն իր . ^արոաոէ֊թեան եւ. անձնակաւտն ա. ռասեչութ-եանԸ վրայ էր • որով^ես»եւ. ժիշա իրեն օգՆա^ կա՛ն էին՝ մեհ– ագգե^ութ-իւ-ն ոսեեցուլ ապնոսականներր* ձ^ողսվու֊րգշ ^աոարակայք իրողոէ.թ–իւ%ներու^ <^^ Ք^Լ, մաոնակ^ութ-իւ-ն ու՚նէր ։ — 0^^^ ^Ի՛^ ժամանակներ՛ն արգէն $1եաաղագորեութ–եան եւ. արուեոաական բաներ շինեւու. յէք^ Հարաար էքէն * 30 էլա^աէ դագ^յ^աղյյ^է •^^ւէ^Լ 1 104– 5 00 • ֆր ^քէքա%»ակէւյէւ յթաւղաասւկւրքէ-ւէէ-թ՚իա^թ գւ$րիս§կ»»ւ% գէ»ւդ19–ւակ1յ^».թ՚Խ\ք^ ԽէաԽա. է - է* հ՚^լ ^Ր –Ր յ–.>՚ակա% ԽրկիրՀԽրւ, ՚^՚Խւտի յ^ա,,.թԽա% յէԼ կը |է«.՚^|է է — 3 • ք|ք«>՚>||է 1էէ. »՚ւ–ք հքւ^ յա»ճակաւ% գքխասար գաղթ՚ակա%ավ9–/ւէ%%Խթււլ է ^ձք՚^է"՛ կոչոսէք^ասւ Ալ/՛՛ ւեոափոխոէ-թիմնր պաաՏ^առ եոաւ. Վ^ղթր 1ձ>՚՚ք"՚^1՛ եւէէղաԼաեք ւոեիա^ կան ու. գորիակաե գաոթակաեութձաԴա ^իՅէս^րկոս^ թե-ս^էՈյ որոնք կրթու.թեան ամէ՚ե ճիւ^ղ/քնք եւ. ի մասնւէփսորի լեղուի յշակո€.թե–ա%ք արոսե՚սսաից ու. գիսւոսթև-աեց սէք^ ՚^Խ1Ր ^Ր^ԷՐՐ գեոսւօաեոեռ^է –– Աք# գադ^ակաՆոէ.թյ1աւ^Աեեո1տե Խրսե աու^եակաե րա՛^ Ղէասաեւ^ուՔ֊էէ^մե ՀՀոմեոոսՀ ու, Փիւիսոփպքոսթիա^ր (յք9*ադէս յբիլէոոաչ^ի^։ դ^ոոհսւկսԽ գաղ^ականու.թե՚ե^Ն ետեւ. ք էու.^ %1^ ղօրասորնեոև &–գաՆ : յ\ռսէՕքւե1եե–րու% գլուէ§ աե^ ^Աք^ կր աե»»ն1/նբ \^աասրսւսէոքքեե–ոն* ե՛՛կ երկոոոգ^ Ներուժ յձ^ք^ս*9^երըէ –^ Սա^ւա՛)^ Հսօլէւ. թ^ էր^՚^Յ գսէղԹեչթ% էոոօ-լ. գար </՝ էմևռաւ. յ ^ս»«» աեոե՚րր ռաե^ մի երեսելէ ու. ^ւսրա^սա Ա9պգս$աոՀտ»երն իշ1սաեոս^ թիլյեր էրե%ո էսւփշասւկելոմՀ ոեռակաե իշքսանաք^ աէրու-թքւսեր կորՆանկքԽ ու. ^ասարակապեաակաե սսք^մս^էսգրութիւԱէներ էւոթեռ^է Ի"^ ե՚թ^ ստպգե^ ցոԱ.թքււ.% ու%ե՜ցոո ռաոպռացի մի ^ա^դցրեկր ոսա 31 եաահ՛ ժօոովջգեան գլու.էաԱ ասե^եաովշ ւսպեոէ.ասեւա1եասօ ել թ^էէւ. աոգսէո ու. աաւոէէսսւսոո եսէռսէմարոսթէսն մի վարէրէ ^քաԱ^սաոա՛ աՆու.նըլ կը^ կրէ^րւ ՝* յ^է1ե%1^ եւթեւ.եՓ ք-՚՚^^՚֊^Բ^եբ^ եգան պերիաեգր 1|«ւք^1^. թադքխ» «ւ. Դ\»դքւկրաաէա ||աւ/»«ւա^/ւ%, "ք ե/քկէւ/ն ու. փա^ էւ.աէւոր կս$այավաքէէա.թ–ե%է ■/* Խէաեւ. , ^"՚ր՚՚է^ կասաէակէէ$ւ^ յ^աագձեփիաէ կաէէնչրւ.կքաւ. Տէա. ^ան քաաչ^ ^աեւ»ւ.ե^էաա– < 2 • ՚Ն^էկտԻ^ է՚^՚^էԼ* ՛է յա€.%ակա% /^րկէբներքլ ^Աէ.թ՚եաՆ յէչ^ էը #է«*4ք է էին . 1. ^արգքի^ %ղք%ո,^թ–իլ.% . 2 . \Խդբ,.է, կրփնի •«. պաաէՈակաւ» յիշաաակա^ էֆաա.թիւ.%։ ք\ւ^>^ ■». աանչքմէ աէ-եքի գբգի՛^ ^էթԱԻ՛^ 3 • յքւ%ակա% միոսթեան՝ ա գեգփեա% պաագամքլ ՚թ յ^ւԳէկաէ»%%Խւ»% ««. գ Հա^ աաբակայք ա9%ձր% աւ. խաղերը^* ա* Դ4՚Ղ,4^****՛ *Հ<ա^^քա/քլէ թ-^պէա ի ակդթաՆ աբիէձ^ա^ ^եղ^ պաէաէեբապՏԱեբը^ խափանէլսւ. , բոյեակէսչեերշ^ 10հ^Ը»է^ ես. ^աւ%աց թարթՆ ագնոա^սքչքքնեչւաէ^ մԽձ-ապէ» 9գ%ե^ « ԹՒ^՚^է յ՚^՚^՚Վ. «»"*^Հք«– V^^4^ա«.I կահ եւ. քւսդպքէսկաեէ խնգիբ^երշ^ կ ար»շիի% ու. սա9էէէ»աւ.էէ$&ո^ էաէէեեբբ ւֆսէքլաս1հ կբ կ«սէուսրէի% ։ ^յգէկսէիոԱնեբւէւ% ւս,, յե%^ աաեէւէէւաեի՚հ 4՛ յՕւ՚^՚՚՚Ը՚^Ւ^Բ,* ՚՚բ»ւ.% գբևթ-կ; էսէ1է% յ՚էՐ» մաաԱակէ^ կ^բ^Աաբ ։ քքբկ՚ւ. հաաաբակաչք %ա,.իրական աԽ^ դեբ սւ%էբ • Ղ^^դփէ՚՚է պիէ֊թ՜է-աե \\1՚"1՚՚^Ւ ու.բ գյաբեաէւ, եւ. թ*եբէԴւպիւխի գԽւԽաբեսԱ ւ1Խ^եա%%եբ%, ոա^ր աշՆա% ժա^ գոկեբբ^ կ^բյԱգքի՛^՛* Այ« ժէ,պավյխեբաս% գքխասոբ վախ^ 7ճա%Ն էր , գբա/քի յքեյերաւ.ն մէջ^ խաղաղաէ^թիւ%ը^ պա^ել^, Խւ. Ղ^^դՓԷ՚՚ե ^՚Դ՚՚Ղ^ւԼ ^""՚՚Ր յաբձակմաՆքք գ1^էՐ էդոթշա^ պէաՆԽէէ ւղէակաանեբ1է ամԽ%1;^ %շա%աւ.»բ1էեբե էի՛^* Ա««1^ Նդե՚՚Ի Ո^մկա» ւիբա% քով^ աՔ-10 չարա աաբի «^ Հը է& է"»֊ էէէւսբէ§սէ։ին է |]լ«/Տէէ^ ւսւձէակա^/ ժսզսվւաւ-րղձէբե էսէէ Հ«»^^^4'''-՚ %եբ»ւ% յաս%ւսկիէք կ՝ըյւ*9ւք՛^ • "Բ ՚ֆքբտք՛^ բքեգ^ա^փաւր գէ^ %ագագար կ*քլԱաբ ։ իէէւ «(^ սօոեախմխոա-թ-էւ^^Ուեբաւ. կըլ յ՚^է^բգհէ՛^ 5է"*քՄ**"» 1**փ«»^ք«ո» 4"»«»^*–«»»*է1 եւ. սմ^»ակ սէեէէսկ /ա^ւքԼակէքֆ– |շ»|1«*««^^^1>1է^|»է ^աՆէսսսաեդ^ք աւ. էսրէասա, եսաասոբթ ալ էԴչքէէւ.թ–եա% կ՚ե/ւ^ի՚հ է 1\դիյկիակաՆ թ»ւ.ա^ կա^բ^ կբլ "կ՚՚ի 111 1՛^ է –բ աաբի՚ն իփիաւա աս խապեբ^ %աբոգեց եւ. սէււ.աշի% անգաւՐ յադթ-սւխեբու^ ա%աւ.%11ւեբն 3 • Վաէ^աււյէակա%էաԱ.թ–եա% » թԱքբօբէ»ա..թ՚եաե ««. քաւղա»^ քաէկրթ-ութ-եաՆ %կասաւ1աւդլ «ճ^ձ– նՀւձեակէալ.թ–իւ% ու%ե^ 32 թէահ պսէէոճէսւլյաււ. շաա §սէէւաէւքաչքան ստրէւսեապք Խա^քգիա. $»ւրեւ–եի դ^ւն^իԱեոսւսհ^գասզթ–ս»կէ$$ե»ւ.թ՜ևան^ »§է9 էսւՈԴւ^-Ն գօրէսսսրներն ւ^ի՚Ն 3«»1>(«»^*«*1>է>^|*|լ< ի ւէասՆսւսոըի \Րէ§հ– ես վ^ոկիսւ է ժէսմա՚եւսկ մի ասւ/է^է% անոա^աՆք^ւէրՆ ^իՆ ։ ՚յ^^յսւեէ, %^իո§§ ու. |յ<»</ոււ սա^ե՚սսւրոյ ^արոսսս» քասզպօներ ^քւ% < ՜^զթօսանգր1ւ ււս ^ււ.սւ^ա»ւկաե սւիրսէպեէոութ-եսէՆ ժասէէա^ Նւսկ երեէ^ևյէւ հէւն ^իա֊օաՆգէոե է կիա^դիկսա , \քփէսէ1էւ եւ. (408 է՛^ ^իՏքնու-ահ–՝^ գորիակաՆ ^սգաս/լ։ - յձէՐէա֊եքեան հ-սվեսրէւն վրսէք ւսնիէէէկսէե գասղթ–էսկ*ա$Կասւ–թ–իաձ»ները^ քք ք*՛ գււ^աււու. էԱսաեՆ ք ^ու%ւսւ»ասէնի ^էսրասւ. * ոա.. սւրեււՐ^^գի՚ն կր ձ սէդկէի՚ն Գ**ք^*–\–՛^ բէսօմաքՅ-իւ. գսէւ^^^էսկասնսւթիւ%Ներքլէ ՚|^լ««>՚%ք« յկքաՆոսասնէ էր ի մաոՆաէ^որէ է||*^<^^* ոբով^է-էոե*.. ա$Դ^ յու.Նէսկան ԽրկիրՆերոա-ն մկք^ ^սա էսւՕք՚ն^ ^ասւսւս^ Հս»սաուսաոու% օրինսու վր՚քք Աէեսական կսսո^ասվարու-թ-էւ^ •Դլ (Ս՝^1ք«էք) գրու.ե^աւ.է յձփրիկէի ^սվեգեըթի՚ն վրաք կ/լ հ-աղկհր Կէ–քէ*է» ԱԻէԻԺ՚^ծ ՚^է,՝ Ա4/»"«ք–"«՛*»"» »«- Ս^/»«»֊ կսսսաս I որ եբկասյե ասաեՆ ւու%ւ$»կս$ե գսւղ^ւսկանու.թ–եահա ասաէՈք^ա^^ օօրւսւ֊որ՚ն էր (ք9* • 28)* ԱսւորիՆ իսւսէէիաէի գսրի.,, էսկաե (^ասրէ^էոյ $ պօասւեօ/ե (Ոիաւէքրիա ք կրո$ոաՆ^ օ՚ւ. ^՚>– Նէական (^^եգիսՆ ^ .1|քքէ.<^ | ՚էքէէաւպոմւսյ քսւզպքՆերՆ «» էսրգւսւ-աեգերկրիՆ ոս րնգէսրձէսկ սէռ.եսաորի1և պսււէ»ճս§ււ.ս§սս շաէո ^էսո^սէ^աոաե է Սօքճքաք՚Ն մեե– ^$աւրսէոու.թ՚իւ.Նս ւէէ. թսւ^ րեկէյքԱա^թ-իսՆը^ յսււսաք բերի՛ն քդասւիչ^ շո.սէյքէււ–թ–իւ% մի է 18* Ս*է***ք*^*** ՚ 1 • է^ասեի մաս թ.էԹյ–՚եոլ.աձ– էր \^պւսրաււայի ւք էւղրվ»կււէը է Ո՚Հ. ^Ր Լէ^՚՚՚^Գ"՛* * §՚^Լ էաԽսէսկ էի^ իր օրք^թևԽրը՛ է - ^ * Ն՚ԲՒ ^1ք*՛*– –ռէս^էե ոէ. Խրկրարգ \ր1ո։^ էէքԽսէկաե ս լ ւասաԽրէապյխ » - 1* \Տ՚՚1"՚Ր"՝՚^յՒ ժողոմու֊րգր բսէժ*նու.աՆ պ^Րք ւոերոո 9^ո1^ԱէԼաԽ \\աաոգ*ԽաԽափ^ա ք աօասւ եէսլրսաս^ գֆսաաոոէ \յ»կոսրգոս^ սպաեոսսէհ՜ ՜կ^ւՆոմհս թաս^ գաւ.որին որ գի՛ն շ՚՚՚-րք 810 ^1» կարգի խոթեիք աեոնգ^ասա պաաե-րապսնե-րոյ վաւրէ/նւսցւսհ– ժողո՛^ ւքուրգր իր մեհ՛ ՝ճ$սւ1իորգոսթեաեր է/^0 սորվահ– նւարգաւ-որուքժիսմևԾրոյէ ^անէսց մրսւնգէսմպ^ Նոր ^րհ^կբեե՜րով եւ. իքիսա կրքՅ–ա^ք<3–ե–ամր ք.՚*"1^,ք^*՚*3^*՚3 պԲտսլիսի ոգի մի աղգեի որ իրէր՚Նբ օիրե–%բ ի՚^ձյԲ"՛^^ ՚"՜ արե-ամի Հպյրե՚նեաց ՚նոսիրե՚նէ ՆՐԲ ա՚ք՚՚Ր^՚՚՚՚^իք ՚Հ/" 33 գոս օաղաօն եւ. մեռւսւ. Լւսմասոո ոաթսոքէասեառ սէՕ է \^պսւքււէ$ակս»1ե կէւո֊ս»վաքու.թ՚եաէւ գլսս֊խքլ կե^էսձ– է։ի% երկոս թէսգասւ^սրէւՏէր է սրւէկք պէԱէոեբասդւԴ ԱքոեՆ քւսք^էսրձէսկ իշխւս^ււււ–թ–էւ\ է»ւ.%^^ի՚Ն բաէււսկիՆ վր§սւէիսկ խս0ղաւա*^թ–եասեւ աաէէաէ% իբր&ւ. քրյաէ^ե»ողա^երբկբ»ՏաաւսւսէէէեքէիՆեւ. ձ-Խրսէա. կսէ^աիՆ մկք^ գա^երկ կբ %սա^ին։ \յ^րակւԱաԸ (^^^^8^») Կը^ քէաղկա%ս»ր 28 ք.ւ«^4՛ €0 աարւ–ան, ^աաաբւսկա-թ-ենէ՚ն քէԿէէորւ$»–ա^ ձ՚էրերէէ յւ^սիկս^ աւկքսւ.թ–եէս^ գոքձ-ոցթ ՚Խ՚՚Ս կձ^ ֆքը^հը ՚քք^՚՚ւէ՚՚է Կ^Ր՚^՚՚՚է ^է.* "Բ քք՚՚՚զ՚ւվրդ^՛՛՛՛^ ժսզա^ փս^ կբ Տնւսր ւֆայե այ** կւսւՐ ««^ ըաե^յ որոշսսւՐ ըէէեւ։ ^սղուխգեաեւ ժողր^Խրբ ^ս»է1ւսրս»կօր^^ն քսսսեսյ քրւՈսն ժսէմէսնսէկ կ րւս թքւ^^ « \յ^քւսւկսւ.սքի՚ն ք<"1 գրսէ֊սահ– ^։իէւ իբբեւ. ^սկսպ Հ/՚^ք– \քփ՚՚1*^^ՐԲ > ռրոկք »սւ/^% պսւշւո«»եեայ %գքն իակ թ–ւսգսւա–էւր%երբ պսէ1ո§սախաԽսէսւոէ^ւէ1–թ–եաքև կ^աք^ ի՚ն կաեչձ-ք է յը^յէն սպտաբափաչքի կբնէսբ ^ւսսսւբաէկայ պասշ^ ւսօ%/1հեբու. բնաոբսսիլ ու. ժէւղովրգեա^է ժ$ւդս11^երու.Ն մաա.. %ակիյւք բԱալ* — Հաբկաասա. \ակեգեմհՆաքււ.ո^ ԿԿԻրշ^ 30* 000 > իւ՚կ յ^պ՚-բ—ացւ-ո^բ^ 9000 ^աա^աաաբ մաաէ-բոքԼ. բաէէժՆսէ^էոձ– կբ * վիբքինՆէբւս-էւբ Հ^Տրչոէուս^իք կբ գսբհ-կ;^ < \Րիսէթէ$ք^ւս0աիբ»ա.թիւ.Նբ ւէէւսձ–ԽքԱւ– եւ. շո–ւ^աւ.թ–իւ%բ խւա^ փէէէնէ՚չոլ. ^ամաբ ^սաասբասկաչք ^աս^կեբդյթ–1ևեբ ^8յ՚861է1&) ոբոշօէ-սւե– կիՆք ոբոԿաօ ^էսմաբ աւ^Ն սաասբէոասի բասն ւՌ կբ վճսսբէբ» ք^սկսոէ եւ. սւբհ–ասթ–ի աուսկ սւ.ՆեՆսււն ասբգե.^ ւէէ1–սւհ– կբ ել. ասսէէեա էա^դ պւ^ձի գբւսէՐ կբ գէքբ&սէձ-ոա֊կբ * յձպաբաա^է մէ "ա-րիշ^ ^րկՒր չիր կքնաբ եբթալ. ի%^եա ճաւեւ. օ»ոէսբէ»էկահ »Դէ ս։ռ.աԱ^ ոբոշեէսւ գոբհքի \^պսէբ^ էոաւէ մէք եբկայեւ ասսւեՆ չկբ կբնսւբ Տնսւլյ - <- ՜կբթ-ւսսա. թիւձբ ակբու^թեան ձեավխ եբ ։ ^ղպք եօթ–բաասբւ.անեղահ– սոոեՆ՚նիՆ կբթ-անււց կբ^ գբու^կիՆ ք եւ. ^ո% մաբւէէւավաբժէււ.^ թեաե ք ^էսօաՆգսւ.ք9–եաՆ , եւ. ղբկմաե^ $ս»աւեե^ա.. կբլ^ Հքք/՛*՛ ժկի՚նէ ու. քէչ էսօէաով շաս» բսաև ըսելու, կբ կբքՅ՛ ոա..էի՚ն է 2» յ^պարտա \հկու.ոգոսի օրէ^՚եբներոյ սասւ^ օսւօ՛ ղօրու-թհէ^ր օու.սոԱ.օ եոեու. մեսսաքնաեէ9»ե պա*~ աերաօաէե՚րու-ն ՚^քյ — ^ռաՕ^ սԼատե^էսռմ1քն մէք ք74Ց–՚72՚4)ք պաշարևցթտ ոս աօ֊իՆ \^պարաացիք ՝ի1ժու^ գղևակրէ ք^եսսև%ւսցէ~ոց ւսփւու.էսկա1էնՄրը^ օաար ^րկէր գաոթե՚ցքԽ^ իսկ ^ոն Տնացոոներր կ՚՚ր–^ սոնցոսց^ իրե՛նց յթաւսաթպէքՏն աղասւութիւ^ըէ ք^/՛՝՛ կրորգ պատձ-րաղյի՚ն մէք^ (685–668)> թէպէ՚ո եւ. Ա^եսսեՆացիք իրե՚կբ պիրե՚եբ քաՕոււթեաւդւ պաշա^ 3 34 ձէ եպբո յ^ձ-սս&նա կոչոսե^ասէ 1ևեաոմ սաաօահ– ւսռաւ–1քչուՔ–եւսմբ քաէւա^թե Գ^ե-ղս^ պոնեսի Տւաօահ– գոոիական աէրոէ-թիա^մեերէք»^ մհք բո%ասորնեոո %ու.Ա9ճեւու, եւ. ավևու.սւպ§քա»սեէմև կա՚>^ էՆավարոսթիսմն ամիաց^1էլու.ւ յըյսով^ վասակ&^ա1ե ե-րկւ/^քե աաձ-% վէրթե իշխաեոԱ-թիսն մէ^ քհՀ^ՀաՕաօ) գորիսէկաե ա^րո§.թ–եանօ ՚Խպ) տ - պէա ԽքԽա.աքե Խչաւ. ||»<|«ւ՚էւ • |»*^^ աե—էւկ էք իր •րք^ագբէ».ք9՚ի»%ը է — 3* է>՚1հ՚^> պէա քԽայ^Խաա^էահ– էր ժաէպաքոէ.րգր * Ո|"^ւ9 յա1*^^»––»^ հրք^՚՚*–ք^1"^՚Շ * - ~ 4 • ^ք^րաա-թ-ԽէէէԽ րէւրձրաւգւքք1Խ ի^»ք»%»».թ իա%ը արւււ. ձԽ։այ/եէ հր» 1*՛^^ Խր 11ք*^^՛՛*– •ք «■•^^•ւ* է - ՝ 5 • ի1հշ<ւք4՛*՛ կ–*է».աւփարԽց ^իաիաարւաէքւ I լ* \^ք^յ^^ՏԲ ւ^եչեւ. գորէւսկան գէսղթակս^ոա.–^ թիւ%ր թ սքգաւորնե՚ր կր տիոէ^^է (կեկրոպս^ ք/1եչա^ս կը կարհրոԱ.ի՝ ւօՕՕ/՚^ք ւ^ս՚էոիկկ^ի յէքկարգաւ.ոբեաւ օսէղպբսէկաե կձրԱսա^ սկիռբ րրս§ւ, ևւ. ^եսէւ^ոս սէռւ0Աա, պևլէալ^ \քգէոսի որգթ/ք շր^րք^ 1250^^ 12 ^ասա^ րսէկու.թիւ.Ննե–րր ւֆասռու.ց\է ՚կոգրոսի է/ա^ոէ-սււ/ի (1063) թսքգ»սւ.որոա.^ ^իւ%ո վերքու. եէքէսւ. ու. սկռբան ռկեանս աաաասսիէս^ %ւսաու. աըօոմներ գոու֊եօան* եառ^հ ( 7չ2) ԱքԱքԱր էոարւ֊աե ^ասմար ու. վերՕապ^^ս (^6 82) Ա"Ա^ աարի ^ր աբռոն ընաըոսեցան ^ որոնբ \^րիոսպագին ^ետ ^արս–^ սաա^էսրիչ ւսզնոսսէաեէոու.թիւ1ե ւՈէ կէԱօւՌ՚օինւ յձ>՚*կ^ ^աճսէխ խռովւքլ,թիւմնեո և՚քաեք օորոկբ՚նոան հսկ դ*րա–^ կոնի լ624) իիսա օրէ՚կբնե-լԽ չկր^"՛^ գագբեցոԱհ-էէ \փ$էոե ոեգկանու.ր էո^աճոսթհւ^բ օգաի գ՚*ր*՛ գԸյ ոսզէ^ գրասեր ^պյօ ըբահ՛ փքբ^Բ Հժ՚՚՚ք՚՚ղէց՛*՛*–* 35 թեթ փախաԱ.^ իսկ իր կո/աևակի^ևր^ իրքքնց եղահ՛ իոսամաե գէւՐ %ու.իբաէկաե աէրոթոն սպանոսեօանէ 2* Ա" շփէէթոէ^թեան^ ժամանակ յ^եգաոա^ Տ՚^"& ւՇյ^^՚^՚՚՚Տ^^Ր^ աուա^ յձաղաէֆս կղդին՝՛ \^ոդո1եի ^որգորե՚չովԱ Նորէն եա աււՆոա^ձ^աս Ճ9Ց^^< ի\ք պսէաճւսռ. եոաւ. ՚եաե-լ. յ1\թ1^աօա.ւա նուիրւսկան կաւՐ գէրղփեա՚ե պատևրէսագն յսօէնակիօ րոաէոսՆք պոր կր վարկիս ՝^ւՐփիկաիոե՚եե–րւէ 595^^ գեղփիսի սաա^ու^ սէհնեոր աասփշաասեոո կրիսսւ ^ազ^ք^ գկւՐէ յձոէըքւ^ իրրե-ւ. առաՕթե արռոեք օ94։ի^ Ա^^«՛ %ա^ւ–տւ^ օրկ՚կբնՄո աոսսէս ք աոռաա օւս0ապռսւօթե&րր ^արուսսք կալոէ.սէհ՚սւակր%&րոայն ՚&Նշսւ,ւք(^ն առաաե՛^ լու–է ասարպռե-րէէ ու. աոսոթՄոր ի Նպսւստ ւսոռսւաաօ կէսրգասոոեոաւ. օրւ. ^ասկառակոոգ կոո^ակռու,Թիւ%.^ 1եե–ոո էփաս.էէ^եէու^ ^ամար։ 3* յձ,աաիկէի ^"Ղ^^^՚՜ՐԳԸ^ ^է^ յս%իակա% թաժա%է1ա% ^ա»յԽւ1ա»ո I երեք գսսս կքլ բէսժ%»ա–եր • 1 • \յԼէւեէսա^$սկաէէ կաըէսաձ՚ասաեր^երսւ. (6Աթ&էք1ճ68) • 2 • ^արկաաէււ. քապա^, քսէչքէ^ա^ «ւ. վարձակալա^ (^60աՕք68) եա– 3* արու^եէււոսասա^ րայք (ճ6ա1Աք^68)< թ»ագաւ.արսէ.թ֊եա% վերյքէււեքե՛^ ^՚՚^ՔէԼ իշխաեէքւ^թ֊իւԴէե ստււսէքի՚Ն գսէէւաւ% աեէոասս. * ^ո\ա երթ. որ ւ^կսէք գսէաերե ^է1»րսսաւսռս>% ե*– սէեր՚՚^ք^եասէւ Գ՚՚Ր^՚՚^Բ մէքլ մասնակիդ 1ԼԱ^Լ պա^աԽքեյքէ% ^ Ի՚ել մէ չվաթ֊սա.^ թ-էայԱներ ելաՆ։ \^» խսէայեսւկ»»ւ^թ–եաէ/էւաք $սս$եՆ |)ո^1^է էսէրւէ1–թ՚եան ասՆանկ սս»^մա%ս$գրոսթ–իւ^ մհ էէւոսէէէւ. է կւ»եի աէւգսսթ՛ օրե՚կքէեերքլ վեր^րՆեք^է աղքաէո քաղպքլաա. քք֊»^ պարազքչլ չափասւ»րեւ^ ^ գրաԱի՚ե արժկէ% խքե^ընեք^ ու. ասէրէոապասՆիՆ եա^ աեոր գերգաէա»աա1հի% ւսՆձ՚Նէէւկսձ աս, դասէՈէ.թ–իւ%% ասպէս^սվ^ընեւփւ եսէես է ժաղսվսւ֊րգը^ սքքէէաա. յքսէւաաձ՚սա ^աէ^էՈսա չբր" կ՚՚՚ՐԳ րաՀԲնե^ * յ^ոյա^^ 4՛"/՛*՛ ԳԸ. հււ կ՚^՚էքԿք՛* ՀԻ՚՚՚գ^^քէ^ք՚Պ^՚՚՚^^ԲւԼ 0;»6ււէ&օօ81օա6ճւա* 1168) > էIեհ^ կալսսաձ-աաեր^երն է "ք»^^ աարեկահւ եկամնա^աւէ 600 ք–՛^ ՚Ւ^Րծ * կամ* նդ/եչափ արժկլ ու%ե^»պ^ ձէթ՛ կաաՐ գի՛նի էր։ հրկր՚՚ՐԴքլ հք ^<«|»^*–ք •^՚»«–^*քճ (*"»՛ ՕՕՏւՕաօճւաՈՕՏ) կաւՐ աապեաներշ^* ՆԲՐ՚՚ՐԴէլ ՏԼ^՚-ԿՒ՚՚՚^^Բգ ("Բ^ք՚Կք մի%չեւ^ \հԳք–^ եկամասա սւ%եի%) ե*. Ղ՚՚էԲ՚՚ԲԳէ. ք^ե՚^երն, որոկք աակկ ալ^ \աա.ապ^ եկամհսա է»ւ%եի՛^ * Զ՚՚ԲԲ՚՚ՐԳ Կ՚^Բգէ Ք՚^՚Ը^ՊէքԻ^հււ ^՚^ՐԿ^ ագաա կին . թպ^ ւղէաշամեի ալ չէի՛ն կրնար ^աանիլյ 8* 36 կբթէռթ1ւսն% աւէ.էա1»յ^ակա^§այք թսէլաքէաա-ահ– էբ» թ՚^Ա/ք աէրսւ–թ–իւ.՚նն ^րապարակակա% վարժսչՐւեր ոաձւկ է 4|«*.. աա%ի%՝ 18 աաբա.ա% հաաակին քնկէբու^թեան (բԽ&էէ1&) էՌ »1հ^ կւլ Գք՚^եր • ^<– 20 էոարեկս^$ էզաձ– աաե՚ն կր%ար քաղպքակաՆ իրաւ–սւ.\թ գէգհ՚ա&ԽԼէ \^յ9՚^^կքի *^^ վաճտւ^ ա.սւկանա»֊թ–իւաՆ ո$. ս»բաա–Տէէ§»ո բանե^ընսդ օաոսէբաակաէէնՆէրթ յեաւէիքս» կբլ կոչոա.1^ի% . սւ. չխի՛^» կրնար սաա^ասահք ես. քաղպքասա-11^ իրաւ.»ւէ֊՚կք ու.ՆԽ՚եալյ Բ՚՚Ա9 ՚^հր1՚֊ք^^՚՚*ե էսւյկէւ ձ–ւս%րէսբեաձսա..թիւ%%Խրէ՚Ն սպաէո չէ1՛^՛ * *իս»է*ւսէէ§ա. աանի աէ»ււ.9իէ^ աւ միսԱե փոխանսրգի Լ71^00^Ա^քյ^) ձէ-աքով կրՆայի% եքլել* 4* ^հր՛՛*–^^^՛*՛^ բէսրձրագէԱ% իշխան 0ւ.թ–իէԼ%շ^ ժաղէէա, վբգեան ժողովպՐէ (հոոձէյօ1օ) ձե»ւք% ^։բ , էւրաձէ աւԴ;% ւ^թե՚նայքի կր%ար ւՈսա՚եակէքւ շըալյ Այ» ժաղավօլ Օքւ^^– %եր կսւ. աարէ պաաերադւֆ էւ. խապաղա»–թ֊եան վջպք •*֊ րոշոա-ւՐ կ՝ը^հր* քբ^ակաՆ յան^ա՚կ^եբւէւ. վջ*^ գաա կ/լ կաբք^բ է պաշաօԽեա՚Նեբշ^ կ՝րնար^ր , էռ աէէա^քքեբբ^ է*՚՚Ր՚՚Հ^Բ * ձ^ող^վ^Ր» մասնաժողովԱ կքլ կայքու.ցանկէ% չորս^աբիա^ր»^ խ»բ^ւ»ւ–ԲԳ1Լ ԼթօՆճ՚ղ)» որսսն գսրձքՆ ^ր, ^աէէաբակաչք իբ––^ ղու–թ–իւ%Ները^ ^ոգալէ ժողովրգեան ժսդովւԱե աէէ1Ա.քի% Հօ«» Նուեչի %իւ–թեբբ պէսաէԹքասաէոևա եւ. սէՆոբ գաէ^եբիռաււ^». թ֊էւ% ընե§։ \\՚՚«բ է$ւեգա9եեբր^ ^Բ^ էսռ/սքին կաբդԽբու. քագպքայքի՚եէ-րք/ն կ բՆարւ$ւ^1^ի% , որււնք 30 աարի% ա%^ա^ պէասբ Բա՚քք1/^ ՚ — Ղ^՚՚Բ^՚՚՚ԳԲծձ^ էշէ»ա^՚»»–ք^էէ.^^է ւսբքոՆա. %երօւ% ձեո,ձն ^բ է ոբօնք սաասր»»ւ^է ւոասոի սւէլյաէքի՚ն կւսրգի ք$$ւղպօաաիներ11^՝ վէճասկաա^ կ էնսէբա֊ւ^է^է է Դաասւա»ս$աէւհար»ս^եւեբւ»ա^ ՚^ք սէռսէքի՚ն աեդէ% »»ւ.Ն1^ր \^իասէււագսէւր։ Աոյքր աս^էգփսՏեեբբ^ պւսշսաօՆ՚նի՚ն աէքսսագիւ.սա վաբէսե– ւարքօննեբ ^/>%< \^բիոաաքագոաիՆ գւ»բձք^է կբ^ օր^եք^ նեբօւ. ես բաբղյիյք վրսսք ^–^4^ ^ւ֊ Գէիաա. որ յաՆյքա%ք%երբ^ գաաոելէ \ձյւիոապագոոը^ կբՆար ժողովրգեաՆ ժաղով^Ն եւ. խսր^րգաբաՆիՆ՝ էէէասակաբ եւ. օրի՚նաչք ^ակաաւակ երեա^^ ^ահ^ կարգագբսւ.՚թ՚իէ^եերւԼէ "՚ԲԳ^ւեէ^ ձսԱԿէւէվ^ յքլ (▼Օէօ) խափաեելՀ 0« 1ձ՚"բք^Ւ Լս՚մաւոր պբսորւՈ1սն^Ն ետ&ւ ք որ եօթ^ Էմասսէո^է»նեո1^ յ^9տե հր^ եւ, իբրեւ, բանաս^ սսէե-ոհ՛ ե՜լ. ժողովջգե՚աե մսէերհւՐ շասա կո մեգսւոոսկ^ր ք դվւսիսարատոս 1Շաթ(^1բէ աիրապետեց (5 60՞ 528)* \\սի1քաէ՝ թւ^եւ. ե-րեու. անգւսւՐ սւբսորու.եօէսւ. ք սսւեսոե է^ր յեդւՐ ոկ ար գար եառավարոԱ-թեամիըյ Աոռուեի սաս ^մսէևէս գրույթ է ւՆր ^ասսէոատեօ ^ եւ. ւ^յ^՚^ԽՏէէ ^ո–՛ օովջգեան ՚նքէր կ1քնգաեա.թքււ% առսսօ. է՛իր րսքրեգոր^ հ՚ու-թիս^տներոփ» ա» ^Բ Պ^^ սաւեաես քէրեւէ ըյաււ. ք 37 4որ իւ-ր էշէւս1^ուՔ–եա%ո առաեց ընգգիմհէ.թեա% էա<ա, քըրգ^ց որգքքհ Հիպպիաս, Բ՛^^ ^Րք– "Ր ^^^^"՚տէՔ Չ10^^ ՝քձպարաացւ.ոց օօ%ու.քժ1րսաժիոօիՆք յեոժեց^^ <կ սէոսԼէսստան փաքսաւ. % ^աթսֆաֆաճ պաէոերազւ/հՏ՝ Փճչեհ /ւեււեԶակաճ աղա–՛ աոհթեաԱ վերՇաւը . եՕՕ — 358 ; \կէ^ ^աէ^^^ՀաԱ աաքէ^էաաՏ 500– 469 • յ/աա. ^աբաիյւ աէւ.աք§Տե »§. Խրկրորգ ւսթշաւ-աԴտ^ է — 2. ի՚%չաւքէա ը1ըեցա». եքրարգ ի1հձ վաէա7/սա»ւ աէ^Խւիմև ք^Խմիէաւակղթա ««. գաԽաա%իաաէ 1 • ^արսսա1էաէտ պսւէոերսւպսրն առէթ սէէ1ւ.ւսւ. Դ^արե^ի^ \\եիսթացւ–ոց գ^ւՐ րրքսհ– սւբշաւ-անբրւ ՀԷս*^ ասիք^ոս ւրիչիաացԲԱ ք քոր 513^^ ՜իսաէրի կամուրքԱ ս.ւՆնելո§է թւսգսււորն ԱէօաւուաՄ ե՚Րէ) "ՐԲ ա՚Ռէէսսսէսւ^ Նուեւոմ ՀԼ՚*2 նաեչոԱ^եցաւ. ք ^ոնիաց^եր՚ն ւսպսաամքւ*՛ €9ւ.թևան գրգռևցւ ^ւ^/եևրը^ (500) 1ձ"՚րգք «է^Ր^Ճ^^՛ րս՚քց ՜Լասւէ;^ ^՚ՐՐ՜՚Ժ^ ՚Ք՛՛^– ա/՚*"1^յ"–"՚ւ/^ ետ ե՛լ. ք \^իէեա <^սւոսոսԱե–ր1~Ա սւՆեու.ե–ցաւ. ու. նորօ՚սւնոսեցաւէ ի՚՚րւբ ^է՚Ւդ ասրգեե սաանուեցան ու. ^ոնհսւցհբ Նուա՚ճոէ^ռ՛^ ցանգ ւֆայն Փ՚՚^ք՚՚՚՚ՅՒ՚Ք գս՚ղԹ^ցք՛^ "՚– \^ասսիլէա ռա^ ղ^1Բր ^հ^եցԲնէ 1ձ,""Ր ՚Խ՚Գ/ *իաոե–^ի գեսաամնեոն որ եւրոպսէսան ^անՄր^^ իբրՄւ. ^պաւոաեու.թե–ան Ղւշաեք ^ոո ու. ^ք"–ր Լր սլէս^աե01;^1էն ս»օգաց իրստւաեց գէ-ւՐք 493^^ յ^թէնացին&րէՆ քր^՚՚ր էէւ. \^պարաա^ ցէէեերէւ^Ն փոս %եա ունեցան է ՚|^լ</ բանս դ*սէրե–^ր շս»տ եատդեցու.ց ու. Ս*օ#/ւ^ դոնէոսի օօրավարու.թե–սքմբր 492/՛^ ՚նէԱէ^ւսսաորմրո ու, բանաե մէէ խա սրեց ^ուն ասա ան \յ^ռա0քէե սէրչաւ.^ 38 ^րակիւգքի մէք 9"՚ՐԳ Պ՛ կե-րաէ. $ փ1ճա^աւ . իսկ %աա. «. աաոոմէոը^ ՜^ձէ^՛"՛ Հրո՚-՚՚՚եգ՛՛*^^ Ք՚՚՚Լ. Է՛՛՛Ր """կ^^՛^^* փե՚ււեի աււաքնորգոսթեամի 490/՛^ արագին դօրք ու. Նաւաաորւֆո մի խաւ-րե^ (յեՐ^Ր՚՚ՐԳ "՚րշքք"–"՛^)* Թ^է՛^ պէա 1օՕ.ՕՕՕ^ մօա բաեակր\^րեարիաե կորհ-աԱե^ք Բ՚՚ՕՑ 1^է1"*է՚՚՚գ^*՚է աէւաքնորգու.յթէևամիը^ 10*000 յըյՅ–և՚նա^թէևր1;^ ու. 1000 ^դատէ^ացթւերէ \^արա^ թոնի քով ա^ագքւն Հարուահ– ւ/հկև-րաւքԱձ՚պա» 29 V Ա՚իդաիագեաի , Լար ի ակպթա% շաա պաաիա. գաաէ. յըյ9^ե%աւքէ%եր1^՚Նէ քւպյյք եաց^կ՚Խ ^աքոա կղ^% ա»ձ»ւլ չձարԽ՚հաչւաւն է ամխասաաէնուեչքաւ. ու. թանաի ա^^էԹաւէէքւ.՝^ . յաշւէքգԽ^էձ յ^իաէ0էիգ^ա ադնա֊ապեան ու. ք^ե^սէոա^ կպհ" քւ.աէ1կապեաը^է — Վյ՚Րքե՚^Ը, 1\Թ^^՚՚՚9՚–՚՚3 ^"վ^է՛^ ղօրաա^թ-իւՆԴւ աճԽ^աւվք է 2 * Նրկ՚՚՚ւՈ^ աաարէսսաութաէնւ^ &ա1րւ. ք ^ֆւսև՚ր^ ռս1^ս ա^ս9գի1ե 1եսէւսէւոորմղին (1200^""–) է^կե՚ոէս^ ըս»հ– բաեսէկր \\ V ՚Փէ^՚բ եօթր օոուաե ու. ե–<փք–ր գէշերւաե մէք Հ^եսյևսպոնաոսէ^՚ե աեցուց* ԼՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ արշաւս^եռ 480) ^՚– ՚եուա7ճեո ք^րակիաե ք Ա^ակ&գո՚ա. %իսէե ու. ^ևսսաոէանէ — Ա^^ ՚փքրՑ1՛^ "Ր^ՕՕ Ս՛՛/՛՛՛/՛*՛ "՚ացիռ եւ. 700 ^եսպէ՚՚՚ցհըլ \եւոեիգասի ս»ռաշ^ %որգութե–ամի՝ ^երմհպիէխի Կէր^Ր գիւ.ցաղեաբւսր կր պաշապս^ւ^Ան "՚՜՚բ՚աը ՚Հ^փհւսղաեսի ՈԱ»^ մաանու.–*^ թեւսէԴւե ամէ1կօր մեո ս^–^ երկու անոոոշ%աւսէմաոա և-ղաւ. ^Ըվւա1ոփսիոեի ք՚՚՚Լյ լ\ք# արոահ– ժէսէէաեակ յՁյ^եՆաօեՌ ^ետտստո^ կղէսի է՚որ^րգովԱ ռւսղպջնքւն թոոու.ցի՚ն է \^ւ. երբ էս–^ սոր Վջպք ^սեոոսկս ^ովկեսք ^յ^ովսէիա եւ. ՚յը^տտիկե անւսաատ գ։սրձու~ս եւ. 1^յո 11^ւքն "էւրեռ աուեասկաե %ս»ւսւաորւֆղԱ յ^ւսոաւֆսի քոմ 7ճ$սկսւտեոսււ է քծ^եւֆս^ աոկղես 7ճարաս»րոէ–թ եաւդւ մի ^Ծ/^երր պսւտե րսէօմի սաիպելթն ետեւ^ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Խ ՚Խ՛^ աեաեկ փառաւոր 39 ^ւսրկագրե-ցաւ. \^սիէս փախչէլէ — Ա^արգոեիոսի օք«. ւււսժնորգէէէվժՏոսմի ^եսսսՅոէսւ ա^§սցւսհ– պսւոսԼէսկսԽ 12ՐՌՐ %1օք^ գարնաե^ 10^է^Կբ ^ՐէՐ՚՚ՐԳ "՚^գ՛^՛^ ւսռսէւ» բ֊քքչք Հք\ւսւ.սաեիասսի ե՛ս յ^^ւ՚է՚՚^էգ^՚՚է օ՚ւււ»^ նոբգոէ.թ1րաւ/բ էֆաց1րա§ Ապարտացքւե1րրք^1ե ու. |^լ«. թ1քնացթ§ևրէ^ ^ղաաէւ^ի քով^ ^ադթ-ոսեցաւ^ պխ օրր ^|)^^I^ա • 2աՆ որ օրն որ Ժն0ու.կաւ. պարսկական Նէէ$է.էԱէսորւՓղԱ •խօաէ^էթիպաոս ւաթ&Նսէօիք^Ն ու, Լ&ւո՛^ ահռիգք^ս սաարսւսէռիւ^ յ^իկասղ^ի ^րուաեգաե1>ն յլոէէ \^ամհսի գիմաքրՀէ Ա^<# ^աոթ-ոսքՅ^եամր. ՚^սք՚պյէ ւու%էսկաե գսէղթսէկաեոսթիւքմնեոն աօասւ եղան տ ւ^յ^^ակբէ պւսրէսաներն ու, Գփրեոս ^1ոֆսաո^ կոեսի ձեռքովդ շի՚նուելէ^ն ե-աեւ-ք \^թէնռ՝ ^ույնսւս–»^ աանի առսէՕ^ հ-ոփաին օօրութ-էւմն &ոաւ.է ^զքկբ ^սււ–սանիասի ք \փյոնի (յրիոաիւսգէէսի որգւոաՀ եւ. ^վքիսգիաե-սի ւսռաքՆորգութ1րսէւդւ 477^^ ճփպրոս ու, ի^ւ.օա^էգ^ոն աոյե&չ^ն եաե՚է-դ ^աէ.սանիասի ամՆ բէսրսւասանուվժեւսէՈւ վշւոսէօահ՛ գէսչնաւքէոռ \\^յ^Ն^ ռի ^եսա պէէսռան* որ ւասա^սով՝ սպէսրաաե-սէոսթիսմն (հ6^6ա 01116) ես դաէէոոսի Հասարակաց գանձարանի մերս$տեսչուէ±հմԱն առւսւ. տ քարկւսւ. ասոր ՚Խ*Հ1 կ^՚քոն \քէ.րիյեգոնի քով^ (<դամՏիիւ,էիւ^ի ՚^լ) ^"Հք ՚՛ ^՚– Տ^՝^ Ասկթի ՚1ջսչ) 469/՛^ ^արսէԱներն* "/"՚Հ. *՚՚"–*՚*^Տ ^՚"/՛^ գաէ.որես$է գւսշ^նռի մի էմընցւսւ ասւրսկական սլաաե՚ա. րապյէէ, 3. ^եւֆսաոկդ^ս* \^պարաւսցւ.ոց Հւսւահ^մոսն*^ օէ՚ն ու իր աթե%առի քՅ^շնասյքէներէխ ապաՀովութիւն գս»1եեւու. Համար ^4:66) ^արսկասաան փախւսւ. եւ. Հոն մեո^ասէ \^սկ ^աւսանիաս իրրևւ. մաանիչ^ 467 ^է ||աօք|90քւա/ք* յ^թւ/նասւա աս»7ճարն անօթութ աոսմի մեռաւ. է 40 պարակա^ա% պաէոԽրազֆՆ ժայա%ակ, Ա/9–ք^ ՚՚^Լ ոյայկաւդեէոաէւկէսԿէ կաա.աՀարու^թ–իէձէն երքՅ-սէքով կեբէդաաւ^ րա^ւասաքոսե^աւ. ։ \կպիւ»թ–^%կէէ 510 1^^ ՚^՚"է^4ք՚–ԲԴ1է 10 ւքեպևքսւ. թաժ%էք^% էսաեւ.՝ խԽչքԽկո^ա կճ».ովԱ (08էքՏ018ա6) էֆքպւք յէ գաալ. , քսա.Նակաըւէ֊թեա՚Ն էաԽւ^֊ էւնկուլ ԽրԽէ֊Խւէ ՚^ԲԳԻԿւլ հեււայքընԽըաէ.։ իակ \^իաաիգէա , %էաեէ. քա^ դատա^է-Ոձ ա^բէէԼթ–Խա% ւդաշաօԱ1եեբէէս ^աս%եԸ»ւ. «/Տւ&.ւււ^|^ բայքաձ$ 15. րյ^է^է այ^էայ^^ ք^յՅյ^^յւյյւը^ 469-431. 1 • ՆՐԲ ՚"ե՛^ գՒ^^ \Փմո1^ էսէխքէւ-սէպե՚աակաե կոոա^ակցու-թ ե՜աե գլուքսր \Ա1^հ՚կբէ պօրոսթիէ^Խ ւսշ^ար^ակւսլու-թիւ^ւ^ե-րով կր մեՆ-ցրնկր^ կո մաս^ արկէր մէկա/ գէէ՛^ ^^՚՚րէկղէս աեշա^աիէնգիր առա^ օիՆոէ.քժ&ւսյի է յեհ-ւքէնճեութե-այհւ ե՛լ. սւնգիէ1ագոեւէւ 7ճս»րսւսէո$սլսօսու–թեամս. ժողովբգեաե Արպւ մեՆ սւպ՛^ գեցոսթիւՖ մըէ |ւՀք կւսռս/վարութե-ան սէաե1և՝ \^թյ^Ն^ ռի սաէսոէսպեֆոոսթէւ֊նրյ գրեթւ^ վերքն աիրւսպե^ (ժեան մի կր ^էսսնք^ր ք թևչու. որ էու%ս»կան կղզձոսօ ք ^րակիայի ու. ՓՂթՐ Ա"^՛^^ հ^ովեօե՚րաց ւՌրհ՜ տ/ասրլ 1\1ս՚1^կբհ ^սէրԼ$սէոու. էր* ՚1ք1սքսաեձորգ յյպս/ր»ոաէէ մրշա պսւտրասա 1^ր 1ձ,1^^^^հոՒ Պ^գ՛*^ Գ^՚Հ^՚՚՚հէՑ՝^ ՛ներուժն ու. էօ՚շնէսմրներու^ւ օգնելու, ւ \^րկու. սէք^ր/Կէ.^ թեանց սէ^ սրսւբաեոս^էւ^ւէն առ ժամանօ$կ մր անոմ ^ւսսսէսօոոէ^եցսյլ ք որ \\^ե1եացեք երկրսւշօւրժոմ ու. Հեւոաացսոց սւաստէսմրոէ^թեայի (^ՐՐ՚*ՐԴ– 1^եսսե՛^ %ակս/ե պաա երաղէՐ 4 6 4 - 4 Ց Ց). ՛նեղն քւնկաՆ ք կքէմոնի ր>որ ^րգովւլ Ապւսրաառւոռ օգՆու-թես/ն գունգ ժր խաւրեցքէն (461/՛^)՛ Նրբ "՚^՚"Ր"՚"՚ցքա օգնու֊թիսնր սերժեցքւն կի§քոն քսեըեկւոյա վճռոմ աբսորու-եցաւ. • Ւ՚^ց 4:56 Բ՛ %որէՆ \^է%ք գարձաւ։ ք^Բ^՚^՚՚՚ցԻք ՝%ււքն աարքււ» կորՆթացԱներ(^ սլաշաաէսնոսահ– ՚է^գինա կղղրնք փէսռէատէ^որ %ասւսմարաԼ; էՐ եաե>ւ. ս»ռ^է ^գւց 41 քքրբ որ ասոր ւքօպ^է ^ոկիա^սոօ՝ դ^որիացթ$եոու% ^ևա ունկահ– կռոէ.թւ »^քյ յձպարաաքիռ ու. ք^եբաըիռ ևաղբթԻէևբցսե կոոմի բԼՈւ1ւե^բն ^ 1Շ*Թ^"՚ցՒք Տ"^՛"՝^ կրպյէ Ք՚՚՚Լ 457/^ եա գարձալ յ1^պաբաա^թւ1րրու.ն ստռշօրւՆ առթտ, բպ^ը ^աղ^սւ^ե^աևէ |)օքճք^Ն ^՚*՚9*՚Բգ աարթք իէովաացւոց վը»^ յաղթոսթիւ^ մի կանգ^ %ե^է1ե* որով^սւսոնօ քէնչպէ^ս ՚նաեւ. ^ովեիս ու. Լրկբհ*՛ աթոական գաշնակցո*–թեան մէք մաանէ ՚^–~ կիմօե՝ Դ^սէրսիօ ^օ՚ա աւսաեոսւղյւա%որոգելու ^սէմարք\^ասէր^ ւրսք^է^ոօ ^օ՚սւ օ^Աէսգւսգւսր ւՐ րիսէւ. ու. մեռւսւ. կիպրոս սէօ^ե-լու. էտււոռն ^գ^ քւնւ\%ր ւ1աՀոսաե1^ եառՈք ^|^^«. րէկդե՛*՛ %որյ^1ե ՚եոռաճեդ գաՀնսէէ-ոո սէ1^ոու.է±հւհաեեոնդ (445/՛՛^ \^ւ.բկաԱ ոս \քեգար$սն^ 440^^ ^ամհսն ու. ^փւ.ւաւեգիոնը\ ոբոկռ ՜Ապէսբապչ^կՆ գբգոստհ՜՝ սսթե՛^ 1ևակսէՆ լու.հ–բ վրանեբեկՆ թօթոսեա կ ու^զ^ի՚ւե։ 2* ^երիկղկսէ լ^օէոէք.«|քա/է–<«ս»^տօ1|»<«ք^ գչխսււ.որ%երու.% (ի յաա\աա.»րի կիւՈէՆի եւ.՚^երն քձ^սէ-կիգիգ^սի՝) գէւՐ կռոա.^ Խւու. ասաե՚ն ւ/հկ նաղմնէն^ \^րիսպսւգի՚Ն օօր»»այթ–իււ%ր եէոոեւուէյ եւ. յկկասւ կոամաՆ^ պ^եու.որասռ ու. գւսսւս»ա..ա^ ոաօ թ՛ոշակ կւսպեչօվէ Դւոյնպէս ժողովրգեասՆ Ժողւաէք1ւ Խ^ եսղ^ե-րսւՆ աասւկ .տոասւու/է ժաղովրգեան աիր$ոՆ »սռասւ.է — Ա^^^/՛ ՚^ճ ""՚է^ ք՚"ղ^ք»"ցէ կք՚^՚-ր Իք "եպ^ա^ կ§ա% աւրաւ-եաաար թանեյքրնեւ^՚ն պաա ւ ս$կրու.թ՚եաե գարՏ՛^ ^եր»ւ% էաւպրսւզի/, եւ. աս»–եւորգ ժւսմսւնսէկ՚ները, կրէէՆսւկաՆ ^անգիէէՈէ֊քՅ-եանռ ք թսէԱքերէսխասղոսթեւսՆչք Խւ. "է֊րէշ կըԲ" թ-էսկան օթօ§$սէ1քռներէ»ւ. Ներկայ գաոնու^էլ» |^»^4՛ 9՛՛"՛՛ ^"Տ/՛– բե՚նսա§ւիբոէ.թիւ.%է ռսւոեասւշաոէ^թ–իւ% ու. ^էսւԱ^սաոու.թ–իւ% ոնգ^ասն՜սւբ ^էոոասրսէկսէո սւռսվօիՆոսթ-իսԴէներ է^ * էլ^*֊ պէոի ժոդովրգէան ւէըւ է/կքէ ^ս$բկ կր որ 4սրոսեսս$ք ու. գիսէՈսթիսԴքօ շու.էո &ադ^հի՚նէ \քԼ. էրօք ալ քկեբիկղէո է գէա^ասւ.որսէռ գէ$$եձ^ > ասնուաանի ՚ճարաասրասպեսէներու. Խւ. քահգսքկէագորէրՆեբու. (՚^էգէ""՛ * ՜է^կսւ^ոո , \1Ր^եսիկզկո՝^ ւա$Ր^ք^ափաւա.աւ–Որ Հ^^^ոեբ շիՆե/ տոու֊սէւ. « ■^1քւնպ^ո կս ձ-ասղկ^ր %աեւ. ա1աաե՚Նագրու.թ–իւ%ըլէ 0*^^*՛ «^«»Հ»««(«>1»1» ^6բւզԱ6) ւսրգ^՚ն Հու/երոսի ժամա՛նակ իր կաաարե., քոա^թեան հ-սագր ^աոասձ՛ ^ր ։ 1^ոոբ քէղիէ**կաե՚Ն ու. \\գիոաէ., կա՚նչ^ թ-երԽէ-ո 900/^՛^ աաեն%երրլ ՓԴքՐ Ա՛/^՛^/^ յսնիական գէսզթ-ակահութ-եանռ մկք երեւ.աՆ ելած– րյւան » Հ^եսիոգո^ . սի , երկու. գիւ.սավեակսսԱներըլ» |^լ«»ա0«.աձ–«ք^ Ա^ք.աՀսք</ա/քՆ 42 (ւ՚եՀօՏՕաօ) ^^*. **գարկէր% աւ. Օրեք /լ^ է կրօեակսճ^ վաբգապեաակաեւ %կաբագիբ էՐ*«այնի%է քնարերգ»ւՔ–իւ.Ն% (1^Ոգ116) ի ակգթա^ քաղպքչակա^ »«. պաաԽրագմակա% ^բ . աԱապ^ո (^իրաէո»ի, յ^սդէէկի հս ք1»4՚* սգՆեաի եէւերերգ»ա,թեէաէւչքւլ »քէք^* Դկարակակա% պաաԽ^ րաղյթէ գիւ^ա^ակաՆ գորկեբը հա.չակկ ԽղեբԽրգո^^ թ-իւձ՚Ներսյ ալ. պաբաաւ֊ակաե աողերով^ (քբւ^ՈԱՈաօ) յ^իմհ%իգէ։աէ յճվքքՒւ^՛"՛ Պ՚"Ր՚""^ՏԻ^ (700) ՜ճաԱխէԱ թա^աւ. ^^Կ\^ա\ա\ 4^)՚«»Հ,^քէ. (տծէւոգսՑ-ւտանւգսօ) ք ••>•«»•-«»»^^^••^- գլսւխներն եղան, Ա^4–«« ՚Լխ-ր՚՚—^տէ՛^ »*- –՚*՛–/» կշՐ»^^ աեբագղ/1է ժաաՈմնակակիչք/լ \^ապփավ^ (600) եւ. ըքէակրէաՆ։ Դասրիական քնարերգս է^թիէ֊Նն իր ամեՆ^՚ն մեհ֊ րսարձրաս^ թ-Խահշ^^աաաւ. պարէկական պաաևրագՏևերոա^ ժաէՌսնակ ՜իթիկասի, յձիմոնիգեսի եւ. մանաւ-ասնգ պէ՚նգարսաէ ձեա^ քավ^ (522-442)» *|ւ»^՚2ւ կերօլամ կը^ ւդէա^հ-աաւանար ^եԱե՚նակաՆ ս»ւԱ.ա§է^ ՚դեւա» մաէահ-մսԱյկ^երն » աաււՈքնսւգԽգե^իկ կերպով բա^աա^ արաւ/լ ք^ագ^քա\ա\ (ճր&ա&էւգԱՔ) ք–«1»«»»«»«»»է՚«լք«*–11յ»*^^ ալ$ \^էքիղ«է (626-456) ^արեյ^ վե^ եա.անգով^ մէ ողրեր^ գաւթիւ.՚ն/լ (է1&Տ։6ճ16)» ար Աափակղեաի (497 - 406) Հ^՚ւ^ իր կէասաարեսւ/ գեղեռկաա^թ՚եանր ^օէսսաւ. . իակ \քէ֊րիպիգեաի (480-406) ^անւճօքրեո յՏռսւեասթիւՆներս^ ասվեաւ.ացւաւ.։ — կսաասէկերգռէ֊թիւ%ր (00ա6ճ1ճ) » սրուե %երոա^աաե կր ք ժէէէմաեէսկաակիա գէպքերսւ% ՚Խպւ Աէօասա գսւաէսւաէաան բնեէ ՜ւ^իաաափանեաի (427 - 388) ձե0ւ.<տ , իր աւԱքնսէբարձր կաէա. ա»սրեւսւ.թ–եանը^ ^ւսաւաւ. » - Հ^ասրաւսրսէիէգսօա^թ-իւ^ն ք սր ի սկպթաՆ իւռր^րգոց $§Խեու.թ–եան րսւօսւսէրաա^թ-իւՆ ա1ըն եր * եառէ՚ն յ^ոփեսէսիս (Գ^որգիււաՀ եւ. 10 էսսասէիկեսէն ՜ճսր^ ս»էարա§խօ§»աօ (Ղիւսիէսս ^ ՚իսակրասէոես % \քպքի՚նե՚՚է Դ*^«1»«> թ–ե%եա\ ձեա.օք ու.սւ1աԽ %իւ.թ– եղաւ. * — իբրեւ. պաաամագիր %շանաա.որ եղան Հերոգսաս» \ձ,դիկաււնա^ին (480-428) ւ –ր իր մեե ՜ճամիորգու-թ-եանքլ $Ո^շ^ժողովաե Ը1է.րերը^ գեդե^իկ ւէղսէ-աւ. *Դլ գրեյք է ք^ոէ-կիգիգե– (471-396) իր պեդապ»^ Նեսսէկան աս»$ոերասւոԱւն պաաոմհւթ-եանր ^հք աաւ^էսկա»^ ինկսւ& րասրոյւաւկանոէ.թ–եասն՚ճիշդ. պւսակերը^ հ Ը^ե-ասւեարնկ . եւ, %քէ՚>եՆսփսն է - - ^եոենէսկաե կրթ-ոէ-թ՜եան շրԳանբ կր ւր՚՚՚ցրներ վքիւիսւքփաաււԱ,թիւ.%ր , որւււՆ ւ/եք աաւնսւ.անի 1/ն ||<*~ կրաակաք 0|^ըք«քււ.1ք (429 - 347) •«- Ա/՛/՛^՛^՛""*/. (384 - 322) « աո^ւԽաւսկէաէե պաաերաւէամթ է X 1 • Նրբ^ ւձՔ՜^՚ես՚ցիք > կոբեթա^ւոց կամաց ^ակա^ ռաեք ՚կոոկիսրսւ ռաղպբն իրե%ց պաշապաեու^թեահո 43 աակ ւսռ^ք կոր1եթս0^իռ՝ Ապսւրսէսքօսոռ գիւՌքօթեէ ՚^սոՆօ ռ^ու.1ես»սսէաՆ յ1^թ օ՚1եւսուոռ լուճք^ էապաաե՚լոս պսւէորա^էսկէսւ. ^ ոպռ ե՚չաե ք &ւ. իր&Նչք ^1րա բոլոր ^ու.– Նօէսաաեի ա1^րոէ.թիսմներՆ ք ու. ՚\\թ ^^օի գ^մ* պա–^ էոերսւօմ* ^Ոէսաարսւեե՚^քւնէ պէէէէէէԽրաէղ^ ւաէաե% գրժԽաի՚Ն՝\ ու. էսաիէսկա^է գէապք9՚սէկայԿէ»ւ.^ աէ;ր»ա.թիլ.%% կ, էր եկամհէ^աւլ Լգաշնաւ.արաչք ^՚^րկ^՚րլլ* էՈպքաԽրՆ աւ. թ.ովԽր^ եւ. պ//^) 2000 աագանգ ԼգրԽթ-է՛ ^ե^բացքւբ ^ղաաէէ^ի վրս^ պարապ ^արձա^ ձոա^ւՐ §Րրնեէէ% ևաևէ– ք \Հրքիգամհս յ^պարաա^ւ^ո^ թագասորրյ 60«000 գ"՚շէ*"^Իտ Ղ^րք"՚1^ 43 1/^՛"*» գերփելով ու. ասերելոմ X]^*ոաի^^ե մաւսս։ ^թէքնա՛^ ՏհՔ ւԽե<ք՜*^ք*^ սւոքւՆք հ՚ոմու. Լողմաէէե ^եղոպոեէսի եռէրյխևրն ապակ$մնևլովյ ՕԼ^" ՚Փք"Տ1՛^ Ա/^^^^ է/է^ * օաՀք^քքլՀէօ՚Հ^ ժաեաւսխա մ* ելաւ.ք որու.Ն ^երրկ^ ոէս ալ ոո^ ևոաւ. (429/՛^) > Ի/՛ էճւ^ուաՆէն ձ՚պքըք կղէոՆ իաղախորգէՆ առաքեորգուահ՛ ռաւֆկՆ իշքսա^ Նու.թ/է*յեր ձեռքն առաւ. (427)* ^ՐՐ \^"է՚՚՚Բ*՚"՚՚տքք "^ ք^եբսէէքհք ^ոատեաե Լորհ^սւնեօք1եէ քհեպե*" ասսոր վջպլ \\թենաքիք (425) \^պարաա^ւ.ոչլ երեւձլիՆ&րշ գերի բռՆե^իՆք սակպքե թաեբացթեերէն լ424 ի՚ե) գեոիոնի քով^ յաղթ-ոսեցանէ ք^րակիպլի ու. յըրակեաա^ գոնիաւի յէք ալ ^րասիգաս սպարաացքԽ պէր1/նք շաա ՚նեղԱ խոթեց ^ §Գ՚նչեւ. որ թք^ ասիկպյ եւ. թք^֊ կղէոՆ (4 2 2) \^ւքֆիպ"էքզք ^ակաաիՆ մեք^ ի՚նկա% ։ Ա^է» աաե՚էէ *\փկիաս ադնա^ապեաականաց գլու.խլլ կրցաւ \^պաբաաէի Հետ օՕ աարւաե խաոաոութիսե աՐ բհելէ^ 2 • \յւկեաե յիսեամես^ խաղաղու.թք»ա1եբ Հաւլիւ. ռսքեի մի տարի տեւ.եօ» աե ալ երկու. կոդսաՆե ի՛^ րարու. գեէՐ շարունակ գանգատներ ընելովյէ^աղաե^ 44 ՚նսէկցու-թիսն ւՈէ ձաօմհւ.1րցաւ՝ ^Ապարատսցւոց գէմ** սսէձաէՆ յւ^պարասէցիռ աւս գսէ^ակցութիայն՚ն աւ փքէ– ՚ճացոէ-ցքէն \^անաք§նէպյէ յաղթոէ-թեաւդւ ^41 8 ^")^ ւ^սոո վջայ \\ղկ^բք"՚՚գէ՚Աէ \\թեՆացքււե&րչԼ ղօրասոր յձիրաեուսայի գէմ* արշաւակթ մ՝ ընելու, գրգռեք ու. փասռսաւ-ոո ՚նաւ.ատորմղով^ մի 41 ք՛^ \\է^է՚ւե"՛ ^^""–^3 (էո§քն օգնաԼսԽ աՆՄ%աչոմ\աւ/պբու^ ու. ^ւմւեէսէսո^է \էրե*ն ^եււէսւ.որա.թե–ան աաեՆք հ՛՛ր ^շեսւպՏեերր զ1թկթ սւմս-ասսաօէնեռ^ ^ որոմ սսոիպոսեռաւ. յ1^աաբտւս փաիչէլ։ -- քՏ^է^պ(^ա դ^էոէհսթ ևՆք^ս յձյ^ե%ացէ–օց օօՖոսքժ&րաՆ ^Աքսստւ.» սւսԼայն ե՛լ. այեպ1;^ս Աքէոաձոէ–^ սսէ^էքէ գփլիպպոս Ապարւոսէցի(;–1և օւէեւէւ^էւՏն գտւսէՒ^ \ձ^ 1րնացքւնե–րչլ դար կին 413/^^* ՚կք՚կէ*՛"՛ "ւ– գե՚յոէէ՛^ թձՆէ" Ա/՚ր՚**կ՚ք*–՚*՚^ք՛ մեքգլէւաաոէ-ևէւան, իսկ գօոքը օէսոէս^սւաութ ե՚աե իւսւէ.ոոսեօսէւ.\ ք^^ս եոաՆ ժսւմաԽ* ՚նա1լ \^սԼարաաըիք ՚^աաիկէի գեկեղկա րերգե ամիա^ ոու֊ցէՏե եւ ֆարսից \եէո գսէշնս» կռե՛ց աեգ^ Օ* ^ւ^^^՚^՚ցԽլ ՚եոր ՚նօէսէսաօոմիո մի պւսւոա.^ րսւսսւեցի՚ն ու. \\պս$րէոայե՚ե ^իսսւփէքռնես պարսիկ մարզպա՛նին ք"վ^ փախչոո \\ղկիրիւ՚՚գՐ (4։1՚2|^^) եա կանչ&ցին։ \^սիկալ՝ կիէ-սիկոսի ^"մ 410/՛^ ^աղթ-ևց ֆարսից ^եա դաշնակից եոոո \^պարաա^ ցւ-ոց, նու-ա՚ճեց 408/՛^ ՓՂԸՐ \ճ*՚ք"^ք՛ ^՚*վէղերնևրե ու. ^իւ֊ղանգիոնը, եւ. փաո֊աւ֊որ ձաղանբոմ \\^է^կք մտաււ իպլց իր ստորակարգե-ստէօօրսէվարներե՛^ մհ*–՛ կույն (\^աիղբոսիյ անխոՀեմհւթևամիր (407 ի՛^) նորէն աքսորո^եցաւէ \^Ք–ենացիօ՝ \կւգ&նու.սի ք"՛/^ \\եսբոսի օովերր) ըրահ– էաղթութեամրն (406^^) ան^ոգ եղա^ք կորսնցու.ցի»ն՝ 40 0^ \քգոսպոս*օւմհսի Ք"՚Լ– հւ՛ ՚^Ց ՚1եր^^նաԱ.ս»տորմէոը^է ^սէոթոո՚յձպար^ 45 աաւքի՚եևրւլ \ֆւ.սանգրի առաքքնորգօսթ&աւդւք պաշա^ բկթ առի՛ն 404^^ %աևւ, 1^թ1/կ^չ կորէ^ա%կի% ա՚եոր պարիսպՆեք՚ն եւ. 30 բռՆակալ գբթ. որոէտ ամէնքս^ չաւ. քաղաքա^ին&րբ կ՚աքսոր1^ին կամ^կբ գչթաաէթ։ ՝^ձ. ըք՚գ^"՚»«ու^թե^ս՚յբ 2 7 աարի աևւ.ոէլ ՕՀևղո^ պւ^1րսական պաաևրադմէլ քւլաակ ^ոսեասաաեի դօ^ րոււթիւ.Նրէ 404-362. V ^ւ^ք^էպէս՛ 403/5՛՛^ քհբասիրուդոս 30 բ՚ւ^աւ^ որեևրբ վււեաեցէ ընգ^անուր թոդըէ.թի^ աոսաւ. ու. \^ողօնի սա^յանագրուՔ֊իէձւր Նորրգ&օ ք բպւս ւ^յ ւ/՝ ան^ևտ և դահ ^ոգքե ալ լԿրՅ"՛^ գաէւնալէ ՚^ղնիւն Աոկրաաէս ք աաաիկևաե փիչիսոփւզյոսթեան ^ի^իչԱք պէաք ևդաա. որ յձթէկի մէջ^ 399 թ թղ/Ն խյեչով^ մեււեիէ կիւրասի օգնԽյքի՚ն, իւր \\րաաշիա (է՚֊շիգ^ եդթօր/լ գԽՐ՛ ձ–«– կոա.%պքսա^ի ՜ճակաա^% եաեա^ (401/՛^) 10*(>00 ^»գի ՚նելով^ ^այբեՆիքՆիՆ գաբձան* Հ* \\պարաէսցք§եե–րր (որոնց սլաագամաւսորքէն ձ§քռ<տ յՁ^ղկիրքագէս ^ՕՅթ՚է Փ՚^ի^գիէ^ի *էք^ սպա^ նոա.եցսէւ.յք բոլոր ^ու.%էսսաանի սպաոապե-էոու^թիէձ^ աոՆե-լէ՚ն եսԹԾս սէմբասբսօսէ–անոէ.թ1ոսմբ.^ բնչաոսէղ^ ցու.թեսէսբ ու. Նու.սէօաաօ–աա.թ ե-աւՌւ բ՚՚ւրբ %ոսնէսռ աա&֊ԼութիւՖն իբե՚Նյ գհ»Ր գբգռևցքէն* \^որ ^ամաբ ^ՐՒ ԻՐ^՚^Ց 1ձ,Գ^*՚իղչ^՚*ս թագասորբ^ 396-394 ՓԴՔԲ Ա"^՛^^ յէ^ ^աջոդութե-աւ/բ Վ\աբսից գէ՚ք* կբ կռոսէր կորՆթոԱք ^եբէ ^ \կէգոս ու. Ա^^՛)^ 46 րթէէ ք^էպէ՛^ Լիւ.սաԱգր (394) ^•^^/^ա5^#ք^ գք^էՐ ըբահ^ պաաեոաղյքէն մէք (ւեԼաւ. ճո. կոնւԽ^ 393^^ պարս^ կաԼաե ու. էսթե%աեան §փէսռես»լ%ւսւ.աաորէ^տվը \^ի<ա^ գոսի ^ով^ յձպարասւչքի հ-ովակաե ղօրու.թիւ.նր ^քէ՝^ աթն եսւեւյ ^թէ^կօի պարիսւփէերր եաեգնեց ք սս»կպ^ \^գեսիղսոոսի (կորոեէս^ի Ք՚՚՚լ) ՐՐ՛"^ ^աոթոէ.՛^ թեսէմեէլ^ յ^պարաւսօիռ ապա^ովցոսցէւն իր1/եց էոռւսէ.՛», &է օօրու.թհ^^ր օամպքհ ՚Խ՚ա > յ^տւսղկիտասաւ աա^ ւ^թալէ խաոաղու.քժե–ւսէդւո (387) ^էսռա^ակողմե էմե ռան» իսկ ^ունասաաեի բ՚^Ր՚ր ^Աէօպբեերր սւռաա ^րատսէրսւկոէ.ՄցաեՕՀ 3* |)«^աՀ»ա«»ք օ/էք գոսնգ ւ^ ք^ևբէ^ի ւֆ^աբե-րգր բոՆեէէվ^ (382); յ^պ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚՚^ի սպարապե^աու.թ1րան կորհ-անումի ^առաք բևրաէ-է ^եոոաիգաս (378) ք^պարաացին&րն անկէ վէՆնտևլի՚ե ևաե-Աք քհեբէի իշ^ իանութիւ^ւր Հասաաաոէ^եօաւ. &ւ. յ\^է\բի ^ե՜ա գաշի՚կք գրոսևցաւ.։ 1^յն յի^ըք1և որ ^^ք-1/նացիք Հա«. բբիասպյ եւ. ^իմհթկոսի առա<քնոոգոէ.թեայբ հ^ո^ •էէԱ. վբպ^ յաղթոսթևամիւ յաոա^ կլլ քալէքւեյ կպա^ մբեոԱգսէս ՚Աոէ,իոս»կասե աէնգ^ օաքոէ^թե՚սւմեո 37 1/՛^ \յռկսէրսչքի փառաւոր ա$սդթոԼթիԱՏեր մասսէոկեոասւ. է 1^սոր փրպք աօասէեց \քևսսե%իան սաարաակսէ1ւ էհ՛ է՛ն ու. ապա^ովցուց քծ^&բէի սպարապե–աու.թիմնրւ ^պյց երբ Դ\եդոպիգասյ ^ևսսաղիպքի )^ղեք^ սաՆգրոս բռյեասորին գէմ՝ (365) *»«- կպաԱինոՆգաս յրանաինէէ^ի յաղթակաև 1^ակաաիՆ մէքթէկանէ ք՚7ք՝" աւրնցոսց ք^եբէ իր շոսաով^ սաաւյահ՜ $Ո»հ^ո)սթիւ^ըէ - - 1ձ,"կէ եաքչլ աիրկ ^ու%ասաանի մէք^ Ըք՚Գ՝^ ^անու.ր իադադոլ.թիւ% մրյ որ բուորով^ էէսժաթափ ըԱաչուՆ ^&ւո1րւ.ու,թիւ.%Ն էրԴ 47 48^ /յ#ք4»լ44#յաւ աղաք^ոայ1^ա% ^ք1ափյ^ 338» 336^ պատևրւսա1ի %որ կարգ մի խոթերէվ^ (փա^ ոանգՀ^ հո ՚՚է՚Ի՚՚հկ սւէ-րութրւյՆր շս»սէ րեգս»ոճսւԼեցէ ^^յժար%ացԱ1եօ–բր եւսշառս$Լև–ր ՝ճէԱՈէոս»բսւէ»օսնեոոս ^էճա.օ0 (\քէէքին1^սյ ՚*Ր՚՚շե> ^ե–ռնւսրԼւաւ.թիւ^Նձ՚ո1^ ե՚ա կև-ցոսց &ւ. սւռթի Սի կր սպս/սկր ռաաօս^ս/հ՛ ^ու.^ ՚նւօսասՏեր %ԱԱ.աճև–լու.է Ա«ք Աիքոց^ ^Ր* "Ր 1^^՛/ ^ե՚բսէցհօ Գ^կբ էէյմեկսքրհ– դ*ե–ղփե՚աԱ սէաճւսրր կո>Խ. ղոպէոոո ^ոկիէսցսոռ գէ;էՐ^ \"Ր^Ր՚՚ՐԳ) ^՚՚՚-Ւր՚՚՚կ՛^ պասաքէրէսղվիՆ օւէեու.թեան կաեչ&ցթեէ ^ԷյԷ՚Կ՚Կ՛*՛՛ %ա.աճե–ց ^ոկիւսց^երոեւ. 346^^ անոնց երկու. Հ^Vք« ՚եբ ՚յը^ւՐփիկաիոնեաե աաձնթև մէք րեգու^եցսււ. ։ §^11^պ1^ա դ^եմոսթե՚եէ^ս կրօգա^շառոն^ր |^լ^Հք«. ՚նւսցթեե-րր ^իչէ՚՚ւ՚ք՚՚՚՚է աճող ղօրու.թենյ^ն^ Բ՚^Ց ^՚՜ այնպ1^ս էսարուէսհ– \\մ*Փիկաիոե1եե ր1եք օՓՒէե*՚է^"՛^ \ո՚^ կրւսցէ-ոց 4.Հ։</՝ մղահ՛ (երրորգ\ Նու^իրակաե ասէօւե՛^ րէսօպւն սասէրւսպ1ոո րնարռ-քին։ \քրր ^հլէպպոս \ո^ կր՚^ց1^երր Նոէ.սէ՚&&լ^1ե Մսւեւ. ք \ք1աա^ան՝^ 1Ձ»^^՚Խէի գու.ռր րոյեձ՚ցք դա&ւ/ոսթ օոեե-սի ճսէրասէրւսքսօսու.րՒե*֊ %կ1ե սէրթնցէսհ– ^Շյ^եՆւսցիօք կորնքժացքէռ ու. ք^1րրօ1ա. Տհք էր^՛^ գէմ գէԱՀնակցեցւտ/ե փ րպչքց ^ևրաէնիւզյի քով^ հ53օ^^ ^ս՚ղ^ոսեռսւն ք ե՛լ. ^իլէպպոս՝ ՜կորնթոսի ժո-ա. ղոփքխ ա^ք Գ^արսից գք^մ րՆգ^աեոսր ^րամէմԱւսասէր ասնոսանոսեցաւ է \\սաեկովսասքրապ&աու.թիւ.1Արյրսէա՛ կեգոէւիէաի անցսււ. >4. (■ւն«1|ա1ւ–||«1|1ւդւ1ւտ1|«1ւ պ1ւտւէք1|ւէ1ւ 19, Ուէ՚+– V։ 11՝է–> 336-323. 1 • ՚^ղկլսանգր^ որ իբրեւ. աաա ք սաբգք^ իր սէա, պագպւ յէհ՚ութքււ^բ ցու.ցու.^ահ՜ էրք >ՕՀքէք սպաև^ մաէէէն եպքն՝ ե՚֊ր օսաեե-րոոգ սոարէ^ան \ասակ^ ՚^ք (336)> յըրաձ&գոնայքքան գա^1և &չաւէ ^սոր վջպք շը*՜*՛* մի %ոսա՚ճե–ց ապսաամրւաՆ \է^րէկ^ցք*քը^ ք^ե՚րք^Ա կոր՚հրաեերէվ՝ ղար^Ծւրեցոսօ բո/որ գու.նակտաե * ե՚ւ. կորՆթէՈսի մէք^ ՑՑՑ/^^՝ ԲԿք ՚ւէկք 3"*–^"՛^ ըեգ^ա<^ %ոէ,բ սպւսբապեսէ §$ւնու.սւԱե՚ւ սոոսասւ. ^ար^՚հ^ գհ՛^* ^դքա*"*՚^ԳՐ 334^1 ^արսի^ գէւՐ աբշասակօե սկսաւ– 3 0*0 00 բասեակով^ մի* գբաեիկոսի յք՚է ՚նոսաճեց Փ՚ՏՔՐ \\՚՚ի՛^ "՚– Նորք^ ^աստօ§ա1քցռւսաււս՛^ պե–աու.թիւ%ր աոա1եական յթաղպբեե-բոէ^ սհք* ՍԼ(/^ մէքոցքւե որ ^արսիկք յառաք^ կը^ քալէթէ^ Ա^[4^«-՚ սանգր ^արսէէնհ ^հք գ ^*^ ւքանեւով ^իսաեգառէսւ, է ^՚^յ& Ւր ՓՒէԲ՚՚էՊ"՛՛ Ւ^շ.^1՛^ ^ե՚ռօք առոո^ւթևւսլկն ե^ տևւ. (^չեկէ՚^է^ քասսոս քաղքի՚ե քով^ Փ^ացույԼՏՏՅյ դաէսրե՚^ի սէռա^որգոէ^թ եան աւսկ եդահ՛ Գ^ստրսից եր*^ կբ՚^Րգ բաեսէկր, դաէսրձ՜^քք կ^ւէ/էէք էսղմիկՆօ՚րբք պօբասց մեհ– մասն ու. բյքէեէսկբ յ^դէէքսս^գրի Օրռբն թեկահէ 2* ւՇ^սորիբբ Փք՚՚^ք՚կէ՛^ ("*–Ր Տք"–ր՛"* եօթր ս»մսոէ–աե պասշարման1^ ետեւ. 332/՛^ կորՆաեեռսա%^ ու. <է\սւղե՚սաոատր՚նուաճե՚լ^՚ն &սւ&ւ.ք ՜^գիաաոս աեցաս» ու^ր սիրովդ ^գոա^ու-եցաւ. հ Հոս Հիէաեց ^ղիթսաէ/՚ա, գրիա քաղաքն է որ շոսա մի աիեօերակաև վաճաո֊ա^ յ 49 կաեու.թե՚աւե 1ւ&1եգրոՆ ե՚ղաւ. տ 1Շխ՚*^Էյ ա^ց*^*– 11/"՛*՛*՛ մաօգէա ՚^մմւէեի սւաճսէրր^ օ–պռ1^ յ\սիէս գէսրձւսւ. սւ. ւՇվ՚բե՚ղայհ 7ձւսեսւէոոսն \Գսսէ.գսէւՈքլա գե՚ո^ մէ՚՚՚ք ոա.ո 100«000 Պ"՚Ր՚՚Ւ^Ք Բեկաե) ու. ^սէքւևլոնիէ Հօշի եա. ^երսեպոլսոյ սէռմամեր ա1^ր եղաւ. ^ւսոսից բովան՛^ գաև պեաօւ^քժօ-Աէնր Յօյլք^* Ղ*"՚Ր^Տ * 1^դհ^քսաե^ գրէ էսռքեւյ^ն փէսէէսքհ՛ աաէ/ն ^ւսԼտրիւաի ^ե՚սոս նսսխէսրար1^Ն սպաեու.և–ցսւէ^Հ ՜^^աեսե-ւեան հ-ոմուե ^ասեելու. ե-լ. բոմանգւսկ ՜յ^սէաե ՚նոսաճե-չու. էոսսովյ ՝\^ո^ռսաեգո Օթ%1^ \^ե^ գւէս գւոոե անցասԱ-է ^՚ատ ^ՐԲ– Հ^է^փւսսէս մէՆ^նյըքւոմ ուՀ։ա ի գ.ասեգէ;^ս էւսռէսՕաեւսէ զ ու^ղ^ր ք ռօոսւց *Ֆք ւսպսասւմբու.թիւՖ մ՝ ե-րսւ. ք որ պ^կբ ետ գւսունալու. սաիպեոՀ — ^աբճԱ ե՚ոասք ՚էպէր^է Մ՚՚՚էյե՚՚՚Ց՚՜^Ց եոկր^^ կարգրոսիսչյի \Գ\ե–լոս7ճիսաանր\ սւհւսպւսաթե ու. կրմանի մւ^^^էէ* ա֊ր անգի1^% ՚կ1^աոթոս^ բսէնւսկքԽ Աէկ մասոտւ \ևեգոս գե՚սէ1^ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Ւտ ^ոմահ՚ո^ աեօէսւ. %ւսւ.եբովյ ւ^դեքսանգբ 323/՛^ ^աբևւոնի մէք մե՚Խ. ռւսւ. սս^՚ն ւտՕոցք^ք որ՚եորաեոր ձեւ^նարկոէ^թիսմեերու. մեհ՚այեհ՝ աասէոէսստոսթիւ^մեե-ր կր ա1րսն^ո տ Ք-ԱՔ՚^Կ՛"՛՜ իր ՚^՚՚՚֊՚^՚Դ^է ^պքք իր ձևււքավ^ յւա.%ա^ կան ւԽզա^ է սովսրոէ.թ–ի»յն%Խրբէ Աքրոէ֊ե§ւսէ%եր% սւ. գէ" աոասթիւ^տ ՚ք^սիէս սաարսւհ-ոսԽաաՆ է *կւ»ր ^ի^ոէ֊սէհ– քաա, գպքնեբու.՚ն պաս^էսկաապաՆ 9օրքԲէ երկրթե բնիկ ժոդովբգոսշ ^Խա խաւսե$ււ.Խլւավ՝ եբեսան եըսն ^եԱե%ակա% կբթ-ւէա^^, (Յ-իէ^ե ու. չԽօուԴւ ք պաբ չկբյք՚ն ան^եսէ Բ^^/ ^Հ1^ Ի՚՚Կ իբէսբօւ. յ—՚քբրգ՚՚դ սւբիէ%է»»^եղ պաաս»երէա»ղԱնեբբէ 20. ս՚ւէ՚+*–*ոէ յ՚^նէէ^հւ 323-301– գասսաաէէեէԱէ \>>՚Նէէզէէւ քսայ֊՚եաա-Խքրաէ. իք պԽէաք».թ–իժւը» X * քվ՚ք1^ետևւ. յըրակ1րգոնակաե աեաու-թեան թագէսժւսռաՀկգո ՜^դելօսս^գր ^ իր ^^ՐԲ մաՀա.էսե1^ արպքր ^^1եահ^ էր ք եւ. ակարամիս» ՓիՓ՚ք(՚*§՛*" \կ*էգէ՚ա V 1 4 Լ 50 յւրե՚հ-ն յ^ղեռսանգրի ևղբսսյրրյ բովանգակ պօ-էոու.^ թեան վաոչոսթէա^ր չ^ո կրնար ոնեի անոր ^էսժար օօրւսվաբո գասաո^երր մէքե՚րեբե րաժ՚նե-^քւե* իսկ Դ^ևրգիկկաս առաւ. ՚1էր^ ինամակաչութիւ^ը։ — Աւ/#ք/ւ յա^ուաե^ ևտևւ. (321) 1^աիպատրոս \ք^ա^ կե-գոնիայհ ու. –^ոսնասսւանի կուսէսկէսլԱք ա11^րու.թև–ան կսէռւսմար գրու^եցաւ-Հ 1^սէկ*^1 յեււեելու. ասաւ/ե (օ1օ) իրՄն ղյւ^քքրգ աեու.անեօ ռՎ^էէղրսէսե՚րռոնէ էէօյէ ու. ^^ռիւ.գիսչյի կոա^սակաչըք յ^ղէքսւտՈտգր կըբա^ սերԱե իրէսսանռր Վօոո կր աս»Աէերաօմ^;ր ւմևկախու՛^ թես»ն ե՚աե–ւ.յ^ն քւԱկոո կուսսսկսէլաց ^եսէգ սսսկաէն օսՏեհ մէ» լք*՚՚9ըՂ պաա1քրսէպաւե–ր1^ Ծաեւ. (310/՛^) ^$սմփիււէսւյի է \հ՚^կՒ*^)հ ***- Ս՝^^ Փ՚՚՜Ւ՚՚ԳՒ՚^Ւ ^՚"–"՛"*՛ կէսան յ^^սէէգոնոսհ ւաեճնոա-եցաււ. ու. գաւսէւոոսե՛.^ ցաէ.% 2* լ^ք/ եղաՆ ժ$սմանէ$էկ^ ք^ոի՚^էս՛ ^դ^էէ՚՚՚՚^գրՒ ՚^ՐԸ. (317). ղՓէւէ՛^* յ^իգհոմե ու. ս/եոր կի՚եչլ կւ — րիաիկք^Ն մէէՕաեղաց մ^րցէ^՚՚՚ւ ՚՚էոոսէՍէ. հ \^ակւաՆ Ակքե աս/ (310) կասանգրյ^Ն րո^ուելով՝ սպս/եոսեցասէ ւ^ոիկէս^՝ 310^^ յ\ղեքսանգրն ու. անոր մպ^րը^ քի՛^՝՛ սան1^ սէւ սպաԱնեւ ս»աւկն եաեսք Բ՚^Ր*Ր կոսսսւկստէօ թս§գսէւ.որի աեու^ սէՈ-իեէ ^^ոոր մրա/ ք^ւ^աէգոն ոսէ գհ՚ք՝ գսէշնօաեցեցաե կասս^/ւր ու. յ1^ձ–չե՜է.կոս 1Ը,սոր^ ք \հւ.սհէՈսռոս ք^րակաց^ ու. Դ\ադոմ1։ոս \քգիպտս»ցքւն : ՚իփսոսի (Փ"–ք՚^գՒ1ւ/1՛) ^""կ^^ոով (որուՖ սէՕ յ^^աիգոեոս թեկաւ. օՕ\^)"՚րէ՚^ք*^^դ՚*(՚*"՚՚ե՚րւսղյՆ %երու.՚ն ՚1էր9 արոսե՚ռասՀ յ1^եչե–լ.նոս ու. ՚Լքււ.սիւ/առոս տ^քիրնին րաժ՚նևցքւն ՓՂՔՐ ^՚^է՚^քէ ե-րկիր՚եերրէ — յ^^սպէսով^ ՝\ձ,՚Ժք՚^՚*՚^ԳՐէ պետու.թ1քհէՆ^ 2^"" ՚^հ փորլր իշխաեու-թիւձտնևրք^ ոաա՝ ե-լան յ^աԱ^է^ոէ^^փ*,^ ղաէ^ք Ա«»«է«««*&««*1 ու. 17^(^*ք*^^(^^* աէրու-թիւ^ն&րր* 51 որւ&ք ամք^նր ւֆՆչե-լ. 31 Քրիստոսի ւառաք^ Հռո^ I « Ո՚Հ, առա*. ^ակԽգ^^էԽւԽէ ^2* \է*Խ^*ւլկա ^մ^էքա^՛ ՝\ա^»մԽ պաաԽրագ^ » \քաադԽա% գա^քաա^ա.թ1է»։էե^։ - 3* ի՚^ձ վ^Ւ^*^՛^ աէ.՚եԽ^աա. ^ա,3էաաաա% է լ • յ^ակեգոնիա շասա աեգսօՐ հո իշէէա1տեե–ոո (կէսսաեգր ք դաՏո/եարիոս Գ1ողիոոԼե–ա11^ս ^ Դ\իսռ.ոս |^«. պիսռացքւնք \իւսիմաքոս ^րակացքւնՀ փոքսեէ^ն ևաևս յ^ե՚ւէռեոս ^սոուզՐ§ Աեեսււ. է գ.ւսղոէւսռւ.ոա Մոէքռ էԱէ-ե-րիչ ալէշաւ.անյթնեո1^ ե-սաես 280՛՝ 278 "Ր եհ^ մի դ^եղփիսի յլ^4 ք*՚՚րգու–1էցաե ք եհս մոն աւ Ս*^^ Փ՚՚-քք^Գ^ա (Գաէսդաաիաո գաղ^ւսևանոս^իւՖ ^սսււ^րոս^ ե՜ռան ՚––^^խահգոեոս գ.ոեաաւսս 278/՛^ գւս^ն երսսէ իՀք ցեղն իշխե՚ց \^ակևգոԱիպքի վջպ^ յինչևւ. 168* գուՆւէւստաեհ ^եա շարոսնաԼ Լռու.եւովէ ք^աիգո%ոաէ յաքէէրգներն հգաՆ, գեէ1Խար ի. 243* \^աիգ^,%աա ^. 233՛ փԽ՚Ո՛^՛"՛ ^՚ 2^1 (Հ«"*–՚2«/^– ^՚֊՚՚քք ^եա պսէ1է»եք1էսդմ^,\ւիէյեոսկԽփասոեսէ ՚ճսւկասսէր 197)* պկրահա^ (179). \\՚՚իկայ 168^*՛ պի^պ^պյի քավ^ Հ«. մսԱեց^Խրֆ^ յսւդթ՚սէսե^էէՕա . ^աակԽգւքեիսւ չքրո ^ասէսբա., կւսպԽասսւթ-եանչք քւաժԴէաա^և^աւ. եւ. 148/՛^ ^ռո^ակա^ւ %է1§^աէէգ Խղաւ.$ ճ» յ1\դ^^՚"՚*եգոհ մա^Ոէ-աե չուերին մրայ ք ւսպա^ աոսթեաե ասէաեոէսռմաէ պասաերաօւՈքլոս ^ւսմար Ոէղռ ե՚ըյրւո ^օյեե-րէէ^ սարկթև \ե–լ.ոսթեՆեսի առսէԺՆքէրգու.^ թձ-ւսէՌւ յը^աեպաաոէքսն ու. պ«սշարեցքՏն պհ՚Կէէ \ա§ֆ^ պյի ւԱէքյ ոոոմ պաաերապմի \ամեան ըսոէ-եցաա^է ^ասԼւսէմ՛ երբ. \)^աեպաարոս 1ձ,*՚է*^^ օգնոսթիսե ըեգո^եեցաԱ.^ ^եսսսէոէսւԱի \վւանոն քաոօքւե ք՚^՚է^ ^աղթ՚ոսեցսձ ու. մէեեե ւ^եքւե Ա^սէկեգոնացւ-ոց ^պօէ^ աւսկեռանէ ՚վԼերքաաէս ^եւլէՕւՆ "՚Լ^^/Կթ աեկախոէ֊թիւն^ նքՏև ձեո^ օւերթէ եաոոեաև ու, պօս^եաև գաշնակցոս^ 4* 62 թե-էսմբէ յձ,՛^՛^^ ^էսռաք \ք՚՚"՚ղաօ^ մաեեգոնակաԱ թսսգէԱԱ-որեե-րուն սաստէկ ՀւսրսաւսՀարու–թ1քն11^ 7ճ*եշոսահ՝ 280/՛^ օօրասոր գւսշնակռութիէ^ Ահ Լազ^ մեցթէ^ որ 100 աարի մհիրօքէլաաու.թիւ.1երպա^ձ–^է Ա «1/ Ժսէմանա11ն կո ^ որ յձ,ղ1^սահգրի ատե% ԺնՕու–ահ– պռսչւեան ^քքե գսւշեւսԼցոէ-թիւ^մե ւսէ ^Ր" ^""Ի՚՚Բ՝–՛ %էքրու. ձե՚ովէով^ ՚նորոգև^ասՀ 1^սոր վաքսճաՒւԱ էր^ §փաօե*սւ ղօրու^թե՚սւյի ք օաար ււսր^ակմանօ գ(^մ* քւ^Տք Օ^կբ աասշտաանել* Օ* Փիլ^պպոս ի, յըրաԼ&գոհւս^իէէ* կիւ^ԱոսԼե՛,^ փաղեսի քով^ 197^^ յաղթ–ու.եւթն եաևէ-է ՀռուՐ՝ ս»մ1^Ն էՈւՆւսկաե ա1;^րոԱ–թհւ1ւներե ւսզասէ ^րսւաստրսւ^ կե՚^Հ ^"^ց "՚– ւ^*եպ1^ս 1օ7/՛^ Հսէօարի չափ երեւ^երւի ւձ^՚՚Օ ՑՒՔ \^՚"*^ց ՚ք։ք ՚նաեւ. ^ողէրւիոս պատւքագիրը\ ՀռոէՐ գերի Ա9ս»րա^երռ$սեէ 11|»ւա եսէ֊ոց մէկ ասպրսա^ »ոսէմէւու.քժրւ^էն սէռիթ ւօուէսւ. ±^^ք^ ՜կորՆթոսի Լոր^ հ-էմեմաէէո։ - ^ու,ՆէԱԱէյոա1ե 1Նք Փ/^*** անոսւաՌւ ^ռո^ յէաեսԽ %սէ^աեգ էՐ եղաւ. (&*• օ\ր ^ոսեէա^ թարսյիՀք ապականաւ.թիւ%/լ Փ^Հք ք • Մ՚^Կ^" գոնաչքի^ Խաքը^ աւ.Խւի աճԽ^աւ. • Ալ^» պաա՚ճաաւաա^ ^ր "Բ Կդե՚՚յե՚նէս պարապ աեո ^սձաա Ղխկա֊րգեան օրէ՚կթ., %երւլ Նւարէ^՚հ ւ^պարաա խոթել, — ^^պյչք ^ու%պչք քագա^ քասկաՆ կեէակքը^ շիքանելոա^ էաաօեն , կը^ Տ֊էադկ^ի՚ն սձգին գե՚օեաիկ աէրսւեսաեէեր^ւ եւ, քւ մասՆէաւ-արի %կսէրչոէ.թիւ%% սա. ՚ճաբաաբէսպե$ոսլքՅ–իւ^ւէէ - > \^յ9–^%ք փէ§ե՚"՚փ՚՚՚սէտ ՚՛*՜ ափւոՆակաՆաա ժաղսվաաեղիՆ եղահ– ^ր ։ յաքարգացե աաև% է - 2 * ք|՚(է յիք»^\ Հաւաաա, Խ^կր-րգ Խգիէզաաակա% ա^րա»^ թֆ»ճ% իր ամւււեաէՕէձ– քւարկոա.թեա1,րէ — 3* կ՛ րր ակաաա. ա^բաա.թիա.1ե1ս Է/Խալ. ի^ Վէ^-՚կՒ *է էի այ% »Դէացի% գփա.վ9՚իաՅտ, 1, օէւէ-ւ**^ Ա– (312-280)^/՛ աաձնչւ^գէ^ սւկսէն Նով^ն յյ^նչեւ. \էեգոս գետ աարահ-ոսոո ՚^սորւս^ կան պեաու.թիւնր 72 կոէ.սակալոէ.թիւ^*եերու. բաժ՛^ ՚նև^Հ ^սչ^ց աէրոսթեաև անկուՏւ արգէն իր ^ա^. 53 աստե՛ն սկսւսէ.» որոնթ \քգիաաոսիք Գ^օ՚րգսււ^^հ ե-լ. Գկէսր^ ^ե-սաց գ^յ* ս^աքոո աաաե-րւսռօևեէր ոէ^եռաեւ Ա*«, ^^քփ^քփ*^ գ. 0*^^(224-187) Հո֊ոմհաքկսոց գէ՚Ր չլ^ բահ՛ պատարաւ^եերովը (192՚–1օ9)՝ ^"Ր՚^Յ՚՚^Ց ՓՂՔՐ \^սիանք էդէնչԾԼ. ^աւրոս ու. Հսւոիսէ \էր զէ՚՚՚՚^Րգ^՚ց ասսաԾն անոնգ^ս»սա ւսասսասէմիսսթհւմեեոովյ գաս՛^ ^էսԼսսլոսթե-ան Լռհւ.Նե–ոոմ եւ. ս^գթ ութիս11նեոով ռզոթպքահ– սւ^րոսթիւՖր՝ րույԱ 1ձ,՚"*րքաէ ^՚՛ Փք"–^Ւ*– Լգ՚հ ՚Խ*ա ս>մ\էոփոսեուսէսէ յ^սորւ-ոռ թւսգսււոո ձնս$^ բու.ահ՛ (Տօ) Տք՚ԳՐ՚^՚^ւԼ ^արկագրևցաւ. 64/^^ ^Ր^ՒՐԸ. Հ^ռոմայեօէ-ոռ սա ասա տ 2* \քգհպս՚ոս սօանպ^ օ՜ստղսՄօաւ աէոու.թեւյե1ե յ^ր^ օ՚րերբ օէռսւք1ւն ^սաղոսէուէնՄրու% սէսաեՆէ յը^ոօրբսս^է^ դրիսէ աՌսէբսաբասոօոէէ որ ^ւսւ1աշթաո^ւսեաե վաճսւ^ էա.աԼահու.քժեաե ես գեաոէ^թեան ե^քևգոէէ1ւե եղահ– ^Ր* <ւ|«^<լ#յ)Լ<#«« Ա. դա^ոփ* կաւՐ Փ^^լ. (323– 284) 4սշխալա^ակալեց Փք՚՚^ք՚կէ^ք Հրէասաանոք \փաոոսն «էս ՝\եսեան տ <1|«^«ը»յ)Լ«#«* ք\. Փ՚է^^հ^^** (284-246) պա^ ^եոսէօւՐ չըրսէւ.է ^սոց հր սւսաեՆր ՚^գեպսաոս էսմե–^ %1^Ն մեհ– հ՜ովայ/ւէտ աերոսթիւ^ւ/ն ^րւ \^էւա.աուրրէ սւրու^եսաներե ու. գեաոսթեա^՚կթ շսւաո էէադեեսւա ւքէ–^ <^^^Տ^ո^ Տ՝վ^՚–է(ք է«ոէ՚՚(2^6–221)»ա/է.աՆ^ *սրու^եսաոներԱ Իւ. գիաու^թհւյւ^երն երեսե ճգեչու.^ սւշխար^ակալեց 1Շւ,սորիքր^ ՓՂ^Ր ^"է^ք \կւար.իան ոս ւ^թովսչիան։ 3 • ^աՕորգ թագստւ^որներու. ժստւՌսնակ պեսաու.՛.^ թիսեր րու.1ե \^գիպսաոսի մըպ1 աաՐփոփոսեօաաւ.է Ա^" մր՚Օոցես խիսէո աւսրւսօ՚ոււսօ՛ մա1\ւսռէսկս/եոսթեան պստսա՚ճւսռէսւ. ք ^ւսրսսէու.թեւ^/ե ան^էսսւսւոաչի կեր^ 64 պով ա՛ճելով^ ժոոովոււըգո ^^Ը^է ասաիճանքա դէղխու.^ թեաե ու. ս/նսէռէս1քէէսւժ–&ան սէք ըն1լղմեցսէէ. տ ^սէ^սւ^ նսէլու^թեաե կռհւՆերն ու. սէօգաձան%ձ–րն սպս^1ե&չԱ ^ղքն իսկ պքն աաև՚ե չէքերՕացան ^ ^րբ Հ"–՚"^&^տեՔ (200Հ՜^ ՚ւ^Ր) քքրկհրե հո1քնց պւսշապաԱոէՎժօ՚ան աակ ՍէՈ-^է յ^սւռէսկոսթե՚ս/նց ՚՚է^ /էեկսւհ^ ^աղո*Ֆանց ՚1^ր9^ թ ագու-^իհ ք կղ^ոպւսարէս ^կտիոնի ՚ճակէսա1;^ եոոե-լ. օՕք*^ ^ա դՒ՚հք*^ սպա1ւնևց» ու^ \քգէաէոոս ^ռո՛^ \քՐբ գքւէոու֊թիւ%ք ու. էսրսւեապռ ^սւ%ւսսէոանի ժէպբ^ վբգեաէէե գթադոււՐ /լ/Ա՚՚ւ^^ գ՚՚՚գրեցաաւԿա է ակսան հ՚Աէդ^իւ ասա.%»սեան* մակեդ»^Iս»կաՆ պեաոսւթ՚եսւե ՚^հք էֆա/^՛ էշ^ խասնաէւս քսեսւՀհ սւաաէ՚նելււյԱ . սրսկյթ քւեակասն բասղձանք^ կասաՐ փ$§»էւյսսիր§$ւ֊քժեՆ^ գբգա$ւէսձ– գիաքևէսկս^»ևերՆ ու. ասրսսես.,, աաաէգէ՚սւներն ասքոթսւ^էկ» կր բեր^իՆ, սէնոես սէա.էսէոսքձեււձոլ^ թ-եէսմի Օէքնակաաւե կ քԱ^Է՚^է »1ս$սաէքնւսգ»սրաէւ1ւեր կր ^Է՚1Ն %^;^ եւ. »է0րոսեա$աո$սկ$սՆ ձեռւսգււրձԴ$էրսւ. ժոււովահոէւքևեո կ ընքւ^ին ։ ւ^սոր ւ1կք Նշանսւէ^սր էն Գ\երգամէ^ի ^ \^ասկե.. գոնիայի ու. \\՚"՚ր1ւք1՛ թսէգէսա^սրեերր։ — \^ս$կսււն յ––՛.. %»սկաե ւ1աւո1/Նս»գրոէ.թ–եաե գանձերս պսւ^եչու. մէ9 ւսւէե^ %ւսւ1եհ՛ արգիւ^տե ուՆեոասՆ սէոսսքի՚ն Գ\$ողոմեաԱներրէ Գ\ւողո^ակթ ^իՏԼե^ին \^ղիբսանգրիասյի մկք Հ/՛^ սւշխար^^ քքւե սւա^Նւսմեե՛ մաաե՚նսէգսքրասԱն ու. էՈէւ^ա^ոեր» \յԱ»ռք1Ան ու%^ր իր մկքե աշխսւր^քիս ւսւա.սւքին գիանակա՚Աներր, բսք., 1»է$»սաեոհ^երրյ րժիշԱներն ու. էՈսթեմագիկոսներր» սրոհօ Աքա,աս»ոէսձեա^ թ-ւսգաւ.որներոա.% շնոր^իւ% աօա§ո կեսւ%ռ կթ վար^քւն է իրեկօ դհրե%ռ բոլորովի՛ն ու֊սման %ու.իրեք կս§ր1էն$§»/ու. ^$§»մար ։ ^աււււքւււ|1|ււն ք ւււււքւււյհ|ւււ| 1 • վէա%ք։ ՕՆա կը թայ%աա^ր \%աաքիա է ֊^ 2. Քա%ք շբքւ-՚^ի կր^ա%ք, քա4\Խլ Ա* Հիհսիսայիճ իտէպիէս կաւՐ Դ»աղղիայայս– կոյԱ Աւպեաճ (0&ա& 018»1յ)1Ո&) պաղաբւևր գաշտա^ ՚Խյրըյ "– ^"է^՛^ 4^ պարուՆակէր իր ւՏ^խ» Բ&ճձ118>). գւիէաւ.որ օաոպթնեէոն ե՛ն, ^ագսէւիոՆք Վ^րոնէԱք յրանւո§§ւ.ա ու. յր&գիոչս^ոն ։ գչբ/սաւոր ռսէղպբնեոե է/ն, քէԽԱ»ւ.էքմես» ^ ^ոԱւհէիա^ ^ղսւԼօնէոհէԱՀ 3» լ^4՚«**–ք յ*** > գձնոէ֊աք վե^րկե-չՓ գչխաւոր օսէղպռնեոուԼյ բ, յբիչիՇ իաէուիա, քքաոէ-բիկոնա. Փր^^՛^՛՛^ գևէոե-րու^ ա^^ է 1Լ՛"՛/՛ Աէրօ՚ւ^ւքս»օ–ա1ե գք՚ե ծՆ* 1՛ հ*ք^է^^ք;\*^՝ պտղաբևր գաշաավւ^րըյ 12 արոէ-սե&ան կաւՐ եսւոա.սեե՚ա՚Ա ռաղպբԱևոովէ լլւ#քք2|ք|9 ե-րե-լե-լի ե՛ն իո1քնօ շաա Հթև օաղսէբաերթու.1ժեոսյբըյ ւսռե՚Ա-տրոսն ու. հ՚ովառՂէացոէ^թեոսմբոէ 2* \ա4ք\է$Աք լատէւե ռւնաեիչնե-րով» գլխակոր Եաոպ^Ծ-րն ձն* ՀուուՐ՝ ^իբերիսի ձախ գի^է եօթջլ 3 • \\*^ՏաաԱէ*ս • \\ասնիառի բնաեի^երով^ բեր^ րի գաշտավաւր մի» գչքսաւոր ռաոպքնե-րն օրՆ» 1|ս#«, 56 յձբեւևլևա՚ն ձողՏա է^թք 0* դմէՀէԱոԱ» բևրրի գաշտավպյր ւՌլ. \^կոեա գչքսասոր յէէաղօովէ 6* Ս«««^է«#1. քևււեպք1ւե է» գչխասոր քաոպբն Հ-Հք ) |\ է/նՄւ, օ՚Նսա ։ ^* ՀարէԱհէսյիՇ իաաւիէԱ կասՐ ԱԳե Տոհ&աս՛ սւէսՇ։ — 11՚"՛/՛ *՚՚րեէ.յաեան գքւե ւ^բն, 1* Լք9»ա1լաԱի4Ա, \^իր.արիս ու. Հէրակչէ"* գչ/սաա.^ որ Օէսոսս^ե-րուքէ շ. |\«««9յա«^է«9* \ՀիւՌսյ գասչապրիաի կրոգոՆ ու. քի&գիոՆ գլէսասոր յթէսղպթներոյէ դ^ք^ա ի ւսբհռ*., ելք և% 3» լԼ՚^^^քք^^ պաոաէւե՚ո գա^էոսւ վպւ րր ♦ գաւսւա.^ որ օւսղպռնեոն ոՆ • \\էս1ւն1; եւ. ^սեոսոոնՀ սհոկ ու. ^ւսոէ/նէոոն գլխւսւոր օաղւսբնեոոմւ 2 . Հռոմպյե-ցսոց պաամոէ.թ^ւ.նր ^քւնգ գմսաէսոր շր^աԱեերու. եո բասէք^ոսէ » որ ե՚եէ ՜\ձ, • ՀռոէՌսյ ^իսեւսրեութե՚ն^է ^ սրՆչեւ. թագւսւ.^^ որոսթձաւՆ վիրէալր . 7 3 - Օ 9 Քրքոէաոսէ ^առաՕէ |\« ք^էսգսէւորու^թ&ան վ&րՆւսէֆ^ պւնչե-լ. ^ու.^ Նիկևա՚ն աաաեուսօմներր» օ09՚՜ 264< Դ«. Գ\ունհե1ոսն պէսս»օ–րւսզաե՚ր1^ ւտնչօ՚ւ. կ*Ր^ րակքե-աՆց շփոթոսթիւՏմնևրըյ> 264–133տ Դ«* ^րակօև-անօ շփոթու^թէ(ս1յնե^ր1/ն ^ մ^չեւ. յ^ւգոսաոս* 133-30» "՚– ^* ՜1ձ,ւգոսաոււք/էէ էֆնչե-լ. արեււՐ» Հռոմհոսկաև պեաոսթևան կորհ–անու.յչլ» ՏՕ է՛^ Ք» Տ* - 4:1 & Ք* Ն * 57 ՀոաՐէսյ քւիէ1նսդւկոհթեճհճ փՏչեհ թագահորոհթեաճ քթրճաւը. 753-509 Ք^ 6* 1 * \»՚Նչպէս ու երքւ 1ւ^քԱ^եսւք Հռոմաք ՀիՏՏւսէք^էէ.թ–իէ%ը է - 2 • ի՚^չսզէա թսւ~ գասորեց Հւա-էամՏաա-ըա » ՈՐ"^ ^ ՒՐ ժ՚^ն՚Ր՚է^^ԲԸ. * — ՚ * Ո՛^ է Տ"՚ք է"*/*^*" ^րիսկոԽ * ՚Վեր^ք^ւ թ-սւգասէ-որն –՛՛է եղասւ. է - 4* ^՚^էէ***փ ա–էէքէ.գա$.թ–իաճ§ –»%ի Ըաաէէ^խք 1*՛^^ քււա^ա՚հոէ-ւ/* ««.Ն4՜|> ժա^ւխավւգը » ք\ա.ակիյք կ՚ըԽ օդա «–4^|» ք9–աէգաք–արը» ՚ի՚%շպէա կը ր—ժ^ոա-^-ր թ*ւ։Ն–կըէ - 5* ի՚^չ^ ՚ –եօէսկ էր Հւ*.ո. \ • քրու,օէԱօ Նայեքուք էոբովաեաե աատե՚ոսւղսէն օէսղպբո Հ^ռոմայ ^քւսես§րեոսթեաե սերզբե եոաօ՜ ^հ յը^մու^ք^ոս ք ^լբ՚^յէ թագէսւորրյ մերժոռ հր\^Ոէ1միտոո Մղբւսյր^ որուՆք Վ&սաաւի Նուէւրոսւսհ՛ ^1;։էԱ*\\իլոԱ.իսւ գոսսսէոր քիոմհէ^չոս ու. քիեմոս Մոկոէ-որօ-ԱէսՆ&րր օ՚՚Նէսւ. ։ յը^սոՆք ^ք9բե՚րհս%եաուեէոմ Բ*աՅ Փ""–՛"՛""–^ §ոս1^ էսռաաև-լով^ ^ովիւներցւ. սհ9 մեհ-ռան* ասս^ 753/1*. 2* քքաքփՏքֆէաափ* (753) քիե-է/ոօՆ սպա%ն&չէ–ն երտևս ւսռաեձքւն թագաււորե-ռ * ոՆգսէոձաԼե-ռ ^**"յսԱՏէՐ դ>*^հ^ կս/յ ւսսէ% կե՛րպ ւահցէսէ-ոոէսռ ւսասէսսէանաոաե աաերլաք ռ-ւ. \\ւսս.1էնսւցքւնՄոր անոեց աղ^ԱԱԾըո ւէսփշաւս^ սԾլ^ն &աե–ւ. — ՚Աէք^՛ էսռՆե՚ւովէ քիա/ու.էոս սւք^րու.^ թէւ^նո եսւոգւսւ.ոոեց օո^Նբեե-րով» հ-եոերու. էսոր՛^ Հրբգարան մի (հ՚ևրակ^էոՀ գրսէւ. ք որոսե անգաօներե էք՚ե ի սկղրասն Հ/քՆ լաէոքւնական Հասւպէսւեոէ^թ ե՚ե1^ 100 հ՚ձ՚րձ՚րէ որոնց վրպյ աւելքաե ^^պթ^^ն Հ^աբքւեա^ ՝ ցթէերէՆ ալ 100 ^ե-բ։ քիոէ/ոէ^չոս իր ^րաշքեևրով^ ղարգէսրու֊ւսհ՛ ւ/ա^ՈԱ.ս^^Ն եաևւ. ք իրրեւ. կոսիր^ոս պսւշսոու. եցէ ասսսէոսսքհ– ասւյտու-եոաւ.։ 58 (իր ւսմհւսսեղյն ՚կգերիւս գիցոս^ւ-դՐէ խոր^ոգովըՀ ^հ»օ–. ՚եաես՚ե սսէ^մանագրու.թիւ.Ն միք գրաւ յթոսրսեր ու. շքւնեօ յեՀեա1^երոէ 11՛"՛/՛ Ժ՚՚՚ք^էԳ1Լ ^«•^«լ«լ##«* Ո«*«^|»շ^«9«« (^12)ք^րաաևէսնց ու. կււ*–^ ոիատեաեռ Լռոււք^Ն եոոե-լ. ^ էսռաւ. ու. սոոհ՚անԾօ \^յբա^ էոնգանք ւ^լբս՚քք՚եե-րր Լեոիսե-ան բւլու.րր բնս»եե–ցու.ց • Հ^ռոմ* Մոսէւ. գւոսքս էԱքԱէէւեսւԼաե գաշեակցու.թեաՆ* Ա1է«9«* ||*«4«|>էէ«#«* (64:0) առաւ. /սե՜ւ մի լաաքէնա^ եաե ռւսոաբեե՚Ոք որոնց ժոոոմոէ-րգր պԾտու-թեաե ^էոո յֆս»ցու.ց հռրեւ֊ ռաղպբացի ք Բ-Պ13 ""^"^3 Ք՚^՚-^է հրասէ^ունռ ուներնալոււ յ^ւսա11;։ս յձ^&ոս ևղաւ. ^իւաիչ Հռոյ^աեաե ռաալ^ (բ161)8)է Հի*/՝ գրաւ. քկսաիւաի Նաւա^աէ/գսէոբհք կսհօ^եց սիւ^աձւսմուրՕը (՜ՕՕՈՅ 8Ա՝– հււօւստ) ^իրևրիսի վջպ) «*- աժրացոսց ^սէնիկու.լոնըյ 3. տ***ք յ*»^յ^յ*»** Պք յ**յ«*<* ւ^էորուրացթւ (616)» կորՆքժոսք^Ն գադթսէհ– ^դ/եէ մի որգէւե^ իշէսաԱու.թե–ան ^ա»էնեւով^ Նու.աճե–ց ր.ուորով1էն \աա^ւ1է»ներր^ եւ. \^»ո–^ րոսսեսՅցւ֊ոց գ^^մ՝ ^^^7 "(""""րօ՚՚է^^Ր րբա^-է \յ^աէ՛^ րաեուահ աեգաօներր 300^ ^անռ-ց» հսկ ասպռ-սասէցո 600^՝ ռամկի՜ե երևւ.ևւի%ևրը^ (^/ւ/»^ւա1Ո0Ր6Տ §6Ոէ6տ) պաարեոէ.թև–սէն րարձրացրնե՚լուէէ ^արԼու^իոս շաա շ1քԽոէսթէւմեեր ըյէէսւ.» եւ. սպաեու.եցսէւ. \^սոսհ որգե–.. ՚ն ե՛րգն է Օէք ••^■յ*»^ §«#^«լւյյ«»#* ^5 7 8 ք Տ՚"րկ՚՝՚–1^է""Ի փե^ սաե ^ տոսէսւ. տեբու-թեէսե ՛նոր սա^յսէնագրու.թիւ% միք որով ^արա.սսէ ռաւտեո մվ>րչ՚՚<^(մ եան մեք մաս ոնդու^եցաւ. է կսեոսիք^եստն եւ. միմրնւսաեան րլոսր՛^ ՛նեոն ^օ՚ոքքւե պարսավ մէՕ առաւ. եւ. զԼ^ռոմ՝^ էաաի^ ՚նէսևսւն օաոսւռներու. գսւշնաեցո%.էօ–եան գլու^րւ որաւ.է ոս ^ոսդոիոսն սաամնեց ու. բո^ասորաԼւսն մարչու.՛^ 59 քժ&աւՌ^ Է՚^ԼԲ զէ՚կԲ ժողովրգեաե ատ և– չի բրէսւ. տ ք^^պ1^ս9 *եու.ա՚ճևց ^արկու.իՆիոս Վյոլսկացի՚նևրո ––– ^աեստռէսեոոգ գսքրի Ք՚"Դ*ք(քՐ Նե՚Ագոսթե՚ամս. ւսռ^ %ու^ե՚ցւսէ, եր\^եբսաոս ոոգի1;^՚ե - - Բ֊*^3 "^՚ՂՌէ՚^Ր^ \աււ.՛^ կր^"՚հսււհ ռւՆնաբարոա.թիւ^ րեէքլով ^արԼոսէւնիոՄ գեոգւսսէոսսնովը^ Հ^ռոէաէ՚Ա սէո^տա^երցսււ. ^ոուտոսէ ու, ՜կոսաաքւնոսի ձեռկթ օՕսք՛^* թ-եանթ եւ. եօթ՜ր թ՜»է»գսււ.ոո»սա ասսէեՆ ւ^ձ–Նասչու.Ն պաէսւ^ մհէ–թ–իւ%րր.ս11էրսվ^Նդրսւ.ցսէ^ կը^ վերաս քւերի * - > Հ^տ–ա»Ր ասնա, հաեօթ– ժէսաՌսնաա/ե ու, սւՆ^աՆօթ– ^անգէսմաեաէւերու/երեւ-ա. սէն երսհ՛ կ եբեէ֊աւ է յ^յսչափս սէոոյգ 4։ , որ Հ^է> ԱէէոենՆերը^ ՏՒԲ^Բ1"՚1՛ Ք՛*^* չաԱէիՆսէկւսՆ գասղթ–ասկսէ%ււա.թիւ–% ւէի կքր է որ ^ւսս անաս կան սէրար ՚էաասիոՆի ւիսճասաա֊ւսս գոսո^ ^Ր* 11՛"՛՛ րեւի 4՛ ք^հ ասաւիկասւ ի սկօթաաէհ նաս^ասպեաոասկասն թ-ասգաս^ արոր՛ներ ոա^Նեռաձ– ր 1Ա^ է Բ՚քէց ե-ասք^^ ասսոՆաա էսեո սկեաաւնս իշխա»ւնսա.թ–իա^ ոա.Ղւեռոռ կաէէասասվարհեր (ք6ճ^6տ) յաքորգւաւհ– րԱա՚Նրորս\ք Հ^ռոաֆ ւ1^9 գե-րաաագոյն վարչոա-թիա-Ն ի գորձ^ կր գե1;^էէե է ^*գսք ԳՐ՚՚՚Տ՚՚՚Տ *^գե ""֊անգաււհ^ թագաաաա^որաո ոչ թիա-րէ ոչ տսւ1ե%ու% ւաանոա-նր եւ. «« ««հ ա«յ1էՆ »1էկու.Ն րնօ-աէաւոա^ահ– գորքՀռերր աաքաոաոաքակա՚ն սաոոա^գոա. թ–իւ.Ն ու–ՆիՆ է ՀաւյաաՕւքւ ա^%1~ն ^1*ն ^ս»սաէ§րասկոէ^թիւ%Ն երեք ցեոերոա֊ րւսժ%ոա–էսձ– կր * ^^ասՏեեաաէկօ , ^իաոեաա/նօ եա. ՚Հոէ^կերեւա^ք * |^«|>՚Ն^ էՈէԴ^Ն աէէկը^ գասրձեաէէք կր բ.Ա0<§%ոա–կր 10 կոէ֊րիաս.. Ներոէ֊ք աաւ1է% աէէկ կոա-րիւսՆ ասք 10 ասոգւսէոո^աֆ ։ \^^ո երեք ոեոերսա֊ն ասՆգասՏեերր որոնք Գ\ւսաորիկ կրկոչոա^ե1^ է կո կասոյ^ին Հ^ււ.ոաՌւքւ ժոոսվոա^րգր կւսաՐ նիււակաակիրներր, որաւկռ կուրիասներոէ– ժողսվղյն ա^9 օր^;նագիր իշ^աաանուա. թ-իա^նն ոա^Նկքւն եւ. ի ատկօթասն աֆ աֆաաչւն երկրասաէրներն կին։ յ1^»ւո՚նոա/կ կ ընասրկր թ֊ագաէէԱ-որը ոկեասնս ճերա$ւկոլ.աոի անգաՏքԼերը^ (86Ո&էՕք68) * V ք1իաւֆկր գեռ երեէ^ա՚ն չեւասե– է կա»ււի% ապաաո ու. իրաա^^ Աէնո աոկր չեղուլ .պսէշապաաէնեասւներ է 1^սո%ք պկաոք կին ասաաորեկ աասշաաան աՐ ու.Նե՚նաա§ւ , որ ասէ1կ% էրասէ-աաւԱո եւ* քսէ». գպքատէկաս՚Ն իրոոոա^թ֊եաէանո ^հք իրենո ՆերկաՏԱաս^ոլ.^իչն րխ. չար։քկ%ատէյիկն աաւօաէո եա-ոսաո աքաոին ոա^եա^որ կր» իրասսոա^աք ոէ^կր երկիր գնեաոա^ եւ՝ սաոատ/նաոչոլ. . բսքւց իրաա^ոԱ-էքք չոա^կքէ հ-երատէկոսաոի աա/նգաւՐ րնարելու֊ եա.. ոչ^ "՛է րնաորու֊ելու. ^1Ա8 811քքք&^՚1ւ) • եւ. չկր կրնար պաարիկներու. ^եա վասերա^ բար աւՈւա-ոնանաԼ (1ս8 0ՕՈՈսե11)է ք^»/^ "՚֊րՒձ, կոզմձանկ Աէկրոսթ՜եասն ւսայ^ն հ–»սնրասրեո^ոլ.թ–եսանո ա1ասնաակիռ կր է ք^ատւգսէքէ-որո աուսարիկՆերկՆ րնաորոսսէե րւտւրձրասգղքն պասշաօնեատո աէըն կր , որ իրրեւ. վերին գասաուսա^որ կասաՐ / 60 էէ/նձւսմի գսքսւսէսէսան ^ ը^հր ^*– ^«՚ւ/՛ գէսսէւսսորՆեր կր ս%(;։ր, ժողովրգեան ժսզովը^ կքլ կա%չխր եւ. իրրեւ. քրմա^ պես։ "ր՚՚շ ՊԲ^^Ր հՔ. ՚^՛"""–^՛*՛^՛^՛/՛ ՚*՛– պէ$ւէոերսէւր1ի ասէ§քն վերիՆ ^րասմաևասաարսէ-թ՜իւ^ն սւ^կր ւ ք^սէմէկււ, \1^կ–ր^ա.իսւնեան սւս^մանւսգրոսթեէսմխ , ^/՚*՛ կրսւսւկր բււաչու% պկ" ւ սկսս՚է– Աէ1;րա–թ–եսսե վարչոսթ՚եէսն »1էք Աքք մաս սւՆե՚նսււ։ Վասն դի ամիսղղ^ ^ռոյէսէկաե երկիրքք՝ 30 Տ^դՒ (^^^^^^) ^*– Բ"1ԲՐ մ֊ոզովոսրգ^ 193 ^«՚– րիա-րեակներու. (06ՈէԱք1ձ) բաժնոա-էչքաւ. ։ Աէ/Է^ մհկ Հ՛"– րիւ.րեաէէկքլ ժոդովրգեաՆ ժոզովոյ% մէք ձար» ւՐ ոլ%կր • էւ. պասաերաղյէ ասսաէտն ւսռանձքէՆ բւսժէ^ք մի կր կւսսմէր է ա • Հ^եձ-ե-լաօօրչլ (6գԱ1է6Տ) 1 8 ^արիւ֊րեւսկի բաժ%ու.աձ– կր։ Վ ^8էԼ ^Ւ^* ^արսէդասւ պէսս$րիփէերու% ցեղ^ն 4՛/՛» ՚*«՛ բսեռ մրաւ սււ-եաա^է աս սէտոե՚ններս 12 ^սքրիա֊րեսւկ քս1ա. դաքա^ւ-ո^ երե»–ելի%երկ% (րււաՕք68)« ՚ռ. ^Հաա՚նաւ֊որը^ (բ6ճ1է6տ) րսւմնոլ.սէձ֊ կր ^էւեգ գսէսսւ– եւ. 170 ^արի^րեսէկի* \^ո^էսքի՚ն գսէսր կր պւսրուՆսէկկր 80 ՀաարիԱ-րեսւկ (սէսզաէ֊ասրսաոմգ վա^աՆոմ, պբստ^սվ ու. րսւր., ձասպա՚նով) լսււ– ռիՆասւ.որսւ.»սհ– մարգիկէ \քրկր՚՚ՐԳ գք՚՚ս ու.Նկր 20 ^ւսրքք-րեէսկ, եւ. կր ձ-սէււաւկր աւա.անռ ռրսէ^ի» \քՐՐ**ՐԳՐ 20 ^արէէ֊րեակէ եա– կր հ-աո֊այկր սէո^աեա պըա^է Ք1Լ. էսռաեռ բս>րձսւպ»սՆի ։ Զ՚՚րր՚՚րգբ 20 ^սւրէւ^րե՚»՚կ թ-ե^ թ-եւ֊աօ^ ու. Հքի՚^գ^Ր՚՚բգը^ 30 ^սւրի^րեէսկ պւսրսսււ.որ * գ» \^ՆստռասքՒ ասմկ% քաղպռս» սի՛ներ ր կր՝ կոչուկիՆ անի՚նք (][>^օ16է|^^^^)է \^սոնք՝ ^ի՚եգ ^արիսրեակի բաժնսա.ահ– կին , եւ. կը^ հ^ա$ւ.ս»քկի% իրրեւ. գորձ֊ավար (ք&Եո) » խաւԸս^ուլ (էսնւ– 01Ո6Տ եւ. Օ&աւօաՑտ) եւ. այ^քւ ^սզոված– ^ս§րիւրեաէւ1րւերր կր կասսմկի% ^աարիւսրեկէսա ժսղո^երը^ (00աա& 06ՈէԱՈ&էո) « ^1""^* ի սկպրան՝ թ֊ա^ գաա.սրՆեր1^^ ու. եպռկՆ բգեշխ՚ներ(;–ե կր կւսՆչու^կիս , ու. .. ձ-երաոկսւաի՚ն րրւսհ– ասաՈ;^ աէԱ.աՕարկու.թիւ%ներու.Ն Լպաս^ աերաղմի է իւաղաոու.թ–եան եա.. այւն՝\ մրայ ոբոշու.մ՝ կ րաւկիս ։ \\յս ժոոո^երու.՚ն մկք կր ւայէոնուկր բոլոր ԺոդովրգեաՆ մե^աաեսաու.թ–իւՆր, որ աւս ասւե^էեերր պսէսւրիկսերկ ու. ո-ամկե կր բադկաս՚Նսէր , եւ. յս$ո^ա9ագոյն կուրիաներսւ. ժոդոֆւերոսե իրասւ^ու^էօներն ք ասս որ ասնսաաաև է քկ՚ն իրէ^սաէկ %ու–ասճսա.էսհ՛ ասդգերու% Ք՚՚4 գաա^ ս»ա/կ՚ն էԱԱէոոԱ-ասձ-՚ներր կր աասշաոկի՚ն . սրով^եէոեւ. ասա/ե%ոա..% մրաք դՕա, րսւ-քՅ-իա.% աքի կբ^7^աս՚Նչնասյի%, դրր դո^երաամադկաէյք կիՆ շա^իւ։ \^որ ^ամար կր, որ իրե՚նռ ասսւոոա.ասձ–Ներու% թ՜իւ^ր յս/նա. սա^ւՌաՆս կչլ շաւոնար ։ \ձ^/*՚պե՛**՝ օբինասկի ասդագաւ. , առին ՚Լաաին՚ներկն ^անա-քլ (Րյւեգակաայն ասաոա^ահ-ր՝)» աարա-դՐ» պասաոերասդմի Ու. խասւաադոա^թ-եաաան առ.ասքնորգր* Դ«^««^««1» (Ղոա.ւանի ասսաոոսասձ–ու^^ի%՝\ , )3՚*"ք***^՛^^ ****&« (պաոդարեր եր^ հերը) "՚֊ Վ.^*՛»***՝» (^Ր՚Ա ՚^1քու.ած–ոա.^ին՝^։ ՍաբիԴւաս^ ^իներ^՝ \յ՝«»»ք–(լ (Ա/ւէ"* սղաաերադմի ասաոա^ահ՚ը) , 6"^– **^^*^^^(1 \^րաաւմադգը^ աոկրոէ-թ-եաեւ ասսէոսսասհ-ր) եւ. ^աա\մԱ 61 իախաը^ (քՕքէԱՈ») ես այՐ՛։ — §ոսսկիայքի%եր^–ն՝ Ա՝է^^ք<*»^ (\^յ9–ե%սւսբ պսէսւերսէօյէ ու. քսէղպռասկւսՆ գորձ-ւսէւձոս», թեսէեա էսաաոսւ–ահ՚ու.^^Ն՝\» սէՆայքէհ ու. գերգսաէոանէ ասսէոէ֊^ աձԴւերն (1&էՇ8ես ր6Ո&է68)I^ւ «^Հ*՚« Վ^*^^ արարսզսսթիւն^ %եր»մ ՜ճոքսասասւհ՛ ասսէոաւսէձ-Աքյի՚ն պսւշաւաՌւլ.\քռւլ *|յՕք.ւ/Տ» կարգէ գրւսէ. է յ^էւ§ո»սս»հ–աւիՆ պս»շաւսմաես ՚/ր՚ք/ ^"կ՚՚գ֊ ՆերՆ ^^1»ն քրէՈ^րՈք սրոհա գլխասորՆ ^ր Ա*^^ քրմա^ պեաը^ (րՕՈէ1ք6Տ 1Ո&Տ1աԱ8) * ՜ւ^ա^եասկքչ՝ Ա/>(։«»/^ քր^րն կթ» է ՚ՎեսէոեասՆք Վեսաոպյի $»աճասբ1էհ մէ^ ՆոսիրւսկաՆ ^սւրՆ աւնշիշ^ պի§ո որ պա^կքւե » ^րեէ-եչի գկ^պքերու. մհք ասէոսսա, ւսհա^ կւսվք^ե իէ/սէնսւ^լ. ^ամարէ բսէրձրէսգօ/ն պսւշաօն^իռ՛ ձեռգքէ րւյձսւ.թ–իւ.Դւներ ((1Ա8()1օ168) կ*ապսպրսւ^;–իՆ . եւ. Հա. ա֊քԱ^մձւյք ԼէԼյւՏՀււՇՏ) քՏ-ռչնոս սսէւ.էտւււ%ել1^նք կս»րկս»չել^՚ն եւ. ոսաեւ^ I իսկ լերգա^աՈսյք (հ*աՏթ106Տ)* գո^ոսահ– կե՚նգա^ Նք1ներսւ% ընգերք%ե–ր^^ գւււշակոսթ-իւՆ՚ներ կ բՆ^իՆէ Հ^սւրա. կասւ.սրսւ֊թ–եա^§ $§0ս$եՆ կր ^ասրսսսէ^ի՚Ն %աեւ, աէսսքգասւքեերՆ »իբիւեա% գւտերշ* սս /9»ագահորոհթծաճվծրճէպհճ փճշեհ պոհՇիկեաճ պատեթսզ1/հերը 509 — 264 Ք* &** 1 • ՚ի՚^չսզ1էաւ ԽքԽսսէԽ եըաա. Հււ.ամաԱ ^ւււաա»քսկաւ0լե։ւատճ.ք9–իւ.՚Նքւ » |*՚%^ ^Խ$ոԽայաա.^ ^իէ% աւՆԽ^ւԽէ. ^արւէՏւ%աէչքի սւրշաւա%թը է - - 2 • (ի■^ք1^||'X^ ք/հչա՚է. %ա^իրէէւկա% ^»% Խ§աէ.է - Տ* կարիոը§ւ1եււս ք/Խչաւ. ււտաարոա.եւքւաա.* \»՚^Լ է պւաարկի% •&. ք-աԱկթհ յէքի կււաւի% շաքոա%ակաէ.եքաէ% պաա1քաււքլ I — 4 • ՚ի՚^է 4՛ երկււաա.,. ձ« ^արեուքւնիոսէ պռսորուել^ւ եաեսք թա՛^ գւսւ.որէւ աև՚ւէյ էոստրւ,ան ժհ ^աւմաո երեու. բգեշրտ ոնսա^ ոոսեցսէա^ք պր&էոոր աԱու.էԱէ1հ. տ ^ոուււոոս ու. կոչւաաքւեոս երղսհէ սւռսւ^ն բգեշ^էն1քոո% ^ոոսաոս ժողովըգեան Խոգթսմ՝ րեե§ աուսէւ. ք ս»§ եոբէրբ թսւգ§սէ,որ ւանձս չաււեեէու. է ^^սչքց ե՚է. աաԱաէքԱ ^սւրկու.^իոսի կոռսեւս՛^ կհտ^^րՐ^ ^"Ր սա^է/անւսգոոէ^թե-ան գէ^ւՐք գաւ֊ա^ կօոէ֊թիւ.ն մի ՀսԻ^ևլու. փորձ փորձեցթւ է ^անր յպ^ա^ ՛նա. եռալ.* ու. ^րոսաոս գւսւէսԼօոսթ&աե ւ/ասՆւսձի^ ե՜ղող որգ^երն ս»է գչքսսքս$&ա աոսաւ. է Վյւյ՚՚՚ցԽտէ "Ր ալ^արկու.թեիոս բոՖու.թ եայմի Հճ.ոմպք ՚1բ՛^ թագա^ 62 ւորեցոնել 1լ ոէ^ղէքն^ յ^սիա աՆւոառ.բն քով^ Ս՛՛՛՛Ի՛ ք^՜ոսհցաե ք ու.ր ^րոււաոս ինսւսւ.։ Հ^ռոսէաեաե պե՜էոոէ^թև՚ան այս շփոթա֊թիւ^.^ %եոր^ եաոոէ^սեեաե օօրսւա֊որ գէսշեսսեօու.թէ^1^ք ոոոսԱ գւուՀմն անոէսՆ ^^Հ» Գ\ոոսէքնաք ւօգու.ա ու.պև՚օ գորհ՜ւսհ-ե՚ւ ե՛լ. զՀռոմ՝ իոեՆ ^ասււոաեեօրեերլւ ք^^՛^ պ1^էո ^^վրասէհոս կոկոզս օրլ. յրոլյերոս յ1^սէո^ոոա ռար*,. ^քանւսլի օաՕագոոհ–ու.1ժիւհւնե–ո րրքւն* այսու. ԱՅմւ/նասյնհա. Լ^ռոմսոեօէօ ^արեսւգոեօաե իոԾՆբ "ՐԿրք՛^ Ագկ ւ/ասր ^ոոսէ/նայէ ւաեճնեէյ պասէսսնգներ տսււ ու. Լսոս%ոաս–ա^ %սւլ^ էսնկ^ ետքրյ Ծրեաթր սիսոե արօոի գոոհ՚ահ-ելէ ձեււ.«Հքչ , աաւյե իրաւան^ արոյ աս$ե%ակէսւըէ$ա ժոզ^վոյ՚ն աբ»»շա^ 2* Գ\սսսէոի^Մրուն քսհսէո ^էսրսս9աս՚^աոոէ^թհ%յե^ ՛Նեոն ե-լ. սւոշասա1կթնեո1^ ու. պւսաեոապւԱ տոսր^ օեո1^ ւառէս^ եկաՆ՛ ժողովրգևան սաս աէկ սսղռսւ՛^ աոսթէւՆո ռամկ^ ^էս^ք՛^ Նոէ.իրսէկան լթո% եԱթ^աու. պաա՚ճառ աոսաւ. Հյ^1քն1/նհոս \^գրիաասքյ ։ յ^սոր ՚>0՜«՛ 4ոե–լու.թէւ^/ե ան երոաւ ք ոո աաըոսէ^ աւսրի ^ք^գ (ե-պբյ^ \0՝) աևչւռ1ևւսր.արձչքւ ցձ-ոապ&սա ^ւորուօ–ցսօ.է \^ս՚՚եբ՝ իոե%օ ս՚րգ^լհէ^ ձպյեովԱ ք^՚6էօ) հ՚երակոսա^ ժոոոա^գեաե էխասէսկսէր Աէւ^Ն ոոոշոէ^աւե-րր խափաևե-է եւ. օաղպռաըքւԱեոո աաաքւհ1խեոու, բո^ու-թեան^ր դ^մ՝ պաշտաանէքւ կոեայ^ւ 3* \^ըբ֊ յ^արկիոս կորԱոյաեոԱէ սովի մի սէտ&Ն Ժողովջգեա1^ կո֊ոսով սաւսցաՆ էըաւ.ոսևռնեոԱ լք^՝– փրշաակե՚յ ոսղձցք աե՚ղական ժոոովԱ (Շ0ա1է1& էոեսէՌ) պի՚կքէ 491^^ աքսորք խրկկ է ք^էպք^ա գսէո^սասէէէ պատրիկր Հռոմի ՚Խպ1 բերրաւ. վորէկե՚ս^ քւահակ միք էւպյց մօրր թախանձաեէտլէ քաղքէն ^եռաեէսչու. ստէաու^եցաւ. է 63 Գկաարի^երէքա, ես ւսաւՈլ^ ^ք^ եղահ– կէւփսչլ աեւ.ե^ ■ադւնչեւ. 300 « — \XԳ^Ր'"^'^^'^ օրք^կ^ը^ (486)» «|»"*–^ ^աւՈք^ Աաէս, աօոաերսէռէֆ ՚^ք աէռձօւ–ա$ձ– երկիրէւերն ւաղ^սւէո ժաղաւխգեաեէ սքիէոի թս§ժ%»ւ.կքւ ւ չքնգէէսնոսկքէաւ. < Օր^։%տբ ^%աէրււղ կաաւէիոաէւ պսէաոըիփ§եը1;^ սււգ.ս»աւոաեսսեւոյ գքխաասսե^աւ. ւ Գ\»ւ.պէւ$ա Վյ*ւխք1Աի •բե՚Կքը^ (473ւ քքաԼն աօրաէ.ք9–եէատդ. ւ ա^է§/յկին աաաէշաօեւեաէներւււ.Ն շեարւէէ-թ-ի*^» էէւեսական ժողամ^ն մ^ք ՚գէ՚՚՚է էԼԱ^Բ*^ եքկսւ. կւսրգեքսւ. յէ9 եդահ– ասՆւֆսէբաե§ւա^թիա,է$ե էաւ.էՓ Հ՚՚՚՚՚՚Տ՚՚՚՜Տ ՚ "ք/^՚Դ^՛՛ "Ր ^Դ/^ է՛՛հ 11**–/՛^**՛^՛"՛ կի՚նկիԴէնսէււաւ§ա քԳ^^՛^ "՚֊ ^րտսմէսեէապլեէէէչԼ (458) շփւ»ք9–ոէ֊թ՜իւ%՚նեբը^ էհՐՑ՛"՛^ խա^ ղաղքընել* չովԱք^ու^ւսսաս^ գեսպաեութիւ^ յիքսոսերլ^ն եսաեւ, ոոոշոսեցաւ. որ աասր ^ոգհ ընաբա.թև ^ գրաԱ-որ օրէ;^կբ 4ք^4սԼապ ^«•Ա»^«». բ՚^^ոց ոոով^ետեւ. պե-ոՆ-ան իր&%օ իշխան ոսթեւսէՈւէ^ *±Գ,^ քւՆ պաշաօմնք^ Վ՚^Ր սւո^նու.–^ եռան է ՚յ^սկկ՛ եպռո ռսէմիկէւ \^րկ»աոսէսա^» $սւսէէ$սաէկէսռ ւԱ;ք էզաէսբի^եըաէձւ վերէէւալօւՀաւ.էսհ– «#«^1» իրսէւ.աւյկռՆերէէէ.% , կ՝սսդ^ք էՈսսնակիյք թ/լա/ ։ Քիչ^ է/է եսղթ^(4ւ4է՛^) յԼաղեքիաս ե՛լ. ք^վրասէաիսա բդ^շԱքԽեըէէւ% սէո^աաքարկելովը^ Հասէոասէէէա^ե ^ ա"»*– "ր ԱէեսակաՕա ժաղավի՚ն արաշաէ.աւերէւ պաարօասքլ-աբի* ՚ րսաե %$»ւեւ. ա$§»էէէրիկեէերու,% ^աամար է լ^*՚օ|՛ 4ր՚Գք 444^^ ** բ1^Խէ՚>4շ. պքքրէ^եբա^ ես քաէղպքէ$էչքի%եքէ»ւ^ իքւաքսւ. Հ1սւ« ւսւՌքլ.ււնանա$լէէԱ ^րսէման արոսեսսււ. ։ Հ^իսպաաէոոաաս^ թ-եէէճւ *^9 մասն սւձենսէրէւ. իքաւ–»սհարէ 4*7՛ հ.Ը, ՚ք՛*՛ ^ա%քխէ% քապսքքայքիք , ^ապիս 80 աաբէսան կ».»ւ֊ե ^"^ք^լ կրյքա% վասաչլկիլէ ^հգ 390-290. /^՚ 1 • ԵՈ» ՛՛է.*"– Գ՚^ղտԻ՚^կ–՛^ պաաԽրաղյշ. - է* Ո> ՚^է՚ՏԻ ^–"^աա. Լավք^ը շար ման է ւՐ^ե՚աձ^ւ-ք (որէ1է^ մէք առ աքին աեգաւՐ ձր \աեգիպթ»բ ձյեռնա^թև պաաերաօ^ն էրա, ոաաեաէ.որ I ք 64 ղօոաօ թոշաեթևք\ կսէւֆչլրսի ձեռքով աոյե^սեօս§ւ.է \քրբ ասոո վրաւ^ գ*սւղոիացէբ ^ոեր՚մնոսհ առա&նոր–^ ւՇ^է ւե՚^յՒ Ք"՚Լ ^"՚ղԹ^ցւ՚^է Հ*"Ր^ ե^ւէսւ. որ կապք/աո^ չ^ոնՆ սքզաաոո \յ^անլիոսր ^սքշէոա-թ-^է-նՆ ^ր&%ռւ^ ստսէեոմ գե^է կամիոոս իո պբսոոանաց "էք հշէէաս^ %էսաեւո աեոսանոէ.ել^ն եաե-Աք Լ ոսու.ի թհ գ՚^շ^կէէե աւրահ^ ու. գաղոէացիքո ղւսրկահ^ ՐԱ^* — իշէսսա^ Նապ&աո Հռոմէ^ եոկրորգ ^իօնւսգիոն եոաւ.ք էւնչոէ^ որ Վհլքհ գւսղ^ե-ւ ոսդոո ժոոովոտւրռյե իր գիասէւ–^ որութե-Նէն եա կեցու.ց է 2* Գ\սէտրիե^ ու. ռաԱկքւն երեւսրսւսէեւ, Լռիւ^ %Տքր1^ եպռր^ ^սէսաւ. վաէրՕաա1^ս եպքքքՆր ^իսաւսաո՛^ սու.թեսւն րրսէէ-Ոէհւրքքև սւէ (օՕս)* \\՚*՚կ*^յ^ գսւաասւ.՛^ որաեաե պսւշաօնր (ասէտրիեեաեՀ արերաորի ւ/էէք էսկ հասարակաց շ^ՈԱ-թևաՆց ե՛լ խաղու.ց ^քջ՚՚Օ ^"կ"^ ղոսթիւ^ր^ ե՛րկու. շք^ու.ահ–ապ& տՆերու. ք8,6ճւ10Տ ՕԱ– ՐսԽտ) յանձնոս&ցաւ-է ք^ըաշոա^եցաւ. %աեւ. , որ ոչ^ է^բ 500 արաավարկՆ ասեքէ երկիք ուՆեՆսւք» եւ. ւսրգ^Ն վ^ւսրու֊սւձ– շա^ե-րչլ պ$սր^ աաւ-ոբ գրսէւՈագքխ^/ն վար էաոյեաւին։ — \րիՆչ§րւ. 300 ^սւաաէւ. էսաէֆկււ Նէսեւ. շ1էնուսա9Ւէսպեաոսւ.թ–Խս^ ւ ^րսէմանսւ^ պեասւ-թ-եան (ճ10է&էսւ) ւ ^ամարակաչոտ-թ-եան , պրեաորոԱ — թ-եան (գաաաա.սրոլ.թ–եա%՝) եւ. վեր^ապ^ա» քրմապեաոա^ա թ՚եսէն» ւէրոմ երկ§$է.. կէսրգերու^ մէք\կա^էոէէէրեէսլ ^ւաա^էս^ »$սւրսսթ–իւ% ւՈոսաւ. ։ \\՚"՚վ^ սւվևւասսւկաա1^»ն ւ»ւ. ռէԱէֆ^ ի մի ձու.չոսեռաէւ * Օ • Հռու/Խւ սէմեՆւ^յեհ՛ օօրոէ-թ օ-աէէ ժաւ/անւսկո (342-2 9 0)ւ »ր ՚ֆ^տԲ*իր ՚՚*^Րք1^ ւԳու.թիսնը^ գտահ^ բաթ՚Րյ՚ւՀ է՛՜ր ս՚յրոո^ օօրութիւձ^ առ արապքւէ օո<.օ»Ն/^/ կարսո յ^րք ^ռոյէական իշխս^ոսթևան գէէՐ ևրսԱ յւ^^աքիացքքռ « Լաաինացիթ | կամպս^իացիք ք \քտրոսսկացիք ու. Գադդիացիքէ 65 34:0) Վյսղեբիոս կորվոսի սւօ.էս(^որգու.թ&–ԱէւՌւբլ ւսքդթ&ռբն Հռոմէա&օ^ գսէւ.րոս լօ՚րաե ^"մէ - - ք\աք &լահ– \ասէթ»ացւոց (339-337) որ ՀռուՈ^ օլսէղառասցէ-ոց ^եէո ^ասէ^սէսւսո էրսււ-ու^եթ ու%է/նսււ եր պսւ^անք^քւն ք ւադթ–ևց յրահչիոս ^որկու-Աէւոոս Վ^^^•. սուվէ ե՛լ. ^ոիփաեւէնի ^ովէ 1ձ>"՚՚Ր ՚Խ*^ »աա^էսԼահ գւսշեսէեցոսթէւյեր լւու,հ–ու.եցաւ.ք ե^ւ. յթաեի մհ օսէ–^ ոպթնե^ո (թևչաք^ս \\ապոԱ.ւս ու. կոււ^յ ^ռոյ^ւսեասե ռէսղպթւսցւյւո րրւսւ.ու.՚կք սաացսւեէ 304) ձ՚^^<5"*՛*–՛ ^ՐԲ 321/՛՛^ ^ււոմէական լէգէոե » միյ կսօ-օՓնձ-ան եր՚ճէւն մհք՝ ^ոնաիոս յյաա/ք^ացլյ^ն^ քէէ^ տաե^ սՏնօնեէ^ն ե-աև-լ –^– ^ւսպիրիոս կու.ր^ սոր ՚յձէսՕեհէսցէբր ^ոսա՚ճե՚ցէ է/ք ք«#ք«^ Ա*** է***1*** •դ****ք»էք ***<ք^* «4–^ (298 - 290) Փաբ֊իուք յրպռսիւ/ոս 29Ց/՛^՝ օարկաւ. \\ե՚նս9քւնւքնի յ^ով սիւսցե-աւ \\ւսաւհէսց1էեե–ոոյ գասւոոիասցքւնե՚րո^ \յարու.սկ§սցքքեե–ոն եւ. ^սյիոիացԱն1քրրէ \քւ. Հ^/՚քք*՛ պա^ս կա,րիոս դ»ե՚%աւսսւոս սաիաե։ց \^ւսաէթսքցքւբո՝ Հռու/աւ գաւսռոոոէ^թիւ^ր օ^աեչեէսլու. ւ ՚^ւսպ1^սով^ Հռոմպյերցիք աիբևցթև \րիքին ՚իաաչիւ^ի։ 4* \^աՏքէ*1է՚՚՚ե»՚՚^ւ ասէս§երառոերոսն էաս$ե%ա ^ռոմէէէէա, կա1ե բէէէՆսէկ՚ն էէտյսպկ» կը^ կաէդմու֊կր » \^ւ^Ն Հիէ^աղա»$ա$»ս կ՝առա^ււրգկր երկու, լեգկււնի, սր ի ււկււթաՆ 3000՛ պ»ա.^ Նիկեան պսէէոերսւգՏներոսՆ ասւե՚ն 6000 4՛^ սէւսելի , իսկ կեսարսւ. ասաե՚ն 4200 մարգ ու%կր ։ \^եգկոնՆ ւէւ%կր 10 րլաժիՆ (00ե01է68)» աէ/կՆ մկկ բաժի՚նքլ 3 գասակ (ա&ա– յ>ս1ււտ)ւ գասսակՆ էԱք 2 ^արիէ-րեասկ է գ»սրե–ասէՒու.աե– Օ^Ն– ^երն կիՆ սափրսւսէսրսա , օր$ս^ , էքագաՆ , %իռակ ոէ, սու֊ր ։ ւ^՚՚կից ղասա , աժկՆ դինուոր կր կրէր ^եէորբաՆասկւսսէե^ ^իդյ Համար Հասրկսւա-որ եղահ՛ կ՚՚՚Հ^Բ * ՍԼ՛^^ ՚^եկ ւ^գե՚՚ե ու^կր 300 թ՜եթ–եւ.ա^% (761ւէ6Տ» մեհ֊աւ. մաաայի պար^ սսէա֊իր ու. ասղեդնւսւ.որ\ ու. 300 Հիաւ֊որ պօր$»ւկաե ։ Լ^. գ^^ոն՚Ներոա.. մկԳ , միաէն Հո^ոմկսՅկաե ոսէոպռԱքոիՆեր կրՆայ^ իՆ էԴո՚նեքէ \\՚»՚՚%ք ւ^երորգ արշաւ-ակռովԱ աս$էոերառւ1ի ^էասռաւոէ-թե՚ՆկՂւ ւսղաս» կ րյԱՀյի՛^ "՚^ 10է^ր՚՚րգ արշաւ.^ ա1ւօ4՛^ եպօր ասէշաօք՚ի մի կբՆային Հեէէէէսմհւ.ա ր/քա ք « 5 66 27^ պագ^^յա^ Վ\1էաքաո4^^ ^^գ 280-275. լ • ^աոԾնւոսէռքէնէրոր Հ^էՆոմպւեցսոց %աի»սՅէոի՚կբ կե֊ցսսե ք ^էսլաեսււսցհբ էոՄնց օգնուՀժեաե եանչեց^ն ^հսռոս ՜ւյպէրսւցքէնւ \^սհ1էէա ւու^էսեան աօւէոեոէսւաո ՜ձւսոտսւրու֊լժ-ե-սէյի ու. փղե-րոս օգեութօ՚սէտՈւ Հ^ռո^ մպյևցի՚նևրու.՚ն յաղթկէ 2Տ0թ*՝ Հ^Ր**՚կղէպ)Ի (Փ"՛^ բոհեիոսՀ ու. 279/^՝ յ^սձուոոՆի յքՀ.* պաաե-ոէսզ^ մեցաւ. (278-276) \\իկիլեպյի ՚^ջ^կարք&գոՆացւուք սէոնի (^ւ/ե&ւ-Անաիյ .Ք"՛/ ^ադ^ա,եցւսւ.Հ ^աոե՚նէոոն . ^էսրեագոե-ռաւ. իւոնէսլւ^էւ Հ^ռոմսոեցսոց ոոոեբ եսէո^ ՚ճսէսէե՚ւ. պւսաերապէդ^ մ՝ ե՚սէեւ. ք Բ՚՚1"Ր 1*"""/^՛^^ ՚^՚ե՚ր եոէմե է 2* ՚էքՈԼէս՚ճոսահ՛ &ր Լիր՛ն օ՛ր յ^ րեգոսեև-ցաե ւիոէ-լէ իրաւ.էէւ.%ք (ասաօ1^1& օսա 8սքքք»§1օ). բ, ^ւ֊րիշռստղպօՆեր ^Օյ-Ոէ^էսեան ռսէղպռւսցւ^ոյ իրասւ — ու%ք, բայց ոչ^ ասաեՆակալու-թ֊իւ^ (^^V^էՏ^է6Տ 81116 6սՏքք81–– ք1օ)* |յ<*՚4՛^^ պսւսէերսէՕէֆ ձ–ս>ռաւու.թեաե եւ. աոուրք ասսս^ լոԱ. պւսրաուսկան էքսՆ * ՃԼ. Ճւա^ււա1կ՚ն ^սւս$ոաւոա–սւհ՛ գս»ղ(3–ւսկէս՚նօւ.թ–իւ.աւեքն ւսաէու.կ օր^^ք ու. սաս^մա^»ասգրու–թիւ% ւՐ բնգում եցւսՆ ։ \^սոկք աու.րօ աոասւ^ե ու. աաս$երս$ռյէ ձ^ս§ռսքյու.թ–եՆ^^ ասօաա ^^Ն * դ • \րեձ–ասւ. մասսւմբ. Հարկէ; սւօասէ գս»շԼս»կիռներո պա^եցէւնվւրե%ց ^է՛^ սւս^յանագրոսթ–իւ.%ս,բայռ ^ււ.ոա1կսւ^ կսԻէ բանասկին »/է9 իբրեւ. գւս^էսկից հ-աո-սւյելու. պսւր^ §ոա$կան ւ^ւ^Ն։ Ա. դ%աէ֊էսււ%եբբ աոսէրոա–^; ասէրի ընէոըոսոո բգեշքսնեա. բու. փոխս»նորղ%երոմ (յ^է0001\Տ\ւ\շտ) կբ կւսո-Աէվարու^^ի՚ն ։ յ^սոնօ քէ> աեգաւՐ էբե^ց էեպ^ակաե սա^մսաեսւգբոէ–^ թիւ.Նբ կբ ասէ^^իՆ , եւ. սովոբսւբաբ պաբսէասկան ^ի՚ն Օէ^ական ղօբք (&ԱճւԱձք6Տ) ես ^աբկ սաալյ • 3* ^ո-ոէԱ^սէկս^ սա^մա^ււսգբսւթ–էլ%բ 300^^՛» բուռ. բսվրՆ կեբասւբւո՚նսււ.ոբու.ասձ– կբւ ^ողովրգեան ձեո–^ւ ^–բ \ ՚ I ■ ՚է^^էՈ^ 67 ռաէրձրսւգդյե սււոեՆս§կս§ւնեբ րնսարեւԱ կ "ր՚^շհր ^աբէէ֊ըեասկա. Ներու. Ժսգսվ/Լք հ-երասկոէ^աի սսռասքարկօսթ՚եամռր* ^րէ՛– բա^՚ներու.Ն , գսւՆձւսպեաոներու% եւ. սսաոբի՚ն ասաե%ասկւէ1ի. Ղւերւււ–% րնէորէէւթ–իւ.Նռ կ Բ Ա՛՛՛Ր Աէեղական ժււռսվի% ա1կք^է *կ՚»ր օր^^քէ մււ վրաւ 1 երկու. ժողո^Ա ««/ կրեաբ ^ուս9;; ^գեէ ։ \յ%երէաէկէքլ.սաքւե գորՏւքե հր* աէահր"*–/^^"՛^ էբսղու,, քէք-եւսնօր ՚/րայ /""Ր^^ւ* եքեէ^մհւ֊աօբ ^ոգ$սւ եւ. ^ասւաւսկ աէէդգերսւ.ն գորձ-քերր 1ևայիք է կ%ւ(սսո–որ ու. սսվորսքկասն աաւաո1էնէսկսււՆերն1;;քւն .\» ՆէՀ"^ 4յ^•գ«»«^••••^^ք^ սւսոեո - ւսռ.. շէ՚-Ր^ 12 ոակրաւ.սրեեր (\ւօէՕէճՏ) իէու,րձ կր աոաս՚Նհի՛^՛ <*/> հեբակոյսար խսր^րգի կ/լ կսէՆչխ՚ի՚ն, ժոզովբւէեաե ժողովդ %երու^ յկք գէս^երիցու֊թ-իւ^՚ն ուՆեք՛^ եւ. գօր$սռ Հ/""– մանսւասէրսւ^թ-իւԴէ է^ըհեէէե է 2–» <<||.^.ք»«»ք%1»ր«»*–\ կր վերսւ^ րերհր գէսսքասոասանասկա% էր^րԲ Հ՚՚ք–՛"/ ՚ 3 • ՝^^^ք^1ւՅ* ^ք& (06ՈՏ0ք6Տ) Կը^ կարեւծա քադպ^ա^ւ.ո^ սասա^ոէ.աեոցը^ գէ՚^Ըյ կ էսմբողքացրնկ^ ձ-երակոէ֊աոի՚ն թ–իւ.ո եւ. կր ^սկկրս ր՚որ՚՚յից վր՚ք/ « 4 • *ի՚"՝՚5**Ո^՚՚՚**^քէ (գւ16ՏէՕք©8) կշ ^ոգայիՆ Հասարակաց գաեձր^է 5« '^յ■^«»^••>«»««յ^^^^|•«•«-1»^ (Տ6ճւ168) հր կսկե/ՀաաէսսսրւսկասՀ11Նոէ.թ–եւսնոէխաոու.ց ՚Խ՚՚ւ/ ^*– "(11^* 6 • 9|>^^«**–՚^1*|^|>«»^\ աւսաիւ.ր ժոզովրգեւսե ժոզովԱ կասնչե». լոս եւ. օրհ^յչևեր ա$ւ.աքարկեւոլ. իրսււ.ոս%ռ»վը^ շաա մեե՛ հր* \Xմ*' ""^^ ւսաե%ւսկսէէներն իրե՚եռ գորհ-սցր վրաւդռ ա$սաւսսխւս^9ս»սէուու.թ–եա՚ն կրՆաքիՆ կւսՆչու.իւ ք եւ. բաց ի քՆՆիչնեբհ^է ՚^հկ ասէբէ֊ա^ միւսւն կ րնարուհք՛^ * ՜– \^Ր՚՜ աասքոէ կարգի սէէոենսէկսւլներու.Ն $աւմե%հ^ ՆշաՆասսորն հր Հ^բամաԱապեսար (Ճ16է&է0ք)ւ ՚ւոբ կ քԽաբհբ Հէէ֊պասէոսր վեց տսմսուան ՀաւՌսբ 1 \^*՚էկ*>11 "՛է իբե^ւ ձիսէսոբասց սառյա»^^ ^ոբգ (ա&§^1Տէ6ք 6ցԱ1էԱտ) ա%ու.՚նով^օգեական է1է կ՝ընարհբ » Հ^րամանապես^ իր աձձքւն ՚Խ՚՚քք ոլ.Նհբ ամէէնա^հ՛ իշխսք^ %ու.1թ–իւ%ըէ — ^հր"՛–^^**՛^ եկամո սաներ՛ն հի՛^ > Հ*ւ.ու^սէ^ կան ռւաղսւռասցսսց Հւսրկեբբ ԼգւիէաՀսւբկ, սէոսէցուսւ&ոց սաու.րձ\ք վաբձսէՀաբկոէ ՆէսսսԹ^անգուոի աա-բքրէ պասաե... բազմի աս սաբր ես "քյք^ ՚ ^էսոմայեցսսց բէսբոսց անաաբա$ոսսթ՜իւ^»ն ոս Հոգսո§ վե^սսթ-իւ^բ ամե՛նին ւասեչի Աքյս շրքա՚նի% մհ9 կ եբեսայ ։ *քԼսւղաքո գեռ %եդ հր* անեբր պսւբս, մեեսէ^եսւց կեսէնքր ռեոիէու.թե1ւհն ասռասւ է Հ^իսպասսասսՆեբ՚ն ու. իշխաս^ %ասպետոնեբր կբ գոբեհի՚ն իրենց ^րկէրՐ* կանայք կո շիՆհի՚ն ղգեսաոՆեբբ։ 1^ծսէթ–ի գբամի Հսէսիւ. պսւՆիկեւսն պսւսէեբս/ղյին ժսէմա՚նսէկր մաասս։ հ% յ •I 68 ^ոհճիկեաճ պասւերաղ՚մհճ ւֆՏշեհ քէրակքեաճց շփո– թոհթիհճճեբը 264՛ 1 38 Ք. 6– յէակածւ - կաււտԽգաէԽակա% ազաաաԽբէաքյէ . ի^հչ ^եսակ ^ր կա/տԽգաեւաէքէ^ա^ աա^ յա^աւգրա.թի»%ըէ 3* ի՚^ձ գիաԽ՛^ Աիրակ–է.աաԱթ ^թ-Ա • ե՚րր^ հ՝եի–Ա ԻՐ ձ. • ՚կալւբե՚գոնէ ա1;;^ոոէ.թէաձ»ր կր բովանգսւե^ո իր սէՕըլք ռանի մի անպւողաբեո եոնիոներէ^ ղաէո ք սսսօոուան դաու.%ռւօի Նաոեեւսէ Նովեցրր է իոե-ն ԱէՏք^^ յան ուձէկը արեէ.մսԼռ1^ ՚կոսպւգիէսն (Հիէ/ակ յ\ւ^1է^ Րր)* Ւ"^ ^արաա.1;^ ԱւոՀաւ/ ւեէՆնեոով կր բս»ժ՚նոէ.1;;^ո անէսպւսսէ պ^ է կսէրռե-գոՆք ՓիԱձէիեեօւոռ Հէւե գաւ^֊էսկանոս^ թիւ^ մը՝ օ14^^> ^էսրոսի սւղնոսականւսօ Հոն գս»զ^ թ&չողե րնգսէրձւսկոէ^ւսե– ձ-լ. ցսւմառաւթև ու. հ՚ովաաէւն Սէռե-Ա֊աոոմո օօոսսցաՆ *նոսա՚ճեռ եաե՚ս^ ետե-լ. փիսնի^ կե֊ան գւսղթէսկանու-թէւ^նեորյ ՜կոոսիկւս ու. ՚^աոգի^ %իւս կոօ^էքորյ ^ալք^աոե-ամներն ու. Դ\իթիու.սեահա, Ներոք ե՛լ. օՕՕք^ ւսսւ1քմնե։որ Նսէեւ. 1ձէկէւե՚^է արեւ.^ մւոեան մասոՀ - - Վ^7ճաո,ս»կանու.թ էսԱն ս»ւ ւառէԱա. Օսէցոնելու. Համար ամէն աեո գէսոբՒսւկէսնու.թէսԱնեբ Հիաւու1քռանէ շ. ՜Շյ^՚-րք 490^^՝ սկսէսն Հղօր յձիրակոսսսէքի Հեոո աատե՜րազսնէքրրՀ ՚կւսրռԾգոնառհք 4օ0/՛^ Դ*&ռւէ1և րռ.^էսւ.որ11^ Հքէ"հրսոէ յ^՚՚Հ, »աո^ոէ.ելոմ Հսքրկւս^ գրեցան \Տ1>կ1>ւէ՚՚Հւէ՛ "^9 ՐՐ՛"^ էսշբէարՀակաւու..թիէ%^ *ներ^% Հրէսժարէլւ \^էսկայն շաա չանցաւ^ րորրոթեռաւ. ՛նոր ու. սէսսէոիկ աաաերաւրՐ դաիոնիսիոս ՜|^լ. ու. (^* ^ գպ^մ^է ք/^^ա^ւո ՜^գաթոկդ^ս ՜կարռե-գոնացէ-ոց է/րսո ՚յձ,փրէկհէ ՚^9 ^արձւսկոսմ^ մ*՝րբաէ.^ ր*^^ սւոիաու.ե^ 69 ա՚րկիր%երր հա գարճրեևի ղորոկբ՝ քք\իէ–ռոսի էարձսէկ^ մոսկռնեըուԱ (278"276) գհ*է^ ալ սլաշսէաանեռքէն X –Դֆ^ էէհ եէոթր Հ^ռոմէաեօւ֊ոց ^էոո սեսսէհ՜ պս§^ 4ոեոէսռաւեոու1Ա սէՕ եէէոսնցուցԱն ՚կսւոբՄգոնասցհջ^ %ախ 24ձի՚ե \\իկիւիա՚Ա, ևաքհՆ 201 ^^ \1փրիկհէ% դոսրս ուՆձ-ցահ– ե-րկիրնի՚ն (\\ւզանի աԱ\ ևւ. էրհՆց բորր հ^ովչսքքէն ղօրութիւԱր* վիրՕապէս 146^^ կոոհ-անևռաւ. կէսոքօ՚գոս ու. երկիր՛ն ^ռոսէսէկան Նահանգ. եոստսՀ \^ասբօե՚գոՆր սա^ւ1սւնստգըէւ§–թ–էւ^ո ասռեւ^սարւսկան աաղ^ %ուասսլեսաու.թ–իւ֊\ւ մրն էր։ ^էրու. թեէսն գւոա֊խր կեսասՏ– է։քւն 1 ւէէսէրուէ ւէէս$րի ը^էս»րու–ոո երկու, գսւսէսււորեեր (տէւք– ք6է6տ)> օրէնէէգիր ձրերակոյէո ա1ի հւ. ւսմրողՕ սէէրութ–&սէ% ւքրայ աէրսւաեսւսէկաե իշխանոսթիլՆրանեօրնոո ^ւսրէէ.րուա էսսաեանր։ ^ողսվսսրգր վերքնսէկասն որօՀու–մհ կու. էուսր ^ երթ գէսւոսէւ.որռ ու 1սոր^րգսէրանր ^է^ կրեւստր է1իւսրաա/եւիէ է *կսււ.աս$ոորյիզԱ &աո^այոդնհրր գերի՛ներ՛ն էի՛ն հ է՚՚կ Ո—մա֊ ^քւ՚Աին զօրքր գրեթ-է միայն մարձկանասպօր էր* լ)աՀւ/սք՚%ո». դրութեան պակսէոէսւոր կոուՌք/^ էի^ բւ*$րձրասգ$ւյն պս$Հ^ ^ոօսներու.% սէոսէկոմ Տ–ասի»ու–իլն եւ. Նուառապեաոութ-եան կսէկիլԱէ ^Աքյց Ր^Գ ^քկս՚ւ՚^ակն չաւ. կբ ձ-ւսզկէին էոէրու^ յժեան յէ9 առուսէուր ւ Նէս§–սէ§րւառու–թ–իւ%^, մշակութիլՆք ոսս$այ՚նանկսւ.թ–իա.% եւ. ս$է1կ՚ն աոեսւսկ էսրուեսաո ւ Օ • Ս//"" V՛"– ՚"" 1 I Չ քւ^ ^հսնու. ւս հ՛ կորնքժ-ւսկաե դւսո^էսկանոսքժիԱ^ մրյ հ-աոկհէ սկսաւ. ^եոոե րրռ^ ՚%սէւ.որին (4։ՑՕ՞՚4|0) ւսս՚ւ/ե է ե՜լ. իր օօրու.թե–աե գսւ^ գաթր՚^ասաւ. գիոնիսիոս Ա. իւկ ք40Օ– 368) """^^8 11ձ,զեոսակզէե ^իւ/հչիոնրյ օ4։0 ի" ^"՚դպթն էսղաւոեց ՚՚իիոնիսիոս (^* րո%աւ.որի1ե իշիւանութե-Նէն» Բ֊՚^Տ "^՚^ գոա-թ յ^գաթոկղէս (317-289) րւՆնաւ.որոսթիւ%ր շու.ս» էքիձեռռ առէսւէ Հիէքրոնի իշրւաեոսթեան աաՄն՝ (2 70 - 2 1 5) \\իրակու.սա գաշեակից էր Հռոմկ^հցւ.ոց, ք-սլ^ց ասոր թոռր ^երոնիմոէ^ ՀւՆոմ1սյեցիւՆեր1^ րաժ^ ՚Նու-Օ՚ցսօ. ք ե՛լ. 212^Ն \յ^արկե–ոոոսք/ե ՚նու.աճուեցաւ.է Ս*ճ–ուՀ* օգսւրաժնի եւ. ասր«սառու կասրգի աադաբեր ^"ոի մը%երքեւ. \\իկիւե*՚1քէ Լր՛"" մե&ի ս1ասէն գորիաականՀ քւա^ դսէռներո շու.սա ւսէռասքասասնէ ՝\% մաս՚նասւ.որի Աիրւսկու.^ 70 սասսիք իրե՚նռ ընգէԱքձէսկ սւււ^ւ.աորոյՆ պասսաճաէւռւսւ. կ՛"– քասսսէ ու. օօրսււ.որ եդաԽ ։ դ%եզոն թււ%ակալն անա%կ ձ-սվայ^ ռօրու.թ–իւ^ մ՝*ու.%^ր , ար Դ\արաի^ գհ՛^* օգնեչսւ. ^ամար պայման կբ^աւ. ղ%ել^% ոը բո/ որ Ց"՛֊^՛՛^ ^՚%/ ՚Լ^Րէ^ սպարապեա ՐԱպ/ * ՝^էէ. ՚Օէ ^"՚ՔԸ. ^"՚բկ՚՚՚ԳԲ^^**"֊ ^՚"Ր"է^ ^եա գաշ^»ակից \կար^եգո%ա^ւ.սց գհմ՝ \ՏԻԿԷւե՚Հյէ «^ք, պաաերաղմիւ , ես յաղթ՚եց ասնոեց 480^^ (յյւսղաւֆ՚նայի Դ^ակէԱէոին օրը\ ձ^իյկրայի ք-վյ ^ա^րգ թււնւսւորներՆ ի.. րե%ռ իշխէսնոա-թեա՚Ն աոասկ էսռին ՜իաասլիէսյի քանի մքէ քսւ.^ օէսռներ^^ն օասա , նաձւ. \\էկէւէ՚՚(ւէ մե&ագոյն մասր։ 89 ♦ Ա*^*^Ձ* Վ\ոյ1^\1>աէ դագ1>քա^ 264-241– ^, ՜ի՚Նչ է պոէ\իկԽ$ս՚ն պաաոԽրսւզ11եերոա.՚Ն պաւոք^ասո ը* \%Խչպէս քէէևցէսւ. էԱՈԱէքիՆ էղաաերադյը է — Ն |»՚>«ձ ^ՐԿԻՐ^^է աշխար՛հս, կաչեւքի՚ն աքԱ էֆքրցիս Հ-ք՚/աքեւքիք է որ \^եսս1/նան սւէՆնելովՀ "Րբ Հ^քաեոոն վրան^ էւսլւ^ ձաԼՄցսււ–ք էոԾ՚ն օգնոսթէքս/ն կաևչե-ց Հռոէքայէքց^ևրն որ մր^ցքէն \\արռեգոեւսցէլռ գոե՚ա^ ու. ՚նաւ֊ա^աե^ գ^սսէո չւռՆե՜ցքա։ Հ^ռոմաւօ-ցոք ռաոսիՆ ՚կաոբեգոնսւ^ ցք^էքրր "՚՛ \^էր՚**կք"–՚՚*՚1(յէ ^ե-ա գաՀնակցեցանէ |^<"՚#ւ վբաէՆու.սւճԾցէւն^ իրրէռ ս^ու.ց անու-սհէի տող՝ |^ճ/ւօ«ււ.օ/Ն/ո. ռաղպքրք Ա-լ. պաւոռ-րսէօւ/ասանՆսօ-սւաոր՛^ պ"է յհ շ^էքցքւե է ^ձ," ՚եասւ-Աէաոոմղով ւաղթոց 2օ0^էք դ\Ոէ.^է^ոս \\արռե՚գոնացւ–ոց ^ ւսոա^էւն անգւսէՐ հ՜ովու. էԽ"0 ^էւ^է կաէՐ \ֆպարե–ա% կդղիՆևրուն քով^ Ն^^ ՚նոմհսի հ-ովայթ» ււսղթոսթ 1էն1^՚ն եաեւՒ ՚^տիոիոս ^ե–^ գուղոս յ^փրիկէ անցաւ.» ք֊^Յ (255) Դ*ունու.էլ^ Ք"՛/ կարռե՚գոնսւց1էներ1;^ էաոթոսեցաւ. ու. գերի քանկւսլ. հ \ւեկիդիոս \^ևաևղդոս ւձիկիլԻ՚^ի մկԼ (250) յձ,ստրուբաոի աաոթ՚ևլ^՚ե հ-աեւ ^ հ՛ոմայի փաոասհր էսւոթա֊թուն ւՐ սաացաւ. ՚կսէոքօ՚գոնսքցէ^ոց ւ/ր*^1 Լու..^ աւսաիոս կսէսաուոոոս 241^^» \քգաաեաե կոպ^երուՖ յտքք/^է Հռոյայեցէբ այս էաո^ու^եամհ. արրԾցքւև \^էկէլէ*^1՚* եւ. ՚կարքեգոն վթարեց 3000 աաղաեգ \^կ աա^շII|է^^յ^ 1= 5 6 3 5 Տէ»րաեգյ պաաերաոէԴւ հ^ախռէ 71 ՝կւսրաւեգոնսէցթևե՚ր1;^ (238^^) ՚եասե-լ. \1ւսրգ^իաԱ՝ ու. կեցւոօ գ^ւՐ մզահ– պա տեր աղյուսե առ^ (228) գագյաւոիաւի հ-ովեռերռթ» մէկ մասըյ ես 222/՛^ ՜կդաւգիոս \^արկեդղոս Ղւոսաճեօ ^իսսիսայ^ |ւաօ»«^ ւիւ^ի Գադոիացիքըյ 30 ♦ Նէ\Ոէ Պ–––*է1է*^* դ^գկ^^ 218-201. 1* |>*)հձ<ք4՜« սկաաաււ. Խքկր—րգ աքւււ%թկԽւա% աքւսքԽրսւդւԴլէ 2* 1**^2. ^^»՚ւկ–*–՚^յ՚ր եղա% \»աս.ւիպւխ յէ1է 3 . Ո՚Հ ՚ե-^աւճեքք \1իկիՓ՛"՛^ ՚ Սք"՛^*"^ "^ Աք 1*/^^^^ * >ք՚– 1 * ^ւ^բբեգոնսւցիք ^Ւ^էւե՚^էէ *^9 ւ^սնեցահ– կոըուսս»ե1ւն^ լեռուցքՏե ՚^աանիսոի <^0 ՝ յ\քֆչ1ւար ^էսոեսէսի եւ. ւ^սարոա-չււսոքւ ձեօ֊օբ րրահ– սւշքԱէսր^էս^ կէսլոէ-թհւձէներովւ \;քՐԲ– յ^^էւնհբէսո ՚^պէլԼսւոե ոո^ գքւե ք ձ^ռոմէաեցւ-ոց ան^սւշա թշեապւն ^ Հ^ռոմպէեցւ֊ոց աաշապսւնու.թեան Նեոռեւ. եղող\\ագուեգո1Խ ւսռւսէ-ք Հ^ռոէՐ երե՛ն գե*^ պւսսէերւսաէՐ ^րւստէսրւսեեցւ շ. \Տ։մնիրադ^ (218^է.) ա%յիքասւես 60-000 ռօրօովու. 37 փղով՝ Գ\իւ.ռե%եա*մներ^ք ^"՚Ր* գս՚՚ի՛ ոի*^^^ ու. \Նպեսւ1ե1եերե՚նէ ՚իասէչքօս անցւսսք 26*000 է^խոէ-որով^ (^եսէէներր ցրէո1^^ ս1ւն<Վժու–ւժէէնէ^ ես թշնա$1եաց ւարձակյհսնբներ^ փ՚&ացսւհ– եէ՚եՀւ քար»^ կաւ. Հռոմէսյեցիներր ք\^կիսչիոն\ ^իկի՚Նոսիք (ոեմԼ պրոնիյհսՏ ^րերիսցի ու. քՓչաւֆՆիոս 2 1 7ք՚^յ Տբ""՛/՛^ ւֆՆեան ւ^ւ՚ե քովգխեպեա Փ՚՚՚Բ^՛"՛ \յ^պբսէ՚քոս ^0Ա11Շ– է&էՕՐյ ղՀ^ռոէՐ առաաեց « Բ֊՚^1ց Ն՚Ղ՚Ժ"" ^սօ-ղոս եւ. ^երենտիոս ՝(ԼարրոԱ՝ ՝կա1տնեհ Ք՚՚՚է 216^^» անանկ ^արուաե– մի կերանք որ 50*000 ^՚^"*^^^ցէ պա^ աերսւռմհ գաշա^ ՚Խ՚^ք աւացւ –– ՜^^^մնիրաոյ աս որ ՚քջսց աո,աւ. \\աւսու.անք րպյց կէսրբեգոնե՚ն օգնոսթէւն չգ անելով^ ^\ք)ի%ք %ոչայի ք՚՚վ^ \քարկեղղոսէՆ 12 »ադթ–ու.եռաա.Հ է^ք. վե–րքաա1^ս էէրբ Ապանիւա1^^ իրե՛ն օգնու.թ1ոսե 1քե§1ո յ^սարոԱ-էւսէո եղջ.պէոն 20 1^^ ք^սաՌւրիայհ մէՕս.ո§որով^ն ւսսո^ոսեօասս^ ^արԼագրե–^ ռասւ. ^^^մնէբւսռ ^ստրսէւ,էաիհ ՜^աասւի՛" յթ»սշոսելոէ.ւ Օ • ՝^էոսւԼու.սսւ որ Հ^էերոնհ մա^ոէ.ան^Ն Տոոքր ք^շլօ) Հուա/այե՚օւ-ոց գաշնակռոսթէքն^ ևչահ^ ^#ք| •^ յ^ոքեյեգեսի ^^սէրսէՕ՜ ՚նեւոոո յեռ1/նաներուհւ ու. ԿԷպԲ^ Տ*^յ"Ր–՚՚՚Ա՛ ՚"/ ՜՜՜՜ "Ր^՛^^ էոսւրու.ան ա»սշար՛^ մաե^ եաեւ-է ՚յ^արեևդոս1;;ն \ՂւՀ^^) առնուե՚օաւ. ե՜լ. թովաեգաե ^ձՒ^Ււե**՛ ^ռոսէսէԼաե Նա՛հանգ եղասէ ^ւսսղոս ու, ՜Հևեյոս \\կեսլիոնեան երկու. եւի. րւսրօ ^ ՚^աանիայր ա1՚*՚9**՚1 պսւսէերւսօա^երու^ սգք քւեկահ– ե՚ք՚եՀ \^ռա^ւշ^ որգ^ն ^^ ամեայ Գ\»կոսո^ե^ լիոս յ^կիպիոն (ճքոօ8ոս8 ատւ^օւ) 210/՛^» Իւր^^ փոիէաեակ բգեշքսե \\պանէս» գՆսէռ ^ ՜կսէրռեւէոՆսւցւոց 1Ս§ոթեց եւ. բւ>1բՐ ւՅ՜երակոռ^ն ՚նոսաճեաէ^ եաեւ. 206/՛^ փաո-աւ֊որ ձէսոանռուք Հ^ռոմ^ մասէւէ հՐՒ ւձկէպիո՚ն, 204^^ \\իկիւիաքէ՚ն \^փրիկէ աեցէսւ ք ՜կալւռեգոնէսցիօ \^^մեիբւսզն եա կաեչեցթև» որ էսսկրց վերՕըլ պւսրւսպ աեո ^սէշսէոսթեԼն կր քււնգր1^րւ Քլայայե աԱսրտոէ.թէ/ն1;^*ն եաեւ. (^0Հէ)կ**՚րքեգո1եւսցեօ ստեսլու-եցան 201/՛^ էսմօ^ւսւէ րէս»դւսղու.քժեւհէ մ* ր^ նելէ \^փրեկէ–է% գոէ֊րս ու^եցւսհ՛ րոլոր երկեր%քւն ք փդէրրյ եՕՕՕյ պքԱԱ՚երաօւ/ակաե ՚նասեր^Ն 490 կ՚^Ր^ սրՆցու.ցքւնՀ յ^սկե զա**՛ կարկագրեռան 10*000 ՚^ս՛– ոանգ պաաերաօւֆ հսւքսբ վճարեէ եւ. 1սոստանաւ որ ւսռաեց Հ^ո.ոմաւեցւ.ոց թոալաոսոյս.թեան սլւսէոերւսօէՐ աւլիաի չըն^քնէ իկքՆիշխսաՆ ակր եղան է ,, 73 բսւկԽ^\ է –՚ % • 1*՛^^ ^ԼՔ –^–^եքքա^ Տ՚*––^^՚^կ*^՛^– ՚^––ր–կ–՛^ -*■ ^է.ոյէակւա%– յբ—Ա յաէ^ակէէՀե ս*քաա.Խէ1տ ո%. գիաէւաւ թ՜իւՅ՚ք է ^^ լ • \քՐ^Ր՚*Րգ ^ոԼՆրեէոսն աասէերւսզտէՆ եաոեւ. ք Հ՜ որով ՀռուՐք իր ւսւԱ;՚ն1^Ն վա անգսէւ. որ ՚նւսխսւնձոր^ տայ^ն աղաաեցաւ. Հռոմկյ հ–երէսեուաի՚1ւ բոլոր աիե–^ զե-րաց Ար՚՚^ւ էոիրսքաեառլու. Օանբն ե-րթէսէով ե-րեւ^սձւ երսսէ |^I#^^|- եպռո Հռու/այօ-ռ^ք հրե՚Աօ քէսոպռսէկսւ^ %ա.թե–աե սԼիզբ րրքէն ք ակար էո1^րու–քժհււհւՆերր^ պօրւս^ սորներու. գ1^մ՝ աւսշաաանեէՀ Հ^էՆոմպւեցհբ ^ոսնէսցմկ Փիլիապոս \րէսկե–գո^ ՚նէսցսոյն գկւՐ օգնու.թե՚աԱ եանչոա-եէուէ իրե՛ն գ^ւՐ սլաաերսւօէՐ ^րսէաւսրւսսե՚ցինէ Փիւե՚ՂՊ՛*՛^ կու֊րնէոիոս [ Փլա§գնիոս1;^՚Ա ք ք/^եսսաոիաւի \\իւ^ոսե^փադ^ ռսււի, աՈէ^ յյ՚՚Հ, \սՂ ք՚ե ւաղ^ոսւքլ^^ 1քաՄւ.ք սսէիաոսեցսաւ. I ^ու^էսց րոէոր յթստոպթնե՚րո էսօասէ թոոու֊լյ ՚նաւէս.^ I աորւփդը Հ^ռոմկէեռէ-ոց էանձ՚նելյ ս.անս§եր ^թԱգ ^էսօսւրի իք^ցՐ^"1 "*– 1000 Աէէսղաեգ ասւասւրս»ռմի \ հ՜էսիւռ ւքճարռլէ I 2 • թա1^;պ^ա յձ^աիպբոս (որոէ.% սքպսէւ.իքեւս& յք^^ր է . : յը^էնիրաո լ95/՛^) ՓՂՔՐ \^**ի"՛^ նոէ.ա՝ճե–Լէ՚Ն էքտԼւ՝ ՝^1Հրոասէ աԱռւսւ. ու. \^աոդացւ–ոռ ^ռա պօտտցսէւ* Բ՚ԿէՅ \\աաոն1^ 191^^ ք^երմոաիէխքւ^ ու. \\ոսէւեեւիոս \\կի^ պիոնէ% (ճւՑ1&է10ԱՏ) ւ^փրիկանոսի &ղբօրւ^ն՝ \քագ՚նե^ "ի՚^ի Ք"՚1^ ^ադ1թ–ոԱ.եռասէ Ա*"»/» 4^*^ ^արկաղրեցաւ, I ՓԴթՐ յՇ^՚՚իաե ւ^էեչևւ. ^աւրոս ու. Հաղիս թողոկյ Նա^ I սւյսաոր§գզԱ Հո֊ոմւաեռւոռ էանձնեէ ոս 10*000՛՛"՛՛*՛ ոանգ աաաերասղմի Նէսիւռ վճարելւ Գ\ռրս1;ոս^ Փիլիպպոս^ ա1**՚9՚՝ՐԴՐ ասւաերս»օմի պսւարասաու-թիսԱեե՚ր սւե՚ս՚Նռչու.Նֆ էԱէՌւէԱսսաաՆոսեցւսւ. Հ 74 ու. Հ^ռոմաւեռիռ իոռն գ^ւք* եոսնՀ \էկբ ք^հՈ "Ր^»Ք աէսրէ աէսքոոոսթեէսմհ. աաշաաանէքլ^% եաեսք Գ\իւ.գ^ ^՚^Ւ ք՚"Լ (^՚՚՚Կ^գոեիւ^ի «4քլ) 168^^ Ն՚ֆէե"" Դ^ւսսղոսֆ^1և էԱքղքժուօ՚ռսէւ. ու. ^ք՚չ ՚^հ "^ՂԲր Գ"ՐՒ բո^ոսռռէԱԱՀ \յ^աեեգոնիէս Հռու1այեէօթեե՚րոս ^արեէս՛^ աոա^ չորս ^ասսւրէսեսւաեէոութեոս՚եռ բսէժ՚եոէ^ռոաւ. մա \ԳւՕ ^ ^ռոա^ասնան Նսէ^անգ եղաւ.։ // ՝Հ 3* Հ^ւսուՐ ս»ս»րսւ.սւ& \Գ(^Գ պօսոե^ի պւսսաանգնեբն , Լա^ ^օէա 1^9 հր ^Աէեւ. ^էէզ^բիոէէՏէ ււէւ.Նտէւկան գիսաու–Թ–եասՆռ եւ. սւոսւ.եւ$ւոէռ ՜ճսէշակր^ռսւՌսյեռւ–»ս ^ւսղսրգեււի՚ն։ \\րգՊ^ ^իրւսկու^սաւէ աէէւաքՏաւն աստաէՆ շաաո մի յոէ^սսկաՆ ս»ըա֊եա^ ասւկան գոր&սւ֊ա&քներ Հ^ռսւՐ էոէսրոււս& հ1*^* ^՚^Ա «սսեւի ասղգե^ութ-իաձւ ուՆեցւսն ^ղ/^ք ՀՀ1–ոմայեսւ.սս վբասւ, երբ. երկիրնի՚ն (146) ^ո֊ոյկակաՆ նս»^աս%գ եդաւ. » վաճ՚ն ղի (քՐա^ւՈֆոսի ձեռ.զք՝\ անհամար ւսրու֊եսէՈէււկեբւո գորձ-ոէ^աձ։^. %եր Հ^ռուՐ փաքսսւգբօա^եռաե եւ. շաա մի լքդ/^ սէրոսեսա. ասէգհաներ , փիչիսսփսւնէր ու. ՜ճաբէուսբսէխօսհեր ճււոմ* գսւդք^՚ե^ի՚ն։ — Հ^Ո-ոմկսէկաԿւ մաաեՆսէգրա֊թ-իէձւեւ ալ՝ յու.–՛ %ւսկան ւսղգէօութեաՆ $ոսէկ պայ&սքռասնէսչօւ. սկէէսքս։ է^^– %իոաէ ւսւ%ւ»ւկան օրի՚նասկՆեբու. ^եսէեւ.ելով՝ ^ա^մէէսկսւ^» գիւ֊օսւռնսէկանր (61)0Տ) ^^արեց . եւ. ԳՀդաւ֊սաոս ու. ^եբե%ա. սաիոս էու^ւսկաե կասէոսւկերգու–թ–իլ%Նէ՚բ , Հ-^ա֊ոմայ թ-էսաոբ,, %եբու. վրայ ^անեոի՚ն։ \Բակեգո%ս*կան ու. »պա»/քեիէսկան պէՍսաերապԱներոմ պյեչափ ւսւ^ւսր մսաասւ. Հ^ռոմ՝, »բ քսւ֊ Դ՚՚ա***^էէք "՛է աոա-քա չհք^ սաար ։ ^ա§Ո գիռու.սւ& ^արսսաա—ա. թ-եաեւռ ^եա երթ-ասլոմ սւճեցսււ. %ասԽւ. Հ^էէսսմնաւէ-ռա֊ոս ՚ բասբու.ռ ասպակւսնութ-իւձը*» աաէանահս որ ծ-երսէկուսէո ^սւրա. կագրեսսէւ. ^ակռոսի սէօնեբս ասբգեչել» — ^րկրէսգ^րե՚ու... թիւ-Նբ շաաոԱռ գերեօառ գոբձ^օն եղաե– հր * 33 ♦ էւ***ք^է*ք**^է ••*■ 1ւ*»ք՚^Ր*»*»յ Հոո^^քֆէաՏ^ 146» *՞՛ 2*1/ ՐԲ– ^՚է՚—մէէէւկաա՚հ ՆւսՀ»աւ1հգ Խդաէ. ^աԱ^սււ$էէւս\ւ • ի'%) երեիրԽերո». ակր I* ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ պէէա^իեեաե աասաերս»ռմ1քն (149՜ 14:6) պւսէո՝ճ*սռր ձ^ոմպէեռէ-ոց յա1աէն հ՚Ր է ՚*Ր իՏԼի՛ ՚եւսցիք յյ^էսս^իսսա ՚\^ու§ֆգիայի թագաւ.որ1;^ ^ար^ ձսէկոսօներ կր^ւբմ^ հր1՚կԲ դծր^^ա "(^"շս՚պս^ե-ռք/ե առանց Հռու/պցե–ոի%1րրու.՚ն ^արցշնելու. : \քրբ զէ^՝^ 75 ռերեքւն աաե^եւթն եաեէ^ Հռոմաւեցիօ իրէքնռմ1^ աս$^անՕեցէէն որ ՚նւսՄւ. ռաղպթերն ^իօնայէսւոէսե ընե՛նք Լւստդեցան կէսբօե-գէէնսաքւբ ռւ. ե-րըրբ աւսոի գիւցազ^ ՚նաեաե կերաոէէ իո1/եբ գէրե՚նբ ասւշաաանե-ց^ Հռոո, էՈաեցւ-ոց գէւՐւ ^՚^/ց ՚1էր9^՚Ղ^" 14:6/՛^ կոԱ^էՆնևլիոս \^երպհոն ռէսԽպբն սւռւսսք Լոոոաէոեռ ու. այրեցա եւ Ր^Ւք՚ւԼ ^ՓրՒհ^ անուամէւ^ ^ռու^սւ1էսէ1և %ա^անգ ըրաւ (Տօւրւօ ճ.քոօ&ոսՑ տաօւ)։ 2« ՚կօ/ե սէէսրրնք կոր՚ւեթոս ալ՝ Լարւ^սէաե՚ւ. պա՛^ Աէերաղյյ^ ւՐ ետեւ^ եորհ՚անեցաէ-ք ե՛լ ^այնսւստան ե^ ՚Բ**ւ– Այ^՚^^ս՛ անու^ամքւ ^ռոսէւսեաե ՛Նահանգ մի է ք/^^^ եւ. աոսնէսեան ռադսէբնևրն իրէ/Նռ ղէրե՚կռ Լառավա^ րելու. եոս9*.ու.Նբր պսւ^ե-ցԱեք բայց իու/ևց ււա$պսւպե^ ւասեաե աօաաուքժրւ.՚նո սոոսնցոէ.ցքւնՀ \քրբ ասոո փրսո \ՀԼբրէաթ^սհ սպանէ/ան1^1և ձ՚ա^ օ^ յ ՈԱ70 եւահ՛ \\աաևիացի*եերն աւ 133^^ 1ձ^ՒՊՒ՛^՝^ *եա^%ու.աճա.եցան ք եւ. ՝\^աաաոոս <|«* ^եոգւսմոնե ս»կ^ րոէ.թեան ժւսռաեգ րբւսւ. Հռոմ1ս»եցհբր ^ տհր եղան էսսոնթ \^աալիւ^1/ն օաա յձպանիաւէ ^ յ^ւաեաէւց աս–^ գիի կոդվւան գադղիպյի ((յ&ատւ 01881յ)1Ո&), \^փրի–– կէ^ի» \\իկիլեպյիք յ^՚՚՚րգԲ՚ի՚^ի «ւ-^կորսիկսայի ՚։ * ^րայքքհաՇց շփոթոհթիհճՇերհճ ւֆՇչես Ահգոսսւոս 33 ♦ ^հք***1+է****5 շ^^^Ր^^-Րյ-^^էքէ 133—121. 1 . ի՚է>ձ*<է(^*՛ էր ՚-յ– ՚ԳէրՅէ" «."»ւ/%^* վխւ^սւկը » - 2 . ի՚1Աձ 4– ԳրակքԽաէԽւք լփո^ 1* քք^^եսչէ^ 300 ք՚ն պաարձիՆ եւ. ււաէ^թօ^Օ եզահ՛ ռանաօանա^թիսնր գոեթ11^ վեոցսւՆ ^ո» սա^ եպյն անեււ^ էսիստ ^աեառաեութեԼՆ Ար էէսւգեցաւ. մրւսքն բսարճըագդյն աաե՚նակալոէ^թեան ու. հ-եոակու-՚-ա / 76 աէ պսւշսւօմն0րուՆ ^սւմնոո ^սւրոսսէո եւ. ւսդնոէ-սէեան քաղաքացի%ևրու^ (ոօէւԽտ, Օթէւա8.է6տ) եւ. աարէ-է՛ սւարի շասէցւէղ ռէստՌթև 1/^:0։ ՀԼաա քէչ անգսւէՐ կ րի, §աո ք ոո կստսաոէսե ժոդովրգէ^ մարգ մի բւսոճրսւգոյև պսււոու.գյ ^էսսնէ^ոՀ ք1է%ւսսի^ք որ այհ՚նեսրե Ծրեիր չու.^ ՆՀ՚/՚է^ ապր11^ո յորե՚Նի բստշբօ/աւդւ ու. ւ1րէան ^արոէ^սա–^ ՚նՆրոէյն ^էսշուի՚նւ Հ» քօոէսցոո սՅզնոսէսպ1ոոու.թԾան գ^էՐ եւօււ. \օօի՛^ ասօնու֊անան արիրւոէհէ մի<^ ^իբԾրիոս յձեմէս՛^ ոոեիոս Գբակռոսք ու. վեոանորոգևց \հկիեերան օր1^%^ ՚ՔՐ* որա.% օջրութ1ոսմի ոչ ոռ ՕՕՕ արաւյսվաո1;^՚ն էսւ-եւի սէ^րոսթեոսն եէսւուէԱԾ պիսո որ ունՄնւսրՀ |^ աս եեոաով^ վսէԱէորկու. ահ՜ "Րկիրրէ աոռաա ռէսոպթսւ^ ցիսերույե պիտի բսէժՆոէ.է–ր * եւ. էսսոմ \^ասէւիսա փո^ խանակ գե՜բին&բու ք սէօաա ռսէոպթէսցինե-բոմ պիաի բսէօմէսՆսէբ ։ գ>բաեռոսի ւսռա0ս*բեոսթիսեբ ժողո^ վու-բգն րեգոսնեցսէւ. • բսչյց ի՚^ւք օ՜եբսէկոսաիՆ ճս-ռէսց էոսւկ^^ ե-լահ– իւռովրւ.թե–ս/և մի ւսաձնք իբ օՕՕ գոո^ Նսւկիցեեբոպն սաանոսոռաւ-ւ ՝■ ՝յ~՛ , \քԲԲ Աէէսսր ւոէսրի ևպբր^ կւսէիոս գ֊բս/կօոԱք^ի–^ բերիոսի ե՚ղբայրր էսգսաբւսկաւին օբ1^ռբ ՚նոբոգեռ^ Ծեբսւկոյէոր օՔկթ ժոոովջգեան էսաև-ւր բբւսւՀ գ>սչյիոս 121^1», ք\պիւֆոս բգե-շիէին գէ^ւՐ բբահ– կռու-ին */է^ իր 3000 գ՚*բ^՚**կից^^բ"*1ը. մա^բ գաեե-էի՚Ն եէոեւ^ աբգկե բսէժՆոսաԾ եբկիրնեբր^ էսօնոէ^ակւյս1ւնեբ1^ գաբձե-աւ գնոսեցան» եւ. ^րկէր չու^եցոո ռաղա^ ռացւ.ոց թիւՆ այնչափ սեաց ^ ոբչափ 1^բ ասէռսէՕ^Հ > .^•«՚ ^1՛ ^» Հէ*՝ Լ՛^ ք.^^ Տ 77 \ » ^ոկ.գու.ոթսւ՝ ՚^սէսԱնիսսայի թոռՈք իր ե-ր^ Լոէ– ե՚ղբօոորգրօր սպաէՅնելոսնք ՆեոսՅԼոսաոոե սւռ.^ Օե-լ. աս§էա§սւսխանէսաոէ.ու.թե–աե կանչոսաս^ յ Բ-՚՚^Ց ^"՚՝^ շաո֊բ սց-րյյք^&էով ք^^ ՚1^^1Ը սէօաասւհ– հր * \յՐԲ ՚*">ւ՚ո Ար՚գէ Հոռոմի աէք՝ եոոորգ սէօգասԼան ւՐ սււսաա^ւնեց ^ ՆեըսւԼւԱաՆ իոեՆ գհյ* աաէոերաօէՐ ^րաասւրակե-ցէ ^ոսգա^րթսէք \^% թէ անողղթեաի ՚կե-կիղ, \րձ–աե–ղղո^ ս^ն աաղ^ ոսեռս/ւ. * եւ. \01 ք՛^ ԲԳ^ՀԲ՛ րնարոսահ– Հյ^էսրիոսր օ1^նբր ՝\^էսւ.ոիսէաեիէս փէսլսչե՚ւու. սսաոաեռւ ^պ)Ը \^ս»ւ.բիաանհաւէւ թագաւ֊ոոը^ Է՛՜Ր "՚^^րՐյ դե՚հթ ՜կոսո^* յձիդդա գանձապեաէւն ւան^եօ օ-ւ. ՀռուՐ անաի է1էՕ մեռսսւ. ւ պէսառ-ոէսօմոռ ^սեայ գռ՚րմանսէԼա^ւ Ժողովու.ոգ1ւեո ^ Դ%աՆոէ–բ.ի ռովերն հոեւ.ցան եւ. ՚կ՚՚Ր^՚^ւէ ՚Ք՚՚՚Ւ 11օ ^ ՀւՆոմսչյե-օէ-ոց էէսղթ-ե-ց^Հ իբ&նց գ^ւՐ քսաւրոսէսհ՛ շսւսէ Ահ ^ռոմէէսեաե ւե՜գ^ոԱներն սււ սաընեւ^ն եէ. ՜^ոէսւսիոնի (Հ^ոանժՀ զ)Ա՚^ո ՚ձաԼաա^^ ե-տե-ւ. գ>օ#^ք«, ոքւսէ ու. ՝\\աւյսնքւէս ռւսշու.եցանէ Հոն ^ասսււսսէու.ե՜ւ^՚Ն ոսւեւ. ոնթսէօբն^ եոերոոգ էսնգէսւՐ Գ^Պ \^ս"սւիս՛ ոսոոէռքւն բւգւց էրաոսէ բստժնոսսէօ– ։ յձ,սոեց գդ-էք \րւսա, բիոսք ^թ՚գ ս՛արի (104՜ 100) եաեւէ եաևա. բգևշխ ընէոոու. ե-ցաւ. % քաոկաւ. ասիկա ^ ե՛ւ. տոմն երո 102 Ի^ յձ,կէէէ.սէ՚՚\յ1^սաայի ^ոմ (*^ք՚՛ օրոսաե ^րովսԽսի սհ9\ Ո9- յ11պս/եիւա1^Ն գէսրձոո կիմպրսէցի՚նե՚րո ՚կսէԱ»Ոէ.ոոո^ սքւե ^եա յիացաւՆ ^ ^է^սււգիեևան գաշաեբուՆ վջայ^ Վյ^րկէէւկի քով^ (101/»,) է ո . ՝ ՚-Հ 78 Օ • \^տէսլակ$տւԱ ռւսղպթն1քոո եոԼսան ասաեՆ^ ի յե՚ր ^ռոսէասան ռասղպթսէցւ.ոյ րրսաւ.ա^նռ եր պա^ան^ 01^ԷՆ, Ծւ. որովշ^եսէու, Հ^ռոմաւեօհբ սւս բանս իրե%պ բէսօարձստսւսպ^ս չոսռռ-օիՆ ^՚»/»>"7> որոշե-օքւն ՀւՆո^ սէ՚Ն աեԼօտքս գսսշնաեռեաւ էո^ոա.1ժիւն մի կսւպյե§ | կորՓինիոն գլխաւ֊որ քաղքովէ Աբիւ՚եա^ձ-ո աաւո&^ րաղմէ ւՐ ե՜սքե–լ.ք որուն սհք Տ՚*–՚"^Խ/"^Ւ *՚՚յե՚նպռա^ էլօրավարեևրը^ բան մքլ չկրցան բեեէյ ևս 300*000 մարգ կորօու-ե՚ցաէ-յ ՜^ւոալիայի էսմէՆ ռաղպքնեոոԱ^ Հ^ռոմաւե-ռի օաղպբառսզյ իրաւունբ տրու.եցաւ.է 35* 1^*^.***^^ փաոաւ^աՀաԱ աաք^]աաա^|մ 88– 82» 1* է՝^> 1է՚ \Րքէ՚՚^րգ1*քեէաէ^ա ւղէԱէոեբասօաՕքԱ աալաաւաճաոռր է –~ 2< |^՝^> մաէէճսէեւ ^էսկաո% պէսսաեթսւզմէէ - 4* \^^Ղ՚Ը" ^^ձ՛՛*՞ մշ՚ոԽքէէհաւյքր Հրսւէ1ա%ապԽ– աս– ՚Աոա.աա$1»ոէ.Խցս»*. է յ, . \ր/ւ^րգսէսէ Դ\ոնտացքւն ք \^Մւ. Ծոմուհէ սւրեսեւ • ու. ^քււս* գհ՚ե ե-դահ՜ ս/աէՆ ժողոմուրգնե՚րր 1Աու.ւսճռ՛՛»^ լէե էքաե՚ւ. գաշնաւորաց աէսաՄրւսպպքն սւաե՚ն^ ՚կէսա–^ պագոմեհաւի ու. ^իւթ ս/նիւաի թագաէ-որՆե-րր մեբ^ մահ՛՝ ՓՂՔՐ ւձյ^հսւ^ գիւրոէ-թԾւսմբ մ՝ աշրւար^էսեալահ– ևւ. ^ոՆ մէկ օրուան էքէօ 80*000 ^ռոմէական քա*, ղսէթացհ սպանՆեւ սւոսէսհ՛ ^րՀ\յ^երակուէոն հրե՛ն գէմ* մե-րէ^ ^րսւմանէսւուսր անու.անէքռ Գ^հոՈէԱ* րսկմողո^ վու-րգր օ^արիոսՀ 1)/՚775՚՛՝ հր բաեէսկոմԱ Հ^ռոպ» մըաւ գնացյ ե^արիոս մէսնահց հւ. ք\կաաւ֊իոսն ու. ՚կէն՚նան բգհշքս անոԱ.անհլ1^ եահւ. ք \րքւ^րգէսահՆ մրսց աՔ՚՚՚ւ^Յ^ 2» լլո-օւՕ/՚Ն \բհ^րգաւոհաՆ աէսւոԾրէսպ$§րն մէՕ (օՕ ՜ օ4։) \\էդղա՚նու.ւս՚ճե՚ց Դ\ոՆսէոսհ թ էսգաւորքւ՚ն ^հա գսէշնսւկհց ւ^յ^ք^կբր * ^էմնհ մր աէսքոո , ՚ճւսկաասերպ;^ հաե-լ^ բո^եց իր ղօրռովԱ ՓՂՌԲ 1^»՚իան (որ 20*000 էոադանգվճարհէու. սաիաուեցսէւ\ ու. ^սւփղագոնիւսե ^ եւ. գաղաաիան ^ռոմէսւկան ՛նահանգ րբաւ. : /^ ՚՝^՜ 79 Նճ^ք| աթսոբեք ու. սաաէէնեւ սէուսռ ւ իւ՚աօ շասէ չսւնցասէ, էէեթե էսւ $1եռէսւ, օ%^ եօթՆե՚րոոգ սսնգւսմ՝ բգեշքս րնսէոոսեէ^ն ^էչ *քհ՚՚–աՌրէ ՜կքամնէս չք*Ր՚՛ քէսրի ևտե–ւ1^ էքսաէո^ Ր^ՀԲ քՐհո Վր^պասէոս աեոսաՆեւ ւոէսւկն եսէե՚ւ, իր էէի*եոէ^որներ1^*ն սպսսնու-եցէՏէւ. (օ4։)) "ՐԲ ^յ՚՚՚դԹ՚^՚է ^էդՈՏյե Գ^՛^՝ գոէսնասէոան ե-րթսքչու. էԽպյ հր^ 4։* ^քձէղղ՚ք Օօիե իաաչիա մաաւ. ^ ես \ք) ՚ճասա. Լասոոմ \յ^սւրիոսի գոոՆէսԼհռնեոոսն աս»ղ^եաթն եաեաՒ Օսք՛^ Լ^ռոաա սւռսէւ. ւ իր սա^ուան վճիէՆնե-րովԱ սէսր^ սէսփելբ եոէոորւսհ՛ որէսւ. ՜ճէսմէւանսրու. էէրայ^ աներոէ. ու. աւս՚&էսրՆձ-րու. սէ^ է ՚\^շւոեՕև՚նաւ,որ ^րւսւ/ա1եասպ1ոո անոսանոսՄլոժ չափսւսորեց էորէրումներոա^ ռօրու,^ թրսնր ես աճեցոսպ ՆերսսկոսաԱն էշիէսւևոսթեսեոՀ ^ադմաթիս ս/եգթոսթիս՚ևՆերէ ^^աձ^*–, (100000 . ^ք՚լպբս՚բի սպա1էեեւ էոոսասՀ ^րամաՆոսաեսաոսթ ե՚ն^Ն ^րասժէսրեցաս (79) ես ժեռաս կոսւՈս օաղաքր ^^ ^ ւոէսրեկան (78)* 1 • \յ\ւ»զկո Խկսաւ. ԳՀոմսԼկոս է –~ %» 1*՚^Հ. *^ս՚ա>2^է1ք>ւ.ս«ւ– սէքոսաւ. Խրկրորգ 0^^*– ^րգէէաէեան աքաաԽրսէղմըէ — 3« 1) |՚ք ^*– է՚է՚չո՛ ա. կէսպմոէ.եց–ս սււ».ս։քքՏե Խռւա^ քլեաոոա.թի»%ըէ — 4* ^՚^շաքէւ* ԽրԽԼսէ՚Ն Խ/աէ. ՚կեաքսքւ է - Տ> |7՚|՚1՛ եղւ—ա. Գ^էուէ. պէաա Աէռս§Նձի\ քլգԽշիա է 1 • ^ՒդՈ^Ւ "*եդն սէնռնեւ ոսղոո մարգեէլներոս ա;^^^ (պսէրսւգաեերոս ^՚՚՚ք՚՚դ^ւրւքէ) սւսէՆհ՚ե էէեհ– Աքզ^ գեցոսթհսՍն ոսնեոէսս \\եեէոս քկոմպեոսէ \^սեեսէ %ոսւս՝ճեց յձպանիաքի ՚^9 \Տ^արիոսեսւ1քներր (77՛ 72)՛» քյ՚9^3 71^^ ՝իէոսէչիսսյ1^^ փախչող սարոսե^ %երր* էքե՚քրեց 67^^՝ ք՚՚ր^ք ամսոսան մէՕք Մ^ք^Ր՝^ Լրակսսն հրովոսԱ եաոսօա1լևերո» ոս\^է^րգաաաւ գեմ* ՚ յմերԱե ^րէսւ/աՆսօոար աեոսահոսեցւսս է ք 80 յպւեցսոռ ժէսռաեգու-թքէւ^ն թոո սւրու.էսհ՛ ^ֆւվժսւ^ %իաա^^ վւինւոէսհ՛ ք ու. էոաքն 1ո–. Է՚-Ո անեոք§ն՝ ^էգուէէնայ Հպյ՚^ց թագաւորքւն ^իգրանւսկե-րաի ք՚՚՚է^ Ժ՚՚՚Ղ^ թաՆ էր (69)* ^^9 ^"՚ կաեչուելովՀ Ա^ի^րգաա իր երկիր՚ներր Նորէ;^ սւռսււէ Գ\ու1ա1^ոս (68^^) գԷհ^*՛ րպքք^ ՚ճէսկսէտի մի ^9 \քփրս»աի ^"մ՝ յյ՚ի^րգ**^՛"/^ ււսղթեօք որ փասիէչե՚րէս աաւ/ն ք՚կբ Պ^կը. ՚^՚<–/ք<–^ք ^ՐՒ է՛՜ր ՚^Րգք*^ ^Աէո^ւսկ իրօն գէ;մ^ էսասաոասմրեցաւ. է ՚|լ<#«ք/ւ »Խպէ ^ոմպ1;ո$ւ 1ձ,"է՚՚^է իրողոա.թիս1էնե–րր կէսր^ սի գրսօ.* ՀՐ^՚^ՔՐ Լ,ռ**մ1^եցւ.ոց ՀսլաաակեցոԱ-ց» ^փ§–թաՆիան յ Գ\բնւոոսըյ կիչիկիաե ու. 1Շխ՚"՝րԷքՐ ^"–՚*՛– յ11։$9ւկաե գսէսսւռ րբաւ, ք եւ. օՓ՚*"*^քկ ^ոսպորոսի թւս՛^ գասսոր X / 3* ^ոմէսկոս ՕԼի^ ՀռոէՐ գարճաւ.։ \քԼ. որոմՀե–^ տես ^երաւկոէաե (ե-ւ. ւաեու–ան1^ \\եկիոիոս \^եսաեոի, ղոս ^իւ.պսէէոր ք իէիսսէ Դկորսէիոս \\սէս»ոնոք ^արոսստ \ր^ կիւեիոս \\րսէսոսե եւ. փսւռս»ս1;ր մե^ օրմաաեէոր ^ոսչիոս ՚կեսարՀ իր կարգագրոսթիւ^Անե՚րոսե սիշա կո ^էսկէսռսւկէր ք էմեոր ^աԱար միէսրանեցւսւ. (օՕի^) կե՛սարի ու. ՜կրասոսի կեէո՝ եռւսաեէոոսթիւ^ (էք1Աա՚– ՚Հնւ9,է)՚Ոէ կաղյելոսէ ՜կեսար՝ րգեշխու.թիւն% աո%ելթԽ եաեւ. (59իե) ^Ւ^Գ ""սր"*–**^ ^ամար գաղղիակասե երկու. գսւէ.ԱէոՆերն սէո^սււ, (կիկերոն կօասգիոսի ձեռօբ առսորոսեսսէէ. ^ Օօ/՛^)* ^"^ կսէսաոն^ կիպրոս աո%եւու. ^ամար Հռու^Ն ^եռսէցու.եցաւ.ւ 4« 0*–^/» արշասանքով^ (58-51) *"իրեց կե^ սար րոչոր գաոոիաւիէ |^<^Ն^Ն ւառաՕ օարկասւ. ցրոսեց ^ոսրա լեո^եր^ն ւսէռաՕ ռալոո Հ^ելոսե^ աացքւներր^ վռ.Նաեց Օօ^* քիենոսե^ անգիՆ ք Հ^րիո՛.^ վիսար» ^աաասէկեցոէ.ց 0%^ ^եղգիաե ու. յ\կուի՛^ ասհէիաե. է/աաւ. երկու, ^եոգերմանիա ու. ^րիաաեիստ» ■^ 81 բՆկ^&օքՕ^) վե-րԼ/էեգձ-Աէորիքսի ւԱռաՀխորգա.թե–ա*գ. ելա^ գադոիսէ1^սՖ ժոռոմրգոռ մաամեգս»սոր էսաստսէմԼ, րա.թիւ^րք &ս կաաՌքց ոնաիր ևս իրէէն ^ոլո^էթվյ^ ^լու. բանսէե միւ 5* Ա«/<՛ հ^քըտէ" \վւկերէԽ ե-տ կաեչոսև^աս (57/^) > ևւ. պոյպէ-ոս ու. կրասէէս (55/՚էք) թգ^շԽ ասեաւսանու-եցան X \^Րթ »սսոո Վրայ ՜կեսարոս գսէսօւ–^ ռէսկէսլոէ.քժիւ.1եբ ^թևգ աւսոհ սէէեոէլեռոսեռասէ.^ ՚կրսէ^ սոս յ^՚՚՚՚Րէք^ ասռսււ ուր թէկաւ. \0օք^) Դ\ստբթե–սաց գ^է՚մ* րբահ– պաաեոսէօէաս մհքյ Գկոմպէ-ոս իր գաս^ աո^ե-րր (Ապս^իաե ոս ^Շ^փրք՚կէ^յ գասառապերաասց Օրռօք կառավարեւուԼ^ Հռո*Ր աւացք ու-ր երկէ^ո^ րաաեւ. խռովութիւՖնե-րէ՛ ևտևւ.ք 52^^ սօէւսճէձթև բգս-շքս ս-ոաւ. ։ 37* 1^քյք**քէ* +*^^+**^\*^ ղագ^յ»ա^ 49-44» 1 • ի՚^ձ՚^է^՜օ ^՚՚՚Գ^Հրսէ. Խրկր-րգ քւաքԱէտակաճ պա$ււԽքաղյը է — 2 . |» Նչ յ—դ^ 1* ք^Ծսսէր որ գ.սւոոիաՆ %ու.ա՚ճեւէ^ եաե՚Ադ րւաեակը^ չէր ոսղթր ցրոսել (49) > հ–&րակ^սթրլ ^պք^ րարեռառ քժշեասր \րաստս»ր»սկեց ^ ես ւ^^ոմսլէւէէս երհւկ գէմ՝ վե՚րքէե ^րսւմէսնսսէոէսր անոսսԽեցւ կօ՚սէսի^՝.վիում՛^^^ րիկոն գեաե անցսաս* ե՚րկոս սէմսոսաե մէք սէ^^^ար^ ^սէկսէլե՚ց \^ասւէիաՆ ոս ւս»ղքՅ–եց ԳՀոմպէոսէ ղօրացր ^քձպաեիէաէ ւս^9* ՚քհրք^Ը^ հ՜երս/կոսաին ^&ա ^ոս՛^ %սէստան փասքսօւս : ՝ ՜՛^՜ ք,^^,^ 2 » ^արսաոէաէի (յք^»ա^սսէոիա\ ՜ճակաա^ ^9 (4օ) ^ոմաէոս բոլորով1քե ւաղթոսեցաս* ՛Եգիպտոս փս»բէսէս ես ցամէսռ ելահ՛ ասէոԾն սպսւնոսեցսւսւ ՚կեսսւր որ Դ^ոմպեոսի ւաքորգեցէ ^իՆգ տսւբսան ^սւԱաբ բգեշխ ու. սէկ տարսան ^ամաբ ^րս§մանս»պես» անոսաեոսեա^Ն եսէես վէՆնաու սւՆ՛ \\ղէոաաարան %որ^^ Գ՛"^ ^ա^ 6 82 (^էէՈյ 7՚ւճւ, VI 6ւ) /»/» ^^րըլ թագաւ-որա^թ֊իսմն եա ւսռւս^ հր* ե՛լ. Հ^ռաք* գարճւսւ. գա1եճս՚ոույէ ւՇ^փրէ^էէ ՚^ք(4ւճ^^ք^ցկե–սար պոմպհեոէէն մե^ ^րհհրր Հռոտէէսեաե Նահանգ եռալ, ի ռ՚ւ. պւնչե-ս ասքն ասաե^ չա&սեէէւէսէՒ չոոէէքօոռ՚աւ ձսէղանբ մԱ Լսէտասոեց է տասն եասՆ վէրՕ^ աոմպհ՚ե-աե բանաեքաե ՚յ^1§ւ%գպյի %էԱէ.որ ^րամանաաե-Աք ու. ւֆապեա անու.աԱոա–ելթն ե՚աէէԱք Գ^ք՚^ք յյ^արաի Լօք՚եէ ^ևրաեու-սւթէ գաա֊ա^ 1|&–աաւ* իւ.քսզէաեէչիէ.ք քսւգպքաչքւ.ղյ 450» «ւ՛՛^^ իբ էէէէակ պէէ1էէւէ–րառմէւ^էր»ւ.% 21*000 քէսէսէր է ւ. երկիր պարգեւ-էաձ– փ իսկ կաակիՆ ա/էքլ օ»«^% քադստայքւ.ոյ ՏՕՕ՚՚եաւաԽր ( ւՕթա/ւ^ր) թ-սղսա-ոսւե– ^ր է ՚^րրեւ. ^րասմաՆապեէո , ի%ք կբ ր«սժՆ^ր սա–. յ1^ պաշաօե՚ներն սւ. կւլկրհր ծիրանի* գեղե^կսա^սւ^ Հս.սւՐ, Հիաւեքք շասա գասպք9–էակա^սւ1ւ,թ՚իւ.\ձեր եւ. շի—կէ–^ էէէս$^մարըյ — քք^ռւղման էէւաոե% կեսս»րա– սօրէավար%երբ (Ր^տոսՆիո»$ րգեշխՆ ու. ՚Հևպիէոսս 0*4՛^ քրմասլեաէ^ ժէւգոփ»ւ.րգթ ԳԲԳ՚^ՏԻ՛^ "պ՚^՚^՚՚ղաքք ^•^. թսաք/ք ^էրակսքա րնգ^ա%ոա^ր թ–էւղսա–թ–իւ% շնորհես» էլ, օ^րսւէոոս ու. ոկաաոոիոս թ-ողոա..^ իրե%ո պաշաօեէ1եւ ւէկքյ Տ8- \^)^*է^1^^$ [\\*^ա>ա^ա^ո^ 44-31* գԽյրւ»». Խրրարգ քւաղաաասկէս^ պաաէէհբէաղմււ I - 3 • |*՛^^ փսխւէէա^ աա%Խ^աաա. քԲԲ՚՚Բ՚էՇ* — ^* Ւ՚՝1**^" ^Բ •V" ՚Փն^Ւ" Հ՚ւ––^^յի–տ ք—ր՚^—կւ»՛^ ^ե^աI^տք,» եւ. օկ&ստսր սպանոոներե իրեքնց գաւաունեոո եր մոռ–,^ օոսէ՛^^ ^ուչ, ՚կեսսւո ք^Լէուսւ֊րանոս ^ ՚կեսսւրու. որգե^ գհրր ԱէՈ֊ասէԱէճե՚ունոէ^թեւսմհ. ժոդովուրգն ոա֊ բաՆաԼո շսէ^ելրւք ր%գ^անոէ–ո սպէսրսէպեւո անու^անոսԾցսււ. սէհրութեան թշևաւֆ ^ոաաւսրաեոսւս^է \^աոնիոսի 0.^«/՝է ք^ետաւ֊էանոս \քոկսւ/էէՅաւի փաւՆաւոր ՝ճսւկւսա1^ / 83 ե-տև՚ւ, ("՚-ր երկու. բգ1էշքւէնե՚րն թէկաեի 4:3^^ Ւր^ ա աս փշա ասկեր օ ք ^»սդ1ււ. ^(յ ասքրա-աե^ րգերշիոսթ-իայերւ ^պյո հ սսէՐԱԱէփ ս»ւապ^ բսէոս՚օգասհ– ռասոպթսսց^և՛՛^ բուՖ - - կէսաթ՚ց յ^սւօնիսսի էրլ. Լ^պիսէոսի ^&սա՝ ձրկրորգ ևռապևէոոսթիսեը^ (է^^սաV^^^ ք61 յ)սն1ւ0&6 «ՕՈ8է1էԱ6ռճ&6)տ 2* \թռստպռրպռ շասսէ օ՚էա՚րասկոԱ-սւհ աեգս/աւերէ բասաՌսթիւ, Աէսպե-աՆե՚ր ու. իր էրեց թ^աս^ (կիկէէրոն փախաէէ՛ ասսւե՚ն սաանոԱ.եոասւ.\ յթաոպթասցէՏնև՚ր էՖ՚ռ^ ցւ^՚եւ սսսլ^ն եէոեւ. ՀքՐրոոգ յթէԱոպօս§կան պաաե^ ոասզպ^Ն մ^^ (4:2^^3 ^ԱքԱԱքրակս՚պ1ոոսէկաա1Ն1ե&րուՖ I ու.ր կասսսիոս եւ. ^րոստոս Էր1քկբ գէր^՚^կբ սաաԱեե-ցքէե՚ւ *<– ^ս»ւ.ասո,ւսց %օո բասժւսնոսւՐ էՐ բեեաոմՀ ^կ%ոսււ.ի՛^ սէեոս առասւ. $սրեւօէհսաթՈյ ^^աոոնիոո ւսոեսե-էօրյ \ք^պէաոո ւՇեփրիկհ՚եւ յ^աոնիոս յձ,սիօւ^ի ու. \ՅեՓր^կէ՚ք՛ ՚Տ^քկդէ՚՚՚ա, պստէորպքի ^էոա օե՚ղքւէսւ^է էսաէք՚նք Աէէօսաոս Դ^ու1պք^ոս ^կտէսւ-իանոսէ \^գրիաաս» պօրավար ^|^Ն քօօ) աՅ՚՚՚՚՚ւ^ քժու.եռէսա.% ^կդքե աւսր^ \թպիտոս աւ ^էսրկագրեցսււ. էր գասէ-էսո^ ^կս9աա.էէսնոսի տալէ 3* ՆԲԲ """՚ք 4ր*Ո յ^^ո՚ոեէոԱք քււէ,ր էսղնոսասկօԽ Լին՛ն ^կաասիան մերժեց^ ես \ռոմեուկասե գաա֊առ՛^ %երր ՜կղեոպասարպ^ի ել, անոր որգսոց պարգեսեց ՚^աարեՆեաց թ-շնւստՓ ^րաստարակու.եցէսւ. ։ |^լ^ււ»^քքՆ^ հ-ովամարաթե ասաեՆ ^31^^) գեռ աատերսէօմի չորո՛^ շու.ահ՜^ ՚^ըխսէոնէոս կղեոաատրաաի ^եա փա1սւսԱք է՚՚կ ցամպբայ^ պօոռե ^կէուսսէաեոսէ կոոաւ աեցաա. է \^ւ. որովՀետեւ. ասիկւա իսւոազու.թ–եաՆ ասպ^ սէո֊ա^ար^ կու.թէւսեո մերժեցք ՜^եաոեիոս ու. կղեոպաարա իրեկօ պէրե՚կթ սպամնեցքւե ^30) "՚– \քգէսւ*ոոս եղաւ. ^ռոսե՛^ ական *նա՚^անգ% ք^կտասէանոս - - ւասու-^եաեւ. Ա&֊«՛ 6* 84 գոստոս \\պյսր իբրեփ^ աֆա^&հ՚ահ էոէր ք ՀռաՐ գարձսէւ. ու. ^աեոսի ասՈճասոո գ"^ե՚է աոսէԱԱ-է է թ՜իլ– յաղթ՚աէ.թ՜իւ%%երավ^ »ւ գաա^աւէ^այք Ք^ք^ ԸԲ"՛^ Հ՛"*՛ րթաէ0էԱէ^արւաւ.թ–իւ.Ն՚ներայ չ^էսա֊էսասւսւէ կերպով շաասաս^ կր* գերգաւէաա՚ն՚ներ կաքի%, ար $դՏնչեւ. 10.000 Գ^^րի Կւլ պա^ ^հէ^ • \ւրսէ–է1էւ 7000 քէասղաքեգէ երկիր ասՆ^ր • |յէ՚%ք«9 ւ*«.Հւ*» կրկի՚^Ը^՛ կէսպպագովկաչքւ-ս^ թ–ագաւ.որրլ ԳՀուՈդ1^սաի 8000 էոէսղանգ պէսրսաէսկան ^ր » ~– Հ^ււ.ուգ էէէք պէսլաաներ կ՚գք– քն, սր կէս յիւէսԴ» աադանգ կ՝արժ1^ի%է \^կաէ.րաա՝ Աիղդսքքի "քգեգիրրէ 30 օրաւան ^ամար թ֊ասէրսն մէ^ շե՚^^յք 80*000 ^ագսղյ ^աւԴսր՝ 3000 արձաՆսվյ քՀսա^կւէէ.ղյւ»ա՝ կրնար էսյկ՚Ն ժսւմաեակ աէէսասեա ւՏ^ձ– պասքրաաււէսոա^թ֊եաե մրյ 3000 սաօէղանգ արժսդ Ւ՚^քԴ/Ք ՚Օ՛ պասէորասսէւաելէ ք^՚ճիրԽերաւ. քՅ-իւ.% աաե սէաաի՜ճսէնի շաաոասէհ– ^ր որ ՚իսէսէւիօւ ք աւսրաա^ան ՚Դլ <^քլւ 3000 ^՚՚գի –ւ֊րիշհերը^ թաւՆաա^սրե/ձաւյն հա»Տար կս$խաղս»ե ^անա֊եաաե ։ ^եղխաա^թ-իա^ ալ. անս»ռաւկաաս^ թ-իւն սէիրաձ՛ ւ^ր ամէ՚Ն գաւաա^երու%՝ %ա1էւ. ^ււ.ա/սԱե^ի ամե%^% աղեասակաՆ գերգաաաանաչք Ք^ք։ \^ա֊ *^կ գիէ^ $է$յկ% կրօԿւաէկւաէհւ գգսւձաւ-ւՐ շիքաեելաւ. վթ՚քւ ^7՛"^ էսէոե՚ն , «^կալ գ^ Աէրեւ֊եչեսէՆ աս§սսւիկ էսւ.երւրգսէասւշաէււ.թ–իէձէ էէէէրելաս ակսէսա. ւ կւսՀաա^էսկեր§11.քՅ–իա.Նր ^րէսասէրաակասւ. կո ^սրէքնսվյ ^սէրաւ.աաներ(^ րնգաւձսէձ– պւսրգեսէէյ եւ. ^–Ա^ Ներնին ^աէխԽլով կ $սպր(;^ին ք էլ. ւՓաւն սաեասրան՚ներ^ սւ. անաա%սչք կւԱ.իւ%եր^ ^աւՐ կ՝աւաձէին (յ)&Ո6տ ©է 0Մ06ՈՏ«տ) » լլ^» կերպավ^ ի Հ^էսրկ^ ^ասարակասպեաասթ՚իսԴէշ պ(;^էւզէ 4/1 ար կարձ^աէնէրէ Ըհդոսաոսհճ փճչնհ արեհէ/սւեաճ Խոմհակաճ պեսւոհ՛ թծաճ կործաճոհէ/ը . 30 ^* Տ* — 476 ք* հ* 39* Ա^ք ♦•^••Ո***»– 30. ՝բ. Ց 14. ֊բ. հ» ^ 2. ի՛նձ >1ի^՚»կի յէլ էր աք »Դլ«^խ. Հռոէ1էակա% »քաաԽ՚*»ագւավժ1,».%ըէ. 8 • Եր|» ւ(ասաը1րաա.Խցաե *\^ա՚Աւա».թԽաե եբկիր%Խրը է — 4 • Ա^«» էԳէրտէ" ՚՚Ր– չափ էւաաքաՏ––ւթիէ.% ււ»%էք $ Խւ. ք՚՚եչ^ կԽրպաբաԱ^տ էԱէէ.էաձ– ^ր ^§ււ$է^ակւս1և պե֊ աոսւթքւէձբ է սւա-թե-աե ^ւսսաւ. ք որ ւսսէ% բէսրձուսգոէե ^ւսսսւրաեւս՛^ պեսւակսԽ արյ–աես§աաս§ուա.թիւՅմներր ւֆաօու.ցէ 85 գաքձաւ., ի սկ^^ան՝ 10» աաար վջպ/ ճ* եաղթ1^ %ււր1֊քԽ 10 ^ոսքրւօէե ի՚էքք%աակէաչւէւ.թ–եաեէ պւսսւիս սարաա^ե-աէսւ. իրե% է Հա֊—Փ ա/էշ^ ՚Գ-Ա^ 10 պքե»ո>»բեա% բաժի% պա^Խ^ ։ իբբեւ ^քերակաչքս^ թաբղքիյք (յ»Ո&6ք60էԱՏ ա01Աա)՝ ^եււ.ա^է.^ ձ-Խրաէէկւէա-էո^^ իրեէւ ահւ^աճղյ անձի%ք^։ ՛ի էւկղթ$ւէն ք՚%ք ^%ք ա$սք»ւ^է էէէէսբի ^իա֊պսէսաա ա1եւ»սասԿ»Խւ կսւ. սէօւբ , սէա^ ■կա/ե եպք^՚ն *՚*1– ա»սս»ի§^% աւ֊բիշեերուՆ թսղաէ,^ ^էթ ՀՂ^իՆ) օբիԴէաա ադաաբաէքաւ^աբա–թ–1քեֆ^ սփպաէո եղաւ^է գ%սէ^ էսս0էւ%հ՚րբ^ ձ՚Խրսէկոէ^սւէւԿտ ^Խսա բսէժՆեա ւ աեաբ ւսՆՆշա^եէեբբ ՚սէսէչավ։ ԳաէսւէսաԱ^է-բշ^ կը^ կսէռւս^ւսբա^^թն բգեգխի փա^ 1սանոբւէէ։եբով ոբոնյք քէ^ ՚Օէ եաոքը^ կա»$յսԽբւսկան գոբհ-աս^ •կէախԽբ օ^ևէակաե աոբոսԽասքե^ արպէա ղի ^ա»էբկէբրժււզււէ/Խ%։ 2 . Դ\եաւասթ–եան <^^ խաբի՛ն խաղազսւ^թ-իւձ կբ^ աի^ բհք* Գ^Աէա–ասո%Խբր խսազադցէււ.աս& եւ. օբ^քնեբաւԼ գէԱէ^էա», ոսակ^սխեբու. ^սէբաաուս^աաբւաա^թ-իւ^Նեբփա ս/սւշապէսՆաւսէ^ ^ին է Հ^ռսւՐ շ^ոէսւ^ , ՜իսասէչիսէ^ի ւ^9 շ^՛" ՚(ի ւա>րքւքւ%Աէկաե ^սէմբանեբ շքէնու֊Խօահ, ճո. Օքւ/(–% սաէէո ^ւսասւբս$կսէռ թ՚աա. բօբաէ^թ-եաԽ ^"գ Աքէէէբաէ-եասէւ. » 1\ւ,գ»սէւաա գիէոեսէկաԱնԽբՆ ««. բաեսաէոեղհ%եբբ կր պէԱՀաաասնկբ ւ լԼէա^ ^սււ1աբ «ահ ^ւէ.ու^$էւկան մասէե՚Ն»սգբու֊իՅ–իւ%Ն "ՏԻ՛ ՚ֆք՚՚տե՛՛ Ւօ ^"՚Ս՛՜ յԼբոա^թ-եէան ձ-սւգբ Հօ#4ք«»ւ< ^անսէասաեէքձ–1էա–թ–եսւն սկիօթ ըրի՚ն կբօՆակաՆ եբգԽբբ պսբ քբ՚/եբքլ կսքքաւ-եքով^ կ*եբգկի% ։ \^^^»ա Ա^ւ^ք «•^^(«•4» Հ^ասոէՐ եկսէձ՛ յդ/ն գեբին, գբ^յք լատոինեբ^^Ն քիղսւ֊էսա, ԺԳ/^ թ-աաեբախաղաւ֊թ֊իւ^՚եեբ (ճ^&ա69) եւ. թ-աբգմաեե^ Ոք–^^– աւակա%1Լէ *||(.*.^«>«» (264՜ 194) յու^ակաՆ ոդթեբգա֊թ֊Խան «սռ.աքի% փոբձն բբաէ., •«. |/1>՚Լ^– (239-169) 4Իտ<^չ^փ"վ^ ^ուու^սէկւսՆ ա1ոսւււ,թ–Խասե վիա$սկան ա§$ւս$ւՌւ֊քՅ–իայնո գբե^ * 1\սքբ ժ$սմանակս»կի^շ\Ր» յձ\^*"* <^|•լ«»•-^^••••' յսսնաս^ կան %աբ էաու.աձ– կէ»1էսասկեբգէէւ.թ–իւ%ը^ թսէբգէ1Լւեէէլով^ ա$ւ^ տ/եՆհ% սիբեւի ^էէ^սմկսէկւաւե թանսէ«1էոեղձ՚% Խղաւ. ։ 3(՚ք (՚^" ՚^յ>«»«» Վ«»քյ>«»\* գբեսէ միաւԱ ձ^ռոմտսքե^ւ.»^ ւսաաոսա^կ եդսպ ■եբգիքՒսէկահր է ^$էէՆսւ§է1էաէ՚ոձ–ոէ.քՅ–եան ո»կէռ^% գս$բու.Դւ մկք հ-Աէոեե^ Հքա՚Ն վյւրգիւիոս Ս՛աբոն (70-19 փ« 6 *) ՚ ք\վրաաիոա Փյ^ԿԿ"" (65-8 ՚Ք* ԵՕ* Տծէ^՚՚՚-Գ^՛՛* ^ոպեբաիււա, քէվիգիոս (43-18 •Բ. հ)« յ^մ՚^՚՚՚ք^ի կ»չու.աաձ– գասբու^ Րք^սգոասաէւաի մեալ%եւ^% <դ1նչԽւ, ւ^գրիանոաի մա^ձ) կր վեբսէբերին ՝\ոԱ.կանաս աւ. Աիչիուէ է որոնօ ^1է.ու^էսկւ§/ն պաամու^թեան կէոորնԽբ վի– էպական ձեէ.ով ԳՐ^^ք^ • գւսբձեւսւ \^1էնեկսԱի ողթԽբգսւ.^ ^Յ-իւ^^էնեբն ես. ^ավենս^չի^էի եբգիձոէփկաէքԱնեբը^։ Ղաաինէսկան ասբձսէկի՚ն սււԱրՆք–ն եբեսեւիաՈսսս աասամա^ գբու.թ–իւ%ն որ ^սբկիոա ՚կասաոնոմ (234-149) ոկոաւ֊ ւ րու^ն ւսրսւ^եսասւկան կեբասւրաէքռ աՐ էսռաւ. ^ռա1կւա»կ»սն Հա֊ *»արասկս$աեէէ$ո1–իՅ–եաւ»ն վերքին ասէրի՚ներր։ \ձ,ա կարգի՛ն *^9լ 86 կշ^ յձանէՆ կէաարու. յիՀաաէակարաԱները^ (Շօաա6Ոէ&ք1ւ) • յ^ասլոէ֊աաիաա ՚կրիսպաա (86-34* կէս*քիգինպքի գ»է»ա^ս»ճ»ս^ %սւ^թ–եան Խւ֊ ^ւաւ.գսսբթ՚ես$հ պսսէէերէսպ^ձէ վքպյ) » ^իասէ» Լիւ֊իոա (59 ՝Բ. 6*–17Ք. էՕ ՎյքԱխ–– պաաեքկ»,–դո» (30 ՝Բ« ԵՕ՛ բպ^ այկ%կ% ասեւի կ«քււ101ք. ^ա$էքփաաս Լ^, Հճ^«^ կր քմըԱնօԱ ^հ՜ պէ»0էաՌսգբ»սա «օ^ւ» ւ կիկերէՆ, իբ*^ Քէէ. ^ հ>^*^Գ՚Ա^ (1բաենսիոսշ (114 –50) »<. ^սւ.ւէոս \^Խսսէր է ՚յ^Աէբսա$է$ր§սխօսսւ.թ–Խաե աեսէ$ւկա$/Նո սաբվեօսսա ՚կւէւի՚հաիքիանսէւէ ՚իբրէւ. վփչֆսոփայսէկան մա^. $է»1^Կւագիբ եբեւ^եւի եղանք էլիկեբաւե եւ \^ենեկսւ , *կե։բոնէ է1է^«ււէւ,^իչն ու. խսբ^բգւսկաեբ^է ^Նասռ^ոա^թեսէե մասիՆ ՚^ճ.՛ Ք^Գ՚քր^՚՚՚Կ Հանբագիէոական (6Ո^3^^1օ()6<^^գս6) գոբձք մբ գԱեյք ^(կինիոս \/բկքէ ղոբ թեական պաամհւ.թ-էլ.% (1118–> էՕՈ» 11»էԱք»118) անոա^անեց։ • .* որգա֊ոցր ՅԼե՚ռդք ^ռոսէ$սԼաե ՚եա^սԽգ Ծղան գւս^թ *նոԱ–ռ.եան ^ս»րսօ.ւաԱՆ եոեէրնեոոՀ ^էաց Լ^ ^ն ե-պբր («^* ^*\գրոէ–սոսի եւ. ^ի^երիոսի՝ գՏրրւՌսնիւ^ի ւ1ջպք րյրաՆ աաւոճպնմուձաեեոՆ առանց ^ետե–Աէէւ.թե–աե աււսց^» եւ. ս 1^ (՚Ք՚Ն*) Վ^ր****է առա^որգութևէսւդւ Հո֊ոմԽյեցիբ լաւ. Օս/ոգ մի կերան Հ^եոմանէ^ ՀճԾԱ-՚աա. սէոբռւրգեսսն անտւսռ^ ա^ք ր գ.եու/անիկոսի ար՛»^ շաւանբն1քր1^ եաէււ. (14։– 16) Հ"–՚"^^^31ւՈ գղէ՚*՚1^եր շքհէելով^ քի&%ոսի եւ. *իանա.բքք ս$ս^է1ամներր աս»շա^ պանէքրլ բա^ւսեան ^ամաոե-ցանՀ \^Ա.գոսահԱք իր ^ոսլֆա սւղքիեր անոր ||*ւք/Հ>«. եեղօոս էսմհւսնոյն մեւՆնել^ն եաոես^ ՚^գրիպպաէի ^եօա կարգե՛ց Հ \քրբ որ այս էսա 12^^ ք«Ք* 3*) ու. էսսոր երկու, որգքէմե ա» Օ ^ն (*^» Ն*) մեռանք իրէ/ն որ^ գեգիր ւսռ$ս».ք իսր փասռասսեր \եւ.իա 1րէկան ^իրերիոս ՛կերոն որգթնւյ^ա-գոսաոս ւՌրռսէս՚կոչա ^ւսղպբր 14։^^ վէրիստոսե եպքր* եւ. էրրեւ. Աքք|ք>/ո.ա^ պւսշաու. եցաւ. է 4 • \^րթ *^կ կոդւՈսն(։ աբեա֊մաեա/ն \^^Ր՚*՚Ղ՚՚Աէ 1|^^^^ ժողւավո*.բ^ւեբը^, Հռոյկական իշխանու-թ-եան սքէսկ %ու–աա^ ՚ճոա-եչ^՚ն եաեւՏ յաղթ–ող1ւն ւէդսւ% ու. կբթ-ոա^թ-իԼնն 87 էդեաէէա.քհԽաձ արեւԽ/Խաե գաւ.աայեեբ»$ւ.% է^շ^իրե%^Ք^ ^""ի– թ–էւա.ավԼերւէւ% կակա^ ալ թագաւ.^քլ9 — ^սքէքնաշաէս \ր»աւրի^ աէաէէիաքի »ւ.*կսա.ւֆգիէգքի ^ք^է վա՚ճաււ.ակւա^էաԱ.թ–Խա% եւս ՚ճէ1§րէւաէէէրէարու^էէսահեբ»քա, Հաս» քապսզխեր կսքյի%, աս \^^ գիպաաաի յնքքբաղ^աււտպքխ յ^պխթաա^ագբիա , Հյլու^աքան իշ^ խւա%»€֊թ–եաե էՈէսկ ^ս$ււաէէ»ալ.ք9–1էամի. ալ. ա^եքւճասթ-եամքլ սասեք^ %շաես»ա.ար է դաս ։ — \^՚"՚Րքւք պիդխասթ-եսւե աս օ#« %ասԱա,կասթեյԽ երկէք% կ . յՏթիքագձաք կ^ ձ^աղկ^ր իբ ^1նգկ»ակա»ձք աս ւսբաբակաե թեբօեբաւ% աւռեսսւբավը^» ^"քբ յ^քիա/է ւսբեսմաեա$ն ^ավեպբեեբՆ ս§յ^ սաեասսկ բձբ^ քէբաս առասսասթ-էայի ես ասձթ-էս սգասեաաակեբաեքԽբավ^ Խբէէսելէ \ կ^ I Հ^ա..աւ1կսէկաԿէ իշիէսնասթ-եան սաստկ սէւԱքն^Ն սէսեքի կաբսըՆ^աս^ ^ոսՆաասէասե , Բ"^^ ^յ^է%§է՝ ՚Փշ՛" գէ" աքասթ–եսւ%^ կենգբաԴւ Տէաէչք» ՚իքոսքքիա քազաքակիբթ– «ւշ^ խաբՀԼքի՚ն ւֆչավաքբը^ կկ՛^^՝ խ ^»*«֊•«յ*•է/» կե՚հա^ ՚^-՚^ղք֊ աւկաան ասմկՆ բհրօեբրէ Հ^ա»\ աէք եբկբաագաբձ՚ասքՅ-իսՆ չկւսբ, ^չաս աբ սւմիաղ^ թ–եբւսկպաին $սաքԽբէս%աաՆ&բամ աս պսէբա. աոկօեեբավ ^ասհ-կասսէե– էբ ։ \^մաբւաաւաասՆՆԽբասՆ ^էք ^՚^" իՆք սոսբսաւՆ ասմէՆ եղաՆակի՛^՛ Հէսմաձար» սէւԱէնսէշյթեա բեակստբաԱնէբ , բաղ^էիքԱ-բէ ձի^թ-ա^ասթ֊եաե ա » Խ դ էբ » թւսչեէսվաեգաէկ^էէբէ անասԴձի՚ն Խա»^ ձքիաէբա^ա^էեբ ես սէմԽա^ %^ թ–աԱկՕւգ^ աբե^ըթ-1^ աս աակիկ ապաէսնեբ։ Աիկիւ^՛" Կւլ յաաթաօկաբաբկբ սքՏէ\1^ ասեչիէ ^աբե՚եէ գէ^^է ե՚ալ աբ^ափս» յ^պանիաս՝ աս%էբ ձհաս ես ^սաասղի շաաաա բանասկ սէռասսաասբ . ^բիաաեիէս բասա ւՈ^&ի ւ/սէաի՚ն աաբ9սաէաասքաան մըն ^բ, գաէսւի, աիայի է ^աբ$սսսԱի՚Ն գք»ե էֆա^Ն չաս ւդակասաս^ կբէ Դ^ե^ ս$ասթ–եաէհ աա»^՚ն կադւՐ կաւէ՚Ն ւարթաւՆի ՚ճւսւ/բսւհեբ » ւաւ^՚Ն սէեո ասբ աբ ^սւաս»բա»կսւա օգոսսւր կա պս»ՀսՈէ9խբ , շի՚նասսէձ՛ եի՚ե շբաէեյքքեեբ է կամսսբ^եբ , քբմասպնեբ աս ա^ա»բ֊ աակՆեբ* ^է^բասթեա՚ն եկաւ1ասանեբն աբ աբգ(^% Գ^մպեաաի աաե՚ն 400 Վիլ^* Գր՚^՚^գԻ ^«»*«»*՛ հի՚^՚է ^ կսա^աս^անեթ՛՝ աէբօասՆի կւսչոսաա&էսսաասբքբ^, գսէղթ՚էաէկս§նադք /աաաաեաբգբ^է բավեբասհ եկտսաՌւսէսը, Դւսէսաա^աՆգաաաի մասաէ0քը^ես դաեւաւղաե սքասրռեբ է աբան^ ա1կք ժէթա^ա՚Նգասթ-եաէ» Լձ ^"՚րք՚՚֊րչ^՛^) * էսդաաասթ-եան Լաաբկասթ–ե%(^ աբձաակասեչասն, ա&ՈԱա1Տ810 5 ^Ա0բ*) է ապէաւսման (օօռտււա՚ջէւօ) ^՚֊ գէսսաւոյա^ կսւԱասս$հ–սէ ^ էոասբռեեբՆ էսւԱք՚ն^Ն %շանւա»ս աբեեբՆ եէ՛^ * 40* \\^4՚ք*^գք*^^ գո^յլ 14 — 68» ՚կղա*պ.իաւա ււա. ՚^քերա^ $ 1– Տ1յէհ՚է1^Հ կքքաադ,^ո4^%^յ^քձ (14-37) ան^ գոսթք ս&էսռսւե բւՆեէԱԱ֊որ մբյ սպաԱնեց ՜^սգոսաոսի վևրՕի՚ն թոււր յձ^գրէ՚՚աքփ^* աւխոսական գերմանիդ ■՝/՝ >,» 88 եոէէե ու. վե՚ր^ապք^ս ՚նսւեւ. էր մաերիւՐ ՚^^աԱոՀ %ե–ւ^–ն եաև՚է. յ-ոոովջգեաե ժողոէԽերր գագրերօու.օ, եւ. յթր11^ւսեան ւսէեսաԱառ գաս9սւսսաաեո (ւսճւ(Տ1& ա&– 168է&է18) խոթկէ ղ^սս^է ՚կս^^Գոաասա (3՚7–41) գե–րւ1անիկ§9սի որգք^ք եր մուեգե§^ո քօ.«ւճ.օ4։ մ1ռասռ քսանգւսոմաեկՀ ս»^ %ողորէՐ անգթ ու–թե–$սյի է ս»ւոէՆ ^արռւ.սւո ե՛լ. եոե–ւ.ե–ւի օաղաօէսռւոց գկւՐւ |Ր^^ էոարւ֊աե տ^ք ՉՕՕ ՚ֆ§էոե ֆոաեգ մե1սեց* (՚^ԱԹ դ^՚Աո էբրեռ Ա</ւ«քք»ճ.օ#^ պսէշաեք աոււսւ. եւ. սպանու.Մցսււ. թի1^սւաէս^էսց էսռւսքնոր՛^ գէն (րր&շքօօէսՑ յ)ր»6էօոօ)։ յ^ . շ. Հիէ.ստնգ ու. ապու.շ^ Տ^էշք\^*^ կոա^ա՚Հո^ ||^«*44*թէ վարչու,թե–աՆ՚ն աաէ/Ն (41 "04) Հ/՛ կաէՆա^ մաոք^ո աեաութէւյմե էր անասմօէ^ Օ՚^Ր յրե–սսս§ոէ1եւս, էսե ասոր գչ1սսէաւ/ան^Ն ետյթՈք \^գրէապթես/ որ աե^ եսւրոո ^՚^քՐՐ թ ոայեաւ^ոո օրց ք որպ1^ս ղէ էր որգէւն ՚եէք ր^ց էսրգ11/ն կասւարեէսւ չարէսգորհ՛ էՌէք սաաենշրց (^ոաաք^սէ ւ^արէՆւ^^ գրգռոսահ-յ էր խորթ ե-ղբսչյրր ^րէտաեէկոսրյ է՛՛ր մ$արն ու. ասմհւ֊ս^ր ևւ, վևր^ ^աա11^ս Նա ե՜լ. էր ու. սոսցէչը^ |) էքնեկաե ք ու. ^աօարսօ^որ աէ^ուակաե Հ^ռոմաէեց^երէ Հ^ռոմ՝ ռւսղպքր կրակէ տոսէսւ.^ որակս ռէ աւ֊ելէ փառւսԱ–որ շ^կ; <, եւ. ու.օեց ^Խթ օ^1Տքօ էսրգարէսցրնեէյ օրէսսւոԱ^էց գ^մ՝ աեգուքժ ^աչահ-ս/կբ ,յհ հանելով (64 )< ^Ր աարհ^1^ր էրրեւ. "Րգէէ^ "Կ կառամար։ \^պաէւեե–ց էէ(բ Օ^կբ^ 31 սոսւր^ 1-աե ք երր սպանէական լ1^գէո1էնե–րր դաէսզբսւ օօրւս՛,^ վարն էնքնւսկէԱք ^րատարսւկեցէւնւ \ ՚..՛ 89 41 ♦ ք^" կՀք՚^էէ ^9-180– աարգէռր չաւսլոսն՝ *բՒէ–ՊԼ ՚Պ^Ր թի1^աաա^^երոք^ սպանօսեցսէւ\% եայսր ^ոէսւոարաեոսե-ցէսւ. \^պաեիաւի ^Օքւթոե ու. քէէևՆոսի գս§է.աո^ե–րրՎհաեոէաէԱէ ք^թոն սաամնեց ^^ գե՚հԸՐ ^"Ր՛*՛"–՛՛*^ ՚ճակսօո^ «/՝ ե-սւե՜ւ. • ու. եոռ. Վհէոեւաէոս աւ (շասււսեՄոթե ու. շու.ւատ^ ս^երյ որ օ ս»մսու.ան սէ0 1օՕ ՚Փէ* ֆրաեգ մսէւԽցէ^ սասԽոԱ^ե՚ոսաԱք Փր՚՚^ք՛"՛՛ Վեսպասէաեոս սէսորակսԽ չ&գ^ոն%է–ր(^՚ն Ակօքես§կաէ ^րաաարւսկու.եց§սւ. քօ9/^)< շ. Վ^սաասՀաԱոս (69-79) պե-սաոսթե-ան է^ք նոր^ն 1սառաոու,թ1^սնք կարգ ու. կանոն խոք^եց* »ասռսսՕացու.ց աոոէ-եսաներն ու. գիսոու^ իւ.ննե–րր Տրլ. շ^&ց ՚կոոոս^ոնոՀ կրոսսւսդ^ւՐ՝ երկպյն ասէշաոմանկ եէոեւ, ^իտոս^ ւսունուեցաէ–^ կորսան ոսեցաւ. (Ղ\յ) ու. Հ^/*«ք՜<աօ ^ռոսէական պեաոսթ-եէսե սւ^Ն ե՜րկիոնեոո. $ոսւուսԾՈէ–եցան% ^րիաոանեէս \^գրՒկ՚*Դ*ԳւՒ ^Ե՚ռցբ *նոււս1ճու.եցւսսէ - - իոէք՚Ն ւսւքորգեց ոոգԱն^ ^^ մարգկեո^ն ւսպգքւն սհրն եւ. ոէ,րաքսու.թ–քււ%ո ^քէ \\՚՚որ կսէրճաաէքւ. կսւռէսվարու.քժեաԱն ա*ոե*ն (79) պէսաա^ևցան ՀԼե–սու.վէ րռ՚նկիխ ^ Հե-ռկու֊լանոն ու. Դ\ոմւկ^^ յթւսդպբնեոուն գեանէ աւսկ անցնէլըլք եւ. սոսկաէի ժսէնաամա^ մի Հո-ոմք» ^Գէ Փք*^՚*5^^ Դ*#քէ4«ք»էա1»«ք#» (81-96) ^իաոսէ աէւնւ1ան ռոաթ.այրոք կր մհւեգնէ^ո ան\ևէսրքւն կս$տւս^ ղու.Լօ–աքէսմքւ ամ^^ բարի՚նե-րուն գ^ւՐէ դ^ակէէսցւոց գպ^մ* ըբաօ՛ անյաքոո ւսրշաէ^էսնռ*^ Ծսաեւ. - - ոոոնց ^աբկ վճստրելոս ստէաոսէրցաւ. — յսւո^անակաւ. 90 աուսւ^ւ։ յձաանու^էր^սււ. թիփ»ս»պս»^սւօ սէռսւ^ոոգ11^է 11«*յյէ**** \ձքէո^ա«է (96-98) գասագիրնևրք^ ^պւսր ըհտրոԱ֊ահ–՝ կաո֊ավարե՛^ օաոարոսթեաւդւ ու. որգեգրևց իըէքն ^րէ^իանոս սպանիա^թաւ ^^^– ^՚*էՈ1**** ^է^յ^^^*^ (98-117) կառավարե^ օօոէէէ-թեաաքի եւ. արգաբոսթևսայիէ ^քէեե^ աաթէս^ի ՚ճսէմհւաևեր* ա§՚*՚9՚^1 արշաւ^անախերկ֊ էոոե-Աք դ^ւսևէաեք ՀաէԱէԱէոաԱն սւ. ՚^իՕագևպօը^ ^ռոտ^աձաե նա^աՏեգ ըրաւ.։ *- ^ ի^ աաե%1ե էք^ ^չՔեիոս ՛կրասե՛ր ք ^ակխոոսդ պլոԱ.տարքոս ։ ^^,^։։^ ^ 3* Ն*ւհ^** Ա՚քք^**^*»*» (117 "138) 8ր՚^ի՚"՚՚""՚ի ^օրե՚ղբսչ^րբ խաւսսղոԱ֊թիէձւո պա^ե՚ւու. ՀսօԽւր՝ եա սէսսէսւ Դ^սէրթե–լ.ներու^ \քփրաաաի՛ անգթև եղահ– եր–^ կիրե1քրըէ ւ^անապսսրՀորգէքօ սւ11^րոՀ.թ–եաե սւ»Տ1;% գսէ՛^ սւսւՆնս-րուն ս^ք ռո– ^ոգ աէսրւսւ. օր11^սգրոէՎժ՝եաեէ -- Ի"–/՛ "Րգ՚՚՚գր^ ^Ը^գոԱէո*^ Պ(*^^2^ կառավարոսթիւ%ր (138– 1^1 յ պետութեան ^սւմար ամւ/ներ^աևէԱն ե՚ղսօ.։ ի/ւ կաօ1ավարու.թե–ան սւսէև% գրե-թՕ^^ շարոսնէսկե-սւէ խա^ դադութիւ^ է/ի աիրելով^ պեառւ^թեսէն մհք փ»էճ$է»–<ա ռւսկէսնու-թհէձւն ե-լ. էսրոէ֊եսաեերր շասէ Նասղկեօաեէ 11*44*ւ*(«#«* Ա<ւ»«^ւճ«»«* Աէ»«^«<%է«9«* Փքլք^*^7^^ ք16լ–180)» դէկբ ՚*ՐԳ^ԳՐ"Դ ^^ՐՐ "(է՛* աւքնու-ակօքն ու. իյԽսաոսն 1^րւ Դ^ւսաերսքզւ/հ՚օւսւ. \^էսրկոմաԱնե՚Խ. րոս գ^յ* Ա՛ք* "է^ըց^ք "ր Է՛՛Ր Կ՚^ւ՚՚^Ր"՚^էՅէԼ շբ՛^*^*՛՛ ՀԼերոսՈք <դւսրթ§քլ%ռ՚րո Ծտ մոեցՀ կօթէ^ չաւ. կաէք/սերայք օրթ,ակ/լ թարէԱիյք /«ք«.ա^»ւ.^ւ/Տ»ե վրաք 2*"՛" ք1՚է^ էսգգե^ոլ.ք9՚իսն ՐՐ""–֊ < ^եէսսէ^թ-եէաԿւ «է^ յէն (քԴ^^ի ւ/ա^ւսա-աեգ սէրէւ֊էլիան գսէսւսաւասա սւ. ՝իսւէ$է^ ւէայի ՚^քէ կշ^ աիրկթ» վեր^ի ասսաիՀաեի աեառակու.բէիւ% % շօէ^այաաա-թ՚իէձէ ու. ղէղխասթ-իԱ^Ն ։ ^;– ■ / Ւ 91 180-270. VI* Ե՚1*ք^*է–«– 4*»*–4«*՛ ^է*–"*֊/**–* –*փ«..ւ^է - % . ք^քՀւՏ^ Խ% աաայա \^՝^արեոս ՚^է-րեէՓոսի բւՆեաւ.ոո ոոգւղխ ^ 1|«#«^ ՏաքէաոսՀ ^ե-ա կը^ սկսի րէր՛*՛ ու. աեգութ կա^սերա^ շառթ մր՚է որ արգք^ն աեըեգ^աւԱք ^աղպօսո^ պսւ^ աերսւռէաեոոմ ոէ. ոճոսւգորՆու.Լօ–իւ^էանեոոյ^ ապսք^ կահւահ–^ ժոոովէէկոգն՝ սաէ-եէէ եւս սէպսէկահ&ռիՆ։ Ա^ սոնս գրէ՚թ^ սէմէնր քժիկնստպսւՀՆ&րու. ձէուբոմ գս>^ եէսէն ք եէ. մաո սէունոսեօան * սէՕեո՚Ա^^ տտ։կ ռսէ^ Նթե մէաքն բնական մա^էէւօէմի յեռանւ ՚կաէրւ. բաո^ բաոոսնեբ եաւն կպ^սեբական գա^ր* ոոովՀեսէևւ. սաՀմանագւէէի չ&գ էոն՚ներու-ն Աէք գրևթէ մէսէքն ասոկռ կր պաաե-րսւպսկթևւ Ա #«ք %քքբռէ1ն խո-ովու^թե-անց աաե՚նք Հռոմպէե^ ցհօ մհկ գէ^ գանոսբի Ք՚*4հք1Լ Գ՚՚՚^^^՚^Ո Գ^Ր՝^ մասնական ժողովրգոց /ու. ւ/^-կաէ գի(^Ն ԴՀարթևւառ գէ^մ՝ ասւաեբսէօմելու. սաիաոսսսԾ Հ՚^1»« *-•/•/ ..^^«՚*** աինսքքս. 193^^ Ղ*ԻգԻ՛"* ^–^քփաեսս Լար գեեց թ-իւքւա^ աահներ^ կայսրօւթ-իւՆշ)։ 173 Աեպաիւֆ§§էւ \^նւ.եբոէէ (անգոէ-թէ Ր*ՂՏ9 Ք՚^է. ^^"*–*»/" «(ը) » 211 \\արա1լաԱա (20*000 Հպ՚՚^՚՚մայե^է սպաՆնել ա»ւ.սձ. , եւ. այկ% գաւա^ ռ-աց Հււսյէական քազպքաչքս^ իրաւ֊ուԿտ ^"/»^^^)« 217 Ա^ակրինաւ* 217 Հէդիոգաթաղսս (թ֊^պ^^ա 14 աարնկան թԱք/^ աաքպարիշսաննրւ»Ա.՚ն գքսսխշ)։ 222. \^ղեքէւանգրԱնւնրէւա (ՍԼ՛*՛՛/՛ ԳՕքէէ.որ թագսէա^էէըու֊թ-նասն սէսէեՆ \^րսքսւշէււ 226 ի՚ն Նար պւսրսկօւկան պէ*ւէւ»».թ–իւ.%ըլ ^իՁՆեց։ ՛իր լք՚^ՐԳ" Ներշ յյասանեաՆք , յաքազաէ^թ-եամի պաաերապմե^ա՚ե ՀռոմայԽ^^ո^ ւ^ւՐ)* 235 ^աքա1էյէաա թրակացին է 238 <1|ււււք^4^«» ( ^աղբ1անսա% գսրւոէանսս ։ 244 ՓծԺ"է"է ՚ ^՝՜ րարւացի՚հ * ((1" ՚ֆք^ցէ՛^ հ՝Ւյ^՚Ղէ պ^՚՚՚՚՚՚-Թ^"՛^ կաեգՆաւ֊ե^ 1աւ% 1000 աէ/եայ ^ււթ^չնանը) ։ 249 գեկիոս ։ 261 Գ«՚ք դոա, 2^$ Վյաւղեր1ւանոս , 259 գաղղիե՚նոս . 268 կղաւ֊^ գէոսէ ■ ^^ք 92 պԽաւ$ա.թիւ.նւլ 2504՛՛^ մի^չէա. 270՛ բոչքւրօվքէՆ քասք^ էսմէ՚ն պօրէսվարներե իրեէտ դ1ւրե՚կք սէնկսախ ^րսւսւսքրասկե՛^ ^ի՛^» (30 թւա^էսսորաչք ժսւէՌաՆակըՏէ Գ*՚՚1^*՚*ց1ւք 0^՛– ^"՚է՛՛^ եօե՚ւտեէբ^^ ու. դաանաւ^ո^^ ^ււ.ու11;սւկս»1և ս/եսէու-քՅ-ե՚աաէէ ՚ԽթՈ յար^ակեցէսն , Փ՚^ք \Ճ՚՚1"՚&Ւ ^*– 6"*–^**""՛՛՛*՛^^ ^ւ»վ^ էդրՆէրշ^ կողոպաԽցթ», ՚^րէ-ցի^ 1\Թ^՚^կ1է^ Ա/»5ք*՛*^ "՚֊ ՚կէէբեթսսր* ե՛րթ յկկաւ գի^՚ն յյյ^ւՌսն՚նԽբ% ել. Փբաքեկա. %1էրըլ քէ^ե՚Նւաս ք էէկ ^"՚Բ՚՚էկք՝ յ^փր""" գեսան աաէեաահւ է դ^սէԱէսռւսօ ^ե– մաէ»ի% մհք կթ ՜ճարւսկհր 1Ո^ ւ»ս ժաւհւաա^ սւքօաոթ, քրյկ բո^ւէւ^երԹվ յեէսսւա.. Նաէ-ա^ օօրաւա-որ ՚կ ղաւ. գիոսր ։ 43» 1>քէ՚<էյ«»*»–> 270. *ի\ոՀ,^*^^^^4, , 300. \1 ոփ^քէէա^աաէաԱքֆ** , 3 3 3 * գիա՚Նաա։ – %* հ՚^ձ ^^**՚Կ1՛^ ՚^ք. ^Բ աււաքի գաբԽրը քր1ւէսւաւ>եէաւ.թ–իէ%շէ 1* \^^1թհ*քՇ**^**** ք պեաոէ.թ1քան վևոանորոգիչԱ ԼՀ\\յ՚՚ձ\Եբ ՚նոսաճեց աասասւյիւսհ՛ գէսւ^առՆ&րՈք ղաբեաււ. գ.ե–րւ1ս/նացիջխ ու. ս»մրացոէ–ռ դաէտւնոէ^բի սա^^ մև/ն՚ներըէ ^աւղ^ե-ց նաե՜ւ. ^էսլէֆրայի ^Գ^Ր ք^ագոա-ա^ ^ւ.ւչյ1Ն քե՚նոբիէսյի , որ յքէնչեւ. ՓԴԸՐ Ա"/^՛" "՚– \քգէպս՚ոօ Ւր էշթէսնութիսեր աարահահ– ք^-ո^ ե՛լ. ^հսսայաաակ րբաւ. անոո մպյոսւռսւղսՅթր (փառաւ֊ոո ւսսեոա1^ե՚ո\Հ հ\բ՝ ք՚^ձ^է՛* ՛նաև է. իր յաքորգնհրո) Տ՛*՛^/^*"՛"՛ (2 • 5) ու. Գ\րորոս |276*2օ2՚* գք^՚՜դւ մշակոէ-^էսե Հու%^ գարէպյի է1հ9 ո*– քէհէէեոսի ^՚"/) ՚եաե-լ. կարոս ու. իր "ՐԳՒՔէԼ (2օ2–2օ4յ 0^է»#»«–ո^է»^Հ»4՚1է սպանոէ.եցանւ գ^ոՀ^^^աՀո*^ (284-306) կոարկ ղիՆոսո^ րս»բ րո֊նաեէսլութիւնր ե՜լ. մ1ոռոսց բսւռարձան աեճն^ իշխանոէ-թիւն եէ. արեւևլ* արռոէՏնիռՀ \^կբ Գ^հՈ "՛հր եւ. էսսսէու֊ս/ե– սւնու.անել եու. էոար ու ի՚զքր (ճւ&ճօաօ) կը^Կրեր* Ասք%ւ/ա%Նե–րո աղ^ե աաշսաաանևլու֊^ամար ք րաժՆևց գաւ-աո^Մրբ ւ^առսիմիանոսի^ զոր \^ւ֊գոսաոԱք ու. գսէղերիոսի եւ. կոսսւանգիոս %քԼւորոսի ^ե՚ա՝ ղորոկթ կեսար անուա՚նեպ։ գիոկոեաիաՆոսի յհռ՚նելէՆ (313) «՚ 93 \1ո«^գաԱՀ>^աԱո«^ քքՏ՛^ (306-337)» որ իր էՌրսասժեաէ էսրէէ%էս^էրղ պէսս91քրսէօյէ &ա1ռ %ոս$ս՚ճեօ իր իշէէանակէօներըւ \էե^իոսի ւսէ »էսղթեւ^–ե Խէաես 324/՛^ րոմանգասկ ^ռոտ։ս»եձէն պէքԱէՈԱ֊թեան աֆսքձ Աեթ%քւշ1Աաե սէք^ր օ-ոաէ.։ կոսսւասնգիաեոս աբգ^Ն այս աասէԱ՝րսէգաէէ՚ոու.Ն ժէսմանս»ե րսէզմաթիւ. օրեսաո^ Նեայ ^ասստրաեութիւԱնեո աս»շսւաանէսհ * 1ռ ւառաՕ յթան յթրրսաոոԱէու.թ–էւ^Ան րնգոսեիլԱ (ւ/ա^ւքսաե(^% յ^չ ՚Ո՛ ւսէռսէՕ ^հճ ՚ահՔ էպրսւեւ $»Ոէ.ս§ւ.ք) Հաս» եեեղեք^եր շ^^՚՚ւ "՚– ^արքժ աեոսսւկան աաճսւրներն ^ յթաեգե–ւսւո€.ասհ՛ հր* \^բրեա. ւգսէ\եհ^»սն Տ^Ր՝ յՏէրհ"*՛ աոե^ոսթիւՖր աք^րոսթե-ան Լոօն ըբաււ ^էրա.թեա% %իսւոբ, Հ^ռամէ՚ն ասք գեո֊ շասա Հսաէս^ րսւկէԱսդեէուսկւմԽ յիշաէոսէ(ր»Խք կայի՛ն , կոսսէահգ^սսպսքիո փւէխասգքՈէ֊Խէավէ ս$^րւււթ–եան §էւ§է^ւԴււ%էսգրւէա.թ՚իւ.%թ թո^ Ըքբէէվ1ւ% փ»խաւեաաաւ֊ է Դ\եսէ»է.թ–իւ^բւ^ կոսսէսկս0ւաւ.թ՚ի*^^ Ներաւ. (քքՏ6ք6Շէ(11&) թաժ%սսե^աւ. (\^էա.Խլք , Լյ՚՚֊րիկ^ իէասլիսւ , գ%»սղաիա\ է լԼյ*»՛^ գաարձեաա/ վէւճսէ^եքււլ. եւ. գսւա.ասւձեք»ւ. է — «^«սքէա^ււք ք ւ»Ն վարչաա-թ-եան գքաա^խըլ կեցա»^ Խ թիւր՚ապա^այյ առաքնւէրգշ^ (բ^&6ք6^է118 1)1&6էօհօ). ասաւէր իշխահսսթեան սէսէկք^ հ՛^^ սսւարի% պաէշաօ ե ա»^ սաէէսրա բսւպմՅքսթ–իւ% միք ոբանա օ»ւ/(։՚1» «^կւէւն աաաաէւ^էսհը^ ՚ճշգիս արէէշոսսէհ՛ ու. աէսւզսաներսվ %շանէէ»կւ»ս$սհ՛ ^բ » ^կբւէսթեսէե իրսւէասթ՚եա՚ն^ վ^րէ՛^ Վ^1*չԲ^ԹԷ^1Լ* հ՛^՛ աԽք խէար^րգարաՆին (օՕՈՏւտէՕՈԱա) ձեո^ ^ր» 2 . Հ^».ս»Դ;աակ»մհ կայււԽրայք %երքեւ. աիրաահ– էևգ^աԿօէսր թշասսւո-ութ-եսէՆ սէԱէե%է ^իսսսսի աքկէիսէոաաի վարգս» ^ պէսքւա֊թիԱ-՚նըլ բ՚՚ւբք ՀւէԼ.>»Ք^»սկասէ» պեսւաւ^թ֊եան մէք աաարաս^ ձ–ւ$ւ.ե^ասւ. • յ1յ^ա^ւպքեաչք արգկ% Փ՚՚ՔՐ ԼԼ"^"՛ ՚ ^՚՚ւ^ասաաէե ւ»ւ. իէոաաչիւաէ քսեւ յ^ քքիաէԱսեԽայ ^սէաարակասթ-իւ^եէԽր ^իյ&աձ– կի% I ոք1աԿ»ք շ»»^ս$ավ թւսօմաաէէէն . վա»՚ն սի քրիս.. աւէնկի^ ^աա^ա»է»ղյ ^ամար աիրւէվ^ա^ը^յան^ե§ աւա^ուքԱէ ե՚ա, ^աս^ըյքասհ– աՆօրի՚նսէկ ս§ռսքքիՆււա,թ–իւ.%%եբն աւրիշներոսՆ էսլ իրե՚ն^ ^եաեւԽլսս եռսքհգբ ^"՚րԹդյյք * *%րէ–*»՚»նկիյք՝ \,եր«\ի (64), Տքպյ՚^^-՚Ի (107). գեկսսի (\Գ4)եւ, ս»֊բիլ կպյաերսէ» աա§քե կբէս^ սանոսթ– ^ւյթւաե-աեկւխերե "՚-քէշ բանի չ&աա^ււքյկի՚ն ք թաքք եթկ ^աւ^ափա^Խլաւյ թի՚֊էլ շաա^ 94 ալ. սէէ-եչի ք՚՚՚ք ^ա»ա^սւէոդք գիս^էսղւաւ%՚եեբ կը^ յէսրաւ^էա^ ^հբ * — գ%աղ^1էնաա էէ^աւ. աաայաքի% կսքյարե^ աբ քրիա$է»»^ ՆԽաԱերթ պաաշապաեե՛^ * Ւ"^ է^էաաէա^պֆահւաա քէբաաւ. քրիա^. ւէաոեէէ^էէւ.թ–իւ%ր աէ֊րւասթ՚էան կր9ե է \քկե»Տրաւ.սւ սէաաուէէ.ւէ/ձ–ա»է§խ՚ն պսէշասւմՏււ^քքչե ի սկպթաէ^ շաապաքւլ կէ ի^գքյք Դ». ել. կ. գաբեբաա^Ք^Լ –կաաւ. էամէ^ ւի շքեօ կերպայ կէէէսաէաբոս^իէէ կէէաաոաՆգիաէաա Հ^՚՚ք^ե՛^ կզեբիՆ էսւէ..ւսԼձ^ կաէչա$..սէհրնեբ է յասէսէ$ւ.կ գաէաէսսաաաա11է Խւ. ^եղի%ակաւ.թիւ%՝ ա^բաա.ք–հա% իբւ»ղաա.թԽա^^ վջ՚Ղ1* Աք/* Պ^քԲՏե" ^"՚եւ– ^ւսէ–աաւո աէչեւ.աէԱէէիաբգյաէպե»ոո*.ք9–եաաեա ես ի մաւ^ւսւ^սբի %ք^իւաս$ւէսի սէէ»էէ»աէՈահ––ւ.թ–եսէԿւ գե՚^է ՚^/»/»»*.» թիւ.ՆՆեբ եւաՆէ%խկիայի ք^գհանա..բ ժողավ^% –1^1(326)՛ 1\բիսսի վաբգաէպէաոա.թ֊իւ.%ւլ (թ՜ե ^բիաասս ^աաաա.&ղյ էսբւսբէսէԴէ կ , ոսսաի եւ. չխ թ՛^ ^էսմագդք , պքէ^ %մնւե»էգդ^ ե ^*|>) էքքեա.. ^եբեէէ§իկէաաէ$ւթ–իէ% գէէքէ»ւապաբսա0ւ.ե^»աս $ ^"էԱք ս՚բէ՚ւ*""֊ք^է՚^է^ անկ^ եէոԽւ. ւ»/ Վէմեգաէխեբաւ. եւ. ^աթաւա ՚^ք բաաէ^էակաե ժէէ§»/աեւս»կ Տէա» ։ ^|^^^Փ ձՀէ^^^^\**^ ••^գՈ^^1^*յ1 յ^ա^%9ֆաա1աա |(|^^«»*. ^ոս\1՝^^Ր)^^,փ. 395. Խո*^ ք\«, \\ոսգաԼգ\ոս ու. կ«»«*«ք*44*4* ^337 **Ց&0)> էշ^ խանոսթիէ^ե սէէւնելու. ^ս/մաո իրստոու. Հեա սէրիսեա՛^ Ւր Ւ^Ը սւդգաևաէաա/ա սպաէւՆ&լթՆ ե՚աեւ. ք տսռանձ1^Աև քքշիտէսն եղաւ. է ^ո^\աԱո^ Ո^ք ^^^է^^ք ք ՚կոսաաևգիոսի ևղբ.օր^ որգԲն ^36 1-363) ^ե-թանոսակօսն փիւէսոփպ^ոէ,^ քժեասւդւ երթ ու ահ– ու. յք՚ք կ*91՚՚Ր Պ^ ("Ր էբՐ^՛– կեսար 357^^* \^գրասպու.րկէ քով^ ՜^^վխմաէէեևըոսն «օ##»/70^յք Ատօու.ց Նոոէ^ ^եթաեոս յօլու.ոմեոե^ եւ. րնեւսւ. ԴՀարսից գհ՛^՝ րբսւհ պէստերազսրե սէՕէ ^ո^յխաԼո^շ եար՚ճւսաոեւ. կէսռավաոութ1/ե^*ե եա, տևւ. կւ^սբ րեարոսե-ցաւ. յԼաք^^Նփքւ՚էևէաԱո*^ Ա* ^364– # 95 Զմեոսաեէրց է ՚^սաեց ձսօւսէմարութե-աէւն սւաէ1է սկսսէւ. սւաագաց գաղ^աեանոա.թ^ւ^ր* մասԱ ռքւ Հ^օեե՚ո^^ %ն՚ւրէէւահ– ւսրե՚է-աքևէեան Գ՚՚թսէօիբ՝ աոեւև՚լև՚աե ^ռո^ Ք^ակսԻւ պեաոէ.թ–Ծան »^քընգու%ոսեցս^ քՑ76/^)< Վյէ»ոթնտքքնիաեոսի "Ըգէքւ^ Գարէսաիէսնոս (՚^ 383) "է. Վադքքեաթեիաեոս ք\ ^փ 3^2) Վ^ռէսի աքաՀու.անէ% էոա^ր %աԽւ, ՚^ոեէ-մու^պռհ ^ յթւսՕու.թեաաքբ աւսշսւպանեօ իր Աակմւա/եերէլ^ էԱէրձաեոո գեոէքս§նւսեաե սւպգսէռ գ^ւՐէ \կէգեչ&ց հեթանոսս» կան գ՚՚Հե-ոըյ ^ալահ-եօ ^եթսէեոսեե-ր՚ե ք ր&^&Ու) ու. ՚նոէ^աճեց ^ևրևաիկոս^ ^երըւ \^ մա^ու.*ւ^է%– յառաքյ րաժՆեօ պէէաու.^ թիւ.էւր^ իլ.բ ՝ք^վ§կագքէէս՛ ւ*«. ք(եորքւոս որգւ.ոցր ՚^քէ ^սաՏեկւէվ էրլսէե է ՚Հ^Ե-սե-լե-ան (էու^էսկաեք Բ^՛–^ պանգեէսՆ՚Հ ու. ՜^^եԱ^մէոևան (ս1ւրեւ.մսէեաե ^ռու^ա^ կաե՝^ կպ^սրւէւթիւ.՚ն%&–րը։ Հ^ռաջիՆր խել մի փո^ յիքփէոէ-թիլյմն&ր կրևքթն ևտեէ-է աեւ^է-ց 1000 •ոաոի յը1ք ալ Լյի՚նլես 1453)» շաա^աեօեև՚որ յ^յէևէ-ելե-ան ^ռոսէակսսե կւասերու.՛^ թե»սն սՆօէս մի չկոռաԱ ^ասռոեեէ^ ասոԾԱ-մ՝* ^ռոմէսէՊա. կաե պե-սէՈէ^թե-ասն շչսս՛ գւսսաււնե՚րն աոգ^-% ք(նոոիոսի ատէքն քոր ի՛՛ր Աս՚իչիքոն աւսշսէօնեան սպւմեՆ&լ տա^ լով^ 40 8 /՚՛^»՛ ղրկեց իԿր պե՚կթ ^ՂՅՐ պ-՚շչ^պ՚^եե մի^ գերմաՆակաՆ ւսզգաց աւ֊ար եղան է Վ^ւԽ ռի ԱպօԽիստ* Վ^ււնգալներէն է Աու.եսՆերե^ ու. արեսմ՝* գոթացին % 96 %§քո1;^ Սէշիար^ակսէլու.էք^ս»ս % քքեորիռսի որգապքն ու. յքքըրգ^ է ՀԼաղե՚եաթէիաեոս գ*ի աաեՆ (423-455) \\փրք՚կէ։^ Վսէեգս՚/Նե՚րՆք իսկ իրիաանիան* ^խգ§քո^ Նև՚րկ եա. յձպաէսո§էեե–րն առ.բնէ թ»էպէ՚ա եւ. յէաժե \^^ ^ետիոս պւսշտպսւնէքց 4է.Ե\^ էոէբոէ-թիլյեւլ ^Աքռսքք օսէչոո Հօնւսց գէ^աՐք /><^^ եաէ՚՚րաէ սա$»ւեոէ.եօս»Ա.է յԼաղեՆաթեիաեոսի սաաՆման^Ն եոոեւ. ^ ՀււոէՐ 455/^ գեՆսերիկոսի աէւաԺնոոգոսթ1ոսւդւ^ Վյսնգաի, %ե՚ր1^ն կողոասասե՚օսօ^ , /ու յ^^՚Ղ՛ ""^ԲՐ գօ՚րմա1եէսօքէ վարձկաեսէօօրսքօ սէէւսէ(քեք§բգՆե՚րէւ՝ իասէէիաւի է^ք իշքաաեու.թիւյևր ձե՚ռոսընթև առքւնէ ^ասնոա.վե–ռ աաբի կառսւվարե^ պետոսքժիւՖր (իիկիա^ր ||ւքճ.^«.աօ/%քտ ք^գէէակէր փսբ առաս 476^^ "(է՚րքե՛^ է՚^՚՚ԲԲ* 0*"՝*^ յհւրէս յ^է֊գոսառսե ք եւ. ^կթ Պ^Կտէ (^"՚գ՚^՚-՚ւբ աեւաէւաս^ ^ե^է - ^^""(է՛* ՚ւ^բք^Տ"*՛– աբեսէՐ, ^ռոմէակաե պեաուքժիւյեոք 12օ0 աաբի աեէ֊ելւ^ էոոե՚ւ.։ հ՛՛հ քրի՚՚աոնէաւթեաւԴւ չիր կր^աձ– ըսւ^ահալէ Աաա^գ 4՛» ասգէքյսքք ՚գադթ-ասկաեոսթ-եաե աաե՚Նշ^ ^եթ՜ահէոաաԱ.^ թիւն/լ, հււսյկակաՆ պԽաաւ.թեա% մկք^ ԳԲ^^Թ^ ամէՆ հանուր ես աոիրոգ եպահ– չեր* \ ւՐԻԶԻն ՊԱՏւԲՈհԹԻհն Նոսմէ՚եք ւֆ՚նչէւ. վ^ձ-րաէէձքէ գաշիՆբըյ 476-843» շ. յԼերտկօեի գաշ^կթկ՚ւ» միՆչևւ. \սաչակիրք* 843-1096. 3» \սաչակրաց սկսևլէ՚ն §ֆ՚նչէւ. վևր^* 1096– 1291. թի՚-՚ե. 1291-1517. ԱրեհԱՀ ՀոռմհակաՇ պհաոհթեաճ կ7ւբծաճռհմհ1ւ , փ(1– չեհ Վեյւահօճի ւբսշիՕքը, 476-843։ մի ժողովջգոց ^ որոկթ իրարւէԱ– զյ^9ըըգ^1՚*Ա Ւր^Յ է 2^ քսէաւնոսթե-սէն ^եսւ երէօ՜սւսօէ րնգէսոձսւկսէգոյն շրՕաե բոյևող աեսէոսէօ-եանռ սէ^ Նառ՜ւ. էսպգպյքւե օսւոառա*^ կրքժու֊թէէՏե աաըէսՆեցքէնՀ — \^է9^^ գսւոու. սլսէւոմհւ–^ թիւ^ր^ կը^ ՚^հ մեր սւռ^ե^ ըսա մասէւն ^ուոմէակաե աե–աու.թըրս/ն գւսա֊սււՆեեոոսե ե-ւ. րսէո մստսքւն էփօի% քժե-անօ մի ես *եղյե ժսսմանւսկի տ^0 ՚եւսե-լ. օաոգսւնա§Ա : յ^Հ^^"^^*^ 2 • \յ^էք^ գարոս ազգերո օարգւսւյաՆ գւխաս^ որսէսար ռոիստոն1^ու.թեաՆ ւսղգե–ցու.թեան տէսե^ յա^յետւսեանոա.^ժե–ամււ ՛նոր եե՚նգանոսթէւ-՚ն առահ– ՜Հ^եւ֊եւբէ ^աոո ու.Ն&ոս§հ՜ պասւերսւպսներաքԱ է յ\ռսէՕին շրքւ"^Ր ^ր ւմրԱնաւ ք սւզգւսց գսւո^աս^ կս^ոսթյետսէՈւ ^էօեոսւսՆ էո1^րու.Լօ՜եանց մեհ՜ Փ/""՛^*՛ կ&ան աեաու-թեան մի ւԼջոո ւդւաեսւլոմէ 11(7՛՛ ^*–՛ 9քՏՒ^՝ ւկ՚^՚^^^^յհ^Ժ ՚^քյ ւկ՚՚՚՚Բ՛՛՛^^՛՛^ ի^ֆէանութիւ^էն իր ԱքմեՆաէքեԾ բԱսրօԼրութեանր Լր ^էսսնիէ ^Ը^Ր՚՚ւ՚Գ շքք՚՚՚^Բ ^Ր պարոսնւսԼւ^ ^7" ե՚րԼու. մեՆ պե՚էոութ&անց ք *^յ§ "Լ. պէէ մասերու. ս.ւսժ%ու.հէԱէ ՆՐՐ՚՚ԲԳ շրքս՚եէւն յհ9է ռրէսսւոնէ^սւեէմև էսշ^ իէսրՎօթև յԽ^աքաւսկսւնոսթԾԱէե ^եա ու^եցւսհ՜ ւղաաերապ&երովԱ^ %ոէ.իրապեաութիսնր 1լ 1՚՚ո1^ էր զօբութե-սւե գագսւթո, սււ–սւտսւաեսէոյւթքէւ^ր խիսսո եր զարգանսլքք ես ասով Ս*^^^ Գ՚"Ր1Լ Ւ՚՜Ր ""^^^ հ-սսղկեաւ վէճսսկԱե եր ^ասՆիէ ■վերքս0պե՚* Զորրւ՚րգ շրշւք^ր կր Ց"՚՜ՑԸ^^ քւսՀս^ւաապե-ա^ էուսԼան օօրու.թեաՆ սէնէսրանասէՆ եւ. թսւգասորաեաե էշջւաՆոսրէեան աւելի ^էսս$ոսւաու.քժեւ% առ1եեչւէաը սէսսքաաաետոէ-թեաՆ քեՕոսերԼէ 1* 1՝՚^ձ ""ւԳ ^Ւ^ գԽրւ/սէե՚եերըէ » 2» ՚ի՚^է ազգեր կաքի% –ււսւ%1ք ասբԽ^Խւեա^ա լ • գ>երյսւնսւեան էսպգերն^ որոկբ մեհ՜ գւսոք^ւս՛^ եանոսթեՆ^ ^առաՕք ^եՆոսի արեսելեան ու. ^ւսա. նու.րի ^իսս» գ^ եդաՆ երկիրներ ր^ յ^չեւ. ւ1 ^աթ^հէ գեէո րռՆահ– եի^ք \\եդտեր1/ն կր աարրերեի՛^՝ էր"^3 րարձր ^ասակովԱք կապուտ աչու.րհերո^ ու. իար՛^ աեաշ կամ՝ կարմիր մաօովըւ \^օատոէ.թեան սերէ »Բ՚*՛^ Ր֊ քՀ ^ / . \ ■ 99 /^ /^– 1 իրեՆց գւէսէսէ-որ՚եեսւոէսգիրն Գ՜Ր^ \\սանռեոեէէն պէսոռ / ^ բաղպւ ու. որսի կր օբառ^ին • կանպյք կր շ^հ^ ^Ր՝^ Ա9աս1^ ու. ս.րգ^ պգեսանեոր* գերբերն ու. հ՚էսռա^ ՚Ն&րր կր գորհ՚^քէն ^րկէրր* իարւշ^ակա1/ն^ յ1սթու–ր յ^ր ոս սեսւց այնպ1^ս ^ սրնչեւ. որ գասղ((3–սւկանու.Թեէսմհւ ^ռոյէսէկան սէպակաեու֊թիւՖր սորվերցաեւ Հ • յձէ^ս "՚դգ՚**ց էսրե-ւե-էե-ան ու. ^արսօ^աւին գք1հ^ ւ^եռ&չ&ան հ՜ով^ն պէնչիւ. գանու.բ ու. ^եԴէոս՝ կր բնւսկ^է՚և րաօմԽբւ՜ես^րստ մասք^ քօ-ափսւռւսկան պաս^ աեվւադմհռ ժոռովու^րգեե-ր ^ որոՆբ \քՐՐ՚^Րգ "՚՛ Զ^Բ՛^ րք*րգ գարևրու.ն *^9^ Ւր^^Յ իշ^աեոսթիւնրյ քոեէ ւՈա սաասեան էսղգերու. ^րսո աւսրահ՚եցքԽ* որւէնթ րեգ^ \անու.ր սւնոսսսյհ. »Ռէ \\ոսեւ կր կոչոսք^քաեւ լլք//»Նօ 4սսէն1^ն անոէ^անթևերՆ է/ն, \\ե^ոէ/ներրք Հոէյգորաո^ գսէցէՏներրք ^ուրգոսնաւսցիբք յՀ^րոսչներրք Վէսն^ գալներր^ ՚^արկոմաԱսերն ու. գ,ոթացիռէ էէաԽրսէքաէԽրքլէ - - 2* Ն՚ՐՒ "^՚"**^ գԽրյնէ%աւկաս% ւս գգԽրքւ* ՀւԼո*^ւսկէս% պէոէաաււ^ թ-ե—էե աԱէ^մսա՚եԽբը էՈէ^Խլ* Խա. />^յլ կագգւս*.է |1քյք–*»9 գ–ւղԹ*սկա§%ււ».թ՚Խէա1ե / ^\գ՚երյ1սնՆերր(\փյիրացւ.ոցոԱ.^եստոէձե–րու, ք / արշ^է^/կռներովրէ 34։) Հւկւ*յ՚>1(յէքցւ.ոց կետ շօշափմաե մէշյգալ^% եաէո^ք գաղոիա կ&սարի ԼօՕինյ ք ե՛լ. Աաո^ բք^ գան ոսբեան երկիրն ե-րր քիրու.սոսի եւ. ^իբեբիոսի ձեո-գբ (ւ.01^յ կռոմ^ւսկաՆ գսօ.առ եոանւ յձ,լքնպէ^ս որ էաս ժայաՆակե^՝ էէ^^ոս ու. ՚\*ւաւնա^բ^ գեբւէա՚նաց եւ. Հռուքաւեցտ-ոց ժէՕ սալման եոաա-է յձ,ւգոսւոոսի դօբւս^ վւսրնեբրփորօԼեցիւնասոր Արսչյ՝ Նաեւ. գեբմանիւս յիտ՛^ ^եւ եւ. կրցան աւ ռանի միցեոեբու. ^եա գւսշի1կօ գնել 7* ՚ \ է. I ■ I է \ 100 1 ել. ուոհշնեոր ռրէէույք ՚նոսսւ՚ճելէ ^ձսւեայն սւրգ1^ ս ե՚ե ք / «^* 17* \^*ֆ*եէոս ք Վյարոսի լե–գ1^ո1/ներուն »աոթ֊եւոմ^ / յեոՕէսցաււ։ կռոատսւեահ էշրւսւնու-թհսնր գ^երյսէնիսչյհ I սէք է ՚\^սԼ1^ եւոռր բւսւէսկան կսւմաոԽցան Հռոմայե–^ I ցՒբ* Ւը^^Ց **1"՚"^՚՚*–1^"՛՛՛^ սսւ^մաԱՆեոն ե-րկու. գեր^ I սէերոաՏն յէով եաՆգՆէսօ՛ գդեւս1վներաք ասւշաաանեւ : շ. ^երմաՆաեան աաբ^ակմոէ^կբՆեոո^ ^ռու1^–^ օէեան սւս^մանէսգչոսէւնե-ոու. վրսո^ սեսան 1օՕ/՚^< ^աատե-րր^ գստղռրւս ու. յ^արեու1սւ1/նեոէլ Դ\աեՆւէնիւս մէոաեէ ^է^պէ^էո եւ. ւ^սէրեոս ՚\^ւ.րե–դիոսի գհրրմանա^ Լասն վաոձկանւսօօրր զասոկռ ե-տ յկեց* Բ–՚91ց 200^^ / ՝ լ գե-րէ/անսւկան ցեոերրյ ^ը*՛ մեհ– գւսշՆսքկցու.թիւՆ I կէսզյեէով՝ աւերիչ սւրշաւանբնե-րով պե-աութեաե սասկմա1էնեոո կոէւեցռնէ լլ* Հարաւաէ^ Գ&բմաՆիէս^ի մհ^՚է կաօմհԱ.եցաւ. \^աեմա13Նեոո»հէ գւս^ասկցոսթիւեոէ \քՐՐ՚՚Րգ գաոհւն 4^Ր^"ՐՐ ՚^՚՚՚՚Կը սւՆնեցէԽ ^էքնոս գե-աքւն աՕ Գ^ եոահ՜ ^ռոԱէւսկսւն եոկիրներր* ե՛լ. ասկ^ գ.աոոէէս ւարձւսկեցաե տ ^» Փր՚՚՚^Կ^"՚Ր՛"– գս՚^Աէկցու-թԼւ֊Նո սւէսոէսհ՚ուօ՜^ ցւսւ. ^եու1ւսնէայի ^իւս* ս»րօ՚ււՐ, գքւե • ու. Նրր՚՚Րգ գարոսն ՚ւէրք^բւ^ անցաւ. ^ո^ոմկական սէս\մա1էնհրւ%ոՀ \\ոսաանգիէաւնոսէ ժէսմանւսկւ^ ՜^^յե՜սան ու. Փրանկ ^> զ1ւնոսորներն հք՚ն կայսերաց գլէսաւոո պսւշապաև՚նեոր» \ եւ. ճեռոէ-ոևքւն ու.%ե/*^ ւսսոնթ շսւսա ^եոէսրօուՆեաց \ ու. աերք՚-քօ՜եան աէՈ/նաբարձո պւսշտօէւներրէ Տ՝* ^ձպռսոնՆերո ՆՐՐ՚^ՐԳ գ՚՚՚ը^ն ՚Լէր կ ՚"՛^ պա կան էրն հ՛ովե՛ն գ%աոորսսյր ու. ^րիսոէսնիայէ հ՚ուք^ եղջներոէ Դ». ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ գւ*՚Ր"^ սկիօբներըլ Գ՚"1ս՚*՚ցէքք որոնց ^եա յ^»սրանեցան՝\\ու.եա^երն ու. ՀԼանգաէներոյ %ոսա՚ճեցքւն Վյ^^^'^&/^ եւ. |)/Տո. հովու. մէք^ եղահ– սար^ 101 մաասւկան \սւաւ.եաՆ\ ^^դ^ՐՐյ Հ^^Ձ >ոՒի *0* ե-պբր՝ էրէսչւէ^ բս/ժ՚նու-եցւսեէ Հար* գ,ե–րմանիայի 91^0՝ դ»Աք^ ՚եու. բէ երեայնոսթս-սւյււր սււսրահ՚ոսոռ Վս/նգէս/նեոր ք Ղ\ա1/նոնհէս ^էսյս$ոս»տոսե–օան % \\ոե՚սւ/ս9ե՚ան Ղ^՚^Թ՚՚՚Յէա որ դ*ակիաև րռ՚եահ– ^–ք^ ք (274) Վ^աեգսւլեե-րու. ^եսա ւսրրոսեան ռսւ^անաներու. ձ1ոՆղբ օրէսէոք^^ոսթեաե գսւրձւսն։ ի</^ \^րե–ւ.ելեան Ղ*՚^(^**՚ՅհՔ շ՚^՚րոմնակեցէէե իրերնց պիՆոսորակաե կ§ոսնթր* &ւ ||/^/. հ^ովէՆ՝ յոս^ սւսկան կայսե-րութե-աե Նովեպքյւն ե՚րր կր կոոոպէո1;^էէեՀ \^րր սւսոր ւքրսչյ ք|*՚>^ "՚– Վ՚՚ւ/ւ՛՛՛ գե՜էոերուՀՆ տէէՕ գրա^ %ու.ոո \^ւէսՆՆե–րՆ էսէ ՚նու-էս՚ճեռքւն հրռնռ հշէէանու.–^ թրւ.1ևր քօԵՕք^ սէէոԾմեերրՀ ՀերմաՆրհկոս էօ-էսգսս^ սորքւն ատեՆ՝ •^Լոլկաւէ։Ն ու. \\եւ. հ–ով1^ք մէՆչթւ ^էոէ^ր եւ. \կէեւ.ե՚ւեաե Ծ՚ո^ ասէրւսօ՜ու-ե-ցէսւ * /ւաւօ Հոներույե ււսո֊ւս0 ռալելոպն իրեՆց պւոոու-թէւ^ր վե–ր^ւսց$սւ.ւ Հոնբ եռան պւանգէսմայե պսւ$ո՝ճ$աւռ ^ ւսզգսւց մեհ՛ գէսոթ-սէկանու֊թերան * որով ^երմաէէներր ւսրեւ.–^ մէՈԾաՆ ^ռոսէսէկաՆ գէսւ-սւռէսց սաւ^ր օ՚ոանՀ \^ 49* Աւք***յ ^ա^ա\ա1ոա.^)»՚^շ* պաաաառաԱ. Վս$\գ§»ւ/ներ1ե ու. \^ոա.Խէ%էէրը աէԽզեր^ֆ^ ^Ը"՛^ * – 2 • \^Ր^*–՛^* Հիէ1Լոֆքքա% Խ^թը թասգէս»յ,րւ,Ա.թիա.%%Խրըէ - 3 • ի՛^. ^է՚՚^^—՚թի*–՛^ ա^Խչքաա. 7\ ՚ V ՝- ^ / /ձ ^՚\» Հ՚պբ (յկոէ-ըսկան վսցրագ^ թափառական / ժոոովու.րգ իՌլ) ^Ղ^ք՚^է Ո՛–^**՛^^ ^արաէ.* կողմեր ԷՆ ք •Վ^էկա գետ՛ն անցան է \ձյահՆերն ու. ար&ւ–ել1րան ^ո^ թս՚քքտքր ՚նոսա՚ճևցիՆ եւ. իրե՛նց իշիանոսթիւնքէ դ»օք«^ ՛նոսրի ^իսս, կոոմե՚ն միւնչեւ. ԳՀաԱնոնիս^ի սա^ման^ ՚ներր ^ասցուցքէնւ \\րեւ.մտեան Գռթացիք Հոներ1֊ն ՚նեղուահ–^ Վադխս կայսեր սէղաչեցքւն որ պէրե՚նբ \ռո^ մէական պեւոու֊թեսէն մէք ընգու-՚նի։ ի՚^ց իբ^ց 102 գք^էՐ եոէսէէ սւևիոաւ.ու.թիւ^մներ1;^% գրգռուսւհ՛՝ էս^ պրսւոաէդւևցան ք դարկք$ն Վյսդէս ^՚^՚՚րը \^գրէաՆու^ ( աոլսդք Ք՚՚՚ւ^ 3 7 8^^* ^՚– ասերևլուԼ^ ոս կողոպսւե^ 1 §ով Հեմհս թերակղւ^Բն գևրփևցքւնՀ Ա«"»/» ՚էը^ ՚ ք^ք^ոգոս \^ե՚Ն ^ հրերնց ււնսւԼոսթե-ան սոե՚ո աու$աււ. կ^ապրկքւեւ / յ^կագիոս/ (^^Օ^ 4էրբ արևսևլերա% ^ռո^ սէռսէ^որգու֊թե՚ւսէքհյե ՚իսասւչբւտէ է/անօ՚չու. լէ՚^Րգ՚՚Ր^Գ (401)* ^՚^ց քքևորիոսի ւ^աիլիքոե քաջ^ղօրավարն ի^ րև%ց յադթկ (403)« ՆՐՒ 1ձ"՚Իւեք"^ ՜՜ "Ր 406/^^ գԾոմաՆսէկան հեթանոս էս ոսմբ մւէ ^լոոե՚նէոհայի յ^"՛/ փ՚ճէսցոնեւով^ ՚\%տսՅ§էան սէռաւուսԾ ^ո - - քք^որրոսի ճե-ռ^ք սպսւնուեցասք \\չար/ւկոս 40 օ/՛" \^ւոէսքբաե էսշքսասո^սէկւսւեց ու. Հ^ււոաւ ե՜րկու. >»^ ^ ՂԲ^՜Ր "ք**՛^ շէսոեւք^ եաեսք աօ-էսւ. ու. կողոպաեց 4X0* ^սլ/ց որով^ե-տեւ. ւձէոէլէբոէւ \^ր՚՚րէկ*^՚՚է գհ՛^ ՚\^$ոա§րաՆ պսւշտպանեէու. ^սււ/ար ^ ^րիւԻանրայ^ն ու. գ.աոոէէա1;^ ^ռոսէական լե-գ^ոմհերր ե՛տ կանչահ– ք^ո Վօէնգալռք ՝\^րսմեերն ու. Աոս&ւներր ^^%ոսՆ անցան ու. \^պաՆիայի <^0 ^ւսսօէաՄւոսե-ցսւնէ ՚վԼսաՆ^ Գ՚^լ^^Րւ^ ք^^&աԽ՚^՚ւ/^ Հ** ՚աՏ^ էքամն (^Լնփալուսիանի Պլան՛ներ ր^ ձբֆ^^էան րաքհ.ուկա§ն ք է^՚կ \^ու.եւ^ ^•■՜ %ևրր^ կալէսիան բո%եցքւնէ \յ^քէ ՚օ՜ւ. ՚նդՐէ ժամանակ ^թ .^ոէ^բգույնգւսցքէբ՝ քէ^ոնի կողմեոր^ հ**հ ՓՐ՚^^^"ՐՐ ՚՚՛ ՜ ^իսսէսաքք^ գ^էսղոէսոի "հ^ աարէսհ՚ուեցանէ շ. յ^յաբիկոսի մա^ոսան^ն եպթո (որ ^ուսե՚ն^ աոն գե-աո թաղոսե՚ցաւի թողուցքւն արեւյ՝» գոթաս–^ ց^"րր (412) \^՚՚"*՚ւիան ու. ^թաուէփհ առա^որ–,^ գուՔ֊ևԽմի գաղռիա անցան։ Հոս ^իւՏւձ–ցի1ե 415/՛^ ՝ւ \ 103 վաք«րւա^ էսառնո պօրսէւ֊որ տ1^ոութհսն մի ^ոլոմսւս Լգու.լու.ւէյ գլխաւոր քաղքովյ յ^վէեւ֊մտե՚ան գ^ոթսւօ^եր^ն Ն&/շու.էԱԾ՜ ւ| օա«, գաչՆե-բոք ^ռոյայևցի ա&էրսպա^^ մի Ս^ոեիփա.^ կիոս^^եՀ կանչոսև-քով * գ,ե%սե–ոիկոսի աուաՀքնորգոս^ թևամի ^փրիկհ աեցան (429)* ^խադանգևցոէ֊ցքէն ^իւ.ս, է^ովե-զրոք ՚նու.ա՚ճեց1էն (^^(Տ)կարքևգոնն ու. 1լ ա^ ՚-երէրն անկէ ւձիկէլէաեէ \\արգ^իաՆ ու. իսւսքչիան ։ ^րհտ անացքւթ^ ^ռոմայՄցհ լե-գ^ոմնե-րոսն օւս^ շոսԾլխհ եաես^ իոեՆց ^իւսիսաւին գ^ գտՆոււս^է ^իկաաց ու. Հ^կովաաց գէմ* իլւե՚նթ գէրե*նթ պաշսէք.. պաեե-ք չկէսրև՚նա/ով ^ գ&չււքանիւ^11^ն՝ յ^գլոեե՚րե ու. \^աօսոէւնե–որ օգնու.թե–ան կանչթց^ւ լ^ւ/ււՆօ՝ 449^^ ՚նոսա՚ճեցէւն ^աբաւ֊աքբն \^գոէաՆ ու. ^իաւե-ցք^ Ն^1^Ր թագաւ-որոսթիսն՚եերը^ (Տց թ է&քօեւօ) « կ աւ1ոէմնայթե \ո,ոմէական գաւսւո^ե-րու^ ոէ^ ՝ ՍԼ՛"՝–՛ սւիոսՏք կո՛նական ՚ԽքյՐ^՚^Ւ Ց"Դ"ՐՐ միսսս.աՆւսՆ ու. քսեէ մի ՚նոսա՚ճ0ւսահ՜ սւզգեքէ աւ ^&ւոՆ ւսո-սւհ– ք այս օրուէմն Հ՜էքԼգսէոիայ^Ն ե-լաւ ք գգոս է ւսրեմոսաթ աո^ շասեւու. եւ. ^ոՆ սւեոոսսւն եոկ^եոու^ սէիոելու. ^ամւսր է ՚իր&ն գէմ էֆացան Հ^ռոմէսբաքկևրն՝^ \^^ե–^ աիոսի սւռսւ(քնորգութեամի^ էքւ. \կէեւ.մտ– Ղ՝ոթ$սցհթ ու. Հ^ոէ»»ՆԱնեոո» եւ. \\ասւա7նԽ1նեւաէե (^ալոնհ ^"մյ արիւ.՚նա^&ռ ՜ճակատի՛ն մէք իոև1և աաղթ-եցին 4:0 1 (^ > ^էոսւիղա ասոո մրայ անաաասս գւսոծԼոսո մերքւն իսւս».. Փ՚մն% ոսսկից քսել մր բն"՚կէչ^ փ՚*՚Ւ՚էէւՐ՚1՝ ^ի.սե1քցին Վ§քսեսէրկ օաղաօոէ ք^եուաւ. \^սքսէիոա դ*էսկիսէ գւսր*, ձահ^ աաեՆ (4ՑՑ)> \\էոաիոա/ի մա^ոսէսմի ռալբպյեցւսւ. իր աֆբու^ ՚ թիսմն ասլէ ՀոՆօւռ »աս»ռոուէեե–ոլ^ 1)^^<– հ՚ոմուն "՚Գք՚՜րԸՐ \ ռաշոէ^ե-ռանէ՚յ^ոեւե-լե-սէն գ%ու.թռ առին ԳՀան՚նոնիան ^ ՝2^ ,104 գևաիգներէէ գակիանւ Աւ/ ապգաց ^իսսիսէէչյին գ^ Մւաոահ-ոսեցս^ \ոնգոբսւլւղսսցիք : Հինգեոոոգ գարոսն կ^սերր մէայն ՚է^սէսէլիպյի Արպյ ամփոփ ու.ս»հ– Լ^ո֊ոմկասեահ պեաու.թեա1ւ^ աեոէք վէրջ տուբաս ք\գոակէր ^476)> "/՚ քիոմու֊լոս ՝\ձ,^գոս^ լ^քքՕ-ՕքՕ գւսո^սէեաՆոսէօ-եասմս. գեոմահաեաԱ աԵգերը^ աչէե-ււՐ, կւրոպսյյի ակրերն եռանւ յձաեւ^յն գեոմանաեաե ա1^ոա.քժիւյմնռ–րո կար՛ճ աեէ^ուշու-թհս՚ն ոէքնեռան* մասն ռէ արգ^Ն սսռսէ^րն գարերոսե մ^0 կամ րուորոմ^ն ժնՕոսեցանյ կամ մեհ– ^րանկեան աեաոսթեան մէՕ ձոսլուեռանՀ 1– ւ^փրիկէի ^1"֊"՛ հ^ովևղէրքի՚ն վրսչյ 429^^> I ՀԼանգսւլնե-րք^ ^իմնու֊սւհ– ա^րոսթ^ւՆոք ^ե-ղէսսւրիոս I ^ու֊ստ^իանոս կայսեր ղօրէսմարո ք^^^ց քօ34։)< յ 2» 4ւ09է^՚1էր ^ի^"* արևւմ. \\պա՚նիւսյի մէք^ \ րւնակոո \^ոէւե–ւՖ1րրչլ 585/՛^ ար ես մ. ^ոթացքէնևրւ^ I յաոթոէ^ևցանէ Վ^ե–րջինՆե–րու.ն^4։15ք՛^ ^իՏաահ– աՀ։^ րու-թիւ-Նոք Բ^/բՐ Ապանիան ե՜լ. ^ստր» արեւ.մ» գ*Ա0ռ^ ղէան իր մէՕքլ կր պստրույնսէկէրէ \^ս սէէրու-թրւՖո կորհ^անեցին \կւարացիք 71 1/՛՛*» 5 3. Հիւ֊սիսսչյի՚ն գաղդիէ^ի մ1ջ^ 410 1^ Հ^/»» I կար ^րանկաց աերու^թիւնր* էսկ ^արսօ.» սւրե-սեէ • I գաղդէւ^ի մէ^ իոէ^րգու-՚նսւացւ-ոցր^ք որ 534^^ ՓԸր՛ \ րան1խեր1^ ՚նոսաս՚ճոսեցսէյսՀ \ 4. ^րիաա՚նիայի 1^^449^^ գՏնոէ.աՆ ԱՆ^ \ գլո^սաքսոնսւկան եօթ1ևաե–սաու.թհւ.1նքլ թագաւորոա–^ թե-Աէն մի վրէԱէ մէսսցաւ. 82 7 ^^< / / է. \ \ 105 *կ^Ր1լ 496 ^^> ք^ի^րԲ^գի՚^^իք՝ 530 ք*^* ^^արեևրը^ 6» յյ^ի՚եչեւ. 489 ՀուՆգարիա էւնակուլ ԱՀւճ՚ճ.,^ եաեան Ղ^՚^^՚՚՚ցհը ՚\*էուսլէսւ անօան, ք^գոաեէրէ պե՛^ սէա.թրւ.Նր կոոհ-անեօքւն ու. եոեո^ էո1;ոերն եռան ^ միՆլևւ. 5 54 5 7» ՜\քւեգոս.ւէքոգւսցհթ Հ^ուՆգս/ոիաւի գ.&պիգ^ %եոր ՚նոսւսւճեչէՆ Ծսոես^ ՕՕօ/՛^ \^էՈէսւէսւ գացԲե^ բ այց | 7 4 քւե ^ոաՆ1հէե՚ո1^ ՚եոսաճու. եցան : Օ* \\րԼրս&լ1ոսՆ \յւ.լւոպաե մոՆչեւ. \է1պ՛*՛ գեա ու. յ^լպեան ւ^Ր^ԿըՐ բոքնեցքէն \^ւաւ.Ն1րոոէ ^"կ դ^էսկի$»ւՆ ^ի՚նՆե-սւե ե-լ թէւսչժ-ւսբսւկս^ ւսգգ&որ Լլ^ք–«. ստրնե-րըյ իուէկաոնեոո \ ւ \յ • ՝\^վէե–ւԽէե–ս/ն ^ռոսէսէկաե կւսմ՝ ւու.՚նէսկաե կայսրոսթիւ՚նր կր աաոոսնակ1^ո իր սէշըք Գ\ալգսւնհ ^աէրւսկղպի^^ ռասւ բոլոր ՓԴՔՐ 11"^"՛^ ք \^՚"՚րհքԲ* Դւադեսաինրէ ՜կգիպաոսն ու. յքյ^ի՚Օև՚րկրակաե հ՛ովուզն ս$րԾԱ.եւԾան կղէտևերր* ^ոսսաԱնհաեոսի ւսսէԾ՚ն ՚եաեւ. 1 . ի՚%ձ –եաակ հր գԽրմաԽաՏէ.ոց կԽա11^ աքս յփԼաքիա է ~ 2 . \*"եչ^ վիժակի է^ք^ էքքէւ աւք-է֊եապռ ու. գի$քէ–*./3–իա31տ ազգսէ^ գէսդք9–ակէս\ո».թ–եաև էսսւԽ%$ լ» քձ*1^պ^տ ե՛լ. գե՚րմս^էՆե-րր ս^շր^սէր^Iսկարսհ^ երկիրներնուն մէքյ կամաց եւ. ոսշ^ "^ռոմէական կըբ^ թոէ֊թե-սւն սոմորեցան , մասն օէ քսւսղաղոէ-թե-ան գորՆբերր կ աա^թէ» բ^ց ք՚Ր"^ցսհ %ու.աքճուսւհ– ժոոո^ փէւ-րգե&րուՖ օգպյական ա1սորժսւնբնեբր շ"*–*" սոր–^ վեցան եէ^^ին բար ^ ական պարդու-թիսնՆթէ կորսՆցոէ.–Խ՛ \ ցքւնէ \քրբ ռրհսաււ^^ա.թիւ^յՆ էրէ^նց ւԽպք ^հ՚էսգդ^ \ \ V ՝« 106 ւսռգեոու.թհււՆ ւՐ ոսնեօսէւ. ք այն ւստե% եռան բւսր^ ^է^երր չվո^ւսեաք/ն ու. երկիրնիՆ քապսւկանեռքէՆ ։ ^"(/քք շաա չաեօսէւ– ւե–օու%իՆ կորս՚նսոԱ.ոի՚ն » հւ. բպ/կե էսեդաօի», քւէ՚րոէ֊Ն իբրէւ. սէէ^եՓ կրք9–էսէ/եէբու%% սէռին ։ \^էսա^սէւվ 1քբեւաՆ էչա՚հ ււ.էւմաեէեահ ւեդու.Նէ՚Իչ$։ ՚ք—՚՚կ՚՚ր ս՚է–րո»–թ՜եանռ յէք օրի՚նսւա $1աս»ես$Ն՚հԽրր գրեքՓե՛ ՚^ք/է^ ւա11էցսւ%աէ11էերու. Հս$մար միայն գր$սմա»աոժ սսւ^փ/ահսէծ՜ «՚^^ * ՍԼ՛^^ "՚^Պ ^Ր" գէէւ֊ւՐ եւ. աէւ%ւ/էդութեան փւարձ (<|ք(18ւ1ա ք գսրՏ–»սհ–ոսթ–ե»աե յէ9 հր* վր1;;ժ(սՆգրութ–իւ%% ոա^ անՀՆւսկժճւ իրասսմ^ա պասշա^ աասւաւթիւ^էն սէէէէ՚ն սէզասէ մաըգոէ^ Թզ11 ս$րուս§հ– հքւ^ * լլօօւաո գասղթ՜ւսկանութ-եաէե սա֊սքքի՚ն գսւրերսւ% »1հ9 էսրոա֊եսսէ «ք. մաւսսորակաՆ կրթոէ֊թքււ.՚ն անկահ՜ոա֊թ-եան է/էք հքւ^* \\ռու.ւոու֊րթ ա»ոսւռէււ.էէէհ–ոռ անւսաւս^սվէէէ.թեան ^ասմար գրեթէ– բոքսրււմի% գագրսէձ՛ հր* ^ուՆստկան կայս֊ րսւ֊թ–եէ$ւն ԱԽձ-օւգոյն ուսղաքՆէրր թհ՚՚ւէ՛՛՛՛ "է՚՚՚^հյքի՚ն , աւս *փ9ր1քէ*՛ "՚էէ էրհ՚Նռ %սէխ՚նւսկա% կրթոսթ–իւ%րէ թ՚՚՚յց ՚"– էԱ.աե^ անար *^9 յառսւքագիմհսթ-իւյե կսււՐ ռաբգօւ^օէ֊էՐ էՐ ընեւ կասրէքնէսրււ. * այ1 կ^ 493-554. - 2 • ^ք^ա.—ս^ք^%ի^է^%—ս ի\չք՚ւ. |»ւ««ւ«|^Աք մՏաւս*. է — 3 • ի՚^չպէէս վիրքաաւ^սււ. ւաբԽ$.^ \» յ^Հէե-ւ-ե-լ&ան գ%ոթէԱՕ թագասոոր^ ^Նոքք>ո^ էււ**** ^Նժ՞ք գէ""^^ ^՚– երթեայ իշէւաեոք աարաւ. ողովոսոգո Ս\^Հ^ ^\\^ւոս§էէ**՛* զաչէսէսւ. Վերոեայհ յ^^՚ւ^ՐՐ քէգ՚՚՚՚՚^^ՐՐյ Աքշ1սաը^սէեալեռ \հսէսէլիա1$ ^ ու. ԾԱԼբ1էն ^էԱԱ-ե-՚էւնսէն Լգ.^օ)՛ ^պս՚ս՚էսկեցոսռ %ս$եւ. ^սէուսԱ-էաԱե դա&րւ/աՆիան ու. ՀելուեաիանՀ Գ\ա^եպ ^ւՆոսպ;սւեաե սւս^է/անսէգոութրւ.Նո» սւ. օաոգւսռու.օ աեսէպատ ե-ղահ՛ "Ր^ՒրՐ ւՌսէկՈսթեւսէէբք վա՚ճառւս–^ կանու֊թե-այի ւէւ. աոյ^ե-սւոուԼէ ՜^ևո֊աւ. 026/՚^< 2* ^մալապու.%1^սյյիք քծ*էոգորիՕոսի գսաեր .ր*՚^օրձ–ղբօրւ^%ք քձ*^ոգս/ա^՚ն սպաեոսիլԱ^ պատ–», ճսէո. սւոէ^սէւ. գոէ-ստքէեհաեոս Լայսեր ասոո գէմ՝ պա^ օանէ ,,^ 107 ՝ ք–^ աերառւՐ բստեաչու. (535/՛^)՛ Կ*^"^/՛ սպարապեալԼ ֆ ք^ւ^ոգասէի ՚յաջորգրք (539) ^պաաակելոԱ,, սակւզքե երք֊ իևոիսարիոս եէո կէէէնչու֊եցաս (օ49) > ք*"^ 3* *հ^Ր"(^՚*ք ^եոիսարիոսի ^՚՚՚9"ՐԳ1^ ղարկաէ. երթ էոսէ ս.աՆստԼույյւ1 ՜Լրնգոռւսբգե&ոՈք Հ^ե-ոուլնե-ր՚ե ևւ. է՚֊րէշ գոթացի՚եե-րո 5օ2/՛^» Տ՚՚"՚^Դ""՛ ՚^ակաէո^ մէք ի%կաւ.է ^ածն ՏՀ1*****՛՝ արեսևլևա՚ն գռթաց վեր ^ ՕէՆ թագաւ-որբ կա.§^ի ՛Ք"՛/ ^^"՚/^^ եաեւք անա^ պս»Մ1 գաոձահ– ՚\%սէսէւէան ^ գաո^ե-աւ ^ռոսէւսկան կպյս^ ոու֊թեան գասաու ևոաւ. քօ54^ ^՚– կբկաո֊ավալւոսէր ^սէւ.1^՚նա ՚նստոո ՀԼե-ցերոոգսւպեր ա՛ներ ու. ^^յXձ^^ս6Տյ ձեռօ /՚"՜ ՝ 42. 568-774. 1 . ԼոԱգոք՚4Փ^քքի4^*ւ1փ՛՝ ազգաց գաւլթականու.^ թեան աաե՜ն՝ գերւ/ան^աւ^ն ք պյսօրոսան Ա^որաւ֊^ս^ եւ. արեւ-մւոեասՆ \\սսւիցեէս իՕանՀ Հոս ՜\ձ,ւ.արսւց օգ%ու–^ թե՚էսմի է Ղ՝^"(Ւգ՚*՚ց պետոէ.թ^ւ.Նո կքքրհ՚աեե–է11;–՚ն եաեւ ք ՚՚Խսէացահ՝ *կերս1^օ1Հե կանչու.ելով^ ^լբոինոսի սւոււսք–^ Նիրգութեստմր. իէուսչ^ա անցանք ԳՀաւեան »սո–քւե ու. թե՚րակզռսոյն մեհէսգոյե մասքւե սւիրեցքւԽէ \քԲ^1*ՐԲԳՔ***"–ք^է*–^^երու. բսւժՆու.եց Աէա. . որսն^ մկ^Ն յ^կ քսէՆիՆէ թսէգսււորներ^ն գրեթ-կ բորարովին անկախ էր։ ^ոI^ա1^ո^..ս|ձ■ ժ ոոէավրգեան ^ես» այ՛նչափ քւսղքրւէԱ.^ թե ամի չւէսրուե^ան \ո՚Նգոթաքգացիք ինչպէ-ս 1^եսե*^ ւեան գ%ւէսթք ըյթաձ– կիՆ ։ |^<ք^ ^րկէՐԸ. Ա^՛– ^Ը. մշակէ»ւ. էր ։ — Հս-ոմաւեցի ՝բնիկՆեր՚ն էրեՆս եկաժաի՚ն երրորգ մասբ կհւ. էոսչքի՚ն իբրեւ. ս»սւ.րք* ՜\սւ~իսապրանգոս եւ. \^սաէււ.չփոս պաակերամարաից կռիւր ւօգււստս գորեաեեը>յ վերի՛ն Նէսաչիայի շաս» մը^ \ 108 ււ§ւ.Նւաւկան քսէղասքնե՚ր% սւււ^ե՚/^^% եաեւ. ք ՝\^յ$սս»սս§փոս ^ե^ պի՚նոս ^րա^եկատա թ–ւսգս§ւոր^֊ն ասւիաւէւ.ահ– ^արեագրեսէսւ. էսշխսւր^ւսկասլոսասհ– ե՚րկիրթ \^սւեփւսՆւ§ս ք\ . ^ա^անայսէպե^ Աքի՚նւսէնձՆէւ։ \^^սս»ու^ւփււսի ւաքորգս դ%եսիգերիոս , 1|Օք. րօքոս \րեձ–1^^ն ւաղթ-ու^եցէսւ. (774)* *»(> \ոեւգէէթսէյւգասկա^ւ Աք1^րու.թիւ%ր 1 վ^րանկսւյք աեէոու^թ^եան ^եա միսւաու.ա ։ Հ, ^ունէսց նսոսոնեոո^ ՀԼեօերորգսէպեէՈոա.^ թէլյևր եորսրնցուօքւն ս/պսսւաւՌ.ու–թ1ոաՌւ է/հէ Դ՚՚Ր ւօքՀւո|օ 72օ^^ աասէծե-րՆս-րոէ. էէսրգութե-անր գհ*^ ելահ՜ "՚1*Գ"1յ^Բ Հռոէֆ ^ քէ*սււ.1/1ւնսյյի ու. Վէ/Նեէոիեի մէքյ — \^""Ր ՚1ր^ \\աեփաեոս |\. (Ղ^^\ Գ\ևաքւնոսէ*ն ^ ՀւՆոմեակա՚Ն ևկեղէցւ.ղքն (թ&էՈՈ10աԱ1Ո Րօէո) սաա^ ցուսսհ-ոցր ե ւ. ^աւ.եՆՆսչյէ –(Լյքցե-րորգապեսԽւթեան վօպ) (ճօՈ&էւՕ քւրւու)» իբրևւ. աշխարհական աէ-ր ^ասաաաոսօ՚ցաէ–, որոմ Տէ՛^ գրուեցէսւ. \յկէրոեցւ.ոյ էո1^րու.թեանէ ■Տ-՛ ՚ ^է կէէե"՛ "՚֊ ^"՚ՐքԲրք՚է՚ւօէ *^կ մասո քՏ»* գարուն \կէարացիՆեր^Ն աշխարհ ակաԼոսե-ցւսս։ ^՚^ց Ս»^՛"–՛^ ւքւա մրՆչևւ. ^Ա * գարուն սկհգթՐ էունւսկան իշբւա<^ %ոսէժ ևէսն ՚նՄրօե՜ւ. աւսւց։ յ 54* ա^գ*ւ^*^գ^^1\աԱգ**^ 555» 1 • %քէան^ մի անկարող կաւսրներ^ ե՜աեւ. 0՜«. էաւ. 0^՚–«*«ք»է«»(«4«1»«««* (527-565) բիւ-ղանգեաՆ (ա^ րեւ–եւեան ^ռոմէսւկան^ էՈսՆականյ կաւսերոսքժեաՆ գւս^ր։ յ\սեկաւ ^եոէսւսրեոս սաւսրաաեսւԱն ^եռ գ ռ > կորհ-անեց )Շ»փրէ^^ Վւսնգւսլներու. քժագաւորա-ք^եւ^ ^/» 534» \3"՚Կ՚^՚ե սՀքԱ ^րկիրշ 650^^ \կ""բ*"տԽ աո֊ի՚նՀ ՝\/րր ^եդիսէսր՝յձարգ1էնիանքկորսիկանք յ^իկի՛^ ւիան ու. ՚իաալ^ան 1ևոէ.ա7^եէէն եաեւ.՝^ (54:9/՛^) ^՚" կանչոսեցէսւ.^ *կերս1^ս ՚\%տսւլէւահ սւշէւար^սւկէսլոս–^ թիւնը^ գէուխ աարաւ. (52* Ց*)է ՆՐԲ 17" կերպով 109 պե–սւա.թքււ.1ևո նոր գսէսսէւՆՆեոուք ե ոնգէսոձսւեոս^ր ^ յ^է-աբներե ու. ^ու.չկարաըիք ^Ր^ՒՕԼ ^ ս՚^ե-րք^^^ (թք^պկ^ա բազմաթիւ. բևրգեր ^ձ՜^ւսհ– է^քւե գանոսբի եոեայնա.թեէսմեր\ մքւնչՄԱ Հէ-էլեսաոնսէօս։ ^սսոսէռ ոօրսէսոր թսսգաւոր^ \օոսրով \^՛^ գ^էՐ էէոահ– պէս^ աե-րաօաէ&րն ա» սլխպ1։ս ձաիւոո գացթւ^ որ ^ղքեթ ^սւրկէսգրե-օան անոեցսէ 1սսւդաոութ իսնո գՆե-էէ \ 2 . լլ^քք յէ9էէւէէս աեասա.թեաԿւ մկք կքլ աիր/^ին , կրօեսէկաՆ *\^^ / սէսսսէիկ կռիւ.Ներ ու. կրկէ՚՚է կ՚՚դՏքեւսկռութիսՆՆեր (^«՚– պոյաներ «էւ կան»$ւն^եր ւ»րոԱ^ մաս՚նսակի^ եղաե– կր նաեւ. քքԱէ՚ււ^էօ^է «էէ. բ՚՚ւրր ժողովոսրգը^ է –– ^ու,ս§ոքէնիէ$$նոս ք ^րիթօնիահի ձեէւքովէ ^ռոա1կսւկան օր1;^^^1էրւէ ^աւպքեք աա^աւ. (օՕքթԱՏ 1սք18) ւ կան^ե^Հ^ոփիաքի աաՀարշ, շի՛նեց Դ*աՆու–բի եւ. \^փրաաի քսվպօրսւսորսւմրոցներ ու. ոկիղթ սրսււ. \յւ.րոպ»սւի *^9՝ ւ1եապքոս»բոսձ–ա֊թէ»սն։ 1– Հէ՚ք**»1*ւէ»»** Կ՚^"Ր1լ (610-641)՝ \^սիպյի Բ՚՚րյր գա՚-առ՚ներո \սոսրոմ ք\. ԳՀէսրսիօ թսէգւսւորքէե սաիպու.եօւսւ. տաի բ՚^ց ե–տռ1;^ ՓՂԸՐ \^սհ՚՚՚ե և-սւ Աքռաւ.* եւ. \օոսրովէ սաանոէ.ե–լ1^՚ն եա&է.ք մտաւ. %աս&ւ. ^ւսրսեաստանէ յձսւկայն \կւաբացթէեր1/ն ւաոթ֊ոէ^ե–՛^ ցաէ.» որոնռ է^ւեչեւ. 640՝ ՚եաեւ. \^՚՚որքւթր^ Դ\աղե–ս^ ա^ււն ու. ՝կգհպտոսո%ոէ.էս՚ճեցԲևէ 2* Հ^Ր՚՚՚կդե լւ՚՚՚ք՚^ՐԳ՚՚՚Յ "՚*"^՛^ բհւսօահգե ահ պեաութեակ ^օէմար սարսսւփեւի ժւսմահաէլևե ր սկր^ սան։ Ա^է# մէՕոցիս ե^ի^յեան գա^ակալոԱ֊թեան արիէ.՛^ ՚ես0^եո կռհ^ներր ^ (կայսերւսց սեհ՛ մամե սպսյնու.եցաե կէսմ՝ էսեգամաէՈՄցաե^Հ ^ուլկւսրւսց ասէճէսքս էսւրձա*^ կուտէձ-րՆք որոնք 670^^ Ա*–"՛/՛՛՛՛^ երկքէրներոսԱ մհկ մասա» սէիրեցթև * ե՜ս յձ,րաբւսցւ.ոց ^ե-ա պւսէոե–,^ րապՏւերը։ ՝ք^յս վէր^՚Աները^ &հ() թ՚՚^փրիկհի ^ք"–*՛» .հ՜ովթռբրէ գրեթէ բոլոր Փ՚ար Ա"^"՛^» \՚փպրոօն ոս 110 ք1աոգոսչլ աշխար^էսկալև^քէն, ևւ. (669-676) %աւ.ա^ աոորյղոմ մի ՚ԱԱէեւ. ՚կոսաաեգքւնուպոլի՛՛ սւէսշաիեցէւն * որ պւայ՚ն ւուՆակաԱ եոաեոյ կոօաւ. էսռաաքւլէ \^^ոԱ ւ^սա՚^յա^^ոԼ (717-741) Կւլ »կ՚՚ի օօրէսւոր &է»ւգաէ֊որաց շ^ԼՀԲ մհ՛ կոստանգքէնուաո^ չբսր ՚եոոէ-Ն ասէշարոո \^էսսսէցքւեԾրր մռ.Նէոա.ռ՚սա1և (718)< ^"1/3 "(՚՚՚՚՚՚կ^Ր՚՚՚ը էարգու.թեան գ^մ^ ելահ– օրք^՚կթբ^ իտսւչիէ^ի ւ^Օ էեղափոխութիէՏե մի ^անես» որով վե՚րքացսււ. ք 2օ^^ ^ոնէոեդաց Վեցերորգէսաե^ աոսթիսնը^ (53 • 2«)« \Րսւկեգօն»սկա՚Ն ցեղին թ-ագասսրսւյք սւս$ե՚ն (867*1056) էոէ-րոսթիա֊՚նը^ քաւ.սէգո^ ւէէճսակի ւ^9 1^ր է ^սւսիւիաէւ» ԼՎյասիլյ |\ . ^ոսլկարաց աէրւււ.թիւ%շ (1018)՝ բիւ֊գա%^ գէէս՚ն գւսւէսռ ւՐ ըրասա֊ է ւսւղԹեց քկ%օսսերու%, *սշխ*սր^սւ., կւ**ւեա ^էքբ ւ^ք^ա^ օ<. կքւպրուփբ։ ^պւց "ք/" ՚քշէւաբ^ս»– կաւութիլ.%%եր/լ, քիչ^ Հը եաղքքլ (1050)» Փ՚^Ր ^"է՚^է յհք երեւան եւբէպ \\^§ճոսգԽասն ^ս$ճկ»սց անցան է .՝՝՝..՝ ՝\ 56* 11^– ք;–./^.». 622. 1 • Կրգք՛^ աւ~սւղօյ սսնապւստ՚եե-րոմ անմասաչեէէ ստրարակաե թևրակղօէդքն բնակիչներ լլ^ հձ^րեսևէջի *^ճ.) \^Ր"՚Բ՚"ՏՒՔ * Լհ՚-Ր՚՚պ՚^ք՛ *^քլ) \3արակինոսներըէ իրենց դանապան ցեղերկ սերելուն եւ. անցոսցահ կէ/նաց կերպին Նսցելոմ կր բաժՆոսէին ^ անաաաաի րնէսկիչներու. (պէ^սէավըՀ եւ. օառպթացիներու. (Հատ^^ տք^սիբ ^կաավ^երբ որոնց միակ ^արսաութիսՆ՚Ն էր ու.ղէո եւ. ձիք կ՝արՀամար^էին Հատա^։սիներոէ ^՚^Տ ք*՚"1Պք^^ր՚ե ք եւ. ի աէասնասորի \րեգգայ Ա՚է*. աինէք Ա^»^էՆ եւ. \րոգգա՝ երեւ֊ելի էին իրենց խնկի, իա^ուէի ու. ^ամե^երու. րնգարձակ առեւ.տրովըՀ ք^էպէսւ ^էլքի՚ի մլլ աակ եղահ– ՚^ւեւպյէ Ց^ԴէՐՐ* քաղաքական ռօգիւ. մի իրարու, ^եա կաաա.ահ՛ չե^ ^ 111 ՆուիոսսկսԽ յիութե-ան եե^գրոն մոն 1^րէ Հէ * Գ֊որ1^^շե–ան ցեղրե Լ^աշհպք գԾոգւսսաան1^ գիմաւէրելի ՚ճւսրաարւսիօսու^թե-սւէՈւ ու. մարգեպւէւն մարսնւ^ գեոե-ցկու^թե-աէՌւ երեսեէքւեւ \^ռ.1ո֊ւորէսկս^ ճաէԴւորգութիսմնե-րւէվ^ իր ժոդովրգեԱմև վրպյ եսւ՛^ ասւոեսսա ւոեղեեոսթհւ^ սաանսււ^Ա նւ. գ^սւէոիշպւի ^էոո սսյհսմեսՏՆսսլրվ մեՆ սէոացուահլբի սա^ո րլԱ թ՚ւհ՚ե ե՜^ աե-լ^ յը^ոս^ւսմա^ա ^կբ ք^կբ սէօ՚ԱէսԼաՆ եհքնսէց աօսսւսւ կահ օրւ. ռաոպբսւկան ւՌ՚հ– իէսէոյևսէկւէէ.թ1րան տէէՕ ^Բ* \\սս»&ոաց աաշաօն11^ (սաբկ^սւկան0է.թէքն1/ն\ ղաա որ Սէւո(;նէ1ե սււելէ աարւսհ՚ոււսհ– կրօմն հր» (^*V/ք'^ Նւսօ-լ. օրիսաոՆ11^ու–1ժիւյն ք ^ր1^ու.թ–հէ^ ու. յհգւսկրմեու.՛,^ թիւեէ1^պիսինիւ^ի *կևկու.շի% (500) ^՚– \օոսրով^ Ա» ֆարսից թագաւ^որթե քշու.րք 5 ՕՕ) աշքսար^ակաչրւ֊^ թրւ^մներոսն ս»ա "Ր^ՒՐՐ ^՚*՛**^՛ ՚"– ՚Խ^ 1րղահ՜ էր* Ա^ւ/ միքոցթա 4՛/» ՚»/» (6 1 1 ^^) » իր քառասեևրորգ սէէսրսան ^ասակ^ ե՛րեսան եւաւ. ՜^ոս^ամսէա ^ միօան ՚^^սսէուՆդ» իրրեւ. Ա*ւսրգւսրե՚ն» ու. սօ-եաեց իր կռա^ պսւչա ցեղակիցներօսե ՚իսչաժռէ կիեոք ^օրեոբայրն 1ձ,Ժք եսաներրյ \^պւ՚է.պկօր՝ առաք/ւ%11ե եոաեք որ իրե% ^ս/ւէսասացիՆ ք \է սկօբաե անարգուաԾ– ե$ոռ1էն ^ասրս^ ձ՚ոսահ–^ ^արկագրեցաւ. ^ոէ-լ» 15/՛^ 622/՛^ \^ե»ոքէեե փախչիէյ ոսր սիրովդ րեգոսեոսեցաս տ ( 11՚՚4/«Տ^ հ(Լ "^,*՚է Հէ |ք^^^> ՚^^՚քե*ոականացթու.ակաՆր\Հ — Հեադ^ե^ յոէ Բ֊՚՚/րր 3 Ղ—ք՛^ րհգուեեցան ՛նոր վարգաաեսւոէ–՛^ թիւձ§րՀ 630/՛^ ՚Հք^եգգա ՚նու.ա՝ճու.եցաւ. ես ռեապէ՚ն պւստկերներ^ն մպօրոսել^՚ն եաեւ. ք եդաւ. մա^յեսււս^ յքլանոսթես^ կե*նգրոեՀ ^սոր վջ"() ^^ճք՚^^՚^ոս^ամԼ 1 112 ւ1կսէ 30*000 ղօլէքոէ1^բիԼէյլս»նգևաՆ աէրու.թևաՆ վրսՀք ւէսրձաեե-օաւ. • ե^Րբ "^ղ՚^Լ. գՒհ՛^ ճ^^՚՚ւեգ աե^աււսէո պրուցքւն ՛նայելով՝ իր թշՆւսսրՆօ՚ր^ն թուՖաւ-որու^աՆէ գե-ր&զմւսնր^ Ա՝ձ՜աին1^ի տք^0ք չւառւ/աթիւ. քասխաստ^ գնւսռութե-անռ աեղէ եոահ– ^ւ ,^^ յյ*հւ~ւ՚ք1"ք* (Հէէէա.սքւէաառեսէլ\կր կոչօւին ։ ՚իրեՆա %ւաէ.իրէ$էեա^է գիրք^ հ ՂՀ1ւ֊րա%քլ Հգիբքը) . –ր \^պու֊պկքյ*հ՛^ Ք-վ^ Ք՚՚Վ. սոլ. բասժ%ոսս§հ– յըք*ԱԱ.^աաէաՈ/էսէի խօպ^ե՚րոա.% ժոօովահ–ւ>էքե է է — ՚^աւամի ^սէւաասու գւխաէ֊ւէր վաըգաաեաոոս^ թ֊իսՆ՚ն է է \^1Ա1ու.Տ–ոյ միոէ^թ-իւ^էն ու. ^սգա^ղՐե ա»»նմա^Աէ–^ թ–իւ.Նր։ ^իեոէրառ արարիչըլ ւսնսէ$է^ւ/ա% , է/^աՆքէ%ւաէԱոչէ է՜ակ մը^է է– է կերպսւրա^էք ու. բնսւկութ–իւ.Ն չուՆի . աւԴ^՚հ կասւոարեւոէ֊թ-իւ^էսերն իր ւքր՚՚՚ւ ւֆաուս^ Տ^ էւ. աաս»^ կերի յհ9 ւե կր^՚՚՚ր ներկայացուցիչ։ \*Խ^ ՚Ժ^^ շաա էսն^ գս0$Րէ $1անասէ֊ա$է1եգ \^ովակսի , %քէրիսէոոոի եւ. վերքաակս յյ* ու^աէՈ/էաի ձեո^^ք յայաՆահ– կ* դ%րախէոն ու. գ^—ի՚քր արԽա֊եւեան երեւ.ակ»ոյու.քՅ–եասն ^աԱեմաա սաոորագրոէ^ած՜ էքԱէ ^արոյասկսւԱ օր1^^%օեէէրր կր յսՏեէ^էտե % "՚֊րիշ^ կրօԱեերոսՆ սորվեց ու.ոսւձ՛ ասռասռիՂւոլթ-իւ^էներո» ի մաս.,, %աւորի ՝ճշմարս§Աէսիրու֊.թ–իւ.Ղւ ք ո$էորմաքՒսւսթ–իայե եւ. ար^. գասրութիւ% ։ *կուիրասկան պասւսերստպԱներոմ ակ$ոօ կ ՚իսրսմի սէասրսէ^եք եւ. կս–$սպս»շաու.թ–իլ%ո է1կք աոեոառ վերցրնելյէ 0*/՛՛"/՛^ կրեաաքյք ու. քրիսւսւ»նիայք կրնան ^ասՏ ւաապռեերեու% ՚^ք ՏՈէալյ — ^^րասրողակսէն օրկ՚Նքո, վեր^ի ւսսաի՜ճանի պսէրռ է֊է ուրբաթ– օրերր մՆկիթ–՝Ներոէ% *^ք^ * ^աոարակսէց Աէուոոէ^ահ-այէՆ աաշաօե մի կր կաաարու֊ի որ կսւյացահ^ կ էսդօթք եւ. դուրանկՆ քանի մի կսւոր կար.., գա/ու. վր՚քյ * \\՚՚^ծՏ 1՛"՛՛՛ ""^^ Հաւ.ա$ուսցեասւ աասրէոաս^ կան 4՛ I ամ1;^ օր , նախբնթառ ւու–ացու.$/կ ■/* եսւեւ. ՏՒ Գ սէնգասւՐ աոօթե/* Նաեւ. Ս՝ 4*9-4–՛" ՚>ւիէւոի երթ՜ալը^ աանձ». %ուաե 4՛ < *^ա^աաէնւսյական կ՚՚՚րգր շաա Նուառ աոգե.^ ռութ–իլ% ու%ի * \Հր1^սււ. որսական կ՚՚՚րգր ^^ու^ասմա^սւկ՚ն ես\ռՈք ^կրմիշներու. ձեռօռ ^ասսաասաոէ^եոաւ. ( 5՚7* 114ք***է^*»"՚"1^է"՛՛՛ թիւ%ըէ — 2. կ՚րթ սկսաա. ք\սւՈռէա%յք յեղբ» Խ՚րքւ ւՏեւքասէ ± • ՚\^ռսսՕի% էսմրրէսպեաներոսՆ \սչյս (ւեթն ||*/քէ.«. 113 թիէ^ր տւսոահ-ոսեհւսւ. մհԼ գՒ^*^ ժքւԽչևւ. \հեգոս ու ա;եսււ գհ1;;–ն սրՆչեւ. ՜^^ւուանսէեան ^\վեիանոսւ 11*է**՚–*1է՚^ք ՚ (632-634) 1ք՚՚<""՚2՚էա^ անևրյլ, <1)ա/ււ/^ եւսսսքսանր ու. ^ոսնառ պեսւու–թեան ՚քր՚՚սյ ւէԱՈճԱսեե՛^ ցաւՀ ՚է^յ^ւ» (634-644) բէր"՛ դ^ոսորական ւ/չլք Սէշրօսո^սէևէՍէեռ Դ\աղեսսէէւԱնյ 1Շ»*"քրհք^ "՚– 642/՛^ Դ\ւսրս1քսքսաանր, ոկվւ անգիյ^ն իր պօոապ1ոոր Հ^է/րու. Նուա&ե-ռ ^4ւ\) քւն \քգիպւոոսնք եւ. ^Օևռ էսոեռսան^ գոեաՆ մաաէ/նւսգաոաեքւն ւքռ՚րՕրն սնսւոոոգեեոոՀ րէկհէ ՚^ք"–*** հ-ոմե-դրո։ Աք^ \^ու–^այա^ւոի ե-դբօր^ որգքէնք ^էսթհ$Ո1^ի այրն ոս \սէսԱէէոաօե–էսիւեր^ն սւռսւ–~ 9է՜եր (656-661)՝ ^արեագրե-ցաւ. ապսաաւդւնե՚րուն ^աոո եռոսիլւ \\պանու.եցաւ. ("–Ր երկու. Նաքաւորգսւօո աէս։ \^սոր սւսէօՆ՚ն սեսաւ. (ոքէւ1ևՆս^ աւ րնգու^ոո\ ՝\ձէԽահԼ^աԱո քէւ. (յյիՀՆ՚նան մերժոո ոս սէռաՕի՚ն երեթ սէէֆրէսպհսէնե-րր չընգու.%ոո\ ^^^ք քէ ♦*♦*»•• եաւՐ 11ք^«՛ Էա4ափ*է ^ե-ր^ուասհ-ոէ շ. |ր«9^«4#^^է Հձ^ա, գա^՚ն եւաս ^ԽաՏՏ^^մԱ^ ցեղը (661-750)» ^^ց որովՀևաևւ. անարգ էր ա^ ւ#^^6«ա լլ#7«ւ/ճւ^քա^ մէՕ՝ անոր ^սւմար ^ ասրրապեաու–^ թիսնոք ՝\յ^1^աքւն1^11^^ դ%ւսմասկոս Փոի*էսգրու–օ՜ցասէ \^^ սոնց ^իմնէսէք հ-ովայԲն ռօրութիւմն պյնչափ հր է որ ^Հքքւ/^աօ^օ երռան քը^իօե-րերսւեան հ՚ովուն է՛ եւ մի եէէւաներն սէշրէս/ր՚^սւեաէել^ն եէոեւ. ք ՚նէսե՚ւ. ւույևսւ^ կան կսչյսե-րոսթեան ՚/ջաւ զյ^Ր^^կ1՚Ր Վ/^քք *է*ք իշէւա^ Ֆութե՚ան աա1/ն՝ քյ^ուսա ՚նուաճեց ^կրակրներո, որոկբ կէս մհ ւաոթողառ ^եա ւֆանաէով՝ կէսղյեօթև յ^աէ֊րէաանսւցսոց աօգոք կհ" ՚Ոքե աւ լեո^ակողմանօո քաշուեռանէ \^սկ քՅ*«4*ւ*էւք 711^՛^ \փէէԼրալգարք» ՚նե^ ղու.ռէ^ \\պանհսւ ւսնցաւ. ) արեւմաեան ^ոթաո ռօրու^^ 8 ա է ՚ 1.14 թ-իաձէո կոսէրե-ց և է։ յց^ոէ^սպյի ^ևտ գրէրթէ Ր՚՚ԼՐէ՛ թե-րակղպէն ս»շէւար\սւկալԾց * պխպկս որ մէպխ ^Շյ՛՝–՛ .ոիւսք գոթւսեան փոբր (ժագսւա-որութիւյև մի սնւսօ ^նեաէւէ ք^է-րէէնեաե՜նարո^ե անգհՆ անօնելոմՀ սէէւե^ րե՚ռէէե \^րսւբացիք ^արաււա^ գսւղոիան սէի Բ՚՚1ԱՅ կսէրոլոս յըրարաե-ղղոսք^՚ե ւՕՀյք՛^ էաոթ-ու-ե-ցանէ ^աՕոոգ ւսպւոապև՚անե-րՆ հր1^կբ գէր^^՚կբ աւոՄւէ րրքէե րնչպօա0Ոու.քժօ–ասւ/ն. ք րռՆս/սսէչութօ-ստւ/բ ք Գք՚՚՚ի^ իէոսթեամհ. ճ^^ եոա.սսւնաւեԾոո Լեոեռէեէովյ ոբոԱցմհ շաաարոէ^ անու֊էսմս. §գաւն %ու,ա՝ձոսւսհ՜ ^&^էքտ Վե-րքա՚ա^ պէս ք^ա-մԱեաեք յէ>Օթէ \1դ^*՚ք Աք"^^^ ^աշթւ&օճ/թ ճեռօթ գ§ս^1/ն ձգոէ^եցսա եւ. հոե%ռ փսմբոո^ ռեոԱ ՚ \ռ.ւսց ի \^պւոոէ–ոոակմանէ;^ն\ ԺնՕոսեցս§ւ.է 1 • 17՚1*ք^ ՀաաԱքէ. 11^րսւպԽէէ*քա.թ–իԱ\քև իր այ^ԽւսյԽհ– թսւթձրոլթեաեթ » ի՚^ւ^ւաէա ակւ$էԽւ. էյէւսէԼէ — %է Ե Րք^ ^*՛ "1"^ ՀիՏ^ու.ԽյքԱէէ. *^որաոփււԱի աաԳքոապԽէէէքա.^ թիՀԽը* ի՚Նչպէա վիրքա^աա.է - 3 • ք\՚րչափ աաահա^դրէ.թ1ււ1և ոէ%ե;ւքա*. գէ^Գրք^ի ասֆբաաքեաոէ-թ-իէ-Նււ։ ֊ 4* ի *ւձ Վ^^՚"ԿՒ ՚^է ԿՇ Գ՛^՛՛»*՛՛՛^ -Ա*՛ ՚ԴէՐՏէ– –ք–»֊ ք^ււկսքԽ գիսէՈէ.քՅ–իմԽքէ է 1– Աքք «.–է–«.1 յէ^յ՚ւ (750-1258) առա^% աէգրւսպե՚աՆերուն ժէսմանսաե ք \^սւբւսցւ–ոց օօբու.՛^ թիւմե իր սէմե՚նւաՌ՚հ– բարձրոսթեանր ^ւսս$սւ.։ յ1պ՚"–լ յ^բբասի՚ն յաքորգկ իր էքդրպ^րւլ Ալ–1ք«*#է^ 4*«»^4* 9 որ աթոռ ր ւդ^իէ/ իրմէ՚ն շինոէ.ս/հ– Դ\ս/ղաւսսւ քաղաքը^ փոխագրեց է — Հաէո՚^՚աէ՚^ա^՚գ (786– 809) ^1^Ր ^*՜ իմասաոսն իշխաևնյ ու. իր որգքւն՝ Աք - յց^փսՏո*^ (813"833) յաո֊աշացուցիե գիսէոա^թիլյե^ ՚նե՚րե ու սւրուեսսւեերր* հսր ս/եգի^ն գանգիս գՏրա11^% սբևչԾւ. յ^գլանտե-ան ք^վեիանոս աաիս/հ՜ուոո պեաոս^ թե-ան այյ^-Ն գաւսւոՆե-րր եո Նսւղկկի1և երկրագոր^ էէու.թ1քԱՅմհ. ու. ասէւեւսարովՀ , ւ^սկկ եաքե Մ կոդ այիրաաե-աներուն աաէէե^ կու.սսէկալեե–րոսե ապստամբա-թիւմնե-րն սկսաե ^ա-ա. \ Հ ■V - 115 ՚ճաէսԾի աՏեակս ո^՚եդխ /՚^Հ՛ սէյֆրսէպե-սքևե-րռ^ սաաքճէկ ՚նէէւ^^թեւ ^» գօւրէ^ ՄԱկթըյ օապէըսէԱԼե-ա^ էգպւե ի^րԽէ^ քըն ան^աւ.ք որ յևաղքէ՚ե (950-1055) Պ^^՚^յ^Ո^էք*»*–. աոո^քֆ՚ե ^9 ժս/ռս^գւօձաե ձ-դաւ. ։ իսծ ՀնգեասսէսԽէւ եւ. արեւ-ելէան ^ար։»կասւոանի մէք^–^ \ԹԱ^Հևս^^^*^է»աԱ ՝\ձոէ,լթ՚աաէ1քրր1 գր&թէ ե՛րկու, գար անկախ աիրձ֊^ ^ին։ — 1055/՛^»՛ Տ^^^՚Էլ Պէ1» *էւք***"փ^ — որու.ն պապրյ իր ս^ուսւմե. կոչոա^ահ՛ աաւճկի ռեւ^ե ^եա ^^^աւ րճքան կողմէէրէ^ եւս^ եէ. իաաճ ք^եգու.%ս§հ՛ հր\^^իրօն ^"՚փշ՚քէ՚՚կեց էւֆրութիաՖր։ իր Ս՚^է՚՚էԳ^ Աէք ^ ^ք**է1ք*^ \Ք^Լ ^"֊Ի^^) ըեգարձակե^ իր իշ^ իւս^ոսքժիւ.%ր Փոքր ւձւ՚՚է՚՚էւ^^է միւնչեւ. ՀԼէոԽսսաէ^ի սա^յաա§ե–րրէ , -- ՚ իմասսէոա^ էռ գիաու^թ-իւյմեե-րո յա^աջաց^ո՜ղյ^^^.^աԳ աաէՆ (1072 - 1092) րսօԲնոէ-ե-^աւ. ՚^կւճոա^գեաե ւոէ^րու֊ք^իւ^ը» ճ^x. կս§ղ^ էէու.կան ի՚եւ մի Այ^ւ^ուդ&աՆ իշէսանութիէ^էներ ք ո^ րոեէք ամե-Նէն սօրաէ-որոՓ՚ար ^՚՚է"1Աէ իկոնիոն (քէէ,ու.ւՐ\ յֆաղռ^ւճն ^րւ ^րե՜ւելե-աՆ \ք^;է^ու.գե–աեօ իշքսաեոէ..^ թիսՆը^ (1200) Ի»^(;*»քէւ^^^։> ձեռքովդ ^ջոս&^ ե-^աւ. • ասոնթ Խւ Հ^բեկիօ՚խանի ատա§ \^ոնկոլն1քր^^ %ոսաճոսեռաեՀ Հ(ե–ր^^մնե–րո 125օ^^> ^էսղաաա աա կորհ՜անարցթև ե՛ս սէպւրւսպե՚աոպ<ժ1ոսՆ ու. \ւ1^չ&ոէւգեա)հ իշխաեութե-ա՚ն վէրք աա^ին (72 եւ. 7՝5)« 2* \^*Փր՚՚՚*քեէՈու.թօոեե^ րսւժ՚եու-էէէհ՜ աերոէ՛^ թե ա՛նց յէքէն՝ աւ&–ՆԷ՚ն ^դօրր Գ^^Գ^Պ**^ը^ էր* ^պաու֊րրա^մսէէ^ \^օ.ս.ասեանց ^աւահ-ա՚նք/^ աօասսսհ՛ ւֆ միպի ^սմԱեանր^ 755^ անկաի» տէրա֊թիւ^ մի ^իաեց ք որ^աղաաաի ^եա երբեք չմիացաս^ եւ. եր՛^ կպ^ աա1քն արառական գիսէութեան գաա»է.որ %իսան 8* ք 116 եոէԱԱ-է ~– ՚ 1^^<՛ սո^րս*ա&տու.թիւ.Նր ռոիսաոնք^իօ ե ւ. սէասս9էԱւՌւ եոէ-սւսեւսլնեոոէ, գհ՛^ ասէսՆ ասւսէեիսՅռմՆ %երովԱ (90) Բք**" ս՚կէարացաւ. • պխսղ1;^ս որ \\յօ\ք՚1^ քսեէ մը պօէոիե թսէգէսւորոսթիւյււնե՚ոու. րէւ֊ՆոսեսառՀ ^ ւ^սոեռ օրքէսաոեեաներւ^ ՆեոոսաՆ ք 10 9 1^^ ՀՐ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Գ ՚^ գէյյհ ^հւաագիրը \քՈւ.սոէ.ֆրօգ%ա.թեաե սս/եչի-^ին ։ \^սեէք եպբր \\աանիէ^ի մհՕ ևոահ– էսրսէբւսկան զօ–^ ոութէսՆը կրաեւսաաաի վրաւ ամփոփոսարցաս* սրնչեէ– ոո էսս սէւ 14:92^^ յ^ւփ^***ոն1^էւցմէ; աէմևոսեըասէ 3 • Դ\էսղւասաոէ։– եւ. գ>որէոաքայի ւսէգրւսպե^ աութիւ-՚ենե-րէ՚ե ե-պքչլ (91Ըթ՛ Ա^օՀ–^ ^ագիմեանէՆ ^իՏ&ու.ահ\ Գ>4^%(շ*է)»^ այե*եէ% ^դօրն էր։ — Փ"՛՝^ գիմեաՆց ւ$ււֆրս»պե$ոնե–րու. ^սէՕորգե՚ցին ք \քգիպաոսի Ք^^ է յ#»*–««յյ»«4*%^յ|լ (յ\ալա<^էաէոինի տոսնը^ ւ ^էսյց 1250-1517 գլքսաւ-որ աիրողնե-րՆ էին ^ոԱք Ա^ամԼ֊ րււյ^երրք ասէճիե գերքւեե՜րէ կսւէրքհւ ահ՛ քււումհ. յհւ 1517 ^^ է Նգէ՛^*"՛՛՛՛ Հոսման ե էսն ասւճհԱևեր1^ ՚նու,–»^ ամճու-եցասւ. ^ որոկթ 1հՅՕՕ^^ 4"Ր փ՚ՏքՐ ^"Ւ՚՚^Ւ ՚^9 տսւրաՆոէ-ահ՜ էի՚եէ 4. • |*^> էսրւսգէասթ-եաէէւդլ որ սէւֆրսւպէքանէրու֊Ն Աէկրսէ.^ թ–է$^ր սաէսըւսհ-ոա-եաէսւ. , "՚/^ աարէսգոսթեւսմի ձ–»թզկեսաս էո^րոա֊թ-եան ւսմէՆ կոդւՐէ մշակոա^թ– իւ^ ^ սէրուեասւ ու. մա.. ՚ճւսռ$սկ$»ւնոսթ–իւ% < |է մաա՚նսէւոբի ^ասրսկսաաաՆի < լլ«ո^ ՐհքՒ * Հ^ւ–»^«աՀ^էք ^փր1*կհէ ք"֊ Սք"՛^^՛^^ շք"" Տասերեք ւէ§Րէ ասասէիճասնի ւաւ. էԴակու^ւսձ– ^ԷՆէ եւ. սսմէՆ կերպ րերօե^ րու. աաքՐաչափ սւո–ասսւէււթ՚իէ% ոս%^ի% $ որ իրրԽւ. ՜ճշմարի»» գրթւխա »/ր կր^ սսւորս»գրոլ.ի՚Աէ Գ\եւոաւ.թ–եանսւյկ% գաւսէռ.^ %երու% յհք ^"(յէ՛^ ^ւսրոււաէո ու. շքե՛ղ աասչասէ%երու/ք ւսզթիսրՆերովյ շրմհէ-ղներոյ^ չսէ.աւիքՆէրո1ք, կարսււ.ամեի իշեւ֊ասԱներոյ Խա. "^լ^* զարգարոէ.«սծ– $1եե– քադպքէւեր։ Դ\$սդասէա բեէսէկչա^ ր»սզմհւ.թ–եասՆ ու. ընգարձակոէ֊ա. թ-եասե կողմա%ք;– ք ^«>/^ ^"^ ^Գ9Ր \\՚""՚"՚՚^գէ^՚*՚֊պ՚՚Փ՚՚Ը. ^Ռ. գերաղա%^1էրէ գորաովա ու.%1^ր 200.006 աոսՆ , 9Ա0 Հ՛^– սարակա^ րաւըսևէթ % 70 գրէէ*ասւ% , 000 ՚^դհՒԹ "՚– Ւ՚^Լ «^ քրիսաոՆէից եկեղեցի՛ներ ու. Հրհէ »իւ.%ակոկա%եր » ւ^ԱէԴէաէոա կ^ո »ֆքիո% բեէսկիչէ \\ււսՆռյէ ըՆգասրձսւկ ^իՆ ^"՚^իրեէ Դ*էսմասկսո է ^ւսորաէէ \\սւմարգանաո ։ ք^ա էսէ/է՚ն քաղպքէեեր% արքունի ՚ճամիէս^երով^ կապոա^ահ՛ էի՛ն , որոն^ ^ \ V 117 . յվրայ ասեՀէսմար կսւըսււ.աԱԱեր կո ՜ճաեէսպսէր^ււրգ^ք^ւ * \\բ– րէսսեաՆց արքւէւ%^ռեերո Գ^էսղասէաու. մէք ւ ^Աէգ^ւԱքԱ&ռբ Գա^իր^ի ւ^ջ^, ք\ւ.աՈՈքաՆ^ը^ Գ«րաովաքի մկշ^է 1֊ի1է միա%^ գամայն գէաեսէկաեւսո եւ. բէ»էեէէւսսէեզե–իռ ժոդովաս»եռիՆեր9 ք\ւ.։Ռ/եանռ գլխւսւ.որ մա$ոեՆսւգս»րանր, դ%որաովաւի Սէ^ 600.000 ձեռագիր ուՆէր։ \^ք ՚\ՐաւՌւ.Նէ ^^է.ՆաՀք գկւՐ բրած– ւսւ9ոդ պւսաերւսղյկ ւՐ եաեւ^ք խոսսասէռասւ֊ ար ւսւ^Ն ւաշ֊– իււսր^ակսէչաձ– երկիր՚ներր եսէ կր գարձոե^։՛, եթ՜^ իրե% ^րս»^ աքասէւկո սւրոա-ի ք ^ու^ասէէսաւսնի ^9 գա^ու-ած՜ րո/որ գիաՆւք1^ կան գրքերը^ թ–ւսրգմա19ելոա. ։ 1\ր՚՚*բւսաիռ՝ գսւոերոմք սւմ^ սէրոսեսսէի^ ու. գիէոու.թ–եանռ՝ եւ. յանու–անէ ՚ճւսրաւսրաա. ազեսւու.թ–եասՆ , բանասաեղիոլթ-եաԿէ , բ.ժշկու.թ–եասն , ս§$$^ ■ Աքեղաբսէշխու.թ–եաե ու. փիլիսոփայու.թ–եան ա/կք\^ա..րոա»ս.. ^ ^ ոսոռ ուսուաիՀ՚ն եղան . եւ. քրիսսւոնէ-իռ մ^ք բւսրձագղան գի$ոու–թ–եասն ^էսսնիւ ուռոոբ պե՚՚՚ճ եր արս*բական բս$ր^ ձրս»գոյն գպր"^ *^ երթսւէյւ 1* Հէարգանանօ ՚եա^ասսասւԼոսԼժՄն^՚ն եէոեէ.ք \9^* Օ* 6*) Հ՚^՚^ց ՚նախարարներ՚ե դՀԼա՚^աե \^աւֆկօ<^ *ՆԾա1։ Վ^րգաեաք եորւօրոոգ^ ^ սպարաաետ րնէոոե^ ցէ՚ե* ու, որոշե^քւե Դ\արսից գ(քէ^ ^ս^'^Լ. ^"՜ կ՚^՚՚"*1՚**շ^ աութիւ^է^ ա1ե–րցրեեւ (4։օ1)« Վ^Հաե՝ ակոռիի յ^՚*4 • յ^աով^ԱՍսպ մարասանիՆ ^առթարլ^^ն արտէո / 1ձ,՚"Ր1^՛^ %երսէ^^ իշքսանքւե Աջպէ ս՚ւ մեհ՜ ^ւսղ^ու^իայե մի կաեգևե-ռ է \\Ա»կպքն քէչ մի ետքչլ^ վյէայ թագաա.ոբի% խա*^ ՚ .«^ 1*՛. քւհ^ոսթե-ամիոք Վա^ա1Ր Կ՚՚*–ր գե-աթև ռոմ է40^^ու.^ % ե՚ւոմյ (քէւո յ^սէ^ակ մաողպան՚ն ու. իր ՎւեԱ^1ք/կ &ոբ.ւարՆ էԽկան \ ^ւսրկէսգրեցաւ. Տ՚^է՚՚Յ **՚մհւ.ր .աե-ղոսակբր ռէսշուիք ու. ցրու.սէնր օօ/ւօ« ժողոմելւ ն<">/՛ *Խ՚^§ ^ապու.<^ քմարղսչան 482 - 483)» Վյս^աեւ^ վջ՛^ յթւսլեց եւ. *1^կբ Նրէէ^ գե՚ղքւե ք.՚՚*է^ ՚ճսէկսաէոե-լոս սաիպե-ց, Բ*^յց Վ^Տ*^ Գ^Ղ՚քՏ՚-^ց օգեոսքժե-էսմիո ^սէոթհց* ՚ը^ոե՚սչյ գեղին ^"մ ա/ Պ՚՚՚Ր՚՚Էյ թաեւսկո 1 ^ /Օ 118 Թիւ.^^ ա՛կ ձռաւ֊ք որ ^աշաու-թևաՆ վջպք խօսելու. ^ամար ՚ւՓխոր^Հէաասաաե քսաւրուկաէ.։ \է»աղաայոէ.^ թիւ.% րաթ՚լէ՚ե եաե-ւ. , վյս^աՆ՝ Հէ^ասաաեի վջպ) մարղ^ պան գրուևցաս (485-510)» քլասարձակ ագաաոսթ–իւ1ե » 2 « ^ար ոտ֊ ^րկրք՛^ ւ^ատւակար ա՚նձիկքե իշխաեէ»ա.թ^եա% չ^աս^ընեԼ* 3 • ՍԼ<^^ ամիասաա^ %աա–թիւձքներւքլ.Ն չՀաւ֊աաալ* "ԱԼ^ Ք^՚^^Լ. ^^ ա^^աեկ գա., էոաաաան քէ^»ելյ — Վա^աէէնքէե յ՚"ք^րգ՚*՚լ մարղաւքա%ՆերՆ եղան» Վյ"ՐԳ էր ^1ԲՂ1Բ1Լ՛ ^"՚֊ՐԴ^ պարաիկը^, Ս**^^*^ գձաւ^ի ու. Դ*հ%շապոա^^է ^ս-ր իշխաՆաւ.թ–եաՆ աաէքն ^ յրսւէտէ-ս |\ . կաթոէ^զիկաէւչլ ^աՈսրը^ կաբգաւոբեչով^, Հէղքոյթ %սր թ-օէ^ակէսՆը ^ասսասէէոե^ 1 որ \^ե9Ւ ^է կոչուի. ու. կշ ոկոի *քէրիոաոսի 5ծ1 թ–ու.ակէւձէ՚Ն» 2* քՏ^կպք^սէ Հայասաաեի ր.արգասւս1ճաեսքպ յի^ աագիր \^$դւատ ^ագոաաոուՆւդյե էաաե՚ն (օ92) եր^, Ասէ^առու.%քքԱե մարռպւմեութեաե ժա»1անսւե (600՛* Օճս)ւ Հ^աաաս$ոաե \սոսոա1 ք^*^ սահսւկՆռ՚ոք/ն ասւԱԱ ոԼ ՚Խ՚^ւ եոաւ.է Հ^սէոր^ յ^^՚-շ^դե է ^պքւՎա^անհ ե՛լ. սէսոր որգսզխ \\էէիսէաոի օաՕո».թիւ1էեերր Լոօան €ք\աո^ սեռ ստսպասսէսւկու-թէՀ^մևերո չափասէէոարի, որոԱ ե՚ր^ ՛Ո՛րբ ՚Քհ^ ՚^ աառ՚% էէւսոաո սնւսօէ Հ^այսւսսաաե ս»րշաւ.ՄԳ^^ եւ. գե-ոփե-լով ոս աաաԼա^ Նօ-չու/ պւՆչեւ. դ*ոէ.ին էւսռաՕառանէ թ%^;աք^տ էսսոնռ աէէսշու.եէթե եսւեէ. Վարապսէհրոռ ^ագրստաոէ^քւն ^ եւ. իր որգիՆ \^մրատք կիւրապաոաան&րրք ևրերքէե րա*. րօրութե-ա՚ն \ոգ աանե-լու. 0աես»ռքւե, սաեպյՆ Հա՝գս1ա» րացէջ նորէն Հւ^ասաաե էէսաանՀ ԱԼ^՛՛ ^եոոԼ^ Հ՚ՀքԼՔ \եապսԽգոէ.թիւ.՚ե խոսաաեալովք Հագարացսոց աս^ պսւսւսւկոէ.թիսմնե–ր1^ առաաե՚ռաե։ ^՚ա^ 6^^ ե՚աէա^ օ՚բե վբպ) վշաացահ՝ Հէ^ասաան էարձակ1քցանՀ ՚^սսւև^ կով^ "րկէրը^ քա^ի »/հ ասէրէ ^ու^աց ու. ^\րարաո*^ոց *• է 119 ^էոՆօո իսւղալիս Մոաւ. • էգնչաս որ վեր^ապք^ս վնոքւԱ >I^ ՚–, ՚ ՚ձ է^տասՆոէ^թիւ^մն առթւ Հագարա^իռ (695) < Հասքասաանի այս մի^^էա (640 - 855) ք^ե^ահ– վէ^ ՚Հակք^է շասա ախօւ.ր ադաակեը մէ կը^ Ներկաքա^քւնւէ առշթւ... %իաէ — ՆՐ^ՒրԸ. ք՚^Գ՚՚ղյ ատդւէւթ–ի*.^եեբաւ% ւՕէհ– ւ Դ աէ»էւ ս$պ»ակւաեւողյ քձասկիչ^ւեբ^^՚ն շասաէէրն սէդասռււղյ, իշխասէԱնԽրթ ^1Ա$փշսաասկոզ\ ւսրսւ֊եսսւ ու. գիսաալ.ք9–իլ.% փ՜ճէսաընոպ գէսււ% ու երկսէրաէէէոես ^»էէրւէ1–»սհ%էքրՆ պյՀայսւսԱէաե ւսրսէէաքայ կէսրգի էքմաե ու. վ<ֆ»սսաոէ–թ՚եսւ% ւ^9 ձգեոին։ \^^ո գա»^ վէւ՜ճակկ% սււաասաե/ոս յ՚Ա՚՚Ր քՆքոէ^սէ^ ե երեսար է ^՚>*Աք ^՚– աւոպ^ո եքսէւ. ^ասգրա$սաու%ի մի, որ ^րկրք՛^ Նոր կ§էեքգա»^ %ու.թ–էւ% $ոս$լու/ ^իՏեէսգիր եզաս. Հ*^"^ ^ՐքՐԳ Հ՛"*՛ րբոաո»–թ–եան է 859-1079. 1 • քէՀ^ է ^ագրաաոէ-ՆԽայք թ֊ասգաա.որւա».թ–ԽաԽ ^իԾնագիրը է — 3 • ք»,՚%չալէա կէաա.ավաքԽւք յձմք.աւա . — 3 • \*՚՚*՚Լ վաքչաէ.թ–իա% ո».%Խէքա% \^շա^^^ Երկ՚՜Բ՜ * Ա^^* ♦ լԼյլաէք* (\դաքյԼ$է–է - 4* |*՚^ձ. "1՛*""^–»՛*–՛*՛*– ակսաս% Հարց ոա. ^Iէ■.>^<յ«« ՚^է Խքա^ թեաե (859-1079) հիՏձագիրՆ՝ ի սկզբ.ա% իշխա՛նազ իշխան անու^անուարռաւ.» բայօ ե՛րբ հր Տրղբաւր՚ն \^րէԱՍք 80*000 Պ^՚Ր՚՚էՅ Ս՚՚՚Դ^^Ց՝ աէֆրապՏրսւի՚ն Հասաեու–^ թե-ամիք բկօ ղէեօ Հս^յոց թագաւոր ^րաաարակե^ ՀօօԵր^շը"՛՛՝ ազգԱն ու. երկրՔն ^արեաէ֊որ րարգասա^ ւՏոսԼժեան մրա գեե-լով^ ռսէոպբնե-րրշ^^նօու֊ց^ գպրոց–^ սեր րաոսէւ. ու. գրս՚^հ էշր՚աեասռ ^Մա գէսշնաեցե՚ոս»»– է \քղաՆ ւս$զսսէէսւդւոսթքւէձէնե–ր՚ե ու. ե-րեպսէռակու.՛^ թրսԱները^ խաղաոցու.ց իշքսսւՆու,թեաւդւէ յ^եռաւ. կոստա%գբնոպոլսէՆ գարձահ֊ աւո1րՆ՝ 8 8 9 /՚^ < շ. \^սոր զ/՚^ւրրգո^Լ յ^^*^գ \^փ Բ-ագաւ-ո^ րոսթիսնչլ (892-914) խռովոսթևաւդւ սկսաւ. ու. խեղճոսթե-ամի լ^ցաւ.ւ Հ^րաս՝ թագաւորէն ապըս^ աաէԴւե-ցաէ–, ր^ց ^աքողոէ^թիսՆ չոսնևցասէ ք^է&ւ. Աքսոր վջսչյ 1)<^ս#<^ երկիրն րՆգարձակե^ ու. ^եոի^ 120 *նսւեոէ,թիսնր ռու.ցու.ց էրե՛ն «ւՀո/՝ "^ԱԸՂ ՍԼ^"՛^" ՚Խ*^* բպյք օանի մր անյաՕոո պա ահուս օսնռ–ո1^ ու. ^ուսոա-՚ա^ Փ^Ն թէսգսէւոր անոսէաէնոսոո գ^ագէԼ \^հրրու.նւէչ^ գաւսէճանոսթեՆւ^ եսւռռք "ՐկՒրՐ է՚Աէւ-ոմուէժեան էսսաաոկս էՐ եղաւ. : ^միսէս» ^ու֊սոա-փ ոսւոիկ§տ»ն1;^*ե ՛նեոն հւյնս»ւով Բ"ԲԳ *^հ^՚*՚շք–եցւսւ.» եւ. անճնւսաուո ր Աէսլու. սսէիպոսեչ^՚ն եաեէ^^ /ւոե՚ն եղաօ՛ րւոսսէման գգմ՝ ս.ո^ու.եցաւ. գ շԴ^^հ գարնոսեցսււ. ու. եւոբէ1^ րւեդգոսեռաւ. է |^Ն^ս«Հէ^՚%ք էոանքակքներ կրես |)<^ս#(«» բանսւիՆ մկք սաաաաոի </ոէ դ^էս^է՜ճօ գստւսէպա՚նՆերով դհ՚Խէ աեէիւեէս^ կր ձ-եձ՚ւ^իՆ է մէսրմքւնր կո՚ճգներոմ կր պՆգ^ին . ^ւսրկսէւփւր կերւսկււէ֊րե ու. ըմսլելէքը^ կը դլաեաւիՆ ։ ՜Վե՛րք արոէ-եցսււ. երկարսքէոեւ. սէան9ա1քօՆերու.Ն , ^ՐԲ թ՜ասշկիՆսւկ ւ1Ն բերաեր խոթ-եւով գչուխր ձ-ս/նր րեռերսւ. սաւսկ գր^՚ե • եւ. քանի 3. Ալ^*ք Ի* հէ\^յ^ (915-928) ւ^միաատ^ որգքւն^ \^աբսէցի՚նեոե^ մրե՚^՚ն առՆեւե՛^ "՚– թագւսսոո անոսանուեւե՚ն ետես ^իւ^պանգիոնի եաէսեո (կոսաաէւ^ գ1՚ն ԶՏ) Տ""՛ գ՚՚ւշնէսեցեցաւ. : քՏհե՚քե՛" եոե1ն գե՛^ շաս9 գւսսաճանոսթհւ11ներ եղան եւ. յ>անհ մհ եշրւաէ»ներ սէասասՅմիեռան ^ ք|)օք^սւճ, ք\աս9սե գ^ու^ի ու. ՏԺ(ք \^էՌւսւՐյ Բ֊պւց ՍԼշ՛"՛՛ գանոնռ *նու.սւճեց նե" <^ իշրէւսա^ Նու֊թեամ/ւ ու. եե" ՚^հ յէ^ս»ոցոոս^եաւմե. : ^եո֊աւ. ^ձյԸ*" (928) **"1ԳՐ –1-5 աարի եէսռավաոել^ն եաեւՀ 11ք ♦*♦«♦» (929-951) Ա^"»^ եզբ-սչյրը^, ԿԿԻՐԸ. օարգարեռ ւ/եհ-աւ/եհ– շէնոսթ իւՆՆեոու/, եանգնեգ ե*^ եեոեցիներ ու. հիմնեց գպրոցնեո է ՝ )ձ,փոաօներուն էէսդթեց ու. ոսահեանքւն ^եա քսէսոաոոսքժեան գս»՝^ շիք դրաա.1 Ալր«Ո ^* Ո^լ^ք^***^ (952-977). ^/» սւսաուէսհ-պէսշւոոսթեէսմի ու. ողոոէՌսհ^ոսթեամի ա^ ՚նուանէւն վանեց օօոաւ.ոո բանաեով^ մի Հ^սէգարստ՛–^ յՒՔ(Լ \Հւ*՚մաոէյնի եւ. օՀայասաան թշնամեաց ապւսգւ^ արշակա1եք1ևեբեն ապա<^ո^ըՆեչու. ^ամար^շիՆեց բեր^ ք, V ^ / ^ ֊՚Փ^^քԹ– 121 գե՛ր ու. սէմրոցնե-ր ւ իՆ^աՀա Ա^<^ Գ** պկսւրս անանե ալւ^Տ^ագ ի. Լ^11 ՚^^Օ) պ^^ի իրե% ժս^րաքաղաք րնեւոէք սանիեպյ գ ե՚ղեցեսւցու. ռ ^ շէՆքերով ռաո^ գսւոե՚ռ ու. պէսոէսպնռ՚ոու1 »սմոացու,ց % լլ^^ ԱւՌւսւսէէսյ էսաեՆ ք աանչասփ մեհ^ ու. ք՚Ք^Դ ^Ր ՚ "Ր էրա»էէ.ւսմո. է՚֊ր ժսււ/անէսկի՚ն օ#ո.քս^^1|ք յէաոաաւքներսւ.Ն կ—՚րգր կր գրոա–էւէ յբիՆչեւ. ռայօօր կանգուձ» կեռւսհ՜ աա–երսւ^Խ^ րը կ սէպառսւ.աանէ% իր %էսքսնի յհ9Ւոա.թ–իլ^^ ու. փէսււյէէ», 1-որուքՅ-իւ.Նր* ^է՛^ աասսէմագըսւօ յլ***ղք1*^ 1001 ^^^Ղ^տՒ "՚՜ մէկ ւՓլ^օն(^Ն սււ.եքի ռՆսւկիչ սաասլն , որչափ էսւ չափւսօանց երեւ֊աւ ւաւաեապ^;ս կր օա. օ»%>4։ ւ թ՜է;^ սառւգիւ. շասէ րնգ^ ասրձսէկէ բասզմամարգ. ու. գե՚ղեռիկ եզահ– ազիս։ »ր րյԱքք1 * 4. օ^՚^ււիօ/ք–*»՛ (1020-1040), ի՚-ր քժւսգաւ^ոոու-թիւնՆ՝^ ս/ռոյգ յձշոաք^ եւ. զՀայսէստ աե ւոէսէէե ու. վբայ րնոո ^աթսւրւսց ^Մւո եռոԱ^ե՚ւոմ աքւ«> ցուցէ - \նր մեոձէել^ն ետեւք ^Ր^րՒ^ ՚Ք^ձ. ^աեււըս՛»^ սէոէ,թիւ.^ն էսէ գեէսցՀ գուՖառ Լաէսրն արգ^% \իէիէսւոի էսւոեՆ \^հ ռէսղպբն ու. պահ– Հ՚/՚տ \^1ւՈ՚^ւեւ Քհ^ *^Դ)^ աա^անՕյհւՖբր կոևՆե՚ց» ոս ե՜րբ ժէւէՈսւեաՆ պւսաաս^ էւան սէռաւ.% բանւսեոէ1էՌւ Հ^այս/սաան մէոսւս. ու. 1^^էհ ս$ռքերւ. ե–ո1ո–ցաւ^Հ ^^պ1^ա պւսշւօրա-մհ չյո՚Չոոեցասք 1 * Ո՚</ 4՛ ք%Աքք.|>ա<««<»ւ1հ^այ ^ւսքսաու.թ–Խա1ե վեր1խՆ թ-ագաէ-որւ։ է •- ՚ձ » ի՚^ձ 1լԽրւ»ւաքա^ էսռսւձ– կր Հւ^ասսա$էէն՝ թագս§*–որք^թ֊Խա1ւ վԽրհալթե ԽաէաԽսէ - 3. ի՚^ձ >1ի^–^Ի ՛է է ԿԸ ք–՛"՛^^՛^ Հ«/^^4-'>' առսաե%ագրոԱ.թիա.%ը ՀԼ . գսւքէ՚Ն 1. <հ^^(( ի՛ թագաւ^որ օե^ոս^րչթն (1040* 1045) ^^<– ՚եե–րք19ե խռովոսթիսԱնևրո ւէագրեցընե–^ ւ^ե եաեւ..^ իր պ^ու.ց ռջոու֊թիսնր գսւրձու֊ց օ՚րկիրՆ էՍսասւասէԼոո ք^աթարւսռ ու. \^ի Ւ ՐԳՐ ^"/՚^^ պսւ՛^ ՀաեՕոո ^ու.%սէց վրսլքէ կոսա սագին թ>* յբոնոմպթոս ք ե-րեու. անգամ՝ ^ագիկ1^ ւաո^ոսեւ^ե եաեւ.^ ՚Գ"1ՈՐ գոսււ. Ն1/նգու.թէտ–ամբ ^ագլււաւաոսեեաց թ սւգւսւոբոս՛^ .Հ՝ 122 թե-աՆ վե-րՕաալու֊է Այւ/^ա2ք|# գլու.խ ^աեևէու ^ասմարք ձեոյթ աէւաւ. գագիկի մահուչափ թ^աէԴ1Ները^ Հվթսա յ^արգիսՆ ու. ^ե՚արոս կաթուոիկոսըյէ \յրիսւասարգ թ§յսգաւ.ոռո մաաեոսթեստւդւ \\ոսաաեգքւնոպոՓ՛^ ասա^ րու-եցաւ.^ ես եո՚Ժ ՚Օ՛ պքսորու.ելէ^ &ա&ւ. ք 1045) է կաէ՚՚ր/լ ^^էէ բսսնէսլ^եոե ւ^գուՖե^էսւ. • ոըով^ եղաւ. ակր Հպյասաաեի (1064)» \^"կ ղԳ՚^գք՛^ Տդ/Կթ Կ/^^ պիսարա բ^ՐգՐ հ՚^ՂԳ^Ց^ ^^ յար§^Նր պարսպէՆ կէսխեռքւեւ - - Ա^» ՚ւ^Ր^ ոմեեցսէւ. 160 սւարւ.աե ^սւգոաաոսեեաօ ^արստու.թիւՆո (10 I ^)< 2 • ^ձէ^կ^Յ ^՚ՂՔք^ ^Ր^ՒՈԼ "ք՚՚*շ""*1՚՚՚^"՚յ "՚– ք^/՚ձ.՝^ Նաւ1ԱտԱ»ց էէսրճ»սեյհսնթ11^ պսւ^ոոիշրէան%ռ–որ օրուե^ օաեք ել. անգութ ու. եւսւուսղէ թշեաէ^$թ սէսէՆ եողմս^1^ էէսռւսՕ եկան է ^դյկը եոկր^ պսւշսապանու-թեանր ^ամար փղբր ու՛ ակար գնդեր ձգելով^ յձ^աբացիք ^էսրմար էսռէթ սեաեցԱն Տ՚՚՚-ԴբՒւե քՈ-էսՏնորգու.՛^ թեաւՌւ աեպսէասպւսր երկիրն ասպաաակեչու-Հ քՏ*^*՛ աէ^ա կոսեե%ոս »ոյն պգրւսվարր | օէէնու֊թեան ^ասաաւ. (60*000) րանակով^ մի* րքքց րան մքէ չ^րցաւ. րնելէ ^ու.ոջիլ^ *1եռ ասւրի իր ս$սպասաւսկու.թիւ1ւներր շարու^նսէկեէ^^ ու. ՝^անսէռկերա անօգոսա աեո պա-Խ. շարեէկն եէոեւ. կսէսէաղոսլժիւնր Հ^ւաւասաանի մէկսււ կոդմանքրթափեց ւ ^ոսպջիչի յաջորգալ էէՀ^-Ա/»*՛– ^ւնոք որ եորօրբ ա/թԱ գառան է;;^ր ^ առս»է– ԱՆ /12ք ) կո՛»– ղոպաեց ու. էացրեց է թ%էաէա ^եո մրն ալ փորձեցի՛ն ^է^/նք թաթարներ րՀսցասաանի սա^մէսնՆերէ՚ն գոսրս հանելու, ք րպյց. չքլր^ւ՚՚նՀ - ւըյսկից եաեւ Հա^բսս*^ էոաե եղաւ. ս»ւԱԷ% ւսդգաց պաաերաս^ սէապւսրեո "՚– ոանկոխւ ք^ակչաց մկկ մամն ամէսյացաՆ ^րկիբէԼ թուլ աալովՀ ասգթե անգին ցրուեցաւ. • մէկ մե^ մամն Աքլ ^ասր՚ոս լերանց եւ. ի մամնաւորի կիէիկի՚^ի ՚^^ մու֊ր կողմերր ռւսշոսեցէաւ. % է. 123 3 • ^""^ աարբեր վիճակի մէ^^ կքլ գսւ%^%ք , Հս^երկ՚ն յաաո§^ս$գրոավՅ–իւ%ը^ ^. գար1~^» եպքը^ թ^կ; որպիասէ-թ-եաՆ^ է$ւ. թ–^ քա^Աէկւէէ-թ^եաե կոդմանւ^ , \ք . գարաւ. մաաէքնասգբա.^ թԽ%1;՚ն։ \^ւ– քւնչսւհ» կր^-՚Ր ՚**–րՒլ Կ^Րպ ԸԱ^Ս Ն ՐԲ Բ՚^Ր^ ձուեսասէ– Հ^»սւսւէւսւան^^% թ–Ա$գաԱԱ.ոբու^թ–իէ^1կ ^ասրկ էր որ վերեէսր Նսւեւ. քսսւղաղոսթ–իւ.\էՆ ու. գիտսէ$ւ.թ–իէԼ%ա • եէ~ աոիրէր ոնգ^աեւոսր քսասո^Աէկու–թիւ.Ն ու^ ագիաոսթիւՆ $ յբեծ– ոա. աԱնորոգեւի ^սւո կրԽք քոով %արսէծ–ի% մաասե%ագրոէ.թ՚իւՆշ։ — լ^քք պսէա՚ճէոռէսւ. 1^1 որ ^Լ, ու. յ՚՚՚քբրգ երկու, դյսրե^ րէ^ չե%ք կրեսւր երեւ֊ելի գրսէէ^որ ւիՀաասւկսւրասՆ%եր ^օ՛–^ ՕՔ^^ԼԼ^՝^՛^^ է՚-ք)՛ Բ՚էԱք ր-ւ^ր—ւթ՛ ալ ղո՚֊րկ չե%ք * ֊^4^֊ դե^ասկաե գրոա.էսձ–ո^ ժկ^՚ն ոսԴւիՆք, ^ով^ասՆնէո ^ձեեյք-ոյՆ^ \\%մասասւսիրի՚Ն\ յձ՚^^^^է^ "՚֊ 1^ք^^ք&* ^ՈքոմՆ»կ»»$եէ ՚ճիա^ոէ՚ե մկք^ քէ^ ^շանսէսոր չե^ • ^ով^ա^^%ու. \րս0ւֆկոնի եպիսկ - Տ–»ք՚^^է աերկոսի՝ Հ^է–\ղ^, ու. Ս*օՀ«. կաղաՆկաաուա^ւ.»/՝ ՚ԸԼւլ«»«.««ւ%^.^ «լ«»^Հ»«.^^«.1>^. էւ. 1^ա1Խիա ^յիրակա^ւ–ղ/ք» Ա»– «ք1.ւյ«.քալ^»^յէ^–%Ը կամ՝ Հ^*ագ^ղ^ք^գա>–^^»ա\ք* թ« . գա^ րու^ մասւեՆագրսւ.թ–իւձո ^»սգրաէոոլ%ի իշքսաեասո ձեո^^ զթու.ու.թ–եւսմթր քէչ <(ըւ կե՚ՆգասԿ»ս$սա$»ւ–* ^ովձս՚^հ՛՛ 1|<>՚ք– թոլ.ղքկոս (ք92Ե)գրե^ Ը1,,յ.4–.%«.–ք «յ-^/^-ււյ-ւ մէ։ թ»ք>Հ^^. \^րհ–րու.Դքի՝ 1^ք>ք•••-^^"•5♦ Դ^^«–"^7– ՆՐ^Տ * 1ք**"^"*^՚^՚»՚Ւ "՚– անոր զ/՚՚՚ք՚՚րգ*՛՛^ սլէսոււ1հսթ–իլ.%ր է ^ * դ*ա»»րու% գիւ.», ^"՚Գ^Րէ եԹ-է ւեղսւ.ի ոչ, գոնէ ^ս/ն՜ճսէրոյՆ կոզմաե^; , |) . կարիգոր ՚կարեկացին, Հ^ստյո^ ^աէէնգ1^՚ն , իր կրօնակա^է յհքհ*է*՚"1^է""^է ՚^ք.՛ Վէ^ ղգած^մամի մէ գրեյք , իՆչ^ որ կքլ սսաեղիե թանասաոեռ& ոգի՛ն \^սսէու.ձ–ոյ սեպ^ականա^^ թ-եա^էոբ վրայ։ յձսաեփանոս \^1՚"ւԻկ Գրեո Հ*^^<*9 *ք օ՚<՚></"՚–«՛ թիւ֊՚ն $ղ ոկդթւ֊ե մի՚եչեւ. 1000 > \^եաոաւսաներորգ ու. ւսէՕորգ գ$սրերու% մկք կո գաե§քկք գիւոոսթ–իւ%՚ն իՆչպք^ս արեէ֊մհսառ , ասսաԱկ ա՚ւ ւսրեւ.Խի» էՍւ.եՓ ^՚ՆաոսսւաԱեերր^է (յլ*"՛^ ասշկերաու.թ–1քնէ՚ն 1ւն կ^րի^ գոր Դ\ա^ւաւ.ու.՚նքքն, դ*>ր ^գ/նք իր իօթրի՚ն գիէոու֊թ-եաոր Հսք^ մար յբսքգիսսարոս տՈսկաեսսասմի կր աասւու.եՆ։ կոսաանգ , \յ՚ո%ոմնտոսի Աէէոեն , յ1ՐիքագեսքԱ0ո կառւսվար ք^ր * կ*րե^ (8»•^յ^^ք է •^^|»«է»յ«»1»»»–^|»– V ւՌ, իր որգւ.ոյ% ^ամար . եւ^ Հք^ ու. ^•ք֊ ^գա\ա^աև\ւ՚՚Ա ^ագէ»էա՚պ,^%^,^՝ ոէոանաա֊որոմ։ — կ^րիգոր 11 ^՚»^– աակր, իր որգիՆ, ու.նի Հ«••*^քէ ^^^ք*»«••-I^յ•-^V^ք էւ. Աք/չե ։ \^րիսսէակէո 1ասսաիվերասւռի ք իբրեւ. սէկասՆսէաԽս մկ՚ք/ գրեց մանրամաս՛ն Հայա,^ա\\ ^ագ/աա,^\>ա\^ 989-1071* եւ. մանասանգ \^իի է ողբաքի վի՚ճակը^է — || . *|,&Հքւք4–» Կւ^– ԿԻ (1102-1172) 3՝^* գարոսն մաաե՚նագրոսթեաՆ ւէւռւէէշին կարգի սէսսւղբ՝ իբրեւ. \^ս$ոու.աւ$հ–աէէբան , պաէՈա. մագիր ու. բանասսաեգհ– ւֆանգամայն է իբասւսմի ՚^Նոբ^Աքչի մականոսնը^ Կը կբ^՛ * հ^^"I^*V^ ողթին մկք^, կոս չսքյ սւյն քազքի՚ն թ–շու.առոլ.թ֊եա՚ն/Լ վր՚՚Ս * 6է«»«»*–«» Ոք*քէ՛^ ւ Հի՛^ եւ. *1ք*՚/> կս»ակս»րանաո պաամու.թ–իլ.Ն ե՝ ոէսանասոբ չափով » %ղՐապկո ոսւանաւ.ոբով գրոսէոե– ե՝ Հ*^յ*՚9 *դ****^*՚ /՚աա^^ա\լ, Արձակներու.% մկքխ% կբ^ յիշենք մի^% , կա^ 124 թ-ոսզիկոս րնս»րոլ.եչսէ֊Ն սւռթ՚իա-ս /սօաւսծ՛ շՀ**«^^» Հ**Հշ**"*՛ «••^<»% ^«•*»էլ^% ու. Հաաաէքէա^ ^ա«»քէոՀ*է»Ա^* էղռս/սչելր ասղօթ-ռր» \ՐէԱԱէթ–^ՈԱ \քգեսւսօի% գրես ք^««»^|»–«^քէ*»»"1»|» ^ա^աէաա^ա^^ ^–.^/•^|1^*%չ 952– 1132» \\ա^ոսէլ^ Հ^եցի Ը^^՛ Ո*՛»*^"–– յ1յ*–% եւ– ^•է»/«»1»է~յ«.^յ»»«–յ1յ–\ յի, սէշխսւր^քիս ոաեզձ-ոէ^ւ/ԷՆ էֆ՚նչեւ. 1179» ւբխիթաբ թժիշկ , ու.%ի Տձ՚քյ՚ա՚Ա ^ 4*Ւ1^՚*ք– –Ր՛^ –^ սաիսաէէսսոմգիքտ մի, ւսրսւք^սւռի, ասւրսիկ ու^ յղՐէ սէղբիսՆեր^; ժոզսվահ– 1\ \ 84^^)* — \քկեղեռսէկէսն մա$ոե%էՏէգըու.թ–եասՆ էԱսպէթթբէօ^Ն *1է;9 ժեծ– ասրգիւՆռ ուՆեռաս, քՅ–ասգսււ–օրսւկ$սՆ պարադ՛ն սերոռ, *կԽղոէ–էԱԼ.Ն ■»։. սրէոււվըլք, ասն ուսանի *^եըսե՚՛ ԼամիրէէՆսէօի՚ն , ^ասրսօնի ասբքե՚պէ—կոպսսրէ Լ^««>/> ամե%1^^ հրե սելի գսրհքն Հ։ ւք •*•**& ՚ր՚ր 1179/^^ ^"–"՚^Կւ^ծ ՚^՜՚՚զրվԻ՛^ յէ9 խօսեռստւ.։ ^լաՆէֆւօան ՝ճւսււ.երե "՚– քերթ-սղակա^ւ գրոււսձՆերե Օա*ո սւ%ի *ք\ա»<^աէա^^ «(1>|1»«.«»շ1^է–% յ^, Ժ՝1^* գսւրոա– մասաե%ււաւգրքււ.թ՚էւ^ըլ կր փ\քէհ 1^Ի՚ԷԹ՚՚՚Ր ՝^**2՚> ^"Ա \յ,ղոբոսը^, իբ 190 ••••–••^;^է»ք "^ «ւ. ք»սղաքսւկան ել. կրօ^ %սւկսւՆ »(»«է»€ք»«է»«»#քէ«»1ւ««^|»»»^յ»1 – ^դ» . գ»սրււլ.% ^ր9^րՐ \^՚ոեփ • 1\րբեյւեա% , Աիւնեա^ արքեպիսկւ$պոէ1Ը^ , ԳՐ^9 Սէ*"^է՚**Չ 08* Փք***՚*1*^յ ^^յո^^յ»յ1շ. սւռասէ. \\ս՚ր • ւրսէքսաԽզղոա թ սէգաւււյարսէկաՆ թշխասՆուքՅ-ի՜-մ^թ է 1 • Հքքւ^գերոոգ գարուն սեհօբները գ.ադոէայհ աւէՕ էՈէսոսւԾոսսւհ՛ գերմանաեան էսզգսսց ւԱ։^1է*Ն ) ասե^ ՚Լյւ^Ն սօոաւորներն եոահ ^րանէէեեոու ^^^^ւ\^ (4:0 1– 011)^ \^ե–րով^կե–սէ%ց ռեռ^նէ փ՝ճէԱօու.ռ \^ոասոնի ասէո^ոսթեսւմս. \*±օ^) ^ո–ոսէւսեան իշրէանոէ.թեան ՚1յէր9ե*ե սնացորգր* ՚նու.ա՚ճեց (4:96/՛^*) Զ^1"–ԷԲ–Է^Է ^"՚^ կսէաով^ ^լիյաէէնե՚րր» եւ. էսե՚ւ ւ1ի ^րան1քևեոու. ^եսո էք1լրաու.ևցսււ.ւ ^ոագիևկի քո*/ 507^^ ^^ո1քւ.մա1քան ^••ոթաւյէ-ոց ^աղ^ելթն ևւ սւսոմ քւոլոո ^Ր^ԷրէԼ^ պէեչևւ. կարոն աո^ելխ՚ն եաևւ. ^ փրան6աց <47/.^՚–՚ք7/ ^ե^ղէր1Լ աէրութ&ան մի վջպ) ւֆացու.ռէ իւ.Հ| ^Ր*՛ "ՐԳ՚-^Ց ՚""՛"^* որոնք ա^րութրւ-Նր է^ջձ-ր՚նին բաժնե^ցին — նուա^^ոսեցա՚ն (530) (3»^«– ՚ րի՚եգիացիք ոս 534/՛^ ^ոէ^րգո լնգացիք է ^է^ց ան^ 125 րնգկստէո բաժանէ/հէյնքնեոՆ ու. էսրէոպքոյ Լսէոգի մաէ^ րէքեու֊թե-ամհւ ու. անգթու.թե՜աւդւ յկուսէհ՜ %ե–ոռքւն \ աաաե՚ՈէսղաէՄրՈք ւոկարացու.ց^*Ն ժողովուոգու ՚^որա^ %որ ս.աժաՆմանը սւահք1ւ ռօոսւցան եպիսեոպոսնե-րհ ու. իշքսսւն՚ներր Օօսճօտ) . ե՚րլւ անգիէն ^^երոովի՚նկևանթ քլեսէսէու-ւօ՜եան ու. շ§ւաէւու.թ&սէն սհ9 ք^եոմեռսւնւ 2* ^Աէսր ՜^ե-րով^նեեաէՏեե՚ոն եօքժ՚նեոոոգ գա^ ոէ^ն սեսՆԽէ տ1^րոէ^թե–աե վարչու,թէսնր^ թագաւ.^ ոոասեան Լսւլոէ.սէհ՚ոց ւքերսցոց-սոէ-չ եդոո աոան կէսռստ^ րապեաներոսե (աք1)0ք (Յօաստ) յանձ՚նևցին։ արասիսչյի հլ^րեսե-լերէսն Փր՚՚՚^^է՚^է) *՚"*՚^> ^սւդարա–^ պեէոոյ աւս պւսաիսր ՚եէսեւ. ^կէ^ոստրասէաաի (\^րս–ԱէՐփ ՓրաեկիայիՀ ու. ^ոսրգու.%գիայի (ճսX 6է րՈՈՕՕթՏ ւ^քծռՕՕաա) ^աէքար աւ րնգունե-ցաւ. • որ ե–%ոռփէ />«-/» գերգսսսսէանքէե սէ^ ժւսռանգաեան եղաւ. % - - ի/ւ որգքէև 3. \\ա^ո^^ \քա^գ^^^փ^ (714-741) ւչարկաւ. յ^րաչւացիքչլ ^ոագի^ի քով^ (^Ղ)* ՚նոսաճևց ապըս^ սէս/ւՌւսէհ– ւ^լօ՚մԽՆն&րչէք Գ\աւ.ւսրիացիքն ու. Տ^ոիռՆե-րր* ե-լ. կառօօ/արե-ց վէր^՚ն չրՐ" աոարք^արրր^ առանց թագաւ-որի % ւ1|^ա շ/1«ք «• կաաեք (741-768) գս՛ Հէ^ վ^ր առաւ. 752ի՛^ յ^ոասոնի ժոդօփԱե *1հքյ ՚–^է«ե՚րիկոս գ» ՚^ևրով^կեաՆ վե-րՕին թագաէ֊որե ՝ու. փ*»կբ է՚ո*. թեռ է Հ^ոան1է1էեր1^ թագասոր րնտրոսեէթՆ ե-աեւ.^ ՚Աաե-փանոս ք\. ՚քյա^անւյաւսպես»1;^ օհ՚ուե-ցսէւ-է \ձսէեփ»ս^Iոա |\ * ^Դէ օէճսէ-թ^եաե կսծւչու.ասքՒ Դ\եպի%1էսը սաիպե^ 755^^ ( ՚\Լւ»Նգոքլարգա^։^ո^ թ-ագաւոր/լ, յաոսաա, շսւ.աԴւՎյէ^երորգապևաւււ.թ–եա% մէկ մասը^ քա՚^ա՚նաքապեա. ւոի% սւսւլէ \\^յ– պաէւրգեւբ գրքԱ "՛է ^ԱէԽԱււսւոեռ Դ^եպ^ոս եւ. ճււ.սւէաւ պաշապաե անոսա1եււէ֊եյ։սէւ. է — Գ^եաիՆսււի մկք^ մի՚եչես 875* գերմանիասյի ւ/էչ՝ յինչեւ. 911 ք Գ՚^՚է՛՛ ղիայի յէչ՝ ԱԷՆչեւ 987 » \ 126 63. 11-քէ։»" 11՝է>– 768-814 թ–իա։եՆԽք ըր–*– ի՚—պֆ^ի -*• Ապ—՚^^՚ՀէԻ ՚^է՛ — 3* Կ՚^ք-էՐ՚՚Ւ՝ պ»^ւ––քակէաե^ «աէ.էէւաաքկսւ% <•>■ աըաւհաՏև ^ գ1ք%քւ1էկէք% աք^ւ֊ք%թէ՚եր^ ք^Լ ^^–^*–ք^թ–ի*.Ն «•■.., ՚%հքաէ%է - • 4» |»**»ձ գ»*–ա»ււակա% Նւար կաթգաւգքէա.թ–ի»^նԽբ ք^ւսէ. . |»1|ւք4« ^կդէ^նաք-արԽյք-էէ. աա.աաէէկա%էւ։.թ–իաՁևքւ։ ^ւէդովթգեա% կրթ–ա».թ–եա^ %կաաէՈայի լ. –կ44«ք«#քքք«» Ս*է^» ^եպթսէսի որգքէեք ձ՚ղբօրրլ կարլոմաւեոսի մա^ոյւէէեէն ե-աե՚ւ-ք որույԱ "ՐգԷռՐ թագաէ^որու֊թՏրԱէ՚Ն մերժեց > –^ բոլոր Փր՚^^՚՚՚Տ թա՛^ գաւ.ոԹ1» էբրեւ. աշիար^ակաի օրէնսգիր 1ռ արու^^ Վէսէից ու. գիաոսթեաե ^ւսռա^ացոէ-օէչյ իր ^ւամա՛^ %աԼաէ ս»մ1էնամեՆ– ա1արգն էր։ 772/՛^ "կօաւ. պաաերէսաէԱ^ \%ապպյէ^ գոե՚թէ յէՆչե-լ. քիե%ոս աարահ ոէ.ոո ^&թս&ոս \^պբսոնացա–ւա գէէՐ։ - - ՝\ձ,ռա9ի արշաւ.սէ1կօի՚էւ ք %ոէ.ա1^^1քց իրէսպուրձ \\առսոնսէցսոց ապգաաքւե նու.իրւսեա1ե աեղը^» ե՛լ. ռս^և-ռ փրս^կ ք^բԲ"^ Ւ^Ւ ՚Օ՛ ամէո^եր է կարոլոսի՝^ իւ*4|ք«, չէա գաՆոսահ– աաՏ/ն\Ղ1գ\ք Վեգոա.գ1§եգի առաՀ^ոո^ գոսթեսէմքւ ^պբսոեբ %ոո1;^ էոո ւսռթե \^ր1^սպու. րկոք վէէեաեցքւե փրանկ պսէ^ապէմե ռօբթե ևւ. բո^ե^թե ի^ բսեռ ււսռւաւ^սսա սսէ^մաերւ դ^սէոձսււ. կւարոչոս ՚իսէսէ^ յիայէւ^նէ աաոթեց \\$սքսո1էէւե–րուն ե՜ս Վ^Գ^ՐԲ Գ՚Ժ՛"՛^՝^ Ղքե-րով ս$»էրացոէ.օ • ի>ե–է մի սպօլսոԱս»ցհ մեՆաս^^նէէռ մնրւոու.եցաե ^ ՏՀյւգոէ^գէքևգ փւսր$ւսւ.է \քրբ ասոո մրաա ս/ե^անգարւո\^աբսոՆնե՚րնք իրենց աւերիչարշաւակքս^ ՝%Մրբ%որֆ^ սկսանք գարձաւ. կարոլոս \^աանիայք^Ն ՚Փ՝^ րե՚եք յի՚եչէւ. \^լս(ա մղե-ց* Վյ^րգէՆի քով^ ՚"ը(1Տ2) 4։Օ00 սպբսո1ևացի գախատե-ւ աոսաւ.։ ^սկ^: լքԱ՛–^ ռաՕ եկահ՜ աղգով^ սպստամբու.թիւյնր^ ՛ճակատով ՝ ՊԼ ըք՚կ^՚՚Յ* ւ^՚՚՚կ՛^^ բ"^ պ՚օսւերաղմի չմր1ևցաւ. 803 ինք §դքն ^^ցք^ **ր ժողովուրգր քրիսաւքևէոսթիէ^Խ յրՆգոԱձւեցաւ. ևւ. փրանկ աս§շաօեեանե–րոսե^ ^չաէ^ս Նսւեւ եկեդեցակաԱաց ա$սսսւնորգ տաւ^ս/1եձՆ աո,աւէ / / 127 I \էւնգոբսէրգէսռւ–ոց գ1^ւՐ օւէնութե-ան կանչոսե՚էովՀ |^^«. է* պե-սձ^Նրն աևց§սւ., էսշքսար^ակւսչե-ց իաէ-իանք վաեյթ խոքՅ-եց թւԹգսււ.ոոո (Գաեսիգև՚րիոսՀ ու. Լոնգոչւարգւա^ ԼաԱ ակրոԱ^թքււ.նր Փր*՚^կէ*^է ^ևա ւֆա^ոս^ (774:3* \\աէտԽիպւի կու.սսւԼաքևեո1^ ^ուսւ^ր ընգույեե^ չով^ անօսէւ. ՚կսարոէոս Դ^^ռր1քեէտ–աէ^ե–ոը<, էստէւյաՕացաւ. միՆչեւ. \շ**էՐԴէ* *սռւսւ. ^ւսմե.1^ււ^աե եւ. ^ւսոսւկոսէմե հ Դ»սւրձս»հ– Աքսաե-ն ^ոնա1^վեյք ձոր^ ւօ^^ւեո^էսաւեէսկ–^ Ն&րք^՚ն աաոքժու-Մցաէ.» ոսբ մեւՆԱէէ– Նասեւ. քիոլանգ։ Օ • ^ասսէքխս ^$սւի^րայի իշիէանրյ իձնՏռձՆգի ես "՚^րէշ \^ևգոօ.Ա9րգսւցւ~ոց ասէ-սագանւպ^ աեոափո^ խւաԽ^ժեաեր մասն Աէկից Րւա՚Ր՚՚է^ փք^էՌ քսո1ժուե–ցաւ. \78օ)* ^"՚ ^ս՚՚-էհր՛՛՛ ա1^րոսթեաՆ ^եա պէասցէսսէ յձ,ւ.ապակաբ.ւսր^ յ^ւ.արսա գ/^էք րբահ– պասաե–^ րւսպմով * %ոսէսճե՚ց կւսբօլոս (791) "ՐղէրՐ ՚^^՚եչե-ւ– քէ*ասսէպՀ եւ. ^էէսւՄց սէսսսէբիսւկաե սսւ^մաԱսւկոԱաէա––^ թհէյնրէ |^լ&.օ##7ս»ճսք111ք ժողոմոա-ոգն պյս ասԱէոեոասօմէէվ^ ախ ասս»իճաեէ Նու֊ասօե-ցսէս ք որ քէ> ՚Ոթ ե՚պթբ բո՛^ էոբոմ^ն աե^եա Մոասէ ՝\^»4ԱՆ, եւ. գանիսէկս^ առգւսց գէ^ւՐք ոչ ւանչափ ^՚սքըո պսւաեբաօյ11; մ^եաե-ւ. » ՝իսչբ^1^ էգնչէւ. ^է՛^ րե-բհսէ եւ. ^աւսպ1^% §գնչէւ. \%լպա սասւբւսօ՚ու֊ոո պոր^ ■աոոսթեոսն սէէ^Ն ժոոովու.բգեեբր ^ս/եգիստ գաան։ ՆՐԲ– կ՚՚՚ր՚^լր*՛ 800 ^> \յւ^Անգե–ա% օբբյ Լքռոե գ*» ^էս^անայապեսւէ՚ն է ^ռաւէւսկան կւասբ ասակոսեցսօ– բբ սլեաոսքժհսնբ ^ ռրիսաոՆ^ոէ֊թե-ա՚ե ամե^ամե՚հ– աշ^ իւաբ\ակաե իշիւաՆա-թիսւ/ն եղա ւաւ. է <4* ^էսասիղասի վար ասււնէււ֊երւվԱ ժողռվրգԽաա^է գքսերր վհբցւ$ւ.ել^ն ,եաեւ. , բ-է^ը պԽաոու.թ–էաՆ ^ք^ գասաա֊ակւս^^ գրաէ^էաձ– ^;^ կոաէև ա/ը^, որ իշխահւ9է–թ՚իւ.% սւ%1^ր գէէէէոսէէէա. 128 աասրասկօր^ սրոշեասք օրեր ^^/|ք^/՛^* ^յ^նէէէ. ար§$ւ.թ–հաԱ երթ-ւսրււ. աասրսաւսկաՆ Հ։ր ասւԴ;% ասղասա փրանկ է ք\վ որ բսսնսւկն էսռւսնռ թ–։սգասւորրս ^ոասմասքՌտ եր թոդա-ր է աէոսէռւ»ւ–ս§ձ–քն օւ֊ կեաՆքը կր կորսընսԸնէ-ր ։ ՚կոէԴ§երսւ% իշխաէէեութ-էւ^ր սւեսասկ յի ասւաաո ^ստմարօսասՏ– ^ր » ուսաի էւ. թնչալս "ւրիշ ամէ^ սւսս»ս» , սւսաէէկ *»»ք ""՚է^՚քյ ^"՚֊ գս§ւ–որ11^Ն կրեւասր ծէո սէքէ%ուի§է \^ոմսէրու֊ ՚/ր՚դք ^էկելու– ^տսմս/ր է \^սէրոչոս սէ11;–րւէսթ–իւ.%բ վէճսէկ՚Ներու. բէսժՆէօ է էւ սսւՈ;խ մկկ վիճակի վր՚1ք երկու, պաագամաւ. որ ^ա18Տ1 ճօա1111– ք՚,\\ գրէսւ. ք որոքեռ ւՏէկր եկէդէռսէկաՆ մէկսփքն էսշխսքր^ւսկան կ րոար է ^^սոեռ աասշսաօմն հր է կոմաերուՆ Վբ^է ^Դ՛"^ օ.ա1ք֊ գասաոներր թ–սէգաէ–ոբի% իւՈսռընէ-ւ ։ \^ուՌերու.% րողղռր կ եր^ թ-ասր սաս^մա^9ասկոմսերու% է ք^ասգւսւււրիքե աոու֊րօո կթ ժող^ վկթ» եկասէՈոէ պա^օԽաաէրՆերր^ (տ1§Տ1 քւՏ0Տ.1ա1) * Օ^ասգսւա-որսերր եպիսկոպոսՆերւ^ եւ. ԱէՀքԱսւր^ասկտսս ւաՏ–ւսւ1Խծ%երհ^ ոմահռ , իթրէւ սւռաաւնձէ% էագայաօևոա^թ–իւ% ւ կոմսերու. իշխսէեու.թ–ե%1~հ ւաէօաէոոսթ-իւ.% ք1աաԱ1ւ1է6) կթ շնոր^էի՛^ * լV'""/ ՒՐ^՚^Տ ^"("""Ոէկւսռր 4րոԱ գսօոսւսոբաս^ կան իշխա%ու.թ–էւ.% բանեռբնելոէ– , եա~ պասաոեբասդմի ասէս^ %եքու. իբսււ.ոէ.%ք կ ու%է–%այիՆ ։ \^յխսւբ^ւսկսէ% սաէրեբ% այս պւսշաոէէսհ աէէեձամբ կր կասէոաբհ1»ն ւ է"կ եկեզեցակւաւեյէ իրե՛նց փոխաՆոբգ (\^0§^է) ՚էէ կբ գհէթ» ։ ք^ասգաւ.ոբբ աոկբոա-թ-եսսե »սէ–սւաէանւոյ% կսէբ&իքն իմա., սաւ ոէ-օաՀՒ ժաւ/անսւկ կոմսեբհն է էսպաւո է1եԾ՛ կասչոա^աՇ՚էս., սակ-րնեբ^^ ու. եկեղեսւսկաԱհեբք^ ոա^դահ՚բ ժողովեի կր կանչեր։ լԼՀ" էսսսւգաժուաո^սերե սկիօբ եղան, եսաօեն եւահ^ սահբութ-եասհ ժոզւէ^սերո§.%է ^ողռվրգեէսն ռասդսքռասկբթ-ոէ-թեաաէՆ նկւսէւամամբէսր է^9՛ ասբգիւ%օ ա.Նեցաւ.. կէսր^քչուէ ։ [^I^Ն եպիսկոպոսէւսք9՝եան ու. վանքի ^եէո կապեց գ՚՚վրոց մքԼէ Լ^րիվիոնն հր %^եբւս.. կա$§եու֊թ–իա.% է ՚յձաբաոօէրասխօսութ–իա~% , ^բաաՌսբւածէՈէ֊թ-իա^ է \^ոսաաորիվիոնբ ք^ու սէբանոսթ-իւՆ , \քրկբ$աւչափոա֊թ–իւ.ն, յ^սսաղաբէսշխոէ-թ-իսն ք ՚\յր$սժշաոլ.թ–իւն\ է ^անձւնեո օաոսր գիէ^ւսկասեՆերոա.. եաիսկոասսէսբաննեբ եւ. Գ՚՚վՐ՚՚Տ՚՚՚Տ ՚Խ՚՚Ա վեբսւաեսչոէ-թ-իւ֊ն ։ Հ^ոգ սէւսրսւա.. »սսաոէ.ւսծ–ային աաէշասէա. մանց | եկեղեցական եբգերու. եւ եկեղեցսւկան$»ւց կբթ-ոս^ թ-եսէն , եւ. յԽցոսց սսմ^ն սաեդ եկեղեց»սկանաց ^աամար սսէէ$ոանորգէ ք^յենհ^ գիւոնակէսենեբԽ՝ իր արքու^եասցը^ ւՏէք կր բնէսկհին , ինքն աւ իր հ–երոա–թ–եա»$ն էսաոեն գրեք բվեցէ սոոսէէաւսւ. յ^եուաւ. կարոչոս Ա^^է^ ( ճ աարւս/ե (81 4) « Ի/» սէւխա.ական որդհբր կւսրոչոս ու. Գ\ձ–պքւհոս էւսռաՕա՛». 1 տկէսր \ոԱ^գովիկոսըւ ; յ / 129 7 /* ^7 /. 64» ւ1>ք»՚է«*է է՚^^Ալ 843 1* 1ո>^ք^ո^\ո** ^ա^^^ա^ (814-840) բա^ րեսհոաո ու. գհէոուՀն^ բաւօ շասէ էոկէսր մարգ մաւ% բաժ^ %եց (81 7) է՛ր աէրոսթիւ^ր^ իւ-ր ե՚րեօ որգսոցբ ՝\ու.^ գովիեոսիք Դ\ե–պքւեոսի ոս \ոթարիոսի սէքէ ՛ի Դտպստսա եոԼոորգ ամհւ.սնոսթէքն^^ եղահ՛ ^ըրր՚՚րգ ՚*Րգ՚–Դ1 ՚Ղ^ կստբոլոս կու.%էոքւ%ք մւ^կաւ ե՚րՏրք որգքլքն իր1/նց ևրկրէ^Ն բաժէւն մի աս» լոս հ^* ^^Ց ա^՚^Փ ^"՚^^^ չաոհւեէոէէ՝ ս»ասաս$մբեցաե ու. աեկէսրոո ^ւաբեբն^ գերի բբու^ %եցիԽ (^83 3) < \ու.գովէկոսի եւ. ^ե-պ^ոսքւ ձ&ռ^բ Նորք^ սւթոուր ^սւսա»սաու.եյով– . ^՚^՚՚է՚^Ր ՛նոր եբկբհ բաժանու.ւՐ էՐ ^հ§քլու. աաոէքն^ \ու.գովիկոսի եւ. ք838 ^\ յեռւսհ՜ Գ^&պթնոսե որգւոօր բաքք^ե՚ե կա որ մի ւսռսէւ, Բ՚^Տ վաէքճաեեցւսւ. Նոր խռ.ռվւու.թիսն տՐ^եի. ւելու. վջպ) եղահ՛ աա1/ն (840)* >՛ 2 • ^ոլոր պետու.էօ՜իւ–Ան Խէսե էէսփշաակեէ ոս^ Գրդ ՝\ոթօւրիոսհ գհմ՝ մբասբանեօէաՏն ՝\ուդոմիկոս ու. ^ կաբոլոս կույեա ե՛ւ, ^աղթ-եց^ իբ1/ն (8411 ^ոեգր^ ՚նայլի ՜ճակասաիէե մէՕւ Վյ^րտէօնի (843) գ՚՚՚շ^կԲ՚՚՚ւ^ ընգոսնե-ցաւ. ՚\ոթէսրիոս^ իբրեւ. կսչյսր ^ ՚իասէչիան ու. \^էք^ Փր"^^ կիան (քէ^ե՚նոսի ք քիո՚նխ ք^էօղէ ևս ՚^հլս՚էէ մկք եւրսհր ե՚րկէրբ)» Լոսգովիկոս՝ \^1րսե–լե–ան Փր՚"^^1**մե (|ի/5ո«. 1ևոսի արե-ւե-լե-Աէն գ^ եոահ՛ ^ե–րմաեիան\ • էսկ ՚կւ»՛–^ րոլոս յ^վէե-սմէոէրաՆ Փր՚մեկհան \Գ»աղոիաե\է \ոթարիոսի եբկհրներն^ ֆբ մա^ոսաէւե^ եսաե՚ս ^ իւ.ր ե՚րևք որգւ֊ոցն ^կանՀ լ^քՀէ^Հ–1& մե^ որգթև \ու^ գովիկոս (ք^) է^գոսնե-ցէսւ. \էսաէյսէի՚մն ու. կայսե-րւսկաե պւսէոիսրէ ՚\ոքօ–աբրեգֆսւ բսւԺՂւոսե՚ցսէւ. ՚կաբոչ* կուՖ^ տի ե՛լ. \ոսգովիկոս գեբմանացւո/ն ւ^ջ^\Տ10բ ^ուե , X " - 9 Աէք– 130 գեոմսւնսէեաե գւսԱ.ւսո%ե–րե անռան ^ե-րմեՈտիայի^ ^ոմսէեւսեէյսմնեոր միւսցուռ կաոոլոս կաՏնա ^ւսդռէւաի ^եաէ յ^սով՝ ե-րեու. &–ոԼհրեե–րուՖ %ա&ւ. ոսս§ ապ^ գսչՐ§ոէ^թեաՆ ք պ^ս հ՚եջն՝ արեւե՚լե-ան փլւաեկեան կաւՐ գեբմաԱէսԼասն էռ սւրեւ֊մսւէոսն փոանԼեաե նասմ՝ ոո^ մանեան բաժաՆոււՈլ^ կսւսէսսոոսեռսէւ. է / –ւ.թ–Խքարգ Խա. է՚էԻէԽրւարգ գ—բԽքաԽ՚ե ա^ք^* — 2< \ք՚ր(ւ -»- ի^դպէ" կ*սդյՏէէ.Խյքաէւ փւՕաակաե կաքգԽրը է - 3 . Ո՚Հ. ^ք ^ԿՒԺՏ՚֊Ղէ ԳՄ՚^Ւէ * Ե՚Ո» 4«»"*"«. ^••^-.֊ լ • ւ^ր&ւժսւե-աե ^ռոսէսւեան պետու-թեասն ևրակէսցո էուս1լ իշ^անոսթիաՏն ժի ւֆայն կաՆգու.1ե աւսոք ^ոգեսորակաե իշխանութիւյնոէ \քկեդեցէս–^ կանէսց ^եռ^սէկոէ^թիւ^ր Հք"" ՚^^ հր% ՚էհկ կողման^ սսեով՝ որ ժոոովրգեաե սէյԽ՚ե1^ կրթե-սւլնե՚ոն եւ. թս»–^ գւսւ֊ոուսց անու.անէ^ քսոր^ոգսէկաԱՆօ՜րՆ հք՚^է ՚"^^*՚՚1 կողւէաԱ^ որ ^ոգ&ւյ/ր օգնոսթեասն կէսրօսւու.թէւ%ո ՝՝ քՓրէքկօ սսՔ^ վի՛ճակի ան^րսւժեշտ կ^ոնէրէ \^ւսկարէ էՍԹէէեցոս^իէ^^էնԱե ՚նու^աղեցսււ. ք ^ՐԲ թէսգաւ.որօ (Լ* ու. |9»« գարու֊Նք սկսաե եկեղե-ցակաե պսէշաօմնե-րն ան–»^ էսրժան անձ1էկռնե՚ոոս սւսդյ եւ. եպիսկոպոսբ իշիէաե^ %Ծո1^ ւսէ-Աէսէ ըՆգու.%1րչոժ անոնց սէոորսէկւսբգե-ալի պ(^ս կ րա՚^Ի՛^* 11"^^ ^Դտէսհ– չարիօնե-ոույԱ գարման աանելոս ւսշիււստեցւսւ. Ղ*րիգոր է* (օ9)^ճ 2* \^^է՝^^՚՚՚Ա գժսւասրի՚ն աասւէաղքեչական գոբհ–ոռե.\էււ. պւսաոԽքասօմւսցբ ՚/հքէ ւ1եՏ–ւսաէս օէյ^ասկւսՆ ^/^ն )՝ վանսւկան կսքրգէր/Լէ ւ^ԼէէԱ՚կք կ$ալաքհա^եչու. սկաս$Ն \յգիպաօոսի էֆասք՚Նսւ.^ կե^ա^ քսվէ քով^գաէքովը։\^ւ^՚ն վանքերն սսղ^ասաու,թ–եասնէ ոդքախա^սւ֊թ-էան ու. Հնսւղանգոա^թ-Խսէն ոա֊խէոերւէւ.% ՚/է9 իրաարու. յֆսէքէան է^ի՚ն։ Վս/նսւկան կեասնռբլ էքրորգ գսդէու^ վէքք^քՐ Հո-էւյհւսկան պեաոոէ^թ-եան ասմ^Ն աէէբէւ-եմոան գաա/֊^ աաո^երաւ^ մ^^ք ԱէսւրսւՏ՚ւասեսէսւ. , սւր կրօնւսւ֊որօ ք^ե եկե^ դթ^ւակ$էէն ու. (9՜^ ասշխաար^սակասն իրողսսթ-եաւես վրպէ մեե՛ ք / / ■/ ■I II 131 էսպ^էԽ^ու-ք^-իաձւ ոէսԱԽյյահ» է ^ոբքոբգ գաբաս%՝ ւՌսպք^գյաւաւ. %աեւ. \\աալէա սա. գադդիա » յ^^դգա^ գաղթականաէ–թ–էա% ասաաէ՚հ էւ. ^էսաւսգպ^ սւդթսսսքի ժաս$քաէոակ%էրւէւ.% ^քյ վա^^ քե–ր% ի՚նչսւլ^ա%է1քիԸ9չք էապաասաահարան, սէ^էւէձկւսլգիաւււս^ թ-եաքեքք էֆակ Ռթ-արա^Ւ ԽդաԽ^ Ա««»^ • շ ա . ա ^՚ այ ու% Հ«ւ»4հսւԹ««ււ ւ աաճեռաաւ. ^էսեւ. կքօնւսա֊օբաց ^ասդպօակբթ-սւթ-էան եւ. եր^ կրաամշակոսթ-Խան վր«սք»ւ%է^ւաՏ՛ $»0ղգէէ^սա.թ–իւ%ր» </ա1քօո.« ա%գ եբքւ ^էնեգիկէոօէք %սւր»իայքքքՆ (ԵՅՕ)՝ իր *Դ"^՚^*"կկւ»»/ք գքէսէ-սր կահոՆ՚Նէք աաւլավ "քՀ^ պւաբէԱւէ§է֊որու^թ–իլ^ւ^§Խք ԳԲ՛"*– վջ՚՚ւ^փ^՝ ^ե՚նէ–գիկաէակօ՚իքե%ք դիրե՚կթ ուխաիւ. կքլ պւսրօք$Աէ.ոթ^իՆ ասքոէ-Աէե՚պքի՚^է է1իէ§շաս§յան , Ժէսւ/Խրգսէ.^ թ-եաեէ ձեւէ-սէգարճի եա. ՚՚»դդց կրթ-ասթ-եա^է» \^է1ւա՚կք իակպթաէՏն ^ա^ասէայ քաք^ կթարէադիչևէք &–քՕ^ ^եթ֊աեաա էրկիրնէրա». ՚^քէ եաէքք11;Ն սէէշ ւԽհ-էսակա Նպսւաաէսմասասւա եղան ^երԽա. աէիկաաա^թ–իւ%նէէրա Խկեղե^ւ-ոյ ^ք^ վերձը^եւու. է էր է Հռու1կ^ ^ա^անսւյապե-աո կաւՐ Դ\ապո : \^,րգէՆ ռոի4էաւէե11^ու,թեսԽ օէռՕի էսա1/մնձրն Հռոմէա եսւիս^ կոաքէսեերըյ իքւրե-ւ. Գ\եարոս^ Ժ՚՚՚ք՚^ՐԳ ՚՚"՚<՚""–<*՚^ւաճ1& իրաւ-ասւՌւ եկեդե՚էքւ.^ գլու.խՆ 1^^^է ^՚՚՚^րգ գսէրէ^րոաՏն ՚նէաե-ւ. ^սւոպքս^կաե մեհ՜ էսդգեցու,թէւՏե ոԱձւհ-աաե \^ոուաքէէչյի բ՚*րր տյ^րութե-աեւյ վջաէՀ \^սոր գլ^սււ^որ աւստճէսուն ան Հ–/» է "Ր Ն՚՜Ր՚՚՚՚է՛^/^ ՚^՚ԳԳ՚՚՚Տ ՚^^՚՚՚գ^/^ մասր ռրքւսսէոՆք^ու.թռ–ան է9յ^Ր ՀռոաէՆ րնգոկնւսՀէ Գ՚րէ Գր^գքր Ա» 0*^^^ աա1քհ (600) պ*սսւա^ևցաւ. էսրեսմաեաե գ^ոթւսց ու. \ոնգոբարգսւռւ.ոօ գարձոէ \էՈ առաբեիէօ ձեութուք (\^ւգոսւոքւնոսյ ռոհսսէօնպ^ոս^ թևան գսէրձսււ. Նւսօրւ. յըլնգղիէսէ || * ^ոնիփաեիոս Հռոսէ՚ն՝^ գե-րմահիա խսէէ^րու-եօաւք եւ, ւԱԹգիՆ ւԱ–կ ա/ասր գարձոհե՚րէմ (1X8-100) ոքւ^ոս բէսօմաթիէ. սսօ-ԱւսոաոաԱնե-ո ու. եպհսկոպոսարաեՆեո (կէոա^լաւս ք Վյ՚՚-րցպոսոսՀ ^սէսէոէստե-լով՝ գերւ/աՆիաքի ւսռաօե-սէ» ե-ղասՀ Գրիգոր է. (1073-1085) քԻչ^՚Օլ ս՚կս՚րացահ– օա^աեէասէաեաակաե իշէւաեու.թքււեըյ Նորէ^ կէտ/եգ^ ՚եերօ* \^մեովկ1ք%սէ « գ*ի աաեՆ (1200) ՝^ա^էմևսչքասլև^ սէէէե ՚ճոէսու.(3–հէ^մե էր բսւրճրոՀ^թեան Ն-սւգր ^ասաւ. ^ ^է^ց սկսաւ. է/եաէ ^ոնիփակիոս (Լ.4՚Ն եպքը (1300)* 9* / է/ I է \ / X Վհրտհօճի դէս^իկհճ փՇչեհ խաչակիբք 843-1096։ 843-911. 1. 1ո^^^\^» գևրմա՚նացթ (843-876), 1*1– ր ^դԲ-՚՚՚ՐՅԸյ ^ղբօրորգւոցո^ ^անիէսցսոց ու. *կոո^ մամեերոսն ^էոո շւսրա^էսե պսւսաե՚ուսզմելով^ անռոա.ց Լւսօւափսրութրսնոէ \1աՀՈ^** 6*է^ք (876-887) ՚եորէ՚ե միացոէ^ց (884։) մեՆ^ կս$ոոլոսի սլեաու.թէւ.Նր ք՚Խտէ ՚էհ^թ Հ^ռոմէ սէքյ օա^անաւսէպ&ա^ (որու-Ն օգնւսհ՛ Հ։հ* \^սւրէսկ^ոսաց գք^ւՐյ եսս^սր օէէ&ք աստլ^-ե ե՚սաե-ւ. ւ ^աւԳ *կորւ1ա1^ե–ո^^ ^աշտու-թիսնո գնեւու. ^ւսրևէսգոե ւ^ե ԾաէքԼ. մար տսունոսեցսււ. ոէաոոմեաէ ^՚^"/՛/՛ (887) < Ա|«*քյՀ*ք«^ (887-899) կառավարեց ղօրաւոր բէսղեէսա–» բոլոոով^և ւսսքլ^եց ա^րե-չքէ ՚ձսէկւստէ մի մ^Օ ՛կորման՛ն ե-րուՏն» ասէաերասղմեցւսւ. ^օօր ք^ո՛^ րաա–իացւ.ոց գ^մ՝, 1րւ. Լաւսր սլսւսԼու.ե–ցսէւ. Հռոա» սէո^ելթն եաէռէ ^ \ո^ք^ո^\ո4* Տ^^ (899-911) անչափա^ ^ւսսուքժ&ան աէոե՚ն եր ԼւսւՆամար^ր պ&աութ^ւ֊նբք, ||*Հա%ա^ ւսոբեպէսեոաոսր Հպքգգդւ* ՍԼ՛"՛/՛ մսւա1անաե սեսւսւ. Լ^ունգսւրս»ռւ–ոօ էսրշաւ֊անբր ^երմանհսոր վրէսւէ յ^ե-ռսէւ. ^ւսպիւ. \% աւսրա-անւ կեանս ժէսմաՆսէկբ գեւէպա»$եսւկււմնեոու% վե-րի՚ե Աէեսչու.^ թ-իւ֊Նն երթ-ասըամ բոլսըաւվին ան^էէոասօսււ. ։ 1\<"*^Հք էոե/լ գսւա^ասէսեեքոսՆ »1հ9 ւ բւսրձրսագսքն գւսաուաա֊»$րէէէկաՆ իշխաէ^ա Նոէ-թ-իւձւ էս սւրքու.%սէկան եկւսմսաից Ար՚՚Ո սւեսչո».թ–իւ% կըն^^1էԿ§ ւէւս^մա՚Նսէկոէէսնէրբ։ — 1X^1" ^9ՐՏ^ գսւբձեէսէ 133 §աւէրձւսկէՌէւ%քեերրէ կւսրոչոս Ա^ե&ի ժսւմսա^քսկ բաէէչքոսաաՏ՛ յթսւղպօսւկրթւէւ.թ–ե՚աս^» բողթ^9%եքՏե սւպսէկասնէռի՚ն ։ |\. գ^ւսզդիա^ի ՚^9 կարսչինկևաւէն^ իշխանու.թիւ.1մե էր^ ,թ–սէչով ի%կէս»– ։ ՚կաէէրուոէէ կէ$ւյ%սէ ւ ^ասրկսւգրեսսօ– ւԴէ^սւգղւէւ յէ§է.ս$աէսաոէւսրս Ժւսռահգսէկանու.ք3–իւձս ՜ճսձ^ասէէ \Րիես–. %ղւՆ սէսաեՆ %ասեւ. իրէՆ վարչութ՚եատ/նո գ^մ՝ եղաե– աժգա^ ^ւ»ւթ–իւ%ր ասէսաճաո– եղա»– » որ ^աս՚նի է1հ եբկիք1ներ իր»Դ^ ր»$»ԺԴէԱէ.եռան ։ \^րգ^^ 879/՛^ Ղ^՚՚՚ԴՊե՚քյ^ւ^ սսնքաւոօւ.ւտւքՒ ԱաոորիՆ ^ու.րգւււ%գիպյի կէամ՝ ^սւրաքէաՆս սւձգիի կ՚՚՚ի՛ ՛ման, Խւ. 888/՛^ ՚ՍէբՒ^ իաէ,րգու%գի»սյի կաւՐ ^ու.՝քւսսքեաե^ անգիի կսդմա% թւսգւսա–որոսթ–իլ.Դէներբ, 1034/՛% Ղ՝^Ր^ մա^տէասաի աաւքեռաՆ է կարոչոս Դ^սւրռամիսար ^էսրկասգ.րեաւսւ. ՚911/՚% ՚կորմա^էԱէէսւ գսէւ.աօձ» , սաւէկ՚ն սէէսրի ^՝իէ.սիսէօյէ% ձ-ովեպրներե ասպսւկս/Նոո *կէւրմսէն»ոսէռւ.ոռ Աէասլէ ՎերքթՆ ՚կարուի՚էքկեան թ–ագսւսւ»րնեբե աք^ւ ասսաի՚ճաէէէ էոկէսր էքւն ք ■որ ՚էուգովէկոս դ» . միաւե Հսւոև ^էողստն ու.%էր ձեոԼ^ռրւ ՚\ոսգովիկոս \յւ »ով կասրուրՆկեէսՆռ ^եւ^ սաասօյհոաւ. ( - > Հ^ոէ.գոն ^էսքւկգէ ^ըաեկիս^ի գուքս/լ 987/՛% թ-սէգասոր բնաորուեոսսւ. է |»^ ռեղիՆ ՚^էկ կոպՅեսսկի ՝ճիւ.ղըլ էշե՛^^ Գաղղիպյի վրաք , միՆչեւ. 1848 (77)» ^ . ՜իաս^ւիաւի ւ1կք ^^ո%ոքփոսի ւ1ա^ոա^աե^^՚հ եասեէ֊է թ՝»ս^ գւսա-ոոսւկան գսէ^^ եչաւ. 899/՛% ^երեՆգասրիոո ^րիոա.ւք1էն , 924/% ^ոսաոքփոո 1^. իուրգոսԴւաայ^ի՚ն է \ձ,1իկա/ 930/% ՚ի»Ոէսւ^ան Հ^ու.գոեի ասոա֊աւ. * ք%ր \^գ^լուիգ գսսսոարբ Է՚֊Բ ^րկաՆր ՚\ոթ՚էսրէոոէ մակոա^աԱւ^ եսսեա֊է էսմհա^ոհասոէէւս ||/9–«»% \\* բրետ՛ին ^էա, 951^%. ոբով^ իաալիաք էա. 9^2ի% ՝%ս§եւ. կաւսեբւսկսաՆ պէսաիա^բ գերմանսւկսԽ թ–»սգսէա–ոբս$ո աեոասւ. է (^Լ/" գէո^Աէկալոէ^թեստՆ կռիւ.%եբու% ժոամաեէսկէ |)ւււ|քաճ/%«է«քօ ՜իաոսււ^աւի ու. ^ասղպէսոի հ-սմեոբնեբբ ն ւսսպասսւէոկւ^^ն » - , . " , ՚ ■ ՚> ,, ■■ ■- Հ 919-1024. 1 • ւ՚՚^շ. կերպէԱքակթ էաաաա^սւա. դԽԽրմաէԽխա ւ ՚կաւքՈք^կԽաաւե^ ապւառեքք^ եաԽսէ X • Գ^ե՚ոմաԱիւս՝ ՜կսւոութնես-ան օեոջն սպառելւէւ. էսաե՚ն^ Հք՚^գ գօսու-թիսն ու.%էր (\ոթարքքեգիայ լլ «ս ե-րձիրՆերու^ գոէ^սե-րր թսքգսք*֊որ չ^ար&էքբէէ 4ակոՆբսւգոս ՓՐ՚՚^ղ1"՚*տ1՛^ * \ 134 կո1յթա$իո4^ Ա. փր՚^^Ւ՚^ցէ^ (911-918)» աե^ ^անգիսա գռսերու.1և ե-ւ. վէ^րե՚նի ՀոսԱգէԱք»աւ^սոը Հեա սլաաեբաղյելու. ^արկագրեցաւ. ք որոնբ գրեթէ ասւ^խ ասէոհ հրե՚նօ ւսւերֆչ ւսրշաւ֊աեբնեորյ Հոէ.Ն.. գաոիպյք^ յքէնչեւ. ^1քնոս կ ը1ւգարձակէթէ1 ^էպ^ա գտ1սատեէ սւուսօ– յլսՏնի մհ քսռոփսրսւր եոմսեո^ եւ. ոբւսւ, ե-ոկու. սւրշասանթ \ոթարթյգիսչյի սսպսաամբ էիքսԱն գ^ւՐք սակւ^՚ն Լրքժէսրթ/գ^ան իր պհաոա.՛^ Հ1/նռիկոս Ապքսոնիսւ^իէւ * որով՝ ւսրռուՖ՚ական գա^^ եւսէէ. ս աբ սոեէս կան օօբւսւ֊ոբ սէու^բւ շ. Հէ4քէ1»–Ա– (919-936), ^լօ/,, քալ ոս խո՚^եւՐ իշէսանր միէս^ա^ը \ոթարէւնգիան գ&բմա.^ ՚նիպյի ^եա» եւ, ք՚եր սէւսբէ-ան ^էսմար Հ^ու.՚նգէսրառւոռ ^ետ պ^եագագսէբ բբաւ. ւ (^ւ/ սր^ց^ ՚ևու^աճոսեցաե ք^լաւ-նեբբ եւ. Հաբկասաւ. եղան ԴկոՀեւֆացիօէ Հեն՚ա. բիկոս օ^սւգւսգաբթե ժամանակր լմրն՚նալ^Ն ե՚տեւ.ք դաբկաս. ՚նւսեւ. Հու^գաբացքւևեբր 93օ/՚^> Մ^ՐԳ^"^ պոկբկի քովյէ Ո^ոՀ Ա. օ՚/էծ^ (936-973), 11^**^ «^ձ թւսգսէւոբ պսւսկու.եցսււ֊ ւ յ^սիկւս ^օբՆ էսսէ՚ն սւռաս^ ե–րււ.թիւ.՚մներն ու%1^բէ \սռովս^ղյռ ՚հՔ"^ՐՐ ՚^"^՚*>՝–՛ ;՚ճեւ^ն եսէեւ. ) ՚քդ^ց ՝քձլաաձէե–բր սրնչեւ. 0ա(^բ ոս սաիաե-ց \&^աց գոսբսր Գաե՜բւ/ա%ի1Խ/ւ էսւ.սէտս§պե^ տու^թհէքմն րնգոսնե՚լոսէ յձ,գ^լաիգ թագոա^^իք^Ն օգնու֊թեսքն կանչուելով ՝\հԱէալէա էսբշասեց^ ուբ էաղք^եց իեբՄնգւսբիոսի ^ եւ^\^գ1^քաեգի ^ե-սա ւսմհւ.՛*^ սնանսէէովշ ե՛ռալ, թսէգսէա-ոբ ՝իէոսքէ1ւաւի (64։ Տ"*)^ իաաչիա եբկբոբգ սէբշաւ^ակբ ւՐ^ըՆեչով^ ք/էէօ դֆ՚ԿճՐ (962) կ*^՚*ր պսակէւ աոէ^աւ* եւ. աաով^ եդաւ. ^<^ ՚նսւգիբ ՀոԼոսէական պ&աո»,թե4§»ն* 135 ՀռաԴ^ակահ կաք1էԽը0Ա.թ–եսՈւ պաաիւ֊քլ գձրւէանա^ի թ-ագաա^արա^ Տեա^ ւֆ՚ՆչԽւ. 1806 • Բ՚էւ^ք է –կդթա^՛՝ ՀէսաւՐ պսակօա^աձ– թ-ագաա^էէրեեքէ^ էֆօէրւ՝ էայս աիադբաշ^ կքլ կբֆքթե է — ՜իսքասքիտգ^ի գէբւ1անաւկաե սղեաու֊ թե*ա§^ւ ^եա էֆա^աաԱ^ էգսսաճսէէս աոսւասւ. թսւպյագսւրեաե էորիւ%ս§^եո աաս$սեոս§օմ1, %ե–բւայս ։ Ա^ակսւյՆ ^էսս«Դ^աքկաս% ԱէրՀաւ.աԴտնեբ% , էէրանա/էեյ Գ^եբմաՆէսցիք քբիաս»ւ^կաա^թ–Խաձ1» գ*ւխսք% ^եա աերա յա^ րաքյրրսւթ-եան <^^ մաանէ եղա1է պաաէափււ.՝ որ իրէՆ^ ՚/հք քբիսաոաեկօէկա^է ^սգի% աէքսԽչի խարաւ%կ աարմհսաս^սէա^ եա^ աԴ։քերնիՆ իտոէսւակասն կբթ-ա-թ-իւ^ մսաաւ. ։ Հունգարացիք 955/՛՛^ \էխֆէըոի քով^ք ^ա^ րոսսէհ– էՐ րհգու.նե–էքաե ք որով^երկիրնքւն ւֆ՚նչե-լ. ^րսասէ^ գետ կորսրնցոա.^քԽէ 1ձ>"^^ ^ՊՔՐ Գ^ր՚^՚^է՚^քէ ՚Խ՚Ղ) էարձակոսօներ ընեէ^ն գագրեցանւ 3» ՈՐ»»^ 1^* (9 73– 9 83) > սւաաևրաղյեցաս Տօրո պես խռովասեր ^պսէաասեերոէձտ ^եա։ գսօի. դ^պէէ գե՚ք՝ րրսէհ՛ պսէսէերսքռաւերու.% սեք% էստռսէ^ Օառաւ. մքանչեւ. ^արիզէ ^սչյց ՝^պու~.էէաԿ աօւԱեւ^ն եւ. գսւշնէսԼցեաւ ^օւՖաօ եէ. \^րսէրէսօէ–ոս *1ջսչ§ փսւռասւ.ոո ^ս»ղթոէ^թքււ^ մի կանգնեւ^ն ետեէ. Հ ՜իաաչքքայի սե9 յ^աբ Աէկին էւս%երե^ ^աոթոսեցսէւ. ք982)< յ^եռաէ., Հ^ռոմքա սեք 2օ տսւբւսանէ որ՛* Գ. (983-1002) իր յ՝օրւլ, 9>հ«փա՚նհի, եւ. ասսոո վաղա^սէս մա^ու.ասՆ1^ (991) եսէեւ. հ*–Ո ւ^հ՛ ւ1օրո յձ,գերսիգիք \ք^՚^/^^1՛ ս՚բԲ եպիսկոպոսի եւ. իէ֊ր ոսսոսց չքէ ն \Գ»եոբ.եոգոսի՝ եպքե՚^\^եղջ.եսաոոս ^ • յէ"՛*՛ ^անաււսպես»\ է/հաւՈսկսէլոսթեաԿ էոս»կք մաոժեոսէւ. ^ո»յնսքկաև գիէոոա^թ եանց ՚^էք^ Հաեեց իր ^պւեղրսչ^րր \^ՐՒգ՚*Ր Ն*\ ^ա^աէտաւսէպետսւկան ւսթոռն եւ. րն^ գոլյեեէքաւ. ս^որ ձեոյթ^՝ Հռուֆ ՚Զ^քք կպ^սերակաե թագըէ իպք^ գեռ կոշսէ ու. պատերադմասեր գերմա՛^ Նաեաե աղգր օսպեւու. բասսւկսէն օօրոսթիւՖ չուզեր* Հ^ռոմպ»եցւյոո յեղափոէւու.թիւՆւ^ պստրսէպի ^աեեօք գՀ^ռօքՐ պեսւու.թեան »1պյբպբսէռպթե րնելու. էԱօոսէԽ^ կէսգիհ-ըէ յրեռաւ. իտալիա 22 տարւ^աւեէ 136 Հէ1յյ1–» I՝. Ա՚՚՚-րբշ (1002-1024), ձ"*"» աե՚աոութ եան ւՓու֊թէսեր ա§ա^1րչու. եւ. էմեոո սսւ^*.. ւՌսննօրրՆ օէաէս^ովցբնօ՚էոսէ ՝\\աւսլիւս ըրսէօ՛ առաՕէ% էէսղթսէեաե էսոշասակռք^ ե՚աե-ւ. ք ^աւ.էւաի տ^Օ * |««. սււյսլ1ւաք ի թսէգաւոր օհ– ու.1րչքսէէ. (լՕՕգ ի է՛*^ ^Բ^Ր"ԲԳ էսոշաա.աեռԱե տտ^9 րԱգոէ-ե՚օւսւ. իր \\ոսեհեու^գ1^ էս^ մհսսեոէն ^ե՚4Ոք Հ^ուոսր սէք եւասե-ոսւևաե քժագրէ ՔԼ^ոլեսըսսոս^ Լօ՚^էսօ քժէսգաւ-որն սսաիա&ռ ^«ւ^^^ յիաւ1^ ս-սֆ՚լու. է \ք(ւ"դե՚օւ.ղք ու. ե՚եեդե՚ցւսեանսւռ ոսնե^ 91ԱՏ սգոո ռոա^օոսց^ ԳՀսէմպկոեհ ե՚աիսԼոպոսօւոանո ^իաւեւուք է որ՚՚ւ.Ն ՚էպւր &1քե–դե՚ց^ օհ՚ե՚ց ^էքնեգհեաոս |Լ* ^ւս^սէնաէւսպեսւրյ եայսե՚ո ւսղաչելոմըէ ժաամա՚հէսկբք օասսրսքպգի կաւաւրաա^^ի%երւաւ. եւ. ք^թ-ւձէ ■ ^ . ի ՜քրաէ֊սասոար ձեէս<տ կրձ–»սդե^ի՚ն ասքոա^եէէ»պաչ ու. գի§ս§$լ.թ–իւ^Հօ Աքկւսա^թ-եաՆ յկ^է էէ^՚՚Դ^Թ՚՚Սէ ^*– "^ըի^երու^՝ ւա^ աոինէբե^ բա^ա—՚ւեղհ-ԱԱ^թ-իւ^էեեքիէ Գ»եւբերգյաաի յ"՛–՛՛ %ւսկէա^ ես տսրսէբէւկսէՆ , ինչաե" %ասեւ. մաթ-եմաէէքխֆւսկասԿւ ու. քՏեաոկաև գիաոոա-թ-եանո մեք ոսՆեոա/ե– կէքք9՜ ^մաաս^ թ–իւձ%երոէ վկ*^ ե՛ն էՈ– ժսւյանոէկիՆ աքաաոսոր օա^.. գաոմշսՆ։ 1024-1125. ^ * Ո՛Վ։ է կք՚երս»գւէա ի . ի|^1ւ^ ք՚վ^ յաքրրգԽցէ 2 • \>."հչւպհ1 կաաա–.ավաքէէյք 1. կոՀ^ա^ա» ի. (1024-1039) ^րա՚ևկիպյի գույթսր եեե՚ղեցէսեաե օրւ. $սշքսւսր՚^աեսսե իշրէօ>1§ներ^^ ք^Աքգսօ.որ ընարոէ.ե–ցսւՀ.ւ յ^իչս^ի ՚^9* Լր^գ՚՚ր**՚ր^ գւսցսոց ե՚րեաթէ քժս»գոՏքեք ու. Հռո^ ^9^ ^^՚՚Ր պսաեոէ-եէ^ե եաեւ ք ե՛րեք արշասաեբուք աշքսսւր>^սւ^ կէսաեց ^ոսրգույեգիան ու. ւֆսւցու.ց պաեիկայ գերրւ1ա–^ ՚եիէ^ի Հե՚ա 1034։ < Ի/> ւՏէհ՛ Օանքն էր է գերաէանակսՏե թագր է*–ր գե-րգսւսսէէա^^ ւԱ^9 պա^եա ու. գբսւսեաե ք է 137 իշքսաՆու^իւյեո կս»ւՐ ^երըոեեւ ե՛լ. եօ»մ* իր գէքո^ գասսէաև^ ան^րնե՚լէ յ^օ-ոււսէ. ք^ւ.գո^է§ս9ի ւԱ՚Օ է Հ1էք^\ք^^ գ. (1032՚1()6Գ)կ՚՚՚երագիորգթ. ե՛լ. %յան ւմնոր քսէՕոսթեամն ու. ւանգգեու.թ ե-Աէնր^ պսք^ե-օ թեչա1^ս ՜իսէսէչքւաւքէք էմեւմեե ա# ^ե՜ոմաեիւաի աէքէ եւալյսերսւեսԽ իշֆսանոսթիէձւըւ \\ո ժէսմանսւկոգ ^երմանէա ^ թ1քես քիչ^աաե^՝ իւր աւՈքՆամեհ– աո արա ^ հ-ոսթեանր ^ւսսէսւ* ինչու, որ իր սա^ժաէ^&րր քիօ^ գձ՚ւո(^Ն էգնչե-ւ. \\ս»րօ.ս»գ1ոմն էեո^երր եր ^ւսսն^թեւ 2– Հէ՚յ՚քյյ–– ՚Ւ.(1056 - 1 106) <;օրւլմա<;ու.ա% սււոԾե ^ւսղիւ. օ Ա9ւսրեեան հր» աեոր ^ամար %սւիւ ի՚-ր. ւ/օր% յ^գՆ^^սիք ե-էոօքւրե ՀաՆՆււչ^* կողոեիաւի խիստ ար^ օեսլիսեոպոս^ ու. վերՕաա^ս յ^գէոլբ&րգի ի/էէսէւ1ա^ կալ^սթեաև աւսե երթոսե-ցաւ. է իշիքանաչք իւնգրե-լովը ՚ւ^Ր^^Ր Թ՚՚՚է ս՚ւսւ^ն ե-տեւ. (10օ6յ> սեսաւ. բո.*նսւ՛^ ւ.որէսեաե եսէռափսրու֊թ–իւ^ ւՈէէ Հ^1/երիեոսի աեԼարգ կեանքք^1ե ու. ի§րոիւա ՝վարմհւ^նռ11^ ձանձրէսոահ՛ ||օ#<–. ռսոմեե-րե ոտք ե՚րսն \1լ\յ10ր "^ սաիպս-ռ^ եաասրԱ անսւրգասնան իւասղաղոսիժիսն ւՐ ըեելու֊է ^*^ո որով^ Հե՚էոեւ. սպթսոնիացի գե-դառթեերր՚եւսեւ, ե-ևեղե-գԱեԾրր կողոպասէհ– հ^$ Հաք՚նրի&ոս անոևց գ^մ* ըՆգ^ս/Նոսր ռօրւսժողոմ ւՐ^ըրէսւ. ք անոՆց ^ւսղթ֊ե-ց ք 1 7 Օ) ^^ «^•֊– հ-աաՈէհրներր Լալաեսււորե՚ցէ ւ^սոր ՚Ռ՚ա ՝քձպբւսէ^ւեե՚րր Ղ^րիգոր ՛ի» ^սէ^աեայւսաեաիւե գիմեցթեէ 69, Ղ՝է\^*է կ՛ 1073-1085. I . Ո՚Հ. է Գրիգոր էյ» I - 2» ի՚^ձ է քա^%է1ԱապԽավՈէ Խա. կաԱ-եր ւՏէԼ Խղա*– Հհլգէբրա^գ՛"՛ Օանաց եկեոևցԲն աշխար^ակաե իշ^ իաԱաց ^արքէաաՀարոսթև՚նէ՚ե ասնկաիւ րնե» ^65* 1 <)< |ււ^ ադգևԱու.թեաե աակք %իկողւաոս |^. ք1059) ^ր՛"՝^ V 138 , ւէսէե ^անեց^ որ ւզքնոսՀե՚աևէ. ք ^է թէ սէդնուակւէՏԱք ու. Հռոմէա կղեռք^ ^եւո մէաս^սէՆ– ժողովուբգո^ աիաի ըՆաբ1քե ^աՀաեւաասլՆամ ու. Կ՚՚^՚՚ՐՐ ^դք^Բ պիաի ^ասաատ^ ւ ^ապա ոետրու.թէւ%ր պիա որ ՐՈա) ՚կս՚ր^ գթհաչառ ժողովքւն սէքէ Գքք՚Գ՚՚Ր 1^* քա^աեւ^էսպե–», աաեաե ւսթոուն եսֆ-լոսե պ^ս^ մրտյշո ղրաՆո^ասռսաԳ տանելու, ^ամար ^րե1ե սւռաքնորգ առաւ– ս^ "հէ՚ե^ րոյ թէ \^կեղէտք՛^ "(է՚՚՚Ք է ս^ղաա ըյսթւ ե՛լ. աշ^ար^ ^էսեան իշէւանութ1/նէւ^ անեաէւէ ք^սսաի շրւ. եեեղօ՛–^ ռսւեանՆեր՚ն աշէւսւրՀաեան իշի»անութեՆ^^ րոչորո-ա. յ^ե անկէսխ րնելու. Նաասււսկւսէ.ք ՀռուՐ գոՀաւքարա.*^ աէէ սեւՖ^ոգոսի մի *"ե9 ՚^՚էք՚՚1»ՔՒ սլաաժոմ սւրգեէեո Հ^պ^^գերձաւորոսթիսմն» աւս Աեբե ^ ս»շջւսւր\ասԼաեէսց մաէաէնէ ու. գասւսպան էուսւու1 եեևոեռաեան պաշաօե շնոր^ե^ ու. եդե-րսւկանառ ՚նղիէն րնգոէ^հւըւ - ^ Ա^*՛ մոեսէկաեոսթեան գ^մ՝ աւ քսհսէո Հգկկօներ դրաւ^ եւ. կղերսէկանէսո ասն1անու.^եաե օրէ^կռեերր Նոոոգեոէ ւ^աճՀ– հ-ւսգեցաւ. ^անգերձաւււրոսթեան կռիէ^ր^ Հ&1և՚ա.. րիկօս ՛ի. գ*երմաէտիաւի կաւս&ր ու. Գրք՚գոր ՛ի» յթա՛^ շ. Գրիգոր՝ զՀ^ե%րիկոս ՀռուՐ կանչեց (1075)» Բ՚՚^ՕՑ ՚^*հ)՚՚ՐՐ ^Ր՚՚՚՚-^ՐՐ մերժելի դաա ք ^$սնգգնեցաւ. ք^րմս գումարոսահ– ժողովի սե9՝ ՚§Ղ՝՚րէգ"Ր ^ք^ա՝^ %էւլքապեաութե՚նէն ՚քյքՐ ՚^ունոսաե– Հրաաարակելէ Ա^ սոր վջսօ քա^անայասլեա% ղէե՚նրիկոս %պովեցէ |^ք. որով^եաեւ. գերմանիպքի իշիան%երր ^րիրւու.րի ժո^ ղոէ^ն մհԼ^ (1076) որոշեց քէն որ կօ^սրն աթ֊ոռեՆ քւհկահ– եք եթե աարւ.ան ւֆ է^ք բեռ ղՔկբ *նդովքէ^ե արձակեէ չաէս^^ անոր ^ամսւր Հէէնր» ռա^անայաւզե^ քթն ^եա ^աշտոսե ւու. համարք ^արկս»գրեցսււ. ՜իէոաչիա անցնիլէ Հւ^ք ^աեոսէո ոսւղռէէն §§^0 ՝ օա^անաւա^ պեարն ^անգիպելովՀ %դովքէ^ արձակու.եցաւ.է 139 ԱէսծէԱէՆ ւաս քսէաևէսր^ե–օու.ռման փջաւ սւսսաիե գաււնսւօէսհ– ^ոստոլմւոս ՚^ոսապիաօԱ֊ռւն ^ իոե՚ն ^ւս^ կսսէՆաեաթոու կայսե-ր^ յ^ե-րդ^պոԱ֊րկֆ ռոմ էստոթե–^ լ^Ն ետ1»ւ. (10օՕ)ք ղօոաւոր սւսսնէսկոէէ մհ Հռուգ վջս1) քալեց , եէ. դԳքիգ՚^Ր է ^ Հրեշաակի րևրգիՆ մէջ^ սլասշաոեցւ ^՚աց կուէՀՕէսր *կոոմանէոաօւ.ոց գույթսր ^աս^անաւսէպեէոէւն օւէնոէ^^ժեաե ^սէսնե/աք պրնքր յ^Աքչ^ոսեւ^ փստխօւ.^» ու֊ր մեռասւ, ւՕօՕ պբսորան՚էսօ ատ^ք է աեգոգուելբ\սնալոյ պւսշտաանահ՜ եկե՚ղե՚օա^ոէև իրասանցր վջպ)^ Հե՚նրիկոս ալ^ Է՚^Ր էէրգւ֊ոց՚ե (կոնրսէգոսի եւ. Հե՚երիկոսի ^ ե$էտ1^1և Հենր» \ք» կաքսբյ սւասաաւփ1րլ^Ն 3. Հք՚քէւ»»* հ՛ (1106 - 1125)/է/է՛"" "՚– յ–^֊ գու,գ1ե եշբէսէնր ք սսւհպե-ց ՚^ա^ւճնաւսէաե՚աև (\\\ ՜*՚յ՚*Ր պ^կբ կպյսր պսսէկ^Հ - ^ Հանգե՚ր^ւսէ.որա.թեան կռքււ.ր քյ.122^է»յ կւսւքլբսսաոս ք^« ^ա^ս^աւէսառտԱե ^օ՜էո ՎոոէՈւի ժողովյթ^ն աէ^ լմրեօէսւ. է Աւ^քքՀւ ^էսմա^աէն է \^պհսկոաոսաօ ս-լ. ս»ււս.անե–րու. րնաոու,թիԱ^ր կոե^ րւսկանէսօ ձեռգթք առանց կայսե՛ր ւՓ^ամաու^թեաեըք բպւՔ աեոր 1ւերկէաու.քժեսւմիր պիտ որ րԱԱ՚րէ ՚^էս՚կաէ՚ա^ ՚ևպյսէպեւոե հր1քն վերապէս՚^եց գսէւ֊ւսօան ոտ. յօսոաեէ ասէրէւ. իշէէանութ՚իսնր* էսկ ^՚^/՚՚ՐՐ ^"՚– """Ր ս»րքոս^ %աԱչաե իրաւ ոէ.%բՆերն ^116^Տւ1161ւ) եւ. իշխանոէ.թ եան օյ4սւ.ւսօաերէ ^սւ^անւաապե ասւց եւ. կաւսերւսց սէ՚9 \^սդժ–եւգեաե »§4ոսւցու.էտւհ՚ոց աէբպյ եդւսհ՛ վ^7ճր^ (դորոկթ ՀեՆբ» կր պս»^էսն0^ր ք իրրեւ. իր ստացու,*ս^օրյ ուր ւՐպք^իւգէ կոմսու-^քւն դանոկբ կաակով^ եկեղեցւ֊ւ^ յ՝աւո֊ասԱգո%Ք–իւձւ թոոա^ ^/՚ ^Ր^"՛՜ Գ^Ր ^"՚ՔԸ, Ւ ՚եա»աւսո ^սւ^աեէաապեաին ր/ըէ^սււ.* ■^,.ո1 140 \՚; ՚՝ ՚ .––^՚՛ ձ պ–1»"Ա թ-ագաՀորոլթեա՚Նէ - 3 • \ք՚րււ ա,»իբԽյք/,% •կորյՆ/1տ ՝\Ձ^գղի–*քէ » \»>՚Ն^կա թսէգաա –րե$ւէ\> \կբրԽգաա >«. իր յաիրգեԽրը է 4 • Ո՚Հ է Ղ–––Ժ^Ժ՛՛" » Ւ\Ո^– կառավաքեէքէ |քք%/|ք«. է^րքլ կԽցա% %որա/ստ1կթ ^գդխասքի մէԼէ / ^* 1. %ւքրմաեք (^գդիէս^ի մէԼ գաևիացի^ %ԳԳ ի՚ե \ էստե՚մներր *կորւէէ. &գիւէչյի ք ՚^^ւ.ե–աի ու. ՚իաեիսոի մհք եոեւ%սՅւոս սեսանՀ ՝\\^ս Հէ–էսմանէսե1^ էսմ^ն սէսւո^ գերմաէտքւււչյի է Գ՚՚՚՚ղդծ*^^ "՚– \^Գ՚Ժ*քյ^ հ-ովևռեոացր վջսՕ կոդոպու^աներ 1լ ըեկքՏն ք 66 • 1 ♦)« 0՝* "*– Ժ՝Ա* գ*"՝^ I րերոմն ա^0^իւ.ս» գաղղիսչյի ^ Աւոէէրին ք^աաչիայի ու. I ^Շ^Գդե՚՚9ւՒ "՚^9 ^**հր՚**յ Ժողու1ոսոգն սէսւ^կք ե՚ոաե։ ՚՛ 1՝՛"/ ՚հ՛ ւսւ֊երֆչ սսրշաւակթնեոհ– եաեւՒ 9 Լ յլքւեք ՚ ՜ կարոլոս Դ\ւսրզաւֆաք Հիւ֊սիս* ^աոդիայի ւ^Օ իոեՆռ բնակելու, տեալ աու.աւ.է յ^ռաքնորղնբե^ ք^ոոոյ (յԼրր^ տոէ-թե՚ան անունովԱ քէհոբե-րտոսյ հբոեւ. դույօլս $սւ.՛^ ստէո աագոԱ^Ծռասւ. *կոոմանահաեՀ \ ^^ շ. ՝^ռ տասաԱեբորգ գարուն սկէօբներբ *կոր*^ յ^^աէՀկաիւսյէն պս^գու.խաներ Հարաւ, ՚իաաւիա եկահ՛ ու. ^ոն ԼոՆգոբարգւս^է-ոէք ք ^ոսնւսօ ե-լ. \^արսւկ^Ոա. սսւց պսւաե՚րապաւերու^ մամնակհօ եդաՆ 1^1^ է ՝\^^ոնց ^եաեւեցան էոաէնռ ^աէոեՆւսկիցնեոՈք ^՚*՚9 "*՛ ՚եե՚ն՚ա^ գասոր մարգիկէ կրբ յէիկիչէ՚^ի ՚^Լէ \ճր՚*՚է^՚^Տ*^ գպ^մ՝ եոահ՛ սէբշասաէնթհ մ՝ ւսէոէքնք ^9յնռ պաս»ե–ոագ^ մկ-ն իբէ/նց իՆկէսհ– աւարի բաժքէնո չաու,ք1ն^ գ,գֆւաօ^աա^ Տո4* ^ոք^ո^թ^ (ե–րկաթաբազու.կըյ յ^բոսւիան առաւ. 1040» հր^՚՚՚յ՚^շըրգկ ^ղբպյրէլ Հ^՚^^^\*^յ "ր իբրեւ. աւ.աա ըՆգու.1ևեցաւ. \ևւ.ոն |9*« քա^անւաապեաքքն՝ ^արաա.ւէչլիՆ ք^աալիպյի ու. Ս^^/^Հ^՛^^ մ^քաշիւաբ^ա^ կալահ^ երկիր՚ներլլւ — |ի«^ք՚էք^*^^ \^ո»^Հ4*փաէք քա^ ^աեւէչլապ&աէ^ յ\բու.չիալի ու. ՚կաչաբրիաէի գուքս անոսանոսեցաԱ. (1060)* — 1Ւ*^4՚էք յ****՛ \^արակի՜նոսաց յաղԲ֊ևլի՚ն ևաևւ. ք անոսէսնե-ց թէռ դ/քկք 0*^^ կոմս \1ի^ 141 կիւեպքի՛ ՒՐ որգիՆ քհ«^քէք(«^«« ք^* \^իկԻւԻ՚*՚՚^ք 1\ ռոա.ա^ա1ե ու. ՚կէսւաբրքւան ւֆացոէ.ցէ ես 11օ0^^ թ Ասգսաւոո եղաս* որով ^ե՛^ դոու.եցաւ. ՚կ^ասպոլսդյ թագաւ֊որոսթեաե տ թ–ագասաքաէ֊թ–իա^»^§ ա%^աս $ 1190/՛^ Հէէ^^^%շգտսէ.ֆեա%ց . 1266^*՛՝ յՕ>ժ^՚֊ի աաՆ, ար աԿէլԻպւԻ ՚^ձ թագաս»բէյք ՛Գ՛նչես 1282. ՚կհապալադք յկչ;մի%չեւ. 1435 (74) « 3* ՚կ՚՚բ՚^^ք^ 1066^^ ձ-ռաՆ ՚նսէեւ. 1^գղհէ^է էոէւոոո ժոոովոէ-րգր X յ^^գւս՚աապթասՆւսկւսՆ հոք^յէԹ^թէգէԱէ֊որասթ–էւ%՚Նեբրլ էր^ նա/^1 աէԱէոեբասօթեէր^ եահս յիաչւան 82 7/՛^՛ \յ^սվեօրներր ասէրո/լ ՚իաՆիա^իք՝ \կէրէգ»,ա 1քճ^ձ^41^ (871-901) եա ւ1կոսեռա^ւ * յ^՚՚էկ՚քյ ^"Ր՚՚գեյք կէէր^աեէսձ– գաեւակեերբւ եր^ կէբք՚երթ գւսրձեւա/ կուՌոսք9–իսհ%էքսս թաէէժ%§ա , էս ^"գ աոսաբսւս ժւպովրգեան ^ւսգաքս$կրթ՚ոսթ–էան% ք սէբասէէասէիա աս էէաճաէսասկսսՆոսթ-եսէ^ւ է յՆբաեգոաի էսւքսրգեերու֊Ն ժ»ս$/անաէկ ք թ–^;աէ1։քո ս՚բշասա, ակօե^ գԽէԱ շարաւյհա$կաա դ^աՆիսէաիՆերէւ իակօթւսն ես» մկաէ^եյքանէ րսԱ^ երթ (1002/՛*) իր^նյքաէէ շաաաերքւլ կթկլրկգ թ-աքգսւա. «>ր/^* ^քասմանւաս% աաանաա^եաան « դ%ւս1Նիւա»սաա թաս., գյասաք/լ |)ո«.ձ*, աւդլաղԼ կղղսա/ն աիբէյք (1013) « Ա"*/» ^^ արգի՚ն, գ.ա0%ասգաա քքէձ– (1014-1036). գա%իաքի , ^^ դաւէս^ի ալ. *կոըսւ.եգիա$յի թագասաբը^ք կաաւավարե^ "՚Բ" գաբաւթ-եսէմի աւ. իշխսէնասթ–եսւ»Դւ . ես մկրէսաէ֊ե^աաս բս»ռմաթ–իս գա%իաչւի ւ^ձ–աւյեձ%եբաւ. ^եաա։ ՛իր "րգս"^/^ (Հ^արսէլգ աս Հ^ա$րգիգաւ.%գ^ կաաբճսաես թ֊ագաէսաթաս.. թե՚նեն եաեսէ հթեւբեգի –բգթ՛ (1042)՝ ՆԳ՚՚՚֊՚^ՐԳ Ի"՛–՛ աաավանաո, թ-ւագւսէ-որ պաքակաւ֊ե^սէս ։ \^սոբ էԴս^ասաեւ^^ եպռր իր սւսէգրր, Հ^սւրատ^գ գալքսր, թ՜ւսւ^ իրե՛ն ^ասփըշ^ ՚կեյյ (1066/ձ)» էՈԱ$1 I 4։* գո-^^ւ^^ո^ք ՚կոբմաեաիւ^ի գոսքսչլ կգոս^ արգպյ Հ^Ր^ղԲ՚^բը^է 3000 ՛հասովդ յ^գդիա ե-լաս * քլՕօօ) "՚– Հհ^գ^կ*»հ արիսնսէ^եո ՚ճսակսէսԽէմաը^ ՚ սաովԱ (որոսն սէ0 Հ^1՚"՚1՚Խ ք՚եկ**՛^) վասարեեցսէս թսւգն ոս Աշր՚օքՀ1^<քքճօ«Հ մասէսնոսնըէ ^ոսէիէ^^լմհս երեհրո |00 ս՚ւսէսէՆե-րոս բսւժ՚նե-ց* Է-՚՚ՕՑ գաեքքկթ մեհ՚աս մասամնւ ՚Նոոմաե ոս գաղդիառր ասպեսւաօ 142 4ոաոէվ2 առիթ՛ ա^ւ^աէւ. ^արսաա^արևալ յ^գղէա^ւ^ ւա1ճսփ^ էսասէոաէ/խոէ,քժե–անըւ ~–^ ՝^^^գաո^սաաթԱ€է1աաէ^ բա֊էէ լե-օդւյւն* գաղօէերհ՚ե պաշաօՆէա^ան լթդո^իե ^եա խսււՆնոսե՚լովըէ ե-լաւ. անգղիեր^^նրւ *կորմաՆաձս/ե ցե՚ոԱ աքւրեց ^^գդե՚^է ւՕ^^ԱիՆ^ չիլ 1154» գուչիէչւ/հս յ^շխար^ակալԲն յաքորգևցի՚ն էր "ՐգԻքըյ Գոա^^ո^ յ\. (1087)ւ Հ^^ւ\\^*^ էԼ– (1100) ^՚– ասոր աղ^1րա$և որգԲն յձ*ք)աԼաԼո*^ Դ\4ո***՛–^ 4էԱ» (1135)» Հե՚երիկոս ւ^՚բե աաե՚ն ւՌհ– աւաաՆ&րչլ ժառանգական ե$րսնւ \%ր ^աթէլռէ;^ գսաս-ր ոբգւ֊ւչ^ Հե-Նրիկոս ^•ի ^ետ ևլաւ, գա^իՆ վրւ^ (1154– 1485) 1ձ^ժու.ի կամ՝ ^լանգայ^ե՚նկքէ սէոս՜եր։ Հե՚նրիկոա քԼ. (1154-1189) խ«^եմ՝ ու. ^ղօր իշխաՆչլ աաճեօ 1172/՛^ |»ո/ա1|ք«ոսք1|ք • սսէկաքս՝ եկեղեռ$սկաԱՆերե իր հՀխաՆէ$սթ–էանւէւս§կաո^եւու. փսրձր պասրսէաէ եաւլ. ք քձկսվ^ մաս ^^կԼՔ^գ ՚^^^ԹըԲ՚էԸՐէՒ ս՚բքեպիէէկոպսսին ^ասսասւ,^ տոա֊թ-եսււդծւ որ սպաէանսա^ե^էսւ. ու. սրր»^ ^՚՚՚ԲԳԸ. գ*՛""*^^՝– յքաւ։ իր որգւո^ Լքիիքարգսս \^ռ.իւ.ձ՚ասրաին 1189-1199 թ.. 77. եւ^ով^, Ա^<»^^ 1199-1216) աաէՆ՝ պարո՛նն ՜Ներուժ էշխէսնսւ֊թ-էայւ^ւ սկսսւա^ ոօրանսքք ։ — ^^7// ^՚– ՚"^* . գսւ֊թ– ^ով^ան%էս իր եղթօրորգին , \^րթ–ոա–րը^ դրիՆւսսոր թ-ասգասժ սէռ.էԱ%քՐ» սպաեՆեւ աասչ^՚ն եսէեւ. կորս^^սւ֊ց *կորմևձէոիան ու. \^ժու% • իսկ պսէրոնՆերր^ փրՏ՚՚^9է՛^ ձեռք1;^ 1215/՛^ առասւոԼթ-էւսն մե^ ^րովարւոօէկր Լ\Լտւ^ռ&՛ Շհ&քէ& 1ւԵ6քէ&էսա) • որոմ ^ասսսէաէոու.ե^աս% ասւ.սւսւսւա. թ-եան աարարերսւ^թ-իւեերքլ, Խկեղե^ասկաՆսէց , քսպաքս§^ եւ. ւսւ.անս/ռ իրսսա^սւ%քեւերըւ ՚^ա^մսէեուեսաւ. %սւեւ. որ աս^ դաաորեսւրր, ւֆաս/ն երկրիՆ օրիՆւսս եւ. իրեՆո վէճսակակցաւո վ^ռղ/ն ^ամնմաա գասաուի՚ն է Հևնրիկսս գ. (121*6-1272) իր ^օրր պհ՝" պս»րոա»երու% աօգեոու թ–ես»ն ւոս§փ» էր ։ \^գու^ստրգ լլ. (1272-1307) »սդ^ոլ.ասկ$$ւե իշխաեր, ^պասէսւ^ կեյքու.^ 1282/^՛^ Ա^էէ* գաա^առշէ եւ. յ^գղիաՆ \11կւ՚վքքի*^ի գւս^ասկասչոսթեէսն կռիւ.Ներ»ւ% մասՆսւկիո րրւսւ., որ շարոա-ա. ՚նակու^ե^ան իր յաքորգաց՝ կգու.արգ ^ *ի (1307 - 1327) "*– կգսա^արգ Գ*ի Լ1 327 ֊1317) ՚-ա են։ կգոէ-արգ գ.ի ժա^ մԼ^սւկ սկսէսն գ%աղդիաւի Հեսա պաաերսւպՏեերր (89) * խաչակրոհթիւ,ճք . 1096 — 1291 : ՝՝ 91. Ա«*–շյ* Ւ– 1^Աք+ 1096-1099. 1 • Ի՚*է. է քսաչա^ութ-եաէււք ա§կղււ%ապաաւէ11քաո.ք1» \\՚%չպէս ակէւասւ. ու չմըէւյքաէ. ոււա.աւքի% իաւչակբւա^թ-իւՆքւլէ — &. ի՚^ձ "»*ք^"»4 4–|» \^բ–ա.աադիաԳ %ար վաքչւ,Ա.^ թ–ի».%ք1» ի՚*ձ իր Գէի–*՚––Ր յե%աաքաա$՚1աք,է \ք րբ. ՀԷՏև–ա.Խ^ա% . 8քէՀ^ս«Ա>քէ>., ^աճաէքսակաաաԽաէւ^ ոա. <^ԽրյսւհսէկսաԽ ւսաապԽէոսա^ կէԱքգԽրը է X • կոսէոանգ^անւէս Ա*ճ՚^^^'%^ սեսե-սււ սւմէ^ օրիս^ սւոնե՜աւ երեհրներ^^ |) • գ.եոեռմնւն^ Տրոահ՜ ու.խ^ 4ասգեէսցոէ.էժ–1էւձւնհրն անւսոգեէ նո շարոսնակոէ^^էէն ^ ցւ»րչափ \կ՚արացքւք աէր էին կրուսաղէէԳ (58) տ ^ւ^ց երբ \^էլ^ոէ.գ՚ն&րըլ (1076) դ\;յրոսսադէէՐ առին , ռոիսաոնռ-աւռ սևսան ասեւքնօտէ նեոոսթիսն Լրե-է է |^ք. քէոոյՀեաեւ պս^գու-իէսէներուՖ ռ՚ւ սւսորսւկան յթրիս^ աոոԽ^իօ գանգասանեոն երթսսլով կր շաանւսր ^ Հսօ.^ քսաւսցեէոց Ս» գ.ե՜րձպմանն սպաաե՜չու. գաղսւփ§սրն Հսկսէսւ. է^գ^անուր ր1ԱթւՍ Դ\եարոս 1^*տհնի 7^գնաI.^ ■՚^րՐյ \^աաէիւս ու. գ.աղռիէա պտըաելով^ ժողովոսրգո ոպթ ^աեե-չթն ե-տռռ ք ^իաչ^ւցպյի ու. գ.լ^^ոմոնի երկե^ •ղեցակս^ ժուրվյթեերոԱ^ մհքյ ք\ւ–րէւսւեոս ի*ին ^որ^ գորե-լովը (1094։) ՜կրու-սաոե-օի էսռաաութձ-ան Հէս^ *էաո \սսւչակրու.չժիւն մհ ոբոշու-ռրցսէսէ * ՚ ^Ն^Րքէ՛^ շարսւ^սւկեսւ/ կուիւ%եր^ ու. էրէ^ց սւկքեըւււ% ՚ՃՆշոսա^% սւօաաոոԱ.թ–իւ% գանեքե եւ. ւաւ-ւսգոան վէճասԼԷ մի փէսփաէտի^ ընգ–^ա%է1է–ր եղահ՛ կր ։ \\սէ»»եկ պսքըագասնեբու. *1կշ^ ^սսըկ կք ոը երկիրն, որու% *^9 ՝^էրիս՚՚*ու§ ապրե^աւ. քս մես-էսւ. , երեւ%ասր իրրեւ. սէեէլ մի ք սւ.ր մարգ ^այրե%եա§էց սէէ^՚ն վշսէերկՆ էսդասէոսթիւ% կւսրեՆս/ր գանել» *^^պւաա^ աոասմասէՈքց եզան ասյս եուանգի՚ն աքԼաս^անսււաաեաօ սւլյ քր֊ մեք ԴՀաղեսէոին գա^սղներոլ% լիակսւաար %երսզոա^թ–իւ% կ/լ Հնորհկին։ ՆԲՐ (1096 ի") գարնան Դ\ ևտրոս ՚ըյևապաաա^ կաեին էսռւս^որգոէ^թե-էսէդւո ՜ճամրսսյ էրրսհ– իէսէոնի՛^ Հ * 144՛ ՚ճաոաԱշ^աւ յեհ՚սէգղիւ մասալ ՓԴՔՐ ^"է՚^է ^9 ք11^*^ ռոստ,յ քարգու.ե–ցաէ–է \\)\),\)0\) գադղէացի ու. իսաա^ ւացհ Աէսպեսէէսց կսէնոեւսԱ-ոոեէսւօօքքբր ՝ճէսմբ.այ ե-աաա–^ որոեց րեկե-րառւտէւ. 400*000 զքքեուորէ-տսլսպպ^ք հ-սք^ ռաւ ու. կրմեսէէ-որէ թերսէոս Փլա^ւէորէաառքւնէ ^ոսգո% Վէրմ»սնգսէ^սէաի% Փ/^*՛ լէպպսէէ Ա. գադււիէ$էքի թագասորիՆ Խպթաքր/լ, քիոբեբասա ՚կորմանաոսոքի՚ն դ%ւ»ւ/^էրՌս սէշխսէր^սէկս0ւխ% էգթաւրբ» քիաււՌւ.%գւ»էւ ք^ո»^րքլ.դքք1Ն իր ժւսւքաեսէկէն սււ/Խ%Աէ^սէբ$աւ.§ւէէա իշխաՆո. ք^1^մսւ.%գււաէ ^ս$րեՆսէէաքիհ ^ոբերտսաա ՚կաա֊իէւ.. վէԱէրիԴւ սրգիՆ* եւ, աեոր ^օրեգթայրբ, բարեպւսշա աէ. քսէքՆ ՚իշրաս^՚նռ-րո ւ^լերբս* կոտէՕ–1եոս ^ու^քսօ Լայս1քո ^աա-Սէէասրմհսթե-սւն երգոսմ՝ ոԱե»1;^ եէոաէւ. ւսՅո^ ք^եըք1Ա \օաչակիբբ գորի^ուֆ ք՚՚Վ^ յյէէ^ու.գ%ե–րու.% ^ աէւօան սԽգէսգւսր չօս$ւ.ոոու.էժ–եան ^և՚սւ կռու.ե–§ոմ Փոքր Ա«՚^"՚՚*՚(1097), աէւի՚ն Աէ^ա/^|քթ^(1098), «*-/» իէմհւյևգոս ^իօնեց իշիանու.թիէ.1ե ԱըՀ թ^ք^պէ-ա ի^օւ*. չ^^ք՚րՔէ Տ"^ 200*000 \^արաձբՆոսՆե՚րէ։ն պաշա^ րոսելով՝ վէր^ ասաի՜&$սեի՚նեոոէ.թիւ^ կոե-ռթէք րպւ^ մանհքռքէն լօ-շնսսպՀհ ^քԼրէսէոոսի էաօ^ *նհօակր գանե–^ ր^յ՝ ք^ւսդգու.ի՚Նոս ՚կգեսիան սքո^ելու. ւսաևնք |սա>«ւ/«, կր՚սց քւանսէկւ^ 20*000 ^"գք՛ \քր՚*՚֊՚"*"1^՚Փ ՚/ր՚^ք օօքՀՕ-Հքւ "^ առսէւ. ^ւսրձկւսմաւ/չւ ռւսղսւքո 1099 3"^/ • \օթևէ կոգփրիգոս Ս» գե-ր&օմաՆին պաշտպան րլ մեէւաւ. 1100/՛^^ "՚– ^ԴԲ-՚՚^ՐՐ իս՚ղԴ-՚՚ւ-իՆոս բեռ ռքւՆբր \քոուսաոե–՝սր թագւսէ,ոո անու^անէրօւ 2* \քրու.ո2էքդէոՌսյ ք9–էսգւսւ.որութ–իլ%ր– ^աէճկաքա ^եէԱք ա^ւրնգ^սէսէ պասս»եբէսղյԽր$յ — եաա$եգու% աւաայւ ւդ1նչեա. 11Ց7* ՓՐ^Գ^Րծ^"՛՛ ք^ * ^՚^՚՚ՐՐ Գ՚՚՚շե՚^քւ՚՚ւ %ու–իրսւկւսՆ սւեղերբ %սր^ ընգոաձւե^աւ. (1228)* սակայն քիք ՚Դլ եաքը^ (1244) գարձեաւ ք^աճկաօ ձեո-օե անցա1և ։ ք^ասգասորոա^թիւ.%ր գազոէասկաաե կւսղապարէ վբ՚՚Ա շե– %ւ»ա^աձ– աէէէ.աւսաւի1և իշխանսսթ-իա^ մ^ 1քբ % ՝իշխահէէսթ–է»ս1ւ» 145 գքխէսւ.ոբ ^քե՚նսքրւսնՆէ-րն կ^ ՀիՁհասրկոսթ–1քն^ անւֆքա– Ա. ^ովձա՚ն%«ւ. (1310^^ եաք/լ քիոգոսի , 15304^ եա^ քը Ա*ս»քթ–այի^ էսսպեասւց կսւրգբ, \^ըու.սսւղեյի |) . ^ովշ ^սէՆ՚նոլ. ^իւրբնկսէք եղթասրսժկ ակղբՆասսորսէձ– ^է ՜կէսրգի՚ն կանօնՆէրր միւսռու.ցսւհ– է^ի% ւսսաեաէ մի պւսրսառերր (այ՛՛ րեասոգ "ԸԲ՚՚Ո ե՛լ. եկեոեճւ.ոյ ^սւմաո աս։աերս»զւՖւ) կրօ^ Նսււսրսւկան ^աէէոքսւտսւթ-եասն , օո9էսխս^ութ՜եասն ու. Հ11ո»^ ղա\եգա–թեաե՝\ սւխաոերու.% ^եա ։ կրօեի՚ն 1եշաԿ»ւսռգեսաոԽ էբ է ՜ճերմակ խէսչով սել ւյե՚րւսրկսւ. ւ \ԱւօեՆ ասէ»պեաներ(/ն պասա , Ո(լ%կր քաս^ան$սՆեր ու. ^իւանո%երր ^ոգսէռող «՚շ֊ խէսսւսււ֊որ էղթասւր՚ներ > ք^ • ^աաէճւսրւսկանք (1127^^* էբրեւ– ւսսպեսէաց կւսրգ ^ա$սսասւս»ոս$սհ\ վերօւէշեւսւ ու.իւ*ոեր^Ն ղաս» պսւրւոէսկատ/ե էրե , պանգուխաներու. ս»ռսէ^սրգսա–թիւՆ ըՆեք։ \^սո՚քտ կը^ կրհէ% սպիէոակ վերւսրկոլ. միք կւսրմիր խսւչովէ \^օեո շասէ %շանասւ.որ եղաւ. իր գիւռէսպնւսկան գորհ-քերովո (88) ՚ Դ> • Դ»երմանւակսէն կւսմ* ՚\^ւ»ւրեմայ էսսպեսէներր (սպի^ սւասկ մերսւրկուսււ. ու. սել. խտսչոմ ^ 1190/՛^ ^իՏքնուէսաԼ ։ Դ\սւղսմՏսքիս քասղաքբ (1291) կսրս^էոը^ելե՚ե եաոեւ. , \^ւսրգսէ^ պեսէիՆ Նիսար՝ Վ^նեսւիկ , անկե աք (1309) իրուսիսյ փոիւասգրսա-եռսււ. ։ 1138-1254. 1 • ի՚Նչպք^ս կսէռսէվսէքԽյք ՚Լոթ-սաբիոս ՚^աէա—ոնիէսյքի՚^է է ՚էյ՚րր. աէկւաւսէ. \\էպեքեւէէԽօ Խա. Վէլֆեւ»է%յք կէւզաււԽկւրԱ.թ–իւ1կըէ 2* \է.՚1եչպք^ս կէաւռասէաէոբԽց ՚կաանքագւաա Ս՛**– սւպիւսւփ%է - 3« է*՛^^ աէշխէԱք^։ակսւլութիէ.\քեԽր ըիսւա. ՓՐ^Գ * ^–քղ–111–»–՛* 1. Լ^Ր^քք^ ^^ \\ա փ,,ոէ1ա 4ւ1է1 (1125-1137), ^րւ սգոս Աւէէւ.ւ0աք է ա ց իներր ) ե-րկար պսւտեոէսօսէ ս՝՝ե^ աեւ. ^էսո եւս գրենան ^աաաւսեիլւ ԼոթէսրիոԱք \րոՆռա ռւսոբին ՚"^9 պսաեու-ել^՚ե ետռ-լ-ք ընգուՆե-ռաւ. ռւս՚^սէնայապետ^^ ՜Հ^սւթիքգեան երկիրն1քրՆ իքւոևւ.. աէ֊ւսաէ ՚Լոթարիոսի ժէսէքանսէկեէ սկսսէւ. , կիպեւե»ս%ս (Հ^ս., Հ^^շգաւֆեա%ց\ Խւ. Վկքֆեաեց կռիսթէ սր գ^երմՏսնիասյի ^ճ. Գ՚՚՚Ր^ ՚^ Աէւ֊ելի է ի-կ \*՚՚՚աւիպքի մկք \^էքե՛^ գարու. ^չեւ. վերքը^ ւոեւ.եց ։ Վյ^ըիեանց պօրսւ֊թ-իւ^ը^ կսէսրեց 10 ...>Ո|Լււ .•- 146 Փրէ՜գերիկ*»» ^աբպարււսսա (1180) « Ա^^^,^ ^"՚Քէ. ^^Լ/՚Ե ֆէա^է սաէնոաձւՆ եղաւ. եասյսեր ^ակւսռւսկորւէԱերուն % էւ»կ կիպելեաեռըլ կայսեր կուլէ1նսէկիօներուՖ աեպ^սսկան ։ լաւ. Հո^է՚եշգաւ.ֆձ–ան^ ց^ղԸ. (1138-1152) Գ^1*^ մանական կսչյսևրու.թե–Ա^ գա^ո։ Այ^« Ց^՚էէ Ււէ՚^Յ գ§սր^ ս էսւ-եւէ շւսոոսՆսէե 1լռոէ.ե–§ոմ օէս^անայապԾ^ սաԱԱՕք \աէա§էպյհ օսւդպթսէց ե՚ւ. գե ոմանսւռհ հշիւանէսը \\ոնուսգոսհ րնէոոու.թե–աե ւսսառ-Նք "րբ Հ^է/նրէա^ Լոս \^ւդւարաաա.ս^ քյրե-% ^նաղաեգա.թիւ.նր ղըյսցաս աքսորք քսւսսրոէ-ե-ռսւէ.* ե՜է– իբոԾւ. ւս$–էսսէ ու.Նե՚ռսքհ՝ ե՚ր*^ կհր^^ՐՐ ^եոյթք^՚ն սււՆնոսեօանէ յձպռսոնիան արոսե^ յձ,ւ.սաչւիաօէ–^յնէ կոեոագոս \է»ւսչակրու,թե–սւե գնաց 1147^4 (Օ–. 75). 3« Փք^^քէքյյ**** Ա* <դարպարոսսա (1152– 1190) կոնրագոսի ե-ոբօրորգթեք սէսէ1և ժաւքանւսկւսց էսմՄնսւմեՆ մաոգիԱնե-ր^^ն էԱ^Լոք ՚ճ՚նշե-ց արգարու՛^ թև-ամհ. ե՛լ. պօոոսթե-այհ. գերմաՆական էշխսւնսւց կռիւնև-րն ու. աա՚^ե-ց ՚իտս/չիսչյի ՚/էք կսչյսս-րակաե ՚ճոէւոԼթի ւձւր է վ^րեգե՚րհկոս^ ^ռոսէական ւսռաՕթև արշաւան^ յթք՚ե ատերն (1154) ւ՚կԲ գե՚ԿԸ \*""*՚Ժ՚^ք՛ թագաւոբ ուս կայսր ասւսկեյ սւոէււսստ ^ա^անայապեսւրն **՚շ^ էւԱսո^ակէմև էշխանոսթրւ^ո կոոՆանեյ ու.պոո ԱԼ՛»–՝^ ՚նոլդոս ^րհշ1ւս՚ց^ ^գոէանոս դ»« օսւ^անպյապե՚սւրն ՕոՆթր ւան^ե-ցՀ ՆՐղ1՚"ՐԳ "՚ՐՀ՚ք"–"^^^՛^ աաես (1158-1162) օրԼնսգիտայ ձևռօբ որոշի յ սէու.աս կայսեոակսէն իուսւ.ու.%^էերրք ե՜ւ կոոհ՚ւսնե՚օ րր իշխաս^ ՚նու-թե-ան ^ակառ.ակող\^իլաեո : ^ղ1Հաւք1^^քԼ^Գ^ձյ^ ան բանւսգրակբ գնԾյոմէ կայսրն րրստւ. երկու. քքակյսւ՝Օոո ասրշաւ-անօք ՚իտստւ^այե գսՅշ1յակռե–ստլ ^էսղառսւց գֆւՐէ X 147 •>- - Վձ-րՕապ/^ս ^քէհգ&րորգ արշաէ,աէւռին ւսաեն ՚Աէնէրսւեդյի քով^ (1176) յաղթա-եցասւ Ա«/ւքՀ> վջպ) (1177) .Ք^Դ՚՚^Քւ՚՚՚Ց Տ^"՛ ղէ՚եսւգէսգէսր ու. օւս^սւ^ %այապե՚ս>1^ ^ե՚տ խւսղաղու.թիէ^ րբսէւ. ւ ՝^էչ ւՈէ եպքր (1183^^) \*"""ւե՚^Ւ քս*դպճեերուն արքուՆակսԻէ իրւսսու^յխերր (օօրաժոոովյ գաաւսստան ^ գրամ^ կոխեի մպբս գե^է) շեորՀոէ-ե-ցաե • սակպՐւ Օէսղա՛»^ օացիօ կայսեո պիտէ ^պսւսէակ1^ք^ ք ու. վ^ճ մ՝ ելահ՛ սւէո1քն իոէքե աիսէ որ բողոօհքւէւէ իր որգւուն՝ Հե-Նրք/կոսհ էսմհւաւնոա^թիւՆր մեհ՜ փստռաւ.–^ որհսթև-ամի յ^իլանի մէք կատարևւ^տ ե՜աե-կ^ |սս#«. ■՚» • >"՚կհր^ երթալու. աա^հ^ ւ1եռաւ. կէւեկէ՚գքէ Ա՛՛՛ր՛՜փ գետլ 1190^^ (թ. 75. շ.)։ 1. \.՚%չպէյ կառա^քԽտ Հե1կրիկոա յ^. ֊^ 2. \վ,պեւեա%^ Խ^ ՀԼի^իԽա^՚Խտ՝ գա^ակաքրա-թ-Խաե Նկսւամաէ/ի ու՚եԽցահ– կա.իէ% ^^ւ^էս վԽրքայքա^9 — 3. ՚է^՚եէ^ ւաԽաէակ վաքչաէ.ք9–էէ% ու%Խաք1սէ, ^րԽգ» ք\ • |*՛^^ 4* յ»–^ա^է^–էպԽ*1էս$յք ու. կ—Ա՛– աԽրաւց ^էք^ եղա^– Խրկէարա—եէ. պ$էւաԽրաւդ$Գ% պաաՕ^առըէ ի՚^է ^եէէէԽւ.քա.ք9–իէ.% ա»%Խ^րէ§ա. ՀԽ%րիկաաի ապսաս§մ/աւ.քՅ իէ^ը է — 4* |*՛^^ յ–՚ղԹ–֊ք9–ԷՕքեԽքւ ըթէաա. ^րԽգ • |\ . \էասէւխէաԱի է^Լ» Ո՛ *–|» ՚*՛»–»"»– I — 5 • կ՛ Րք– ^*– ք^^էպէ" է՚րե*.–՛^ եքա*. է/կրա.ըէ*կւս% ի^աէաէ-թ-իա^ը է - 1. Հէ*քէ1«– Ջ.– (1190-1197) ժառա՛նգեց իր կոսաանգիա կնոՕը^ ձե՚ռօռք *^^ոսպոլսւչյ թագաւո^ րութիւՆն ու. \^իկիէիանէ ^սոց զասո1ւք ^ւսօիւ– երկու. արիւ-Նա^օրո ճս»կէսէո^ ե՛լ. իւսւ մր ւթ»եգութ սպաս^ Նո€.թիւ.՚1/հե–ր1^ եպթր կրոաւ. առյեու./։ Հռ՜Նրիկոսի ւսաոե՚Նք Հո^(^Նշգաւ.ֆև–անո իշիաս/նութիւ.1են իր րար^ ձրու.յժեւսն հ՚ագո ^ասասէ ի<–/ք գլէսաւ֊որ ա1սդյե–անիՆ ^ Հ&Նրիկոս \\ռիւ,^ին յեռՆևլի% ետեւ. (1195)» կըՐ^ օս՚ւ– կաւսե-րական թագն իր գերգսասւսէեքէն սէք ժա^ ռաեգսւկան րնելւ ձ^առաեգ ու.թե՜ամբ. ւսռաօ– ՜\ձ^՛"՛՝^ ւիաե ու. ւձիկիլիաե ո^օեը ցմիշտ ^հրրմնէնիպյի ^ետ 10* 148 / յէաօրնեի սակօչյն իր ^աաակագիհ-ր ■վհւրցպոսրկի ժողովի՚ն մէ^ (1196) օգ ձ-լաւ։ \կ՚ե^*֊է^Լք ոա^դեց երթւսէ ու. առաւ. քսւսչըէ Հ^այէսսսէ$տէնի ու. կիպրոսքէ ոշրէանՆերր իոհՆ ^պսւսււսկութրւՆ քւէոսւոօ/Ասսւ^Ն եէոե՚է֊ք Նօէօ-լ. ^իսպաՆգեան սսչւսրնԾոր ղէւեբ ՚ճաեչ^ ՚նալոս ստիպելու, վջէԱ) էր է երբ. ^ալխրմկ^ (1197) ^ւսռր՛– օՀ Աէէսրսա1կ թերեւ.ս թու.՚եէսւ.որուեէու1յ ւաեեէսրհ՛ մեուէսսէ շ. \փպելեսւՆբ սւսոր էԼրէա կաւսր րնարեց1էեք. Հե՚նրիկոսի ևղբւ^րր ^1)^*%*%՛ «••^–^^•գէ***^^^ (1198֊ 1208), /՚–/^ Վեչֆեակ ւվԼոէ՝ գ. Պք ****–^լ<է^յյ։^յ* է ՀեՆրիկոս ւ^ռիւ-^^ի՚ն որգի՚ն (1198-1215)^ Ա«^«– էւսռաՕ ևկւսհ– ա»սաերէսսմրն ԱերՕ տրոսեոաւ. ՓՒ*՛ լբպպոսի սպանմամբր (1ճՕօյ* որոսն մրս/1 քւ(ժոե Դ»* ասէՆէ՚ե րեգոսՆոէ-եցսււ֊ւ \^սիկաէ \^գոՆայիք ^Բ"1^Գ7յՒ "՚՛ քէ^քէ-^էէնսչյի սէ0 ք (եւ. գեռ. կռոսոյ սւակ եոահ՜ մաթիլգեան երկիրներում ՚/բ՚լ/) ոսեեցահ՛ աա^անՕմհսկռներե՚ե ^ր»սժսւրեւ^ն եաեւ.^ ՜\^ԱնոմԼե*հ^ աիոս ^^ե՚ե 1209/՚^ւ Հ^ռոսր մէ՚Օ ասակոսեցաւէ ^աէո որով^եաեւ. իէոսամանր գրժեց^ 1210^^ ՚ե՚ղոմօ րնգուեեցաւ. է ք^սոր մրէա 11^"^//"^^ "հ^ պաաերառ^ մաՆ ատ1/նք գերէ/աՆիաւի մէՕ ^ակառւսկսէթոո, կսչ^սր րհարու^եռաւ. Հ^էքնրիկոս ք^*ի՚ն որգթև Փր"Գ"րիկ՛"՛* 1ձ,"իԿ"ւո ^""Րւե՚՚ւոէ փք՚ւ^՚՚՚է՛^՛^" 1^՚*՚գ՚*"–"րք՛^ * Ւ"Ղ Ո^"^ ^ովՀան՚նե՛՛ ^Շէ^Գդե՚^քի թ սէգաւ-որիւե ^ետ գաշնա^ կցեցաւ.է յձակայն ք\թո՚Նք ^Ոէ֊վե՚Նի ք՚^՚Լ^ րոլորովէե ւսւղթու.ելե*^է եաեւ. (1214), գերմանիւսյի գրեթե Սէւ/է1Ա իշիէանՆերր ղ^կբ թ՜ւ^դ՚՚՚-ցք՚ե ք եւ. Փրե՚գերիկոս (1210) քՅ-ագսւսոր պսակոսեցասէ \րեռաւ. ք\քժոն 1218^1» ՚/՛ . .:/ ^ Ի՛՛՛ "րգթէ պսակոսկաւ Ա^41/1 «^^ 1215/*« 11 ■ ՚ \ 149 |^լ #1/ մեհ՛ կայսեր եառսւմարոսթեաե առւսՕ^ն աօւ*. րք՚^երր կր տիր^ր գ.երմանիպքի ու. իասւչիւ^ի մէ^^ իորքւն իասղաոու.թ^ւ.% ք որոմ օայսղպբներր շատ է^աւի, ԼեցսւԱ* եւ. ռհ<էԱ%ոԾնոէ.ան սէ9 սւռուսքու֊ր ու. սէոոս^ 1քսսէ շատ էսւռսսՕառան \Ղօր Փրեգե-րքւԼոս փորձեց \\էկէլէս՚ե իր իշբէսԽոս^ ^ թ եան գլխասոր աեւ^ րնեէՀ ^պյց րբրեա. թւսգս/սոր իաաւրռ§ սէսու/ կր սաառՆար ռւս^սհէաւստաետք»ն աշ–^ խար^ակաե իշխանոսթես^ւ \\սոր ^ս/ւ/ար իչկկս/ռա^ վարոսքժիւ^ր^ կւասրու^թ եսԽ եւ. ռսւ^անաաւսաեաոս–»^ թեան յ^-Օ անվերՕաեալէ կռիւ. մի կր գԱե առՕեւ^իս : Փրեգերքւկոս \էնՆոմկենս», Գ*փ 1սոաքաէսցասէ \^իկիլր՚մն է/ւ.յ^/> ՀեՆրեկոս որգւ-ոյն աալու.ք եւ. երրօրբ գերմանսէ^ ^ ^օ/Ն կայսրոսթեան ^ետ չմրսւցրՆելոսՀ ք^սոց ռա^ա^ ^այապեսւ^ մ1ս^ու.աե1^ \\Հ\^) եպթր^ ՕյԼեՆրէկոս յ^ոսաաիայի գու^ս եւ. 1220^^ ^ռոմէական թս$գա^ յլ.որ րնէորեւ սւոսէսււ 1^<">/՛ փոքսւսրկն ք(նորէոս գ^^^ն (\.^ս\յք*^) կ՚^յ՚՚Ր պսո՚կոսասհ^ սււոեՆ երգու.մ՝ րյւաէ^ք որ գա\ն եոեւու. ժամաևւսկ էսոսէոացսւհ– \սաչակրու^ թ՚եաե երթսսյ» /(<*7/ք ""՚ բ-անս էոարւ.գ էոարե ու.շսւ^ Տ"^Ց* ^ՐԳ ^ՐՒ Փր^Գ^րԻԿ*"՛ (1227) վերջապես Գւաոեսսէթե երթալու. ՚ճամխաւ եւաւ–ք Բ՛՛ԱՅ "Ր՚ԼՌ ^Ր եաքչլ գարձասք Գրիգոր թ.. (1227 - 1 241) ^1(թ^ չւանսէգրեռ։ ՝\^ւ%աաե% Փր"՚Գ"՚րիկ՚"՚ք Զ՚՚ՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ 1""՛*՛ ՝ ^^կը"»–(^եաԱ գնաց (1228-1229)» րԱգու^եցաւ. դաշթևթով^ զիրոէ-սւսզ^մ՝ եւ. իւկբ Գ^կբ ք^ագասոր պսսՅկել էոոսաս (քծ*» 7Ց)< Ա^" եոահ՜ ժւսմս$նակ Ա^ի* ըմէւցիք քա^անօցւսաետակսէն պօրռերօւՆ ^եա մէաս՛^ ցահ– ՚իսքալիւ^ի տ^0 կւ^սերակաե երկիրներում ՚Խ*91 աւսր^ւսսկեցէսեՀ ՝\յրր– կ^^յ՚՚Ր^ "՚" գէսրձսէԱյ մո%աեց էաասաակաԱ ՚ք^րԲՐ եւ. \քկեդեցւ.դք աեր՚"՚1մ ետե սսէ^^ մա^ներր մաեելու. կր սպսւոմար* սակայն Ս* գերմա*^ 150 նոսի իւ աղա ղու թե ամի իր ու. ^րՒԳ՚՚Ր ^՝Փ ՚^9 եղահ՛ կռիւ-քլ գագրևցաււ ՚Դտ^ ■՚՜՜՝՝ 4։* ՓԲ^Գ^բ1՚Կ"՚՚Ւ ^^"–""–յ՚՚բ՚՚՚֊թ՜ե*"՛^ աաձ՚Ն ք գերմաեիսչյի մէք ի սկղբաե \քեկհլպհրգ \\ոլոնիսչյի ալւքե՚պհսեոպոսր հրրսռասւսլւգ Հռ%ոիեոսհ գասահսէ^ ^ոակոք ե-սւբ^՚ե \ու.գովէկոս Գ\էսւ.իելէւսյի գուբսէլ ա1^^ ոոէ-թե-ան վարչու–թէւ.%ոկր հոգայի՛ն տ \քՐբ Հաքնրիկոս \\ճէՕԼ) իշ^աեու-թիւ-նր ժևեռօ ւսո֊էսսք >օ/»» գհմ՝ Սէպսս1էսմհ.եւու. փռոճ փոոճՕքԱ եւ. \ոմպւսոսէսէռւ.ոռ ^եէո միաոսասէ \\ակէԱքն կ՚^՚՚րՐ ԳՐկԸ Վյէրմսի յ^՚՚Հ^ չւոյևօ՜օ (1235) ՚»*– 1ձ,Բ"^ւե^է "^9 բ**»ետարկեւ տոէ^աս^ ու֊բ մեռաւ. աւ 124:2/՛^» Փր"՚գերք*կ"՛՛ էր ՜կոնրսւգոս որ^ գՒ՝^ ք Հո-՚՚մայ թագւաւոր րնաոե-ւ ասւլ^ն ձ՜աեւ֊ք քժո–^ ոու֊ց ^երմանհաե^ սէյ մ՝ տսւ ^ոն չդառՆաւու. ^էսմաոէ գ, ՍԼ՛"՛/՛ ՚էՐ՚^ւ Լրմպարաացի՚նե-րո ^աւսաւսկե՛^ ցրնելու. ^ամալէ \^տալիա գնաց \\^օ^ի ե-լ. \^չւուլիէս գաղթեցու֊ցէսՆ– ^սււասււյսլէիէՐ Հ^էսոսէկքւնհսներ^ն օգ^ ՚նոէ^թիւսն գանելովշ ^աոթե-ց ^կոյեԱի* 2օ ու. 27/՛^ (լ237) գորգէ՚նուոփւցի ճակաաին աէՕ ՜Հոմպարտաա, ցւ-ոցւ ^այց երբ լոմսլաոաական օէսղաբնեո1^ պսւ^ան^ քեցք որ ս/ՆաայմաՆ հրէ/ն ^պէստակԱն ք էաևճն չառրե*^ եւ. աաաերասօմի շարունւսկեցթևւ ^ա^աեէաապետր ԼՓրեգերիկոս/ւ սէկ րնէսկան որգւ֊ոյն \էնցիոսէ ^ \\ար^ սորնհաէհ թսւգէսւ֊որ անոսանոէ֊եւու^ 4ձ^ ՚1շ">**՚ց՚*՚՝^\ ՜Լոմպսէրէուսցէ-ոց ^եւո պէս$ցսՅւ. (12օՅյ։ է^Լ^"/՛ ^սւէՌ/ր ճ<ա</#1Հք մերին իաաչիաւի աաաերւԽսաւ հր աեերո0Ա ՚կ^եչէ՚^շ/ք՛ եւ. իւ^ր որգւզքն ՝)Հեցէոէ»ի (^՚"ԷՐ"1՝ Մ^ք^՛^ ՜ւ^տալիպյի օաղպբներն աշիւար^ակաւեց^ ես Հպոմ* աւ պաշարեչու. վրայ էր ^ ^ՐԲ ^0 ամեայ Գրիգ^ք *^՝^ ռաւ. (21 \\ւ–գոսա , 1 2 4 1 ) « Ա""/» ա1՚՚՚9ըՐԳ իննովկեՆ^ աիոս դ». (1243– 1254)» ղՓրեգերիկոս ր., կսքցսե^ րու.թ ենե՚ե թեկաՆ ^րաօասր^կեց ք ես եաեսե եռաս. ք 151 ՚ (124:6) Հէ^երիկոս քէաասբէ Աէս^էէանւսեոմս^ ևւասո ք ըեսէրոսե-րււ-ն » բւ՚քւ/ք ""՚ "՚ւ ՀՐ՛՜*" ՚^ <^՚<–<«՛^ (124:7)* յ քց^ոնկոլաօ գ&բմանիսէ էսրշաւՄլովւըլւ Ա^/«՛ շփոթ ու ^ : թե-ան էԱսւեՆ \Ֆցիոս էր ՚Ի^էլ/ւ1Ա^ օօրօւաե՚աին ^եա \ ՜Հուքպաոսէէէսչյի աէ^ պւսէոերադմւէ եր շաոոսեէսԼկո ^ \ Բպ)3 1249^"*» պոչոՆիւ^ի մէշ^ գերի թւկաւ-ւ Քիչ^ ւ/է ետբր Փր"Գ"՚րք՚կ՛"՛ ^՚ ՚"/՛^"֊*^^* Հո^ււ/նշգւսւֆեսՈէց է (1250)* Ն՚^^Ր թագ ունէր Փրեգևրիկոս • Հռոմէա^ կան կպյսոութեան ^ ^Ծոմանհաւհթագէսւոոոււ.թե–ահ^ ՝\ոմասւքէէոիաէքէնր^ ^^^ոււիպւիԽըյ ^ուրգունգիայթէՈյ \\քրու.սսպե–յէ1էե ու. \^աբգինիէյ^ինր։ 1 \ ե* ^Տ՝ * գարուն "Օ՚դԲը^ Դ^եւՈւԼճիՆ (շՀ/՚^^/^9 Ւ*"՛^) յկսւ-ւակա՚Ն ^եդերօւ1ւ գչսսխն աեց%եւով^ (1206–1227)ւ աւՈ, \ աւսա գ$սրձս(սս ։ իր թ-ոռան Դ^տագսլ. խանի սւաե՚ն ւ \րոնա, կոլք ւգ՚Նչեւ. ^ւեւքիա յաո^աքա^ա%, յաղթեցի% Լիքեիյյի ք-վ 1241/^՛^* Բ՚ք/Տ ^"* ^■"^(.ձ^Օէէք Հ^ո^յեգարիաք^֊^^ աանսյ՝ Նեէ»յ ել. ^սՆ սոսկս» ւի կսսաոբսէհ– սւ. ս»պասկա$էևսս^թ–իւ% ը)^է^4յ՛ 1258/՛^ Դ\ադաասէի Աէիրե^իՆ եւ. սէւֆրսւպեսէոէ.^ թ-եասՆ ^բ9 ՚ոսէ-քւԿւ (ծ8) ՚ ^^"Ը ՚էբ՚՚էէ ^ղ^»–լակաԱ իշխահսւ.^ թ՜իւ%ր չորս 1սանսէռՖերսւ. թս»ԺՆսէ–եսսււ. . շ^^եՆսէսւսան » իրան(Գ\ս»րսկսէս$ոան^, –յ^սւկսւգայի (Գ^սւ.խւսնսւ\ ու. դասէթչագ Լկասպիչք հ-սվոլ^ ^իւսիս • գյի՛^՛) * ՎերքիՆիՆ ^պսւս»ս§կ՝ էր (իսւ.սիա ւֆ%չեւ. 14:77 > «՚4, Հ–<է՚՚՚«––քէ–.^ ^էե՛ 1268. Հ–՚^է՚եշգսւա.ֆԽաէէ1ք ^եզը է — 3. Ը՚Հ^ ըԽաբաէ^եցէՈէ. կայոքւ. գԽք1ա՚1ււակւա% 1* Հ^եսրիկոս քկկէսսչլյ^ ք ^ակսւ կայսեր ժա^ուսէ՛^ նեն եաես, €^ոՎ^^ո^ Հո^յաԱգա^ր (1247-1250) ընարոսեցաւ, գեբմանիւ^ի կւասր* սակէգխ ւսւրգ մի չու-՚նեցաա.։ %աեւ. կոէ^աքյաոփ* Դ*. (1250*1254) Փրեգերիկոս ^» ի՚ն որգինք չկրնալ, բեռ դէ՚Նբ ամե՚եուՖ 152 պոլսոյ թսւգաւ.ոոու.թեասՆր ^էսմսւո պէստե՚ուսռմելոմ ասեցուօ է \ք1– որովՀ1ոոՄւ. իր ոոգթև ^ կոնրէսգք1նոս ե-րկու. աարւ.սւն կ՚ր ^ եւ. ^ալե՚րմկյի մ^Օ է^էռ ռքւնբո թէսգսւսոր պսւսեեէ աուոո \^անֆոք;։գոս եդջ.աարե աքլ ^ՐՅ"՛^ բանՄրր օա^անսչւսէա1էաէւե ^էէսւ ^՚"^^/ • անոր Համսքր ^էր9Ւ՚^1լ վկարոլոս \^ժու.ցինք Ա. Լու.ա, գովէկոսի եոբ֊ս^րոյ \էւոա§էսէ կանչեց ւ ՚^ռաւ. ասիկաա 1265^^ %եապոլիս՚նէ յաղթեց \^աեֆրևգոսի՝ որ Գ\ե՚նեւե%գի ՚ճակաաթէ յէք էէեկաւ. (1266)* եւ. շատ \անգթու.թք/ւյմներ րրւսւ. կայսՄրէսկանաց գէէՐւ շ, կւ^րւսգԱեոս ք ՚նեո ^կասՆ Ժոոոաէջգ1^ կաե^ չոսեէովյւ ( 1 2 7 ) /"՚՛^՛՛՛^՛*՛/ ւ^հ ՝քձ,1*՚(եա1Խեր՚ն անցաւ.* րսչ)ց 1268^^ Ղ^՚՚՚ւե՚՚՚Գ^ՏՁ^Ւ Ք"՚Լ^ *^"՚^՚"–(^^*՛"^ գերի րւՆնոա.եցաւ. ու. ՚կեսքսր^ր՚գյ >՚Է9 գւբւս»աու.ե^ ցաւ. է ՚իրմհժ վհ՚րՕւսռւսւ. Հ^ո^էՆշգէսւֆԾանց ռեղըՀ ^^^,,– .^՚ ^էապէքչսայ ու. 1ձէկԻւե*»քի թ–ագաւ.էքրութ–իւ%% սր ՓՐ^^ գերիկոս ^՚է ժւսյսէեւակ \^է^րոպաքի սէւան^Ն հ-էսզկեաւ ե՛րկիրն կր է կսւրսրասի րււ%աաւ.որւաէկաէ§ կսէո–սէվարւ»լ.թ–եա$ւ1ե աէս§քն իր ^անգսսւաւ^թ–իա֊\ւեւ ու. րւսրօրա֊քՅ-իւ^ր կորս%ցոա.աէ 1283^^ ""ք""՛"^՛՛*–/՛^^՛–^ մ* երսւ. (սիկիլական երեկօ§եա1և ժւսէԱքրգ»ւ^թիւ%\ , սրոսՆ ՚^ք Կգ՚Ր՜դք^ Բ՚՚1ԲՐ Գ՚՚՚ԴՂե՚՚՚տէ թնւսկիչՆեր1և սասէ%Աէ.եռասՆ է 3 • Գ՚երմեէնիայի ա^Օ գուչիեի^" ՀոչլաՆասէ^ ՝ ռսոՏն »1աՀու.սյւն^ ևսէևւք երկու, օաար իշիսաև^ թագա՛^ լոր րնէորոսեցաե • քիքքթասրգոս ^ոո^ուօչյքցքւն եւ. Ա/*՛ փոՆսոս ձ^» ՜կէսսգիլիէսցքւնէ \^Ո–էսշի՚եր .քք՚Հ մ՝ աաեՆք Գ^երժանիա եկաւ, ք հսկ երկրորգն սէմենեւ-Ան չեկաւ. է ^ովանգակ պետոսթեաե սէք ՚ք^Ր^հ Ա՛ստի՛ճանի իէւսռ^ %ակութիսն մի տիր ահ՛ եր՛ (^ռՆօւգույեի իրաւու^եբՆ (1՚՝ՃԱՏէՐ60հէ) օրե՚Կք եդաՆ եր։ ^ուաոլւիոս Հապս^ "("՚^րկցի^ րնարու-ք^եսսմրրյ անտերունչ ժամանակի վերչ^ տրոսեցաւ (1273)» 153 95. Ն՝ր1ք–քէ (1147), յ.քք«քք(1189) - քոյ֊ է-^էէ (1228) \,էա>^կոա.քւյ,.յս. ՜ք1բու–սու.լի ս1^լճու.գեան իշխան՛ն \^գ1քսքւաՆ ասռաւ. ք ե՛լ. /«^5^Հ^ ւ/լԼ քրիստոնևայ գերի Նախևը* ևւ. իր որգքէն ու. զյք*՚9՚՚ՐԳՐ *կոսր^տտէւն օրէսաոե1^իռ %ոուս^սւստւսա թագ$*էւ~ոոու.թե–ս^ ևոեիրներր յյէեիԼսէկիԼ ե՜սք առէսէ, ^ սւոեսա1աեան օոհստոհկհռ \^9սւչաեոութ ե-սւն եռանգր ա %որէ–՚ե բորբոբե՚ցէԱէ-է I)* ^ետՆնէսոգոսո ւոոգոոԾւոմը^ Հոսգոաքրեւա \է» գ^էսղղրաւո թէսգւսւորՆ եւ. կոնոսսգոս *\%* կ*՚Հ1*՚ՐՐ \ՆՐ^Ր"ՐԳ) 1սաչակրու.թ ե՜ան գրուե՜օանէ \^յս երկ»ս վե^ապևա-ներլ (1147^*), 100000 ձսսսլհտէ կւսւււՌււսհ– չւանւսԼոմ մի ՓՂՔՐ ^"Ւ՚^ք^^ անռան» սւսեայե աւս^արհ պս/եսութե-ԱէւՈւք ^րւ.ս/1ե^ գու.թ1ոսյի ես \^1^§ճոա.գե–անց ^ե՚սա շարոաձւս/կ պսէ^ աոեոաղմելով^ գոե՚թ1;– աօէՆքր մեռան ւ ք^%1^ե–լ. երկու. էշբէսսՄեերն ՚կրոէ-սէսզ^մ՝ գւսցքւնք Բ–*^յց առանց բան մ՝^րնելու, (^1149) եա գարձանւ *կու.րե**՚ւ"էէնե մա^ոա^անե՚ն եաեւք է^-ր \քգհպ՚ա.. էոոսե կոսսակաււլ \^աւա^1^ս9տքւն ( 1 1 ( օ) աղնա^ակսՈւ ^ սւրգար ու. ^աՕ^ եշքսանր ^եաօՀեաե *^ոէ.րես՚աքէեի րոչոր երկիրներուն ահրեց եւ. եոաւ. ՜իւտր Հ^՚Օ^^Է^ |)ք«^Հա^Հ^քոսք^է|| Վեաաոիս Լոէ-սք^եանե՛^՝ \քրոսսս§ոեմ1ա թւսգաւոր^ ք անարգաեթ մի ^րեւբՎյ Տէբերիասի »#ք^ վջան ^աոթ–ու.թիսն մ՝^ընելե՚ն եաես \^րու.^ սաղէ՚ֆ "՚իրեց (1187)» Հ* \քրոէ.սաղ^աւ սէօաէոելու. ^սւմար^ Փրեգերի^ կոս ^արպարոսսա \\\^%քէն\ 1օ0–000է՛ կաղմոսահ՛ բանակով մի յ\սիա (ՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ է""չ^կր՚"^(^է^ ո ՚^՛^ 154 գեար խեղգոա-ևցաւ. 1190^< Ի/՛ որգթէ վ^րեգե–^ ոիեոս էսւ աւեսււ. ռանաե^ մեհ՛ մասովդ Դ\ադոմաւիսի սւռՕէռ X / գորսչւի ու. փհւր՚Կ՚Կ » \^՚–գ^՚**"՚*>՛ է ^^^դդե՚՚^Ւ ^՚^Գ""^^ որներր ԳՀւսոԵսէոքէե ՚նէսւ^Ծռքէն եւ. ՝\եոբո§էուէս յ^ւսսւոէ^ ացւ.ոիւ ^ե՚սւ ԳՀաղուէսչյիսն ասռ^ 1191/՚^< \յ^ոբոլտոԱ քէաէօաոգոս1^՚ն անսւոգաՆռ ւ/ի կրեւով ռաո գւսոձէսւ.% քի^քսէոգօս՝ Փ^ւ/՚՚Կ՚Կ՛"՛ յձ,է֊գոսս։ոսէ% ւսւ թողուսւդ՛ ք ^ւսոեագրեցօէւ. \քՈու.սսսոեյ1սէ ասռՕեւ.1^ ^եռանէսլոս*– \Փպրոսհ թւսգաւոոոէ^թէսՆր զոր ^ւս՜ճ^^ձ-ր^՚ն առէսհ՚յ էր ք Վհսէէսոիս I ոսս^էաՆ^ թոո սասէլովէ քիՐքսւրգոս գւսբձւս& սւսա1^ , \էոբւ»րոոէւին ձեո-քՆ քէն» կաա֊ է եւ. ճեՆրիկոս ^Լ* Գե՚հքՐ կսււահ$աւ–որսւ.թեւէ»% *^9 աաս^եռ ւֆՆչթւ. 11Ձ4՛ Ղ՚՚՚*Դ՚էՒ՚՚Ս^^ "՚՜ ^ք՚ր*1ւ՚»^է՚՚՚յ^^ 1212^% լԼ«//<էք գասռսո ^ւսռաոսււոր ս»ղստ գերի հյնասլով հ–աէրտու.եռաՆ ւ յ^^գր^սէս Հ^»ւ%գսէրիաւի թ$աէգսէա^ոըք§ե ձեո-օ ղարկսէե– իէւսչակրոլ.թ–իւ^»Ն ՛ու (1218) ՛Առանց Հեա, աեւ-ոա^թ եան ^սւս ։ 3. Փր^գ^րիկ"" Ռ* Կ՚^^րը (73) 1228/՚^ք \քրու–սէսոԼ–ւ/՝ գնէսց ^ (Զ"Ր1"*ՐԳ է՚ս՚չչքկրոէ-ք^ 1"^ է) գըր ք^^էքթոաք^^յ՝ ե՚ւ.*կէսզսյրէ^քժ օւսղպթնԾրոսն ^ռ-սէք |)/ք«.Հ«. գէսՆ ^եսէմրէեգհասէսէցրկն գստ^րկըոէ/ րնգոԱ^ասՆ հր* աք ^*^/Տ Ւր Գ՚^"–^ւ*՚ւ1^ եսէԱ-լ-ք ՎՀսէոեսէորնի օրիսսաոՆէրց է> I *^ճ. երկպառակոսթիւ^ԱԱեր երաՏն^ որով 1244/՛^ \օովարկօմեանռ \քրոսսաո^ւՐ սէշրէւսր^Աքկւսէե՚ցք^քք սոր ռրհսէՈոՆե՚պւռ սէյ մ՝ սււ չԼրցան ս»ո^ու.լ% ՚յօ. Լ–^է1.«.ւ«.1. յ*,–ք«–ււչ–1ը ւշօ4–ւ261. I 1 • ի՚^ձ. ՚^––՚^>՚՚ռէսւ. ^իՏեաա.եյւ*աւ. քա։ա(քե$աւկաԽ կ»Հքււքաւ.թ–իաՖ։^ է — 2 • »^սւ\քէ՛ լ. կոստանգքէնոա^պորււ^ ՚^9 ^Ր *^է1՚էր 10Օ ւ՛" 1204 ճկո^քԱէԼ^աԼէյ ղօրասոր ցեղԱ (55)« Ի/» ե^ղ^ 155 բայՐէ^ ՚իսէս^ւսկոք գա^1^ փքր սսոյևու./ ես ^^ՐՅՐ^"1 աուոո յձ,չ^քս/ւոս գ» քքն գհ^ւՐ (119օ)> օգնու.թե–Աէն կաՆչեռ առա^ւսն ոոգ^ Ա/^^"^՛"՛) \\1քնեւոկւ^ սէք \սաչակրու.ք^ եոսն ե-ոթալու. ^աւՈսր ժողոված գասէի, ղիացէ ասպևանե-րրւ Ա^% մի^ցԱն որ ասոկօ ^ան^ էոո§ոքէ՚ն էսռոսՀքնոոգոէ ահ՛ ՚նսէսսքւոորւ/ոոմ մքք կոստան^ գ^նոսպոաօյ սւռՕՄւ. ^սէսան ^ էաւ. 11/ սօ սհոս Դ» » փւսքսէսւ. , ժողովու-ոգր եղյր \ասսւ^ա1քքէ %որէ֊ն գս>^ ^անեց^ բպյց "ՐԲ էԱԱէԱէ՚՚ս՚՚Ռ՚֊ոէ-թհէյն ւՐ եոեքէոյ յ^րԼՔ" երրա՛^ սեր սպանոս եցաւ. « \օս»չաեհլ9բ աստրձսէեմամհւ կոսաան^ գ^նու-պոչ^սՆ էսռին (1204) եոդոաաեցթև ^ բէսզմա1ժիւ. գանճերր ՎեՆեաացէ-ոց ^եսա բաժՆեռքւն եւ. ^ունւսռ եայսրոսթհսնր վերռոսռԱՆՀ ^աոգոա֊էւնոս» եոմսր կայսր րնարու.եցսէւ.Հ Վե՚նեասւցեբ, րՆգոսնեցան գ>սէոէ/աօ>ե^ անք յյ՚որեօչյե սէկ է/ասՆ ու. էւեւ մի կղզէՆերւ յք՚՚նա՛.– ցս*հ երկհրներր աուաւ. ^սւղգոսիՆոս ե.սէոոիացի ս$ս^ պեսէսւռ բբրեւ. սւսս$սէՀ շ. ՜Լասէ^սէկաՆ կայսրոէ-թիսՆր տեւեց 1204** 12օ1» «– Գրեք^է սէւԱ–% կսցսր՚ներո վերՕէ ասսւի^ ՛ճանի Նեոութեան մէՕ հէ՚ն» աէրոսթիւ֊Նր ^ուի. կւսրներ^^ անսւաատ գսւրօ^ւսւ.ւ հոսնական անկալս իշ^ խանՆեր կէԱքի՚ն *կիկի՛^ "*– ՏԸ""*ւՒ*ըք^1՛ ՚^քյ Մք*Ք*^(^Լ Գ\ալեքւլոգոԱք *\փկէ"^է ^՚^"1՚Ր 1261/՛՛^» կոսաանգի^ Նոսպուքւսո Հ1^ե՚Նոմացւ–ոց օգնութեսւյրՆ ւսռէսւ. եւ. 1եորե^ ^ասասւսէեց ւոս՚ն§սկսհէ կաէսրու.էժհսնր հ 3. ^Վ^Հչէ^)։^^ Ցեդե՝ Իշէեց միՆչեւ. 1453. րպւց գաէ-ւսռԴտերր մեկիկ մեկիկ օսմա՚նեա՚ն ^աճկաց ձեոյէն անցան է լ^ւ/ոէւօ աշիէար^ակւսլեցին 1300^^ ՓԴքՐ յՕԽսի՚մն* 1365^^ Էր^՚^Յ մկյրաքաղաք շբին ՜^գրիանուպոլիսն , եւ. \ԳՕօին առին Նաեւ. կոս^ սւանգինու-պուրսբ։ 156 <յւյ, <|^«<*լւլյ«. , ւ^ասլ^^է-աՀ») գա\ 987-1270– - ^^ հճ՛^ հ*^՚^^էէ+ 1291– 1 . ի՚Նձ 4է^՚"ԿՒ ՚^ձ էր Գս՚ղ՚ւիա ^. ել. ^.Ա . գաքերոա% մհլւ - 2. |. 1էչ֊ «1|4^« 4աո.ւ»Հաք>ք;9 Լ"*^^ • Ե»ք**՚*1*՚՚1"Ւ * Ի՛՛*՝՛ ՞ Հ. յ"՚ձ"Ր»** » ՜ ^ * I՝ V ՚է՚Ր– 1 • Ս • ՆՐ^րՒ^ 1եԼաաւ/աւ/ի վ&րջքւՆ Նշչսնասոր ձեռ՚եար^ու-թիւնն ըրաւ \ոէ.գովիկոս թ. • \^ոսրչէչլք գաղղիայի թագաւորլլ։ ւ^ռաջին կապևսէեանք (Հոսգո% կապձ-ա 98 7 ^ ^արևպաշա քէաոբ&րաոս 996» Հէքերիկոս Ա. 1031» ՓիլԻպպ"" Ա– 1060-1108)» թհեւ. իչլրև^լ– Փ/""^– կիպյի Հգուքս Գ^՚ղդՒ՚^ք՛ ամենէ՚ն էլօրաւոր կալու.ա^ Նէսակոնեոե հք՚եք սակւսւն իրե՛նց աւաաառոսներոմն վ^աւ^ շասէ աւևէէ ՚նու.աո իշիյանու.չժիւՖ ու.Ն1քէւՆ^ յ^՛^ գեոմանէսկաե թագաւ.որներն իլէե՚նց ՚իբսե-րուՖ վրայւ Աւ//ւ/ւ ^ամար էր ^ որ գքսևրը^ թագաւորաց ^ետ շա^ րոսՆակերա§կուու.ւ^ օէ^ էք՚ն։ ի մասնաւ-որի ձ*» երորգ գարուն քէնչպկս ^երմանիա անա1ւկ աւ գաողիւս մեՆ շփոթոէ-թևաէտ մկք^ էր* եւ֊ Հաղէւ. 10004։^» եսւքր^ երբ էսշբտարՎբքւս կսւասսրւսհ՜ին երկհսոն աՆռսււ.դ սկսաԼ յձաո§գ ^ թ–ագաա–որու–թ–իւ.Ն^ աֆնչեւ. իքաչակիրք , եր^ կիրներ չվասէոըկե^աւ. . ք-՚^ց ւ/Խձ– պօրութ–իւ% «■<. ւսղգե^ ռութիկն սէոա^ասւ.է ^ասգասւ.սրս»կէ$տե է^էւխու–թիւ.ՆՆ սէ$–եքի եւ.ո մեկաա., Լու.գովիկոս ՏԼ ՚Ր՛՝ Ց^/»/՛^ (1108-1137) ժամահսւկ ։ (\«">/* սւսա1էԿւ սկսահ \^ւ^գււիսէկա1ե - ^սւզղիսէկաև ասւ$ոեր$սռՏՆերր» որոԽք՝ քէֆ ընգ^սւէոութ–ես»մի ք մ^չԼւ. ^\ք • Գ՚՚՚Ր էոեւ֊եցքւե է 2. ւոա^ՎՀ^ս է. (1137– 1180) ք«ա.., իր ^^ՐԸ. "1^"^ յանձի% յձիա^ժէր \կւրայի՚ե խո^եւՐ խոր^ ^րբգւստու. յոէ ի(–/ւ ( Հենրիկւէս ^լանգաճ1/նեէ ^եա ասմու-սնւսցոո \ պսւրսէսւմոռաց ՚\^լեոնորա էսմու.սնա^ բաժ%ոէ.ելոսե ^աւ/արէ Գաոոիսչյի մեհ– մա4ւըյ Ա115»– Գդհ"^է ^եա մէացւ 11ԱԼէ 157 փ1^*Ղղ^** Ր" Ա-ք^է-^ք^է*^ (1180 - 1223) գոոհ՜ունեաւ ու. է^ոքէս§մահԼ իշքսան միք անոմ էշէւա^ նութիւՖր զօրէս^ու^ք որ վարձկաեադօր բո%եցէ (իք՛՛^ յթւսոգոս ^ռքււ-Նւսսոտ^ ըրաօ– երգմաե ԳՐ^՚՚՜1Բ՚1* անոո Գ^ղդէ՚՚^յէ ^9 ու֊՚նեցաՆ երկիրներում ՚1ր*^ ւարձակեռաւ. : ^ովՀան՚նէս \)^^ողքքն գէ*^ ըբահ՛ աասէերաոաւերու.՚1ւ սհ^ "՛ի աշքսար^ակսէաեց *կոր^ մանաիան ք յ^ժույեք ^ոօւդիե՚ե եւ. օաեի ւՐ ուրիշ գսէէ^առներք ռորոնք թւսգին ^եա յիաց^ելով^ իր ւսւաաոէ-թեա՚նցր ՚/Ր՛՛^ րացարձակ գերաղանցու.^ թիլ՛ն մի վասսէր1լեցաա.Հ Լ«9«.«ր«9յ1է«9«* (Լ, (1223– 1226) մեռաւ. ՝^ոջ.իգեա1ւց գեմ՝ րբաՆ իւաչակրու.^ թեա% մ^աաե՚նՀ 3. Լ»–.յ.«^յ«» թ.. \Տ՚"րբււլ (1227–1270)^ ՚ճշմարիա բսէրեպԱսշս1ու.թեան օրաւսւկք արգսՅր ^ ի՛–. մսւսսէուն եւ. դզօր իշքսսսնո ՚նոսսւ՚ճեց մեՆամեՆադ կռիւներր ^ քւսւ.առու,ռ գասւասսէանՆերր զանոՆբ ի^ րասագիէոաց էսսՆձնե ւոմՀ Հուգովիկոս թ». ըբաւ. (1248) Հք՚՚^Գ^Ր^ՐԳ "^ մերՕ^ւե \օաչակրու.թիսնրւ \^գիպւոոս ^ասնելթն ե^ աճո. , առաւ. ^ամիագր (1249)» Բ*^9 էր բանակդ գսէ^իրե երթալու ս$աե՚Ն փճացաա.» ի^Լբե աւ գերի րոմոսեպաւ. (1250)* ^ամիագը^ եա գարձրնելով^ եւ. 100*000 ՚^րգ ւսր^աթ վ^արեչով^ աղաաութիսեՆ րնգու՚նեչ^ եաեւ.յ \^^^իՆ գաոոքքա գարձաւ.։յք^ե^ ռաւ. Լուգովիկոս թ«. 1270/՛^» գոսնոսղի գէմ՝ ը^ րսքՀէ իւսքչակրու.թես/ն մ՝ սւսւե՚նՀ յձյսիէսւի մհք^ քրիսս՚մնեից վերշ^ ապաստա^ %արաեչ^ Գ\սէւշոմւսյիս 1291/՛^» ՜^գիպաոսի սոսլգան՚ե առաւ-ք եւ. չմեռահ– օրիսաոեեւաբ գերի հ-աքսուեցան է ւ 158 է. ի1ծձ "■էք–*5"*^^/^** ա».ՆԽյքա% իքաչէւկրո».թ–իէ.Կտ Խ*Վւււաււակա\ աղգայք փ–^ է - 2 • Ի՛^ կԽր»դաքա\թ առաւ. քԱա%ասաոԽղ^աա.թիԱ%% աԱա ^քա^ի% է 3 . |»*)հշ^ ^ւէէք ք.–քձքաէսւրաե ու. ի\թ^իՀխւա^ա.թ֊Խա§% ^էասան վ»ւէ»ղւազխԽքէքաէ — ^ * Ե քՒ ակդւ^էէւյէրԽ^—ւէ. գէք9–սւկօ0% 1աւբէէէ1ւբսւպԽււա».թ–քւէ%ը է X • ւ^ա^գ 1^ իտաչակրուքժքււ-՚ն՚նե-րն էոՄ՚նց վաէս՛^ ճաեքէն չ^ւսսանք սէսսայն ՝\յւ.ոոպաւէ ւսզգառ ^§սմաո 4սռանց ^1ոոեւ.ո»–թեա՚ն չէասւց^է ^"՚րդյէց սհք գեռ. աՆեէոթ Բ-սչւց ՚եաքոթքւն Հ/՚օ–^ %սւսան զգւսՆ մասս, քր \\ոեւսու.պբր պյս ԱէՈշաւանթ–^ Ներուն ձեէւբ պարեաւ ք ե՜լ. երկու, գարու, "հ^ Մօքժր ափլիոն մարգ Ա«#^ս/ ուոեւորեց^ որոնց սէՕ^՚ն փ՚Փր մաս մր սրաւն ծա» գէսրձսէւ.։ ք^<47ձք ""՚ գար^ողեե՚րն է էՌրճուսսէ յ^էս^յեսէսսեսսեաց ^Մէո ււսրարերու.թՄաե *1է0^ մանեէով որ 1ՐՐ"կԲ արս՛ աք Ան ռաոառւսա^ նրթութեա՚ն սէ^ Լր գե-րստօանց^ին - անոՆցմէ €սւ.եւէ րարաԼ եԾնցէսղավարոո-թհէ^ մի՛ սորվեցանէ \քէ^րոաաւէ ասզգերր իէէսչասրու^քժե՚անց առթէւ. %որա^ %որ ժաէռ–չմու.Նբներ &ւ. Լ&Նաց ժե–րսէրօ՚ր1ոսչ է՚ե՚լ մհ պէէոուբնե՚ր ՚ճանչցաե* որոկբ քւնչպք^ս վա՚ճառաեւսա^ ՚եոէ.թ ս՛ան րՆգէսրճ9սեու,հրւոա1ե^ սՏեանե աւարոէ֊եսսէից աւ§ե՚ւ. այլ՚ճէսդերոէ^ շւստնաէա^ աւսսւճսւռ ռ՚ղաև։ ւ^ւսա^ս օրքւեաևհ աոագւսւ.ք յեսէաթսւսրոս–^ հ՚ոսթքււյմն որ ^ուեսէսաանք^ իսքԱէչրա ու. ^ւսոոքււս էսեցաւ.ք շս՚էո երեէրնե՚րու. ւՌ՚Ծ ^արսաու-թե-ան ւսո^ ԲՐ^Ր մ՝ ե-ղաւ. է ^"է՚՚^է ՚^9 "՚^՚՚՚՚՚ն \^$սչակիոօ 4ԱոօւսսաաՆոցներ ու. ^իսւմնգանոցներ ք 9ծԴ) գորհ՜սԱա^ րան՚ներ ք ^ովէ Օաոացքներ ե՜ս այլեէ 2 • ^ւ^յց \^աչակրոսթե–աեց սէէրէեցու.թիւ1»ե սւմե՚նւ/ե ւսէ.ելի ւայսէնի աեսնոսեցսէւ. հրմա; ւսւռաՕ եկաՆ օւսղպբսւկրթ ոսէժե-ան սէք < 159 ւ֊եչքի ^եա ՝^ դոր ՝\յա֊րոպէս իբրեւ. ^րւսշաւեասռ երկիր մը կը %կսսո1^ր շօշափքՈսՆ գսէլսվԱ յասսաոէ^կխրգերու. սէեաակ մի երեէ-աաՈէ էրլաւ^է **ր ^^րկ՚՚Ա ու.րսւի»ու.թ–եաՆռ ատւէսրսւգրսւ^ թ-եսէմրյև սկսելոմ ^(^ գիւօսւօեէէսկսաՆրն գարձսււ. ։ գ*»սդա. ղիաաււէ ւ>»– ^էւ.սիս » ԱպաՆիասւի ւ^հք եւաւ. բրովանսսււեասՆ ըսոււսձ– բւտ/Նւսսս$եզհ–ու.թ–իւ%ո, որ ^ք^* գսէրոէ^ե ^սէրօտւ. * Դ*Ս0դոիպւի ա^9 սււ.ե§հ եւ.ս կերաւսրաեսւսորու^եռէաււ ^1ւէՕ\Լ– հ&ճօււքՏ) . Ա՛Ր՛ էֆ^^թք որ Հիա-ոիս . գ^աղղիայի Ք^ք^ կր^ ձ-սէզկէր քլ^սպեւոէսկան րանսսսւոեոիու-^էէ^ր կասէՐ 4^ՊՐ ('^^0սV^^6տ)> ՚կիւթ-րլ գյլխաւորարէսր \րեձ–ին կարոչոսի Ժասմանասկասկէ^ ղրսքցներկ՚Ն , ք^րիսւանիայի \^ւոոս թ–ս»գսւ^ ւ.որ1^ եւ. իր սեզանքււեւ 12 սէսպեաներ^ն , գարձեալ՝ (^7^֊ քաաէէեգր յրեձ-իՆ եւ. –՚֊րիշ յոԼնասկան գիւսւսօանռ գորհ՜ռե^ րկս ասունուաոե– 1^ր։ ^րովանսստւեաՆ րահէսսս»եղծ–ու.թ–եՆ^;Ն ,քիչ ՛՛ի եսաքր եւաւ. կ%երմանիաւի մկք գիւոէսռնսւկան վիսլէսւ$ահսա.թ–իէ.^1էն ւ որ ^ո^է^շգսէէ-ֆեանռ ժամանսէկ իր կասսէ*$0րելու.թեասն Տ-սւգո ^օէօւսւ.։ 3 . ի»Աքչակրութեանռ ժասէՈսՆսէկ Գ\սւս»չիայի , ինչպե*՛ %էօեւ. ^իերմաՆիպյի ք ^^Նգդիայի ^ դ*սւղոիսէաի ու. \1^պանիայի յ1;կ քանի առասա քսւղսղռներր ^եաօ^եաոե ի՚^քք^՚իշիւահու.^ թ֊եաՆ ^ւսսան ։ — լլ</^&1ք^է'%I ււսռստք եչան ՜իաոսւչիայի ծ՚ովե^ ղերեասյ քէսղպքխերր Վե՚նեսքիկ , շվե՚նովա ու. ^իօա , որոնք ^ուձասսէոանի ք \\րւ՚՚րիւ՚սի "՚֊ ւսսոր մի9%որգու.քՅ–եաա1րր Հ^Նգկասսսւաաւնի ^եւուարսւրերու.թ–եսւն է^9էէանեէոյ, աւՌք%ե^ ^անկսւգիՆ րւերօերու. կսէյէա»րս/նՆերՆ եղա% ։ Ա ոան կերսլսվ Ղ1Լ գ՛՛՛րգ՛՛՛նա՛՛ր ^Աէեա.. գերմանասկաՆ քւաւզաքներու. վա՜ճա^ ռէսկսէնութ-իւ^էն ու. ^ասրսս$ու.թ–իւ^ր. որոեռ \%սաս§ւաու.ոռ յ^լրեւ.ելյէե րերւսհ– վաճասռքներրրովսւեգակ միքի՚ն ու. ^իւ֊ս • |^ւ.^ւէ«^ս» կը ԱքԱէրսէձ-ք^իՆ է \^^ւոաաէօին ու.. Ներքին վա՚ճառսւկանու.թ–եւաւե &էսոկեա/ յիճակը ւ$սււ.աս9 բերսււ. մ^նչեւ. "՚յՆ ժէսմանակ ա^է&ասՆօթ– աարուեուոՆերըէ \1Րիքա՝Ն օի%ու.ռ գոր^արան%երովԱ, շվե%ովա եւ. Դ^ոլոնիսէ մեաասքսի թ–սւնկսէգիՆ ւ/աօէսռպք^երոմ, գեր^ մանսէկաաէե քադպօները չուխայի եւ. կսւաւեղ^նի գոր^ու^ աւձ–%երովերեւ.եչի հք^* Օրըք՚՚՚օրէ– ա՜ճոո ^սարսսէութ-իլքեո "՛ւ՛՛ Աէոասա ռասղասթսւո մի^ոո կը մասէՀքէկսւրւսրէ-ր իրեՆք 9բրեւա աւեչի աեկաէա ըսեւու. ։ Հ^՚՚կհ գասա ընգո$.սեռաՆ ասսոՆբ, ^եսէզ^եսք1^ է թ–սէգաւ.որ՚ներ^Ն այւեէ֊աատււ արաօեու^ 1^իւ.ս%եր . իՆչպկս Նաւա^էսնգսսէի է մսՀօոի սէօասւու.թ–իւ.Ն է 1241^^ կազէքեռիՆ ^ասմպու֊րկ ու. Ղիւ-պկօ ւսուաքին Հաաւնսաաւն Հառեւսէրսւկաեէ ըՆկերոէ-թ-իւ-՚նը)» (^սիկայ ու.Ներ 1300^^ 60 աՔ*՚՚դ*՚1ք*\\՚՚կից ղաա գրուեոասն իէե/*1ր գորհ–ակաԼԱւ.(9–իսն^ Ներք .քէնչպե" ՀոՆաո՚նի , ԳՀրիւ.կկկի ,*կովկորոսւէւ ւ1կ9է Ըյեկե^ րու.թ–իւ.էւն ու՛ներ Նաւասաոորմիէ^եր եւ. կաեոնաւորեասւօօրռ ւ 4* ՎերՕաա^ս "Ան կրէ^ասկսէն "գին որ \քւրոպա^ հիները ւ^եւեչք երթ-աքու. յ՚՚ԸԳ՚՚րհց է յ/"""–"՛^ րերաւ. Նասեւ. գոթ-էսկաՆ (աւեւի ^իշգ է ^ի*–" ՚ գաղօիս՚կան՝\ ՜ճասր^ 160 սէսէրսէպեսաութեէսւդ. շի՚նսւ.սւձ– փառւսւ–1էր եկեոի՚չաիՆերրէ \1^գրօէւ$պւէէ.րկի </ս^/» եկեղեցին, ^՚ի . գէսբու% ՚^9 գո֊ թ-էսկան 7ճւսրսօսրսւպեաոու.թ–1քսէն սւռս/քի՚Ն գեու1անս»կաե յիշաաա^ է, որ կոլոնիաքի »^ր եկեղե^իով^ (1248/^ »կէւս»ե՚՝\ իր կէսսաասրելսէ-թ-եան ե-սւգր ^ասասւ. է ձր–*.թ–Խ։սհքա» \^՛ րթ սկ—էսւ. քւք^**»Լ* — 2 • |« ^Լ ՚եաէբ ՚կրօԱեեր ^ւէ»ւսէէԱէսաէւե^ա»»% յ«« 1ո, յ՝1յԼ * գ՚՚՚ք^Ր"*^ *^ք՛ \ք՚ ՐՐ– ^>*՚–****»աուեւքԱւՆ վէրւս՚^կ^սկԽա^քօ ոէ.՚իէէաՌ1հքէկԽաււ^§ռ ք յլ • \\ՐԳ^^ էսաչաեոոսթեոսեռ սկսԾլու. ւսաէքկ աքէստ^անաւսէաե-պք իբրսւ. սսնոնց սկզբևսէպէԱէո՜ճէսռ. ու. ՚Ւ՚՚ւփք^ Ձ՚՚՚՜Ց՚՚՚՜Ց^ Ւր^՚^Ձ աէէտառքէն ՚ճոիէու^ թիսՆրւ ^այ^ ռա՚^աՆսչւապեէՈսւկսաե էշիւաեու.թէէյ§ւե իր բսւրճոութէոսՆ գագ$սթր ^ասաւ. ^ \է1>եոմեէքեէոհոս^ գ.. *^Գօր ե՜լ գիաոսն անձի՛ն ձեռօբ (1198-1216)– յձէսկայն ւսսոր ւսւՕորգւսօ սւսէե՚ն ռսւ^սսնսոասպ1քէոաեան իշ(սանու.թիււ^1ւն սեսստւ. եւսմաց եամաց իյ%սււ ու. բու՛ն ղօրէսւ-ւէր *^սէոու.ահ–Ն րնգուՆե՚ցւսւ ^ոնիփակիոս Ր»ի ժէսւ/անան ք Փի/Ի՚՚/"Տ"" Ղ՝"Գ"^տՒղ Ղ^^՚Դդե^ի քօ^ս՚գէԱէ––՛ ոոկ^նէ ^սւ^աՆաէՍսպՄէուսեան աթոռոյն ^սե՚նիոն փո՛^ ի՚ագրու.&չովըՌ30ծ–\3 7 օ) քա^անպյապևաք գազ^ ղրսչյի թ ագսէւորառ սւզգեցութեան սւակ ի1նկան– որով իրեՆռ ՜&ոիւոէ-թիսնր շասէ ՚նոէ-սւռեցսււէ 1^<՚^4՜ ղատ եկեղերցսդ^ ւ/եհ– ^ե-րձոսահ-ր ^1օ7օ~1417/ Օէս^ւսնւաաէսեոոէսռ ^երորՆսւկոսթե-ան իւ՚նէսէու^ մե^ Նսւակս գորհ-սւկից օ՜ոաւ (քՏ»* օ4)* Հէ ՜կկեղե-ռսու թիկույևբ սոոո կրօնէսւորակաԱ կէսրգսւց ւ/րսչյ \սաչակրաց ւսւոե՚նք աւ–ե՚§ցան ե՛րկու.. մհսուսցիկ կրմմներ աւ X Ս • ^ենեգիկաոսի կասՆո՚ն%երօւ.% 4ր*^՝ ^էսսսէւսսասւ֊սէ^ վս/եքերուն մկքյ յէաևձու%օ ^ոգեւոր կր1Ձ–ոա.թ–իւձ՚հ1րր(/նէ դաս» կրլ պէսրւսպ(^ի՚Ն Դւաէւ ձեււ«սգոր^ի եւ. գիրք Է^Գ^բծ՜՛ Նակեչսւ. է ձ՝ • ^*– Ժ*ՍԼ * գարերույև ՚^էք՝ կաղմոա֊եցան աքքես^ աքլւֆարանոա.թ–իլ.%ննր. որոնց ւ/էք աս֊աշի՚նն 4՛ Ղ՝ւէ՚^էե՛ ՚1 • 161 1000/^^) ^բԲ^՚՚՚^ւե Ք՚՚՚ւ* "ր՛"–^ միանձոէ-՚նքո շարու%աէէկ րւոա-թ-էսե ք սէպէսշի»ասքւոսթ–իւսե ու֊ իւֆսա պաս^ռ աաս^եչու սլւսոսասւկաե ^քւ^ւ • կիս՚ոեբսսէկասնօ եւ. Գ^րէ-մոՆգրեւաէէքօ ։ \^ւ> կոօԱՆերռք ՚^^Դ^Ր՚Տ ""^"""՚"՛՛^՛՛՛/"՛՛^ ^՚– գէ՚ոոէ֊թ-հս^ա պսւ-ա. ^սւպաե ու. ււսռսւքաոու-ոիչ հ^^ * կբօՆէԱէ֊որներն «ս# բւասոեգոոքՒաէ֊թեասե ու. թարեաաշաու-թ-եւտէՆ օբէ1նօէկ։ \^*"՛^^՛^ ք1*չ ւՈւեառր ^հ^էՆովկ1քեսա » ^\*՚է ւսսաե՚ն՝\ Տ^՛^ Նասեոան երկու, մու֊րասոիկ կրօԱներ ։ - դ%ուֆ՚Նիկեաեո (հրեՆո ^ի^աէէգրի՚ն \^պսւնիւսռի դ%սւդ1նիկոսի ասնուսէմբր կսչու.սսձ–\ ^ասսաասաոու-ե^սւհ 1216/՛^» իբրեւ ^ւսրոռչաո կասրգ » |«%էաՀ։» Ս * դ^ոէֆՆիկոս ք ւա/Նաեկ ւօՀ իր կրէէնսււսորնէրո > օսւրոոու... թ֊եէսմր. ^երեսփկոս՚նե-րո գասրձըՆե-լու եւ. ^սէւսէսւառեսւչեերՆ էրե%ռ ^սէւ֊ւսպքհՆ մ^9 ^ասոսասւաեւու աասշաօէէն ու^եի՛^ * — վքրանկիսկեաաէնք \Դ,^^քւՆ ^ասսսւասս»ու.եսաե Ս . ^րաՆկիոկոո լլ<^^^ա^«-^»11^ ձեււգռ։ կրօՆքւ՚ն յսւխճա^/ե երէ ^ոգես^սր ւֆւի^ թ-սւրա-թ-եէամրլ մարգիդ աէէշքսսւր^քի րնգու.ՆսէւՆութ–իւ.Ն^ %եր^^ ^րսէժասրեսընեւ ու. ^ոգւոյ ՜ճշմարիսա խադաղոէ.^ թ-եաե սէռէս^որգելէ.յ^0իՕԱէսաութէւՆ է ոդքաքս»^ոա^թ–իւ% եւ. ^%Աքոահգոլթ–իլ.%, օրսակաՆ սղորէՌւքՅ-եՆԷՆ ասպրոո կրօնէաք*.որիՆ սէէԱք%ե^ է^ւսկան պասրպօերՆ ^ի՚ն։ ^րաաեկիո^ կեանռ եւ. էրե՛ն ռ վա՝նքեր»ւ֊% թ-իւՆ սէմկ՚ն երկիր՚Ներու. ^հք էմն^ասււ.աս^էսլի կերպոմ շաաոցէսւ. է \քկեղեոի՚նիՆ պէսրպ եր * կՆգու.ղոմ Գ՚*Ր2 պս*րեգօա մրն 1^ր իրե^ռ ոգեուաարէ ԴաուդւՆիկեանռ ու. վ^րանկիոկեասնա ս»օգեցաւ–թ–իւ^ն "՚Ր՛– չափ ւՕքձ– ^ր , որչափ սէմկՆ սաեո յֆսւրսօեւու. եւ. քսսոսաո^ վասաս%ռ ւոեւու. ԱէպասաոԱ–թ–էւ% ու%^քւն է 80, «՝՚՚–քէ1է–^. 1080-1393. բաա ոա. Լեէ.Հե, Ա |– 2 . ի՚%,չ վաբչրա-թիա^ ա^եչրսա. թ.որաս ի» (\՚վ^ է Պ*Հ/Լ՛ Ա*ԺԳ ոյա—ւքորգԽցէ -- 3* 1^ւ.ոէհ իՆչպէա կէԱէւաաավասքԽց» 1^'^ձ. »դ**"՚՚^Ր***1^^^Ր ՐՐ՛*»*– * — 4* Ի%2«՚<– Իր*1Է եպթը Հաքասսքմեի մէԼ շփաթ–աւթիէ.\ձեր ելԱէհէ ՀԽթ-^ւՐ աւսր^օե ալ Հայասսէան չ^, ԱՈ1 էր աո1ռմաեասն գհ՚ե գսանոէ.էսհ– պզաէԼ ու. էեռ1ևոա \վւլիԼիաեւ — |իփէ*■էՏ^^X ^ւսգե^ ւսղգսւեա11ե որ անոր պւսրսպ^՚ն եւսքսուէքԱ էոե՛^ %կ^*ն •ւսպաաե-լէ - - Հ՚^՚՚Յ րՆգ^ անոէ,ր յհ7ճէսկր րսւ. մի եշո-ե-է^ն և–աեէ.ք մէաքո գրահ՜ գորէՀբքւն աւՌ/Նք^ ւար՛,^ մար տեոԱ գաւսւ. ^աւ֊րոսի ա1րռՆարրն, ա֊ր սաեդւոյն 11 162 Նսէր։ իրօք աւ ^^^Ա^ե՚րե ան լե-րաեպ վջա»1;^ վւՆեսաեց ու. ^ոե %որ թ–ս»գսէւոբու.թձ–ս/ե մի ք^ուբՏ^ե՚անօ ^արսէոա-թիւՖ 1080-1393) ^^՚^ գրասւ \^^»գա\^^ Ա. (1095-1100) կկիբե (քնգ^ ս$բձւսեեօ ք \սսւչաեիէէեերուն օգեռ՚օ ա^նոէ֊ռ ու. ասէշա^ րով * եւ. փոիււսբ1^ րնգոսնե՚ցաւ. անոնցմ^ մարգիօի ու. կոմսի աիաղոսէ ք^ոսո** Ա.^ (1100-1123) Բ՚՚Ը^Ր մաագրու-թիւյմն եոաւ. ՚^՚ՐԷՐ ե-րՕանկառըՆե-ւ ու ե-ր^ եհբե ըեգաբճաեել* եւ. էրգթ ա§ Բ՚՚ը՚ր ^^Ժ^է՚՚^սէ Պ՛՛^ ւս^եհ-աԱ ա1;էա ե-դաւ֊ է ^1^պ^ւո իր ժսւմաԽսևո ^ւսո^ ւաՕողու֊ւօ-էէ^ չոա1եՄցան (՚Տ*"՛/ Վ՚՚՚՚՚իւ "՚– Լր՛՛–՛՛^) * Լէ"–*»* Ա– (1123-1141) յաղթհ Գու.%աց, օգնեց ւ^էոքւդբի իշջէէսն^՝ ^ոգ1րրիոսիք բռՆ ոա-եցւսւ. ^էսղգու.1էնոս1^՚ե • բւաց ե՜րբ ագատռ՚ցւսէ.^ գրաւե-ց \^՛^ ^է՚աէ՛ էշբ"*^^ ^ՐհէՐՐ* Ց՚՚Հ>* կ՚՚^ենոս ^ե-բ փե՛րու.՛–^ Ժ1^) կքւլ1ւկիսէ մաւսւ. ու. ռաԱէ մհ ռաոպռ ե՛ս բեբգ էսւմսեէ^ն եոոե-լ. ք բռնե՛ց նստեւ. թագւսւորն իր քիուբ^ն ու. թաորոս որգւոցր ^եա ու. ՚կոսաանգինոաոէիս ւոա^ րաւ. ք ուր մեռաւ. Լեւոև (1141)* Գ*"1Ը՚1Հ ^^ՐԸ. Գ"՛^ ելաւ, (1144-1 168)» ««- ^"՚^^ ՚եակաե դօրքը^ ^^Ժ^Է^Ւ օաղայթեեր1^ փէնաեցՀ 1^ա^ ՚նու-եւ կոՈենոս \)^գրոՆեկոս ոօրսքմարո ք1Տ^որոսե ՚քօպք քսս՚ւ֊րեց* որն որ ^բսռթ-ուեաով » ^՚^/՚՚ԲՐ \)^՛*՛ էոհդթհ իշրքսՈէ^ սէքեորգութ-եայբր ք^որոսի ^ետ ^աշաութիսն ոբաւ. ւ թ^որոս Նեռ քւեկահ– \քրոսսսպեւգ թագաէսորթէ (^աղգոս^ոս Գ*») օգնեց *կու–րես՝"՚ի>^է գե՛ր է Ա^« ՚ֆյ^ց1՛՛^ &11/Կբ գաշանց գր՚^եչով^ Նորե՛ն Հպյասաան մաան* Բ՚^Ց ^այեսաէսԹ^Է Ք՚՚՚Լ Գ"՚Ր՝^ ձեալ յադթու-եցանՀ Նբթ ասոր վր*^ քձ^րոս՝ իր 163 էԻ^րոսթիսնո ւ^ւՆչե՚ւ. հ՜ոմ րնգէսրձսւկե-ցք նօ-ղսիրա կս^սքաե իրէէն գէմ՝ գրգռեց Գը^լըյճ ^^սլան ՜կակոեիօեի սԻէ-լգսւնր* որ կիւիեիսւ մ1ուսւ.^ Ր՚1Ա9 յառր-ոսե-լոմ^ սաիպւէւ.1էցսււ. ք^ոոոսի ^ե՚մւ ^էսշսէու.թիւ.՚ն Ր^^լէ - - ^ոոոսի մաՀու-ս^^ւ^ և՚պբն իոև1ւ աեչափակաս ոհ^ գւ-ոց յանձանձիչԱ թ*ո«^ա*$ ^ա^ի Գ"՛^ եէսւ. ^11 68)« ^՚^Ց Ս^էէ՛^* ք^որոսի եղբպյրլլք ՚կոէ^րէաաքւնէ՚ե օգնու.^ թիէձէ գսէնելով^ ղՊ՚^Լ ՚Կիլեկի՚^է^՛^ մերժևց ^1169)» Ա^լե՛^ ^ւս7^էսբւսկաՆէսռ՝ ^՚Փւեկէ^է մԽ9 ու-՚նե-ռէսհ– ես$^ ւոռէսէտրեհ-ոն առւսէ^է ք9%ու.ոբառ ^ոոո գսէշՆւսկէքե-չւաւ* սէսՀւէս^ակիս՛ օրիԱէոոնՄէա էէշջւաԱԱեոահւ գ^^մ՝ աա ս.ո%ու.թիւ^Նեո րեելոէ^ սՈււքնթ իրե՛ն գհմ* Ծրա1ք բւէքյց *կէււ–ո^ւոսւինքւ օգնու–թե՚»ս$էի ւսսասէեօսւս^ւ ^ույքյաս գ1էմ^ ե՚աեի ւքը ասւրի ււսքողու.թ1րէեւ^ պսւսէե՚ոս§օ^է1է^ 1րա։&լ ք սպսէեոէ^ե՚օաւ, 1^լէէ^ք Ս"^ ՚^9՝ ^Ր՛^^ գհ՛՛/^ ՚ԱՏ)^ րացահ՛ պօԸքկ% (1174)» Ս՝/^^^ մաՀոսան§/ն ե սայթաք Գ^Տ ^Ր*"՜ քէ*^^*ր1^* Ր՛ • իր ե^ղբօրորգին (1174–լ185)« \1"իկ՛^ խաւլաւլ եառսւյարոսթէւՏն մ՝ ուՖե՚ժաւէ ՆրկՒր^ սւրաաբ^ աէսրճօէկմուՖքսեր^՚Ն էսօասէք ժոոովու-ոգր ռ՚րՕս^հԼ Հ՛ո է ք^^պ1^ա ՚քը^սէիպբի քկեմոսնգոս Էւշջէան1/ն էսաո^ գւսքսԻէյքժ1ոսւՈւ բո^ոա-և՚օաւք Բ–Պ)Ձ ՚*"Ի^՝՚*ե՚ւ^ն Ծս»եէ.% աւե՜ւի ե՜ւ.ս հր ժողովրգեսւէէ ե-րքանկոսթե-սւե Ոէ– րէսր^ օրո՜սթե-ան *նայե–օաւ.է ^ոսբհ՚ն թագ1^ ^րաժսւրե–^ լր՚/յ կւսռավարոա^թէւ^ւե ե՚դբ.օրր թողոսռ ու. վանյէ մի Օէսշու-և՚ցաւ. ւ Յ.ւ>–«ք1 ք^Հ11ՃԳ–1219) քա^Փ՚-՚՚Գ՝ էր ՚նարւորգեԾրր գռ՚րս§զաեցե–ռ ք եւ. իմաստու.թեւս$էի ^այրարեիթո պաւհ–ւսռէսռոէ.ց % իկոՆիոՆի սոսլգաեր կ^« լէկհ՛*՛ մսէսէւ. I Բ՛աց \եո–ոն^Ն աաո^ ու-եցաւ. ու. կեակբԱ ւսէ կորսրնցու.ցւ Հե՜սոե \%սէսւ.րիս^ ՚նու^աճՄց հւ. սեօ՛ պաարսւստու-թեէսմի կիւեկէ*9ւէ մր»ւչք յարձակոո դ«օ#«. 11* 164 մասկոսի սոսլգաՆՆ ա# վանհքըւ ^1^րոԱ.թիւԱ՚ն ասանկ ոնգաըճակեւ^ն ու. էսպա^ովցրնել^ն ե-աե-ւ. ք մաա^ գրու-թիւյԱն երկըքէն բաոեկարգութեան եւ. ժոոո^ վբգեաՆ քւալէօրոէ-թե-Աէնր էԽայ գս»ր^.ու.ռւ \քՐբ Հսկոո իշ^աեքէն քսնամակաւուս^ ե-ան աաէլ ^րկէրր է՚որիՆ խաղաղու թիւ^ կչԼ փ^^չէբէ ԳՐ՚՚՚յԷ ^""րՒքԷ "^ ^ա^ ո&սսէթևի ռրիստոն^ից վէճա1վե եոթալով կր գե^շ^ %աոէ \\ալսւ^էէոտրն ՚կրուսաո^յ՝ աւՆնևլ^Ն ետբր^ լլ^ ""ՐքաՒ "՚– ^ս՚ոեսսւի%ի էէէկ ւՌսսԱե սէւ աոիրսէհ– հրէ \1քէ–ոե^՚կղե–յէս քսւ^աԽայապեէո11^ ու. Փրե-գերէկոս լլ * կայսո1^՚ն օգնոսթ էրան կսւնչոսե ւուէ \սւսչակուսռ օգնե՛ց • որու^ փոքււստրք^ թ ագաէ.ոո պսակու-ելու. էւոսաուէՐ առսււ-է զոր րնգոէ-^օ-ցէսւ. ""լյ կեոև-սա* գ> • կայսե-ր Հասւսեոէ-թեսւյիրյ \^ոգոսնաիայի ւսոթե-պիսկոպոսԱե ձե՚ոօբ ՚Լե-է^ոնի թագ է/իխաէ֊րեցք որոմ ^արսոնի մհ^ ասւսկուե-ցաւ. \Հձ.\^0)1 լ^է//քՀւ Արաւ ւ1է1սյրաբսէղպբո\^ես փոխագրեց ք ու. կեղեսաինոսի ա/՚՚՚քրՐգ քէենովկենա • գ* օւս^ս^էաաաետԱն գրեց ^ասւտէսկոսթե$սն թոէ.ղ(3– ւ/է։ ^ա<քքք<–ձ^քոէ. տարի (1199-1211) աեւուլ\\%^ սէհղթհ ԼաւեգրրՆ ւսէ լսրնցաւ. ի ՚նպւսսա \եւ.ոնե • եւ. ^«"«՚ ղպթրւաեճնա,եցաւ. է՚֊ր օրիՆաւոր աերոՕըլ խուրե՛նի X թաեպէէո յաղթեց \եւ.ոե Հալեպի սու,լւէաՆինԼ\2,\^^^ Ր֊պւց ՚^դյ^ ւաՕողու֊թէսնր չոսևեցսււ. \%կոեիւ^ի սոսի. գանքէհ գկէՐ^ որմե՚ե ^աշաու.թեւ.Նր գնելու, ^արեա^ գրեցաւ. է ւրեռսէւ. \եէ–ոն (121 9) հրե՛ն լ1՚՚՚9շրգ թուի, ւոմ սէկ ^ԱքԱէեկ սէղՕէկոէ ՚նութ հւ1/ն էսո%ո»–ւ ոէ.պեց (իուբեՆ՝ յ^^աեոթե եշքսաՆոք րայց ^^ՐՁ՛"^ * Տկ՚՚՚^^է՝ \Ձյ^"*ք*՚յքք՛ հշխաե^ Գ\եմհւնգոս դ».^ ՚^րգ^-ղյե՝ վւ^է^*^^Պ^**է %եւո ամու-սնացահ– էր* ՆՐԲ ասիկւ^ րանաի մեջ^ մեուաւ. (1225)» Զ**"V^Հ-՝ Հէ՚1^***"*^ Ա*^ ^եա կարգոսեցս$ւ. • որ թւսգաւ֊որական գսէ^Ն 165 ևըիւով^ (1226-1270) իը բարեկարգոՓԻ՛–՛^^^֊ էւու1ն եոաւ. աոժաեաւ^ոո էէսՕորգ Լե–ւո1ե ք^*^։ ^ւսթէսրռ բու.՚ն Հ^այասէոան սէոշսււելկ^ Ե՛լ. \հԱէէնիոնի սուլգաերն ւէսո0–եւհ՚ե եաե-լ. ^\հւեհէ՚^է մՆաԾցանւ Հեքժու.աՐ \Րանգւս խս^Աէւ և-րթւսլով^ անոո Հե-տ "էր^ ե-լ. էւա^ ոեեւսյոսԼՕ-ռրսէե կէսպով սրէսցաւ-Հ թ.ւսոեկւսմսւ.թ–եսւ% կապ $Ր եղաձ– պիտո »բ Բ Ա՛՛ք/է "Ր Հ^եթ–.ա. աՈս յկկ գրսէւֆ՚ն է երեէէի՚ն յ^կույև վբաւ կե^աե– 4՛ ք՚^ք ^է Հ^– հ^ա& աս վեր%ագր«վ^. Հե^*ՈհՄ 1»՝ԱԳԱհՈ1՛ ՀԱ6Ո8» է*»կ ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ երեաքէե */հք^ սաեդՆ ոսնի այս վիրՆագիրբ, ^յ յ^Հ^ ^^.^.ձ11յ ևյ^է ^–>և^ ք՝^^\ ^յ\\։ձա\\ սԼճտԱՏ " ւ^՚-՚՚՚Գ "՚^Բ պսէՀէոպան սէշիօսր^ի եւ. ^Աէսսւսատա աքէկխիւ.սրէվ^ սրգի ՚քկ^յգոպաաայ քէ աեոր շբքս»եա1րւ ալ. ճյ)Հձա • Ա/^^ք;՛ ^^^^ Լյ^՚՚ձ*^ '*'^■V^ **Հաա&աԼ ի Հե–թու.ւՐք ւսսոո է^րւա ^^ւե^է՛՛* արշաւոո յ^դ^սէ^ ցաւ^ \^ոոէ–սսւոԾսր ւԽ^ »Ք՚*՚էՒՐ"– ՚Կ՚*՚*՚*Ր*՚^սս>ու.եցսւս որպհս պէ ռա1էիկպյ \\արւսկէւնոսսսց ձեւՆթ^՚ն սսօաա^է ՚\ձսէեայն ե-րս. \^անգւ^ օեւՆաւ. ս-լ. ^ւսթարռ ձևռուր^ էք^Ն յշաշեցքէն ^ \\արակ1ւնոսո ^^ս՚էղբ սսէՆնելիՆ ե-սւևւ^ ՜կիւիկիա ալ մաան ու. Ա^է» յսչյրպռաոպօե ւսւր&ռքԽէ էէրթոսմ՝՝ սրտի ցաւ.1^ թագաւ-ոոոէ^թ ե՚ն1^ կոէսժս»ո1ք^ ցաւ. ու. ա11^րու–թէսեըւ ՚կգիպաոս^՚ե գարձոո (Լ&ւէայ որգւ-ւշյե ^ս^^ելով^ ՚էքհո ՚^հ քաշուեցաւ. (1270)* ^^այ^%. (\.ՂՂ^՚\Ղ^^ րարեգոըՆոՓ^"՛^^ "^ սւսէոոււսՆասւշւոոէ^քօ-ԾԱէմհ. ելւե–լ.ե§րն ոէ–սա.մր էէսռա^ Գացու.ց գաոոցնեո բանսէ/ոյ ու. գոբռ-ր է^գպէքէնսէ^ կէէէ ԱէսսլոմՀ \հՈԾն գւ^մ՛ ե ղսւՆ գէԱւսւգրոԼթ-ե-աե մո մեՆան^ոէ^թևաւգ՚ևերեցէ |9*Հ–<4/^էա (1 274) ^վ՚Փ^Ւ"՛ մսէնոռ ^Ոէսսէսցւ.ոց գսսշեէսկհց \^ւսոսէկա§ոսնռ՚ոֆ^ ու. ք^ք"–բԲ"րե՛^ |)/ո/ ստռասւԾցսէէ-ք Բ֊՚աՅ Տ՚՚՚Ր"՛՛^ էհՍՑ՛"՛՜ ւսպաաիի կոոոպաոկե-ցաւ. ու. կրակի տրոսեցսււՀ \ե»–ոն 166 քանի ւՐ^ անգամ՝ կիւ^^իք լ/."՚ր^՚*՚^Ող^ \քգ1"*1^՚՚*^1՚ք սւ. \%կոնիոնի սոԱ.ւգան^ աաղթ-ե-էթն ևտե-է. ք մեէէ-աւ. 1284/՛^»/՛/»^^ հ/ "՛է՛՛րգ ՚՚^՚՚՚-՚՚^^ը՚՚ւ^Հե-թոէ-էՐ որգքւնէ 1. \,՚%չպկա թագաւ^րեցք/Խ Օլ1,% ոա. \Խէ.,,Ն է.է 2. |ւ՚>»ձ ՚^եդրա.թիլ%1$Խր կրԽ^ Հար—աաք՛^՝ քծ*ւսթ–աք»աաց% յ^աթայի֊ա՚ց ու. Աաաւքսւկի^ոսսէյք ձԽաք^;Ն է ի^շ^ յաւքասթ^Խրու.թԽք՚հ »1հք^ մսէէէէ. ԼԽսոե քաս^»*ւէէա$»ք»աաաէեաւաէքԽ ^Խա է - 3» լ|քէ.>ւ)հ |^ • 4> Խքտ^է ավ թ-ագաւ-որեէք է — \է իՆչազէա Խլա». Լ1էա.սե ք^» ք9^ագաւյւքակա՚Ն գ»ւ^ • ի՚%չաք^;ս վերշայր^ւ– (իուքւԽ՚նեսւԽւք թ–ագաա.աււոէ.թ–իաճք^ « (|՚<^ «/&-«.•»<. Լյ|ք*.«ւ%» X • \1ոսոնի յսւՕոըգոո սէկ ռանի թագաւ-որառ 4-աւՈէքկակ (1289-130 7) > ^րկիրշ^՚ներքքքն ու. գա^ ^էսկսէէոսթեան կւՆիւ.Նե–ոով սէէս1խ ու. ՚Խւ^է եղաՆ է^.^Օշյ* (1308-1320) «*աՆ^ աաե՚նգա^ ևլաս, որ թշնստէֆօ յիացե-աւ պօրոսթե՜ամի էո1^րա.թեան կորհ-աՆուժի կր՚նիւ.քժյ(^ի՚ն։ ^ւ^ց ի^էբ սէրքժՆու-թե-աժբ* մ^կ կողմանք^ երկիրն արաաքքէն թրշնսւմեսսց գարա՛^ %էսկաւու.իՅ–եէաէնըր գ1^էՐ պաշէոսլանսւհ՜ աաէքնք Աք^կաէ կողմանւ^ իր ՚նախորգաց սւտևՆ սկսաՆ ՜ներքվէն կռիւ*^ %երու^ ՚1էր9 աուաւ։ ^էսսնամեաւ \ՆւաքֆԱ Ն» ի աա&Ն (1320-1342) աղէաալի պաաերադՏւևրու. Հրգև^ը^ ՚նորկ՚ն րորրոքևցաւ-ք որ կիչիկի՚^ի կեր^ պարակբր փոիւեց 1ռ անոր կորզանման սկղբեսււ֊ո՛^ րոէ-թիւ֊՚է/ն րբաւ-է Աո ւ չգան Ս^Հ՜ձ^ ՚կ՚՚՚ղչքՐք ղՀ^է^աս^ աան ՚ներռիւն ե-րկաառսէկոսթերա՚ն սհք եւ իշխամներր թագաւորին ^հա թ՚^ամացահ– տեսնելով ւսսրմար առիքժ սե՚պեռ երկիրր%ոսասճս–լու.% ^ան1ե ւսւ-ե-աի գիս^ րէէնցրնե լու. ^ւսմար ՚ն$սեւ ^աթւսրաց ու. ^իսոռմհ^՝֊ Նձ-րու-՚ն Հետ գաշնակցե-ցաւ. % 2* լ^յլօւ^Ն յսւըձասկողՆ նղաւ. դ*իմհսրթ–Աքշ^ ք^սէթ-ա^ րաց դօբավաքըյ որ 30*000 ձիաւորով^ ^^ւե^է՛" ՚քն՚աւ. ալ. 25 օր սւնգ»սգւէւր էսսւգասաէէփքէկեց * ^եէէ՚ՆէէԱէսծ– ՚^քգէկ^* "՚ՑՔ "՚– 4՛"՛^*%/՛^ աՆքսՆայ Օաարգոսեօան ^ անպսւսաւապւսր քԽղպօնեբ՚ն սւււձու.քտռա^» ու. կոսւկի սարու^եռսԽ % անդերը^ կուր»աղսաո»^եձակւ^ 99»*^% ա^ցաւսոա^փ»եւ1Ա, աւ^էսրէ ու. Հ<^^^. ..^ 167 յւ«քւ.յփքյէ/ւ գերի եպաե ։ — ք^%աթ–արպլք քաէՀաւ.Խ^% եաէսք \^ւ$»մա% իր խաիւ.րքէԴ^%եբէւվը^, Նսէխարւք^է–րաւ% աապսւ^ աո»ակաւ–թ–էք%^Ն Տ1եաաւցահ% ապսէկէէձՏ՚չք »§ւ. կոբձ՚ա\կք * — է7/՚|* աա ալ լվ^ձ^աւ. , ի՚րկեց \քգիւղաոէւի ոապգաԱՆ իր դօրրրլ "Ր ^ԻԺ^Ի՚Գ/Ի 4^Րքե՛^ ^Աէրաւ.է»էհ–է^ աոսւ.ս§ւ. ։ թի^.% խհգրկք* ց. Հպյրրլ թ-ը^ր ^/ւ^-ա**^^ կսնգակ մի ^էսՆեօ է սրաէ1ւ մկք Հ^ասյասսւաՆի ս»սէոսսպակք^ւ անէէՆ^ առքեւ. դՆեք^ %րԽեւ.ք պաեաեք կը^ յսրգօր1;ր |)ա/ւա^/^. Նաէւայք գ^ւՐ դ^^թ աա^Աեը», ւ ԼՏ^" կ՚^գ՚՚՚կրլ ^ագրճեա^է ւ Գ\աայ՝, Հայոց . գիրք \, . Գ/^. ^է^ «) \եւ.ո%ի՚Ա ալ 30.000 աէկի ֆաասսրել Աէու^աա^ , սլաաոերասգմի հ֊ախթր ^«գսէքէէւ. Հօ#^ մար։ ^ֆ^սս^անստքԱքսլե^Խ օգնեչաւ. փ՚ոԹը^ րո/սրս^ն պսէա րսէաի չերք*֊ • Աաս՚Ն պի ,քիք »^ եսառր , աու֊լդաՆր 1 ^«՚ ւ.ւ$ե§ի՚ն ^եա ^աշասա֊ահ– կր գսանե%օ . Ր՚՚քյՏ "է ^/՚^՚^Տ/^ աււաե%է ՚Լիէ^ոն ^արկագրէցաւ֊ յբ(^քիք 6՛^ ՛կամարի ք \ք՚գի՚՛ աաւսսւ.ոո Խու.քգս»նիհւ ^եսա առանց պասյմատւնի գաշր^Հռ դ%ե/» (^«^^ եսղօԼ եկող 80 աս»ր՚.ան ՚ֆքրցԲ յ՚դէ՚՚՚^՚՚^՚քե՛* Կը, Տ՚"՜9Ք^^ ՚ "Ր Հ՚դք՚՚՚՚^՚՚՚^ի իշէ՚անյւա.թ–իւձ1ն աարագ քւ^^ ծՐ՚Վ. իր օ/»^"»"^* Կւլ գիյկր* Օ* \եւ–օՆ^ մակոսասմււո^ իօ–սէգասսոուսնան ցեղն է^աւսռէսՆ բ /լաւով թագսէէ-ոբ ընսւոոսեցւսւ. լօ^Օ կսւբգ րնիօ-էսցռ^ ^ւսմաՈք ռօբօ1^ սաաԽոէ^ռ-ցսէսւ Ա*. սոր ե-դբօոո (գ%ոէ–էտոնի\ կէԱ1ՆԱէվարւէ1–թ իւ^մն ւսլ ՚եէսն վսէիք&էսԱե ունև՚ցաւ. (\օ4է*ւյ* գուհէու^ի զյ՚՚*9յ՝Րգոռ մանէսե գսէ^ ^1""– * Բ՚^ւյՁ ^ՐՑ*"^ ^ԲհէՐէԼ ^ ՐՔ^ (սա^ ց ացոսքժ հան ՚ սկք աա^ձ-չթՆ զասէք ՚նէսեւ. էսրսւպթ^ն թշնայեստց էւսրճակմանցր գկւՐ^ գոնկ ^էք՛ ՚^հ ^ա–^ մաեէսե ս»ւ պէսշսապաեելյ ՀԼատոնռ ^^ւեկէ՚9ւէ սհ^ ^Ոէ.ղու.էսհ– եկե–ղե–ռս»Լան իւնգէրնե-րր գւսգրե-ցոսց գ որոնռ ՚նեոբքէն իւէսոաոու.^հ–աԱ աւրոսև-ւոսն գչիէաւ^որ պսէսւ՚ճսւէՆներն է^ա»% քք^խք^պք^ս։ \քգէպսայոսէ սու ք գան՛ն իր ւարձակմհւյնբներբ կոԱնս»աասոհկ կաասէոոէ-րժեսէմի. ՚նորք^ սկսսէԼք բսչտ կոսաս^գին ՛ի* ռանոկբ օօրու՛^ թեսէԱի վանեց ու. ^եո^ե–րն1^ յ^ռեօսանտբ11^գսւ գդեսէԱն աա առաււ կոսասԽգքւնթն \ետ ^1օ62) ►>»>■ *• *\ 168 Նև-ոբքէն կապր «^՚^Հ^՚^օ՜/՚՚Հ. րնգոսնե-ցստւ, *՚>զգր ե՚ռ՛^ եսչքե սւաե%1^ սաասոէ^ահ– ժա^ացու ^ւսրոււսհ՚ո։ ւգաբաե իշիէանւսց ^ոգր չեոաւ. քժ^գսէէ^որ մի գ^^ւ % ք\է–րբանոս \ք*^ ^որգոր&չովԱ ՜կաաոԱ ք^, ՜Լրւ-սբնե-սձ իշխսսնւլ գաՀ <^անոէ^եցաւ. (1365-139 3) > ^^ց ^^ ւեկէ՚^է գօրոէ֊թիսմն ալ սպաւՆԱէհ՛ Հ։^ * ՆգՒ՚՚է*""՚ՅՒ՚Ք ՜կիչիկիաս ^արօԼաեեցան է ^սէոթե-ց^ ու. ռԼե՜ւոն Աէոի^ աեց^ էւօնսէո^ւսեսա գս՚շրեթ մի էանճՆ սսէւնոււ է \/րր ^՚մնի մի սէւսրէ օ-պքՈք ստսպէսսւէս1/ոէ.լժքււ–ե՚Նքքն կոկնելոմ *եոո1^՚և ւաղ^ե-ցէւնք մէուսւոոոսսէհ– թագէս–^ .որն սէմուո էոեղոսաԱթ ռսւշոէ^եցսէւ. է \քԲ^ծԲ^ "՛է քր^՚-^ււ-սւշա թ՜շնսօ^աօն աւէռքք1նբաս րսա^ա. օօ»Ն 4». ^ա^ւգսէ-եօսէե . ք^"*^էէք չար»սչար սպանուեււան։ ^րկրսւգսբՏ^ մսրթ սսռերհ– եդսէ% , ենեղեռասկապ» ու. կրօ.. սսէսորօ ^րսւշեկ երկաթՂէեքէսմ կւորաուեռասն » ^^սսւոա֊&ղյ բաՆր ռսէրցցոո ու. սւսսաուսւձ-ւսւի՚ն պսէշէասմհւ֊^Աէր կէսաաւԱա. 1""Լ Ք՚՚՚^^՚^՚՚ԱէՏ Փ՚Ր՛՛–^ "՚– ■ մասաոա^րնեքէս կսաըւ»ւ.Խաա^» ւ . ՚^սոը մօ՚ա կս՚պան բերգե էսպա^ւ^ոո \երսոնր էէ1$ն $սմիս սսւսաէե ասսշաոմաե գքւմս/նսււ1^Ն եսւեւ. յ ան՚ա. ^^ւսաուո րոյսլու. ^արկագրե-ցասէ իոյևու.ե–ցաս ք գերի աւսրուռ-ցւսս (13 7 Օ) "^ ^""Ժ^ եօթր աաոի ե-պբր ^ասգիլիս^է Ց՚՚Հ>* քմ ասգսէւ-ոոէէն միԺնորգոսիօ-եսսմիո գևրութե՚եէ^ առատեցաւ. (1382)* Դ^մրախա թա^ գասորն \յ.րուսաո^մ՝է Հռոմ՝ ոս \^պաեիա երթալ^^ն ռ՚սւե-Աք գւսղոիսք անցւսւՀ Հ^ոե ^չպ^ս%սէե–լ. ՝ըխգոիէԱ մր՚րքի՛^ փորձ մ* րրաւ երկրքւն օգնոսթ եան ^սւսՆհ-աու. • ր՚աց "՚րր ւսմէ՚ե բսւն պարապի Մոսէ-ք արսէմու^Լօ-եոյսմի կ՚կբևց Հ^րևրրյ ^արիպի մկԼ (1393 *Ս^. 22)« կեզեսսւիեէ՚ստՆօ եկեղէռի՚ն թ–աղօա.եաասւ. , ս՚֊բ կե^ադ՛ ք^ր շեքէմքլ^ ւդւնչիւ. գաղղիական ԱԽհ– յԽղափոխու.թիւ.%ը^ ( 1 791 )* * * ՝ խաչակրաց ւմըՇճաւհՇ փՇչեհ ^որոգողոհթիհճ* 1291-1617։ ագ^^. 1273-1291. 1* քիու.տոլփոս Հապսպուրկցիաէք \%լսւսսի աշ^ •*ո>" թէոսն ժէսմանակր ւմոնռսււ. \Ղ Գ,* 3*)տ Հս^ւ^շգսււ֊ֆեաեռ ու. սէՆսա^^րնչու^թեան . ժէսմՏսնսէկէ գքեթ-1^ ս»^% կայէէերսւկաան իրսււու^էօեե^րբ վերււսսսւձ– , ու. աւէսսէօսււքւսէռ ձէո^քՆ անռասծ– էքւ^* է Վսւէւն ղի Հ»Հ^Ն^ շգսււֆեասնօ իրէ^քօ պէրե\ռ ւ/ե& էքքսերու.% ս»ո^սււ.Խւ պօրոսա. թ–եաերգ1;ւՐ պսւշապաՆեքէքլ. ^էսմար^ պղսաիկ »Աէ^ասէՈէսա.»ւ.^ %էրսւ.Ն թ՜եր ելած՜ ու. մեծ– գքսու.թ–իւ^Ներր մէքաեզսւց ՚է^ՐՏւ՚^^ւ^՛՜ ^""^ ■ "՚կ՚՚՚ր՚՚՚ցր^ելու. քաեսէռսէհ– ^ի% ։ 2 • Հքքւ^ գռսոէ-քժքււյեօ՚րր լէ՚՚՚ք^Րգ եղաես»եօ$է– Լհրոպէսոանսւփոէ» եղան է 1. \սթէսր1ւևգիա^ի գքսոսթ՚իւ%ր ^, գէսրոէ% կեոք/ե էւկսեէԱք սաոօրի՚ն ու. վերի՛ն \՚՚13–ԱէրիՆգիաւի ր.սէժՆսւ.սւե– ք^ր է \^օ^սւ9ի՝նբ ՜^ւօսւսի կօէՌի՚ն իՆկէսւ. . իսկ վերի՛ն Ղսթ՜ասրին^ գիասյեՆ կւսպմուեռան է Դ^րսէաանգի ք \ուքս1^մպոէ֊բկի $ 1 ր«/Լ ասւ.րկի , Գխչանսար իայի « Հ^էէչանսւաքի եւ. "՚֊րիշ ւսնկէաիփ էիքէէո»^թ–իէ,ն՚ներն ու. կոմնւքս թիւ.ն%երր* — Ասէորին գ%»ս^ ւ-սսէա-սէէք երկիրներոէ ^ք^ • գւսրոսն սւռէսքին կեսին Դ^սսր^ կսւ^սէիայի գքսերու.ն (97) է ի"կ ասոնռ ռեղին ^սէանեչեն եսէեա^ յ^ւսսարիագւի աասն սէնօանէ շ. յւ^սւապիաքի գքսոա^թ֊իւնը^ 1268/՛^ ւ Հ ւք^^՛՛*»^^–*""– ֆեանց չաէրննսւրւէէ^ վերքաօսէւ. « օւ. ի՚եւ մի գէսւ֊սւէւձերաւ. բսքժ%օւ,եէքէսւ. ։ Տ՚պասիերայի ղքսոա-թիսն/լ 10704^*» վեր, վյէչֆեանյւք իշխէէէնօւթ-եանր սւասկ մաաւ. է 4է • ^^ա–սսւրիս0 պասպե^՚քերկեան սեռին սպասռելե՚ն Օ*. էռեէ– ք ժսւռաաևգսսթ–եսէ»Դւ ք\քՅ–պօօէր ^ո^եւգս0ցսոքն (\^^0\, եպք^^ Աք/ (1278/՛՛^) ^ԱքպսսէԱէ֊րկեան սաաան ասնսաաւ. , սր 1363^^ Ղ*Ււ"՚1^ "՚ւ սւո^սււ֊է ք՝– <ւէաւաւ«տւէհ«ւատ»%– 170 ադօԹէյէ ՜Հհա^պկռ ք Հ^ամկաա-բկ ու, Գյլըկմ^ եզան սւպաս» քսէօպքեե՚ր է խո^եմ՝ ու. ^՚*՚9 (է՚^յ"Ր1Լ եայսոոէ.թե–ան էէեեէսՕ՛ պւս^ աիւ-ր 4^րսէեօրոգևց$ Քյ՚Խէ ՚^աեչեաԼ^ չօւ.է^ուլ ք\^41«. քար թագաւբիՆէ թևկաւ– քՏ^աբ/սֆէվԱէի ^Վ^^-Նէո^^՛ քով^ ՝ճակաա1ւե մեք (1278)՛ Աւ–|քա^^ա՝ կսկսեր ոոգւոցր ւորոսռ՚օսսէ. * եւ ասով ^ք"^ գրուԽցսսւ. Հսւպս^ աու^ոեեւսե սէսէի մեհ-ութե-անէ ^մէ^ *^$սկառքսկորգք Հպսէսւսւկեցսւն կայս&Ոք որ րովաեգակ պև-տոսթերսւե է^0 բՆգ^անուր խէսղաղու.թիւ%ո պա^եօէ Գ\ոյլր՛^ կուՖէոիէս^ի գէ՚է/՝ 1288 ք՛^ է/՚"՚^7 արշասանք ւՐ րնե^կն ետևս, վիրք^ տոսաէ. Լ\29^^) թիսրիՆգևաե *«. 1290 Ան սոսէսաէւսկյւԽ աւ.աօակէսկան գղեւսզնե՚րուեէ |;– ^յ.յ«.յյ1;. 1291-1308. 1» Ո՚Հ. 4– \^աւալփոա *կասաւ.ցի%է է. ՚\^աւ$լ^ոսէ ով^ յ***էԲՐԳ^Յ\ — ՚՛ ճք՚էԲ^ ««. քէ^չպէէէ եասպմոա֊ԽէքԱւ. ^Խ^է.Խաու$էկսէն գսաշնասկէքաւթիւ^ը է — 4 • 1.1*–*՚*՚*ք^՛^/՛ քւաէ. ^Խրէ,է.Խ»ոակաԽ գէսշեէակ^*.թ–/>է%ը I 1 • Հւսպսպու.րկե–ան աաե օօրոա–թե*ն1^*ն վարւ–^ ցոպ կսլքսրրեաիր իշէէ»ս1ւՆերր^ րնարԾց^ կայսր ^քԱ– գո^ո^ ՚1,ասաա^Ր (1291-1298)։ \^սիկսչ/ •ա՚եի^ րսւէ–ոսլժ ե՚սէմնլ իր1/և է^սէքսուսւհ՛ ^ու.ր^գիաէե երկու, սւրշասանբով^ րո%եւ ոսպեց* սսւկպւե կւասրրեաիր՛^ ՛ներուժ շաաերԽ իր1/ն գե*^ գրգո^եւով՝ ՚Ւ՚՚ր ս/ռ^ ՚նուեօաւ. ու. սեռսււ. լՀօսի^ է սէսպեաակաե ^աոր տՐչլմէլ. 2 ♦ Այ^քէյ^^ք •»•• Ա– Ա՚-••^քէ•^3՚-•:;^՝ էիա.ս>ոչ^ Փոսի որգւ.ղյե (1298-1308)» ի^Ր ս՚ահւր^ մեհ^ցընելու. փոր^երր չյաՕոհեցաեՀ կրր հր որդքէն քիոստոլփոս ք ՝- ՝1»–.1ՏՏ«64 . *՚*3" Ն /՚1 \%\ ) »՛ » որոԱ^ն (1306)> ^ո^ևյիան աուահ֊ էր^ \^01 ի՚ե մե^ ռաւ ք ե՛լ. ք՚^1Բ ^ո^եպւսչյի գ^մ՝ ՛նոր աաաեոաօմէ մքէ Լր աասէուսստու^ր է քւ՚֊ր օ՚ռբօբորգքէ^Ն \յ^աքՀսսՆ՚ն1^ս էէսւ. է (1218) Հելու.եաիաէի Ակ^խել էդ^ պպսւիկ իշխանօա-թ-իւններ կասղմոա^եօասնւ քէհՈէ-սաոլփոսի մա^սէ^ս»ն1^ եսաեէ^՚Իվէռ , ^ւ.րի եւ. ք^ւ%գ^^ւ^աա1ւ^ քսէոսքքՆերս մշւոնՕեՆասսր գսւշայի. այ # ւ1ը^ իրէսրոէ. ^եաո ԱիացաՆ է ի ղուր ^ս§Աաց ^^Հ^^Ր^Ւ՚Գ "Ա" է ^ Հյ^ Փ՛ քսւղսՀք՚ներՆ \^Ա,սէորիայի ^եսէ միասցընելու. . ը^գ ^Աէկէ»»^ ա Հա Լ էւ.սւ1Իէ կսւմառ կսէմառ \\ւ.սսւքէիաւի վերսէԱէեսչու.թ–եՆ^։Ն բո^ է \ լորով^Ն սւ%կս§1ս եդաՆ» ^ոօրվբգեան բաաէսւսսսէեղձ-ութ-եւսմթ. 9^ ռարգէսրօա^ասհ– քէաիւ,գւիի գսէէ– էսգրսւ.թ ի ա.Ն%(\Տ07՝) ^՚– գ–*֊ մակաՆ Խրաշխէասոոսւթ-ֆւ^ էՌ չոա.Նի՝Նէ |9»4՛ ^^"քէր ՚Ռեոա. հ -*) ––՛է՜՝ բեռ եղահ– չխ ^ ս»ն ^ւսսւասէոուՆ է» Ր՚՚ԱՑ Է^Գ ^ակառւսւ^ է ՝՛ ՝՛ ^ կ երեա-այ քՏ՚հ Գ****֊քի(^լւրքԱ ք^էձ. "(ը եղած՛ /ԼԱպ/ * — Ղ^՚՚՚Հշ 4 Նտսկիռօ 1.31 5 /՚^ք լք՚դԹեձՐ՛՛ Հհոբորրոս \^ւ^սաորիա»1ձա֊որ» ւ ՚ : Ա<ք»/ք Հ/>ս^ ՝Լուցկո%ք Օյ՚՚-ԲՒհ՚ք կչարիս, Ը^սւ.կ եւ. <1| 4՚«–^ գէսշն»սկռու.թ–եաՆ *քհ9 է1ասւ% է 4* \^՚՚֊*"՚*րէ*՚քյէ ^եսա սւսււոերապՏներր սաեսեյքի՚ե ւԴէնչեէ^ ք ձ*\^ * 7–՛"/" \ՅՏ&ք՛^ ք՚^կ*՚՚է–\յ»՚»Բ՚՚Ըք*՛"՛ Աե՚Օ՚-ախի ՚ճսէկէէէԱէի՚ն ձ ՚^ճ.* 1415|«^ աշխար^ակաչեյքի՚Ն Հեչոա^եաայքիք \ՃՐ^՚՚"–Ւ Տ ՚ւհք եղահ– ^ւէւպ»էպսւ֊բկեաաւՆ էոան էէսւէսօուսէ^էեբըէ (^«"՚/՛ վրայ փրեգերիկոս Դ« . կայսեր (կարոչոս ՜^ . կ%սէղպիայի թ–էսգսււ.որկ% էրե%օ գհ»1* օգեսԽ. թեասՆ խս»ա–րու»սե–՝\ 40*000 վարձկանապօրու֊՚ն ալ (^քա&^Տ&ՕՏ) 1 444^^ քա9»ւ.թ–եայի. ւաոքՏ–ե/ե^ եւ. ^ծ*՚՚սրկւսւձ աւէ%եւ^% եսաեւ. , %ոսա՝ճեօի%1եաււ.. ես Գ\օէ֊ոկու.%ս»իայի ^ղօր իշխւսՆը^ 1476^^* « ճՆգեւոսաանԴւերորգ գէ^րու.% \^^է^%օե1է ՜Րաֆ^աւէլ^Ն , ՚ՎասԱ^ս է Գէրւաաուրկէ \յւաւոթ ու.էւ.ն է ՚^«<՚9^/ եւ. կրսաւ.^ աիւ%գե^ քաղպք^երՆ ւսլ ^ելոսեասէկահ գասշնակ^էւա–^ թ-եան ա^ք մաա՚ն։ 1535^^ կ(^՚^ֆ հ%ք ՚քե՚^ք օաւ֊դյակա՚Ն իշխաեոէւ13–ե%^1;՚ն ասռասա ըրաւ. ՝ եւ. ^ե՚՚^ոիյլ աո-թն Լմէնչեւ. այս ժս$յՆԽւսկ սաւ–ղւ*»*կաՆ^ Վ»սէոչանսքձյի~^^^ ՜ՎեԽաֆսւ լռական խաղադռւթ-եսււդլ (1648) Հ^ե^ւեսաիա իբրեւ. ^եոէէաՆիէսյե՛^* բււլոոսվ^ն բ»սժ%ու.էսձ– ^անբւսպեա »»»ււ֊թ–իւ.% ՜ճէսՆչբոսեձ""– է Հ՝՝ 172 ^«.յ.՝1308–Ա37. 1* \»՚%^սղհ– կառ$էէվաքեյ ՀԽ^ր » է^ • 1*Ր^^ "՚Հ. յ—է^ՐԳ^Յ* — 2 • ի ^ձ ՚"՛^՛**՛՛^ վաբչրւթ-իէՆ ու-ՆԽյքսւ. \^ւաւրոլոօ ՛ի » ^էրոէ.թիա.%Ն իՆչսքէէ րաժ%եէւէ - 3* |> ^2, քւեւԽա.աւրոա.թԽ–էե սա^ր 1էր \\էէկ1ւեսքաւ.ոս » Ո՚Հ, ^՚ը"*– Էր1**՛ յ՚՚՚էՏ՚ՐԴ * "՜* ՚^ * Ո Հ. կ\^իեքէ^էգւ1հէ%գքա »՚\*^^Նոր ՚^Խրձաւաւէձ– Խքա». իր յ-սքւաեաակը» Հոէ^սԽէսհց պսւէաե.Խ. 1– Հէ*5է1–« ՝^Լ– +–է/^–քե>է* (1380– 13 13) սէօնու֊սւեաե ու. ^՚*՚ք ՒհԲ՚՚՚՚^Ր* Հռոժ՝ ալւ^ շէսւաեբ ւՐ րրսւլ. (\դ\^իռսէդպթսւեանպս։սւեբւսղւՌ, %երով օսԱբայէսհ՛ (օ () իաաւ^աե րտ ա դա դց էջե՛լու–՛ ե՜լ. գերմէսնսս1լս/ն ի–>բէաՆու.թհւ^ր \ոն ՚նոր^՚ն ^սւսս$սւ^ էոհրլու. ^սւմէսոէ Հէսբ՚սէոսէ^էսոեաւ \Փ՚*(հ§"՚*՚^՚^"Ր^^ սիրով ոնգոսնոէ.երլկ֊ն, ես^եէ.^ րնգոսնե-ցաւ, \^իլսսնի սէՕ Հոմաարաաեւմե ՈԽ ՚կոսք^լֆեա՚նռ Հեա Ծչւաքյր պաէոե՚րաօաւե՜ր^ ետեւ. ՚Լասէերս^ՈՀ.. սէք ք ՚եւսերւ. սսչյ^ սե-րական թս$գո է Վաքս՚ճանեռսււ. հ՚աոէե ^էսսէսկէւե սէքէ աանեաոՆաեհ *^ոսգաՆայի ԱէՕ է օսԾյպու-րկեաե եոոսնսէսռութ ե*ն11^՚ն կսչյսո րնտրոսՄ^ ր՚յ ^էսլէեսւգբեւյւսյլ. ^սէեառակսսթոռ կայսռ՚ր՝ ՓԲ"՛՝^ գԾրիկոս \^Վ^սէորիացւ–զքե ^եա պւսւոձ-րւսօէՌ-չու. » ւ^նչեւ. որ եայթէԽր ^1.322) էաղքյ-ուե-ցսււ. ու. գե՛րի րո^ոսԾ^ ՈէԱէ-Հ ^՚^յց որովՀետէռ աւստրիսէկաե կոոաւսսեցու.^ թիւ^ր ասքէո^րւսզւՌ գո՛ռ կր շարոսՆէսկք^ր ^ ՚ճւսնչցւսւ. «էՓքէքէքէյ–^/՛** կպքսևրակից (1 325– 1330) . Ո/1֊ ակա-աԱներկն կէսեչուաէքով^ իաաէիսւ աեցսէւ.ք եւ. յ^իլաՆ պսակուե-չ^Ն ե-տերս ր%գու^եցաս ^ ՀռաՓ սէք ե՛րկու. կիպեչեաՆ կսէրգքէնսսլէսց ձեուք11։% կպյսերէս^ կան թագոէ 2. կ«.ք«լ«« «ի. (1347-1378) Հե՚նրիկոս կ,ի% թոռրյ ^աէլիւ. 1349^՛^՛^՛ ա$1ենք^՚1ւ րՆգուՖու.եցաւ.է \%ր գլխաւոր Օակթն եռալ. պեաու.թեա% ^հ^ իւաոաոու.՛^ –■^ ,–է , ՜ ^ լ^ ■ ՜՛ • . ^՚* »ւ»– «յ».ւ 173 առս*Օք/ն գե-րյս/նաԼաե ^սւմաւսսւրանր եւ. սիէո գուսւ. իր երրկիրնևրուքն բէսրօրու.թ ե-անոէ ՜կսքրոչոս ստռաեօ Գօոթքւք ^եււք պէսրԼսււ. սւու-էսՕրՆ րսւէսլաԼան էսրշաւսւն^ քի՛^ 1354-1355* Ք^ ^անպյապեէոիՆ պա^աեշահ՝ երգոէ.սն րնևլ^ե եէոե՜ւ. ^ պսէսկօւևցաւ. \%աաւէ պյի թսւ–>, գւսէ-որ ու. կա^սր է յձաԼաէե \^ասւլիայի յ/|–0 աեո մխ չերըաւ. իր եսչւ սե՛ր ական իրաէ^ուՆբն աոժեռոնեէ ս%ա§ : ՀՀյհՍսէւեռ ՚նշանստւոր ասւշաօմներն ու. սւոսէօնութիսն^ Նե՚րո գոէս$1հյ» ես դսէոձւսւ. ^եոմանհսէ էւայսւսէռա^ կութհսմներոմ ու. աե^էՀռնէրոով\է \քրկոոոգ սւրշէսէ֊^ անռե սկսաւ. ք գլէէւսսորաբէսր Վհսգոնգեանռ գ^էՐք դօոաւոր էւանսւկով մի (1356)* ^*^13 ""^՚՚կբ սաըկի բսւււսկսՒե գու.ւ1ար մի աասլոմ *նեոու.էա րնգու%եռանէ \^եո^ելւէւ. ւսաե՚նք Գ\ո^եպւան ու, կայսեոէսկան քժսւգրլ էր ՀԼյէ՚նկեսչաԼոս երկց որգւոքև, ԳկւաՆաե1ևաու.րկր օ-րկրորգ որգւղ^ ք \քիկէսմհւ.Դ/գոսէ* էսկ Լաւսէքո՝ ե՚ր՛^ րորգ որգւ-ուն ^ոմ^ամնեսհ ժէսոանգուքժէւՆ թոոուօէ 3. վ^^Գ^յաա^ա (1378-1^00) կարոլո^ի որ գին ք կստաոէսոի ու. բուՆ$սւոր իշէսաՆր ք էր անէէոր–^ հ՝ու.թե–»սյնւՈք գեամահասկան էսօգէէն սէժգո^ութէսմե էրե՛ն գք^մ՝ գրգռ եչք, ուր ս(եգէ1^ե՝ Դ\ո^եւֆէւչյէ սհք էր ասնգթոսթեսէւ/րն ու. րսսա ռմաց գորհ՜ելովԱ է՚էքօ էք^նթ ատելի ըրասէ \^որ ^ա մար Լ՜1 4:00 է՚ե՝) Մ՚ք/^տ1՚* ^"^ չոՆէս^էք Ղ*րէհրէ եւ. ^ս՚ւցէ կայսրրնաէր Էշէսա1ւներր^ ղրկր փ՚՚Ր առքէն ու. քիուրրեէ/գոս կայսրրնաէրր /Յ^ա*՛ գՍՅւոր րնէորեռէանՀ յ\հ*նկեսւաւոյսէ կառէսժարու.թ եան ասէոեՆք ւսււսղակու1մէս1էներն ու. կռէւՆերՆ ւսմէՆ էոեո շսսաոռան% \րեռս/ւ ՎեՆկեսւասոս 1419^^՛ ^ո^^է^\^^^^ոս Կ»ա^՚^(\400՚\4\0)"րչափ էսւ արէութէւե ցու.օու.ռ ք ոչ գերմաՆէւաէ եւ. ոչ ա# իսէւսչէայէ մ^-0 կրցսււ խաղաոութէսնր աա^ելյ \քա– 174 ոոոմ^եէոե-ւ. ՎյԽեե-սլաւ ոս թսւգ^% չշ^ուսժարե-ցաւ. ք կայսո չճանչցան ու. թսւգէսպւսոգևւ. ^քսք^ը՝ օլացաա. հո1էն յէ**"1աՌ1*^ բանալ^երր» որով թագագրոէ.՛^ թիւ.Նո ՜կուբնիա ես$սւարու.աքռս§ւ. : ՚կէաւքոսէեան թւսգն սւոյևե-լու. ^էսմար է քիու.բրեխգոս յ^րսեաէէեեէրն անցաւ. լ4։01/՛^» սակպքն ^րե՚շէպյի քով^ յաոթ-ոսև՚ցաւ. ու. սաիպուեցաւ. առանց րսսն մ՝ ոնելու. ետ ■ գառնալէ գ.ե՚ոմանիաէի տէ՚ք բարձր ու. սաորքւե ասօնու.աեաես»ց րսպյաթիւ աէ-սոլակոէ^թեաեց գհմ՝ ^1"՛*– ^՚֊ շ՚՚՚էԻ մի գոեա1հէեր կորՆանեցէ Հդշր (Յ՚ագաէ^որա-թիւն աէի կանգնե-լու. փորձր փ՚ճացսււ. ա^կ օանհ իշբւէտւեւսց ու. »Ը""Ր՚ա՚՚՚Ձ գս՚շնս՚կցութե-էսէԴւոէ Դ\աաերաւոՈէ խափանևց քիու֊բրեխգոսի ^1410) մա^ր։ 4. Այյյ–/–֊ ւ.յ.#– (14ւօ–1437) վ^պէսւա..֊ ւ-ոսի եղբպքրրյ Հոսեգարիւ^ի թսէգա^֊որըլ ե-ղբօրր յա^ու.ան^^ ետեւ֊յ կառավարոսթիսնր ձեո^ ւսռաէ, մեհ– իաոՂւսէկոկթևանց «8՜^(101)« — Դ\ձ–աութ&ան յէ^Հ կար ւ՚րերք կպյսր • ^^^ղէց*–դք ^ք^ ^ր^ք ք*"՝^ ^անաէապեա է լլ^Ն մէքոցէւհ որ քա0^սւէէաք«սպեպթ \^սե՚ն1ւահ կը^ ^ը^^ ա1^իՆ, (1306-1378)) Հռսմա^եցիթ շաա անգա§Ր իաալացի քա^աՆայապեա մը^ սւ֊դահ– 1^ի%է 1378^^ երկու, քա^ա... %ա^սէպեսւ ըՆարա^եսաւ. . ՛էհեր Հ^ռուՐէ ա^են \^ւ.ե%^ոն ։ \^^ սասՆկոմ սկսաւ, եկեղեցսղյ *^9 »/եձ– ^երձու֊սւեր^ 1378 ~ 1417» վյքրջապե" վիզայի Ժռղովո/Ն աէէք^ (1409) երկու. քաս^էսՆաքասպեաներն աւ վ^ր սաո^ոսեռաէՆ ու– երրորգ մի ընարու-եցաւ. . բ՚՚՚քց *»»» ս՚է ընգ^անոսր րեգոսԴէեւոսթ-իսՆ չդ./հ$սւ. ։ %քէրիսսաո%ե$սյ աշիասր^քէքն շփռթ–ոսթ–իւ%՚ն ք ահով կք՜՚ՀաԽ^ա. է՝ որ փ%չպէո յառաքագոյն 6՚՚ՀՀ * ՚^եկ– ւեփ ք\քսֆըբացիՆ –^ 1384)՛ ւսսա^կ *»/ ^իմակ իր ^եսաես... ոոԱ ^ով^աԱնես Հ^ոսս ^րւսկսէո^ , իրե% մհչորասկան վար» գասպեսէոսթ՚իւՆՆերս սկսասւ. աւ/կ՚ն կողաՐ սփռելէ կոսսաաևգիայի ընգ^, ժոդովոյՆ մկք^ (1414֊1418) Գ/»^֊ գոր ^^ • կ/սմաւ. աթ-ոո֊ե՚հ ^րաժարեռաւ , իսկ ք^ե՚նեգիկ^ աոս ^^* եւ. ^ով^ան՚նե՛* 1^ք^ • Հ՚ք/՛ քՈ^ու^եռաՆ ու– Նոր քէս^աՆայապեէո ընարու-եոսււ. \Րարսաինոս \ք * ^ով^ան%ե*՛ ձքՈսս էսլ որով^եէոեէ. չրւ^գես յեսւս կ^չու.մ* ընելյ ||««^ 175 ^աս , եւ. ^իկիամէէւ%գ»սի յաԽձ%աւ.ե^աս€. է որ ղէ\ք "էւ^^Լ. տսաւ.աւ. (1415)* ի/՛ գսւա^էա^ասհ– կսղաւսէկի^՚ները^ Վինկե^.^ ւաա-աւի յեււ%ձ–ք^% եսաեւ. , յարսւ.^ք1հւ Հ^սսսեաՆ^ պաոոե/աէգշ. ՚Դլ (141 9 - 1 434)՛ յաղթեչքքձ ^Ծվ՚-գպ/ի առաք%»րգւ$,.թեա»դլ \^իկիսւ1ւէւ%գսսի, ^բակաքի քովեր՛ն՝ 1420 ի՚է՛ ու– վ»%աե՚^էն կասքոերէսկէսՆ րաեաոկներր * \^,՚"ւր *Խ^ աեսքպասէո գասր^ ձսւ.^քի% գրա^ի երկիրներն է եւ. ոոե ժ»սմանս»կ յ^ախ ^ան^ գարաե^ան՝ երբ ^աոիլիա^խ ժոդոքծ (1431-1448) էր1ք^^ք երկէէա. ա»Խսակւէռ ալ ^ադորգոէ֊եքոա^ Թ՛ԱԼ, ""՚^֊աէ֊է \»ոկ մհւեւԱօսնգ ք^էսրորեանք չափասա֊սրեէսւ ^էսժաակեասն՚ներ^^ , պէօ>ֆշ^^Գ1րոաի քով^ յաղթո^ե^աՆ 1434^1^* Հ^կիսաէհէձւգոս ք իր \քղէսաբե–թ– գոէ-սարալ^ ^ՇվՊ՛^ րևիգ Ա«.«#սւ^^օք^՚–^՚%ք ^ևա կարգևէով՝ ժաօ֊աեգու–՛^ թքՒւ% թողու֊ց Հսէպսպու.ր&&ահ տան իրսււ^ոէքնբ ւ/ը* ^ո^ե–$գւ^ի ու. Հոսնգսէրիւ^ի 4ծ՚^1 * 85* *|՝^էք^*^^յ*^՝ –յշ^^^գ^ա\ա1 Հա^^^ք^ա^ գա\ 1 43 8-1 8.0 6 • 1| ո1^գաԱա՚^^»աա^*^ոտ ##»ւ*»#ք**«Ա» . 1453. 1* Ո|»««.1հ յ֊սամէմԽակ Խքա^ աւա.աարիակէաե աէա§^^ կաբ§րւէ».ք^Խ»յ^ գաՀքչ^է — 2* ւ^՚րք^ակաաւ. ՕայնԻաեա՚Խ Յաւք^ա^ աէրա,.թի*։եը է - 3 . \յ՚բք^ Խլաա. պեա,,».թիւճ*, իր գ»րոէ.թ–Խասճւ գսւգսէթ-ը • 1– ԱւՈքէ^է– ք^– \\^սարիայւ.ղ/հ (1438-1439) յձէկիսմհւ^գւէսի փեէէւ^թէ Հե՚ա - > քքբ ^իՀևէֆան ու. Հ^այհգօէոիան ժասռւսնգԾօ ^՚ ե-րսւ. ւՕ^՚-Ա՚՚՚րիւ^էի աոսա, %ը^ գե-րւՈսնիւ^ի կւասե–րու.(^ե–ան գա\րէ Ա^ճ՛ տան ւաաց կպ^սերակս^ աաւոիւ.ր^ է^ւնչիւ^ կսչյսրու.թե–ան աւէրեալըլ (1806)» Հ^ե^ռաւ. \կ*՚քրեխգ Տ"՚՝^կ"՚ց գհէՐ րբահ՛ պաաե՚րառ^ւն ^^9 (1439) ^ ♦քհ՚է՚քքՒ* ՚»՝– (1439-1493) \^.լպրեխգ1, ^օրե՚ղբ-պյրլԼ ՚^^Ո ՚ֆ ^ՐՑ*"՛– Ա^՚ՐԳ գ՚"նեէ։ Հաբ*, կագրե-ցաւ. օՀՐւսաաթիա կորվ1ւնոս՝ Հու.նգարիաւի ^ 1րլ. պ^ւ^որգ ^ոաիւ^պրաաո ԳՀո^էքէֆա^ի թ՚ագասոո ՚ճսսնչ^ ՚եաէչ սսն ւֆՕոց^ որ ^ա՚ճիևբ Հունգարիան ու. գձ՚ր^ աՈսնիւսն աա1էե ու. ՚Խոչյ ^րե1^քէնէ տ. 176 շ, \^^ւ^ու.գե–անօ ա1ոոոէ.թիւ.1ևոյ \րոու.չաօ ձե–^ ռօք կորՆաեևլէՆ հոոևւ. ( 58 • ^«– 73 •) Օ***՛*^*^ առաք^, %ոոգոա,թքոսմի^ սւա՚ճկական նոր ցէքղևր (1օՕՕ^^՚<՛՝^ ա1/1էնեոո\ ՓՂՔՐ ւ^՚՚ք՚՚^Ւ "՚*9 ՚՚՚^կ՚՚՚է՛ ա^րութիւՖ է/ի կանգնևցքւնւ Հձսյանի որգքւե Հ^է^էաԱք \յ,ւ.րոպսք սէրշաէ-ե-լու. ձևռօ օարկսէւ. , եւ. կէսղմեչքիրենք ձ–1ց–Նիչ^^ ոինևրու. րնաիր ոսւանաւոր Դ^րքըյ ^~՜ \^ո^ք^^գ Ա. (1360-1389) փոխագրեց իր մպքրստաղաքքլ Ա^^ րիանոէ^սլուիս (1365)» Ա«"»/» որգի՚ն ^այա^գ Ա, (Լ֊շլսէըբըւՐ՝^ յաղթևց *կիկոպոլսղյ քով^ 139 6^^ւ Ս/^^ կէսմհսնգոս ձ,ու^գարւսռւ.զյե • ^ւսրկսէաու րրսէւ. իու.ի^ կարիան ք \^երու.իան^ Գ\ոսեիս/ե ու. Վէսրաէթիան* Բ-՚^ա յաղթոսևցաւ. ՚իիմուրէն ՝\^կիւ.րպյի քով^ 1402^^* |յւ<. որովՀեաեւ. կե՛նական աւսա^նք սրնչեւ. Հքիօևրկ^ րսէկան հ՛ոմ ւուսրէսՆոսոոգէմուրե՚էաէեիշխսւնութիւձւրք 140օ/՚^ւ էր յա^ոսամրր լոսհ^ուեցաւ-ք Հ)սյանևս/նը գստրձեսւէ անկւսխ ե՚ղանէ––Գ\սչյաղքւաէ լժոռր^\րո*ո^ ք«.^ ի. (1422-1451) յաղթկ 1444^*, վառ^ նայէ ^"՚/ &՛"^՛*՛^ եւ սաիպէքց զկաւսր՚ն իրէրՆ ^սարկ ասէէու. Հ Ա«#ո/> որգէւե ք 3. Ա՚ոաՏ;ա/յ^գ ի. (1451-1481) Գ>աթի<;, (էսշջսւսր^սէկսւէ\ս$ռէսւ. \\ոսաաՆգթէու.պոտիսր 14օՅ^^*– եւ. ՚ւ^րՕ սէՈէ֊աւ. ^ու^ական կայսրութ1ոսնւ ՚վՏրր^ Օրն կ*^յ*՚ՐՐ՝ կ՚՚սէոանգէՆ իսքչէոչոգոս ք ռէսռպքո գիւ..^ օէսգնւսրար աէսշապանեւ^ե եէոեւ. քւնկէսւ. է \րհաւՆ \քպէւռոս սեսւց անկախդ ռաքե գ^որգ գասգրիոգաւի (իւքթ^նս9^րպ11^կյ ւսռ.ւս<քՆորգու.թե–էսմհ. է յ^սկք^ երպթէ^ պւաւՆ ^եբ ու. Հ^ա.%հս»սէի Հ^ու^գէսրւսռէւն ^ ե՚ոսԽ ռրհս-ա, սէոեէ^ոէ-քժե-ան ^Ասմար աասէոԾրէսղմհոենրոՀ «էւյ^ււ– (1511-1520) Հ,սւաաակևցոա.ց \^ու^ աաէ^իան* կորհ^սւնեց 1517^^ յ^ամլույթներու. իշիա^ սու-թիւ^Ն \քգիպաոսի սհք ու. ռ.էսժ*նռց էոաճկսէկաե 1է • ♦ 171 աօ՚աոէ-թիսմն ւ^11^^*^11 դ^ուոոսւկաՆ էսւ.ստսւու.թե–աեռ Լփաշալըգ՝) ւ Հ^սմւսնե՜սէն աևէոոսթհւն՚ն իր օ#ւՀ&՜ՆՀ–Ն մեհ՜ րեգ–^ արձաեու-թիւքմն ու^եցաւ. ՚^^Խա^չՏաԼ ք^. Ղադեէ Հայ՛՛՛՛ի՛ թուլ) աաձ^ՆՀ1520–1566յ՛»/» քի՚»7՚"՚71՛ Հ՚»*.է/^աՀ»^ա5է#, ^սւրաւայքւն սէոեւ.մ՝* ՜յ^Հւաբիանէ Վյււսսսէանն ու. §րի^ պոլբսն աշիւար^էսկաւե–ոէ\^եուէսւ \^իէ–րլէման քլբթևի^ն ռ$աէՕու.թեսւյի պաշապս^ոււսհ– ՝\^իկ1^գի առՉ&է-է 86* 1րափս1յ^^աՀո** \1. 1493-1519. 1՛ Ո՚Հ 4^ յբպքաիյֆլխտ,.%աա. ի՚%ք ^^^^ակի յէԼ հիճ ա.յա մէէատէճ յ^աարքէԽ ^աա.^ *իՀ –։է.սէց ւակրոա.թիա31էԽԽբըէ - 2* \յ֊՝ ք>ք^ «^•««■•1^ գսւղպխէակաէ^ ֊ ասդաեիսւկաե աղէաաէե^ ^ՏԼ^ ք 1 րէաղՈԽրը . ի՚^չ^ ^ԽաԽլ.աէ.թիէ.% քէ%Խցա% է ^^ ^՜" 1. Ս*##»ւք#*է«գ#յ*4*ւք#«» Ա. վթրե-գևրիկոս գփ որ^ զԳք՛^* \Ր*^րք"՛"^ *^ու.րկու.Նասաւ–ժ11ն՝ \^ւոորին գսքլ,»ս^ ռ$աէռ թստգստժէսռաեգի՚ն ^ե-սա էսմհսսնանւսքու/ ) |^ւ–»^ էԱէԼ մհքէ կը^ գերէսէքսւն^ււ^ին էսրու.եսսւիւ. ու. ^ասրսսաա-թ-եասմխ ՝\քէ.բսպաքի աւ1կՆ երկիրները^, արով^եաեւ֊ ^սՆ \սսւչակր»է–՛՛ թ-եՆ^Ն եէոեէ-է \րի9երկրաւէկա% ծ-սվսւ.% աւ/է՚ն վաէ^սւռսւ^ ք^ա ի ^իսսիա փոխասգրոէ-երէւ. Նւսէ-ւս^աեգիսաե եոահ– էս * կարոլսս Ա/ւ^ <ք\ու.քւկու.%աիայի ՀքքՀ* գո՚^ք/լ (1467֊ 1477) <ք՝ա»–աեգւէա,թ–Խէսմբ ալ. գեյամի, գ^եթ-1^ Բ՚՚է^Ր 1)՛*"*՛– րի՛^՛ կ%սէւ.էսւա.սւ^ ^^վբր ւլւքթ՚Ա^^ Ն՚՚֊Ր՚՚՚^՚՚սՒ ՚*"^^^^՛^ Հ՛*՛–՛ բաւ֊ոա իշխէսԱՆ եղաւ^է \\ո՚»ր Աք՚՚՚յ ^երմսքեիւէոի ոս. գ%ասպ^ ղիասւէ յկքաեոը^է թ–ւսգասւ.ւ9ր»է–քՅ–իւ% ւ/հկանգՆելու վբայ եա. դաձ– սէԱքե՚ն է յսէղթ-ու-եռէսւ. ու. քէնկաւ՚կաՆէէիի ք—4 (1477) < ՝\ու.գսվէկոս ^1|լ^ աււէսւ. Դկւ91–րկսւ^քէ»իտէէն իբբէլ. աւՆաէ՛^ րաւ-Նչ էսւ^ասա , է՚՚կ \^»ուարի՚ն գ*ւսւ.էսաԱՖևրր ժաւա-աՆգեռ կա., րսլոաի գուասէրո քյրստրիսէաՐ։ Հ • \^պբսիսիչէաեոսէ ժէսմանսւկ սկսան իէոասէքւա սւռյեեչու. ^ամար գաէլոր*սկս»ե՚՚սպաեիէսկան պաա&ա, րապսնևրը^, որոնց ւքէք ք՚կբե աւ ւՈոաւ. ք թ՚^Ք առանօ օգոէ-քո մի քաղելու, է \^չ արագոէ-թե-ամի. որ կսւ^ րոչոսը գաղղիացի՛ն ^1495) Բ՚՝ԸՐ ՛կես՛ պոլիս աշ^ իէար^սէկալից է պի» արագու-իՅ-եամր. ասնկկ գոա.րս վո.րն^ 12 178 աոէ^և՚ցաւ. Վ1էնևտաց1>ներէ^^ կպ^սրւ^ ու. Փ^րգք^՚՚՚^գ՛*՛*, յձ,րակոնիացիէն։կարոլոսի յաքոբգշ^Լոա֊գովիկոս ^ք^. սոՆաս (1499) \^իը"՚եըւ ^է^ց 1քրբ 151 1^՛*»» &»^լԻ՛»՛ |\. յթսէՀաՆասւապե-ար^ՏԼյ/նևաացիբք եսւթ^ ալ\^պ^–^ սիւֆւիաեոսք ^ևրգքւեսէնգոս (կւ–ղդափառ% ու. Հև՚երիկոս |Լ. ւ^գդիէ^ցթ՚է Ս"*–/»/* գաշնակցոճթիէձէլլ կաղմեցթէէ \ոէ.գովիկոս ^սարկէսգրե-ցւսւ. ՜կ^աալիսչք^ եչլբչու. . Ե-ւ. ^առիւ. իր ^"՚ք՚՚ՐգՐ ՓՐ"՚^ԿՒ"Կ"" Ա* Ա^՚^րք^^^՚՚^^ք՛ ՚ճակասւովԱ 1515/՛^ ւրիլաեչլ ՚եորէն առաւ.։ Հւ*ս քւււզօ%ք–կւս\ւ վսէրչւա^թ իւ%ը է — ՚Հ » (1րա՛ ւ% իշխաա՚1ս»ա.թ–Խան է-ակ ^ր ՚կէա.. պէԱիաէ - Տ» ի՚^ձ –^•՚—կ վաքէքււէ.թ–իա% աէ%էի\ Հա-քմ՛, ^ըւրԽ՚եւոիա ու |Ր^֊ Աա՚Խէ - 4. ի*ձ ՎԻ^՚^ԿՒ ՚^է ^Ր՛ յՀ«՚–Հ«է %1ե%Խաք,կւ - ^Նլ կԽրպա.ք.«\տ ւհպքԻ յէէ* 1 • իքեա մի պ՚րրէկ ^աերապեաոԱ֊թեանռ բաժ^ %ոսս»հ– քաաէսչիսյն՝ Ժ՝Դ՚* "՚– Ց*Ն* գ"՚րե–րու% 1^0 շա*, րունսէկևաւ ռօւդպբսւկաե աւսաոօ՚րւսռօներու. ասպւս՛^ բէգ ե-ոահ– էր « ^՚^ց ^*" էսքեօլէս կւրոպպյի աւԴքնէ^ ^արու.սա ու. կրթէոսէ ^րկ^Բ^ ^Ր՛ ^՚– է մաէանէսսորի Հիէ^սիսէ իաէսւիայի ռսւղպբներր էսրեւ.Ծէեան սւռու.՛^ ք^ու^րե իրե՛նց ձե՜ուբն ոսն^քւնէ ք ձ^ւ»^ք^շգսւա–ֆեաՆ կաւսերասո աԱէ$ոերւսււՏեերոլ% Ժսւմա.. Նսէկ ՜Հոմասէրաիաւի քաղաքաս^ մեհ՛ մասի՛ն մարչոէ^թ–իւ%ր ^ասղպօասռիՆեր^Ն սնաորօւ^սւձ– պասշաօեաւսաիրսք յիէան^եըւ... ահ– կր , որ ^ոսէ^սգէս կր կոչբ»~կը ։ \\^ս ՚ֆքբՏ^ կաղւՌւ.ե.. ոան Նէսեւ. էէսաորնէսգոյն յէ*սդ՚՚՚աս՚օւ–ոց եւ. սէրու-հսասք–՛՛֊ ըաց ^սւսսւբա»$կսւ.թ–իւ^էնեըըլ քսադաօաաեաի <^ (Գ%սէբիգաՆղւ\ առէսՀքնորգա֊թ-եաԿ» էոասկ* ՜–՜*կղւն է՚»կ ՚եերռիՆ պասէոերաւի. ՏԼերւէմ քայքայւսձ– , կւսմ* սւրսւսէօիՆ թ շնաէֆներ1^Ն Նեռք^ մսաասհ– քսեք մի ^էսղպռներ ւ գրասօի իշխանի կամ* պասաեա. քէասդՏեերով անու.անի աօնու-ակաՆի մը^ (օՕոճօէէ16ք6) կք^ յանձնկիէե իբեքղք պիրենք , որ սրոշեէսւ ժ ամա՛նս» կի մը^ դ*"" մար , իրե՛նց վրպ/ վերին իշխանու-թ֊իսՆ (տւ^ՈՕՈճ) կէ^ բա^ \եց1^կր ձ-ււ վարձկանադօր կրնար սւռնէէւ֊չ» \/րբ –ր <•*- սանկ աոէ^ր մի (տւ^ՈՕքՕ) աեոա^ ^անկ;ր , *»ւ.րիշ^ քաղպքներ՚ն ՚սլ ղի%քէ իշէւան կըն/որք^իՆ։ »^աոպռապեէոներր, աօնա^էս.. 179 կաԱէէերե ոս սւ^րերբ եոաե կսէմաս ճէսմաա սէ%&սէխ էշ^ խաեէ *§էիչ քէէղպռեեր ւֆս^՚ն, ինչպես ՎեՆեւսիկսւ. –յ^ե՚նովա • կբօօ^ է1*1^Ո ^սձրս՚պեսքԱէկօէՆ ս$էէ^աէա%էսգբաւ թ–իւ%ր ա«ւք . ^եէէ կ^եբմանիս^ի աէէեիշխ$ձն»ւ.թ–Խ»ահ ւսէէաէէհ իօ»է»ւ^«ւ»^^ իշխան՚Ներթ գիւ.բւււ.թ–եքսմի կբռան էբե%ռ օօրսւ–քՅ–իւ.%ե ա/Ն ասսսէէճանի էոէսբսքծ-ե/է որ օրի%ս»կի աղագսէւ^ւ ^գ* , Գ"՛՛՜ բաւ% սկէօբր Վ/էսգաեգեաեքք բսլսր ւսբԽէ֊մաեէմն աւ. ^^Աթ ԱգալաՆեբբ^ աբեէ-եքեաԴւ ՚Լսաէպաբաիա^ի փը՚՚Ս հ ՒհՒ^Ւ^ * ^^Ա/* իշխաՍներու.% բովանգւսկ պօբոսթ էսնր վասբձկաեասպփբ^ն վրսր կէ շ. %^^^ո^<^ 1266-1435 ^ժո^ի ցև^ի՚ն թագաա^ոբնե-րոսն ասաէխ հը (74)< ^ո^ահև*^ Ա.«ք^ սկսսաւ. ք 134:3) գր^ք^հ Հարիւ.լւայեսչյ աեգթոէ^^ թեաՆօ ու. ռէսղպբսւսաե ստէսսւեոէսօմաց շ^ՐյՏԼ մոէ ^ոճա^^էւե ք\. էլաե՚ե որգևգրևց 1420/^^ ք1կււիոեսօս յ^իկիլիւսօ^ է ե-լ. յ9^> յհ "՚ՂՔՐ Լոէ-գո^Լոս յ^^ժոէ.^ ^ք*ե» ԾոուՏն էրղբաւոր քէաէքնաաոսՈք ԱՀ^^|քՆ|//քIք յերժե՚օ ^ (1442)» յկէիօեսոսի ոբգււշ/ե՝ փէյք^ք (^^^ք^^2^ ^^*« ^^ Հ^<–14օ8^^է ւկւակոՆիւ^^ ս^^արաղաա ^ձ-ոԱք ՚կէ՛"*՛ յէացու.^ 1504^^ ՚կհապուիսն ^^ակոնիպ^ի ^եա ։ Օ* Հ*****«^ ՚^Հ^ ս^ յի^ըքէն որ քա^անսչյաա. պևաք \\Ա.ձ–ՆիոԱ կչլ նսաէիքտ (1305-1378)» շարունա^ եեէԱ10Աէղսկթւսեանպ§սս9ՄլւսէպէՐմիկրսւիրհր% գ*ոչա աէ ^էփէ^՚նցի տրիբու%րյ փւ՝((0՚ց 1347/՛^ ^ռու^ակաե ^սւսաուսկէսպեաոկ.թէւՖ մի ^ասաոսւաելյ ս$սկաէե *եղ^ էոսէքփն պռսոոոէ.եօաւ.ւ ^^Քհ* գւսրու.1ե աէ0 մեհ՚օօւ-ս ^ոսչիոս ^, ռա^անպ^սւաե-էոն եկեղե–ցւ.զյ սւկ–րու,թիսերչ Գկոլոնիսէնք\\ա^մանակոյսա.թիւ^1տեոէ. նաե՚ւ. \)^գոնաք ^արմա ու. ^իւսչթնցա քէսոպբնևրն աւմնելովՀ ՜^^ակպխ պյս ւքե-րքր յբէէսղպռնեոր ^ւսոնե՚պ^ գև՜ոգւսստան§էե սւրոէ-ե-ցսւե 1545/՛^՛ կւսէարսԽր ) աէրսւհ՛ ^ո կստսքսարէոս/ ոււսսկսւպեսէՈէ^*^ թիսե ք/ի* որով^1էտեւ. արոսև՚սաասորաց գասո մէպի 12» 180 պէսշաօմնե-րու. եր \սւսնէ–ոէ 1^00 ^^ եաթր \^1ոոի^ չեասՆց ^սւրու.սէո վա7ճէսո֊աեասն օէէուլ շսւս» օօրւսօսււ. » աքնպէ-ս որ \*±օ4էհ՚^1 Լր եառւսվար^ր աէ^րոսթհւ^ր գ^ոօյկյ յՏ^^քք՚չր* Բ՚^/Տ **"՚֊ւ*՚եց մա%տնւսւ.որ պսւշաօն աՐ ոսնԾնսէէու֊Հ ի^^ ու. իր թոռը Լոր^Նցոէք ասրոսես^ էոհց ու. գհաու-թեաեց ե՚ռանգոսե պւսշսէպւսէւնե-ր ^հ՚եէ \քրկայն իւռովութքէւ^Աներ^ ճ^ա/&–«–*^ լօՅ 1/՛^ \կւսրոէոս \քի ձ&ռօթյ յ^դեռսանգր 1^ե–Աէիչէ եղաւ. գութս ^իո^ Ր^ց՚9ւէ ^*– էր Հյ՚՚՚քրՐԳՐ Ս՝^^ գ՚՚ւյբս *իոսգանսլյի է Ս՝յլ^է կԴշխԿի 1300 1^ վ^ր վյ,՚՚Գ"՚^Գ^՚"՚Կ^^ 14504՛՛^՝ \\ֆ"րց*^1՛ *"ո*–՚եչլ* — ֆ4/7"*'/"^//' ՚ Ա՝««*»է՛^ 1եա^ի ու. քկ^է^^ի^ի յեք^ \%սգհի իսկ \րաեգովսչյի է^Օ՝ կոՆօակաւի աու.՚նր։ )ձսււ.ւշյայի կոմսե-րր (ձ*Ն* գսւրէ^ ե՜պթր Հ^աււշյւաի գույյս) \եսէօ^ե–սւ^^ %ու.սէ7\օ–^ ցիե ^ի/^է/ոնգի ւ/եՆ– մասն ու. *կիցց՚՚^ի կոմսուքժիւՖոէ 4* 2\Է՚*9^Պ^՝ աշիւար^ակալևց ք9>« գարուն \\օր^ սիգանք ձ*՛^* գարու՛ն \^արգինիս/ն։ Ի՚^ց 1300^ կորմնցուց կդօրներր» ու անկէ ս՚պթո Մրրեաւ գ*էսղ^ ղիառւոռ եւ երռ.եէա \^իւանռւոռ իշէսանութե-ան սռասկ ^ր։ - - յ^էէնչթւ 14օՅ ՜կոսէոսսնգինուպոէսւշյ ու 1)»–*. հ՚ովուն ե-զե-րւսց վա՚ճէսո-ւսկանութիւնր գրեթ^ սիսցն ՚^ւ/նովպւի ձեոյՅն ^րւ \^գր^աս Աորիստ վերական^ ււնՄց ^անրւսպեէոութիւնր 1ս2օ/՛^* վ)^^^գ\Հ իր յար մար գիրքովըլ^ ^ողագՆգիս ա^ էւսսէիւն առե-ւարդյ ռաոպբն եոահ– հր* ՎեՆե-ւոստցիք՝ ւաՆ ւֆՕոցին որ սէկգիւ^Ն յ\գրիական հ՚ովըւն \իւսիսաաին ու սւրեւեւէոսն կոոաւ անոնգկասա պասաԾրաօա>երով զի–՛ Նուորւսկան ոգի՛ն 1աասրՆէսրՆ1^ին^ մէկէսւ գի^^ իրե՛նց րնգ^անուր մաճսւո֊ւսկանութիւմն ե-րթալով ղ է1Ւ՝^ գէսրձակհիՆէ \աաքւնսէկան կսչւսրուիժե-սւն ^իսնուելու ժսւ^ մանակր (1204)՝ ՂՀյ՚նեաիկ իւել մի հ-ովևդևրեպ^ \ ■ 181 ե-րեիրներ ու. Տլաեէ ՚Ո* ւու^աեաե եոռէ՚ներ սէռս§ւ.է լՀլ00^էք ե-պթր վասէՈոնԾՕսււ. \ոմպէսուոիայի էսրԽւ-ե^ չթս/ն մասըյ 1420/5ք՚է» գաղմաաիան ^ 1489/՛^ Կք"^^ բոսր է ^պյց ՚^յ" ասհ՚ե ե-րեիրնե-որ դ%սւղմաաիան ու. յու/պարաաԼաՆ ռաղաքներր գու.րս ւսէՆնե՚րէվյ ձ*ՔՀ; գսւրոսն ^ա&եսւց ճռոՆռ% անցան է յ\ե*նեէՈէսցսոռ սսա^^ 41անԱսգոօօ.թիւ^ւն ւսօնոա.ապՄԱ1ս§եան էր է ^ոժն րնսէոոո տՌե՝ էւոո^ոգարանր պէասյն ւսօնու.սւեւս1ւն1քոէ^ Լէսղմու.սւհ՛ հր^ 1454^^՛ գրոէ-եցաւ. իր գսւղսանիբնե–րոէ1ն անոււս^ %ի ռէսոաբէսեան ^ՄԱէսւզօէոոԱ-թեան ասաօրանրՀ 5. \^աալէայի ւ1կք^ ծ՝Ն* գ*»ր–՛–՛^ վեր^ր% ու. ^ՏԼ՛ Գ^" րաւ.% սկիղբներբ , 1էիսէւււթ–եսւՆց կեՆգանւտւնստչովըլ ւ1առե^ բու% 1^9 ր^էգ^աեու–բ յեղափսխու-թ-իսՆ մի ւասռաք եկտէէս» ոս ՚իսւէսւիայ^Ն ՜էքւ֊րոպայի մե^սւգոէՆ մասի՛ն վրա/ աոաբաԱա. հ ու-Խռէսւ. * *\աիս$էււ.թ–իւ%ք՝ \^իք^ գաբու. սկիղբՆերը^գբեթ-է յիաՐէ եկեղեռւսկասնստց սաասցու-ասհյթն էին ւ ^աւո եբբ խւսչա^ կբու.թ–եաՆց ձեէւ.<ա բաբօբո»֊թ–իւ% ու. աբսաասքքէն կբթ֊ոէ–^ թ–իւ.Ն բՆգ^էէտեոէ֊ր եղաՆ , գիս$ու^թ–իւ%ք սււեկեղեցս§կանէսց սեՆեա^ներէՆ ելան ոէ. ^ս$սսւբս»կասռ կեՆէսց Ար՚՚Ո անբնգւֆ^ քակաե սէզգեցոա-թիւՆ ու.Նենէսլէու. սկսէսՆ ։ — \%ւասւիաւէ Խբեւ–եքի բանսէսսէեղձ^երսւ. ձեռզք բւսբձբսէգօյՆ կբթ-ու.^ թ-եաԱ րնգու^ստկութ-իւՆ եւ. գիաոեսւկաՆօւ.թ–եաե ո1^բ բՆգ^անո$.ր Խզալ. » ^իշու-ելռա^ ւսրժաևի ե՛ն ի ւ1կ9 "էւէ՚՚ց ^էա^գկ \^վհ^էերհ (փ1321) »սսս՚ա֊ւսհոաւյ1ւՆ կւսասէկեբգսւ,^ թ-եան բաՆասսէեոձ-բէ ^եւէբասբգսւ ^փ 1374) "՚– ^"Գգ՚՚՚չեքւ (փ 1375)* ^"ւա ^է*^ աշխասբՀքքւե սւ.սոա–ւԴլյու.%էսկսւն մա^ էոե%$սգբսա^թ–եէսՆ գիաոոա-ք^եասմբբ ւԳպյհ ^1ՆարէԱէ–ոբ եղասէ պոբե ոբ սւււէսքրն անգսէէՐ կ . Գ^ոլս/^ փւսխսւե– յդւ^ Գէ՛^՛՛ Ն$սկան յհ(Ո*աէւՆսսէք%^բիսորէրսէս\՚իէրասչիսէ ձ–$սՆօթ–սդքու.ռ (1393)* \\՚՚^ւծ ^՚–" ը^*գ^ա^՚ու.բ \անօթ–ս»ցսէւ. ւոլ%ւսկա^ էէաւոեՆս§գբսւ,թ իւ%բէ եբբ կ . ԳՀսւսու ւսո,ւ1ձքհ^% եսաեւ. , քսեք մբ <ոհՆ եբեսեւէ գեբգէէէէ§աոանՆեբ ^^$ւ.%սIսIՈIէէնք^ ^էոէսւբաս գւաէոքՅ-եցիՆ է ^աա չաեցաւ. , ՚իսաւսքիայի իշիւաս՚ն՚Ներբ գիէոՆաւ»^ կսսնասց օպ%եւու. եւ. յու%սէկաե ու. ^ռսմկւսկաՆ մաէոեՆա., գբու.ք9–եսւ% ու.սման եսէեսկ հյեօէւսւ. յկքիբասրու. ^եա ակսաձԿւ ՚^ցէէյ ՍԼ՚՚՚՚^/ք ՚^ք՝ <ս<11է1»4՛^ աւ-եւի Նշա%էէ1–ոբ եղաե Ս՝^– սաիչի%եբբէ ՎեշասէսսէՆեբորգ գասբու% քւս^աՆայսւպեանեբ^է ա/է եւ. է մասնալ.ոբի ՚\եւ.ո^է ^ (փ 1521)՛ ^ւսա֊ղոս ^« (է 1649). Գրիգ-ր Ժ*Գ. ("I» 1682/՛^ ՚եոբ Տ՚"՚՝՚»բւլ խոթեց) ու. յձեքուոոս \քՀ (փ 1590) շաա յաս^ա^ացսւ-ցիՆ գիաու.^ թ-իւ^էնեբև ու. սւբոսեսաեեբոէ յ\յաւ ք^՚՚^էտ "ր՚՚՚՚^ղ^եբՆ եօա% կէբթ բասևսւսս$եզհ%եր ու. աեէու^աեէ մաաէքԽագիբեեբ ք 182 ի%չսւհ՛»՝ ^քէ—՚Գ՚Ա (է 1633) . *իոբգու.ագոյ*իա»սաք (փ 1595)» Ա՚պքիավ^Աի (է 1527)» 1440 ^է» 6»^. կ»».գէյ՝պկկ գեր^ աէանացւ.դՐէ ձեո-գթ եւԸսձ՛ ապագբա-թեա՚ն գիւաովը ՚ֆքւ^/ք ւֆ գանոէ-եսաւ. $ աւս մեհ– մարգի^երոսն յաահ–մու.\քխեբե ու. գրաւ^ահ֊քեեքւը^ շու^աով^ եւ. ամկ՚Ն ՚"եղ^ սփօ-ելու. ։ Հ\ու.թ–եաՆս ւէւ.Նե^ոէ.աձ– ես-աեգը^ Նոր կե%գաեոլ... թ-իւՂէ մի աու֊աւ. Նաեւ. աբու.եսաի^ ։ Հին արոսեսսաՆերոլ.% Ոա^սրգՆեբը^ բոլոր \*աալիայի , թ՚^ց ւԴսնաս^անգ Հո–ուֆ 1^9 ւԱէե– փոէ-թ-ով սկսա՚ն փ՚Նաո^ու-իէ^ա էւ. քէչ^ աաե՚նոէ-ան ^9 ՚եկարչու.թ–իւ^ւն իր բարձրութ-եաՆ ծ-ագքլ ^ասաւ. 1յէ"֊ Նաբադյ աա Վհ՚եչիի (փ 151 9 - փլորեՆաեան գպր*»ձ)ւ ՄՒթ՛^՛՛ յհլ^ էՁ^^լ^ ^ոՆարոգգիի (փ1564» »բ ՜ճաբաաբապէւո , քանգակագոբձ– ու. %կարիչ^ 1^ր էֆանգայԽր*) , Հռոմսչք I) . Գ\եաբոսի մայր եկևղե^սոյն ՜ճաբաոարապեաին , քիափա^ յհլ աանցիոյի (^ ւհՂՕ * ^«–"՚/կակաՆ գպրո^) , Ղ–սրրԿ^»յի (ք1Ց34ւ քոմպարաական գպրո^) եւ. գիցիաՆոյի (փ1576« վե՚Նեասէկա^» գպբոց՝^ ձեռզք * 88– *| ^աղ^ձ*^ « ^^^ՃԱ գ^ց Փ^ւհպպ–1^*ի* — 2* 17Ր1՝ "կ*"՛**– ՚Վաւր>–*^է սւոա%ը» \*՚Նչպ1^ա կէէէռաս^ վարԽ^% ^—/^^ ^***քէ "*– \\*սրոքո^ \^է 3* ի՛^^ պւաաաււերսէդԺեեր Խպա% կէս^ րւէարաէ ՏԼ*1՛ ^՚**՚ք»»*եակ* յ^^գղ1էսէեա^։ ^ գսւ$լդիասեաէւ աասէոԽրւ»»պէաԽրԽ ք^է^ ^նԲ –%եցաէ,%է 4* Ո՚Հ. ^ Լւււ.գաավիկքս յ»Ա,. ի|»** "Հ^ յ—ք^ՐԳ՚՚Յ * Թ"»ք""–"*՛ րսէկոաե իշխո§հ–ե.թ–իա^ն (՚^չ^ կԽրպաորսւկթ ասռ՚աէւ. էտէ/ս միքացիս է I. քէ.է^պկա (էւ>\^դդո4* գ.ի% (1270-1285) Հ^րբդ/ե \ու.գովէեոսի ոոգւ֊դյհ աաև՚ն (77) ^ոմսոԱ.–^ ֆժե՚անօ մեհ՜ մասո ֆժւսգքւն ^էրսա պւսւցան ^ սա Լայն թսւգէսւոոքւն հշէսանոէ.իօ–հէհւո սւսէօմաիօ-հւ. պօուսսոո սււ.ս»սւէսռոէ.էսց պւսւո7ճէսռսքւ. գ&ռ շաա ւոկաո ^ր է Փքւյ–ւՈ–* ՚»՝– ՚^^՚ձտ^Հ (1285-1314) թա, գաւորսւԼան իշէսւսեու֊թհւ-՚մն իր *նահւոոգնե–ր1^ սււելի ոեգւսբձաեեց է ^ոնիփսւեիոս Ր*ռսւ^էաւնէաս/պե՚սւրք–~ որսսն ^ե՚սէ գժաեցաւ. ք ե՚եեոե-ցւսեանաց էԽսչյ Աէու.ոթ էէնելույն ^սւմար — բունեւաւաէ-սււ* ես էրե՚ո՚և սչյնաէս գս0րճու.ց ք ԾՐ ^ոնէփւսկիոսէ էւսՕորգոո օւս^անայէս^ պեա%ևրր 1305 - 1378* էբ^Յ "՚Թ՚^՚^Ր 1^ւ.1/եիոՆ փոիէւսգրԾցքւե * որով Ղ՝"՚Դ՚ւե^Ւ ք^՚*՚Գ**՚^՚*ր^ե–րո եեե^ ղե-ցւսկաևէսց ՚Խ՚^ւ ՚^^ սւօգեցոսթէւն սասէռանէ Տ՛"՝*՛ ք83 ՚ճաոէսեանսւօ ՚կւսրգՈք ե-րկաւն ^սւէէսՆմհսկօնե՚ռէ՚ն ճ^«. ւռե-է. 1312/՛^ ՚1էրՑ"՚–9* \\ոմսե–ր1^՝ գր$սւՐ եոխելոս հոասւոէ^ԽթԿ սէէՆնոԱ-եցսէէ^ * եւ. որոշոա^եօսսւ. որ հոէանռ ասաո1աասն1^ թէսգսւէ.ոոակ$աէե բստբ^ուսգզԲւ ս$ս%եաէփն եսՅո1աեպւ բոռղթուէէէ փՒւե՚՚էՊ՚^*՚է էսաէ/ն սկսաՆ քա՛^ ղպբէսց պւսսէգսէա1աւ.որնե–րո ա 1^ոու.թ ե-Աէն ժ ցոուծէԾրցւ^ մէջ^ մաեելյ *կ^/ե կերպովդ ղօրւսցոէ.ցթէք ^իտիպպոսի որգէռև ու. յա^բգնևրքլ Հ ո^ՀՈ^ Ո ^ո*^ ^ . (1314) Փ)^դդ^^ • 17* (1316) "՚֊ կ*^քք»ք«««» ՛ի» (1322) /«^«՚՚<ք «՚*–՛»/»՛՛՛^"՛^ իշխանու.թիւ^րւ — կսքրոէոս ՚ի»^Ն Հետ 1ս2օ/՚^ք սպւս^ ռե՚ցսէւ. ՚կսւպԾսւես^ց ոէ.որո գՒ՝^Ր* 2* Վ*^^**^յթ էոաե թսւգսէւորնեոր կառ սքվսւբե՛^ ցի՛ն Ղ^աղղիա՚ե 1^2^ ^1ք)^^1 - Փ\ձ.ՊՈ ՛ ՚^–^^ Գ՛"^ եւՓը՛^ աաե՚Ն (1328-1350) Նգ"՛֊ "՚րգ Գ * ւճ^գղե՛"^ ցքւեք վ^իլիպպոսի թոոՆք սկսաւ. գսէղղիւ^ի »1ջ*^ պս*ա> ՀանշԱհւ.*նբներ ոնելէ \քգու.ասոգ ւսաղթեց Գր^սիի ^"^ 134:6/^ 1"–ր էԱղեղնաէ-որնևրուԽ» ե՛ւ. իր որ^ գսոյե \^եւ. իշի»աե§էն օէսՕութեէսմթր^ գ*ստչ^ն սէռս/ւ. է Տո^յսէ^ս ք.այ^ (1350-1364) 1356^* ^էէւ.էսգի^ի քու/յձեւ. իշէսան^ ւադթ– ու^ևցաւ. ու. գերի րռնու-եցւսւ. X \^օաաել^Ն եաեւ. իր էէրգւ.ուՆ վ^իլիապոս ^յ»իքւե էոուսէւ. Գ^ա^րկու%էոիէսն իրրեւ. էէէւ.սէսա (1օօՅ)՛ յ^պեոէ-էսկաեւսց ՀսէրսաւսՀւսրութ–իւյե%եր^^ աստտ՚ճա^ ռսւհ՜ գեղացւոց ւսաստ ամսու.թիայնր\<օ 2^^ԳՀԼ&11^) ՚ճըն^ շուեցաւ. անգթու.թեաւդւ (1358)» յւ«»|յ–յշ;;Ղք (1364– 1380) Աէ«–/1^«՚*^Ա^֊ ղիա գաո^ալկ՚ն եաեւ. (փ 1376)> ^էրգրաե ^իւ կէս^ ւե՚եի առաքեորգութեաւ/ի մերժեց ք^գղիացի՚ներրլ, որով^ ասքէնց ձեռքո Աեաց միպխ ^աաէ ու. Գ^որադյւ 3. կ«.ք–ւյ– Ջ.. (1380-1422) յ*»/՛*;^–"– 1392 §Տն, ու֊սէոի թսւգասորքւն եդբայրր \ոէ.գ» ^րլես՚եց^՝ ՚ / 1 184 (որ Լ4ը\)%1՛^ սաանու,ևւյաէՏ\ եւ. ^ով^ս»1տնկս \^է–ր^ Լհ՚-Ո 1էէնսւմանւա»լոէ.ք^եաե կսէմէսո էուսրու. ^Ե-սա սԼսան կո-ոսիր Ա^«/ պւ^ցիս Հ^օր՚նրիկոս |^« յ^^գւէիայի թէսգսւ^ սոոո պւսէոԵոսւօմր *նոոա^ սեսոսէ.* ւսքդթեռ գ^ս$դոի^ "՚3^"3 \^1է^Գ"՚–րի ^"^.(1415) ^^ 14:20 ի՜եփիչԻպ՛– պոս Գ\ոէ.րկունէոացէ.^1յն ^եա ՚իրոէ.այի գ**՚շէ՚Կքր գոաւ., որույև էչօրոէ-քժօոսւՈւ ^^ւ^գ՚յէսչւհ 1ժէսգէԱէ–որո ՚ճաեչ^ ռոսեռստւ. ^աողրւար հշէսսՅն ու. թսքգաժառանգ ։ կաքոը4^ է.^ (1422-1461) ժամանակ, չւո^ ժանգւսկ ^րւ.ս» կ^աոորսւ ^^^գորացւ֊ոռ ճեպբն անռսէէ^է Դ%աւաոգ օօոսւաետո պաշարե-ց ^Րլհ*՚՚^Րյ է–*^1ը 1429 /քՆ ք ով^սւէէնւս սա \^գ ք ւոքժսէոէ^գքւսէցի գե-դացւու մի սւո^անէՆ ւսէոթու-եցսէւՀ կսւոոէոԱք քէհ^մսի մէ0 ասսէկոսեւ^Ն եսաս-լ. ^ոմ\ան՚եսւ ^ գ^ոմբիկյեհ ^Ոէք բէՆեոսեցսււ. ու. յլԳւսԼք*^ ՒԲՐ^^ Հ>՚"–7 *^)ՐՈԼ.եցս։ւ–Հ ^քււ%ու.սէ սկսէսՆ– Գ"Ր^Հքր ^ս*ռսէՕ էոէսուսւ. է դ%սէլպոգհ միէ^ն գալիք զոր պա^եցբն միՆշ&ւ. 1558 • 4– Լք#*–«ք»է^լ»**» Ժ֊Ա. (1461-1488) որչափ րւերսցէ ու. էսորսէմանկք ՚Նունչափ ւսւ անէրսււ. ու. ւսն՛^ գութ էր • բո^ութ-ե՜ստմի ու. կսւշսէռօոէ/ մեհ՜ ւսւասւ՛^ Աէռու.սւց օօրութհւ^ր կրցսււ. կոսարեւ տ \\արուոս ւ^րէքաե մեոյևև–լի% եաեւՒ Գ\ոպւկունաիան չժսէգք^ն ^ետ մէացոսց (147 7 )ւ ^՚– ^րովւմևսի , \^ժու.ի ե՛լ. *կկ–ա՛^ աոչս^յ *Խ^ էրսէւ.ուն թ ՍէՈՍէցսաւ. : \\ագ^^^ |Լ, (1483-1488) ^րըյէաեեէ ժա^ ռաՆգ իշխանոս^ւոյն ^էրա ամու.սնաեսւլոմք Բ"ՐՐ գսւոոէսւ մ^կ թսւգասւորոսթհսն մ՝ ե-ոստււ պօրա^սււ. որ ՜Հոսգ, ^(^* գըեթ-կ բասսւրձակ իշխաե մ* ե^ ղալ.։ ^կրոսթ՜եասե ժողա^երր ւֆայհ թ–ասգս»ւ.որքէհ ^րէսմա^ %ովըլ կր գսւ^մարոսք^ի՚ն։ ~– ^^ւսգսււ.ոոսւկան օօրա֊թ–ես»Ն գլխսււ.որ մկկ օգնս»կա1»հ 1^ր « ՚ս/ս միջոցի՛ն սկսօւ֊սւ^ ՏձւսյսւՆ ՚§շրքբ* \^՛– ոքով^եսւեւ. սէւ–աս$ուսս^ուՆերր օիՆւէլ.որու–թ՜եահ 185 երքք9–ա0Ըււ. պւաբէղք^Ն իրե\ք պիբ^քկք էսդաս» բրսւձ– կիՆ , ւք օք. ս$երէաղՏե թսաո ւԱէհ-ի աՐսսէՆ վաբձեէաաե$սւպօբսվ ^Ր/Ա՚՚Ր ՚ \^սս%ք պսււէ$Խբս§օմի ւմթԿէեէսւ^^ Խւոքե էսւ եբկբ^ ^9 հՐ ՏձսքյիՆ (յքլ. եթ-կ սւրիշ^ իշխաե մի գէբե՚^ղթ իր հոառսԱՈէ–^ թ-Խան ւքհ9 չաււ^ոսր , երկրիՆ ^սւմաբ ւ^& ասւա$իժ յրՆ ւ^ի՛^՛) * (^լ«քա%ք^ վաբձկաեսէօօբէ՛ կսւօմհց \ոււգովիկ»ս ^1^ • ղի%աաէկիբեեբբ (^6ոԺ&ՈՈ68) ւ առաքին Տնա^սսՆ բամնակբ ւ –՚– ԳՀէսւոեբասօմեւու. եղանսէկր բուոբովիՆ ՚եսբ կեբսլաբաեք ւՐ սւօ-էսւ. Գւեբգ^սլսա ՜^յաբ^ կբօնսքէ-օբիՆ (1354) վաս-օգբ գանելովԱէ յ^կօթա^ւ կբ գւէբծ–ասձ–»ւ.^բ վաա-օգր մեհ՛ սաՆ^ գեբէ ^էսբեբ Նեաեքու . քիչ ՚քի եւոբբ ակսասւ. գսբձ-աս^Ււաէ-իք պգաիկ թ^գաեդթ-Նե^ու. եւ. վեբքաակս պւսւորու.կս1է*ոբ ^բօւսսէՆՆեբու ^սւմաբ է 89. ր>էւյ– -- 2 • հ՚^ձ ^ –պիաքսկ ոա. կասբյիր վաքգԽրոա. ւ կէսմ՝ \^արգի ել. Լա՚եգսէագրի յքԽդԽրաւ»% կռիւ.ը» ի՛^^ վաի1ճ՚աէ*\և ոէ%Խ^§սա. \քգ»ա.§աքգ \ք » ու. քիքտաք^գ^^ա գ» 3 • \ք՝ՐԲ ՚*^ է՚1»չպհ– ւԳատէ^ս§% երկու. կող»1եստկւքու.քՅ–իւ.Ն՚եԽրը • |* ^^ կ1ւբպս§^ րաէտ ■«քււաձ– կր ՈԱՈ է/իքուքք։ո աո՚1ւգգխստկաա։\։ ոաաՀւՌւէեաաէգրութիւ^ւըա 1 . *\–էսղդիէսԼան աս$սէեոապմրն ժսէմաեէսե^ Ա,^– գղջւսն\Ղդ)՚ես»եւ. ՚եեոբքէն խւՆովութեանռ էսսպարէ^պ մ* է-ղաե– հր^ ^ե՚ւ իշյսանթն անեարոո որգ^* քիափփփ**»՛^ 9^Ո4է ր.. (1377-1399) Հե՚նրիկոս ՛ի. \անգասգրի գոկքս1^՚ն *քէււր սէ1Նեու.Ծռս§ւ. ու. մեռէսւ. ( 14001 բան^ էոի էքէք։ Հ^^գդէսսիմէլ 1399-1461. ֊ Հէ1քյյ*»դ..(ք 1413) եէսռամաոեռ շսւոոէՏնսէսեէԱէ^ռոմոԱ-բօ՜եահռ ու. ւսպրս–^ Հ\^^^V^^ ե– (է 1422) Գր^՚՚պյի գաշիքով^ ըեգունե՚ցաւ. աաաՀովաէքՈւցու.աՐ գաւԼղէսչյէ գա^թԱ ^ԱէՕորգձ-չու, ձ-լ. թուչու.ց ևոկու. թէսգաւորու.թիւՆ^ ն&րն ալ իր իՆՆամՆև,^ Հէ՚^՚քյլ^^-^Զ.– (1422-146 1) շ. քէ^^փա^^յաո*ւ^՝ Ն"ՐԳԻ իշխա՚Նըյ Հև՚երիկոս ՏԼ* քւե ^իսանգոսթե-ան սւաեՆ պէսշաաս§ն անու-աԱոսսաօ՜ \ 186 է^կ որգիէՆ սձրէրչույե թագթև վջպք սկսաւ. պա^ ^սԽքյուկթնևր րեելյ բւ^^ քԽկաւ. վյա/գֆիլաի 7^ակսւ^ ա/^1|»«/էձ(1460)» հՐ որգի՚ե \քքյաո^աէՀ> դ.. յադթկ (1461) ՀեՆրիկոս ք^փՆ ւքեկանշ^ \^արգարիաէ^ի , բւսյց ԱաորԱն գաւառՆե-րր փախչելու սաիպուե-ցաս ^ՐԲ Գչարանսի դուքսն ևւ. ^սարվիգ կոմսլէ 1470^^ Հէքե^ րէԼոս Քլ. նոր էն գա^ ^անկքւնէ կգոսարգ իր քեռսօյ^ ր1^ \\արուոս ԱՀւ^է^Ն օգնու.թիւն գսանելով^ ^աալթևց 1471/՛^ ^^"՚րվծգք՛ ^՚– \Ր"՚րգ"՚ւփ""^ի ՚ \\՚՚"ր վր՛^ Հ1քնրիկոսի որգԱե յեռցլէնե-աաուաւ. ևւ. խե՚ւ մի սպա–^ ՚նու.թիւէւնևրուԼ^ իր գա\ն ապա^ովցուց։ Ն^^՚^^ւ^ Ն՛ յ"՚է^րգկ Ի՛՛ր ^^ոլ (1483) սակպ/ն ^օրևդբօրւլ քէ^^փա^քյաո*^ Գ.^^ (1483-1485) ^էօ-քւօօ սաանուեցասէ-է ^Ա(յց սւսիկաւ աք կորսնցու.ռ թագն ու. կե-ակթր^ Հ&նրիկոս ՚իուաորի* \^արգարի^ ս՚պյի որգէ-ոէն գ1։մ՝ ե-ղահ– ^ոսվըրգի 7^^ակաաիՆ ւ^Օէ 3» Հէ^ք յլ»*** է • հգ՚՚՚-՚^ՐԳ Գ-ի՚ե գսաձրշէ կղե^ սաբե-թի Հևա ամու.սնանալով2 մէէսցուց կրկքէն կոոմԼ. ՚նակցութիւէւներըէ ՚ի«9^«^«»է»1 աու.%ը^ կառավարեց \^գ.^ա% 1485-1603. (թ. 99). շ^երմակ (եււրգեաՆ՝^ ու. կարթֆբ կանգասգրԽաԴւ) վարգեմ րսւ.Ն կէւիւ֊րէ կսէԱքԱղու-թ՚եւաայի էլ. անգթ-ութ-եսւէՈա. մկբւ.սւքՒ հր» Լգ^րՒ բ՚ւ^*"֊՚՚^եւաու% ^ւսմար գքխաաոմաՆ գործիք–՛ Ներս է աաԱէոԽրասօմի գասշաէրուՆ վր."՛/ գրուասհր հի%\ւ \կթք>՚՛ թ-սւքՅ-էւ^ւն 1$նկահ– կր « բէսրէոաւկանոսքՅ-իսյնր վաէոԽՆաայասա^ * ^պտ պյս ՚փք՚՚ցէ*՛ աեգղէակաե սսւ^մաՆագրու^թ–ևլ%ս կօէ^ էոսւրեքապէ» կսէրգի իւոթ-ու֊եցաաւ. է \քգոէ.սէրգ <|« , ի ս§$էւե\է՝ \սոր^բգսէնոռն սւեոմ ^ասւա»էսէու% կերպստրաՆք մ*՛ ւսօ֊ւսւ– > "Ր էՐՐ՚՚՚^Ր^ բարձրագոյն եկեզթցականա^ ^եա՝ Վձ-րին էւե^ Նեէսկոէ էսկ ԱէսպեսէեԽրուՆ պասսագսէւէասորնէրր՝ աէԱէոպօաօ պսէ$ոգաս»1աւ–»ր^$եբսւ% ^եա ԱսաորիՆ սեՆեաակո կւսօմեռէա^է * ւ^ա^ւՈէէնագբոսթ-էան էկղքւուՆքՆեբՆ 1^ի% 1 , որ գրամա^ աոսսրքը^ էէսւսրին սէնեկի՚Ն ^աճոլ.՚թ֊Խայրն րոայ . 2 . որ օրէւ^ք մը^փսխելսւ. ^ամար կրկէՆ սե%ևս§կՆերքլ.Ն ^էսւ֊անու..^ թ–իւ%ըլ ^ասրկէսսւար ըլլայ , 3* *»Ր սաորիՆ սԽՆեսէկթ ^րաաւպա^ րսէկէսկաե ղեղ&ւՈ»^^ ու. անկսւրգութ-եսէհա ^էէոաօօւոու.^ ^ 187 ու֊թ-եէէէՆ կւսՆչեւ կէսրէՆպյ ։ \^ւոորիՆ սԽՆեկի% աղգե^ոււ^ քՅ–իւ.ՆՆ սււեՓ ւ1եհ–սսէա^է ՚\ա^՚գս»աւգբէ աոասՆ թւսգէսւորՆերսւՆ աս§է$ե1է։ ք^գ ^Աէկ»»ււա–$սկՆ երկու. Փ^րգէտ ՚^>*՚*"^/><*՚«^^^՚><– ժսէմանէսկ աս§րսն՚նԽրւ»ւ.Ն թ-իւՆ էւ. սսժքւ շաա ի՚Նկսքւ. . արաժ^եսէեւ. այէ՛ *ֆ9րտ^՛^ Բ՚՚էՐԲ ^րկ1՚ր^^բ՛"–^ ^Է՚^Գ^Ր՚՚ԲԳ մասր ք9–Աէգ$սսէ$րիՆ ձեռյոե ի՚Նկւսւ. * 90* ս«դ*^^յ*^– 1. ի>ւձ փափ-խոա^թէ^^ԽԽր կրԽւք ապա%ի»ա.կ,ա/ե թԽրակզււխ% Ը. գսէքէՆ ՚Գ՚է՚քեա. ^Հ^« գաաբ ։ — 2< 1»^^ կԽրսքԱքէա^տ է—ււէէււ. \^Աէկււ՚Խիաւ » ՚ի՚%չ»քէս ընգէտթՀքքկԽ.. 9՛"^ ^աԽագիլիսէ է — 3* ^՚րքպէւ1ք ՚՛*– ^իերգք1^§ա%գէաա * ի ՚եչպէաւ թագսք.սրԽ»ի՚եւ* է^'4 էղաւ. ^^աւաաաէւիսԱի ։»էո»աք1թե ք9–սէգս*ա.էէրը։ - 4« ի՚^Հ, 4^^՚"^Ւ ՚^է. ^Ւ՛^ գիսէՈէ-թիա^կթ Ոէ. արոա.եապթ իքւԽբակէք՚Ա թ–Խր–կղղա.ղիւ վք—քք (Լ • գ^^^ր^^'՝ ա1քւԽ.^ չեւ Տ*ձՀ* է–՛"/" ժէսմանաե 711 /՚^ ( ք^ • Օ 7 • 8 յ • մէ*սխ ասգոէ֊րակաե աեոանռ Աբայ ^ գպժսէԼան փդբրհկ Աք1^րու.թքււ.Ն տ/հ ան^ կէսխ աւտս^ահ– ^լ^ Օ^^՛"^» ^՚– 900 Հ^^ ^"1ՔՐ Լ^"՛^ գլքսսէւոր ռադռու1է ԷԼ^՛/ ժամանաեք^ սրՆչեւք ծ*՚\ք* գւսոոս՜ն *Ռ՚ր9"ՐՐ օրհսաոնեալռ յ\րսէբսաւ.օ^ ^էՐս» գրեթւ^ անրեգ^էսա աաաևրէսռաւերու, մհ^ հէ*ե* ու. անոնց օԼեո^^Ն ^հսազ^1ոո^ գսւսէսւՆնԾլւն եսա սէռ^ւ — \^գ1^*ն ^. գարոսն սէ0ք ^«՚/՛ \հ՚ոեի թ սւգէսււէոոէ.^ թև՚և^ն ղասո Գ\է9ւ.րկոսի կոմսոսթքււՏնրք որ իր տէւսգ^ յաթիւ. գոե^աԱներոէհփ ԼՕձ8է611օտ) ^ք՚/ս՛/՛) ^ասգէէիսա ՚՚՚ւկր կ՚*չ՚*ւ–հր* \\պանհսւկէսն սէս^է/անակոմսութ եՆէՆ կազմու.Մօաե *կէսյարրսչւհ թ ագւաէւորոէ-թհւ^Ոք (որու^ ^սքրա լային մասր 1օ12/՛^ ^ևրգիՆանգոս կաթ ու. ^ ղիկ^ական էսշքսար^ակալե-ց, իսկ ^իւ.ս, մասր^ ւԵօս ին Գս՚ղդիպյի ^եա ւֆացաւ. *\ Գ^արսկ՚լոևայի կոմսո§,^ թիւ-սն ու. ՝\^րակոնիաւի լժ սւգսււորու֊թիււՏնրւ շ. \կ9ակոՆիա ք \\օ7 ի% գագալոնիպյի ^ևա միառաւ.Հ 6^^7**^ 11* ս»շհ»ս>ր^ակաաեռ Գ\ալ^սւրեաե կղպի՚եեր՚ն ու. 1238^^ Վ^ւթնսիան։ Դ^էգաո*^ ^» 1282/՚1^ սիկիլի*"^՛ ք^՚^Յ "՚" հԴՅ^ արա^ սէո֊ւսւ. 188 Լոնսէեան ցՄդրն թւսգւսւ֊որւսօ %ոս»Ան ^ր ու. ^ւսռէլ Լոնիսչյի թագաւորն&որ Հր՛– ր9 1300/՛^ ստռէւե Նւսե-լ. գփԼաԱէէաո** յ^է^էԼ ձ&ռօք՝ Լէ"^ք՛ թագաւ.որոէ–թեսէն ^եէո սիէսռէսսՀ ի/7 ու. էր ւէսՕորգւսռր^ եւ. մաՂւաւ.անգ 1085^^ գոլետոն աշխար՚^ակալո*լ յօա^ Աք^**՛*^**^ ՔՀ*քւե էսսւե՚ն քէէոսէոիկղյ աէ Վհվար (որ Ահս՛ եր եո^^ չուի ՚յ՛ 1099) \^Ր՚"Բ՚՚՚Ց՚՜"Ց "^ր^^՚փ՛^ եօահ– ^րէ լ^ւ/ոՆք 1^1 Հհ՛ն ^ոլովսայր սէրիւ-՚նսէ՚^հո ճսէեսւաքւն սէՕ ւսքոքՅ-ոէ-եռաՆ ք ուր գրեթէ 200*000 էէարգ ի՚նկաւ֊է Փէք*ք"ք^******ք"՛***՝ Ա"՚–ՐԷԸյ> 1250/՛^ ասէե-՚ե՚ևևրրէ աշիէար^ակէսլե-ց ՚Հքսգրէսմասւու֊րան ^ Ա՚ու.րսհան ու. \^^ս$սքչուսիան • այնպէս որ \\րաբւսցհռ կրաեաէոա»ի մէ^ Օէսշոէ-եէու. ^արկէսգր&ցան։ Տ» ի«լ^«գէքէյ*» գասգիչհացթն (1469 ) աշ^ չսար^սէկսյչեց 1492/՛^ \\րանասէան \\ոս*ս.էսցէ–ոց ւքեր՛^ շհ՚ե հոկիրր» քւսկ Փ^ւ՚գք՚^՚՚՚^Գ՛*" է Ւ^Ր ^ՐՒ^ւԼ ՚Փ՚՚՚Ց՚՚՚՚Յ 1504^^ էր Աէ1^րու.թե–անր ^հա կոՆօալվոյ գորաո՛^ վացէ^՚ե էսո-Աէհ– ՚\^1^սէաոլէսր հ \Խպաա^լլայէ մա^ՈԱ. րն1^ եահւ. (1504)՝/՛/՛ փեսա% Փ)^1^*ՂԴ^^ Գ^^^ք^Հ Ա՚֊«֊ ս$րէսւցէՆ ք գժբէսէ§տ ^ոէ1Հան՚նայէ*ե Գ՜րէկՐէ հւ. ւսսոր (1506/^) ւյա^ու.աՆէ՚ն եաեւ^ \^էմե%կս պաշաօնկէւե ԳՒԺ՚՚ՕՒ էշե"՛*^ ճանչցոսհցաւ-է լլ<«/ւ/9 թուՆՈ կէսրոչոս լլ» (էրրե-լ. գ*&րւ/ա1եէաէէ կայսր կարոչոս \ք) եոաւ. երկու լժսէգաւ֊որութե-անց (^րէսկոնէայէ^ ^էսսգէ^ 1Ր*^ւէ) աք"՚9"ՐԳ* "՚՜ աեու֊անհց է՚հք. ՚էսհք. 1^ագ՚^^*^ր յձպանէսչյէէ 189 4* ^դիւ֊րէէնէէէւն քՏ-երակղոի՚նէ \^ր»սթաւչքւ֊ւ»^ իշիէԱէ%սսթ՝է$ս% էէ»$էւկ մՆէՆեչկ% եսաեւ. • \քւրոաայի ւսմեՆ^^ բասէրՈսմարգ ու. յիսէնգամայՆ ասւ/ե՚Նւսւաւ. ւՌաեոլ. ւսհ– էրկ^րներ^Ն »^կՆ ^ր է գ%իսէ»ւ֊թ–էւ%ք ոէ– ւսրուեաաք գ ււրոնս ւս$ալ.ոս^ագէմոէ.թ–եասԽ Խւոե*~1։ հ1^ ւաւմիրսւաե$»ղռ է ամկՆ հէպյ՝ աարսւհ ու.աս^ հք^* — ^ւ.մԱեաս^ւօ էսւֆրէսպեաոս թ էան հ*^1 ՚Ռ "(Գ^Ւհ "՚է՚բ*"^՛՛ թ–իւ%երու. բսւժՆ»ւ.ելո^ ո»֊ անռնգ^ւսէո պսւաոերէսղՏէէւէրււյ եօկոքքեւ "Ա^ բասրեյսէքօռ վիճսւկ1»ն <»> ՚էէբք ս»րւ»է֊եաւսւ^ է խաերակզօւ. ո^ք քրիէւաոեեաւ սւ^քքթէ֊թեաս^էսր *^9» "՚գ^ %ոսւսկւս\ռ շաաո Աեե– սէրտո<^ւոէ.թիլ.Ն՚Ներ ոնգոէ^ւսճ գէ^է » վասս ղէ պւսսէերէսպԱեեոէւ»^ *^9 ք9– էէէգսէւսրասա աս9 թէսօոսկ^ %երե հ1^* ^"ԱՏ ^"Հք^^^ Փերգի՚նաՆգոս կ»սթ»սռիկ^–»»էկ$սնի ժսւմասն$»էկ ասաէւեա ու^ժր կոսաոեաէսւ. ^ »քանէսա.էսՆգ ^$սւ.ս0ասէա. քնՆւէւթ-էէսմի. »ւ. 1^ւ1երիկսււի գանոսեչովը^է - - ՚^քէրիաէոո^ Նեաւ սւէրու.թիւ.Նէւերսւ% \^րէսբւաաւ.ւ»օ ^եսւ ու.Նեաէսծ– «աօ». սւէրսէօՏւձերոէյե ժսէէէաՆւսկ , ^րիասաոնեայլռ , գրեքՅ–1է միշա \Րաս^յեսէ$սկանասռ ^ես» կր խսւռՆսւ.^իՆ , սրսվ^ կրօեւսկս$ե ւէեհ– աաեւ$ւսւրբերոէ^թ–իւ% մհ ւառսւք եկւսւ. ։ \^>"*ր սէռքեւՆ էսա^ե/ու. եւ. ^սւէ^էսսէղէ աեւա»ւրաաէւոա^ թիւ.Նո պ$ս^եւու. Հսէմաբ սւեանոէ Հ^աաւկաաՆ սա բսէնս թ–«»ւգսէէ^ւքրՆ1քրէ% ւէմաեք չա^ րասչար գսրծ՚սւքՒե^ի՚ն է Նւսեւ. §Ոէձ–ասւէեհ–ս*» սքղգեսու.թիւ%ր կսսւրելու. եւ. "՚֊րէշ "շ/^՚՚՚/՚Հ՛^^^ %աասսււս1էեերոա– ^$սւ/ար է \^ւ^րք՚կ՚գւք՛ գսէեոէ֊ելովյըլ պսւսէերսւպմէԱս^ր ափ»ուսսւկաևաառ ^սւքագորե-ւէա-թ-եւս՚Ն %սո ասսպւօրկպ մի բսւօոա^եաասւ. եա^ իեւ մի երեւ.ե^ գերգ«է*ս»ոսէհՆեր \^պաՆիա§է^ եւաԿ» . ոէ^ր սւնգի^^ , ւսշխ»սր^էէքկս0լու.$սծ– երկիրՆեր^՚ն թ–ասգ»Աէ֊»բսէս ձեա֊քբ ^ասէէասհ– ^ւսրւ»սւ$ւսթ–եսէմբ թսէգի% «»ւղս.եսւ»ա.քՅ–իւ.%Ն ոէ– պօրսէ^թ-էւ^ն անչափս ասէ-եւքսաւ. է ^ո^ոա ՚6աՏ^ա1 1լշ^գ1քփ^^ 1498– ւաԽր^է — 3* \յ բր գ*ւքԽէէ».Խյքա1հ ^էար1Աոա.աՀք ՝կաւ.ա^գաէ%ըէ 1լյ*&՝է.1^|4՝ււէ1հ Հը^գ– ց—էէա գիէ.աոԽքկէ՝ ^ւ»։ւԱ1^քաէակբթոէ.թ– Խատ՛ա %կէաաէ յայի I լ. Հե՚Նրիկոս ^Ոէ.րկու.՚նաիս^ի գուռսր 1094– ^էքք ^որէէու.կալի (ք^"/"/–^– Տ՝՛"/^) կօ՚^՚՚ւ-թիւՆՆ ըՆ^ գօւ%Մռաւ. իբրեւ. ասասա իր ահեոփյ^ )^լփոնսոս Քհ* է^է որուձէ մաՀոսաեէ^ և սոթն (1109/՛^) ք՚կԲ ՚Փ՚Կռ անկախ ըբաւ. է Ա*//»/» որգԲն՝ Աքճ«ւ1»«*ք9«*ք ^էրք՚քՒ ժ""է^ թոէ-թեՆ^Ն ձ-աե-Լք քւկբ կէքկո ^քրգք-կս՚ւքւ ք^ագ՚Աէ որ էսնոււանեցէ 1Շ*էՂ"՚է"էհ^ \)^ր>՚՚ր>^3^՚*9*^ .ս»ւՆնու.եօւսս 190 (1250)» ^՚– 1300/^^ ասէև՚ւ/նևբը^է ^որգոսկաԼէ Գէ ^ քէնէսհոս յ^գաչւ^էւ սէւոՄևէ ՝\քւրոպսչյի $սմե%^^Ն Ծ$սղե1ոսւ գաւ.որաց աաե լ13օ8–1Օօ0) սեսաւ. գիւաե-րէէւն շ՚՚՚էւքը^ որոնօ ՚\^է–րոասէօւոօ Նռր գորե–է$ւ.Ն^ու,թե–ւսՆ յեհ– ասաւսր^օ(լ բսէցի%է \)ոե–լ.Ծչե–ան ՀնգԼէսսաւսՆէ Հ^ՄԱէ անրնգպւ^էսսս/ն եեոաոմ ւսռուէոուրքւ ասէոասս.ե՛^ ոոէ-թեա՚Ն ա^ք մաՆհէւոէ. ^ամար փոոճեօա» ^փրէկե^է բ֊ոլոոսւհթր Նովոսն վջայ1/ն ՜ճամնլաւ մի գտ*նե՚լւ Հե՜1ե–^ րէեոս հ՚ովագնսւօ իշրէանր \1^ոսգաԽ սօՆՆեւէՆ էոոեւ. ք լ^լՕ^^ւ ՛նոր ա1րոե–ր գանե-լու. ^ամար ՛նա սե՛ր խւսս^ Բ^Տ* 11՛"՛^ գւ^ա՚ն (14։1Տ) Ւ՚՚ՐԳ^ ըաեգոնք յք^աւոկ^ բան ե-լ. \\գ.Օս) ^պոոե-ամներր» ու. Նւսէ֊&օ^ն Դ\այէս^ 4ոոր գ*ւքսույն Բ՚՚Ր՚ր՚՚՚հքր* Հ^քքնրէեոսէ ւ/ա^Ոէ^ս^1^% լէ*"՛^ ռաՕ (1460յ ^*՚*րգ՚*^կ^1տ1ա Գ*""՛^ Նստե՛լ. Աե^և&ձալյ ՚Գ^աբվե^րէոե՚աԽ եղզ^երն ու. կու^^էսնէ ^.^չ^մէևտքչ (1486) ^արթաւղիմէոս Տի^ 4Աօ անօաւ. կ*ւսբոէ գորսէՆգոպոն » ղոր ^ա1\ս^%է–ս թսէ^ գ ւսւ. ոոր ^արեյու. սոտ ^րու.անգան անու. անեց % ԼհէՍ օք՛^ \%յանոս1^ւ յրե-հ^Ան էսսէէքն գսւսււ. Վասգոյ ւքքՀ։ կս/մա ՝^ձյ՚"*–"10–ան Հ^գալսէԱէոանհ հ՚ոփաքէն ճւսւ/ււանէ գ*էս^ չիգու–գ1/ն աշբւսէր^էսկալեց1էն ^րԱ^քէոա ու. Ա/ա#ւք.« գ^բբ կոաէք| ւրէսլագգան ու. \բոլու.գ1ոսնն&րր։ \ձ,սոբ վրսչյ ^որգոԱ.կալց1§թ յ^ե՚նսՅց ու. յ^աքւոնացւ-ոց ^եա 4սռեւաըակ%սն յաոաբեոու֊ք^եան մէ;0 մա անէ լլ^« գիւ.սւեր^ ասնմիքապ^ւ» եէոքր, սկսւսւ. ^ոըգսս^ 1լս»1է ^սէմար ոսկեգարրէ \^ո^օսսքու.րր շաա հ–աս$ակեցսւէ– • քւպյց սաէկայ գրեթ^; միասր» թէ»էգ»սւ֊որսւկաե%սւա..էԱէոորէ1կէ՚Ն ձեո^քն կր* ^^ռեէ֊սարդյ գւխէսւ.ոթ%իւ.թ–եա1Ն հէ՚^է ՚ՂԴ^^՚Լ. ^*՛ "՚-ՐՒլ. ^""^^է^ր է ՚^՚՚ւսէք՚՚1> 1՛– բաւդւէսկիԴփիէ-թեբք ւէարգսւ՛֊ րէսէ եա– "ք/ւ^ * յյ՚^՚^չէ՜ւ. **ք/^՛ ս»սւե% *»դ/^ վա1^ասււ,քներր ^ասւս^ լէ–>յէ հրսվեպէրեաւէք քադպքներու.Դէ , եւ. ի էՈսսՆէսւ֊օրի Վյ^֊ %եաիկի , շ^ենովայի ալ. ^էզ^է ձեռօք \^ղիքսանգրիսքքի , Փ՚կՏԲ \Ճ՚՚1"^Ւ կամ՝ կոէւաանգինոէ^պսըւդյ վշսէյէ~ե ք^"՝–՛ . 191 Հ^#^«•ք^^ էսէւււլւոէէսրՆ օր քան ղօր ւսրԽւ.մաեաՆ \ք1.րապաւի ս/ղգսւ^ ձեռքն աէէնռասւ. , որով^ես$եա. ^1նգկասկսան վաճասոք^ ^երքԼ Լ^աւս»պւ»նի մկք^ կբ գի^էքք֊^ի՚ն եւ. անկկ , գվխասէարաբաբ Վ, յՀոԱանասւ^է^ոո ձեռզք , ւ»ւրիշ սքեզու֊սէկք կբ փոխսւգրաւ^ ^^^ի'ն։ ք^հէպէ՚սէ այս վա՝1ճս»ոքներր "՚-րՒձ. ^^""^՚՚՚^^՚Աներ^^ շասա սէսհլէ աէժաա/ն կբՆաաիՆ հոսխօէ֊իւ, աա»ւսէ^ ասւՌէնէԱէնիէւ. աէասս՚նամէւվ եզահ– սէռւէա^Աէսւբբ ւ1եձ– շա^ կբ բեբկբ ու. ւփ^ սէնգսէմաան բ»բգօէ^կւսաս սա %ւ»բ կէնգասնու.թ-իւ.% ^՚"~ """Բ ՚ ^էապպքաէ^իք ^սէբսէոսւ^էսՆ եւ. թաէգաէԱէքբսսկան իշի$անէէէ֊^ թ-եան 7ճախոէւ^թ–էւ%բ աաւճեռէսւ. . «"–/> անգի^^ ասպնոէ.սւկէէ$կը գբեթ-1^ բ-չոբ էրենց յսւռսէքոսաաւն էաբէոօնու.թ–իւ.^նեբբ կ՛՛բ–՛ աըն/քսւ-յքի՚ն ։ \քբբ ^սբգոսկալ (1580-1640) սպանիական *՛ գտսւ.աււ. Խղաւ֊, իբ \^սիաէ՚ի ^հք ոսնէռաս^ եբկիրնեբսւձ «Տեծ-ւսգղքն մասբ Հէէոանսւաաւօսէւռ ձեէԼքն անօասա^ է ՚, ՚՜ ■ 98. Ա4՚քէ1– \Լ է՚»՚^–4 1492. 1 է \քքր. -»֊ արո՚լ% ձեաաք-վ^ ակաէաա. ^ւԱքրիկաԽքի գիա.քը • կաչւ^յիւէա իր յօէի1քաէ§^\ ՚Ս^ւա.աւք§1^ ^Խգ^^ա§քօ»դ%դփ\ թ՚՚էՐՐ*՚*/ւթԸ ^–*–եքրւ. –՛ ւ/ ձեա^թ ղաբկաաւա — 3 • )՝*^^ կեքա ր աթ ա ա %ա ա$է§.ի\ էաւաա.էաա».ր «•. աբա^ԽէՈէւ ՚^ք՚՚ր ՚*՚էէ^՚*՚թ^յտ1՛*՛ գայ^ա-Խաբ^թ I օՀ։Ն անցնելով^ ասւսնե աւ ^ֆոհսաէսփոո ՚կոլոմպոս շք^^«- \\^գչսՖւո* ք^վսիանոսն ւմևոԱԾւովՀ եոնւա Ա/ւ ^^ք. • Հոնգ–^ Լէասսոան ^ասնէլւ \քՐբ էր հ՚^^գեան ռէսղպբն I^^*|[V|^#|«. գոէ^եաւիէնգիոո մերժոսեցսէւ^ գիմեց \^աւսնիաւի, ^ոե էէււթրաաոի սպսւսե-լ^^ ե-աեէ.՝ րեգու-Նե-ցաէ. իւքապ^ւլա Գ^Աքսգէլիսքցի^ն եո1Հռ 1ևաւ ք ոբոՆցմհմ սկսսււ. 1492/^՛^ \1ձ/սգոսա * օ\յձ,ւՆ1սՕի՚ն ՚ճէսմիորգոէ-թէւհւըՀ ք1հյ^պէ^$ո իր %սււ.այն ւ^Օ 1սւՆովութիս1»նե՚ո ե-լանք սաեպէՆ ՀոԼա , 1 Հր՛՛ կոա-անսէ^անի ԼԱս^ \^էսչմասաորյ մլ. ^հչ մր ե՚առր ^ու֊պսէ եւ. Հաէգի (ՀիսրանքէորսՀ կղզ^ե՚րր գսէսէւ» վձ–ր0^Նին ՚1ջայ ^է"^^3 գ՚՚"ւԹ՚*՚կ՚*՚^ք–(^է^ ՚%* — Նր՝՛ Խ*քրգ ՝ճսււդւորգու.թ1էէսն Ժսս1աևաե \Գ։Սօք՚^ք գաւսւ. ^էսլրաիսէներր ու. –^ւսմաիգան, երւ. կանգնեց Լհսրանե,^ ուայի սէՕյ ոսր սւռասՕէ՚ն գսւդ^ականութիսնր Հնգեկ^ %երո փ՚ճացուցսէհ– ^^ք^ք \%ղապեաս ամրոց րէ - - \քՐ^ V 192 մաիգաեէ մ^ք բռ՚նոսևռւսւ– եւ. շոթա^ւսկէսպ \^աան^սք բե-րուե-օէԱԼՀ - - Զ"Րր՚՚րգ ՚ճւսյիորգոսթիէյնր 1օ02 /՚Նք անօբ մի փնւոռեւու. ^սէմար հր* Բ–*՚ՕՑ է|՚՚/՚"4^՛"՛ յԼէսմահգէս%եսէոսեցւսա. ու. ^սւպր՛– է՚ե՚ւ մի մաէսԱգնեոէ^ եաբր էսօաաեցաւ. ւ \^շէւոր^սւ1/ւսաու.Թ6ոսւ/հ վէսրձաս^ արոսահ–՝ է/եռսէւ. Վաչե՚էԱէոոչ^էՈ ռսւղպթր (1օՕօ)* \^սե հր գտահ՜ "ՐկհրՐ եոչոսօցէսւ. ^ *||Ո|* *սշէ>^՚Ր^յէ1^ ասռսէ՚Օ^ն էոաքսսէսաԱՆերո հ՜ոսէգրոո ^իոր^Նցէսցքւ \^ւՌք^ րէԼոս Վյօքսբուչչբի անոէ֊սւմբու 2* 1^1/ եոսէհ՜ ժէսմանսէկ ^ւսպրասլ ^որգու.եւսչ^ ցք^է ւ^րօ-ւ֊ե՜չե-աե Հ^գկսէսսւանի ՚ճսւյիու^ ՚1ր՚^1էգե^՚*1 Ւ արե-ւմհսպռ ւրյսրնու.ե–լոյ գսաաւ. \0\)\)քէն քք^րաօէլիաեէ ԼՕւօքւ^ ^ւսլպոան անռաւ. ^անսէմէաի կիո՚ճոՀ \քոկոսւգորհ–ութեէսյի ոս սէոոէ-եսաիւ. ե՚րե–լ~ել1ւ ու. ^գօր \^ոնգկ;օու.յայէ/ե՝ կառավարոէ-ահ– \րԼրռսիկոն՝^ Փ^րգք՚^՚՚՚^գ Գ՚՚ՐԳ^Գ (1ձ21/՚^)| ոսկեշաա հերոսն՝ աեգոսթ Փրանկիսկոս իիդարէ^ք (1531) ՚"– Զէւէ՛^ յ^րՌսկողք է սաանիակաե թսւգքքն ^ա4սսւակեցոսո1էՆ % Փ"րգքւ՚նս^գոս յյ^ասկէ-լ^ւ՜նք սպանքւէսկաՆ ե^ա^ ռաւութեաՆ սէ0 եու^ոբորգու.կէոյք1էն 1օ1 9/՛՛^» "^Յ՚Ք մէա գտնելու, ^սէմաո ք ՚նւսւ-աոկեց ^արաւ. » \^սեոիկաւ^ բ՚՚/րրաիբո։ \^կաւ. իր ս^ույևովըլ կոչուահ– ՚Նեղու.ցիհ պւժեորգոէ^թե-Աէմի \սսւոաոակաՆ ^աքկիանոս) եւ. գաաւ. Հո՛ն գ,ողոց ^Դ՚ւե՚^^ՐՐ; ք՜"ՕՑ 1օ21/՛^ սպանու.ե^ Տէսւ. Փհւե՚՚ւ՚Ղ ՚՚՚^՚^Օ՛՛^^ 4Տ*^ * ^/՚ ՚նէԱէ-երքցն ՚^ԴՐ Հսէսաւ. \^ւ.րոպաս 1չ22/՛^ Հոոագնգի՚ն բոչորէոիքն ԱէռւսՕին ՚ճամիորգութիւ^մն րնել^ն եաեւ-է *–^–^ Հողա^ գնգին չորս գի՚ե գւսրձաւ. հ՚րկրորգ անգսւմ՝ Փր"՛^*՛ կիսկոս ^րագե ասնգդիացին^ 1580/՛*»* է.՚–<՜՜՛ ■ –՚ .՚ 1 յ V 193 ^ 1^ 3՛ Արգէ՛^ 14:21 թ ւՇ^գղիացիք կապողի առ^ ^ սէ^որգոէ-թէոսւՌւ *կոր՚՚^ունսէւսւնս9իան բռՆւսէՒ ^քւհ։ ւ 1օՕՕ^^ գաղոէւսւեաե աէՆսւ^ին գէսղ^սէԼաեու-թիւյնո է սւստրի %էւրանոր գսքղրք–էսկսւնութ–իւ%Ներ ^րասպէէէ.րէօիՆ գհ՛^ ի յ^ւէերիկսէ է ^ւսւց որովՀեաեւ ""կէ "՚– ս»րհ–սւթ– ւդայն կ ոա^օ^ի՚Ն գաոՆեէ, աս՚նոր ^էսմար ւսռուէոսսրն «ւ. է–րկրաս.ա յ, յՀակու.թիւ%ր գրեթ–^ բոչօրովի՚ն երես^ ձգոա-եցահ ։ \^ւ11^ ք, եւարի երկու, ^եդ կր խասրէբ \1պաե1ւս* իր ^սսււսաորէֆզըլ ^ \^յեբիկա , բովե–րու% եկսէմոէ֊աը^ քլերել^ւ. ^աւ/ար ։ իովերը^ բանեռընե՚ււլ քանի մի առաՆձՆականասց Թ՚Աք արԾւ֊ահ– ^ր I էֆաւն, որոևօ սէկրսսթ-եա^է որոշետսւ աօ»–րքմի^ կլԼվճսէբկիՆ է | լ^</է-1^ «"«4– օ.ս«7/9՚«»^ա%»աօ ^եսա ւսռուաոա֊բ չէր կբնսսր րնել։ | ո^աղաքակիրթ– ևրկիրներու. Աէ^ (\Տ^^Ք՚՚Ւ^Ղ/ ՚ ^եր"*– >) շ»՛–*^ մի կաՆոնստէ֊որեասք մարչաւ֊թ-իւ^ մի խոթու^եաասւ. ։ ի**կ ,՝ ու֊րիշ կւէոմերսւ^ ^ՆգիկՆէրր ^սւսս»ւսւոու% գւսղթ–*սկսէեէււ — լ թ-իա^էներ կսէօմեռիՆ ս§ռաօեւսւ.թ եանց ձեո-բոմէ ար ի "կի՚է՛ \ բաե մհւ֊րացիկ կրօՆսււ.էւրսւց ձեովխ էր ու եպօ^^ ^իսու֊սի | րնկերու.թ–եաե ասՆցասս ։ |^՚*>օ սրով^եւոես բովերու. ե-անր Հ գսրձ-քերու, սւկէսր այգր^^սւք^1^՚ներր չհէ՛^ Գ՚"Ր ՚ ՚*"է^–֊*՚*միւո ք \աս գ*ԱէդասիՆ խոր^րգովը^ 1517/^՛^ \^փրէ^^ե^ ւառաա§քէքե ա$եւսէմքւրթ–ՆերՆ \^մերիկւա սւս»ր»ւէ–հոաե ։ \\յս ժամանէակէ% • գերեվաճւսռոլթ-իլ^ր մէշսա ռււ.եւէ ս։ս»րւսծ–ոլ.եր»մ՝ անո^ ղորմ* ա^ւս»գորոեու.թեասմբ շարոա^սւկոէ^եցսէւ. ։ I յձ,մերիկասքէՆ \քսր§էասւ եկոո մեհ– ^էսրսէՈու.թ–եՆ1;Ն ա^ » ^ սեչի պսւսւու^էսկէսՆ եդաւ. գիսաու թեւսՆց , երթ-եսեկու^ թ-եսսՆ ու. ասբու-եասւիռ յւաւռաքաոոա֊ցու.մի* յ^ռու.սւսւ֊րև §սք թողուց Ա^ի^րկրսւկաե Տ՚ո^ ոլ. եղաւ. ^սւմաշխւսր^աս^ կէսՆ ։ էքրկրասգրոսթ–իլ.Ն, սւսԱքեղսւգի*ոու.թ՚եւ.Ն , բնակս$ն պւսս։մհսթ–իւ% էւ. գրե՚թ-կ "՚^բէշ ամ1~ն գիսէՈւ.թ–իւՆՆերր ^ ըՆգւսրձէսկ էսսպասրէռ «/* սւռքէե ։ ^. -, ; I 1֊. 13 / նՈՐ ՊԱՏւԲՈհԹԻհն ո ւսժ՚նոսհ X 1* ՚կոոոգոդութ Մե1^^ ւփ՚նչեւ. Վյագֆալէայէ խաղաղութիւԴէ» 1517-1648* Հ* Վ&սգֆէս§1ւէաքէ իււսոաոու֊թե՚նէ՚ն սրնչեւ. գ աղղիական յ &ղափոխութիւ.Ն . 1648-1789* մեր ժամա՚նակլ. 1789-1878* ^որոգողոհթեՇհԱ^ փՇչեհ վեսդֆաւիայի խւպւսղոս՛ թիսնը, 1617-1648։ ^Յփ 1յ*^ք ••••ք*** ^՚ՀդՈ^ոԳ՚ոոոէ^ի^աԼ ^*^ՏաԼ***Հ, \, \*՚՚1՚է կը գ1»հ օէռքիւ%ի– \ք»՚ր պսէ՚ու/ո*.թիէ^ը » %ք^ս»Նի շբ^ա՚Ա կը քէս*յ*Ւէա.իէ - • 2 • )՝՚^2, ^ "Բ 1ւ*.ը–պ–կ–է՛ կ1էեէս^ իըրել. թկ՚եոր կԽրպաըա՚ւտ մը աոէ.քա1է է – 3 • ի՚^շ. էոեաաակ էր Ս՝^ք/՛^ գսւրու. ^ադսքթսէկսէԱ»է.թ– էէ^էէե հւ. ի՚եչ^ սւեսակ \քՈր գաբւււ՚հըէ - 4* հ^Լ կերպէաբասկթ ասռաե՛ կի\ \^է.րոսլէէյի աոէրոէ թիէ%՛ 1եերը ձ>Ե ՚ ՚"– ձ՚ՏՀ՛ գ–*բերա,ա% աէէքյ 1 ♦ ձպեաե՜սութէւ՚և ու^եցոռ էսեո մի եո1տւե–ւ1ւ գէ^պօեո ևւ ի մասևաւ.որի վառօգի ^1304) ^^ աաա^ գոոէ,թևան գիէ-ալէ (1440)» \\ոսա* ^ոլս^ ւսռոսմի (1453)ւ ւՇ^՚^րիկ՚^ի գա՚ւավւր (1492), ^ովռս ճամԼ բ.ան գհպ է արեէ֊ելյ. Հեդկասաան (\4։^0) եւոոսլա^ կան աօգաց կե՛նաց մէՕ կևրպարանափոխու֊թիմե մի յառաՕ բերի՛ն ք որ առանց աօգեցու.1մեան ^նաը^քւնչշ պես ակրու-թեանց ասանկ ալ եկեղեցէ-ոյ մրպյ^ *\քՈր Գ\աամհսթեա% յ^ուաՕի՚ն շբՕանր առքեկ^ նիս կը գնեէ "էկ կողմաՆե զօրասոր ռաղպբական յ՝ 195 իշխան ո ւ.թ եա՚ն ևւ. ևւոոպաեան ա^րոէ.թեասեռ ^օ^ ո^ու.ս»Նա.էժ–եան մի ^էագու.է1ի* Ւ"^ ՚^^"՚Լ եողմանէ^ հքեեղեօսւս էՈԷ9 ՚Նոոէսղանգու.իՅ–եան ճ.եռօբ ւառսւՉ ե-եահ՛ ■յեոափոիէ^սթիմն՚ն եա. անԼ1^ ^ևսէե–լ.սէհ՛ Հ/՚օ^ %աեան պսէսւերւսռտ0Օ–որ : պեւոոէ-իօ-եաԱ ե-լ, էսրռոսեև-սւց օւսղպբսսկանոսթե-ան օարգանսէլԱք ռէսոպբսէկաե ^ւսւ–ս»սսւլէէսեշռու.լժ–1ււ^ր պա^ելոս. 9՚*՚կբրէ եւ-վա՚ճւսռս/եսւՆու֊թեան ու էսրուես–^ ս՚իօ ւս7ճոո սէզգօ՚օուքժիւ-Նոէ - -> Վ&րՕսւպյ^ս ՆՐՐ"ՐԳ 2Ր9**՚^Ր կՐ Բ–ովանգաե1^ գասղոիանան ւեղափոԼսոսէօ-Աան պաւսէմութիսէւնյ ես այաոո ^հոոԽ^ ա.ոսթեւսւ1ի ւս»ռա^ էքեահ՛ էէէսո^սւեոսթիւյմևերր . ւ^ւՌբիկէաի ՀաՆրապեոոոսթե-աևց ^իմեուիլն ու. \ք՚ւ.՛–՛ ր՚^՚Կ*աի էո1^ոոէ.թեանց մեՆսւգոյև մասին սաս^մանսէ^ գրՀսեան եառավաոոսթէէյն րնգոսնիլը ւ շ. \ք1–րոպւսևան սւօգե–րու.՚Ն ռաղպռէսԼան Լե՛^ ՚նէսռ եեոպւսոսսնս§փո1սոսթիւ.*Մն սսսաւ. ձ*\ք գարուն է մառօգի գորհ՚ւահ^Ոէ-իյ՜ե-էսմիրՀ \^սեէ էոոթՈք Ա՚ի9ծ՛^ գսքոուն մէ^՚Օ * մեՆ՛ ՚նշանասութէւն ունեցող մարւ&ոյ օօչաւք^իւնն ու անէական օաՕութիւ1հւ էսրժկ^նին կոոսրնցուցինէ \\սպ&սէութե՚ան ^ոգին անեբեւու^ թէսցաւք ^ԲԲ– ղինաւոուէւէսՆ՛ ու թոշակաւոո մ1սր^ գհ1/նԱո1^ կէսօմուէսՆ կւսսէոսւսոուն ս.անաԱնեոն ե՛ղան միէսաե-աասց գլիւաւոր *նեցուԱներոէ — ՎաքԼՕ/ւ.Հ։Ն եէոեւ սէմե՚ն^ն մեե՛ ^ռաեւութիւմնե-րն ոէ^եցան գիւաերրէ ՎամՆ ւլի այն մի՚Խցին^ որ միէսպեաս§^ կան իշիւանութիւնր 1լ րնգարճէսկուէ;^ր ևւ էսղնոււս^ կաՆըէ կ աղռւսանայինք ւսռեւտրին ՛նոր ^ոգի $սռ^ ՚նևքովԱ օսւղաբացւոց մի^^ ^"՚ՐԳՐ. ր՚սրձրացաւ ^ ե՛լ էրե՛ն ^եա կենգւսնէսցէսւ նաեւ աղատ ութ եան ^ ոգին է 13* տ 6 ՚ 196 * *. ոոսթե-անց սէՕ հ^սւհ՛ սե՜րա էսւրսւբս-րութիւյևրյ ^ս»–֊ ռսէՕ բ1քոաւ. օս»ղսւբակսւն գսւշնսւէ.որոսթիաՏմն1էՈ, որոնռ ^եաօեոն սկսան աե-սնուիք \^է9^ գարոսն վե-ոՕևրՈք ^ՐԲ Ղ^՚՚՚դդե՚^է թագաւ.որե1քրն իաաչիէս ւսոշաւ-աՆռնևո Ր^^1"Վ^ ^՚–՚՚^րէ"յւէ "՚՜ 1ձ՚՚1"՚1՚իէաի ^էսխսւե^ր գրգռևցի՚ն ք Ա-լ. 1՚՚օ–լ ւՐ ուրէշ ակոու.թիւն^ Ղէե-ր ս»ւ իոհէՆռ ^եա գսէշևօէկցԾւոէէ էաս ԼռհւՆևրու՚ն մասնակից և ղան քթ». 86)՛ — ՀևտռՀևտ^ կաղմհւև^ ցաէ~ ոնգ^անու.ո Էւս9ղաղոէ.թրս1հ» սւպսւ ^ովցրնե ւու. ^էսմաո ^արկէսւոր եղսէհ– ւոա^ոոէ^էժեանց \էսւ.4ոսէսոէս^ Լշուութե-ան գաղափարըՀ \^սով^ ա^րոսթեաՆ միք ա^կւսւ ւո^րոէ-թե-անց ասւաւս^ւսոնԾոոսն մի^ամոսէս րւԱթ՚ւըէ ես պյն սէպգաց էրսւոոս ոսնեցսէՆ ւսէուս^ բե–ոու–թիւ.՚1տն սւսելր ւէս7ճսէխ ու. րնգկանոսո ե–ոս»ս ^ գէէինակաև հ՚անօթ ոսթեանց էՈէսոահ՚ոսմր գքւսրքւն^ ցաս ԱԼ– րնգ^անուր կարհ-օ՜աց ոսժր ռօրացասէ ՝ 3* լլ(–Ա՚<«>աՀ^>% իշխանոսթ-եստն $1իաււպեաոսէկանի փաա, խու.եր»Փքէ Ա*ւ1է^» էոեո ասպնսւ^սւգոՐէ քէսղաքս$կան կեասՆռ ժը սկսսքլ. է \յՀԱՆգեաէւն իրւասասՆո վըայ ^իՁձու֊ասծ– Աէէ-Աէսւայի՚ե ւո1էրու.թ–եանց ^9 կը^ պսւկս^ր ընգ^§ս%ու.ր օրէ%ք յհէ ^^^րու-թ-իւ^ւլ բասժնոսսւծ– 4՛/» "ՕԼ. ^՚՜ ՚Ղ1Լ. օր^^Նքներ օւ. սւրսւօ՚նոա.թ–իսՆ%եր ու^եցոքլ իել մի ևկեդեռսւկէաւև ու. ս#9. խասր^այքէն վի՜ճւսկ՚ներօւ. ։ իշխանին կավհըլ անձՆասկան կւս^ մայասկանութիւ.1$ն հր է , *>/> օրի՚նօռ սսւ^մանսսէ-որու֊ւսհ– չհր • ւ1եր9աահ*» ժոզովու.րգր սարկստռէսծ– էր։ — *կորսւգոյն ժսէ^ ւքանսէկի՚ն միսապեսւոէ-թ-եան ժէք րնգ ^ւսկստռասկ՚ն՛, երեւ.ան եաււ. րնգ^անոսր օրի՚նստռ վր—՚ւ ^իՏքեոէ֊ա^ ահրոսթ-եան իշխւսեու.թ–իւ^ ւՌէ որ կոարեո Ակկ կողմանհ արւոօնսէսեէսւ վիճւս1ր»երոէ%ւ Հաճսքռըյ եւ. վերքասոսց յկկւսւ կողւքաօնհ ասաորիՆ ժ սղովրգեւսն հ-սէո֊այսէկաե ասսսէէէ՜ճանր % ^կրսա– . թեան րուոր կպւսսէէսկՆերբ յիեսՆոյն օրի՚ն$սռ սէւսկ խո^ թ– օսեռաաւն ու. իշխաէձսւռ կէամ^ ասա չափսէւորոսեոօւա..։ լ^ «1» էսւ.էսս։սւկանու.թե%հ ՚ֆապեաոա^թէէսն անաոէ-մլէ էսյլէւ.այլ երկիրներսւ. Ակք այլեւ֊ա^ւ կերսքսմ եղսււ. ։ ^անի Պլ ե^րկ^ր^^ր»**– » Ր՚չ^է– ւՇ^գղեպյԻ *»«- \^պ*^ի՚Ղյե ՚^էՏ ^ՐԿՐ^՛^ էշե՚՚մեո իր ւառսէ^սան անկւսխ ւսսասէոսէռու^եա. րոա.% ռօրոլթիայնո կոսարեց այ՛նպիսի կեքէպոււ ւ/իք որ է/ասնասԼանք իրե%ս անկախոէ.ք9–իւ%ո կորսբնռոսռի՚ն եւ. մի <., * «» 199 ւոաւրայե ու. եսւբ1^*ն էսոսէ.ւ/էոսան \>^ր՚՚**1^հ "1)1 ՚՚^է եոեէրնեոո^ն տ^0–՝ ւսդգաց գորհ^ույև^ութեան %որ կէէնգանու^թիէձտ մի սւրու֊եռաէ^ք սէկաէ կոոյաեէ^ ձ՛^ եե՚դե՚ռսւկսՈէ^եոօեսւեան ԼռՆէսց սւս^մանհՆ ա^Օ լւազ^ էՈսպսէԱւէե պէսԼւսսութհւ.ՆՆեր եոՄւան աքլանէ ^ւս՛^ ^սէնսչւէսպե–սէնևո1^ սէկ ռւսե^^ իրաքնց պէսշաՏԱն ՄկեոՄցւ–օյ^ոգւ–ոյն ^ամաճաէՆ չմաոՄէաէ *^քե պասէէւ.ր *նու.էսզե–ցու.ցահ– հք՚եդ ու.ո անգէէՆ ռարձրագոյե եւ. սաորք^ եկեդհցսւկանսւռ սէկ մասՆ աեկէսրգ վաոու.օլ ու. սոգհսէՈէ-թԾսւմս. իրեՆբ դէրքքկբ ժոդովջգեսսն օ»ո.*. ^սն ար^ամարՀ որ ահ՛ ^^^Ն: Աւ# չ^րէը^^րՐ ^ք՛^ կոնսւո ժոոովջգեան կրօնւսկան - բէսրոյսւկան մէ՚ճէսկոն փրէա առանց էսզգև՚ցոէ-թ եան օնէսլւ իրօր Ա՛ք ւասոնց ^Մաևսոէ^թիւձ/ն յ^Ո ք որ ժողովրգե-աե սէՕ շատ մհ դ1րո^ոէ–սն1րո՝ եկե-ղևցակսսե կև*նսէց սէնաարբերութիԱ^^ կրօեական իրսւց տգիաաւքՅ-քքլյե եւ. օ.ալւու.ց ապսէկւսո^ ՚ՆոսթիւՂւ մէոահ՜ Հ։^էքէ |^քք պէստ՚ճառաւ. շաաոնցու–րնկ Աք Ժ ^ ՌԱ^ք^ * Ն^^Դ^Յք^ Ւ ԳՐ"–ք"՛^ ^^ ւանգսւմս ՚նորոգելու. էսոսւղսւ1լեհքոո^ որ >7/՚/ք«"– գորօ՚ագրու-հլյ յձէսկէան աաէսւնէ 1;ր է^^ "Ո" ՚նոոոգոսթէւՆր ^՚^քք^՚ք ե՚իբ ուզե՛նալու, ^ամար^ եկե-դհցէ-դյ է/^Փթն պ^^-ւոթ էր ելւեւ» ու֊ր րնգ ^ակէսռսւսն կր տեսնե*1քբ (օ-գ– գրսէ-՚ն ^աոաՕ ե-կէսւ.* որով Նորոգ ոսթիւ.ն% ւառաՕ բՄրաւ. աէ-ևրիչ^ յեղափոխոէ-թիւ՚ն ւ/ի։ — Ա«՝ գերմաՆիէ^ի կէսն \քկե–ղեցի1/ն րսէժ՚նոո ու. րովանգակ ՜կւրոսէան աաք^ոսվրայ րնոո *կորոգողու.թ&ան սկիզթն րրաւ. Լոէ-թ ևր I 2 . Ա՚ս/րա^ոս \ու.թևր հ%աւ. ՝1\լԲ^ւեպք/ն քս՚– ՚նքՔէԼ (14օՅ)* յձկզբնական ու~սոէ,մհւաՕոոու.թեայի չմնցրնևլթն եաևս 1505/՛^ Ա^սգոստիՆ&անց կրօնբ յտաւք ոէ-քսա գրաւ֊ք եւ. օ§ս^աՆայ ձե-աՆագրու-ե-լէՆ էոոթր^ ^Լհգգ^*ք"(հրկե յ^ք Ք***Ր"՚1է–հ պս՚շաօն րնգոս՛^ 200 4օՊ1 ^^ մհէոուսկան *եսւի»ագասու–թիէ*և գոեցէ Լէռոն ^,*նոր վաոգսւպես%ու֊թ–ե՚սւն պէսսէճառսէւ. ելաԾ շփո–^ թոսթիսՍներր /"^/՚"/ ք ռՀու֊թե՚ո Հ^ռոմ* նանչեռ ե-լ. պ^եբ շահելու. Օաէւաօէ ^պւց աարսւպ տեղ» Լուրթեր իր մհլար ԼաաոՆ եասռր մբպւ էսւմառ եեցս»ւ. : 1^Հ՛ ""՚^ սւու.էսՆս»ս.աեէէե ^ս-սւ անօգոսա մէ՝ճսսս.աԱոսթիԱ–ն մ՝ ո^ Նէքլ^Ն եաեէ֊ք սեսսււ. ռսւ^աեէասւպե$յոքէն ու. \քԿ*քդ^Յ*՜Ղ/ ^ե՜ա սւա կռութի լւ \ո»–քժեո իրէքև դհ*^՝ ^աԱոսսւՆ ՚^Պյ*^3 կոնգակը^ (1520) Վ^ծգգ^՚^էրկի ՚^ք^ Հրապարակաւ. ՚արեէ էոէսլ^^ եսւե՜ւ. է կ^Տրր մանիայի իշրւաէւնՄր^՚ն ու. ազնոէ–ակամնեո1;^՚ն տ^կ օանին իո1/ն ւարևցաե ^ ՚էսհՔ. իրե՛նց փառասիրու֊թիւ^մն ու. րնչասիրու.թիւյնր ^«՚՝– գեցրնելու. աարմէսր գորՆիօ էսո^ե՚ւովէ՚քիչ մի եա^ յթր *նսէեւ. ^մու. սւ ՝ |1՝ Մչակքթ ոնր)շ ա^եցաւ. X ք^յ^պկ ա Վորէ/սի աւէսգաժոոովոյն մէՉ ( 1ւ5«^1 ) ^յետս կոչոււՐ Ր^՚՚՚ւ չոսղելուն կարոչոս Հինգերորգ1/ն ասւրագրոս՛,^ թեէսն վ^իռ ընգո^նեցաւ–* ^ա/օ ^րեգերիկոս |)ա^«, սո1փաւի կւասրրնար^ն պաչաասէնոսթիւյև գպն1%էոմ Վարգպու-րկ բերգր ռասշու–եցաւ–ք ու,ր սկսաւ. ՚կոր կաակսւրա^ին թարգմանու.թ–իւ.%ր։ ՚Քիչ ՚Ո* ^^ՂՈՐ լ1օ25) առան^ու֊թիսնր ի^ոո աալով՝ ՀԱագգեմԼ, ^կհրկի *^9 կրօնասորական սբեմի ձգեց եւ. կօ«^ աարինե ^որա ^աւատաէ-որ կոսսանի՚ն ^եսէ ամհէ.՛^ էէնւսցաւ. : |լ» եղահ– ժւսմանասկ ելաւ. ^եոացէ-ոց պա^ աերազժչԼ զոր Լութեր մեհ՛ ս^գթոէ.թեամի %ու.՚ա. սէ^եէ սւոսաւ. է Օ» Ա«"7՛ ՚1Տ"0 \հ՚^(^^րԷ կոոտ$անիցներո ^բ-սց^ երի ասագաժողովքւն մեք (\է>^^^՚նորաոանգու.թեան աարահ-ման քրգեէքք^ գեմ^ բոողբելթն եաեէ-ք (իո՛^ ոոփող^ » ^^ղոփփփ^էփէ^փ՝) իրենց երկիրներուն մ^Չ ՛նոր յքարգապեսէու-թիւնը^ խոթեցին է կաթողիկե կ^^^ ;\. %. I I /■ 201 I , ղևցսոէ ասէշէոսէմհմնռճ ու. ասւսէեեուսց ^արգու.թիա^ր՛ սերժու֊եռաե ք ռս/^անէգքից էսմհսոի կՄա՚նբր ւքե՚ոցաւ.յ Ժանբ1քրո ԺևՕոսՄցան ու. աօՆռրո ^Է^Ց*"^^ կւսրոչոս \^» որ "Րշ՛՛* ԺԴյ" ոմն^ռ րողղբա^աԱ^ %երն է^գ^անուր ՚կեՄղե՚ցւ֊ւ^յն ^ևտ պւաբանռ՚աու.ք 1Օս0/՛^ |^ւ.^»աւ»<–#ք^^ սււ.4սգաժ ողովԱ գու-մարԾցՀ Հ^ոե բոողթոոռ \^ելսսնբթոՆ1;^ ւօոթեու.ա^1է ^ս§ւ.աաու գաւ.^ անակրՆիՆ (\ձ,ւկսպոէ.րձ&տսՆ գաւ.ս^ու.թիւ.՚ն\ գՐ՚"1 աուիՆ ես (լԵօլ) \^մալօալգե՜սէն Նիպակակցոէ.թիսնր կասյեռքւն : ^աճկսւց սալէձս»կմհմեբնեոն պկարուոս սաիպե՚ցքւն (1օՑ2) *կքււ–ոյևպև–րկի խսւղաղոսթե-ստէդւ ^ոոոբականՆեոուՖ ^ս»է–ւստոյ էսռասւոսթհւՏե ^^"/՚ >"/ > §փնչև–լ. րնգ^անոսր ժոոովի մի գոսմտրույիէ յձակայն իրե՛նց ԷՏեգրեէովո ^րիաե՚նգի մհ^ գու-մարուսՅէէ (1545-1563) րՆգՀաեուր ժողովեք մարգ չխաւ.^ րեցիՆէ >- - Վերսէ^էսս աաաերապժհ չսկսահ՛՝ էՌրռաւ. կ,Փեր 1546/»ւ կ^ևար. 18). 06# 1|«^ք^լ;;»«» ՚|^« Կ*^**ք11 1519-1556» 1 * յյ^այթսիմիւիանոսի մա՚^ու. օԽէն եա ես (1519) –– որու֊ն որգիՆք Փիչէաաոս ^եոեցիէլ արգ1^ էր^ էսւռասԳ^ վաէւճաՆւօՆ՛ է^ր հր թոռր \^է–Աէորքէաւքւք յձաոորքէն գօւսառսւճվ յձպանիաւի ք *\^եասլոլս^ ու. լլ<^*. րհկ^՚ւքէ *^ք աշէւար^ակաւոսահ– երկիրներում իշիւանր^ 1| 44* «քք ««»««) րեարու-եցաւ. գեր մանի էոյի կ/սյսր ու. պսա՛,^ կոսեցաս ւՇ^Ի՚հ՚Նի մհչ^ 1520/՛^* ^րանկիսկոս Ա* գաղոիպցի թագաւորըյ 1|օ»«> րոլոսի կայսր Ոէ-թեօԽ թագքւն Նւսիւէտ/Նձորգքլ \^իրսն ^\.0\Ե ի") Բ՚^^ց ^ »ր՚՚*մ գիմացբլ կարոչոս իր սլա^ 1^ է ք » • 202 ԴաՍէէ-ս/ռէսց ւԱ;^ ւ/ոու.ւսօ՜ չորս ասւսւե՚ոսւղսեերրէ Ա«^44«^1 դաք^^^ասՏ^ (1521-1526) սկսաւ. աԽէւէ որ Դ^էԱռոք՚ս՚քհբ իաոէսչ1ւսչյ^Ն վււնւոոսՄցան եւ. կարոլոս՝ ^րովանսի է/ըսչյ աեօգոէ֊ա էս/րճւսձու-է/* մ՝ ր^ րսսւ. Հ ^րանԼիսԼոս սսՀյսե՜րսէ1/աՆ՚Ն&րյ^ ^սէւիսոր յըլուէ ւաո^ոսս$հ՝ ու. գՄրի րռ՚նու.ս»հ՛ \1^ս§սէրքւէոի իաուս^ ոութս-ԱէէՌւ էւոսսէսէցսււ. Գ\ոսրսու%զ9հսսն թոոու֊լ ու քատաչբաքէՆ ^րաժէսրէլ* սսւեայն ս»զ§սաՄլխ*ն եաբր (1526) երդմաւդւ էսոս*ոս»ցսւՆ աէամամևե րէ^ եւ. ոչ^ յէկը^ սչաՀևցէ \\այսերաԼանսւռ ՀռուՐ բո^եէլոէհլ ու Լոոոասւե–՛^ 1բվրՀ1Ե21) "կսաւ հք^ք^ք^; ղափքէ^յ^աղձլ (1527 — 1529)» Աէ/" ՚ՓւրտՒ՛^ ^Ր "Ր շՀ^^"^՝ յձ^գրէաս Տ՚՚Ր^՚^յՒ ^սռօթք ^սէռո1ւաւյ^ բւսժՆու-եցստւէ ^քք**քէ" (1536-1538)՛՛*– Զ«»քք«»ք»ք *ղաք^^^ յա^կոաՀ մէլ^ (1542-1544) Փր՚^Վ* Ա» \^»^է՛ գան \1ք՚ւ–1գյման |\.^Ն ^աոո գսւշնէսեցեցւսւ ւ կարոլոս ար ՀՄնրիկոս |Լփ անգղ^ացււ^յե Հեա ՚նիղաեաԼցու՛,^ թէւկ մ՝ Ր^ե-ւով ^աղոիէս մէՈէսւ, եւ. ^արէղ^ն երկու, օր ^եռու. ^րեսրհհ գսւշ1ւեօրգրսււք որոմ^^րանկԱսկոս ր^՚գ սրշա կրսւժս$րեոաւ. \աաոսէւէայ1/ե ու. կարոլոս էկուրկունաիալե^եէ ք ^ ^. %. <,^յ ՝- 2 . կսէրէէէսաի ու. ք^րէսեկիսկէւսի ւ/է9 եղաձ– ասէսւերւսզւ/1 %եբՆ էսնոր Հսէմար մեհ– %շանա»էկութիաձւ սւՆԽաան , ոքէէվ^Խ». էոել էԱք» $ԳքոռիՆ %որւսղա՚նգոէ,թիւ.Դէր կրռւսւ. ^երմանի»աի աււեւ.ա§ւ Կ՚՚Գ^^ՐՐ ւ1*ոեեէէ *\^ղյ1ւն ըսԽլսւ ե^տ սւասճձասկաէք պսսսւերաօէրւե ^ւստՈսր ւսւ» որսվ կսէուքչոս \ք»^ ձեռոսը^աերր բոչբրովիՆ կէսպուեսան է .-- Հ^աւր1^էքքւոիՆ լյ^լ.«ճ^ւ/2ւքէք ք^. իՆ սսէէ^աաոորւքդբ կրսէմանասաաօրր էգէսբսւ-էոան փասշայ ք ասււասւ. ւ^յ^^էրիՆ ու. դ*աւ%սւռԱ» եւ. ձ^ովա^էնււէ^ք9–եւսմխ Ա^իՕթր.. Լրսէկէսն ծ՜ււֆւ աեասպսւ^ու1 ըբւսւ. * կաաոոլոս աշէէսւո^ս»., կասչեռ 1535^^ ^է$ւ%ու.դ/լա ւ1երժուէսհ– իշխսՕւէ/ իւր սւթ-ոռր գբաւ. եւ. 20-000 քրիօաոՆեաք գերի աղաաեց է ^"Աց \\ւյ^^րՒՒ ■•«քււ •\ V - ՚ . Հ : 203 այ%պ^;§ւ որ ՜կսքրոլոս |^ • ի եղթաւրր վէեբգի՚նէէ/նգււա - • 15274^ վեր ձ^սւ^գսւրիասյի ու. ^ս^եյիասյի թ–սւգասւ.որր ^էսրկէսգրեսասւ. ք»^ք 9հ%ք պարսէսււ.»րե/ դ•րէա^^՝ սէասրեեասե Հւսրկ վյՏ^սւրեչու. է \\ . ^ով^աննու. ասաաեաէէսւց կասէբգիՆ Հ^ռոգոս Կ՚ւԳէդ/^ սէէոէ ղբր Տ՚՚՚^Է^Ք ""■–^^1522/՛^» \\*^»»րը^ \հ^^1*^» \1^ալգա կղղք»^ աու. .էսա^ է 4 ք 96» \\ք^\ձ։*^Մ^***^ •ղաք^^^ա*^, 1546* կք՚—ք Օ՚քթ^՚^օ՚յք*–*՛/^ ասաաքսէոսւմիուքքք-իէ^ը ^եսէեա-ու^թիւՆ ւՐ*ու.ՆԽաէ$է. » ի Նք քոա.քւ% » ^կարոգոդոէ.թեսւԽ գչիւաօյար սէ1սււքեսէ՚1ւ^ա 1՚ւ/ &՚օ««է.է X • կսէրոչոս \քփ աբսւպռթև եռէւխեոր չսեցրնև^ ւ1^՚ն ՄԱէեւ.ֆ պսւաոսէսէոուերցսււ. Աէ/աէքէԱէառրա1ե Նիպսւ^ ԼսՅԱցոսէօ-եւսմէւ իոսէոու. ^և՚սէ պւսւբաՆսաՆ՛ բոոոբաԼաե իշրէէսն՚նե՚րուն գհմ՝ եէՓ^ւու. հ ^սաեեով^ ե՚ւաւ. սմաի^ քալաե-աե պաւոՄրաւրՌէ 154:6 ՚*՛ 1–^4ւ < ^"Օ՚՚ՐւԼ. ^ար* գ>Ա–ոմաՀէքւաւե բոդղբւսեան՚ներո պէԱսէժեչխՆ ճ^«. սոեւ^ մէսւցաէ^ ՝^աէ.բ^կ՝իոս ^ասբսոՆացւ-ղյն եւ. հ^Ո ^՚ի՛ \ բօրր Փ"ՐԳՐ^՚՚՚^Գ՛"* )^է–սարէս՚ց՚–ղ^ ^ետւ ^աոթե-ց Հ^ 154:7^^ Յ՚՚Հ^» Փրե-գերիկոս կէ^սըընէոիր էշխէսնքէն ^ Ա որ բոՆոէ-եցաւ֊» յՏէէ^ ՚Օ* ե-պբՆ էսւ ՓՒէե՚է՚՚է՛^՛՛ *"2^ ձ 2 • յյ^սւէ-ոիկիոս \^աօսոնիայի կայսորնտերր կպյ՛^ սեր րսսէ ռմաց գորօ՜ ելուն ու. բողոռողաց շնոր^ու֊ահ– սւռժէսմաՆսւկեայ ( 1ւ^ւէ6Ր1ա) էսպաաոսթեան մբպէ սասս^ /^ էոէկ ՚նեոացսէհք գ^սէոոիայի ^եսւ սրէսցաւ-ք կայսեր վրաէ քՍէրձսւկոսմներ րնելու. սկսօււ. ու. Գ^^ սսաիպեց (100 2^^) ^ս>սսէէ–է գաշ^եբո ո%ելու.ւ ^՚*քյց շաա չչսեցս§ւ. (1օօՑ) քւնկաւ, յձիֆերս^ւ*"^ղ^^հ ՚ճստկսւաԱև մեք * \^՚–(ք՚՚"ք՚"–Ր^1՛ կրօեսէկաե խսէոաոոէ^թ ես»Ն սհք (\հ)Է)օ) իւսսս"֊^ Գ՚՚՚շե՚հԸՐ ՀաստասէՈէ-եցսւս ֆ եւ. բողղռոդաց կրօնի սէռաաու֊թիւն եւ. ոԼդոափւսռսւց ՚Հ^ետ ^աււսսստր իրաւ.ոսՆռ շեորկ(ււ.եցաէ.է ) I։ է^ ^ ■՚*^ )»-- 1 1Ի* , *< ; I– 1^-1 ■ I, 204 կէսբոլոս \ք . իր ժասմանէսկի՚ն ստէ^Ն գէէոու.թ–եասնռ եւ. սսրու-եսաիս յհք Ր*"֊ կբթ–ու.Աքհւ ր ււալով $1եձ սասւղանգի աէր է սոէսւֆաս իշխան , գորձ-ու^եաա եւ. ս/դկ^կ թւսփանռոո օսւղաքսէգկսէ մոն 1^ր։ 17^'|^ էրկու. կրօնւսկասե կոդՏԼւս^ կտՈԱ^թ-իւ-ն՚Նէրքչ գարձեալ միայցըՆելոա^ ամկ՚ն^անքբլ պարապի եւահ– էոէօսքւ. , կէէԱսրսէ-թե՚ՆԷՆ ^րսւժսւրեց»սւ. (15Ց6)* է«/> Փիքիպպոս սրգւ.ոյն աոսսաւ. ԱաւէրիՆ գ»ասԱ.աո^ե–րբք \1^պւս^ Դէիան , ՚կկապուիսն »ւ. 1Րիւանը^։ ՛իսկ եղթաքրրլ ^երգի^ Նանգսս Հ\սսսւրիաքի արքիգու֊քսչլէ Հ^ու.Նգարիասքի ոա^ Գ\ո^ ^եմիէսւի թ-ագսւսորսէ իր1ք^» յասքորգեց կայսերւսկան գւս^ու.Ն վբ—1 < ՜ւ^եռսէւ. կարօչոս ՜իսգրամարուրաքի Ս . ^ք»ք.ւէւ«ւո« վաՆքիՆ յէլ 1օ6տհ" 3. Հևլու-եասայի մէջլ կը^ քարոգ^ր 15184՛^ վե-ր ք\է.աաչբիկ» ք^վէնկւիոս Ձ^ք՚^Ր^ՒՒ <ք՜ողովջգապՄտը^ \^ւ.ե՚աէսրանէԱ&աՆ %ոո վարգսւպե՚տու-թրսն յ^« ու մե^ ռաւ. 1531^^ ռւ.ռոափառաց գհ*ք՝ աուահ– գ^աբբ.1^լի Դ^անէստքւն սէՕ : –^– ի^^ ու. քէր էսշԼեոտնեոո Հնորո^ գաեսքկքՀ կոաարբԾոքԽ ւու.թեոաեա1քնԾը1^ գւէսաւ-ո^ ոէսբւսր մեո^1ւն ընթրեէսց վաոգսսէսեէոու^քօ՜Ծաեո սէՕ է գ^սէոոիւաի սէՕ էուսոէԱՀքոսեռսւսՆորոգոոու.թիւ.՛^ ՚նչլ ^ով^ան՚ն^^ս կալոէւինքւ (փ 1564) ձեռ^^Հ ՝Լոա.թ–էրակա% եկեդեսի՚ն ընգու.Նեսսւ»– ^իւսիս * գ»երա. մանիաս է ^րու–սիսէ | ^^ուրւաևսւիս» , ՜ւիվլանէոիա , ՜^սսեա , *\^սրոսեգիա ու. դ%աւնիսէ ։ *\քՈրոգ«»ւկ«»ւՆ եկեղեոի՚ն մհէւ-աոօ գաաւ. Հ^ելոա-եսւիայի մեձ-ագոյՆ մասի՛ն, \^եւ.ւՐ, ^երմա^ %իաաււի ք գ*ւ»քողիայի , յյ^եձ՚Ն ^րիսւանիայի ու. ^իմակոա^ասն Հ ոսանաայի մկք ։ *կորաա§զանգոէ–13–եան գէմ՝ մե^է ււսքոզոա^թ-եամի սլա^ աոերաօմեցան ^իսոսսԽասկթ է 1^յս \\ • \է1էեւսսւիոս \"1՚՚ւա ՝Աաանիաէցի1;% ^իՁնուսէՏ– եա– 1540/՛^ Գ^ասղսս դ». քս՚– ^ւաւնայւսպես։1~ն կւսս1ուսաօւ.ասհ– \\րէէնրք գրեթ–^ ւսմէ% ^Ր– կիրներու. մէ9 վարժոցներ ՀիԱէւեց | եւ. գիտոցսււ. ապգսւ. կե՛րպով մի $սմէն աեո*կսրոգողոսթեան գ^;մ* գորե-եէէ ըՆկերոա.ք9–ե՜ւսն՝ ՜ճէսրսէարոէ^թ-եասմի եւ. շաս» ընաոիր րւ՚ւրղւ–֊ ականոէ^թ-եամբ անոէ^անի ասնգասՅներր (իռրեւ. խոաաո^ մանսէ^աւր , էառաոքեսէԼ, կր^իչ ես "(11^՝) հՐՏ"՛^ *՚»ր*՚**՚՚քդյ կէսրգի ասզգեսոսթ-իւՆ մի վասարկիւ։ կրօնո 1773/*^ ^Գ^" մկս ^դ» .4^ քՆքոսեցաս » րաքց 1814^^1 Պ^"« է «4^ %սրկ% ^աաաասաու.եռւսւ, ։ \– 1 - / V \ 205 \ Ա4ւէ 1581. 1. ի^ձ ՎԻ^՚-ԿԻ ՚^է ԿԸ գա%Խ\թ \^աորի% գ,աէ.աա.այ ա1քր*.ւ.թիա.\1>Խբը յ.՚ի . Խէ. յ»Ե» գաքԽր-ա-՚ե մէէէ — 2. ^ք՛ րթ «»• ի"1է^կո »կաէաւ. ԱաարիՆ <)«<»ւ.աքւ.այ աա%եու.մէ է — 3 • Հէ^-է—՚՚քէ՛**՛ գս»*–ս»–^եր՚ե I^րքւ ձԽոփ է^^րք>^ Ւր^՚*՚9 –՚^կ^1"–^՛֊ 1* Փէւյ«գ«գ»»** Ր֊* (1556-1598) կասկաէ^ոտք բսչւց քսոոէսմանկ իշխանրյ \\տորէն ^ասւսւՆէսց ս/ղա^ ^ աոէ-քժհսՆր ^քե§դւ. փորձովո աասւ՚ճսէռ սէու.աւ. աեոր \^աանիաքէ;Ն բսւժՆուե-լու՚նէ \^սասրի՚ն կ%սւէ–սււա..ասռ ւ/կկ ւ1ասՆ ւէւմհւ.սՆութ–եւաւյի (82)* պսէ.բկու.Նաոեան կրաոսերս/գոյն աւձն էնկսււ. (1369/^^) > "/՚ 200 սւարւա»^ յիքացի՚Ն մհ^ (^6)՛ ^"՚" էէէ-սի՚ն ժասռան^ գսէ-թ-եսէէքի ու. րսէո յասին գւսշամի , մկկէսւ մաոերՆ ասւ ըՆգու-՚ևեցաւ. է ^ա՚նոսանհ Գով$ * 1Շ^եըկիա.ղ^ (1404-1419) ^ յյ՚ւսրգէսրիւոէս Հ^ոչւանէոացւսյՆ ^եէո ամոա–ս%սէՆալոմ "Ա*՛ գքսոԼթեանռ ՚Խ՛^ իրսէւու^քռ վասսւշկեցէսւ. , սր Խսէքէ^ իր որգւ֊ղյն՝ Փէւեպպ"– ^արիթէ (1433) ան^աւ. ։ Ա«/^ք«>Տ/ ժէսէւ֊ա^էգեռ Նւսեւ. ԳՀրսէսլաՆ^տ ու. \իմպու.րկքԼ . դ^եց ՚||«՚<– մհէ-ոՆ ու. ՚\ու.քսեյպսւրկբ եւ. եղաւ. ա սանկով իր ժէս.. մաեսակիՆ էԱւաՆա*^»արա..սւո իշխէսՆո։ կէչւո1էրնչա սւշխասր^ւսա, կալոդկարոլոս յձ,րիէ՚ն (1467-1477) «"՚՛՛^^ ^ասրսաոութ-իւՆ՚ն աաւէ–եէի ւսճեոաւ. , բ.ա§ց սասոր ^Խաո Նէսեւ. ղեդի$ոլ.թ–իլ.11ւն ո/ւ. շո-այլութիւ^ւլ։ ^^րիւ.կկ1; , կհ՚եգ, ու. 1550^% վեր \^Նգու.^ երոիա է եւ.րոպէսկան սէՈւ֊րեւ.էսռիՆ կեՆգրոՆՆ եղա& էի՛ն • \ձնգու.երրիայի Նաէ–ա^անգիսս»քլ կ/Լ մՆանւէր սււ^Ն օր 500 Նւսւ. եւ. շարքՅ-է շարաթ– 2000 րեոյաԱ կաււք ւ ^րսս^ արասիկաե սւրու-եոսաի՚ն վաճէէւո^^երը^ ւդՆչեւ. Հ^՚հգկւաոսւան ու. \^ր§սոիէս կ՝ երթային։ իաաչական ւսս-եսարի՚ն ժեր^ին ^ասրուահ–սաու.ոո ^որգոէ֊կսւաւ֊ոո ու. \յպասնիառսոո գիւ^ սաերր, ՍէոսրիՆ դ^աէ^աււձերոա.^ ասւ1Ո^եւ֊ին չՓւասեոին։ \^0–եււորի՚ն ^եւո է^կ աեո կր ճ–սւդե(;իՆ երկրիՆ ւ^ք ա~. րուեսպք . եւ. ի մասնւսա..որի 7^արսասարապեսէոԱ.թ–իւ^ , փո^ րէսգրւաւ.թ֊իլ.% , %կարչու.թ–իս% ԼՎան ՏՒք 1410) եւ. ոա^ ։ ԼՐ*/^ եաիսկոպոսու.թիս1/Նե–րր շատցընե-լով ևւ. սրբ՛–՛ բ^պբ1տԱու.թհսնր խոթելով^ շաւոերու. ատելոսթիւ^մԱ էրե՛ն գ^ւՐ գոգռե-օ։ յյպս^իա գացստՆ ս»առն ^ իրե՛ն փոխանոոգ թողուռ \^աոգարիտւս ^արմացքւն • էսկ 206 Դւէցք/։Ն աաէՆթւ ՚նախագա՛^ ճւրանվևքըււ կարգքւնաքը^։ Հո1Աա%ապյի ել ^քանսւրի^ի կառավարները գւքւ֊չի– Կւմ-ոս Օրա՚Աիօսի իչխա%–ե «ւ. էկմ՚ռՆա կոմՆքլ, ես. Հոռ-ն եռվակաչբ՛ (1564) կրա%վե^չյչյար առ՚նո^^լը յաքողցյ^եւէ-ն եաե^–,^՝աՐ^ուակա1.ք (1565) պւաբանեցաև ու. սրօ-ԱէռսնուլժիւԱռ ւ1եբօըեեւու. ^աւ/ար աղերսագիր մի մատռւ–Օաեե/ե եսէեւէ հոե՚Նօ դիրե՚կբ ց–ու.րացիկԼ§\1&11^.)ա՚նուանեցթ. ոէ.ր անգ/ւէՆ իաււնիճաղա1ւճ^ շաա տեղու.ա՚1^ եկեղէցեաց վրսԱ յարձակեցա^, կողըպաեց օւ. սրբոց պաակերՆեր/լ կոարաեց, 3. ^պա՚եիակա՚ն բա-նակով^ մէ (1567^1՛) ^ր֊ րեւ. կառավար \^աորի՚ն գա>–առ%եր% եկող^ \).լքք" գ-ւ-քս/լ Հոռն/լեւ. ա.րիլ 18-000 ^"գի գքխաաել աուաւ.–. - Ա» եղաՆ Ժամ՝ա%ա1ք գօէ-ւիԿւք»՛՛ Օր–1՚Ի֊ ացի-ն, գերմաՆի^ի յկԼ (1572) րա^ակ մէ ^«^֊ 4^1^42 ՈպաՆիացթւերւլ Դւ-ս. գաւաո^երԿ՚Ն վո^նաեց (1573). ե. հ՚՚՚ե պաշապա-եեց ինք ղթքԸ. 1ե՚1Տթ ^Լք^Ւ յ–"է1՚ԳԲ՛՝ Օ՚կ՚-լէնս/,, ու. 1576/՛՛՛ Տ"1՛ ^ռ-ա՚ե ը.ւսարք,ա^ւ–ղք% գեմ՚ւ Ո^գրեիաի մէջ^ ալ (1579), հի^օի^թ՜ գա^առներուՆ իրարու Հեա ^անարանռ-թիյնր^ կր^աւ յաքողց/^նել. որով^ 1581 ի՚ն ՀոքւձԱ՚ւ՚աւ^ի միացեալ ակրոլթիւԱնևրր^ ^լանա , ք\^գբէի,գ,է,եչակ,%, է\վերիսել, ^րիղւա՚նա ու կ^^օ. ^թւկկ՚ն իրե՚կք ղէրե՚եք անկախ ՚^րաաարակեցի՚ն։ %աղթ"՚լ «՚֊ 1585^ ռ.նգուերրիանաշիար^ <;ակալող^ \^ղեքսա՚նգր ք^արժՆւցիիՆ գեԺ՝ պաշտպա^ նեօ ւՏւասանեալ ակրու.թեանց աօաաէութիէՖր^ Օբա՚նիացի՚ե, - Փի/իպպոս, ^>գղէպ)ի աէ, պաաերաղ^Ն մհշ^ կորմնցո^ց (1588) եքի Նաւ-աաորւֆղըւ Ասռ^ւ վրօց ք-որգռւ.֊ րեւ ել. Հեգկասաս1նի ւ&չ^ ւքլ.՚նեցան եր^ 207 ^էր^^ՐՐ ՀոԱանտացէ.ոց ձեռօն էսեցանք ոոոեբ 1619 թե Գ^ագաւիան ^իաէե-^ին։ Հաօիւ. 164։8/՚^ւ ՜ճանչցաւ. յձպաեիւս ^ւսսարակապետոէ-թե-սւն անկաքսութիւյնրւ 4* (ծ*^։եւ. սէսկկ^ եաքն սււ յյաորիՆ կ%սէւ.$սռաց կէսլօէ-ի^ ՆսէկաՆ՚ներուՂէ ու. \\ր1"Փ՚եեաՆքռ մհք կրօնսէկաՆ գժասւ-ա. քՅ՜իէ-ՆՆեր երսն, սէսկասխ ^Աէսսւրսէկստւսեսաոէ-թ-իւ^/Նէ Օ/""^^*՛ սէյիաան կսէռյսվաբնեըսւ% աոակ, իՆչպ^ս ասռեէ^սարաէ՝ անանկ էսլ ասրսւեսսւիւ. շասւ ձ–Ա0գկեռսէւ. ։ \քրեսեւի ե% էանսւ^անէ ձ*Ն * 7՜՛"/""՛՜^ գ1էանսւկսւՆ$ա*^ սս սւըու.ե սէուսգիաոսւց Ակք^ն , ւ^բիՆողա փիչիսսփաՆ (ք 1 6 7 7) . ^ոէ-պե՝^"՛ (ք 1 640) . վ^««^ ^$/^ (է 1641) . (^հմպրաՆգ (փ 1674) ՛Նկարիչները^* Հարա,.^ ՚ս/ի՚Ն գւսւ.ս»ււ%երը Լ^իմակօէ^ան ^եզգիան\ ՁնսւռիՆ էֆնչեւ. 1713 \\պ"՚Նէաւի Աէէսկ է եպքլ(;՚ն \\է^սս»րիւաէյի անոան » ^իլէպսլոս |\ . էոաճկւսկս/ն ՆւսւսսռորաԳդքլ \հր–՚՚*Նգդւէ Ք՚՚4 Ց՚՚Հ^* յ^՚-ոսքրիացէ^սյն ւաէռսւ^սրգաէ֊թ-եէսյիր փ՜ճւս^ ^րնելիՆ եսաեւ. (1571) է վասսաը1լեցս$ւ^ &»վաւի% »սւ1Խ՚նսէմեձ– ղօրոէ-թ-իւ^էն «<- 15804՛^ եպօըՆսւեւ. ^որգւ»ւ.կս§ւի թսւգաա^^ որււէ.թ–իւ%ր։ ^"Աց սէրգկՆ իր ժսււՐաես»^ սկսս»»Հ մհկ կողմն^կ երկայև ւզւսսաերո»պբԼերւ»յ եւեւ.ւՏւ»ւ–աօր %ա.սւղիւ, ու. յկկսսք կողմաե^ հւնսէւ ուսսէ^էՈւէսկան կեանօսէ ՛իր յս»՛֊ քջրգ*"^ ս***»եՆ սկսւտտւ. ւս^;րոէ. թ-եան աարւսգ աՆկոսմիէ \յպաՆիասկաՆ սրր.պքէ/էէու–թիւ%ր Փ^ՐգՒ^՚՚՚Նգ՚՚"Ի "՚– ՜իէըսպեչըէ^յի ասսաե՚ն սկսաւ. , որ երթ-ւսւով էսւ.ևլի է^ձ^ Աէսւ^ րաս^ոլթիւն ստռսււ. ւ \Րւսււնս§ւ.որ»սւս(^ս շասա խիաո էր ^ւսւ.էսսէաօՆնոէ–թ–իւ.Նր քրիսաոււՆկու.թ–եան գւսրձոո |յ*«0ւ.« րիսւահէսցւոց ու. ՀքՐ^^ի/ք գ^;մ*է ^աաՆաէւ. սււՌքՆ^;՚ն սւղեսւ.^ ասկասՆ գերգսէԱէոանՆերէ՚Ն օւ§ մարգիկ ^ս»չա1Ւոէ–եցաև* որով բսէոմաթիւ. մեհոսյեհ-՚եեր գոէ-րս գւսռթ-եռի՚ն։ Փիլիապ» Դ* »ի ժէսէքանակ, թ**Ր՚ր \^օրիսգոեերր 1մաէ–րի»ոաԱւսռա^սռ սեա. րունղՆերը ) ւԳլիո՚նէ ւՐ սււ.ելէ , սւմե՚նսէճսւրսասւր գսրհ^ս$լ.որ^ Ներ՚ն ու. սւ$ՈէՆ1ԷՆ ւսշխոյժ երկրսւգործ՜ՆերՆ ՝Աասէ%իա§կՆ աքսորոէ֊եյյան» Հ^ւսղիւ. ^Ր՛ գարուն 4է1՚2^ՐԸ. Հ""–՛"*՛ ւոպքՆ՚Նոս13–իւ.՚նն իր յսւռւսքսւ.ան խսսւոէ^թ-իւ^ր ^գեց . քիչ^ »1քԼ եպքՆ ալ^ (1820) րոչորովի՚Ն վերցոէ^եցաւ ։ ^§փ 1|ք6՚*»«<»7****» պագ^1թ***ղ^ ^1՝****՚է*1ճ**1)է *^^* 1* ք^րուՆ ՝^ԽէԱ ելաւ. 0րլէսէՆի սւուքեը թ%սգսաա.որսաես/Խ գա՚^ը» ՚\%"1աչպկա կէւռւս,^ Վասրեց ՀեՆրիկ—ս ք\ • |*է>^ո>. էկէասՀԱ &|>օէււ«ք4ւս)< պէԱսւէքրսէդՏ1եԽրը *^սէդզքւաաի ՚/էքյէ \* ^Լ հ ^րՒՏ Հ^^րՒ^՚՚՚՚՚՚՚Տ պ՚՚՚—երւսաաԴլ է - 2 • )*՚^> աեսսէկ կասւ*.ւս^ վարո^թ-իսե ոսեԽ^ասէ. ՀԽ\քր» ՛ի* ի՚^չ^ կերպարաէքօ ւառսահ– 4՜ր մէսալԽասէկէսԱ \. \ոաա^ո^\լո^ ձ*^*ով^ (88) Գս՚ղղԻպյի գա^Ն ^լաւ. Օքքէ*^**)^ ^ք՛*^ աունըյ որ թագաւ.որևց 1498– 1չ89տ - 11/՛^՝ է-^3 1օ–և1ժեռաւֆտ ու. ղեղխ Փէ"*՛^՛^ 208 ^իսկոս Ա. թ (1515-1547) յ՚^ջ^րգկ Իր «րգի՚ե Հ^^քհ՛*** ք^* (1547-1559), «/» \Տ՚ասրիկիոս \^ա^ ռսոնւսռւ.ոյե ^ե-ա յիաբւսնահ–^ %որոգեց պաաե-րսքօաւ յձպանիաքի գէմ՝։ քՏհէպէա (1557) ԱէՆ֊գէ՚նգէՆի ոս (1558) կրավէլիեկէՆի քով^ յադթուեցաւ. Հե՚երիկոԱէ քւպւբ յասէորեռրօէսւ. դ*ստւ/չւրէսքէօի չս ադսէ ռութ ռ՜ տատ մչւ (1559) Գ՚^լէք ՚իոէ-ը Մէչք ««- ՀԼհրտէ^օե քաղաքևևրլլւ Լ^օՆրհեոսհւ եոեբ ոոգէ-ոռո ժէսմանսսԼ գ^սւղոիսւ արհ^%ւս^եո սրօեսւԼաե ասէէոեբսւօմաց էսսպսւոէպ ւՐ և՚դւսէ, է յ^ւսոաէաէ ու. մաօթ աեւսր եւ սւէսրէ մհ սի^ աւն թւտ/գէաւ.ոոողՓք**^\ր**՚1՛*** ^փ \^ս՚րհաւՐ յձգու.–^ ւսրգէ է^ոկաեր -- լք՚**քըՐգե՚օ ասէսհսէմեաւ կ«4*«*«»Օք4* |9«* (1560-1574)՛ Ա*"»/» *"հդԸ. կառավարեց սէէրու.^ թիւ%Ն իր մայորյ կւսասւր^1^ \^է^էոիչիՀ ք\ւ.ղդափսւռ կո01սնսւկցու–քժեոս% գլոա^իւո կե-ցւսհ՛ ^ո կհպե-ան Տղօր գե՚րգւսսէոաեոէ ^Ոէ-ոպոէ/նեոր լլէքսւոՆ *կւսւ/աոոէսռհն (Հ1/Նոիկոս, դ%,ի*ն Տ՚^յՐՐյք ե–դբ.այոր^ գ%ոնա1^ իշրւս^րյ Է1նչպ1;ս Նւսերլ. գ%ութների հ՜ովակալԱք Նոոադանգներւէսն (Հք՚՚-կը^^յ գչքսաւորՆե-րն հ՜է՚եՀ Ա՚՜Թր """րք՛ փոփոլս բաէյաոէ1 սոՄւ^եց պսւսոե^ րէսզմհէ ԱՆ<ոոՆ ոա. ^ոաՆկհսկոս \\հզ է գւսՈծԼեաւ գ,ոն^ էո^ էսռաՕ^ էՈէսոԱնԾոն քէեկան է ^ոոոթսւկաՆսսց եոեբ ^ե՚ո կոօնհ սսօաէՈու.թհէՏն շնոո^ուէէռաս ու. գաոձեաւ սրէո առՆու.ռրցսււ.է ^սւրհօր աոեան ^սւոսաԱոռովը^ աա^ տեուսղմի %ոոէ՚ն էսոհ–արհ՜ե–ց<սւ ք որով^&սէս-լ. 1572/՛^ ^աոթ ու. դիսէոսի գՒշ^ՐՐ. (24» Ա՚-Օ^ ««/«» • ) Գ*ու^ե՚հ 5000 ^է՚՜կր^Դք սպաեուե՚ցսսՆ • ՚նունր պաաա^ե-ց %էԱՄւ. գաէ-էսո-Նռրրու՚ն սէՕ : Հ).կ\\ո^ գ. (1574-1589) ի-֊ր եղբօրլ .&.- ^Ոէ-աՆք^՚ե Մւոեւ. \ե^ասսէաևհ (Յ-սւգրք գ%էսոոիայքւնրե ^ս-սէ փոխեռւ *կրմհսրի ^րովարաակոյ 15օ5^^> Լորում ռօրութե-ամե. է՚֊ոլոր բողղռակսւ1*թ գւսղոիայ1^ ու. էԱԼ. ՝.^յս։–աԹաէ ա ճ^ 209 աէսոոո ե-չլ^քաՀ ^ գա^^ ՚Խ՛^ ստռա^^ իրսււ.ուկբե ուՏնե-ռոո Հ1քերիկոս *կավաբրացթէ ք *նոր1^ Ճ^Սէ՚Ց Հն՚նոէկոսա^ պէսաեըաղյֆ գրգւՆու.ե–ռւսււ *կիոա^ կակցութևան (\\&\1^յ գչու.խն սսնցնոո Լ֊ւ. թագին եաեւ^ւ^ քւեկոո Հռէնրիկոս \փղ՝ թագաւորքւե ^ուս^ ( յէսնսօ^ սպաեո(ւ.եցւսւ.է ^սւգսււորր (^Հւ/նոիկոս\ ՚նի^ զսէկէսկցոսթեաև ձեռ^թ ^արիղէ՚ն վո^տուե/Ոէք * Հե՛ն՛.֊ ոիկոս ՚կէսվարրացսղյն չւաեակչլ փախաւ. ք եռ ^ոՆ կդե^ա. յ^^ս ^ակոչւ Դհոսրնիկերան^^ սպանոս եցաւ. : քաՈէ^մ սպառևցաւ. ՀԼալոսւսյի ցևղԱՀ շ. Հե՚երիկոս դ** բն ^ե-էո ե-լաւ. գաղոքէսւկսԽ գահին վջայ, պոա^^^^աԱ ^ճ^^շ^ (1589– 1848)» - Հ^^է\\^*՛ Դ՝– (1589-1610) վեց աաըինիղա^ կակցոսթեան ու. Փէւե"է՚՚(՛*՛՛ ք^* \^պանիսսռւոյն հեա ասւաեոէսպմեւոս սաիաու.եցաւ. • ասէոխ-^ե-ց \^՚1րիի ,Ո*^*/ (1590) "՚– պաշարևց ^աչ»իղըլ։ ^սչքց սլքն ժամանակ ւֆայն սէմէնթր ղրնբ թէսգաւ^որ ՚ճանչցանք ե՚րս. ոււի. ւյսէփառու.թիւ.նն ընգէքւ-նռ-ցստէ^է *կ–ւ»նգի հլաովաոսէէս՛^ կով (1598յ շքք^Ր^^Ց բողոթականաց կրօնի ադա՛., աոսթիւ֊ն ե՜լ. մհւ.պբ տ^րոսթևան աէսշագԱնեոու^է քէէւսվայլեսւգրն ճեռյթէ;^ րնգու.նսւհ՛ մահո օգ հանեց Հասպսաոսոկեան տան գե*^ Ոէ^եցէսօ՛ աէսսասէկէս.֊ գիէ/ներըՀ Հ^ե%րիկոս Դէ • ի իւ/ասէոոլ% վարչւ$ւ.թ–եսւմթբ | շուսա մի 4ր*^ եկասւ. դ.էսողիւս ։ ՛իր ասւշաօեեաՆ \\է^սէէ ասպ^ւու.ւսա. կաաէՆ գօէ-օսոք շաս։ռու~ռ եկսէմհէ֊աքո։ \1Լ^օ^ոէ.սաուրՆ ու. գաըհ^$ս1§ւա^»ևե–րն սկսան &ասղկիլ։ Ա*իէսպես»ոէ֊թիւ.%՚ն աք" գ^^ ^րասնկ »\^, էն էԱէոե՚Ն կստասէրեսււ կերպարանք ւՐ՝սէււ.էււձ– հր * \^՚~աաւսօ.ու–օ փոխանստկ էԱէ–ասս»էսկան ձ–ստռաւու.թեան՝ սկսան աոլրօ վճւսրեւ ւ ^կրութ-եան սւնկախ ժողո^երոայն քեդ^ »1ացսէ.եցսււ. թ–ս§գաւ.օր1;խ կւսխու–ւՐ աւՀնեցո/լ ւսղշ. նոէ.Աքկանւսօ ժոզոֆւերրէ 14 210 ք^վ^Խրաբգիէ –«2. Ո՛Հ ^ կղխաա^^թ. ի՚^չ կառավաբ^,.թիմԽ .4.%*,ա<. . - 3« Ո|»»՚«* ^եաա Խքաւ. ագւա».ւաքգԽաճ •^•I^ւնք՝ Ա՚^ք-ք^ոշ/^ գւէւ^% ՛Է՛՛՛Ս* ^"՚Կ—Ի II ՚^* –՚Հ յ-^էքէգետ՛ Ւ՚՝՚ճ #–^*«Հ««^–^^^.* -.. 4^խ^ա,\ «յԽԽցաա. կա^լաա Ա., - 4. ի^ ^«ւ-փ–»–*–^^^*–՝՛ *՚–*՚՚յ Գ^-^«.^էլ. Ա^ոք՛»;^ ^-.V— ֊ էդԽաէք.թ–իա%քւ քա^ի՛ –արի –էԽա.Խյք* — $ * ի1Խչպէա կււքա.աքիէթԽյքի% կաքքլ» ք^ •, Գաա^էմաա «|,.է - 6. ի՚^ձ վէՕ^ակի յէլ կք. գա%Խ\թ ,,Աա >Գ(՚^% 1ճ>Գ՚Ժ<ՀքՒ 1. Հէ.1քէ1–– Ը. (1509-1547), Հենր. է./1 որգքէեք դ%ոսաորի սանէնք (89) ^րէկքէ (1՛ "*՛ ԲՐ"–՝^ %սււոր իշբէան միք ի սկօթ.ան Լութե՚րի գ^*/՝ ԳՐ^Ձ (ճօքՕՈՏՕՐ ճճօւ)» բպյց եաքհ՚ե թ֊ողջսց Ոէ.ղոափա^ ռւէւ.թիէՏեո՝ ^ՐԲ օա^անսչյապևաԱ իւ֊ր ամսւ.սթ»1^^ ՚կաաւսրքւն^ ^ձԲՐ՚՚՚^՚՚^էտտաֆ^^ բ***^*եու.ե–ւու. հրւսման չսււռւաւ.» &ւ. ^ր$սէուսրս»կեց ք՛^ ^քք^ անգոիս$կաԱ ե՛^ եեոե^է^դխ գւուխէ Աւ^Ն եկեղեցսականռ ^ասրկէսգոե–^ օաԱ իր գմսաւ-որա^թիւՖր քՏԱբՐՕա&էւօ) ՚ճան^Աքչր^֊ երգոէ.ւՐ ընե՚լՀ ՀԼաեօերու. սաա^ոսաՆ՚եևրռ յաբբու–^ *եհս գոաէ.ու.և՚ցան ք ու.ղոէսփէսռՆս՚ր^% շատև՚որ (թեչաւ^ս էսօնա-սւկաե ք^ովմ՝, յրքւրէ) գ§բէէսւոոսևցան կաւՐ բաե–^ սոաարկոսնցանՀ Հէ/ՆրիԽս» իր ւ/եց կԱներ^ երկււկթր (|ձՆՆօ» քդ պ^աՐ ու. \^սէսւս»րիէն1^ Հոմարարյ գւքսսքաեա սւոէ.աւ. Հ Կ^^աա^^ ՏԼ.ին (1547-1553) Հ^V^^'"'^^*- ^ով^ա1/նւս \կ1լ§մհէ.րի որգւզխ աաերն^ ՚նորսէղաեգու.^ թեաՆ գլուիւե աՆցաՆ է^ր գրանտ^ր էսրքեպիսկոպոսր ւ \քաձաՏ ֊- (1553 - 1 558) ՀՀե%րիկոսի երկ գոէ-ստրոք փի/Ի՚՚^՚՚Ր"՛ Ւ* \\պ*՚՚եիացսղրէ ւսյհւսի՚նոյ իր Տքօբօրւ^Ն թագաժառանգ որոշոսահ– ^ովՀւսն՚նա կրք^՛^ ժէԼ գւե"*՚"՚"1 սոոսէսւէ ք\ւ.ղդափառ ե-կե-գև-ցին ^էսս՛^ տաաևւթե ևաևս ք Գրաեւ^ր ևւ. "է^րիշ^ Ւ^ք ՊԼ Բ"՝^ ոոքս§կամնօ–ր սչքրու.ե–ցաետ շ. 1,11– ^է1^ (1558-1603) Հե՚նրիկոսի էւ. ^ 211 եառրյ հկև՚ոե–ցսւկսւն%ե՚ր^ երգոէ.§Ր պա^աե0ե–օ ու. ^իտւ&ց \քաիսկո պոս ական կսօՐ ^արձր եկեոթօթտ \^գւՓէ^է մեքյ 1ձ,ս՚էեցմէ լւաժՆոսե-ցսւն \քրէցականբ ՜կաւՐ ԳՀարօակրօեթ որոկթ բարձր եկե-ղե-ցսււշյն մհք գև՚ււ. պաս^ոէ,ս»հ՛ ոսղդափսւռ հ-ք^սերր րուորով^ 9ըյն՛^ քե-ք կ ոէ-դ^թէք եւ. թէսգոէ^^ւյ^Ն գչրէաԼորութ&ա՚Նի երգոէ-մ՝ Ր^^ւ էՕ^ւ՛^ ու.զև–ր։ \^ոիսար ^^ք՛ կամսյյական ^ րսըը խորագետ կա–^ Տ ,<( ( ճ. ռամարու-թերան աաե՚Ն սկսսէւ. ստրթ՚մնէսւ Նաւ.ագ1ևա^ ՚ յցութեէսն ե՛ւ. վաճառ ակաեու.թ եան ^ոգԱեգ որով 11^«՛ ք ՝** գդքօս հր ապագաէ ԱՄՀքու^թեան ^ստստատւ.։ \^գղրսսօւոօ \ ^– Փէւե"է՚^""ե նասաաորմդին ^8^ա^ճ^) վր՛^ ԸԲՏ^ ՚^^ յՏ / ՐհՏ՛ յ*"ղթոէ.թեաւֆը (1588) ^ի՛^ գրոսեցաւ. ^Տ^գդիէ^ի ^ Նովա^քւե ղօրու.թե–ա%ւ Փ/""^^* ՏՐ"՚գէ ±ԵօՕ^^"՛^*՛ ՚ I արկևց ^ողագնգքւե րոըրաքւրըյ 1584/^^ ^իւ֊սիս* ^յևրիկււ^ի մէք^ վյ*րգքւեիաք ու. 1600/^^ \^եւ,&լիան Հ^գկսւսաաեի է^կերու֊թէէյևր ^իմնոսեռէսւ, : /^ձէն ^^աՇկիսկոս ք\. գաղղիասքի թ–աւրաա^աբքքե , յեաւէք իէ^բ / ^օբեղթօր ու. վերքապ^;» ղանիկպյ սպասնողի՚ե Հձ՚օ» սւմասսա. Դւա^ալ.» բպյչք էր ^պաաա^եբէԴէ բէւձէէէ^ելոմ եւ. եպթէն գաւ^ււ^Դէ վար սէււ%աւ.ելո$էյ սաոիպալ.ե^էսւ. 1566/՛^ \քգե՛"՛՛՛՛ րեթ-ի սւաաէ.իՆիլէ որ զ^^^քէ 19 էոարի բաեսէի Ակք պս§^ . ^ե^Ն եսէեա-է \5Տ7 ի՚ե^գւքսաաել աոու.աւէ աաԱձ 3* գակոր 1\»^ քիրրե-ւ. թագաւոր յ^կովաիպչ^ի ^ակոր ք^,յ Հե1եր* (Լ*քւ՚ե սհկ քրոքըլ թոո%որգսւ^ եւ. ք^արիամ՝ Հ^գոսարգի որգւ^ղքն ^եա եչաւ. |)<շ*«9*««4*շ»«^ ^^աԱ ցեղն աեգղիակաե գա<^ին վրւսյ (1603-1714)5 ^ա\ո^ Ա. (1603-1625) յիացռւ.ց ^Լ^գղիա^ \^կովաիպյի ^եա* սակէ^ն ՚էէրքե՚^Ր 100 աարի մըն աւ ու^էր իր առանձթէ խոր^րգաեոցրյ, քակորի կա^ աքսոսւկաե վարչու.թիւնն առիթ տու^էսւ. (1605) վյ^*» ռօգի գւսւ.էսկցու.թեաԱք որ ղ^կբ ու. իէոր^րգանոցե օգ ^աեեէ կ՝ ու. ղեր • 14* 212 \ւա^9փը** Ա. (1625-1649) ^ոգիՆևրքլ գըլր^ գռեո ք Ոէ.ղոափս>ռոէ–1ժ ե՚ան սրսաելու/յ րսա օմաց ՆաՆր աոէ-ոօեո գհԾէոմ ու սա^մանսէդրութե՚ան ա^^ փոփո^ խու-թիւ^մԱեր Րք՚^Ր՚էյ \սոր^րգարա%իՆ (1628) \*րաւ. ^ աեց եոչուասհ էսդաչանքր շնոո^եւկն եաոհռ^ Լսւռւս–^ վարևց^ ^հօթթւկ^էւֆ սաևւլ աեցնուլ \^գրէֆֆըրսէ պսւշ$ոօն^^ ձե՚ռդը էոսէսնքքԼմէԼ Ա9էսոի էսռաեց էաոր^ ^րգաեոռհ* մրեչեւ, որ ե-րհցաեսւն ^կոփոիսսցհբ էրե՚ե գ1;էՐ գսւշեէսնցոէ-քժէւե մհ եսւօմեռ^Հ ՚^սոՆց օջնու.հ^ սէոիպեց զթ-ւսգսքա-որոք 1640^^ \քրկարատեւ. խոր^ըբա. գաեոցր գա.յարե–չու–^ որ զ^գր^ֆֆրրգ գլքսսւսէե-ւ տուէսւ. օ-լ, թս»գսօ.որաԼւսն հշքսահութեակ հրսսւ.՛^ ու՚կբներն ետե՚ւէ^ եսոե՚ւ. հրւ/ն ւափշսւսւեօրցՀ կէսրոլոս ՝\Հւեսաոն1^ փախաւ. ք16՚42)> Բ՚՚ւՍՅ ԳԲ՚՚՚^^^ւՒ ս՚ո֊աք^. %որգու–թ1ոսե տսւկ եոոոիւոր^րգէսրաեի օօրօ1^ էսւղ^ թուեցաւ* ևւ. 1647/՛^ \\կովսէիացԲն1քրք^ խորՀրգա^ %ոց^ աանճեու. եցսէւ. տ յ^^կսքէւնե-րու.% ու. երհռասկաեսէց ա;^երեբ աարի պսւէՈԾրւսւոՐ րԱաէք^ Լաոես ՜կարոլոս Ա. կո^^ղի ժողովէ՚ն (ւսայ)–թ8,ւ1աա6Ոէ) մա<^ու.ան գա^ տապարտու հցաւ ու. 1 6 4:9 (^ գչ/սսէաու. եցաւ է 1649-1660» Գրոմհւէ-լ կարոչոսքէ որդւդիւ առա^ ^որգու-թ ևասն տակ ևոոո յձկոմաիացքէեե-րր \Ճ.Ե\յքւե Տըեպարի #ք 1. 1 6 5 \բե 1\^ըՐ"ԳՐ^ Ք"՚Լ. ՚ըքՐ՚^^ւէ՛^ եաեւ. | ւ՚հո Պ^ԿՈ բ֊աեակւ^Ն ԳՀաշապան ^յ^գ՚Ժ՚^ք՛ աեուաեե-ք տու.աւ. (1653*1658) » ք^էպէա խոր^րգարանչԼ լու.^ հ՚ևցք Բ֊՚^Յ *կասսւգեւսցութե–ան վ^ռու^ - - "/"՚Հ. ՕէսարակաՆէսց հր՚ք^Տ "օ՜պ^սւկա^է մա՚ճսւռբ^^ ասս» վաճաոօ \^գոիսւ րե՚րելԱ կ ս»րգիլոէ.^ր^ — ՀիէՐ գրստւ. ւՇ^գզէայի սէպւսգաէ սւռէռտրական ւ/եհ՚ու-քՅ– եոսեւ Գրաէհւ-ելքթ մա^ուանէ՚ն եսւեւ. (1658) — ^ՐԲ իր որգթև քէ*իօարգոս շփոթ ութ ի^1ւնե–ր ելՓ^լուՆ ^էս^ ..^ ՚՝՜^ 213 որգ \Րրնգք էւոո^ոգւսնոօ մհ ժողոմօ-ռ ու. գւիւաս9ու–ահ թէագսւլորթե յ1քհ– որգքւե կարոչոս ք^*/* աեւգՕաա1^ս 5* կա^ո^ք* (Հ. (1660-1685) ^^րը^ պէ" տևսէՈ եառէսվաոա^թհայն էՐ ոսնեօէսս^ աեոր ^էսմաո խոր^րգանոցն 1673^^ քւո^ոէ^թևայի կրցաս իբ&ն **Փ՚^Ր^Դյ ^ՐՐ^**՚գք՚ՐՐքէ ^էԱԱէՈէԱէոեքէոսւչ, որոմ ոսղղա^ փւսպբ սէսէ՚ն ^րասպւսոէսեսւեան աէսշա^Ահեոա^ նո օըր^ կոսէթէ. ևւ. փր^ըք՚ե^լ 167 9 թ՛ *^Հե^պիէս գարբըսըյ^է "Ր՚՚՚Լ. ^"Ր"ՀՐ^^Րք /^^ էսմէ՚ե ^^խգդիա^ի բռՆու.երլու. էսսէքք՚ն՝ պ^առ ^ որ ՚նոէեքւն աատ՚ճառր գրուէ էւմանսո եւ. 2<4 յ-ամու. մ^Օգօւաասաանի առՕևւ. եսխէ (Հոսիկ ու. ք^որի կոոաւակռոսթեսւնց սկղ^աւորութիւ^ոէճ իԼ 6***յ«»ք 1^՛ (1685-1688)» "Ր ու.ղդափառ կրգԱն րնգոէ^ահ– էր ք ոսղոափառաց շնորկմհէ^կ^եր ընելուՏն^ ՛նոր սոժգո^ոսլժեսէն էսռէթ սւոա^ստսւ – \քրր իր փևսաեք գու.ւիէ^ը/ոս ^րանիացքքն ք^գղիա ցամաք ե§սւէ–ֆ գսւկոր ք^* փսէ1սաւ~ ու. փսր աէՆնու.եցաւ.ւ «ի^-յյէլքԱ– «Ւ– (1689-1712), ոքոմե յաՀ^ ձնոսևռաւ. թագԱե ^ևա %աեւ. ՚իրաւահց օրքքեագիրը^ (տա Օք քւ^հէՏ, որով^խոր^րգանոցքւն ու. մողովջգևան ^թտ աօատա,թիէ.%%&րր կը^ ^ասաաաա.է–թէ ք\ ^ակոր. ի, ի կոձՏէակքւցԱերոսե եւ. \էրլսէնաացէ.ոց յ^ւ^ելխն ևաեւ.^ ՚նորէ^Ն տեղըլ րևրաւ. ^^գղիսչքի ազգե^ու.^ թիւ%րէ \*սկ գաղղիս^է Հևա ոէձւևցաՆ պատևրաւի՛ մհվԱ ամրացուը ^շխգոիս^ի նովէոյթւ զօրու թիւյևչլ։ ւ ^ւս օաղպռականոսթևա՚ն Հեաևւե-ցաւ. ՚նաես Աւ»«4* /^^ք հէք /՝՝■. ^\ (1702-1714)» ^ակոր ^.ի կրասերագՓ՛ գու-սարըւ \^՚նսչյի մա^ոէ-անէն ետհէ.^ գէորգ Ա./»^ ևլաւ. ան^ գղիակսւն գաՀին վօպ) Հ**^^^^քէ աու^ըլւ 214 թ-կ կասրոչսս քV ,ի սւաււեՆ խադադօէ. թ-իւ֊Ղւբ Հսաաէոաատոօւէ^ յքաւ. , աՆէֆջապհ» սկաաէւ. Ա՚նք^«^^ աա.ոԱ.աս*–^ &աղկէլ է \^էեւ.%ոյե ժամաեակ ա7ՏԽցա% գյադթ–ակա%ւււ.ք9–իւ%ՆերըՀ ^էդափւ»խոէ.թ–եա% աս»ե% ք քսել ւԴլաժգո^էր Հ^&.« . |^> մեբիկա գադթ-է^ի՚ն ք ^ոՆ ըաա ա%գղիակա% է§էավոըւէ§քթ֊եաեյք բ.ՍԱ^ ապաաոու-թ-եսէմթ ապբեչսւ. ^աւՕաբ ։ 1681^^ ^^^^Տ 1\ւ֊խեբէՐ ^ի%ն ^իւասահւֆիա%* Ա^ք.4^ Ա՚ենա;^ կաաւ.ավա, րա-թ-եան սււոե% էէէ»ս»»ր գէադԹ՚՚՚կ՛^ գէաէ–»էա. փէ»0ւ/»<.էէք^ ^Ր ^՚՚՚՚րԻԿ՚ՊԻ ՚^Լ՛ ՚»"»*^Տ վր-Ա աէ,ե/քա% (1713) ^աէւ. Հ^քէ-աոաոհի հ^ւէ^^ եբկիընեբե ու. \քա֊րոպասւէ ^9 ՜կիպբսւչ^ գար ու. \^ի%ոբգաէ դ*իաութ–իւ.^տ ալ ես» չ9էա^ի% ^^գդ^՚Հյ^ »^քէ* Ո*–^* Ժշք Հք^Ք՚՚ՒԻՐ (է 161 7). Փ/՚օ՚^ք* պագա%, Հոբա Վ^է– /է«../«*^ (ք 1626) . ՄԻլԳԸ^(։քԱ74է)^ Հ-՚֊գ (է 1704). ի– - ^ակ *կեւ.$էս$Ն (փ1727)ք պաակաաւեքի սւնու.նԴւեր են» 100* ՚Ի**»՚^է«^> ք^^հգք *|,^»ք**–էք||*^^ 1 • \ք՚բւ*– ակէ$ա% Խրեէ.ա% ելւխլ ՚իաԽ1եիա գ ^<ւ«.1ո» ոխ. \յարէա».Խգիա • ք) |ւ ^քր^ե Հւ««*«|(ւ. ՚\էա՚եէա իր քօրււա.քՅ–Խաեք ձ՛ագը է - 2* ի1հձ«||4՛*՛ թ-ագասւէրԽէք Պ§էրիա^ աֆա%ա»ա Ա. գա՚Խիաաաքի յէքյ - 3* կ՚րք. –ւ. ի Նչպէա ձեոք քւձրի% ՚Շա».եաայք1տ անկւէէիւաւք9–/ւԽ%%ի%» |*՛^^ վաբչաւթ-թ»^ ա».Նեչք*աէ. 1|ւ>4.ւքււ««*ւ.ւ*«» յ\ա0է§փէ։ա է — 4 •Ե՚ւ»*՛ ^աաաւ. ՀԼաա.Խա իր դօրա».թԽա% գագաթըէ - Տ* |»՚*ձ ՚էԻ^՚^ԿԻ ՚ք՚ձ *Ր Գա^իա ձ%ՏԼ» գ—րէ՛^ ԽէոԽէ.* (\րո՚%թ ե% իրար-ա. յաքբրգւաղ^ թ-ագաւ֊արԽերւլէ %Օէ.ր ըՆգուՖե-չոսթրւՆ շգաասւ. %որս§ոսւեգու.թիԱ^րյ թէչօքէ֊ս գանիւսքիք էԼու.&աի ու. *կորԾա,եգիսչքի աէրու^ թիԱձ/եերա^ մէշ^ որոեք 1397/^^յ գալմարի գաշւևա^ կցու֊թեամիք իրարու, ^եա մքէաըահ՜ է^է քիանիայի , ՚^սէ^եաի ու. *կորու^եգիայի ւԱ^քյ »Գ%չեւ. ք/հ • գար աուաՆձին աա.ա%ձթէ %ոբմա%ակա% ու. գոթ-աքքի թա^ գաւոբայք աակ քանի Աէ պգաիկ աեբոԱ^թ– էլաներ կաքի%է կա%ւ>ւ.ք1էւ# 0*1^^^՝ (1014– 103Ց) \։^գ՚ւեայի։ ^ա՚եիայի ու. ՚կոբոսեգիասյի թ-ագոէէ. որի՛ն կառավաբոսթ֊եաԴէ Ժ»աւ1ևձա1ք^ էոաբաեուեյ^աւ. այս երկիբ%երսւ.% մկ^ քրիոաոնեա–թ–իւ%բ^ է Դ^աեիա իր ղօրու.թեան ձ-ագր ^ասսաւ.. Վաւաեմար ^Լ • (1157-1182) –՚– Վաւակմաբ ^.ի (1202^1241) ժամձւնակ. սբսԴտ ^եագ^եահ ^ուՈէրանիանք Ա՚եգչե՚նպոէ֊րկՆ ու. ՚կսգ^ ւանգիան Նոսա՚ճե^ի՚նէ \յ,րկարասէեւ. ներքին խռովու.ա. թիւ%%երե եաես, վ^ւաեւՈսր գ* (1340-1375) թագաա.^ ոբակա՚ն ՚ճոխոէ֊թ-իւՆը^ %սբկ% Հասաաաե^ է իՀ1 ՚^Դ^հը, ՚Ա^աբգարիաա աւ1հւ.»%ու.թ–եամի1եաեւ. թ-ագսս-^ի՚կոբոԱ-ե^ ^ 215 պֆպ^ի ԼաքոսՆ կլ վէքաքէերկր 12604^ վեը \.աւա%գէա) . աշիար^ակաւհ^ ՜^^*–եաը^ Հէ$ր»ւ% Հեա 15004՛^ էֆա^աձ՛ 1;ր ^^ւաէւսաիաձ՝^ ու. յէա^աւ.^ ^Ր^ք "՚^բօէ^թ-իլ^ւնէբբ կ%էաչ^ յՏաբի գաշԽակ/քւա,.թեաւդւ 1Տ97 թ՛ * ^՚^քքք աԱկ՚ն մէկ եբկիբչլ պա^եյք իր յաաասկ աա^յանագբօ*.թ–իւ.%քլ։ \^եքն ալ^ բն^ սէբսէկսւԽ 4/՛^* ք^էագսւա֊էէքէէէ^ իՀխաաեսւ.թ՚իԱ.Դէթ Հէսր»ւ.սսա ւաւի. %ԱԱ.ակաէւննե՚բէ% ԱԼ. ե՚կէդեսաւ»կաէքնեբ1է% չափս0սաբսա..ւսձ՛ էբ։ շգպՐւե "^ ՚Շ^/ք՚՚Գ^կր աշբօսրՀակւսւաՆ– 1^ր^ րնարոսե^ ըաւ. 1448/Տ^ գանիա^ի թագաէ.որ% \^ր յաքորգաց սէտաքնք ՚^յէսեէո հ՚՚Ր ս»ո.աեձ^ քքշրքաեա^ կւսռւսմա^ րոէ-թե-ան ասք^^ՏէՕււ ՏէԱք6)> եղաւ. գրե^թէ սէեկախէ յըրիոսթիւյեո Նոբ1^% ա^էՈԱ բ.երևլու. Աէր9^ փորձ էՐ^ոբսէէ. ^ա^փ*գՀաԱո** ր». որ (1520) ^ոսե-ան աշէւար^ կսէկսսաև՚ք եւ. |)ոււքօ. ^ոէմէ կոսւորէսհ-ոմ^ իրե% թ^էսւտ էսեէ մի էսօնոսսէկաե՚Նե-ր ք ե–Լե՚»եգա§§կ§էձ1եօ՚ր էէս յ^է**՛ ոպռսէօքձձր գլբօսաոԾւ սաուսէէ–։ » Օ* կո^4*գ44փ^ա9ֆ4* Վապա ւէր^աւսսւսրգ աախոէ֊ւս^ օարւՐ շու.հ–աս»^ինք ռարեաւ. 1521/՛^ ասաէկւէէսրաեան գե՚ոառք1ւեերովԱ դ*սւնհացիքր» սէռսսւ. յ1^գոգ^ոէտէ ես ^%որոսեօսււ. թագւսւոր (152Ց)< \\ս»ռամարեց («–– 1560) էմասաոսթեամրւ ու. օաոցրու-թեամի» րպյը օգեեօ \ոսթերս»ես^ գաւաեու-թև՚ան տսւրաս^ւՌսնք որ 1544 ^ Ր^Գ ^՚մեոսր եոաւ. հ %երո^ 0»ոսսիսս§եք Լե՚^ւսստաեի ոս դ%էմևիւաի ^1ոո գրեթււ^ անրնգ^էսսա աւսա&րսքոտէերու. ւ^ք էքքեւ ^պյց աշխարհ ակաչիցթ (1561/՛՛*») իսչանգիան* կփք^4*գաաա9Փ4* ք\, )ձ,գո^9Փ4^ (1611*1632) աշխէսր^ ^ակալէ-ց (1616) \ձկէր՚1աեւսւնտ% ու. \ֆվըսեաո ևւ. 30 ս*մեա» ասօոերաղմքւն սէք բողղբսւկանոսթե-էսկ պսէշապան եւաա.Հ |ւՀ»՝ 1654/^ թս>գ11^Ն ^րւսժարցք)^. ու. Հռոմ՝ ոսղոաՓսէռու.թռ–ան գւսրձոդյ գիաուԴէ ,Ա^ոք^ շըկաե ^քլրիսա^ք^ի ^ևտ^ շիքաւ. ՎագՓյէ ս՚ուՆո*,,,^^ 216 գ» ւկէե-ւելե-աե հոէէու՚ն գսէւառնե-րն սօՆԱև՚լու, ^ւսւ/ար եղահ– պւստե րապ^երոյ էառսւ0բե–ոքւն ՚^ու-և՛^ աիք դ^աեիպյէ ք Լռ՚^ւԱՄաաՆի ու. քէէուսիսչյի մ^ք^շօշա^ փա-մ՝ մոՀ ՜^ոե-սնսււ/ևայ ասւսէհոաօյհմյ ՜^ուեա՛ կհւ.^ սիս» գ^ե-րմանիայի մ^^ երկէրներ ու. ռքւհու.ռ փսւռօ մի սասացսւէ-ք որ ղջ^ւթ ^իւ-սիսա^Ան առսւՕիՆ սւ1^ոու֊՚ա^ թիլքմն ըբաւ-է Ասով^ կըցաս 16 54/5-1՛ Գ՚՚՚հ ^ԱԲՂ^ գսքէ^ոոք^ ^իէ^սիսսսէթե ^ս»յաշբւսէր^աեաԱ պեսքոսթհւ% մր ^էաւԾքու. էԱՅսէէսեւսգհհ^ր շբ1ևեչւ՚\^սէ&աւ՚ն հր ^ս՛՝–֊ թէսգաւորին Հե՚ա՝ ՕՀք"1է^իէ "՚– ^անէայի ^ե՚սք՝ գո^ բ^Ն^սէԼՆհ էէաղաղոէ-քժէւ^էն ք^^ւր՚Լյ Իուօ-Աէ իր ։ասռաքու.ս^ Ծրեիրնե-րոսն (\հւքյչոնս»^ ՚^ւաե1^Ն եէ *՚(էՒ*\ մջսչւ ս»մփոփոէ.սւՆ սնսւցէ Գ^աես9աքեպու.րեէ գհ՚մ՝ ոէ-նեցւսհ՜ պսւսէերսւզէՌն սէՕ եորէ^ոու.ց ՀԼու~եսէ(գ^ր^ պիչլք^^ի ՜ճակաաոէյն \%\0ք՚") էր Պ^՚^^֊Ց փառքոէ Հքէսսիսսչէքէե պսւսւերսւղմհյ (կարոչոս ^ք^* 1օ97՚՛ 2,1ձՕէ քՅ^* 10օ) ս՚^ց՚սե \^րեո–ե–չ1քԱ^ հ՚ովոէ– գսէւ.սւռ^ %ե–րն ե՛լ. ուրիշ ե-րկիրնևր գե-րէքաեիսշյիէ (\^1բիԼ՚» \քէ1^ոԽորայի ճրւ. իր ք^րեանը ՓՐ"Գ* Հեսսե%ի իշքսանիս ժսէմանսւսր ^ սւ1։;^րոէ.Լժիւնո Նե՚ոքիՆ Լողսնւսսցութիւյե՛,^ Ներոմ օայռայԾցսՅւ. (գլբւսւրսներր՚ե ու. գգօէսներրո\ է ՛Էր՛՛ա 1751*1818) *քա՚՚^»ակ1ւո եղաւ. եօթ–%էսւՈէէա աէսսէե^ րւսղյէն է \\ու–սաւսւ.ւ$ս դ> . փոխեա (1772) աս^ոա-Աէկանւսօ շաա %պւսսւոսււոը սա^մանսէգրսսթ–իւ.ՆՆ ու. սէպէՀեուեօսււ. 1792/՛^ յ^\^գս՚ր*ւգրհօւ1ի ձեօ֊օք։ կոէ.սս$ւսւ,ոս դ» • *կւսբոա. ./^ո%/ւ ան^էսշսւ թ–շնւսմ1էն ^ աաիպուեւասէւ. 1808/՛^ ^է՚^է"՛^՛՜ Աէիասն (իոտ-սւսչւ սաէսլ, եւ. երկրորգ աուսբիՆ ^1809) ք–՛"^^^ իՆկսււ. է |«՚–/> ^օրեղթայրքլ կարոլոս |)«Տ* * "Ր՚Է^ԳՐ^Տ րրես Գ\էււձւսս»ոգ գսէղւէի—՚ցէ մարսաքախւոր^ իբրեւ. թսւգսւժսք էւանդ (որ յ՚՚՚9**րգե^ց թ-ագաւ-որսւթ-եաե 1818/՛^՛ կարոյոս ք«Դ» . ^ով^ա՚^ն1;;ւ§ աՆուՆով) ու. ընգուՆե^աա.. 1814/^^ ւ0րու.եգի§սն . Յ– 217 5* ՄԲեչէւ. 1814 %որա.ևգիպքի ^ևա ւֆացէ^լ Դ^անիւաի ՚^ք ^րէսսէիանոս իփ ՛Է՛՛Ր աւՆեոա.ել^» ե^ աեւ. ^1օ2Ց)> Հ^րքքգերիկոս Ա*^էք աաէքե ւու^թերա՚ա. Լան գաքլ.ս^աեթ1և է^գկսւնոէ.ո ե՚ւաւէ ՚ք^եհ՚էԱէՖ^հկթ \դդ\քւե էաե^1առա§ թագաւ֊ոոքէն սւԽկոասւր իշէէա՛^ %ՈԱ~թէւ^ Լ՚ւ. թօէգէ ժւսւՆսԽգւսնէա>ե §ս»Օորգոէ.թէւ^է (1669/՛^ (»•• 108)– Քէ»ի>՚աիաՆ»ա ՏԼ, 1730– Փք^Գ՛ Ն* լ746/՛^* էլ՛"՛/՛ էէ՜Աէմաեսւե ^1;;ո^սգոոֆ պս$շաօԱեսւն յ"*֊ ա.ա»էքաօւււ֊ռ գիաոու֊թիւ^էե ոս մա՜ճսէռւաւկանա֊թիւ.%րէ –^ Քրիսաիանսս է. 1766^11՛. ԱգբոսկՆաէ իՆկաւ. 1772– Հ«է։ 2 գ ար» (^չաո^;Նպսէ–րկի գիմաչքհ ս»ոձէու.եասււ. . 1807/^^ Դ««. բ1(^Հակ \ձ^գղիացիՆեբքէՆ ^յ^գէաէկօձ-ուեէքԱքս։ Փր^Գ* ՏԼ՛ (180Տ)։Քւ՚ի՚^էա%»ա քԼ, (1848) » Քրէաաիա՚նոա ^ . (1863) « յ^պաաի$Դ^սւ%ա» ք% « • ք|»»» «• ԱԹաքփւզււ ք^ • « \ԲսէաէԱէթ–իսւա է — 2» ք^ բքւ սկէէէւէւ. ԽրԽէ,–. - » 3* է ք՚ք^ ^աասւսա. Հոէ%գասբիէւ իր էսմե՚ԽւսւՈքձր թ.օէաձրք*.քժԽաւեր է 1– փկ^Ր^*^ք^^ Ա– (1554-1564) Հ«ւ–3>– գ՚»՚րէ՚՚քչ)է ու. ^ո^ե-ւփս^ի թւսգւսէ^որր^ Հ^^՚է՚՚ՐԳ^Ց Ւ*՜ օւոեւ. ^եոմանհպւէւ ^Պ1*՚Ր*է՚Ր ^1Բ–^ՐՐ կս՚րոոէս \ք,իՆէ Ա^ափ4*յէյյ^ձա%Ի4* ք\. (1 564– 1576) աղևոսա^ բսւրոք եասւսրրյ սլա^եց էր >օՀ117 պ(^ս ո^0ոոու.թե–աւդւ ու. չափսօ.ոոու–թ ե-աաւի տ^րոէ.թ&ան քսսւզաոու.թէւՖբ։ (իոագո^ոԽ ^. (1576-1612) իր ՛նախորդ I գ՚^Ց "ճ– ^**՚րս՚"՚ր"՚՚1^հ^^1՚էւ 0՜<֊ ոչ ս»րհու.թհէհէե ահէե՛^ I /ք«՚«–տ ^%յ1յ*՚՚~՚^11 գրկս^ւբեե-ր ասաա՚ճւսռ. տու.բե ^1օՕօ 1 ^) ^՚-ետ արանս» կան միոս^եան» օրուՆ սհք մաաե I գրեթք^ ւսմփէ րոողթոո իշէյւս^/նե-րրէ \^կարոո կ՚^՚՚ՐՐ Հ ՝^՚Խրկա^գրէքցաւ. ւ1608) 1^ւ–սս՚րիան ու. ՀոսՆգարիան հր Ա՚աաաթիաս եղբ.օրր քՅ֊ոդու-էյ եւ. ^ո^ևւֆացւո^ Վե^ափառութեա՚ն ^րովարտակաւ. կրօնի աւլաաու^ >տ է 218 /ԳՒգ^ Պր՚^^էք Կ^լ/՚ւէք՛)* ՚ 0՝***«ք»***1^յ**յ;յ (1612-1619) կառավարոս^ թհան էստե՚ն եւաւ. ասպս%ոս»մօ.էէւ.թի*^ էքը^ք ոուաԱ% ժւս^ մանսէե յՏ^՚՚՚րգ^էց ե՛լ. յ^չավագսէ Լա§սե՚րս»կան կոս–*^ է/ակաըւևրւլ (1618/*» Մքք* 23) ^«՚կի գդէկք^ ՚^Կ ՝՝\քաատղէս^սքե(^ն մար ՚եետու-եւքանէ ->>- շ. ՀԾԱ^գաբսէօխթ ^ա–րւս/ էե՚ո^եր11^ գէսո^սէհ՛ է^է/ե&ան (ոսգրեասՀ ժոդովոսոգ մի ՚– ^նչեւ. 9 00 ^եոմանէսոէ-ոը ամենէ/ն մաաեգւսւ–ոո ^շԱէսմքէեերո — 1000/՛^ աա1/1/ներ^ Ս* \\աեփանոսի եսէռւսփսրու.^ թՏոսն ս§տե% օոէսէոոն^ու.թէս1^ ընգոսեեռսսնէ |)ււքՕ՚«.. փանոս է՚եէ մի գեոմաեասցԱեեո իր ^ՐԿՒՐՐ Ր"Ր՛*՛^ ք ես րաժ՚եեց իսր աէրոսթիէ-նր 72 գաւառի (շօա1– է&էյտ Ա^"՛^^ թագաա-էէրք;^ աեոսսԽոսսւհ՛ գաա.աւՆւս՛^ ւ^Մտնօ-րՈք րովանգակ էսշխարկակաե ու. է^եոսորսէկաե իշխէ»Խոէ,թիէքնր ՕոՆոսւԽ^ ոսն(^Աե* Ծւ. էսրռու%եաօ պաշաօնե-ասնՄրոսե էէս եպիսկոաոսաօ ^ե՚սա Լա&ճք11ձէ) կր կաղմէիՆ տէ-րոսթձ-ան խորՀրգանոցոէ յԸվէպագ&աե ցևղթե շիքաեևէէվը^ 1301^ 1|«4#^ իօմեոք քժսւգաւոր ոՆարու֊ե^օաւէ ՚^սոր որգիՆ՝ Լքքէաք^փ»^ ^1**– Ս–է> (1343-1482) ՚եաևա.\և<;ասաա%իթա^ գասոր կ՝իշհ՚էր ՚1ձ,գրիս՚կաե Նովէն մքձչի-ս Ս^^ւ. ու. պալգիկ ^ովյ սյյյ«^–1,յ.,»« (1387-1437) ^աես գևրմանիայի կայսր » ընգոաձւեցաւ. ^արոա.աՆ մի 1396 թա ՕսմանցիՆևրէ՚ե ՚կիկոպոչօււյ ք՚՚վյ հր փե^սաե Աք«. ^^|»ք^«9«* (\, կպքսրրք մեռաւ. 1439/5՛^, ^ա2(*^ա^ գէ^ ըբասհր արշաւակռի մի ժամանակՀ — Ա""/՛ Ա՚՚՚ք՚՚ՐԳ՚՚Ղ^ Վյագյէս^աոյւ ալ Վառ՚եւ^ք ՝ քով^ էյ՚եալ^^ հա (1 444) $ \ագ^**^աաք1^ ^^գ^^^Ր (ջօտէհսաստ) 1ձ,1Բ"՜ՐԳ ի*ր "Րգր^է ՚^աեչցոսեյքսււ. թագաւ֊որ* ու. V ՚ V. ՝ 219 ^ովՀ» Հոաքնիաաի կրպաաերւսպյէրէ էբր^՛– «՛է՛/""–*– % յց^ագա^^ա 1|քքք||է##*»յ(1458–1490)ք Հ»––– ՚նիսւաիի ոոդա-ոան Լէսռսէվաոու.թե–ասմն սէԱէօ–%ք ՀուՖ՛^ գաբիպյի սէմե%1/ե փւսռաւոր Ժէսմաեսէ1լև 1^ը հ լԼշ/սօ/Հւ«. ^աեսէքե–^ ասիկսսւ ՚^յե-ղքէսէհ ք \^որս^.իօ^ք \աէ.սէ^ը» ս§ռս»ւ. Վհէ1և1ևաե ու. աասսէաէոս»ղա»ցէյսւ. ռս§0ու.թ1քԱՏէՈւ ^սՈ^կառ գ1^ւՐէ Հիւա1քռ Օֆյ^;1ևի ^9 ^""^ի՚արսԽ ու. մաէոե-նսւգսքրաե մոէ ի/» ասէՕորգաքր^ Վ^ք««*«|»»<*ք«4*«ւ»ք»4* \\* ի ու. սէսոր ոքէգսւ^ \ֆֆաա^ոդղո^ |^* ի ժաաքա՚Աակ (ք 1526 ^ոՀ^ա^ ՝Ք"՚Լ) գհՓհԲ՛ Տ՚«Դկք հ– կէրը* — Հու.%գարէա ք փէք *ի21^^^^*ք*^^ Ա»^^ (որ՚Լոս^ դովիկոսի քր՚*0՛ \^^^՚^ւէ ^եա ամոսսնացահ^ էրյ ա^ աեն՝ 1ձ,՚^ս՚՚՚րիպքի ^ե-ա ւ^ա^աւ. ք 1527)* Բ"^ ^րկր1^ կհսչ մի՛նչև.. 1600, ^աւ^կաը ձևոք% էր։ 1687/»^» կւ9րսնըու.ց Հու.1եգարիա՝ իր ըեարակաե իրասոսեքո* ու. ե-ղաւ.՝ <կո^եյիաաի պէ" է ս*ւ.ս»՚՚րիէսկաե »ոան ժաս^ ^էեգութիա^է ռսքսգ-ոււ ւՕՏ^ Նւ^^^^*^յ *ղ^գ^ւ****\1շ^ 1618– 1648՛ 1 • |>՚ք>քէ ք». ք/Խչր՚ւ. ակաաա. ԽրԽւ^ս$ւՌուԱ պսւաերաէդյէ է ~> 2 • ի՚^ձ. յ՚՚՚է՚՚՚Ը՛*՜՛՛ թ-եաւ/ի աէկա».Խյքաւ. ՅՕաէՕոէԱ պաաԽրապյէ ՚իա%իաԱի ւ^ի - 3* 1*^չք**– ՚ֆ֊ քամաափւ եղաւ. ՝^\ա».աաա, ՚Աաալյիււ» %Օամեա/ էդաաԽրադյք^ յէԼէ - 4* գադ^ա ալ %ԳայԽաք պաա^րաղէֆ% ^^Լ աՈաա քա%Խյքէա*.է 1՛ ՆՐԲ \^աաաթիպյի մեո^ևլթև ևաեւ. 1619 թ՛* Փ^ւ^^^^^ո^ 1^.(1619-1637) իր յ՚^էըրգը; ք^^ոա-ոն կոմե^ առսէ^որգու^թեսւէԴ^ մէհչեւ. Վֆ^^Անս» §ս§ռաՇացոո Գ\ո^եւփսէցիՆեր^^ վար աո^ուեցաւ֊ք եւ. Փրևգձ-րիկոս \ք • ^""էՅի կսչք՚*րրեէ"իր իշբանր^թագաւ.^ որ րնսւրոսե-ցսէԼք Փ^բգք՚^^*^մեգոս |^. \^պսէնիպ^ի ^ե՚ա աֆացահ՛ ^ո^ևւֆսէ մաաւ ^ ևւ. ^րսւկի ՚ճակաաո վաս՛^ էորկե՚ւով ՝ ՓՐ"Գ"՚րիկ՛"* Կ՚՚Ր՚՚^Տ՚՚՚՜Յ ՒԸ Ր՚՚՚՚՚Գ՚՚՚՚^՚՚Ր՛՛*–՝^ իէ^ր 1620/՚^« "^ձ. Պւ ^՚Ղքւլ ր՚՚ւրբ ^"^և՚Փ՛^ 220 սւս/կն եա աասէւ֊է ^^ աասաաւ/հբ գ/րւսքաարտու.–^ Ոկեէու1 պէսաժու,եռաեէ ռակաե ևոեիրներոսե մէք Պ՚՚^^^^^՚^է ^ամար սկսաւ. օգնու-թէ-ան գօոօ ժողովէլ* ևւ. կողոպաե–^ քիեՆոսր յ^ոԱ եդահ– ուզռափէսռ ^իտւսէրԼու^թիսնՆռ-բըյ։ ^սոր ^ակաւՆէսկ գէ֊ոբգ Փր^Գ^Ր^կ՛"՛՝ ՚Պաա^–Տ"՚^ՐԷ1ք1^է սա^մաեակոմսւլ ՀԼիմիֆէ-նի՝ (1622) "՚– Քրիսս*իա1եոս ՚ք\բաԱ^շ*էսքկ^ի՚ն՝ յձգատլ^ի ^/>Հ^^^623)> ՚Իիլւէ 12՝՛ ՚^՚՚^^ճ 2* ^Քբիստիս^ոս ,գ, գպեիացքէեք գերմանի ւաւ^ի յաօատու.թիւ^1ե ու, թ ւէոբօակաեու, քժիւ1նո պաշապսուԾ–.. ՝՚՝^Հ ւու. պ աարցւսւկէսւ. « ԳքԱՀրի գե՚՚ք* ելաւ.» ^ՐԲ "՚եգիգն ւրսֆօֆէլա կոմսըյ Վ^^Պքքշգ*^1^ կպյսհրական պօրա^ պ1քսւ1^՚ն ^ե-ԱԱաւ֊ի յՏլով էաո^ոսնլովշ սաիպոսե^օօ. Հոսեգւսոիա ,Ռ՚*՚շ՚յ՚–հւյ ոս-ո մեռաւ. սէ§ (1ս^^օ)* ~~՚ \/րբ սէսոո մջպւ յքԼոհսահաևօս ՛ի* 1օ^ճՕ^» Լր^գգէրԻ ^"Հ. ԳիլլԻէ՚Ն յադթոսկսօ^ իր ^րկիրը^ ֆ Վաւ^եշգսչյեւ^՚ն կողոպտոսե-ցաԱ֊է ք^սիկայ յ^կ^գլ^ւ». պք՚-րկր րոյեե-լէն ու. ՚իԲ"երր ՚է^^Տէ^^՛^^ եա1էւ ք I 1629/՛^ ՝Ծհգ1^պու.րկե աւ.ատ րնգոսնեըասՀ ^սոր I *էս"^յ \\գր»*՚ր՚ունւորպարէսպսէե–ղաաշարել^ն եաեէ-ք \ ՝ ՝*–^ . ^ գսէեիսոի ^Ծէո Լի^՚^^^բի իւադաղութիւ^ս րբաէ-է ^աւց իր ս»մե.սւրէոսււ.ան վարմհւ^յյ»ե համարք գեր-ա մանակաե իշէսաեաց ի^գրևլովըլ օօրապե-աու-թենէ– 1| V \ ՚ն^Ր ՚*"*–նոէ–Ծցւսւ. (16օ0յ* ՚Լե՚-պհքէ խազաղու.թ–էքնէ՚ն քէչ^ մքԼ յառա^ հ՚՚Ա՚՚ՐԸ. Հ^ասաէււ-օաքՏսն ^ըօվարսաւսկո ^անէսձ– ^ր (1629)՛ "/"՚Հ. ղԸ. Տրւսմայու.^ր ^ողոռւսկանսէռ , որ ^ւսսսէսսեէսն գսւշզա^ գրոա.թեն^% եաեւ. գըսսսսսւսհ– եկեղթօսւկաս% սաա^ու^ա^ա, օերը^ սսղոափս$ււ.աա գարձընեՆ ։ \ 1ւ , /՚ / / / , \, ՚՝ \ %ակ մի կադմահ– էրք — 1630^^ գ&րմաՆիւ^ի բոոո^ ՝ օանանասց օգնու.թ եասն ե-կաւ. է ք^ք^պէւ^տ բւՆնեց ք\քք«. ». մերանիէսեք սակպքն չկրւյաւ. 1րակաէպու.րկհ աօԱսոձլ, որ 1631/^ Ղ^էէւե^ աո%ոա.եցաւ. ք կողոպաոսեցաս^ ու֊ ասէՈՈսեցսէՆ. է \\ոԱ.սս»ւսսոս գյ^ոոգ գոէ^Փհւմո*՛ սւշ^սւր^սէ^ կոմսե հո1քն ^եա գաս շնաս կցելու, սաիպե-ւք^ ու. մո.րն^ աու.աՆ՛ ԴյՏԼ**^ՐՐ ս՚եղե ոե^ գէսր^րնեւ^ն ե-սւե՚ւ. ք ^ոմ^» գ11^ոոգ ) յձպբսւծւիսչյի իշէւաևք^^Ն օգնու–թեաե կան՛^ չբսևցաւՀ քարկաւ գիլքք՚Ն ՚Կ^ԲցՒԿՒ Ք"Վ, 1631/՛**» (՚յ^եպսէ* 1 ■)* ւ«»9ր՚ա՚#»^օ»^ա/օ՚օ ՓՐ՚՚՚^կՒ՛*՛^ ^ անցսււ. (1632) Հհի գեանք ուր ԳիլՓ մահացու, վհրք մէ րնգ4^ւ%ե՚ցսււ. , ու. րո^եց յ^իւՖ1ս1^րէ Վյէէլ^շգալՆ ւիու.լի իշէւանոէ^թեաւԴւ գարձ&ա§ պօրւսպե-էո աեա.աեոէ,ե–չ^^ ետե՚Լք փսսէսոէ^ց ՚^աասոնհա^ ցհբր ^ոՀեէֆսչյ11^է եւ. ՀԼու^եաաց էսւրձւսկոււԴլ *կիսո%^ ^ I ո% սաոսէսոս ւ/ւսցէՆի քով^ 163^/Տ*> (*ե^> \ԳԼ^Ոէ.ր \\ոսսաաէ^ ՚^տորիոս ևւ. ^արէ^^աքցմ^ քւնկսաՏ ^եռՆարգոս Վ^^^ ք \. յ մարցիէ% յաղթոսևցաւ-է ք՛ ։՛^ ^ « . ՚ 5 ՝՝Ա«"7* ՚Խ՚՚է) ^^^ւք^շդ^Փ՛ Հք^՛՝^****՛*^ ^եա գա էի, է անի ղւձ/էԽէկց^սթձ՚ա՚ե մէք մանև^աով^ք ^իգգոչո$ֆ՚նիէ^ \ մասէեոսեցաւ ու. 1634։/^ \էհ^րՒ ՚^ք.. Կ"10՚՚^Ր ՚Ր՛"^ ( է ՝^ •"•^ /- ■ ՚ ՝֊ մանաւ.՚Ա սպա՚նոսևցաւ-ւ />՚–՚> ^ »61 »^^ ր^^Ա^^՛՝, . Փ^՜րգք՚^՚մեգոս աբօիգուռսր Վերէ0՜ ԳօրաւԽէրքքն օօ^ութեայի ^ու֊ռ-սէէսցր^յևե-րու^ ՚էՐ՚^ւ ՚Ս^օ/""//՛^*՛ կէ^է քքԼ^ ^սւդթու.թիւ.*ն \1ի վաստրկ1քւ^Ն ևտես (1634^1 \\աքսո՚եիա կէ^սեի^^ևա Լ\Գ^^^ ^րակպ^ի խաոոադոԱ.թիւ^ւն ոբաւ.% որոսն պօրու-թե՚աւՈւ Հ^ա–.^ աոէ.ցյան ^րոմար$ոսւաւ եա առ%ու ս՚ցաւ. • ե՛ւ. գրաւ-ու.^ Հ. 222 սքհ՛ ե՚կեղև՚օէօկաե էքաա^ււսա^յ^ե-րր ք ռառասա^ աարի / էասէռւէղներուն ձեոյօլր պիտ որ աււ^ք^ տ 4* ^էսղդէա^ որ ^էշւէհօ պաշաէէեււ^ին ժամա^ ^ ՀԼոէ^ե՚աայ օգնահ– էր, 1636/՛^ \^պ՚"^է՚^ի ^՚– ՝\ձ,՚–՚՚"՚ր1"Գքէ գե՛^ պէսաերաղւՐ \րաաարակե–^ւ <<|ա^Հ . ՚նէր ՚^ ու-եաացի ղօրավարլլ^աղթևց ^^ԼՒԳ2ՏԷՊ^Ւ Ք՚^՚Լ յձպբսւծւիսառւոռ ու. ^ւ֊սսքրիա^ւո^ • եւ. ասՄրե-չո*/ մքւն՛^ չ1ռ ^ոսէե էսւռւսՕաօսէւ. ւ ^էքրգ^ս^գոս Գ* • գա^ա– կալևւէ՚ն ևաեւ. (1637*165 7)ւ աշխար <^ակալի^ իևռ^ նարգոս ՀԼսըԱարի գուփ*՚Ր ^րպ^շաէ՚ե ու. ՚կչսասր* բ՛^^ սւսոր –– ^ւսէ-անակաեագզքևս թոսեուէ^ - - մեէւնեւ^ն ևտևէ-ք Գաղղէացիք իրև՚ն^ յափշաակա^քւն 1639/՛^ ;– իր ւսշքսար՚^ւսկաէաէէ Մրկէրներոէ դ^որսգ11^սոԱ ք <ք|ս/էք«, ք %էրիքաշ^յա^րգքլվասաըկևցաս\է^ր^իկիքով^ փա^ I ռաւ-էէր էւսոթու.թէւ% մ)է ^իգգոէուտնիֆ վրա1ք մսւսէէ. Գ^ո^ձտֆա ու. յբորաւ.իէԱք աշիար^ակաէևց ք164Ց) \^ու.գրսետր* պարկաւ. կաասս ղօրապևար ^1644)՝ կի^գէրպւտի^ եւ. \\էօ^ ««- Հա^ֆէ֊ըք դօրավարնևրըլ (1 645) \անաասի քով^ Լ^՚*Հ^Դպ)Ի ^է)* ^*– Վ/էէ»– I ^*^ւէ կր սպառ%Աքր։ ի/ւ ^յ՚^^րգր ՝ՎՐ**>^կե^1^ ՚ի^«–Հ I Ր^^է ս»ռսս^որգևու,ր§–եամե, ե՚ղաՆ ՚^գէսզոիառքքևերովԱ \ (1646*1648) աակե ու. վբպչք ըրաւ. Գ^աւիերաՆ* \ էսկ ^քւ^օնիկսմա^օ մաաւ. ^րակւԱք աւն §ֆՕո^իՆ ^ որ Վյէսգֆսէչիպյի քսս§ղաոոսթե–ա՚ն լու-րն քսռաւ.Հ 103 ♦ է1 յ՚**«ք §***յյ*^յ ||.*«*»ը|#լյք*–յ1յ*–էյյլ 1648» ^ևւքաՆ ^րկիր^է՚ՐԸ I - 2 • հ^Լ –Գգկի"–ք^1"^ ոա%1քյաւ. 30 աւ1ե–ւսք աքաաԽրագյէ 1 • ՝ \օաոաղոէ.թլես^ րանակցոսթիւ^մնևրե որ ՚ 1643/՛^ 0՚՚^՚"^րէ^քէ ՚"՛ յ^ի՚^սգե^րի ՚^ք սկսահ– էքքեք <^աղիւ. 1848^^ լյընցանէ Գ\աաե–րաօւ/հռ աէ^ րու.թև՚էսնց ^ատու.ցոսւՐ եոաւ. ^ոմերանքւպ^ի րաժ՚ա. ՝ / \ 223 1եու. եքոգե Մւ. ենեոեռսւնս^ սսէասօոսէսօ՚ոգ ասշէսսւր^էս՛^ նանաեւսւոմԱ ւ Գ^էէէղդէա» ըքեգէէւ%Խ^էէէս էսսասւքիակս^ ՚իչսսւաձ • Հօ՛».. թԽանյւ՝ եւ. Դ\րսԱաախի վբա^ ունէ^ահ– իշխանէ»սթ–իւ%^, Խա. իրւասսւ%ք աասէ^սււ. Փ1՚ւհք՚^՚"^՚"՚րկե ՚^ք^ սլա^ա»կէէ»ազածէ դջքկ^ պէս^ելսս ։ — իււսէ-սա. ^գաւ-ՆԽ^աւ. յաէւ.«էէշակադմԽա% իոմԽրանիաեէէ քիիսկէնչլ, յեաեակսզւ^ան ^ա^րաՆիւսյի յէկ մաոբ Վհգմաչւէ ՚ ^ր^-մէ՚ն սւ. Վ^րէ»^ Խպիակէւպսէէսւքէս^$^ %Խրր Խւ. 6 ւֆչիսե թ-ւսէքէր աքասաԽրսէպյի ն-ախք ա - . է^ւ.^*» պւէսքկի կրօ%էէկան՝քսէէ$դաղբւ.թ–իլձբ $ոս$րսւհ–աա^եաւաս կօ». չ^սինսէկասՆաա^ վբպյ *■*/ ՚ Հք^Ը^՚-^՚՚՚^՚՚Ա^ Գ^երմաեիաքյկՆ ^ ձ–«. աէթ ՜ճէսՆ ւ^սւ ՚^«"֊»յ ԽսաԱ շ. գ%է–րւՌսեւիսէ ի%չպ^»ւ կը^ կէարձ-ա-ի, երեսԴււսւԱէայ էէլս§»է$Խ^ րագէֆ% մէլ՝ իր բՆակչայկ^ա^-ձ աէ-ձքի՚ն կււբէէընչքսսյ • Ա/»*»*–֊ եաանէբԴ» աւ. Խրկբաէյշակէ»սթ–իւ%բ մաբգկաեւ սւսկս$սււ».թ–Խաա պաւս»ճէսււ.սււ. բաէլ»ր»վ^ ի%կան ։ Հ^ասբիա-բւսսոբ քւաոպքձեբ յ*ք– գէ-ղի-բ մհխքոյ ^՚Ա՛" ք–օ*|՚Հ«՛^ < \^աււ»գագեւոէ^ւՆԽբաւ. Խն. գէաշաէ-բու. "՚^զ^ կւէ սւեաՆէբ մաբգ, վայբ1ււՆա^ահ– աաձաաւս^ %Խբ։ յ^ւ-Խւէ խեղճ վիՀաւկի ՝ ՚^9 մն$էսւ. վաճւաաւսւկաեւէէւ.», թ–իւ%%* ոբ աւբգ1^ \^1ո– է՚չեահ Հ^դյկւաա»ոա%ի հ–ւ»վոս ՚ճւաւէ1. քավը, էսէսսւ ^սէբսա-էաձ– ւՐ բեգւ$ւ%սէ& կբ։ Վեագֆսւլիսւկահ խաղաղոԱ-թ-ևէամբ , ^եբւՈա^ւէէ։» » հ*^1 ՚Ռ Կ՛՛Ա՛՛Ր՛^ ^"1^՜ բսվիՆ ւս%կէէւի§ սէկբաա^թ-եաեց բսէժՆսսեօսէւ. ։ աւե մի9»ցք^ էբէէԿւց կձ՚նւա^ բսւբէակոա^թ-Խւսմբե ու. ւ»էօեսււ.ոս^ թ-էսէմբբ աՆսա-^սնի ^Է1^ք է վաասքբկէսան մԽհ– ^եդի%ւէւկաւ.ա, թ–իլ% գերմաՆսէկա՚ն սէրու^եէւսքիռ, գիս$սա–թեանց, աեպսէ-քւե սա– բաբղյիյքւլ վրսէք» Հու.գւ»վիկււա ^^Դ* ՚^ գաւլղիակա% աէբու.^ թ-Խան էսւււ.սւձ– փաււքբ ՚^կ գէ^^է եւ. գս»ողէւական եբեւ.Խւէ յա$սե%սէգբս»ս ու. մա«էէեքւսւգբոէ.թ–էան ոաբգաոումի Ակկաւէ գիհ%է աբապքոք կարգի ա1^եչքաւ.չքի% աի ադգիցոա.թիւ.%ր^է գ%է–րմսէն»ա^իք իտսրիդ^ կ՝ե–րթ–ս»յի% գազւՓերֆ^ե ւէզոա^ ես գաէոոիս»կան բսւրսէկոէ–թ–իւ% ոորվիչու. * *^էսդւլիւսկսւ% շո^պյ^ ւոա.թփւ% էէ/էՏԷ՚Ն կհղւՐ մու.*ղքէ գսաւսւ. ւ ^ ^ վնսդֆողիայի խաղտղոհթեՏհճ, փճչեհ գաղղխսկաՏ յեղէսփոխոհթիհճ 1648—1789։ 104» կ՝֊՚**ղ՚1էՀ)1 •«•ք*««–է՚լ, ♦"•լ«քէ՚5«»*–Ր5–^է– 1 • ի՚^ձ հը Գ^է ասռքեաԻէիս ՚|«օ|> աք1էւաւէոԱ.թետ1$Ն երկրէւրգ շ|>^<*՚^ք < — ՚ 2 • Ո՚Հ, յաքաբգԽյւ Հե՚Խր, ՛ի .> . Ո՚Հ է լ*«–»*Հ*է"» յ»*հ • Ի՚^Ո*՜" 4"»ւ«–«»»1է""–*3՚* ՜՜ 3* ի՚^շ, կ*սռսւվար*էա^թիէ% ոէ^Խց—աա. \ոա.գ* 3*1» • 1*^2. պւսէաէերսէպբԼևբ ըթէաւ. աւ1 պէէՈէաԽրսէպբեԽր—Վէ - 4* 1**^2. ««ւ՚^Օ՚յ^ . ,ոաղսոէԱ»կւ»էՆոլ.թԽ$ա»ե կերալ կր թԽաԽքա ՚մէԼէ - Տ • ի՚^շ, "՚քգՒ՚^ւՔ –^քէց"՛*– \յ՚1–Գ * Գ"*դգ1՚^բ1*^ ւՈսս»ե՚եսէա ասնով^ ե ոեւ.Ծ աաաէւ^ս ասրգւսցէսւ. ու. ռօոսւօաւ. օւսէօաո^ ^ասե էփասպե՚սէութհւ^մն ք որ թսՅգասորսքնաե հշբւանոէ.^ թիււՖո չափաւ.որոո կապերում ՚էհ^Րքե՛^ սեացոոգեերն աէքք գրև՚թկ– աէԱ^ տեովե-րցանՀ ՚\%եչպ^ս առաՕ^ շրՕս^ին մհք^ երօևաեաևք սէսաեե աւ եոկքէորգքէն մհք՝ I Սէռօռէորսէկան շսւ^ե՚րր օսւղպթէսեւաւնոէ.թեան ^ե՜սէ I սեոսւիւ. յիաէ-ոոեցսէևւ \քԼ. ոոոմ\Ծտե–լ. ասէՆոսաուո եւ. I գորօ–սւրան%ելէ սւղգաէքէն ^արսւոա-թեաե գւ§սէսսոր \ սւղբիէ-րեերր կչլ ^աէ/աբու.^^ ք աեոր Հսէմար գաղ^ I թէսկանութիւՏմեեոե ու, սէսոնց ^եա Նոմաւքէե աո^ոու^ I (^Է^-Կք ք ^է ^աեուաևէ 1^աոր^ <\ստէւ.առք ու. ՜ք^գղէս» I ս»ւ.ելր սեհ– 1ևշանաւ.ոոու.Թիւ^ մր ԱէոասցանՀ •- ՚ |^«ւ.ս#«^ I ^^ շբ^սսՆքէն մէօշ \\պաեհաւի ոէ֊՚եևցահ– առաւե՜ւ առ^ է գեցութիսնրէ \Լե–սգֆաւիսչյի խաոադու.թերնյ^1և եպթր I գաղղէսչյի աեցաւ. X Հիւ.սիսսչյքւն տէրու.թևա%ց ժէչէՆ * I առաՕին% Հ–/ք ձ սկզբաե ՚^ուե-սէք Բ–*՚(1ց Ժ^(Լ* գս՚ր՚՚սե I սկիդջւներև սկսան դօրանէսւ ^րոսսիա ու. քիուսիսք X դ > - - Օսսէ է/ասիՆ առ&է^սէրսէկան շսէ^ե՚ո11^ք րսա մասԱե ւոիլէապևտե-լու. տՍնչանօկ ե-լ, րսա* աՈաա^ ռսւղպռա^ կան ^աւասարակշո.ութիւ.Նր պա^եէու. քա^տէ Ս՛^՛–՛ ^ V 225 ռսքքլ^ եեաԾ էսաճաէէ պաաՄոապսներոյ տոէ.ին էասաոաՏն ռջրսւռ էսւեէւո էքեհ՛ Նշս/նաԼութքւսն ա/ի։ *յթ"«** շ. ւրաբՏէով^ու, մաօթ ակար \ոաք^ո^\ո^ ծ^Գ* Ի՚ե (1610-1643) - Հե-նբիկոս գ.ի՚ս որգ^Փ — աեւլ (թ». 98) ԿւԼ փ^բք^Ր *"էր"*–ք^ի՛^՛^ էր ՚ք*՚ւչյրր\յ^ա^ րիաւՐ յբէաիչիէ 1624-1642 աէրու.թևա% գ լոսի՛ն աե^ոո քէ^էշՓ^օ եարգթնալն սւօնու.աեան՚Նե–րր ^օ#«. ^– րրսաւս^արե՜լոյ^ *նորսւոաՆգկերո ռէ՚եւսթւսփ բեեւով ու. ռսէէ/սասչք^ եւ. Նովայ^ ռօրու.ր§–հւնո շաացրներ^ չով՝ ւսյրացոսց թէսգասրրաես^ իշխանութիսնրէ \^եբ գադոիւաի սէզգՄցու.թիւ1^ սւսնաոսո աեով՝ որ Աք.ւ»«,^ ^^րհ^հ ու. յձպանհայէ գ^մ՝ եղահ՛ աէԱէոերւսղմրնմձւս^ ՛նա կից և-ղաւ. է ^^ 3 . Լ«–^^լ»– *՚հ. (1 643 - 1 7 ւ^ք^օրւլ մե^ ռահ՛ Աքաօոև ^իեգ էոար&կան հր* \^ր ^թտչափա^սւսոէ.^ թե-էսե եւս մօրր ւ^^Անսէ յ^ւսսարիսէցէ-^չրէ ինաէ/աա&աու.փ^ թե–աեաաե%^կրգորհ՚1^րյյ^սւպար^ն ^էշ§հհ9ւՒ ք^գէ-ովԱւ ^աէց յսո-ովոսթշքանց պսէալԽսռ սւոսսււ. եր Լսւմ1աս»ԼաԱ կւսռսւփսրութե էսւՌւր ( X 6^4 Օյ* որով փրթսււ. ԳՀքսրսասս^ որսէո քք^Ր011ճ6) ապսաս/ոԴէՈէ-թիւՆո։ գաղղէա^ Վյքսգ^^ ֆաչէսսի էէաոաոոսսքեամր. իեա մր երկհրնս-ր աո^և՚-ա^ ա^ն և-աե-լ. ^ *^սրէ^եաԱ գւսշամր. քԼ^Օ^յէ^գուՖձցաւ. \^սլանիայ^ ^ոսսհյէերոն ու, \^րգու.ա գաւ-առն&րըէ \^րր \ոսգովէկոս \քառար1^ի մա^ոսաԱ^ ևաե-լ. Լ1661յ> աէ^^րու-քՅւ՚եան սաեձր ձե-ռալե առւաւ. ք փւս*, ռսււԼոր սւշրւսքր^սէկալու.13–իէձւներո*/ էր ա^րութէւՖր եւ֊րոպսէկսւե էԱէԱ^ ա1^րութևանց էսռա^^մն րբաւ. է Ա|<ա44*^1» էէէա*ք^^^^է^^ե^ սկսաւ. 1667/^^< Փ^՛^. աէապոս*դ**\\պաեէաւէ թագաւ-որքւե մեո^եւ^ն եաեւ.^ ՝\ոսգուՌկոս - • էր սւմհսսնոէն ^րսէժարմ1մն կէսկառակ -- ^ ժէսռաևգու-թեաՆ էրասաեց է1օսԱէ ^էսԽեալ՝ սկսէսւ. յ11պանէէաք^ն Աաորք^ 1եէԱ^ս/ԱգՆե–րր աա^աեՕե-լէ իէաց 15 I յ I \ / է 226 ^^Գ՚ւե*^յՒէ ՀքՈԱանտայքէ ու. ՚^ոսե-աէ երրեէսե գսւշնսւ՛^ եռու.թ1/ն1/ե ստիպօսևցաւ. (1668) 1Շա1՚՚է՚եէ իաղաղու.^. թւրաժիք ^րսնսէրի$ւչյի մէք րբահ– աշխաբ^ակաւու.^ թիւյմներր թողոսէէ վ^կժ աւՆնոսւ կ ոսղէր % սէսոկռ 1՚րքքեբ 0^րեր1կռ ռաքու–^ թե-այհ. պւսշապաէւեքթե։ 1^^էք ՚ֆ^՚՚ցք^ *՚ր \ու.գւէւՌեոս կր ստիա1^ո Փր՚՚Գ* ^՚"֊ւհհրքոս ^ Գվւաևս91^աոսրեէ կ*^1է>Ր1^՚*՚էրր\ 1 6 I Օ յՐ՚ս՚՚ր՚՚դը՚՚քՅ-ե-ան գսէշ1^կռ գեե–լոԱ.ք \^ւ.սաոիսւ ու. \^պաեէէս պաաեոսւռւՐ ^րատւսրսւեռ՚օ^ Գ^ս՚ողհս/յհ գհ՛^^ ^*Ղք9 \Հ"–գք"^կոսի պօոէՅսվաոեեոբ^ գիւրէ՚ն (փ 1675/՛^ յւ^ասպաիի ք՚՚վ/) *»«- Գ՚էնտէ ք թշնապւներր ^սէէ.ասւսրւսեշւՆՈսթեոսն մէ^ պա^ե-ռէւե^ որով \^աաեիւս ^էսրեագրէէցաւ. *Հ^իյվ^կի խսւղաղու-ո^ թևամի (1678) ք^ր^քքեշԳոնգ1/ն 1էւ Աաորթև գասա^ ռաց սա^է/ս/ն1եե–ոու.% *Խ*^ 1 ճ սէե՜ո Գ^ադղէս՚յհ աասայ. Աք#/քՀ» ՚1ր՛^ \ոսգով^կոս յյւէԱսոոոկքՅ-էքս/ն \\է^ե^ կ^ յթմնե-ւսւոսասէ.^ թկ^ րնչ և-րկիրնեո կր վնրւսրՄր1^^ քէն ^էսռսէՕագղքն րրռե էէաէնճեուահ՝ յՖսւղպօներոէ^* ե-լ. գրաա-եց \\գրսւսպոԱ.րկրք Լուլբս^ւ/պուրկն եւ. ոսրէշ քանի դ^ քաղաքներ X Ը՚չ^ վյէ1/ն՚նսայի քով^ ^ա^իկ^ Նճ՜/ւՀ։Ն ՛նեղ մաահ՛ կաւսրր^ եւ. ոչ սււ գեսպանէսռ ւսռա^ութ եան կռիսեերու% զբաոահ– ա^րա.թեան ժոոոմը կրցան ւսսոր գէ;մ* րան Ա՝ րնս-ւ հ եքք •»ք •ք դա*ք»՚^յա^ մէ ձևոք ղարկաս Լ#»ւ.^ գովէկոս 1օօօ/՚^ւ Հո՚-փչա պաէոՆրասղմյւ ասէշսոօն^Աե յորգորեչովԱ կսշյս&րք \\պէսնիայի ^ յ^գդիսյյիք Հովէյսե^ ապյի ու. յձսսւղյայի գկէՐւ լլ<# ասւաերաէ^» սկսասւ. րարր^ւրոսսւկան կերաովՀ շաօէ<, աե՚ղուակբ մհրւէր ու֊ անաաէսա գէայրձրնեւովէ ԱաորԱն գաա֊առսէց մհք Լ^կԲ՛^ սւ^յէսոա-ր մարա^աէէֆձ։^ ^ եւ. ^^^տալէայէ ւ*էք գ^սւտքւնէսէի \ \ I 227 ւսէո^ոսթֆէ^ւեերովԱ ^օէսաւ. \ոսգոմէեոս 1697 ք*ե ղքւօ՚քհք \*ւսա՝սհ մէ՚0 ո4–%Ծօսէհ՛ ա&ոս՚ոնթե պա^ե-օթե։ 4լ . Ղու-գովէեոսէ սէբապօի՚ն ձեո^էսրկսսթեաքևռր ակ^ա ՆշաՆսւա-սր ^^ր իր ՀՆա^ա»^ կսէռսւվաբօսթ-եէսն կ^Բ*9Բ* \^վևոսսւկանէա^ պօքէՈԱ-թ-իւ^էԻ ՚\ու^գավ, ^է^* է/ե եսւքը , եւ. §1անսւա^աս^գ քէ^էշւհհԳքէ "՚֊ ^""Բ՚՚րէ՚^ւ* ^եռՀտ ^ղասէսւհ– /»/. ւ^ւ^ւէէ \՚»*֊գովէկ»ա ^Ղ* * ա1^բ1»–ք«^եասՆ միոս^եաեՆ էսրգեւյէ գնսդ թ-ու֊յի. միչգ»ոասւ.է \էԽլ կրՆկս»$ոկր սւէրու.թիւ.Դքե իթըես ասմիողղ^ </» է ռսր կե%գրո%աչքսւ.օաէւձ– կր է՚-ք "՚^՚^ի՛^՛ վբ"(յ (1՚6է»է 0՚€8է աօ1)« եւ. ակրու.թեսւե ա1կք^ թ-ագաւորին հշ^ասնու-թեՆ^^^ ռասա իշիւասե$ոա..թ–իւ% չ^ր 7^ւ»§եչ\ևար ւ |լ^<՚/> ^ւսմար, էր 72 »ուսրէ~ան կսւռասվարոէ-թ-եան՚ն սէսւեՆ, ոհ «»4՚– րոէ.թ–1քան ժողով եւ, ոչ ՚"/ սւփէՈէ-Աէկանւսռ քսռր^ուրգ §Ր եղաւ. է է^ւ. որպէս օի թ-էսգասւորիՆ ակրոսթ-եասե ՚/էք սւ%եոա»& րլւսրձր աոաի՚ճանրէ Նսւեւ. արէոսւօէ՚ն ^դսերոմ աեո՚նուփ , ւա»րռոԱ%եասօ սովորոսքՅ-էւ^ւՆերն (ճէւՕ Ա6էէ68) սււ1ե^ %աճիշգ. կերպով ^րոշու֊ե^ան ։ Որ՚՚վ^եէոեւ. \յՐսւօաբ11;Նի աքա^ոսանք;Ն եսւեւ. էսռաք^ պաշաօնեսԱ (թք6ա161 ա1Ո1Տէք6) չըխարու,ե^աւ, . աՆօր ^«/– ւ/ար վարչու^թ-եսէՆ այւեսսու ՚ճիա.դերու^ ^ամար սւռւ§ւ%ձի% պոէշաօնե աներ՛ն ^արկասոր եղան . եւ. ՚Լո՚-գ • աոօնո ըն^ ս$րոսթ–եանր յէք 1 րսք մե&է մասքէն բախս» ուՖեոաւ. է լ^«»1|ք« է/էք^^ Նշանաւ.որ ե^ ի »էասսնս»ւ.որի \ոա–վոէս աասս»երաղմէ ու. դ»ուաեր եւեա^մաիո աաշաօնեաներոէ Վերքինբ էոեբսւ–՛ թ՚եաէ$ն եւեւ.$Ոաւ.Աէօր կստրգսէւ.ոբեո եւասռու.$ոու.բբւասռաս9ա^ ^Ր^ելով^ ու. գորհ–ս$բանՆեբ գնելով էո^րոէ..թես»ն մհսաքն աճեսսէ^ո է ^պ1^ որով^եասեւ. շարու^ակեաւ աաաոերսքղմ1. Ներբէ փառասսոբ ասրռոսնէօԽ ու. թ-ասգասսորի՚ն փառէսսոբ շի՚Նա.թ–իւ%Ներբ (^Վէր՚՚պյ/է ^"՚րւէ ^*– ՚^/^) մեհ– սսւըեի գոսւՈսրՆեբ կբ պաէ^անշխի՚ն, ասնոբ ^ամաբ ղօրոա..թ–իայն՚ն սպւսռսէէՒ երկրքէն վրաւ աաբս»ու.ո մեհ– ^ՒանբաբեոՏնոա^^ թ–իւ% է՚՚կ Ք՚՚՚Պ՚^ա՚՚՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ "՚՜ գե՚Ր՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ 4բ՚՚Ս "^՚օ՛՛՛^^/^ էոու.քԱէեբ գրոսեոան։ - - ^էբոսթ-եան ԱԱ– կերպ փոխու.ե^ լովըլբնէսկան էր որ %ոբ կարգսււորոսքՅ–իլ% ՚ք* բ/Ա Աբ Նասեւ. ոսսաիկատէնսսթ–եա»$ն»Դ;քէ յ^քւնչես էսյ՚ն ժա»1անակ, էսասղաղու.» թ-եան ու. կսքրգաւ–ոբու.թ–եան ^ոգբ, էոեղական վաբչու.^ թ-եսսն ւանձ%ու.սէձ– եր* ^էժակ մասնասւ.ոբ աաշաօնեասնեբ գբու-ե^ան , որոնք չե թ՜ե ւֆէս/ն մարգիկՆերռսՆ եւ. րնչիո էսպա^ովոա.ք–եաԱն է այւՆաեւ. ընգ^ա՚նբսէպես աեբ՚՚՚^ք^եան քսսւղաղոսթեա^քն եւ. բասբօրու.թեանր վրս»յ սւէս* որ ^րս^ կե1*ն I Գ»աղսէնի սոաիկասնու.թ–իւն մրն ս>1 գբու.եռսէլ. « որ էսռսէնձնակա՚նաո իրաւ.ու^քօ^ն Գ՚Դ^եւ^ն ղաա , Ղւ»»աե ^ոկ %ամաևներր բանասչու. իշխանոէ.թ–իւ% ուՆեբ * 5 • \ոէ–գովիկոոի կրթ-ոսթ՚եանո պղսաիկոսո Հոգ սէա^ րու^էսե չեր» սակա/ն բևական խելք ու. սրամս»ու.թ–իւ^ "Ա" 15* 228 աւէե՚նար» կերպով աառսւքացոա^ց սւրսւ.ե$»աեւերե ու. գԱոոէձ.– թիւ^ւներր։ \»ր ւսըքու.Նքքքը^ ժոպսվե^ գ^ւօղ^այի սւաււէէ9թհ գիաօնսւկանՆձբ՚ն քլ. աաՒւաքևո ասասսւս» եկսամաա.»ո ասաաես * լլ«ա1ք^«^ ^ը կէսռսւվարսւթ-եան ժսւմա^ւէակր գաադը^էսկաե մաէոեՆասգբութեան սսկեգւսրն եռաս է ^(^գսէրգ 1՝\^ուէ^ր (է1673), 4՝–*–*^ձ. (է1«84). քհ՛"՛՛/^^ (է1699)./Լա4^»1ւ. «ոեՆաէգբուք9–եւս% սէաէողներն ձ%։ լքէք.ււ . ^իՏձե» 1663^^ Ղ*Ր*՚Տ* 1666/՛^ գիքքսթ-եանօ ՚ճեմարաԿւներոէ \ ՝\էէւ.գավիկււսի ^^էսրաաՏ– վարչսւ^թ-իսՆթ ՀԲ՚-փ ՚Ռ ^րէ՜՛ %ասկ եղաւ. գրեթ–^ սէմկՆ եւ֊րոպսւկաէէ էօէրսսքՅ՚ձւֆՆօ ։ ^էսղ^ ոիւսկան ւսրռուՆեասա շքէզււէ.թ–էանր բւսբէւ»կէաէ.թէէո§է%Նէ ^չ^ պէ–" ^ս՚^<– Բ՚՚՚Ր՚սէտ ""՚ւ՚՚՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚-^^՚՚՚^Ր ^եսաե՚ւ֊եռան ոսրիշ Աէբռու%էօեե՚բն ա/* գ%սւղօքւեբք^ լեզա§է.ի% ^եաէ / \քա^րօաա§ի ւԱքքՒ յեէէւի՚ն յէք սւասբէսհ՜սէ-եաաեւ %ւէքեւ, գւսղդ^^կաե %սբե^ ւու֊կ էէովսբսւ.թ–էւ^Նեբր* է %ալ, - շ. ի*ձ վ^^ք»^^ի ՛՛է է ^ր \էպ*^%իս՛՝ ՓԻԺպպ^– Գ*Ի -». իբ յ՚՚է՚ր՛ գ–»չՐ> աաե%* ի՚^Լ էէ՛^ /՚ւ՛ –՚^՚կւքս^ ա։րաւաճ՚ասաէ%երք1 1 ՚– 3« կ՚Րթ– բս»ժ%աււ.Խւրաէ. իէւրգուկալ 1^աքա՚եիէԱքէԿւ » Ի՚^է կերպաբա՚Նք առա^ հբ իաբգու.կաԼ ^(Հ* գսէբո»^ էէէքւ չոբգկ իբ ոըգի՚ն ւ^^ո^ո^^ Ա.– (1658-1705)» յ^սոր ժսոքանէսկ էսրգք^^ սւեարսէցահ– տ1^րու.թիւ.Նէ^ սէաճԼաեաե ու. գսաղոիսւԼսհւ պւսէոերսւօսեե՚ոոյ շսսսա կբհցՀ ^աճքակք \^%^թւ^աս»մե գարա\^ու.սգաֆայի առսա^որգոէ-էօ-եասմօ. Վհէ/Անւաէ սւռ.Օե–ւ.տ \^ւսկաւՆ Ըգա^ ո1^պ1;;բնպ^ ^ւսշու^թե՜սէւ/չւ պ»սշաաանոսսւհ՜ ռսւոպռրյ ^ովՀաե%1^ս ՚^ոպի1;;էւռի լե-^աօք^ ու, կարոլրս 1՛՛*–^ Թսէրքւեգքւսէօթե ատղաաեցք^Հ \^է^*՚սքոքւսէօիք՝ ւսսԼ^ եպբր \ու.գ* ԳՀատրնի էշ^աեյէՆ ու. ՚կ^ւ.գին^^ոս \\աւ.ոքացւ֊զքե էաղք9–ոա.թէւ^էնեոոէհէ պւնչափ էսսռւսՕացան ք որ $ա«^ 7^հԼք 150 ս՛արիք;– ^^ր ՀուՖգարիաւէ մհք ւսաւսհ– րո^ չոր ե–րկիրն1էրր կորսընցոսցքւե է Հու.%գսէրիւս ւսէ.սւորի<^ ակւտւն տան ժէսռանգու.թիւ% եոաս 16օ7/՛^* ԲՊՅՅ պա^եց իր էսւաոէ.կ սա^յսէնագրոսթիւնրւ Գ"՚րւոմիռի I 229 խաղաղոսթեամքւ ( 1 6 9 9) > Կ՛^"/՛^ առաւ. ^^անսհլոս^ աԱիան ու. Դլաւ.ոնիան : կւ.գ1^էոսի ^ևգ1^րվարաայեի /1Հ. Գ^ե-լկրատէ ^*"ք րբէսհ՜ ւաոա– ու^թիսԱնեոոմը^ք վաս^ տրկեցաւ. \^ւ.սաբիա ք ^ասարովի^ի խս$ոաոու.թե–աւ1հ^ (1718) 1սռոէ.ագիսաաեիք ԳՀոսնիէսյէէ յձևբու֊իւսյի ու. Վ^րզբիէսյի մէ^ մասը* ո(ւր անգիէ^ Վյ/նե-տի^ 1699 1էն առէսե– Ա՚որ^աեք գսսլէձե-աւ եոբսնօոսռւ ^սկ^^օ եսոռե սկսաւ. ^ա՚ճկ1։ ակ;րոէ.թեսւն մհք աեկաոողութ իւձւն ու. անաէ^ոհչու-էօ-հէ^ը* որոււիո ասօգՄցութէւՏ1էո կոր–^ սոեըոկցՀ ^կակա րՆգուձէեցաև ՀձսմաԱեանռ ԳՀևւկրա–^ էոէ գս՚շէ%բոյ (1739) \Տ՚՚՚փգքէ "^ ՚իս^ուբ^ Հա*, ոաւայ^ գքէե ս-ղահ– Բ-՚՚ր՚ր "Բկէր՚եեոոյ Բ֊*՚111Ձ ՍԼ^^^Տ քէէուսասէոանքւ սոալու. ՀարկագբեցանՀ 2.\^պա%իս^իյէ1^փ1^էոԳՒ(\^^^–^^^^) «*- Փյւյ*Գ*Գ*»** Դ՝*^ (1621-1665) յ՜աւՐանակ՝ ի՚նչպէ^ս ժողով ոսրդՆ ք անաեկ սււ ե–ոկրւսգորհ–ու.թ^ւ֊նն ու. ւս–^ ոոսեսսոթ սէեսսՈւռլի կե-րպով^ հյեալու. օկսաետ •^Աէ^ ոսէբներ ու. գե-ղե-ր գրե–թ1տ^ ամայի ևղահ՛ հէ՚ե» հէ-ո ւաւնգրպ^ անաոաևեւէ սւուրռե-ոո շատ աՄոոա.աեթ էսպրս–^ ասւմիու-թէւհէնռ-ո ւառաՕ բե-ր^ւ \^պանէա* Վեսգֆա^ 1Բ*աէ րէէսդաղոսթե-ամխ Հաոկագրեցաւ. Հ^ոըաՆտսւկան Հաերապեաոսթիւյևո ՚ճանչնալոս* ե՛լ. Դ\իւ.ր1քե1րան իէօւղաոութեամէւ \ 6օ9^^ \Լոգու.ան ու. քիու.ս^չս՚ոնր գաղդիայքք աալոԱ.է Տկ"՚Ր Կ***է**)ը** ք^» (1665-1 700) անյաՕոո պատեոապսնեո1;^ էքէոե՚Ա. ք Ա^^^^ քսաոաղու.^ թև ամի 1668/՛^ Գլանաչէիսչյի մկկ մասն* ու. *կիմւք^կի խաղաղութևամի 1678 ^ է \\աորքւն *կաՀանգնևրկ՚ն ռանի մի գսւււառ. ու. կէՈանշ գոնգի՛ն գաոոիաւի աա^ չու. Հարկագրևցաւ. (104)» 3* իորգու^կս/է սպաեոական գսււառ եոաօ՝ ժէս–^ մաեակ (1580-1640)^/» Ա/՚^^^ձ* Հ^գկ*^»^"^է ^/՚– կէը^"ՐՐ Հ^ոււանւոացւ-ոց սէսււու. ՀսէոկագոեցստւՀ ^սչյգ 230 յ^գղէա եղաւ. ^որգոսկաաէ գաշեակէցո» որ մաԱէսւ.՛»^ աևգ անկարոո գոէէէասԱէ^ Ն՚է ժամանակ (1705– 1750) մեհ– էսզգեցոէ-թիէ^ սկսաւ. բանեցընե-ք ^որգու-կալի նձ^րքթև քւրողութ ևանց ՚քօ՚՚Օ • ^^^^Գ է/յն»%«ք*–էլյ աաե*ն (1750-1777) յաււա^ցոսց (ւ/ւ^ սապոնչլ 175 5^ ե-րկրաշարժէՆ ևաևւ. *նոր1/ն ու. ակևյւի փառասոո շ^եւ աու.ուլչ\ ^ոմպա/ պսէշաօնե-աե »Խ»^ ՛ճառական ութ իւ-նրէ \\ակէէչյն խեւագար |ր4«*քէ««*/ Ա.^ աաև՚ն — ոըոսե ւոեո 1799^^»$՛^ կառավարէր տէ^ ոոէ-թիւն՚ն իսբ որգթէ ^ով^, Քլ* — ւսյն Նոբոգու.^ թե՚անռ աաոԱ-ոնԾոո փճաոանէ ք^ռոսաուրր բւոտոըո–,^ վ^ ՜ք^^գղէսւցւ-ոց ձեո֊բն անօաս* &բկրի մշակոէ-թիւՆր հ^աՆո սւոէ-ոբօ-րույն ես մաոգու. պսւկսութե-ստՆր պւսէո՛^ ՚ճառաս շաա ^կաււ 1700-1714. 1* կարոլոս ք^*^ ս»մ1քն1^ մօաիկ ժսէռանգոյ էէ^աւի&բպյի կայսբոնաիբո^ 1699/՛^ մեռահ՛ բ քլարվ յըյնգորսէ ու. Հոչլանէուս թւսգսէժառանգ որոշե՚ցքէն կւտ/յսեբ ևբկբոբգ ոբգքէն ւյ\\աբուոսՀ յ^սոբ հակառակ կաբոչոս \\պանիացթյ ք կաակքւն մ^Օ ժառանգ ՚անոււս՛^ ՚նեը Հոսգ* ձ*դ*»ին թոռր զ^էլէսլպոս ք ոբ թագաւո՛– բքւն ժա^ՈԱ-ան^ (1700) եաև-լ. էբօբ գա^յն ելաւ.է գ^ասղղիայի ու. ^ասսէերսոի գկւՐ ՚Լէոփսչաոս Ս1*յ^^ ^ես9 յիսէռաե ^րւէւսիսս է \^գոիսւ , Հ^ողաձէոսւ սս Աաէ~յ»յս»է ^սււ.իեըսէռիք դ%իրսլ^ն վււ%$ոոէ–եէ^ն եսւեւ. , սէսօնց ^եսա միսէցեւսլԳ%սէղդի$սցիքր յսւօթ-ոսեցա^ ՚^սգի՚նէոս ԱասւոյաԱա^ ^ի^ն ու. յց^արւպըրըխ%, Հ"հշգեգԻ Ք"՚Լ 1704^1^» Ա""|» վր՚՚ւ*/ կսւրոչոս ս*րքիգու.քսո Գ\արս(քչո՚նայի ՚^ք թէսգէսւ֊ա. որ ՝ճասնչթու.եոսէւ. է 231 շ. Լէոփոըոոսի յաջորգկ Ց«»^էք Ա՛ (1705– 1711)^/» որգթւ X 1 7 ^թ* Մ"՚ՐԸքէԸԲԸք յաղթոսթիէ-Ն (1708) երեո^ միառԱաւ օօրավարնե-րր ^ւսղ^Մօ^ ՀԼաեաոմի (քՀստւ^արի օաէ\ ու. ՀԼհւԱսրէ \\ք*՚՚1ԲՐ"գէէ օքքՀ^Ն որով բ.ովաեգակ\^տսւլէւ»՛՛ ^՚-՚՚^րէ՚՚՚Յ՚՜՚՚Յ ^^՚ՀԲ^ աեռսււ. է ՜^սոմ կսքրոլոս^ յյ^ասարիաի »^0 ւսւ թէսգսւ^ սոր ՚ճանչցոսե^աէ-է Ա^" *եեո վէճս$եկ–ե ՚Լոսգովէկոս ^Դ«*՛– "Ր ք*ր պա Ա"–ւշքե անարգ անբ րերոոաաէՆ խէս^ ոագոսթեաե ապքմամեերր "էշ*Ր ^էԱԱ»ոաաու.էօ–եէսմււ եո սէրժ^ր - առաէոե-օսէւ. \^սւրլպրրրէ ե՛տ եանչոսե–^ ւովքԼ^ ՝Վս$նաոսր օանհ մի ւաղ^ութհսմն1քրոսն ^Օաօ#«. %իայի մ^;0\ եւ. ^ոփէէ;^փ \ձ,* է մա^ոսսէմիո։ ՝|^ք. որովշ. ^&աճռ ^ովս11;Փ\\»քւն ^աՕոր գահ՜ ^րք իբր (քլ. կպյսր՝ էր ևղբպքրը^ \1ա^ո^*^ Զ,. (1711-1740)» ա՚նոր <^ամար ՜յձպաեիսոի \\սսարիէսկս^ պեաութ&աՆ ^եա էփանսքլԱ^ մաաԱգաւ.որ Լ երռւ.սւր ^ ռէսղպթասեաե ^սէւսւսարսակոշ^ ռոսթէւ.նր պէս^ե-ւու. ^ամար ։ ք\ւսաի ճո. Փէւե՚ք՚՚ւ՛*՛՛ (1713/՛^) ^Հ՚՚Գդեպյէ՚ե ես Հո^Ասնապ^կ՚ե ոս քիչ^ մէ ե–պռր(Ո\^յ^ա&ս կւ^սրյքն \^պանիսչյի թագասոր ՚ճանչ^ո$^եօսւս : ^պյց կաասրե^ աս որ փոէւար1^ րնգոս՛^ Նեօէսւ. ՚յձպանէւսկաե յձաոր^ գւսււսոյես՚րրք *Հ^^ւսպո^ §իսրք\^արգթէիաեք յցրէչաեն ու. 1րս^գոսան։իսկ յվւպ^ րալգարր թողոսռ ^պանիա ՜^^գգիւսցսոցւ Նե^ասձ– տսէ/կՆ երկիրՆ&րէ՚ն օրկու^սէձ– Ապանիստ՚ն՝ կսրէւՆասա.ա սակար Փ^/^՚^1ք*17*/^ (1700*1 746) կաս֊ավաչւօսթ-եա՚ն աաեՆ* Նսքեւ. իբ սւաւ^մնէհւսգրոսթ-եաե ՏձսւռորգՆերր։ ^եոգԱնաՆ^ գ"" ^.(1746-1759) «ւ– կար»ր,ս գ, (1759-1788) փ-ր^ ձեցիԴւ գի$ոու.թ–եաԿա ու. սէռեւ.սարի Նոր կե՚Նգանւ»ա^թ–իւ% »& էսսէլէ գ»ւսզթ–Աքկանոսթ–եէսնց աառեսսարդա էսօասւոէ֊թիւ-քէՆ է^էգարձակու-ե^ասէ. է կարոչոս դ% , 1808/^^ ^«՚ք^^ ^րաժա^ րե^էսւ. է ^^ . ՝/ ) 232 ՝ ,. / ձակԽ^աէ-է - շ. Ո՚Հ Խ իՀ՛"* . ^ ^է*" ♦-•«ւ"•Հ«"^*^^ • իքե՚ե ա՛ Լ յ-է՚րգե^ » 3* հ՚^շ, վաբչէ,ւթի^% ուՆեցաա. պԽարքա, |ր4ձ– . ի՚է^ձ –՚շի»–ր^ակաը,լ.թիա.1^Խր ըրաւէ ^. \\ղգսւօ յեհ՛ գաղթ ւս կան օւթե-ամն սաաերՆ ^ քէէ^ու-սհպյի մհ^ աէսոսսհ՜ա֊սւհ՛ հքւե ֆ^է՚եեոաւնքսւաւեան ու. թաթարակաե աղգե-րըյ Հիւ֊սիսս^քւն քէհու,սիա ^^^ ^Խ 0«#9^<էէ^է առաքնէէրգոսթե-աւ/ի Լքիոա.սքւ ցևղ^ե\^ յԼա^ ոկ^կե–աէէնևր1/ն կաւՐ դ*աեիաց1էնե–ր1;^% Նոէ^ա՚ճոսեօաւՀ ^ՈԱ֊ոիքի ^ա^որգեևրրէ ^իէբևրի ևրկայնութևայի գհպ հ ^աոաւ. սէարսւհ՚ուԾցսսն , ճո. Ղ^է^՚է Ւր^՚^Յ "՚Հ՜*՛ րու^թե-աՆ յայրաքսէդպբ ոբ^է էէ^"^ր1ւՌէ թուՆնոր^ գւ-ւշ/ե՝^ ՀԼ^Գ^յ)^ք\ աա&՚նէ ձք*՜/՛^ 1000^՛*»» մէոաւ. ռրրստոեկու. թիսեր ^ու^ասաանէՆէ Վյատիմիրի է՛ ե՛ք է/ի պաոիկ էշբւս$եոԱ.թե–աՆռ բսէժՆոսւսօ– ա^ոու.թրւ1էն 1 2 Օ ւ(՚^ \^ոնկոլնև՜րր 1եու–ւս^ ւՏևեկքքն \&** (Օր Մք՚՚ւյ^ ^արոէ.սա *Հ^ու^որոաին 111^0^ քէ^ոԱ,րիռի ռեոին իշիէան՚նեոր սնւսռք§ն սսնկէսխ հ Ս*ոՆ«. կոչնևրը՛ աիրևցի՚ե քէաու.սիէսյի 240 աարիի չափ։ Ա^» ՚ԳջջՅի՚ե (1320) \Տպի՚«ակ ^ոսսիա (յրի՚նսք ^ Ս՝"^^– լ^մէ Վհգ՚^ւ՚(Ք"1) ՀԼոլէ՚եիա^ ^ոաոչէւա ևւ. ք\ւգրանիս/ անռան \հթ ոէ.աՆիայի • 133 Ս 1*^ կարէֆր քիու,սիա (\\ա^ ւեցք*՛^) \ե^սւսս1անիՀ ^այԲ Դ^քւէ/ուոքւ էէսդթութհւն–^ ՚ՆռոովԱ Ո՚՚կ"՜՚էե՛^ էւաՆսւկՆ աւե սւսէոհ՚ճաՆհ ակէսրսւռս/Աք որ \*վան ՚(1Լչ*՚"հԺ՚հ*Ռ> կրՑ""՜ 147 ւ^^ք աառԼկաե տու֊րյօն էսսոր էոս/նաչւ 2. Ւ^^ Ա. Վ— յլ^է^ն(1462–1505) Հ«^^է֊ ս1Մռ \^ոնկունՄրր (իուսիայ^՚ն • էսշէսար^սէկսււեո *կոմ^ կորոէո ու. Տրոաւ. (14:92) ՚"^/» րովանգակ քիոԱ.սիսչյի է ի^% Ռ– \^^^*–՛^^ (1533-1584) առածի՛ն 0,արր կամ* կայսրրյ գրաւ. աո֊էսՕէ՚ն կանոնաէ^ոո պօրւսգ գու՚եգր (է>է1՝61ւէշ)^ եւ. ՚նոսա՚ճևց ռգաղաե ու. օ^ս^ ^ հ՛ 235 գրւսքսան ։ ՝իբ ժաւ/ասնաե սԼսաւ. յձիպե-րիայի աշ^աո^ ՚^ ^ակալու^թիւՏնոք յ^ևրմակի՝՛ գոզագն&րու. աո֊աքեոո^ գքւե ձեռօթ Հաա \%վանի ոքէդւդխ ^նա շիՕաս քի"՚՚րքտբհ ցեղը. 1598^*. քէ^ոսսք \իՀևռն ^ֆ^ոկոՏտե մւՆնտէքլէ-ն 1ոոևւ.ք ու. \ե^ա^ ^ետ շարունակ պասքե-րաղմելովւ ՝^ղոււսւկա1ւ աշխար^ակալութ–իսն%էր1է՚Ն յառաքէ քիաա.^ աէէաքի յկքյւ թ–կպ1;;ա կրթ–ու.թ–իւ% ։/ր Կ"՚Ր.՛ ^՚»ւեասաաեի արգե-Լք ւյձէավն երէ ^ու–սիւայի սւրեսյաեան \^սրոպայ11;% ^ քեղու.ւսւ. ու. Հասսւսաաքով $ոս$րբեր ՐԱ՚ք1Բ.* Ա^ղոէ֊ւակա^է իշխէա$Նու.թեաև ւսւ/եՆ^Ն ^էսսսւկսւր ^եսէեա.ու.թիւ.\էհ եդաւ. քիու.սիէօյի Հէէմար^ է^՚՚՚ՐԴքէՏ ""^"՚կ՚՚՚^՚՚՚-Թք*՛–^ "՚– "^74^*2/*՛ Աէ-թիւՆ ։ լլ^"/՛ Հսամար 1^բ , որ Օ^արերոսՆ իշխաեսւ-ա. թիւ-Նը^ մղոա.չականին պէ-ա բացէսրձսւկ ու. բ»ւ%ւսւոոսէկսւն հր* \\ղեոա..էսկաէ$Նք օսքօպռնեբ^^ գսսրս, բ—Ր՚ր մշակուաաէհ^ երկիբնեբոլ. աէբէրՆ հ^Դւ ։ Գ-եպացիք գեռ ւԴ՚Նչեւ. 185Ց գե՛րի հ^ է է"կ քաղաքւսռ բեւստկիչներո իբրեւ. իշխանսւռ սեպ^էսկան ստոացուսւձ–քբ կր ՆկօէԱէՈէ^հիՆ է 3. Պէ՚քէ–* Ա– Մէ–> (1682-1725) եղթօրլ \^վահքէն Հրաժարևւի՚ն (1688) ^ւ– \Տէորհլէց՚եևրոՕն սէպսւՈէսաէբոէ,թէէ%ր %ու.ա1ճել^ն Մսէեւ ք ե՚ղաւ. սիա^ե^ հ-աե աքէրէ ^եարոս գե-բմէսեիւս ք Հոլլանաա ու. լլ1՚օ գոիա ըրսէհ– ՚ճսւնապարՀորգութե-ա՚նո յհ՝9 (1օ9 7 )> սորվե-ցաւ. սւ֊ոոաէսկան կոլժու,^հւհւ^ պոր ասւԱ^ կե՛րպ ադւ^ցՆերով քէաոէ.սիա§ե սէ9 քսոթեւու. Օաեսէց% Ղ^ր՚՚է ե-րկրրներ ՝ճամր.որգու.թիւ^ րնե–§ու, ^րաւ/ան տրու֊ե^, ոաւ. • եւ֊րոաական սէարաո մէոռուեռսււ. է ^էոարսւկան*^ %եր "՜րկէր րե-րելով^ էսռոէ֊աոԼր ու. արու-եսսա էսւռսւ^ 0աօան» աասէև-րապմակաԱ եւ. ՆոաեաԱն զօրու.թէսսն ռ-լրոպակահ ՚*^դյ փոէսու.եցս»ւ,Հ ՜^րքսանկռւի »Ա^ք էէ-ովայա» քննարան մի ^էսնու.եօաւ–, 0սմա՚նց^ե–ր1^ յ\ղոմ առնոէ-ձ-ցաւ. • եւ \էնկ1^րմանլաեա աշէաար՚^ւս*^ կալուե-լէ֊ն ևաեւ֊ք 1703/՛^ ^էգևրսաու.րկի ^^«/՚ 9 1 է*. 234 գրա^և^աէ-է 1721/՛^ ^ձարոս աեուանև^ թտ դէ՚Կք. վա»աըկեւք1էւա. ՚^Հււեւաքեերէխ է հ՚^ճ կերպւս^Աէ1տ աէքաւէԱէ֊ ^էաւ.աիսէ •^իէ.ոիաաքթԽ ւղււէ11քեբաււզմւէվէ լ. իա֊ՄԱքսւց ^ՈԾէ-ռ-լե-ան էէոմու. ե-րեիրնԾՈույև ՚Խպյ ու.%&ցսէհ– իշրէանու.1օ–և՚աե գգմ՝ ՆօւէէսԽձասոոոէ.՛,^ թէսն ժհէ պսւէո՚ճառ աու֊սքւ. (1 ւՕՕ/^՚^յ ՚իսԽիւսեաեք ՝\ե–^սէեաե ու. քէաՈէ֊սաեսԽ գսւ^սւսցոսթեաե մի (1697՞՛ 1718)՝ ՚կաոոլոս ^^* ^ուս-տաց ե-րիտսէսարգ թա^ գսէւ.ոոէէն գէ;ւՐէ ^ \\սէրոէոս ^ս^եարհ՛ գոբ^^1ե^աեն^ վրպյ յարձակե-լով^ սաիպևց (1700) պֆրեգևրիկոս Դ«« դ^աեէպյհ թագսէւորն ք իոէ^ ^եա խսւոսէոոէ^թէւ^ ոնեէու. ։ ւ^սոր ՚1ըսչյ զարեաւ. 8000 Հ^սէոոնե-բով^ *\^սէովայհ յ^՚^՚է Գ\ե–աոոսի էսռա(^որգոա–թե–ստն տակ եղահ՛ աէսսնպասէէկ ռու.սս$կաև րւաեսէկր* աշխւսր^ւս^ կւսլեց (1703) Բ՚՚ՐՐ \յ*՚Հ*՚"՚ւ՚՚ս^Ր» յձ,ւ–գոսս՚ոս ^*Ր փսր առ^եւ ու. \^սւանիսլաւոս 1ե՚օ^1ևւքքք^ թէսգսէս^ էէոեցոնեւ աու.ա€.է ^1^սլ^տ յ^սգոսաոս սաէպոսե՛^ ցաւ. (1706) թագէն Հրաժաբիլ, բպյց քէչ^ ՚հէ եա^ քՐ (1709) յձս»անիսլաւ.ոսքԼ \և^աստաեե՚ն վէէեաե-ցւ 2 • լ^ք# եոաօ՛ ժսւմաԱսւկ էսշքսսէո^էսկսււեց <1|/7՜«, տբոս ՚էձկէրմաելանտն ու. \ֆվլանսէֆ ևւ. \քսգլանաի մէե ւ/Խսբ։ կաբոչոս՝ Ա*առ1րբբա^ գոռագնե-բու. գնգապե^ §ո11^ն %օ՚նգութձ–Աէմի ք\սգբաՆիա կր»սպո%.րու.ե քով կոբսնցու.ց Ո09 /՚^ք ^"՚^Լգ՚՚՚Փ^քֆ ՚ճակաաով^ իբ աը^ կսքբացւսհ– բաեակրէ 1Ը^սոբ •Խ*տ ^սւճկսւսաաե փաիք՚աա. էէւը՚Լ^ ղչսսէկօչյ քէ^ուսիայի գ^ւՐ աւսաեբաաֆ գբգռեց * էկեէոբոս ^րութի ք^ոմ ^սւճհ1յԱեբփ» .աս»շաբոա.էսհ՛ ք ղԲՑ*՛"՜ Ւ^Ր Կ*»՚ւ՚"*»բ1^է\ էսմհսսԱզխ ձեռ<^ ^բոէ-թի ՝ * -՝ - Հ փ \ ։7 յ ն.է ^ 235 րւաոաղութիսՆր գնե՚ւոմ ւսզաաիլ* սէսեաւն ^արեսւ^ գ^եցաս 1ձ,ղրվ^ ^աճկաք գար^ոնե-լէ կւսրոոէս աա^ ապ աեո ^աճիԱնեոր%որ աէսաե-րաղ^ միգոգռեէ^ն 171 ^Բե յւ^գրալօույևտ գաչէձաւ հ Քիշ^ ^Ա ^«^/» (1 718) ՚կորոա-ե-գիւաչյի գկէՐ րբասՆ աատե-ըէսօմոն ւսահքն^ ^րՒ՛*–՛ աըիխս^ալջ ռոմ^ գասւ^աճսէնոԱ-քժ-եամհւ սպաեուե–ՕէԱէ.է քիոսսաօ, էէո էոաոէ է/ի §առւսք արգէ^Ն ^ս»րեագրէսհ՛ ^Ոք Դ\րէմէնուէւ. Վյ^րաէ՚նր^ Հա1/եով^րիք իսկ ^ւ/էրաէտիս^ էֆնչեւ. իէնէ ^րու. սիայի աալու. է \^է.գոսաոս ^ • Ֆորէն \ե^աց թագսէւոր ճանչցուեռսււ. է I սւււէս^Ն ա(;րւււ.ք9–իւ.ն՚ն եղաւ. . քք-՚՚Աց Դ\եէորոսի ^ւսշորգա^՚ն (1725 կաաաբիՆ/^ Ա. 1727 պեարոս (\. 1730 \րնա. 1740 \ավան պրաւ.նշվայկ0իՆ, 1741 կղիսաբկթ * 1762 <կեարոա Դ» .) Աէսաէէն է քսւղաւօէսկրթ-ութ-իսՆթ շասա Դւու.սւռ յասռաս^ա^ գիմոա֊թ-իւ^ ըրսււ. , եւ. ասրա-եսսաի^ %ոը կե՚նգասնւէւթ-իաՀն մը^ ասւլոլ. սււ11~ն քահօէըն ւսպսւրգիւ֊Ն ՏնաօէՆ ։ ❁ 1 109* պքա1գ1^դք,ա.^^է 1կք,աափ^^ա. 1* 1^'ր^ *»• քքՆչպէա ակասւ. երեէ.ա% ^Աել <Տ^րւս%աե%պռ».ք»կ • \>՚*^Լ կևրպէէէքաէքխ Աքէւ/աէ. (\թ–ոՆ \\» ԷՆ ԽաոԽա.է ՚– 2* Ի՚^ձ ^^ք^ր^-թ՚է*^ ււ»%Խցասե ^րևգԽրէկւաո 1^/1 ալ. իր յԱէքէէրգնԽրը» Ն՚ՐՐ՛ "^ քրմէ՚ե %օւաճէա».եւրաւ. ք^րքա-սիաա » կէԱրա1ն։%էԱա էտէէհ կ***Բգ1՛՛^ ղքրո*–թիայ1ե՚հ Խ՚րր. ակաւսէ. էքեալ» - 3 * Ո՚Հ. ^ղք*– ^ր–^–է**ս1՛ ւքսռաաքքւե թ–*աէգաա.որը, ^՚Նչպէս կաւա».էսւէսքԽց Փր^Գ* ՚)**՚*–|^6|;՚"> Ա * 1՝՛^^. ՛Է՛՛Ր" >՛՛^ չւււ.թի»^հ քէ.%ե^սււ.Փր^Գ* ք^ * Ա^^ * հ՚^Լ կԽր՜պաբա^թ առսւէ. երկիրըէ ^^ոևսելեան գե-րւ/անիսչյի ՚^ք՝ |յ. գար է՛ն վեր կորնակկք1ն \\լասներր ՕէԼէ՚^՚^երըյէ ք^էպէա Հձնիիկոս Ա. ու. (\թոն Ա. Գ\րս^աևնպոէ.րկն աշխար^ակալե-չխ՚ե ետեւ Վյ^Նտերու. երկիրն երեք սսէ^մաՆակոէքսութեան բաժ՚նուեցաւ. (9683» ^"03 եւ. աէնպես ՀԼ^թնաեր՚ն արիսՆա^եղ պէսաերառսներէ ետեսք (հԱ* գս՚րոէ^ կրցան իրե%բ զիրեՆթ գերսա-ա էիաւի չհ՚ե՚ն ազատ րնելւ էՇ––՜՛ ա 236 2 • ււլյէքէհք 11ք&՛ 1 138/՛^ \^աքսոնիւ^ի գաքս կոչոա-եւ^ն եաևա.^ էէՆնեց \\\*^ձ) քաեիյիգաէ.աւՆք անոսաեեց քէկբ զ1ււկբ ^Խէանսէե՚եպոսրեէ սսւ^ւ/անօ01էոժս երս Օաեւսօ՝ ւ^աորին գաւաո^&ո^Ն ե՚եսւհ– գւսդ^աԼան^ ՚նեոով իր ե-րԼիրր մշակելո^-է Գ\րս^սա1քնպու.րեի մհք յա^րգեց իըե՚ն՝ իսր 1քրկ որգին Ո^քք1 Ա. (1170– 11օ4։) ոէ-ո որ երասե-րագոյեր (^ՄէւեարգոսՀ ե՚ղաա. գաքս \^աքսոեիա^ի (1180)՛ — \\"՚կպքե ւաս՛ ^ջոցի՚ն ւաքորգե-օին իւսէռ1եակու.Թ–ե–սւնց գարռ-րՀ |)ս/^ւ/ա%քք««. եոմսոէ-թհէյեր բւսժյւն րւսժաւ եոաւ֊է ՚կսսւմարգ ^ւս^ իէու-եցաւ. ^14:02/՛^) գերմանաեաե կարգԲե* սնէսցէսհ՛ մասրլ գրաւ֊եց ՝\^քէկէսմհէ2նգոս 1388^^* Բ՚^ցՊր*"^՝^ աե-՚Նպոսրկո աոսսէւ. (1^1օ) ԷԲՐ^^ աւսւտ Փրեգե^ րիկոս Հո^^ցոչլերեի կս*յսրրնարք»Նք իրե՛ն ^ասատար^ մհւթե-անր կ՛ա մար է շ. Փքէքէ՚քհ–– II՛ (1415-1440) կրթեալ ու. ^գօր իշիէաեր^ կարգի րե-րաւ. իէանգսւրե-սււ եր^ կիրըյ \^րև% յաջըրգևց երկրորգ հրգի՚ն Փ^)^Հ')^է\\ո*^ 1^. (1440-1470)^ - Ց^^^^Ս–^ Ա– (1499-1535) ՚նորոգոոութեւմե սաստիկ իօ-շնասր ^իէաեց (1օՕս) ^րանգֆոսրղփ ^ամաչսԽրս^Ոք ու. 151 6^^ Պ^ք//^^ տէ-0 գասէսւսսւանսէրան ժրէ իրոա^սիան հբրե՚ւ. սււստԽ րնգոսՆող^ &ք^^\չՏ յ\.^ ժամանակ (1535-157 1) իրուսիայի մէՕ ՚նորաոսւնգութիւ՚ն՚ն րՆգ^անոէ^ր եուսւ.տ\ Ցո^է^Տ Փյհ^հէ1\^^Հ152 8-1608) եղա., գորհ^ա^ կալ* ու. ասոր որգքւն 3*»^. \ձԱսՏո*^գ>ո^ (1608– 1619) գո»–ք" ^րոսսիսչյիէ Ք։9 1228 1^ վեր ՚^եթ-ա՚նոս բնակչայյ ^եա կքլ կռոէ.^ր է 50 աւյեայ պէսաերէսօյէ ւՐ եսէեւ. Նու.ւս՝ճեօ \\*՚՚րգը^ ՍԼ/՛"՛–* եչես/Ն ^րսւ.սիասն , որ շու.աո ւՌ գերմանաօւսւ ։ 134:7/^ գեուե^էէււ գաանիակաՆ \քսգլսւնսէր, 1402/՛^ ՚նուա^ոսե^է ^կաաւյմաըդն ու. Աէսմռկեան՚ներո , էսյԱակւ» որ կրօնի՚ն իշխան ւ I 237 Հ^սւ^ր կր ւոարասէՒուէր ։ ^պյց եսսքբեօսէէ. կասրգիԴէ ղօրոէ֊թ-էւ^բ 14:10/՛^ Դ»«ք. %1֊եէպկըկի ք՚ւվ Վւաաոիսաււ.»։» \^էսկք;չւսն(֊ն ։ 1^"^/՛^ եպօն իր էշխահօ»է–թ–էւ%ր երթ–ս»լով%սւ.ասպեռասլ.է 1466^^ ^""Բ՛– կսէգըեոասս ^Ր**^Ր յ^յւեւ.ւ1էոևաՆ ^րքւ.սիան 1^Հ«»»ւ0ււ^. Նի էՈէԱԼ* ^'^վ^ » յ1^իկիււմձւ.Դէգէո§ էֆա^էէւ.^ 1618^^ ^րսւ֊ա. սիսւն Դ\րաեւէէաե%պու.րկի ^եւո ։ ,. ։■ «իէ-քք •հ—յյէլք"» (1619-1640) ««•».^ա/.«լ 1^^ իշբա/ն^ էսաեՆ Դկ9անառրՆպուո1էք ե-ոեսնսւմեաւ պւս^ սոերսքղսրե պսէտ՜ճսէքԱասւ. անւսպւսսէ գստոձւսւ. • եւ. ^ազէւ փշս^ եեակ Փք*1**ք*էք*^7**^ Տ՝**՚*քՏէ1ւ**^ իյասաոսե ու. ^դօր իշխանի՛ն ժամա՛նակ (\Գ^Օ^\Գ%^). որ 1654^ շոսեւոսքսս^ ՚՛ լե^էսկան աասոԾՈէսռմի »օգու.տ գորհ^սէ^ Նե՚օ ու. ի^(ք ԳՐ^ \ե^ասս»անի առաէուա^ իշբ»ասնու.՚>^ ՚ թ-^1^ ապատ ըրաէ.։ Փր^Գ* գու՚ւքւ^րքոէ՛՝ \ու.գա^՛^ ^գ. ին գհմ՝ (104) կրՅ"՛^ 20.000 պօրա^ք բաէիսՌյի ^անե-էէ ^.՚՛–՛՛՛՝ աիր իշխան՛ն՝ ի՚նք ղի՚նք (1701) գէօնիկսպէրկի մէ^^ ^րո^՚՚իսչւի թագաւոր պսակե՚ւ աոսաւ. (Փր^գ^րիկ՛»** Ա*յէ \^՚*իկ*9ք Տի^"Տ Հ՚*՚ս1^ք՛ ^աւ/աչսաբանն ու. գի՛»՛ ւոոէ–քՅ–ևանց ՚Ճծ մալման ոհ Փքէք– Գ— յյէէք^^^11(1713–1740), /ւ^/»՚«, կե՚հ-իք բւ^յՅ կարգ*՚*ւ՚հր իշխէտէն1ն՝ առաւ. ՚^ոսԾԱէնե-ր^^ 1720^^ ^ոյերանիանէ ի/ւ /աս վաոչու.քՅ–ևան աաե-%՝՛ ^սւռա0ացան գիաոէ֊թիւնյ արոսե-սսէ ու, բարօր ոս՛^ քժիւքնէ գե-ղա^ա-ո^ վի՚ճակր թեթեւ-օոսց^ օաար ա1^^ րու-թե-անց վւսճաո^^եբբ իր ^րկիբՐ խոթե՛լն ար^ գելե՚օ» Տի*^ գրաւ. ժոոոմրգե՚ան գարոցաց ^րուսիայի էՕ^քյ կաղՏեց 80*000/^ բանակ մի եւ. թոդոսց ի՜^Բ միէիոնի գանձ մի է Փքէ-էէքէւ– I՝– Մէ> (1740-1786) գա<^ ե՜ւա^Ւ այն բառորոշոսքժեամբ որ ^րու.սիան ք ս/ռաՕրՆ յ՜ 238 կարգի աէրէէա֊թեանց ^**՚ՐԳԸ^ բարձրա^^է^ւ \\ռաշքւն շւե-պէաեան աատեոսւօմհվ^ սւռէսւ. ՚^^պէաե* ք՛"^ եր^ եր՚ւրգ՛"/ *"՛ \^օ^^ՆսււՖայ պսւաե-րաօմհվ^ *ևղիւՆ իրէ/ե պա^կ։ էսաքին կարգի աոկրքՀ-թ-իւ^նէ \^րկրի՚ե էոքաէ^ասհ– ^Բթե^Ր/է ^րեգերէկսէէէ իմասաոու֊Ն վարչրւ.թ՚եէէ§ւԴտ բժշկսւե^անէ ք^րսսեսա է գսր^արան՚նեբ է ւդակսէ^թ–իւ% ու. ս§էսւ$ւ.էուէէ. ր շէքւ.$ոէ§վ պարաւէԱԾԱէՆ է գ%իւոոէ.թ՚իւ.Նք ււսռսէքաօսւՆ է գա֊ էոասէուաւնսւկսւհւ գսրհ-ողօա^թ-իւ^էՆերլլ է^սւրղեսաեւ է Փր^Գ» թ–սղօւ.ս իր եզթօրորգլ.ղյն , ^րեդյերիկոս գ%սլչի1է՚լւր$ս ^՚ի ՚յ (1 796 - 1 797) 6 >ֆլիք% րյևակչով^ 3600 ք՛^* «/լ. էոարահ–, եր, կիր «ք«. 200*000^ եւրոպակա1ւ ամէ՚եակիրթ րա%ակ ւԴլ։ 110* էյ^վՎ՛^^ դագկա*^)^^շ. - ւ^*–*»*քք յ«^յ ^ա^էք^ոէ^^^^աԱ դագէ^ա^շ, 1740* 1748» Սէքլւաքի՚Խ ❁ղասէ*Խրաւղյը» ք^^Լ ։խ$էէճ§ւ/հ քա^Խ^աէ. է 2* ^րԽգ» ^քէւաա.է§իաաէ^ի% ք 1. կայ^ոըփ^ ^. թողու.^ (1740^^) իրակաե վաէ.&րագրովյ&աե (տ&ՈՕէւՕՈ րՐ&^աՏէէւզԱօ) ^ամե^ մատ իր գոսստրր «•ՍՐ«4«ւ*|»«4*«ք ք9»Լ<*^«^«4«՝ աւ.սարիա^ կան երկիրներու, թագաժսւուանգ)ք՝ ^եգ ^ւսկւսււսւկհ ՚կարոչոս \^Րքրէի*գ ^ասիերացքւե^ իրրևս ՜\^յմեսսյի ԼՓ^րգի՚ւեաէքգոս Ա*/՛^ Ր^Ց Գ՛՛՛՛՛ե՛ր յ պաէ^ակր սէսս՛^ արիական պե-տոսթիւՆՆ սււՆնոսւ կ ոԱ^ռ^ր» էէս իրէ/ն պասշապաև աէլան քկաէսղոիա ք \յաանիէԱք ՚^ու.եա ^ 1)<՚՚*> օս-ոնիէս ու. ^րոէ-սիս» : Աք«»«4«^7» լ«^«|«4«է«4«1 #««««*«|*յ–ք«4*«Հ& (1740– 1742) սկսասք ե^ՐԲ Փբեգե-րիկոս ^րուսիա^ին ՚Շյմ՚՜դՐ*՛՛ ^արճակեցաւ. ու. զարկաւ. \\ւսարի4Աօիիր Մ՚՚չր՚-ԽԻ ք"վյ 1741^^» փրեգե^րիկոս յ^քըրգ աարին ^ասչաւի քւ"ք կարէ^չոս \ոթար^գիացսդյն ւէսոխ եւով ստիաՄռ օ^լւստրիա ^ Գ\րեռլաէ.ի իւաոա^ ղութիւ^ւն րնգոսնելրւ., որով ^րոսսիա սւռստս ՜^էե^ դրա գաւառն ու. ՚կ/աց կոմսու.ք9–իւ.Նր։ 239 Ա<ք եղահ՛ ժամանակ \\սէոուոս 1^ր՚(րհէ՚գ1Ա ^է-սարրսէ ւՌոէԱԾ ոս ք"էՔ ՚էբհՔ. ^ո^եպւսչէի թագէսւոր ք քէչ^ մըլ ե-պբն աէ ^րաեգֆուրգի մէք՝ կ«<*#ք>քք>*» 1յ • ք1 74։2՚*1 7 4։Չ) աեոսւսմի կօայսր պսէսկե-ւ տոսւսսէ Աւսկէ^Ն Հու.1նգարա^ւ.ո^ ^քՐՐ օօ%ա.թե–սււ/իւ/ գէսղ^ ոիէս^քլբ ու, Գ\սւսիե–րա^իօ յձ,ւ.սարիէա1^ն վէՆնտւէէ^եսան * ե՛րբ աեգիէն գէ֊որգ |\* ւՇ^գոէպյէ թագաէ^որՈք թիւ^մներ ոբաէ-է 1 74։0) սկսաՆ. ^ըհգեոիկոսք ւքասն օի \^ւ–ստրքւառւ.ոց էմ^ոա-0 էւսՕողոէ^թիսէէներն ս՚չ^Ր մաէ՚ցոսցւսհ– հ^Հ ք\է.սաքէ ւանկար^ Գ\ո^եւֆէս էւսր^ւսկեռաւ, ու. իբտսկան աուէսւ. ։ ^այօ ՚կաոոլոս ՚Հոէօ-սւօէՏեգհւսօ^ դըկՔՐ ^"«՚ Հե՚ւփաւ1^՚ն եսե-էու. երւ. ՚^լեռիւս ռաշու,ե–լոս սաիպե-օէ «Ք^Հ^ մի ե-պբր Փր^Գ * ե-ոկու. ճակւսա վասաոկ&չոմ Հքիգիան ապա<^ովջոէ.ց (1 745) « Ա»"/» վջ*^ Տր^՚էք՚^Ւ խւսղաորէ-թ եամի որոշոա-ե-ցաւ. որ էԼւ^գծ՛" ^Բ՚*^՚*ք"9էք՛ է&էա, բպյցՓրհգ» ղՓրաեկիսկոս |^լ* գաեչնայ (կարոլոս \%» այս սի^ցհս մեւՆահ՜ հր) ՒԲՐ^՛– ^՚^է՚՚Ր* Փ^ա^^^Հոո Ա. Լկէթաբինգիսչյի գուքսբ) Օ՚ա^ բիամ^ ք1է»ե–րեդիպյի էբէկբ կառավաբե՚ռ իբրես գե-բ-%^ Աքանիպյի կպ)սբ 1745-1765» \\աբոլոս էէ՚ի՚ե որգթւ^ յ^աքսքէմէէիաԱոս ^ովսէփ^ 1745/՛^ \ճ*–՚՚"՚րք"քյ^ 4ր՚^ ունեցաՆ՛ ամ^ աա^աՆ0մհւյկթնե–ր1^% ^բաժաբեւ^ե եէոեւ. աւ քիսէոորսէցիբ պաէոէւրաղմի շաբու^ԱակեռքէԱ ^ աֆՆչևս ՝Ախք;Նի խաղաղու.թիւ.%բ ( 1 7 48) • որուէ^ ^Ժ՛*– ղջայք^Ն գուրս բ"լ»ր էԱւսաբիասկաՆ երկիրնեբբ ք^ւս^ բիամ՝ ք^ե-բե-դ/ւսչյի ձէուբո աւացքւևՀ 240 111» 1/»Ր^««»«է«*ւ> ղ–գ^է–*ւք 1756-1763՛ ըբաւա. Փր^Գ^քէհ""* Ո՛՛՜Ր յ*–ղԹ–»–^յք–*֊ * 2* \^$–*–էե (ք^չ^ յւագք^ ա».թ–իա.%էւԽքէ 1 • իրոսսիաքի Նէէր սաւս^էսհ– օօրու^թ^ւ^չա կո^ սարելոս ^աւճէՈք մքւաբաեե՚օսԽ ^ոՄգեր1իսոսի գհ^՝ գսօ֊որն ու. ՝\յոիսսւբէ^թ ^ոսսէայի կա^սրու֊^քւնէ Ա^ք գաշեաեռոսթե-աե ^ոգքւե է^ո գսէւ%իռ \^սսաոիւ^ի պսւշտօնեաե է լ^ 11/ սպաոսևա^ու-ս/էէ վչոանգին ւսռՕե-սՆ աո%ե^ ըաւ. ^ամար ^րևգե-ր, (1756^^) Ա^^^/"^^» Հեսս1/նի ես ^ոաւՆշվէաԼհ ^եա մէւսռւսՆ^ աւսաեւէւսէ^ւ սկսաւ. X յձպռսոեէսէ ւաոձէսԼՄցսէւ. ու. ռաոկաւ, \\՚–Ա"՚ր^*^^եբբ \ովըսիցի ^"մ* քւէ^հպհա ^Ր^Ր"ՐԳ """ր^9 \կարոլոս \ոթէսր^գիւսցւղյն ՚/րպյ ^ր՚՚՚կէ աՔ"՚է էԱէո^ու-թէւՆ մ* րրաէ.^ բպէ0 Տ"""–^ մարս»^ա^ստէ^՚ն կսւչլք^ի ^"՚/ (^^^֊չյ^ \ (յ ^ադՔք-ու օ-չրվ^ ^արկագրե-օէսւ. ^ո՚^ե-էֆաք^^ ճ^^^7 տ յ^^ս եոաՆ^ ժէսէ/անակ Գ՚՚՚ռոք՚ս՚ցքքք՝ ^րուսէպքի ^է/եոսի գէսւաոյեե-րո բուեե՚ց^ % Նրկր"Բգ գսէղոէսւկաե բաեէսկի մԱաւսո^ե՚ը ^րեոէ* ^ոսպստխի քով՝ |)քաա^ ւբցր էսո֊սւ^որգութեւսմե. ճէաէ-որ ղօրաօ աանգոէ^գԱ ^արձակյայիըլւ \^սոր վր՛^ \^1^է^ք՛ Ք՚՝*էյ ՚կարորէսի գէէՐ 7%ակաա մի վասսւոկելով^ գրեթէ կորսոսահ՛ ՚^լեպէան ս»օա$ոե–ցւ ^պյց քէ^ոա-սջ \^բրաքսին զօրսէ՚ա. պեա^ առսէքեոոգութեաւդւ \էվալա ^րու.սհպյհ սպէս^ ոէսպեսաբե մրաք ^աոԲ–ու.թիւ^ մ՛^ րբ^ւ յձ,^% միքոցթէ ոբ Փերգքէնանգոս ^^աւ%շմայկցԲևք գաղղիացւ-ոց վրւ^ կբ յադթաեակէրք ^րևգ. 1758 1^ Ա*ոբէԱէ–^Աք ք/աս/ւ* սսքկա/ն ես» գւսո^էսլու. ^ս՚ր^ կասգրեցաւ. ք^^րփ՚՚ցՐ պարապ էոեո պւսշաոեւ^Ն ետեւ ք ; 241 եւ. ռարկաւ. քէ^ու֊սե-րո Օ^ոռՆաորֆի Ք՚՝*էյ "՚֊Ր գար^՝^ տոնի սէՈԼԱւ^քնորգութեամխ ^ոսն^ոստոոֆի (գրանգ^ Ֆու.ոգ^ քէ> *^ աեգթւյ .Ո՚՚՚է^ ^րուսիառւոց աաւի. թե-ո^ 17օ9/^^> ^երւ^ւ» մէպՐւ օջոավարառ իրարու. գք^էՐ ուեեցէսՆ Նւսխաեձ ոտւ աօաաեռաւ.» սսսեայն ^ր1^ռէոա ^աուՆ(^% առՆուձցաւ ։ 1760^^ մասսւր*^ կերցաւ. վ^րեգ* \^^իցի ^ւսոթու.թ1ոսյր՝ ^1^*ւե՚^ւի մեՆսսգոան մասն ու. դեորեսէւի ւսսոթու.թէոաէմի |)«՚»> օսոնիանէ ^աւՔ քի՚՚^՚յբ օ՛ր երթ օր Դ\ս–րէին րռՆե-ցիեք ևւ. աեկյ^ մերժուե-լով^ սսնէսաաա գսէրձահ՛ ^րոսսիսէ գասւ.առ*ն անռսֆք զոր ալ իրե՛նց սասէցու-ւսհլբր եր ^սւմար^թն : կղիսարե-թի՝ ^ոսսիսքցի կսցսրոս^ււքյե ւ/ա^րք ..^ Լ1 Օճի^* էսմենաւն քւնչ կե-րպւսրսսեասէիոիւ րբաւ.Հ \^ր ^ օռ՚ռորգիե Դ\ե՚էորոս դ», րոչոր սսշիւէսր^սւկսքլոա–թիւ%–^ ՚նաէրե եսէ գսւրձու.ց» եւ. ւսսոր այ*^9*՝ՐգՐ \ււսս՚ս»րք»նհ^ ք^* իւէսդսւոութիս՚նր ^ւսսսէէսսէեց : Հոա.պե–րգսպոէ.րկի իւաղաոութե-ւսւդւ (1763 Փեարփ 1օ)է ե՜րկիր՛նե՛ր՛ն էէնչպւ^ս որ պատերաղսհ՚ե էսւռէսՕ եքւ^1 պյնպե** աէւսցին։ ^րեգերիկոսի շա\ն աե եդաւ. որ ^րոէ.1քիէս՝ եւրոպւսկան մեհ՝ աերուքժիւՖ 7ձանչցոսեցէսւ. է ^»վսհփ ք^. (1765-1790) ^րաՆկիոկաս \^Ի "Հ յԸՐարիաւՐ ք^երեպիայի ւքրգին , բո,%եց \1Ո է՛հ Գ\աւ.իերա%՝ ասսոր աւրսէկէէէն գի&Ն սասէւսեւու. սասաեՂւ * թ՚՚ք^ ^ՐԲ Փ/*^" գերիկաւ ԳՀօ^եմիա յձէսււ. , յ^ա–էւսարի$ս Դ^^շ^՚նի խասղաղու֊^ թ-եէսմի աաիպււէ^եցսււ. Դ\ւսա֊իեբաե կս$բ»լսա ք^^էսգոբոս ^ս՚ւցէ կայսրընարին գարձըՆէԼ* ոբսմ յէւսյե ՚էլե բսւժթևբ ^աց յձ,լ.ս»ոբիայի ։ Օքսվսեփայ՝ ^»սԱ.իեբս»Ն ^ |)«ւ»որ/1էք կ^աէւ.աւս»սց ^ես» փաւխելաւ. փոբձբ^, պաբաւպի ^անէրց Փր^" գեբիկա» (1785)» 16 242 112. 1 է•4-»^-էյ ^^ա^ա1»~ղ 1772. 1793. 1795. աՈէ^Խքր^է - Տ* ^Յ՚Բք– —Կ—»՛*– Խրեա-ԱէԽ եըԽլ \ե՚^սաա»ս»ն » քքսւկէըււ՚Խեէտյէւ ցեդր յի%չել. (երթ աէրԽց Լե^էսաոաւս^ի 4ք"Ա ՚ — 3 • Ւ *ձ վե^՚^Կի ՚^է. ^Ր ^ՐԿՒՐ^ ըԽաարաւևսւհ թ–էւգւսա.արսւց ասաէաե՚ե է - 4* (^լ*.^*»»»* <|«* 4՛^ եաԽւ. ով քքեսէրւէ%.Խ~ յքաա». թ–սւգւսէ.որ . |՝ ^> աէսք•ոճ■Ս•|.<^ք^ Խղաւ. Հե^աաւոսէաԽի ւԽաւասք^էւ քլքժաԽւալյմաաէ •>- 5. 1^1՛/՛՝ ^Դ^"*– ^ՐհՐ՚՚ԲԳ ***- ^ՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ թ—էէ՜—՚^է-ւքէ է \,կագայէՐ^ ք^.քիա.սքւայի կէ^սրոէ–<^ին(^Ո ^2^ 1796)» ^Ր ք^րք՚^Ր՛ ^եարոս գ, մերժևլէ^ եա&ւ. ք սւուէսե-ստիռ ք էսռՄսարղք ու. ժողովրգեան կրթոս^ Թեոսհր %որ եե^գանւէւ.թ րւն էՈէԱէՈէէյ օէսմպբաւրն ու. բրսւհ– էադքՅ–ա^թէւ^1ւեերով^ — որոնթ ^է^շմ^ի \էովա^ քսադաղու-թեսյմչւք \*՚րր՚գ՛ "հկ մասն ու. ^ուեի ^՚**ք եղաՆ ^րնէրր^) ^*– Ն՛՛՛շե է՚աղաոու-թևաւդւ (1792)՝ ւ^քնչևւ. ^իէսգէւ^րք ^աւսաց յան^եէոս Հարկագրեր ցան ^ բսոց մաՆաւա1եգ \ե–^սէսաանի Ժե–ո0 աւսքոգե* րրաւ. իր ա^ոու–թիւ.՚Նր ՜\^ւ–րոպւսյի ամե՚նւ^ ^՚ՐՐ */^^ .թիւ.Ն%ևր1^Ն մկկւլւ սւոսւ շ. ՝\ե^աււսւա1ււ մի՚նչեւ. 1370 ""ւ-ասպեչե-ւս։ ^ՐւաքԱ1ա.իՎ I ^եղ1ւն թասգս»Ա.ւ»ր$սո Աէէս^ ^Ր * էֆ՚Նչեւ. ւ^՝\շ, գ$սր սքաւ.եաեւ \ 1 սւմեՆԷՆ ռօրասւսր սա^րոա.թիւ^»ե հր* ^ոչեսչաւոս \^. (որոսՆք \հօրր \^իհսգուէ ասէոեՆէ ժոդովուրգր քոիսաոօնհոէ–.^էւ^Ա^ք1 ճրնգու^ե^աւււ. 965) 1000/՛^ սէաեՆներ% սէռսէքի՚ն աէէՆգս$»Ր\ Հմիայյու֊^ Լի^երըյ Ա*ասավիայքիքւլ, Գրագովիա^իքՆ ու. ՚^յե֊ ՚ւէ՚՚՚տէ՚ՔՐ՛՛ ^"քքՅ ^երքէւ^^ՐԸ բսէժ^ոէ-ե^աՆ \է–՚^ւյսսսււս%հ^ ^ք\. գաբում։ — ^աղիմիր ||*4–ձ– (1333) աշխար^ակայե^ ^Կ՚՚՚Ր՚Փր ւիուսիան ^\\ս»լիաիաա»ն\, աոոսսէւ. գբւսւոր օր^^եք , շի՚նեօ ^ւսղպռներ ու. ււսո–աս9աօու.ո գիաէէութ–իւ.Նո։ ^ր ^եսւոբգի՚ն Ղոսգովիկոս Հ^ու^գաբիսէւի ու. Ղե^ասսսաասՆի քթւսգսէէ-ոբր (1370~13Ց2) "՚ւ՚ւասւ. ւսպգայ^ն աօասէութ-էաե գբասսոբ սւպա^ովաաու.օոա^ւՐ էէի։ I ՚^ակհյԱոնեան ըեղըլ էոքէբեց ՝\էք^ասաոԱւ%ի վբպյ 13Ց6 - I 1572* - ~ Վւասէիսչաւ.ոո \քԱւկհււոՆ ք \իթ–ոսանիասյի ւ/Խձ– I գուքօր, \ոսգո$1էկոււի կբսասեբսէգոքն ս$դքեանոէ Հ^եասւիկի ՚ ^ես» ամհւ.էւեան$»ւլով եոաւ– թ–Աքգսււ.ոբ \ե^աոսւանի ։ ^աւսա. ՚թ-ե^ ու. ակւսբացու^ 1410/՛^ գաեբմաՆսւկաՆ կ՚՚՚բգբ* — ^ի/> ^րհց ոբգքան Վյլաւոիսլասոս դ* , — 14404՛^ վեր թ՜ա \ 243 I ՚գասւ.սը Նէսեւ. Հ^սւՆգարիոյ, — իՆկւսւ. ՜Լ^^^՚նՎաււնա^ի քո ^ասէ^կսէ/ք գ^ւՐ։ կրաւէեր ոբգի% գ%ասռի»յիր դ« . /ւնգոլ.Նես 1466^^ Ա/■^^.I^. ^րոսսէան* ՏԼերյի՚ն կակէըօՆեա՚նյք էոեՆ , ^ասսէսւ. Հե^ասւոա»^ էր ամե%է»սմԽհ– բաօրձրսւթ-ե՚անր սրով^եսքեւ. Աիկիսմհւ.Նգոս \^է–գոսաոոս 1561^^ Վյ՚1^՚*քյՒ գասշէւնռսֆւ ըՆգու%եռսէւ. ՝\քւէհաեււոս^ սւ դ,ու–րչանս»ի վրայ վեոէւն սււասսււաւաեաու֊թ–էւ^ է1/ա ։ 3 • ^^էորւսկա^է թէսգւսւ֊որներ կսւռէսվարեռի՚ն \ե–^էսս^ աոաե 15724՛^ միՆչեէ֊ 1795» Աէ/^ ՚^^քՀՏք/^^ որ թ֊ս$գւսւ.որսյւ^ իշխանու^թիլ^Ն երթսէէով ԱքռՆւ$ւ.Աէկւան՚ներ1^Ն կը չափսւ^ լորոա.էր, 1617/՛^ յձէկէօմհւ%գոս ^*է ասսէեն , ՝\հվ^սն.ա. սէիա ^ուեսէքէ /ր<– 1664։^^ ^ով^աԱե1;ս Գ»ասպիէ1իրի սէէոեՆ ք\ւ–գրասնիա քիու֊սք աււիՆ ։ \քրկւսրէսսւեւ. աեա1։րԱչսւ.թ–ե%^ ւՐետոեւ., 1673^^ ^ով^անՆ^ո \\*»"ւէհ՚*քէ ղօրավարՆ րե^ էսրու.եռէսւ. թ-ասգէսւ. որ է ՝\^սիկւսք 1աէՕսդու.թ–եամբ. պաաոե.^ րաօէԽոսաէ– Հձոման^ւ.ո^ գէ^աՐ եււ. ասպաաեո էաէկոն^յկ Լ\^^^ պաշարու.էսձ– \Լհ11;^՚եսէնէ ք^ւ.գոսսէոս ^, \^սւքսոնիայի կւսյսր^ ընսւիրՆ (1697-1733) եւ. իր որգիՆ \^սգոսասս գ. գա^ ^ակ$§0/եսի՚ն քէ^ու.սիայի օգնսլթ-եամիր \^աա՚նիսչաւ.ոս \ Նիդէ^՚՚քէԻ գեյ՝(ք^^՛ 108) է ~ ^եաոսթիսնը^ Վէրքհ ասաի^ ^^ա^ւի սակասրաո$սձ– (^ր ։ 4. \^ա,^ոփ^գքՓ4^ գ.ի մա<^ոսա՚նէն ևտեա. (1763) թսւգասւ.ոո րնսւոու^Ծօաւ. \\ասէւսրէւե^հ էսարէեցոէւթեէսպւ \\^ասէԱԼ^աէէաո^ Ա«»^Լք»«*•I». ^^Հագ՚ո1է^4՛)* (փ1798)« ^սւգաւ,որԱՆ՝ ռոսսստկան էսոքու.%հբ^^ եէսքսոէ^մ՝ ու.՛.^ ՚նև%ս>լուն^ ե-լ, \^ւրյս1քՈՕ^ձե–րուքե աոոսւսհ՝ իուսէ^աԱց *1րպւ աժգոՀ աղնոսակակօ ^ս*ր օաոքթև ւ^0 Գ^՚Հ^ ՚նակցե-լով ու. ^ա՜ՃԷՍնեըէ^ օգՆու-քժիւն գսոնելով^ զէ/կբ էսռթե ^ուսէաւի ու. սաեաո թսէգսէէ^որԱն գէւՐէ յձ,սոր ^աեաո–ա1/ ^ոսսիպյէ Հե՛տ մէացաե ^րու֊սէէս ու. \\ւ–սաոիս* ե՛լ. որոշե-քք^ն \ե–^աստանի ս»ռաՕ^ բսւ՛... ժանոսԱի (լ772)տ ^րոսսէա՝ առաւ. ՚Արե՚ւ-ւՐ, ^րա.^ սիան (ի բաց առևաւ ^անցիկ ու. ^ոուն\ 600 ք՛^» ՚^Ղ* ե՚րկէր» յ^ւ-սաոիս/ ՚կալէցիան ու. \ոաոյերիան ^ 1օՕՕ օքլ* մղոն ե-րկիր» իսկ քիու.սիա՝ ^իւնսլքի ու. ^Նիէբէրք՛ էսրեւե-լե՚ան գք՚ե 2000 աՌ՛*– • ՚^հ^ ^Ր^ՒՐ* 0» \ե՚Տ^ՐՐ՝ (^"^՚^ք՚՚^/Ւ հ-անո ^աոսաա^արոէ.^ թիւ.ն՚Նձ–ր1^ն էսպաաե՚լու. է՚ե-է մի փորձերր փորձե՚լխն ե-էոե-լ^ ^րոսսիայի ^եւո ւՓաբանա^ Ռ՛^ ^Լ)նոր սա^^ 16* 244 յէսնսէգոութիւե յի (ժւսէՆաեգսէեան թէսգաւ.ոո^ ա^^ րու֊թ՜&աէւ ժոոոմ երկու. ս1/նեկոաք եւ. ՚^/ս) 2^"յ1՛^* Սէսեպյն սւսիեայ ռոսսւսեան էԼէսԱասաաեոկն փճէսօոսէ^^ 1ժ1^ե–լ. ^ոշիոէ-սգոյ եոկիրն ահոնց գպ^մ՝ գ^ւ-օառեէսօւաո աէսշաաանեօՀ \քՐկր՚՝Րգ բ-աՀք՜աեւՈսն ,ժսււքաևսւկ էսռստւ. (1793) քէ*ոէ՚սէա՝ Վոլինիան ք ^ոտոլիսչյի մէկ մասր^ \իթոսաՆէպյի կկսը՛ 4օ00 Ք"^* մղոն ևրկիրՀ ^րոս^ սիա՝ ^ողէ՚նշք \խէղ^%ը<է Գ"*ւեշյ Տ*"՚^ցիկէ թ՝ոււնէ 1000 ք"–* մկոե ե-րկիր։ Ա^աւոէսւ^Նսօհի ե՛լ. կ^ոշրա^սգոյի ւսւՆսւ^ոոգոԱա. էժեսէմհ. ԾւաՆ \աէ^աց ո1տգ^անոԱ.ր ապսսաէւդւոէ.լժիւ.՚նՆ սէոիւՆա^եո պէսսւերրառաւեո1^ • աէաեւ. ^ոսսիաւիք ^րու.սիւյսւի ու. \^€^սսւբեաւե բսսնէսսնեո1;^Ն ՚նոսաճուե՛^ ցսէս է \^ու.ա1արոֆ ւսաոձսէկյամե. սւռւսս ^Ոէսկան 1794։ բնէ ^ոնիւսգովսլօի ստիպա^ե-ցսււ. թւսգ/^1Ա ^ոսէժաոիրէ ՜^յե՚նէ՚ն ազնոււսկան \ե՚^ե–րո գոսոս գաղ^եցքւեւ – ՚կրրոբգ բւաժասնմաԱ աաէքն^ 179օ^^* առաւ, ^րու.սիւս 1000 ^ո–* յհօե ^րԱ՚Ր "՚՛ Վյսբսաւիա օսաղպբրէ ^Ոէ-սիէս ^ոսկի ևւ. *ւՓէէ^1ևի արե-լ&լե-ան գթէ՝ 2000 ռու • ւ/ղ» եոկիու \\ւսաոիսւ \ե՚^սւսաս^ի ^սար * ւՌսսր օՕՕ մկոե "րկհր^ 10^"՛"/ \ե^սէսս»աե ա1^րու.թ&սւ%ց կարգէ^% ^Օու.1րցս§է. : \* \յ%չպկա կառավասրԽյքի\ գկաւրգ Ա. ,,ա.՝ գէորգ ք\ է — 3 . ի ^^ձ ՚եքր Խր– կէքքեԽր վասւէաւլկԽւքէաա. \^դդի,աւ գէ^որգ գ .ի աաԽ% է 3 • ի՚^ձ պ*»ր–գ–՚^^Ր •Գ**5ւք* ա^ԳՂ^՚^Ւ *^–իսԻ*^ աէւաաաւԽաու.թ–Խսէ%ը է — 4 • կ՚րքէ վաոաըկքա.Խցսա^ ^ե՚Խկալաքիէ ^ա,Հ^բի ... \^օԱաւ».քի եբկիրԽԽրըէ ի՚>.չ^ ա^Խաակ վարչա^թիԱ֊՚Խ էէաթ-տէ֊եւրաա. Նոր աւաաւք»է.է»^ Խբկիր%երոէ% յէք* 1» «|՝է«>ք^ Ա* ՀաեՆովէչփ կպյսրընաիրըյ ԱՆ^ ^պքէ ի բրել. աւՈ/նէ^ մօաոիկ առգակաեր \ 1\4։ք^ Գ"*^ "չԺ՚ւ՛"/^ (99) Գ"*կ՚՚բ Ագոսաբգթէք յ^գղէա գաուեա^ չու. փոբձեբբ պաբւսպի Հահեցէ 245 գէ-րէ ի՚ի (Ո27-Ո&0) աաէն, ^լէքաղ^ ^^Ր \^Գդե՛*՛ Վյ՚՚ԷԲ՛*/ լսսւդաոասէ;;^ո ասւշւո՝օն1։^էէհ մաո^ չուԼժեէսմբո ք, եւ. ասւտնուսօյեռսււ. ՜յ^ւ-սսէոհաւէէ յա»՛ ՚9որգու.թ1ոսն աաաեոսէռպէն "հք ւա^ոդոսթե-աւդւ 1763) ^րէց^՚գ՚ւ/^ ^էգՒ ^^ռօք (^պքէ՚ե յշագաւՐ Լոմս ք "^ 1778) ւքե՚հ՜ ու-ժգնու-թեէսմքւ մղոԱ^Ծռսէւ. հ ւԼոըիս ղօրավաբիՆք Գէպեքի Ք"վ^ (1759) ըբահ՛ էսսղ(3–ու.էօ–Աէսմէւո դ%ա՚նւսսւ։Աք եէ. յ^հ^ մհ ""\ՌՐ ս//է &՝<-«. մւոե-ս/ն ՀնգնւսսաաեԱ եողե-աց մեհ՚ագոյե մասն աշ^ լսար > ա՛ եալու. եռան : շ. գէ–։է Գ– (1760-1820) ^արէղհ խաղա^ դութե-սււՌւ (1763) մասաոեեցաւ. ^Աէզոիայ1;^ Բ՚*ՐՐ կ%անաէուսն ք աո1ռմտերան Հ^գեւսսէոանի սէ0 էւեէ մհ եղղ^ելէ ու. \^ե՜նե1/ալի ^Ր^ԷՐՐ՛ է"^ \\պանիայ1^ ^ւոոհսէէսնւ ^այց \ (օՕե^ ^սւոեսւգոեցսւէ^ . Հ^էէւիսայ^ յ^յեոիկայէ գաոքՅ-էսկանոսլժեանց անկէսլսռւթիւնո ճան^ւաւ Լռ կէլորէտան^ \^պսսնիէսցււէց գսւլէճրնեէ է ^ւիլե՚րւՐ ^էգէ էաւ. վաոչոսթե-ա՚ն ւսահքն (1783"* 1806) ա՚&եքցաւ. ւֆօրիՆակ ^^գդհ*^է ^արսաու.^ Թ^ւ.%Ն –ու. $յսզգԾցու.քժհսնր^ Բ*Դ)9 ՜^՚Ա^ սւստհ՚ճանաւ. %աեւ. էս զգա էհն պսէոպբր է 3* ^ասղդէայէ "՚֊ յ1^աատէնիէսյի *^եսէ մււահ՛ ևօթ՚%աս$1Խա»ւյ հ-ովամարէոոյ որսշուեօաւ. \^յեգղէս$քի ^ա$վայքէ^ա տոիրսէ^ պե«աալ.թիլ.%ռէ –..՛կոր պսւա$Ռէ–թ–եան ՚՚^1՚ԳՐԲ բնգ^անւէւր վաճաո–ակա^աոլ,թ– էւ^էԱ ու. հ՚ովու. ւքրէ՚՚ւ ՚ոիրսւաեէոոէ.թիսՆբ \^պաՆիասւ.ոց ու. ^որգոլ.կասւցա.սռ ձեո-օե է^ր ։ \^աււնռւ^ ասն^ասւ. ձ^^Լ* գէսրու.% վերքերը^ Հ^ոլբանսասւ^ւ.ոց է ^^գղի^ աքի ծովայի՛ն զօրութ-եաս՚նո ^Է*Բ գրու֊եոասւ. \քդիսաաէբեթ՝ի ասէոե՚ն I (^որ ժոզովքգեասԴւ ձեո%սէրկու.թ–եաե ^ոգի՚ն արթ-րՆ^ ռու.ռ՝^ ու. Դարոմու.ել1ւ %ւսէ֊սււէեաէոոա^թ–եաե ^րովաբէուսկովըլ (|9* * 99) ՚ (^*՛ ժսւմաեւսկ^^ միշւո Նորանոր գւսոքՅ՜ակասՆու^ թ-էլ^/եեր ^իՏԴւու^եցան լլ^^«–^/ . ու. ՚\լԼրեէ–ւՐ* ^՚նգկէսսսաանի , ինչպես %ւսել. Հ^էա֊ս • է^՚^րէ^՚՚սէ ^9* "՚– ^ՐԲ եօթ–%աւ1եայ աւսաոեբսէօմհմ Գ%ասոոիայէ &ովայք/ն օօրութ-իւ^ր փճսէա. ^օ»ւ. I ՜^յսրոաայի սէո^ոլ.Տէաու.րն ու. ձ–ովայի% վեր^ իշխէԱ– %ութ–իլ.Ն՚ն անռւսւ. ^^՚^գղե՚՚ոէ * յ( –յ «. Հ I Հ%գկսւսսաանի ՚/էք վա՚ճւսւա.էսկաԱն1էր իշխան եղահ– էքէե ս$1է–^ ՚ րսէ-թ-եա՚ն մը՛ որ շ0ւ.սա էԴ թ՝^ սաւսրասհ^աւ.թեասւդլ ո<. քՅ–^^ \ քւեակչաւք թ՝ու.ովըլ ւ1աքր ^ՐհէՐ1Լ Գ^Ր՚՚՚՚Ը՚^Տ^Տ * ^"՚Դ^՚՚՚ծեք ՝ ^ասրկւսգըե^ա^ւ \յ^գդե՚՚(յէ աւո֊սօ֊եւ պօրու.թ–ե»սնր ւփշսւ էաէղի սասւլէ (\*–րիշ կողման^ էրկրիՆ ս»Հխսէր^ասկէսրքլ.թ–իւ%բ ՚ գիւ.րի%օօւ.ռի% մԽհ՛ \^զ՚»ւ.լէ Քէաէ-ղակսէչՆեբոա^Ն (Նւսպոէս\աՆա, միւաբանսսթ իա^%քւ։ ՚^^ոսկւսՓ ս՚րէւ^^եղո^.թ•^|լ.Vեեր^; եասեւ. (1765) ^ք^կ՚-ւ՚^էէ ^ա^արի ես ^րիսսւսքի սակրոԱ–թ՚իւ%^ ՚ %երոլ% վարչու.թիւ%՚ն \^գգէ՚*՚^ք՚ք ձեււ.օ ասնռոէ֊ոի՚Ն է ք\սէսրա. . րկ՚Ն Հ^էսգի՚Նկսի Հ^այսա^ր \^ւիի է \քասյսոէ–րի սսսչգանին յքզԹ^Ր՚՚ւԸ. \^Գդե՚**Տ՚–՚՚Տ իշխէս%ոսթիլ.%՚ն Աէսեւէ բնգէսրա. ■ ձակսւ-ե^աւ. * 3 799/՛^ ի՚Նկաս ^գկական վեր^՚ն ^ղօբ իշշ. խա%ւլ Գիրբղյ 0*"^/^«^» Հ"(ք"հր Ա//՛^^ սրգթէ, իւր մայ^ րպռսէզպօո \^^րիեկսէբսէգւ»էւՐ պսւշապա^ււսե՛ ասէոեՆ է ք\*՚էւերւ1* ^էգէ ^եռէտ րնգսւ^եուսւ. ք^բեւէչեաՆ Հ^գկսէսա ահի ըՆկեբոէ.թիւ^ր աէսագսաԱ սաս^մաԽասգբոէ.^ թ–էւ% մի* ՜Վէ-րսէսւեսոէ-չՆե-բբ՝ կաէսսքվաբսա-թ-ե՚նկ գբոԱ.օ»հ՛ մաափՆսքժոդրվի մի $ոակ ձգոսեօան* էսռաեօ ս$աւէւբ %»Րէ իսկ բնգ^աւեսէ-բ կէսռւսմաբբ յասրձսէկսզակաս^է պասաերւաւրՐ չ^բ կր%ասր սկօիէէ լլ^» մասմանակ^ ոնկեբա֊թեէսՆ եբ^ ,. կիբհերբ^ աոարսէ;; աոաբի շաացանէ 1843/»^ Ս/^՛^՛" "՚^ 1849^՛^ |\^^'^ք|^ա^ք (յ^իիտնէրու. ^րկիբբ) ՚*»շխս*ր^ակաչեւ^՚ն եէոեւ. ^ (իոբձեօիՆ \^գղիացիՆեր՚ն ^եւոնասկսոէ/եան Հ^գկաասէաեի . մէշ^ ալ^ եբկիրՆին բՆգաբձակել։ Լ՚^եկու.՝ \\4^ի մե^ ՝ մսէէէե ս»ււՆ»ւ.եռաս% 1854/՛^)* ^"ԱՏ ՚՚՚հԻ"՚՚Ր^՚՚՚Կ՚՚*Ր՚*–1^^*՛"՛ էոե^չաՆքՆ եւ. $սբսէԱքքոյ կաբգի խսաոոա.թ–իսեր ^յ$սռսաք բերաւ. 1857-1858 –"էկաքի $սպսսաամբու.թ–իւ% միէ "բ ա– բիւ%էս^եդ պասսւհբւսպՏ1ներ1^ եաես | \^գղիաւօի՚էւեբ^^Ն Նոսաս^ աճոսեսւաււ–է Լ^» պաէոեբասղւՈէՆ ^եէոէրլ.ռւ.թիւ%՚ն ան եղասէ ոբ \^եէ.եւեան ձ^Նգկէսսաոանի ըՆկեբսսթ-իւ^ր ըաա֊հ-ւէէ֊ե^ օօ««– . եբկիրնեբե ու. \^գդիայի աւսշւոաստ%ու.քՅ՜եսէն $ւէսւկ Խղաե՝ Աքք;–րոսթ–իւ.%Նէբո, մեհ-% ^բիաանիսսւի քՅ-սւգքէե ^եաո կսէպոսե^սէն (1858^^* *Ն^՛ 1)* լ\ւքո1^ կքլ պաբու^սէկե՚Ն ^եւոՆասկսդ^^ան Հ^գկասսաաեւի եբկիրեերն ա/ է^կսաեո առ-նևւովյ 3*887.590 ^"–* ^ապարամկգր երկիբ ես, 190 մի^ չիմՆ բեսւկիչէ ՜կսէռւսվաբու.^ իլ%ր փոխարռաւի՚ն կամ* ինգ^անոսբ կ»է.սսւկասչի՚ն ձեռքն 1Է- . որու% սաԱընգմի9ակս^ իշխան ասթեէէէն էոա^ են ^բկրի՚ն միայն մկկ քասնի մա^ սերբ, ոսր անգի1;/նէ յ^աաբասի «^ Դ\ոմպաօյի կասսակաս^ քսէ.թ՚իւ.%՚ներբ, էսռաեձքէն կոսսւսկսքւնեբսւ. կաէՐ գւսկեբէ»^ ՆեբոԱէ իսկ ^ե՚^կաչաքի կսւ.սակաքսէ.ք3–իւ.%ը^ կ^ո մէլ բնգ^ա%սա֊ր կառէսվաբիՆ ես կ^ս մի գ**՚^^րետՒ փ՚՚Ի»՛–՛֊ %ոբգի մբ^ տոասկ են։ Լ1^բնգ»ֆքական ե^բկիրներբ կբ պսւբոս^ ՆակեՆ շ. 905*500^՛*– • քիչսմէգբ երկիր սս 137 միւի*ա%կ՚ե տսսեչի բնակիչ։՝^ ^Լան»սռան ծ-սմեբսս *^9 նոր աշխւսր^ ^ակասչսսթ֊իսՆնեբ բբաս \^գղիսէ* ձ^^մՆ Գ^սսգի երեք գիանական ՚ճսէնապար^որգոսթ֊իսններսվԱ (1768-1779)* 247 V 7 I I ։ք 114» Հ^–*՛ ս՚էքքւ**>է «ոէք՚՚-Ր՚^՚՚՚յ ««^յ՚^յ»»»–֊ րյ-ւշ^. 1776. 1 « ի^ձ պ–ւ՚՚^՚՚՚––ք*– –կք—՚ե ^ւԽրիկսէքի գադԹակա՚եքէ.քՅ–էա^1էեԽրը է - 2 . \ք՚րքէ. , ա ա%կս»խ ^րաէէաարակոա-ե^ա՚հ \յ^էարսք1էԽալ էոկրքէ-թ֊իա^կքլ է - 3 • 1*՛^/ վխւ^ակի % II». կրթ»,ւ.թէաՆ ասսւիւքաՆի մէԼ ե% <1ի^ակ ^իա.ս, 1յ»քա/ւա՚^,ես,լ ակրո».թէա.\ՆԽրըէ ՝ ք 1 • ՚կոօնի եէ. օաոառէսսաե էսռատոսթեաե սաաէն^ չչք^կԲՐ 6՛ է* գարոսն մէշ^ ե^րթք ՚ֆլէոե մարգ \^յերիԼա գսւղթե-րէս ^որգորսէհ՛ հր* \քրերէսգ(էր^քւե աշբէաաու.՛,.. թեւՆն աւՆւսսէու.թեէսմր. §1արձւսաորոո \ոդըք երերքւե՝ գրեքժհ աա^ սէե՚զ ^էս՜ճոյւսեան էռ սււՆՈոքարսէր օգսք^ բէսժթեբք ւսզաա ու. մպբսոմ աէ&Նեա֊բե չեոաարաւ՛^ որու.*սհ՝ սւռու.ւրու.րր աասւ՚ճսւռ ե՚ղսէԿ ժոոոէ1ջգԾան օր աւուր վրաէ բսքօւՌտ՚նսաչու/նէ ՚կէշքե չաէիով կր ւ/Տ&՜օ՜.. *նար Նսւե-լ. րարօրոէ^թ իւնր* պյեպք^ս որ գաղ^ակս»^ ՚նոէ-թհւկք առէռտրոյ ե՜լ. էսրուեսաի Լոոմաևհ ՚^ԽւՐ ե՚րԼրքւն ^ե՜սէ պաօեչու. սեսան։ շ. \յ.րերէսգոր^ու.թՄաե Արսչյ ^քւսեուսէհ՛ այս գսւո^աեանոէ^էօ-Ծանռ շոէ.սէ օարգահսսէԱ րնսւեաե 1;ր որ անկէս1սուքժ եան րաղճանբ ռարԼօ–ուցաՆ1^ր : \^րԿ*Կ)ե Ահ՚ճ րասէ^ե եաեւ^ ր^հ ս^գոէս՚եաե խոր^րգարան՚Ն քէրսէւույկռ ու.՚նր գսւոքՅ-ւսեանոէ^թե-աեօ ՚քրաւ աուրռ գՆ&լոԼք ք^հ չե • (1763/՛^ գրու.աՆ\ \\ե քան^անի օ^ րքւնագիրր (»0է6 ճս է1տէք6) ե^ա առնոս&ցաս։ ^պ)ց ք^էւէ ՚էօ՛^ գրոսահ՜ աոսրքր Ո ( օք՛^ ք ^ոսգ րն ի ւ^0 Հանեց էեոափոխութէսե մրյ որ շուտ մի րոլոր եր^ ,, կր^էԽ՚ա աարաՆ՚ու.1բցստւ տ \^գոքւաէի Հեա առձ՜ւսէրա^ 1 կան ^արս§րևրու.թէսնր գագրեցաւ. եւ. 177 օք՚^է 1 3 ^արանևաէ ա1^րու.թէւ1էնե–րն էրե՚նօ ղիրե՚կբ սէնկախ Հրս»Օէս$րակԵց^է 0*0՜ ^Ն ք^ւաշրնռգն ասւշապանեց Գաղո^սսյի ու. ԱպաՆիայի օգնութե-ամհ. ) Հհէ.սիսւսւթն 1ձ,*^րՒ^*^յէ ագաւոոսթքււյնո անգորական կրթ ս-աւ րսէ^ *նա1ւներու^ գկմ՝* եւ. սաիպեց (1777) գաեատայե՚ն ք՛. V ՝՛ • / *Չ Ա *1 Հ^Լ 246 4* \քօթ%էԱէՈ$աւ աէէէէոհրէսցէֆ՚Ն ժւսմաՆասե \1Լրեա.ե§եաս ՀՆգԼսւսսէաՆի է/էք վա՚ճւսւա.սէկաԱներ իշխէսե եդահ– էքւե «ո4՜– րսւ.թ–եան մի օր շու.ա մի թ՚է ւոսէրս$ձ–»ւ.թէէսմբ ու. քՏ-է թեակչսքց թ–սւ.ւքվըլ մայր երկիրը^ գեբապահւ^ե^ է կ^ադ^ա^իք ^$սբկէսգրեուս% \յ^գդհ՚՚օէ սա֊սէէ-եւ պօր—է֊թ-եա^ր ՚ֆշ՛՛՛ էաեղի ասէլէ ք\՚–րիշ կոզմանէ երկրին ս»շխասր^ւսկսււս»^ք9–իւ%ո գէ^–րք*^^՚»՚–ոք»^ մեձ– \Րղու.չի աոհ-զակւսւնեբօլՆ (%ւ$ւպոպ\ան^ , միս$բաՆօԱ.թ իա^%րէ ՝\^ւ»ւէկւսքի ս»րիւ.Ն^եդո*.թ–իէ.%՚Ներ1^ եասեւ. (1765) ^ք^կ՚^քզքէէ ^ա^արի եւ. 0րիսւէաքի աոէ^րու.թ֊իւ.%^ %երսա֊Ն վարչու.թ–իւ.Ն՚ն \^գդէ՚՚*ոԽ> ^եւա֊օ ասնօօսռիՆ ։ Ո«–«օ|*« ր(;^ Հքէ՚՚գի՚^՚կ՚՚ի ^"Ս՚՚՚ե^Ր \Լւեծ ՚ Ա**՚ք1*՚"*՚րէ սոա.լգ$»ւ^ւի՚Ա յ–>ղԹեւովը^ Հ^^գղէառէ^քՕ իշխէս%ու^թիլ%% աւէ.եւէ բ՚նգասրա. Հակու-ե^ասԱ. է 3 799/՛^ իՆկասւ. ^գկական վեր^% ^ղօր իշ^ խաՆչլ ՚իիրբղյ Ա^^իպ» Հ՚^*"հր Ահ/՛/՛^ օրգին, իէ.ր մսԱ^ րպբւսէւաքր յձ^րքւեկւսրւսգւսմ* աաշապանւսե՛ ւսսաե՚ն է ^^սիքեըյՐ ^էգի ձեօ-զք ըՆգուՆեռւսւ. ւ^րեւելեան ձ^գկէսէօոաեի րնկԽրաա.թ–իւ^ր լաէ-ԱէգղՐէ սէս^մանասգրոէ^ա, թ–իւ% էէիէ ՚Վերասւոեօսւ.չներր կսւա,սէվարութ–ե%1^ դրոա.օ»հ՛ մասնւսժոդսվի մէ^ աակ ձգոսեռան» սւււան^ ւսսւար ՚եդՐ» իսկ ընգկս^ոէ-ր կասսւսւվարո ւասրձս»կոզակաւէ% պասսէերազմ՝ չկր կրևար սկսի/ է \\յս ժասմաՆսէկ^Ն ընկերոէ-թ-եան եր^ կիրները^ սւսւրս.^ սէարի շաա^ան։ 1843/՛^ \^Ւ՛^՛** "՚^ 1849^^ ^ք^՜ճսւպ (յւ^իիտներու. ^րկ1՚րր) –*շի»ս»ր^ս՚կալեւ^ն եէոհւ. ^ փսրձե^իՆ \^գղիացիՆերՆ ^եաեէսկսդէ/եան Հ^գկասս»աեի ՚^ճ. ՚"Լ. ^րկէր^է՛^ րնգարձակել։ Լիեկսւ 1\վ»քյի մեե֊ մասՆ ասււձսսե^ան 1854/՛^)* ք^՚%/Հք ասշխասր^սէկէսլոէ֊թ-եաե էոե՚նչանքն եա^ $սրսէպբոյ կսէրգի խսսաու.թ–իսեր ^ս»Ո–աոք րլերսէւ֊ 1857՛ 1858 –"սկէԱքի սւպսսասւմիա֊թ–իւ% մը^% սր «ււ. րիւ%սէ^ես ա»ա$սերս»ս9եեր1^ եսւես | \^գզիաս^եր^Ն նսւ.»ս.^ աճու^եսսււ. ։ \^ս պս»»ոերսէւրՈՒև ^եսաեսութ-իսնՆ ա% եղասք սր \^եէ.եւեսւ% Հյնգկսէսսէսէնի ընկեր Աէ֊թ-իւ֊Նր րաա^հ-Աէ-ե^ ոաւ. • երկիրներն ու. \^գդիաւի պսէշապա^ւոա.թ՜եսւե $ս$սկ եղած– սաերք֊ք^ի՚-^ներռ, մեհն ^րիաանիայի թ–ս»գին ^եաո կսէպսա^ե^ան (1858^^* *Նդյ ՚ 1)* \\սո%ք կր պսէրսւ-նսւկեն ^եաոնէսկոդ^սւն Հ^նգկասսԱէԱէնի երկիրներն ԱքՀ է^կսաես աէա-նեքսվ^, 3-887.590 ^«–. հագարամ^գր երկիր ել, 190 «^֊ չիքն րևաօկիչյւ կսսռասվարսէ֊թ-իէ^նր փոխսէրքաւին կս»էՐ րՆգ^աւնսւ.ր կսւս$սկասւին ձեռքն ե • սրսւ֊ն անրնգէՓքական իշիէաՆսսթեսէն էո$սկն են երկրին ւֆայն *^կ քասնի աՌս^ սերը^* սւ~ր անգիենք \Ր»ա$սարասսի ոխ. Դ\ու/պպքի կս»,սսէկսքա, չօւ.թ–իւններր, ասէւանձին կոէ^սասկւսէներսա֊ կամ* գսէ^եր^ս^ ներոսք իսկ ՝Դ\ենկալաքի կսւ.սակւսքսւ.քՅ–իւ%ը^ կե" ՚Օէ ընգ^անսւր կառասվարին եւ. կես մի գ՚՚՚^ք^րհ^է փ՚՚ի»–՛՛^ նօրգի մէ^ էոակ են է Լւ^ընգափշական երկիրները^ կը^ պսէրու.^ նակեն 2.905*500^«ւ* քիլոմէգր երկիր սւ. 137 ՚ֆւԻ՛՛՛^^՛^ սէւ.ելի րնսէկիչ։՝^ ^Լսձէսռան ձ-սվերսս ՚^եք նոր սւշխ$սր^ ^ակասքօսթ՚իւ%ներ րբաւ. \^գղիա ձ^ե՛^ Ղ*՚"–գէ ե^րեք գիէոնական ՚ճս^ապար^որգոէ^թ–իւձէներո$1ը^ (1768-1779)* 247 114* Հ^–*՛ Ա՚էք^ւ՚^է ^կո–Հ1ա՚1էք աէ^ա^քւա,^ Րհ^ 1776. 1 « 1*^2. պւս–՚^աաա.ա*֊ ւէկէա1» \\։Ռէրիկաքի գսպԹս»կէ*էե–ա.քՅ–իէ^եերը է - 2 • է^՚ր/ւ ահկէաէխ ^րսոոաւքսկ-ա֊Խէքս/ե յ^էասքւաէէՆԽաալ էո^րաւ-թիմկքլ է - 3* |* ^/ ւքի1էակի «3/, >. ♦ լ • կոօնէ եէ. օաոպբէսսան ս»ռասէու–թեաե սւօ՚ն^ չս/կքր ձ*քԼ^ գարուն սէշ^ երարբ պւլէոն մարգ \^ւ/եոիկւս գսէոթ-Մրէւ. ւորգորաօ՛ ^ր* \^րերագ(էո^^ սէշքսաաաւ՛^ թիւնն առաաոսթ&աժի վարձէսարոո \ոդըէ ^Ր^Ր^՝ գրեքժէ^ ւսսէՆ ԱՈ եզ \սւճոյաեաե եւ. ւսռէէո^աբս/ր օգա^ բաժի՚եըլ, աղաս, ոս մաքսովդ ամե՚եԱին լկօպաըաս^ որուէսհ– ս§ռու.էրու.որ պաաճւսռ ե՚ղաԿ ժօղովջգեան օր էսէ-ուո վջ»ա բառմաեալու^Հ ՚կՕքե չափով կր ք/2^^«. ՚Նաո նէսե՜ւ. բսէոօրոա-թ իսնր» էաեաէ;ս ոո գսւոթաԼւս^ ՚նուքժիւքեթ առԱսսւրոյ ես սւոո/սեսահ նոոմաեե ՚^^ԽհՐ եոեոքէե ^եսւ էքոցելու. սեսստնէ շ. \յ.ոելէսւգոո^ոսթեաե վր^ ^իսնոսսւհ– ՚^/*՛ *\/^՛*՛/^ *՝• գաո^աեանութեանռ շոսա ղարգանաէԱ բնաեաե եր ք ՚ I I / որ աեեսւէւու-ւժեաե րւադձւաէնբ զարթոսցաեեր > ՆՐ^"^/^ \ \ ւ - վե՜ճ րյԱսւկ–ե եաես) /^^ աեգոիւսեաե խորՀրգարաԱն ) 1 \ \ էրասոսնբ ու.Նր գաոթսւկանւէսթեաեց Արսչւ սւու,ոք գնելու. ^ թե չե * (1763/՛^ գրու.ահ^\ \(եթսւնշանի օ^ րի՚^ագիրը^ ԼՑՕէՕ ճս էւտէքՑ) եա առնոսեցաւ.։ ^պ)ց թ^է վր^ գրու.ահ՜ աոսրքո ւՈ օք՛^ $ ^ոսգ րն ի մկօ ^անեց աեոսսփոխութիսն միյ որ շուտ մի թո լոր եր^ Գհ կրր՚վրայ աարահ՚ոսեցէսւ. է ^խգզէսչւի ^եա էսռեւարա^ 1 լ կան ^արարերոսթիսնր գւսգրեցաւ. ես 177 6^^^» 1 3 մրարանեալ ա1^րոսթիս1/ներե էրե՚Նօ օիրե՚եթ անկ*սխ ^րսէտարսէկեցին։ Ա՚եէ/ն ^՚-՚սշրկբգն պաշապանեց ՝՛ Գ^էԱՈէՓսչյի ոս \^աաեիայի օգնոսթեամի ^ Հ^իսսէսաւքւն )1\յերիկայէ էսռաաոսթքէւյնըլ սսնգղէաւկան կրթ եաւ բա^ %ա1լներոսն գեմ* ես սաիաեց (17773 Գաեաաաէե՚ե < ք ^ > Հ V ■ 248 ^աւՆաՕացոո բ.անակ մրյ \Ա սւ1էսգոկւա հ ռոմ Գ^կԲ^ԲՐ թափելու. , "^րք՚ր(± 781 /՚^) մ)^ աա կորգգաւնի Ք"՛/ անձնէսաէէւո րԱալու.» երբ սէնգէ1/ն ^Մնէասր՚ն ^րանգ–,^ լէ՚ե^ ՝^յքը*՚պ)ւէ 1սաոաղութեէսն աաքմա*մևեջւուե ւԽպ^ կւլ քւանակ^էրՀ Այւք գաշամի \^1ևգղիա 1783/՛^ յրի^ աբանեւսլ սէէոու.թեւսնց անկաիւուքժեւ^ո ճանչցէսսէ ^ստշնսէԼցոէ.յժեան սսւ^մանսւգոոսքժհւ^ր^ եոկւսոէս^ աեւ նեչէթին կռիւ.Ներ^ ետեւ. 1788^^ ոըոշու^եցաւ.Հ ՚^ճ. ^"0 ^1"^^ 4:0 միքէոՆկՆ աւ^եքի բնակիչ^։ ^էրու.թ–եա%^ պսւագսւմաւորներ^^ ^սէզմու^ահ՛ (ձ-երւսկոյսա եւ. սլասւգա^ մաա^որաէք սեՆեասկ՝\ ^սւմաժողովո§ն (00Օ^Ր6տ) գաս-խ կեա. սաաւդ– 4՛ քբՐ" ՚ուսրէ յհյ մհ ը^էԱէրա֊ոո Նաաէքսւսգաս^ *Ո՚* ՜՜՜՜ $^" բսսթ-եասե գչիտասա^որ զքսսդմհա-^էօն է ^Ր^րէ մշակութ-իւ^ ւ§լ. ասրու.եսսէ ք որ երթ-էսւսվ ււսէւսէ^սէնւսլու. Ար՚՚՚յ ՜՚եՆ է յ^սււՈ, յ բսէնէրոս , երկսէթ-սւղիՆերու. ել. քրաե^քներու. թ–իւԼ% աեա. 1է \\ ՚\1 / ՚ ՚ Տ""֊*"*"*"/^ կերադով կր բսէպմանան է \^էւ.ոէ.սաու.բք^ սւարաս^ )՝՝փ^ .\ հ–էււ.թ–եսւե կողմանւ^ք էֆայՆ աՆգդիւաւկաս՚նէՆ եա Հ։. բաա Ր^գ I ; / ^ ^ասկասռսէէ^ գիէոսսթ-իւյե ու. ՚ճւսբաուսբոա–թ–իւ% աակսւաք հ I Հ^արէԱսասւիՆ ւո^։րու֊թ– եասնռ ասասւասմբոսք9–իւ%բ ^իՆգ^ ա$1եայ սւրիւՆա^եո պէսսէեբասղմհմ (1Ց61-1Ց65)* ^Օէ֊աճու.^ ել^ն եաեւ. վէբռաս գեբսս–թ–իւ%ր, \^իւսբյաեեասւ *կս»^ա»էն^ գայք յկքյ 115* Հ,**է;+՝ ^ա^^աո^ո^^Լ^ա1 ֆյ;*1ա^է հգհ^՛ 1 • ւ^՚^շ^ էէիւՏսէկի յէք^ էր բ.էէւԿւ ՀասքաէքԱէոստ% քՀւսգրսւաոույԱեէԱս թ–ւաէգսէւ.ւար*ււ.թ–հաԽ վԽրՆասլիՆ եէոեէ.է - 2* ք» ^չ. փոփոքսոա.քՅ–իա^հեր ^Ր^Տ ^ՐհՒՐՇ յ*Ե~3»(1* գէսրԽրոԱ-՚ե յէքյէ — 3 • ^Կալաա§գրոէ.թ–եա1է գիէ.աոե ւաէղգե^ա-թիէյե ւՐ՚ՈէձԽյաւ. Հէ^Խրֆիէ աէաաոե՚Նսէգրու-թ-եսէ^* ^Խւ՚չք է - 4 • \ք՚ Րք– "*– "րո^ ձեոռոմ եղաէ. ՀէտոերէՆ մաատա1էեասգքաոէ.թ–եսւէէ վերաԽորէագէէէ.քՅ իէ%րէ 1 • ^սւգոասաու^եսւց թստգւյսւոոա^թեաե վեբ՚ա, ՚նսւէկհ եէոեա. բուսն Հ^այսէԱէոանքա ւսբեսմաեան մասր Գ1)եօ% արեսելեպնըլ Դ\աբսիկօք է"^ ^իւ֊սիսպյ^բ Վքքբք բռնահ– ^ք*ն։ Վյ^րքքւննեբբ բաւ.ական ժա^ մՆ,՚նակ (1160-1220) կկրի մեէ^ մԽսի առա՚Ատ էոիրեցքււնւ Ժ՝*Ւ* գարուն սկիղբեերր՝ ^րկհբՐ շաա ^եո ^ւսթաբաց սէշէէար^սէկւսլութեաեօ աւար եոաւէ յ^ւ՚է կաբին եւ. էււբիշ օաղպբնեբ օաեի մի սսնգւսւՐ ( \ ^4 249 ^ գքքաեպյասւսւե եղան է \^^^ք՛ Լորդ՚սէնմսւև1^ ե-Աէե՚Լք ռնակչաօ մէկ մասն ւսէՆաշիՆ ^ե՜ո (1320) \»րէ՚^ք ՚\ևՀասւոած ու. \^ռլաաէ.իա գաղթ-ե-^Հ. — ^՚ի* գարուն Լւ^սերոյ ^աթարաց աէ–րու.թրւ.՚նր »Ք՚^յՔ՚91"՚Ր՛^՝ եո՚ա^ կհրՐ օՕ ս՚ւսրհ մի իւսպաոցաւ–ւ ^պյբ շատ չանցասք արիւ%^եոութ Լոսն արագին փոքՅ-որիկր *նոր1/ն փրբ^ *–^>"՝ թաԼքՈՈ զճայէսսաան սէո^աից հ՛ոմ մի գաոձուօէ \^կգիմհէ.ր իր սււերիչ աշէէար^ակալոսթիւձ/նեոովը^ Հայստսէոանի պէնչեւ. ի՚քքՈԲր ^սւսսսւտ Լ^«^^– . ^> . \ ՝2* ^սւոբաոոսէսռ ւսոշսււանբ1/ն եսւեւք Օսմա^ %եան Տ՚՚՚^է^յ^ պօրաեւսլով^ ^օոո պ^ե–ա1^ \\^%0՜ ԼԵօԵ) Հւտասասէնի մեհ՜ մասին աիրեցի1նէ ^կա1^ա յ^իչ^ մի եաօր (1603) ^**՚Ի*՚հկճ ՚^ա^աբասի առաքնոր՚ա, գա^թե՚ամօ^ \^ոաոաաե ան գաէ.ւսռրբւՆնՄցին ու. օանի մի ղօոասոր բե՛ր գեր առին» Բ-՚^Յ 0</ք/ա111ք^7՚ա2ա աեղջ աալու. ստիպու.եցէմն է ՚^ա^աբաս բնակչաց մեհ՛ մասր ^եաո տար ահ՝ ւսէոհրն ք ասոնբ ՛ճամբածն ւոառապանռկ^ եէ, մանաօսնգ ՝կրասխ1/ն արաորՆօբ անօնելու. մ՛ամա՛»^ *նակ շաա%եղուՀմ–իԱ^ կրեցին Հ ^աբսկասաասն կասնոո սակասաթիւ. էԽացոոգնեբր ՚^ա^աբաս *կոո ^Լու.ղւաի կոոմերր բնակեցրնեւոմՀ իրե՛նց շաա առան&նա^ շնոր^ոէ,թիւյ1էներ րրասՀ \յրբ ասոր վբսոք ^սմանեանց ՚ներյթեւ. եոահ՛ աասաամբ իշիւաէէներէ^ Հայաստանի ժոդոմոԱ-րգր շաա կր %եղու.երէ ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ գաղխ-ակա^ Նու.թիլ.*ն մի գնաց (1606/՛^) գէպ ի Լե^ասաանք ք^ոլաաս-իա ու. \\ժսւ^–ոիւս/ն։ ^անի մի տարի ետբրյ ,^ Հ)սմանցսոց ու. ԳՀարսից մե9՝ իւաղաոոսթիսն րաթ՛^ քով (1613)) ^Րհսք^ արեւ.մտեւսն մեհ՛ մասն առին Հ^սմանցիօ^ իսկ արեւ-եէեսէն փոօրսւգղյն մասր Գ\ար^ "Ւ^Ք* ^՚^Յ ^րկ"՛– աղգին մեք նորե՛ն պաաերաղմ* բսքցու-ելոմք (^սմանեաեբ ւաոԲ-եցին ու. բ*>րր Հ՛^՝*՛ ասստանի տեր եղան (1727)՛ Ս*"^՛^^ ^ուրսիկք <՛ 260 ^աեդյսոա չկեռաե^ էֆՆշե-ւ. որ էր^րՐ %ոն չւերթե որ Հաւասէոան քլ 7 ^6^^) երկու, աօգաք սԽք րսւժՆու.ե<^ ցասւ Աւ#|ք/» վջպ) ^Ր^ՒՐ1Է 80 աարիի չափ (1740– 1826) երևսելի փոփոխութիսն մէ շքլրեցէ — 1826 Դ\արսիեռ քիու-սաց երկիրը ^արձակեցս/ե։ ՚\քիկոոայոս կ*91ԱրՐէ ^ասգեէ.իչէ էսռէսԺեորգու^թեամր. րանակ մի խասրևց պարսից վսպ)^ Ա"/^^՛^ (1827). է^^^^՚ծ^^^ բո^ելե՚ե եաեէ-ք \^րիսանու. էսռքե-ւ֊ր ^ւսսաւ. ք եւ. Գ^արսկաս$ոաե սււ մանելով^ ԳՀարսիԱներր գօւշ^նթի է/ր սաիաեռ (1828 Փ^՛"/՛* 22)* որու֊Ն ղօրու.թե–ամի \^րասիւ եւ, կուր գեաերուՆ մ^քի երկիրի (կաուսաց պիաի անցՆւ^րՀ ^անի մի էս§փս եառր (հու՛նիս \^\ քիքքք.ւյյ9 Հձսմանեահբ գեմ^ "՚/ պսւաերսւաւ ^րւստստ^ րս»կելով2 ^ասգեւիչ կարսր րւմևեռ ու. 11^^<>՚^ւ եւ. քի> մի եաքո ԳՀսչ^սւպիտն էսոքեել^՚ե եաեւ 1829/՛^ սկիղրներրք երկու, ՜ճակսւէոով^ ^սմս/եռւոռ ւաո0–եց եւ. \\արնդ^ ւսռ^ւ. ^ւսսաւ.^ որ օանի մի օր եամե աեճնւսաու–ր րլԱսլու. ^արկագրեցաւ. : ՝\ձ,սոր ՚Խ՚^ւ * ւ^գրիաՆուաոչսոյ իւադաղութեսէմր. (\^եաաեմի » 14։) Հ^աաւսսաանի ^իւ.ս* ւսրեւեէեաե մեկ մասր ^ուսի-ա.. աքի աեցաւ. : 1877*1878 ք՛^ Ո*"^ սասկաե՜տէԱ՚ճկակաԱ աաէոերադմի էմրՆռսւս երբ քիու.սբ Հ^աւսւսաանի մե^ հ՜ագղյն մաս^ տիրեւ^ն եաեւ֊քկսքրի^ մտանք(\օ^օ յրարսէ 16/՛^) "՚^ Ս* \Տւ"էֆ՚մնւայի գաշամի եւ. ԳՀեր–^ քբ^ի \ս»մաժողով^ որոշմամխ (գուլ» 13) ՀաւասէՈէԱ՛^ ՚եի ^իւ.սիսսչյիւն ւսրեւելեաե մասո^ կարս դ ԱՀ9<քքօ#«. ^ան ու. ԳՀսւգում՝ ք իրեՆռ շրքակաւ սաեղերովը^ (կօօՐ տՏ^կ կողմանեք ՜ճ՚՚րոխ ու. ^ե՚^%էգ գետերուՆ ստ^ րեւելեան ոսմկկա§ կոդմաեե՝ արեԱ-մաեաե կրասխպչ^ \իւսիսսւչյքւն գին եոահ՛ երկիր՚ներըյ քի/ւււ/սւօ արոէ^ե՝^ ցսէն (թ.. 133). 251 Ց< Հ. պւ սէսսւան ^դ» • «ւ ^\^ 4 գսէրերուՆ *^9՝ շար"*–՛– %սւեեւսւ պսէսաերաօմաց ու. ասւ–$սրասռ.ւււ–թ–եա$ւնռ սէսսլսւբէօ ւՐ^եղաձ՛ էր • բսքրբսքրոսք ղ1ւրէսր կըլ փոխսւևսէկէիՆէ \էեչ որ ՚յ^էՆկիռխ՚՚^՚՚՚ւ ^սւթ–$սրեԽրը^ քՅ–ողուոին է ա պառեկի՛ն Հւ^եգիմհէ^րէ Էսու.ւ1բերը* %^ս^է պաամակաեա գրու.թիւ%՚նեբ ոֆ. ւիշաս$ասկէսրա$^»եւեր կսրսոսեումե , որչափ ւէեՆսէսԱէանՆեր ու, մա$ոե%ագսւրաե^եր ^րղք ՜ճէորւսկ եղան է — \^Բթ է^ո էէռո^ վութ-Խսւնո ասւաճսքււսէա– գիէոու.թ–իւ.%ո էսրեա^-Խլօ իՆկսւձր է^էն է %որ կեաեռ էսէւի՚ն ւսրեւ–մհա–սւք ապէսգրոսթ՜եան գիւ.., սավըլ։ ^եղափոխոսթ-իսՆո զոր ըրւսա.. Աէպասգրու^թեան գիլ,^ աո գիսանւսկան սւշխատր^քիս վրա^է սւռսէեո սւպգեռսսթ-եան չՏԵէսռ յ^՚՚է—՚քէ նկաս՚մամիէ \ք>– կր էոեսնե%օ թ՜է աաւրեւ-եչեան սւոգաո */է9 Հք—քւբ աւսէսք^՚ն՚ն եղան որ աք» նոր գիւ^էոին օգսւասկ$սրու.թ–իւ^ր ՚ճանչնալոմ նդՐւն իրենռ ^"՚ւրենիքո փոխագրելու. փսա..թ–ացին։ լէքէք-Ա՚ր ^սգագ^ին 16&ձին \յ,ւ–րոաւս ՝ճսւնս$էզատր^որգեո , որպկս ղէ ապսէգրսսճեան վրպյ էոեղեկու.թ–իսն ւսոձէու. եւ. ^սչյերէն գքւր ձոսէեւ ""ա * \%ր ր&խւսո^ ու. $սո–ա$ոաձեռն ոգսոց ձեոձ»ս»ու– թ-եասմրր երեսան ելաձ– կո սէեոնենք առաքէն Հ^այերէն սէպսէգրու–^ թ–իլ.նը^ ՀԼենեակի մկշ^ \հ^հք»^* \^ԲԳ՚՚՚Ը աաղել ասսաւ. Աւսղմհոո։ Վենեսաիկի ապագրու.թ–եսւն յ՚՚՚քբրգեց քանի մ/Լ ասւրի եսւքը. (1584) Հ^ո-ու/ի՚նը» — ^է> • գարուն ՚^ք^ Ն՛–՜ րոպաւի եւ. \\՚*ի՚՚՚ւի գրեթ՜է աաէկն երեսեքի քէսղպռներո կր գաոնեքքօ Հ^այերԱն ս/պագրոէ–թիւ%ներ ։ Լ|լ^*"ք4՛՛՛ (1616 ին) ւիյկերկ, (1624^^) ^^/'^[ք"^' (1630) ^արի^լ, (1640) ^ոսղա , (ւ^^Օ) \յ,վոո։նոյ , (լ660) \),յհգերաամ՝, (1673) Ա*արսիչիա, (1677) կոսաանգինոէ-պոչիս , (1660) Լյ^բ^իկ* (1690) ^աաու.ա։ Ա««քն^ յէքլ առաջին աեղին ոսնի լլ«/ս~ գերաաւ/ինո։ - • ՜իրաւ. է, որ ^Զ^ ^*~ ^է* գաբերում յհք ""կէսգրու-թ-եւսմբ. կբասաւսբակոսաե՛ կայերեն գրքեբոէ ոչ գիէոոսթ-ես/ն եւ. ոչ ւսՀ ւեռուի կողմասնէ , ներքին մեե– աբժ1Լռ ւՐ ոսնին , վասն ռի ռսսւ մե&ի մասին ասղասէսոո»–^ աե– չեռոսաւ. գբուասհ– են ^^^հ*1^՛^ ք ՚^ք) • Բ՛՛ԱՑ Ս՚՚՚^ՐԳ (^Օ .) դյսրն, իբրեւ. թ՛ե եղած՛ին փսխարէն ւՐ սնելռւ. ^ասմաբ, մեր ԱքՈ-քեւ. կո գնէ ք ասղգին քեռու ին ու. մաաենաս^ գրութ-եան վերան որ »գու.թ–եան ^փք^ՈՐյ՛ 4 • Հ^աքերեն լեոոսին ղարգացմէսնո շաա օգևեոին ձ*՚\^ * ու. ^0 • գէտւրերու.ն ռանառան աեղեբ ^ս$ոաաւոուաքՒ "՚Ո–֊ եւ–այլ^ ^իՏէեաբկութ-իլ^ները^։ ձ*^* գարոսն սկիդբ/Լ (1705) ^իՏնոսեռան Ղքւբասնանու. լերան մրայ երկու. Աքրգիւ.ն§սւ.որ ւԳէսբանոսթ՚իւ֊ններ ։ — ^"քքՏ 4/ք. ՚^՚^է "՚նժիւսէեւի ՚ճշմար^ աու. թիսն մի թ-է ^ Օ . գարոսն »էւ$լյսքին մարղ% եղաս \Րքսի՚. թ-ար Աեբասաացին Լ&նաձ– 1676» ք 1749)» «/» ^ի՚ք* գրաս իսր ասեոսամբո կոչոսասե կրկին (Վենեսէկոյ ոս Վիէննասւի՝\ \Րիսաբանոսթ–եանռ» վերւսնորոգեռ Հ^այ չեղուն ես մս$ս»ե^ նագրոսթ-իսնր ղանիկասյ իսր նոս$սսաոսթ–ենէն ^աևելոմ կոկեչոմ ոս մառրեւոմ է \^ի*իթ՜*սր կբռաս աեսնեւ – որ քիչ մա^կանսէռոսի շնոբ^ոսաօ՛ է — իր կենգսձոսթ-եւսն 252 ասսւե%է է*֊ր ասՆխոեք սւշխէսս$անսւս ասաոսզըլ։ - ^աւսգրսլ.^ թ–եսււ1քլ էղքէ ընՏ–աւսէ& էտւշխսէասաիրէ$սթ–իւձւներ11;՚ն կր յէ^ գպքսռՆեր»ւ% առւսքին^ քեէ աաաիւ. չիՆ ըներ ի մհք ԱԱԱ,ց Հայա^ Գ^ագ/աա^\ա\լ (1784-86 Զ՚^՚ԴԻ՛^՛^) –կՒքՐ^^ ւֆՆչեւ. ^0* գէսրու% կէսերբ. Հ*–յ–»»ք–»^հ*^յ^ ^\ա^§աաա^^ա\ւչ (1835 ի'ն2:ի^^եա'ն), ^րկ^աաոր Մ1–> իաք^^ա^ա՚Ա^ (1836-37 1^».գերեան),Հայ^.ք^\ Քէ-ք-ւ–*»»–– Րէ–^է(1852) ու֊ Հ–յ1 ^^-֊ 9**ւՒ(1 (1858 ^ագրասաուձի՝^ ։ — ^՚^Տ ""կե՚գարա֊ ըՆաիր չեդու-^՚ն բա՚նաչի՚Ն գսւնեւ վե՚րւսպա»^»սսէքՒ 4՜/> ^րկր՚՚ՐԳ ^"՚–֊ սէոձ-անօթ գարոօՐ՚ն։ իրեՆՆ ^է "՚– էրե՛ն կր աւէ$էւ սէրգիւ.Ն» օո , ւէր երկսէրսէէոեւ. ւոլօարկսա-թ՚ենե –ւ. քէէեւսգյէսսէոլ.^ թ–ե%ե եսէես է կրՏ""– Ձ"^Տէ1^^Լ գքւրհ–Նասկ»սնասաե՚* Հ<■'^^/'4^^ մասէեՆւսգրոսթ-եան վերասձ-՚նոէ֊թ՚իւ֊նն իր թ-սէրգմանսւ.^ թ–եան^րԼ^ոսա–եւ կու-րսաիոօ, յ^ւ.ասՆկի՚նիէ քկ*սւսի՚ն,*կեպոառ\ ու. երկսէսիրոսթ-եսէեռր (շ^ասրէոսւրասիւօւէու.թ–էւ% ւ ^էեպե^ րասկան Գ^ասաւՐ* *Հքկաարաւգիր ք^ւ.սմանռ ^ ^ա^սողպւ.թիւ^ եա^ ^քքծք) *^9* - ^էշէ՚՚՚է ԳՊՐ՚՚Տ^ աւսչափսմ ""1 չշասաստցւսւ. է ՎերասՆորոգեօ նաեւ. կսէմայսւկաՆսէ. թեւսն , անձ%ւսկան աախւէրժւսկսւռ, սեպ^աաւկաՆ ^մաց Աբայ գրոա^սսհ՛ աշխւսր^սէ.. րէսրը. րերասւ. օանիկայ օրէ՚նքի է1իէ մպքրեռ % աւսրօեււ ու. մօւոեցսսա Հ/^^ ւեզոա^ին < ^աղղիաււաՇ յեղափոխոհթեՇհ(է փճչեհ ՛մեր ժա՛ 1/աճակլւ. 1789-1878։ ձ * \*՚^չ^ ^1՛^ ւէեձ– էԽպափոքսոա-թ ե աԱ պսէա՚ճաւա^երը * ք\ ՚ք Ժ՚^Ն՚ՐԳ^Յ 1՛**–^ լ • ՜է^չսչ/^ս որ ձ^ՏԼ* գարուն սկիօքւն եեեդե-ցքւե նորոգ ե-լու. ^արկասորութիսՆր^ ւաո,աՕ բևրէսւ. ՚կո–.^ րէսոաեգոէ^թէէյևոք էսսանկ սւա ^Ր* գսէրուն վեր^Ադ րնկերրակաե կե՛նաց կե՜րար փոխելու, գիաաւորու.–»^ թիւՖր ւառսէՕ բերաւ. ւեդափո1սոսքժքւսն մհ^ որ կ%ւսղղէաք11^ սկսեէՈէԼք \ք՚–ր՚"՚ր^1^ մեհ՜ագոյն մասէէն պՕպւ էՈսւրէԱՀքոսեցսէւ-Հ 1^սոր ^եէոեսութէս1/ն սէն ե՛^ ղաւ.ք որ բւսցարճակ սրսէպեաու.թհւյ1^երո սա^մանւս՚ա^ գրական աերութեանռ փոէսոսեցանէ 253 Ղ^աղղիպքի Ժէչ^ կ՚^գ* Յ^Գ՚ք՛ (104) յ՚"քջրգ^ց է իր Հ^թւգամեա^ թոււնոբդի՚ն \ոա^ո11^էլո*^ ժ՝ե՛ • (1715– 1 7 74 ) < ՚^^^ոսանարԼ Հ^րլ^աևի էիբսքէե քսնսէմապ1ոոոէ–^ Թե-ան էԱէոօն ^ էսոօոմնէլբն սւրգպ^ բարւ^ի^ սւպաեա,^ ՚նոէ^թեաե ու. ռեւաւոսթե-սէն սէեղէ եոաՆ 1^ու ^ղորյելի ու. եանանց գերոհ եղահ՛ թսւգաւոր^ գէս^ակսէլե՚լ^՚ն ե՜պբրէ ստպակաեոսթիլյԱՆ ոա^ շււաււուքժիւյՆբ ւսւ^եէցւսւէ կւէէ-մհւաքւլ խեղճ վէճակի մէջ^ կ (4000 ՚ֆլ* պարւղբի ժոոովու^րգո կչա^&հ՚է-ր ՛ճնշիչ տուրքերում աաեէ ^օՆոսւսեաեաց ճեոյքն Հ-^էւ էքօ/էն ղ^ա^որական ու. յՖստղպբաԼան աւսշաօԱներո, Ո9.ր անգի1^ աներգն մաաև՚եագիրՆեր (6ՈՕյօ1օյ)^ճւտէ6Տ, (ի««.ւ/^ փ 1778ւ ^յ՚ԼԳ^Ր փ 1778» Տի՚^ըր՛^* տ՚"ը"՚^էր փ 1788)» ժոզոմրգե՚ան ս^ք ս^^սէւ-Աէաութիսեք ^սւսսէրաեսւ*, պեաական կտսրհ^ի^ե՚ր ու. աերոսթեան կարգա^ գրու^թեանց գէ^ւՐ տժգո՚^ու.թիսն աարւսհ՚ե-լու. ձ՚ռ. աոե՚ւ1^;^ եռան է շ. Լյ,–^«^յ»» յ.5լ. (1774-1793) /««./՚^– պւսշսէ ու. քսե-լացիք Բ-Գ/ա աեկարոո իշխան9ան աէո1/եք — Գէսղղիէս Հ^իւս* 1ձ,*՚երէկպյէ Տ."՛" է՛հս*" բարեկա՚Խ. մա կան աարսւրերու-քօ՜եահ սհք մէոնեաով — օր^սսսոր ազատու.ք(ժեան Օսւեթն երթսւլոյ րնգ^անրացաէ-է ՚^ւ. որովՀետեւ. աևգոիսՅկաե պւսաերաօմհ սէղգա^թԱ ասսրտթն աա^ելցոսց ք եւ. շարոսեակ փոէսոսեւու. ^<^ եղոո ասւշաօնե-աեե րէ/Ա եւ. ոչ մէկր աեւ.ակաե գար^ ման մի կրռասւ. րեեէյ ս§եոր ^ստմար ^արիպի խոր^րր^ գսէրանո աէԱ^անՕեցք որ ա^րու.քժեան կարգաժոդովը^ գու.մարուիք դոր %եքէր էրՂֆ գու֊մԼարևց (1789)» ե՚որւ սսռեոսԱսկաեսէց ժոոոէ^ ալ ասռանռ սւրգիսեօի §&ս$ոէ 254 117» *|՝»"լ"^"։)է յէ՚•^^"ք••1^»-I^յ"^է• 1789՛ 1 . քք՚րէ». -- Ի *ձ«^է» էկաաա. յեպափաիաա.թ–ի4%ււ է - 8 . ի՚՝»ձ «ւք*""»՛^"»»^ ^«*֊ է/աթ փաիւսւ. թ-ագաէ-արԽ « Արք. քւաեա գրա».ա^աւ. է ~. 3 • Աս՚^ււ/՛՛^ Ւ՚՚Ր^Գ^՜ ի%լ աղա%ոէ.թիա.%Կ,Խր ըթա». աէբ^է.րա^ իշխա%է,».թիա.%ււէ — 4* \ք՚Րթ Կ՚^՚Ա– մէէսԽ^սւա. վԽրաաաեքչաց վարՀրւթ-իա^ը • \*^Լ կաքգաւսււաւթ–իէ.%%Խբ քՈթ—ւ. է 1 * ՆՐՐ՚՚ՐԳ ^"՚ՐԳՐ ՜՜՜ ոոմէ աղնա^աեւաէնբ ու. ձ՛^ եե-ոեցւսեանօ ւյււյսժՆոէ–1քցս»1է — ^ու^իսի \%^% ^Խ^ զէւնք իբրեւ. էսղգայքւն Վե՚րանոոոգէչ սստ^մս^ագիո ժողովդ ^րատարակևց 1789/՛^» Ա"^^՛^ ^՚^րէ՚էե ՚^ք գօոք ժողփէւ.Մւոսն Ծւ. ՚կելբէրէ փ*>Ր էսռՆոսեչույև ՚Խաւ զէաոացահ^ քսու֊ժաՆէ ձեո֊Հա ^ոէ^լիսի \4ւքւե ԳՀսէսգհյւը^ եորհ–ւսնեւ1^^եք ևւ– Ն՚՚ֆսչւ^գք՛ առաԺնորգուչժձ՜էսւ/ի ագ^ գայքւե պա^ւսպան դ^ՈԲ ժոոմե-էէՆ ՄաՄԱք ՚1^ՐՑ՚"^3 յձ,է.գոսա, գք՛^ գՒհ՜ՐՐ* ս՚էխու-ւսեաևսէց ու. եեե՚ղե-ռսա^ եանէսց էսսէե ար$ոէ^ոէ,թհւ.Ն1եօ–րո։ \^սոր մրպէ բաքան–^ գակ ե-րկրքււն սա^ք անիշխանու.թիւ^ր աարահ-ու^ե-ցսէէ-Հ գձ՚ղացւոռ բռյևու.թքօ–%1ևօ՚րո աւստճառ եղան շաաեո^ րոէՏե գուռս գսէոքժե՚լու.Ն ։ ՚խու.ժանքւն "՚ՂՔ "1ւՒ/^ ասէիպեռ օ^սւգաւ^որր Հ^ոետեմի • 0^^ Վ "7""^/^^ ք^ք ••^ րհզ Մոթէսւու* ուր փորօսգրուօ–ցս/է.%սէԵ–լ. ւսօգաւքէՆ ժողովըւ յձ,*"՚Բ "^9՝ ^ղօրագւ^Ն ե-ղաւ. (կաոա^սսի(^ո^% առսւ^ոոգու.սւհ՛ էռ ^սւեոբՄա1»նե–ո1^՚նէ ^անգոնի ու. ՚յ^արայի առաժեորգութեամէւօգնութիւե գտա^^ ւեո֊–^ %աեսւէէնեոուն եոոտտաեբոս1ժիւ%ոՀ Վ անթե՚որ վհբ^,ա. ցոսեռան ^ թագաւոր^ ու. եկեոեցականառ ք՚եչյթեոր գրաւոսեցաե ք թոթագրամըւ գորհ՚աՆութև-ան էՏ^Օ գրուե՚ցաւ. է շ. ^ե–ղափոխութիւ*մն արգ ելուքջանացոո՚^ի^ ոապդ^ի ւՈսՀուանւ^^ն ևտե-ւ ^ »սյհ՚Ն1^Ն թոո արու.»սհ– թագաւորլԼ 1791^^ փախաւ* ^"^3 ՚Վ^րէ^է Ք՛*՛/ բէւնոսեցաւ. ու ^^Ր^Պ բեոուե՚ցաւ* ուր ^արկէսգրե՛^ ցւեւ ՛նոր սա^մանագրութեան մի երգուաւ րեե-էէաԱ. է 255 1ձ,գգ*9յ1՛^ օր1/եսգիր ժոոովը^ 179 Լքւն ^ակոբե՚էւԽ պաշէոօնսւրսսե^ ձեէՆօթ սաիաե՚ց զթ–ագսքէ.որն Աք–«ք«^ տրհաէի գ^յ՝ պսէէոեոէսօմ՝ ^ոաւոս>րս»եե՚լու.Հ լԼ<#ո/ւ վջէսյ թագասորւլ (1792> Ա՚-ք^՛ 10)՝ Մ՚^Ր*՚ԻւԻ"՚^՚–Ղ9 ^ևա մէաոաՆ ^արիւՓ քսաւՆնի՚ճսէղան՚ճւ^ ՂՈ2՚՜^Ժ աոիւ.%ա^ե–ռ տեսաոամեերոմք դ^անբէ բեոու-եօէսէ. Էբոե-Ա. բանսէէսոկե՜էսլ, ոէ^ր անգրէ;;՚ն ^անգոՆ ք սւոգւս^ րութեան պւսշաօՆե՜ան (^ — գ յ1^&աա,\ բռՆոէ.ւսէՒ էսմևուսւեաաւե՚ր՚ն ու եեեղԾցսւնաԱնԾբր ժոոու/բգեսա վր^;^ժէաՆգրու.թեան մատնեցՀ 3* ^ՊԴ՚ա^ գաՀՆաժոոցպն իր սւռսէՕրե՚նիսա թե Աէք 1792/՛^ յւ^եաա* 12^է», օգաղռիա ^րասոսրակկ աեբաժսԽեւքւ Հ^անրսւպՄտու.քօ–իւՏե մոէ ՝\ու.գովրեոս ք գսքողիաւքւ թշնամեաց իբր&ւ. գաոչոեի խոո^րգսէերռ ւսմբէսսէոանոսե ւուէ մա^ու.ստն գատսւպարաու-եցւսւ. եւ. 1793 Գունու^ար 21^'^^ գչխատուևցաէ-է Ա«՚«/» 4ս*՚Հք %ստե–ւ, աւ.եւէ կբթեւսք ու. քք՚> ՚փ չափաւոբ&սւք ^իբոնա&անք՝ ա^արկունևրհ՚ն (էՕՐքՕՈՏէԹտ) մեր^ ժուեցաեէ ^էսկոբեա1էեե–ր^^*ն կաա/հսստե– Հասարսէկւսց փրկու.թեսէն մասնաժողուք ւ/բ գրու^ե՚քէսւ. * եւ. ւսսոմ սկիպբ. ե-դաւ. ար^աւ֊րաց իշէէանութե՚աե միէ Ա<"՛^ գւոէ.իւն անռսէՆ է^էւե քիոպ^սաիք^ր ^ ^անգոն ու. (գու.լր՛^ սթե ՚^արւոգ գորա&յ1^ն սպսւնու.ւսԾ\ Ա^արսւ։ լ^լ«^էք կողէՐ I ե՛ղա փոքս ական մասնաժոոոսներ կստօմհսԽցաե ^ որոնց վճիո^երբ ասգհն անգիՆ սլարաոո գՆգօ-բր գլխաաոսթե՚ան յհթև՚նայով^ ^§ա11օէ1116) է գորհ՛ կքԼ գն1;ԱԱէ *կօր աոէւմար մի խոթուե-ցաւ.* ռրիսաո%^;ու.*. թ-իսեր վերցուե՚ռաւ.ք ե՛ս անոո աե՚ո ^րօւմայու,ե՚ցաւ. բանաւ.որու.թ ե՚աե պաշաօնր* ւսսէն բւսրւ$յսւկան ու. էքաաւոր կրթու.թիւն մւ^կգի ՚նե-աու-եցաւ. ւ Վյսեա^ի մէք՝ ոԼր ժողովուրգոք թւսգաւորին գլխաամանէ^Ա եաե-լ,^ ւմնոր որգւդքե Լոէ,գ, ^^քին ^ամար (ոբ 1795 256 օսսոպբսւԼան պսէէոերւսղյհւ \^սԼ ոոՄկթ ղրոեզր գւսշ^ %սէժքէռոփէ§էէ գ1^յ* ^Ոէսասւրակոռ օաոպբներե ք՚^է^ պէս ւրարսկյէք Դ^րազ^ք Լ^ո՚^՚է ՚իու.չոնք անլու.ր անա^ գորօնու-թե՚այի ՚նոէ^աճու^եօաեՀ ^ո^լիսի «/էձ (1794)» (Ի՚՚բէւ՚պիկէ արեաև ^եոեղնևր թափելն \\^արիաւՐ \^գոէ,անէգք ^ի–^ րոեսդներըյ \%կալիգհք ^անգոն^ ^էմհւլէՆձ եւ. Աէ#֊ աա^հ-ղյ ^աւսէ$ղբՆ ու. ^ոգւղյ անմԽ^ա.թքւԼՆր վևր^ ռրնե՚ւէՆ եէՈէաԱք էսմէււսստանոէ^եօսււ. ու, գլէ»սււոոսՄռաւ.է ^էսեոբևաեց ժոոովըԼ գոցոսեուսսէ գ» \քՐՐ^ՐԳ սս՚Տ՚քէսՆւսգրութօՐէսէՌւ գոու^եցսււ. Վև-ոաաեսչաց կսէռավարու.թիւ^ էքի քճւՐ6Շէ01ք6յ 1795-1799» գոր^ագիր իշխանութիւ^ե յաևձնա^ել^ ցասւ. ^էէնգ վե՚ոաաեսու.չն1քրու.ք օոէ^սգիո իշէէէսնու.^ թհսնր^ ^ք/նգ ^արէէ-րոցք էսկ աեոր ^սւսասէաոսթէւ^ր հ՚եոոց քսոր^ոգունէ ^ափւսէ,ոոեա§ կոոաէւսկցոէ.թիւՆ1Ա սկսս§ւ կա մառ կամաց պօոանալ, ԲՊ13 *"՜ Պէ^՚՚է՛^*՛ յ^րգաբեր ամսդխ \ ^ թւ Խևպա .4) 1797/՛^» երկու. թագաւ.որսււֆա մէ–րսէաեսու.չներր (Գ^սէո^^ ե՛լ. Գ\սւբ^ թրլըմրՀ ^ոնաբարգ11^ի օգեու.թեէսմէւ մ^կալներք^ (^արրաք (իէօպէ/ ու. \յ*՛ ՜ էիբ՚1^էէր) մե՚րժա.&ցս^ք 118* \^յ,^***քՐ *^յո։^՚1***հ՚՚^^Ւ*^ կ^***ղ^^*Հ)^ ք^հ^ 1793. I^&•.4^5«'^ առւսքի% %իգակ4սկ»քւաէ.թ–իէ^1է Ղ^—զղհ-Աի գհ՛^* -%• Ո՚Հ^ 4||ք՚հ«»քԱ«ք. ^1^4՛* հ^^ք1ք4՛*» •(ք"«"«. իր աասւաքկգաէ - Դ » %աքէ.1լխ՚»1՚Ի՝ եգիաղաաւկա% էաբշաաս.^ 1 . վ^րեգ* գոսչ^էչմոս 1^* ^րուսիսէցին ու. Լէո՛^ բոըոոս |\. կէ^սրչլէ ^ԻձքէՑՒ ՚^է. 1791/՛^» Գ՚^ղղԻ՚^Ի ^թ՛ վէճակր նորէ^ ^ասաաաելու, ^ամար իրարու, ^ձ՜աո կըլ խօսակցէ-թե։ յձ,սոր վջւտ գառնացան– գաղո/քաե* •I ,7՛ Ի՛ 257 աատեբադմ՛ ^բաաարակէք^է իրոսսիա^քւը Գվ^^սսնշվււ^^ ձի դ^ս1§ն աււէԱ^որգու-Լժհրամհւ սպէսւՆեսւաքէռ ւաւս»՛^ քսրարա.^իւ–1և մի ^անե՚ցէս ու. գւսռղրւս մաաե, Բ՚^ք^ ՎարտՆ գեգսէկոհէրլ^^ ռսէեւ.^ սասէոէե Լոաոբւսհ՚ւէւ/ ևտ գսւէՆնալոէ. սաիաու.Մօան է յ\սոր ւքօ^Օ Ղ^**՚Դդե***ՑհՔ ^՚^Ւ՚Ց^ ՚վ ոՀէճ/ք/ ու. ^ոսսՆգֆուրգ ռւսղպքՆե՚ոն սւռԱեւ ^՚՚քԱ՚ոիասցէռ աւ ձ^^մաբի օոժ է»սոթու.ել^*ն եսէե՚Լք ւ^աոբքւն գ^սւսւսռյեեբւ^ եււեէու, ^սէբեագբե՚ռանէ ղակակցա.թիւ.նշ ք Օօ81ւէ10ո) Գաղղիւ^ի գէւՐւ Տէ՛֊՝^ յհէ.բի^ պօբապետրէ *կ^բվիՆա1^^նի աԸ՚՚՚է ՝ գոպուբկի, իշ1սան1^ն ւազ^ոէ-ելոմ ^ գ^շնաւ.ոբառ կոոաւ աեցասւ. • |յ^<ա%0 ւսւ Նոբէ^՚ն էսռնա.եցաէ.1 ^էսնայն 179օ/՛^ յաղթեց ^ուբտա՚ն, Տ1»չէօբիւ,սի ք՚՚վյ ^Ւ^ըէ՛– ձմեէւբ բոյանգաԼ ՀոԱսւնս»ան ւսշիէաբ^սէեալեռ* եէս^ Ո-էօվաբր փւսլսւսւ. ու. Հ^ոլլաեւոէս (\^9քյ\ պսէգսէւԾէմն ^անբսւաեսաու.թե–ան փոիէու.եցաւ.Հ ^ՕէոոէսՅռէք քի^*՛ %ոսէ ձաքս ^գ^բքբ բււեել^ ե՚աե-է.՝ դ^ոսգաևաս ^ ^բու.՛^ սէա ու. Ապահքօս Դւ^էսօ^ւէ խաէրսղու,թքււ^ւն բյ$է1ն* ոբուք ^բուսէա քւէ^ե՚նոսէ ճաէ» գՒ^ ու^եցէսՆ եբԼհբնեբն ու. յձպանէէս 1ձ1;^՚՚^ուԱ^եու կդՊէդյ^ ՚1շ՚^1 ոա^եռաՆ մաս ո՛ւ ^աղոէպյի աու.թև։ — ^ոէ.բսւս/ե ձ՜ւ. յրոբ^ գե՚բ^ մանիա ^աբձակե-ցսսե (1 796)«^՚^Հք կաբոչոս աբբի^ գքս11^% ^աոթ֊ու^ելով^ յրոբու մէբք՛^ քիենոսի Կ՚՚՚ր/^ՐԲ օ ւսշու. էքցօէւ. : 2* Աքք ե-ղաՆ– ժսւմանակք հ7 ամեաւ *կԱէֆո%Ա11ֆԱ 0|«ք>1««*&««*ւ*|ք»^1 (1768/՛^՝ ՚ճե՚նովացիՆե-բէ՚ն աոՆուաՆ կաոբսիգա կղ^դքե ւՇ^յս՚չչիղյ քաղաքը^ հնահ֊, 1769 ^ Ի՚ե) Միչժ՚ւԻ՚%ի ^ակատովը, 119&թ \\"՚րգի՚եիպյի թսքգաւ֊ոբբ \^աէ֊ւշյւա1^ ու. ^կիցց՚՚ւքհ՛^ ^բաժաբե-րււ. սաիպեցէ ևւ. \\՚–ԱԱ՚բիացիքբ \բ*"իի "՚֊ \ճրԳ՚՚լ^է Ք"*Լ 17 258 ռօէ^ս^էաապե-սէթե ու. փե-րգքՏՆ անգոս դ** *կ§;–ւսպոադք թագաւոոթտ գաողիւաի ^^դր խաոաղու.թ1ոսե գաշ^կք գեեԼ աուաւ-տ Աօ»/» վրէ^ (Ո97թ) էիիվչ^լԻք՛ Ք՚*Վ^ ^աոթելխ՚ե^ յ^սէնգովան աո%ևլ^է ու. ւՇփ՚-՚՚՚՚՚բէ՚՚՚ՅՒքՐ \^ոպէ^ի 1եսէ1սա4էարգ գաշիՆբՆ ընգոս՚նե-լու. սաի<^ պ1է§թ% ե՚էոես Վյ/նեաիկր գրաս-երօ* ու. կս§օՏտը յ^ե՜^ ՚եով^է^ \հեոսըեաե, իսկ ՚^աեգո վպւ փէ ք ՝^ոտե%պյք/նդ Դ\ոչո%ե–էա^ն ու. ^ւ^որարաւէ;^՝ ՜կիսսէչպե-ս/ե ^ասարւս^ կօէպե-սէութիւ-Նը։ գ.ամխոֆոր^ղյի խէսոաղոսէժեսէմիդ յ^է^սսոոհսէ՝ ՚^սէորքէե գաէ,սքռ%ե–ր11^Ն ու. ի<|I^IՀր<^Հ:է^ Հոսւժսէոեցաւ– * ե-լ. է^դոսնև-ցաւ. փոխար^^ք Վյէեէքաիկ ու. անոր եոկէոհեոր^ \^սաոիաև ու. գսւոմաաիաեէ Դ\էրթք՚է՚՚ղօրապեան կկևոեւքւ.ւշյ սաէրոսթիւ^ը^ ք 1 7 Ց 8 §ւն Հռոյ^ական ^սքսսքրսքկաա&աա-թե-աե փոքսեց» գս՚ղռ^ացքկթ՝ ^իէէմոեգր բո^եց^ւ ու. <I|Հ-«ւէ^ ստո^&ա.. չխՆ օ-Աքէռք Ջ^^Ք^բՒ՝ ^եաու ռաստ կանք ու. ՚կ^ս» պուրս (1799 ք՚^յ կարճէստեւ. պսքաե-րաօ^ մ՝ ե՚ա&ւ. ք պսէբ^ քժե՚նոպեսաԽ ^ասսւոսէկէսպեաու.ք(ժե–աՆ փո^ուսցանՀ ք^ւ^օ եւ. պ^Յպ^^ս 1ձէ^էւե՛՛՛ փս՚^չոո (ժագսէւորքլ^ *^Դք^ սւարթև Աէմառր *\^կասաոՓս գաբ^աւ. : Օ* ^էՏնաբարգէք ^խգօիացւ֊ոց՝ գաոդքքացթևե–^ րք^՚Ն առս§Ն՛ գաղքՅ–սէկանու.թեանց ա&օը չօ-ցըՆռ-չու. ^սէմաբ ք 1798/՛^ դ^ուր^ ՝%՚աւ. մաաէ^է \^գէաաոս "՚Հշ– իաբ^ակսէէե-լու. մադօ։ \^ռսէհ՛ սօո&Ն՝ օ§ռսէւ. ՚^աւգս» ^ գոիան» ու. ^իրայ1ւտ%երոէ^՚ճակաաէ՚ն եաե-ս գա^իրէՆէ \^ւ. որովՀեսէեւ. *կո–չսըէք գճղոիակս;^ ՚նսէւ-սէսէոըմէղը^ 1ձ,՚՚1՚*^քէրէ ք՚՚»1փճացու.ցա^ էր ^ ^առա^ացաւ. 0|#»«* ՚նաբարգկ 1799/՛՛^ ^Լ՚՚^բէքէ ^՚նչե-լ. Ա^/ւա (գ^աղո^ էով^ գաբձաւ. առաէւձիՆ ՚գառոիա։ 259 աքաաքիԼ Խձաաաագո** 1799» *Հյֆ^ապոլսւ^ ու. գրաե ^եա գաղղիւ^ի գէէՐ Նր^Ր՚՚ՐԳ 1եքւճաէէաՕօո€.քժքււՖ ւՌ եւսպմեօ \ (իայգսւա^ գՄսպս»^ %աժողովը (օՕււ^Ցտ) լու.Նոսե^աւ. ու. գաղւ^պ^ի պսսագսւմասոոնեոալ ա*–Աէոոհսէցէ ռբեու.ոոնեոէ;^ սպսւ^ %ք9սե–ռէմեէ ՚կարոչոս սքրռ^գոէ^սր գւսոոիացք/Ն&րր ու. ՚կովքէի §սւդթ–ո»աք(ժես»մս, ի$ուսչբան աօաւոՄլոմ պսւրէօ–1էնոպեսէե ^աեբսւաեսէութեսէն ՚1^ր9 աու.աԱ.է ^^պյը որով^ևէոև-ւ. Զֆ^րէէ՚՚է Ք^*Լ \^ասս1^ււսքէ^ բո^ ւոոոմքէե ււսւլ^ու.աՆ՛ գ^ոոսագաէէ ^ծ-սա սիաեէսւ չյսւ^ քոդօոասէւ. ք եւ. ՚^ւստրէա՝ քիու.ս^ա§հ ^եա սււ.ոոէ.եցէսւ, ք \^ու.մորոֆ հո բանաեռվԱ ե՛տ եանչոէ.եց»սսէ 2* ^ոնասօււսոդ1;^ տժգո^ կոոաւսէկցոէ.թէ^11քն օգեոէ-թիւ^ գւոսէհ^՝ չու.էէհց օքՖոէ. պօրոսքժեաւդւ 1799 Ի՛^* ՚ՆՀ/՛ 9/^4» (18 Պրի՚՚՚^ր)* 500 «5 խոբ^րգարւմեւլ եւ. ^^ Պե*հՌ ւ՚՚ռս՚քւ^– ^քււ.պս»աոս աեոսաեեէ ս»ու.սէսՀ էՀքրրորգ սա^ւ/2սեագբուՔ–իւ.Նր ^՚՚Բ՚՚Հ^Ր 100 ^"Գ^է բաղ^ացող^ քիամկապձ-աաց ժողովդ ժէ քէոեսՈ&էՆ օՕՕ ^՚^գհե օրԲնս»գիր ժոոով յիյ եւ. օՕ ս^գափ^ պա^պա1եիչ^ ^երակղյա մէ (տճո&է ^ՕՈ8^^V8^է6ս^)« ՝^Լերւսաեսա.չէէերուՖ ս»եո գրոսեցսԽ տասր աս»րւ.աՆ ^օէմար երեք ^իսպսսաոսէ Ա<ա1>^ աո-ա^^րլ էֆապե^ սքակաե իշրա^ու.թիւ.1ե ուՖեբ* ոսբ սեկս՚ւ եբեույթքւն (գ%էսւՌէասեբե՚» եւ. \յլպբեօե\ մէպէե խոբ^րգսւաու. ճպյն արոսեոաա^է 17* 260 3« ^ոնաբարգէ 1800/՛^ յ^րսևամներԱ աեցաէ.. "՚րքՒդք՚՚Ւ՛^ յ՚^Ղ^^Ց "՚՜ ^՚"լՑ՚Ղ"՚–Րհը. բ՚^^^տ* Լ^*–^ %էյէւէ իաղաոու-թեաէդւ (1801/՛^)» (ի^^եոօի ձախ ե՜գե՚բքր Ղ^՚՚՚՚ԴԴ^՚^/Ւ էոոու-ե՚ռաւ.» յ^ւստրիա ^աորքւե գւսէ.ւսռ%ձ–րն ե՛լ. ՜իասէէքէէաի սհ9 ու-նե^ահ– եբկիրներո մքւնչե-ւ. ՜^տի՚ճէ՝ Գ՚*՚ԴդՒ՚՚^1՛ ^՚՚օ՚լու. ^արկագրեցաէ.» պագաւ֊եաեէ ^ելու.1ոոէսկանք ւէկու.րև–աև ու. կիսաէշ, պէքան ^սւերսէպետոսթիսէէեՄոո ՚ճանչցոսե^ասն • դ«Հէ^«– գաեէս էէբրեւ. Հեարոսրիէաի թսւգսււ.որու–քժիւ^ ^ար^ յ»տհ աան տրու.Մռաւէ Աք/՛/՛ ՚Խ՛^ նաեւ. *կ1^։սպոաւ^ք Ապա%ի»^խ^ քիա-սիէ^ի, գրան ոս 1802/՛^ Ա*^է^/^ յ^ք^ ՝\^գոիւ^ի ^ետ (որ բ՚՚Ր՚ր սէշ^ար^ակաչու.՛^ թիլյմեերՈք Գրքք^^աւսէռ ու. \^յ^ւաե գոկոս սսո^եէով* ե-էո ահա որ գարձր1ւ1^ր ք եւ. ւոԱէական ^$էէհրաաե–ոա. աոսթէւՆո պէաի ՚ճան^ս»ր\ խաղաա»ո».թեա% գաշքէՆք գրու.ե^աւ. : ՚^ակէան աք՚քըրգ աւսր^ %որ աաաերաօմ՝ մի փրթաա^ օոր սկսսււ^ ^Շ^Գ՚էե*՛՛^ գւսղ^ականու.^ թիւ.%%օ՚րնք էսկ Գ՚ազոէա Հաէ^ով^ր գրաւ.եւոմէ 1804-1814. 1 • ՚Հքաքա^կձԽ քէէէթ գիէւթ էքրթ ^՚^էՐ՚Ր –՚^»–ա%ԽԼ ••«•.աւ • - 2 • 1*^ձ Հս՚Հ^Յ(ււէ1հ •■•.. ^եէքաա. էէրրա/Աէ \իգասկակւրա,թ^ի»%ք$ է - . 3 • |»*է՚|^ պաա։աէ^աա».ի ^սոէաքւ ՚կ^էւքւ1չխււԽ իրււ».աիաաքի քա. քկէէէււաիփաքի գհ՛^ պաաԽրւաղյ՛ Հրսէասէրակեյւ , ԵՐՒ կաւԸՈւ։.Խւքաա. լարրորգ %իղակակյքա*,թի»%ըէ ֊■ 4. ի^"՛*– »ք*՛*– *Ս«"|Ա»|է^* 5«"*՚*«յ«»^* «*՛*^֊ թ֊իւՆը • ||»<էէ.««ւ*^ւ(է^ - աաս^քկաւկ—% է^աաեքւաէէղմյէյ Է՚^Հ^ վասէաըկեւքէաա. »աււ.աւք11եւը » 1* Դ\ոեարարգէ 1802^^ ^՚ԴՔ1^ իաաչակաե (յ^չեւ. սչիւ ւստաէն \վւսալպե–ան\ ^անրապեաա^թեաԱ գա^ևրէց եւ. ցկեանս Հիւպաաոս գաոոիւսյի աէրոս՛^ թիէ^րկառավարե–ց% դօրու^թ&այի. ևւ, շրՕաՀաէե-ցոս–^ թ&աէփ* կարգաէ.որեց ելէւմոսաօր^ ևւ. Հասաատեց %որհ% ոսդղափաու կրօնո։ գա ւ. ա՛ճան ոսթ&ան միէէաա^ 261 գքիաաու.եցաւ. ք 1%ՆկիէՆի գութսր Գ^աաէ^է֊ն գաոո^ա րե–րու.ձ^աւ. ու. 1804/՛՛^ Հրացսձի բռնու.եցաԱ.^ Մ՚՚Ր^ պօէէոոու. եռասւ. ու. ^Ւշ^րՒ^ բ֊անահ ւՈտ՚ծ եհքնառր ւքերք աոէսս».»յ քգոնարրարգէ 1804/՛^ Մ՛^* ՂՕ ^ ք^Կքէ 1էկբ ժւսռանգաեաե եսչյսբ անու.աՆե§ ու. Գ\իոս ՚է^*$^ ՊՐ^ սաեե՚ւ էոու-սէւէ ՆՐ^Ր՚*ՐԳ ասէոքԽ քւէՓ գՒ^Ք ^ս՚ե՚ւ. ՚իասւլիւս^ի թագաւ^որ օւնու.աեեւ աաւթն եաեւ.^ ւիեու.՛^ րե-ան ^ս^ր^պհ*ոու.թիԱ^ո <\%աղոիայի ^էոո տֆսէռուռ։ 1^^ու.թիւ.%չ^ Գ՚ադպէպյի գք^ւՐէ Ա#/ո՛/* մէք մաաւ. ետքէն *կ1;^ապոէէս ալւ ՚իս^ *\յաբոէթոն գաշնէսեցե-ռաւ. Դ\սււ.է–ա, երպէ^իք Վյիւ-րգեմպկրկի ու. Դ^ատրնի ^1ոո։ ք^սոր մր՛^ ք\*–էֆքւ՚վ^^Տ»000\\՚–՚՚"՚րք""^^ գերի քւոՖել1է% ձ-ա&է^ք սէո^օէւ. Վյք^11;ՆՆաե ե՜ւ. ոարեաւ. \^կսաե–բչիցի »Ք՚"^ էփւս^ ցե-ալ յ\ւ.սս9րիացքան ու. քիուս&րբ ^եեաեմի» ^ք՚ե։ Փբաե^սկոս |\. ^րէսպու.րձի խաղաղոսթեայի Հ^– նեասէկասե և-րկիբներն \^*՚"՚*էի՚^քէ թագաւ^ոոոսթեսէն աոԱ^աԱք Գք՚քԼՌ ^աա^էեբպ^ի, էրլ. առաւ. սէսոեռ փո՚ա. խարէ^կ Աալբպոսրկո։ Գւ^ասիերա ու. Վ^ւ.րգեմպէբձ* օրոսէե թւսգւսւ^ոբութէսնՀ ՚կաբոլէոն \%0Գ 1>ե՝*կէապոլս^ վջպյ իւ.բ 6'>Հ^ սէփ ե-ղբպ^բչլք Հոչլաեապչյի վրւ/^\ոէ,գոէքիկոս &էլբէ^բբ թագասոբ գբասէ ՜է^սգթւէ՚ոս Դ^ո^առ%^^^ *կաբոլիւԽի "ՐԳ՚՚ԳԲԲԸ^ եղաւ. \%աալքւպՓ փոխաբբէյ^ւ ՚կսէրոչէէ^ի պաշապանոսթեան տակ եոահ՛ ^էնոսի գաշնակօա^^ թեան կաղմոսեէովւ^ ^եբմաեակասե պէոոու-թիսեբ Լ 1 8 6 ) ւը՛–՛ հ՛ու. եցաւ. : Փր՚^քք^՚՚կ՛"՛ ^ * ՚^ոսանեց թկօ քիկք կպւք**բ ՝\ձ.՚^"*^րիպյի կւ^բաեկ. Ա.)ւ 3* իբոսսիէ^ի ու. քիուսիաքի ^եա ՚նոբ աա^ տեբադւՐ մի ՀՕոբբոբգ %իդակակւքՈԱ.թիմե 1806– 262 1807) անոր ^էսմար սկսաէաք վասՆ օէ ^րու.սիա^ ք»ը^ 1806/^ ՀաՆ՚եովէր %որէ՚ն պիա^ոո սօւնոէ-էրք ^ւք^««ք* 8/՛^ գ^առղրսքքյր գէէՐ պսէաե՚րէսդէՐ ^ոսւասւրսէ^ կկէ \^ակպ/ե վեց օր &պքշ ԼՀոկա , 14) կք^՚եպյի յ^ով *կս$ռ.ոէխոն1^ ու. ^Աէու-ք^՚Ն ր.ոչորովԱն ււսոթու.ե–՛^ ցաւ. ու. Գ\եոլ^ գաղւՓւսցքւՆե–ր1^1ե սէ1Նեու.եռաւ.է Հլու.սա ու. րսսա յասքւե սէւէօթսէւբ կեոպոյ աէաէն^նոԱ^եօաԱ բ.երգԼրըէ յ^^չաւի անորոշ^ ՚ճակաաք^ (1807)» ^*– ^անցքւկք Դւրե-դըսւ. ու. ՚է^փ^՚ոեից քաղստեերոսն էյ^ ՚նալք^ն ևւ. ^րիւասՆաի քուէ^ մրւսցեսէւ ^րուսիսւռւ^ոօ ու. քիքքլքքա^ ^աոթ-ոսելթե եաեւ^ գրու.եցաւ. Ղ*էւՂէգՒ գաշքքկքւԼ 1807/՚է»է1յձ^«^/է ոս քիե-նոսի մէջ^ եղաՆ ևր^ կիէխեո^^ (կք*Ր ք^րոսսէա ^արկսւգրեցաս Ղ^»՚"1դէ»9ւէ ասքչյ կաօւ/ո»–եցւսւ. Վյքսգֆաւիաւիթագստւ։որոէ.քժֆւ^^ ^ե՜ոոեհա1ոս <1ք\ոեաբարգ1;;է ^աէՈսբ* եւ. ^աոսօ^պէքէե ^ոոսսիայ1;^՝ •Վավւսէսւիսչյի գռսոէ^թիւՆր^ \\առսոՆիայի թսքգսէւոբին ^ամաբ։ 4. յՏք՚գղԻ՚^Ի Գ^՛՛՝՝ "Ր 1805 /՚1է Գրաֆալկարի ք»վ^ գ$էէղղիասկանասսլանիս§կւ§ւ% %»սսւսւուարւֆդթ ոչըյևչաաքսւ-աէէէձ^ (՚Ն^ւ^՛^ +) եբ* գրաւ. ՚կաբպ^ձն յքամաքպքի՚հ գրասթիսՆ^ (տյՏէ^աՕ 00Ոէա6Ոէ&1) * Ա«՚»ր ՚^ԷԼ մաաե իորգսա,կավկ% ոա. դ%ա%^% պաա ս»յկ% եւ.րւէաէսկահ ս>1^րոսթիւ.%էւերբէ ^"(1^ \^գղԻպ1քիք՝ գ»բք^%^ակ էբ0գակաձ–էչսվ^է կրչք^՛^՛ յ՚^իդտը^ ^իէ$Ա.սսւկաե էոաճկէէէկա^ աս»ս§եբւ$ւզ^լէ զւ»բ ք^՚՚ՐԲ՚էՔ^Տ *կաբ»չիո% 1806^^ Դ^եկաէյիերի՝ ԱքըԿւՀքաւ. 1812^1տ՛ ^–ւ֊^ գսսրկագի խէաղաղոէ֊թ-եսւմբ.» սրայ .^աէ֊աիաէ իր սէէք^ւԴա%ա էֆնշեւ. ^բւէէ.թ– ըՆգյէէբձսէկէա է ՜Րսսեէռաաի՚նեբ^Ն — սբէէա^ կէ$ւսաասւա դ». յ^աալփէֆս թ֊էագասսբը^է *կաաբւ»ւկւէՆի գ^մ* ան^սւՀա թ–շՆէսմ»ւ~թես§«1բ պւէ»աեբ»սպմի կբ շաբւււ^աէկ^բ -- աշխաբ^ակաչէ^ի՚ն քի»ա.ւքք 1808^^ Գէինւանաիա% է ^աէ,եաի թ-էագսււ-սբբէ գսասս»ճա^ւսէ.թ–ես$յբ Հբսէժսէբե՝ր»ա~ աէէաիաաա^հա. ւ1^ եաԽւ. , իբ ^9բեդբաքբբ\^աբէլսա ^^ • թ–ապէաւ.ւքբ ա%աէ.ա. ա%սա.եւքաւ., սբ 1810/՛՛^ ւքԳւեո^աասգ մւսբաքախա% (1818 էտ՚ե վեբ կաբսլսս ^՚)«. ^ով^ա%%^^է^) իբե% թագաժաա.անգ "Ր՚՚շՒյք* %աււա^ա%գիււա՚հեբչլ \)^գդհ՚ք^Ի առ.շի% գէէ^ել^ յա%ձ՚ն չա^ ա-աւ., \քկէդիյքլ.ո^ աէբւասթ֊իէ.՚ն% Խւ. Հա.»»էՐ ք-՚դպթը^ ^1^Բ 263 •կաբ^ւէ^ արգէ% 1Տ08^V թռ%ա*^ էր) 1809>ք> Մ՚^1"ք՚՛ գասալիւսկահ երկիր Հրսս»սէրաքկ»ա–ե^ա»ւ֊ ։ *կսւր.սւկոԽի% ւ/բաւ %ղսվ^ կարգա^սւլ քս»^աեաքապեար^ րո^էաա^ե՚^աւ. եւ. \^է^ է^Տեչեւ. »ր ^էսթսքխոՆի %9»եմա^աւա րլսւխաո դէ՚^ք ^Ա9աֆ% ^ե«ո սէէ.եքէ պիշբղրւ֊քՅ–եսւմթ վարսա^եԸէ»^ սաիպԽռ։ (|.».«.^այ( 4յ. 1808– 1812. 1 . ի>;լ»ւ. քաաաԽրա^ թաւքու.Խյա*. Ապանիսքքի գէւՐ» — 2 • ի՚>»ձ **|» *^4^^|»- 1 • *կաբ ոէէ^ոե 1807 ^ ^"Ր գոէ. ^ ալ բ ռ՚նե՚լէն ւՏէՕ թսէգյւ֊ն ^ոստժարևւբէ^ սաիաե–§թե ե՚աեւ-է ք"՜Ր Գովէ1ւ1^փ եղբւււ^րր ^պստնիէ^ի ու. քեռպյր^ ^ովակիէՐ \Րէւ.րաե է *\յ^$սսլոէսու թէսգսէէ^որ անոսաեե-օ տ ^ւ.ևրԱի առ.ա(խոՈգոԱ.թևա»դւ \^գղիական օգ՛,, ՚նաեսւն գոսնգմի^ ^որգու.եէԱէն էսշիէաո^ւսես$լեռւ գոմ^ ս1։փ սաիպէէւեօւսւ. \Ր$սարիա թոդօէ^ի էււաց*կւսէւոլ^ոնի \^ւ.սար^«ս եանչոսե՚ռէԱկ երաււ. Բ*՚ր*Բ 1ձ"(՚*՚^հւ9ւէ ^9 ըՆգ^աեոէ֊ր աւպսէասէՌւոԱ-քժէէյն մի։ ք^1^ա1^ա \^սսրւս՛^ եոսա գէա֊ցաւ^սէեաե պստշաաանու.1ժւ/ն1^ մ՝ ՕՐէոեւ. է§ն^ կաւ֊է քւպքց յաղթեցԲն 1^՚եգդիացիք ք1՚–ելզւի (եաքչլ Լոր սա ^սէրԱաէեգեՀ աո^աՀխորգոէ-քժեսէմի ՚իաէաւ,երպ^ր Ք*"Լ^ 1809/՛^» Ա*"7՛^՛^ «/^«/ա1ք էԼովանգակ ևրկրթ» մէշ^ գսէդդիսէցսոց շատ ւխսէս$սԼաո պասշտպանէպաեաե պղչոիկ կռիւյեերը^ (§Ա6ո11&)։ ք\ւ.ելյիեկգն յաղթեց 1812^^ ^աըսմաեգւ^ի քով^ գաղււիացԱ^ոց ք վևրցուց գասաիդը պսւշարու.է& օ՚լ. անու^անու-ե-օաւ. /^"/՚՛/՛ սպս»^ Դւիսէկահ քւանէսկաւ վևրբն^րսէմանսէսաարւ 2 • *կաբոլիւէն ,1809 1՚ե յ իր&՚ն գէէՐ պատ եբաէէՐ ^րսէապբսքկոո ՜^ւսէորիւաի մջա) յէ**՚1^§^ մեՆասւ. Աա՛^ 264 սամբ գերմևւնակսէե պօբբե-րովյ, 1ռ \էսեասՀոսգի ^ ՚էք՚ֆ՚֊ւծ է քիեկե՚նսսլոսլւկի ^աղԲ–ւէւ.թրւ.Ն՚Նձրէ^ ետևւ. պաաոևրաղյի ^ԷՔ^ որոշեի է ՚^սոր վջպյ ^Աքւհ՚^է գքւե մղու. ևլթն եաեւ. ք Վյսկբսօֆ ^առ^ուսթև-ԱէէԴ^ յ^սս^ սէոիան ) Վյւհ^ւ՚նպչյի խէսռաոութ իւ^1ւե րնեէոս սաիպեռ է Այ» գաշի^քով^ \^է,սարիա, յ1^աչքպուրկշ Գ\աւիերպյիէ էիսրիկեան գաւառ՚ներր *կաէ.ու^ոնի ու. աոեւմաեաաՏե կս^լէ^իան՝ յԼարսաէ-իէզյի աու.աէ–է - - *կաբոլիոե 1810 ^ Է՚֊Ր Գ՚^փ՚՚՚փ՛^ կքդ՚^կցք/ե ս.էսժՆոէ.ելով^ սէմոԱ֊ս..^ 1եէԱօաէ. յ^արիէԱէՐ Լո»֊գո*^կաէ արք^ռքսոէ.^ւ.ղքե ^ևա» որ հ^Նսէ^- իր1/ն 1811^^ Հռուտ թսէգս§ււոոբէ ^^սեէ, եպթր \^սէքւոլ^ոե ք ալ իր պօրու.քժ§քան գագաթ% էրլահ՝ պւստ^ոէ^ց է^ր ս»1քրոէ.թե–անր ^եա կարսւրիէսե ք Հ՚^ի" աանաահ ու. ^իւս» գևրմանիէԱքի մէկ ւքասրէ ււլւաարիաքի համար, (կաւ.թք,^ի գ^մ՝, գիլ.^ադնաքւար պաաոերաղմոզ^ ՚ի1քր՚»թի՚^»երր նոէ,ա7^ու^եաա%է ^/^եւ. րնգոէ.^ %ե^ա% ըՆգհա՚եսէ..ր թ–սդւււ.թ–իւ.Ն , թւ՚ք^ էր^Տ ""՚֊՚՚՚ք^՚՚ՐԴքլ* ւՐգթ^աո Հ«քք/ք. գազ^այք,,>,յք ձետա.քՆ էնաչովյ 1810/^1տ՛ հրա^էսնի թււնսւեռսււ֊ ։ Հ^էէ "ք էր ԱէօասէսւկաաւՐ 95/^^1**4^ ^իւ.ա» գԽրյա%իաքի մէջ^ կքլ պաաերաղմկրէ ի%կաւ. 1809 ^>՚* \1^գրւէքւաու.Նէոթ աէսշաաէա^սէէծ• ւս»ոե%» 3 • քիու-սւսկան պսէԱէէքրէսռմրՆ պստէո՚ճւսռ սարոսռ–*– ^աւ. անովՀ որ \ձ,ղեքսանգր ^ու.սա^ ^քք՚՚ՐՐ 1812 թէ^ Օլաէ՚նպու.րկի դքսԱե &րկիրՆ1րրու% ^ւսփշաա՛^ կոէ^ե՚չրլյե վջւ^ ռա^րա^աէ^-է ^աւէպռպյԱն գրու.ք^ե՚եէՆ ձ՚էաա-է *կսւրքա§իո1^ օ^ս-Աէորիսւ ե՛լ, օիրոսէփա իրհՆ ^հոո գէսշՆակօեաու. ստիպե՚լ^ն &տ1ռք ակսօ/ւ. տար՛ա, ձւսկողականր^ ^ու.սիայի գք^էՐք կհ" ՚փտէ՛՛^ 75^^^Հ. "՚՜ 1300 թնգանօթոմ — երւ. կձնգրոեակաե րանակովԱ գէպ է 1^ոսկու.էս ^առաՕանաէովէ քիու.զբ աքկ գիէՆ պսւա&րսէօւՌ՚չոմ ու. է^կս/է գիք^Ն ասպ^ կողմ՝ սօ֊րրշյ֊ ""^7 Ճ^՚Հ. "՚ ^*" յք՚ՀՐ*–^^*՛^^ \\մհլ^%սբ առնոյսե^աւ. • գոսգոէ^սով^ յրոսգաս գե՚էոԱն Ք"՚է յս՚ղթոէ.ե՚^աւ. օ^^- 26& \^բպէոմ^ մաաւ. |]^Տ^«^• 14^ ամկյի ^ոսձուա քաոա^ յլր՚է քէ^^Գ՚^բշէ^է գրգռև»ովԱքաղաքՆ այրեաթն եսաեւ. ֆ ք3^իա^1էեե–րր յերժու.եռ»սե –– ^արեսւգրե–օս§ւ. սարսւսփեքէ ւքրաէթե ք բս^օյաասաաէե %ևղւ9է.թէւ^^ևոու. ք ամ^^ եե-րպ գժբաքսաաաււթձաեց ժէաե&սէվ՝ աեսւաասա աեղե՚ր1^ §քաէ ք՚՚՚շ՚՚՚^էս ^ղաաահ՛ բաեաեթե մեհսՅգդքն մասո% Պ^երեպ^աԱ սԽ^Ա&լու– ասէ4էն իե՚ղգոա.ե–ցաւ. * պքնակս "է %Է^^^^Ր^ մքէպքե 1000 պ^աէ.որո».ահ– մարգովդ ասքէո&բաօմ^ պասթրասաոէ.քՅ–իւՅ§ե&ր տեմնե-րւէ*.* ոէ֊ր էէՏեգիք^^ \^ոոգ բրու.սիօւկաԱ օգնւսկան բանակքւե ^բամաեաւաւսբր<է քիոսաոսօ ^եա չեղղօւ9ւթե–ան պսա^ 122« \^^^գո^^^աԱ դագ^^ա^է^ 1813^ — 1814» ^ ■է»ա « յ&*|»»|;է -- 4. գ>ա^ակի>քք Խ՚րր <1։»ւ»> իաքիէլ* ք^^լ կԽրպ^քսձւք, աա^ասա. ^աադէքիէա* իւ^րք^ առ^աքքՏէէ խ»ադադէ։ա.թ4քէաւյիէ լ. ^բոէւսիաւի թագսւ*–ոբբէ ^եարո».ւսբ օք՚^է (1813 ք^յ ^բե՚դըսսէ՚Ն օպաաակաէՐ ոբսորգաց օօբա^ ժողովդ յի ^բամւ^ե՚լէ1ևք \րարաի \%^ ^ոսսիպՓ ^եէո գաէշնակցէքաթԱ ու, գադոէպյէ գէ*^ պաաե-բսէէրՐ ^բ»էաաաբակելթե եաեէ-ք բովաեգակ ազգթե ու. ղի^ 1եռ*.ոբաս^ աաէաաբսէբու.1թէւմեե՚բ ^ահօ-ռք որոնցԱհվ գաէ/էւկօբ գէ^կԸ առՆձ-չոս եւ. Հաէբեէեև՚աց անկաիոս^ թեաե ^էաէաբ պսաաե-բաօէՈքէու. կր ^յ՚՚բգէբէբէ <1\ե՚բ^ էք^ 4^՛^ Ք՚՚՚Ր^՚Լ. հ^՚՚՚^Ժ՚^Ւ Փոխաբջաեք բբոա.սէա–~ կս^ Ուէ»է.սական ղօբթէքե (1յ1<9/>* 5*) յաղթ՚ոսեցաէ֊ է իէ^ գաշևակիցք %աբոյէահա1^ եբկու. աեէլ (կբոս^ կէօբշէ՚եի քով^ Ծ՚քքէ"՛ 2՛ ^*– Պ՚"^Տ^^Ւ Ք՚՚՚Լ Մ՚^Ւ" 266 գաոման յ՚ամանա1լ ՀԼոսևա ու. ^սստրիա գաշեա^իք^ %էրոոսն կոռաք անօան* մէկաւ կոոԱանէ 1ճ»1^գդէ՛^ ՚*կ ասէճա ^եւո գրա$քակւսն օգնու^թեան գ՚^շէ՚^կքբ (էք&1– էճ ճ6 Տսնտւճւ) գրաւ,։ շ. դ*ա1^ակի^ռ երեբ բաեակ կաաթ^ինէ 120*000^^ կառմձէ^ահ– բրոա.սիակաեք 1Նսւյ»ս»կան ոէս շրւ.եաակաե ռ.անասկ^ Հյաւ^ևաա^ թաագւսժառանգ1^ ու. ^^*֊§ովէ առաքԱորգութեան աա1լ պարկաւ֊ Ո՛–*՛ իր 90*000 քէ^ւռսևրո^ ՈԱ. ^ու^սիացքքնևրովԱ յա§է^ (9–եց Ա*ագւոոնաչիքյձ,է.գ9 26/՛^ գացպախի քովյ երբ. սԽգիէ^ ՀԼւխւրցէ^պէրկէ՛^ առա^որգու^ա^ մեհ՛ բսւ՚ա^ %ակքլ (230*000 \^ւ^Աէորիաւքիք քիոէ^ս ու^ ^ա^սիաչ^ի՝^ ^բէղաէնի 4չ*՚0 ^արձակոէւէՐ ըբաս^ բպ^*^քթսբո^ո^ ՚նէ֊ւ՛ յադթոսեցաԱ. (26 ^«– 27 Ա«–^* *«-/» Մ՚՚Ր^ փ)« \քբբ ասոր վջպք –վ^անաաէՐ՝ Գըք^սգէ^ (30 Ա*–ք–*/ գու-ւմի քովյ %^՝ Դ\իւ.լովէՆ (6 ԱՏ^պա.) Տէ^՚^է՚^չքի քով^ ու. ^է-բգրան^ (3 Հոկա»\ կորգէնք Վաբգէ֊ն^ պուբկի քով յաղթ-ու-ե՚ցան ք ^աբկագբեցաւ. *կաբո^ է^ւծէ իբ բաևակո \՚9քբցէկէ Ք՚"1 ժոօովելէ. 3* դ^աշեակիցք՛ կ^բ^ԻԿԻ շքք^կպքքւլ յէաեա^ լէ^ ևտևւ. , Հոկա . 1 8 ե՚ւ. 1 9 ^^ ւ ՚^^ւ/^ Ք"՚Ղք1՛^ Ք՚՚՚Լ, ե-ղահ՛ որոշէչ^ ՚ճակաաաւէաբաովը^ — ոբոսե 400*000 մաբգ մասնէսկիօ եռաէ֊ֆ - \^սէբու^ոե սաիպոԱյա-օաւ. եաո ռաշու. և լոս է ՝յձպբսո1էիսէօխյ^ պաաերսէոմւն բասքսար շորոշուահ– գսէշեասոբաո կոոՁե ս»եօան* ոբոես Հճ^^ աոեէ-եցաե շոա-ա մի Գ\աԱ.իևբացիք ալյ Աակէ^^ \^աբՈա^ է^ոևֆ Հանաւի ^ոմ էբե՚Ն ճսօդւտա է/հ կբոասէ. բաեւսԼէ ^յիոսթևսՖց յեհ՛ յասրէ%դքԽ աաբթէ Աեկաե* Հոաա1եո^ աան գբաւեը ^է*–ւովյ Հես»ւ.ետէաս1ւ ՚^յաբոէ^պհբկ* էոկ (^սձ-չլինկէլ^ Վյւգգոբիէ^ի ^աղթոսթյ1/նէն եաես^ Ապանիւ^էն գադռիա մտասէ 267 \ թե) (իեՆա/ն օէնօաե, բ՚^ա ^^ աւեպ1քս *\^սւբոլ^ոն ք. էսռս^ձին էսռսէնձաւ ււանասԱնեյրր օաԼէն1քէ^ն եէոեւ. իոհէե եռահ– խ§սղաորԱ.թ եոտ/Ն առսւշարկու^թիւ^աւևրը^ յերժև^է ԼաոՆի աադթու,թ1ոսմբ. լ9 \Րարա\ մեհ– բա՛^ ՚ՆսէԱն սնսաւ. %որ1^ն աասւՆաշանսէի սէսով^ *կ01քւոլ^ոն եռալ. ։ գտսշՆսւձ^օք՝ ^արիէ^ ՚Խ՚՚Օ ^**^Ժ՚Ց^ ^՚– յ^ոնմարգր ^արձակյաԱի աււնևլոմ \\րարսւ» օ\յ ՚/>ք7<»> րպռադպօն էան^նոէ.ելու. սաիաԾօքէնէ ՚կաբոլ^ոն հ-օ՚՚յ. ոակու-տ^՚ն ՚էար էսռ^ուևլով՝ ^րաժստրե՚ցասւ. ու. (ՍԼ՚^/>* 1 1 Ք^՝) էէ^Ր^՛– վև^ապե՚սէ ՜կլպա Գ^"*^ ՚ գաշնսէսոբթ \ոա.գովէկոս ^|Լ* գ՛"^ Հաեեցէէն ֆ ոռ ՛նոր սսէ^մանքս՛^ գրույթ իւՏն մի աոա.ասւ,է՚՚~՛ ^արիպի առսւք^ խսէոասու.՛^ թե ամի I գաոոէա^ իր 1 792^^ աձեցահ՛ երկիրեերոԱյև մրւա էսմփոփոԱ.եցւսս% ա^ա^աեւաւսպաքտՆ ք Ապաեիւաի ու. Ա^րգք^ի՚^ի թէսգաւ-որներրյ գոսգաՆւաի ու. յրոաե՛^ ՚^՚^ծ ԳՔ՚՚^ՐԲ* ի^չ^էս ^առաքագդյ% գևրմանիաէի իշխան%երրք իրեն^ երկիր՚ներր գարձաեէ 1 • ՚կ՚՚րթ ակաաա. *ւ,աքւալիւ/^թ Խրկքարգ իշխա%ււ».թ–իա%ը է — 2 • ի՚>»ձ վախ1քաՆ »»%Խէքաա. \,աքւփ Գկա ՚ Խաթ ու րգէ » ի%ձ հրկ/քւ/^Խբ կարւս\ւքաւ^ գագքքֆւա՝ իար/քպի \ձ,ւ.սարիւ^ի ք Գ\աււիերպչքի է Վյ՚՚՚րգէմպէրկի ու. քի%սնի^ պյի վե^ապետԱերե եսու^րիշ^ ւ^կրու.թ–ե»մեօ իշխան^,^ %երր կամ* գԾսպա1Անևրը Վ^էն՚եէ^ի աբռւաաժողոմղքե աէ^ ևսրոպակաե իրողու^թեանց կւսրգսէւ.որո».թ ևաեր Հ;եա կ՝ըյս/^բե (1814 ւձե^պա. - 1815 ^ոէ,%իս), %արոլխոՆ է \^իւ.րպյի ըեկևրա.թ– եէսմի 181 5/՛^՝ \Րարաի 268 մէ&քէե գաղոիա ցամաք ե-լաւ. • եւ. իրե՛ն գէմ՝ իաւ֊րոէ.^ ւսէէ բաեսքեթե գրէւ.խն աեօւսհ՛* ^^ւսրիպ մասաէ. է ^իւ.րա \^ւ.սարիացւ^օ Հճ^ո.օօ ք *կ1^ստպո§ս1^ մոԼնաԻա-եըաւ. ճու. ^երգքւնահգոս գ,/^ գսւււնւսչէՆ &աձռ գաչապրիւ^ի »^ք բոՆոէ-եցաւ, ու. ^րացաեոմգարեոէ.եցաէ.Հ շ. ք^էպէւ" ւ^բ՚՚պ՚^ի գչթաւ^որ աէրոէ.թիւքն^ նեո1^ ^ոժա.աՆ^էսօ.ոլե՚քերք\^ե–իի ճէսեատոգե ( 1 Օ գոէձւիսՀ ^\քհ*՚ք՚՚էր եա քաշոսեէու. ստիպեց $ սակպխ \3^է^^ ^ՐէԼ Գ՚^գրք^՚^ր՚^Ի ք՚՚՚Լ ^՚" ՚քղշ՚֊^տ*՛^*՛ % ^*– գունիս 18^^ ^Ն՚՚՚բ՚՚լէէաե աէՎագէրըչքի կա»Ր Գ\ելսէ^ ւիաեսի շ^^սէեատ^ ^եաեսոէ^թեասմլւէ^ փաիւչե-լու. սաի^ա պո».եցաւ.է գաշնակիօներր ^արիպ ^քկր՚՚ՐԳ ՚^գ՛*»՛^ առին է *կաբ.ոլեո1տ ^իոշֆորի քով^ Ի^ դ/քկք աե՛^ գղիացէ^ոցւ յաեձնկ, ք^պ)9 իբր^^ Գ^ՐՒ Ս* Հ^դէ՚^է աարու.եցաս% ու.ր է&ռաւ. 1821/՛% Մ՛^՛ Օի^* ԷՐ՚՜Գ* Հ^քԼ* ^""ւփգ գարձսքւ-է –– ^արիդի երկրորգ իադա^ ղոէ^թեամի I գաղդիա* 1790 ի՛^ ու^եցա^ , սա ^է^անքէե ա^ք ամփոփոսեցսէւ, եւ. գաշնս»ևռասց ղօբռեն (պւնչե՜ա.. ւ^իէՆի արքպյաժէէդուքԱ 1818) ^րկրք՛^ ապա^ովու,^ թեսէհր ^սւժար 1չ 0*000 դինա^որ գաուաիսէ աէսւցէ Օ* Վիւ^^էաի ս՚բբէաասժոոով^ սե^^ աւ՚սարիսա^ կաե սւ. քւրու.սիակսւն աետոէ. թիէհւնևոր %որ^^ ^աս<^ ասքաոէ.&չէ1Ա ք եւ. գերժաՆիա^ի աեբոսթիլքմներրյ գևր^ յաեօէկաե գսւշես»կցու.թևսէմս. իրստրու. ^եա մի%ահ»ւսէ^^ ետեւ. ստոբագրկբե իտսրիօի սուրբ գաշանց ք յ^դ^^ք՝^ սաեգր\^,ք փրձ-գ&րիկոս գոէ.չիէւժոս գ>»ք Փրանկիսկոս լ\* ե՛լ. գրեթէ ամէ՚ե ևսրոպակաե ա1^րոէ.քՅ–իւ^Նևրր \.%\հ1^ |]^Տ^ք^^ա• 26/1^տ ^ողով^ անգաա^երն իրև՚^տ ղիրէւ^ք^ պարաասորեցիհ» |), Գրոց իօսբե-րուՖ Հաւ/1է«. մա աք եդքԼէ^րակսԽ սիրով յիասեաաոո^ւոէ^ք իրարոա. սիշտ օգՆոսթեաԱ ^ասեեաու, ճո. իրևնց ժողովոա.րգո ^պ^րաբար կառավարե§ոսէ 269 արէա իլՓրէաէկաԴւ գասաաձեըը^է աըաԿ^ցսկ կաղՏ^^ \–.Ւ՚–րՒ՜՛ կկի ««. դ^ադմաախաԱի թ՚էագաա.էարաէ.թ–իսՆՆ§րրը^, գէաբձհ՚աէէլ վերէ% ՚իաաւէւէ»^»՝ $գ՚նչեւ. իւա^ ու. ՚Դ*իչհ՚^՚ղ/ Լչամպա^աակա՚ե– վե%եաս»կէէէեւ թ–էէէգէսա^աըւէա^թ՜էւ%) » Ղ*ՒՐ՚՚Ւ ^՚՜ Ս՚՚՚^՚՚ւ՛"–/՛^ ՚ մէկ մաաթէ ^առե%ի մեհ– գքասսթիԱ^ա, \քիա.^խէ յ^էոորի՚ն ^իե%ււ»եէ ^Լեսգֆւսէ^՛՛"՛ "՚֊ շ^*–ես$ս§կս»ե ^»մէրանիէս%է ^րուիաւէՆ էաըեսեւեասե ^րիւԱա%աոթէ Հ^իրո1^ո^աաւէԴէ Խւ. ■^/Հ*՛» ^ւ^^իերա՝ընգսէյեեչքաէ.Վ^իէ֊ր^պա֊րկէ \կաֆ^։%պ»ա. րկ (իէ,ս9ւիա՝ կա^^թաՆ Աւ.ւքւ»^^ա/^ գարձւււ^ աս անոը ս»եա թեգսաձեօս»ւ. ՚Վւարււփոսէայի ւԱէ& գյլ1է»»սթ–իւ%բ (ք^"– պքւխւ^ ղաա), իք^եւ. ^ասաա»աաՆկ% $ւաաեալ, Լի^*^Տ քՅ–սէգասէ.»ըաա–թ–իէՀեէ ^ր«քք.օ»ք. եդաս ^անրւաւպեէսսսթ՜իա^ (թպԱք 1847/՛* Ալ "•"/•^«է//^ աՆյքաւ.)։ \\աըգինէա աէւյսւ. շՀ|^- %սվաւէ գօէւասթիլ%ր։ ^արմաե ու. յրաս$ե%ան քձգու.%եյէս»ւ, ^էսբսւ^ս^էէ սէւՈէւսիՆր, §ււ»ւկաս§% էսաար Ժա^ոա.ան11^ էաէես (1847) ^դՐ՛ ւքքս»սթիւ.ննեքձ է%կա% ՜Լր՚֊գպքի գք-է՛^ « 0"«–֊ %ակա՚ն.վի՝Նեաակա% կղ,^Նեըք^% կազմհսե^աս ^ա%իակա% կզ^՛"^ ^ա»սէաէրսւկսւպեէքոսքՅ–քւայնը^ էէձգդիակաե պւաշապւէէա. ՆէէսքՅ-եաէւ էՈէսկէ յ^^գղէէա րՆգւքա.%է–աս»ւ. %ս»ես ^ասւգա^էէ 1Տ4« 1^–ք»**Գ*^ 1815 է՛» ^Գ+Լ <|^4#»լւլյ«4# . աաէվ^ շսէկաԽեյաա^ է \ք՚րթ ԽրԽւ.աք1» եըաա. Խրկբարգ ա։աւ^յԱ^$»ւէգքաէ.թ–խա%ք^ , ... 3 * գարձոնե՚լոԱ. քս^էօ&րն րնգ^աեէ$ւ.ր աժգո^ու.թեան առիթ աու.բե։ կ4ԽաՈ4ոս ^•ի՚ե աաձն ^1824-1830) աժգքէ^ոսթիսնն աւճևռաս* պքեպէս որ 1ևղքՆ իսկ Ա#2^^է«. րիի աշխար^ակաըէւթիսեշ (1830 6՛»՛–^* ^) էքէԲՑ՛"՛՛ ժողովըգեէէ^ ՚փպբր փոխե-լւ ^ոչ^եսւգ պսէշա€էն1է§ւե ^րամա^երն^ որոնըԱոմ մամու.ւ^ Ւ՚՚Փ ^Ռ ԳՐ՚^՚՜^Ր ^՚– ՚^՚՚րիշ ք.*՚՚^Ի՝ ՚Փ եարգսէա-որուՔ-իէ^նե՚ր ^արիպի ՚ւհք (1830) յաէՆաքլ չւ երին ^ոսչիսի 2^ ի յևղափոխէէւ. ^ թիսնրՀ ք^^սոր ^եաե–ււա.քժձ–էսւՈւ Գ\ու^րպոնի տոսԽրյ գադղէպյէ՚ե աքսորուսեըաւ. ևւ. Լոէ,գ* Փիւե"1՚*1՛"՛* Օր*– 270 ատևնակաւաց (բ&1քՏյ ժառաեգակս^ Ր 1Ա *՚1Ա ՚էՒր՛^ ոոսեցաւ. (1831) ^՚– կարորասե-անց ոս ^ասարակա^ պաոոաեանաց ^ա^ւաօ՛ ապսսէսէմէւութհւ^էնե՚որ - - #ք« ասռանռ սէոե-սւն <-- ՚նու.աճոէ.եցաե % 2 • ^ժգո^ութհւյնր ոուէւն պւսա՚&ւսռ տուսքլ. աոանեէոմ եւ. պաս9գսւմաԱ.որսւց ոետոոէ.է±եան ոոէսա֊^ա. աեց ա^գսէո^էսկոէ^ե՚ւուն ոնգգհմաես»աոմ^ էառսէՕ րևրաւ. ^արիղի մէք^ Փ^"՚Ր՚"՚՚"Ր^ (23 — 1848/՛^) սէպսաէսյհ.ու.թիա^րէ քհագասէ֊որՆ ի %պսէսա է՛՛ր թո^ ո-աեք ^աոիղէ կոմս^ ^ թւսգֆ^ ^րաժարե-ցաւ, ոս Աէ՛*՛ գոքւսէ փւսիւսւէ, է ՀսէնրէսպևտոսթիսՏնր Լփեա» ^Գյ ^րս»^ սէէսրսքկոէ-եցաւ. ու, էսռժսէւէա1ւս»կեաւ կառէսվարու.թիայն մի գրւէւ.ե–ցսքւ.ք որուն գչուխ% էր ՜Լամարգք^է յ^ս^ի^ "է *±.^ աւասցոսսէՆ եւ. րԱգ\անու,ր յթա.է^արկոէ.թեստմի րնաոոու.ասՆ– ւսսգաւ^ ժողովԱ գավենե-էսգ. պօրավարքէե աանՏն1քց ռսաղայթպյ^ ու. օքւնոէ.որակաե իշբաւնոէ.–^ թիլյևր» ^րէսաարակեց *կ^» 12^^ Հ$սնրապե՚»ոոսթ1քաե սաՀմանագոոսթիէ.՚1ւն ո». ոնտրե^ց գևկա • 20^^ (^ / շ ՚ֆի ձպքեով\ Լւքւ.«ւ« \^աէւոլ^ոե ք^ոԱաբարգ1^ իշիանր ^սւսարէսկապեաոււթեան գսէՀեոկցէ \^ս^կէք/ ՑՐ՚՚^^Ց Լգեկա. 2իՆ 1851^%) ազգպքի% ժողո% 1ռ 1852^1^ |1««էւ ^* անու.աւ1հ.է \^աթու^ոե է^կ կոոմաե1է ոստհկւս^ ՚նոսթ ևան եւ. դ^ոսորսւկաՆ պօրոէ֊թե՚աե Արպւ աեցաՆ՛^ երկէէէթեպո բւմնակով^ մի երկրթե խաղաղու.թիսեաա կանգում բոՖսւհ՛ ւսաեՆք է^կսքա կողմն§ե1^ քանաց է՚-ր իշքսս^ու-թիւ^Ա սէմիէսցոեեէ^ գէսզոիւսկան աղգայնու^^ թ-իսաւ ու. փաՈյՕր շողղռորթոռ էսրաաբք1ն է/"՛^^ ^աղպռսէկ$սեոԱ.թե՚այիէ ^րիաւսեիաէի ^ե՚ա գաշեւս^ 271 կոտրե՛լու. 0անացւ քիու^սիւ^ի \\օ\) եւ.\^ւ.սարիւաի (126) ՚1ը՛^ ըբահ– ^աղԲ֊ոսթիւձւեերով^ կւ.րոպաո, կան ռաոպռականոէ^ւժեան մէՕ՝ գ^աոոիաւի աո,սււ.եէ իշ1սանա.թիւ^ մի աուաւ. • որ ^աօիւ. 1 օ 7 1 ^ (132) գերսԴսնիէ^քւՆոր կերպարաեօ առնէէէռվԱվերցաա-է՚կա», րոէկոե գ. • ամհս^ացաւ. 1 8 3^^ \ք^գ^հ^ Մ՚^գէՒ՚Ջք յձպաՆիսէըւ^ղի Ղ^ք^պ*^^ կոմսոս^է^զխ ^եա* որմ^ ոէ–^ ՚նեցաւ. 18օ6/՛^ կպյսերական իշխանոէ \րևռաւ. %արոլիմե \Տ^գղհէգքի Զիղռչ^ք՚-ր՚՚գ գ^ղռ 1873» Գ^աղղիա (528*000 ^«ւ • ^աղարամկգրաաււահ– • Ճրլ 36^է *Փէ» թ^՛ •) ^ւէա-Փ՚՚էՀւքքդ՚՚՚փ՚՚Ր""–^^^^^^ եէոեւ. , էսրսւեա»*»իյք • էսաւ-եսէորսքէ է/շակաա^թձէսն ոէ^ ազգայքճւ գարգա^մաԿ» մէք շասէ յասռյսքա^ա§է– ։ Փեսէրււէ^է»ւրի յեղափսխսւ-թ՜էք^ւկ՚ն եաեւ. թարօրսէ-թ-իւնն ի%կաւ. Խհ. աղգայթհ պարաքղ 12*000 *ֆլ» ֆըաեգի ձչաէ.է ՚Հ^էաթ»ք1^էւն շաէո ^»գ աարսււ. ընկերւէ0կաե աւ. ւսզգաէիՆ իրաա, մեհ–ս§գաւրձ– 9քմհւպԿ$եքսյ% ՜ճւսմխաԿէերավ 01. շիՆոէ.թ–իւ11ւեերով, քանաօ գւ»րհ–ւսվարսէօ ռբ.ւսղսէ.»Ր ւՌ գաեեէ Խէ. անոԿա վի՚ճսէկր աքա^էէէօըԽել* ա֊ր »»էնգի(ք՚Ն սւա^^ աա.էու»»–ր ել. սսրոա^եասւ գիէո$»ւ.թ–եսւՆա եւ. սւրէէէ..եւէաԽ/ Հօ»» էՈաշխար^ակա՚Ն ^անգ^ա՚ներՎ (^ւՏեե * 1867. 1878) ^^չյւք է« %աԽա– աա^ւ.է1քրակա% գաշ^^ղթեԽքսվ^ յս»>ա.էս^ա^աե է 185* \\^^\^ •*- Հ՚^^ւՀ՚^Վ՚^Լ; 1՚Ւ՚*Ճ Վ^^-՚հԻ ՚՚^է^Ր –Ա" Գ՚^ք*֊– •♦^լ1**1"« \^պա1,իաէ - 2. Ը՚Հ յաքբքգԽյք ք>ակ–».Խյքա՚Խ ՀարաէյւԱքքԽ 1ձ,՚^ւՓհ՚%ւԻ ապա՚Խքէակաե երկիրԽԽրըէ - 4* ի՚%ձ փ"՛ փէէէ❁ւէա.թ–իա%ՆԽր կրեք իքքէդյէէ^կալ^ 18204՝՛^ Խստը » գպքթ» ժողովեր» \Գորգկ^երու\ 181 ^ք^ ^ԱաՆ սա^^ աՌմեագրա.թիւ.1եր ^եր^՚՚է-ք եէ. ^աչահ^հց անոր աաշա^ պաե%ե՚րըէ թ^է-սքէա \^յերիկա ե-րթ-ալու. որոշոէ֊ահ– գնգօ-րուՖ սէպսԱքամհոԱ-թեսամրւր^ թագսասոր^ն սաի^ պա^ե՚^աւ. ( 1 820) գորգ1^ւքևե–րու. սսւՀյանագրոԱ-թե-աե երգու.§Ր ոեելյ րօ^^ ՀԼթրոնպ^ի արքպյաժոոով^ մէք 272 դիսքկաե օւսԽաե միք որոա^ աամե^ոէ^էսհ՛ 4։հ> պքս ոբոշ^ ման գոոհ–ագրու.քՅ–իւ^ըյէ դթագաա-որև իր ^աուս$շու.է»ձ իշ^աեոէ.^ ե՚աեր մհք ^աէ»աատե^ է վերըոռևւէ՚ն ետքշ^ 1 8 3 3^՛*» ^«–/» ^ո*.»յ"/ւ/ք՝ի«ք<**««յէէԸ* ք^* ոոէէէ^Ն աեոամաոևօ իշ^անոսքժէւ^Խ իր մա^րր ՚Քրի»–^ աիՆ^^է ^՚աց որոմՀեէոև՚ւ. ԳՀսէսգե՚ան գս§ւ.աոնևրն ••«. •կամար րա ^երգքւեաեգոէքԱե եղջ.պյրր ՚կսէրոլոսր ^ ««.«. դհք^ է անոր ^ամար օլսւղսւբպյ^ ^՚^է^ Պ*, փրթաս ք ոբ ե՚օք^ը աարի մհէե-գնու-քժեասմի ու. կէսասւղոսթե-ա^բ. շարոէ^ակեօաէ. : Վ^րքապք^ս կարոչոս (իսրարգէր^ք^ յաոթ-ու^ելով^ սաիպոսե^աւ. 1839^^ գաղռի"՛ ան^^ *եիէ% \%սրարգ1^րա 1մե»ս»&էկէսէէժ€սգու.^լյա»ն ^րաժար.ա^ մաեք^% ևաե՚է, ք\օ*±. Լի^ Ր^Գ ^՚մնու^ր իէեամակա§ ճաեչ^ ոու.1րըաս, ք-՚՚^ց 1843^^ \^պաեիպքէ;ն աօսորւէսե^աէ֊է 1868/՛^ ^լ)ճո^ա.յ գաաիղի մէՕ ապստամիու.թի*^ էՐ^ե՚չաւ, ^ որ \\երրւյսեղքի ասռօէՀխորգու.քժ՚եոսմի ք բ՚՚ր՚բ ^Բ^րՒ ՚Խ՛^ աարսւհ–ու.եցաէ–է ՚իղապ1էԱա թագու.\ք^ե գէսռոիսէ փէսիօսւ.» ^ոէ^րպոՆօ-ակբ գ«ս^(^ մե՜րմ՚ոսէաՆ՜ ^րասքարակոէ.Մօանէ ^ռժամաեսէկե$ա կէսռսէմարոա.^ քՅ-իւ^ւ^ ասօգպւիւե մ-ոէսէմ կանչէը ^ որ աաագպք սաէ\^ մե^ւսգրու-թիւՆն որոշթէ \^սիկաւ ^անրապետակաա^ օօրսէէ.որ ԼոոսնակցութեէսՆ մի հակառակ ք ՚^ոսգպաաի գուքսը^ \%տալի§^ի Վյիկա,^ ՝կմմանու.էէ թագաւ.որբե ևրկրորգ որգինք \\պաեիէԱէի թագսէւ^որ րեաորԽը (1872)» Գ^պ)9 ^ւ"*՚Գ"0ի Գ^՚՚ք^ք^ աիրող^ խռոփո^^ թեանո պսէա2%առաւ. ե՛րկու, ասւրի^^և ^րամէսրեարՎՀ ՚նոր^^ ^ս^րսքպեէոու.թիւ.% ^րասաարակոսեօաւ֊^ մքէե.ա^ չես որ 1874/5՛*» «իձ-^ա. 30 հ՚է^պք^ըւ^Ի "րգի՚ե 18 էսւՈքսչք \^լմւէ^սոս» սէմեՆւ^ թագսէէ^որ ^ս^չ0ու.ե–աաա^* 273 3. յւ^պանթա (495-000 ք*–՛ հաքարամէգր աաբա& . «է. 16 «4^1^* աաձն մէ քաէւապաաիկ թեակչէավյ ԳադդիաԱի ^եա ալ%եցէա^ պ»աաԽըւսգՏևերւաէքԽ եէ^ \^ւԱէրիկպքի գսէղթ-աէկսւ^ \աա,ք9–եաեւ^ իքմէ՚ն բէաժ%ոսեչ»վԱ շաւ>$ թնկէաւ, * յձ.ւսասէոասրք %էաեււ. աար»է^եաւէ» երեաք^ ձգոա^էս9է է երկք»սգւքրՏ–ոա.թիսքէե թ%^ քաձ– •■. եքեա-մհսպթք^շաա սղորւԱրչի վի՚է^ակի »Տէք^ են» 1837 ^V քա%ի դ փափախա^թիւ%ներ»վ^ 1812/^% սա^մԽ%ա^ գրաւ,քՅ–էէ%բ խաթ՚սա^ելովէ ձրկբիՆ %որ կե՚նգաՆա^թ-իԱ^ ւԴլ էսքոա-եաւէէա^ է |]•«ք^I^'I^ գւււ^սէկէսչ»ւ.թ–եւա% կռիւներն աւ. յաճէ^խ »էէպաէ1էսէմթ»ա^ք9՚իւ%%երքւլ, ոկասէ^էաՏ– գ՚՚ը^կ^ էապաէը.^ ղփ՛–^ թ՚էաղու^իԴէ» յ^պաՆիայի գադթական«սթիւ.Նները ^լմերիկայի մկլ, կշ^ պահաՆջիի% 18104^ Հ^ք. •%/• հԿբԻ՛^ ^4^ա ^ա..«.« Հ^6-«#ք&՚^ ՚^« բանս էբե՚Նա »ֆշա կբ^ պւա^սւ.1^ր , $ա§նոր ^սաւՈսր կադմձէ.ձյքա% ՀԼենեղաէ^եւայի ^ (1819/^1^ ^»Փվաըի աա^ք^ %ւէթգաէ^թ–եւամխ էսրէւ%աս^եօ աւասաերսւղթԼեր(^ ես$եէ^, դ»»» լոսէքպիաս սւօաէո աոկրոա^թ-էւ^ ւՐ եդաԱ.» Բ"^/^ 1830^^ ^Լ,՛^*՜ Նեղսսեէաւիէ ՚կ՚՚Ր կրաձսասաաքի սււ \քգ»ւ~էս»ոորխ էէ§օաա Հանբապեէաասթ՚եա^էց բյաժԴաա^ե^աս^»^ ^"էե^՚՚Աէ Լ^^1^ ^կրաւձ ք ^կբա-ի ԼԽրկոա-քե ա/ Գ^ԱԼիվարի ւսւսսէ^սրգոս^ թեամի ա%կախ եղա%\%24էի՚ն) , քչիւէի\ւ^\% թ» \^ա% քր-ք/.– գկՆի ձեա^զ^) , Լաթւագաքի, ^աըակո^այի (1817-1837 ^բաՆ^իսա իշխաեւասքեէէէի սէսաէՆ՝^ եւ. ք^ւ֊րսւ.կաէ^աքի Հ^■»^^• րսէպես9ոա.ք9՝իա.^էնեբբ* — կոէ-սւգէմալա էէ^^քէ գ^\ք անկէսքս հբաաաբակե^ 1821/՛^. ե՛֊ Մկ''ԻկVծ Պ^" (162^ է՛ն կեր) գսէՀնէէ§կյքեսէ1 ^ասերւսպեէոաւ֊թ-իաձւ աէրն է է ԼԼ/*՛ *»"1հ՚ն «*4՚– բասթ-եաէէնս ^հք շփւէթ՚ոէ-թ՚իւ^նեբՆ ու. յսէ^օմսա^քքբ կբ շա^ բաւ%էակաււ.ի% է աե»բ ^սամաբ ււա^մանսւգըու–թ–էԱ^էնէ1ն գեա– ^էսաէԱէսաէէաձէ չխ . եա^ բէսբ9բոէ~թ–^ւ.՚նբ — թ՚եեււ. երկիբն սաբա, սաապչւ^ կսաբգի էսբգէսւ.անգ 4՛» — գեւս շաւս ես։ է։ 1864 թւ . Ա^աքաիմէչիաՆաս յձւ^սաբիսքքի աբքիգաւքա^ %աբոլխ»Ն գ,ի՚Ն աէւաքաբկելսվԱէ յՐկքիկքքի կ՚^՚՚Բ աեոսաՆուե^աւ. « յ11ակա/ն գա^ղիայքէ.սյք Մկ-ԻԿդ/է Ք՚^21ք՚֊^է^4ւ^ ^ասաբա^ կապեաակա%%եբ^։՚ն յադթ-սւ-ե^աւ. սւ. 1867^՛^ Հ/""^*՛՛^/^ բյայեսսե^աէս < 2^ Նրբ ^որգոէ^կաՓ յէջ^ (1820/^*՛) ղօրա^ Գ^Գյ ւձ՚՚է՚՚^է՚^յէ սսւՀյանագոոԱ.թևսւն ՛նման սսէ^էՌս^ 1եէսգրա.թ/օյե ւֆ աաաԱէւ. եւ. ^ոէպաԽԱէէՓ^ ք^* թագաա-որո եսւ գսւրձէէէէ. I Գ^ոաօէէ^՛^՝ ^ոոգոսեւսւթն քւաէ/^ոա^էրքաւ. » ե՝ւ. <1\եարոս յ1\»քքն ասաե% թեք օ/%օ սէնկախ ձաւսրա,*, թիաձէ Հրատարակև^է ^եարոս ^օրր մա^ու.աեք^ 18 274 (1826) եաևւք ի Նպաստ իւ.ր |յ*«4*ք»է«4*/ |^. գսաերՈք ^ոոգօւ.եէսւի թօւգք^Ն ^րաժալաևցաւէ ^ս^ը Դ\ես9բոսի ^ղԲ-՚^րՐ Մքտք՚^^է^ էրե% ^ափշւոակե-ց էշխսաեու.թիւ^Ն ու. հ^Ր 1քէսռ.ստմարութրւ.՚Նո ^ասսւսւսէոսե պսէ^եց ք՚^էքԸ^ՐՐ աք՚ԲՈ՚՚՚^ւ"՛ Գ րէԱ^եէուք եւ. գլբււսպսսրտու.^ թիւյմեեոովէ Գ\ևտրոս ^արկագլաեցաս (1831) Պ/»*»– էըրգ^տ) * 1 8 32 /^^ Օբ-՚՚րգ՚ս "՚՝ քէէ, ՚Օլ ^"՚քչլ \իէէապոե մահեւուք էսզգաւքւն ժոոոմը^ գսւրձեէսւ ^ՎԱէքԱէսւսղեռ (1833)* \^ր մա^ու.անփ$ ևաքը^ 1834/^^ Ս՚^էԸԸԳ^Ց իրե՛ն Ա*«4*ք »4«*«ք ք\. հ՚-Ր գոսսաորյ էէո ^ևրգիՆաԱգւէս կ%ոաու.րձի էշխանի՚ն ^ևա էսմհսսնագաւ. եւ. 1822^^ ^ս§սա$սաոէ–ւսհ^ սսւ^յանագրու.թէսեՆ ( 1 8 օք*^) Ր^Գ՛^ ունեցաւ. : Ա՚սէրիաէՐ ի * ին ^՚^ք՚^րգ եը 1853 ^^ ք որգթե պ՚^գյ$ո4է ի. է Աւ/^ք/ք աէ 186 1^1^ Լ«»– •^••^^••** Ա* » . ք^^;էգէա 1^ւարգուկաւԼ (3*/յ ՚Դլ*՝ (է1եակչով^ ու. 95*000 ւ^*^ • ես պւնպկս \^Ա.ըոասւոի սքւՌ%^% ս$ոօս$ս$ գւսսսօւՆէբ^^ տ^^ւե է։ \յրկր1*^ կ^ս^^ էԱէ-ելի՚ն անմշակ 1^* գորքՒարաԿ$ներթ շա»ո քէք եՆք սքս-ուսաոկրբ գրեթ-կ միար» ^^^գղհ՚՚՚Տ՚-՚՚Տ ^^՚հա^ 4՛ ք ժոդբախգեաւէե կրթոսթ-իւՆ՚ն ս*1 եբես^ ձգու֊սւ^ ։ 186* ի«ք»**»լյ**». աէա.ի% \^իկիւֆ՚Հքի է Հ–֊–Գ՝է ՚Նէ—պ-էք^ ել. »Հ/^ է ապսաաւդսք-թ-իա^եէԽրքւ I - 3 • \ք՚Րթ –^ ի՚ե^սէկա աՕէԱէցէԱէ. թ–սէգէԱէ.»*րա».թԽաաաԽ ա1ը վ/թւա^ թովանգւսկ ^»աաաէքի^» է – 4. հ՛*՛^ Վէ^՚^ԿՒ •էք. է ^ի՚Ոսկ երկիրը։ լ, \ԽԱէալրօչքի սէ9 կ^քդ՚Ժաօւոօ սաիոապեսւոա^^ թենէն եաեսք իաաըսեէյսե ւֆոէ-թեաՆ եաեէւէն ք^՛^ Լոռ Գ^արպօեարեէսՆց ըՆեերոէ.թիա,նր աարստհ^ոսեցսաա. % ^էսքպոԼԱ^ ^ք ելահ– ^եդափոխու.թիսե մհյ սսփպէքօ •է^էոքէէԱաԱէ^ոս Ա* \^^0 ի՚ե ^սպւէ^իակաե սա^Աաիսա,^ գրա-թիւՖՆ ընգունեչոԼ տ *կդ/եպֆսի խռովոսթիա^եբ սաիպեցքէնՆաեւ. իիէւ/ոնգի մ^ք* ՚էՂ^^՚՚՚՚՚Ր ՚կ*^*^պեոէւէա 275 դս/րդինիպ^ի թապՆ իր °^ԴԲ*^ՐՐ կ՛**/"^" Փ^էեո՚՚ի 1821/^^ ասս^է^բէսւկաե բէաւեէսկոմ մի աառ«սքու.աե ւՌճակր բեբոէ.ե՝օաե է \րոս»&ն§աիք ^ւսր$1ա»ի ու. \յևհ–՚ա. Դ^ցսօէ էոք^րռւթե՚սֆե սէՕ աՀլահ՛ սապսսէԱքմէւոէ^թհւ^^Ծոն ս» ^1օ31) \^ւ.սաբիսքքէ.ո^ ձեռօթ ՚նոսաքճուսեօաե ւ 2» քք\իւէս քՅ»* օէս՚^անա^Աէպե՚աիԱ՝ ա^բուք^ՏրէսՆ էաքէբ^ու.բգ ւ/բ ^ասԱՈէԱէԱՄչու. ^ամաբ Հանահ՛ ^բովաբ^ աակկն ե-պքըլ (1847 Հոկա* 14) գբ^թէ իաալիաքի ւսմէն Լոդաւ ազասւակւաէ սւսբգասդբոէ.1ժե՚աեց ^ոգԱէւ սքբթնցսքէ.է 1848 ^Ոէ^ոէ.ս»բ \ճի^ ^էսւթբմկյի ւ^Հ1 եւահ՛ ու. շոսա Սի բորբ ^ՒկէՓ՚^Ւ ՚ԽՊ1 ՚***՚*բ*>՚Ն Ոէ.օաՆ սասասսասէմբոսկօ-հքսե մհ^ էժագսո-ոբաօեան գու%գօ՚բբ կոգֆքԽ թոդ էՈԱքլու. ստիպևէ^ի՚կՀ յ^ռժամաևէսկե՚ա^ փ^Ր՛^ չու-քժէւՖ աքի գբոէ.եցաս^ որ , 1812^^ սա^մանա՛^ գրու.թ&աՆվ&րաաու.չոէ,քժիւ.%բպաՀանշ1քց(1\պր՝։ 1 3) &ք. Գ\ոէ.բաոնէ էոոսնր \^Ւ^1՚ւՒ՚Պէ՛ Գ***Տ՛*^ էքեբժոսահ՛ ^բաաաբակե–ց% ՆրԲ քսռովրսթիմմեևբր սւոսա&օտցան ք ե-բկու. ւձէ^ք՚ւե՚^յէ "՚՜ ^՚^րգք՚^է՚^էէ թագաւ.ոբեերե եւ, դ^ոսգանպյէ Ժեհ՛ գոկթսբ սսէ^մաՆագբսէկաէ» վար^ չութ֊իւ% քսէԽտացանՀ ^աբմՆոի գոսբսբ փէսխաւ.» \րոտե*եաւէ*եբ վոնաու.եցաէ,* հ**կ *կհ։*՚՚*Կ՚^բ*դյ աաբս՛^ ասէմբու.քժէսԱր (1^ Ս*՛^*) թւսգս» սոր ական օօբթ^Ն Նու.աճոէ.1էցս0է.է կսէբոէոս \1Լլբ1^րգոս ՝)ձսէբգափսւլքէ էժա ՚». գսէւոբք^ գբգռոսսէհ՛ \ոմպէսբաէ^սոց էսաոաէԱ»Ռւու.՚Խ, թևամբ (յրարա 18)ւ \\էւսս$բիացի%1քբ% ոաիպա-եցսԽ Ա^իիսՆ Ոէ-Վյ/եեաիկթոոտալոսևւ. \^աի^է՚ի ^իսս, գքւԱ քաշոսեչու. ւ^^-ձ-լ. կար, \կրձ՚բգոս՝^ույևիս 1 8/^» Լոէ/աաբսէիէմև ք/բ աք^բոէ^քյ ձ՚աեո Հ^Տէ՚ո. տֆասցւսհ՛ ^բսէ^ ՚ոարակեք,բւ^ցԳոււսգոցց^ի քով^Լգաւ.լ.2հ) քհ»– սէէցքֆ՚էն ^աղթոսկաւ. , որ \^թ.գոստ* Շթ՛ յւրիըաւեր բո%ե–ց քո^ թագաւ-ոբբ է^նագագար յնևլոս սաիպ&ցէ 18» 276 պսէշաօեէբե սա։սեօւ.ե»^ե օւ. յլա^անպ^ապեաթէ \%^* 15) Կպքէգ»^ փախչէլէՆ Լա&ւ.՝ Հււոաֆ մէքլ 1849 օք^^Ն փաէւաւ. տ - - ՚կարոլոս \\չբռ–րգոս օ^ւոգագարՆ ասրեչէ՚էւէ բւ^ 1իաաէ^իէ՚ե(յրաբա* 24) ՚Ն՚՚վ^Ր՚^ի ամէս ե-պօն ալ Օբ՚՚րգդք^ ՚Տ^ք ժեռաս է ^իորէ%^աե* ւ^պքիսիք ՚Ծ^գոեան՝ հունիսի մէք^ \^է.սարիա^իք ք իսկ ՀււուՐ ^է»ւ.չիսթե գաղղէա^խթ առթտք ^ւ֊տ^ւ^ի առա^ ^ոոգուքժե-էսյհւ* որ յչա^աեէաասպեաքէն §էէշբօսր^ակս^ իշիքաեուիՒիւնր գարձեէսլ ^ասսաաաեօՀ գ^ոսգաեւաի է&հ՛ գույթսո ^ասրյայի ու. Ա*ոսւ&1ևէաի էՆբսԽրո ա&ո&ր^ %քէն գէսրձան* Վ$րնե§ոիե քԱւ.ււ* 22 յ Աք.ւ/ւււ|1ք^ս#օ&.«ա ^պաաաեե՚ցաւ. տ Ց • Գ՚^ղդի^ք՛ ^՚– յ^՚^Րգք^ի՚^ի գէժ՝ րրահ՛ պաա^ տերաարՌ^ մէք կ՚՚Բ"^Տ*"՜3 1\՚–՚"՚>՛/՛^" 18օ9/՛^ |^<^'•՚ ւճեՆգպյի Հգոս^իս 4) «*- քՅ՚՚էֆէրթ՚^ի (24 6"՛–^՛՛) 7ճակաաաէէարա%ևրէ% ձտՏո.՝ Հլ^Աաֆրա^գպյի իա^ ղաղոէ.թե^աքմբ \ո§ՈսարաիսԽ էֆ%չեւ, քք^ք՚ք՚չէ^է ՚^ս երկիբե առաւ. Վյւկաոր \%մԱձ^ու.ք^§ (ու. փոիարէՆ աուաւ. գաղդէպյի^ %իցցաե ու. |)աք.^ա1&)է \^իաքոսց ասոր է1րպք էբ ա^ոա.թեւսնր ^եա՝ ^ոսգսԽան ք ^էսր^ մանք յըրոաՏ/Խէ/եք ՚\^կեոեցւ.^ ա1^րուՔ–ևան մէէհ՛ մաոո* ել. կարիպաէսւիի աաոթ֊ու-թիա^մեեբովԱ %աեւ. երկու. Աէ՚կիչէ՚՚^ք՛ թագաւորոա,թիւ^ե (ոա֊ր իր հօրշ^ Փ^Ր^ գքւեանգոս ^•թ» ^աշըրգա^ էր 1860^ Փրանկիս՛^ կէէ§է ի*յ եւ. բկռ դ/ւկք ^րաաարակեց 1861^^ \^արաի մհշ^ թագաէ,որ \^աա^պյիէ 1866/՛^ ըեգուձե^աա^ք ^ուսիաչիոէք՝ \^ւ.ոտրիա^ի վր՚քք ըբահ՛ յաղթոա^^ 277 թեամ^ վ^ե՚նե–աիկ1ե (127*4)* «՚<– գրասեց^ գերԱա^ %աև՚ւ. գՀռոաՐէ 1օ7օ ^ուէէոսար 9/^ էՖքւնոռ Վ^կաոր աէաասյթե ^՚՚ղ^րր ^ը^ ձ–էաղկի% երկրասգսրհ–օւ.քՅ–իւ% աւ. ՜արա. ւ»ա.Խ»Աէ է Վերքհ ՚ք»ւր(էեեր»ւ% յեղափ»ախէէւ.թ–իւ.\ձ&րէւ^ «լ պաաերապՈերսվԱ բար1»բ»սթիա.Ն/լ շաա կրեյյ * ^ապռվըբ^ գեաե կրթոա^ք9–իէձւ/լէ գրեթ1^ բ»չոբ9քվի% երԽսկ թ՚սէրասահ՛ ^՚ ^"Տա ""՚^՚^՚՚՚^՚՚՚գւ՛՛՛՛^՛՛՛^ վարչոա^թ-եսէմխ երկիրը^ %ււր I • ի՚-ճչ^ փափ»խա».թ իա%՚ԽԽր կրԽց գԽրմ^»%իս. 1815 «Յհ 4«Փք * 1՝^ ք –""^^՚^՛"*– 1848/1^ գԽրւ1էւա%իէԱքի դա1հաքա՛^» հ՚*Դ^Ր1* յեպափէւխ–ւ.յթ–իէ1ե%Խք Խքա%է ^ւ0պա11էաադսա».թ–ֆ%հ1ԽԽրքւէ — Տ* ի՚^ձ հ^ԲՊ՚՚՚ք*^ –էռ—էա. իրււ».էէիւա 1848 /է1>՛ յսաւ,աաայիաա.թէ^է% ԽաԽ,. է 4< ի՚^ձ Հեա,Խէ.աա.թի»% »»%Խյաէ. 1866^11» «ք*»֊ էէէԽքէաւպմը . ք^՚Ր/* քաէ֊^ա».Խւքէ1էւ. <|>&^|■^/ս(>»«է*ֆ<»>» մե^ գա^սէկւքոէ.թ–իա%ը . ^՚*Լ աւ\ցւ»§*. ^իա.էաիաաքքՏ^ էէԽրմէսնւակաէԽ գ–ա^ւակքք1»է.թ–ԽաԽ գքՈ^քսըէ -֊ $• հ՚^շ. կ^՚Ր՝՛ \^\օա»է 38 ս^եաի աէրօւ.թք§է^Նե–րէ կաօմհւ.սէե– գոոԱ^թիւ^բ եատսէրելագորհ՚ոա^ե-^աւ. 1820/՛^ ՚՚Բ"Հ^ էրեցթէ նաեւ. գերմա^ակսէե քաեի մի "(՚Րրէ սւէրու. «, թքհսմե1էք^(՝կարւէւոս Դկէաա^շվա^կի գ*էւքսրվէւնաա.ե ^ ցասդ որոմ ա§^է^ա աչ ^աբկագրեըան սա^մաևա^ գրակաէէ վարչու,թիւն իոթելէ գաղոիակս^^ Փ^՚՚՚րա^արի ես յքարաի (1848) տեղափոխ Ոկթեան ^եաեւ.էէ§,թ1րաւգ.ր^ քանի մի գե՚ր^ յա^եքէէկէմեէոէրէէւՔ՚ես^օյէք քսռւքվոէ^թիւ^մեեր եէՓըէէէ^ ամէէւ տեղ մամաա աօատոսթէէ^ շէ»>ր^ա.եէէն ևաեւ.^ Տ^սԽգֆւաւ^րղֆ ւ^^(0*<^» 18) ըեգ^աեու.բ շեարոս^ թե՚աԱի գւաա^մէսրոէ^ահ– գերմանւսկաե աղգպք^ ժո^ 278 ոովյ մի բա^ու.եցաւ.1 \^սի^է^ ս^է9սեիս ^^^ ընար1ք^ աեղաեաի գերւ&§եակ$սն դ^աշեակւքոււթե՚աԿ ժոոցվ§լ ւու.Նու.եցաւ^ (12 Տ»*–/ ♦) ^^ գաղքւէպյ1քն ու. Հե-էՈէ^և^ աիայ^^Ն Նե՜րս ւարձսսեահ՛ ^ւսսէսրակապեասւկսէն գըւե՚ա. գևր՚ն ետ մղոէ.ևցա\ւ %երմն ալ <;ասարակապետակա% կոոտէսւկ^ա֊քժ եաե ^անէսէէ ռաեազաե էեոափո1սոս–^ ԹիւնՆէ՚րը օքւՆու. ղօրա-թեոսմե. ՚նոէ-էսճոսեցանՀ ՝^էի^ Գ "քԱ^ յ՜ողով^ն 1849 ք՛^ ք 0*"՛/"" 18) ^բաաաբակու. ^ ահ՛ սէս^յանագրոէ-թ հւ.%ր իրուսէօւ չըեգէէւ%ՄցսւսՀ \քրբ ասոր ւԽպւ ^րուսիսչյ^ սէռաՕարկուա^ (1800) §ֆու.թեաե ստս^ժաէքԱ^րու.քժիւ.Նր ա^րոսթևօքեց մե–^ Նագւոյն մասքԱե ոնգու.՚նե–ւի չթղաւ. ք \^սս$որյիսչ^^ քաէէռովը (1801) գսւր^օոսւ գեոմանակաե գէսշնէսեցա-թեան ^հ՚ե սա^է^%սյգրութ^ւ%ր \ասսէւսս1ու.Մռէսւ. : տէՍէդպռպւէաօկրթ՚ա^թ-եաե աեէՀսւ.շա ՝սէռսւքքւ\/ն է ւ ^բռա^սիա, –(1^^ (182Ց) ^^արռսսէձ– մաքսի ընկերօւ֊թ՚եսւմի — արսա^ յէ9 մաան \^ւ֊սւոբիաւ1^՚ն պաս։ » սւյկ՚Ն գերմա՚նասկաա^ «"4՜֊ ոսւ.թ–իս%՚ներբ • - - ներքին աւո^ու–ԱէՏ$».ր սա֊ էսրա.եսէս սօ^եւ^ րնգսէրձսւկ սս արասգ օարգսէռու.ւՐ ւՐ սւռէՆ է կրքՅ-ոսթիա-Նբ կ^երւՌսեիայի ^ասսսւբսւկ ժոդսվրգեաե »քէքէ **՚–ըէշ էա^% աղւէեքկ՚Ն աւ֊էլի 4՛ * 2* Հ^ւսսաբիսէկաե կաւսրու^թիւՆոք \^ւսբւոի \օք՛ ^1848) աասաա$դւութՏոս՚քդւ •<~ ^ե-գգեո^նիկ իշքսա^ ՚եթէ եբկիբբ^թուլաաւթ՚ն^ 1835^^՝ Փք ^^՚յ^^յ»»* ^՚ի յ*»՚9^ԲԳ՚*»լ փՆքԳ՚է^***^Գ^^*^ Ա* Կքք^Բ՝ ^Ր՚՚՚կ փախա, \երլ^ն ու, մամաոյ ւսղաէԻոա.թէւ% ե՛ս սէս^մանստգբակսէե կառսէմաբու.թ–ք§ւյե խոսէոացա֊եա^^ հէոեւ.ք - ^ սքբիւս^ ՚նա^ե՚դ %&–լք0իՆ պաէոեբաօմԽց սէսպաբ1^Ծ աՐ^եդաւ. ւ ^բակպքի ւ^ք (ւ^ուՆիս Ո թե) ե՚չաէՒ աէր»է.ե*մե էթպըս,^ աայիոէ.թիւ.նբլ նոսէսՀՕքց Վյ^աիշկբէ-ց ^^ու֊լիսի ւ^քէ ոպօ եւահ՛ \ռա1պսէբաառթեեբու1»՛ էէսղ^եց ^էսաք^ցթի • Վյքքէ՚^աք (՚^՚-բ աէԱէՈ&բւսաֆ պաշսքԵնե՚ա^ ^ \ագէուր 279 րնաոոո Հու^գսսրիսէօ^րյ Վ^^քՆսէիշսր1^^պ^ ու. Է^Հա., չհշէ^ եսւ յթաշու.ևլու. ^աբեագրևցաեւ ^սչք^ ^ՐՒ (գևկսէեյի» Ղք^յ Վի(քրդ1ւե անգոս Ա« ի ՛նպաստ իէ^ր Փք^*^*լէ*\^^Գ**Պ*^Հ^1Շա* եոբօրորգւղյն ք գա^քե ^րա^ ժս/րե-ռս/Լք եւ. 184:9/՛^ \^՚*՚ր^է ՚4^ աւստրիասեան կա։սոոէ–^^հքան ^ամար %որ սսէ^մանագրա թիսն մհ ^րասսէԱէՈաեոսեցսւլ ^ ^ունգսէոաեան Աքղգւաթե ժոդոա, վԸ-է Տէպրկթքի մէչ^ (\1պր՛ 14ե) Հապսպուրկ^րա1ե–լո,^ թսէո^գև-ան ցեղն Հունգարհսլքք» գա^^տ ի%կս§€է ^րսէաարակե-ց է եւ գ^ոշոսգո Հու.՚Նգարս*կսՖ ^աերա^ պեաոսթեան գահերեց րնարեցէ ^եպեք ասսարի^ սէկան բանս9^երր^ դոլնոգիք Վյ՚^Տ^Ւ * ^^ՀգՒ "՚՜ գոմոռՆի 7^ակսէանեոոմԱք ւֆՆչեւ. ^րե^պք-րկ էքղոսե^ 0Ս/1&1 Բ^քՅ ^՚՚՚^՚գեվիչի աակ հունիսի աէք ւսւռաՕա-Խ, բոո ո.ու.սսէկան բսքնակ^ առշեւ. Հոսնգսքրս»ցքւօ աեոի ,աալու. սսէիպուեցանՀ է1<՚ք*/> ՚Խ՚^1 «՚ւոէւ<ա^1& ժողոմկն (28 0՛"–/^՛՛)^ Ղ՝՚*2Բ՚–գէ ս՛եռ ^րսւյանապետ սանոսա^ ս/նուԱքհ՛ \\ե<^րկե^ աեձ՚նսւտու ր եղաւ. ^ երբ յ^ւ.սարիա<^ ցԽէ Հ^արէս»ւ.ի ասռսէքնորգութեամի ^պյսի եւ. վԼիլա^ կքշէ քոէէ(\\ւ–գոստ. Դ եւ. 13) յ՚՚՚ղթեցի՚եՀ գոշոսգյ *^ե՚ք՝ եւ. բւմնակթէ մեկ մասո ^աճկասասքն փաիաւ.* ոըովյք^րատքէ ք ^եգերւԽ՚Ր***պյ^է "՚՛ գոէ/ոռՆի ամիու/>^ թիւյւ^եր^ ^անձ՚նուեէ^^ եպքրէ ապստսքմիու,թքււ%ո ք^եպսաեւՌւերի մե^^ ՐՕ^Ց"՛՛–^ 3. ^եպե*« ւ^^Օի՚ե Փքձ՚է՛* Գ*»–ւյէւք*»«» Գ ^րոսսիպյի թագաւ.որթւ յ՚»՚քըբգ՚"լ Փքէ*ք • Գ^՚^^\;^ Տ^4* «ի. 184։8^^ք յ^արա \օ^* խոստացահ՛ էր որ . ^երմանհան գօ»շնսւկցեաւ աերու-թիէ^ ւՐ ընե ^ Գ՚՚՚շ^ %ակռեաւ րանակոէ§ ու. ՚նասսէսէորսղուք եւ. սա^մա^ 280 %ս»գոաեաե վարչոէ-թիւն մի ա«^| ^"ՕՑ *Դ)^^Խ՛^ ՚հդքե օրր ^երչ^ի մէք արիսնա^եո ապսաէսւֆ.ոէ^^ թիԱ^ ւՐ ե-րսւ. • որով էՏՏ^^ՐԲ. •էէ՚՚՚՚ԼՔ^^ ^եռաեաչոս սաիաոսերօանէ ^ոօթեի սւասաամբու.թէսնր ՝Ծ*^յԷ՚՚Է ա^0 ՚նոսւսճոէ-եէ^» եւ. է»ե–ւ մի ռւսղպթնհրու, աէ9ք պ^ոս օօբոսթօ՚սէւՌ. քսսւղաոուսթիայերգէսրճօ՚էԱէ ^ս»ս^ աաաոա-եադՆ ե՚սւքրք րեգ^աեու^ր ոնսորսԱ^էժ-եստմբ. գսա^^ մարու.ւսհ՜ ժողովը^ \Գ*ե՚Լսա* է)է§ն\ լոԼ^ոսՄօաէս եւ. պքե օոո ^ոսւս»սւոսէԼա.ահ՛ սսւ^մանագոա^թերսւե ^րոմաո^ սոսւեր ասւսւգւսմասոոէսց սեՆսոսսնեհոմն ^էսէ-անոս*^ թևաԱիո գունուար ՕԼք՚՚ե լ18&0) "՚էր՚՚է-ք^եաէէ ի բրել. ^իէԽաեաե օրե^ք ^աեչքոէ^եռաւ.։ Փր^Գ^րէ** կոս գոսլիեը1հս դ^,ի՚ե յ՚՚՚^րգեց ^1861/՛^) էր ^դ^ ^երեց՚՚սթեւսմբ կւսօյհւ.ւսհ՛ աաշաօնւսբասԱաէ ւսւն^ես ւոերու.թեան իրողոէ-թեաեո յաբչու.^ք»ւ^ՈՀ դ«օքլ«»«. օ^անու-էժեսւսբ. վէբասոբոսաՆ թւսգաւ.որբ 187 օ/^՛^ ^ույեիսի՝ աեբ՚ք^^եան փսրչոա^թիսւէն իր ՓՐ^Գ* գու-չիելմհս թագւսժառաԱգ ոբգսդի ^աԱ^եեըւ ^* ՚կսւսգւ^բ*ի ասչքմաեսէգբոսթեաե. գոբհ՚ա^ գրոսթեան եւ. գերմանական գաշնասկցո%.թեան սա^՛^ ւՈսնագրոէ,թիւ.նր ձմնեէու. ^ամար ^բոսսիաւե՚ն աս^ ռաՕաբկուահ– գերմանակսւն խոր^բգանոցքւն ՚Խքք^վէ եղահ– կէսբհ՚եաց էոսարբերու-թիսնբ աառւսՕ բերեն գերմանական պաաերապմի (1866 Տ"^^^^) * Աք/^ ւֆ՛^ շըցքքնյ որ ^բոսսիպյի բանաւքնեբր ՀսՏԱնովեր ՚><– Տր^Դ^ աան բռՆեցթև ք էֆացան իրա^սիա^ի երեք գէխաԱ^ոբ բանաէքներն իբարոս Հճ^ա• ոս յաոթ-եըԱն (Տու.լ* 3*) յ^ւսարիայսոց^ Գէօնիկբեցքւ Ք՚՚՚էյ Հաե՚եովեբէ թա^ գաւ֊որբ պի՚Աաթափ եղաԱ,» ոս ՜Աւսաբիա՝ Վյ/նեաիկբ գաղղիացէ.ոց կպասեր աու^ասք թեպե»" եւ-՚Աչպբէիս՛ ւ^՚^սս՚րի՚^ի աբթիգոկքսքլ ^բու.սիպյի ^ետ գաշնակից ֊1 281 րացԽէ ՝ք^ա/ե^ աեգ^ «սեցնելու. ^սէրևագոեռաե ու. ^րոսսիաց1տ ^ոկհէ օօրսւպեաին էսռւս^ոոգոէ.քժեէսւդւ Տ^րանգֆու.րգ մէոանէ Ա^^. եռահ՛ ժաօՏսնւսե^ օարեթե լլ<– ւ^սք Հւ^աօ^օ ՚իաալաեաե %աւ.ւսսքորւտղը \հսսայէ յէ՚՚՚Լ* ՚կ^գոչսէսու.ո1էքւ ՚նւսէէսւեսէոգ րւէսղաղու,քժեոսե աւամա՛^ ՚եագոութ եՆ1^ ճրաե՚Լք ■Վհէ^րգ^նպէրեք քկւսւիև-թա ու. Դ\սէա1^^ ^րոսսհաւէ ^օ՜սւ պաշտպէսնոոաեաե ու. ^^սրա, ձէսկողաեսաե գսւշ1եաւոբու.թ–իւ.Նեե–ր ըրի՚Նէ ՛իսկ լլ<–|ք«. տոհսէ յձ,*–գ* ճՅՔ^ ^Ր՚՚՚՚-՚՚հ՚՚քւ^ ^ե-սք ^րս՚եհ քսաղաաչս՛^ ^էւ^ւն րբաս* ոբու.1ե ^ք ^աւ-աեեցաա^ գե՜րմա՚Նւսկս^ գս/շ1եասցոա.թս–աՆ չու.հ՚ու.&չույե* սօ֊&չքւ աեձոսե գս$շ^ %«ակցու^եան մի կաղմհւ.էքչու.% ք դջր^ ^րոսսիւէ^ի թսք^ գաւ^ոքրք ՚ ՚^պքեբե ^իսսիսւ^թև ^՚՚Դ՚քհ "(է՚՚՚է ^է^՚էր* եւ. ւոմպարա^սեաե վ1քեե–աւսեսԽ թագ»սսոոու.թ–1քա1^ իաւսչք^ւաի ^եա մէաԱս§էոսն\ ^ոոս,սիաէի թօէգւսէ֊ոբր ՜էյէպոա-իկք Հոլշդպքն^ ՀաԱԱովկբ ^ Հկսսէքն գասսէլ, ՚կսւսսսաւ. ու. ^րէտէնգֆուրռյև՝ իր ա^րա^թեաե ^եա ւփացրներ/ն եաՄա.ք ^իսսիսւահՆ գեր§^էնւսկան գս՚շ^ %ակցու.թեէմկ գաու.է»ե աեցաէ–^ ասբր է^քմտսԱէ գե՚ր^ աՈսեիաաի տ^րոսթէւաներ^ յձ,ւ.սսէրիասւ11^ ^ Դ^սաէ.իե՚ր§ա^ է^ք Վյ՚՚՚րգէ՚՚^էրկէ^ "՚՛ ^աաընէ-ն օաա։ Աք0Հ՛ 4է"91 ^արօէէ.* գերէՈ$էնֆւէլյի ա(;^րութիս1էՆերրյ գրք՛^ ^արոէ.^ "Ւ՚՚&Ւ ^^՚" սւաշապսւնոդակաե ու. ւսւրճէսկոռակսՖ գաշ/քեբ ժիք իրարու. սսւ^ւՈածէեերն աւդւոո^ պա^Ա§ոս ապա^ոմացո4.ցմաւ&. : . յ^է^սարինք^ի է^քյ գժրսւխտ պաաե–րաա^% ճ^«. աեւ-է սկսաւ. վերաԱսրոգուք^-իէձէ մոՀ ^առսքքոԱաաև ^ու^գէսրակէէէե սա^յանագրուք^-իւ^ր կէսսաաաու.ե^ ցաւ ^րա՚եկ, Գովսէփ կ*^՚»եր իէշգի ՚^Լ (1867) ՚ ^սՏԱգիսոսթեսէմի Հոսնգարիւսւի իժ-ագէաւոր պօա^ կոէ^ևէէվԱ է 282 Հի՚նան յ^կ աէդ^ա>ւ.%էըավ^– Տ6^/է ՚ֆլ՛ թ^՛՛ ^ւ 650.000ք«>. ^էապարէաւ^գր էոաւր «^ ւսւ1ե՝նաա^ս Հէէղավ աւ. երկ(ւս»էդակէ$ս^ քՅ-եսւմի I քւեքլքչեքաւ. կէէսմաեւ^ \քւ.րապ»էսի սէւՈէ%էէէ^»սրւաէււէէո էքկիր^ք 4՛* Բ՚^Ա է-րկւսրաէաեւ. պ՝ս$ս»երսպՅնԽքւ»յ բա0րօրաւ.ա, թիա֊%էլ շաա կրած^ •<. եչեւյձւաքչ^ խ^քյ^ վե^՚^կի ^ձ է * ^ր»ւ.աիա (460.000^––. հդրմկ.ր,աար.2Տ\/^յիչ^.բ%.) կւ-էէէւպայի ^ի^պ. աււաքթէ աէրւ»ւ.թձա%չք յէքխ՚նք աաբա^ հ^0ւթեա%, իՆչպ1^է1 %աեա. քթ%ակչաչք կադւ/ա%է ամե%^ն ադ^ քօք1Ո% ոա^պպաիկՆ է . |էա^ իբ ղի՚Ն»է.սրօքկա% գբաէ-թ-Խասմքա^ իք կսՕւանսւա-ոբեսււ վարչ»ւ.վՅ՚եսէյբն աւ. ժււղսվըգԽա^ քէս^ ղպթակքթոա^թեամխլ \,սքապաԱի է/բՀք շաա յեհ՛ աղգէ^ ասւքՅ–իա–Ն ոս%իէ Հիռսիաաէ/իՆ գեըմաՆական գաՀնակչքՈէ.թիւ.՚նչլ 47500Օ քա.»^պրմէգր*աաբա&* եէ^ 29 «(^ձ.* ք^* "^է* Դ*»ք^ակ^»Լ^,, թ-եասՆ օր^;%ագբու֊թ–իւ֊%բ^ ^ԸաՀք գւաշնաակ^ոէ-թ-է-ան քսւ՚ր-ա. ^էԲԳ՚Ժ՛ Լ՚՚Ր՛"֊^ ՚^քԼ ^Ր՚"–՚՚1"՛՛ աէ\ի 17 ք \1^աքոաՆիաէւ 4 1 ՜էլվեբէ^ւ ռւ. Գկ§»սւ.%շվայկ՝ է՜բկէբկաւ. ւ իւէկ ա»ա^աե–%եբբ^ ՚^Ա՜ ա1կկ ձսսյ%\ I եէ. ընգ^անոէ֊բ ու.ղռակի ր1եսաբաւ.թ–եամբ եզան՛ աղգայիՆ ժէ*ղովի՚ն ձեո^զբէ դ%աշ^ակցսւ.թ–եաԹ գէաէ^բիա. ^սԱ.թ–իւ%ը^ ք^բւէւ.է$իա^փ ձեատեւ է՛» աբ գաշ^ակ^»ավՅ–իւ.%% բաաադգայւ իբասա՚ե^ՆեբկայայքբեէԽլսւ.^ պաաեբադմ^՚^բա^ աոաբակելու. , խսէղաղսէ֊թ-իւՆ եւ. գաւշիԴքօ գէաելաւ. ք գեա^ պա՚Ն՚նեբ 1սբկեըէւ. եւ. ս^1ն է իբսո-ու^քք էէւձի, եւ. գաշ^էաւ^ կսու.թեան ասւմպքսԱի՚եէ աս եէէվա^իՆ Գ^Ր՚՚՚Տ՝ 4Բ՚^ ՚էէքք՛^ ^բսէմաՆաաաբ Հ։ (0** 132)* վիճակի յէլ հ Գյ՚ակ ՀԽ,ա».Խաոֆաէ - 2, ի՚^չ փափաիասթիւ%%Խբ կբԽ^\ յիէորթէւ գւսւասռսււք երկիրեերւա ւքԽրքթե 50 աււաբւա1ե յէքլէ — 3* 1*՛^/. ^^–կի մէԼ 1/^է Գմակ Հոըա՚եաա •«. իԽքէէիա ։ 1 . Հևլոււևաիէ^ի (83 ք^Փ՚ե «4-շ յիշոա.ահ^ 15 խաօյևաեոսթիէձԽևր1ւ^ եաս-Աք սքսեաէմև 18 1օ^^ գաս^է»»կցու.^եաԱ ժոդով(հ§ Հճ^ււօօ՝ եօթր ասբտ սա թե գաԼառն&րՆ աչ* ՚^՚՚ք՛^՛^* Ա՚կ՚՚՚չՓ^ք յկւձօժԼք թ^ուր՛^ կաւ.քգ1քսսթւ^ՀԼաագք ՚կէ^օշագ^Լւէւ. \\է^եֆՀ 1830/՛**՛ հ՜ւսգւս^ շփոթոէ-թիւՏւ^ե-ր^ ձ՚աձ-Լք ^ս^ի մի գսւս^ սէոյեե՚րու. ւ^0 %որ \ո.այԼս§պեաւսկէէա\ սա^ւՔսնա*,. գրութիւՆ խոթոսևցաւ. է \^՚*կ եօթ% ոսղոափառ 283 Հեւբւ-եաիպքի (40.000 ^«. . ^պր՚քկք* աարա& . 2^/ք ՚փլ՛ բ^») իրւ»ղաւԼթ–իաձէ^Խր% եա. մաեււ»է.աԽգ պս»»սերսւհՏեեքՏն ու. գսքշԿ»ս$կյյէւսթ–իէ%Նեբբ քսսի^րգէէւբէանի% ՚/էք կ Րա՛*^ * "Ր աԱԷ% երկու, աարի »ՕւԱ մէ Զ>իւ–րիխի > ^հ^ի եւ. Լու^եքւԴփ ՚^ճ. 41Ը ^"Դ՚՚^հ * ձ^ողովւււրդՆ ալ^ փ»խսէՆորդ%Խրով կսաէՐ գաւ.էսա.ակաՆ ^ա§ւարակոէ.թ–եա%^ ձէքՈ^Հտ օրֆ^կքներ կոէ. էոա^ա արոՆց գոբհ–ագրոէ.թ՚իւ%ը^է օբ^^ոդիր իշխաեա»–թ՚է^^ ածւոա-օձւաւսէէէ^ աո^-րէէւթ-եաե քապէ^րգսքրա^ւթ կա ^սգա^է 2 . գու֊ւբսէ քսպստսսՈւոէ.թե–աե ^ձսէ&ւ.ու.–^ թևամի՝ պրիա.սսէչի^լ (1830^1^) յ^՚֊գ՛ 26 յ^՚էք– փոխւէւ֊թէսե էՐ եաաէ–^ որ ւ^այւբին գաէ.առաց ^սէրաւ.» ոէ^ղոափսւռ մաս^ 4օՊ) *՚՚1 2^^՛" ՚ՕԼ ^""՚Ր՚՚՚^՚՚՚՚երցւսւ. հ ցու-թեամբ՝ գոպոսրկի Հ^ոփոլաոս իշխաեր 1834^^ թագսէէ^ոո րնսւրոէ.ե՚ցաւ.է ՚\Հէնտոնհ գԾսաաեսաժողո–^ մդքե «հք^ խաոաոոսթՏոսՆ ^ւսմար եղահ՛ Նաիաձաբգ խոր^ԻսրգեևրքԼ ՀուԱսեապքի թագասոոր չընգո^ե^*՛ ցասՀ .ՀոասեաացԽ^ Օբաեիպյի իշխաեին առա^ոո^ գա.թ1քայի ^եղգիպ^ի յէքյաղթ֊ոէ^թեսէմբ էառսւ՛^ Օացան* Բ՚^Յ գ՚՚՚Դ՚Ժ՛՛՛^"^ էւանւսկի էՌլ ^ե-դգիա մաևեէէէվը ^արկսէգրևցա^ ե՚ա ք՚՚՚շր՚՚^չյ Ա""/՛ ՚էբ՚^ք 1832^ (գէ՚ֆս»» 23) \^գոա,ե՚րբիա ք ՀոըանաացքԽե^ ո1^ աոյկոէ,եցս9ս է \քբե»ւ. ա^^րութեանց է^Գէ հոոոու.ա^ թիս1ճԱևրր (1839/՛^) \ոՆաո1եի գևսպսմևաժոդովզքե վթր^ակս^ որոշմհւ^եբնեբովըլ կարգի խոթ ունեցան \ ՚կաբոչխոե կպքսևբ ու. ՀոԱաեապվէ թ ագաէ֊էէբքէն էէէք՝ \ուքսէէէպոէ^բկի մևհ– գքսքէւ.թիէՖբ գեձ-լու. վրպց եղահ– բասՆակցոաՔ֊իէ^մնե՚բբ ՚^իբոա^սիպյի գիմագբոսթեամբ խափանոսևցօ^Հ 1867^^ \ահէաոեէ գէէսպաեաժոոո^ շքաէսօօքլ^յ Դ%ռսոէ^թՏէան չէաւբու֊թիւ^բլ *Ֆհ– աէբոէ.^ թիԱյԱեեբէքե ՚ճսՏեչսոսեցաւ. • եւ. րեգ ^ակառ աէ^ ւառա*^ 284 Օագզքն գերման*սկաե գա^ակցՈԱ,թե–ան վէբաբերոո \ույթ*>հ՚քպոսրկի էսյիօէ^թիա^եե-բր յէէսնգու.ե^անէ 3. Հ–քէա%աա (ե^/ք հ՚լ* թ^՛ » •«֊ 29*500 Հ«– ^աււրՔ;գբ . թեակ շաա/լ կ/լ գԽքադա%քքհ . եբկրագորձ^ասթիս%՚ե ըաա քսասաւկանի &աէ«քկեաէլ I;– , գսրձ-սարաաԱԽեր էսլ չթն պաւկ»իք է ^ողավրգևաա^ւ թ.սէրօրաէ.թ–իա.^քլ ^թէ ժսւյանսքկ^\ւ ՏՏւաւքաձ՛ ա^ա^ին ւ1Խհ– ^աբսասա-թ֊եան Հեաեսաւ.թ–իէ^՚Կէ ^է թ»ա^ գագարին իշխաեաւ.թ–էա^բ^ (^աւ.ւէկք^ա Ա*/^՛^ ^բաժա^ բեք^ն եաեւ. 1840^^ իք "րգթ՛ գ–*./քէք^» Ր֊– •*- 1849 4* վեք ^»ւ–^^լմոք կ*») չափսէսարւէււսՏ– 1^ բէէգ^»$էնաա^բ կաար^ գաժէէղա^եբւաաձա ձեո^ավըէ ^Խպգիա, Հոըանա^հ՚ւա քիչ^ մէ պագաիկ, բպյյյ Աէկ էֆքիսն բնակչսվ^ աւ.հւէէ 18654՛^ 4էը. \եւաբւ»լաոա ք^>/՚% աակէ աէգոսԽսաիյւ յէք^ ՚ֆպՐ՛ Ա^^ք^՚Հ/է՛*» ^"՚ 4–« Ա«–«ւ– աոաէ-բե օր քսՏե» պօբ թ^ւգւսքձաււկոէ^եքաւ. 4բ՚՚Տ§ 4՛ Լե-բկասթ-աւ.^ դի%Խբ է եք կաթ՛ ի աս ^ա^տաէքթւ ահ֊խդյ առ.աաոսթ–իւ^ < ^ողավբգեաէն կրթաա.թիւ.%/լ ՀսԱաՆասԱի չափ չխ » ՍաՀւ/ա. Նագր»ւ.թիւ%չ^, Ղ*՚^՚1՚^"Աի 1830^ ւ>ա^մա%ագւ»»սթեա% կաագապաբին ^*^ շի%ու.սէհ– 4՛* 129*Ա՚^է1յ*–*» <|^#4»1յ4^, Հ ոա^գ ,՚՚Հ^ո^ոա\,^^ «4* ♦ 1*Ի՚^ձ փ՚՚փ–ի–ա.թիՀե՚Խ1,ր կրեց \^^ղիա ^%^0 հ՚Խ 1,ս.քյ.* \.՚^Հ Ա,ա.ս.իէ։^%1. Հ^ա* |*»շ^ պաւէււէՀառաք. հ՚ւագԽց—՚ա, թք1թագ.աիսէկւ*ա% ՚. գա%իսէկան պսաաէԽրսադյքւ » –քք Դ–. (1820-1830). Ա««/. ^՚ոէն գէ՚ենթ^ Հ-է 1օ2ք յ ք՚բ Ժամաեէսկ^ IսէԶ^նսէ^Ռ•հ՚ օասոպոսէգ1^սաՈք աեգղբակսԽ սէս^մաՆսէգբու^եան մ^Գ. բաթէրաՀ. Ն/ք«. բոգոսթ-իւնհբբ Նսքխապասաբասսէե^ (\^զաաօւ.թքէւՆ ոսղղափա1Նաց\ւ գոէ^ձ^^աւ^ Գ*ք^ ժամանակ ^1830 - 1օՑ 7) ^4/ Գ՚^*՜Ք"1Լ ԳէՐ՚^ք՛՛ ^"^^^ ՚նօիոգա^քՅ՜եաե օբթ§ագիբե ու,, գեբևա^ աղատոսթիւյեբւ ՚իբէքհ յ*"^ է^ԲԳ^Ն Վ^Գ^է1Հ^1 (1Տ40 է՛ն ՚–^ ւ»բ ^աքաէԴէ գ.«^ պէ§ւբկի^ \կբ,ե՚բգո§ք իշէէաէփն ^եա աաքհսսՆացա^ էր) աաԾն պաբապի եաաւ, ^ ՚ւ^կապկ^ա^եածէ Հու,իկ աաշաօ՛^ նաբանք^ աղքատ ժոոովբգևաԱ վէւճակր րսսա^ոնև^ա^ 285 որ (1846^^)ք ^փլէաե՝ դ^որիի պաշաօեարս/^րք քորե*^ %ի օրէՆօր ՚1^Ր^^^1ր4 աղռաԱէ ժոոուքջգեան ^^ ւՇՏ՚՚Գղհ-սԻ՝ (ՅՅՀ^ձ.՛ 1^– 3 10. 000 ^«–. ^աղբմգր, աար.) գպօէսկաՆ կէաէքք^ "՚՜րՒլ, "՚Ք^^ երկիք^երկ՚ե »սՀ.Խւի ժսա. ղովըգձա^է ւէհք^ թ-ափաԿէ^ահ– կ * ^արծ–արա՚Աե»եր/Լ Հ^գ^շ^ք^ մթ-Խւք) է աբէոպքդյ կաբգի աարահէաա-թ֊իայեէ առահ– ^^^^* ՎՀէա^ ՚ճաառաւկաանսէ֊թ-իս^բ քւավաեգակ Հապագ»ււ%գքԼ քւա%ա»հ– 11^ • վաա%ղի աէնգդիակա% գաղթ ակա$էէէէ».թ–իաձ^էեբւէ (յ^Գ "՚Քք–՛ ^/* 120 ՚Փչհ՚՚^ե՛^ "՚^^ւֆ) ւ՚֊՚՚ւ^ք ^Րհէէ" ^Բ՚՚Ս "՚արաե-ււսա^ էք^էէ ՛կենտի՛ն աաւէքսաասրը^ ա՚Նթ-իւ. քրա՚Նչքր%է–րււվ^է ՚^ամէ, թյահէրսյ էււ. էէրկսքթ-սա֊դֆներւէվ Հ^՛" գէ^քէ՚^Տ՛՛^՛՛՛^ ^՚ Ա«՚4#5 ^ չափապա1>^ հարաաո,.թի^Նյլ» 1839^> Քէ^^գ^աԱո** Ը. ես ասոր աէ \%^ճի՚ե՝ իր որգթ» Փ1^^^հ\\^*^ է» Ա/»^4^ Քրիսա, Ը. իր քէ^ա^ Ր^«#^ վյքււահ^ էր (8 Տ՚՚^Լ* 1848») դքսոսթՏոսե^ , դ*աեիւաի ^եսէ սր Րաթ՚լը.^ Փրե-գե՚րիեոս |^. գ^ր^^^ ^աեի ^9 եղահ– ^ ե ռա փոխսս կաե շարժմամր. մհյ սաի^ պէՕ-Տէօսէւ. ՚Շլեղուիկւ^ քիաեիւ^ի Հևա »Դաեա^ Հրսս^ աարակե-լոա. է — ^յէդ՚՚^՚է^ք՛ "՚– Հ՚՚էձԳ՚Գք^է ՚էր՚^գէ մէք գրոէ.էսՆ՛ սԱէԼսէխա.թիւ%ր աւսշաաաեելու. Հէամար 1848^^» Ա^/՛* ^ի^է գե–րմա1եական գսէշնա&^ութե՚ս/ե գեգե՚ր Հ^ուշէւայե մաաե ու. \քիա.գլաեարբոՖե–չքթեէ իքԱ^ ե՚րր \^սգոսէո* 2օ^ գրու-ահ– պ^ագսէգարրյ լ1՚"9՚^րգ աարիե Լփ^՚՚՚Ր *) Ղ^անիէ^ի ձեռ^ռ §ոէ.հ^ոա.ե^աէս ք ք^-ըշ^ նաէ^է^թիսե^ե՚րն յԸ^պրիւէ՛ *^9 ^"րէ^ սեսսձ* սակպքե \%սՕֆ էէ^սոազոսթեամր ւմընցաե* որոա^ Համեմաա ՀՀյեդուփկ ու. Հոլշդպլեք էիաեիա^ի Հետ ^աււաքէէէ.աե յարարերա^թիւնքէ պիտ* որ ոմեե%պյթ»է 185 2/՛^ ) Լ՚*^«՛ աձնի գէսշսէէֆ. ք ^ձրիսաիսքեոս իշխսաեր^գւմեֆակաե աէբՀ. ոէ^թևաԿ թագաժաէՆէմեգ 7ճաեչցոէ.եւքաէ.% \քրքւ ասէԽ. 4 Տ 286 կւա գա^ակա^սթեաե աաեՆ^ (1863 •Քէէ^գէաԱաւ^ յձստսոեիացիք ոս Համնովէրցիքք Հպշգպքկլքւո%ե^բն^ իսկ ք^րոա.սիացիք ու. \\՚՚՚»ս՚բիա^իք (1864/՛^) ՀքԻ^ զու.հկ մՏոաե* եւ. \քիւ.գրւէնաի$սն աո%ել^խ Տոոձւ^ Վհ^ ^ննաւի՛ էէԱքղազսսէժ–ե$սէդԼ ^ֆրֆսաիաեոս |3»* ճ^ւ^՚՚^է գռսու.1ժիւ^ւներր ^ոուսիայի ու. \^ւ.ստրիպյի աուսււ.։ կասգէ^յՆի գաշի՚կբով^ ^րոսսիա ըՆգու,1ե&^աւ. 186օ բե Լաէ-ԷՆպուրկՆ ու. Հչյի-օուիկքւ վարչոէ.թիւ.նր, է*՛^. ^ւ֊սս՚րիա^ ՀոԱդպՐտի փսրչոէ^թէւ^ըէ 1866^^ Շ/^՛" դոա-քքկ ու. Հ՚՚ււգ՚^քյ^ ^Ր՚՚՚-՚՚^՚ք^/ք՛ Տ^՛" պ՚ս՚ցաՆւ էիա%իա (38*000 ք՛^՛ Հ՚^քք^ք-ք • աաբաձ^, էլ. ւ^/ղ՚Գլյ՛ էսոէ֊բա շաւէէ %ււսսէպաՏ– ^^ » իսկ%երօքւ^ս Գ^է, ՜ճւսւմիաՆեքւաայև ^աամաբ ոչինչ է դ^սէեւ. էսրաւէւէԱէբ՝ երկրին եէսրօ§ոու–թիւ.%բ 1եսէ1ե1էւու. բսէսսէկաե չէ ։ Փրէ՚գեբիկւէս ^ փ քսքթ՜ես ւ$ա^–ա, էքանսէգբասկան կսէէւ.ւավաբէււ^9՜իԱ^ ։ ՚^ու-եա ոէ– *1ք1աբւ»է–եգիա (7ՃՕ*000^՚>–* ^աղրմկգբ * սւաբ • եւ. ^յէլ» (*.- 1813^1^ ՚քեբ կաբոլ«» ձ*Գ* 6"<^՛ Պ*^՛^– %սղաոգիէ 18444՛^ աաոբ ոբգւ.ււ/ն (1էպ.աբթ, 1859^^ Կ՚^Բ^Ը^" ^1^.^ սւսւկ»՝\ էբ բեբքեբօւ^ քիչաւթ՚եաեր ազաասաճսււլ.ս»ւ. %ւաւ–սւօէսռւււ.սասւ–բ ու. սւբու–եսէո ու%ի , թ՚աո եբկբւսգոբդ-ու.^ թեէս՚ն շաա 1ս%Աքվօ կբ տոաբուի» ք^էսգւասսբի% իշխա%ոա^^ թ–իւ%բ թ-է ՚^ոա-եէոի եւ. թ-է *կոբոսեգիայի յկ^իւ֊բպքան... չէ՚՚֊բ էոեբոա-թ-եաե ոէռահձքէն խոբ^բգանոոիՆ ձեռօք չա<ա փսւ%.ոբու^ասհ– էւ 130* (|՚**»"*^յ*«ք յ ^պա^^գաև* վիւճ՚ակի */Տէձ է ^իյակ (իաա^սիա է 1՛ ՚հ^^ղ^յ^^ Ա. (1825է^ Օաու^սիպ^յի կ՚^քր) Դ^րան գք^եՐ պաաևոաօւՐ ^րաաարակե^ Լ՚ՕՃՕ^ք լք՛"՛^ ո^աքջսակ գաշքԽ^ն&րր չյարգելոա^ ^ամարէ քկ*ոէ՚*տ աշքաաբ^ոէկաէե՚^ին յ^^ուտաւ.իան ու. ՎյսքպօիաՆք բւբո.^ ՚նկւճտ Վյտտռնսէե ու. \^^2ի՚ե\^մքսարիա1ե» ^պւ անգիէՆ քևասգևվֆչ^ կրֆվանէ՚Ա (դոբ 1828/^ ^աքսէկ՚ներ1/ե 287 առաե– էր) Հւ^ասաաե ^առա^ կլչ քաչէր^ Տ^՚ք^Հ^ ՎՀալգա1էնե–ոն աեցսււ., ես յ^գոիանոսպուէս րււՆնելբվ^ ՚իոսռո իաղաուէւ.թիւ.1և ^ելու. սաիպեը % Աււո Հ^ օ անի մր գաւ.աւՆներ1^ օատէ ւ^գոսնեցաե քիօսսՕք է՚^1 *0* առեսէորաեան սւռանճ^աշնոր^ոէ-թրսէւնեոէ դ%ու.էՆր ^ոսնէսսաւմևի սԽեսւիւու-թէւյևր ճաեչցաւ. : 2 • \ե՚^ասաանիյէՕ ^էսէսնւսեահ անևաքսոսթ ս-Աէն ւիշաասսԼրգեռ ւՖռա^ չէր* ^^ւսս՚օ գէ՚ք* աեմհռսւց աաե-քոէ-թքււնէ թեչպէ" %աևս գսէղոքէէաի օրէէնակր ^յս՛՛^ ռաչ^ էւևրին 1830/^^» Նդ/^՚փ* ^^է՚՚^է Վյսրսաւիէաչքի ապսաաէդւու-թիւնո* որ ււոսսանաԱ-էէնգևրր ^ւսչահ-ձ՛^ աէ*ն Մաևւ. | րոլոո երնրհ սէք տսւրւսՆոսՄՕսււ. ւ ն՚ւրրի^^ օհ ^րսւյւսեապե՚տո չոսա ւ/հ եսւրգ եանոն գոաւ.է \\գգ՚9/ք^ ^"Դ՚՚^Ա \է^էսսսւէսնի գսէ^ր գսՅաարկէսցա^ ^րատարակեց (1831 ^"^վյ)* ձ^ողըվոսրգլԼ ղէ*եքի վաօե-ռ, քկ%ու.սո Տե՚*ւՒէՒ առսէՀքէէորգոսթ-ւքսաւդւ շասո մեհ՛ ընգգէմյււԼօ-հսն գսէէսնէ^սւսգեվէչ աեօէսւ. ՎյVԼք՚'է^ գեա՚ն ու. ւսռսւա. Վարսաւ֊էաե ք|)^^աք^I• ( իա\։^սոր մօ*Կէ \հթ ոսանիէ^ի ոս ՚(Լր1^է*^է ^ք ե-չաէէ ապստամիա–՛^ էօ-էէ^մԱ էսւ *նու.ս»73ևու,եցսք–ւ Լօ՚^էսկստն առօ^ձին գյոսն^ ԳՈԼ ւ*՚^՚՚*"րի*՚՚կա^ ա. բոու.սհակաե ևրկէրրփսէիաեէ ^սէսգերվիչ^ \\Լարսաւ.իէաի իշէասւնս\ ե՚ղաւ. \ե–^տսսաաեի փ^ոիաոբա^ է Լօ-^սւսաան (183 ճք՛") ո֊ոսսական սլեսէոս՚ա. քժ-Մէսե ^եսա պււսռասէ \ե^սէկան Նոր էսպսսէսւմէւոս^ թիւձւ մքԼ (1863^^) ՚^^ ւթասակութե-ամի (յրոսրա՚ա^ ւ֊իէֆ) ղսպո՚-ե՚Օէ էԱ/Լէ 3. \ք1–րսասէւի ե^։ա% ու. 1Շյ>*է՚՚՚յէ ՚^^ երրորդ.ւսնան մաա. "էԼ՛ (§*խէաւ1հ՚^^1գագեգի՚> ^/ղ^մաաւլ^ կամ* Ե^/^*Գւիւ$% քա., ^դրւ^գբ*\ պէթրքււ%սէկոէԹ եւ. ^(^միւիսե րնսէկի* ուձւեչքաա Դա0$^սիան է քսքդպօակրթ ւէսթեաՆ սէւ^Ն ՝ճիւ–ղեր»Ա^ ՚^9 \^սրապւ^^% գեո– շա«էէ եսա 1է> ձ*՚՚Դ^4^^ՐԳ^ օսասս^էակւաԽ– կրթ–սւ,թ–իւ.% գբէ-թ֊է աւանեււ.ին չւաւ.նի է կ^սր^արա^էէէեբը^ Քեէ,՛ Բ՚Ղ/Յ Է^Գ Հ«ս^^«ւ<ւ»^1ք աէսասասս^ Ընգաարձակ կէ \քք» կքէադակէ1է.թ–խ.%է քավագսքէձ–աա֊թ՚իս% աս »քա»քգ»սթ՚իւ.% 288 (1856 0՛ վեքք) աշիար^ա^աւե^\%հ%ի\^տ,սրիևրկէւ,^. %ա,.աճե^ 1859/՛^ • \1է»վկաա»ա^ գձէս ա%կախ ժ»դավ»ւ.րգ^ \Խքւլ հա, վեո՚՚՚^Տ 1860/՛* գԽքաա^թիս^լէ ^աղթեյք 1878 /է* 131 « ք^աէէա4$գ4ս1է /^#^1ւ««*«փ«^44*1ւ. 1 * Ե Րք* ՚էա»%չթաէ. ^աէ^կի աէրոա.թ–իւ%ը ^ա»%աւուաէաէէի ադա–ւո».թ–իա%ը է - 2 • կգիպաւաաի աա, Գբա\ ^է Խղաէ֊ ա%էֆա^ա%էւ ա.թիաՖ,% ի%չէ^^ա շա^ւ^յթաէ. փ ^ Տ* ^՚^ձ ^ 1851^ էւ.էւա.աա^Ն~1ւա1էկակա% արաաԽրադյֆ% պաէա Հ էաէպւ » 1» \^ոլտաէ.իսՀքի մէքյ 1821/՛^ ^ղէքսանգր ՚իբէփչանգիի էսռսքժնորգոէ^թէոսյի ^և՚ղափոէէոսթիւՖ ւՐ^եէաւ.ֆ որ թ^ա^ա շոէ^սա ու. է»սս»ու.թես»մհւ *եւէւ.աս^ ՜ճոԱ-եօսէա-ք Բ՚ա^ Ա՚սէ11ւպք ա^է ^ե՚տեւ֊ոսթիա^ն ուՖե՚ռսքլ. որ բ՚՚Ր՚ր ^դ/^ ժոդովոսրգն ոտք եա»սւ ^աճի^ե՚րր ^ևտ ղ^ե-աէ ր.էքրգ1էրը^ քաշոսելու. ^արկասգրեոան Տռ 1822/^ ^ոսեասաանի ամեեաէւու.թիւՆո ^րսւաաբաա, կու-եցաա, տք^•^է ցս»մպջքւ ք(1գիսե–ւ.Ոէ ԳաոլոգոգրէԽիէ ^ո*^ Ն՚ՔորիսՀ եւ. թ1^ հ՚ովու. 4օ^ \Տ^Է՚՚"**–ւե^ է գաաեսարիսՀ Գ՚ւ/եէրրր էՌ^հ՛ ռսաշու.թեէս§դւ պատերառմևռաեւ Ս«ւ#«. Կ՛^ (1825/^^) \ապրաԴէՐ,\քգիսւտոսի փաշսյւ^թէ հր^, գք^ք յր՚՚րէս՛ ^*՚"^Խէ ^ւԺ՚ը՚՚ք բո^ևց յրիսոչուՖկԱե (1826^ ^՚՛ ապակաեե^ ^ՐԿէՐՐ* "Բ ՚^՚Փ* Ւ՚՚է Գ*"^ րւ ոաիսգրիւէլյի գ ա ^երկ ըՆարու. ե՚չէէւ եսառր^ ւ&՚հ– խա/ւ ^ %ակոէ.թե–ան մհք աւաոէ - - Հոնաոեհ դսէշեսագրու,՛^ թեաւգ. (1827)» ՀՕ՚Գդե*"* գաղոիա եռ ^ոռսիա եէաեւ.^ եղան ^ դ*ա.ռը ^աւ.աեօ^է–լու. ք որ գու^սէս^ էոաէէ աղատ թողու.է\^սոե^ մէաոեէԱէ *եաա.աօ»որմրղԱ *կափսր^^փ յՏւ՚^՚է էոաս՚ճկսօկան՚^եգէաասէկաե %ասատոր՚ա. յ^«է2ք ոչԱչա^ըեեւ^ե ես գաղռէական բւմեակ յիյ \քգէ՛^ պաա^քւներր^ \^որե՚^է^ վռ.ըԱաե§^Ա եաեսք գոսռը^ ՚օանչոէու. յ^գրիանոսպոաղ^ խէսղաղոսթեամիք 1օ2հՀ թ§ ԳէէԱ^եասաաեի աեկախոէ^թիւՖըւ գարոաքագրիպքքւ 289 իանն ու. ասոր մերժմաե1ւի» եահւ^ֆ 1863 Ղ^՚՚^է^է թէսգաէ^ոո ոնաոըոա^ե^ան X էոոոէաե անԼսախ փսւշաէք^ գ^ւՐք ^էսրկ ե՚ոաւ. որ յ^ՈԼ.ի.. գաի ^էէ^Խ^Տո^ք^ ք^* լ1833^ ռուսսէեաե բանւսկ ւՈւ գգնու.թե–ան կաեչթէ ^ու.»ա թ^ա^ա սւրգեէերցթւ ՚իպ^ բա Հէ*ֆ ^առաՕ ք»ս§ելԱ* բ պյց \^ոսլգանր ^աբկսսէբէք ^ ցաւ. ^""բքւբր փաշայի սաէ-ասսս էՈէսլոէ.* ոբ թ^ \ոէւ ու. թ–^ \քգիպաոԱք ղանէսզան %ոբոգու.թիւՏմեեբ (սոթեցւ 1 839^^> ՄէՏէ^՛^*^"՛ \^ւ1՛^ "՚պքոսօֆ. ^բաաաբակոա֊ե^ ցս՚է.* Բ՚^էՏ ՒԸ ՚՚Րգք^\*՚՚1Ր՚՚*Տհ*^ք փ՚ճառու.ց տսւ՚ՃԼասկաե բաեակբ ՚հք՚՚՚ւ՚բէ Ք՚^՚ԼՒ հ՚՚ք յ1ԲաՀմու.ս>ի ւՔյս^ոա^ս/նէն եաբր (\ գոսԼյ 1839)» ՚եաւատոբմկի պաշտօնեո»^՝ բ՚*Բ*Բ ՚եէսւաէոոբմդովը ՚կգիպասւռւ-ոց կոոաւ աէւցւսւ. հ ^"րԽ Օ^ԳդՒ՚^Ւ* էԻ՚՚^՚՚էպ)Ւ$\ճ՚–՚՚»"րԻպյիքիր"՚–՚՚է^ի) գաշնաէ.ոբու,թ–ևամբն (1840 0"*–/^՛՛ \օ)հպբաՀիւՐ փաշան ՝\^սորքւռ^ վէէեաոէ-եցաւս ոԼ \րէ^է՚ւ/ւ/էա ՛Աչի (՜յ՛ 1849) ՚\^գհսէԱ9ոսհ ժառանգէսկան հշիէաե 7%սէնչ^ ցու֊ևցաս Բ՚^էՅ բ՚՚՚Բ^բս՚գ^^ ՚\*բաե վեբքՏե իշէսաեու.^ թօ-ա՚Նր աակ։ Օ* ՕաոսսսքկաՆ էոէսճկէսկահ պէսաե՚բ*սօաւ որ ե^ Րք^ 18օՅ/՚^> (մաս^> գքւ քւէաոսսհա^ Բ՚*1"Ր ^ւս՚ճկւսսաաեի սհ9 գանոսստհ՛ էոԽ ռբհսսաոե1։հց մր»^ ասէշապաեու.^ թիա^ կր պսւ^աեՕ^րո սկսաւ. կորշաօովէ առա^որ^ գոսթեսէմբ ռոսսէսկաե բէսնւսկի ա1բյ յըրոլաասիսէ ու. Վալպբիւս մանս-լուհ» եւ. \^^ոաէ Նստկա^անգսսէ^ մ^ք աասճկսէկսԻէ 1ևսււ.ւսաորէփոԱ փ՚ճաեւԱէոյՀ ՚^ԷԺս՛– աոբհաե պւսբսւպ սէե՚ո պւսշաբեւ^ն եաեւ. քէաոէ.էա ^աբ^ կագբեցաե դ%աեու.բի իշքսաէ/ոէ-թիւՆ՚Նձբր թողոսա Լ 1 8 4) տ Գ*ադղիակաե - ակգ դէակաե (ձ-պռ^Ն սաբ^ 19 290 գԱեիակաեով^ ւՌլ ղօրա^քԱՄյ բաեակ մէլ ||(՚էք^ - Ա"–*՛ ՜ 1ե^էի ել. ^ակրաԽի առաքնորգոէ-թև-աաքի. յ1^եպ, Լգքեք ^րիէՐ ^ամպօ ե-չաւ» ^աղթ֊ե^ ^ալսալաէ֊պքի ու. իՆ^ կէբմաեի քովյ Ա»«/» վրպ^ ^էչք"*1՚է– Աեպա&§ֆփ Տք^ք \Տծծ Բ^ (Մ՚"1Պթ**վ^ յարձակէէԽյի աււեեըէվ^ տիրե^ \^եւ.աստոբոաէ ^ս/րաա.» մասթւ» ե՚րր. աեգիէՆ ռւէէ.սւ»^ կան բաեէսկ միյ յ^ու.րսւա.ի1^ֆի աւււս^որգոսթ-եէաէժաւք ^կ^եմիերի էԱ^ք^ կարսշ բունեց։ 1856/՛^ (1ք«7»"»/է \^քա\ ^սէբֆօէ քսառաղութեսօդւ՝ ք1էէու.սիէս ^ ՚իանոսբի բեբամե եղահ– եբկիբբ յ^ոլաաւֆւ^ի տոսէսւ. • ես գւԱա^ %§էսբեաե իշիէՏ^եոսթեաՆ^ 4^^ ոսնե^ասհ՛ պաշապսւ^ 1Աէէէ.թեՆե1ե Հբաժաբեցաւ.է քլ^ա, 1ւիկդաա%եք% աւ. 1863^^ վէք Գա%իակա% կղյԻ՚*՚երքլք 50*000^«– • հդՐ՚^ԳՐ • աարահ֊ . ^է|֊ 1 ք/է հ՚Լ,՛ |* •) ապաաաա^^ թ–Խա% պաաաերագմՏէֆւ էսպէէէկաԿէահ– աւ. աէէՆԺՆէբգա»քճ$էակ ե՛,. դա^է* հքկբԻ մշակ-սթիս^ւլ* ժաղավրգեա% կրթ»սթիւ.\% աւ. էէւքաէ-եպթ շաէո ե՚սէ ե%» քւ«Հյքք աււ.ասաաԱ.բշ^ բաա^աւ.կ ^է ^ե՚դաւ.% ե՛ս Հ/^1՛ քէևաքԱ^սրսսթ-Խա^է Հեացոթ աւաէցէէէհ– ձ-1^ "՚ք֊ գի% վրայ. ^<դ^ ԽբկաԱ%ժամանակէա/ թոձակա/ոա^թեայխ ս^ակաձա^է 1%^ձթ$^թաՆ թագաւ.»ր% ապաաադասթե^ \1^ յէ աաիպաւ.ահ–՝ ժաղավբգեա՚Կ» աա^ժա%ագրակաձ վար. աւ.թիււ.% աոաա֊ւաւ. ։ ^աճկա»էւաա% (^^7'^'^^^ ^աւէաժաղավավյ Դ\աս%թա՚Հեբ^ *Ղ՚"֊լկաբիաքի ասՀա/աաաանի մէկ ւ/աա\ւեւ. կիպբաա 4ք<(^1^* |ւ1քք.«էքյ(^նձ270 000 ^«.՚ ^ա^արյկ.բ, երկիր աւ. 6 էֆէԻ՚՚՚^ե՛^՛ ա^ ւեւք թ՛ե. կարա%^րնեչե% եաես,) 1.900*000^«ւ* ^ագարամգր, աար, եւ. 22 միքիաՆ րեակչավ^ — շաս» ակարա/^աե է։ 1|»ւ֊Հշ֊ գաան \րսէ^աՌէւ.էո ք^* ս$րիւձւա»^եպ պասոերսւդյ^ ւՐ՝եսւԽւ. ՎէՈ՚՚՚֊Ց հ^ԻչիբԻ^՚^քճ՛ ՚"՜ ԻԲ րաՆաակշ եէ.րապա0կ,յ1, կար^ գասարոէ֊թ-հասե տ/օաե^աւ.^ $ 1839/՛՛)^ Ւր^^ ժ՚՚՚է^ՐԳ՚՚՚է \^պաիւ.չ^ ||՝4^«" որգթէ ՚կխքՀանեի ^"՚ԳգՒշիէիֆ–վ^ խաա^ էոաէ^էսա– սաեր՚՚ւ-թ՜եաա^է յկքեղահ քրիաս»ւաՆեէսՆերաւ% վի1(էա^ կր ւաւա^րնէ/ւ օահձկք դիՆու^արա»կան ձ-Աէռա/աւ֊թեաէք աէւոձւասւ եւ. իրենա էաւԴ^ րէսԱի <^^ ^սււ֊ասսւարւււ.թ՜իլՆ աէս Աքպաաոսսթ՚իւ^ շիար^ե/, սսակսԱԱ խոսս»մէ»ւ%ս^երթ Տէեէա.^ յքի% թղթի վրսքք* Ա՚ե^1՚"՚Ի յ—է^^ԲԳԿ Իր բ^լաքադտ եղ^ րայր^ ւ^պաիւլ Ա^^լ (1861/՛^)* արօւ.% մեհ֊ արգիս^գէՆ եղաււ. է որ աոաճկօէկան %աա–$սսաորէէռի՚ն %ար կե%գանաա–Թ–իւ^ աոոէ^ւսւ. ։ յւ^^էսկայՆ վերանարսգէ$ւթիւ.Դւ «ւ. եսրոպսւկսա^է սսւ^^ մնէես$գրու.թ–իլ% պսւ^ա1»9ժո ժոզովրգե՛^՛ Հք/՛ ""՚^-ւեաէսա.. 291 (1876, Տ**՛^* 1*) **- "՚^դռգ^^ ^ա1$ա»–կքաա^ եղրքաբգ/ւ%է Ա*§էՀ,րաա \^ • քէպ/^ աա ալ մաաէէչք ա%կար»դէէէ֊թ–եաաե» ^աա/ար ե^էկ^ աոՈէք^ ^րաժարեչու. աէոիէզսա֊ելավ^ թ–ագաէ,որ ՏԸ"՛֊ աարակասկաս (յ^եպաեյի. 1 .) աա^բ եդթպքրյլ յ^դաի^լ Հայիա, Այ» ՚Գլ՚՚տէ^ Հէբ^^կավթ^ի , յրոՆգէԱէկր^ի եւ. քիլ ՚Դ^ ^՚^*էք1Լ Պ՚"–1հ՚^ե"Սէ ՚^ճ. ^Ը^ աո^սաաւգ»ս֊ թ–իւ%շ^ Հ%շւէսա9Ւ արէ^, էզաաեքաղմ* ^րաաաքակև^ Ս^~ րաա^իա ՛իրան գ^էՐ* սակայն ^ս^նիշի պաաեււադմհվ^ (Ա**– ՚^ի՚֊լՂ-կիւՐ) յապթասե^ասէք^հքհա աոսր վըայ խոաաա, յքաա.աձ– էւա^ա0^ձագքաա–թիւ%չ^արաէ.կաւ.Լ1Տ76 ՚իէկա* 23) • պէէէ^ասեշաւլ քիաա.աիա%է դ*րէա% գ1(;մ^ պաաերագէՐ Հրաաա^ քակկք (1Տ77՛ Աք/». 24, թ». 1ՑՅ)« 1870-1871. 2* կ՚բր Խղաւ. ^ըաաա%ի 7ճակաաա»1աբաը^ թել ^աԽայ,աք–ի».% էէ՝ա%Խ^աւ.է -> ալաււաԽրադյավյէ 1 • Նր^ սպսձիսէ^աե առժամանակեա^ կառտ^ վարոէ-թիէձԽ (125) \^՚*(ւ՚՚եիպքի թագչլ \խոբոլաոս մեըճասոը աօգակաեքԱ <՚>«<7 կու.պհը% ՚կաքւո^ոն գ, աերաւըՕէե իբրևւ. յաբսՈսը առիթ՛ առաւ.։ ^րոսսիա թէպէա սպս^իակաե թագրմերժե^ ք Ւ՚^Ց ^՚^ պխպկս Գ^աղոիա՛ պասէե^րապւ/* ^րսւասէրակե-ռ ^րոա,սիւ^ի գհ*^ (1870 6«*^^– 19) է գու-Փհլյհս ^րոսօիւ^լյի թա^ գա*.որր (Ղ Աճ.օ.*յ մքւնչեւ. պի» աահքԱ չասոսաՆ շաոս^ թե ամի. գու.»/արու.աէէ գերմանական ^դօր բաեսւկին (600»000 ^"Գ^) վէլփ՚ե <^բամանաաարօսթիւ.%չԼ վջաե առա^* պաեիկևսք երետ ՚ճէսոի բաժ՚նեէով^ Գ^՚է ի սալման »առւս0ա^աւ֊է կրկու, օր ևաքը^ ԼԱէ.^. 4։) իրոսսիաքի թ ագաժառէսեգթև աււա^որգռւ.թձ–ան աակ և դահ– կրրորգ րանակրյ ղարկաս Գ՚՚՚ղղիա^իթը^ 19* 292 գնեց է ^աղթ՚ոա-Աքհ– գադոէակ»»էե բաեա^երրո գէպ ի յրէտ ք՚՚^^կ**^* բպյց ^"«՚ (Ա«–ք–* 14/5՛*») գե-ր^ մանաես^ Աո աքքւե բաեակէ՚ե գարձՏոս» ^աղ0–ոս ևցան ւ \ըրաբ՚չա՚՛ դյուրի ևս Վյււէեւ1ԻՓ (^^ 1^սգոսա *^ 12 ժամոսաե սաստիկ աաաե–րադ^% եաէո-ք գաղռքւացքլթ ||*^(-^ մոյևաու^&ցաճ* ե՛լ. վՏէր^ապէ" 11՚–9– • ձ.օԹ$ բ"^ վաեգակ գաոոէակաե բաեակո ^էղոեվիլի ևս կրա՛^ ՚Խւ^ԳՒ Ք՚՚՚Լ Գ"*–տ1՚էր/^ս թագաա.ոբև% ^արձակսւաՐ մի կր^1ր4Տ Բ՚*ԸԲ՚*՚1ե՛^ յաղթ-ոսևցաւ , ևւ. յ^էցի *4՜^ աօէշաբսսևաովՀ ^սւբիսի հևա ոա.%ևցս»հ– ^աբաբևբոս՚ա., թև՚նև՚ե կարոսևցաւ։ 2 . Ա^ագ յ^ահւ^ի ւրևցի օգնոսթ-ևա՚ն հասնևլոս աաբսւպ փոր^և՛^ ևաևւ. ("՚-բ գսւզոէս՚կաե բանակրյ քղսւ ս^Ա մաբասՕաէէա^ հևա գևրմանսքկաե ք^բկբ՚՚ԲԳ բանւսկև^ փսէկոսահ՛ ևբ) ^ոմոնի փօւռսքէՀոբ ՚ճասկս»՛^ աով^ քԱւօ.. օ^\յքագ յրահոե մևհ՛ կոբսաով^ Աբաաե քաշոսևէոս հաբկագբևցաս ։ Հոս՝ Աևպա* մեկթւ ոս ևբկցսսթւ է կբ1էնոս.ևցսաւ. ահսէգԱե ա»սաևբսէօմբյ ևւ. լ 50*000 մաբգև կս՚գչքո՚-սէ^ գէսոոիսէկան բանս»^ այե ասաիճս^ի կոաոբս»հ– կբևց ք ոբ բանսէկ^ սեա^ոբ՛^ ՝ գՐէ յւ^ևպաևմբ* ճ^ կև՛՛ օբք \^բաա1ևթ սւյբոսթևաեցբ հևէս ^ս^^ոսևլու. սսփպոսևսասՀ ՚կսէբոէև՛՛^ ■ Գ* ք^ա ղ^կբ ^աե^Աևց գոպիևրքհսի • իսկ գ%աղոիպ^ի կառսէ^ վաբոսթիսեբ^ ՜^սգթէև կսչյսրոսհսւէիււ - ^ Ա^«՛ պաբ^ աոսթևանց հևսաևսսսթ-ևսէմբ՝ ^^՚՚բիգի ՚^^» ^1ՊքԲ1Լ. Աաբ աօյեսսևցսէԱգ ևւ. հանբ$սաևաոէ.իժիւն հբսէս§սք»^ բակոսևցասէ Գրբ Բ՚^Ր՚Բ Գօւղռէս» էսռաեց կա^իէ մհ ասբևաե րնգուՖևցսււ֊Հ <կսւաևբս§պմի էառստ^ աաս^ ^Ի1Բ՝ ւքըաե առաա. յ^ղգէ^թե պասշապանոսթևսԽ կա*, ռա^աբսսթիմնոէ ՜^Հպ^սբոսհ^^ որդԼ^քե հևա յ^գոէս» փախաս X 293 3* I) եպտեւդւեբի ւ^քյ իաչփօաւ^ն կողմանէ փա» Լու-է-քսաէ.» ե՛լ, Լաոնիք գու.չքքու. ^գրասպու.րկի (ւ1^ե՚պա^ 27) ռեոգեոն աո%ոէ.ե՚ցանւ Հոետ» ճ 7/՛^ ^ան^ե-ց քկաօէ՚ե յւրարա քախան իր րանակր ք 1 7 3*000 ղ1^Ոէ.որ\ ոս ա^էց Ւ^ՐԳէԼ Փր^Գ^ր/՛^"՛՛ կարոոէս իշխանթև։ գադդքէէ^ի պաաեբսւռէֆ պաշաօ%էինք կամպէգգպ^իք ^ոոա^ի սհք րրաե՛ էսսէ^% քակռերալ^ ՛նոր բանակովդ ^աոհղի տՌաենէԱ1ու.ք անկւսրեէի եոաւ^է Ա""/՛ ՚1ը՚՚1Ա գ^սւզոիւսկսէն ^էա-սիսւա^ քւանւսկրյ Հ^՚ֆք^է Ք"՚Լ. ""՚ մկո^ևւթն Լ%ղք . 2 7) եաե,. , Տու.նու.ար 1 9/^է» ( 1 8 7 1) Ս* գէնգէնի օււվ^ բոչորովին ^աոթ-ոսե-^աէ.։ \Հ1սարի նոր րաևակր փճացոէ^ց ^^րեգերէկոս ՚կարոլո» (ք^ոս^ նոէ^ար ^ — \2յ,իսկքկոսրսլագիի առա^որգու֊թհաե աակ ևղահ՛ ^արաէ^ւ^ին րս^ակրյ ՀԼք^րաէր ղօրա^ պեալլ պէչֆորի քով^ Լւ^ոա^ոսար 15 - 17)« Ա«/" էֆՕոցէւե ք սաիպոա-ևցաէ^՚նաերլ. ^արիղյ վեր^ի ասաի՚ճա^ նի Նեո մաեեւ^եք եա. է՚եւ յի արիւՖա^էքղ^ Բ՚^Տ ՚Փհ՛^ անօգոէ֊ա ^արձակմու.1կռ%ե–ր լ^ելթն եաեւ. ք1871* ^ունվյ 2^՚\ ^անձ^ա.&լու,։ կրեք շարթու^ան պինա՛,^ գագար եռաս* ^արէպէ ամրոսթիւ^ւէներր գերմաՆսք^ 0ւ–ւ»օ էս^^ա-եռաէէ* իարիպ օանի էՐ օր գերմանական օօրռերեն րո%ոսեցասէ Գ\որաղյ . կանչոսահ՛ առգպ^քւն ժողոէծլ ԳԳհեր Գ^՚դդե՚^ւ՛ կ՚*"^՚"փ^Ր՚"–(^^"՛^ գլուջի գրաս» որ գերմսւնիւաի աաենագպրին* Դփղմարգ իշ^ խանքւն ^ետ ք իւսղաոոէ^թեան գաշք1կք գրաւ. ։ ՚^սոր օօ^ րոսթեամի գերմանական ՚ՀոթարքՏնգֆան \^էցէ ^եա ք ե՛լ. ՚կչսաս գաԱ^առՈֆ գերմանիպյի արոսեցաւ֊է գագշ. ղէա վճարեց 5000 ^է* Փ/՛* պատերաղմի հ-ա/սք։ Ա«« եոահր ժամանակ գերմանացի իշխաններւէ գուչիե՚էմոսի ընե՚էաեցին կպ^սրոսթեան թագո - որ նւ^իտր աան^ ւսռաաա - իրեն^ եւ. իրոսսիպ^ի գսէ^էւն մջ՚Պւ իր^քն էաքորգներոսն \սւմարՀ 2 » ՃՐ 294 1877-1878. յէ, \»\լ ^էակաա\եր ԽպաՕէ Հայքաաէաա^ի 4էչ* - 2* |>>^ ա%ցա% ք|»«..տ1ք|>|.* Գրա»% մէւ^ Խպա^ յաբձակաղւակաւ»% աա. պաչաւէքա%»ււակա% գաշամխ ք՛^ ^գէաւ.^ 1 • ՆՐՐ– \\,՚^–^*՚՚րէ*^է ւսրաաԱբԱն գորհ՚ոց պէսշ^ աօեէթէ 9 ե-ւ. ասոր ւ/բպք իրոսսիպ^ի եւ. §իու.»իէ^ի ք Լագք՚րնե՚րրԴ*ուռո շըՆգուն&օաւ ք եւ. կոսս9ա1եգթեոա,^ պոչսդ^ է^ք՝ ՚ւէ^ ՚քեհ՛ ա^ոոսթե՚անց գեսպասնսսժոդո^» §$Խօգու.ս» սէեո ա^է&սէոեէ^ե եսւեւ. ւոսհ՚էէէւեցէսւ. ք քիքո... ^ սիա ^սէրձրագդքե դ*բան գ^մ՝ պսւաերստաՐ ^րւսաէսբսք^ կեց (1877 յ\պր* 24)» 1^՛֊ %իկող^ոս Ժե^ դքսքՏւ* ^ առէսքնորգութե-ԱէէԴւ անմէ^ապկս ա^ագ^ բանւսե մի ^րոէ-թ^ն անցոկօ^ ոէ.ր սսնգէւ^ն \\ովկէսսեաև բսք^ տք> յ*^ ՚եսէկբ Լորիս յ^եՓք՚^՚ւե առաԺնորգութևայի ^աճԼի սա^մա1մՆ անօսււ. է ւ^Խ՚՚Ւկ՚՚ւքյ *ռԷ^ ^հ ՚՚՚*՚1ՌՐ \\րս՚սք^էսն բեբգաբսէոպօչ^ Հէ^մաՆի ԱէււասքՆոբգոէ^թՏոսէ^ աււասա. է ք^1^ա1^ա սէսոբ Աջպ) Հպ^ասաաևի մէ^ք եղոո ուուսէս^ կան եբկբոբգ բանակբ |)^^էւ^ Ք"՚1– ^՚" ք՚՚՚ՀԲ^^Ր"՛ ք՝*ք ^աբկագբե-ւյաւ-ք բպքց ^՚– պքեպէս ^ու.աոթ եսւե-Ա֊է՛ \ I քրսէե՚ւ. ՀպքԱէսաանի ւՌ՜հ՛ մասին սւիբ&ցին* ե՛լ. յթիք ՚Ո» *\ ևսկթը^ (յրաբաի ւՇին 1878) կաբին մա անէ 2* յձ,ս ե՚ոահ– ժամանակք ս/եգին \յ^բե՜ւմաե–աե յ բաեսէկն ոչինչ կոբսաոմ մի դաս/նուբն անօսէւ. (27 ^ հունիս 1877)» %իկոպոչիս յանձնուե^աւ. (^ուչյ 1 15) «»*- ^ալգաննհբբ^ (^Խգ՚^Ւ "՚՚^ՅՔԸ.) Կ"^ՐԳՂքՒ առաքնոբգու-թե-ամբ բռնոսեցաեէ ^ոէ.սօ^ ք^էէ^^ի Ք՚՚*Լ (6՚»*ձ* 2^ "^ 30) Օսման փաշսւչյէ֊ն յաղթոսե^ չին ու. եա քաշոսեաու. Աաիաոսեէ^ն եաեսք ^լթէքեԱէԹ 295 Նոր դպէոսթե-ԱէէՌւ սէմէՆ ԼոուՈւ/ե^։ պսէշաոուեա \Գ*ոալ^պկ1և\է լլ^^ա^ա^ ռւսղպբչ^ յեհ՚սէգղքե օօրա^՚Խ, թեան չգհմաէւսէչոէ/ ւան^ւնու֊եռսււ. (Գ^եեսւ* 12)> Աք//քՀ> ՚Խ*\1 Բ–՚^"31՛^ քհ"՛–^ ՚նւսեւ. յ^գրիաեոէւա/էչ^սն ու. ^էչ ՚^հ "ՊՌՐ \Փ^*"Ր*յ էւ«էւք<|ք« ^"Ոէոյ առՕես Տ""^ սան։ գուռո էաւսսէոու-աէէ ւսսէն օգնոսթ1^1^ ԴԲՐ*՜ Լու֊աէէ ստորագոեռ իր ւսռՕՄւո գրու.սէհ՛ յ^աք^ֆանաէ գէսշ^քկօիհ» որոմ եո ՚ճաեչնսէր քէ^ոսմե՚նհա^ ՚^երոէ-էսէ ու. յքոեգ1;^Մերւո $Խւ,աաաեաե իշրւաեՀւպժեսՖո ան՛^ սարւա.թհսնր» գէտւրձե՜ւսլ^ էք\ու֊լեէսրիաէի ^ սէէսաաաաու. իշբօսնութիւյե րյւաչըլ > ժաո^անգսէեաե հշէսանհ մա» սէսէե I քէաա^էւիսէ պէս» որ րնգոսեէ^ր պաաՄրապմր հ^արտ^ օ^էւ աեղյ Հ^այասսէսԽԷ մէե մասոէ Ձ*ք^ա/0 էսս գսէշանռ գ^մ՝ աՆւտքապ1^^ս ու, րո^ մանգէսեք պօրու.թՄսւմհ. ոպք Լոքս&օ մանասաեգ |]*/Տ^^Ն իրիաանիէս, որով^ քիուսիա սաիպոսեռաւ. |)* Սււ»4։«. ֆաեղքի գաշ^կբր Պ^րւ^է ՚^9 գոսմարու.աՆ մեհ՛ էո^^րոսթեան^ ժողովդ^ մ՝^ սւո֊^եւ. գեեւ (^ուՖիս 13՛ Տու-է. 13) « յ\՚՚"Ր ^ք^ Ս՛ ւձ՚ոէֆաե^ի գաշ^քԱ ըստ գղքու.թքքս/ե <խՕոէ֊եէ^ն եաեսք որոշու-ե՚ոստւ. որ Դ\ու.ի, կէսրիպյի մք^ե մասե րաա սւղաա իշ^աեութէսե % Է-՚^Ց ^աս^կի ^արկաաու. • իսկ մէկաւ մասմ ըՆգու.Նքք քրէս^՛ տոնեսո կոԱ֊սօէկսէէ մոէ — ^ոսսիս/՝ եա սւռաւ. քիու.–^ մե%իսչյ11^ էք\եսարարիան* րայռ վե-րՕ^մե րեգու^եցաւ. ս»սոր գէմառր ^ոպրոԼճաե : Հայասաանհ ^հ^-Ա • սւրեւ.մ՝» մասր ՀկարԱք յ^ասւ^ան ու. ^ագու.մ՝\ հրե՛ն սալման ոսնև%ալոմ մ^կ կողման11^ –յ^որոխ ու. ^1;*մն1ցգ գե՚ա. աերրյ — ՚^ք^ սւո^եւոմ՚նաե՚ւ. Հ^ւԹՒ աԸ**"1՚^Ր — Ւ՛՛^ մէկւսք կոռմանյ^ք ՜^յրասիւ գե՜ա՚ն՝ աեցսււ. քիու.սրւ/^ր տ 0%ու.յե1Աիսք ք \^ե–րու.իսէ ու. \^էէեգ11^Նե՚կրոյ եղսւև րոլորո՛»^ ^ մ^ անկաիտ իշրւանոսթ իս1էներ ; Հ^ւսարիսէ* րնգու^ե.»^ 0Աքւ. ^րօէմանք Գ\ոսՆիան ու, Հ^երռկկոմ^ևան իր Գջր՛^ 296 քովԱ բռներէւ. Լո^ր մասէւ. գոսի 29 յ քէսե Գ\աոսքէ1խ ու. վէֆւ֊րս՚ե–բ11^ սէպսէ^ոժ ԲԱ^ւ^՛^ ^սէմար • ՚ճանչնասչոյ սա^ աոբ %կսւսամայքլ եւ.քոպակաե աէ11;–րալ.թե«ս%ա կրկի՚է* Հւ"»՛֊ կւէգոսթիա^Նբէ գղիսքք գրան ^եա ^արձակողակսւե ու. պաշապաեո^ ղակէմև գաշեէսկցու-թիւն մ^ըբահ– էր^ ոոոսն ղօոոԱ.՛^ թէոսմի \^գոիա կքԼպարտասորէր ^յթ ղ/ւ1կօք յձ,"^՛^/՛ սէշ^ եղահ՛ աաճկական ձ-րկիրներո պաշտպանե՚էՈԱք անոր ^ստմար ԱքԱոր գիԱացն ընգու^ե՚սսււ. ^աս՚ճկէ աէրութեւԱէն ճվւպրոս կռօթե։ Ց ռ ^ Կ ՚Ն111«Աէ.ԱհՒՂ, Ա, ՀաէոաԾ. — ԳսէոէՐոհթխճ էսրեհեւեաճ ազգաց. 1. յ\սիաէէքի ^քն երկրագբութեանշ վրպյ ՚ւեըէՆ աե^ սւքւ.թ–իւՆ մէ ...*... 3 2 . յըյո^աքէ՚ն մԽբգիկ 6 3 • ^աթելոէւ» է \\ս»րեսաաե 8 4 . Ս՝<»/^ » Պաըսէկք 10 5– Հպյք • 13 <^– Հք՚՚պւՔ 18 ղ. փԻ՚֊՚^ԻԿ՚^^Իք • 20 8. հգէպ՚^՚^յԽ 21 ^ . Հաաած* — ^աաէՐոհթիճԱ ^ոսնաց, բի% աեաոա^թիայն ^^^ *....... . 26 աֆՆչձւ. գարիակաՆ գադթակա՚Նաւա^թիս% փ — 1104 28 11* ք^* ^յ^^աԱ* — ՚իորիական գադթւսկանու֊թՏրնւ^ն աֆ՚նչթլ. Դ^սէբակսւկաՆ ասաւԽը^պյ1ւ^է "Կէ^Ռ. 1104 — 500 30 12* ապաբաա 32 13* ^թւեկէ 34 Խ<«*|«1** աաաէքէոա,%^ա\ 41>ք»^<«*քք* 500 338՛ 14 . ^1քրսկս$կաե պէէ§$ոեբւսղւՐ 16* ճԹ^՚^^թԻ –՚յենամեՏ– բարձրւէա,թիւ.%ը^ . . 16* ^եղոպւէնեսէսկա% պւ§$ս»եր«սօւՐ ... * 17* 1|*ք■■'/"''"^^^ ՚"> է^^թհ՛^ ապարապեաոսթ-իէձւ 18* ^ու^ասկաե ասօասէու֊թեահ վերքեաւ^» 37 40 42 46 47 298 ^ . Հատած. — ^ոհԽկտճ՛ Ա^ակեդ* պեաոհթիհճ* 81 • յ^ակեգոեէա ես ^ՈԱ^աււաաե ..».., 51 ^. Հատած, — (^ատւՐոհթխԱ ՀոոէՐայեցհոց , 23. Հ/՛* հ՚^աւիպյի վրպք եբկրագր , աեսոսթիւՆ մէ. 66 ^^^^րէ-է ^քէ–.լէ 753-509. 24* ՀւսաւՐ թ-ագաւոբա^ աակ ^^^էւ.սՔ;ական դբաւ.ցաց ^ամեմԽա) 57 է^ւ^աէ •^«••ք՚էքօ՚ւք^է^քտ, 509 — 264» 25* ՀքՈ-ուՐ ^էսււաբէէէկապեսէ1էւ.թիւ.Ն 61 20 . Դ\ւսէոերւսօմ*՝ գ^ասղոէասասա^ սս ^ձ^^է՚՚՚յք՚՜՚՚Յ ^^՚" ^^ 27* ^աաէբաղւՐ՝ Դ1իւ.ա.ոաի ^եա 66 ^^ակ ղձ.^ո>.^յւ%\,քլ 264– 133 . 28. կւսբթեգւ>է$է յձէը՚՚՚կ՛"–՛"՛՛ 68 29* ՚^ռաքի՚ն պասնիկեա՚ն պաաևբաղմ՝ . . . . • 70 80* \քՐհՐ՚՚ԸԳ պ՚՚^էկեաե պսէ$ոեբասզւՐ 71 31* ^աաեբաղւՐ՝ Ա*ակեղյէնիաքի է \^–՚՚րքւքք՛ -֊ 6"՛–* Նսէսսաա՚նի ^ե$ո ..••«..*••• 73 32" կաբքԽգոնի «ւ Աիբակ»ւ.սս»քի կսբհ-անաԱ֊մէ^ • • 74 Ա^^«»«*«ք>«»«* 133 — 30» 33* ԳբակքեաՆ^ ■շփէ»թ–ու.թ–իլ%%եբբ^ 75 34 • գ-ւ֊գաւբթ-եան » կիմիբե$սն եւ. գաշնասսբաւք պափ. սէեբէէէօՏեեբր .....֊ 77 35 • ԼԼ՛՛–*՛՛)^^ քադաքակ«յ1» պաաեբապւՐ 78 36* ^ւ>ւ/2|4՚՚՚ք> կեոաբ, կբքսսոէւ։ • • 79 37 • \ւըկքքԳ քադաքսէկաե պւսսէեբասղւՐ 81 38* լլ%«»»1^^«>ւք է (ւկսէւսւիահոս 82 1ա% ղ1,գոա^1աՀ ւ^^^աՀո^յ՚լ 30—476» 39 • ՚\ձ,ւ֊գէէէւաոս * . ♦ 84 40* 1^<–ք.ուք«ու<ք^ սաւ.%բ • 87 299 41 . Լաււ կայարՆերքլ 89 42 . պեաաա.թԽա% ա%կա,.>Դլ գ(;լ կպյաերա^ աա\. • 91 43* յ\թ.բեգխանւէա ք քիիակդԽաիաՆաա , կսաաոէճւգիա1ե»է$ 92 44 • Հք՚ս-է^ակաՏեէ պեասա^թ-եան քսէէժ%աւ.իք^ ^(է-ագաա յբ^ձ^ք/ն ձե*.1տ . 94 45* Ա/՚^<–«՛** Հ«.«<^ափա՚ն պեա0ւ.թեա% կւ$րձ–ա՚ն»լյէ 95 Ա^4^, 4^^^ ւ|>ք«ոէ«է^ է––շյէ^է 476 — 843– 46. Ս**ձ^* Գ՚^Բ »7 47 . գ^ք>ռա%%երչլաւգա^ գադթակա%ասթե%կ% յսա^աք^ 98 48* գեքւմա%ակա%՚^$ւ.ոյկակաՆ պաաերազք • . • 99 49* \\՚լգ՚՚՚(1 գաղթ–ակաՆաա–թ–իւ%ը^ • • 101 50* ւ^՚֊/՚՚՚ք*՛՛ ագգա^ գադթ-ասկաՆսսթ-եՆ^ եսք1քա. 104 51* ԳկմանՆեր^ ^ա^սմէակաՆ ^աղէ% վր-Ա» • • • 105 52. յձրեսեւէաՆգախ-աչքակ^րոէ-թիւնչլիաաւէա^իյէքլ 106 63՛ Լ»Նգսւէաբգա^է.>»չք ակքաւթիա^ւլ իաոէսւիայի մէք^ 107 54* Գ»ա.աա1ւնիա%»ա 108 55 * ^իա-պանգԽան պեաա»ւ.թ–եաՆ աՆկսէ֊աՌ • • • • 109 56. յՐ-ա^համՕ^ա 110 57. Աւ(|է/»ա«^|ք«է«.–^^ւ.Ն 112 58 • 1^ւֆբս՚պեսաաէ.թէաէւՆ Տ–ւսղկիչՆ «ւ. Աէնկսլւ/ի 114 59. ՀպքՔ 1Տ՚աքէղսլա%ա^ ու. Աք ա|ա^^<–«»9 աաե% . . 117 60* ^"ԱՔ ^"՚ԳԸ""՛""^^^^ Ժամաեակ 119 61. ՀԼաւ,աւ%ակոսթէա.Ն 121 62 . Փ/"^^4*"ւ0ք ակոա^թէէ^ւլ 124 63. \կար»Ա,ս |քձ*– * 126 64* Վյ^բաէօնի գաշէ%քւլ 129 65. ^ք^ա^ւայապեաուսկան սէբաէսքի՚ն էշխա»ւՆութ–եա^է ււկղթեւաէէ1֊որւ§է.թ–իս՚նչէ • . 130 843 - 1096. 66* գեբյւԱնիէս կարոչինկեաՆ^ աակ 132 67» Գ^եբմաՆիէս ւււ$կ^ասնակւս% կէգյսեբա^ սէէսկ 133 68* Գ*եբէՈէձնէա փբանկ կէգյսէբաչք աակ .... 136 69. Գբէգ՚Ր է 137 70. ՚կոբմԽ\բ . 140 «յ–– Հ–.*».–.^. - \օա^\^ո^^1աՀֆ 1096 –֊^291» 7\. \\ռաքէՆ խաչակիբ^ 143 72 . գ*եբ»1աէւիա՝ Հս^^-նշգասֆեա՚նչք աակ , • 145 73. 1Լաբու.%ակ»ւթիւ% 147 I 300 74. Հո<;հ1՚շգա>.ֆեա%յ վէրքք, 161 76– Նքկք՚՚քգ* ^րքբգ. "՚֊ լ՚րր՚՚բգ հ՚^չ^էք-ԹԻ՛՛^ • 163 76. Հա^^վձա^ա% կպյար^սթիաձէւլ , . . 1Տ4 77 . <|.««քւյ^ա* կապեաԽաձց աափ ~ վյքրքի% խաչակիբբ 156 78. ւօաչակրայ^ ադւ^^սւ.թիւյ1ւ^ եսքոպակա% ապէէաց վբպք 158 79* ^ա^ա^^պյապեաակաե իշիանււսթ–եա% ա§ՈքնաւՈքձ– քլարձրու֊թ-էւ^էե ալ. անկ»ւ.էԴ^ 160 80. քիւ»ւ֊բԱ՚հեա%ք 161 81. ^արէւսեակոսթիւն 166 րյ-է 1191 - 1517. 82 . գէրրէՈէւեիա՝ 1իսւ.ապՓք՚՛ Հապ€,պոէ.րկ^իի% աաե% 169 83. ^ասքփոա \,ա€,աէ.չքիՆ . - Ա^/>4:^7■ 11՛ Ա*–"֊ արիայի% 170 84* Գ»եբէ1Խ՚եիա՝ \»ւ.քս^մպէ§ւրկեա՚ե կաա^ոԽբայ/ աակ • 172 85* գեքմաՆիա՝ \\ա.սարիակա% կա^փրաց աակ — \ յ^ւասէաաՆգիՆոսպսչոոք էէէա.ու.էՌ « ՚ • 175 I Տ^ ՚ Մ՚^՚Ի՚ԳԺ"՛^՛"՛ \^ 177 1 87. ^աաչիա 178 1 88. 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I'm currently investigating <a href="https://github.com/worldveil/dejavu" rel="nofollow">dejavu.py</a> (<a href="http://willdrevo.com/fingerprinting-and-audio-recognition-with-python/" rel="nofollow">some more info</a>), and I must say that I am quite impressed by it so far. Though I do find that the docs are a bit incomplete when it comes to user interfacing. When you recognise a song from file with <code>oDjv.recognize(FileRecognizer, sFile)</code>, you get returned a dictionary which looks like this: <pre><code>{'song_id': 2, 'song_name': 'Sean-Fournier--Falling-For-You', 'file_sha1': 'A9D18B9B9DAA467350D1B6B249C36759282B962E', 'confidence': 127475, 'offset_seconds': 0.0, 'match_time': 32.23410487174988, 'offset': 0} </code></pre> And from recording (<code>oDjv.recognize(MicrophoneRecognizer, seconds=iSecs)</code>): <pre><code>{'song_id': 2, 'song_name': 'Sean-Fournier--Falling-For-You', 'file_sha1': 'A9D18B9B9DAA467350D1B6B249C36759282B962E', 'confidence': 124, 'offset_seconds': 24.89179, 'offset': 536} </code></pre> So, to the questions: 1) What exactly is <code>confidence</code>, and is there an upper bounds for the confidence level? 2) What is the difference between <code>offset_seconds</code> and <code>offset</code>? 3) Why does it take the algorithm somewhere between 30 and 60 seconds (in the case of all tests I ran) to identify the song from disk, but it can do it in 10 or so seconds when recording audio? 4) When running the function to record from audio, I get the following chunk of code preceding the actual output (even if successful) from the function. Where are we trying to go? <pre><code>ALSA lib pcm_dmix.c:1022:(snd_pcm_dmix_open) unable to open slave ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.rear ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.center_lfe ALSA lib pcm.c:2239:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.side bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) bt_audio_service_open: connect() failed: Connection refused (111) ALSA lib pcm_dmix.c:1022:(snd_pcm_dmix_open) unable to open slave Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory Cannot connect to server request channel jack server is not running or cannot be started </code></pre> 5) Is there an online music Database that I can just plug into the config? <pre><code>dConfig = { "database": { "host": "some magical music database", "user": "root", "passwd": "", "db": "dejavu" } } oDjv = Dejavu(dConfig) </code></pre>

Carlo Cudicini (born 6 September 1973) is a retired Italian football player who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a club ambassador and assistant to the first team head coach at Chelsea. Born in Milan, Carlo belongs to a family of footballers in which Fabio Cudicini, his father, played for A.C. Milan as a goalkeeper and Guglielmo Cudicini, his grandfather, was a defender who played for the Italian football club Ponziana. Further, he is the uncle of Matteo Cudicini who currently plays for Italian club Vigevano Calcio as a defender. Club career statistics |- |1991/92||rowspan="2"|Milan||rowspan="2"|Serie A||0||0 |- |1992/93||0||0 |- |1993/94||Como||Serie C1||6||0 |- |1994/95||Milan||Serie A||0||0 |- |1995/96||Prato||Serie C1||30||0 |- |1996/97||Lazio||Serie A||1||0 |- |1997/98||rowspan="2"|Castel di Sangro||Serie B||14||0 |- |1998/99||Serie C1||32||0 |- |1999/00||rowspan="10"|Chelsea||rowspan="10"|Premier League||1||0 |- |2000/01||24||0 |- |2001/02||28||0 |- |2002/03||36||0 |- |2003/04||26||0 |- |2004/05||3||0 |- |2005/06||4||0 |- |2006/07||8||0 |- |2007/08||10||0 |- |2008/09||2||0 |- |2008/09||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||4||0 |- |2009/10|||| 83||0 146||0 229||0 References 1973 births Living people Chelsea F.C. players Italian association football goalkeepers Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Sportspeople from Milan

John William Alan Okell OBE (; 1934 – 3 August 2020) was a British linguist. He was known for his studies related to Burma. Okell was born in Brighton, England. He retired from SOAS in 1999, although he remained a research associate in the Department of South East Asia. In 2014, in the Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to UK/Burma relations. He died on 3 August 2020 at the age of 86. References 1934 births 2020 deaths British educators British linguists

Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Station (羽田空港国内線ターミナル駅 Haneda-kūkō Kokunaisen Tāminaru eki) is a Railway station of Keihin Electric Express Railway (Keikyū) in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Adjacent stations Keihin Electric Express Railway (Keikyū) Airport Line Airport Ltd. Exp. Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Ltd. Express (Tokkyū) Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Ltd. Express (Kaitoku) Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Airport Express Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Local Haneda Airport International Terminal - Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal Railway stations in Tokyo

The Portuguese Communist Party is a communist, Marxist–Leninist political party in Portugal based upon democratic centralism. The party is characterized as being between the left-wing and far-left on the political spectrum. The Party was founded in 1921, establishing contacts with the Comintern in 1922. PCP was made illegal after a fascist coup in the late 1920s, the PCP played a major role in the opposition to the dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. During the five-decades-long dictatorship, the party was constantly suppressed by the political police, which forced its members to live in clandestine status under the threat of arrest, torture, and murder. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, which overthrew the 48-year regime, the 36 members of party's Central Committee had, in the aggregate, experienced more than 300 years in jail. After the end of the dictatorship, the party became a major political force of the new democratic regime. One of its goals, according to the party is to maintain its "vanguard role in the service of the class interests of the workers". The PCP is the fourth largest in the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic, where it holds 10 of the 230 assembly seats. The Party publishes the weekly Avante!, founded in 1931. Its youth organization is the Portuguese Communist Youth, a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. References

The Ant and the Aardvark is a series of 17 theatrical short cartoons produced at DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and released by United Artists between March 5, 1969 and June 16, 1971. Plot The cartoons follow attempts of a blue aardvark named Aardvark (voiced by John Byner impersonating comedian Jackie Mason), to catch and eat a red ant named Charlie (also voiced by John Byner, but impersonating Dean Martin. Aardvark does this by inhaling with a loud vacuum cleaner sound. In the episode Rough Brunch, he claims that his name is simply "Aardvark." Charlie Ant gives his nemesis several names as sly terms of endearment (Ol' Sam, Ol' Ben, Ol' Blue, Claude, Pal, Buddy, Daddy-O). In several bumper sequences of The Pink Panther Show, he is called "Blue Aardvark." Filmography All the voices were provided by John Byner unless otherwise noted. Production The Ant and the Aardvark series was originally released by United Artists. Seventeen theatrical shorts were produced in the original series, and were subsequently featured in various television syndication packages, usually shown with DFE's other characters such as the Pink Panther and The Inspector. Most of the 17 entries appear in their television syndication form (complete with an audible laugh track added by NBC-TV) on the video on demand service Amazon Video. When The Ant and the Aardvark first appeared on The New Pink Panther Show in the fall of 1971, the series became wildly popular, so much in fact that the duo became a featured part of the NBC series. Even though the 17 entries remained popular throughout the broadcast run of The Pink Panther Show, no new entries were produced. The series used several unique production techniques for the period. The aardvark's body was solid blue: his only clothes—a pair of blue shorts and matching T-shirt—were a matching blue. Similarly, Charlie Ant was solid red, and did not sport any clothing. As such, the character's solid colors allowed them to stand out clearly against the multi-colored backgrounds featured prominently in the series. Charlie also sported half-closed eyes, as a sign of a bon viveur. Musical director Doug Goodwin was responsible for the jazzy music score. Goodwin assembled an established group of jazz session musicians to perform the series' theme music and musical cues. For the first time in animated cartoons, all six musicians—Ray Brown, Billy Byers, Pete Candoli, Shelly Manne, Jimmy Rowles, and Tommy Tedesco—received on-screen credit. Art Leonardi was responsible for the main title graphic for all DePatie-Freleng entries. For The Ant and the Aardvark series, Leonardi expanded on a technique first introduced for the first Pink Panther cartoon, The Pink Phink. This entailed tearing paper into the forms of objects and characters to form stylized images. Additional characters There were additional minor characters in the series. Among them were the following: Cousin Term the Termite (Rough Brunch) Aunt Minerva, one of the Gi-ants (The Ant From Uncle) Tiny the Elephant, an ape, and a look-alike of Roland (from another DePatie-Freleng series, Roland and Rattfink) as Charlie Ant's lodge brothers (Mumbo Jumbo) An unnamed green aardvark, similar to the blue aardvark except barrel-chested instead of pot-bellied (I've Got Ants In My Plans and Odd Ant Out) Tiger, voiced by Marvin Miller (Scratch a Tiger) A Boris Karloff-sounding scientist (Science Friction) A nurse at an animal hospital, voiced by Athena Lorde (From Bed to Worse) An anteater-eating shark (Isle of Caprice) A nearsighted lifeguard who mistakes the Aardvark for a dog (Dune Bug) A toastmaster ant based on George Jessel (I've Got Ants in My Plans) German version In the German-dubbed versions of the cartoon, the male aardvark is transformed into a female anteater named Elise (Eliza). Charlie (voiced by Fred Maire) remains male; Elise is voiced by Marianne Wischmann. The cartoons are known under the title Die blaue Elise (Blue Eliza). Credits Producers: David H. DePatie, Friz Freleng Directors: Friz Freleng, Hawley Pratt, Gerry Chiniquy, Art Davis Story: John W. Dunn, Irv Spector, Dave Detiege, Sid Marcus, Larz Bourne, Dale Hale Animation: Warren Batchelder, Manny Gould, Manny Perez, Don Williams, Art Leonardi, Robert Taylor, Bob Goe, Tom Ray, Lloyd Vaughan, Bob Richardson, John Gibbs, Phil Roman, Robert Bentley, Ken Muse, Irv Spence Graphic Designers: Corny Cole, Dick Ung, Al Wilson, Lin Larsen Voices: John Byner, Marvin Miller, Athena Lorde Color Designer: Tom O'Laughlin, Richard H. Thomas Title Cards: Art Leonardi Production Supervisor: Jim Foss Coordinator: Harry Love Camera: John Burton Jr. Film Editor: Lee Gunther Musical Director: Doug Goodwin Musicians: Ray Brown - bass Billy Byers - trombone Pete Candoli - trumpet Jimmy Rowles - piano Tommy Tedesco - guitar/banjo Shelly Manne - drums Revivals The first revival featured the characters as part on the 1993 incarnation of The Pink Panther. The characters remained unchanged, though unlike the original 1969-1971 cartoons, they do not appear in their own segments but rather are included in segments featuring the Pink Panther (now voiced by Matt Frewer). John Byner returned to voice both Charlie Ant and the Aardvark. The second revival occurred in 2010 as part of Pink Panther and Pals. Eddie Garvar voices the Aardvark, who retains his previous characterization. Kel Mitchell, using his natural voice, voices the Ant. Home releases The complete series was digitally remastered and issued on its own single-disc DVD collection by MGM Home Entertainment/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in 2007 as Pink Panther and Friends, Volume 5: The Ant and the Aardvark. The complete series reappeared in January 2009 as part of the DVD collection Pink Panther & Friends Classic Cartoon Collection by MGM Home Entertainment, a 9-disc DVD set containing all Pink Panther, Ant and the Aardvark, Inspector and (for the first time on DVD) Roland and Rattfink cartoons. The Ant and the Aardvark was released onto Region 1/A Blu-ray and DVD on 27 April 2016. References Animated television series

Lyn Hancock is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author. She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals; her experiences while doing so have formed the basis of her 20 books, including There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag, There's a Raccoon in my Parka, Love Affair with a Cougar, and Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon. She has also written travel literature describing her experiences in the Canadian North. The Simon Fraser University has awarded her one of the 2009 Outstanding Alumni Awards for Arts & Culture. Books written There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag (1972) Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands (1974) The Mighty Mackenzie (1974) There's a Raccoon in my Parka (1977) Love Affair with a Cougar (1978) An Ape Came out of my Hatbox (1979) Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait (1979) Gypsy in the Classroom (1980) Tell Me, Grandmother (1985) Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier (1986) Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure (1988) Nunavut (1995) Looking for the Wild (1996) Winging It in the North (1996) Yukon (1996) Northwest Territories (1997) Western Canada Travel Smart (1998) Destination Vancouver: a Port City (1998) Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon (2006) Awards For There is a Racoon in my Parka: 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice For There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag: 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection For Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award References People from Perth, Western Australia Living people Australian writers People from British Columbia Photographers Year of birth missing (living people)

I am using CppUTest in eclipse-cdt(ubuntu 14.0). For inherits of C function in CppUTest I should write, <pre><code>extern "C" { } </code></pre> Is any alternative to inherit all C project into Cpp for CppUTest ? What is the disadvantages of extern in CppUTest?

Barnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. Related pages Communes of the Ardèche department Communes in Ardèche

The Premier of the Virgin Islands is the head of government for the British Virgin Islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the Premier is appointed by the Governor on behalf of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The current Premier is Andrew Fahie. He is serving since 26 February 2019. List References

Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery. Related pages Biathlon's two sports disciplines: Cross-Country Skiing Rifle shooting Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon): Duathlon Nordic Combined Triathlon Pentathlon Modern pentathlon Heptathlon Decathlon Other websites Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998 – The official IBU rule book, with annexes Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc. Russian Biathlon Union (rus) Russian Biathlon Union(eng) Biathlon Canada Biathlon Alberta U.S. Biathlon Association U.S. Archery Biathlon History of Biathlon Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge Biathlon on OLN TV Biathlon on DVD Biathlon Russia Biathlon Ukraine BiathlonFrance.com Skiing Sport shooting

The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a spaceport in Merritt Island, Florida, USA. It is one of the ten main locations of NASA.Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been the main launch center of human spaceflight of the United States. It borders on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which helps the Space Center. Facilities There are about 700 facilities and buildings in the of KSC. The unique facilities of KSC are the tall "Vehicle Assembly Building", the Launch Complex 39 (39A, 39B and 39C), the long "Shuttle Landing Facility", the 4-storey tall "Launch Control Center", and the "Visitor Complex". Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 The Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of KSC. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use. Shuttle Landing Facility The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) is an airport of KSC. It was used for landing of the Space Shuttle until 2011. It is also used for take offs and landings for NASA airplanes, for example the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and some civilian airplanes. Launch Control Center The Launch Control Center (LCC) is a building at KSC. It controls the rocket launches from Launch Complex 39. Factories Several factory buildings are on-site at KSC, for the manufacture and processing of space station components. They include the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C). Visitor Complex The Visitor Complex is the visitor center of KSC. It has exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, movies, and a bus tour of the KSC. , about 1,700,000 people visited the center. Total launches Related pages Baikonur Cosmodrome Cape Canaveral Air Force Station List of tallest structures in the world NASA References NASA Spaceports Buildings and structures in Florida

Events Charles V becomes King of France. May 12 – Foundation of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. September 29 – The Breton War of Succession ends with the victory of the House of Montfort at the battle of Auray. Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Costantinoples and Prince of Taranto. Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India). Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (now part of southern India). The Ava Dynasty establish rule in present-day northern Burma. Births November 30 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (died 1390) Gyaltsab Je, first throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (died 1432) Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1431) Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian humanist (died 1437) Qazi Zadeh, Persian mathematician (died 1436) Christine de Pizan (died 1430) Deaths April 8 – King John II of France (born 1319) June 30 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1297) August 5 – Emperor Kogon of Japan (born 1313) September 29 – Charles, Duke of Brittany Gajah Mada, prime minister of the Majapahit empire King Valdemar III of Denmark (born 1314) Rana Hamir Singh, ruler of Mewar Anavota Reddy, ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh

The Great Glen is a series of glens in Scotland. It runs 100 kilometres from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe. The Great Glen follows a large geological fault known as the Great Glen Fault. It bisects the Scottish Highlands into the Grampian Mountains to the southeast and the Northwest Highlands to the northwest. The Glen is a natural travelling route in the Highlands of Scotland. It is used by both the Caledonian Canal and the A82 road, which link the city of Inverness on the east coast with Fort William on the West. Geography and social history It was important in controlling the Highland Scottish clans, particularly in the Jacobite uprisings of the 18th century. This is recognised by the towns of Fort William (population ~10,000) in the south, Fort Augustus (popln. 600+) in the middle of the Glen, and Fort George (to this day an army barracks), just to the north of Inverness. These settlements were built by the British Army to control the Highlands in the 17th/18th centuries. Fort William is now a significant town. Despite the difficult terrain, Fort William has rail connection with Glasgow in the south and Mallaig on the north-west coast. It is a tourism centre. The Caledonian Canal connects it with Inverness. Much of the Glen is taken up with a series of lochs, with rivers connecting them. The Caledonian Canal also uses the lochs as part of the route, but the rivers are not navigable. From northeast to southwest, the natural water features along the Great Glen are: River Ness Loch Dochfour Loch Ness River Oich Loch Oich Loch Lochy River Lochy Loch Linnhe The watershed, or water-divide, lies between Loch Oich and Loch Lochy. Loch Linnhe to the south of Fort William is a sea-loch into which both the River Lochy and Caledonian Canal emerge. At the north end, the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. Great Glen Fault The Great Glen Fault is a long strike-slip fault that runs through its namesake the Great Glen in Scotland. The fault is actually much longer, and over 400 million years old. It extends in both directions beyond mainland Scotland. Position Aligned northeast to southwest, the Great Glen Fault extends further southwest in a straight line into northwestern Ireland, directly through Lough Foyle, Donegal Bay and Clew Bay. To the northeast the fault continues, before becoming obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting to the north of Shetland. The fault continues on the North American side of the North Atlantic Ocean, but is no longer part of a continuous fault. The complete fault was broken when the Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed 200 million years ago. The North American side of the fault runs the length of northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at least 300 miles (480 km) long. History The Great Glen Fault has a long history of movements. It formed towards the end of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain building). It was caused by the collision of tectonic plates at the end of the Silurian period. The rifting continued into the early Devonian. The fault first happened about 430–390 million years ago. The second main phase of movement was during the Carboniferous. The exact timing is uncertain. Folds in Devonian rocks are cut by members of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian dyke swarm. The Great Glen Fault had its final phase of movement during the Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary. The displacement (of one side compared to the other) is about 64 miles (104 km). Weathering along the fault zone during Quaternary glaciation formed the famous Loch Ness. The fault is mostly inactive today, but occasional moderate tremors have been recorded over the past 150 years. Notes Geography of Scotland Valleys

Wajib ( Wājib, "Duty") is a 2017 Palestinian French Colombian German United Arab Emirates Qatari Norwegian drama movie directed by Annamarie Jacir and starring Mohammad Bakri, Saleh Bakri, Maria Zreik. Other websites 2017 drama movies 2010s road movies Palestinian movies French drama movies Colombian movies German drama movies United Arab Emirates movies Qatari movies Norwegian movies Movies directed by Annamarie Jacir

The 1987 Burkinabé coup d'état was a coup d'état by the Burkina Faso Armed Forces. It happened in Ouagadougou on 15 October 1987. It was started by Captain Blaise Compaoré against the President Thomas Sankara, who was his friend. References 1987 20th century in Africa Coups d'état 1987 coup d'état October events Ouagadougou

I have an SSL certificate that I am using to secure port 443 (HTTPS) on my nginx server running on Ubuntu for about 10 months now. When I bought the cert, I got it for one year, so I have about 2 more months with this certificate. My question is: "When I renew this cert, Will I just need to pay for renewal? or will I have to re-issue the cert with a new CSR, and have a potential downtime while installing? I need to plan for any downtime from now. Thanks in advance for your answers.

FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk (Russian: ФК Енисей Красноярск) is a football club from Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The team currently plays in the Russian Premier League. The club was founded in 1937 as Lokomotiv Krasnoyarsk. They currently play at the Central Stadium, which has a capacity of around 22,500 people. The current head coach is Dmitri Alenichev. Yenisey Krasnoyarsk was promoted to the Russian Premier League after defeating Anzhi Makhachkala in the relegation play-offs. This is the first time the club will play in the Russian Premier League. Squad References Other websites Official website Russian football clubs 1937 establishments

I am not sure whether it is suitable to ask this question here, but I will try to explain my question as clearly as possible. I have a machine to control. Basic operation functions (e.g. move, open doors, wait for commands, etc.), interfaces, etc are all writen in C++, and we need to write some service scripts in lua. The pseudo codes of service scripts are like: <pre><code> * define the service name and give some description * declare the task address * declare the input and output class name * list the input plugin files * define a "run" function -- publish the machine state -- initialize the machine -- wait for commands -- call the "service" function -- wait for stop command * define a "service" function -- set the service state to be true -- move the car to destination -- open the door for a while -- close the door * after the service is finished, send a "finish" flag to the center handler. </code></pre> In this pseudo code, we have 2 functions, and lines started with "--" are usually basic operation functions written in C++ or functions defined in other lua plugin files. I have written very simple C++ code and Lua script before and connected them. But they are just like pass a table of numbers from C++ to lua, use functions in lua to calculate the sum/factorial/sqaure... and then pass the result back to C++ and print out. In such exercises, I just used functions such as lua_State *L; L = luaL_newstate(); luaL_openlibs(); luaL_loadfile(); lua_pcall(); lua_tostring(); lua_tonumber(); ...... But now I need to handle such a complicated lua script and C++ code system. I think simply doing what I used to do is not enough....I was wondering whether there is a specific way to parse the lua script, get value of each component (task address, function, etc..) and save them in C++ code, then probably it will be easier for me to connect the extracted component to existing C++ functions.... Or is this possible: just return everything (including values, functions, etc...) from lua in the form of table, then I write a C++ code to read the table and save the values, and then I connect the extracted items to existing C++ functions.... I am not sure whether I make my question clearly...I am newbie in Lua and I think there is a large deal of greatness of Lua that I haven't found..I know people say that Lua is a light and fast language and I want to make the most of it. If you understand my question and have better ideas to solve my problem, I will be more than happy to learn!

Ernest Jennings Ford (February 13, 1919 – October 17, 1991) was an American country music and gospel singer and actor. He served in World War II as a bombardier and flew missions over Japan. He made 57 studio albums and had 83 singles during the course of his musical career. In 1955 he sang the song Sixteen Tons. He snapped his fingers on the recording. The song sold over a million copies. He won a Grammy Award in 1964 for best album. He hosted a daytime talk/variety show from 1962 to 1965 known as The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show (later Hello, Peapickers). He was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1990 and was also elected into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1994. He died of liver failure on October 17, 1991 in Reston, Virginia. Other websites Tennessee Ernie Ford's Official website References 1919 births 1991 deaths Deaths from liver failure Singers from Tennessee American television actors Musicians from Tennessee American guitarists Country musicians Gospel musicians Grammy Award winners American television personalities Actors from Tennessee

Janet Heijnert is a Dutch water polo player. She competed for the Dutch women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships and 1983 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Dutch water polo players

HTML Code: <pre><code><!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head></head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"> <div class="sheet" style="width:80%;max-width:1024px;height:400px;"></div> </body> </html> </code></pre> CSS Code: <pre><code>html, body { min-height: 100%; margin: 0; padding: 0 } body { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex-direction: column; } .sheet { background-color: red } </code></pre> What I expected to see was a red rectangle floating in the middle of the screen but what I get is the rectangle being at the top-middle. It never worked in FF, it worked in chrome before adding the DOCTYPE tag but after that it no longer works in chrome either. What does work is when I use <code>height</code> instead of <code>min-height</code> but I don't want to pin down the height value to the size of the screen since I may need it when containers long enough to scroll come into play.

Is it possible, in a script executed in MS SQL Server 2005, to copy a trigger from one database to another? I've been asked to write a test script for a trigger my project is using. Our test structure is to create an empty database containing only the object under test, then execute a script on that database that creates all the other objects needed for the test, fills them, runs whatever tests are needed, compares the results against expected results, and then drops everything except the object under test. I can't just create a database that is empty except for the trigger, because the trigger depends on several tables. My test script currently runs the CREATE TRIGGER after all the required tables are created, but this won't do because the test script isn't allowed to contain the object under test. What's been suggested is that, instead of running a CREATE TRIGGER, I somehow copy the trigger at that point in the script from the live database to the test database. I've had a quick Google and haven't found a way to do this. Thus my question - is this even possible, and if so, how can I do it?

Angling is a way of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a fishing line. The line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel. The reel is used for storing, getting back and paying out the line. The hook itself can have lures or bait added to attract fish. Angling is the main method of sport fishing. Some commercial fisheries also use angling. Catch and release fishing is done by more and more recreational fishermen. Fishing Animal rights

Kim Ki-Su (born 5 August 1982) is a North Korean association football player. Club career statistics |- |2005||rowspan="3"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||3||0||0||0||3||0 |- |2006||19||1||1||0||20||1 |- |2007||18||1||1||0||19||1 |- |2008||rowspan="3"|Fukushima United||rowspan="3"|Regional Leagues||13||2||1||0||14||2 |- |2009||12||0||3||0||15||0 |- |2010|||||||||||| 65||4||6||0||71||4 65||4||6||0||71||4 |} References 1982 births Living people North Korean footballers

Xi'an-Yuxia Railway，also Xi'an-Huxian Railway.from Longhai railway Sanmincun Railway Station.go pass Lianhu,Weiyang,Yanta,Chang'an ,Huyi.Yuxia Railway Station is at the end of it. References Shaanxi

Joachim Sauer (born 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He was born in Hosena, Brandenburg. Sauer has two sons by his first wife. He married Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel on 30 December 1998. 1949 births Living people East German people German academics German chemists People from Brandenburg

iV ^. ^// <2c^ J :sc 11 O ?J^« . X, h{ Ptifovac\j & ovum i V'"1 -townjevitoi — V f / — t sn A* m:o ...••„ I firttr/an e* ° «T? 7?^^ ^-^ Poporthl 6 fa t**\\ Brmndal )pbod VT ' 1 «H <czero V n 2tf ^^$W — Jelestooo JA ^Ublrre ^Qvcine A lorcr*. 32<i0 opito tea J» ...'; LotinjiT fioberskty seJo 4 VisryeMo Jax* Wc lojano\ esrw-4 ujjjjf*rie*& U*ttt»na«t \ \ J ■yfuaarooie 3 ^. Spas2%?4 f © Mesto $ Sumouu/koit'l ZHZlsilriiee O Jfcff t KldJtter i>r.'.uiij horake -&-^- Tyrz A VrtH (vyskave ri/lewhych vstopdckj h vysl4>vjako ch . fy ' q __ '>, 3 tf* 1\S 2\0 Sl\5 / mil rakouskych. SO Cel6 jihoslovansk6 bojiste. Strategicke pomery Dalmatska, Bosny, Hercegoviny a Cerne Hory. Sepsal •h Edvard RiifFer. S dveraa dfevorytinarai a mapou bojiste povstai / Tiskem a nakladem dra. Edv. GrSgra. 1870. 3\5 tsMT/ft Aasady strategic jsou velmi jednoduche* *) a pfece je tak ne- snadno valku v^sti. Hlavni pfifiiny toho jsou, ie je skoro nemozno, miti bezpecne\ ur&te" zpravy o slle a postaveni nepfitelove" a o za- mSrech a opatfenfch jeho. Ov§em se dovf vfidce rozliCne" zpravy, zda2 jim ale mfize zcela duv^fovati? Otazka tato zpfisobuje v nej- vlce pflpadech jakousi neodhodlanost a Casto i nenahraditelne* pro- meSkanf casu. K tomu druzi se i obtfZe a promeSkani zpusobene* prepravou vojska, az pfili§ casto makavy nedostatek znamosti mista u podvelitelu a nemotornost jejich v obtfznych a odvazlivych podnicich. Konecne schazf obyCejne" tim, ze jen zfidka kdy zcela urfiite" se napfed vypo5itati da, kdy valka podniknuta se skonfii, zevrubuost v ueincfch, k nim2 se pracuje, kterou jen pravi strategove" z bozi milosti, jich2 tak pofidku se nachazi, Zenialnimi prostfedky vyrovnati dovedou. Pouha pravidla strategicka a takticka nikomu tedy nedostacX Theorie casto pfi kaM6m kroku narazl na odbojnou skutecnost, a skutecne" zdanf v8ci shoduje se velmi zfidka s rozpoCtem, jejz" si vojevfidce pfed pofietlm svych podniku sestavil. Hlavnim tikolem stratega, prvnf podminka zdaru a nejlepSf znamkou proti nezdaru je a zustane vzcly jedine" zevrubna znalost vlastnich sil a prostfedkfl, jez" jim jsou po ruce, jakoz i pravS takova znalosf jevi§t6 valecn6ho a prav6, pokud mozno, seznani a posouzeni poCtu, vlastnosti a povahy nepfitele. Ponevadi povstanf, ktere" vy- puklo na jihu dalmatskem, snadno rozmeru mnohem povazlivtpfch nabyti mu2e, pokusfme se podati Ctenaium svym co mozna jasny nazor jevistS povstani, jake* je posud a jake* jeSte dale byti mule. Pozorujme pfedevifm mlstopfsnou polohu Dalmatska. Dalmatsko. Kralovstvi dalmatska, nejjiznejsf Cast mocnafstvf rakousk^ho, je uzka zeme" pobfezni na vychodni strand jadersk6ho more lezicf mezi *) Tyto zasady zalezi, jak znamo, jen v nalezeni vhodneho operacniho mfsta proti neph'teli, v zevrubn6 znalosti zeme a lidi, v zasade, veSkerych sil co mozna upotfebiti, voje na mistS, kde hlavni boj strhnouti se ma, co nejvice soustfediti. Netratiti casu, nybrz s rozvahou a prec rychle k cinu a od Sinu zas k jin6mu kraceti;vzfskanych vysledkfi dokonale vykoi'istiti ; i mezi vitezstvfm moznou zmgnu Stesteny na zreteli miti a tudiz vsidy mysliti, na zabezpeceni pochodu zpatecn^ho. 1* 44° 45' 21" a 42° 10' 12" several Sifky a mezi 32° 25' 29" a 36° 38' 30" v^chodni d61ky. Na severu hranifcf s chorvatskou Vo- jenskou Hranicf, na vychode s Tureckem a Cernou Horou, na jihu a zapadu s mofem. Nejv£t§i delka jeho obnaSl 75 mil, nejv6t§i §ifka 10 mil, plocha 232*4 □ mil. V lets dostafci tfi dni, aby se dojelo po parniku od jednoho konce ke druhemu, ale v zim$ panuje bora na pobreZi dalmatskem a «5ast6 boufe prudk6 znesnadnuji naramnS spojeni po mofi s ostatnimi zememi rakouskymi, coz pfi povstani kotorskem se nesmf co dulezity Cinitel pustiti se zfetele, nebot ra- kousk6 vojsko proti povstalcum vyslane" musf mlti stfedi§te" operaci svych v Terstu a cmiti po mofi utok na Dalmacii. Zem& ale je ha- jena lidem velmi bojovnym a od mladi zbrani uvyklym a pfi torn nad miru chudym, tak ie vojsko musi vsechny zasoby a potfeby voziti za sebou, coi cmi valku s Dalmatskem velmi drahou a ob- tiznou, zvlaSte" v nynej§f nepfiznive" dob§ rocni, bohat6 na prudkS boufe. Vojsko rakousk6 rnuze byti nepohodami v Dalmatsku panu- jicimi tfeba na n&kolik dni odtrifeno od stfedu operaci svych a octnouti se ve velmi kritickem postaveni, nedostane-li v cas posily a zasob potravnfch. K tomu se druizi je§tS nemenS nepfizniva okolnost pro vojsko, ie na jihu turecky okres klecky oddSluje okres dubrovnicky od several casti zemS a druhy okres turecky, Suttorina, op§t okres kotorsky od dubrovnick6ho. Tim jest tedy i silnice, jiz pod61 po- bfe2f se tahne, pfetrzena uzemim, kter6 obydleno jest lidem s po- vstalci spffznenym, pfibuznym, jenz v povstanich velmi jsa zbehly a zkuSeny v boji horskem, svou zemf (Hercegovinou) pravS jako Cerna Hora vlastni strategicke stfedisko povstalcii dalmatskych tvoff. Ra- kousko musilo vzdy jak v Cas valek zevn6j§ich tak i v miru litovati, ie ma Dalmatsko bez Bosny a Hercegoviny ; povstalci ale jsou v Sfastnych okolnostech, ze mohou beze strachu pfi v§ech podnicich svych opirati se o tyto dv6 zeme\ Tak msti se op6t dlouholeta, v stejn6 mife nesfastna jako ne- japna politika videnskeho kabinetu v otazce vychodni, ona jedind je vinna tim, ze Bosna' a Hercegovina, a6 jiz byly princem Eugenem Savojskym pro dum habsbursky vydobyty, nestaly se casfrni cisafstvi rakouskGho, nybrz" ie pfi Turecku zustaly. Turecko vsak nebude nikdy s to, tentokrate Rakousku starou lasku a pfatelstvi splatiti a nahraditi velk6 zajmy, pro kter6 by nyni Rakousku na torn z&lefelo, aby m§lo Bosnu a Hercegovinu. Pfi takovych pomerech jest jiz zevnejsf pohled na Dalmatsko pro vojevudce, ktery je ma valkou pfekonati, velmi malo svfidny a v^sledek dobr^ slibujicf. ZevnejSf tento pohled na Dalmatsko lief Ida z Diiringsfeldu temito uchvatnymi slovy: „Zadne zem£ nelze tak snadno a tak t62ko poznati, jako Dal- macii. Tu fada ostruvku, tam uzky pas pobfe^nf, ktery misty pro- tvien jest pohofim, konecnS fady hor, za nimiz leii fi§e tajemna, ze kter6 Morlakov6 sestupujf. Ostr&vky v£t§f i men§i, ostrovy a skaliny jednotlive" i ve skupenich, v§ecky strm6 a skalnat6, zelenou posety myrtou a limbou (pinii), vonnou salvejf a rozmarinou, plav6 aloem a bflou r6vou. Pobfe^i, kde rovn6 je, tam s bujnou je olivou a Ser- n^mi hrozny, tmave* vavfinem a cypfiSi; tu a tam bazmate\ nikde ale stinn6, ac" v Iiojnosti tu stromu fikovych a marusovych ; kde vsak hornate\ tam srazne" a blede\ parn6 a omamujicf, pust6 jest i nepo- hostinne\ Hory blize i dale od more, vySSi i ni^Ii, na pate tenine" rostlinstvem pobfezuim, na temenu Casern (jako na pfiklad nyni) jasn6 sn6hem, stale se lesknouci v barvach pfekrasnych. Za nimi, v fi§i te tajenme, luka a stada, kukurice a mednik, les posledni a posledni zvef. Dalmatsko je zemf protiv! Jak bohato je more, tak chuda je zeme" — jak skoupa je pfiroda na rostlinstvo potfebn6, tak Stedra na plody, jez slouzf nadhefe." Posledni slovo zni pro stratega, jenz vzdy na zasobovani vojska sveho mysliti ma, zajist6 velmi ne- pfijemnS. Dalmacie ma jako uzeini Terstu a Istrie bfehy hluboko rozryt6, pfi torn vysokS, srazn6 a skalnate\ Pfed nimi le2ici Setae" skalnate" ostrovy jsou od nich oddeleny nzkymi, za to v§ak velmi hlubokymi vodnimi drahami, ktere" necmi-li uskali a inenSi „scogliu plavbu ne- bezpecnou a namahavou, i velkym lodem valecnym pfibliftti se k bfehu az na dostfel dovoluji a zatocinami svymi, stfidanim se a malou Sifkou tim spi§e s velkym proudem porovnati se dajf, ano proudgni more k severu temito prulivy velmi silne" jest a plavbu ve smSru tomto v t6mze pomfiru ulehcuje jako v opacnem stgzuje. Tento zaji- mavy ukaz zasluhuje pravS v neprizniv6 dobe rocnf povSimnutf. Co se pudy ty£e, jest Dalmacie hornatina, cmici stupnovinu, jiz hfbet se co prodlouzeni julickych Alp uherskym pfimofim na jih tahne a stale bfehu se pfiblizuje, a2 s Velebicem do Dalmatska sestoupi, jehoz hfebeu (arete) hranici k Horvatsku tvofi. Popatrme nyni blize na tuto dalmatskou soustavu hor, abychom si jeSte" vice znazornili obtize, jim2 musi vojsko proti povstalcum bojujici ve valce horsk6, jiz rovnez tak je lopotna jako nebezpecna a zahubna, vzdorovati. Nejvy§§i vrcholy hor jsou pfedevsim: Vrch Miza, jimz se jizne od Carlopago pohofi zvySuje, Vichtenura (5158'), Monte santo neb Sveto Brdo (5569'), Socro (4138'), Zerropaz (4271'), kde se pasmo k prosmyku Czmannsk6mu sklani a se na druh6 Strang k Urlici vyvysuje, jez Sim hranicni kamen trojitych hranic a sice dalmatskS, horvatsku a bosenske\ Tento uzel horsky je pro ten pfipad dulezity, kdyby povstani vStSich rozmfiru nabylo a Cernou Horou a Bosnou podporovano i Horvatsko uchvatilo. Od Urlice deli se velmi znacn6 pasmo, kter6 v jihovychodnim smeru hranice zeme tvofi a jehoz vynikajici vyvySeniny : Oslov (3824'), Monte Dinara (5728'), Gniath, Jancreve, Sternica, Gradina a vrchi Tovarnica jsou. V ImoSi opou&tf pasmo, kter6 jiz na pahorkatinu skleslo, zemi, vyvySuje se ale opet znacne na druh6 strany Narenty. U paty tohoto velehorstva, jez" „dalmatskymi" neb „dinarickymi Al- pami" se nazyvaji, lezi zem§, jako zmotanina kotlinatych prohlubenin, uzkyeh udoli se struhami hluboko zabihajicimi, malymi jezery, ztra- cejicimi se potoky a jednotlivymi jen vyvy§eninami. K mofi klesa vSude kolmym pobfezim, ktere' na dosti velkou vzdalenosf k vySMiory vystupuje a druhe horske pasmo tvofi. Toto objfma co holy, skalnaty fetez s uzkymi, ryhovanymi hfebeny pobfezi od Zadru az ku Eotoru a je§te" dale i nazyva se Svitaja gora, Tartar, Karban, Mossor a Bi- occova, vystupuje takt6z vysoko , ano dosahuje u Monte Bioccova 5520' a v uzemi kotorsk&n, Pasvem a Orienem i 5623' a 6004' vy§ky nad hladinou mofskou. I v niZM casti vynika skalnatymi, ma- lebnymi obrysy. Skoro vsude jevi nedostatek luk a lesu, jez se jen v udoli, zfidka kdy na vysmach nachazeji. Jest proryto Kerkou, Ce- tynou a Narentou, jez mnoistvfm vody, je§t6 vice v§ak jakosti svych udoli za „ velmi podstatu6 oddily pudyu povazovati se musl a to tfm vice, ano malo jen mostu pfes feky tyto se nachazi, kter6 casto u Cetyn§ i zcela sch&zeji. Za pasmo tfeti, jez ale zcela oddeleno od ostatnich a rozdrobeno rovnob$zn6 s nimi se tahne, mu2eme miti fady dalmatskych ostrovu, kter6 v§ecky srazne" jsouce a skalnate" a taktez* rozervane* k vy§i az 1800—2000' nad more se vypinajf. VeSkere" dalmatske" hory jsou jakozto vapencove" hory rozervany, na vetsinS strme, ho\6 skaly, je2 jednotlivymi skalisky k vrcholum svym dosahujf. Jsou velmi bohaty na propasti a dutiny, z nichz" az" posavade skoro ani jedina neni fadn6 proskoumana. Take" tyto dutiny, je2 pouze polodivokemu obyvatelstvu hor znamy jsou, prospivaji velmi po- vstalcfim. V techto mohou si sv6 sklady zfiditi, z nich nenadale vy- raziti, jako^ i pfed pronasledujicim vojskem zmizeti, aby pak jako blesk nenadale, jako by ze zem6 byli vyrostli, jemu v zadu se objevili. PohlednSme nyni na spojovaci prostfedky zeme. Po pevne" zemi je Dalmacie velmi nepfistupna, ano horstvo ji obklicujici skoro neobydleno jest a velmi drsnate\ Jsouf vy&ny Vele- bice obycejnS az* do konce dubna, Prologu a Casto i Bioccova az do konce kvStna nSkdy jestfi i v Cervnu sn6hem pokryty, kdezto na po- bfezi podnebi vla§sk6 panuje, Cest vozovych ve vnitru zeme schazf skoro zcela. Jedina silnice, jez- tarn vede, deli se od chorvatsk6, Liccou do Knina pfed Cerjem a vede v mnohych zahybech pfes Pragh na hofe Velebici do Obbrovazza k Crmani a podel sam6ho more okolo Carino do Zadru. Cesta z Kninu u paty pohofi Prolozskeho, pfes Ver- licci udolim Cetyny stava se teprv u Signa silnici, ktera pak pfes Xuppu, Vergoraz okolo jezera Jezero a2 do Torre di Norin k NarentS se tahne. Dale vedou skoro jen cesty pro soumary nebo silnice druhe" tfidy uzemim dubrovnickym a kotorskym. Do Cern6 Hory vedou jen cesty pro soumary, nebof Francouzove\ jimz silnice, pokud jak6„. jsou, puvodem svym jsou povinny, nebyli s to, to prosaditi, aby jim Cerno- horci dovolili skrze uzemi sv6 silnici pro vojsko zaloftti. Nadarmo nabizeli synum Cernych hor, ze dulezitou tuto silnici jim zcela zdarma vystavf. Cernohorci, ktefi s pravem velmi na nepfistupnosti svych hor si zakladaji, nechteli o tomto velkomyslnSm daru praniceho slySeti. Od te doby ubShlo vice nez" pul stoleti a pfec se rakouska vlada moudre" myS16nky marsala Ma'rmonta nikdy vice nechopila, afikoliv 2enialn§j§i politikou vychodni zajiste snaze nez tenkrate Francouzov6 Cernohorce k tomu mohla pfiv^sti, aby stavbu silnice alespon jednim dilem zeme sv6 dovolili. Hfichy opominuti se ale vMy od 6asu k casu t§2ce msti. Nahofe dotCena silnice stoji s krajin&mi pobfeznfmi dvemi lepSimi silnicemi ve spojeni : Prvni z techto vede z Kninu neb Verlice pfes Dernis do Sebenica, druha ze Signu pfes prusmyk Klissky do Splita. PoStovni cesta ze Zadru pfes Gorki, Ostrovici, Skardonu, Sibenik, Traci a podel pobfezi pfes Solonu do Splita jest misty silnici. 7* V§ecky ostatnf spojovaci prostfedky jsou s malymi vyminkami spatne" a obtfzue" cesty uvozove\ Do Hercegoviuy vedou jen dve lep§l cesty, jez by se konecne" bez velkgho namahanf i pro potfebu povozu vojeuskych zfiditi daly, totiz: Velmi uSlapana cesta pro soumary ze Splita pfes Sign, prosmykem Bilibriifekym a pfes pasmo Plolozsk6 pfes Livno, tivozy Suicske" a pfes vysocmu KupreSskou Skupiu v udoli VerbasovS do Travniku — a pak cesta soumaroya z pevnfistky Opus, podel Narenty vzhfiru pfes Metkovic" do Mostyru, d&le prusmykem Cognicskym op8t podle Narenty a pfes hlavni hfbet pohofl Ivanova do Bosna-Seraje. VSecky ostatnf cesty jizdne" a pg§i pfes hory pohranicne' jsou obtizne* a velmi nepfihodne* pro tazeni vojska pravideln^ho. Obchod mezi pobfeznymi misty skoro vyhradne se deje po vodS, obchod s vni- trem zem6 vyhradne" soumary. Vozu jest velmi malo v zemi. Mimo cesty soumarove* 5inf dalSf postup kameni a ro§ti skoro nemoinym. MnoSstvf trnitych kfoyin tvofi ohrady, jimiz vsecka pole jsou obkliCena a jsou takto velkou, skoro nepfekonatelnou pfekazkou pro vojsko pravidelne\ Mnoha krajina se stava jimi zcela neschudnou. Boka Kotorska, zaliv to £tyfi mile do zeme" zasahujici se Ctyrmi uzmami a starym Emporium kotorskym, plati pravem i za krajinu pro obchod, zvla§t6 dokonCenim pruplavu Suezskeho duleMtou, jakoz" i za dulezity bod strategicky. Ve spisech, jich2 se co Skolnfch knih pro vys§f rakousk6 vojenske" ustavy uziva, stoji doslovn6: „Boku ko- torskou lze tak za klic" k mofi j&derskemu a jeho pobfezJ povaZovati jako jest Korfu klffiem k mofi stfedozemnimu." A to je zajiste" pravda. Co pak se ale vzhledem k tomuto zcela pravdivemu uznani se strany Rakouska ucinilo, aby si pojistilo tento „klfC mofe jadersk^ho?" Vy- stavelo si ngkolik pevnustek a srubu podel Cernohorskych hranic — to bylo vse. Pohl6dne§-li vsak v Kotoru z okna, vidi§ stale hrozici, ohromne vysoke", pfi§ern6 blfzke" hory cernohorske. Jakou ochranu podava pevnustka San Giovanni proti temto horam? VhodnS pravi Ida z Duringsfeldu : „Popatfi-li se v Kotofe, jake" je po5asi, nespatfi se poCasi, nybrz Cerna Hora; chceS-li k nebi pohl6dnouti, neuvidis toho, nybrz Cernou Horu. Tak jako v arabskych bachorkach duch na ramenou jak£hosi negfastneho, tak tfzi Cerna Hora siji Kotoru." A mimo to pfipomi'na Kotor je§te velmi zive" boficich kuli, jez Cerna Hora jemu z Vermazu vysilala, kdyz jsa- prave francouzsky mermomoci ruskym se stati chtel. Jaka opatfeni se od toho casu ve Vfdni stala proto, aby se pfi pfilefttosti neobnovil tento byvaly pfipad s kulemi boffcimi? Moudra vychodni politika vlady rakouske" byla by za to, kdyby Cernohorcum „bez prace" turecky pfistav Spizzu na albansk6m pobfezi byla zao- patfila a ostatne se pfatelsky k synum Cerne" Hory chovala, toho do- sahla, ze by ji byla (3erna Hora nejnebezpecnejsf dil zeme" za Kotorem odstoupila. Spizza by byla ostatnfi Cernohorce na jine" mySlenky pfi- vedla a jim zlaty jejich sen o nSkdejSfm dr^eni Kotoru, ktery vskutku jiz jim jednou pfinalezel, z mysli zapudila. Mimo to, by se odstou- penim turecke Spizzy rakousklmu uzemi 2adnd §koda nebyla stala. Ale ne, to se musilp z Vidn6 stale v Cafihrade pusobiti k tomu, aby jen porta Spizzy Cernohorcum nepostoupila. Cerna Hora ale potfebuje pfistavu, ona chce pfistav a nebo zemfiti! S pfistavein stane se vzdelani pfistupnou, bez neho odkazana je na vScny boj se sousedy. A Cernohorei vedi, Ze Kotor dfileziteJSi jest ne2 Spizza, byli by ale pfec s poslednSjSim byvali spokojeni, kdyby jen ve Vidni jim ho byli pfali. Jest velmi tSzko strategii od politiky oddeliti a Cert aby byl strategem, kdyz se mu bojiSte" mnohymi politickymi poklesky za pole k poraikam pfipravilo. Jen ve Vidni jsou tim vinni, ze Cernohorei jeSte az podnes piseii zpivaji „brzy se zbudi Ivo Crnoj, jen2 ve skry§i pod hradem Obodem v narutt Vil odpoSiva. Probudi se a povstane, by bratrum svym Kotor a modre' more vybojoval." Ano, chytrym rnusi ClovSk byti! Popatfme jestd na vodopis zeme\ V celku je Dalmatsko zeme chuda na vodu. Naleza se tu jen raalo fek, ano v mnohych krajinach je v lete" nouze o vodu. Jen nfikolik malo krajin ma hojnost pramenu, jako ku pf. krajina Castell-ska. Pozorujeme-li feky dalmatske' od severu k jihu, pfichazime nejdfive k Crmani (Tedanius). Reka tato, jez jizne" od Male- Popiny v Chorvatsku vzuika a do pr&livu morla- ck£ho se vteva, ma vysok£ srazne" bf ehy skalnate\ maze se jen v hofejSim udoli na nekolika mfstech pfeplouti a jest pouze na malou vzdalenost proti proudu splavna. Kerka (Tit i us) jejiz pramen se naleza na Hore Urlice v tu- recke'm Chorvatsku, spada spojivv§i se s Cikolou, skrze jezero Pra- clinske' u Sibeniku do more. Casto jest strmymi na v6t§in6 nepfe- kroCitelnymi skalnatymi bfehy zuiena, ma mnoho vody, vystupuje casto, kde bfehy ploche- jsou, pfes tyto a pusobi rozsable\ nezdrave* moCaly. Bez lodi nelze ji nikde pfeplaviti. U Kninu vede zdeny, u Ronchislap dfeveny most pfes tuto feku, po niz fadnou plavbu cetne" vodopady nemoznou dinf. Cetyna (Telurus), ktera u Sorgente-Cetiny pramenf v dosti otevfen^m udoli do zalivu Brazzy odte"ka a do neho u Almissy se vleva, ma az" do Signu v letni dobe" mnoho melkych mist. Z jara v§ak a v&bec v deStiv^in pocasi rocnim nelze ji pf ebroditi. Od Signu zp£t stavaji se bfehy velmi kolme", od Duaru az k mofi zhola nepfe- krotfitelne. Ostatne" takt£z neni splavna. Narenta, jejiz pramen se v HercegovinS severne" od Verby na upati hory Ivan-u naleza, te£e z poMtku v smSru severnim, obraci se pak pfijavsi z gackoske" roviny pfit£kajici Drinovnik, pozdeji malou Narentu a mnohe jine" vody horske\ v Sirok^m nejvice udoli ucinivsi kratky, ostry oblouk okolo pohofi Vrabacsk^ho k jihu, tece pfes Mostyr, bahni§tem Ulovskym, protrhava pasmo Prolozsk6 a vstu- puje na pudu Dalmatskou u Metkovid, kde se pod tvrzi Opus ve dv& ramena d61i, deviti ustimi do prulivu Narenty vl6va a siroke", ne- zdrav6 bahni§t6 objima, jez v cele" dobe1 de§tive zaplavf. Az k Me- tkovici jest pro lode" rnofske splavna s 100 — 150 tunami nakladu, 40 — 50° siroka 15 az 20' hluboka, ma ploche" vzdy bazinate\ hustS sitim porostle" bfehy a maly spad. Pfes tuto feku vedou jen dva kamenne* mosty a sice u Konjice a u Mostaru a HercegovinS. *) *) U MoBtaru jest to stary fimsky, na obou stranacb. vezi opatfeny most. 10 V Dalmatsku lze ji u Torre di Norin a tvrze Opus na pramech pfe- plouti. Kratky Norin, jenz od Vida k nf pfiteka, jest takt^z" splavny. V uzemi dubrovnickem jest Ombla nejznamenitej§i feka. Mimo to ma zemS jen nepatrn6 potoky, jez" v lete" skoro zcela vysychavaji a jen po silnem deSti tak nable ze skalnich der vypry- Stuji jako rychle op£t mizi. V Case de§tiv6m Cini prave" tyto potoky z vnitra se finouci a nabihajici prostfedky spojovaci velmi nepfi- stupnymi a tim i pohyb vojska velmi znesnadnuji. T6z" moSaly, je2 v lets skoro zcela vyschnou, stavaji se v zimS velmi nepffjemnymi. NejvetSi bazinu v zemi tvofi Paludi di Narenta (6. motfaly Narenty) pfi vtoku stejnojmenne' feky. T6z Cetyna tvofi od pramenu sv6ho a2 ku Triglu skoro v nepfetrzite" fad§ velke" pobfezni moCaly, nej- rozsahlejSi pak v posledni dv£ mile dlouh6 vzdalenosti. Ostatni mocaly nalezaji se u Nony, u Lago di Vrana, jenz" na severu se v dosti znacnou bazinu konfii, u Morpolazza a Ostrovizze, u Kninu nad Kerkou, v udoli Kosovu a u Imoschi nad tamej§imi jezery. Naproti tomu ma Dalmatsko pouze jedno vlastni jezero, totiz dot5en6 ji£ jezero „Vrana", mimo to ale obcasne" nadrzky mal6ho ob- jemu, jez sice tea" se jezery nazyvajf, v lets vsak oby6ejn6 suche" jsou. Takove" jsou: „Lago di Boccagnazzo", „L. d. Nadin", „L. d. Prosolaz", „L. d. Rastocn", „L. d. Jeseraz," „L. d. Bachino," „L d. Proclian", jakoz i jezero Blata na ostrove" Curzole. Podnebi pobfezni nema severni zimy, nybrz jen dobu deSfu, kterou ale „borau v ni panujici velmi nepfijemnou 6ini. Bora*), )ei v zufeni sv6m lidi i zvifata na zemi poraii, neni nej en velmi nebez- pefina plavbS, nybrz i pravou metlou na veSkere' vojensk6 podniky valecn6 v nepfizniv^m pocasi. Svym casto stra§n6 nahlym se obje- venim Cini nejlepSi pochodova opatfeni zvlaste' pak lezeni v poli zcela nemoznym a zvySuje svizele vojska v t6to hornat6 a unavujici zemi tak, ze jim jen silni lide" po del&f cas odolati mohou. Obmezili jsme se u popisovani zeme" teto jenom na to, co jest pro vojsko dulezit^. Dfive nez v tomto smeru k taktSz potfeb- n6mu popisu obyvatelstva pfistoupime, myslime, ze jiz die pfedeslan^ho vyfknouti muzeme usudek, ze se Dalmatsko die cel6 sv6 polohy mistni nijak nehodi pro pohyby velkych oddeleni vojska, maid ale valka ze tarn s velkym prospgchem v6sti se muze. Nynejgi povstani muze tedy mocnafstvi, bude-li chtiti je moci potlacit, mnoho penez a krve stati. Pfichazime nyni k vypisovani narodopisnych pomerfl zem8. Obyvatelstvo dalmatsko, jez- asi 450.000 du§f cita, deli se vyjma albanskou osadu v mestisi Erizzo u Zadru zalezici v 900 duSfch a 600 „§panelskych zidu" ve Splitu a Dubrovniku, ve dva zivly, totiz slo- vansky a pfistShovaly vla§sky. PonSvadz ale i dalmatinSti skoro vy- hradne v pobfeznich mSstech zijici Vlachov6 jen 22.000 du§i Citaji, *) Bora (Bernus), severni vitr. alpsky, jenz bez jakycbkoiiv znamek najednou a se strasnou moci se zjevi, po zemi se plaze snik rozryva, lidi i zvirata porazi. Spousty, jez ledovy tento vitr zpusobuje, cini spojeni mezi Lublanem a Terstem po nekolik tydnu zhola nemoznym, aneb je tu tfeba odvahy, jez stati mflze zivot. 11 a i tento po£et vysoko je vzat, vidime z toho, 2e zeme" t£mSf zcela uzemim slovanskym jest. Skutedne je Slovanu na 400.000 dusi a tvofi tedy bez odporu nejv6£§i a nejdule2it$j§f £as£ obyvatelstva zenae" te\ Nechceme zde o to se pfiti, byli-li Slovane- nebo staff Illyrove" (Albanove" nebo Skipetafi) praobyvateli zeinS, dukazy vsak mame, ze jiz pfed 6. stoletim po K. Slovane" Dalmatsko obyvali, netvofili vsak pfed velkyra pfistShovanfm Chorvatu a Srbu (mezi 634 a 638 po K.) vlastniho st&tu. Potomci Chorvatu a Srbu li§f se ale pry posud fecnii svymi mezi sebou, jakoz" i srb§tf pfistehovalci, kteff ve 14. stoletl z Rascie do Dalmatska prigli. Tito obyvaji stfedni Cast zem6, kdezto potomci Horvatu Porphyrogenitovych die Vuka Stefanovice zvlaSte na ostrovech se nal^zaji. Ve sv£m „Mare adriatico" rozeznava Menis pflvodni kmcny die tvafnosti jich obliCeje: „Mezi Crmani a Cetynou olivova nebo pfihnedla plet, Cerne" neb tmavokagtanove* vlasy, tetez barvy, vi-sak bez zivota o6i, trochu podlouhly oblicej, vazny a vyhruZny pohled a obycejue" vysoky vzriist. Za Cetynou velmi obratne' a sou- merne" t&lo, plet tmava do Servena a hust6 Cerne vlasy Cerne* o6i, vzezfenf bojovne a odhodlane" a pfi velmi vysokem vzrustu a silnych utvarech telesnych vazna postava. Oba kmeny, zda se, 2e smisily se severne" od Kerky. Obyvatele* ostrovu Scogliani, Cakavci, vynikaji vyznamnymi tahy obliceje a probudilejSim duchem, nemaji vsak tak silne" postavy telesne\ Obyvatele" vnitra nazyvani jsou od obyvatelu pobfeZf a ostrovu „Mor- laci". Morlakove* tito jsou pfi nynSjsmi povstani hlavnim cmitelem, neb oni to jsou, ktefi bojujf proti c. k. vojsku. Povazovani jsou co pravzor slovansk6ho kmene v Dalmatsku, co2 plat! i co do feci i co do schopnosti, mravu a zvyku, jez maji se Srby v knilectvi, v Bosne" a Hercegovin£ spoleSne\ Poslysme nestranny nSmecky usudek o nich, jej2 pi§e Ida z Diiringsfeldu : „Musim se pfiznati, ze jsem nevidela nikdy krasnejsich lidi nad Morlaky. A jak by nemeli byti krasnymi? Krasa mu2e zaleft v sile, budsi rozumove' neb hmotn6 a Morlakove' rodi se k hmotn6 sile i jsou k nf vychovavani. — Casto v poli pfichazejf na sv6t, a matka je nese domu. Kde ale matky tak silne jsou, tarn jsou i ditky silne, zvlaSte, kdyz" jich pak laska nerozmazli. Veskefi vStrove hrajou si s ditetem Morlaka, jez nosi matka jdouc na praci sebou na zadech v kol^bce a na strom zavSsf, jestli prave, jak pravi Lovric', nejaky strom tu jest. Neni-li stromu, zajist6 jest tu kameni: kolebka najde ochrany, a£ se kam- koli postavi. Dite pak, to plaSe k slunci a kfiCi pfed bouff. Slunce i boufe jsou mocny v horach dalmatskych, ditSti vsak neublizl Ony dobfe na n6 pusobi, tuzi oko jeho a prsa cmf kovova. Kdyz pozdeji muzi utvofi se rapouchy na lirsou, on jich neciti. Slunce-li na jeho turban prazi, netisni ho. Kraci velkymi kroky pfes uskali a trni: udy jeho, kdyz" jeSte jak uponka revy tenke byly, seznamily se jii s temito dalmatskymi latkami cest. Nikdy mu nedojde dech, vidyt jej ssal na prsou matfiinych, jez dve" i tfi leta mleko pro nej m61a. Spi u ohn6 a spi ve snehu; ve v6ku, ve kterem my sv6 ditky je§te za ruku vodime, on jiz stado pasl, v osmi letech vedl jiz kravy na skromnou pastvu, jez zalezi ze stebel, ktera mezi kamenim puCi. 12 KraCeli Splitem. Zeme zn£la pod jich pruznymi kroky. Copy jejich se leskly, o6i a zuby zafily, stfevice byly Cervcem, opasy purpurem, §aly duhou, byli samy samet a zlato, pycha a sila — ti Morlakove\ NejkrasnejSf vsak jich ozdobou jsou prec jen hanzar, pistole a rucnice. Anoizenyjsou ozbrojeny, nosi totiZ britvu (dyku)." Jine znameni, z nfhoz se na rytifskou, bojovnou mysl tohoto obyvatelstva souditi da, jest je§t6 podnes u nich panujfci „pobra- timstvf." Zdaz" nemyslime, 2e jsine se octli v dobach rytirstva, 5tetne-li u teze spisovatelky popsani slavaosti, jez pfedchazf svazku pobra- timstvf. „Probratimci nesmejf se nikdy zraditi. Knezem jsou zasvSceni vzajemne" nezruSitelne" vSrnosti. OkraSleni jako k nejvStsf slavnosti zivota vstoupi v 6ele svych pfibuzaych a pfatel do chramu ; klefiice se svicemi v rukou poslouchaji msL Pak nasleduje pozehnani a pffsaha: Stalost a pomoc az do smrti. Polibi se pak s naruftvosti, jez jest Morlaku dovolena, ano, ktera mu £es£ dinf, s dusevnf laskou mu2e k muzi. Pruvod pfeje jim §t£stf — neuzavfeli ten nejkrasn£j§i svazek? Kde ale pfatelstvi tak silne, tarn i nenavisf je mocna, neb kdo v pravde miluje, umi t6i v pravde" nenavidSti. Morlaci v pravde" nenavidi a lehko vrazdi, kde nenavidi, tarn kde zbran po boku vzdy visf, ma to ruka velmi pohodlne\ se ji chopiti. V zadne" zemi rakou- ske" neni tak malo kradezi a tolik vrazd jako v Dalmatsku. LiCeni tato stvrzuji i jini cestopisci (jako Kohl, Peller, Stieglitz, Cattalinich, J. Lavallee atd.), die nichz je§t6 jednou kratce pova- hopis Morlaku takto v prehledn6m souboru podavame. Jsou to lide" kr^sne'ho razu, vStsina vysoke", statne" postavy, siln6ho a obratn6ho tela, vyzoamnych a muznych tahu. Vlasy jsou plave\ ruse neb zcela cern6, zuby, jez vydr2i jim az do nejvy§§iho stafi, leskle bile\ plef parnem zahnSdla, ani od mladi sv6ho stale na slunci jsou, pfed nimz" je ani cervena fiapka ani turban nechrani. Hlas je silny, sluch a zrak velmi bystry a slla t£lesna neobyfiejne" velika. Od mladosti vydani v§em v£trum a nepohodam utu£i se tak, ze ani nejhorSf na- mahani a nedostatky, ani to nejvetSi hejfeni zdravi jejich neuSkodi. Se skute5nymi 16kafi nechtSji take" nic mit, „abyu, jak fikaji, „pfi smrti nemusili dvoji pohfeb platiti." Prec v§ak jsou mezi nimi rodiny, v nichz jak^si lekafstvi a ranhoji£stvi s otce na syna pfechazi. — Vezmeme-li vse to op6t do uvahy, nahledneme, ze neni tak snadno druhe"ho obyvatelstva evropskeho (mimo Cernohorce a Hercegovince), jenz by pro malou a zvlaSt6 pro horskou valku byl schopnejsi ne2 Morlaci. Jakou daly praci gpanelske" guerilly francouzskym vojum za prvniho cisafstvi a prec, co jest nejzmuZilejsf a nejlstivejgi Cataloncan proti Morlakovi? Calabresu, ktefi si ve valce guerillske" te"z jakehosi jmena ziskali, nelze s Morlaky ani porovnati, atfkoliv po vice let jihoitalske" tyto legitimistske" bandy hezky dil italskSho vojska zne- pokojovali. Mfi2eme smSle bez prehanSnf fici, ze Morlakovi k valce horske ve sv6 otcme" skalnate" narozeni a vychovani jsouce nejstrasn$j§fmi guerillami jsou, s nimiz pravideln6 vojsko se jen mSfiti muie. A 13 s nimi jefit6 nad to spolecnS pracujl Cernohorci a Hercegovinci, ktefi se jim zajiste" vyrovnaji! T62 valecne" dejiny Dalmatska nas u&, ze zemi tuto nesnadno a vubec jen pod tou podminkou tiplne" podmaniti lze, zmocni-li se nepfitel drive zadnfch krajin. Staff barbarsti Illyrove" cili Dalmatse, t62 Dalmatii nazvani, ktefi lovem, rybafstvfm a chovem dobytka , zvla§te pak lupem se Sivili, valSili poprv6 r. 15G pi*. Kr. s Rfmany, ktefi konecnS aspoii na po- bfe^i panstvi svoje zalozili. V 6asu, kdy Caesar v obou Galliich a v Illyrii mistodr^itelem byl, povstali jestS nepfemozeni Dalmatinci hor s ostatnimi Illyry, aby s Liburny, ktefi byli spojenci Rimanft a zapadni cast nynejsiho Horvatska a severni Dalmatsko obyvali, valku vedli, porazili r. 50 pf. Kristem Caesarem proti nim poslane" vojsko fimske\ jako2 i r. 40 pf. Kr. 15 kohort a 3000 jezdcu pod Gabi- niem a uvolili se teprv po skonCeni tehdejsfch fimskych valek obcan- skych k mfrnSmu poplatku. Ale hned po smrti Caesarove odepfeli jej opet, a tiplne podmaneni byli teprv Statiliem Taurem, roku 23 pf. Kr. Podmaneni toto bylo konecne upevneno potlacenim velk6ho dalmatsko-pannonsk^ho povstani, r. 10 po Kr. Od toho casu tvofila zeme tato v Liburnii a Japydii provincii Ulyrskou a rozprostirala s od Tilia (Kerky) az" ku Drilu (nyni Drin, t6z Drim, srb. slovo Drima, feka v Albansku, jez tvofic zaliv drinsky do jaderskelio mofe se vle>a), ohranicena a pfetrZena jsouc bebickym, ardickym a skadarskym pohofim. Dve fimske" legie m&ly zde sv6 stale" byty. V torn Case, kdy v zemi fimska vzdelanost zkvStala, odvadfili ffmsk6mu vojsku nejlepsi vojiny. Pozdeji prodelala zem§ vsecky zmSny rozpadajici se fimsk6 fise. Okolo r. 545 zpusto§ili Slavini pozdeji Avarov6 zemi ; temto jen mesta Zader a Trava odolala a tvofila pak spolu s Dubrovnikem, Splitem a Justinopolis, mimo ostrovy Arbe, Oeglia a Osorno jakousi zvlaStni drzavu, ktera jen svrchovanost feck6ho cisafe dosti povrchn§ uznavala. Ostatni pak zem.6 spustosena surovymi Avary zustala tak, a2 konecne Slovane" v prvni polovici sedm6ho stoleti jho avarske" setfasati pofiali. Mezi tim obsadili Srbove" Dalmatsko mezi mesty Durazzem, Du- brovnikem, Narentou, Chorvate" zapadni Cast. Oba tito narodove" se- stoupili do Dalmatska ze zadnich zemi a to jest pricinou, proc jim zustalo, pfes vsecky snahy Franku, usaditi se t62 v duleZite" t6to krajink Ponenahlu vystupuji i Saraceni pustosice na pobfezi a pu- sobi tim, ze se cel6 pobfeSi, aby bylo 16pe chraneno, na konci 9. stoleti knfzatiim Chorvatuv, ktefi tenkrate velmi mocni byli, pozdeji pak republice benatske" poda. Tim povstala dlouha strasnavalka mezi Benatkami a Chorvatskem, ale toto, jez" se spolehnouti mohlo na obyvatete hor, porazilo Benatcany tak, Ze chorvatsky kral Kresci- mir Petr r. 1052 t6z" titul krale dalmatsk6ho pfijal. Pozdeji povstal pov smrti krale Zvonimira opet divoky spor mezi Chorvaty, Benatcany a Reky o krasnou tuto zemi, ve kter^m stf asnS utrpela ; konecne" pfi- misilo se i Uhersko do rozbroje. Na poCatku 13. stoleti pfistfchovali se opU ze zadnf zem6 a proto i bez odporu Morlaci do Dalmatska, ktefi r. 1242 i utok Mongolu pfetrvali. Krvav6 boje trvaji stale mezi Uherskem a Be- 14 natkami o dalmatske pobrezi a od r. 1462 pofcinaji i divocf Osma- nov6 pravidelnS loupezne" vpady do Chorvatska a Dalmatska se strany namofni cmiti, kter6 sice od pevnych m§st se odrazejl, pobfezni nivy ale pustoSf. Benatcan6 udrZeli se ale v zemi tim, ze Dalmatincum svobodu pojistili, ano ji i zvetSili novymi vyboji. Dubrovnik, slovanske to Benatky, jediny zachoval svoji tiplnou neodvislost. Benatcan6 a Dal- matinci odrazcli vespolek vsecky ty bezpfetrs&ite utoky Turku, jimZ se nepodafilo, Dalmacie vydobyti, pon6vadz jim Benatky odpo- vedfiti smely: „Neobdr2ite ji, i kdybychom v§ecky svoje posadky ze zeme vyvedli, neb Dalmacie dovede sama se braniti." KonecnS uCinil mir pozarevsky r. 1718 valkam s Turky pfitrz a ur&l Dal- matsku hranice, jez" je§t£ nyni ma. Tu pohfbil mir v Campo Formio (12. kvStna 1797) starou republiku do2fi, v Zadru slozili srautne" korouhve republiky na hlavni oltaf kathedraly, Dalmatsko se stalo zemi rakouskou. V§ak i Ra- kousko zakusilo zmeny osudu, ktera se zda zvlastS nad touto zemi vznaSeti se, a muselo ji jiz v miru Bretislavsk6m (1805) opet Na- poleonu I. odstoupiti, ktery ji zahnav odtud Rusy, k tehdejsi'mu kralovstvf vlasskSmu pfipojil a pozdeji se svoji illyrskou provincii sloufcil. Po r. 1841 pfipadla Rakousku nazpSt, ktere" ji znovu za kralovstvf povySilo. Kratky tento nastin dejepisu valecn6ho Dalmatska poufcuje nas o dvojim: zaprve" totiz, jak vysoko cenili rozliCni narodov6 tento majetek; za druhe" ale, ze vMy jen tenkrat zemS v skutku upln6 vydobyti se podafilo, vzata-li byla nejen od more, nybrz" i od zad- nich krajin. Take" nyni doufa rakouska vlada, Ze podniky svoje proti pov- stalcum dalmatskym tim si pojisti, ze bud Turkfim prenecha podniky vale5n6 proti ni nebo vlastnim vojskem v Hercegovine je provede. Pravi se vsak, z"e Hercegovinci jiz vlastnim svym povstanim ji byli v torn pfedeSli. Ostatne" neni za Bokou kotorskou jen Hercego- vina, nybrz" i Cerna Hora. Pokud povstalci tuto co zaklad svuj po- dr2i, dotud jsou vsSecky podniky valecnS proti nim, i kdyby se zdan- livymi vysledky vykazati mohly, mamive\ Kdo se opovaZf, povstalce az" na pudu Sernohorskou pronasle- dovati? Stalo-li by se to pak, mohla by dalmatska valka Rakouska snadno pocatkem se stati valky, ktera by velkou cast slovansk6ho svSta do zbrani svolala. 0 vedeni valky ve vlastnim uzemi kotorskSm ucmfme si zcela jasny pojem, popatfime-li na pfilozenou mapu. Jak vidgti lze, jest vlastnS okres (obvod) kotorsky zcela od ostatniho rakousk6ho statu odloucen. Podoben skoro trojnhelniku, jemuz" za zaklad slouZf more, hrani£f na jihovychodu s Cernou Horou a Cast! severni s clstS tu- reckym uzemfm Hercegoviny. Kdo by cht§l na povstalce, ktefl v ho- rach a rozsedlinach vlastni pudy nejlepgi nalezaji oporu, s prospSchem udefrti, spomohlo by mu velmi malo, kdyby po stezkach pro sou- mary do vnitra vnikl, aneb s c. k. sruby a pevnustkami pod61 hranice Cernohorske" postavenymi v statem byl spojeni. Toto posledni jest skoro nemozne*. Muselo by nejen dovoleno 15 16 byti, jak z tizemf Hercegoviny, tak i z Cerne" Hory proti nim utoky valecne" cmiti, musila by se i pfekaziti ka2da posila, jich od tamtud dochazejfcf, nybr2 i moznost, prechazeti na ona uzemi, kdykoliv se jim zlibi. To by bylo strategicke" stanovisko, jez" by se proti po- vstani zaujmouti m61o. Ponevadz" ale i zde opet strategic uzce s po- litikou souvisi, jest to pro c. k. vojsko velmi zl6. Neb kdyby se i s povolenim Turecka do Hercegoviny vtrhnouti smelo, nebyli by tim je§t6 nikterak povstalci potlaCeni. Aby se povstalcove" obejiti a se na ne" ze zadu vpadnouti mohlo, musilo by se vojsko zcela volne v zemi fcernohorske" ponybovati. Jez"to vsak toho Cernohorci zajist6 ne- dovolf, budou pfinuceni bud tez s Cernou Horou valku po5iti, coz" by byl krok velmi odvazlivy, aneb se toliko na takticke" postupovani s mno^stvim spolehnouti, ktere bez pffznivych pfipadu jeSte" dlouho by konce povstani neucinilo. Popatfme ale i nyni trochu blfze na toto takticke" hromadne" postupovani, jake" az posud, jiz e. k. vojsko nehrube" s velkymi vy- sledky zkouSelo, vykonano bylo. Ponevadz" uzeini zcela hornate" jest a jedinou jen trochu dobrou silnici, je2 vede z Kotora do Budvy, ma, jest postupovani proti povstalcum velmi obtizne\ a to tim vice, an okres tento bohat jest na sluje, rokle a prusmyky. Podafi-li se i se znamenitou v§t§inou a s mnohymi ztratami povstalce z jednoho mista zahnati, bude prec vojsko velmi nepffznivym zimnim pocasim, zurenim bory a castymi lijaky, je2 5ini t&bofenf pod §irym nebem nemoznS, nuceno, velmi brzy zpatecni pochod do poCtem skromnych pobreznich m$st, a sice zvlaste" do Kotora a Risani*) nastoupiti. Nez" ale Cerstve" (nov6) pfijde vojsko, vykonali davno jiz povstalci opet novy smSly cin, aneb zmizeli, aby op&t nenadale na zcela jin6m mistS se objevivle, vojsko znepokojovali. K tomu druli se i ta okolnost, 2e v tomto mal6m, skalnatSm a v horach svych tolik zahubn6ho skry- vajfcim uzemi jen s velkymi obtfZemi v§tsi oddelenf vojska potravou zaopatrovana byti mohou. Vojsko vScnymi putkami stenSeno, umdli na nejvy§ ztrmacenim, a mnozstvi nezdravou povStrnosti onemocni. Totot jsou velmi malo vabive* vyhlidky. Nesmi se i zapomenouti, ze povstalci nejen rucnicemi, nybrz i skalnimi balvany bojuji, kter6 na vojsko prosmyky jdouci s vyiin svaluji, jako to i Tyrolan6 tak s hroz- nym vysledkem Francouzum Cinili. V nofcnfm Case hrozf i ohnS c. k. lodem, kter6 v zalivu risansk6m a kotorskem zakotveny jsou. Cernd Hora. Pojednavse o Dalmacii, obrafrne zraky sve* na Cernou Horu, jez" jaksi levy jeji bok cm*. Crna gora — zem§ Iva Crnoje, ktery se po ztroskotani velik6 fiSe srbske- v bitve" na Kosovu polje 1389 se Srby, ktefi se nechtCli od Turku dati ujafmiti, do t6to vysociny byl uchylil — left mezi 36° 21' a 37° 13' v^chodni d&ky (od Ferra) a 42° 9' a 42° 55' se- *) Budva je padem pevnfistky Stanjevice, ktera vladla nad silnici do Cerne Hory, v nejvyssim Stupni ohroSena. 17 vernf Sffky. Rozprostira se skoro 78 □ n£m. mil mezi Dalmatskem a Albanskem od dinarsk6ho horskeho uzlu az" skoro k jaderskdinu mofi, aniz by vsak se ho dotykala, okolnost to, ktera, jak jsme se jiz v pojednani o Dalmatsku byli zminili, vecny „casus belli" mezi Cernou Horou a Tureckem zpusobuje. Po&najic jihozapadne od jezera skutarskeho tahne se Cerno- horska hranice k Albanii pf es horu Arvan, Sutormana va Vrsutu, pak ua severozapad zabocujic az k trojimu rozhranf mezi Cernou Horou, Albanii a Rakouskem. Hranice, jez k Rakousku po&na, tahne se okolo rakouske tvrze Presjeku az k Stanjevift, vinouc se pode4 svahu hranicneho pohofi. Odfcud az k Miraci pfekrofiuje hfeben hory a b62i pak okolo tvrze Trojice (Trinita) a nad Kotorem az skoro k pevnustce Dragailji, odtud na zapad zatacejic pod61 Grahova polje k hofe Vu6i Zub se pfiblizuje, kde se zeiniSte" dernohorske\ rakouske" a hercego- vinske" stykajf. Odtud po&na hranice k Hercegovine, ktera zprvu v severnim smSru okolo okresu Grahova a Rudiny se vinouc, za- padne" pfes horu Malou Kitu a na prav6m bfehu Zety az k prosmyku slivjesk6mu se tahne, odkud pak severne se zata£ejfc vrcholu hory Vojniku dosahuje. Zde poclna hranice bosenska, ktera okolo jizni paty Dormitoru udolfm Tusmy jde, a pfekrocujfc hfbety hor Linje- viny a Trebjesu nad vesnici Kolasinem pfes Taru a vrch Vladus, vy- socinu Vasojevickou dosahuje, odkud pak ve vselikych oklikach a2 k pohofi Ku5i-Kora se tahne. Pfi usti Gradisnice do DreCky zafilna pak opet albanska hranice, jez* od Komu pfes vrchol hor Vardu, Crne" Planiny a Djebezy az k vtoku Male Rjeky do Morace se tahne, pak tuto (Moracu) po pravem bfehu az k usti Zety provazi, pod61 Zety mili vzhuru bezi, tuto pak pul hodiny od tureck6 pevnosti Spuze opouSti a koneSne pfes pfihofi hory Bauova-Comily podel po- toku Crkovnice fitfku Sitnici dosahuje, jiz az k tureckSmu mistu Far- maki provazi, kde pak rybuik Malo Blato pfefiznuvSi, podel Male Bara5e ke skutarskemu jezeru pfichazf. Cerna Hora rozpada die politick^ho rozdSleni na vlastnf vy- socmy Crnogory a na Brdu, totiz pozdeji pfipadle vychodni uzemi, ktere" od hlavnfch hor, jez zaujima v sobe, Brda se nazyva. V r. 1860 upraveniin hranic pfipojena plemena Grahovo a Rudine pofttaji se vsak k vlastui Crnogore. Crnogora dSlf se na Styry okresy (Nahije : Ka- turska, Crmnicka, Rje6ka a Ljesanska) a na okres Grahovo-Rudinsky. Brda obsahjje tyto £tyry nahije: Bjelopavlic, Piperi, Moracu a KuCku. Nahije rozpadaji opet v 40 piemen. Jedno plemeno pak tvofi v jednom okresu bydlici rodiny, ktere" odyozujf rod svfij od stejn^ho praotce. Horopis Cerne" Hory jest Cerna Hora sama, smSsice vapenco- vych skal, o niz vlastni obyvatele" vypravuji : „Kdyz stvofitel po zemi kracel, aby kameny rozdeloval, vroztrhl se pytel, v nemz je nesl, a co jest§ tarn zustalo, padlo na Cernou Horu. " Mohutny horsky hfbet, ktery jiznS od 44° severni §ifky skoro rovnob^ne s jaderskym mof em se tahne, vysyla pod 36° 30' a 37° 10' vychodni delky dve" ra- mena: prvni ke Kotoru a Adrii, druh6 smerem k skutarskemu je- zeru; mezi nimi lezi zcela hornata, malo pfistupna, ke skutarskemu jezeru se klonici kotlina Cernohorska. Proti mofi vystupuji tahnouce se severozapadne" mezi hofejSfm 2 18 jezerem skutarskym (Skadarsee) a morein predhori pobreznich pasem, ktera Cernou Horu v c!61ce 6 mil od Dalmatska deli. Pasmo toto, ktere, nedaleko od skutarsk6ho jezera, udoli Crmnicu se skalnimi stenami uzavira, dosahuje jiz tarn v hore Sutormanu, ktera jest jednim ze £tyr sloupu velehor (Sutorman, Dormitor, Trnovo aKom), mezi nimiz uzemi Cernohorske lezi, znamenite" vy§ky. U uzlu horsk6ho Vrsuta zataCi se (pobfezni pasmo) zapado- severne, tvori pak val okolo pristavniho chobotu Spizi (Zagradje) *) a cini od Divli-Vrhu pofifnaje svym hlavnim hfbetem hranici mezi Cernou Horou a uzemim kotorskym. Mezi Spizem a Budvou kloni se pohori velmi sraznS k poMezi, obrati se pak od Budvy po6i- najie ve skoro rovn6m smeru k sam6mu mSstu Kotoru, nad kterym u LovCenu (Monte Sella) nejvySsi vrch (3240') dosahuje. Odtud pak obklifiuje pasmo zaliv kotorsky, d61i mezi Dragalji a Risnem dalmat- skou hornatinu krivosljskou od more, posune mezi tuto a hercego- vinskym vysokym udolim Zubci rameno na sever, ktere" nejvice pfi Orjenu, VuCf-Zubu a Jastrebica vystupuje, nad to pak pres Sutorinu s Prologhem se spojuje. Z tohoto lze jasne videti, jak uzce uzemi kotorske" s Cernou Horou souvisf, s kterou horami svymi takofka prirozenS srostl6 jest. Okolnost ta jest zajiste* povstalcum bok6zskym pfi vsech pfilezitostech vitana. Nez" pozorujme pomSr tento dale. Mezi nyni tak casto jmenovanym Risnem (odkud c. k. vojska valefine" svoje podniky do Ledenice a i dale konaji) a Dragailji ubiha od pobrezniho pasma horske" sedlo, ktere" je s onim spojuje pohofim, jehoz" prihorf udoli grahovo obrubuje a se pak jednak mezi cernohor- skymi horskymi okresy Cuce, Cevo, Pje§ivci a OzriniC, jednak mezi Gra- hovem a Rudine v severo-vychodnim oblouku tahne, z kterSho hory Pusti Lisac a Budos vycnivaji. Odtud klesa povlovne pohori s je&te" 3000' vysokou kapou az k prosmyku slivjesk6mu, od n&hoz se v§ak hlavni hfbet opet vyvySuje a pak s Mlijecno-brdo dinarskym hrbetem Alp spojuje. Dinarske" pasmo Alp **) vstupuje do Cerne" Hory horami Dormi- torem (7600') a Vojnikem (55000 a obklicuje s celou radou strmych hor kotlinu udoli TuSiny, odkud se okolo pramenu MoraCi vinouc a mezi touto a prameny Tary v Ostrocovacu znova znamenite" vystu- pujic, hlavnf skupeni vasojevickych velehor tvori, ktere" v Vasojevici- Komu 8000' a v Ku5i Komu 7500' dosahuje. Mezi horami Sutormanem a KliCevacem deli pobfezni pohori Adrii od pfitoku skutarsk6ho jezera, mezi KliCevacem a Vojnikem vstoupi Cernohorsko-hercegovinske" hranicnf pohori mezi uzemi sku- tarsk6ho jezera a uzemi Narenty, dinarske" pasmo Alp deli jako roz- hrani vod (separation de rivieres) uzemi skutarsk^ho Blata od uzemi Driny mezi Vojnikem a Crnou-Planinou. *) Tento od Albanesu Spuz tez Spizza nazvany pristav, ktery by pro Cernou Horu tak velky mel vyznam, byl ji i Ruskem i Francouzskem popfan. Ma vytecne pfistaviste, ktere by Cerna Hora obema statfim r£da otevrela, cim by ony pohodlna stanovigte lodi v jaderskem mofi si ziskaly. **) Toto pasmo hor ma co hlavni rozhrani vod cernohorskych, hercegovinskych a bosenskych zvlastni vyznam. 19 Kiicevac a Pusii Lisac vysylaji sve pfihofi do novych okresu Grahova a Rudine, pot;trkujice zapaclnf upady az k TrebinjStica, jezto druhe" pohofi rovnobezne" s pobfeznim pohofim od BraiCe az k Pusti Lisaci postupuje, mezi kteryma obSnia pohofima se dlouha vysoka planina rozprostira. Povsimnuti hodao jest, ze vychodni Cast Cerne" Hory, jez Cini siroke" hfbety odvetvenych dinarskych Alp, rozhodne vy§Sf jest nez" cast zapadni. NejstrmeJSi skupeniny hor, ktere" hlavni pasmo a hluboko za- krojeny udolni bfeh obklicuji, nazyvaji se svym obydlenym ,vysokym povrchem Bjelopatic, Piperi, KuCi a Maruca. Die zasluzneho popisu Cerne" Hory od setnika Sestaka, jsou nejdrsnat6j§f casti techto okresu: Hornatina nejblize u lizlu hory Kom, pak hofejSi Vasojevide a prostfedni Cast MoraCi, krajina to, kterou plemeno Rovcfl obyva. Nem6ne neschfidna a bohata na uvozy jest krajina mezi hofejsl Moracou a bosenskym okresem Kolasmem, obydlena Sinjevinskymi a trebjesenskymivUskoky. Nizsi a pfistupn§j§i jest pohofi, jez na zapad s nik§ickou Zupou hraniCi a za tou pfi- cmou se jeho co pruvodu mezi Kolasinem a NikSidem vice uZiva. Horske" sedlo Javorje jest v§ak nejvyhodnejgi pfechodiSte" z udoli hor hofejsi MoraCi do ndoli Tusmy a k horske" kotline Piva-Drobnjaku. Hlavni pfechodiSte" pfes hercegovinsko-cernohorsky hfbet jsou : z Nikslce pfes horske" sedlo Slivje do udoli Zety, a z udoli gra- hovskeho do Tresnjeva. PfistupneJSi jest hornata krajina mezi Kotorem a Detyji, jakoz i mezi Braioem a Cernohorskym hlavnim mCstem. Hory Cernohorske" jsou utvaru kraSskeho. Jsou to z vSti&i Casti hole", divoce protrhane" spousty skalni ; pfevahu majici hornatina jest §edy neb b&avy, zfidka kdy Cervenavy vapenec. SmSsice skal techto klesa jen zfidka na vCtSi rovinu vyjma v okresu bjelopavlicsk6m a v udoli kukskem; ktere" oboje pokrajnymi horami obroubeny vysokymi jsou tidolimi. MeniSi udoli jsou udoli n£gu§ske' a Crmnicke\ Na jiho- zapadu a v okresu katunsk£m jest puda skoro zcela kamenita, lysa a klana. NejurodnejSi jest krajina okolo skutarskdho jezera. Na za- pade" Cerne Hory povzna§eji se krajiny lesnate" jen malo nad hla- dinou fek.*) Ve vychodnfch Brdach naproti tomu jest zrust lesu ve vysce 3000—4000' vetsi, kde2to opet dolejsi svah jakoz i lesnate" krajiny daleko pfevysujici vrchole pohled na neuteSenou holost podavajf. Pohlednuvse takto na horopis zem6v vysvCtlime si zajiste" jiz" slova marsala Marmonta: „Aby se mohla Cerna Hora vydobyti, po- tfebi by bylo vojska 150.000 muzu." Ackoliv nema Cerna Hora hojnych vod, poskytuje vodopis jeji vojsku mnohych prospSchu. VSecky Cernohorske feky, vyjma n&ktere" na severo-vychodni strane" dinarick6ho pasma Alp vznikajici prame- Stromovi sestava na horach z jalovce, myrty, rozmariny, jakoz i okolo vseho se vinouciho ostruzinoveho housti a z jahodniku. NejhojnSji vysky- tujici se stromy lesni jsou: jasan, buk, borovice, topol, vrba, olse, ofech, marchanik, oliva, mandlove a morusove stromy. 2* 20 nit6 feky, vlevaji se do skutarskeho jezera. U Javorje vznikajici MoraSa jest hlavni fekou zeme. Prot6kajic v uzk6m, silne ztrhanem tidoli „Brdy" zvan6m a pfijavsi Malou-Rjeku pospicha mezi Cernou Horou a Albanii bystrym bShem, svymi vysokymi skalnatymi bfehy taktickou pfekazku clnic, a2 pak na druhem bfehu Zetu pfijfma, odkud do uzemi albanskeho pfichazi a pfijav§i k sobe jestS Sitnicu a Zjevnu v dvojit&n proudu (Moraca a Mala-MoraSa) do skutarsk6ho jezera se vleva, V Albansk6m uzemi vede nad Podgoricou most „Vezir most" pfes jejf brehy. Prebroditi ji lze u Jasenovo, pfi vtoku Male" Rjeky a u Dukla. Pfitoky MoraCi jsou fiticl se s vasojevickych hor mezi vysokymi skalnatymi brehy Mala Rjeka, pak Zeta, ktera v Hercegovine v horsk6 kotline NikSice se prameni, u Slivoje op6t pod zemi se ztraci, u strategicky dulezit6ho klaStera Ostrog-u pak op6t na denni svStlo vychazi. Tato pak protSka bjelopavlicske udoli nad tu- reckou pevnosti Spu2f, kde vysok6 ma bfehy, pfechazi na pfidu albanskou a tvoric v male vzdalenosti hranici Sernohorskou u Dukly se do MoraCi vl6va. Brody jsou u Frutaku, Orjaluky, Curilace a Spu2e a pfijima v pravo od Garage pfit^kajici Susicu nad Spuzi, v levo s piperskych hor spadajici potok Slatinu u Gradace, pfes ktery „U2icki most" vede, kter6zto obe male" vody svymi pfikrymi brehy a mnohymi zde svedenymi putkami proslulymi se staly. Mimo to vleva se u Farmaki do Morafie jeste" na Stavoru pry- §ticf se Sitnica*), jeji'z pravy bfeh zcela ovlada levy bfeh. Druha samostatna feka zeme" je v nahiji Rjecke' na Yertjece vznikajici Rjeka Crnojevic **), ktera az" k mistu Rjeka (kde se brod nachazi) uzk6 skalnate" udoli prolomuje, ktere" se odtud poCinajic gffi a sice tak, ze splavna jest. Kdy2 byla karatunskou stoku pfijala, zbahni lev^ jeji bfeh. T6z tato vle>a se do skutarsk6ho jezera, jakoz i obe u Utrga a Soturmanu vznikajici male" fitfky Orohovka a Crm- nica. K pofifci Driny naproti tomu patfi Tara a Drefika. Prvni s Ku6i Komu spadajici vine se hluboce vykrojenym skalnatym ko- rytem mezi vasojevicskymi horami a pfijavsi plestanicky potok, kde lze ji prebroditi, dosahuje bosensk6ho uzemi, aby se dovDriny vlila. Dre5ka, bezprostfedni to pfitok Limu, 6inf, nezli byla Cernon Horu opustila, svym severo-vychodnim behem hranici fcernohorskou k Albanii. Musime jeSt6 se zminiti o vodach, ktere" se na dinarick^m hlavnim hfbetu pry§ti, pfedevSim o TusmS, ktera v horach trebje- serskych pramenic vysokymi horami uzavfenou hlubinou k bosenske hranici spScha a pak o pfitocfch jejich, totiz na Dormitoru vznikajici Bukovici, jez" na drobnjakske" hranici most „UskoCki-Mosta ma, jakoz i o potoku Mokr6, jenz na hofe Javorje temeni. VSecky tyto kraticke\ mezi vysokymi skalnfmi stenami tekouci vodnf ramena Cini rozhodne" takticke" pfek£iky. Tam, kde lze je pfe- broditi, nalezaji se oby6ejn8 pfesmyky. Skoro jen pfi Zet$, Sitnici a dolejSim Crnojevici dajf se mosty klasti. Mimo jezero skutarske" *) Proteka plemeno komanske. **) Na fece tdto lezf hlavni mSsto zeme, Cetynje. 21 jsou je§t6 mala jezlrka u Biziova v nahiji kuksk6 a gornje blato v rjefiske" nahiji. Podnebi zemS neni ste jne\ Na severu a severo-zapadu jest krute\ Snlh pada tam hluboko a zustava v mnohycn horskych rozsedlinach pfes cele leto lezeti. Jemnej§i jest ve vychodni Casti. Na blizku sku- tarsk^ho jezera panuje vlaSske podnebi. Plodiny zemske" jsou: ovtfi vlna, uzena skopovina (kastradina), nasolen6 ryby, kozi syr, barevne" dfivf, ovce, kozy, prasata, brambory, maslo, ubli a jin6 vafivo, luj, kuze, vydelane" ku2e, ptaci, kukufice, rejZe, dfevene uhlf a jablka. Trzi§te na tyto plodiny jest Kotor a na skutarskem jezeru Vir- Bazar. Spojovaci prostfedky zeme nalezaji se v takov6m stavu, ktery kazd6ho velitele vojska nale2it6 rozjfmati nutf, ma-li na uzemi to vstoupiti. Hlavni silnicnf uzel Cerne" Hory jest sldelni m£sto Ce- tyne, z kterehozto na v§ecky strany zeme silnice vyblhajf, rozumej 6ernohorsk6 silnice, na kterych zadny silniCnf stavitel kdy nepra- coval.*) Sledujme nejdfive ona spojovadla, ktera z Cetyne" pfes po- bfeznf horstvo vedou. Tu jest nejprve" §est hodin dlouha silnice od onoho hlavniho mi'sta pfes Njegus do Kotoru s t62ce pffstupnym odvgtvenim z Njegusi do Dobroty, pak cesta z Cetyne" pfes Reznu, Dub, Dide, Ovsinec, Rzanido, Grab a pfes horsky k bfehu velmi pfikfe se klonicf hfbet a okolo rakouske pevnustky Ledencic do RiznS ve velmi skalnatS, hornate" krajine" s drolinou, v kter6 i horska d61a jen s uejvStSimf obtizemi pfepravovati se mohou ; pak z Cetyne" pfes Klobuk do Trebinje s odvStvim z TreSnjeva do nyni tak casto jmenovane" pevnustky Dragalji; pak z Cetyne" pfes Ocjevic a Unji do Braic a odtud pfes klalterni pevnustku Stanjevice do Budvy; taktez z Cetyne" pfes bv. Mikula§sky ehram do Stanjevic a Budvy. Dal§i cesty pfes pobfezni pohofi jest cesta z Rjeky cer- nojevicskym uvozem pfes Kobilic, Za£ir, Cestopolje a tvrz Gomillu do tvrze Lastvy, a silnice z Vir-Bazaru pfes klagter „Sveti Ilija" k rakouske" pevnustce Presjeku (odkud cesta pro soumary k alban- sk6mu pfistavnfmu mistu Spici jde) do tvrze Lastvy. T62 pfes 6ernoborsko-hercegovin?k6 hranicni pohoff vedou mnohe" stezky, tak z Cetyne pfes Dobrogoru, Ternine (kde r. 1716 Cerno- horci Turky porazili), Rudinu a hercegovinske uzemi z Banjan do Gacka; pak z Cetyne skrz pravou smesici skal pfes prosmyk slivjsky do Nik§ic, konecne, vze Zabljaku pfes Podgoricu, pevnost Spuz, u lesu VisoCice ^do Cerne Hory vstupujfc a odtud pfes Martinic (kde roku 1796 Cernohorci Turky porazili), Lakic, Gradac, Persia, Kalan, Lavevic, Osmjedrin a Velejte, neb v pravo okolo Zety skrze Cernohorskymi vftSzstvimi slavna mi'sta Ko§ic (1839), Jastreb (1839), Curilac (1792), Orjaluka, Frutak, Drenost, Bostosa, Ostrog**) a pfes Slivje do Nik§i6e. Mimo to nalezaji se Ctyry popfiCna spojenf mezi cestami Cetynfi- *) Jedinou vyjimku cini stavba silnice mezi Cetyni a Rezaou, ktera ale die Sestaka vzbledem k upotrebeni nic lepsi neni nez cesty od pfirody. **) Pevny klaster Ostrog, nejdulezitejSi strategicky klic zeme, panuje svym po- bodnim postavenim nad spojenim z Niksice s Spuzi a s Cetyni. 22 Niksicem a Zabljak-Nik§i6eni. Tatei vedou z Cetyne" pies Rjeku (prosmyk rjecky, kde r. 1687 Turci porazeni byli) do Zabljaku; pak z CetynS pfes spoji§t6 u Gradace a Krusu (kde r. 1796 Cernohorci nad Turky zvitezili) do Podgorice; pak z CetynS pfes Stitari do Spuze (velmi obtfzna poloha!) a konecne z Rezna pfes MiSke do Frutaku. Spojeni mezi Cernou Horou, Bosnil a Albanskein jsou nasle- dujicl: nejdfive z Podgorice pfes Duklu,*) Stjenu, Crnci, Ricani, Ja- senovo, Javorje uvozem strugskym pfes vychodni svah Dormitoru do TaSlidje na silnici pro karavany z Serajeva; pak z Javorje pfes Po- steni do Drobnjaku; pak z Niksic do Tazlidzu; z Javorje do Sa- ranci v Bosnii: z bosenskSho Drobnjaku do Kola§ina v Bosnii (pfes Posteni, Malinsko, Strug a Siravac v Cerne" Hofe jdouc) ; pak z Ja- senova do KolaSina; z Jasenova do Bjelopolje v Bosnii a koneSo.6 z Ricani do Guzinji v Albansku. Je§te zkratka zminujeme se o popficnem spojeni udoli MoraCi a Zety; tato vedou: z Jasenova do Frutaku; z Jasenova do NikSice a z Javorje do NikSice. Z toho patrno, 2e raimo Cetyni t6z Jasenovo, Javorje a udoli hofejsi Tu§iny dulefttymi jsou spojiSti. Mnoh6 spojovaci silnice sbi- haji se i pfes Ostrog a Frutak dolii v udoli Zetiny, ktere k tureckG tvrzi Spuzi vedou, jakoz se vubec u Spuze a Podgoric vesker6 cesty z udoli Zetinsk6ho a Moracsk6ho soustfecfuji. Setnik Sestak lifii v&ecka tato sppjeni nasledujicimi, malo vabf- cimi slovy : „Nes5isln6 stezky, kter6 Cernou Horu ve vSech sm&rech kfizujf, jsou jen pro nohu od mladi ku slizani hor cviCenou schudn6. Cizinec naproti tomu s tizi se dale dostane na cestS pro soumary. I po tfcchto nemfize vuz jeti, procez spatfi§ v Cerne" Hofe jen zfidka vfiz a jezdce. Vozy obytfejne tahnou voli. K jezdeni uzivajf nej- vice soumaru. Hubeni, mali, slovansko-tatargti kon§ jsou ostatnS pro 6ernohorsk6 spojeni zcela jako stvofeni a nosi jezdce se v§i jistotou pfes pafezy a kameni." Ty2 zpravodaj ma za to, „ze sbor, vpad nepfatelsky do Cerne" Hory podnikajici, i kdyby jen z lehkycli tlup sestaval, jedin6 cest pro soumary k svym valecnym podnikum uziti by mohl, pfedpokla- daje, ze kolony pfedchazejici oddeleni zakopnick6 pilu6 by na zlepseni jich pracovalo." Totof jest 'ale zla domnfcka, neb Cernohorci, ktefi 6hlavni ne- pfate!6 staveni silnic jsou, s teii by oddeleni zakopnicke" klidnS pra- covati nechali. Jen v plochem fifinfm udoli Zety, v krajinS dolni Moraci a na pobfeinim pokraji skutarskclio jezera, muze se lehkSho jezdectva a del upotfebiti. Totof jest ale mala prostora, a pfes to, ze Turci to cinili, nepfineslo to a2 posavade jim mnoho pozehnani. Popatfi-li se jen na obyvatelstvo Cerne" Hory, zvysi se jen ucti- vost k t6to skalnf pevnosti, jejiz obyvatel6 vslckni rozeni vojfnov6 a sice, 6im se chce je§t6 vice fici, rozeni hrdinove jsou.**) *) Zficeniny Dukly jsou byvala Dioclea, jiz Diocletian vystavel a kde se Ri- mane usadili. **) £e vyrok ten neni prehnany, pozname z dejin valecnych Cerne Hory. 23 Cernohorcu , naroda to z nejfrstsiho jihoslovansk6ho kmene, cltalo se na konci roku 1864 196.250 dusl. Mluvi feii srbskou, die nabo2enstvi patfi skoro vyhradne" k fecko-vychodnf cirkvi. Jest to mohutny, bojovny narod, jemuz" se telesnou zdravotou, rychlosti a vytrvalostf, jakoz" i bystrosti smyslu a silou hlasu zadny jiny evropsky narod nevyrovna. Svobodu milujf uade vse a nepfetrzite boje za jich neodvislost cini vyhradn^ dejepis zeing. ZamSstnavaji se chovem dobytka, lovenfm ryb, chovaji ale zvlaStnf nelibost ke v§em feineslum ; v tomto ohledu rovnaji se je§te" dnes zcela rytifum stredovSkym, s nimiz' i jinak mnohou podobnost majl. Odev zalezl z malebneho narodniho kroje, z girokyeh, jen az" po kotniky sahajicich modrych kalhot, z kamizoly ozdobnS vy§ite\ ze zivutku z hrub6, bile" vlny, ktery prsa vzdy odhalena neehava, z lehkych opanek a smele do hlavy ^tlaCene" cerven6 Cepice. Tlumok, pas se zbran§mi a pfes ra- mena pfehozena rucnice doplfiuje obraz Cernohorce. Valecna moc, ktera ve vseobecne brann6 povinnosti zaleZi, jest znaCna. V seznamu valecnSm jest 25.000 muzu pro kazdy okamzik valecn6 pripravenych zaneSeno. V nouzi pak mohou tito nejm6n6 o 10.000 m. rozmnoz'eni byti, tak ze Cerna Hora bez namahani hned 35.000 bojovnfku, kteriz dobfe ozbrojeni a v zbrani zkuSeni jsou, do pole postaviti muze. Vudcem jest Mirko Petrovic, otec nyn&jsiho pa- nujfciho knizete. Jemu podfizeno jest 40 kapitanu (setniku). Ozbro- jeni jsou nyni zadovkami. Pohled'me nyni na jejich dSjiny vale6ne\ Zbytky vojska srbsk^ho, ktere\ aSkoliv 30.000 Turku pobilo, v bitvS na Kosovu polji (15. Cervna 1389) porazeno bylo, tahly se, aby nebyly pulmSsfcem podmaneny, do vysocmy mezi Hercegovinou a skutarskym jezerem, mezi srbskymi horami a Adrii zpSt. Zde zfidili uto5i§t6 jihoslovanske svobody, krestanskou oasu v tureck£m tenkrate tak vysoko se vlnicim mofi, jez se daleko pfes Uhersko proudilo a vlny pfiboje o zdi VidnS zlo- milo. Od bitvy na Kosovu polji jest Crnogora, zem6 a narod „6er- nych hor," zem6 Iva StraSimfra, jenz prvni zaklady k teto hrdinske" fi§i polozil, ktery pro svou tmavou plef a svou bojovnou straSnost crni (5erny) se nazyval, po nem pak cela zemS jmeno m£la. Od tohoto casu zavznfva skoro neustale hrdinny zp8v, tentof jest deji- nami , dfijinami valecnymi nepfemoSitelnych Crnogorcu. Die vele- zasluznych praci Medakovide („Poviestnica Crne-Gore." Zemun 1850), Andride („Geschichte des Fiirstenthums Montenegro." Wien 1853) a J. Vaclika („La souverainete" du Mont6n6gro") podavame zde hlavni uryvky Sernohorske" valecne" kroniky. V r. 1410 porazil Bal§e, kni2e zatansky, turecke" vojsko, jemuz" velel Euren pasa a r. 1421 znicll jine\ ktere Mahmud II. sam osobnS na Cernou Horu vedl. Mezi r. 1424—1436 zvftSzil Stefan Crnogorac, bratr Balsuv, nad Turky v 63 bitvaeh, vystavel tez" pevnost Zabljak, sidlo to Ivana Prvniho, a zalozil dv6 trftste" na jadersk6m pobre^i. Mezi dobou r. 1440—1450 zvitSzil kni^e Ivan II. v mnohych bitvdch nad pasou vezirem Selim-Bostanzem vedenou tureckou moci a po- razil ji konecnS, spojiv se se svym bratrem Djuradjena III. 6pln6 u Djemopolje. Kdy2 pak Sultan Mahmud II. s BenatCany vdldil a se Antivaru zmocnil, byl op6t od spojenych BenatCanu a Cernohorcu 24 pod Ivanem I. porazen. V r. 1480 vybojovali Cernohorci Zabljak zpet, ktery jim v stra§n6m boji v ddoli MorafiskSm kratce pfed tim odfiat byl. Mimo to bojoval Ivan, spojen jsa se Skanderbegem alban- skym, v 60 bitvach proti nevSrfcim a vizdy zfistal vitezem. Roku 1483 odrazila Cerna Hora opSt straSny vpad turecky, pak porazil Djurdj, se svymi Crnogorci u LjeSkopolje sv6ho odbojneho bratra Stani§e BaSutliju, ktery se Cerne" Hory pro Turecko zmocniti chtSl. Djuradj V., posledni knfze z hrdinn6ho rodu Crnojevicu, Cernohorsky Kodrus, vlozil r. 1516 kniz"eci svoji moc u pritomnosti cel6ho naroda do rukou metropolity (vladyky) Vavila a ustanovil tim cirkev za fiditelku svo- bodn6ho statu cernych hor. Od toho 5asu vitSzi Cerna Hora pod vedenim svych vladyk. Porazila r. 1522 Solimanem vyslanelio odpa- dh'ka Petra, zprostila r. 1524 bosenskou pevnost Jajcu pod Jovanem Vukovicem proti 20.000 Turku v dvoudenni bitvS oblezenf, znittla r. 1570 vojsko Beglera Bassa RumelskSho, zvitezila r. 1604 nad Alim Beyem v mnohodenni bitve" na bfezich MoraCe a zhubila r. 1612 jadro tureckeho vojska pod pasou Mehmedem: Tyz osud pfipravilo r. 1613 jen 10.000 Cernohorcu 60.000 muzu Citajicimu vojsku Arslan pa§ete. Sulejman, pasa skutarsky, chtSl r. 1613 v cele velk6ho vojska Cernou Horu si podmaniti. Dvacetidenni boj pouCil jej ale o nemo£- nosti takeho podniku. T6z v r. 1687 zniCili Cernohorci turecke" vojsko, jako2 i v tem^e jeSte" roku porazili vyfitivse se se svych hor pod VuCetou Bogdanovicem pasu Topala u Mokriny. K vitfczstvi tomuto fadila se brzy na to bitva na hofe Vrtjelki, kde Cernohorci po osmi- dennim nepfetrzit^m boji odpadlika Sulejmana Bagailiju s jeho voj- skem odrazili. Roku 1689 uzavfela Cerna Hora s cisafem Leopoldem smlouvu proti Turecku a prokazala mu tenkrate ve valce dulezite sluzby. Ucastnila se t6z vit§zn6 valky, jez Benatky proti Turkum roku 1693 vedly. Za dik dostalo se ji upln£ho zapomenuti v karlovicke'm miru. Ale jiz v noci vanocni r. 1702, sicilskych to ne&porach Cerne Hory, statecny vladyka Danilo setrasl haraS (poplatek z hlavy) a za- hnal i posledniho Turka zev sv6ho neodvisl^ho uzemf. R. 1706 pasa hercegovinsky, jen2 chtel Cernou Horu vydobyti, od vladyky Danila PetroviCe Njeguse na hlavu porazen. R. 1711 uzavfel Petr Velky rusky smlouvu s Cernou Horou a uznal v slavnem manifestu jeji ne- odvislost. Tito jemu tenkrate v HercegovinS jako i v Albanii vyborne sluzby prokazovali — zapomnelo se ale op6t v miru na nS. Meli nyni svych sluzeb pykati. Achmet II. poslal r. 1712 pod vedenfm Achmeta paSete vojsko pomsty Sitajfcf 107.000 muzu proti nim, byl vsak porazen tak, ze v zkazonosnych horskych propastech 40.000 mu£u zanechal. R. 1714 mel pasa Duman Cuprilic s vojskem pfes 120.000 muzu hany t6to pomstiti. Na zacatku byl fasten, ale boj prodluzoval se, jako vzdy v tSchto horach. Roku 1715 byl v§ak na hlavu porazen a z Cerne" Hory vyhnan. Nov6 vit§zstvi slavila Cerna Hora 1716 proti 7000 Turkum pod Beyem Cengicem a 1717 osvo- bodil vladyka Danilo benatcanem Mucenigem proti Turkum hajene" Antivari od oblezeni. Co dik za to zapomneli Benatcane" op£t v miru passarovickem (21. c"ervence 1718) na Cernou Horu. Mezi sokolem cernych hor a tureckym supem trvala valka bez prestanl dale, ale 25 sokol m61 ostfej§f zobak nez oSklivy jeho protivnik. Tak porazila Cerna Hora r. 1722 pasu HusseiQa Trebifisk6ho s 20.000 muzi, r. 1727 CeDgiCe Bekira s fcetnym tureckym vojskern, r. 1732 pa§u Topala Osmana s 30.000 mu?i, r. 1739 pa§u skutarsk^ho Hoda Verdi Muhmet- Begovice s 15.000 mu2i, r. 1750 pa§u bosenskeho Cehaja s 30.000 muzi, a a£koliv potmSSilosti Ben6tcanu dovoz praehu zakazau a tim nouze o prach nastala, jest6 telioz roku jine" vojsko turecke\ 30.000 muzu silne\ V Cafibradfi zufili nad vysledky poslednich rytffu kfesfanstvf. Ji2 r. 1756 poslano bylo op&t 80.000 muzu" silne" vojsko proti nim, a po jednomSsiCnfm tazeni bylo i toto vojsko se ztratou 40.000 muM pora^eno. K. 1767 vystoupil dobrodruh z Chorvatska, Stepan Mali, ktery se za care rusk6ho Petra^III. Orlovera zadu§en6ho vydaval, povedlo se mu rozliCne" strany v Cerne Hofe sjednotiti a hajil vitSzne zeme" proti pfemoci s Benat6any spojenych pa§fi bosenskeho, albansk^ho a rumelskeho, jicMto spojen6 vojsko 120.000 muzu r. 1768 s ne- s&slnymi ztratami porazeno bylo. Nasledkem zavedenych s nimi vy- jednavanf a manifests, ktere cisaf Josef II. rakousky a carovna Ka- tefina JI. ruska, pfi zapofieti valky proti porte" r. 1788 Cerne Hofe vydali, uchopili se tito zbrani a zam&stnavali 50.000 Turku az do r. 1791, byli ale v mini sistovskem 14. srpna 1791 pfes vSecky ob- dr^ene* sliby op&t zapomenuti. Roku 1792 utrp61 vezfr skutarsky Vara Mahmut BaSatlija dvS por&2ky v bitvach s Cernohorci, r. 1795 zvitSzila op6t Cernd Hora v Thermopyl&ch Morafie nad desetkrat siln£j§fm tureckym vojskern. Kdyz" revoluce francouzska vypukla a Benatcane v same Italii zamSstnani byli, hodlal Kara Mahmut tuto situaci vykofistiti a roku 1796 s 30.000 muzu sUnym vojskern benatskych drZebnosti v Dal- macii, pfedev§im ale Cern6 Hory se zmocniti. Avsak 6000 Cerno- horcu, ktefi mu u mista Krus v cestu se postavili, porazili jej tak stra§n£, 2e se od t6 doby Turci pfes pul stoleti niceho proti Cerae* Hofe podniknouti neodvaZili. Pfi vypuknuti rusko-francouzske" valky 1805 uposlechli Cerno- horci hned vyzvanf cafe Alexandra I. a bojovali spoledn6 s Rusi v dalmatsk^m pobfezf az do miru v Tilsite 1807. Francouzov6, jim2 nejvfce na torn zalesfelo, aby se Boky kotor- sk6 zmocnili, pokouSeli se slibovanim vladyku Lauristona za pritele si ziskati, 2e jej Napoleon za dalmatsk6ho patriarchu ustanovi. Vla- dyka ale nedal se pfemluviti. Marsal FrantiSek Marmont, ve>oda du- brovnicky, pokouSel se r. 1808 Cernou Horu si podmaniti; chtSl spojeni k Dunaji Bosnou si otevfiti a aby zada kryta m§l, Hercego- viny se zmocniti. Vladyka ale zfldil hned vseobecnou hotovosf, aby hranic zeme" pffsne" stfeziti mohl a donutil po nSkolika krutych bo- jfch Francouze, ze upustili od sv6ho strategick6ho planu. V r. 1810 svedl skutarsky pa§a Mustaj pro nahii Piperi valku proti Cernohor- cum, je£ se pro neho velmi negfestne" skon&la. Tote^l potkalo t6ho2 pa§u v r. 1812. R. 1813 valcili Crnogorci spolecne" s locTstveni angli- ckym proti Francouzum v Boce kotorske\ Vladyka vybojoval Budvu, zmocDil se utokem veskery<;h tvrzi v tomto uzemi a i samo mSsto 26 Kotor pfmutil, aby se vzdalo, nace2 cele" uzemi Boky k Cern6 Hofe pfipojil, avsak jiz v nasledujfcim roce, nasledkem mfru pafi2sk6ho, Rakousku odstoupil. Putky Cernohorcu s Turky nemSly od t6 doby zadn6ho konce. V r. 1819 porazili pasu Tschelaudina s 12.000 muzi, 1821 Deli pasu se znacn6j§im je§t6 tureckym vojskem, 1832 vezira Meheineda Resida. R. 1835 vybojovalo 12 Cernohorcu 300 muzi hajenou pevnost Zabljak a hajili ji po 4 dny proti 3000 Turkum, nacez se opSt s kofisti do hor svych odebrali. R. 1839 porazen byl prudce vezfr Bej Busatlija od 300 Cernohorcu, ktefi 10.000 muzfi silne jeho^vojsko na utek obratili. Nova vitSzstvi slavili Cernohorci r. 1840 u Zabljaku, Sarenci a Drobnjaku, 1842 u Grahova, 1844 u Doljane, 1847 u Vir Cer- mnicki a 1849 v nahii kuCkaske. Nova fadna valka vypukla ruezi Cernymi horami a Tureckem v r. 1852. Turkum podafilo se za nmohoDasobne" stfidav^ho §t£sti zbrani az do polovice unoru jen obsaditi pfedni zeme, nikoliv v§ak dobyti skalDich sten v stfedu zem6 a nepfizniva povStrnost, nemoci a nedostatky vzaly tureckSmu vojsku chut tak, ze porta rada pfijala sprostfedkovani Rakouska a sv6 voje ji£ koncem unora opet z uzemi Cernohorskeho vyvedla. I r. 1854 pfi&lo to opet ku krvavym pohra- nicnim spor&m. R. 1858 v Hercegovine vypukle povstani zapletlo sousednouvCernou Horu do valky a 11. kvStna toho roku utrpeli Turci od Cernohorcu ale tak citelnou poraiku, &e opSt od valky upustili a sprostredkovanim Francie mir uzavfeli. Pfec v§ak jig r. 1862 priSlo to opet pro povstani v HercegovinS k zjevne" vaice s portou. Tentokrate byli Turci zvlteziv§e u Ostrogu (10. Cervence) a RjeCky (24. a 25. srpna) vnikli na pocatku zafi az k Cetyni. Ztraty, ktere" v tomto tasfenf turecke vojsko utrpelo, byly vsak tak ohromn6, Cerna Hora i po dobyti Cetyne tak malo skrocena, ze Turkum to mil6 bylo, kdyz Cernohorci mime" od nich uCiuSne" vyminky miru pfijali. Ten to jen kratky pohled na valecny dejepis Cernohorcu doka- zuje zajiste dostate6ne\ ze by nikterak snadno nebylo s timto tak statecnym a ve zbrani vycvicenym narodem s prosp£chem valditi. Zahrnme nyni cely nastin stanoviska 6ist6 vojenskSho je§t6 jednou nfekolika malo slovy: Cernou Horu obklidujici hory poskytuji k nim se bliSfcimu nepfiteli malo pfekroCitelnych mist a i tyto nami napfed uvedene" spojovaci prostredky, setkavajf se, Sim hloubeji v uzemi Cerne* Hory vnikajf, s tim vStsimi pfekazkami, ktere* kazd6mu vojenskemu podniku skoro nepfemolitelne obtize kladou. Tato povaha pudy ulozila Crno- gorcum zvla§tni pfirozeny zakon pro jich vedeni valky, zpetbSznou obranu, ktera nepfitele od prosmyku k prosmyku, od skalniho naspu k skalnimu naspu, dale az" do nejneschudnSj§ich a nejnebezpe6n£j§ich casti zeme laka. Na dalmatske" a hercegovinske* strand jest Cerna Hora ochrd nena nepfetrzitou, nedobytnou hradebni fadou vScnych svych skal- nych hor jeste vice kBosnii, proti kter6 hory jeji hlavni baStu tvofi. Jen k Albaaii, smSrem skutarsk6ho jezera, do kter6ho se feky cer- nohorske* vtevaji, otevira se zeme\ 27 Prlmo z Bosnie jest zcela nemozno proti Cern6 Hofe cos pod- niknouti. Pomgrne" nejsnaSSiho pfistupu poskytuje naproti tomu udoli feky Zety, do kter6ho turecke" uzemi jizne" pevnosti Spuzi, severne" pevnosti NikSicem vnika. Proti slabym temto mistum hledi se Cer- nohorci velmi pevnou klasterai pevnosti Ostrogem kryti. Mimo tento klaSter maji i Cetyne" a Jasenovo co silnicnf spojistS zvlastnf stra- tegickou dfilezitost. Ostrog, lezici na cest$ ze zapadni Cerne* Hory do Brd, panuje svym pobocnim polozeniin nejen nad spojenim z NikSic se^ Spuzi a Cetyni, nybrz jest i pfi offensivnim (utoCnim) postupovani Cerno- horcu sinerem k Niksicum nejlep§i oporou. Cetyne" jest vytecnymi postavenimi u RjeSky, Testiariy, Stitari, Oranida, Miske, LovCenu, Njegu§e, OSjenice a Utrgu dobfe kryta.^ Jasenovo konecn§, kde se cesty z Hercegoviny a Bosnie pfes Niksic, Drobnjak, Taslidzu, Saranci, Kolasin a Bjelopolje, jakoz i z^ Albanie pfes Bratono§ic a Podgorici a t6z i cesty ze zapadni Cern6 Hory kfizujf, kryty jsou dostiv mnohymi postavenimi, jimiz tyto cesty jednotliv8 opanovany jsou; Cerna Hora jest skalni pevnost, v niz" bydli rod hrdinuv. Jisty nemecky popisovatel zemS t6to, ktera drive nebo pozdeji ve valkach narodu balkansky ostrov obyvajfcfch je§t6 znamenitou ulohu hrati bude, nazval ji „Kovarnou muzuv". Vyznamne" slovo, na kter6 je§t<§ stale v Cetyni uschovan6 lebky v boji zabitych tureckych velitelu az" dosti jasne" upominaji. Mame za to, ze zfejme muzeme vyfknouti, ze Cernohorci svym skoro pgtistyletym bojem za neodvislosf proti Turkum, jichzto sily tak casto seslabili, o cele* evropsk6 kfesfanstvi si zasluhy ziskali. „Cerna Hora", tot byl kul v mase Mosleminu, skala o kterou nej- lepsf a nejdivo5ej§i jich sily se zlomily a dokrvacely. Zajiste" nepodvolf se zadny kfestansky stat tak politovdni- hodne" jak obtizne" uloze, zkrotiti tento hrdinny narod moci. Zajiste* spoCivalo by to vsak ve v§eobecn6m evropsk^m prospechu, pomoci Cernohorcum, t. j. jim urodne" bfehy skutarskeho jezera a na choboty bohaty pfistav spizsky opatfiti, aby se koneCne" zabezpefcenemu, ti- ch6mu vyvoji osv6ty (vzdSlanosti) oddati mohli. Taky tin byl by du- lezitym politicko-strategickym sachovnim tahem v tak temne zamotane" vychodni otazce. Bosna a Hercegovina. Bosnie (Bosna) a Hercegovina lezi mezi 42° 40' a 45° 15' se- veral sifky a mezi 33° 20' a 38° 45' vychodni delky. Na severu cmi hranici Glina od Maljevacu a2 nedaleko Starosela,*) pak (silnice) cardaky (sruby) chranena cara a£ k Tople, Unna pfes Kostainicu az k Jasenovaci a Sava, az" po ustf Drjny u Kace. Na vychodu deli posl6ze jmenovana feka az tam, kde Zupa se do ni vl6va, bosenske *) Pohranifine stanovisko, straz. 28 uzemi od srbsk6ho. Od vtoku Zupy pofcinajic tahne se hranice po prav6m bfehu Driny, obkliSuje Stolac, Bielu, Usiel-Planiau a nejpo- slednej§i upady Bielo-Brda. Srbsk6 Cardaky naznafiujf ji, jak popi- suje prapornik Roskiewic, *) a2 k pohranicne strazi Podzigle, velmi na blizku vtoku Uvace do Limu. Od tohoto stanovi§t£ (strafe) poCfnajfc 6ini Uvac hranici az hre- benem horskym Planiny muretinsk6, Machmatem, Javorem a solnickou Planinou tvofena pasmovym stanovi§tSm se naznacuje. Nedaleko Ra§ky rozprostfra se hranice podel feky Sbaru az k mfstu Sarenje, odkud pod61 prave t€ie udolni stSny az do krajiny Mitrovicke bezi. Na jih tahne se od Mitrovic po&najic v mal6m oblouku op£t k Sbaru, pro- vazi tuto feku kratkou vzdalenostf, speje na hfeben mokre" Planiny a jde pak tahnouc se na sever ke kruSevicske" Planine" a k Limu u vsi Bioce. Tam kde vleya se VraDJurtica do Limu jest troji hrauicni mez Bosny, Albanie a Cerne Hory. Odtud bezi hranice podel svrchu jmenovane"ho potoku az k pramenu, pak v rovne" Care al k horsk6mu jezeru Cikva Jezeru, odtud uzemi kolaSinske" na jih jiznS uzavirajfc, v severozapadnim smeru k hofe Ornici a v zapadnim, pozdeji jiho- zapadnfm k Vojniku, koneSne tahnouc se na jih v rovne" Safe k prohlu- ben6mu usti Matice, ktera ag !u vtoku GoropoljskG-Rjeky do jezera Slana mezi cmi. Od jezera tohoto b£2i pfes Kittu, Pomelenik-Planinu k VuCimu Zubu (trojske- rozhrani) a odtud az ke vsi Mokrine do udoli suttorinsk^bo k zalivu Novi. Na zapadu Cini az k pfistavu kleckemu hranici dalmatske" pobfezni pohoff Drinji a Debeli-Vrch. Mofske" pobfefi Imotice az k Slivnu ve vzdalenosti jedne" mile v severozapadnim smeru pfinalezi HercegovinS, **) kdezto hranice se na vychod k hofe Zabe" obracuje, odkud se na severozapad k Narent6 u Metkovi6 tahne. Dale zasahuje vsi Blasinac, Vertovic, obklicuje v kruhu Imo§i, dotyka se v tomto smeru a2 i Arzana a vkroci pak na hfeben pasma prolo2sk6ho az k Dinafe. Od hory Dinary tahne se pak hranice udolim balonickym az k Unne, podei ktere* az k Armainu b62i a pak ji zanechajic skoro v rovne" Cafe az" k stanoviSti Zavalje, ne- daleko Bihadu se tahne, odkud pfes Tarzac podei Koranny u Sturlid a konecne" odtud pfes Valiselo do Maljevic na Glinu jde. Bosnu d&li na severu Sava od Slavonie (Rakouska), na vychode" feky Uvac, Lim a Drino od Srbska, na zapadu dinarsk6 Alpy a Unna od Dalmacie, kdezto na jihu s Dalmacii, Cemou Horou a Albanskem hranifif. Obsah plochy a poCet obyvatelstva Bosny obnasi 760 Q mil s 796.000 du§i, Hercegoviny 240 Q mil s 230.000 du§i a okres Novi- bazar 125 D mil s 125.000 du§i. Die rozdelenf politick6ho rozpada Bosnie na 6 kaimakamlyku neboli vladnich okresu: *) Studien fiber Bosnien und die Hercegovina von J. Roskowicz, k. k. Major im Generalstabe, Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus. **) tfzemi bosensko-hercegovinske protina Dalmacii, aby az k Adrii dostoupilo, dvakrate, cfm uzka paska, na ktere Dubrovnik lezi a s druhe strany uzemi kotorsk6 od ostatni Dalmacie oddeleno jest. Zvlastni toto ohranideni po- chazi z casu dubrovnickS republiky, ktera, aby lepe proti Benatkam chra- nena byla, na obou stranach uzk6 kusy zeme Ports odstoupila. 29 1. Serajevo s kraji (nahije neb kasa), Serajevo (kraj mgstsky), Visoka, Foiniza, Neretva, TSelebi-Bazar. 2. Travnik s kraji: Travnik, Seniza, Livno, Glamo6, Alkhissar, Jajze, Golhissar, Prosov. 3. BihaC, severozapadni cast, s kraji: BibaC, Novoselo, Priedov, Novi, Dubiza, Ostrosak, Krupa, Starimejdan, Kosaraz, KliuC. 4. Banjaluka s kraji: Banjaluka, Derbend, Tesanj. 5. Zvornik, vychodne podel srbske" hranice s kraji : Zvornik, Bielina, Tusla-Gornja, Tusla-Donja, Srebernica, BerCka, Kladina, Gra- dal§a£, Maglaj. 6. Novibazar, na jihovychodu, s kraji: Novibazar, Novivaro§, Senica, Metrovica, ViSegrad, Tergusna, Bihor. Hercegovina ma 3 Sandi-saky: Mosar, Trebinje a Tazlydsa neb Pavlje s 17 nahiemi. Horstvo bosenske* a hercegovinske nalezi k zemiSti dinarskych Alp a tvofi odvStvujfc se od dalmatsko-bosenskych pomeznich hor dinarskych a gujatskych rozhrani vod mezi pfltoky Savy a pfitoky more jadersk^ho, tahnouc se hlavnfm tahem ve smeru severozapadnim jako i v jihovychodnim smSru skrz Bosnii, Hercegovinu, Cernou Horu a severni Albansko. Die Boskiewice vykazuji vubec mezi Vrbasem a Drinou na sever a severovychod se odvStvujicf horska pasma hfbetni tvary, v6tve za- padne od Vrbas, jakoz i ty, kter6 se od rozhrani vod na jihozapad • a jih d£lf, tvary panvicne" a krasove\ Cela zemS je hornata a nenazyva se nadarmo illyrske' Svycarsko. Na vychodu dinarskych Alp naplnena jest sounalezitou soustavou rovnobSznych, od severozapadu na jihovychod tahnoucich se horskych pasem, ktera Setnymi die b6hu fek poznamenanymi podelnymi udolimi dSlena jsou. Nejhlavnej§i t&chto pasem jest pohoff vitorgaske" (na severozapadu) a jeho jihovychodni prodlouzeni, Malovan, ktery u Kupresu 4500' vys. k 3000' vysokSmu bystricsk6mu udoli klesa; vychodne" od tohoto zdviha se u pramenu Sanisci, Koprilnica Planina *) az k 5000' na druhe strand Vrbas Radovan. Kdezto odtud na sever a severovychod k Save horska pasma pozvolna klesajf (jako na pf. L§uba£-Planina 1500'), zdviha se jiznS (u Vojnici) s 6000' vysokou Lec-Planinou po- cinajfci vysoke pasmo, jez provazi horni Narenta a vychodnf hranici hercegovinskou tvofi. Na jihozapadu stoji nejm6nS t6z tak vysoky Vranad, a jiz"n£ od tohoto 3800' vysoky Porim. Pfes toto horstvo vede silnice z Mostyru do Bosny Seraje ve vy§ce 3500' pfes 4000' vysoke" vrcholy. JeSte dale na jihovychod po stranach hofejsi Driny, lezf opSt vice nez 6000' vysoka preskavacska a sufiinska Planina, jako Volojak (5900') a Voin, kter6 na jihovychodu na rohu fierne" Hory s gigantickym Dormitorem (pfes 8000' vysoky) se konci. Mezi planinami nalezajfcf se vlnovitou planinu horskou pokryvaji sfavnata hofcem okraSlena alpska luka. Popatfime-li na horopis t6to zeme, dame spisovateli vojenske" studie „Horska valka" zajiste" za pravdu, ktery pravi: „Bosna jest *) Planina nazyva se pohori. 30 jedna ze zeml, ktera die sv6 povahy pudy od pfirody same za bojistS trvale male valky a tSzce udusitelnych guerillnich boju vyhlidnuta se byti zda." Kotlinate' dtvary po&'naji jiz jiznS, stupne" sirky Bihac" BanjaluSske" pfibirajf k jihu a zapadu Vrbasu povaze krasove horskych pasem od- povidajice vzdy vet§l rozmery a zasluhuji pro hojnost vod a vysok6 polozeni s pfibyvajfci velkosti jmeno vysoeiu (Vysociny mal6 rozsahlosti, jakoz i nfziny maji oby£ejne jmeno „poljeu.) Tyto z vetsi Casti roklinatymi fekami, t. j. takovymi vodnfmi zilami svlazovan6 vysocmy, ktere" misto aby se do jinych fek vlevaly, najednou opet v horskych roklinach se ztraci, aby snad po nekolika milich daleko vzdaleny pod jinym jmenem opet na povrch vystupovaly, jsou od severu na jih vysocmy Bilaj a Petrovac (s pot&ckem Co§kou), s kterymi chuda na vodu Bravsko-polje hraniCi, vysocina Dobrinia a Hidin Megdan (spatna a jen obtfasnS svlazovana), vysocina PodreSnica (bohate ovodn£na ale mocalovita) vys. Grahovo (Gvizdo-Rjeka, potok), Sinokosa (bazinata), Livno, t6z Livajnsko-polje nazvana (s mnohymi mosty, 40' Siroka a 2—3' hluboka Bystrica), Glamoc neb Glamofiko-polje (Vrba), Kupre§ (potok Milad), Duvno (Suica), Kakitno, kterou Smianja ovlazuje, Kotlina Rusko-polje vychodnS od Arzana, vysocma posusjeska vychodne' od Smo§e, kterou Grabovica ovlazuje, a vysocina brotujoska na NarentS severne" od Po£itelji. V§ecky tyto vysocmy lezi v krasovS pudS, skromne" rozsahlosti a vyjma posledne jmenovane jsou jen slabe olidnSny. Se suchoparnou krasovou plochou Bachtievici (na ceste z Konjice do Mostyru) hraniCi vysocma nevesenjska, jez jest nejrozsahlejgi v Bosnii a HercegovinS. Zavlazovana jest Zamolskou-Rjekou, ktera pfijima potok Moreski, a zapadne od Bratace po kamennem moste pfejiti se da. Vychodnf pokracovani vysociny nevesenjska jest vysocina GaCko, ktera opet vychodnS Rjebu-Dolinou pokracuje. (Svlazovana bohatou na vodu Musicou, jez pfijima Gracanicu a Ljesnicu a jizne od Metokia most ma.) K t6to pojf se jizn6 vysok§ udoli Cernica, kdezto se rovnobezne k vysocmam nevesenjskym a gafikoskym a jizne od obou vysociny Dabra a Fatnica (velmi nepatrnymi vodnfmi zilami) se rozprostirajf. K t6to poji se opet na vychodu vysoCina Plana a Korito (jen cisterny), o kterou se opet v smeru jihovychodniin kamenita pfida Golia a v pohofi dugaskem dobfe svlazovane' Gornje-polje opira. Vysocmu niksicskou proteka dilem £ernohorskou hranici tvofici Malica, ktera, vznikajic na Pusti-Lisacsk6 Gorrpolsku, Mostanicu, Zetu a GarCanicu-rjeku pfijima, kterezto pfftoky na silnici z NikSic" do Bilku mosty maji. Dv6 hodiny na jihu od Dabra rozprostira se malo ovodnSna vysocina Ljubinje, na kterou v jihovychodnim smSru kotlina krasova, le&ci na silnici Trebinje-Bilek, nasleduje, kdezto se, 5 hodin severovychodnS od ni, co strategicka operacni opora proti Cerae" Hofe dulezita vysocina BileCska rozprostira, ktera okolo ni lezici kamenne pou§ti jedine" bohatstvim pramenu s to jest, aby v6t§i voje vodou zaopatfovala a mimo to i t6 vyhody poskytuje, ze blizko Cernohorske hranice spojiStem vice cest jest, kterych co fadovych silnic uziti se muze. Na pat6 vysociny BileSske" tahne se vysoCina TrebinCicska do 31 Tiebinje, kde jmeno Trebinsk6 a Popovo-polje pfijfma. (Trebincma stfidavS raezi 20' a 6' §iroka a 2' — 4' hluboka ma nad Trebinji [Arslaaagica-Most] a u Slana most, a u Gran6arevo a Trebinje jsou pfivozy.) Ctyry hodiny severovychodne' od Ulloku §ffl se po prav^m bfehu Narentine na zapad a vychod otevfena vysocma zagorska (nepatrne" vodni 2ily). N£co malo severne" od Zagorie naleza se kotlina krbliny. Na planine" horske" a jiznich upadcich Romanjske Planiny rozprostira se vysocma Glasimace (potok BeSetnica), na ktere se hlavni silnice spojujf, jez" od Zvorniku a VySehradu do Serajeva vedou. VychodnS od telo naleza se kotlina Kosutica, jiz Lehova proteka a na krasove" horske planing, ktera Eomanjou, Semecem, Kopitarem, Studenou Baturou- Kraljevou- a Vuksicltou planinou se tvofi, naleza se je§te mno2stvi kotlinatych svahu, z nichz nejznamenitejSi je na silnici do VySehradu isanske, selianske\ pesurifiske a §emedske-polje a vychodne od Gla- sinace mrkalsk6, arnautovic^ke" a kraljevo-polje. Od severozapadu k jihovychodu tahnoucimu se pasmu hor v Hercegovine se podobajice a sledujfce pfirozenS tyz smer fadi se t€i vyso&ny, coz se zfejme v poloze vysocm nevesenjeske" a ga£ske\ Dobra, Fabrica, Plan6, Lju- binje a Sasenu, jakoz i v b&hu Trebin&ce objevuje. VStsi niziny nalezaji se skoro jen podel prav^ho bfehu Savy. Co takove" uvadime: rovinu vychodne" od usti Unny do Savy, naproti Jasenovacum, LjevSanicu Polji, mezi Savou jiznS od Busudu (Brodu). ZapadnS od usti Bosuy, pak vychodnS teto pod61 Savy az k usti Driny v menici se sifce 3—6 hodjn. Dulezitej§i nez Dalmacie a Cern6 Hory jest vodopis Bosny a Hercegoviny, ponevadz znamenite" vodni zily timto uzemim prot6kaji. Brani-li hory jiz spojeni vojsk, Jest te2ko pfec opanovati je a jen malo hornatych krajin, vyjma snad Cernou Horu a jizni Dalmatsko neposky- tuji skoro nikdy tak trval6 obrany, jako velke" proudy a feky. Nejdulezitejsi feka Bosny jest Sava, jez v sifce 150—400 kroku od Jasenovatfe po£inaje rakousko-bosenskou hranici tvofi. Jest splavna pro parolodi, nese tizi 4000 centnyfu a tete sm6r casto menic mezi 2° — 3° vysokymi rozsedlymi bfehy a nevede, dokud se Bosny dotyka, pfes ni zadny most. Pfitoky jeji po prave" strand jsou: 1) Unna, ktera u Armaiku na turecke" uzemf vstupuje, z po- 6atku uzkym a skalnatym, od Bihaee az k Krupp6 otevfenSjSfm, odtud az k Novi lesnatym pohofim uzavfenym a pak az k Dubice hornatou krajinou tvofenym §irokym udolim tefie, az u Dubice na rovinu vstupuje a se u Jasenovace do Savy vle>a. Pfi usti 150 kroku Jiroka, jest na dolnim sv6m b£hu splavna, u Kullen-Vakufu, Bihaee, Kruppi a Kostainici nalezaji se mosty, u Ripac, Perekovic, Ostro- zam, Ottoka, Novi u Dubice pak pfivozy. Pfijima v levo nSkolik potoku, v pravo v Cerne Hofe vznikajici, u Armainu ylevajici se Unnac (u Dervaru most), Cagiavici a Sannu, ktera v Cern6 Hofe vznikajic u Kljuce dobfe zdSlanym, odtud u Janski Mostu roz§ife- nejsim, u Prjedoru se opet uzicim udolim prot6ka a konecng op6t sirokym udolim se vinouc u Novi do Unny se vleva. Na dolnim behu 200 kroku Siroka, pocina byti u Prjedoru splavnou a ma u KljuC, 32 Sanski-Mostu a Novi mosty. V levo i v pravo prijima nepatrne" ffCky a potoky. 2) Verbas, prysticf se na Lecu a Radu§ske" planine" te6e sm&rem severnim, od Goruc-Vakufu, az k Skoplje Sirokym, urodnym, odtud az k Banjaluku skalnatym, lesnatym 6asto uzkym udolim obracuje se tam k severo-vychodu a jest ode vsi Maglai poSinaje jen na pra- v6m bfehu provazen motaiCaskou planinou, na levem bfehu ale roz- sahlou Ijevcanickou rovinou ohraniCen. Pfi usti a Sterbasu do Savy 150 kroku Siroky a od Banjaluky pocmaje 4—5' hluboky, jest splavny odtud pro men§i lodS. U Skoplje vede pfes n£ho kamenny most a dva dfevSne" u Sajce i Benjaluky a jeden u Trnu. Z pfitoku jeho slu§i mimo nekolik potoku poznamenati v levo Plivu na Vitorogu vzni- kajicf, ktera jde vysokym horaatym udoh'in, v pravo Janicku, v levo u jezera Maidansku-rjeku prijima a pod titnto mistem krasne" jezero Gyslhisser tvofi. V16va se u Jaice 60 kroku jsouc §iroka do Verbasu, ktery v pravo u Skoplje Oborcu, nad Jaicem Koslar u zficenin Ko- metinu Ugar, u Karanovace Svrakovu, pak Verbanju prijima, kte- rezto v§ecky feky vysokymi skalnatymi, castecne" hustfi lesy porost- lymi bfehy obklftfeny jsou. 3) Ukrina, jakoSto velka Ukrina na Gfiensu a co mala na boriaske" planing vznikajic, a se pak pfi usti potoku Denis spojujic, proteM az" ke KremnS lesnata, hornata, pak vzdelana, §ir§i udoli a vpada u Koracja-Dolni do Savy. U Der^entu jest most, lze ji v§ak i prebroditi. 4) Bosna, na pate igmansk^ho pohori vznikajic, 50 — 500 kroku giroka, 2 — 5' hluboka prot£ka Sarajevsko-polje od Dvoru az k Gra- disdi udolim stfedopohofi, od Gradisci k Orahovice lesnatymi pro- smyky, pak az k Modrici dosti rozsjfenym udolim, tece pak na ro- vinu, kde se zapadne od tureck£ho Samace do Savy vleva. Od Ma- glaje pofiinajfc jest pro male lode splavna, u Ilidzie ma kamenny, u Raljeva, Visoke a Lenic dfevSny most. U Kakanje, Orahovic, Zepfi, Maglaiu, Doboje, Kotorska a Doboru nalezaji se prevozy. V levo pfit6kaji k ni (u Visoke) Kre§evou (u Ban Brda) a Fojnici (u Kiseljaku) sesiln&na, 50 kroku Siroka Zepenica, pfes kterou u Ban Brda, Kiseljaku a Visokev mosty vedou, jakoz i Lasva a Ussora. V pravo vl6vaji se do ni Zelesnice, jez ma most u Ilidze, pfi dstf sv6m 60 kroku Siroka Miljacka, jez ma 6 mostu, pfi usti 80 kroku Siroka Krivaja (s lavkami u Viaku, Carev-Hanu a Gosovice) a pfi usti 70 kroku Siroka Spreca (u Stipovopolje most). Mezi ustlmi Bosny a Driny pfiteka k Save" vice malych fek, toti2: Tolisa, Gojmir, MreSnica, Perkovica, Blazevica, konecne Tinje, kteraz z velke" a male" Tinje v Majevici sestava. VSecky tyto ff£ky# lze prebroditi, maji ysak pfi usti pro vozovou cestu vedouci ze Sa- mace do Ber£ky most. 5) Drina povstava spojenim se Pivy, ktera co drava horska voda skalnatym udolim se vali, a u kl&§tera Piva most ma, s Tarou na upati Komu vznikajicf, ktera uzemim kolasinskym v skalnatych ddolnich stenach proteM u Kolasma, Kapitanovu-rjeku prijima a pri spojeni se s Pivou u Humu 50 kroku §iroka jest. Od Humu az k FoCi pohybuje se Drina k seveni, odtud k vy- 33 chodu, teCe pak v mnohych zahybech mezi skainimi a lesnatyini po- hon'mi a2 k Vysehradu (kamenny most s 11 pilifi) a odtud v smem severnim od usti Zepy pocinajic, tvofi liranici az k Zvorniku. U Janji vstupuje feka na rovinu a vltfva se naproti Ra£i do Savy. Odtud pak nelze Drinu vice pfebroditi, u Fo£i 100, u ViSehradu 170, pfi usti 3—400 krokfi Siroka, jest od Ljubovice pro male" lod6 splavna. Pfivozy na.leza.ji se u Humu, u Rrodu nad Focou, u Ustikoliny, Govazdy, Medzidzje Ljubovie, Zvorniku, LoSnice, Janji, Balatuna a u RaCi. V levo jeji pfitoky jsou: Sustinska, ktera u Prosejenic veli- kolep6 skaliuy Sela a Volujaku prolomuje a 60' siroky skalni pro- smyk tvofi, kde za 6asu srbskych cafu zamykaci prosmyk byl. (V pro- smyku sam6m vedou pfes ni tfi pod Ticntistou jeden most.) Nad Focou ustici se Bystrica, jiz lze vSude pfebroditi, ktera u vytoku sv6m u Gorazdy 40 kroku Siroka a Pra6a, kterou po dfeySn6m mostu prejiti lze; pfi usti pod Vratarem 30 kroku Siroka Zepa (u vsi Zepy naleza se stezka); pod vsi Mihailovicemi vlevajlci se KfiSe- vica; v Sirokem udoli u Kosierevopolje, pfi usti 60 kroku Siroka Drinaca, ktera sama vice nenepatrnych pfitoku ma (v pravo TivCa, Suovarac a Sadar, kfery u PaloSe a Nove" Kosaby most ma). DalSi leve" pfitoky Driny az k usti jejimu do Savy jsou : Josava, Sapna, Jasenica, Lokajuska, PjeliSka, Tavna a u vtoku 30 kroku Siroka Janja. Pfitoky Driny v pravo jsou : 30 kroku Siroka u Fo£i (kde dva mosty jsou) v!6vajfci se Cehotina; nedaleko Goraz"dy ustici se Prisoj; Janina (u vsi Batfvy); jezero Plavn protekajfci, naproti Medzidzje 60—70 kroku u usti Siroky Lim, ktery u Priepolje most ma, a mnohe pfitoky pfijfma (v levo KreSticu, Grasdinicu, Vranju- sticu, Jalovicu, Akocku, SelaSnicu s Svezdanskou Rjekou a Poblat- nicu; v pravo: Ljubusticu, Drfku, Ko£evu, MiloSevu, Bystricu, Kra- tova, GoduSu a Uvac\ ktery skoro po sedm hodin srbsko-bosenskou hranici cmi a 40 kroku Siroky u Priboje se vle>a; Strzava, jez" na bosenskSm uzemi u Jagodiny most ma, ostatn6 vSude ji pfebroditi lze, a ktera se u VySehradu 30 — 40 kroku dlouha vleva. Druha blavni feka zeme jest Narenta, je2 spojenim se dvou potoku. (Krupace na jabu£sk6m pohofi a PridvoriCky-Rjeky na hofe Gredlu) u Pridvorica vznika, odtud az ke Konjici v severozapadnim, a2 k usti Ramu v zapadnim smeru teSe, pak na jih se otaci, a2 k Bune tomuto smera vSrnou zustava, pak se jihozapadne obracf u Metkovic v Dalmatsku na rakousk6 uzemi vt6ka a ve viceramennou (v dvou hlavnich ramenou a v 6 vtocich) u pevnustky Opus svym nezdravym poMenim tak povestne" do Adrie se vleva. Od sv6ho vzniku az ke Konjici obklfCena jsouc vysokymi £a- stecne lesnatymi skainimi stSnarni, teCe odtud az" ke Konjici otevfenej- Sim, dilem lesnatym, dilem vzdSlavanym udolim suzena jest op&t ai k Podporimu kolmymi 2 — 3000' vysokymi skainimi stenami a tece nad a pod Mostyrem rozSifenymi udolimi, kter6 ale pod Bunou nfz- kymi horami opet velmi suzeny jsou. Od Buny az" po PoCitelj a u Gebelly, kde prolomeno jest pohofi prolozsk6, onraniCuji jen mirnS vysoke horske paty feku. U GlavatiCeny lze ji pfejiti po df evened, 3 34 u Konjice t62 i u Mostyru po kamennem moste\ Pfivozy nalezaji se u Buny, PeCitelj a Metkovic a brod Y, hodiny nad Mostyrem. Ji2 u Mostyru jest 4' hluboka, 60 kroku Siroka, jest od KruSevic splavna a od Metkovic plavou s parniky. V6t§ich pfitoku pfijima Narenta devSt v pravo, totiz" : Naretvu neb malou Narentu (20 kroku Sirokou) usti ma nad Konjicou; Ramu (30 kroku Sirokou) dve hodiny pod Uzdem; s vy§ky 80' do Narenty se fitici Perutac aProporac; DivuGrabovi6i, ktera se usti u Luksa-Grabu; Dreznicu (25 kroku girokou) 4 hodinypod Sablanici; Vojnu; Listici neb Sasenici, pfes kterou vedou u SirokSho Briegu a Buny mosty po dobrodruzn6m b£hu, pfi kter6m skrz jezerni bahno mostarski Blato jde a pozd&ji jedenkrate 22/2 hodiny pod zemi teSe u Buny (40 kroku Siroka) do Narenty se vl6va; Trebisat, ktery ma u Priboje a u Strugu mosty, u Strugu se usti. Pfitoky Narenty v levo jsou: Potok Gvoznica: Stranina, ktera prot6ka na silnici z Konjice do Mostyru se nalezajici male jezero „Jezero" a pak jako Vlach-Rjeka pod GlavatiCevem se usti; Biela nad, Tisevica pod Konjici; Lagoscma u Jablanic; bohata na vodu 100 kroku Siroka, 2 — 4' hluboka Buna, ktera u Buny (kde se naleza kamenny most) se usti; casto vyschla Bisina; Bregava, ktera ma u Stolace dva (kamenne) u Prebiloce jeden most (60 kroku siroka) u Capliny se vleva — a v Utove-Blate pramenici se pfebroditelna Kruppa, je2 se u Doljana do Narenty vle>a. Tfeti feka zem§, Ibar totiz, jak sam Roskiewic, jenz nejlepsi mapu Bosny sdSlal, se pfiznava, jest u sv6ho pramene jako i b6hu jen malo znam. S jistotou se fici musie, ze se u Mitrovic na sever obraci, od Jarenje hranici tvofi a pod Ra&kou srbske" uzemi protSka. U Ra§ky pfijima Ra§ku, v levo Ludsku a DeZevu, v pravo Jasanici, Trnavu a Ili6ku na blizku Nov6ho bazaru. Hlavni spojovaci prostfedky BosDy a Hercegoviny jsou na- sledujici: Ze Serajeva (45.000 obyvatelu, pevnost jiz" silne" se rozpadava) pfes Rakovici, Kiseljak, Busovac, Travnik (12.000 obyv.), Skoplje (2.000 obyv.), Pru§ac, KupreS, Suica, Livno (tr2i§te, 3.500 mahome- danu, 1.600 kfestfanu); Prolog-Han do Signu (41 tureckych jezde- ckych hodin). Z Travniku pfes Karaulu, Jaice (2.500 obyv.), Varcar-Vakuv (2.000 obyv.), Cadjavice, Kljuc, Han-Bravsko, Petrovac (2.000 obyv.), Bilai, Lippu, Dubovsko Ripac, do Bihace (zanedbane" pevnosti 4000 oby- vatelu, l/a hodiny odtud jest pohranicni strai Zavalje (37 tureckych jezdeckych hodin). Z KljuCe pfes Bravsko, Petrovac, Dervaz do Resanovce (vsi, 1672 tur. jezdeckych hodin. Z Travniku pfes Vitovlje, Ugar, Skender, Vakuv, H. Plocu, Javoru, Koranovac, BanjalUku (15.000 obyvatelu), Ivainsko, Kosarac (2 — 3000 obyv.), Prjedov do Novi (mgsto, drive casto oblehana pev- nost, 3. fijna 1789 Laudonem vybojovana, 1600 obyv., 36lh tur. jezdeckych hodin). Z Banjaluky pfes Maglai (ves) do stare" GradiSky naproti ve vojenske" hranici lezici pevnosti Berbiru (1500 obyvatelu, r. 1789 Laudonem vydobyte\ 11 tur. jezdeckych hodin). Vozova cesta ze Serajeva*) v bosenskem udolf pfes Rakonici, Kiseljak, Busovac (700 obyv.), Vites" ZeniC, Vrauduk (ves s tvrzf horskou), Zepse (2000 obyv.), Maglai (mSstys 1800 obyv.), Doboj (1600 obyv.), Foci (2000 obyv.), Dervent (se starou tvrzf; 2000 obyv.), do Brodu neb Busudu (hlavnf vchod do Bosnie!) 46 tur. jezd. hodin. Ze Serajeva po prav6m bfehu Bosny do Zenice, 16 hodio. Ze Serajeva pfes Han Osren, Olovo, Kladain (1600 obyv.), dolnf Tuzlu (6000 obyv.), do Bercky (2000 obyvatelu, 30 tureckych jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Vlasenici, Zvornik (mSsto a pevnost 8—9000 obyv.; r. 1688 od markhrabete Ludvika badensk6ho, 1689 op£t od Turku dobyta), Janji (1200 obyv.), Balatum do Racii (na rakousk^m bfehu Savy, 38 tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Vygehrad, Novy Varos" do Novibazaru (s tvrzi; 9000 obyv,, 51 tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Gorazdu, Gainici, Priepolje, Sjenici do Nov6ho Bazaru (49. tur. jezd. hodin). Ze Serajeva pfes Blazni, Tarcm, Bradinu, Konjic (12000 obyv., az sem jest silnice ledva schodna, pak jest obtfzna), Borke, Zimlje- Han, Mostar (18000 obyv.), Bunu do Metkovic (mSstefika v Dalmat- sku, 281/2 tur- Jezd- hodin). Z Neretvy po levein bfehu Narenty && k usti Ramy (kamenny most) pfes Uzdo, Prozor, do kotliny Ramy, pak pfes Stit a Mokro- noge do Livna (25 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Doberkovi, Mammice do dalmatske^ho m§- stefcka SmoSi (12 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Bunu, Stolac (3000 obyvateluv), Ljubinje (1500 obyv.), do Trebinje (spatne opevnena, 3000 obyv., 18 ture- ckych jezd. hodin). Ze Stolac pfes Dabru, Fatnici, Planu do Bileku (vsi na vy- socme" bile£sk6, 12 tur. jezd. hodin). Z Mostyru pfes Nevesenj, Zatom a pfes Grabovici, Metokiji (1000 obyv.), Krstac do NikSic (2000 obyv., 29 tur. jezd. hodin). Snad by to mSlo zvla§tnf zajmy, spojovaci prostfedky Hercego • viny jeSte" jedenkrate samy pro sebe pozorovati. Tyto daji se oddi- lem, ktery Narenta od Konjice az ku svemu usti stfedem zeme" cmi, nejle'pe na spojeni v levo a v pravo rozdeliti. Na levo nal^zajf se spojeuf z pevnustky Opus do Mostyru; ze Stagna pfes Polje a Trnovo do Trnovic a odtud prusmykem hranicnf ho pohofi do Stolasu ; **) ze Slana do Stolac ; z Dubrovniku pfes Stari-Slano, Ljubinje (s pevnym zamkem) do Mostyru ; z Du- brovniku star6ho a Novi (Castelnuovo) udoli'm trebinjgtickym do Tre- *) Serajevo, hlavni mesto Bosnie, bylo r. 1697 princem Eugenem Savojskym vydobyto. **) Stolac ma polozenim svym na vybSzku skalnim proti strelam chraneny zamek. 36 binje*) (odkud cesta pfes horn Clivo a mfsto Rudine do Bilece vede); z Novi a Risn6, kdyz se byly obe cesty u proslul6 pevnustky Dra- galje spojily, polem grahovskym (kter6 pod ochranou Cemohorcu jest) pfes pevnustku Klobuk (ktera cestu tuto ovlada a kde r. 1807 bitva mezi Turky, Rusy a Cernohorci se strhla) a BilaC **) do Mo- styru; konecne" velmi obtizna cesta z Mostyru, hlavniho mesta Pa- Saliku, pfes tfi rovnobezne fetSzy z Konjice na Narente" do Se- rajeva. Spojeni v pravo od Narenty jsou: z Metkovic pfes Gabellu; Strugo, Caplinu, Bjelotice a ViSepolje do Mostyru; z Vergovac dlouhou uzlabinou Prologhu pfes Ljubuiku do Mostyru; z Imo§e pfes Posojfcje, Duvno a Nakini-Dvori do Mostyru; ze Splita pfes Sinj, pfekroSujic Cetyni a hfbet Prologhu prosmykem bilibrigskym do pevnostivLivna, kde se deli cesty na rozlifine' strany; vychodne" do zamku Zupanjace, pak Rakitna, pro spojeni s cestou, ktera vede zlmoSe; dale pfes Zupanjac a Gostinice do Serajeva, s druh6 strany i Konjici, pak pfes Prisak, Serbici a LjubanSice do GlamoSe, ze Sokol do Grahova, konecne" pfes proloSke pasmo prosmykem vrilloskym do Kninu. Nejschudne-jSi ze spojeni tSchto jsou ona z Dubrovniku pfes Stari-Slano, z Opusu pfes Matkovice do Mostyru a ze Splita pfes Livno, kterazto v§ecka pfes Konjici do Serajeva vedou. Za nejdulezitejSi mista v Hercegovine' v ohledu strategick6m plati: Trebinje, Mostyr a Livno, jakoz i silnicni spoji§t6 : Niksic, Gacko, Stolac, Nevesinj a Konjica. Obyvatelstvo bosensk6 a hercegovinske' nalezi y6t§inou svou k jihoslovanske' Celedi. N6co malo naleza se tam t£& Zidu a Cikanu a cizincu, jiz tam usedli nejsou, jakoz i fadove" turecke* vojko (asi 5.700 muzu). Panujici fee" jest bosensko-srbska, jez zvla§t6 po kraji Cistou a ve sv6 p&vodni krase se udrzela. Plati die vyslovnosti, liboznSni a hojnosti slov za nejkras§i ze v§ech slovanskych fe6i. Turecka fe6 nemohla se nikdy na bosensko srbske pud6vzmoci. Die nabozenstvi deli se obyvatelstvo na kfesfany, Turky a Zidy. Turci, jizto i Cikany v to pofiftaje, sotva 384.000 dusi 6itaji, jsou temef pu- vodem svym vesmSs Bosnaci, ktefi druhdy, aby ze svych statku olou- peny nebyli, Mohamedany se stali a od t€ doby nejhor§fmi nepfately svych soukmenovcu byli, ktefi se kfesfansk^ho nabozenstvi pfidrzeli. Kde2to pfivrzenci Mohamedovi na v6t§im dile v mestech obyvaji, pfevladaji kfesfane* po kraji co rolnici a pastyfi. ZvlaSte v cele" severni 6asti od Novi a2 po Bielinu, pak v 21 krajich pod61 dal- matske hranice maji vrch. Na neStSsti d§li se na feeko-katolicke a vychodo-katolicke' kfesfany a nenavideji se vzajemnS co taci vice nezli spolecnGho nepfitele sv£ho. *) Trebinje jiz r. 872 sidlo knizete Krajna, bylo r. 1366 od krale bosenskeho Tvrtka, r. 1463 od sultana Mohameda II. a r. 1694 od Benatcanii dobyto. **) Z mnohych spojeni, jez u Bilic se krizuji, vede odvetvi pres Omutice do Cerne Hory, jine vychodnS prusmykem Dugy do Niksic a odtud pfes pru- smyk Slivje tez do Cerne Hory. 37 Fysicka jakost bosensko-hercegovinskych Slovanu rovna se uplne" jakosti sousednich Slovanu. Nalezame mezi nimi touz vysokou, mo- hutnou postavu, tyz vStrem a parnem osmahly obliCej, touze vyznam- nou krasu v tazicb, tyz poklid a dustojnost ve vzezfeni. T6z jich kroj rovna se kroji Morlaku. V £ervene barve maji sv6 nejvetsi za- libenl, a ponSkud i v modre\ Obydli jejich ve vesnicich neli§i se ni&m od dalmatskych Morlaku, obydli mestska skladaji se vetsim dilem toliko z tramu, hlinou a vapnem slabe nahozenych, a tak zvan6 kule (vSze, v nichz zamoznej§i lid.6 pfebyvaji), jsou jen kamenna, k obrane zfizena staveni o jednom patru, v jehoz pfizeml v Cas ne- pfatelskych utoku dobytek se ukryva. M6sta zalezeji vubec ze tfl cast!; z gradu aneb tvrze, z varo§e aneb vlastne" z m6sta, je2 casto naspem aneb zdi jiz sesutou opatfeno jest, a konecne z mahaly, pa- lanky aneb zagrady, t. j. z pfedmSstf. Prave" tak, jak malo fee se zmenila, nezmenily se hrube" i mravy a nahledy Bosnanu od te doby, co pod tureckou vladou jsou. U kfe- stfanskych Bosnanu nalezame bez rozdllu je§te v§ecky prvotnf mravy a mravni vlastnosti: neobmezene" pohostinstvi, patriarchalni rodinny 2ivot, udatnost a bojechtivost, az fanatismu dotykajici se naboznost, poCestnost u obcovani vzajemnSm a neporu§itelnost pfatelstvi (po- bratimstvi), avsak te2 krvava nesmiflivost v nepfatelstvi, mstivost a jakasi naklonnost k fatalismu. Ponevadz synove" i po sv6m ozeneni v dome" rodicu pfebyvaji, cita rodina nezfidka 60 a vice udu. Spravu vede stareSina, jehoz bez vyminky posluSni jsou, kdezto jeho zena aneb nevSsta co stopa- nica domacnost fidi. Jich strava jest velmi jednoducha: sestava pfedevSim z mleka, syra a cibule. Kdo chleb ma, pokladan jiz za bohat6ho. Krm6 z 6er- stveho syra, mouky a masla v horke" vode" svafena (cicvara) jest jich svatefinim jidlem. Cela t£m6f puda a zeme" nale2i Mohamedanum. Obyvatele vesnic jsou skoro vesmes pachtyfi bez vlastni pudy a obydli. Vgt§i a men§i drzitel6 statku jsou bud'to Begov6, t. j. pfede v§im potomkove" slo- vanske, pfed easy na viru Mohamedskou pfe§16 Slechty, aneb Agove\ t. j. turefiti drzitel6 pozemku, s nimi2 kfesfansky sedlak svou smlouvu uzavfiti musi, a jizto na dSdinach svych na mnoze t62 spravce maji, aneb konecne Spahiove\ turecti lenni panove\ jimz po dobyti zeme pozemky dany jsou. V torn shoduji se v§ecky zpravy, ze jeSte po dnes jako za Casu nejv£t§iho rozkv&tu fi§e Osmanske ubozi kfesfanSti obyvatele" bo- senSti a hercegovinSti i pfes vsecko hulakani, jez nadelano o tak zvanych tureckych opravach Cili reformach, nizadneho prava nemaji a kaMe" libovuli svych mohamedanskych utiskovatelu vydani jsou. Za tou pfifiinou povstanou ve prospech ka2d6ho napa- dajiciho vojska, jez jim osvobozeni od tureck6ho jha pfislibi. Zem6 neni na plodiny chuda, vzdelavani ale pudy u vysok&n stupni zanedbano. Je^to vody k zavlazovani na zbyt jest a zvla§te hory bosensk^, jsouce pSknymi lesy pokryty, hojn6 prameny v sobe" chovaji, mohla by tedy zeme" tato pod kfesUanskou vladou netoliko 38 obyvatelstvo sv6 hojne vyzivovati, nybrz tez je§te vydatnemu vyvozu se t§§iti. Oba hlavni mocaly zeme, mostyrsky a blatobussky osivajl se ryzi. Bohuzel v6ak nejv£t§i Cast krasnych a urodnych udoli zeme ladem lezi. Malo co poll se vzdelava, puda se nehnojf a krasna luka sekaji se toliko jednou do roka, ponSvadz se bati inusi, aby jich za bohate" nemSli jich mohainedan&ti tryznitele\ Avsak i pfes to sklizi se obili vseho druhu, a je-li rok urodny, i ho vybyva, taktez hojne ovoce, jmenovitS slivky 6ili savky a pozegase, teg jablka, hruSky a tfesne\ V Hercegovine pestuji se fiky a jizni ovoce, rejze a buraky, t£z dobre" vino, tabak a krap. Velike mnozstvi le&vych bylin roste divoce na horach. Teplota jizniho podnebi zmirhuje se znacn6 ho- rami. Jenom Hercegovina ma pon6kud italske podnebi jako Dal- matsko; Krajina (turecke" Chorvatsko) a Posavina (zem6 pod61 Savy) jsou mirneJSi ne£li rakouske Chorvatsko. Na vysocinS Kupresske" a na mnohych jinych mistech zufiva £asto bora jako na Kra§i. Herce- govina ma zapadne od NikSic poCinajic az po prameny Narentiny a odtud az do Jablonice tyz raz jako dalmatske" pomezi: jest pusta, chuda na rostlinstvo, podobajic se Krasi, ma mocaly a jezera; na vychode" jsou vsak lesy a pastviny Alpske, a obydli a obyvatelstvo rovna se bosenskSmu. V prvni casti rostou rostliny jako na pobrezi stfedniho more (kfemelaky, myrty, granaty, vavfiny, revy, fiky), v po- slednim jest vsak listnate" a jehlicate" stromovi. Dosti urodna hornata krajina Bosenska jest tak chladna, ze se v ni reva hrub£ ani nedafi, na mnoze neurodna zeme hercegovinska je vsak tak tepla, ze se tarn pgstuje a dari na mnohych mistech jizni ovoce. Zv&fe jest tarn hojne\ Co do chovu dobytka maji tam zvlaSte' mal6, trvale koniky, 6etn6 skoty, t6z mnoho koz, ovcf a drubeze. Prasata chova toliko kfes£ansk6 obyvatelstvo. Vojsko, jez by tedy nepifatelsky do Bosnie a Hercegoviny vniklo, nemohlo by spolehati na to, ze by se tamnfmi prostfedky uziviti mohlo, nybrz musi k sv6 vyzive blizko hranic zaloziti si skladiste. Popatfme nyni t«§z na valecny dejepis tohoto velmi zajfmaveho uzemi, kde vsak pro obmezenost mista toliko nekter6 v6ci dostatecnS vytknouti mfizeme: Za doby stare" byla Bosnie Casti velkeho Illyrska, jez sve vlastni krale m61a, av&ak fiinskSmu vale£nemu umeni podlehla, byvsi od Rimanu z Uher a Dalmatska prepadnuta, nacez pak ke konsularni Panonii, posleze k Dalmatsku privtSlena byla. Jsouc s fi§i fimskou spojena, byla s ni zapletena v tuhe boje proti Gotum a A varum a pfipadla pak dilem Serbii dilem Chorvatsku. Pokud bezpecne pisemne" zpravy sahaji, obyvali v ni vzdy Slovane\ Svatopluk zfidil z ni opel zvlaStni provincii a dal ji zupany a bany spravovati. Za Kresimira II. (994) pfipojeno i Chorvatsko k Bosnii. Bosnie povazovala se az po tu dobu za vedlejgi zemi Dalmatska, Cimz v stra- tegickem a kulturn6historickem ohledu vzdy byla, Boriz vsak (1149 az 1168) pocal v Bosnii samostatnou vladu provadeti. Na to Bosnie bany a2 po Tvartko II. spravovana byla, stala se vsak v posledni dob6 v2dy vice odvislou od uherskych kralu. Tvartko, jenz od roku 39 1376 py§ny nazev krale z Bo2i milosti srbskeho, bosenskeho a pri- morjskeho mel, podmanil si Dalinacii od boky kotorskg &z po Zadro a porazil nekolikkrate t6£ Tarky na hlavu, jimz" se skoro soucasnS braniti musil. Za neho byla nejkrasnSjSf 6asf jihoslovansk6ho bojiSte" spojena a v tomto spojenf strategicky nepfemoZitelnou. Po nem na- staly rozepfe nabozenskS mezi feckou a fimskou cirkvi na jeho uzemi a spory tyto mely v zap(5tf svem zrMu, skrze kterouz" Turci Bosnie ponejprv se zmocnili. Av&ak je§t6 jednou byla od Uhrfi, od Savy vySedsfch, od Mosleminu vysvobozena. Od r. -1463 — 1527 panujf uhersko-chorvatStf kralove" v Bosnii, ji'2 od te" doby neustale boje s Turky podstoupiti bylo, kter6 by byly Tiirkum asi zadnych strate- gickych vysledkuv neposkytly, kdyby byla nesfastna bitva u MohaCe (r. 1526) tez nad Bosnii nerozhodla, jez" nyni od Turku uplne za- plavena byla. Od te" doby zfistala Bosnie pod tureckou vladou a po£ala polni taZenf nmsko-nemeckych cisafu na Bosnii, ponevadz" vidensky dvur prava sv6ho k zemi t6to se dovolaval a zbraue" sv6 pfes Unnu a Savu nosil. NejkrasSf a nejznamenit£j§i polni tazeni vykonano princem Eugenem (r. 1697), jenz i Serajeva dobyl a tim op6t skutecny dukaz podal, ze Bosnie dobyti lze prave" tak dobfe se strauy Uherska jako z kniz'etstvi srbsk6ho. Od tobo casu nebyla neSfastna ta zeme prosta vzpour, jimz se vsak jiz nedostalo pomoei z fi§e cfsafske\ Nejv6t§im ne§t£stim pro Bosnu a Hercegovinu bylo, ze se Srbum nepodafilo, pfivteliti zemi techto k uzenf svemu pfi §£astnem jich pozdvizeni proti Turkum. Sbor srbsky sice r. 1807 prekrofiiv Drinu u Zvornika a Ljesnice vniknul az k Serajevu, musil v§ak pfesile ustoupiti a nazpet se obratiti, ponevadz francouzske" pomocne" vojsko z Dalmatska k vo- jum Hassana pa§ete bylo pfirazilo. T6z" dva pozdej§i pokusy Srbu, zmocniti se tohoto hlavnibo mSsta a tim t6z" zem6, nezdafily se. Mimo onu vpzouru bosenskych Mosleminu, jiz rozpustfmi sboru jenicar- sk6ho za Mahmuda II. provolalo, byla jedna z nejznamenit$j§ich ona v KrajinS (r. 1846), kde jakysi Bej n£zev Alkenojrukucafe, aneb cfsafe zelen6ho ramena pfijal, ale od Kiamila paSete v udoli dobrinsk^m porazen a zajat byl. Pokusy vzpoury r. 1848 rychle byly potlaceny. Od Alikeditfe (1849 — 1850) zfizena a vedena vzpoura, kde povstalci se i pevnosti BihaCske" byli zmocnili, nemohla by tenkrate od Omera pa§ete po- tlaCena byti, kdyby byl pfi torn kfestanfi na Mosleminy a pak op6t opacne neuzil. Ovsem 2 e vSeci obyvatel6 Bosnie a Hercegoviny s fa- denfta Turku nespokojeni jsou, i Mosleminove, av§ak i za t6 okol- nosti, 2e tez obyvatelstvo temer veskrz jedne\ totiz" slovanske" na- rodnosti jest, jest za§tf, jez\ jednotliva vyznani u nich rozdmychujf, za§tf to, jez v kazdem sv6m sousedu ne Slovana, nybrz budto pro- klet^ho Moslemina aneb opovrzeni hodn^ho hristjanina (feck^ho ka- tolika) aneb co kacire vykficenSho kriStjanina (fimskeho katolika) spatfuje, jest tak velik6, 2e zrdda je§te ka2d6 vzpoufe konec ufiinila. Turci panujf v Bosnii a v Hercegovine' toliko schytralym uzitim tohoto nerozumn^ho nabozensk^ho za§ti. Strategicky nemohli by uzemi toho za pficniou jeho osamotnfileho polo^eni mezi cisafskou i'f§f rakouskou, mezi Srbskem a Cernou Horou ani naproti Rakousku, ani naproti 40 Srbsku, ante t6z naproti siln6mu, dobfe zfizenSmu a vojensky vede- n6mu povstanf udnfeti. Uvazime-li nyni k zavSrce strategicke" pomery Bosnie a Herce- goviny je§te" jednou, shledame, ze za nyn£j§ich poniSru pro Turecko prave priznivymi nejsou. Kdyby Bosnie a Hercegovina hajeny byly ovsem od obyvatelstva, jemuz by na zachovani „ status quo" zale2elo, dalo by sice uzemi horske" ledva pfemoci, snad i s takovou obtift, jakoyou Cerna Hora. Je2to v§ak kresfansti, ano i moslemiticti obyvatele" t6to hornate" krajiny vlady Turkuv se jiz nasytili, bude bez odporu Turkum od- nata, jakmile Rakousko aneb knizetstvf srbsk6, tito jedini pro ten pfipad vyhlidnuti d6dicov6, jednou opravdovS v6ci t€ se chopi. Snad by se dal i ten pfipad pfedpokladati, ie by se Rakousko a Srbsko o to dohodli, aby Rakousku Hercegoviny a Srbsku Bosnie se dostalo. Mohou vSak i jine" pomSry nastati, ktere" snad jeSte vzdaleny jsou, totte ty, ze by Bosnie a Hercegovina pomoci a pak pod ochranou Cerae" Hory samostatnosti sve" si vydobyly. V tomto pfrpadS by zajiste Rakousko na vzdy zadnich zemi dalmatskych se zffci muselo. Federalisticky zftzen6 Rakousko by se v§ak bez prace Hercegoviny zmocniti, a bez zavisti divati mohlo, ze by za to Bosna ku knlzectvi srbsk^mu pfipadla. Zisk, kter6ho by ve vojensk6m ohledu tim cisafstvi nabylo, mel by t6m6f ohromny dosah. Neb bojiSte" hercegovinske" okazuje nam nejsilnej§i stranu prav6 na jihu a vychodu. Na jihu hajena je Hercegovina zcela dobfe pevnostmi Trebinje, Klobukem, NikSicemi, Bilecemi a Gackem proti Cleme" Hore. Tato obranna £ara nabyla by v jinych nez v tureckych rukou jeSte" v6t§f duleZitosti. Na vychode proti Bosne" neni sice zem§ zadnymi silnymi misty chranena, avsak zde skoro neschudne se vypinajici dinarska alpska pasma dovoluji nepfiteli jen velmi obtiznymi a nebezpeCnymi pro- smyky vnikati. Proti Bosne muze tudiz" zem§ za dostatecne" chranenou pova- zovana byti. Zcela jinak ma se to na zapadni casti proti Dalmatsku I zde cmf zajiste" pohoff prolo2sk6 mohutny nasep, av§ak ne- podava prostfedku, zabraniti postup z jak6hosi stfedniho postaveni vpadl6ho z Dalmacie vojska. V nejzazsim severu nachazejfci se pevnost Livno kryje vice Bosnu nez Hercegovinu a mezi Narentou nenateza se a2 k Mostyru zadn6 pevn6 misto vice, prav§ tak jako jizne' od t6to feky. Mimo to jsou Trebinje, Stolac a Po&itelj tak se§la, ie i ony zadn6ho zminky hodn6ho odporu vice konati nemohou. Zajiste vsak poskytoval by smer ?eky Narenty, ktera bojiSte" hercegovinske ve dv6 skoro stSjne" velke" jevi§te vojenskeho podnik- nuti deli, braniteli velkych vyhod, jezto by v rychl6 zmen§ bfehfi v zkazonosn&n zpusobu z jednoho boji§t6 podniknuti na jine" pfenSsti mohl. AvSak k tomuto bylo by nejen opevnenych pfechodi§t nybrz" i vytecne se pohybujicich a velmi obratnfe vedenych tlup potfebi, 41 kterych v§ak Porta nikterak nema. Ztracena-li je v§ak pro obhajce Narentina cara, jest cela Hercegovina utocnlku v moc vydana. Ztratou Narenty ztrati ale obhajce i spojeni se Serajevem pfes Konjici, timi nepodafi-li se mu rychly zpatecni pochod skrze pro- smyky dinarskych Alp, ktere ztSzi projiti lze v udoli SuCesinS aneb v udoli Pivy, k upln6mu slozeni zbrani donucen byti muze. AvSak v§e toto zaklada se vzdy na domnence, ze vpadle" vojsko te§i se soucitu obyvatelstva Hercegoviny. Nema-li toho, aneb ztra- tilo-li ho svou vinou, tu ochromuje je vsude ohrozujici a jejich spo- jeni nifiici horska valka kazdy jich pohyb a muze samo i vitSzne" postupovani v torn pfipadu klamnym u6initi,va to tim spi§e, oboh'-li se tez Cerna Hora na operujici vojsko. Cerna Hora byla by s to, kdyby zastupy jeji strategicky dobfe vedeny byly, ve spojeni s Her- cegovinci vnikl6mu vojsku s linii Narentinou ziskany jiz klic" zeme" op$t odniti, Turci vsak nejsou zadnym zpusoVem s to, aby tot6z vykonali. Co se Bosny same" tyce, uvedli jsme uz, ze nejen Eakousko jiz" castSji zbran§ sv6 pfes severni jeji vodni branu Unnu a Savu, nybrz i Srbsko pfes vychodnf jeji vodni branu, Drinu totiz pfeneslo. Pro turecke toliko vojsko bude zalezeti v Bosnii braneni vzdy ve vodnich carach. AvSak i zde nastane otazka, uzije-li turecke" vojsko dobfe prospSchu vodni cary, ktery v taktickych svych ca- stech stale offensivni jednani umoznuje? Na tfi hlavni pfechodi§te z vojensk6ho Chorvatska pfes Savu do Bosny, totiz" Novi, Gradiska Berbir a Brod-Busud bude od ra- kousk6ho vojska, kter6 razne" postupuje, v2dy, jak to i dgjepis doka- zuje, uto5ne udefeno. Dobyta-li utokem Sava, neni sice alpska krajina Bosnie tim jiz vydobyta, zajiste" v§ak otevfena. Tu pak b62i o to, aby dule^itych poloh Bosny a Verby se zmocnili, aby Serajevo, srdce zem6 a Mosle- minu vzato bylo. Silny sbor vojska musil by od Busadu do udoli bosensk£ho proti Bosne-Seraji postupovati, kdezto jiny sbor pfes Gradiska-Berbir rovinou levjanicskou na Verbas by proti Banjaluku jiti a tfeti sbor od Novi pfes Prjedor, Kosarac a Ivansku na Ban- jaluku by vrazil, aby se zde s druhym sborem spojil a spolecne s timto pfes Saice proti Travniku a odtud proti Serajevu postupoval. Plan tento byl by vsak skoro nevykonatelny a aspon pochybny, kdyby se misto s tureckym vojskem s mnozstvim Bosnanuv samych bojovati melo. Se strany Srbska bylo by pro vojsko srbske" nej- prospe^nej&i, kdyby se hned na poSatku nepfatelstvi pevnosti Zvor- niku na Drin6 zmocnilo. Majfc Zvornik, mohlo by se jednak o dobr6 srbske* spojeni opirati, jednak nejen Dolnja-Tuzlou a Kladarnem, jakoz i pfes Vlasenici po dosti dobrych silnicich okresnich proti Serajevu po- stupovati. Srbsko spojene" s Clernou Horou nalezalo by se v nejpfijem- n6j§im stavu, Bosnu zcela od Albanska a tim od svazku s ostatnim Tureckem odtrhnouti. Smlouva srbsko-Cernohorska ucmila by tudiX hospodafstvf tureck^mu v t6to zemi nejkratSi a nejjistejsi konec, a za- jiste" musime se diviti, 2e se to pfi pfihodne* pfilezltosti posavade ne- stalo. Turecko vubec ma jen svou jsoucnost nesjednocenosti svych nepfatel dSkovati. Hlavni ulohou strategie je, jak znamo, na spojovaci linie ne- 42 pfitele pusobiti. Ve valce horske\ a tato jest v Dalmatsku, Cerne Hofe, Hercegovine a Bosnii jedin6 mozna valka, jest podnikanf na spojovacf linie a zaklad neprltele patrnS jediny prostfedek, dosici vubec trvaleho vysledku. Kdyby byli politikove rakouSti tuto strategickou v6tu mlvali na zfeteli, melo by cisafstvi davno jiz Hercegovinu, neb rakousko-srbsko- Cernohorska sralouva byla by Hercegovine a Bosnii lined spojeni s Tu- reckem odiiala a spojencum v §anc vydala. Jake" dfilezitosti by smlouva takova spolu i pro pfirozene" rozluSt&ni otazky vychodni byla, neho- dlame zde vykladati. Ze by ale takova smlouva jestS nyni uciniti se mohla, dovolujeme si silne pochybovati. Hodina rozlustSni otazky vy- chodni pfichazi vzdy blize a blize. Mohli bychom skoro mysliti, ze jiz daleko bliz§i jest, nez jak si to v samein PetrohradS mysli.^ Jaka opatfeni politicko-strategicka od Rakouska, Srbska a Cern6 Hory, s druhe" strany pak od Ruska pro tuto tajuplnou hodinu u6i- nena jsou, a zdaz vubec dostaSi tato opatfeni, nevime. Jestlize jsme ale touto rnalou studii na to ukazali, ze nami liSene" prav6 kfidlo balkansk6ho poloostrova, ktere" Rimane" a po nich srbSti cafove' jedenkrate jiz v jeden celek spojili, od pfirody ur&ty znak obdrzelo, a svymi utvary pudy, jakoz i obyvatelstvem skoro totez uzemi 5ini, podali jsme snad tim zrale" politick^ strategii opory, Mere" by nejakGho povsimnuti zasluhovaly. Kmen jihoslovansky nebude snaSeti vzdy panstvi tureckeho, hory jeho nejsou k tomu stvoreny, aby staly zde co sloupy hanby; av§ak kdo bude osvoboditelem ? B&/&vrw*s,TY 3 1197 2229;™» II r

The Istanbul Pogrom was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government. A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the leaders of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson. Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$, the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$. The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just 2,500 in 2006. Related pages Armenian Genocide Assyrian Genocide Anti-Armenianism Pogrom References Robert Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954–59, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, pp. 75–78. The Washington Post, “In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History”, an article by Karl Vick referring to the events as a “pogrom”. 1955 20th century riots Anti-Armenianism History of Turkey Istanbul

The 2022 Winter Olympics, formally called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games, is the 24th Games of the Winter Olympics. It is an international winter sports event that will be held from February 4 to February 20, 2022. The winning bid was announced in the summer of 2015 and Beijing was chosen, and since it hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, it will be the first city ever to host both the Summer and the Winter Olympics. Candidate Cities Beijing, China (chosen) Almaty, Kazakhstan Oslo, Norway Bids Asia Harbin, China: Li Zhanshu, governor of Heilongjiang, has said that "If we fail again for the 2018 Games, we are determined to win the 2022 Winter Games." Harbin bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics, but did not make the short list. Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan considers to bid for the 2022 games, either in Almaty, the former capital, largest city, and financial centre, or divided between Almaty and Nur-Sultan, the capital. The Almaty alternative gives higher chance of winning, but the divided alternative is preferred by the government because of lower cost, since more arenas and hotels exist already. Kazakhstan hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games, which can be seen as preparation for hosting the Winter Olympic Games in 2022. The Asian Winter Games were divided between Astana and Almaty. On November 29, 2011, Almaty was chosen to host the 2017 Winter Universiade. Europe Lviv, Ukraine Prahova Valley, Romania - Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu Tăriceanu said on June 14 2007 that the country is thinking about a bid for the Games to be held there. Zurich, Switzerland North America Quebec City, Canada Salt Lake City, Utah, United States: Salt Lake City considered a bid for either the 2018 Games or the 2022 Games. The city hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. Montreal, Quebec, Canada – Lake Placid, New York, USA: Officials from Quebec and the state of New York have met to talk about the possibility of a bid together. With Vancouver hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics, the earliest that Canada hoped to host the Olympics was 2022. Montreal, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Games and Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Games. South America Santiago, Chile References Olympics Winter Olympics in Asia 2020s in China 2022 in Asia February 2022 events Sport in Beijing

William Francis "Bill" Hagerty IV (born August 14, 1959) is an American businessman and politician. He is the junior U.S. Senator from Tennessee since 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the managing director and co-founder of Hagerty Peterson & Company, a private equity investment firm. On March 27, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Hagerty to serve as United States Ambassador to Japan, replacing Obama appointee Caroline Kennedy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 86-12 vote. Hagerty was born in Tennessee. He studied at Vanderbilt University. On July 16, 2019, Hagerty announced he would resign as Ambassador to Japan. This came after President Trump announced his support for Hagerty for U.S. Senator of Tennessee in the 2020 election. In August 2020, he won the Republican nomination. References Other websites 1959 births Living people United States senators from Tennessee Businesspeople from Tennessee Ambassadors of the United States to Japan US Republican Party politicians

Street fighting is hand-to-hand combat in public places, between several people. The fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street fights are gang-related. A usual situation might involve two people arguing in a bar. One steps outside. A fight begins. Being involved in a street fight often results in public disorder. Any people fighting may be charged by the police. Practice varies between countries, and even between towns. If any injuries are caused in the fight, the severity of the injury may determine the sentence and fine of the participants. A bar fight, or bar brawl, is a street fight which happens in bars or taverns. References Violence

ZEE5 is the digital entrainment destination, Launched by Zee Entailment Enterprise (ZEEL), a global media and entertainment powerhouse. Launched in India on 12 February 2018, with content across 12 languages like, Hindi, English,Tamil and Gujarati and many more. References Entertainment websites

Bamyan (), also spelled Bamiyan and Bamian, is the capital city of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. It has about 61,863 people. It is the largest town in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan. It is 240 kilometres north-west of Kabul, the national capital. Education Bamyan has the region's only university, Bamiyan University. References Cities in Afghanistan

to eo $ Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculade. XIX. Notes on Species of the Family CORBICULADS, with Figures. Bx TEMPLE PRIME, (Continued from Vol. viii. page 418.) Read November 22d, 1869. Genus CORBICULA. 53. Corbicula ammiüiralis, nov. spec. C. testa trigona, subtriangulari, zquilaterali, compressiuscula, Fio, 70. solidiuscula; latere antico rotundato, postico brevi, Lx subtruneato, margine inferiore arcuato; umboni- hg ^^ bus parvulis, obtusis; pagina interna violacea ; suleis irregularibus, quantummodo obsoletis; epi- dermide olivaceo-lutescente vestita; cardine in- Corbicula ammiralis. erassato. Long. 14; lat. 18; diam. 7 mill. Hab,—Saigon, Cambodiæ. Collect. Morelet et Prime. Closely allied to species from the same region, Corb. Lydigiana, erosa and castanea, though smaller than either of them. Com- pared with Corb. castanea, it is more triangular, the hinge-margin is more angular, and the hinge itself is stronger. It differs from Corb. Lydiqiana in being less solid, less triangular, less inflated, less heavily suleated, and in having an epidermis of a different color and which is not glossy. : 54. Corbicula gubernatoria, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula, :equilaterali ; ex- ne. 51. — tremitatibus subrotundatis; umbonibus parvulis, e rotundatis; sulcis obsoletis; epidermide pallide p^ ^ viridi-flaveseente, subnitente, vestita; pagina in- terna candida; dentibus violaccis. Long. 16; lat. 18; Diam. 8 mill. Corbicula gubernatori. JTJah,—Saigon, Cambodia. Collect. Morelet. In outline and size this species presents some similarity to Corb. occidens, J Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculada. 299 55. Corbicula Delessertiana, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, equilaterali; extremitatibus rotun- datis; regulariter striata; umbonibus tumidis, prominentibus, colore violaceo sabradiatis; epidermide nitente viridescente vestita; valvis intus violaceis. Long. 20; lat. 17; diam. 11 mill. Hab.—Smyrna, Asie Minoris et Egypta. Collect. Morelet et Prime. The specimens of this species in the cabinet of M. Morelet came from Smyrna, and those in mine from the Pyramids, but I have been unable to detect any material difference between them. Named in memory of Daron Delessert, of Paris, who was in possession of the original Lamarck collection. 56. Corbicula imperialis, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-transversa, compressiuseula, zquilaterali ; latere antico rotundato, postieo subtruncato; umbonibus brevibus; margarita violacea; regulariter et densà striata; epidermide subnigra, nitente vestita. Long. 27 ; lat. 23; diam. 14 mill. Hab.—Pondicherry, Indiv. Collect. Prime. 957. Corbicula Amazonica, Ayrnoyy, nov. spec. C. testa ovato-trigona, obliqua, compressiuscula, subinzequila- terali; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico elongato, sub- angulato; umbonibus prominentibus, obliquis; regulariter et densé striata; epidermide olivacea vestita; valvis intus violaceis ; sinu pallii brevi. Long. 18; lat. 16; diam. 10 mill. Hab.—¥ lumen Amazonicum, Americe Meridionalis. Collect. loeo Cambridge dicto, Mass., et Prime. This species was found in the stomach of a fish collected by Professor Agassiz’s expedition to Brazil, in the Amazon river. Very closely allied to Corb. obsolete from Uruguay ; it is, how- ever, smaller and less heavy ; it may possibly prove to be the young of that species. 800 Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculade. 61. Corbicula baronialis, nov. spec. C. testa ovato transversa, compressiuscula, subsequilaterali ; la- tere antieo rotundato, postico subtruneato; umbonibus brevibus; epidermide flaveseente vestita; sulcis irregularibus, quantum- modo obsoletis; valvis tenuibus, intus albidis. Long. 17; lat. 14; diam. 9 mill. Hab.—Portum Mortoni, Australie. Collect. Prime. 62. Corbicula consularis, nov. spec. C. testa ovata, solidiuscula, tumidula, :wquilaterali ; latere antico rotundato, postico subtruncato; umbonibus tumidulis; striis regularibus, distantibus; epidermide flavescente, maculis subnigris plus minusve notata, nitente, vestita; valvis intus albidis. Long. 17; lat. 14; diam. 10 mill. Hab.—Malacea. Collect. Prime. 63. Corbicula episcopalis, nov. spec. C. testa subtrigona, inmquilaterali, compressiuscula; latere Hb antico dilatato, postico quantummodo abrupto; uinbonibus tumidulis; regulariter sulcata; epi- dermide pallide viridi-flaveseente, maculis sub- nigris plus minusve notata, nitente, vestita; valvis solidis, intus pallide violaceis ; cardine incrassato. Long. 16; lat. 14; diam. 9 mill. Cortlenla epbeerilis— / fa) — Cambodia. Collect. Morelet. Compared with Corb. Larnaudieri, from Siam, it is larger, heavier, aud less transverse. Genus CYRENA. 13. Cyrena tribunalis, nov. spec. C. testa trigona, inaquilaterali, tumida; latere antico rotun- dato, postico angnlato, longiori; denst ct regulariter striata ; Review of the Fish of Cuba. 301 epidermide olivacea vestita; valvis solidis, intus albidis, ad margines violaceis; sinu pallii cunciformi. Long. 55; lat. 45; diam. 33 mill. Hab.—Ecuador, Amerieze Meridionalis. XX.— Review of the Fish of Cuba belonging to the Genus Trisorropis, with an Introductory Note by J. Carson Bre- voort. By Ferre Poey. Read December Sth, 1869. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. THe genus Serranus, as established by Cuvier, brought to- gether a number of fish which had been scattered in at least twelve other genera by various authors. Cuvier divided it into three groups, which, however, are not well detined. In the “ His- toire des Poissons,” vol. ii., 1828, one hundred and seven species are described, collected from all the tropical and subtropical seas. Dr. Albert Giinther, in his Catalogue, vol. 1., 1859, describes one hundred and thirty-five species, and enumerates many others which he had not seen or identified. He proposes groups without generic names, founded in part on characters that vary with age, and which bring together species that inhabit widely remote seas. Mr. Th. Gill, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236, and in 1865, p. 104, separates the West Indian and Atlantic American species into distinct genera that appear well founded. Professor Poey, of IIavana, who has done so much for the natural history of Cuba, and who is par- ticularly well acquainted with the ichthyological fauna of that island, has adopted Mr. Gill's genera in his Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, In this catalogue he enumerates forty-nine species of West Indian Serranini. Three are found on the Atlantic coast of the U. S., as far northas New York. No ichthyological

I'm making a Blazor server-side SPA client app which communicate with API controllers on a MVC server through HTTP requests. What should I add in both <code>Startup.cs</code> of the client and server to make the routing work when making the HTTP request ? And how can I configure the routes ?

is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team. Biography Tomiyasu was born in Fukuoka on November 5, 1998. He joined J2 League club Avispa Fukuoka from their youth team in 2015. Although Avispa was promoted to J1 League in 2016, Avispa was relegated to J2 in a year. He played many matches as center back from 2017. In January 2018, he moved to Belgian First Division A club Sint-Truidense. In July 2019, he moved to Italian Serie A club Bologna. In 2017, Tomiyasu was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2017 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played all 4 matches as center back with Yuta Nakayama. On October 12, 2018, he debuted for the Japan national team against Panama. In 2019, he participated 2019 Asian Cup. He played all 7 matches and Japan won the 2nd place. He also participated 2019 Copa América. Statistics |- |2015||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||J2 League||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0 |- |2016||J1 League||10||0||1||0||5||0||16||0 |- |2017||J2 League||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1 |- |2017/18||rowspan="2"|Sint-Truidense||rowspan="2"|First Division A||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0 |- |2018/19||27||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1 |- |2019/20||rowspan="2"|Bologna||rowspan="2"|Serie A||29||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1 |- |2020/21|||||||||||||||| 45||1||4||0||5||0||54||1 27||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1 29||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1 101||3||8||0||5||0||114||3 |} |- |2018||2||0 |- |2019||16||1 |- |2020||3||0 |- !Total||21||1 |} References Other websites 1998 births Living people Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture Japan international footballers J1 League players J2 League players Avispa Fukuoka players

Dr. A. Günther on tree new Trachinoid Fishes. 85 The following closely allied species has long stood in my col- lection as H. Planorbis, Lesson; on mature consideration, it appears deserving of separation. Helix Cantoriana, Bens., n. sp. H. testa mediocriter umbilicata, tenui, depressa, orbiculato-conoidea, lenticulari, oblique subarcuato-striata, subtus læviore, utrinque lineis distincte incisis remotiusculis spiralibus decussata, fusco- cornea, translucente, nitidula; spira parum elevata, depresso- conoidea, apice nucleato, obtuso, rubello, sutura impressa, sub- marginata; anfractibus 54, convexiusculis, ultimo carina mediana obtusiuscula utrinque compressa munito, subtus convexo ; aper- tura obliqua, subquadrato-lunari ; peristomate tenui, acuto; umbi- lico infundibuliformi. Diam. major 10, minor 9, axis 3} mill. Habitat in insula Pulo Sung-Sung, prope Pulo Pinang. Detexit Dr. J. E. Cantor. A single specimen was found on the little island in question by the late zealous zoologist Dr. Cantor. Tt is certainly distinct from H. Sanis; and the peculiar sculpture, independently of other characters, affords good ground for distinguishing it from the recorded species of the same group. Including two Spiraxes, one of which is not in a sufficiently perfect state for description ; a Bulimus, which appears to be the young of the widely spread B. gracilis, Hutton ; a Helix as yet undetermined ; an Auricula ; a Melampus, and a Pythia, we have now sixteen species of land-shells from the Andaman Islands. Cheltenham, Dec. 21, 1860. XII.—On three new Trachinoid Fishes. By Dr. ALBERT GÜNTHER. [Plate X. A.J Tue family of the Trachinide, Gthr., has been established for those Acanthopterous Fishes which have the spinous portion of their dorsal fin much less developed and shorter than the soft, the anal fin similarly developed to the soft dorsal, and the ven- trals composed of one spine and five rays. Their gill-openings are wide, and the caudal portion of their vertebral column is formed by many more vertebra than the abdominal *. Such are the positive characters by which they may be easily distinguished from the Scienide, Carangide, Blenniide, Gobiide, Trichonotide, &c.; whilst the negative character, that of the absence of an infraorbital bone joined to the preoperculum, * Giinth. Acanthopt. Fishes, ii. p. 225. 86 Dr. A. Günther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. distinguishes them from the Cottina. Other negative characters, as for instance the absence of finlets behind the dorsal and anal, the entire absence or the small number of pyloric appendages, separate them from some of the Scomberoid genera, which other- wise would appear to have a great affinity to them. I formerly divided this family into four groups: Uranoscopina, Trachinina, Pinguipedina, and Pseudochromides*. The fourth of these groups (Pseudochromides) is not identical with that so called by Miiller, all those genera having been ex- cluded which have the ventral fins not fully developed. But even then the characters of the group appear to me to be too wide to form a natural union of fishes, since I have found that Chenichthys, Richards., has the lateral line interrupted, like Pseudochromis, Notothenia, &c., and therefore should be placed in the same group with them. H, on the other hand, we sepa- rate again those Pseudochromides which have only one dorsal fin (Opisthognathus, Pseudochromis, Cichlops, Pseudoplesiops) from those which have two (Notothenia, Harpagifer, Chenichthys), two groups will be established, well defined even by their geo- graphical distribution. ; We divide, therefore, the family of the Trachinide into the following groups :— Eyes on the upper surface of the head; lateral line COMUMUOUST s o'0'v.0 5 vieleisis-ajeis ote ee alcin aa a, Uranoscopina. Eyes more or less lateral ; lateral line continuous ; no larger tooth on the posterior portion of the inter- manlar ss cainie's aa arabes e vinaleree b. Trachinina. Eyes lateral; a larger tooth on the posterior portion Ginter meseny e ee e c. Pinguipedina, Lateral line interrupted, or not continued to the caudal fin; one dorsal. (Seas between the Tropics.) d. Pseudochromides. Lateral line interrupted; two dorsal fins. (Ant- ergata ISen S Got daooaponecons oatMousoanonas e. Nototheniina. I add to the known species of this family, first, a new genus of Uranoscopina, from New Zealand. _ CRAPATALUS. Form of the head as in Leptoscopus, entirely covered with soft skin; cleft of the mouth approaching the vertical line; eye on the upper side of the head; lips fringed. Seales cycloid, of moderate size. One continuous dorsal; ventrals jugular; pec- toral rays branched. Minute villiform teeth in the jaws and on the pharyngeal bones, none on the palate ; no interior or exte- rior filament; opercles without external spines; gill-opening * The genus Heterostichus, which has been placed by its describer in a family of Trachinide widely different from that so called by myself, proves to be a truly Blennioid fish, closely allied to Myzodes and Clinus. Dr. A. Günther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. 87 very wide, partially open above. Six branchiostegals, four gills, pseudobranchiz. New Zealand ; probably in the sea. Crapatalus Nove Zelandie. (Pl. X. fig. A.) Dre5. A.39. €.13. P.21. V.1/5. L. lat. 60. L. trausv. 7/7. Scales on the neck before the dorsal fin considerably smaller than those on the sides of the body. Description.—The head is broad, depressed, flat above, and rounded on the sides; its greatest width is four-fifths of its length, and its depth five-eighths of the same. The snout is very short, about as long as the diameter of the eye, which is one-sixth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth sub- vertical; the lips are serrated and fringed, having the appearance of a series of teeth. Nostrils two, the anterior produced into a short tube. The width of the interorbital space equals the dia- meter of the eye. The gills are widely cleft, and their mem- brane is only slightly contiguous on the throat; the upper margin of the operculum is fringed; there is an oblong mem- branaceous flap on each side of the isthmus, which serves for closing a part of the gill-opening. The length of the head is contained four times and one-third in the total length, the height of the body nearly seven times. The trunk is subcylindrical; the tail, which is considerably elongate, compressed and tapering posteriorly. The vent is much advanced forwards, so that its distance from the snout is contained three times and a half in the total length. The ante- rior part of the trunk is covered with small scales, and the space behind the pectorals and that before and between the ventrals is naked. The rays of the dorsal and anal fins appear to be simple, not branched ; this, however, cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, owing to their indifferent state of preservation. The dorsal fin commences behind the vertical from the origin of the anal, at a distance from the occiput which equals that of the latter from the snout, and terminates immediately before the root of the caudal; it appears to be of nearly uniform height, but much lower than the body. The anal fin commences immediately behind the vent, extending backwards as far as the dorsal; it gradually becomes lower posteriorly, The caudal fin is sub- truncated, one-ninth of the total length, and has the middle rays divided. The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the eleventh dorsal ray; its rays are branched, and the lower ones become gradually longer to the sixth upper one, which is the longest. The ventral fins are composed of one very distinct spine and five branched rays; they are rounded, somewhat di- stant from each other, and extend to the fourth anal ray. 88 Dr. A. Giinther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. The specimen, which is discoloured, was brought from New Zealand, and deposited in the British Museum. Total Lengel yo os isemes oeiee nee en R Length of the head ......... 94 Greatest width of the head ... 73 Greatest depth of the head ... 6 Greatest depth of the body ... 6 Diameter of the eye <» -ss-a «ance ean ik Distance of the vent from the snout ..,......... 2 Length of the pectoral fin g Length of the ventral tin ..... 6 Length of the caudal fin .......+.eseeeeee ee eee 43 The second new species belongs to the Trachinina, Aphritis gobio. B.6. D. 7/22. A. 22. C.18. P.16. V.1/5. L. lat. 65-70. The maxillary bone extends beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. Port Famine. This species is allied to Aphritis Durvillii, described by Cuvier from an apparently small specimen from the fresh waters of Van Diemen’s Land, This, however, is said to have the cleft of the mouth rather narrow, whilst in our species it is wide; both differ, besides, in the number of the fin-rays. The general aspect of the fish is cottoid ; the head, however, is considerably more elevated, its depth below the interorbital por- tion being one-half of its length, which is contained three times and a half in the total. The snout is of moderate extent, twice as long as the eye, with the cleft of the mouth oblique, and with the lower jaw somewhat prominent. Jaws, vomer, and palatine bones armed with broad bands of villiform teeth. The interorbital space is very concave, its width being much less than that of the orbit, which is one-eighth of the length of the head, and nearly one-third of the depth of the head below the orbit. The oper- culum terminates in an obtuse, stiff spine. The distance of the anterior dorsal from the occiput is the same as that of the pos- terior from the caudal fin ; both are of moderate and nearly equal height. Caudal rounded. The anal commences and terminates behind the opposite fin. Pectoral rounded, extending to the vertical from the third dorsal ray. Ventrals jugular, nearly as long as the pectoral. The head is entirely scaly, except on the mandibula; there are even some scales on the maxillary. The scales are rather irregularly arranged, cycloid, and those above the lateral line have smaller scales on their base, The colour now is uniform brown. Dr. A. Giinther on three new Trachinoid Fishes. 89 There are two specimens in the British Museum: one is a skin, from the old museum of the Zoological Society; the other is a stuffed specimen, 173 inches long, from the same collection from Port Famine which contained Chenichthys esox. Of the genus Chenichthys (Nototheniina) only one species was known. We add a second :— Chenichthys esox. B.7. D. 10/33-34. A. 34. C. 30. P. 21. V. 1/5. Snout without a spine anteriorly. Lateral line smooth, without granulated plates. Port Famine. This species is similar to Ch. rhinoceratus, Richards., from which it may be readily distinguished by the characters men- tioned. The general form of the head is the same as in the other species, and its length is contained three times and a third in the total length. The maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the eye; both the jaws are armed with cardiform teeth, the palate being entirely smooth. The bony striz of the operculum are differently arranged from those in Ch. rhinoceratus, and do not terminate in very prominent spines; the centre from which they radiate is near the upper anterior angle of the oper- culum; two run downwards towards the suboperculum, three towards the extremity of the operculum (the upper one being bifurcate), and the last ascends upwards towards the suprascapula. The anterior dorsal fin commences at a small distance from the occiput, and is longer than high, none of the flexible spines being produced; this, however, cannot constitute a specific dif- ference from Ch. rhinoceratus, as long as we are ignorant whethtr the sexes of the fishes of this genus show any external differences. The soft dorsal commences immediately behind the spinous, is about as high, and terminates at some distance from the caudal ; the latter fin appears to be subtruncated. The anal commences a little behind the soft dorsal, and terminates in the same verti- cal. The pectoral is broad, extending to the vertical from the third dorsal ray; the upper portion of its posterior margin is subtruncated, the lower rounded. The ventrals are jugular, and rather longer than the pectoral. The skin is entirely smooth, the lateral line being formed by small tubules, which, in dried specimens, are very distinct. It ascends in a gentle curve towards the back, running close to the base of the soft dorsal and terminating opposite to the extremity of that fin. The second or lower portion of the lateral line Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. vii. 7 90 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera commences below the last fourth of the dorsal fin, running along the middle of the tail towards the caudal. The colour is now a dirty yellowish, with brown blotches. The single stuffed specimen, brought by Capt. King from Port Famine, is 124 inches long. T subjoin, for comparison, the diagnosis of Chenichthys rhinoceratus. Richards. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Fishes, p. 13, pl. 6. figs. 1-3 (ventrals too short). B. 7. D. 7/34~35. A. 33. A hook-like spine anteriorly on the upper surface of the head. Lateral line with a series of granulated scales. XIII.—On certain Coleoptera from the Island of St. Vincent. By T. Vernon Wo ttaston, M.A., F.L.S. In the Supplement to vol. xx. ser. 2. of the ‘ Annals of Natural History’, I gave a brief notice of fifteen exponents of the Coleoptera which were captured by John Gray, Esq., and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during a day’s sojourn at St. Vincent (of the Cape de Verdes) in December 1856,—only eleven of which, however, I then attempted to determine precisely. But having lately re- ceived, through the kindness of Alexander Fry, Esq., the loan of various specimens which he has collected whilst touching at the same island on two subsequent occasions (amounting to twenty- three species, fourteen of which were not found by Messrs. Gray and Clark), and having likewise had the advantage of a few more (two of which were not included in either of the above- mentioned batches) picked up by my nephew F. W., Hutton, Esq., on the 11th of June, 1857, whilst on his voyage to Calcutta,— I have got together, in all, an assortment of thirty-two species, which I have just been examining somewhat carefully, with the intention of supplying a few critical remarks on them in the present paper. So little being known of the insect-population of the Cape de Verdes, any contribution which may tend to elucidate even a modicum of the forms that prevail there cannot but be interest- ing; and when we consider the excessive barrenness of the group (to which all travellers bear most abundant testimony), I cannot but believe that the thirty-two species recorded below, from one of the smaller islands, may give some faint idea of the general character of the Coleoptera of that particular spot. As we might naturally anticipate, m such a dry and cindery region,