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Yves Pouliquen (born 17 February 1931) is a French physician. His work has been dedicated to the pathology of the cornea.
In 1992, he was made a member of the Académie nationale de médecine. In 1994 he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca and on 29 November 2001 he was elected to the Académie française.
Since 2006, he is the president of the Fondation Singer-Polignac.
References
Other websites
L'Académie française
Yves Pouliquen lutte contre la cécité en Afrique – Le Figaro
Publications by Odile Jacob
1931 births
Living people
French people
French physicians |
Feri Horvat (; 26 September 1941 – 1 August 2020) was a Slovenian manager and politician. He was one of the founders of the United List of Social Democrats. Between July and October 2004, he served as speaker of the Slovenian National Assembly.
References
1941 births
2020 deaths
Slovenian politicians |
Prudery is being very modest, especially about sex. A person with such an attitude is a prude. Synonyms and hyponyms for this term include celibacist, anti-sexualist, erotophobe, anti-sexualist and genophobe.
Emotions |
<p>I'm trying to basically run the following .bat file as a scheduled task, while also logging errors in a .txt file:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rwi5R.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rwi5R.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
<p>In the 'program/script' box, I just have cmd. Then in the add arguments box I have: </p>
<pre><code>/k ""T:\Some_folder\mybatchfile.bat" >>"T:\somelog.txt" 2>&1"
</code></pre>
<p>This had been working just fine originally before I tried to add the log function and calling cmd <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8662024/how-do-i-capture-the-output-of-a-script-if-it-is-being-ran-by-the-task-scheduler">explicitly</a> as seen in several posts, but I'd really like to add this function. I'm using <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/515309/what-does-cmd-c-mean">/k</a> for now so that I can watch the cmd window as things happen, but plan to replace it with /c so it closes when its done. </p>
<p>I tried many permutations of where <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6376113/how-do-i-use-spaces-in-the-command-prompt?noredirect=1&lq=1">my quotation marks</a> are but am not having a lot of luck. I'm also intentionally using >> vs > in order to <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/8665989/3348414">append the log</a>, not overwrite it.</p>
<p>The contents of the .bat file are basically:</p>
<pre><code>"C:\RDirectory\R.exe" CMD BATCH "T:\Some_folder1\Preworkforbatch.R"
copy T:\Some_folder2\some_data.csv "C:\Users\ABC1\Another_folder"
copy T:\Some_folder3\some_more_data*.csv "C:\Users\ABC1\Another_folder"
</code></pre>
<p>I'm wondering if part of it is that T is a network folder that is mapped? Thanks for your help.</p>
<p>edit:</p>
<p>Here is more info on the task:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h88Si.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h88Si.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p> |
<p><em>The question is about role permissions in <a href="https://strapi.io/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Strapi - Open source Node.js Headless CMS</a></em></p>
<p>How to create new strapi role permissions relative to <code>Authenticated</code> or <code>Public</code> role? I want to create new role with these same all <code>permissions</code> in the bootstrap function. I'm not sure how should look <code>payload</code> to create new <code>role</code>.</p>
<pre><code>const payload = ?
strapi.plugins['users-permissions']
.queries('role', 'users-permissions')
.create(payload)
</code></pre>
<p>I checked relative stackoverflow question but isn't about creating new strapi role permission
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56795531/bootstraping-strapi-role-permissions/56979483#56979483">Bootstraping Strapi Role Permissions</a>!</p>
<p><strong>main problem</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>How look the best way to resolve above problem?</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>side questions</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Is documented schema for <code>plugins</code> or <code>services</code> if yes where could find it?</li>
<li>Which api is better use <code>services</code> or <code>orm</code> from <code>queries</code> instance?</li>
</ol> |
Aibes () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 369 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
Pradikta Wicaksono (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, January 10, 1986) or often called Dikta, is an Indonesian singer. He is a singer for the group Yovie & Nuno, along with Dudi Oris. He joined Yovie & Nuno in 2007.
Personal life
Pradikta Wicaksono was born in Jakarta on January 10, 1986. He was the second child of three siblings.
References
Other websites
Yovie & Nuno official site
1986 births
Living people
Pop musicians
People from Jakarta
Indonesian singers |
A doorbell is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor.
History
Older doorbells were fully mechanical. Newer electrical doorbells were installed by wires and use a push-button to activate the sound. The latest doorbells have wireless connections.
Electronic components |
<p>Let's say that I have this</p>
<pre><code>#define T 10
StackOverflow *_stObject[H];
</code></pre>
<p>How can I "resize" this array to 20?
I cannot use vectors. I have to copy that 11 positions to another array of pointers with 20 positions, but that way I will cannot use this object in my other functions.</p>
<p>This object stores data, and when it gets full I need to find a way to continue to add data.</p>
<p>How can I do this?</p>
<p>Ok here it is some more information because it's not working.
I made the method extendArray() but it have an error when I make r = temp</p>
<p>This is a calculator and the class Reg stores the information the operation that I make in the calculator. The object "r" stores 10 operations and I have to expand this array of pointers if I make more than 10 operations.</p>
<p>The error message that I get is in r = temp and it says:
incompatible types in assignment of 'Reg* [20]' to 'Reg* [10]'| </p>
<pre><code>#define T 10
class Calculator
{
public:
Calculator();
Calculator(NumComp&,NumComp&);
~Calculator();
void printVisor();
void setCalculator(const NumComp&,const NumComp&);
void menu();
void help();
void clean();
void run();
void extendArray();
private:
NumComp n1, n2;
Reg *r[T];
int _tMax;
};
void Calculator::extendArray()
{
Reg *temp[T*2];
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
temp[i] = new Reg;
temp[i] = r[i];
delete r[i];
}
r = temp;
_tMax *= 2;
}
</code></pre> |
<p>How to import AutoComplete in Material-UI latest version V1.0.0-beta.26.</p> |
Sex segregation is a highly controversial culture-related definition for separation of people according to their actual sex. This can occur in both public and private areas. There are four levels for sex segregation: permissive, voluntary, administrative and mandatory. The practice is often, however, mandatory in relation to prison rules or employment, particularly medical care and military services.
Other pages
Racial segregation
Sexism
Social isolation
Controversies
Politics |
<p>I am having a go at creating a generic xmlRepository where I can pass in any type and get a list back.</p>
<p>At the moment my code looks like this (Only way I can get it to work):</p>
<pre><code>public IQueryable<TEntity> GetQuery<TEntity>() where TEntity : class
{
var filename = GetEntityFileName<TEntity>();
var doc = XDocument.Load(filename);
var query = (from p in doc.Descendants(entityName)
select (ServiceAccount)p).AsQueryable().Cast<TEntity>();
return query;
}
</code></pre>
<p>I would like to swap out the</p>
<pre><code>select (ServiceAccount)p).AsQueryable().Cast<TEntity>();
</code></pre>
<p>with</p>
<pre><code>select (TEntity)p).AsQueryable();
</code></pre>
<p>TEntity is the same object as ServiceAccount,</p>
<p>Is this possible with LINQ to XML?</p>
<p>I have a SQLRepository, using EF, which has the same method in it and I am looking for the LINQ to XML equivalent of </p>
<pre><code>((IObjectContextAdapter)_context).ObjectContext.CreateQuery<TEntity>(entityName);
</code></pre>
<p>If indeed there is one.</p> |
Park Won-soon (; March 26, 1956 – July 9, 2020) was a South Korean politician and lawyer. In 2011, he was elected as the Mayor of Seoul. He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2006. He was born in Changnyeong, South Korea. Park was a member of the Democratic Party.
As a lawyer, he won several major cases, including South Korea’s first sexual harassment conviction. He also campaigned for the rights of comfort women.
On June 13, 2018, Park was elected to his third and last term as Mayor of Seoul. He was the first mayor in the city's history to be elected to a third term.
On July 9, 2020, Park's daughter reported him as missing to Seoul police authorities. He was found dead a few hours later, aged 64. His death was ruled as a suicide.
References
1956 births
2020 deaths
People who committed suicide
South Korean lawyers
Korean activists
Asian philanthropists
Mayors of Seoul |
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Les Loges-Margueron is a commune of the Aube département in the north-central part of France.
Les Loges-Margueron |
<p>I'm trying to set up a small learning project with a microservice architecture. I'm just wondering: how many controllers should a microservice have?</p>
<p>At the moment I have two tables: books (title, language, category etc.) and author (first name, last name, birth date etc.). Each of them has an entity, a DTO, a repository and a controller.</p>
<ul>
<li>/api/books/</li>
<li>/api/authors/</li>
</ul>
<p>For me it would totally make sense to have two controllers: BooksControllers and AuthorsControllers. Both are in the first microservice (in this case also WebApi project)</p>
<p>Later on I will add a second microservice "sales figures". It would container sales figures for the books (and maybe later on sales figures for other stuff).</p>
<p>Is this a good approach?</p> |
<p>I'm building an API which is called by a SPA (angular).
The user is authenticated using Azure AD and the API uses AzureAdBearer for its authentication.</p>
<pre><code>public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
[...]
services.AddAuthentication(AzureADDefaults.BearerAuthenticationScheme)
.AddAzureADBearer(options => Configuration.Bind("AzureActiveDirectory", options));
[...]
}
</code></pre>
<p>I need to call Graph API and would like to do it on behalf of the connected user.
I have seen this question: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53732255/accessing-ms-graph-from-api-on-behalf-of-user-currently-signed-in-to-separate-we/53733028">Accessing MS Graph from API on behalf of user currently signed in to separate web client</a> which really looks like the solution I try to implement.
I try to replicate this proposed solution here: <a href="https://joonasw.net/view/azure-ad-on-behalf-of-aspnet-core" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://joonasw.net/view/azure-ad-on-behalf-of-aspnet-core</a>
As I understand it I need to configure the JwtBearer settings, but how can I call the <code>.AddJwtBearer</code> if I already have <code>.AddAzureADBearer</code>.
AddAzureADBearer itself calls the AddJwtBearer (cf. <a href="https://github.com/aspnet/AADIntegration/blob/master/src/Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.AzureAD.UI/AzureADAuthenticationBuilderExtensions.cs#L66" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>)</p>
<p>I created a secret in the app registration of my API and used it to implement a <code>IAuthenticationProvider</code> to get the token on behalf of the user, but I get an error AADSTS65001.
I guess this is because I'm missing the AddJwtBearer configuration to save the user's token in cache, but I'm not really sure.</p>
<p>I don't really understand the solution proposed on the question <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/53803315/4606752">here</a>.</p>
<p>UPDATE</p>
<p>Thanks to <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/59606240/4606752">Tony Ju's answer</a> I have been able to authenticate. But when I call graph api I get Authorization_RequestDenied Insufficient privileges to complete the operation.</p>
<p>I don't know why but can't manage to configure Fiddler properly to capture the request to Azure AD. I enabled ADAL logs and got this </p>
<pre><code>[Information][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.1104926Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: ADAL PCL.CoreCLR with assembly version '5.2.4.0', file version '5.2.4.0' and informational version '5.2.4' is running...
[Information][True]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.1183853Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: === Token Acquisition started:
Authority: https://login.microsoftonline.com/d6397071-8e3e-45d2-a2d6-36698acf0fea/
Resource: https://graph.microsoft.com
ClientId: [...]
CacheType: Microsoft.IdentityModel.Clients.ActiveDirectory.TokenCache (0 items)
Authentication Target: User
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.1395851Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Username provided in user assertion - False
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5277838Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Loading from cache.
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5395969Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Looking up cache for a token...
[Information][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5467711Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: No matching token was found in the cache
[Information][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5706903Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: No matching token was found in the cache
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5736362Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Looking up cache for a token...
[Information][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5764248Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: No matching token was found in the cache
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5804061Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Either a token was not found or an exception was thrown.
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5844932Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Cannot invoke the broker directly, may require install ...
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5891021Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Check and AcquireToken using broker
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.5919785Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Broker invocation is NOT required
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.9510499Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: Storing token in the cache...
[Verbose][False]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.9583491Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: An item was stored in the cache
[Information][True]: 2020-01-09T09:11:12.9917987Z: AdalLoggerBase.cs: === Token Acquisition finished successfully. An access token was returned: Expiration Time: 09/01/2020 10:10:54 +00:00Access Token Hash: GtaeLmKsVSj82umwxVcgghW3/X/N2hKhaxyb7XBbBU0=
User id: 3b224748-42c5-406d-a0c0-e9c9f5238361
</code></pre>
<p>I used this code to get the token:</p>
<pre><code>var userAssertion = new UserAssertion(token, "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer", user.upn);
var authContext = new AuthenticationContext(_aadOptions.Authority);
var clientCredential = new ClientCredential(_aadOptions.ClientId, _aadOptions.ClientSecret);
var result = await authContext.AcquireTokenAsync("https://graph.microsoft.com", clientCredential, userAssertion);
</code></pre>
<p>I tried to rewrite it for MSAL instead of ADAL but didn't success.
Should the scope needed for the graph api request should be in the initial user login or do we expand the scope in the on-behalf-of user request token ?</p> |
<p>I'm trying to create a DIV and append it to all existing DIVs on the page with a for loop. The problem is while it's inside the for loop, it will add the new DIV only to the last found DIV and not to each one like the FOR loop is supposed to make it do. Can anybody tell me what I'm doing wrong?</p>
<p>Here's the code I'm working with:</p>
<p>HTML:</p>
<pre><code><div class="Id">
<div class="first">First</div>
</div>
<div class="Id">
<div class="first">First</div>
</div>
<div class="Id">
<div class="first">First</div>
</div>
<div class="Id">
<div class="first">First</div>
</div>
</code></pre>
<p>JS:</p>
<pre><code>var secondDiv, secondDivImg, selectDivContainer;
secondDivImg = document.createElement("span");
secondDivImg.className = "divImg";
secondDiv = document.createElement("div");
secondDiv.className = 'second';
secondDiv.innerHTML = "Second";
secondDiv.appendChild(secondDivImg);
selectDivContainer = document.querySelectorAll('.Id');
var idLength = document.querySelectorAll('.Id').length;
for (var i=0; i<idLength; i++) {
selectDivContainer[i].appendChild(secondDiv);
console.log(i);
console.log(selectDivContainer[i]);
}
</code></pre>
<p>Here's a <a href="http://jsfiddle.net/SS113/vptat9nL/" rel="nofollow">fiddle</a></p>
<p>I added a couple of console.log to see and they look like the right thing so I'm a little confused why this happens. Thanks!</p> |
<p>If the following example were C++ it would contain non-sensical gibberish so I'll define the example to be written in pseudocode (and hence correct). It strongly hints at what I want to do in C++.</p>
<pre><code>#include <vector>
template<class T>
void increment(T& x)
{
++x;
}
template<template<class> class F>
struct Apply
{
template<class T>
void operator()(std::vector<T>& v)
{
for (auto& x : v)
F<T>(x);
}
};
template<template<class> class F, class T>
void apply(F<T> f, std::vector<T>& v)
{
for (auto& x : v)
f(x);
}
int main()
{
std::vector<int> v{1,2,3};
// apply increment function to v
// maybe this?
Apply<increment> a;
a(v);
// hmm... or this?
apply(increment, v);
}
</code></pre>
<p>I don't know how to turn this into C++ such that:</p>
<ol>
<li><p><code>increment</code> is a function and not a function object.</p></li>
<li><p>The parameter of <code>increment</code> is either deduced or supplied by <code>Apply</code>/<code>apply</code>.</p></li>
<li><p><code>Apply</code>/<code>apply</code> does not know about the name <code>increment</code>.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>I can satisfy two out of the three but I'm not sure how to satisfy all three at once. The problem I run into is the apparent need for using a function template as a template template parameter which my compiler doesn't like. Still, it certainly seems possible to get this to work even if that particular route is off limits.</p>
<p>How can it be done?</p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong> I hate to change the problem but I didn't do a great job of trying to formally state requirements. Just pretend you're the author of apply but you're not the author of <code>increment</code>. You're stuck with <code>increment</code> as is.</p> |
1862. ] MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW CROCODILE. 213
14. DESCRIPTION or CrocopiLus FRONTATUS, A New Croco-
DILE FROM OLD CALABAR River, West Arrica. By
ANDREW Murray, Assist. SECRETARY, Royat HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
(Plate X XIX.)
CROCODILUS FRONTATUS, NOV. sp.
Head broad and deep, much broader than in C. vulgaris, very flat
on the vertex, and with the margins of the flat portion slightly
raised ; the lateral margins very slightly curved ; the suture inside of
the lateral margin placed at rather more than a fourth of the breadth
of the vertex from its side. This suture is not throughout parallel
to the lateral margin; it is nearly so for about two-thirds of its
posterior length ; towards the front it bends a little outwards. Fig. l
shows the form of the sutures in this species, while fig. 2 shows
their form in C. vulgaris, and fig. 3 in C. leptorhynchus. 'The ver-
Big. I.
Wh YT ihe
JERA
WIA aai
- it rat
ly
minha tis
it
! hi
tex in the two last, although flattened, is not so depressed, but is
slightly rounded, so as to be somewhat higher at the middle than at
214 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES [June 24,
the margin. The colour in C. frontatus is yellowish with blackish
spots, instead of brown with blackish spots, as in C. vulgaris and C.
leptorhynchus. 'The muzzle is shorter than in either of the others,
deeper, and the front rises higher above it; the nostrils are more
prominent and turned up. Both the head and the lower jaw are
deeper than in C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. (See fig. 4, which
represents the head of C. frontatus seen in profile, and figs. 5 and 6,
1862. | OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. 215
which respectively represent the profiles of the head of C. vulgaris
and C. leptorhynchus.) The disposition of the scuta or plates along
Fian 7.
DI | 2 eee PN
it SM Se
! a Y AS oY,
\ À N Mi
Ch. S)
i
4|
the nose or muzzle is different in each species. Fig. 7 shows them
in C. frontatus ; fig. 8, in C. vulgaris; and fig. 9, in C. leptorhyn-
216 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES [June 24,
chus. It will be seen that the arrangement in C. frontatus is much
nearer that in C. vulgaris than that in C. leptorhynchus, which is upon
a totally different plan, the middle space in it being free from scuta,
soft, and smooth, with transverse wrinkles or lines, while in the other
two the space is covered with scuta, those in the middle being trans-
verse. The commencement of these transverse scuta between the
eyes is also different.
The scuta on the nape of the neck are differently proportioned and
placed in all three; and here the arrangement in C. frontatus bears
most affinity to that of C. leptorhynchus, instead of to that of C.
vulgaris. Fig. 10 shows this arrangement in C. frontatus ; fig. 11,
Fig. 10.
in C. vulgaris; and fig. 12, in C. leptorhynchus. In C. frontatus
and C. leptorhynchus the four large scuta are of a subquadrate form ;
in C. vulgaris they are irregularly subhexagonal. In the latter, not
only these but also the scuta generally are flat, with a longitudinal
1862. | OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. oat]
raised line or carina. In C. leptorhynchus, those in the neighbour-
hood of the four larger scuta bear a projecting oblong umbo; and
C. frontatus has this developed in a manner still more marked.
The same character prevails in the rest of the scuta. In all three
species there are six rows of large scuta down the back, varying in
width, diminishing to four rows in the lumbar region. In C. vulgaris
these scuta are fiat, with only a slightly raised longitudinal line or
carina. In C. leptorhynchus this carina is much more raised, so as to
form regular crests. In C. frontatus some of them have an oblong
umbo, others a crest, and others only a raised line: the affinity in
this respect is greater with C. leptorhynchus than C. vulgaris. It is
the same with regard to the crest down the tail. In all three the
rows of dorsal scuta down the back become only four in number
after passing the hind legs, forming four raised lines, two on each
side of the spine; the inner crests or lines on each side then gra-
dually approximate (in C. vulgaris forming a narrow channel) and
thin off and become obliterated. The outer crest on each side, at
about the seventh or eighth joint behind the hind legs, becomes
broader and spreads out into a flat plate or leaf turned out horizon-
tally on each side. There are about seven joints in which this flat
table-shaped position of the scuta occurs, and about the same number
prevails in all three. As this disposition, however, does not com-
mence suddenly at any particular joint, but proceeds by gradations
out of the crest on the back, the number may be modified according
to the degree at which the observer reckons the horizontal leaf to
commence. The size of these scuta is proportionally larger in C.
frontatus and C. leptorhynchus than in C. vulgaris. These hori-
zontal thin scuta extend one on each side for a certain distance ; and
then all at once the double row ceases, and is replaced by a series of
single erect scuta running down the top of the tail. In my specimens
the number of joints before this single crest commences, reckoning
from immediately behind the hind legs, is as follows :—
DUT 77 Se E ree 18
OM COLOLAULORUS fae ae ese cn Lf
SOON ca 6 pica ea Cars a: agen eM s scenes = 13
And the number of erect terminal joints is—
Cer login 2 jisc veel 6 are ee 26
C. léptor/tymehus.......-%. sie win ee oe
C. TOOLS. 4. 8. . «+ 20 ee ee
The colouring of C. frontatus is much nearer that of C. lepto-
rhynchus than C. vulgaris. The latter is coloured pale ashy brown,
blotched irregularly with dark brown. The other two have the dark
blotches distributed in transverse bands,—C. frontatus having every
alternate two rows of transverse scuta pale and dark—a disposition
followed in C. leptorhynchus, but not so regularly.
Total length of my specimen, 21 inches; total length of head,
from tip of snout to back of under jaw, 34 inches ; breadth of head,
12 inch; length of muzzle to front of eye, 14 inch; length of eye,
218 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE KAGU. [June 24,
nearly 1 inch; height of head, 2 inches; length of body, from occi-
put to back of hind legs, 8 inches; total length of tail, 12 inches ;
length of tail to commencement of single crest, 53 inches; length of
the part of it with single crest, 74 inches.
On the whole, this new species seems to combine many of the
characters both of C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. In its head it
is nearest to C. vulgaris; in its colouring, scuta, and tail to C. lep-
torhynchus.
I owe this specimen to the kindness of the Rev. W. C. Thomson,
the accomplished missionary at Old Calabar. He wrote me word
long before I received it that there was another species of Crocodile
in the Old Calabar besides the two generally known, that it was ex-
tremely scarce, but that he would endeavour to procure a specimen
for me. He did so, and sent me the individual from which this de-
scription is taken, alive. It reached Liverpool in good health, but,
most unfortunately, was drowned on the railway on its passage to
Edinburgh. The gentleman who was kind enough to charge himself
with it thought it would not live unless brought in water, and he
put it in a foot-pail half full of water. The water was too deep to
allow the poor animal to rest on the bottom of the pail and stretch
up its head for breath; and when the jolting of the railway com-
menced, it was kept in a constant state of submersion. The con-
sequence which might have been anticipated ensued, and my Croco-
dile arrived dead. ‘There is no doubt that it is a good species, half-
way between C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus.
15. NOTE on THE HABITS AND AFFINITIES OF THE KAGU
(RHINOCHETUS JUBATUS). By A. D. BARTLETT.
(Plate XXX.)
At the first sight of this bird, one is struck with its resemblance
to several different genera, and at once calls to mind Eurypyga, Hdi-
enemus, Cariama, Psophia, Nycticorax, and Scopus: one and all
appear more or less represented in its singular combination of cha-
racters.
The actions and movements of the Kagu are generally quick and
lively, so opposite to the slow and chameleon-like movements of the
true Herons that one can hardly suspect it to be an Ardeme bird.
This, however, it doubtless will prove to be, but so modified and
adapted to a different kind of diet and mode of life, that its real affi-
nities are difficult to recognize.
With its crest erect, and wings spread out, the Kagu runs or skips
about, sometimes pursuing and driving before him all the birds that
are confined with hiin in the same aviary [among these are several
Blue Waterhens (Porphyrio)|, evidently enjoying the fun of seeing
them frightened ; at other times he will seize the end of his wing or
tail and run round, holding it in his bill: from a piece of paper or
dry leaf he derives amusement by tossing it about and running after
|
Joshua is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas |
Proviseux-et-Plesnoy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Aisne department
Communes in Aisne |
<p>I have started a new project in Xcode by duplicating an existing folder, because my new app will have a lot of common features with the old one.</p>
<p>The problem is that the new app won't be using a framework I used in the old app. When I deleted the framework, of course all files including that framework raised errors.</p>
<p>Basically I want to disable all syntax checks, dependency checks, etc. on many files. I want Xcode to ignore these files, although they are in the project tree. Later when I revise them I will manually enable them again. This way I can compile and test my small changes for errors without fixing all errors it causes in the "not revised" files, which I will be fixing in the future anyway.</p>
<p>I could delete them from the project tree and then add them again one by one when my job's done, but I don't want to do this because my project tree might get messed up and there should really be another way to accomplish this.</p>
<p>I tried removing those files from all target memberships, but it didn't help.</p> |
Long Day's Journey into Night is a tragedy play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1941–42, first published in 1956. The play is seen to be his best work and one of the best American plays of the 20th century.
O'Neill posthumously won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for Long Day's Journey into Night.
References
Plays |
Somalia (; ), officially called the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ), is a country in Africa. It used to be known as the Somali Republic. It is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Somali Sea to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. A person from Somalia is called a Somali.
Government
Somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level.
Somalia is an independent country. Since the Somali Civil War in the 1980s, there has been no working government that covers all of Somalia; instead, different clans have been fighting for control. Somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources.
Clan wars
There are four big tribes in Somalia, the Hawiye, the Dirweyn, the Koofur Orsi inhabitants and the Darood. Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past.
Somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war.
The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes.
Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the Islamic Courts Union. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and Ethiopia invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.
History
In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from Egypt and Arabia went to buy Gum Arabic, Myrrh and Ebony Wood. The Ancient Egyptians used to call it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today.
Visitors from as far away as China visited Somalia, such as Zheng He.
Medieval history
400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal.
About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a Jihad against Ethiopia, brought together a huge army that included Turkish musketeers and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for.
Ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the Portuguese Empire was muscling into East Africa. They had taken over the whole east African coast up to Baraawe, and were trying to take over Mogadishu. The Portuguese decided to help out the Ethiopians because the Ethiopians were Christians and the Portuguese did not like Muslims. Ahmad had taken over more than half of Ethiopia when a troop of Portuguese musketeers showed up to help the Ethiopians out. One Portuguese musketeer managed to shoot Ahmad himself, killing him.
A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. On those days we do not find the exact people dwell in zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes.
However, some historians attributed Zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation.
Daraawiish State
The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of Oman. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under British protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became British Somaliland.
The Kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the Sultanate of Nugaal) for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became Italian Somalia in 1905, with capital Mogadishu.
Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti.
Lots of Somalis did not like what was going on, so a Muslim religious leader named Mohammed Abdullah Hassan started a group called the Darwiish to fight the British, Italians and Ethiopians. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia.
Italy created a colony around Mogadishu and enlarged the territory of Italian Somalia after WW1 with the areas south of the Juba river. In the next 20 years the Italian colony grew in importance, having at Hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the Scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to Europe. In 1928 was created the first airport in Somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in Africa with the Linea dell'impero, a flight between Rome and Mogadishu.
World War 2 history
When Benito Mussolini took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of Italian Somalia. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded British Somaliland, but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland.
After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a United Nations mandate, so the Italians could not make it a colony.
Cold War history
In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the Somali Republic. It was chosen the Latin alphabet for the Somali language. Many areas where Somalis lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by the French, Ethiopians and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come.
In 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed Siad Barre took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the Soviet Union and when Ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a Communist takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia. Other countries like Cuba and Israel also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war.
Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who did not like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone.
Eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. One, called Somaliland, declared independence from Somalia entirely, while another called Puntland declared independence "for now" until a new Somali national government can be put together. Dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed.
Modern history
Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like Puntland and Somaliland) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic Sharia law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the Afgani Mujahideen, and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia.
After 2001, the United States of America became very suspicious of both the Sharia courts and the Islamic Union of being terrorists. Warlords made a group called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. The Sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the Islamic Courts Union. People liked the Sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the Islamic Courts Union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of Mogadishu in 2006. The Islamic Courts Union then formed an army and took over most of southern Somalia.
The United States of America and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. At around the same time, Somali pirates kidnapped westerners from big ships for ransom.
References
Italian-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
Ang Mo Kio MRT station (NS16/CR11) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore.
Ang Mo Kio station is the only above-ground and non-interchange MRT station to have a middle train track. The middle track can be used during track/train faults, and certain train services that start from Marina South Pier MRT Station or Jurong East MRT Station end here.
The station opened on 7 November 1987, and will become an interchange station with the Cross Island MRT line when the first part, or stage, of the line opens in 2029.
History
The station was opened on 7 November 1987, and was one of the five stations that together were the first MRT stations to open.
Nitcharee Peneakchansak, a 14-year-old Thai, was badly injured and lost both her legs after she fell onto the track and was hit by a train at the station on 3 April 2011.
On 25 January 2019, Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan announced that the first stage of the Cross Island Line will open in 2029, with Ang Mo Kio being one of the stations along the line.
Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
References
Other websites
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Singapore |
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at |http: //books. google .com/l
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SMIg<I»?(DlI(
s starim kerianskim pozdravljenjem: y^Bog
v a s aprimi!^ prifnejo ^slovenské večernice^
dans pervokrat za romarsko palica za na
pot po slovenskih krajéh. Naj hi jih r vsakí
hiii, bodi si nizkega ali visokega slemenúf pri^
jazno sprejeli in z veselfeni prebirali v svojo
iasno in vecno sreóo! Pripovedovale hodo r^-
sele in ialostne dogodhe iz zivljenja cloveškega,
* kako Bog vse dobro plahijey vse hudo pa kaz--
nuje; razkladale bodo precudno mQjírost in
previdnost Bozjo , ki je v svoji nezapovedljiin
skerbi za blagor clovestva razgernUa^o vsem
svetu brez mere koristne lepote in^v^^ivljenje
poklicala brez itevila manjih in vebfh stvari,
da bi sluzile človeku v korist in v fíäzveselo"
vanje; kazale bodo Slovencom potj po kteri
naj hodijOf da bodo srecni casno in vecno in
. kakó nqi obracajo bozje darij da bodo po
^ njegovi sveti volji vedno napredovali v, ^stHffem
\ gospodarstvu in v drugih potrebnih
i
To fócilj in kanec slovenskim vecemicam.
hi hf^^^^J dvakrát v letu prihajale na
dan. — Slovenské domorodce, posebnú
^astito duhovscinOy pa sercno prosimo^ naj ph
práv marljivo razsirjajo med slovenskim Ijnd'
stvom. da ho družba st\ Mohora veselo rasU
' j
in obilná koristi donášala vsem Slovencom sé
mnogo mnogo let Z Bogom!
i ZgabJJenl, pa spet n^Jdeni sin.
(Domftčii povest iz staríh časov).
, Ako prehodia dol{:e Štenge, in se razsiri pred
I tebó prijazna spodnja dolina Bohinjska , zagledaá
j pred sebó Nomenj, pervo vas Bohinjsko. čedna vas
je pri česti; hiáe so belo zidane, prebivavci pre-
mozni, ker redí jih poije, živina in drevarija.
y starih casih je bilo dragačí. Ker fužine niso
I delale , ni bilo rudarije in drevaríje ; poije je bilo
prevlažno, vreme merzlo in deževno, in delj je
ležal sneg na ravninah^ ker je bilo gozda neiz-
merno veliko. Tudi z živine je bila slabá reč,
ker ni se bilo kupéije z maslom, na paái so pa
tudi volkovi in rísí živino in pastirje napadali.
Ker domá ni bilo zaslužka, so možjé hodili po si-*
• rokem ^sveta s trebuhom za kruhom, in med letom
80 Iti^'toliko domá ostajali, da so poorali. Žene
so pa bile vse leto domá; živine «in poIje so
jopravljale, predle in tkale. O svetem Máŕtimt
se je pa v(;aĎaIa vsa družina k domáci koct.z
nekoliko dnaŕci in z mnogimi novicami.
Slov. ra^ná^ L .r. ^^XC^^^v"
1
y tislih starih časib, dávno pred Francozom, '
je stala na sevu nad Nomenjem lesena uborna
kočica , pri Sevlji se je reklo. Ta koča je imela .
tri prebivavce. Oče Ševelj je bil lovec. Pobijal ;j
je diyje koze, serne, medvede in volke* Takrat ;i
je bilo dovolj divjasčine celo blizo vasí. Grajsine
se niso poganjale za lovske pravice y Bofainju;
kmet tudi nikomur ni bránil loviti, ker lovec mu
je bil velik dobrotnik, ker je pokončeval sovraž-
nike živine in polja. Ker je pa lovsko delo ne-'!
varAo, posebno pri medvedih in volkovih, lovcov
ni bilo veliko; med njimi je pa.morebiti oče Še-
velj bil pervi. Ysak teden je prinesel z gore
sernjaka ali divjega kozia, in však pondeljek iz
Kranja polovnik žita za gamsovo ali medvedjo
kožo, in tudi kako igračo mladému sinčku. Imeli
so pri Séylji tudi nekaj koz za mleko in maslo.
Tako so Ševljevi pošteno živeli, brez velikega
truda in skerbi, akoravno niso imeli njiv in tráv-
nikov. Bili so pa tudi dobri Ijudje, in mersikterí
popotnik je dobil pri njih košček mesá in kruba,
kákor tudi gorko prenocisce v hiši pri pečj. Mar-
siktéri zimski večer so dosedetí pri levi; oče je
razkladal lovske dela in nevamosti, popotnik je
stermé posluáal; deček, ki je igral s treskami; je
nebal igraée prekladali; mlada žena je pa urno
vertela nit in kolovrat, ker se je veselila, in-
ima-^tako jakega moža, in pokladala je, treske
na ogei^ To sú bili veselí večeri. Pa yečkrať'
t
je žena slonefai z deletom na levi, moža že
večer pričakovaje, ko je rainaj v gostí tami hufja
tulila ob slemenu, in sipala sneg in sodergo v
okna. Tako vreme je bilo, ko ženi prinesó ža«
Jostno novico , da so našli moža nbitega v glo-
bokem prepadu. Bilo je sred pošta, ko pri-
nesó merliča domú. Ni se zvedilo , ali se
ma je sptfdersnilo v globočíno, ali ga je med-
ved prevemii, ali se je yanj zagnal zalézen divfi
"kozel, in ga pnhnil črez pečevje* Mertev je bil, in
zapustil je malo denarjev in prazno uborno kočo
rdoví in sindku. ^ Puška na kresalu, ki je do zdaj
vse redila , je obvisela in zarujavela na steni, in
tisti, ki jo je imel v roke vzeti, je stqpil zdaj komaj
v peto leto/
Naglo je v híso prišlo siromastvó« Žena, dicer
mlada in terdna, ni imela s čem sinú preživíti. Na
mezdo v delo hoditi , je takrat se malo izdalo, ko
so kmetje vse obdelovali s svojimi Ij^idml, spj pc^ja
in živine niso imeli veliko. Tudi mezda je bila
majhina, ker je bilo vse po ceni. Celo preje in
tkanja niso Ijudje veliko drugam dajali, ker v dolgíh
zimah so vse domáce ženské popredie in poplédle,
možje so pa tkali, in mezelan in rasovíno ravnali*
. VVendar je včasih vdova vsaj nekoliko dela dobila pri
premožniših hisah. Tudi so ji sosedje dajali nekoliko
žita, prediva in volne v Boga imé. Saj so takrat
se radi v Boga ime dajali^, ker ni bilo lolika
revežev kakor dan danaánji, ko imajo toUko ie^:
naija. Vdova ni ravno lakote umirala; pa skerb
za deteta in žalost po zgobljenem môžu in tolikí pre-
membi goljufive sreče jej niste dale pokoja, da bi
2 yoljo terpela nenavadno revsčino.
Príde k naši vdovi črez nekaj tedňov snanR
beračica iz Tomina. Prenočila je tukaj, velíko je pri-
povedovala o nadlogab in težavah njenega žívljenja,
in yganjevale ste z vdovo, kakó bi se mogle pol|g-
iati skerbí človekove. Nar gotoviái pripomoček 'ao
se jima zdeii zakladi; pa kdo ve za-nje? Spomni se*
beračica, da je slisala, kakor so pravíli stari Ijudjé,
da je skozi Bobinj bežal iz Ĺaskega pregnan kraijic ;
ker so mu pa preganjavci bil^ za petami, da ni mú^ i
gel sebó odnesti vsega premoženja, je vzídal yelik ,
del zlatnine v kapelici na Premu. Preganjavci so ga
pa kmaia potem zatekli in ubili. — Beračica scer ni .
vedila, kjjb je na na PrenKí, vehdar ime si je bila za-
pomnila. Drugi dan je sla beračica svojo pot, pa .
globoki spomin na povest je pustila v vdovinem
sercu. Le eno misel je imela vdova : základ mora
njen biti, naj véljá kar boče. Pridjala je sicer bo«»
račica svoji povesti, da govori prerokoyanje, da
bo izkopavca onega zakladá kmalu zadela veliká ne-
sreča, ker so tísti denarji prekleti zayoljo krivie íq
odertije kraljičeve. Pa vdova si misii : nemá ra
prerokovanje laze; ako je pa resnično, ali me mor*
zadeti nesreča, ki bi bila hujsa, kakor smert moi
in re^iuka? Saj mi vendar noče še sinú vzeti? Ak
ga pa vzame, saj ga bo vzei k sebil Samo priložnos
v 1
»
Je vdova še čakala; kapelica namreč je pH cesH; po
dnevu hodijo vedno Ijudje memo, kí bi jo vtegnili
vid|M9 po noci se je pa bála strehov in zverine.
^ Prisol je prazník svetega Rešnjega Telesa.
Gorko pomladansko solnce kakor tudi mogočno
streijanje pri stári fari na Ravnjah je vabílo Ijadi k
slovesnému opravila. Spraznila se je Nomenjska
vas, le starčiki in otroci so domá ostali. Med zad-*
Djimi zaklene tadí naša vdova svojo kočo , in se
spusti med pobožnimi proti cerkvi. Ta dan 43i je
namenila sklep izpeljati, ker sv. opravilo dolgô
terpi, nrmiVlísiiti , da bi kdo na tako svet dan
imel drugo pot kafaj^r. v cerkev. Zalezovavca se ji
tedáj ^ bilo bati. wSí je mogla misliti,, da je pre-
gresflo njeno početjé, jda oskrunuje praznik Gospo*
dov, obhajala jo je groza, ko se je spominjala
prerokbe, pa — saj je zmno, kako tefikô človek
opusti, kar si je v sli in strasti nameniL Kolike
Ijudi je že mislilo: Bog in kazen je še dalečl —
Pa kolike se jih je^goljufalo!
Vdova pŕide na Prem. Sinka je za roko sebó
pripeljala, da se mu samému doma kaj žalega ne
prímerí; hišo je zaperla, ogenj dobro zagrebla.
Vse je v vamosti. Rovníéa, ki jo je na delopust
sem . prinesie , se tičí v'germu; níkogar vaščanov
ni več memo. Zazvonite in vstrelilo je že na Rav-
njah. Vse je vgodno, vse je pripravljeno.
Mati vstane, sinú zažuga, naj se ne gany spod
geriMt; dokler je nazaj ne bo; vzame rovq|óa^ in
„Ä' " •
>.
f
e
gfre v kapelico. Premsko znamenje 8tojí cb cesrti
da stermem vínku pri Lepencah, drugi vasí Bo-*
biDJski. Globoko pod stermo goró Sava buta ob
skalóvje, in dela zelen ir na široko in dolgo. Ker i
je voda bolj lena, je po navadi berv cez njo postav— |
Ijena; kedar pa ob povodnjih priteká, berv ízvlečejo, '
in se v íolnu prevažajo. Takrat ravno ni bilo berví, '
ker se je sneg na planínah topil, in jé Sava bila ve—
lika. Kó mati odide, se sinú kmalô ni vec priložno
zdelo, pod germom tičati; skoci tedaj na kraj, kjer ,
se ínu je odperi velik razgled na vse kraje. Savski
veŕtinci, bele pene nad aiirnim zelenim bresiom, inj
dolgi doln ob kraji obudí detetovo radovednost, io <
zmuzne se mladi Sevelj memo skalovja in gérmovja !
po derči doli na Savski brod* Vsede se pobič \ la- '.
dijo, gleda postervi, ki pod njini švígajo, meče ka- '
menje za njimi in tudi kruhové drobtine; ko se tega
naveliča, začne čoln zibati; to mu daje pravo veseljeT
čoln se pa izmuzne, in kmalo sta deček in ladija I
sred rekeí '
Vdova je pa med tem, ízrušívsi kamnati tlak
v kapelici, kopala in grebla po sipi in perstí, iskaje
zlatega boga. Ni se trudila pol ure, ko rovnica za- '
breačí ob terdi rečí« Bila je železná skrinjica. j
Vdova jó komaj od tal vzdigne ; ko pokrov odbije,
zagleda v škrinjid samo suho zlato; zdaj pa popnstí í
kapelo in kopuljo , ter teče k germu, kjer je siná !
pustila. Ni ga vec, in polovica veselja je prQč.
Kliče ga na vse gerio, pa ne oglasí se sin. Gleda
r
doli na Savo in grorí yhreg, pa sind ni reb viÁť^
saj se že dávno skosi Štenge pelje. Ne misii Tdo*«
va, da bi otrok tako serčen bil, da bi se podal na
neznano vodo. Nemara, sama pri sebi praví, mene
ni htel čakali^ in je domú tekel. Žena vzame tedaj
polovice zlata v predpert, polovico s skrinjíeo za-
krije v gost germ^ ter bití proti doma v veseiju in
skerbéh. Domu pridsi, nájde vse zaklenjeno, sinú
pa tudi tnkaj ne more od nikodar priklícatí. More-
bíti je set s pastirjem za kozami, o poldne bo prisel
domú zdrav in vesel, se žena zopet tolaži, in gre
nazaj po oskanek zlatnine. ' Kmalo je vse bogastyó
domá. Ni poznala vdova takifa denarjev, in tudi
sosteti jib ni mogia, ker ji ni bilo mogoče, tolikega
šIevHa v glaví obderžati, Prijetno je bilo gledatí
tak kup kovanega zlata; pa vdove se je že jela
popHjemati tesná misel, da je bogästvo . morebíti
kúpila za edinega sinú.
Priali so vasčani od obboda, nihče ni vedil
kaj o sinú povedati ; prísle so koze s pase, pa fan-
tička ni bilo s pastirjem. Treba je bilo, da grejo
sosedje otroka iskat. Dva sta sla v goro. Vdova
sama z detetóvim botrom je iskala ob Savi od
Prema celo do Obernj. Vso noc sta žgala jeriče
in klicala sinú, pa zastonj sta se trudila; še čolna
nista nikjer zapažila, da bi bil obtíčal, ker voda
je bila veliká, in je na večer se prítekla, ker je
bil topel dan. Domú pridái je vdova zvedití Biqgla,
da tudi iskavca po gori nista nióaprai^la. JK^
%\
>> -
• v
8
npftiija jej je ostalo, da sín ie žítí: da bo pa kdaj
nazaj priáel , skoraj ni mogla apati ^ ker &»ii je
bil še precej neumen, in ni dnizega vedil, kakor to,
da je Ševljev Tone iz Nomenja, — da je Bohínjec,
inu ni se nihce povedal.
. Vdova zdaj prodá kozé^ zapustí leseno kočo,
in se podá v zidano hiso na Bístrico k sorodnikom.
Tam je tiho žívela, molila in v Boga inde dajala.
Ní ji. bilo treba delatí, in jedla je beli kruh, toda
med solzami. Kmalo se je raznesel som od za-
kladá, pa Ijadéní ni bilo mar vdovi krasti, ker
se jim je vendar Ie smtlila, novi domačjni so jo
pa varovali in stregli, nadjaje se bogate zapusčine.
Preteklo je pet in dvajset let Vdova je
že precej oslabela, akoravno ni nosila žuljev na
rokah in težkih bremen na plečih. Ni bila stará, ;
pa se je pripravljala na smert, ker jí je vtonilo
vse veseije do življenja. Bili so nekdaj qasi, ko ;
je naročala vsakemu, ki je'sel iz Bobinja, naj -
poprasQJe po sinú. Htela je nekdaj vse zlatovje
v dno jezera potopili, ako za to sinú ns^ajj^obí:
polovice blaga bi ma bila dala, kdor tljáej po- \
vedal , pod kterim grobom sin pečiva, i^a zdaj
se je že naveličala upanja in togovanja.
Zopet príde k vdovi tista beračica, ki je
pravila od ubežnega kralja in zakladá na Premu
I
«
Bolna je bila veliko let , okrevavli ae , je pa
preoej hitela v Bohinj k tisti vdovi , ktero je s
povestjo obogatila. Bogfato je bila obdarovaná, v
zahvalo je pa vdovi spet nekaj svetovala. Ker
je vdova ^esila, pravi beračica^ da je o prazniku
základ kopala, naj s tem pokoro slori, da iz za-
kladá v božjo čast in slavo cerkev sozida» če je
sin áe pri življenji , bo morebiti prísel nazaj ;
ako pa ne, bo vendar zidana cerkev njeni in nje-
govi duši v prid.
Vdova storf, kar je svetovala beŕacica. Zaceli
so apnjenice kuhati in bruna gonití ; prišli so Lahi,
in v dveh letih so postavili cerkev in zvonik nad
sedanjo Bístrico na mesta, kjer se zdaj pravi:
,,Na Pozabljenem^. Da bi altarje narodil, prosijo
možje imenitnega umetnika iz Ogleja, ki je ne-
dávno v Kraiij prišel , staro cerkev zaijsat Ker
se je dobro plačilo iň dokaj dela obljubifo, dá
slíkar besede , in črez malo dni prijezdi skozi
Stenge. Gredočemu skozi NomeU) pokažejo sprem-
Ijevavci poderte kodo, v kteri je svoje dni vdova
prebivala. ^ Uoietnik , kakor osupnjen , ogledaje
kočo, dolgo vas pod hríbom, stermo goró z red-^
kimi mecesni , potok s trojnim slapom , in mane
se ob čelo , kakor bi hotel daven spomin zope)
inditi. Stermó ga gleda jo spremijevavci.
„y Ogleju^, spregovori slikar črez nekdjŕ;c»9ía,
)em vidil več takih podôb ; ako se práv spo-
ínjam J je neki Anton Ševljev ravno t|^ iraj
10
naslikal in govoril^ da je tukaj njegova domovina.^
,9 „Oh I če je takó^ je on sín ravno tíste vdove, in
hisi se pravi pri Ševljí^^ , odgoyorijo bohinjski
možje polni veselja.
Slikar na to pové , da je Anton Ševljev
kot majhno dete prisel v Terst z bogatim go~
spodom ; da ga je gospod tam redil in v šoIe
dajal ; potem je Anton ncil gospodove sinove ^
dokler ni Tersta zapustil in se podal v semeniéôe
Oirlejsko. Večkral, je djal umetnik, ml je pravil,
kako ga je ladja nešla med vísokimi gorami memo
neznanih vaši naprej ; kako ga je noc ujela laénega
in obdivjanega ; se le proti jatru je niogel zadre*-
mati. Ko se zbudi, je pa tíčal v plítvi vodi na
neznanem produ« Kolikor čaša je mogel , je ie\
potem pri vodinazaj, pa zašel je v veliko mesto,
kjer níhče ni vedil, kje je pri Ševiji na Nomenji.
Ko je po nlicah okolí bodil ves zbegan jokaje in
npraševaje , ga je nasel tisti teržaäki gospod ;
kúpil mu je jedi in píjače, in ga sebot odpeljal v
v Terst Anton se je dobrof^učil. V semeníáčo
se je z drugimi vred z nar boijsím vspehom pe6al
tndi s slíkarijo. Pravil mi je, da je že kot dete
v domáci koči lesene igrače rezijal in jih lisal
% barvami, ki jih je kubal iz ilovíce in raznih
zelišči Narisal je v semenisču tudi domáco koco^
kakor mu jé^ bila se v spominu. Zdaj je pobožen
in učeň mož, in je naj mlajsi korar Oglejske cerkve*
Vdova je komaj verjela novico, ki so j<|i;
k
i
■ .- , / ; ^- "
prinesli možjé. Hitelaje^'k slikai^, da se jesiz
Djegovih ust resníce prepričala.
Písmo se je spísalo, in nesH so ga možje
črez gore v Oglej. Ko je miadí korar zopet
zaslísal skoraj pozabljeno Bobínji^ko govorico , ko
je zvedel, da mati se živi in kakó, se je prec^
napolil gledat starih krajev in objemat staro mater.
Ko je prišel, sta se z materjo komaj spoznala, in
komaj zavedla neizrečenega veselja.
Dodelano cerkev je sin blagoslovil. Pervo
mäso, ki jo je slisala vdova v svoji cerkvi, je
bral zgubljení zopet nájdení sin.
Vzel je poli ej korar mater sebo v Oglej.
Odsihm^- jej ni bilo treba vec žalovati po zgub-
Ijenem sihn.
S to povestjo me je tíčila ranjco teta , naj
ne hrepení človek po nezasluženem bogastvu, ka-
kor una vdova. Bodimo vselej zadovoljni s tim,
kar nam je izročíl usmíljeni Oče v nebesih.
J. Mencinger.
2.
Pesem sia domade imarnioe.
Spet kliče nas venčani maj,
K Márii nas bliče v svel raj:
Cvetlice goščave
Si venčajo glave.
Raduje se polje in gaj.
>0<*|
♦v
12
Vše drevje si venôa gla?d,
Po drevju pa ptički pojó,
Nebeskí kraljici
Márii Devici
češcenje in slavo dajó.
In šmarníce nježne cvetiS,
Vertnice se v vence pletó,
Da krasnega m^aja
Se sláva obhaja
Cvetlici Márii leptf.
Pod lipo kapePca stojí.
Tam kínčan oltár se svitli,
In biser oltarja,
Ko juterna zarja,
Podoba Marijna slovi.
In kedar se majnik rodí,
Kapeľca ko vertec díší;
Oltár in pa stene
So vse razcvetene,
Da bolj se Marija častí.
Sem vsaki dan rad príbežím,
Marijo práv lepo častím;
Do nje vse veseije
In serčne imam želje,
Za njo le živím in gorím.
Ko zarja zlatí vse goré,
Darujem Maru sercé,
Opoldan spet tečem
V kapeľco in rečem:
Oh, prosí, Marija za me. -
v \.
18
O
Kdar sonce za goro zhezi *
In Ave Marijo zvoni^ >
Zdihujem: O Matil ^^^
Tvoj hočem ostatí,
Dokler ne zatísnem očí.
Také se Harija časUi
Ker maj njene slave cvetí;
Za grešne sirote
Pa Mati dobrote
Pred sedežem božjim klečí.
Le klíči nas venčani maj,
K Márii nas kliči v svet ráj!
Da večno veselí
Bi slavo tam peli
Maril, o Jezus n am daj!
Jozef Virk.
Voisnik in i
Sreča je, ne po sveta hodili, pravi jutro vec;
Sloveneo že sme lemu pregovoru priata viti : pa se
veča sreča je, ne po svetu vozaríti. AU Anže,
kmet na Gorenskem, ni bil te misii; žanj je bilo
največe veselje po svetu vozaríti, doma biti pa
naj veča nesreča* Bil je ée mlad,. ko so mu
oÄnerli starsi in zapustili lepo premoženje: potje,
travnike, gozde — vse v niglepiem redu; y hlevi)
-*:
*! ^-
mu je stalo sest re^nih konj in dvanajst molznih
kráv; v skrinji v predelu je pocivala marsiktera
petica« Shrambe 30 bile napolnjene z žitom, pre-
dívom, platnom in maslom. Ali Anžetu^vse to
ni bilo dosti, delo -pa mu tudi ni disalo, gorel
je le za vožnjo. Začel je tedaj vazariti; hodil
je v Gorotan po predivo, v Terst pa je vozil
dile, železo in kar je dobil. Za gospodarstvo
mu ní bilo marr Bil je pa tudi malo domá in
še*takrat, ko ni bil ná česti, je prebil vec čaša
v kerčmi, kakor v lastni hisi. Vozarenje ga je
čisto popačilo , učil se je le sírovostt , pijanče-
vanja, kletvine in rotenja; zgubil je vero in za-
sramoval vsakega, ki ni pozabil božjib zapoved.
V petkih in poslnih dneh je žerl la ,,álangreiter*
po kerčmah pečenko ; v nedeljah med božjo službo
je nalival želodec, med tem ko so njegovi konji,
ktere je med potjo preklinjal in neusmiljeno pre-
tepal, strádali zunaj keréme ali pri praznib jaslíb. ?
8e imenitno se mu je zdelo takQ žfvljenje, ceá,
da Ijudje vidijo , da nisem bebast kmet, ki se postí
in v cerkev hodí. Kaj mu je bilo mar, če stráda ,
njegova živina ali ne, da je bil le sam sit in zalit; ^
kaj je iparal ^ kaka se gospodarl ná domu , kako 1 ;
se godí njegovi žení in otrokom , dokler je bilo i /
kaj.cvenka. če je prísel domú, je bil nestérpijivo \^
ošaben, za malo se mu je zdelo, roeniti se s sosedi, V\
ki áo se pridno doma deržali; večkrat je govoff). ' ^
^^Kaj bo ta zabitá beračija z ovseno slamo v glavl! •
-, »
15
Sramujem w , da sem y takcni gneaséoi rojen :
pa ne bom vec dolgo takaj , že S6 pogajam %
gospodom Kljukcom v Terstu , da bi mi proitel
hiso^. Začei se je tudí po tuje pačíti t obleki
in govoru: b os (was), pa á i (si =: da) je imel
vedno na jeziku, ker drugega znal ni, daravno
je terdil, da zna nemški in laški. Tikati ga ni
smel ňobeden vec, le kdor mu je rekel ^oní^,
tému je privosčil še kako besedo. Ta navada
in prevzetnost ste mu pa dale pri sosesčanih
príimek : gosppd Bos.
Ko je bil dom^ , je bil vsaki dan pervi in
zadnjí v k^rčmi in njegov sedež je bil v kótu
za mizo. Ťukaj ni bilo njegovega babanja ne
konca ne kraja; govoril je vedno le sam o^febi
in štel na perste nájbogatejse teržaske gospode,
s kterimi ^ se tĺka in ki ga vedno vsi kmaiu na
kosflo vabijo, da se le v Terst prikáže, da se
mu že sitno zdi , ker ne more vsem ustreči , v
zameró^^pa ludi rad ne príde, Pravil je, kako
mu je kázal ta in ta veci kup terdih križavcov,
kakor nareže skepar skoz celi teden skope in
juni zverban mernik cekinov* Yerjeli mu IJudje
niso dostí, vendar je dobil tudi také, ki so ga
;radi poslusali.
To je šlo tako nekaj, ali ne veliko let.
IPametnim Ijudem se ni zdelo čudno, da je šla
njivo za njivo, gozd za gozdom v tuje roke;. .
í í on je govoril , da prodaja svoje posestvu .te
ži*--
46
*
zavolj tega, ker se misii v Terst preselíti* TucN^
tísti^ ktere je poprej s svojím bahanjem slepíl, so
sačelí z glavo majati, ko je prisel Anže od áest
na dvoje konj.
Nekega zimskega večera privozari domú la-*;
čen in žejen le z enim konjem , in se. ta je bi^
bolj kostnjaku kakor konjn podoben, pri vsem tem
pa je še hudo sepal. Ker je imel Anže na velki
cesU že v vsaki hiái, spod ktere visí smreka^ kaj
nakredanega na trámu pod stropom ali pa na i
darib, mu niso bteli vec na brado streči^ v žepaj
pa ni bilo vec cvenka. Denfirjev je vendar lej
moral dobiti , na vsako vižo , če se pes obesili
Ali ta reč ni bila labka, prodano je bilo že vse^j
na posodo pa mu ne bi htel nobeden nič dali. "j
Spreže konja , kakor je imel že navado ^
glasnim preklinjanjem , rotenjem in neusmiljenim,
pretepanjem, gre v hiso,. se vleže k peci na klop,
tef premisljuje, kako bi prisel k denarju. Dobro
uro leží tako, pa ne zine besede. Na to'' vstane,
gre v hlev5 začne rotiti zadnjega svojega konja
in ga zopet neusmiljeno biti. Spoka ga iz bleva
v sneg, sam pa mabne po ^tezi proti sosednemu
grádu. JKb pride do grajskíh vrat, spleza po dre-»;
vesa, ki je tu stalo kviško, se skobaca na zidj
in stepi v grajski vert. YriAa od znotraj s kijučem,
kí ga je pustil vratar v kijučavnici, tiho odklone^
malo odderzne in stopa po perstih naravnost protL
kapeli ; tu poisče ključa^ odpré tibo kapelične vrátaj
v
..^^
17
se zmuzne noter in pobere yso isireberno in, .p(H
zlačeno cerkveno posodo*
Med tem , ko se je to godilo , sledí zadf ji
zvesti konj njegov stopinjam gospodarjevim in
se zinuza skoz odderznjene grajske vráta. Ko
dospe pod lopo, príde z glavo ravno med verví^
kí so visele iz zvoníka in spodej ravno ta
večer skapej zvezane bile. Konj potegne m za- ^
čaeta peti obá zvona ravno takrat, ko je Anže
že nabral posodje in se obernil iz kapele* Glas
zvonov in pa konjska glava^ ktero je v tamoti
zagledal in mislil, da je peklenska pošast, ga
lako prestrašíta, da. kar z mesta ne more. Fre<-
den se zave, so bili že grajski blapci pod lopo
in kmalo potemtudi grajsak in vaa-'iyegova dru-
žina; celo vec sosedov je prišlo blízo« Nasli so
blapci konja pod lopo in Anžeta^ ki je na pomoč
začel vpití, v kapeli s cérkvenim posódjem oblo-
ženega. Lačnega konja so zaperli v hlev k pol-
nim jaslim, Anžetu pa roke zvezali in posadili ga
v merzlo klet, ter vráta zaklenili.
Sodba je razjasnila vse; Anže je bil zatožen
cerkvenega ropa in po postaví obsojen. V sodni
zápisník je pristavila modra sodnija se te-le spo-
mína vredne besede:
^Ker pa je najvíái sodnik v svoji neskonční
nodfosti izvolil budodelnikovega zyestega konja
za námestníka svoje pravične roke in po njem
ôbvaroval grajihka Janeza zgube^ božji biáí obrand
' 2
Slor. relemioe. h nr, ^ <
íš
posvedeno pododo in morebiti tudi pravičnim po-
stenje pred svetom : se spodohi , da se hudodel-
niku konj, kterega vreden ni^ vzame in boljšim
rokam izročf. Sodnija priporoča tedaj grajsaku
Janezu, da konja kúpi, kakor ga bodo cenili
ayedenci in ga z vso skerbjo braní, dokler bo živ.
In leíko se je tndí zgodilo* —
Ta poveirt, Ijubi moj bravec, ti daje ninogo
podnka. Lenoba, naj terdniša veriga peklen-
skega dúha, je bila vzrok napuha*, pijančevanja,
klelvine, bogotajstva, ubožlva in poslednjič cer-
kvenega ropa. Varuj se lenob^ bolj ko peklen-
skega dnha! In lej! Bog je izvolil konja^ ne v
svoji jezi, ampak v svoji neskončni milosti,
da pripeije hudodelnika na pravo pot; kajti, ako
bi bil dopustil , da asieine cerkveni ropar skrit
pred človeškimi očmi, bi gotovo ne bilo to zad-
nja njegova hudobija in morebiti bi bil končal
svoje življenje v Suhem bajerju pod rabeljnovo
roko. F. Cí
I I
' .4
ll^l0ar Janez Kerstnik Jezait, Ooriôan
..-f'' * '• ■ . . * .
Vsaka deiela ima svoje možé, s^ kterimi se ;
smé ponašati ; tndi naša prijazna Goríca jih ima^. 1
bodi si dtíbovskega stanú, ali pa izmed pOsvetiiih*f='
i
I ■ •
*Ona šteje veô^ imenitnih nmetnikoy, pisatelj^y,
vojakov in duhovnikov ; med poslednjimi vec sko^
fov in nadskofov^ od kterih bomo morebíti se v
prihodnje kaj vec povedali. Za sedaj oméoimQ
le enega, prostega duhovnika iz družbe Jeznsove,
rojenega Goričana, ki je v letu 1725 petnajstí
dan mešca junija med neverníki za vero Jezuaovo
v jeci umerl ^ in ki ga vendar malo kdo Se po
f imenu pozná. Ta mož je bil Janez Keratoik
Mesar. Rodil se je v drugi polovici sedemnaj-
stega stoletja v Gorici, ne ravno velíkem, ali
čednem in prijaznem mestu na Soči , cigár lega
se po pravici hvali zavoljo prijetnosti in lepote;
se bolj pa hvali Gorico mož , kakor je bil naá
Mesar.
Stariši njegovi niso bili ubogi, ne sila iiogaU;
bili so srednjega stanú, ali v resnici pobožni in
bogaboječi^ kar je vselej vec vredno, kakor vse
zlato in srebro., Zato so pa tudi na vso moč si
prizadevalí, da se je njih Janezek precej iz mla«-
> dih nog vadil v vseh pobožnih delih^ ker so želelí
iž njega si izrediti bogaboječega, poltenega krist-
jana, kar bi imela biti' perva skerb vsih stariäev.
In njih prizadevanje ni bilo zastonj. Janezek je
imel pripravno serce za vse dobro, in je v kral-
kem toliko v pobožnosti napredoval, da so g»
Mi dpbri ôtarisi kaj veseli , in dozjdevalo se jim
je uže takrat, da ga je Bog namenil zn kiý vec,
kakor za navadni stan. Dali so ga zatorej z^oikij
2^ - vcHif
kí
2tí
Y mestne soIe, kjer se je zopet tako obnášala da
je svoje součence prekosoyal iii da so se iqu ču**
dili ačitelji zavoljo njegovega patnetnega vedetija
in flenavadno bistre glave. Kedár je doveršil vse
áole, ki so bile takťat v Gorícij se je* podal v
. yikée jioI« v nemški Gradec v leta 1695^ kjerse
je ízšolal pri čast. 00. Jewilib. Pbsebno se je^/
žnašal v modroslovstvu, tako da so ga ^i sploh^'
le^tiiodrijana'^ imenoTali^ kteri kolí so ga po- 1
znali. ^Veselo ga je bilo poslušati^, piáe neki pi-
satelj tistih Časov od njega^ ^kédar je na naj
bolj zapletene vprašanja s svojim bistrim umom
tako lahko ódgovarjal, in svojo nalogp tako raz-
lodno in nmno razkladal, da se mu je vse čudilo.^
Dobil je torej kmalo stopnjo dohtorstva v modro-
slovju, in po doversenem bogoslovslvn je bil
«asnik žegnan okoli leta 1700, in Jghlsr ^U
I nienik svetega písma imenovan. Učeň je bil to-
likanj , in zraven tega tako ponij^en , pohleven, I
krotak, bogaboječ in pobožen, da so si vsi mi- j
slili, da mora s časom došpeti do visokib cerkve- z
nih in deriaynih služb. AU ravno nj^ova ve-|
lik^ponižnost , čednost, ki se malo kedaj brati
^4ŕveliko učenostjOr ksk&t tíK& s v. Pavel (1. Kor
8, 1.) govori, tedaj ravno ta njegova vel^a
ponižnost mu je vse druge misii vdihovala, kakbr^.
hlepeti po častnih in visokib sltižbah. Yedil je [
dobro 9 dá je však dnhovnik za to od Bôga po- '-
ftav^en*, da ne Aethi samo za svojo, lastno dnáo;
5
I
*■ . .
^ampak tadi in posebno za zveliianje dmgih; iief
^ si je mislil, da nima nikjer ve^ prilP^Qosti^ di^
'\ lati k veci . časti Božji in tnidili se za zvelidanje
' bližnjega, kakor v redu sv. Ignacija Lojolskega.
* Prosil je, naj bi ga v red sprejeli, in gotovo ma
Bľ bilo treba dolgo profitij, ^^akaj vsí so ga.do^
volj poznali: sprejeli so^ ^ serčno radi, ter ga
koj na .Dunaj poslali v n#mciat. Jfieko je tu bo^
^> gabojé&e in svetó živel!§ ; m treba popisovati,
zakaj vsi njegovi viksi niisd Imcdi nobenega bol^
» natanjčnega v spoindvanju ' vséh svojib dolžnoet,
'^l DObenegá bolj gorečega^ f a cast Božjo in bol]
• vnetega za zvelíčanje duš^ kakqr iiasega O. Janeza
"* Mesaŕja. Izročili so mu tédaj lofe, v kterih je Ijubo
mladost nekaj čaša z veliko pobvalo učil jtie samo
potrebnib vednost na potu pošvettie učeností, temuč
V in posebno jih bolj s svojim lepim iz'gledom, kakor z
besedo priganjal k čednopti inbogbboječemu življenjn*
Ali pri vseh teh oprs^vilih se je v njegovem
« sercu veudár le ena saml^ želja vžigala, ki jo je svo-
» |im vikäím tudi večkrat razódeval, ter se njihovím
I molitvam in príprošujam druzih svojih sobratov
priporočeval , ^ da bi od Boga railost tlosegel , jo
tudi dopolniti. Premisijeval je naníreč pogočAoma,
kolikanj ' Ijudi ie vedno tiči v gosti tmi nevenrtva
fio dnigih krajih naše zemije, in kólíko tažentov,
já míijonov dus ee nesrečno pognblja^ ker ga ní,
da bi jim luc svete vere prižigal, in jim svetí evan-
geli oznanoval. Oh , kiko ni m MI cm i^ jim
> ♦
22
svetih zveličanskifa evangeljskih irauko v oznano vat ! *
Alí potreben je bil se domá, in še le dve letí potetn,
ko se je s svetimí obljabami zavezal, mu je bilo
dovoljeno, med nevernike ili Božjo besedo pridigat..
Ni roogoce dopovedali veselja , ki ga je naš O. *
Janez Mesar občutil , kedar so mu reklí , da mu
je njegova goreča želja izpolnjena. Od velikega
veselja je takrat te pomenívne besede izustil :
^Y celem mojem žívljenju sta dva dneva , kí ja •,
smem reči naj srečnejsa : to je dan, ko sem bil
Yzet v Jezusovo družbe, in ta t]an^ ko mi dovolé
se podati v daljne^azíjatske kraje sveto Jezusovo
vero nevernikom oznanovat.^ Ker je po tem takem
dosegel, kar je dolgo želel, zato je tudi koj čversto
se na pQt pripravil. Zdelo se je tudi, da je to res
bila božja volja, zakaj to tako dolgo in težavno pét,
ki ga je peljala po suhem in po mokrem, je dokonca!
v celo kratkem času. Y Kadisu, Spanskem primorskem
mestu, se je na morje podal , se še enkrat nazaj
proti Eyropi obemil, ki jo je za zmirom zapusti],
jo z vsimí, ki v nji prebivajo, v goreči molitvi
äogu priporočil, in potem okoli Afrike se na
ladji peljal, dokler je po srečnem popotvanjn v '
mesló Makao *) prispel. Tu mu je bilo nekaj ]
čaša ostatí; vsi tamošnji prebivavci so tedaj pri* 1
ložnost imeli, se prepričati izverstue učenosti in
svetega našega novega aposteljna svete vere. Na
O Makao, imenitno kitajsko mesto.
m
praznik prečistega spočetja matere Bo^ je on^
svoje svete obijube očitno in slovesno poHOvilf
in drugi dan potem se podal v Tokinsko inestO)
kajporge bil od svojih viksih namenjen. Dvanajst
tíŕ^ňM duš je imel v ternu mestu sebi izročenihy
in on sam brez vsib pomocníkov je imel za vse
njih duhovne potrebe skerbeti. Ali on je dolžnosti
dusnega pastirja tako marijivo, nevtrudno in skerbno
opravljal, da so ga vsí občudovali, in s toliko
kristjansko Ijubeznijo je za nje skerbel, da Je
čudežev gnade Božje v njih dožível. Posebno pa je
mesto Lienke u skúsilo gorečo skerb tega ozna-
novavca Kristusove vere. To mesto se ne more pri-
števati imenitnišim mestom kitajske deržave, pa ven-
dar maloklero mesto je tam bilo v veci tami nevere
in vraz, kakor ono. Da izmed mnogo zmot, ki so
bile med prebivavci omenjenega mesta, saj nekaj
povemo, rečemo samo to, kar so neumno verovalí in
terdili od duš svojih ranjkib* Memo mesta teče
reka, in v tej reki, so ôni pravili, se kopljejo
po smerti duše umerlíh, in se ondi tako hladijo
in radnjejo za toliko sitnost in težav, ki so jih
imcii čas svojega življenja. Zato so se o svpjem
času vsi prebivavci rečenega mesta s svojimi
bonci ^) vred k tej reki s procesíjo slovesno
podajali, so tam malikom žgavne darove klali,
njim na čast plesali, duše umerlih klicall, in kakor
*) Bonci se kličejo njih duboviri.
s
34
so pravili, jih Í2 reke tešené slovesno sebó nazaj
"spremljali v njih poppejsne slanovanja. In enakih
tiňol 80 yed imeli. O. Janez Mesar si je prizadeva),
to in drage enake zmote jim iz glave zbiji^i ,.^^'n
ker je z gorečostjo govoril , je z navadno zgovor-
nostjo in s pomočjo Božje gnade velíko njih k
spoznanju resnice prípeljal. Res da so mo hudobní
bonci zabavljalí in vsakoverstne težave delali,
in yeč Ijadi, ki so bili že pripravljeni se spre-
oberniti , zopet zmotili in od v ere odvracali , ter
fe )epiai in z gerdim , tudi z očitno silo se ustavljali
hvalevrednemn prizadevanjn Božjega služabnika,
ga zasramovali in zaničevali, in kakor so le mogli,
ga nadlegovali : ali vse to ni O. Janeza strašilo ;
ée z večo gorečostjo in s ponovljenim tnidom
si je prizadeval, hudobne zmote zatiratí, luč evan-
gelija prižigati in Božjo besedo oznanovalí. Takó je
s svojim modrim vedenjem, s svojo velíko krolkostjo
in svojo neutradljivostjo ne le samo mnogo tístih
mestjanov spreobernil in kerstil, ampak se clo izmed
boncov jih je vec v živo gánil, da so se svojim
zmotám odpovedali, svoje oči resnící odperlí, in se
kerstití dali. Ni dolgo terpelo, da je veci del njih
se spreobemilo, in terdovratnih nevernikov je le
malo več v mestu v Ĺienken ostalo. Ko je
O. Janez to vídil^ je zopet pomislil na svojo
Tonkinsko deželo, ki je bila njegovi skerbi po-*
sebno priporočena, in se poln duhovnega veselja
tjekaj verne. Ta je od sadaj se trudil v prid
>
}
tí
svojih dragih ovčie: noc in dan ni prejenjaf jfa]
v vsih dusnih potrobah pomagati, jih učiti, jih k ío
bremu naganjatí , gresníke svaríti , mlačne kfÍ8t
i Jane spodbadati, bogaboječe utepjevati v čednbst
vsem lomiti kruh besede Božje, zanje nekervav
daritev svete mase EogQ darovali , in fm svet
zakramente déUti Dvanajst tavžent dué, kako
smo zgorej povedali, je imel pod sebó, in tis*
kratek čas, ki je pri njih bil, je tako nevtrudn
I za njih duše skerbel, da ga ni enega bilo izme
njih , ki bi ne bil kake posebne dobrote prejel o
O. Janeza. Dobrote deliti, mn je bila stvar tak
navadna , da je menil dan zgubiti , če ni kak
posebne dobrote komu skazal. <
Ni čuda tedaj, da je peklenski sovražnik i
na vso moč prizadeval, mu vojsko napovedat
ker je vedíl, da mu O. Janez dán za dnevom ve
duá izpod njegove oblasti resaje. In scer se je ne
víhta proti oznanovavcu evangelija vzdígnila iz kra
Ijevega dvora. Zviti sovražnik vsake čednosti j
namreč zalrosil med dvorjane nekak strah , d
Evropejci imajo vse druge namene, kakor pa Je
eusovo vero oznanovati; da podkupujejo Ijudf, ker jii
roarsikaj dajejo, da jih predobé na svojo strán, zat
da zamorejo potem ž njimi delati, kar se jím zljubi
fflogoče tedaj in verjetno je, so pravili, da s
enkrat proti kraiju spuntajo in nemir in druge nad
loge in težave ali sitnosti ^deželi napravijo; treb
je torej, dokler je se pripraven čas^ se tep
>--:^
.í- -■
'■■^ ...J
n
krepko ustavili, in za mir dežde za^iasa posker-
beti. Da se je pri tem mno^o lagaló, mnogo pri*
slavljalo, mnogo obrekovalo in oprôvljalo, ni treba
še le opomniti. Ravno je tedaj O. Janez v svoji
cerkvi Božjo službo opravljal, bilo je na sveti ve-
likonočni praznik , in vec tavžent kristjanov je
bilo skúpej zbranib v veliki prostorni cerkvi, ko
so kraljevski vojaki nenadama vse cerkvene vráta
obstopilí, da bi kristjane polovili in poklali. Vráta
so bile zaperte, ali kroalo so jih razbili; kot rujoveči
levi so neusmiljeno preganjavci v cerkev nad* pre-
strašene kristjane planili , svoje malike klicali ^ in
pričujočim krisljtinoni velevali, pri ti priči Kri-
stusa zatajili in se nazaj v malikovavske zmote ver-
niti, ako nocejo bili koj na mestu razmesarjeni.
In ker so stanovitno se deržali vere Kristusove,
so bili na mestu mnogi poklani. V tem kriku in
v tej zmolnjavi so pebegnili , kteri so le mogli.
In naš O. Janez, ki je dobro vedil za Krislusovo
zapoyed, kjer pravi (Mat. 10^ 23.) ^Kedar vas
bodo preganjali v enem mestu, pobegjiite v drugo^,
je bil eden izmed tistih, ki so srečno se zmuzali
in se poskriií. Ena sama reč je njegovo očetovsko
serce živo ranila, in ta je bila, viditi in slisali,
da so nekteri , ki so bili že pripravljeni kerst
prejeti, se dali prestrašili , in da so zopet v ma-
likovanje se povernili. Pa tudi v teh stiskab je delal
za zveličanje duš, kar je le mogel. Po slÉl^mih
gorah in gostem dobravju se je polikal, med
87
stfdsnim pečovjem je živel in vecidel po nQci
svoje Ijabe stískané kristjane obiskoval, jim dobovňe
pomoci delil, in jim v nadlogí in šili prigovarjftli^
da bi ne omagalí in se serčno za Jezusa bojevalí.
Veci del teh krisljanov so kakor on po gorah in goz-
dóh se potikali in skrivali, ker so jih preganjavci
povsod vohali in jih gonili in lovili kakor <iivje
zverine.
Med tera ko je O. Janez za svoje razkropljene
óvčlce tako skerbel, se je oklícalo po celem Ton-
kinskem kraijevo povelje, da noben kristjan ne sme
v prihodnje vec v kraljeslvu prebivati, jn ce se kteri
nájde, kí bi kristjan bil, se ima íz kraijestva brez od-
logá podali z zgobo vsega svojega premoženja. Po-
sebno na je to povelje pretilo katolískim dubovnikom,
však ď^ovnik namreč je imel bití obsojen v ječo. Pa
tttdi to se ni našega O. Janeza prestrašilo. Skrívaj
je svoje kristjane obiskoval kakor poprej ; priprav-
Ijen kakor dober pastir dati svoje življenje za svoje
ovčice.- Nekaj čaša mu je slo to po sreči; ali
na zadnje , kedar je od Boga odločena ura prišla,
da bi gorečí dusní pastir za svoje trude zaslúžene
plačilo dobil , ga je triima preganjavcov obsula,
ravno ko je po skrivnihgotih hotel neke kristjane
obiskati. Ko ga ti neverniki zagledajo in zvedó,
kdo je, planejo nanj, kot dívje zveri, mu roke
za herbtom križem zvežejo in ga v jeco odpeljajo;
in da bi ne ušel , so mu težke železné verige
djali na desno roko in levo nogo^ zraven iega
*£^
38
pa so gfa še skerbno varovali. Bila je pa njegova
ječa po navadi tistih krajov práv za práv veliká
železná kajba, v kteri je celih deset mešcov zavoljo
Jezusove vera stanovítno terpel dež in solnce, veter
in nevíhte, mraz in vročiiit), nagolo, lalcoto in žejo,
in pri vsem tem terpljenju je bil vesel, da more
se vdeleževati muk injerpljenja nekdanjih svetib
mučenikov. Žalosten je bil in v skerbéh samo
za svoje preofanjane kristjane^^ ki so bili sedaj brez
dubovnika, razkropljeni kakor ovce brez pastiija^
ter je vedno za-njo prosil^ in jih očetovski pre«^
vidnosH priporočevaL Ka zadnje pa, ko je nže
desetí mešec v lísti kajbi tako zapert (erpel, je
od nagote, mraza in lakote popolnoma obnemogel
in svojo duso Bogii izročil dne 15. junija leta
1725. Sedemnajst let je ta služabnik Božji se
trudíl v Gospodovem vinogradn na Tonkinskem,
preden ga je k sebi^^poklical, da mu je venec
dal večnega pokoja po^ trudapolnem življenju.
6.
Matl in vnuk.
Solnce padá; krej.rpotoka
^tara mali gleda va-nj,
Káže hríb nje suha roka,
aabaja solnce te-^ftj:
„Dete, lamo za gorámi
Veš, je vntčn Afrika,
Tam ní taká kot med nami,
Tam ní znanja božj^a;
Tam IJudjé so še divjaki
In živé ko divja zver,
Ljudožerci in pesjaki,
Malikvavec je vsaktér.
Molí za nje, da usmili
Bog nevednih se sirát,
Da jjm pošije v diišni šili '
Moz, jim kazat pravo pot."
Vnuček paži in posluša
Z usli, läesi in očmi;
Solnční žar Eemljó zapuša,
Val potočni mim samí. ~
Dvajset let ín čez obroka
Polo k že šumljá ti s tam,
Stará matí kraj potoka
Gleda v hríb s prevnúčekam.
Z nov8 dvajset let obroka
Potok le šumljá tistám,
Slaro mater kr&j potoka
Lej jo s preprevnďi^ekan).
Vas se vsa je spremeniia,
Zarod je v četerto nov.
Hati le je, ko je bila,
i%4
In pa val HiC^vv. ~
30^
«.-»
Kdo prihaja? d?a nióžáká;
Na nogáh je vsa vsa vas.
Kaj da je zvedavost taká?
Kaj da tak čujénja glas?
Pervi v škófóvi obleki,
On jim daje blagoslov,
Driigi je zamurček nckí,
On jim je prikazek nov.
Solnce padá;. kraj potoka
Mati z vnukom gleda va-nj.
Káže vnuka škoQa roka
Hríb, kí solnce padá za-nj*
r
^Tam so taki le človeki,
Kakor ta zamurček naš; j
Daleč tam pri Nílu reki
Kerščeval sem vnuk jib vaš/ ' '
Stará matí ga posluša,
V vnuka vperto 'má oH —
Solnčni žar zemljo zapuša^ ^
Val potoční mím šumí. M. K.
I
Pobožná pastarloa. <
Živela je mlada pobožná in revna pastarica.
Pasia je jagnjeta cele vaši blizo neké hosle, v kteri
je stala stara^ že na po^ H^rta kapelica matere ^
■<-
n
božje« Vse svoje seŕce je dekle darovalo nebeskí
kraljici. Ce so se jagnjela mimo pasie, je jela'
spletali lepe venčike iz disečih rožic za Marijo
device in ji je pobožné pesmice popevnla, — - V ka-
pelieí je bila lepa podoba matere božje , pa obleka
se je bila podobi že čisto raztergala, ker je že
bila zlo zlo stará. — Však dan' je hodila deklica
v kapelico , je serčno moiila pred presveto device.
Večkrat je bila tako ginjena 5 da so ji rahle solze
v očí stopale. In kakó je bila tudi žalostná, da
je podoba nebeské kraijice tako slabo obleko no-
sila! Mólila je nekega dne ťakäl^: ,,0 mati mojega
Jezusal revno si živela na ti zemlji, in kako sem
tadí jaz srečna, da sem ubogal Ali veličastno zdaj
kraijujeá v nebesih, in češceno bodi tvoje ime po
vsŕzemiji! O da bi te jaz tndr práv častiti mogla,
o da bi mogla tvoji podobi lepso obleko- priskerbeti!
Ali, o mati nebeská, ne morem, ne morem, vsaj
ves, da sem revna ! Žal mi je, ali ne morem I
Pa svoje serce ti darujem ; moje serce naj bo čedna
obleka za té, presveta devica Marija !^
Kaj mislis, Ijuba bravka! Ali je kaj takega
božji porodici bilo všeč? Al ni rada varovala rev*-
nega dekliča, ki se jej je tako popolnonia izročilo?
Gotovo! Mnogo bi znal se o mladi pastarici po-
vedati; pa le zadnje besede se čuj, ki jih je ravno
pred smertjo govorila. Umirala je že, kar sklene
roke in jame tibo moUti, in te besede le je djala :
■x
32
^0 da bi ybí imelí tako ctsto okó, kot je moje, o
da bi vidíli, kar jaz vidím I^
Glej! kako lahko je mlada paslarica umerlal
Dokler je bila živa , se je priporoôevala materi
božji in matí božja jo je na smertni postelji tolažila.
Ljubi torej tudi ti nebesko kraljico in aveta matí bo
tndi tebi miia pomočnica.
4
Sv. pPraniUek in U6L
Nasledek pervega greha je tudi to , da so
živali človeku sovražne , razun nekterih , kterih
človek za žívljenje potrebuje. Kako težko je druge
krotíti, to vsi dobro vemo. .
Práv čudno in imenitno je to iz žívljenja
svetnikov, da so bile večkrat zívali njih posebne
prijatlice, da so jih nbogale, kar so jim ukázali;
za pričo sta nam sveta pusčavnika Anton in Pani,
SV. Konrad í. t d. Pomislímo tudi, da se naj bujši .
psí večkrat z otroci igrajo in jim nič žalega ne
storé, če se pa odrasčen človek le od dal^ bliža*,
preč nanj lajajo.
Sv. Frančisek Serafin je bil v takí skriv-
nostni zvezi z živalmi.
Enkrat príde na neko mesto, kjer seje zbralo
veliko tičev, velicih in n^||Nih. . Ko jih zagleda, ,
3S
i»
krene s pota in jih pozdraví, kot bi bile pametiie
stvari. Tiči se ga ne q^traáijo in ne zbeiijo, am-
pak čakajo, da je bil pri njih.
Zdaj pravi on : ^Ljubi moji krilati pevd !
hvalile vedno svojega styarnika, ki za vas skerbí,
da vam ničesar ne manjka. Naj žlahtn^si ste med
Djegovimi stvarmi , vi prebivate v tístem zraku
brez skerbi, ne sejele, ne žanjele in on vas živí.^
Ko áe naprej govori^ začnejo tiči vratdve
stegovati , kljane odperali in práv zvesto ga po-
sluáajo. Zacuden gre po sredí med njimi, se do-
tifca tega in anega s svojo obleko, alt nobeden
se ne gane z mesta. Še le ho je križ čez-nje
liaredil in jih blagoslovil, so zleteli. Njegovi to-
varši, ki so ga spremijevalí, so za6udeni s ceste
gledali njegovo obnášanje, in ko je sveti mož prisel
k njim nazaj » si' je jel sam očitati , zakaj da §e
níkoli ni tícam prídigoval.
Kmalo potem príde v Alvernum, zbere Ijndstvo
na česti in začne pridigovatí. Po strehah okoli
so pa iastovice tako glasno žvergolele^ da so ga
Ijudje komaj siiáali. Svelník se oberne proti lasta-
vicam in pravi : Ve lastavio?: '^ji geri , zdaj ste
menda že dovolj žlobodralel Je že čas, / da tadi
jaz kaj govorím , ^ toraj poslnsajte tiho do konca
božjo besedo. Kot da bi ga bíle razumele, nmolk-^
nejo in se ne ganejo z mesta.
Do jagnjet je imel sveti mož posebno Ijnbezeii;
večkrat je dal kako svojo obleko za jKgnje, ki bi
q
n
34
J
imelo prodanq biti. Ce je sei skpz kaka oedo,
so se.zbrale v zjaeadepje pgi^tirjey in bratov mlade ;
in staré ovce krog nj^ga in ga začudene gtedale.
Pri Grečii mu prinese nekdo mladega zajca, í
ki'se Je v zanjke njei. Svetníku se je smiliL ^Bora
siajôek^, mu praví^ ji^pejdi k meni! Kako, da te
je zanjk^ mogla tako ^aotiti!^ . '[
Brat dene zajčka na tla, da bi zbežal; toda
živalica ne zbeží, ampak se skrije y nedrlje svelega
moža, kleri ga gladi in boža kot mati svojed|l
detel|k Cez nekaj casa ga dene na Ua, mu p]^
go^TarJa^ da se naj ne da drugíč spet vjeti in
da najgré*. Aii ./.ajček ní hotel iti.proc, zäiíraj
je silil v nedríje nazaj $ drugač se ga ni mogel J
odkrižati^ da ga je kdo nesel daleč v gozd.
Pri njegovi celici v Porciunkuli je biyal mu- '
ren, ki ga je 9 svojirq. gla^om večkrat k molitvi ;
spodbujaL Ko ga Frančišek enkrat pokliče , mu
je prišel na roko* ^Ljubi moj miven^, mu pravi,
^hvttli svojega stvarnika, nasega gospoda, s 6¥OJo
pesmijo.^ Muren je koj zaeel peli in pred ni jenjal, '
da nm je svetník ukázal.
Eňake reči ^'^poyeduje legenda tudi od sv.
Aotona P^dyanskega. Ta svetí mož je bil imeniten
prldigar, sklenll je posebno krivoyeree podučevatí
in h prayi yeri pridobiti. Kaj se zgodi enkrat? Le-
genda prípoveduje:
JUÍed mtiogimi krívoverci , klére je pripravil ,
0a pravi^ pol; je bil neki Bonvilj, kteri je taj^, da
35^
je Jezus Kristus v presvet^n rešnjem telesa res
pričujoč. Sv. Anton ga je tako poduéil, da mii ni
mogel ničesar ovrečí in pri vsem teni je htel
imeti še čadež, toraj pravi : ^Trí dni ne bom
dal jest^^vôjému esiu, potem prídi s sv. reánjim
.teleSDm, Ce osel ne bo segel po kermi, arapak
bo pokleknil pred sv. zakramentom — takrat se le
se H udam.^ Da bi resil eno éloveško doso íb
da bi sprícal resnico, pride svetnik vpričo velíko
vernih in osla takole nagovori:
_^y imenu tvojega stvarnika in svojega od-
resénika, kterega, akoravno sem le nevreden masnik,
zdaj v rokph deržim, ti zapovem, da prídeš in ma
^kažeá spodobno čast.^. .
Med tem je pa Boiffllj vergel kerme pred osla
in ga vabil, da bi jedel. In glej osel se ne dotakne
kerme, ampak ukloní prednje noge in pripogne
glavo, kot bi hotel Boga molíti. Katoličani so se
veselili, krívoverci so pa šramote zarudeli. Bonviij
pa se je , spreobemiL — Ali ne osramotí ta žival
marsíkterega človeka!
V mestu Ríminí, ktero je bilo tacas gnjezdo
krivovercov, hoče sv. Anton stopiti na prižníco,
da bi jim pridigoval — ali nihče se ne prikáže.
Toraj gre k morju, kjer je stalo mnogo krivovercov
In pravi: ^^Ribe, pojte pojte sem in poslusajteí me,
ker me Ijudje nočejo.*
In glej kot bi trenil, pride veliká mn^cA rib^
ki glave kviske mole, kot bi ga btele wjoéatí*
36
GoYori jim od ójih stviaiiika, potem jim da blago-
slov in jíh razpusti.
9,Pojto se £io]it!^^ znabití porečeš, ^kdo vam
ho tako čenčarije verjel!" pa pusti; siliti te nihce
ne more, če verjames alí ne, pri vsem tem ostaneš
se vedno dober katoličan.
AH boš pa tudí tajil čudež od BUeamovega
osla, ki je celo govoriti zacel ? AH boš tajil čudež
z ribo nvUd^ga Tobija, z ribo^ kí je prinesla v gobcu
sv. Petru denár? Ali moreš tajili čudež z Danielom
v jami pri levih ali pa veHki ribjt vlak !♦ t. d.?
Teh čudežev ue smeš tajili; ti so v sv* pismu
zapisani.
Uci se toraj od sv. Frančiska , * kako se
imas obnašati proti živalim.
Ker je raVno od žival govorjenje, pomenimo
se se od terpínčenja žival. >
Kar naravnost.bodi rečeno: Terpinčenje žival
je tako sramotno in človeka nevredno delo, da
ndora vsacega, kí ima te kolíčkaj usmiljenja v per-,
sih, pravična ježa zgrabiti. *
, Kaj pa so zívali?
Živali so božja stvar — božja last, kakoi^
sam pravi v 49. psalmu : Moja je zver po gozdib,'
moja živina po hribib, moji so vôli. Jaz poznaj
vse tice pod nebom , lepota na polju je moja.
(Ps. 49, 10, 11).
Živali so božja last. On jih je le človeku
posodíl^ da bi mu pomagale pri dekí, dal mu jib
a?
e za brano^ za obleko in za marsiktére dr^ge
potrebe in v veseije,
Pa bo znabití kdo rekel: ^Saj slojí v svetem
pisiDU, da je človek gospod vseh žival, še celo
ceiega ^lvá^jenja'^
Res stojí y sv*. písmu, ali s tem ni rečeno,
da je Bog človeka postavil za trinogá žival', da
bi jih mučil in terpinčil. Bog je dal čloyekn nm,
však umní človek bo toraj prevídil , da je Božja
volja, da on umno ravná s tem, kar mu je podarii,
Térpinčenje žival je znamnje veliké razuzda-
nosti in sírovega serca. človek , kí žival terpinči,
tudi do bližnjega ae bo ímel usmiljenja. Ysak
priprost človek vé, da žival ravno tako čuti bôle-
čine, kot človek, človek se vsaj lahko braní pred
krívico, ali uboga podjarmljená živina se ne more
braniu. S tem ni rečeno, da bi se živina ne smela
nikolí tepsti, v časih je res treba neismno živltio
8 tepežem* k delu siliti, ali to' pretepanje mora
imeti tudi svojo merg^ kot jo ima živinina moč.
Ali ni nei^ametno terjaii od živine, da bi riekla
breme v klanec, za ktero je njena moč premajhna
in jo na. zadnje, če se áe tako upera, pa le ne
more speljati, zato neusmiljeno pretepati?
Fač práv je ime! tisti grajsak, kí je kmetu,
kteri je tako z živino ravnal, s palico pokazal,
kaj mu gre za tako obnašanje.
y iínenn blagega človeškega čulja bi ^
merali vsi , kí tako siro vo .térpinčenje vídijo ^ zedi^
38
niti in skuäati hudobijo zatretí, posebno ker tudí
postava varje ži val in kaznaje také nesramne
terpinceže.
To brezserčno ravnanje se vidí posebno,
če človek pomisli, koliko koristi, kolíko veselja
ímamo od ži val.
Emetl kaj bi póčel brez živine? kdo bi tí
njiva izoral? In zato ubogó zíval, ktero sí upre-
gel v jarm , od klére imas tolíko dobička , ie
terpinčis, ji z gladom in pretepom povračnjes,
ker je zate delala? Slrovec, nisi vreden, da je
kaka zíval na sveta!
Kterega človeka ne razveseljuje tičje petje
na polju ali v gozdu? Kako brezserčno ravnajo
tisti , kí Ie za kratek čas te prlljudne pevce 8tre«-
]jajo in lové, posebno, če se to še o nepravem
času zgodí. Ali tí je grižlej mesa, kterega dobiá,
pri tičku res Ijubsí , kot njegovo prijazno pe^e ?
S tem ravno pokažes, kako šíro v da si, posebno
če poniislís, da veckrat ne umoríš samo enega
tička, ampak aelo gnjezdo mladih, kí morajo brez
matere revno poginití.
Ysak greh pa mora Inti kaznovan. Práv
velíkrat se zgodi, da taki terpinčeži obožajo ali
ohromé.
Voznik, ki je svojím konjem preveč nakla-
dal, je prisel ob vse faonje* Eden si je nogo
zlomil, ko je pádel, drugemu se je drob utergal,
bo jsie je prevee na]peqjal itd.
>
Mož, ki je s tiči kupčeväl', inven pa tit^
tiče lovil, je bil tako grozovit, dar je tiekom i
razbeljeno iglo oči izžigal ~- da bi bolj pelK
E»o jatro gre s svojim ainom, kterega je hi\ tb
v mladih letih tega terpinčenja na vadil, r bIižB}i
gozd«
Sin gre naprej; ko prídeta v štimo, pripog-
Ijeta veje v strán, ena veja udarí na^aj in
osmnkne očeta po očéh — pri li príci je oslepél.
Tacih dogodb bi lahko še ve6 povedal.
Še boij občutijiva je kazen, ktera cele so-
seske zadeva. Po veci soseski so si na vso
moč prítadevah', da bi te svoje dobrotnike polovili
in pokoDôalL Komaj se je oglasil kak tič, pa jie
že imél déset ali dvajset sovražnikov, ki so slregli
po njem; zdirali so gnjezda in polerali jajčka,
z eno besedo: vsemu, kar se pravi tič, so vojsko
napovedali.
čez dve, tri Idta v^ soseski ni bilo več
tiča slisati. Tiči namreč, ki se jeseni prc^eljajejo
v toplejše kraje , se spomladí vračajo na mesto,
kjer so prejáno leto mlade fmell. Takaj so pa
polovili staré in mlade, toraj nobeden tič v jeseni
ni od tod šel in spomládi ni nobeden priSel.
Kakšni so bili nasledki tega početja? Že ttiesoa
velicega trávna so imele sadne drevesa le góle
veje in jeseni ni bilo na njib viditi ne jabelka,
ne hruške.
Kako je bilo na poljn', si lahko vBak'i^
T-'
40
miíH Preáiije leta je imela ta soseska tolíko
sadja, da je marsikteri kmet ves alí vsaj pol
dávka iz sadja plačal in zraven je imel še lepe
pridelke na polju. Zdaj je bila pa revsina povsod.
Gosposka si je sicer na vso moč prizadevala , to
gerdo navado zatretí, ali vendar je minulo vec
let,'da so se nadelili drugi tiči.
Res je žaloslno, če pomislimo, kako badobno
serce jcloveškí um preslepi, da svojega lastnega
pridá ne spozná,
Síj to je le ži val! pravi nekteri. Se vé,
da je le žival , pa pomisli , ktere pravice nam
je hog bez nje dal, pomísli korist in vesoije,
ktere od njíh vživamo. Poiegjanáa.
8.
' PriUke.
I. Božja heseda in splahnJeDi kozarec.
Po lepí s ta r i navadi so oče Jernej syoje
otroke in posle v ned^1jo popoldan spraáevali,
Jkaj so pri bo«^ siuzbí g. fajmošter na leci povedali*
Nekfgn. dne. se jim mlajsi sin britko pOtoží, rekosd:
^Giejte, Ijubi oče! močno rad poslusam sv. náuke
pri slpžbí l^ojtji, pa, Bogu bodi potoženo ! preslabo
pamet imam in le malokaj si zapomnim« Oče Jerňej
j^ mu rekó: j^Ljubi moj siní tam na mm 4ta dva
•-
41
kozarea, yeemii enega in pojdi z meno k sludeneu^.
Tu mu velija: „Natoči v kozarec vode — in
jo zopel izlij^. Sin uboga. Recejo mu: „Stori
to se enkrat — in šé enkrat — in so večkrat*,
Sin atori, kakor so mu veleli oée.
Na to gresta spet v faišo. Oče mu velijo ko«-
zarec na prejšnje mesto postavítl In ga poprááap:
^Povej mi zdaj, kteri kozarec je bolj čist in
snažen? Sin* odgovorí : ^0 saj vidíte, da liatí,
kterega sem večkral nalocil*. j,Taka je, laka^ ~
mu smehijaje oče pravijo, .„ta kozarecje dist, če si
ga ravno vselej splahnil do zadnje kapijice, uni pa
je kalen in zaprasen. Vidíš, ravno tako je s člo-
vekom in z besedo božjo« Kdor besedo božjo
rad poslusa, če ravno si ne more vsega pomnití,
vendar mu serce lepo očedi in očisti^. Ž.
H. Idaj se lahko, kdaj se težko íivt
„Moja deca!* so rekli svoje dni oče Živko, „vi
ste lahko pobožní; vsakdo vas učí,.vsakdo vas spod-
buja in opominja z milo besedo in lepim izgledom.
Vi vidíte, kako postenega vse častí, hudobneža pa
graja in kakó ga pravica tepe. Vas vábi sveta čed-
nost prijazno v svoj blagi raj. Lahko ste pridni. —
Če pa doživite časov, kedar vam nikdo ne bo
vec dajal ne lepená sveta, ne poduka v besedi
ali v izgiedu ; kedar bote pobožncga vidili zatira-
nega, brezbožnega pa v časti in sreci, o takral,
predragi otroci! bodite stanovitni io $0 ierd^
42
deriite Boga^ aka in izgieda svojega Jezasa in
njegovib svetnikov. ŽL
Dobra jed v nmazaDí posodí.
Nek mládenec je čudno rad častil pťesveto
devieo Marijo: molil je, prosil jo je, delal je
pridno — vse v Marijno žask Pa pri Tsem tem
je imel nečisto serce. — Sanjalo se mu je pa,
da ga je obiskala čudno lepa ženskai Prinesta
mu je sladkih jedil, ali v zlo umazaní posodi, in
je djala: „Ljubi mládenec I ná in jejl^ — „O
kako bi neki jedel ;^ — odgovori miadeneô, „ker
se mi posode gabi! — Olej, ravno takó mi tudí
tvoje dela niso vseč, ker prihajajo iz umazané
posode, iz nedistega serca. A.
BUklavžev veder.
Mamica deva „Sveti Devici,
V postljico sinka, Angela varhu
Zraven prepeva Svoje dušicí
Pesmico lepo: Príperočiva''.*
,,Lepo moliva, ,,Se počastive
Míli moj Ijubčekl Svofga patróna,
Pťiporočiva Darii prosiva .
V varstvo se Bogu". Sveľga Miklaviar
m
.Daites on nosi
Dobrim otrokom ;
Lepo ga prosí,
Da ti prinese".
Dete premílo
Bogalo mater,
Lepo molilo,
Sladko zaspalo.
V sanjah je zerlo
Gori na rH3bo,
Da 8G oi^erlo
Sveto nebo je.
Doli pa prišel
Svelí Miklavž je,
K detetu priáel
Z angelom zlalím.
Mu pozlaj5ene
Jabelka dajal ,
Čižme rumene,
Pisano suknjo.
Dele zbudilo
Se je iz spanja ,
Se zahvalílo
Bogu za varslvo.
Tje na poKco
Seje ozerlo.
Vidí resnico,
Vidi darove :
Čižme rumene,
Pisano suknjo,
In pozlačene
Jabelka tudi
C.
Delavno iivljeiije kerianske devloe.
^Lenoba je hudičeva paša, in kjer lenoba
zvonec nosí , tam je tudi nedolžnost v nevamostí^.
Te besede so pac resnične! Zato bodi delavna!
Nobene ure ne mudi! Ne postopaj brez dela; vsi
smo stvarjenj za delo. Delo imá alate roke; čas
pa je zl^at denár, za kterega si kapima na te»i
svetu sreôno, na unem pa večne življénje.
44
če si prídna in delavna, sre6na boä v tem
in v unem življenju. Po delu ti poslane truplo
krepko in močno, pa tudi duša tí ostane po delu
zdravá in veselá. Saj je lenoba začetek vsega
greha« Lenoba naj lože pripraví človeka v skus-
njave in hudi duh vesel naslavlja lennhom svoje
mreže. Torej še enkrat: vari se lenobe in bodi
delavna. ^
Delaj ob praví uri , delaj na pravem mestu
in razredi práv p^metno svoje opravila.
a) delaj, kar si delati dolžna.
če ne delaá, kar si storiti dolžna, ne ži vis po
kersanskíh postavab. Ko bi htela v hisi sedeti in
šíyati,če je kubati treba, ali bi bilo to práv? Ne hodí
ob delavnikih v cerkev, če Imas domá dela. Merzelo
í bi tvoji gospodinji ali tvojemu gospodarju in tvoja
' molitev bi bila brez vse cene, se clo gresila bi, ker bi
potrebne dela zanemarjala. čuj sledečo pripovesK
y samoslanu s v. Kolumbana je mnib Gal tadt
kuhal, ker niso imelí kuharja, Pri kuhí je bilo I9
malo epfavití in molití Gal tudi ni vedno moget
Da bi torej lenobe ne pase), praví xnu Kolumban:
^Gall idi do potoka Bruä^ega ribe IdvU*. — Gal
gre, pa ne k imenovanemu potoku, ampak kdnigi
vodí, kí je blizo (ekla in kjer je bilo zroírom vse
polno rib. Mislil si je takole: Bil sem svoje dní
ribič in ^em^ kakó in fc^e se ribe dobivajo. KoIosh^'
)Mk ničesar né ve, dnigačí bi me ne bil poslal
45
k potoka, kjer ni žive ribiee. — Gal je srtoril po
' svoji glavi, je lovil celi dan, pa ni ajel nobene
! ribice. Začel je premiáljevati in je spoznal , da
Je bil nepokopen, gre torej do Bruske^a potoka —
in v pervo mrežo mu naletí mnogo nonogfo ríb.
Tako, Ijuba devica, bi tudí 2aatai}j delala,
ko bi delaía po svoji termí* Bodi torej. pridna,
pa delaj, ker si delati doižna.
b) Delaj o pravem čaša.
Ysako dejo naj imá svojo uro. Pred delom
pa povzdigni svoje serce k Bogu* Ce je ora ža
delo, le . uŕno na noge. Ne opravijaj le lahkih in
prijetnih del, ludi težavnih se z veseljem lotí. Ne
začenjaj vsakega dela; kar zQČnes, to tudi dodelaj.
če si pa pri dolu, bodi pridna in ne daj se motíti,
če te gospodar ali gospodinja ne kliče. Posebno
pa se vari lenobe.
e) Ysaka reč naj ímá svoje meste.
Pri delu ti je treba zdaj tega, zdaj unega
í oevja (orodja). Ce si dôveršila delo in delali ne-
I hale, le spravi vse na svoje mesto. Ne bo ti
^ ga treba iskati po vseh kotih, kedar ga bos spet
potrebovala. Opusti to in strená je zmedena* Cuj
prigodbo:
Neka gospa mi je tole prípovedovala : Bile
sve z materjo na kmetih, ko so me mati po
nakaj k sosedu poslali. Sosed je stal na párni,
„fiig pa počnete, Pavll^ sem ga praáala. ^i^Pre-*
dertol^" — mi odgovorí, ^^grabelj ne morén
46
najlí. Na vse zgode sem že mislíl na pplje, alí
ta prismodija me je čisto zmolila; morebiti da
so se mi v slami skrilel**
Grem na to v biso. Tam je. čepela kmética
blízo peôi in si je pod postelj svetila. Mnogo staré
ropotije je pri vleklá izpod postelji in menila sem,
da pometa. — ^Dé-tél kakó ste pridni !^ jej pra-
vim — »^Eb, kaj pridna!^* — mi zarenčí,
^^celo uro že isčem perstnika; nekam sem ga djala,
pa šmencaj vedí, kje žaba tičí in vendar brez
perstnika sivatí ne morem !^^
Koj na to prígondrá dekla : ^,Mati ! kam
ste pa šerp djali?^^ — ^^^Kaj mi je mar serpií,
saj si ga ti zadnjokrat iméia!^^^ — ,,Kaj áe,
vi ste ga imeli !^^ praví dekla;. in dekla in go-
spodinja se za hndo skregate« Na zadnje se
clo kmet prikolne, da mu je kdo grabije ukradei,
í II krega in revsa ni bilo konca ne kraja.
Jaz pá sem sla, ker sem se 2^ala jezavih ]juHJ^
Kaj pravite o taki hisí? ^Ali bi rada živéta
pri takib Ijudéh? Ali je blagoslov božji v taki
hiáí domá ? Kako lahko bi se vse zboljáaio, naj
bi le však vse na svoje mesto položil Ne zabi
te pripovesli in deni vse tje, kamor gre, da te
pot^n ne bo motilo pri delu.
d) Ĺepo razredi vse svoje opravila.
Mnogo je Ijudí, ki zmiraj delajo, pridno de-
lajo, B^ vendar nič ne opravijo. Začebjajo naglo
delati in niso premislili, kako bi se dalo to ali
!
47
uno z boljltm vdpebom dognatL Dans átí»p
kakof černa divina in jutri roké križem nosijo,
ker so morde trudní ali pa ne vedó kaj poôetJ«
— Glej! po U víži je vsako delo prazno. Pomišli
tedaj dobro, kaj imas však dan opravití m kakó
da boá lo naj boljáe storila.
HvaležnoBt in nehvaležiiost.
Hvaležnost se praví vse to , kar smo dolžni
tístemu, ki nam je storil kaksoo dóbroto, katere
níssio po nobení pravici niogli lérjati od njega;
tedaj vedná in slanovítna mísel do njega in vroča
želja: storiti ron vselej.Ieto, kar je njema Ijiibo
in 4li^o, in poverniti mu njegovo dobroto na
kaksen si bodi način, pa tudi vední čut pravega
in ravnoserčnega prijateljstva, pravé in ravnoserčne
Ijabeaní do nasega dobrotnika.
Hvaležnost je ena tísUh krepost, ki se po-*
redkowa nájde, če jo ravno však človi^k zahtéva
ód drnzíh. Zdi se pa tudi, da nič tako silovito ne
zbadá v človesko /erce, kot oponasanje nehva-
ležností. Zakaj vsi ôutímo, da je nebvaležnost
ostudna in omerzljíva last.
Hvaležnost v gori omenjenem poméiiku in
na gorl razložení način smo pa dolžni najprcyj.
Bogtiy ki je nas ustyaril , nas hrani in |» ttíÉ
48
stánoviteti dobrotnik. Njegoy je zrak, ki ga di-
hamo ; njegova je zeroija, po kterí hodimo^ in ktera
za nas rodí na ražne načine; njegova je dobrota,
kí nas presk^rbljeva z vsim tim, kar nam slaži
v kokštá b\ bodt zadevi. Njegova je tadi odsoda,
njcgovo ravnanje, ako nas voasih napadajo nesreče,
zakaj lisle nam prípeijevajo na neko skrívno in
nerazjasnivo vižo nepričakovánih dobrih in korisl-
nih dogodkov — clo za veliko. našo zadovoljnost
in radost I v^^-
Fo tem je naša sveta dolžnosty da skazujemo
pravo in serčno hvaležnost za toliko velikih dobrôt
todí svojim starisem, učiteljem in vsem zve-
stí m prijatie m, posebno pa starisem skoei ceti čas
njih žívljenja, zlasti pa v njih starosti, kedar jih
zapnáčajo telesne močí in ne morejo več samih
sebe preskerbljevati^ Sledeca prigodba vam naj
pokaže nehvaležnika, da je joj I
Nefc rahiočaten^ Ijubezniv in dobroserčen oče,
ki je bil ostal vdovec z enim sinom, je tega isredil
7i veliko skerbjo. Po tem, ko se je bil sin oženil,
mu je oče izroôil^ celo svoje premoženje, s Um
odločkom , da sme naprej živetí v družbi mladih
zaročnikov , in ostati priča njifi vzajmnnega zado*-
voljstva in blaženstva. Spervič je šlo vse lepó
in dobro. Fo malem se je pa ta stvar spremenlla,
zlasti potem, ko se je družina pomnožila in ko so
io začele imenítne osebe obiskovatl : starček je
W^celoma ssa&emarjen ; níbč^ ni zanj več skerbel ;
40
prísiljen je bil tudi revež oslajati^ in tam svoj
košček kruha glodati ; posleija mu je bila preneáena
na podstreije.
Ko je nesrečni mož na zadnje vidil, da ma
takaj Ysak dan hujse gre, in da ne more se nadjati
kaj boljega v prihodnosti , sklene , domačo biso
zapustiti in izročiti se skerbí previdností božje. Da
tedaj siná oznaniti po nekem poslo svoj sklep. To
oznanilo pride sinú, ravno ko je bil -Y dnižbeni sobi,
kjer se je bilo takrat snidlo veiíko Ijudi, to je obisko-
vavcov. Sin, zaslisavsi oznanilo, ukáže syojemu naj*^
staráema dečku, naj da dedu neko plahto, s katero
so posíl navadno pokrivali konja , da bi se po poli
bránil skodijivi moci nevgodnega vremena. Na to
mu deček odgovorí slobodne in prederzno v prico
Yseh : „Jez pa mislim mu dati le polovice plabte.^
„Zakaj pa?^^ uprasa oče. „Drugo polovice bom
bránil, dokler ne odrasem in postanem mož ; lakrat
jo bom vam dal, ko vas bom ravno tako zapustil
in pahnil iz bise^, reče deček. — Te besede so
tako ganile nefavaležnika, kateremu je vest precej
očítala njegovo veliko pregrebo, da je hitro po
tem tekel za očelom, ga je, solze prelivaje, prosil
Odpuáčenja, in ga peljal k družbi, pred katero je
z velikim in resnim kesanjem obstal svojo nebva-
ležnost do očeta. Od tega čaša mu je kot pravi
eiit lepo in povoljno stregel do njegove smerti.
J. Verdelski.
nor. rUwáoš, h ar.
t 4
50
Zofljna oerkev v Carigradn.
SatoDionov tempeij jerazalemskí, čudovito pre-
krásno delo, se je stelo med sedmere čuda clo-
veske umetnosti. 68.000 Ijudí je nejn^eDehoma
delalo ga 7 let Zoíijňo cerkev je stavil eari-
gradskí car JiSitiniaii, prej Pravda imenovan,
korenjak slavjanske kerví. Deset tavient saiBiIi
zidarjev in sto drugib mojslrov s svojimi neále*
vilnimi pomagačí jo je dodelálo po sedenietneín
tradu 1. 538 po Krísiusovem rojstva. Zid se ni
tnolii 2- lakta nad semijo, so že porabili 453 cen-
tov alí stolov zlata.
Oitaŕ, ves snho a.lato,^okinčan z neátetiinia
predragto- kamenjem, je stal na sesterih zlatih
mocnih stebrih. Njegova miza je iz zlata^ srebre,
zdrobljenib biserjev in zlo velíkih prežlahtmh
kaioBov zlita ploáa, po sredi globočeja in takaj
se posebej z naj drajsim kamenjem okinčana,
Znad mize kipí kviško slolpu podoben vel^asteo
tabemakelj pod prekrasno obltno ali koplo, kter«
rob kinča 1 2 leskečib limbarjev , verbnnec pa
kríž, teiek 75 fantov, kinčan s ^ f^imenitnim ka-
menjem neizmerne cene , kaborsnegá je malo po
sveta — spet vse iz sabega zlata.
Sedež patriarhov in sedmeri drugi za dahovni
pervake so samo srebro, debelo pozlačeni. Prii-
fri
ničo sred cerkve lepotí íz zlata zlita slreha, njeii
yerh pa cent težek kríž iz naj čistejšoga- zlata.
Ves cerkven kine je krásno pozlačen bron.
Cerk vene stene, prevlečené s predragim m^^
melnom in porfírjem, prepasa dokaj preizverstnih
kipov, zloženih iz pozlačenega, različno barvanega
stekla, namreč kipi Jezusa Krístusa, presv. kríža,
preblage device Maríje božje pôrodnice , arban-
geljev, aposteljnov in evangelistov* Nad križem
so se ko nanizane zyezde žarile besede : ,,y lem
znamnja zmagas/^ Cerkvene tla iz pisanega ínar-
mejna so prelivale barve kakor cveteči travníki
stoverslnih cvetlic. Lesa niso gleštali razun za
vráta. Bile .so iz cedrovine, slonové kosti in jan-
tara, veliké pa vse iz srebra, močno pozlačene*
Cerkvena posoda je bila neznane vrednosti.
Samo srebernine je bilo 400 stotov. Eup skledic
in kangelc, vse iz suhega zlata, je^ bilo neznano
veliko; pertičev za kupé 20.000, vsi z zlatom
preáití in s biserji in žlahlnimi kamenčki posejani.
4000 svečnikov v tersni podobi je bilo iz čiste-
ga zlata in razun teb še dva veliká, vsaki po centu.
24 večih masnih knjig je bilo tako debeio z zla-
tom okovanih, da je vsaka blizo centa imela. Vse
vkup je vtegnilg po zdajni ceni nad 40.000.000 gld.
veljati. 27. kimovca je bilo posvečevauje te cerkve.
Ustopivši car, njene rajské čudovite lepote ves
zavzet, zavpye v prekipeči radosti svojega serca
M
52
veckral : „Prekosil sem te Salomon ! Prekosil sem
te Salomon!
Pa kam so se pozgubile vse te dragocenosti?
Ta hiša božja je zdaj turska mosejal!
: Žívkov,
•v
, — : ' . . ■ I
Živalsko življenje po Jažnomskih
atepah.
L
Kakor hilro príde popolník íia visoko, jasno
in golo slepo, zagleda koj veliko majhnih živalíc,
ki povsod okrog pri potí po Iravi skakijajo. To
živalíco imenuje Rus „suslik", Nemec ji praví
„Erdhäscben". Ta míéni in gibljívi mali glodavec
živí menda síamo po teh krajih , ker še tukaj je
težko kterega zagledati, da le prídeš med germovje.
Posebno Ijubijo suhe, mehke stepine lla in v njih
rasteče mnogoverslne čebulníce in traVe, ki jim
dajejo živeža tako obilo, da se obilní zarod lahko
preživí.
Suslik je po vsem svojem bitju in navadah
naj bolj podoben mermrači in vevercf. Mennraéa
bi se mogla zmanjsati in stanjsati, da bi naredili
suslika Iz uje , in veverci bi mogli rep s|(rajsati
in ji progasto dlako dati, da bi napravili suslika.
ki bi ga skorej smeli imenovati veverco golih step*
Ravno tak je , kakor mlad zajcek , ka bi ^ se ma
prirezale ušesa in malo podaljsal repek. Luknje^ ki
jih nareja v tla, peljejo od verha na posev navzdoí
in potlej spet kvisko k gnjezdu, imajo dva vhoda
in razun gnjezda se prostor, y kterem spravljajo
živež. . če se vlije^jyode v Juknjo , se prepodijo
lahko m vjamejo , ker vode ne morejo terpeti.
Zato se pa tadi v suhib letínah neizrečeno pomno-
žujejo ; v mokrih pa se zma^áuje njih število. Za-
torej se selijo naj rajše po robéb, kjer se ďežtiíca
hitro odtaka. Pa vendar jih je po ravnih stepah
tudi toliko, da pri vsakem pogledu po trávi za-
gledas suslika. Tu vidia enega, ki ravno skočí
v svojo luknjo, tam druzega, ki sedí pred svojim
gnjezdom in tam spet tretjega , ki se lepo pase
po trávi. Po dolinah pa, kjer skakija truma žab^
ga ni suslika nobenega. ^ '
Susliki niso tudi brez strasti, brez malih Ámh
in term, ki razveseijujejo človeka ravno tako,
kakor njih čedna podoba. Šalíjo in igrajo se med
sebó kakor mermrače in se grizejo in gomulíjo
po trávi okrog kakor podlasice. Tudi so radovedni,
kar je pri živalih , kakor pri človeku , znamnje
znotrajnega dusevnega življenja. Če se jim pri-
bližuje človek ali kaj druzega novega, se poslavijo
po koncu v trávi, .od začetka le malo; če pastopí!^ *
še bliže, se vzdigujejo pri vsakem itešem koraku
bolj kvisko in stojé na zadnje kakor svéča v trávi*
54
če se mu pa ée bolj bližamo , se radovednost
Djegova spremenf v boječnost in začne se ravno
tako bitro stiskovati ; boječnost se na zadnje
spreoberne v strab in suslik svígne k svoji luknji.
Tu se pa spel vsede, pogleda okrog sebe in pre-
mišljuje , če je res nevarnost lako blizo. če se
pomikujemo proč, príde koj spet iz zavetja in
dela, kakor da bi za nič ne vedil. če pa grcmo
bitro se blíža, mu pa páde od slrahu in groze
serce v peté in on puhne v svoje gnezdo.
Suslikov glas je kaj žalosťen. Skorej da je
tak, kakor skričkovo skripanje, samo da je bolj
mehak in potegnjen in da na zadnje bolj tanjko
in mehko závit. Slisi se ginljív glas, kakor glas
terpečega ; skorej podoben glasu slvari , ki s6
bojuje s smertjo. Tako živa in gibljiva žival, pa
ima Uko mil in žalosten glas I — Je pa tudí med
vsem , kar je živalčnega , samo glas žalosten,
kakor so vsi glasovi na stepi. Že to, da Ijubi svoje
áf druge in da imá družbe rad , káže , da je suslik
prijazen in da sovraži samote. Kjer živé susliki,
jih živí cele trume in po hekterih krajih so tla čez
in čez vec ur na sirjavo preorane , da je luknja
pri luknji. Pokončujejo travó in semena , tudi
čebule in korenine, in so tedaj škodijivi tudi njivam
in žibiicam, pa vendar ne tako zlo, kakor misi, ker
Ve ne naselijo v zrabljano perst po njivab ali po
brarnib, ampak živé veliko raje prostí gna síroki
stepi. Perstí na njivi se boje že zavolj tega, ker
jo dež prevlažno stori. Samo enema sadu, ki ga
človek sadí, so posebni sovražniki, namreč. bačam in
dinjam^ na kteríb sliidfco seme ioiajo pos^no pik^.
Zato pa tudí Malorasi in Bulgari obdajajo svoje
verte ob času setve s skopc! in pastmi, v kterib
marsíktér sladkosnéd sitílík, ki je prisel nad bucino
seme, ob SYOJ čedni progastí ineh príde. Ljndje
spravljajo kožice , če jih veliko dobijo , kar pa
sicer ni ttôko, in ženské jih ímajo, da zarobujejo
i njimi oblafla. Zgodí se tudi, da jih dob^o
toliko^ da so v stana cel kožnh iž njih sositi.
Ni dvomiti, da je izmed vsih eetveronogatih
živali po stepah naj vec suslikov , ki tedaj eelí
ninožici dmsih živali v živež služiti morajo. Zato
pa gre todi vse nad nje, kar ima le količkaj mocí^
da samore zmage upati: volk in iesica , orel in
kregttij. Nektere plemena kregnljev živé menda
le ob njih^ ker plavajo vedno nad stepo in se
spusčajo na suslike, ki se igrajo pred luknjami.
Tadi množina stepnih psov nima drnzega jeeM
fcakor suslike.
Razun suslika je še mnogo drum tacih glo-
davcov, kt prebivajo po luknjah, na stepi, kjer
mora skoraj vse, še celo človek^ ^od zemljtf pre-*
bivali. Pa izmed vsih ni nobeden. človeka tako
nadležen, kakor tnisi, ki se po tukajsnih žítnicah
res neizrečeno mnoMjo. Terdno zidovje velikih
žitnic je skoz in skoz prevŕtané in preorano. Po
teh prediibih so gnjezda in pôlnd iita nägfos^a^a*
<***
56
Po starih žilnicah, v kteríh že vec let žito nasuto
leží, se zaredi strašne tnifite miái, kterán komej
pol žita še za človeka -ostane. Zato včasih kmetu
ne ostaja dnizega, kakor celo hraniloico zasmodíti,
da zgorijo misí z žitom vred. Po mokrih letinah
jib je vec kakor po subib, kar j^ ne priča od
hojega deževanja, ampak od^ Qbilníse\^' žetve mo-
krib letin, /o' '
Pravijo, da je stepní SŕettfBiži/i/^dalji, k«kof
pa fozdni. čudno je, da on tu^F^kor ronoge
druge živali tú pod zemijo prebiva in sicffr ne
samo po.jamdb,-ki bi mu jib bilanarava pri*
pravíla, kar morde tadi drugod stori, ampak iz-
koplje si — to je ravno čodno — kakor lesica
veliké laknje v zemijo ne samo po sterminah^
pri grapab in pri morju, ampak velikrat na sredí
ravne stepe , kjer včasib Ijndje mlade voikove
po sežnju globoko iz zemije izkopljéjo.
Okrog Odese je že malo volkov, ker je zemija
že preobdelana. Tudi drugod blizo černega morja
jib je manj , kakor proti severu po Malorusií; ker
góle stepe jlm niso tako Ijube, kakor z germovjem
pokrite ukrajnske in malorúske ravnine* Míslím,
da nikjer na Rusovskem in tedaj nikjer na zemiji
ni toliko volkov, kakor po teb severnib stepab.
Tu je ppava domovina volkov.-
V teb krajib je' vsako poslopje terdnjava
zoper voikove ) ker zagradijo ga z 12 do 14
čevljev visocimi, iz temja^spletenímí plôtovi. Ne*
9^7
kega dne sém se |H>go¥iiijal % ženskami iz UmMa
od množíce volkov po ojib krajíh. ^0 da, teh je
pri nas vse polno^, $o rekle. „Pridejo v yasi ka-»
kor psi in nam poberajo otroke iz zibeli.^
y ravno takih trumah kakor volkoví, ae
nahajajo po stepah in po deželab^ ki jib mejé, tudi
njib ni^veéi sovražnlki *- psí. Po veliki enakosU
pasjib in volčpb lastnosti je sodili^ da je stvarnik
stvaríl psa in volka kakor brata, ki^ jih je pa ekn
vek jrezperl tako, da je zdaj pes aaj bojti ^oyraž-'
nik volkn. Ni je po mojih misrlíb bolj paiýe alvari
na svetu, kakor je stepní pes Kozákov in Tatárov,
Pasji rod jožnoruskib step je gotovo naj bolj
hndoben in divji med vsemi pasjimi xodovi na zemlji.
Po celi južni Rosii od Ukrajne do turske
meje in še dalje notrí v Bulgarijo in Traoijo je
pes povsod ravno tiste divje postave. Povsod je
ravno tista veliká ži val z dolge dlako, dolgim
gobcom, z dolgimi nogami in z dolgim repom,
ki steje med svoje -prednike > menda vec . vc4kov
kakor psov. Vsi ti psí so si tako enaki , da so
še clo skorej vsi ravno tiste barve ; umazano siv-
kasto-rujavi so skorej vsiv Njib stevilo in njib
éívjost na Turákem ne moreta buje bití^ kakor pó
teb krajinab. Akoravno Malorus, k| jemije pri
slabem vremena mačka in petglina V^ svoja bijo,
in jima pripušča naj gorkeji kraj pri peci, psa
sovraži, ga 4z biše preganja in akorayno In mkoli
ne pripustil, da bi med kosiiom pes pod 111I99 kostí
58
glodiil, inm vétidar vedno vdiko teb strážnikov
okrog sebe, nekaj zavolj volkov, tiekaj zavolj ne««
redflosti, kí mu bráni, de bi pazii^ da bi se ma
psi preveé ne pomnožili. Iz pred vsake hiáe na
stepi škodí človeku po šest, po desel ali dvanajst
teh kocinov nasproti. Ne da bi dja], da so 9aimi
pri velicib poslopjih; pri naj borniái zemijimkí jib
je tifdi toliko, akoravno bi bilo treba dolgo isMi
slvarr, ki bi btta vredna tolíko varhov* Psi, ki
domá ne dobfjo kar nič jestí , morajo ropatl
po stepi. Malorns psa nie ne oči, se mm lu^ pŕi^*
íiznje, BHipak ma le zabaylja; posti mu pn, da
se preiivljd, kakor more, in mladib nikoli ne po-
bije psici, akoravno jib ima veliko.
Pomladi, ko na stepi vse, se celo krotká
goveja živina, na pol obdivjá^ ko vse teče na
prosto stepo, storijo to tudí psí. Psice gredó na
iiroko stepo, ter si izkopljejo jame, v kterih imajo
mlade daleč od Ijudi, kakor volkovi. Ti na stepi
rojeni psi so po letu popolnoma divji , se bojíjo
človeka in se ne dájo vjeti. Po zimi pa, ko
^améti vse slvari kŕôtijo , lakota in mraz zver
pohlevno storíta in clo volka v vaši ženeta —
kakor pomlad s svojo obilnostjo do krotko stvar
divjo slorí in psa k volkom poďi — v terdi zimi,
pravim , se spomnijo §e le divji psi spet svojih
slarih gospodarjev in pridejo nazaj k svojim nek-
dajnim stanovanjem.
Po leto Jovijo miši, podgane in sosliiie, iáčejo
a§
jaj6ika po ticjib gnjezdib in se ticijo do, fcako se
vjame ticek, ki je ravno izlelel is gnjezda. Po
zimí pa pridejo spet v vaši in od tod y mesta.
Tu se yidijo potem povsod plašni lační psi, kí
niso nikogar in kí s pobešenim repom okrog
letajo. Posebno se zberajo po proslorih pred
mesli, kjer se smetje in nesnaga izsipa, in lazíjó
po grapab, kamor Ijudje raertvo živiho meéejo:
Ta glodajo včasih bolj pridno, kakor cervi, zmerz-
njeno meso kake merhe.
Da bi se átevilo psov zatiralo, tega nl skorej
nikomar mar. Sícer hodijo po nekteťih meslitr,
kakor po Odesi , stražniki okrog , kí préltvajo
vedno kri psov, ki nimajo gospodarja. Pa kaj
pomaga to, ker jih iz vaši in iz step vedno ve-
Iíko dohaja I Ravno tako na Torskem služijo
tnéi bika} psi zdravjQ , ker ix6 víd smrod^^"^^
mesnino, ki jo Ijudje na ulice mečejo.
Stepní psi niso nikakor posebna dobrota za
Ijudi, tem vec veliká nadloga^ ker jih je
toliko. Ysem Ijudem, se clo vertnarjem, so
nadležni, ker sadje jím disí, da je kaj; zato
pa lazijo tudi vedno po vinogredih, da bi grozdje
zobali. Še clo na drevesa plezajo , kakor med-
vedje, nad slive in čresnje. Kolikor več požrejo
mesa, toliko več potrebujejo potem sadja, ki jim,
kakor pravijo, hladí vrocinot kí jo vzrokiye meso.
Pri živínskih kngah so spet veliká nadloga, ker
zanasajo bolezen v hiáe in v hleve iB^ ker se po
60
hudih iiyinsktfa boleznih vselej pasja steklina kaj
iDOčno med njimi pokazuje. Pred. nekaj letí je
okrog Dnjestra živina hudo cepala , in drugo
pomlad je bilo v tistem kraja toliko steklih psov,
da se koDJi niso upali na stepe in da so se Ijudje
le po dva alí po trije vkup in oboroženi upalí
na pot se podati , ker drogač bi ne bili mogli
braniti se nápadov steklih psov.
Kakor volkovi, narejajo tndi psi jame v zemijo,
in sicer ne majhine, plilve luknje, ampak globoke,
pro$torne jame z ozkim vbodom. V te jame
se skrivajo po. letu pned vročíno in po zimi pred
mrazom, ^.-p^^. ,^ ;y/_
™ 7 A ' '
ŕ'
14.
FeitaiM zdravica V0MI1 Sloveaôom I
y visavah Neskončnema bod! naj sláva,
Yam, bratje slovenski predragi, pa mir !
Slovcilíja milá, o da si mi zdravá,
Iíaj sreče prijazne šumijá ti izvir!
Prljatli sorodnit zdravice napijmo,
Vésela je družba, prijeten je čas f
S kozarci nalitimi zdaj zazvenčimo,
Ko strune sreberne pojó naj naglasi
m. •
Bog ži vi vas pesnike drage dežele,
Ljttbezen za dom naj vam serca budí,
Da bojo ňiogoono 'ž njíh pesmi donele,
In pevče naj naše Bog dolgo živil
]
Bi
Vsiin pesnikom, pBvcotn zdravice Mpijmo,
Ki z godbo in pesmami vnemajo nas,
S kozarci ňalitimi spet zazyenčimo,
Da bojo zäpelí jim slavo na glasf
»
Vsa sláva luďvam, premarljivi vi sini.
Kí irudov obilno in del na oltar
V korist darovali ste že domoviní,
Spodobi goreče se hvale vam darí
Učenim slovenskim sinovom napijmo,
Napival jim bode prihodnji-še čas;
S kozarci nalitimí vsí zazvenčimo,
Da bodo doneli jim hvalo na glasf
In vsem, ki za stariše, dom, za cesarja
Mogočno sovražnikom stav'jo se v brán,
Zašije naj vselej 1e zmage jim zarja,
Junaški vojšak je pri nas spoštovan!
Junákom slovenskim, prijatli, napijmo,
y nevarnost saj hodijo tudi za nas;
S kozarci nalitimí vsi zazvenčímo,
Da bojo zapéli ko irombe na glaík
Se slavnim rojakom,,ki v grobu trohnijo.
Zdaj terčili bomo v hvaležni spomín;
Njíh dela ž|vijo, naj pesmi donijo
V opombo njih radost in njíh bolečinf
Hej! bratje, zdaj rajnim preslavniih napijmo,
Kí veé že ne sye prijetni jim čas,
S kozarci nalitimí spet zazvenčimo,
Da bojo zapeli v spomin jim na glasf
Tud* nas bo zakrila tihotna gomila,
Čeravno ne vemo še kje in kedaj;
f3
Bo, kmtJo^ se druiba veselá ločila,
ÍBog yé, ali pridetno vsí še nazaj?
Zatoraj> prijatlí, sedaj si napijmo,
Zdaj naše so ure, prijeten je čas,
Na zdravje nas vseh si kozarce nalijmo.
In terčimQ ž njími v veselje na glas !
Se zadnjíč na zdravje Slovenje predrage^
Ki v svojem nas irilu dobrotno živil
Kak' svetíjo vinea se zlatega srage.
Naj zdravá bo zemija, ki nam ga rodil
Le terčimo bratje, zdravica napijnio,
Da bode donelo k sloyesu na glas, '
Do čistega kupice vsi ízpraznimo,
Ker prišel ločitve prehitro je čas. —
A. OkiSki.
]>rolMM tlčibe nate dobrot&iee.
Gosence so b;uda nadloga zo dFevje. Pa však
se lahko prepriéa, da je gosenčnatega drevja naj
vec po krajih, kjer Je vellko vasf, okrog mest in
sploh kjer je malo gozdov |n skorej vse le poije.
Drevja, kí ga nasadi samotní bribovec krog hiáe,
gosence ne nadlegujejo kaj. Od kodí to? Oágovor
ní težak. Hribovska mladina se nič ali celo malo
pečá s tičjím lovom in po hribih imajo tički^ ki
živé od merčesa, dovolj prípravníb krajov za
J
M
gMfirBda. P^ poQn je pa oboje ravsé óarubé. Zato
se pé, se ye da, tici umabnejo radi tje, kjer jih
pusté Ijodje pri miru in kjer se dobi labkó pripra^
yen kraj za gnjezdo in mladice.
Tiči pa ne preganjajo samo gosena Ko bi
jih ne bilo, bi ne uži val sano ŕertnar. sadja. i
drevja, ki ga je sadil^ ampak- posnáilo bi se fiidi
gozdno drevje, Irava po travnikik, iito po potjo,
z eso besedo rečeno: ko bi Hčev ne biio, bi iŔlo
poljedelstvo nmnogoéa atvar.
Na miljone človeskifa rok bi ne bilo v stanu
obdeiati, kar obdeiajo tici. To vidimo poaebno pri
gozdih, ki jih je jel červ pokončevati. Zbrale so
se večkral komisije, vganjevale so to in uno,
sto pridnih rok je delalo tlako, kopalo prekope^
gonilo presíče t gozd in vendar merces ni zgioil
iz gozda ali saj ne do dobrega.^ Je pa prialo oekaj
pravih tičev, ga je bilo pa kmalo konec.
Ker so tiči na» dobrotniki, jih pa nikar ne
preganjajmo , in se skerbeti nam . je treba^ da jih
privadimo na naše poija in gozde. Ysak pametni
kmet bi mogel skerbeti, da bi dobila na lyegovi
zemijí stanovakja koristne laslovke, síokovci, se«*
nice, smarniee i. t. d.
Nikar poderÉli^ yotUh in iuknjastth dreves, v
kterih ímajo naj vffniiáe prebi valisče tiči, ki gnjea^/ r-
dijo po Totlinab. Očedi také vottne tH)U|)ave in i
mahú in če pribiješ nad híknjo šetÄeémco^ ki
varuje de^a, jo bode kmaio ysseli títíú y poseat
> ^
64
in tvoj trod bo obilo poplačan. Nafiravi skorcom
híšíoe in skerbi, da jim otroci ne bodo p(^rali
jaje. Kedar imas oas, naredi íz votlih vej ali iz
starih desk hisice za malé tiče, preganjavce merčesa,
napravi pred pavec široko iuknjo še paiico, da bodo
tíčki labko sedeli na nji, in pribij jih dva aU tŕí
aeinje od tal na drevesa tako, da ob obernjena
luknja proU jutra in bmalo se bodo vanje naselili
mali aovražniki mnog^overstnega merčesa. Pa ne
pribíjaj hisic na drevesa, ki stojé na samem, ali
ki ae le pozno v listje gredó.
Senice imajo nar rajse lake hisice , ki so
znotraj 7 pavcov dolge in 3 pavce široké; drngim
tickom so pa vsec hiáice, ki so za spoznanje
veče« če si naredíl hišíce iz kratkifa desk, dobro
bos tndi storil, če jih ovežes z mahom. Sem ter
tje po Nemskem pribijajo kmetovavoi vsako leto
dokaj deščíc na drevesa, ker vedno bolj in bolj
spoznavajo, da se dobro plačuje malí trud.
Kako neizrečeno veliko merčesa pokončajo
tiči, se vkU iz sledečega, kar pripovedaje Tsdiadí:
Na treh velicih vertnicah je bilo okrog 2000 uái.
Vjeli so močirsko senico (Sam|tfmeise) in jo
spnstilí na vert. V malo urah ni bilo vee uší na
vertnicah. Prerajtaii so, da je ajela éna šmarnica
(tasica) v eni nrí okoU 900 mnb v hiši. Ylastovka
pokončá en sam dan strašne Imme komarjev; on
in ona prínese v eni ori sest in tridese^iral mladim
merčesa.^ Drevju so posebno senice brezkondno
65
koristne, ker posebno rade pokončavajo jajčika
nekega škodljivega metulja (Kiefernspinner). Ta
metalj leže časih dvakrát enega polletja, in vsakíkrat
po 600 do 800 jajec in ena senica jih pokončá
z mladíci vred enega dneva vec tísuč. Dieskí,
žolne, plezovcí in berglezi preiskujejo drevesa in
pívkajo in kijujejo merčez izpod lubja.
Rekel sem že, da so senice naj boljse pri-*
jatlíce sadnemu drevju. Gróf Kazimír Wodicki pri*
povedaje : Leta 1848 so gosence snedle listje
na mojem drevju do dobrega tako, da je bilo
popolnoma golo. Jeseni sem vidil miljone s kos-
matimi odejami obdanih jajčkov viseti po vejah
in deblih. Yeliko delavcov sem najel , da bi jllí
oberali; pa kmalo sem previdil, da človeške roke
niso v stanu odpravití te nadloge in že sem mislil,
da se mi bodo posusile naj lepše drevesa. Kp
se je začenjala zima, je priletelo však dan cele
trópe senic in smarnic. Pomladi je delalo deset
párov gnjezda na vertu; prihodnje poletje je bilo
že malo gosenc in leta 1850 so bili mali vertnarjí
perutničarji že tako očedíli drevjé, da je ostalo
celo poletje lepo zeleno.
Tudi vrabcí so koristni tičí» MisUm,.da jím
že smemo privosčití perísče čresenj ali kak
klas, sajdo neseta on in ona vaak teden 2000 gosenc
mladim. Ravno tako koristne so sove, ki poíovijo
zjutrej in zvečer grozno veliko večernih metal7
jev i. t d. Pomladanske kebre jedó posebno he-
Slor. reifeniiee. I. sr.
66
ktere sove, skorci, kavke, srake, šóge in sra-
koperji. Angleški naravoslovec Wfaite je pazíl
na malo sovo (Eule) in vidi! je , da je prinesla
vsacih pet minút mís v gnjezdo. Skovir (Stein-
kauz) je prinesel poletnega večera 11 miši v
gnjezdo. Zato je pa ni veče neuninosli, kakor
loviti in pobijati tako neizrečeno koristne žival,
kakor je sova. Da gospodar pa sovo strelja,
Je velikokrat kríva vražna gospodinja , ki toži :
;,Gotovo bo kdo iimerl pri hiši, sova však večer
ftkovika na orehu pred hiso. Pojdi , pojdi Jurí,
in nstreli jo!^ Žena misií, da bo s sovo z oreha
zginila tudi smert iz hise , in gospodar je pe
ie tako nor, da ubito živa! za strab na paž pribije.
Skoraj vsi mali tiči živijo od kebrov, mnb,
metuljev, červov, polžev, pajkov i. t. d. ; in sicer
živé nekteri samo od njih , nekleri vživajo tndi
dmge reči ; nekteri pa jib jedó le, kedar ležejo.
Ti koristni tici so: Senice, srakoperji, skorci,
muhovčki, pastaričíce, ámarníce, penice, cípe,
äkerjanci, áinkovci, vrabci, stemadi, lastovke,
berglezi, nočj^ lastovke, píezovci, žolne, dieski
i, t. d. Vsí li pokončnjejo na miijone gosenčnih
Jajec, gosene, muh, komarjev, kebrov, mravdj
zelisnib uái, ponočnih meluljev, červov i. t. d.
In sicer tako, kakor da bi se bili zmenili. Ti jede
merčes le enega posebnega plemena, . uni spet ie •
dn^ačnega; M poberajo merčes z listja in z vejie,
67
drugi ga kljujejo izpod iubja alí ga lovijo po
zraku ali ga grebejo iz perstí.
Ysak pameten človek naj tedaj skerbí po
svoje, da bodo kmetovavci začenjali tako varovali
tiôev, kakor zaslužijo. Tiči so naj bolji, naj zve-
stejsi in naj pridníái kmetovi prijatli; nikar jib
tedaj saj preganjaj ne , če jib že nočeš vabiti k
sebi v svoj lastni príd. J. Tu sek.
Kar bodi za domače potrebe.
Domáce zdravila.
JFjýUf (smokve) dobro zdravilo , kedar si
%upert, Pogosloma je slisati tpžba, posebno med
Ijudmí 9 ki morajo veliko sedeli : ^^Ves zabubnjen
in napihnjen sem ; kri mi zalega v persi in v glavo^
da mi sapo zapira. Že dva — tri dni sem za<-
pert; pa ne vem, kaj bi počel^ da bi spel skoz
mé prederlo.^"^ Obilno sprehajanje in gibanje pod
milim nebom, zmivanje z merzlo vodó in mečivna
hrana: kislo mleko, kubano sadje, merzla voda, na
tesče pila i. t. d. so povsod znane zdravila, fta
še golovise .zdravilo, ki so ga že mnoge skusiýe
polerdile , je lole : Kedar se spravljaš na v%Ďer
v postelj, snej dve ali tri pra)(^sočne fige (smokve)^
'* : ' ■
-^ I
68
popij glažek merzle vode in — ne bo te goljafalo —
na jutro bo tvoja odsebnica práv lahka, obilná^
in 7i d r a v a brez vsake bolečine.
Zdravila %oper hifrico, Hitrica ali driska
napadá otroke in odrasčene, posebno tedaj, kedar
se premrazijo, kaj nevgodnega zavžijejo aH se
drugači v življavi pregresijo. Včasi se pa tiidi pri-
meri brez vsakega posebnega vzroka. Znano je,
da se po hitríci inarsiktera bolezen spravi iz na* '-
šega trupla; zato je nikar ne uatavljaj koj obnam.
Kedar pa le ne odleže, glejp da jo ustavia po
žiežastih pijačah in drugih pritnernib rečéh. Skerbi
za gorkejse obúvalo in toplejse oblačila, pij po-
greto jedrično mleko (Mandelmilcb) in žlezaste
juhe iz laskega (Reis), ječmenovega alí ovsenega
páena, pokladaj si tople pertíče in opeke (cigle)
na trebuh in vse opustí, fcai: bi ti jo spet napeljati
vtegnilo. Posebno se priporoča zoper hitrico čaj
(lé) iz mete, melise in kamile brez sladkora
(cukra) ; zraven pa ostani , ôe tí je le mogo6e,
Y go^i posteijí.
^ Čema redkev dobro %drav4io. čema red«-
kev je kaj basnjivo zdravilo zoper serčni kerč,
zoper terganje po uáesih in po drugih telesníb
ttdih in zoper skernino. Nasterži (naribaj) si'éerne
redkve v dober jesib, zavij ožeto v tanko perténo
cunjico in položi jo na bolni nd (pri terganjn
v glavi pa za ubó). Prepričal se bos, da ti bo
119
\
Zdravilo zoper ozehljino. Kedar ozebeš na
rokah alí na nogah, kopijí ozebljeni ud večkrat
na dan po 3—4 minule y merzli voáf^ y kterí
se sneg ali led topí. Še gotoyiáe zdravilo pa je
led, če ga obezujes na bolni ud. ^Domačí zdray-
nik^ priporoča tole zdravilo, ki ozdrayi, kakor
pravijo ozebijíno y 24 urah : „Cern zriban krab,
jesih in galonova stúpa se takó dolgo kuhajo, da
iž njih kasa postane, ktera se na plátno (pertnino)
debelo namaže in, koIik(n* terpiš, yroča na ozebijíno
pokladá. Kedár se okladek obladí, vzemi spet
drugega yročega in tako delaj neprenehoma kakib
8^ alí clo 1 6 ur« Po odpravljenih okladkíh se pa
yárí premrazenja.^ — Pri odpertih ozebljinah pa
je naj boijse zdravilo prekajena slanina (speb),
kí jo \^ drobnih platíčih na bolni del obezujes.
zdravila zoper^ opekljmo. če se opečeá,
vzemi pavole in j o položí na opečeno mesto ;
naglo zdravilo y opeklini je tudi gosta žajfnica^
y kterí cunjo namočíš in jo črez bolni ud pokladáš*
Dalje se priporoča zoper opekijino tudi naríban
sirov krompir in v vodí raztopljen galm. Kedar
pa opekijína na globoko seže in se gnojiti začne,
pokladaj na-njo v olju namočené ali z lojem na-
kapane cunje in črez cunje se merzle okladke.
Vendar v vseh hujsíh boleznib po|fličí umnega
zdravníka.
w
Gospodarske drobtíne..
Nqf boljsi poinočelczopér gosenice in drng
mertes po sadnem dretyu. Kako skodijive so go-
senice sadnenui drevju, je znano vsakemu gospo-
darju. Zato naj si pa tudi na vso moč prizadeva,
da za čaša pokončá ta skodljivi merčes , preden
se po vseh vejah ne razleze. Velík nemarnež
bi bil in sam svoj sovražnik, kí bi tega perve
spomladne dni storiti opusti). Poroanjkanje vsakega
sadnega pečka in zgaba velikega dobička bi bilo
ňjegovo placilo. Da bo pa vse to srečno opravil,
naj si vzame že po zimi Ijube tíčke v najem.
Vidim kakó me debelo pogleduješ, pa — verjemi
mi — to ni nobena žaltava, to je pravá resnica,
kar sem ti rekel Stori pa takóle : Kak«r sam
ves, najdejo tički po zimi le malo ži veža, da se
poživijo. Vsi stradani ferkajo od kozolea (stoga)
do kozoIca, od pota do potii, da bi našli kako
zornice. Verzi jim vsako jutro perisče žitnega
zmesú ali kak neomlačen snopíč bornisega žita
na svoj vert in vidil bos, kakó se bodo zbírali
okoli pogernjene mize na snegu. Čedalje vec jih
bo prihajalo zobat in kmalo jih bo vse mergolelo
po drevju na tvojem verlu. Drobné zernica, ki
jim jih veržeš však dan ali vsaj večkral v nedelji,
tí bodo ptičíce stokrát povernile s tim, da tí bodo
pokončale na tavženle in tavžente škodljivega mer-
česa, ki bi ti bil na spomlad vse líslje in s cvetjem
tadi sa4]a pokončaL Stori to iz iniloserčnasti do
Qbogih tičkov in zavoljo lastnega dobieka in gotovo
bo^ vesel na jeseň.
Kaj stc^itt^ da kúre tudi po^ zkni nesó9
Znano je vsaki gospodinji, da kúre ali kokosi
prenehajo nesU, kakor hitro pritisnejo jeaenski mra-
zovL Po tem lakem je pomanjkanje potrebne
toplote pervi vzrok, da kuretina ne nese po zimi.
Ako hočes od svojih kokosi, rac i. t d. tudi po
zimi kaj okroglega dobití, skerbí jim za toplejsí
kurnjak in ne dajaj jim celo zimo po sol^go jajskati.
Kumjak jim pa takole presteiji: Mešca- ' no vembra
(listopada) natrosi v kurnjak za poldragí čr^^H^
visoko konjskega gnojá in na gnoj nekfý.slame.
Kak crevelj ,pad gnojem jim pa na(»*avi 6 pavcov
siroke desčice (diljice) za sejo. Takó si jim p9-*
skerbel za potrebne gorkoto in kúre bodo, če jim
iie zmanjkuje primernega živeža, 4^sle skozi celo
zimo in tudi veliko prej ploditi začele. V živež
jim dajaj posebno kuhane in zmečkane krompirjeve
ostanke^ kterin>^prímeáa's tudi kake obloje in otrobi. ^.
Veckrat prikani tej kermi kislega mleka ali prime-
saj zmletib (stolčenih) jajčnih lusčin , vcasi tudi
kaj malega gasenega apna. Kmalo tí bodo pover-
niie kúre z obilním kupom jajc, ki se vsako zimo
tako drago prodajajo. ^
Kropiva koristnOi^fa íjudí in íivino. Kro-
pí va, kí jo kôlne pri naa^se kmet in.gospod, je
kaj korístna za Ijudí in živlojO. V narbornisí zemBL
Í2
brez vsie človeske skerbi in prizadeve ižrasle kro-
piva 6—7 crevljev yísoka in daje ôloveku, ki jo
more kakor konoplje obdelati , tako imenovano
kropivno plátno (Nesseltuch) ^ ki se drago
prodaja. Dozori v dvugi polovici mešca avgusta.
Kedar začnó njene peresa suhleti in deblica rnja-
yeti, poženji jo in razprostri po trati, da se v dveh
— Ireh dneh posusí. Ko jej perje osmukas, jo po-
veži v snopiče in jih položí za kakih 6—7 dni
y potočno yodo ali y kak ribnjak, da se ygodijo«
Dajje pa stori ž njimi kakor s konopljami. —
Kropiva je pa tudi se za ávuge domáce potrebe.
Ako yeržeš ycasi zrelega kropfynega
semena syojim pútam., ti bodo nesie tudi po
z i mi; tudi kubano kropivno perje jkn je zlo zlo
koristno in dobro.
Kropiva je pa tudi zlo redivua in zdravá piča
za govedino. Krave ti bodo obilno molzle in vôli
se kaj veselo redili.
Gnoj pervi pogoj srecnega kmetijstva. Brez
gnoja gre vse poíje pod nič ; le osat in plevel
boš žel , 6e ne boš skerbel za gnoj. Zato bodi
vedno tvoja perva skerb , da z gnojem varčno
ravnaš in z vsem skerbno obračaš, kar bi vlegnilo
njivo posiliti. Ne daj svoji živini, ďa bi po ob-
činskih spasnikih gnoj trosila, zraven pa se strá-
dala; skerbno spravljaj na kupé vse, kar najdes
po potih blata ali raztresenega gnoja, zraven pa
pobiraj tudi druge rečí, kí jih moreS za gnoj po-
n
rabttL Poslušaj, kiko ravmjo z gnojem Kitajei
in posnemaj jih v njih skerbi za gnoj. Lani bo
povedalo j^Novice* o Kítajcih tole: Ker Kitájei
malo ali ceWnič živine ne redé, toraj jím živin-*
skega gnoja manjka; poija pa tudi zastran prei-
velikega stevila prebivavcov v prahi pasčati ne mo-*-
rejo. Tedaj vse prídno nobirajo in spravljajo, kar
jím živinskí gnoj le koliekaj nadomesUti more, ka*
kor: lase, pepel, kosti, rogove, saje, posebno pa
berke in lase, ki si jih dajejo vsaki dan briti in
stričí; tadi lusčíne orehove, smetí, cestne blato in
veliko druzib reči v globoke jame kidajo , da se
spersteníjo. Ob primorju zbirajo ríbje ostanjke in
morské rastline, v mesnicah poberajo ražne žívinske
odpadke, kosti, dlako, perje; kostí meljejo in ž njih
moko njive gnojé. Na bolj samotnih nlíčah se
nahajajo iz slame, zemlje in zidovja napravljene
stranisča (skreti), da se le nič gnoja ne pogobí.
Na poiju so povsod v zemijt veliké prazne
posede , v kterih si Kitajei mnogoverstno godljo
za gnoj pripravljajo. Plevel , slamo in vsako
saro skerbno naberajo in sožigajo, da si pepela
napravijo, kterega na svoje poIja trosijo, da jim
boije rodí; pa tudi gnojnico si napravljajo, v kteri
seme namakovajo, preden ga sejejo ali pa sade, ali
pa ž njo rastline in sadike zalivajo.
Poglavitni gnoj jim je pa le človečjek, kterega
Kitajei povsod skerbno naberajo in poberajo; vsaka.
hisa, vsaka ulica, vsaka steza ima v «emljo pQStii¥«*
74
Ijene posode, kjer se človei^k naberá. Večídd
BO zidane in polcríte , da gnoj iz njih ne more
puhteti. če pa iz njih se tako močno smerdí,
kítajski nos vse lahko prenese; bogi^tin ali revež,
imeniten ali ne, je tegá smradu vesel, ker njegovo
koríst spozná. ^^Kjer je dovolj smradu, je tudi dovelj
kraba^ — pravi Kitajec. V dolge in okome col-
nice , kteri se po uličnih vodotekib križem pre-?
peljnjejo , se omenjeni gnoj poberá in na polje
spravlja. Ysaki kmet, ki zjutraj svoje pridelke na
terg nese, prinese zvečer po dve Jkiblí omenjenega
gnoja s terga nazaj, s kterím njivi námestí, kar so
ji pridelki povzelí.
Na Kitajskem se gnoja kar nič ne pogubí in ne
pokvari; prerajtano imajo, da je blato od 5 Ijadí
okoli 1 20 11. vredno. Mešajo ga Kitajci z mnogo-*
verstnimí živalskimi in rastlínskimi reemí, suáé
ga in v prah tolčejo, ki ge okoli rastlín potresujejo.
Kitajec ne gnojí nikdar poija, ampak le rastlinám
gnojí, in vselej seme v redki gnojnici namočí, pre-^
den ga seje.
Ža človečjekom pa číslajo tudí živínski gnoj,
posebno pa svinjski. V čusana ga mesajo z neko
ilovnato zemjjo, naprav Ijajo iž njega majhne hleb-
čiče , krajcatjem podobne , jih susé in ž njimi
po ceii dežeii kupčojejo. Napravljajo si Indi iz
laporja ín iiovce, apna in pepela itd. mnogoversten
gnoj. Kitajci sé níso nikoii kemije nčilí, pa vendar
nam kažejo, dá so pravi mojstri v tem, kar se pravi,
^
75
z gnojem umno gospodariti. Vsi naši grajjaki pa
kmetje naj grejo v sólo k njim!
„Woch, d. p. oec. G*"
'YMaía^ kedar konja komat odergne, Kedar
koiíja komat odergne alí raní, pravijo gospodarske
novice, naj se mebke cunje, v svinski žolc
namočené, večkrat na dan na ráno pokladajo. Ko-*
Ijkor starejái je žoIč, toliko boljši je za mažo. Saj
si ga hmet lahko priskerbí, kedar koije preéíče.
Kakó mesó suHti ali prekajati. Kedar sašiá
mesó, ti je treba pažiti, da ne postane presuho in
prepusto. Na Badenskem ravnajo ž njim , kakor
priporočajo ,,Noyice^ tudí našim gospodinjam
takóle: ,,Mesó se ne sudí zatót da bi se gnjilobe
in smrädijiTostí obvaroralo, ampak zato, da dobí
po prekajenju dobter okús in slaj. Zlo prekajeno
meso ne bo sicer nikdar gnjiio, ali ker je presuho,
je pusto in ni dobrega okusa. Če se meso za pre-
kajenje v dimník obesa, kakor se navadno ravná,
mora tedaj gospodar veliko skerb imeti, da mesa
ne preš u ši, ampak da ostane mebko, rahlo in
dobrega in prijetnega okusa.. To se pa veliko lože
doseže, ako se meso povalja ali zavije v kako
rahlo reč, ktera meso varuje nepríjetnega zaka<*
jenja , pa tudi socnost v njem ohrani. Za tako
prekajenje mesa so pa rež en i otrbbí najbolje,
ker otľobi maáčobo naše vleč^, od druge stráni
po tudi meso hlade. .?
Kdo bo po lem ravnal, sm^i^mu porok, da bo
dobro opravil. Takó-Ie se dela : Meso, ktero se boče
presusiti ali prekaditi djatí* se še to plo od za**
klanega živinčeta vzame, berž v slani zmesi po-
valja, ktera se sapravi iz 1 dela v prah stolčenega
solitarja in 32 delo v kuhinske solí, potem pa
s toliko otrobmí potrese, kolikor se jíb mesa
deržati more; na to se meso ali naravnost v dimnik
obesi ali pa poprej se v mebek papir zavije. Tako
na to vižo prekajeno mesó je ravno tako, kakor
močno posuseno lososovo (Lachs), je práv prijetnega
okusa, in se da vec let brez škode hraníti.
\ Kukó 8 cepici ravnati. Mnogokrat toži kak
vertnar — razglasajo ,,Novice^ — da je prejel ce-
piče suhe in vele. Komur se kaj lakega prímerí,
naj petloži cepiče v vodo, pa tako, da v posodí voda
cez in Č0Z čez cepiče stoji, in tako naj ležijo 24 ur.
íje je mogoče^ naj se posoda s cepici postavi na
sooce^ ali naj se saj pošta vijo na kaksen toplejsi kraj.
čez 24 ur naj se potem cepici vteknejo v zemljo
v kako senco. Ali so cepici res suhi ali ne, se bo
pokazalo v pervih dneh. Ce se pa po 48 nrah
se frísni vídijo, le cepi ž njimi brez vse skerbf*
S cepici pa, ko si jih z vode vzel, naravnost
cepiti ni varno, ker koj .lakrat se se ne dá spoznali,
ali so živi ali ne. Cepičev nikoli ne spravijaj v kak
hrám, pa tudi v pesek jih ne vtĺkaj. Najboije se
obratiijo v senci pod prostim nebom, če se v kako
mastno zemljo ali ilovico vlaknejo; al treba je,
perst ali ilovico dobro potlačili okoli v zemljo
77
vtaknjenih koncov. S lako spravljenimi cepiči sem
s cepíl se drugo leto in dobro so se príjeli. Stará
. je navada, da vertnarji najrají cepijo, kedar mešec
dorasča, ker takrat ronzga kviško kipí in tudi meni
se je zdelo, kakor da bi v tem času lub se bolje
ločíl za cepljenje.
\fĹako bofjšo opeko ali cegel napravljati.
Mnoge. skusnje so poterdile, da je opeká ali cegel
veiiko boljsa in terdnísa, ako primesas ilovci pre-
mogovega pepela ali pepela kamnitega oglja. Tako
igana opeká je velíko teréa in veiiko bolj terpeina.
Družbin oglasnik.
I. Odbor dražbe sv. Nohora.
Odborniki družbe sv. Mobora so sledeČi gospodje :
1. Andrej Einšpieler, c. k« katebet yiŠe reálke in
dnhovQÍ svetovavoc, kot vodja invarh družb. pre-
moženja.
2. Dr. Valentín Milller, korar in viši ogleda Ijud-
skib Šol na Koroškem, kot Škofijsk pregledo-
v a vec družbinib spisov.
3. P. Kar I Hobida^ c. k, gimn. učitelj, kot oskerb-
nikinpregledo.vavec družbinib računov.
4. Anton Janežič, c. k. učitelj víše reálke^ kot
t aj nik in vrednik družbinib spisov.
Ô. KarlDiirnwi^t, bogosl. Spirituál \ kot razpoŠi-
6. LambertFerčnik^ mestnl kaplán ( Ijavci družb.
7. GregorSommer^c. k. norm. uČenik ) bukev itd.
2. Imenik dosmertoih dražnikov.
Do 1. sveČana t. 1. so stopili v družbo s v, Mobora kot
dosmertniudje sledeči Častiti gospodje :
1. TravenSČak Pavl, žnpnik v Le-
skovcu na HrovaŠkem in je plačal v
matico I5gld. — kr.
2., Ein špieler Andrej, c. k. katebet
vižo reálke v Celovcu in je plačal v i
matico . . , 15 „ — ^
3, Badičnik Boštjan, fajmoSter ^
BilioTSU io je plačal y matico ... 15 „ — „
79
4. Trafenik Pranc, kaplán v Št»
Paulu in je plaČal v matico . . ♦ 16 gld, — kr.
5. Brence Janez, dahoven y Podkraju
in je plaČal v matico 15 „ — „
6. SuhaČ Anton, kaplán v Smartnu in
je plaČal v matico 15 ^ — „
7. Sterbenc Juri, právnik naDunaju
in je plaČal dne y, 60 v matico polo-
viČni znesek 7 „ 60 ,,
8. Jaklin Anton, župnik pri sv. Lo-
; rencu in je plaČal v matico . . • 16 „ — „ '
9. Stranjšak Anton, kaplán pri sv.
Lorencu in je plačal dno '/, 60 v ma-
tico poloviční znesek 7 ,, 50 „
10. BartolJernej, kaplán na Dobrovi
in je plaČal v matico 16 „ — „
11. PoliČ Karí, kaplán v Juniku in je
phičal v matico 15 ^ r-^ ,,
12. LeŠnik Janez, íajmošter v St.
Marksu in je plačal dne y^ 60 v matico
poloviční znesek ....... 7 „ 60 ^
13* Dr. Muršec Jcžeŕ, profesor v '".
Gradcu inje plačal vmatfco • . .16 » '•- „
14. Ozmec Janez, kaplán pri sv. An-
draŠu in je plaČal dne '/, 60 v matico
poloviční znesek . 7 ,, 60 „
16. ŠketJožef, kaplán v Št. Mihelu in
je plačal dne 'y, 60 v matico poloviční
znesek 7 ^ 60 ^
16. Sajovec Janez, kaplán pri sv.
Krížu in je plačal dne ' % 60 v matico
poloviční znesek . , 7 „ 60 „
17; Dr. Vojska Andrej, c. k. sodo.
svetovavec na Ogerskem iu j6 plačiU
v matico ^^ ' tt *^ tt
r
80
Bokve , ki nm gredó , pa jo vol
domorodec práv pridnamu slov. uce
Koroäkem ali na ätajajskem ali poi
na Kr«nJ9kcm,
18. Ne imenovan Ceh na Ogt
in je plaČal v matico . . ■ .
Bukve tudi prepušča, kakor čaal
Vojska, práv pridnemu učenou.
19. äimooič Jozef, íajmoBter
diSčn in je plačal t matice .
20. Simonič Janez, kaplán
Miklavžu iu je plačal v matico
21. ČopeFranc, korar v Jarei
je plaČal v matico .
22. Verlie Franc^kaplan v J
in je plaSal v matico
23. Tr-ampuS Ivan.kaplau v J
in je p]ačal dne "/,60 v matíc
vični znesek
Vsega v
Liatina b podobe sv. M
ŕastitim g, g. doamertnim druÍDiko:
večerniu", tÍBtíin gospodom pa, kí 8
ledsj, hedar dopolníjo svoje polovíf
imeník vaeh družnikov, no
ampak tndi 1 o t n í b , bo prinesel „
Mohora" z družbinimi računi vied.
3. Drožbioi podpt
Bfl^eun BTojega letnega alí d
flo duorali t drnžbino matico ^ast. |
1. TraveníČAk PavI, žapnik
skovca
2. Badidnik Boitjan, íajmoi
Beldona
"i _
Ji~=E
be returned to
re the last dáte
by retaining it
time.
nptly.
9
I
t--
80
Bukve , ki mu gr^áó , pa je volil éast.
domorodec práv pridnemu slov. učenca na
Eoroškem ali na Stajarskem ali poslednjič
na Kranjskcm,
18. Ne imenovan Čeh na Ogerskom
in je plaČal v matíco 16 gld. —J
Bukve tudi prepusča, kakor čast. g, Dr.
Vojska, práv pridnemu ucencu.
19. Šimon i č Jozef, fajmoSter v Ser-
dišČu in je plačal y matico . . ... 16 „ —
20. Simonič Janez, kaplán pri s v.
Miklavžu in je plačal v matice . . 16 „ — ]
21. Cepe Franc, korar v Jareniní in
je plačal v matico ...... 16 ,,
22r VerliČ Franc ^^ kaplán v Jarenini
in je plačal v matico ..*■.. 16 „
23. Tr*ampuSIyan, kaplán v Jarenini
in je plačal dne •% 60 v matico polo-
viční znesek _ 7 „ 60 ^
Vsega vknp . 292 gld. 60 k
Listina s podobo sv. Mohora se bo poslal
ŕastitim g. g. dosmertnim drnžnikom z 2. zvezkom „slo^
večernic*' , tistim gospodom pa, ki so plačali 7 gld. 50 kŕ
tedaj, hedar dopolnijo svoje polovičné plačilo. ~ Popolr
imenik vseh druSnikov, ne samo dosmertni
ampak tadi letnib, bo prinesel „koledarček dmžhe si
Mohora^ z družbinimi računi vred.
3. Drnžbini podporDiki.
Bazan svojega letnega ali dosroertnega plačil
90 darovali v drožbino matico čast. g. g. :
1. TravenSČak Pavl, župnik v Le-
skovcu . • 26 gld. — kr
2. RadiČnik BoŠtjan, íajmoSter v
Belčovaa . . , 6 „ — -
81.
3. Earba Ivan, kaplán V dt. Jniju « 4g1d.20kr.
4. O z wal d Anton, kaplán v LibeliČah 1 „ 30 „ •
5. Petan Franc, kaplán v Št. Míheln . 2 ,, — „
6. Orešuik Jozef, ŕajmošter v Me-
hovem .....••*•• 2
7. Durí a va Jozef, kaplán v Deskli . ^ , n
8. Golj a Jozef, kaplau v Devini , . 2
9. Okom Fid, lokalist v Lokavcu • • 2
"I 10. PuŠl Anton, Šolski vodja v Belaku • 1
46 gld. 50 kr.
Kakor je viditi iz priČujoČih razkazov, seje družbina
. matica poronožila za 339 gld. avstr, veljave. Za 320 gld.
I tega dnarja bo se kupile š ti r i deržavne obligacije (vsaka
j t po 100 gld. s 5 odstotki), 19 gld. se pa Še hiani za dalje
nakupovanje deržavnib óbligacij.
^ 4* Povabilo.
jí Podpísan družbin odbor vábi vse Slovence, da bi y
A prav obilnem številu stopili v družbo s v. Mohora, ki
^ stojí pod posebnim varstvom milostljivega knezoškofa Ker-.
3^ Škega in izdaja vsako leto:
a) dvoje „slovenskí b veČernic" namenjenih za
.| priproste, kmečke Ijudí, ki bodo obsegale mične povesti,
Čedne pesmice, zanimive obraze iz življenja raznib náro-
dov, mnogotere poduke o natoroznanskih resnicah in
druge rečí zapoduk in kratek Čas mladim in starim;
b) majbon družbin „koledarČek'S ki bo zápopadal,
razun navadne pratike in drugega poduČnega in kratko-
]í Časnega berila, imenik Častititi družnikov in vse družbine
; raČune in druge naznanila; in
c) kolikor bodo pripuščale dnarne moci, še kake
r, druge bukve^ priprostemu kmetu v poduČenje ali Častiti
dabovi^čini v djansko rabo. EazpoŠiljale se bodo bnkve
j trikrát v leta po tistem potu, po kterem jib však družnik
i Slov. reSenúce. I. sr. ^
'■■ ■■ »
é2
dobivati želi. Vsi spisi , ki jíh misii družba na svitlo
dati, morajo pa v Čisti, labko umevni slovenSčIni zlo-
žení in po kakem visokoČastitem Škoíijstvu poterjeni biti.
Da si pa družba loŽe pridobí dobrih in njeni na-
meri prim^nih bukev in spisov, bo plaČevala gg. pisav-
com izvirne sostavke po 9 gld. za tiskano polo v
majfani obliki (kakor jo káže priČujoČa knjígH), poslo-
venjene pa po 6 gld.; Če se bodo pa tiskali na velikí
osmerki, jim bo dajala za polo po 3 gld. več.
.V družbo SV. Mohora moľe stopiti vsakdo brez raz-
loČka stanú in starosti. DruŽníki so pa: a) letni in
b) dosmertni.
a) Letni dnižnik postane však, kdor plaČuje vsako
leto po e nem goldinarju v dražbino dnarnico; kakor
bitro pa za kako leto ne odrajta doloČenega plaČila, neha
spet družnik bi ti za nekaj čaša ali za vselej, kakor je
njegova volja.
b) Med dosmertne družnike ali vtemeljiielje
družbe sv. Mobora se pa zapíše však, kdor plaČa v
dmžbino matico v kovanem dnarju ali v bankovcíh pet-
najst goldinarjev na enkrat ali po 7 gld. 50 kr. vsaj
dvakrát v teku enega leta; kdor bi pa svojega polo-
viČnega plaČíla v družbino matico pred pretekom vsta-
novljenega obroka ne dopolnil, zgubí pravice do.njega.
S tím plaČilom si pridobíjo dosmertni družniki pravico
do družblnih bukev za vse žive dni, Šolske in fáme buk-
■ varnice pa za yse čase svojega obstanka. Ime vsakega
dosmertnega druŽnika se vpíše v matiČni zápisník in se
mn pošije v Častno zn'amnje, da se Štejo med vtemelji-
telje družbe sv. Mobora, listina s podobo sv. Mobrora,
ki jo podpiŠeta razun vodja in tajnika vsaj Še dva druga
odborníka.
Matica je základná glavnica ali základni kapitál ,
ki se ga níkdo ne sme dotakniti ; le obresti iz matiČnega
denarja in letnina letnih družnikov se smejo obračati v
83
natiskovanje ďrožbinih bnkev in za dnige diužbine po-
trebe. NaraŠčala bo pa matica:
a) po vplaéilih dosmertnih družnikov;
b) po dobro voljnih darilih ;
c) po darilih tistih gg. pisavcov, ki draŽbi sfoje
spise brez plačila prepuščajo in
d) po tistih denarjih, ki jih bo vsako leto vergla
knpČijska razprodaja družbinih bukev.
Ako bi se družba sv. Mohora iz kakega posebnega
uzroka kedaj razvezala, ima však Živi dosmertni drnŽ-
nik pravicn do vloženega plaČila; kaj se pa imá z osta-
lim drnžbioim premoženjem zgoditi, bo razsodil z viso-
kim družbínim varhom družbin odbor.
Však éastiti ud naj naznani , po kteri poli želi pre-
jemati družbine bnkve (ali po poSti ali po sledeČih knji-
garjih : po Leonu v Celovca, Lerberjn v Ljnbljani,
Soharju v Gorici, Ferstelnn y Gradcn, L ej r er j u
v Marbargn, Geigerju v Celju, Weicingerju v
Radgoni, Zavadckimn v slov. Gradcn, Vepnstekn
v Novem mestn, S ch i m pf n v Terstn, Blaznikn v
Postojni, Dirnbôckn na Dunaja in po Županu v
Zagrebu ali po kaki drugi príložnosti, Denarji se po-
Siljajo v frankiranih listih pod naslovom: Družbi s v.
Mohora v Celovcu (Klagenfnrt).
V Celovcu 1. februaxju 1860.
I »
/•/ /
(
'I J
• * > -
V »
^ »
\. "
6*
KAZHLO.
f Strán
ly, ZgubljoBÍ, pa ^pet nigdeni sin 'l^
^ Fesem za domáce émamice '^
^ Voznik iu zadoji konj , 1^
~4v Mesar Janez Kerstnik Jezoit) Goricau . . . . ")$,
^, Mati in vnuk • « ^
1B^ Pobožná pastarica • * ^
^. Sv. Francisek in tici ,.,..•. "^31^
8* Prilike . . . "^
*^» Miklavzey 'večer • • . . • . • . ^
10« Delavno živ\jenje kersanske deyice . . . .43
11. Hvaležnost in nehvaležnost . . . . . .47
12. Zofijna cerkev y Carígradu . . , . , .50
13. Ziralsko življenje pa jnžnoroskih stepah . . ,52
14. Poltená zdravica vsim Slovencom ... .60
15. Drobné tičice naše dobrotnice « • • • . 62
16. Kar bodi za domáce potrebe • » . . • 67
y.
i
í
í
This book should be returned to
the Library on or before the last dáte
stamped below.
A fíne is incurred by retaining it
beyond the specifíed time.
Please return promptly.
|
Ayn might refer to:
Ayn, Savoie, a commune in the Savoie department in France
Ayn, Somalia, a province in northern Somalia
Ayn Rand, Russian writer
Objectivism (Ayn Rand), a gradualist philosophy
Wadi al Ayn, a wadi in Rub' al Khali, Oman |
<p>To pass a 1D array to a function, we do this:</p>
<pre><code>#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void func(int *arr, int n)
{
// code here
}
int main()
{
int arr[] = {......}; // declare array
int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
func(arr); // calling function func
return 0;
}
</code></pre>
<p>To pass a 2D array to a function, we do this: </p>
<pre><code>#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void func(int arr[][2])
{
// code here
}
int main()
{
int arr[3][2]; // declare 2D array
func(arr); // calling function func
return 0;
}
</code></pre>
<p>So while passing a pointer array to a function, can we do something like this?</p>
<pre><code>#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void func(int **arr, int n)
{
// code here
}
int main()
{
int *arr[] = {......}; // declare array of pointers
int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
func(arr, n); // calling function func
return 0;
}
</code></pre>
<p>I am confused with pointers and arrays to be honest. It took me a long time to figure out how to pass a 2D array. I tried searching other similar questions, but to no avail. Please help me with: Passing a pointer array to a function. Also, any links where I can clear the confusion will be really appreciated.</p> |
Polysexuality is a sexual orientation in which the person feels or experiences attraction to many, but not necessarily all genders. Polysexuality, not to be confused with pansexuality or omnisexuality, is under what some people would call the bisexuality umbrella, sometimes seen as non-monosexual spectrum.
References
Human sexuality
LGBT variations |
Antonio Borrometi (27 May 1953 – 19 January 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1996 until 2001. He was born in Modica, Italy. Borrometi was a member of the Italian People's Party.
Borrometi died in Bologna, Italy on 19 January 2022, at the age of 68.
References
1953 births
2022 deaths
Italian politicians |
Clinamen is the word Lucretius gave to the unpredictable swerve of atoms. He means that these atoms don't just fall down, but because of the swerve collisions happen. Lucretius wrote that without this slight swerve (atoms) would "fall like raindrops and never touch and the world would have never been made". Lucretius was the first to write about Chaos theory.
References
Physics |
BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 226
i Ř—M
broadly lanceolate, while those of C. album, L. are rhomboid.
Both species drop the larger leaves early, many of them even
before blooming. It is to this fact that I attribute the cause
of our authorities regarding them as one species; when the leaves
have fallen, so that but few of the smaller ones are left among
the flowers, they are not so readily distinguished.
(e) These distinctions are constant, the two forms do not show a
disposition to shade into one another. Among thousands of
plants observed during the last ten summers, there never has
been any doubt as to which species a given specimen belonged.
(f) C. viride, L., isa hardier plant, and a later immigrant into the
Wabash valley ; while it is annually increasing in abundance, its
congener is gradually becoming less common. :
(g) In regard to the mealiness, I have observed little constant dis-
tinction; probably C. album, L. is more mealy, especially
among the flowers. The flowers are also a little larger in this
species.—DR. J. SCHNECK.
New Species of Fungi, by Chas. H. Peck.—Puccinta MIRA-
BILISSIMA.—Spots small and dot-like or larger and subrotund, black
or plackish-brown above ; sori hypophyllous, few, small, pale reddish-
brown ; sélospores subglobose obovate or pyriform, obtuse, very mi-
nutely rough, .coog-.co13 of an inch long, .0008-.0009 of an inch
broad, pedicel colorless, easily separating from the spore when mature ;
teleulospores intermingled in the same sorus with the stylospores, ellip-
tical, obtuse, constricted at the septum, minutely rough, .0012-.0013
of an inch long, .ooo9-.oo1 of an inch broad, pedicel very long, col-
orless.
Living or languishing leaves of Berberis repens. City Creek Ca-
non, Utah, July, AZ. 2. /ones.
In this singular Puccinia both kinds of spores are intermingled in
the same sorus, but the Uredo or stylospores are much more numer-
ous than the others. They appear to be joined to their pedicels by
an articulation, and when mature they easily separate from these like
Trichobasis spores, although in general appearance they closely re-
semble the spores of many species of Uromyces. The pedicels of
the Puccinia or teleutospores are usually two or three times as long as
the spores. There are from one to six sori on a spot.
Puccinia Jonrsi1.—Spots pallid, indefinite ; Aymentferous fungus
with peridia short, crowded, wide mouthed, crenulate on the margin,
the spores subglobose, orange yellow, .0008-.001 of an inch broad ,
teleutosporous fungus with sori mostly hypophyllous, rarely a few epi-
phyllous, scattered, at first covered by the epidermis, at length exposed,
subpulverulent, black, the speres elliptical or oblong-elliptical, obtuse,
substriate, minutely rough, scarcely constricted at the septum, .co12—
0016 of an inch long, .o008—.0009 of an inch broad, the pedicel
very short.
Living leaves of Ferula multifida and Peucedanum simplex. Utah,
May and June.
227 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.
This species is respectfully dedicated to its discoverer, Prof. M. E.
Jones. He remarks concerning the form on Ferula multifida, that
the Puccinia always attacks the plant iater than the .Zeddium and that
the fungus soon kills the leaf. I find no good characters by which to
separate the form on Peucedanum simplex from the one on Ferula mul-
tifda. In both cases the Æcidium and the Puccinia occur on the
same plant and even on the same leaf. I have therefore united the
two as conditions of one species.
PUCCINIA ARNICALIS.—Spots pallid or none; sori amphigenous,
clustered, crowded or confluent, reddish-brown; shilospor es subglobose,
minutely rough, .o008—.0012 of an inch broad, reddish-brown, con
taining one or two nuclei; eleutospores intermingled with the stylo-
spores, obovate or elliptical, obtuse, scarcely constricted, minutely
rough, .0012-.0018 of an inch long. .o008—.00095 of an inch broad,
concolorous, the pedicel very shart, colorless.
Living leaves of Arnica cordifolia. Colorado. 7. S. Brandegce.
Communicated by Æ. S. Raw.
The fungus was found on plants growing at an altitude of 10,000
feet. The Puccinia spores are intermingled in the same sorus with the
Uredo spores and are of the same color with them. The latter have
no pedicels when mature. The sori occur chiefly on or near the midrib.
Puccinia TROXIMONTIS.— Spots pale or obsolete; sori ampni-
genous, scattered, reddish-brown or blackish-brown ; _ s¢y/ospores sub-
globose, minutely rough, .coo8-.0012 of an inch broad, reddish brown ;
teleutospores subelliptical, obtuse, scarcely constricted, mmutely rough,
.0011—.0014 of an inch long, .0008-.0009 of an inch broad, blackish-
brown, the pedicel short and colorless.
Living leaves of 7roximon cuspidatum. Utah. May. Jones.
This species is closely related to the preceding one, but differs
from it in its scattered sori and in having the teleutospores in distinct
and darker colored sori.
PUCCINIA ACROPHILA. —Spots brown, sometimes tinged with pur-
ple; sori scattered or crowded, reddish-brown; spores obovate or
elliptical, obtuse, constricted at the septum, rough or verruculose,
-oo11—.0013 of an inch long, .o008 of an inch broad, the pedicel short
and colorless.
Living stems and leaves of Svathyris pinnatifida Utah. Jones.
The fungus was found on plants growing at an altitude ot 12,000
feet. The sori most frequently occur at or near the tips of the leaf
segments, which suggests the specific name.
Puccinia MERTENSI#.—Spots none; sori amphigenous, red-
dish-brown, scattered or in clusters; spores elliptical, slightly con-
stricted at the septum, obtuse, rough or verruculose, .o011—.0014 of
an inch long, .c008-.0009 of an inch broad, the pedicel short and col-
orless.
Living leaves of Afertensia Sibirica, Colorado. Brandegee, Utah,
July, Jones.
The fungus occurs on plants growing at an altitude of 11,000 feet.
It is closely related to the preceding species and possibly future ob-
BOPAN LOAN G APRIETE: 228
servations may justify their union. The spores in the present species
are alittle broader and more distinctly warted or roughenéd than in
the preceeding one. ;
PUCCINIA PLUMBARIA.—Spots brown and indefinite, sometimes
none; sori mostly hypophyllous, sometimes amphigenous, orbicuiar
oblong or irregular, scattered or crowded, sometimes confluent, prom-
inent, at first covered by the epidermis and then of a peculiar lead-
color, blackish when exposed; spores obovate or elliptical, obtuse,
slightly constricted at the septum, minutely rough, .cor2—.0016 of an
inch long, .coo8-.oor of an inch broad, the pedicel very short, color-
less.
Living leaves and stems of Collomia gracilis and Phlox longifolia.
June and August Utah. Jones.
The form on Phlox has the sori more scattered and on both sides
of the leaf, otherwise I find no satisfactory mark of distinction. and
believing the two to be forms of one species I have united them.
The dark sori, while covered by the thin epidermis, have a peculiar
leaden tint which suggests the specific name.
Puccinta CALOCHORTI. — Spots blackish or none; Avmeniferous
Fungus with the peridia crowded, short, clustered, the spores subglo-
bose or angular, yellow or orange, about .ooo8 of an inch broad;
teleutosporous fungtis with sori scattered or crowded, oval or oblong,
black, the spores subelliptical, obtuse, slightly constricted at the sep-
tum, rough, .oo14-.0016 of an inch long, about .oor of an inch
broad, the pedicel short.
Living leaves of Calochortus Nittallii. Utah. June. Jones
The species is related to P. Lojkiana, but our fungus has the
spores smaller, more obtuse and not so coarsely warted. Both the
<Ecidium and the Puccinia occur on the same leaf.
Isoetes lacustris. -The following note is so interesting that we
reproduce it from Nature (April 7) and would ask our collectors to
mahe note of any similar behavior on the part of this species in our
own country :
In a paper read before the Academy of Sciences of Paris (Jan.
to, 1881.) M. E. Mer calls attention to the peculiar conditions under
which different forms of this fresh-water plant seem to originate
in the Lake of Longemer. ‘The basin of this lake was once occupied
by a glacier, and now presents several different sorts of bottom. ‘The
soil to a depth of two to three metres is composed in part of a gravel
formed of rock debris united by an tron cement, in part of ancient
moraines, or where near the surface these will be mixed with the re-
mains of plants and form a pretty tenacious mud In all these situa-
tions Isoetes is to be found, but the plants differ most remarkably
both as to their form, their structure, and their mode of reproduction
as they are found in the different habitats. ‘Taking the leaf development
as a guide, four varieties are easily discerned :—(1) Awmilis, growing
sparsely in the gravel and sterile shallows, the leaves are not only few
in number, but always of diminutive dimensions; sporange generally
wanting or represented by a small cellular mass which rarely ever
229 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.
forms a propagule, and then these with puny leaves; (2) stricta,
found on the borders of the lake or in the old alluvial, therefore in
less sterile quarters than the preceding ; leaves more numerous, stout,
but still of small size; (3) intermedia, growing on ground formed of a
mixture of mud and clay, either on the borders of the lake or ata
depth of from one to two metres; leaves quite intermediate in character
between the previous variety and the next; (4) elatior, growing on the
clayey depths, with long leaves, The first form is always found isolated,
and as to its asexual reproduction there is nothing more to be said ;
but the other three, according as they are subject to more or less
heat, present each three varieties characterized by the mode of repro-
duction. 1. Sporifera, isolated individuals, mostly furnished with well-
developed sporangia, stem large. roots numerous, leaves large. 2.
Gemmuifera, few fertile sporangia, but most of the leaves are furnished
with propagula, and these well furnished with leaves, generally dex-
tral, stem fairly developed. 3. Steris, indviduals growing in com-
pact masses, stems and roots slender, leaves not numerous, long and
narrow, fertile sporangia very rare, and more often undeveloped masses
of cells or abortive propagula. It would seem as if these facts had a
practical interest to the collector, who may find in them a guide as to
where to look tor fertile specimens.
Bebb’s Herbarium Salicuin.—We are in receipt of the
first fasciculus of Mr. M. S. Bebb’s Zerb. Salicum. Any one who has
ever seen Mr. Bebb’s specimens knows just how perfect and complete
this bundle is. In bis work towards a monograph of North American
Willows, Mr. Bebb has shown rare judgment and still rarer patience.
How else could he have undertaken to let a little light through that
dark maze of forms which meets the eye of every botanist who has
dared to look at willows? Nowhere do lines between species run so
indistinctly, in fact itcan hardly be said that there are such lines.
Now Mr. Bebb proposes to help us just where we so much need help,
and every botanist should make it a point to contribute notes and
specimens that this monograph may be as exhaustive as possible. Ac-
companying the very complete specimens of this fasciculus are full
descriptions and very many drawings of leaves and capsules, the lat-
ter enlarged to a uniform scale of twelve diameters.
We can note but a few of the many things that catch a botanist’s
eye in looking through the bundle. One of the most satisfactory re-
sults is the settling of Muhlenberg’s S. myricoides. Botanists have been
inclined to give it specific rank, or to make it a variety of S. cordata,
but Mr. Bebb shows conclusively that it is a hybrid from S. cordata
and S. sericea.
Another very interesting hybrid is that from S. petiolaris and
S. candida, species so dissimilar that a cross was hardly to be ex-
pected. In case it should become the custom to give distinct names
to such hybrids, Mr. Bebb desires to call this beautiful willow S.
Clarke?.
A new species is proposed under the name S. glaucophylla and
there seems to be no reason why it should not stand. Mr. Bebb has
|
Charleroi ( ) is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania. It lays along the Monongahela River. It is 21 miles south of Pittsburgh. Charleroi was settled in 1890 and incorporated in 1891. The 2010 census recorded a population of 4,120.
References
Other websites
Official Borough of Charleroi website
Official Charleroi Area High School website
Boroughs in Pennsylvania |
The Spartak Tennis Club is a tennis training ground near Sokolniki Park in Moscow, Russia. It has 15 outdoor clay courts, which remain closed for half of the year, and only one indoor court. Although the facilties are getting old, many top Russian tennis players trained there. These include Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin, Elena Dementieva, Dinara Safina, Anastasia Myskina, and Anna Kournikova are all graduates of Spartak.
References
Tennis
Sport in Russia |
Léon is a city in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico. About 1,150,000 people live in Léon. This makes it the seventh largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Guanajuato.
References
Cities in Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
1576 establishments
16th-century establishments in Mexico
1570s establishments in North America |
<p>I am writing a small Java program to get the amount of results for a given Google search term. For some reason, in Java I am getting a 403 Forbidden but I am getting the right results in web browsers. Code:</p>
<pre><code>import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
public class DataGetter {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
getResultAmount("test");
}
private static int getResultAmount(String query) throws IOException {
BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new URL("https://www.google.com/search?q=" + query).openConnection()
.getInputStream()));
String line;
String src = "";
while ((line = r.readLine()) != null) {
src += line;
}
System.out.println(src);
return 1;
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>And the error:</p>
<pre><code>Exception in thread "main" java.io.IOException: Server returned HTTP response code: 403 for URL: https://www.google.com/search?q=test
at sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
at DataGetter.getResultAmount(DataGetter.java:15)
at DataGetter.main(DataGetter.java:10)
</code></pre>
<p>Why is it doing this?</p> |
Neendakara is a village in Karunagappally taluk, Kollam district, Kerala, India. It is Kollam district's medium fishing port.
History
When Portuguese traders settled in Kollam in the early 16th century, their ships passed through the Neenadakara bar, now the site of Neendakara Bridge, part of National Highway 66, which connects the village to Sakthikulangara across Ashtamudi Lake.
Etymology
In Malayalam, Neendakara means "a long bank".
Norwegian Project
The headquarters of the Indo-Norwegian Fisheries Community project, established in 1953, was based in Neendakara until 1961, when the site was handed over to the Government of Kerala.
References
Other websites
Villages in Kollam district |
<p>In other words, why can't they be manually managed like a regular object? Or Did the Delphi designers just decided to use reference counting since it was needed for COM anyways?</p> |
<p>I am new in Vue.js. I want to update data from ajax data.</p>
<pre><code><template>
<span class="label_cont">This is to certify that</span> {{ name }}
</template>
</code></pre>
<p>I want to <code>{{ name }}</code> variable from ajax data. <br>
Here is my js code</p>
<pre><code>export default{
created(){
const url = 'app/result.php';
this.$http.get(url).then(response => {
this.resp = response.body;
});
},
data(){
return {
resp:[],
name: resp.name,
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>In my ajax <code>name</code> property is in <code>this.resp.name</code></p>
<p><strong>Update:</strong></p>
<p>Here is my ajax response data format</p>
<pre><code>{
"name": "X",
"class": "Y",
"roll": "Z"
}
</code></pre> |
Vigo is an industrial city and a municipality in the province of Pontevedra, within the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is on the Atlantic Ocean.
It is the second largest city by population in Galicia, after A Coruña.
The city has an area of and 295,364 people lived here in 2019, is the most populous municipality in Galicia.
References
Municipalities in Galicia
Cities in Galicia |
Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, (née Catlin; 27 July 1930 – 12 April 2021) was a retired British politician.
Williams was originally a Labour MP - first elected to the House of Commons in 1964 - but left to found the Social Democratic Party (later the Liberal Democrats) in 1981. She served in government through the 1960s and 70s, but was defeated as an MP in 1983. She was awarded a life peerage in 1993 and retired in 2016. She was made a Companion of Honour in 2017.
Williams was the daughter of the author Vera Brittain and Sir George Catlin. She died on 12 April 2021, aged 90.
References
1930 births
2021 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Columbia University alumni
English Roman Catholics
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Harvard University faculty
Journalists from London
Members of the House of Lords
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Social Democratic Party MPs (UK)
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
Politicians from London
Women politicians |
Reserve is a village in Catron County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 289 as of the 2010 census.
References
Villages in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico |
Dominica was first at the Olympic Games in 1996. They have been in each Games since then. Dominica has not received any medals at the Olympic Games.
The Dominica Olympic Committee was formed in 1993 and recognized in 1998.
Dominica has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.
Olympic table Summer
Related pages
List of IOC country codes
References
Other websites
Dominica profile at London2012.com
Dominica
Nations at the Olympics |
<p>I've run into this issue before, but I can't remember how to solve it. I have created a bare bones (can't get any simpler) controller, and am just trying to echo something to the browser, and I am getting this message:</p>
<pre><code>Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Zend_Session_Exception' with message 'Session must be started before any output has been sent to the browser ...
</code></pre>
<p>Here's my <strong>entire</strong> controller. It's displaying 'success', but it also displays the error message. How can I silence that error message so I can simply echo something to the browser?</p>
<pre><code><?php
class CacheController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
public function clearAction()
{
$this->_helper->layout->disableLayout();
$this->_helper->viewRenderer->setNoRender();
try {
$result = Model_Cache::emptyCache(array('foobar'=>1));
if ($result['status'] == true) {
echo 'Success';
} else {
echo 'Error: ' . $result['message'];
}
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'Error: ' . $e->getMessage();
}
}
}
</code></pre> |
Baramulla () is a district in Kashmir.
Tehsils of Baramullah
Bandipora Tehsil
Baramulla Tehsil
Pattan Tehsil
Sopore Tehsil
Tanghmarg Tehsil
Rohama Tehsil (Rafiabad)
Uri Tehsil
Districts of Jammu and Kashmir |
<p>I'm wondering if it's possible to append members to a C++ union in a subclass. </p>
<pre><code>class A {
...
union { int a; int b; };
};
class B : public A {
...
int c; //<- Can this use the same storage as the union?
};
</code></pre>
<p>A more concrete example would be the idea of a tagged union, where you'd like to have a subclass that adds a type to the union. </p> |
<p>I'm trying to write more ternary operators for if statements to practice, and I'm getting stuck on turning this into a ternary operator and need a bit of help.</p>
<p>I'm trying to animate the fade in and out of my status, navigation bar, toolbar, and a textslider.</p>
<p>I have: </p>
<pre><code>var isHidden = false
@objc func textViewTapped(_ sender: UIGestureRecognizer) {
navigationController!.setNavigationBarHidden(!isHidden, animated: false)
isHidden = navigationController!.isNavigationBarHidden
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.5, animations: {
self.toolbar.isHidden = self.toolbar.isHidden ? false : true
self.textSlider.isHidden = self.textSlider.isHidden ? false : true
self.setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate()
}, completion: nil)
}
</code></pre>
<p>As you can see, I got the toolbar and textSlider to work as a ternary operator. I need help converting this bit:</p>
<pre><code>navigationController!.setNavigationBarHidden(!isHidden, animated: false)
isHidden = navigationController!.isNavigationBarHidden
</code></pre>
<p>This is getting into views I can't see and I'm getting twisted up trying to convert it.</p> |
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There is a children's novel by Lewis Carroll. John Tenniel drew the pictures. The book was published by Macmillan in 1871. It is a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
The book is a series of dream-like fantasy episodes. The theme which ties them together is Alice's journey as a pawn from the start of a fantasy game of chess until she reaches the eighth rank and becomes a queen.
The story is about the strange world Alice discovers when she passes through a looking-glass (mirror) above a fireplace at home. The setting is a game of chess. Well known characters from the book include Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Walrus and the Carpenter, the White Knight, and the Garden of Live Flowers.
Alice meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of her ability to remember future events. Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a stream together. At the moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers". Unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing. Thus (for a change) the Queen/Sheep was speaking in a perfectly logical and meaningful way.
The book has several famous nonsense poems, such as Jabberwocky and The Walrus and the Carpenter. and many examples of word play such as puns and made-up words, in addition to portmanteau words.
English novels
Books by Lewis Carroll
Fantasy books
Children's books
English-language novels
1871 books |
Ranoidea kumae is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in Southern Highlands Province. Scientists saw it in the Kikori River Basin and they may have also seen it in the Strickland River, always at least 100 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs
Animals of Oceania |
<p>If I have an applescript snippet such as this</p>
<pre><code>tell application "Finder"
set thePath to (POSIX path of (path to application "MyApp"))
end tell
</code></pre>
<p>it will return to me</p>
<p>"/Applications/MyApp.app"</p>
<p>Now, what I can't seem to figure out is how to instead specify "MyApp" via a variable rather than the literal. </p>
<p>My applescript reads in some XML values, one of them being the name of the application I'm interesting in. I've tried this:</p>
<pre><code>tell application "Finder"
set thePath to (POSIX path of (path to application someVariable))
end tell
</code></pre>
<p>but this simply tells me the error</p>
<p>"Finder got an error: Can't make application "MyApp" into type constant."</p>
<p>Any ideas how I can do this?</p> |
Gareth Frank Bale (born 16 July 1989) is a Welsh footballer who currently plays for Tottenham Hotspur, on loan from Real Madrid.
Career statistics
Club
1 Includes Football League Championship play-offs, Supercopa de España, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.
2 The Spurs goal tally excludes the goal scored against Fulham on 6 November 2011, later ruled as an own goal
International
Honours
Club
Southampton Academy
Premier Academy League: 2005–06
Tottenham Hotspur
League Cup: 2009 runner-up
Real Madrid
Copa del Rey: 2013–14
UEFA Champions League: 2013–14
UEFA Super Cup: 2014, 2016
UEFA Champions League: 2015-16
UEFA Champions League: 2017-18
Individual
Football League Championship PFA Team of the Year: 2006–07
Football League Young Player of the Year: 2007
FAW Young Player of the Year: 2007
FA Cup Player of the Round: 2009–10 5th Round
Tottenham Hotspur Young Player of the Year: 2009–10, 2010–11
Tottenham Hotspur 'Player Of The Year': 2012–13
Wales Player of the Year Award: 2010, 2011
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 2010
BBC Wales Carwyn James Junior Sportsman of the Year: 2006
Premier League PFA Team of the Year: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
FWA Footballer of the Year: 2012–13
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11, 2012–13
PFA Young Player of the Year: 2012–13
UEFA Team of the Year: 2011, 2013
Premier League Player of the Month: April 2010, January 2012, February 2013
References
Other websites
Real Madrid profile
Premier League profile
1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cardiff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Welsh footballers |
In biology, mimicry is when a species evolves features similar to another. Either one or both are protected when a third species cannot tell them apart. Often, these features are visual; one species looks like another; but similarities of sound, smell and behaviour may also make the fraud seem more real.
Mimicry is related to camouflage, and to warning signals, in which species manipulate or deceive other species which might do them harm. Although mimicry is mainly a defence against predators, sometimes predators also use mimicry, and fool their prey into feeling safe.
Mimicry happens in both animal and plant species. The mimic is the species which looks like the model. The model may be living, or not. Whole groups of animals go in for mimicry as a life style, such as mantids, leaf insects or stick insects. Camouflage, in which a species looks similar to its surroundings, is a form of visual mimicry.
There are far more insect mimics than any other class of animal, but then there are far more insects than other types of animals. Indeed, 75% of all animals which have been described and named, are insects. Many other kinds of animal mimics are known, including fish, plants and even fungi, though less research has been done on these.
Mimicry evolves because the species that are better at mimicking survive to produce more offspring than the species that are worse at mimicking. The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species. Over time, mimic species get closer to their models. This is the process of evolution by natural selection.
Avoiding detection
Since most higher animals have relatively good eyesight, they use it to find what they want. Both herbivores (animals which eat plants), and predators (animals which hunt and eat other animals), use sight to find their food. Prey need to avoid being eaten by predators. Their best chance is to avoid being seen. Usually, they need camouflage. With camouflage, an animal looks like its background, and so is more difficult to see. This is achieved in various ways:
1. Background matching, by colour and shape.
2. Disruptive colouration, which breaks up the body outline.
3. Countershading, which flattens the appearance. Most animals have a dark back, and a light underside: this is countershading. It counters the normal effect of light from above, and makes the body shape less visible.
4. Transparency and silvering, found mostly in animals living in water.
Behaviour
Both camouflage and mimicry work best when a predator is searching from a distance. When the predator gets close to the prey, and they are sure to be found, some prey switch methods, and flee (run away) or fight back. This behaviour is almost always instinctive. In any event, whether cryptic (hidden) or not, the prey's behaviour must match its mimicry. If it looks like a leaf twisting in the wind, then it has to twist in the wind. Almost all forms of mimicry involve appropriate behaviour to reinforce the visual impression.
Signalling
Not all animals use camouflage because there are situations where it is good to show themselves off. One case is the need to find and keep a mate. Many male animals have some bright colours during the mating season, or change their behaviour and come out into the open. Without this, they might not succeed in mating. Their females, on the other hand, are usually dowdy and camouflaged. This pattern occurs in almost all animals where the male displays and the female chooses. There is at least one good reason the female stays camouflaged. The moment she is fertilized she carries the precious cargo: the eggs that will form part of the next generation.
Warning colouration
Animals that are dangerous, or foul to eat, usually advertise the fact. This is called warning or aposematic colouration. It is the exact opposite of camouflage. Warning colours are vivid, often some of black, white, red, yellow.
Tests show that warning colours definitely do deter predators.
Some individual animals will die or receive damage while birds or mammals on the attack learn about the connection between colour and taste. However, if warning costs less than hiding, the animal benefits. And the advertising traits such as colours may serve other functions as well. The patterns may help mate identification within the species, for instance.
The fact that some animals are genuinely dangerous or noxious (disgusting) to eat gives the opportunity for mimicry based on warning colouration: Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.
Müllerian mimicry
In Müllerian mimicry, some species with warning colouration come to look like each other. English naturalist Henry Walter Bates first noticed that some distasteful butterflies resembled one another, which he wrote about in 1862. However, he did not give a good explanation; that was left to German naturalist Fritz Müller in 1878. Müller's explanation was simple: Both species benefit from a common pattern. They share the cost of predators learning of their foul taste. Only one learning experience per predator might well be enough to deter it from eating both species.
The butterflies Bates, Wallace and Müller watched and collected were brightly coloured and slow-moving. They often flew in groups which were highly visible. Despite this, they were avoided by birds. This is typical of aposematic (warning) colouration. The colouring of some species from the same area was so perfect that even experienced naturalists could not tell them apart on the wing.
Once they were collected, and set out on a board so the details could be seen, it became clear they were not all of the same species, and often not from the same biological families. The similar warning colours of hornets, wasps and some bees is Müllerian if they live in the same geographical region, so that a predator might, before learning, choose any of them.
Tests show that birds do learn what to eat by sampling when they are young. All aspects of this situation have been the subject of research. Field and experimental work on these ideas continues to this day.
Batesian mimicry
In Batesian mimicry, the mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat. As he was exploring the Amazon valley in the 1850s, Bates collected butterflies. He saw how some harmless butterflies looked like other species which were toxic. Birds avoided them, so the mimics survived even though they were good food. This was the first scientific account of mimicry.
Hoverflies often visit flowers to feed on nectar. They are harmless insects which often mimic wasps and bees. They also fly in a slow, erratic fashion, rather like wasps and bees. Often their mimicry is not perfect, and you can easily tell them apart once they have settled. However, even an imperfect mimic might cause a bird to hesitate, and that may save their life.
Biologists still do research on Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. They study how the models differ in their foul taste; and what happens when the ratio of mimics to models varies. Quite often, it is only the female which is a mimic; the male carries the normal appearance of its genus. The females need more protection, while the males need to mate. A more subtle reason is that it halves the number of mimics, and so bolsters the effectiveness of the mimicry. Batesian mimicry might damage the warning effect if the frequency of mimics became high, because more young birds would taste them and be encouraged to try again. The benefit of warning declines if there are more mimics.
This may explain cases such as Papilio dardanus, an African swallowtail, whose females mimic a number of unpalatable species from the Danaidae: survival is higher when each mimetic form is rare relative to its model. The advantage is probably greater for the females, because males do not show the mimetic patterns; sexual selection probably helps to maintain this difference. These, and other issues, have been researched for many years.
With this type of insect the life is split into stages (see complete metamorphosis). The larva is the growth stage, the adult is the reproductive stage. The larvae, too, show camouflage, aposematic colour and mimicry. It is the larvae that pick up the offensive chemicals from the plants they feed on. However, larvae do not show differences between male and female, because reproduction is not their function.
Mimicry rings
In tropical countries, field research has shown that there are large numbers of species involved in mimicry. 54 species of Heliconius are recognised, with over 700 named colour forms. There are four (or perhaps five) assemblages of butterflies, which include the heliconiines and their mimics. These 'mimicry rings' are called tiger, red, blue and orange for short. Members of each ring tend to roost together at night, fly to similar habitats and at the same time of year. Mimicry rings include both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.
Vavilovian mimicry
Vavilovian mimicry occurs in plants where a weed comes to look like a crop plant. It is named after Nikolai Vavilov, a Russian plant breeder who discovered the idea. Before herbicides, weeds were plucked by hand. This has been done for thousands of years. The weeds come to look like the crop because the weeders pick those weeds which look most different. Vavilovian mimicry is caused by unintentional selection by humans. The weeds that survive pass on their genes. Gradually, all the weeds look more like the crop plant.
An example is rye, a common Mediterranean species. Rye was originally just a weed growing with wheat and barley. Weeding made it like the crop. Like wheat, it came to have larger seeds and more rigid spindles to which the seeds are attached. Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
Aggressive mimicry
This type of mimicry is quite common. It is the bible metaphor of the wolf in sheep's clothing. The mimicry works to entice a victim, who is then eaten, or otherwise taken advantage of. Angler fish, insectivorous plants and the cuckoo are all examples. All these groups are widespread, and there is no doubt that the aggressive mimicry is a successful life-style.
The next two examples introduce another metaphor, that of the siren. The Australian katydid Chlorobalius leucoviridis can attract male cicadas by imitating the species-specific reply clicks of sexually receptive female cicadas. Playback experiments show that C. leucoviridis is able to attract males of many cicada species, even though cicada mating signals are species-specific.
Female fireflies of the genus Photuris emit the same light signals that females of other genera use as a mating signal. Further research showed male fireflies from several different genera are attracted to these mimics, and are subsequently captured and eaten. Female signals are based on that received from the male, each female having a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the female of the corresponding species.
Luring is not a necessary condition however, as the predator may have a significant advantage by not being identified as such. They may resemble a mutualistic symbiont or a species of little relevance to the prey.
Aggressive mimicry may be used by some parasites as a means of getting to their next host. A parasitic trematode (flatworm) lives in the gut of songbirds. Their eggs pass out, and are then eaten by a snail which lives in moist environments. The eggs develop into larvae inside this second host. Unlike related species, these larvae are brightly coloured and able to pulsate. A sac full of spores forces its way into the snail's eye stalks, and pulsates at high speed. This causes the tentacle to enlarge. It also affects the host's behaviour: the snail moves towards light, which it usually avoids. These factors make the sporocysts highly conspicuous, and they are soon eaten by a hungry songbird. The snail then regenerates its eye stalks, and carries on with its life cycle.p134
Cleaner fish are the allies of many other species, which allow them to eat their parasites and dead skin. Some allow the cleaner to go inside their mouth to hunt these parasites. One species of cleaner, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), shown to the right cleaning a grouper, lives in coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is recognized by other fish who allow it to clean them.
Its imposter, the mimetic sabre-toothed blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus), also lives in the Indian Ocean. It not only looks like the wrasse in terms of size and colour, but even mimics the cleaner's 'dance'. After fooling its prey into letting its guard down, the blenny then bites it, tearing off a piece of its fin before fleeing the scene. Fish attacked in this manner soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they become much more cautious of the model as well. Due to victim's ability to discriminate between foe and helper, the blennies have evolved close similarity, right down to the regional level.
Inside a species
A phenomenon sometimes called auto-mimicry is when the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. An example is the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus, which feeds on milkweed plants. The butterflies store toxins from the plant, which they maintain even in their adult forms. As the levels of toxin vary depending on diet during the larval stage, some monarchs will be more toxic than others.
Less palatable individuals can be thought of as mimics of the more dangerous individuals. They carry exactly the same warning colours as the more toxic individuals, but their punishment for predators is weaker. In species where one sex may be more of a threat than the other, if the two sexes look alike one can protect the other. Evidence came from a monkey from Gabon, which regularly ate male moths of the genus Anaphe, but promptly stopped after it tasted a noxious female.
False parts
It is common for small prey animals to make their head less visible. Some also make the least vital part of their body look like a head. This, like the eye-spots on some butterflies, is a deflection technique. A peck or bite on the false head will just be an inconvenience, whereas a peck on the head would be fatal.
Combined tactics
Many animals use more than one type of mimicry. This is seen in butterflies, who usually rest with wings folded upwards. They usually have different patterns on the underside of wings. The underside may be cryptic, while the upper side has some warning pattern. Moths, which rest with wings horizontal, may have different patterns on the rear wings. The rear wings are normally covered by the front wings at rest, but can be revealed if the moth is disturbed. This tactic occurs in moths which are active in daytime or twilight. The scarlet tiger moth uses both camouflage and warning colour according to its situation. It is a fine example of how behaviour and mimicry work together.
Fossil history
The earliest known example of leaf mimicry among insects has been found in the Middle Jurassic of 165 million years ago. The insects are lacewings (Neuroptera), and the leaves are from cycads or related gymnosperms. This is interesting because it shows this type of mimicry evolved long before flowering plants arose.
Examples
Related pages
Defence against predators
Defence against herbivory
Startle defence
Co-evolution
References
Further reading
Forbes, Peter 2009. Dazzled and deceived: mimicry and camouflage. Yale, New Haven & London. ISBN 978-0-300-12539-9.
Other websites
Warning colour and mimicry Lecture outline from James Mallet, Professor of Biological Diversity at University College London.
Ecology |
Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor. It is found on fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. They are typically large bulky tumors. Liposarcomas, like all sarcomas, are rare.
References
Cancer |
<p>I am using the Select2 plugin to add the search feature to my dropdowns. However, I want the font style of these drop downs to be set to the same font as my other fields: <code>font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;</code></p>
<p>My 'Select' HTML:</p>
<pre><code><label>Department</label>
<select class='js-example-basic-single' name="department" id="department" required>
<option value="Dep 1">Dep 1 </option>
<option value="Dep 2">Dep 2 </option> etc.....
</select>
</code></pre>
<p>My JavaScript:</p>
<pre><code>$(document).ready(function() {
$(".js-example-basic-single").select2({
placeholder: "Please Select an option",
allowClear: true
});
});
</code></pre>
<p>I'm sure there is an easy answer to this, but couldn't seem to find one. </p> |
Rafael Gómez Nieto (21 January 1921 – 31 March 2020) was a Spanish soldier. He was a veteran of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. He was born in Almería, Andalusia. He fought with "Lleva del Biberó" and was part of the Battle of the Ebro with Spanish Republican Army.
After the war, he went to France where he was kept in the Saint-Cyprien camp. Four months later he was able to reach Algeria with his father, who was in the Argelés internment camp. After the invasion of North Africa by the Allies during World War II, he became part of the 9th Company (La Nueve) of the 2nd Armored Division that.
He died on 31 March 2020 in a nursing home in Strasbourg (France) from COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic. He was the last living survivor of La Nueve.
References
1921 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
Spanish military people |
Alice is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States.
Cities in North Dakota |
Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell (9 April 1906 – 18 January 1963) was a British politician, and leader of the Labour Party 1955–1963. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer under Clement Attlee. He read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at New College, University of Oxford. After an academic career at University College London he became the MP for Leeds South in 1945.
Other websites
British politicians
1906 births
1963 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer |
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<p>I have an application separated in various OSGI bundles which run on a single Apache Karaf instance. However, I want to migrate to a microservice framework because</p>
<ul>
<li>Apache Karaf is pretty tough to set up due its dependency mechanism and</li>
<li>I want to be able to bring the application later to the cloud (AWS, GCloud, whatever)</li>
</ul>
<p>I did some research, had a look at various frameworks and concluded that Quarkus might be the right choice due to its container-based approach, the performance and possible cloud integration opportunities.</p>
<p>Now, I am struggeling at one point and I didn't find a solution so far, but maybe I also might have a misunderstanding here: my plan is to migrate almost every OSGI bundle of my application into a separate microservice. In that way, I would be able to scale horizontally only the services for which this is necessary and I could also update/deploy them separately without having to restart the whole application. Thus, I assume that every service needs to run in a separate Quarkus instance. However, Quarkus does not not seem to support this out of the box?!? Instead I would need to create a separate configuration for each Quarkus instance.</p>
<p>Is this really the way to go? How can the services discover each other? And is there a way that a service A can communicate with a service B not only via REST calls but also use objects of classes and methods of service B incorporating a dependency to service B for service A?</p>
<p>Thanks a lot for any ideas on this!</p> |
Sir John Grey Gorton (9 September 1911 – 19 May 2002) was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. He was elected Liberal Party leader after Harold Holt was drowned. He was a fighter pilot during the Second World War and had a battle scarred face. He said he was "Australian to the bootheels".
Bettina Brown married Gorton in 1935. She died in 1983. Then, in 1993, Gorton married Nancy Home.
Prime Minister of Australia
As Prime Minister he said he wanted to help Australian movies and the arts. His government set up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. His government made men and women get equal pay for equal work. His government increased pensions and allowances and education scholarships and provided free health care to 250,000 poor people (but not universal health care). His private secretary was businesswoman Ainsley Gotto.
Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970 - the beginning of the end of Australia being in the war. He had good relations with U.S. President Richard Nixon and with Britain's Prime Ministers, but this was a time when Australia was starting to move closer to Asia.
Gorton was popular with lots of ordinary people, but not a good manager of other people in his party. State Liberal leaders did not like that he was moving more power to Canberra (the national capital) and some other Liberals did not like his policies or personal behaviour. The Liberals lost votes in the 1969 election and the half-senate election in 1970. In 1971, the Defence Minister, Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". The Liberal party split 50/50 over a vote to replace him and he decided not to vote for himself and resigned as their leader. So he also stopped being Prime Minister. Gorton never forgave Malcolm Fraser.
Afterwards
William McMahon became Prime Minister and Gorton became Defence Minister from March to August, 1971. But Gorton wrote articles for the newspapers about his time in office - headed: "I did it my way" - and McMahon got him to resign. After Gough Whitlam's Labor Party won in 1972, Liberal leader Billy Snedden made Gorton the Opposition Spokesman for the Environment. Gorton then supported abortion and got Parliament to say that homosexuality should be legal.
When Malcolm Fraser became leader of the Liberal Party, Gorton walked out of the party room. A month later he resigned from the party. Then he tried to get elected an indepedent to the Senate in 1975. Gorton was unhappy with the way the Governor General sacked Gough Whitlam and the way Malcolm Fraser became Prime Minister, so he said people should vote Labor in 1975. He then retired from politics but worked in radio and supported things like drug law changes. With Fraser gone, John Howard's Liberal Party got Gorton back in the party and had a special gala dinner in Canberra in 1999. In 2001, a big party was held for his 90th birthday. It was organised by some of his old Liberal and National Party friends, but there were also messages from the Queen, U.S. and British leaders and all the Labor Prime Ministers of Australia.
He died in Sydney in 2002.
References
1911 births
2002 deaths
Aviators
Government ministers of Australia
Independent politicians in Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
World War II people |
<pre><code>Table X
First Name Last Name Job
---------- --------- ---
CHIN JACK A
GREEN JAMES B
Table Y
First Name Last Name Job
---------- --------- ---
CHIN JACK D
GREEN JAMES B
RESULT
------
First Name Last Name Job
---------- --------- ---
CHIN JACK >> A << --(first row from Table X)
CHIN JACK >> D << --(first row from Table Y)
>> CHIN << >> JACK << >> A << --(first row from Table X)
>> GREEN << >> JAMES << >> B << --(second row from Table Y)
>> GREEN << >> JAMES << >> B << --(second row from Table X)
>> CHIN << >> JACK << >> D << --(first row from Table Y)
GREEN JAMES B --(second row from Table X)
GREEN JAMES B --(second row from Table Y)
</code></pre>
<p>I am trying to compare rows from two tables on a column by column basis. If there is a mismatch in column values between two tables I highlight it by appending '>> <<' for the mismatch field in both tables TableX and TableY in the result table. Result table has row from TableX and TableY alternately. Please see the result table to get a better idea on my expected result.</p>
<p>Last two tables of the result set is optional. I am okay with having it or not having it.</p>
<p>This query is what I initially thought of but it doesn't give rows from two tables alternately and it takes into account only column values in TableX
Is there a possible way to write a query to achieve the result table. Please advise.</p>
<pre><code>SELECT
CASE
WHEN x.firstname = y.firstname THEN x.firstname
ELSE '>> '+x.firstname+' <<'
END FirstName,
CASE
WHEN x.lastname = y.lastname THEN x.lastname
ELSE '>> '+x.lastname+' <<'
END LastName,
CASE
WHEN x.job = y.job THEN x.job
ELSE '>> '+x.job+' <<'
END Job
FROM
TableX x
JOIN
TableY y
ON x.firstname <> y.firstname
OR x.lastname <> y.lastname
OR x.job <> y.job
</code></pre>
<p>Improvement
I figured out a query that very much resembles my expected result. I achieved it by adding a new column 'Company' who values is always the same in TableX and TableY. So now the table looks like</p>
<p>Table X</p>
<pre><code>Company First Name Last Name Job
------- ---------- --------- ---
C CHIN JACK A
C GREEN JAMES B
</code></pre>
<p>Table Y</p>
<pre><code>Company First Name Last Name Job
------- ---------- --------- ---
T CHIN JACK D
T GREEN JAMES B
</code></pre>
<p>And this is my new query</p>
<pre><code> SELECT
*
FROM
(
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY x.Company) as RowNumber,
1 AS 'RowOrder',
x.TableName,
CASE
WHEN x.firstname = y.firstname THEN x.firstname
ELSE '>> '+x.firstname+' <<'
END FirstName,
CASE
WHEN x.LastName = y.LastName THEN x.LastName
ELSE '>> '+x.LastName+' <<'
END LastName,
CASE
WHEN x.Job = y.Job THEN x.Job
ELSE '>> '+x.Job+' <<'
END Job
FROM
#tableX x
JOIN #tableY y
ON x.FirstName <> y.FirstName
OR x.LastName <> y.LastName
OR x.Job <> y.Job
UNION ALL
SELECT
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY y.Company) as RowNumber,
2 AS 'RowOrder',
y.TableName,
CASE
WHEN x.firstname = y.firstname THEN y.firstname
ELSE '>> '+y.firstname+' <<'
END FirstName,
CASE
WHEN x.LastName = y.LastName THEN y.LastName
ELSE '>> '+y.LastName+' <<'
END LastName,
CASE
WHEN x.Job = y.Job THEN y.Job
ELSE '>> '+y.Job+' <<'
END Job
FROM
#tableX x
JOIN #tableY y
ON x.FirstName <> y.FirstName
OR x.LastName <> y.LastName
OR x.Job <> y.Job
) rt
ORDER BY rt.RowNumber, rt.RowOrder
</code></pre>
<p>Now the problem is that the join in the second select statement inside braces scrambles the order in which the rows are displayed. This results in wrong ordering of rows in the final result. Please find the final result below. You can also find the individual select statements inside the braces. The last table in the picture gives the rows in scrambled order which messes up the final result.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/k8jIM.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Final result, result from first select statement, result from second select statement</a></p> |
Edward G. Robinson (born Emanuel Goldenberg; December 12, 1893 – January 26, 1973) was a Romanian-American actor. He was known for his roles as Rico in Little Caesar and as Rocco in Key Largo. Other well-known roles include Barton Keyes in the movie Double Indemnity, Dathan in The Ten Commandments, and his final role as Sol Roth in Soylent Green. He won an honorary Academy Award in 1973, two months after his death. He was listed in the 25 Greatest Male Actors of All Time.
Early life
Robinson was born on December 12, 1893 in Bucharest, Romania to a Jewish-Yiddish family. After his brother was attacked by the Mafia, Robinson and his family moved to New York City in February 1903.
Education
He studied at Townsend Harris High School and at City College of New York. He then studied to become an actor at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His career began in 1913, ten years after moving to the United States.
Personal life
Robinson was married to Gladys Lloyd from 1927 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Jane Robinson from 1958 until his death in 1973. He had one son with Gladys and one step-daughter from his last marriage. Robinson was a Liberal Democrat.
Death
Robinson died on January 26, 1973 in his home in Los Angeles, California from bladder cancer, aged 79. He was buried at Beth-El Cemetery in Queens, New York.
References
Other websites
Photographs and literature
1893 births
1973 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from New York City
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Bucharest |
Nadya Denise Suleman (or Natalie Denise Suleman; born on July 11, 1975), called Octomom in the media, is an American mother. She came to worldwide attention in January 2009 when she gave birth to octuplets (eight babies).
Public reaction became very negative, however, when it was discovered she already had six children and was not employed. She also received welfare. Suleman conceived the octuplets through in vitro fertilization.
Suleman is also a dancer.
References
People from California
American dancers
1975 births
Living people |
Roman Sitko (1880-1942) is a Catholic blessed. He was a Polish priest that worked in Poland in Tarnów and Mielec. He died in Auschwitz.
1880 births
1942 deaths |
<p>There are a few threads on this topic already, but unfortunately I couldn't solve my problem.</p>
<p>I have 2 tabs. When one tab is finished I want to update another one. </p>
<p>I tried the following in the first FragmentTab:</p>
<pre><code>@UiThread
void updateGallery() {
FragmentTransaction ft = getFragmentManager().beginTransaction();
ft.replace(R.layout.gallery_layout, new GalleryFragment());
ft.commit();
}
</code></pre>
<p>I get the following exception:</p>
<pre><code>01-04 02:27:51.805: E/AndroidRuntime(28235): java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No view found for id 0x7f030002 for fragment GalleryFragment{41d7dcf0 #4 id=0x7f030002}
</code></pre>
<p>and</p>
<pre><code>@UiThread
void updateGallery() {
// returns null (ById does also return null)
GalleryFragment frg = (GalleryFragment) getFragmentManager().findFragmentByTag("Gallery");
frg.init();
}
</code></pre>
<p>and I also tried to update the necessary data directly:</p>
<pre><code>GalleryFragment gf = new GalleryFragment();
gf.setImageUrls(findDocumentListAll());
gf.getDocumentAdapter().notifyDataSetChanged(); // returns nullpointerexception
</code></pre>
<p>From what I read so far the problem may be that I never add a <code><fragment></code> in my <code>main.xml</code>(MainActivity.java) but add them in my <code>MainActivity</code>like this:</p>
<pre><code>MainActivity.AddTab(this, this.mTabHost, this.mTabHost.newTabSpec("Gallery").setIndicator("", getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.gallery)));
MainActivity.AddTab(this, this.mTabHost, this.mTabHost.newTabSpec("Camera").setIndicator("", getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.camera)));
mTabHost.setOnTabChangedListener(this);
mAdapter = new TabsPagerAdapter(getSupportFragmentManager());
mViewPager.setAdapter(mAdapter);
mViewPager.setOnPageChangeListener(MainActivity.this);
</code></pre>
<p>with the Tab Definition in my Adapter like:</p>
<pre><code>@Override
public Fragment getItem(int index) {
switch (index) {
case 0:
return new GalleryFragment_();
case 1:
return new CameraFragment_();
// ...
}
</code></pre>
<p>I'm not sure if that matters, but I always use the <code>android.support.v4.app.Fragment;</code> and not the <code>android.app.Fragment;</code></p> |
(from German poltern, meaning to rumble or make noise, and Geist, meaning "ghost", "spirit", or "embodiment") is a spirit or ghost that is able to move and influence objects. Poltergeists are said to be invisible.
Poltergeists are said to bother only one person at a time. This person is called their "focus". Poltergeists will bother only their focus. They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents. Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis. They think that the "poltergeist effect" is a result of mental trauma.
Media
There is a 1982 movie called Poltergeist.
In Harry Potter there is a poltergeist named Peeves. However, Peeves is not a classic poltergeist. He can be seen and does not focus on bothering just one person.
References
Other websites
Poltergeist: The Legacy Website
Dehaunting Techniques
International Journal of Parapsychology
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research
Skeptic's Dictionary
1926 silent short film of the Eleonora Zugun poltergeist case On YouTube, with German title cards.
Folklore |
<p>I have the following json object that I am trying to extract some value - <code>name</code> field under the <code>items</code> list.</p>
<pre><code>{
"apiVersion":"aquasecurity.github.io/v1alpha1",
"items":[
{
"apiVersion":"aquasecurity.github.io/v1alpha1",
"kind":"VulnerabilityReport",
"metadata":{
"annotations":{
"trivy-operator.aquasecurity.github.io/report-ttl":"730h0m0s"
},
"name":"cronjob-eks-upgrade-notifier-eks-upgrade-notifier",
"namespace":"devops",
"resourceVersion":"174823549",
"uid":"c93d513a-a940-4c5c-a8ec-f83a9b67b2cd"
},
"report":{
"artifact":{
"repository":"myrepo/k8s-eks-upgrade-agent",
"tag":"9478954"
},
"registry":{
"server":"<account-id>.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com"
},
"scanner":{
"name":"Trivy",
"vendor":"Aqua Security",
"version":"0.30.0"
},
"summary":{
"criticalCount":1,
"highCount":4,
"lowCount":0,
"mediumCount":0,
"noneCount":0,
"unknownCount":0
},
"updateTimestamp":"2022-09-05T15:02:24Z",
"vulnerabilities":[
{
"fixedVersion":"1.35.0-r15",
"installedVersion":"1.35.0-r13",
"links":[
],
"primaryLink":"https://avd.aquasec.com/nvd/cve-2022-30065",
"resource":"busybox",
"score":6.2,
"severity":"HIGH",
"target":"",
"title":"busybox: A use-after-free in Busybox's awk applet leads to denial of service",
"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2022-30065"
}
]
}
},
{
"apiVersion":"aquasecurity.github.io/v1alpha1",
"kind":"VulnerabilityReport",
"metadata":{
"annotations":{
"trivy-operator.aquasecurity.github.io/report-ttl":"730h0m0s"
},
"name":"replicaset-bg-cm-operator-b9f798f4-bg-cm-operator",
"namespace":"devops",
"resourceVersion":"175193254",
"uid":"b9c9830e-95f0-45e9-871c-d0ccef97abcb"
},
"report":{
"artifact":{
"repository":"myrepo7/k8s-blue-green-cm-operator",
"tag":"5c7cbca"
},
"registry":{
"server":"<account-id>.dkr.ecr.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com"
},
"scanner":{
"name":"Trivy",
"vendor":"Aqua Security",
"version":"0.30.0"
},
"summary":{
"criticalCount":1,
"highCount":5,
"lowCount":0,
"mediumCount":0,
"noneCount":0,
"unknownCount":0
},
"updateTimestamp":"2022-09-06T06:26:24Z",
"vulnerabilities":[
{
"fixedVersion":"1.3.2-r1",
"installedVersion":"1.3.2-r0",
"links":[
],
"primaryLink":"https://avd.aquasec.com/nvd/cve-2021-46828",
"resource":"libtirpc",
"score":7.5,
"severity":"HIGH",
"target":"",
"title":"libtirpc: DoS vulnerability with lots of connections",
"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2021-46828"
}
]
}
}
],
"kind":"VulnerabilityReportList",
"metadata":{
"continue":"",
"resourceVersion":"184454555"
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>I tried the following code but it gives me the output as single letters:</p>
<pre><code>def get_all_vulnerability_reports():
logging.info("Getting all the \"vuln\" type objects in * namespaces")
connect_to_k8s_cluster()
vuln_reports = set()
with k8s_client.ApiClient() as api_client:
api_instance = k8s_client.CustomObjectsApi(api_client)
try:
# vuln_list = api_instance.list_cluster_custom_object(group="aquasecurity.github.io", version="v1alpha1", plural="vulnerabilityreports", )
vuln_list = api_instance.list_namespaced_custom_object(group="aquasecurity.github.io", version="v1alpha1", plural="vulnerabilityreports", pretty="true", namespace="devops" )
# print(json.dumps(vuln_list))
except ApiException as e:
logging.exception("Exception when trying to get list of \"vuln\" reports", exc_info=e)
else:
for items in json.dumps(vuln_list):
for item in items:
print (item)
return vuln_reports
</code></pre>
<p>Can someone help me to fix this?</p>
<p>I need the <code>items.name</code> value.</p> |
Muhanna Durra (), , (1938 – 24 January 2021) was a Jordanian painter. He was well known in the Jordanian Arts Movement. He was the first to add Cubism and abstract art into the Jordanian visual arts community.
He was a professor at the Faculty of Fine Art and Design at University of Jordan. He was the President of the Jordan Association of Fine Arts. Al-Dura was born in Amman, Jordan.
Al-Dura died on 24 January 2021, aged 82.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Jordanian people
Painters |
481
Uteratur.
Biologie der Käfer Europa’s
von
JVIatliiae Kuiiei*tNliei*§;ei*.
Linz, im Selbstverlage. 1880.
Das lobensvverthe Bucb zerfallt in 3 Abschnitte, der erste
bringt ein alphabetisches Personenverzeichniss der betretlenden
Autoren, der zweite ein systeinatisches Sach-Kegister, der dritte
einen Larven-Katalog. Zu so herkulischen Compilationen wie
Hageifs Bibliotheca entomologica und Gemminger-Harold's Ka-
talog- gehört niclit bloss Fleiss und Saciikenntniss, sondern auch
energischer Entschluss und eiserne Consecjuenz, und in vielen
Fällen tritt. wie bei Lacordaire’s Genera die grausame Parze
mit ihrer Scheere vor der Beendung dazwischeu. Natiirüch
erforderte die Biologie der „europäischen Käfer ct (sensu Stein-
Weise) nicht solch gewaltiges Aufgebot von Fleiss und Mühe,
aber die aufgefiihrten dazu gehrauchten Periodica VII — XII
und die alphabetische Literatur S. 3— 94 sprechen deutlich
genug von der Masse des bewältigten Stufts. Bei der steigenden
Vorliebe füv biologische Entomologie ist das Buch namentlich
solchen Coleopterophilen dringend zu empfelden, welche durch
Wohnort und Beruf Gelegenheit und Musse haben, neues zu
heobachten und iilteres zu vervollständigen oder zu beriehtigen.
Natiirlich kann niemand wissen, oh seine Beobachtung neu ist,
wenn ihm nicht verbiirgt vorliegt, ob und was Andre schon
iiber den fraglichen Punkt beobachtet und verötfentlicht haben.
Diesem Bediirfnisse hilft das vorliegende Werk in verdienst-
lielier Weise ab. Druckfehier habe ich beim Durchblättern
nur wenige und vun unerheblicher Art bemerkt (8. 23 para-
lellcpipedus, S. 110 Dysticus, S. 134 lycopordi, S. 145 Onto-
phagus, S. 212 hemisphaerions. S. 207 Tetrarcha). Bei La-
reynia Mangeti S. 141 wunderte mich das Erratum slatt Maugeti
weniger, als dass der Verfasser BedeFs synonymische Berich-
tigung in den Annales de France 1878 Bull. LXXV nicht be-
rücksichtigt hat — vielleicht. weil Stein-Weise (1877) dieselbe
natürlich noch nicht benutzen kounte. Bedel stiitzt sich 1. c.
auf Latreille's Tvpen, um zu beweisen, dass der von Maugé
bei Fontainebleau gefundene, von Latreille 1802 ibm zit Ehren
482
als Elmis Maugetii besehriebne Käfer clerselbe ist. welehen
jVIüller 1806 als Ehnis aeneus wiedergetauft hat. dass mithin
aeneus als Synonvm zu iMaiigetii (oder Maugei) gestellt werden
und der von Erichson fälsehlich ftir Maugetii Latr. gehaltne
als Latreillei Bedel = Mangeti Er. umgetauft werden mvisse.
Natiirlich soll dureh Latreille's authentisehe Beziehung auf
tXfag auch der Spiritus asper zu Ehren kommen und die
Gattung Helmis heissen.
Das Bueb, gut gedruckt auf gutem Bapier, ist gegen Post-
anweisuOg zn Händen des Chorherrn M. Rupertsberger in
Wallcrn, Oberöstreieh , von
3 Flor. 20 Jvr. östr. W. = 6 Mark 40 Pf.
brochirt jvortofrei unter Ivreuzband zu be'zielien.
l)r. C. A. Dohrn.
Snellen v Vollenlioven's Pinacographia,
welche auf eine Illustration der nordwest-europiiischen Ichneu-
inonideu angelegt war, und nach dem Plane des Autors mehr
als 1000 Arten umfassen sollte, ist durch sein Hinscheidcn
unvollendet geblieben. Nur gegen 400 Arten sind zur Aus-
führung gekommei).
So sehr dies zu beklagen ist, um so mehr ist die YVissen-
schaft dem Landsmanne des Verewigten. Herrn G. A. Six.
zu Dank verpflichtet, dass er (in der so eben in "s Gravenhage
bei Martinus Nyhof ersrhienenen Pars 9 der Pinacographia)
deni Werke ein systematisches Yerzeichniss des bislier Gelieferten
heigefiigt, und ihm dadurch einen Abschluss gegeben hat, der
es, wenn es auch unvollendet bleibt — was es ja seiner Natur
nach immer nur bleiben konnte — dennoch zu einem liöchst
brauchbaren, und fiir dieHymeno])teroIogen wahrhaft empfehlens-
werthen macht.
Wie in den fnihern Heften sind auch in diesem neunten
die dariu enthaltenen Tafeln (41 bis 45) Meisterstiieke der
Zeichnung und Illuminationen. Sie beweisen uns nur zu schmerz-
li<’]i, wns wir an dem Meister verloren luiben!
Dr. C. A. Dohrn.
|
<p>Earlier on today I asked this question at SO: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4983544/count-and-left-join-problem">Count() and left join problem</a></p>
<p>As indicated, the correct query for my problem is:</p>
<pre><code>select s.name
, p.name
, count(p.id)
from Shop as s
left join Product as p on p.shop=s.id AND p.status <> '8796107276379'
group by
s.id, p.name
</code></pre>
<p>We are using a proprietary framework which allows us to add restrictions to queries running on the system. I am quite sure that it is being achieved through a <code>where</code> clause being appended at the end of the queries. </p>
<p>The problem is can I translate the above query in such a manner that <code>p.status <> '8796107276379'</code> is in a <code>where</code> clause so that I could add this as a restriction?</p>
<p>The other answers at <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4983544/count-and-left-join-problem">Count() and left join problem</a> all put the condition in the <code>where</code> clause but none of them worked. </p>
<p>Any ideas?</p>
<p>Thanks in advance!</p>
<p>Krt_Malta</p> |
Multan is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the capital of the Multan District. Called the "City of the Saints", the history of the city goes back more than 5,000 years.
Etymology
Multan is Moolastan which means the Place of origin (Moolam is source or origin).
History
The old city of Multan is a Walled city which is built on an ancient mound. Archaeologists believe the mound is made up of earlier cities going back to the Bronze Age. There were six gates into the old city but these have been destroyed over time. Three gates were rebuilt by the British when they governed the country. Inside the wall is a circular road, called the alang. The old city has narrow and winding streets, with houses crowded close together.
Political importance
Multan is the main center of the South Punjab, Seraiki speaking region. The people here think their language is separate from the majority Punjabi language of Punjab and want to create a separate province of their own, called Seraikistan.This city has some important political figures. Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani,a former Prime Minister of Pakistan belongs to Multan. Another well-known politician from here is Shah Mehmood Qureshi.
Famous Places in Multan
Ghanta Ghar
Lohari Gate
Haram Gate
The old Qasim Bagh
Shrine of Sufi saint Shah Rukn-i-Alam
Shrine of Sufi saint Bahauddin Zakriya
Shrine of Sufi saint Shamsuddin Sabzwari
Shrine of Sufi saint Sakhi Ali Akbar
Lahore Road
The Van Agnews Monument dating from British Raj times.
Neighbour cities and towns
Khanewal
Vihari
Bahawalpur
Muzaffargarh
Rahim Yar Khan
Lodhran
Shujabad
References
Cities in Pakistan |
<p>During installation of Kamailio SIP-server I run into the problem. After I Wrote <code>/usr/local/sbin/kamdbctl create</code> appears just <code>ERROR: database engine not specified, please setup one in the config script</code>. Know anyone possible reason?
Thank you very much</p> |
Liaodong Peninsula is a peninsula in China, in the south of Liaoning. It points in the southwest direction. The largest city in the peninsula is Dalian. Many orchards are grown here.
References
Peninsulas
Geography of China |
<p>So I'm a grader at my college and I'm trying to create a bash script that reads in a compiled c program as an argument and then runs a bunch of tests on the program that tests a bunch of different scenarios so that I don't have to run the program with different inputs each time. </p>
<p>This is what I have </p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash
#test.sh
read studentFile
$studentFile "1011" "2" "10"
echo "11"
./$studentFile "1011" "2" "16"
echo "B"
./$studentFile "1010" "2" "8"
echo "12"
./$studentFile "FA" "16" "2"
echo "11111010"
./$studentFile "12" "8" "2"
echo "1010"
</code></pre>
<p>etc.
(the print out following each execution is the right answer that the program should return and match)</p>
<p>Whenever I run this with one a compiled c program as the input
ie</p>
<pre><code>./test.sh studentfilename
</code></pre>
<p>it returns this error </p>
<pre><code>./test.sh: line 8: ./: Is a directory
</code></pre>
<p>for each line where I try to run the program.</p>
<p>I've tested the input file and made sure it worked before trying to input it into this testing script.</p>
<p>Does anyone know how to take a file as input and run it?</p>
<p>Any help much appreciated thanks!!</p> |
Karlsruhe is a rural district (Landkreis) in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are Rhein-Neckar, Heilbronn,
Enz, Calw, Rastatt, Germersheim, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis and the district-free city Speyer. The urban district Karlsruhe (Stadtkreis Karlsruhe) which has the city of Karlsruhe.
Towns and municipalities
References
Districts of Baden-Württemberg |
Diastole () is the time during a heart beat when the heart fills with blood after a contraction. The contraction of the heart is called systole and is the opposite of diastole. The term diastole comes from the Greek word διαστολη. This means expanding or opening.
Inside the heart
There are two types of diastole.
Ventricular diastole is the time when the two lower chambers of the heart called the ventricles are relaxing to let the blood to flow in.
Atrial diastole is the time when the two upper chambers of the heart called the atria are relaxing to allow the blood to flow in.
During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops. When the pressure in the left ventricle becomes lower than the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens. The blood then flows from the atrium into the ventricle. The speed at which the blood flows into the ventricles can be used to diagnose diastolic dysfunction.
Diastolic pressure
Because the heart relaxes during diastole, "diastolic pressure" is the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. The highest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle contracts, and is called systolic pressure.
When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, diastolic pressure is the second number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure; for example: 120/80.
Related pages
Systole (medicine)
Blood pressure
Wiggers diagram
References
Other websites
Auscultation of Diastolic Murmurs
Audio Examples of Heart and Lung Sounds
Cardiology
Blood pressure
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system |
<p>What I would like to do is to run some backup scripts on each of Kubernetes nodes periodically. I want it to run inside Kubernetes cluster in contrast to just adding script to each node's crontab. This is because I will store backup on the volume mounted to the node by Kubernetes. It differs from the configuration but it could be CIFS filesystem mounted by Flex plugin or <code>awsElasticBlockStore</code>.</p>
<p>It would be perfect if <code>CronJob</code> will be able to template <code>DaemonSet</code> (instead of fixing it as <code>jobTemplate</code>) and there will be possibility to set <code>DaemonSet</code> restart policy to <code>OnFailure</code>.</p>
<p>I would like to avoid defining <code>n</code> different <code>CronJobs</code> for each of <code>n</code> nodes and then associate them together by defining <code>nodeSelectors</code> since this will be not so convenient to maintain in environment where nodes count changes dynamically.</p>
<p>What I can see problem was discussed here without any clear conclusion: <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/36601" rel="noreferrer">https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/36601</a></p>
<p>Maybe do you have any hacks or tricks to achieve this?</p> |
<p>Hi
I am trying to iterate through every node in a xml, be it the element node, text node or comment. With the below XSL in the very first statement
prints the complete xml. How do i copy the very first node in $nodes and call the template process-nodes again removing teh first node in my next iteration?</p>
<pre><code><?xml version='1.0'?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="2.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="/">
<xsl:call-template name="process-nodes">
<xsl:with-param name="nodes" select="//node()" as="node()*"/>
</xsl:call-template>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template name="process-nodes">
<xsl:param name="nodes" as="node()*" />
<xsl:copy-of select="$nodes[1]"/>
<xsl:if test="$nodes">
<xsl:call-template name="process-nodes">
<xsl:with-param name="nodes"
select="remove($nodes, 1)" />
</xsl:call-template>
</xsl:if>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
</code></pre>
<p>Note: I am looking for fixing the issue in this kind of implementation rather than changing the template match to <code><xsl:template match="@* | node()"></code> as I need to have some processing which requires this approach.</p>
<p>Thanks.</p> |
Slobodan Dubajić (born 19 February 1963) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="9"|Proleter Zrenjanin||||6||0||||||||||6||0
|-
|1983/84||||25||1||||||||||25||1
|-
|1984/85||||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1985/86||||32||7||||||||||32||7
|-
|1986/87||||32||1||||||||||32||1
|-
|1987/88||||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1988/89||||35||5||||||||||35||5
|-
|1989/90||||35||3||||||||||35||3
|-
|1990/91||First League||34||2||||||||||34||2
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Stuttgart||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||38||2||||||||||38||2
|-
|1992/93||32||4||||||||||32||4
|-
|1993/94||26||1||||||||||26||1
|-
|1994/95||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|1995/96||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1996/97||Zeytinburnuspor||First League||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Brummel Sendai||rowspan="2"|Football League||22||2||0||0||0||0||22||2
|-
|1998||25||10||4||2||3||0||32||12
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||30||1||2||2||2||0||34||3
|-
|2000||31||3||1||0||0||0||32||3
210||19||||||||||210||19
116||7||||||||||116||7
4||0||||||||||4||0
108||16||7||4||5||0||120||20
438||42||7||4||5||0||450||46
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
References
1963 births
Living people
Serbian footballers |
Takhelmayum is a Meetei Manipuri surname or family name which has Indian origin. People of this family mainly inhabit in Manipur, India.
References
Meitei surnames |
Koki Otani (born 8 April 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career statistics
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
References
Urawa Red Diamonds
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture |
NGC 725 is a spiral galaxy in the Cetus constellation. It is about 464 million light-years away from the Milky Way.
Spiral galaxies |
NOTE
POUR SERVIR DE COMPLÉMENT ET DE CORRECTION
A lEssai d'une classification générale et synoptique de
l'ordre des DIPTÈRES.
Par M. J. BIGOT.
( Voir le 3e Trimestre des Annales, Année 1852.)
(Séance du 9 Mars 1853).
En présentant, dansle troisième trimestre de nos Annales
pour l'année 1852, mon Essai sur la classification générale
et synoptique de l'ordre des Diptères, j'avais voulu, ainsi
qu’on peut le voir par la note explicative qui précède mes
tableaux, offrir un moyen de classement usuel et simple, à
l’aide duquel enfin on pùt, sans trop d'efforts, se recon-
naître au sein du chaos des genres et des espèces créés par
les monographes. Ces derniers, travaillant par malheur
dans unc sorte d'isolement systématique, et trop souvent
aussi sans se préoccuper assez des systèmes établis par leurs
devanciers, enfantent tout un monde de descriptions que
l'on trouve çà et là disséminées, sans liaisons ni points de
rallicment ; de sorte que leur étude présentera bientót pres-
qu'autant de difficultés que celle de la nature même, telle
qu'elle est sortie des mains du Créateur. Les infortunés
296 J. Bicor. — Classification
ME
néophytes ès-entomologic s'agitent vainement au milieu
de ectte mer sans rivages, et sentent trop souvent leur force
et leur courage défaillir avant d’avoir aperçu le port!
J'ai voulu indiquer la route à ces naufragés; mais com-
bien wavais-je pas de raisons de me défier de moi-même !....
Aussi ai-je cherché secours et conseils auprès de nos plus
habiles architectes.
Jusqu'à ce jour, quaire seulement ont répondu à mon
appel : MM. Macquart, C. Rondani, Goureau et L. Fair-
maire. Tous ont daigné me prodiguer des éloges que je
décline, tous m'ont donné d'excellents avis dont je m’efforce
de profiter, en présentant aujourd’hui cette rectification de
mes erreurs, rectification qui servira tout à la fois de réponse
aux critiques que l'on m'adresse, de correction à mes
tableaux primitifs, et d'annexe indispensable à mon travail
originaire. Je vais, en conséquence, citer une à une toutes
les objections qui me sont faites, corriger les fautes signalées
et reconnues depuis, mais aussi défendre chaleureusement
mes opinions, toutes et quantes fois je les croirai fondées.
Notre savant eollègue, M. le colonel Goureau (afin de
procéder suivant l’ordre des dates), veut bien m'’accorder
son adhésion, tout en me conseillant d’éprouver ma méthode
sur les types de ma collection, Je puis répondre à ce bon
conseil, en affirmant que j'ai précisément conçu et tracé
mes plans tandis que je m'occupais du classement de mes
richesses; l'épreuve et la théorie marchaient donc ainsi de
front.
Il me signale, avec raison, comme défectueux, ces deux
mots : sous-tribu, fréquemment employés par moi, ef me
propose de leur substituer le terme de Curie; j'adopte avec
empressement ce bon avis : en conséquence, au lieu de
des Diptéres. 2017
sous-tribu, où voudra bien lire, partout où ce dernier terme
se rencontrera dans mon premier essai, le mot curie
M. Goureau me demande aussi pourquoi je n'ai point créé
des termes nouveaux, qualificatifs des nouvelles tribus ou
curies que j'ai formées au moyen et aux dépens de celles
adoptées précédemment par les différents auteurs. Je ne l'ai
point fait : {° parce que (suivant un usage assez général) j'ai
voulu respecter, autant que possible, parmi les termes an-
ciens et vulgarisés, ceux qui rappelaient les types connus
plus clairement à la mémoire que tout autre néologisme ;
ainsi, j'ai conservé à mes coupes, autant que je l'ai pu, le
nom de lun des genres anciennement bien connu, et qui
révélait le plus directement le type général de chacune de
mes divisions ; 2° parce que je n'ai pas voulu contribuer à
cet accroissement perpétuel de la synonymie, que nous
voyons s’opérer chaque jour.
Mon savant collègue et ami, L. Fairmaire, a bien aussi
voulu me faire part de ses observations; à la vérité, il ne
partage pas toutes mes prédileetions pour les classements ;
cependant if approuve mon système pour cette raison, qu’il
lui parait simple, usuel, et qu’à ses yeux c’est en cela que
réside le principal mérite d’une classification. Je ne prends,
en conséquence, la liberté de le citer ici, que pour saisir
l’occasion de lui adresser mes remerciments de l'appui
solide que son acquicscement raisonné donne à mes prin-
cipes.
Je passe maintenant aux critiques plus détaillées de mes
deux illustres guides, MM. C. Rondani et Macquart; l’un,
notre maître en diptérologie ; l’autre, auteur érudit de pré-
cieux ouvrages sur Cette matière, ainsi que d’un système
particulier de classification de l'ordre entier des Diptères.
3° Série, TOME Í. 19
298 J. Bicor. — Classification
Mais, avant d'examiner successivement toutes les cri-
tiques que mes savants professeurs daignent m'adresser, je
crois devoir présenter quelques explications générales,
applicables non seulement à l’ensemble de leurs avis, mais
encore à tous ceux qui me parviendraient ultérieurement
des autres sources de lumière où je suis allé puiser.
S'il est exact de confesser, en toute humilité, que Fon a
daigné me donner des encouragements, et même parfois
des éloges dont je ne me sens pas digne, il est également
vrai qu'en approfondissant l'étude des observations qui me
sont faites, je vois certaines critiques, appelćes de détails,
tendre indirectement à renverser de fond en comble mon
modeste édifice. Force mest bien, par conséquent, de le
soutenir à l’aide de tout mon courage, adoptant avec une
profonde gratitude tout ce qui ne compromet pas sa solidité,
mais récusant aussi ce qui le ferait immanquablement
crouler par sa base. En outre, je déclare une fois pour
toutes, que je ne puis répondre aux fréquents etc. ete. de
mes savants critiques, attendu qu’un raisonnement quel-
conque ne peut se baser que sur des faits positivement ct
clairement indiqués.
On adresse à mon système l'accusation grave d’être trop
artifieiel; je ne crois pas qu'elle soit fondée. Est-on d’ail-
leurs bien d'accord sur ce qui l’est et sur ce qui ne l’est
point ?...… J'ai voulu, avant tout, offrir un instrument com-
mode pour débrouiller le chaos qui se fait tous les jours de
plus en plus : j'ai voulu, surtout, donner un outil facile à
manier pour les mains débiles des apprentis. Qui pourrait
se vanter d'avoir enfin trouvé l'ordre naturel proprement
dit? La nature n’a pas fait des tableaux synoptiques! Elle a
créé !,.... Elle a créé des types, variés à l'infini, fondus ou
des Diptéres. 299
reliés plus où moins intimement les uns avec les autres ; des
Lypes, qu'elle dégrade de plus en plus, avec cette prodi-
gieuse fécondité qui fait l'objet de notre profonde admira-
lion. Toute classification, selon moi, ne doit être qu'un
dictionnaire, ne doit avoir d'autre but, que de copier le
mieux possible, avec les moyens humains, ces dégradations
si évidentes, quoique parfois irrégulièrement nuancées. Les
coupes, les divisions, n'étant qu'une création de l'esprit, un
simple moyen d'investigation et de mnémonique, n'attein-
dront jamais probablement une fisité absolue; chacun les
posera là où il le croira commode pour la pratique, et c’est
aussi ce que j'ai fait. Je l'ai fait de mon mieux; mais j'adop-
terai volontiers tout ce qui me paraitra plus clair, plus
facile. En attendant, je me crois eu droit de conserver les
bases d'un classement qui me paraît remplir à peu près son
office.
Ceci posé, il me reste à examiner plus spécialement les
observations de MM. Macquart et C. Rondani.
Comme je lai déjà annoncé, partout où j'ai cru pouvoir
les adopter, je l'ai fait avec ardeur. Ces observations pour-
ront ainsi servir de correctif et de complément à mes idées
primitives. Et, si l’on veut bien prendre la peine de relever
tous les errata contenus dans la présente note, on arrivera
aisément à corriger et compléter mes Tableaux synoptiques.
M. Macquart approuve ma manière de voir relativement à
la place que j'ai cru devoir assigner aux Tabanidii et types
analogues : je suis heureux de cet assentiment. Dans ma
note explicative, j'avais voulu consigner la remarque d'un
fait qui m'avait paru assez évident, c’est-à-dire le peu de
liaisons que présentent ces tribus, soit avec le type des
300 J. Bicor. — Classification
Némocères (mes Tipulidi), soit avec celui des Asilites (mes
Dusypogonidii et Asilidii.)
M. Macquart pense qu’il eût été à propos d'étudier les
systèmes adoptés par MM. Zetterstedt et Walker. Mais,
outre qu’un pareil travail eût été trop considérable ici,
comme après avoir fait une étude approfondie de ces deux
classifications, et de plusieurs autres encore, je n'ai pas ren-
contré toute la simplicité et l’homogénéité que j'estimais
indispensables à mon sujet, je me suis borné à l'exposition
de mes propres idées, sans les allonger de commentaires à
peu près superflus.
Notre savant collègue, après avoir semblé, dans un pre-
mier paragraphe de la lettre qu'il m'adresse, critiquer le
choix que j'ai fait des antennes, comme d'un organe de
premicr ordre, pour établir et caractériser mes divisions
principales, se rallie ensuite à mon opinion, dans une sub-
séquente partie de ladite lettre ; je suis heureux d'un assen-
timent qui affermit les bases de ma classification. Mais il me
signale une grave erreur que je m’empresse de réparer. J'ai
dit que je reléguais au dernier rang les organes de la
bouche; j'aurais dû dire, ct l’on voudra bien live : au second
rang; Car ainsi ma pensée sera beaucoup plus exactement
rendne.
Si je me suis décidé pour les antennes, c’est une consé-
quence de la détermination que j'ai cru devoir prendre, de
mettre au premier rang l'organe qui préside aux fonctions
de l'intelligence ou de l'instinct, ct, conséquemment, ceux
qui se trouvent le plus souvent avec lui dans une corres-
pondance directe ; ceux que ledit organe emploic continuel-
lement pour guider l'être qu'il anime, au sein des influences
environnantes; en outre, jai pensé que les modifications
des Diptères. 301
organiques externes apparaissaient ici bien plus nombreuses
et plus faciles à déterminer que dans la trompe et ses
annexes. J’ai pensé que les antennes offraient ainsi d'im-
menses avantages à la pratique. Mais alors, puisque nos
idées coinecidaient, pourquoi M. Macquart m'accuse-t-il
d’avoir rendu mu classification trop artificielle ?
Encore une fois, je ne crois pas avoir violé l’ordre vrai-
ment naturel, tel que je lai compris, tel que J'ai cherché à
le définir. Et cependant, il ne fallait pas oublier que je
devais inévitablement me soumettre à quelques exigences,
pour me rendre pratique.
Les modifications anitennaires, ainsi que je Fai déjà dit,
me paraissent d'accord avec certaines dispositions de l’or-
ganisme tout entier : en les préférant, je me suis donc laissé
guider par cette pensée consignée dans la lettre de mon
savant maître : « Qu'un caractère pen apparent peut souvent
» sc trouver renforcé par un autre plus distinct. » En relé-
guant les organes buceaux au second rang, je n’ai certaine-
ment pas voulu laisser supposer que je méconnusse leur
valeur considérable pour établir des divisions secondaires. Je
prétends simplement que ces organes sont en général diffi-
ciles à observer; que leur étude réclame le fréquent usage
du microscope et du scalpel. Je prétends que les variations
organiques y sont plus obscures; qwelles exigent un
examen plus laborieux, en offrant moins d’exactitude;
enfin, que, dans Pétat actuel de la science et des rares
travaux qui ont Gt effectués sur cette matière, on ne peut
s’en servir pour déterminer clairement les grandes divisions
primordiales. Et ce que j'avance à l'égard des organes
buccaux proprement dits, devra s'entendre également de
leurs annexes, c'est-à-dire des palpes. Néanmoins, j'ai fait
302 J. Bicor. — Classification
usage des uns et des autres, selon qu’il m'a paru possible
de les employer, en conservant un degré suffisant de cerli-
tude ct d'évidence à mes déterminations; ils me scront fort
utiles par la suite, lorsque je m’occuperai de la classification
des genres.
M. Macquart me blâme d’avoir attaché trop d'importance
au mode d'insertion du style. Je suis obligé de ne pas m'in-
cliner devant son opinion : car, d’un côté, ainsi que je l'ai
avancé primitivement, la susdite insertion m'a paru coin-
cider généralement avec lPhabitus, avec le genre de vie
particulier de l'individu; d’un autre côté, elle m'a semblé
toujours clairement ct facilement appréciable.
Je sais bien que dans certaines circonstances ledit point
d'insertion passe, par nuances peu sensible, de la base du
dernier, ou troisième article antennal, à son extrémité;
néanmoins , il scra toujours, ce me semble, fort aisé de
reconnaitre ct de préciser les cas où l'insertion sera devenue
absolument ct clairement terminale.
J'ai cru pouvoir former avec mes Ceridii une tribu parti-
culière aux dépens des Syrphides, ear je n’aperçois pas,
ainsi que M. Macquart, l'absolue nécessité de les laisser
confondues avec ces dernières, au détriment de lhomogé-
néité de ma méthode. Le point de contact le plus évident
centre ces deux types, c’est la fausse nervure, organe, du
reste, très secondaire {mais parfois très commode), puisqu'il
semble n'être que rudimentaire ou atrophié, tandis que Les
facies restent généralement distincts. Et d’ailleurs, quoique
séparées, ces deux tribus n’en demeurent pas moins assez
voisines l'une de l’autre.
Mais, l’une des grandes objections faites à la fois par
MM. Macquart et Rondani à mon système, c’est léloigne-
des Diptères. 303
ment considérable où j'ai mis mes Longinidii et mes Lepto-
poditæ (lisez : Calobatidæ). Je ne me dissimule guère
l'espèce de désaccord que cette détermination à semblé
produire au sein de l'harmonie générale des analogies;
mais ne devons-nous pas, bien souvent, forcer un peu la
nature pour l'approprier à nos besoins? Heureux celui qui
saura toujours éviter cet écucil! Et puis, le genre Longina
est encore si peu connu! Son organisation, mieux ćtudićc,
ne nous apparaîtra-t-clle pas un jour supérieure à celle des
anciennes Leptopodites? N’a-t-on pas déjà commis bien des
erreurs de ce genre ?..…. Je citerai, comme exemple, les
Scénopines; je puis même, à ce propos, m'appuyer sur
l'opinion, conforme à la mienne, de notre savant collègue
M. Robineau-Desvoidy.
On m'accuse de violer les Lois naturelles, en divisant le
groupe des anciens Dolichopus cen deux tribus distinctes
(mais non séparées, puisque je les ai mises lune et Vautre
dans un voisinage immédiat). Je ne puis encore ici me
croire coupable d'un aussi grand méfait, car j'étais dans
l'obligation de tracer des divisions théoriques, pour parvenir
à classer; or, ce faisant, je n’en laissais pas moins le type
Dolichopus dans toute son intégrité primitive, puisque rien
ne venait, en s'interposant, contrarier l’ordre naturel de ses
dégradations organiques. La ligne théorique que j'ai tracée
était indispensable à ma faiblesse humaine mise en présence
de la nature! Ce trait de raison laisse intact par le fait un
groupe fort naturel, et facilite considérablement les déter-
minations.
A propos de l'insertion du style, M. Macquart me fait
remarquer que certaines Stratiomydes forment exception
aux règles que j'ai proposées. Or, en modifiant mon travail
301 J. Bicor. — Classification
primitif, je place les Stratiomydes dans une division supé-
rieure et particulière, au sein de laquelle je ne fais plus
usage principalement et exclusivement du mode d'insertion
stylaire. L’objection me semble donc désormais suffisam-
ment éludée.
Il me signale une faute bien grave d'impression, deux fois
répétée, laquelle faute porte M. Rondani, de son côté, à me
supposer coupable d’une erreur grossière, et lui fournit un
argument contre ma classification ; il s’agit du mot Scraride,
qu'on voudra bien lire désormais, Sicaridæ. (V. pag. 481,
lig. 3, et 484, lig. 16.)
M. Rondani, ainsi que M. Macquart, après avoir donné des
éloges, peu mérités sans doute, à l'ensemble de mon sys-
tème, critiquent les détails; mais ces critiques, je lai déjà
dit, une fois admises sans restrictions, auraient pour résultat
immédiat de ne laisser subsister que les débris de mon
édifice. Je vais actuellement répondre aux objections qu'ils
veulent bien me faire, et réunir tous mes efforts pour m'ex-
pliquer clairement sur les motifs qui me portent à ne pas
adopter de tous points leur manière de voir.
M. Rondani, en premier lieu, prétend que je m'ai pas eu
raison de choisir, pour fonder mes grandes divisions primor-
diales, un organe nnique, les antennes. D'abord ceci n'est
pas rigoureusement exact, et puis j'avoue ne pas bien dis-
tinguer tous les avantages que j'aurais retirés d’une autre
manière de procéder; serais-je arrivé plus près de l’ordre
dit naturel? J'ai tout licu d’en douter, surtout après l'étude
approfondie que j'ai faite des différentes classifications pro-
posées jusqu'à ce jour. Dans tous les cas, il est évident que
la complication plus grande qui en fût résultée aurait enlevé
l'un de ses principaux mérites à mon travail, c'est-à-dire fa
des Diptères. 309
simplicité et la facilité d'application, point des plus impor-
tants lorsque Fon tient à favoriser l'étude d'un ordre aussi
nombreux.
M. Rondani me blâme cnsuite : 1° d'avoir laissé mes
Asilidii auprès de mes Tabanidii, malgré Vhiatus qu'il re-
marque entre ces deux grands types. Mais si ledit hiatus
existe réellement dans la nature, je ne pouvais essayer de le
combler. D'ailleurs, je ne vois pas autre part de place où
les mettre.
20 D'avoir rapproché mes Conopsidii de mes Bombylidii ;
mais en examinant certains genres compris par les auteurs
dans la série des Bombylicrs, les derniers surtout, je n’aper-
çois en vérité rien, dans une pareille alliance, qui soit beau-
coup plus choquant que dans telle ou telle autre parmi
celles essayées avant moi.
30 D'avoir mis mes Ceridii auprès de mes Platypezi-
nidii, ete., etc. Mais ce ne sont point ces divers types que
Jai spécialement prétendu rapprocher les uns des autres
(un nouvel hiatus peut aussi bien exister là qu'ailleurs). J'ai
simplement voulu mettre en rapport les susdits Platypezi-
nidii avec mes haphidii et mes Dolichopodii, suivant
l'exemple de plusieurs doctes autorités scientifiques.
á? D'avoir rapproché mes Dolichopodii de mes Syrphidii.
Si je l'ai fait, c'est faute d'avoir découvert un plan plus con-
venable dans le cours de la série diptérologique ; là, comme
ailleurs, il existe une de ces lacunes auxquelles j'ai plusieurs
fois fait allusion, et que des découvertes ultérieures viendront
peut-être combler en tout ou en partie. Quoi qu’il en soit,
ne trouvant pas de lieu où le type en question ne vint à
violer plus ou moins les lois des aflinités naturelles, j'ai
306 J. Bicor. — Classification
choisi l'endroit où il m'a paru qu’il faisait une moindre tache
dans l’ensemble de mon grand tableau.
M. Rondani me reproche, comme M. Macquart, d’avoir
séparé mes Ceridii de mes Syrphidii; j'ai déjà exposé les
considérations qui m'ont déterminé à le faire, il est done
superflu d’y revenir.
Il n’approuve pas la distance que je me suis vu dans la
nécessité de laisser subsister entre mes Conopsidii et mes
Myopidæ. Je ne puis malheureusement encore invoquer jei,
comme dans tous les autres cas analogues (jusqu’à plus
ample informé), que les nécessités de classification. Je dé-
plore une fois de plus l'impuissance où je me trouve de
changer l’ordre que j'ai établi, sans entraver la facilité de
mes classements, car la série sans discontinuité des types
n'existe pas réellement. On rencontre sans eesse d'autres
groupes excentriques. Aperçoit-on rien d'intime, par
exemple, entre les Tabaniens, les Némocères et les Asilites?
Entre les Syrphides et les Dolichopes? Entre les Conops, les
Myopes et les Muscides? ete., etc. Cependant, bien avant
moi, ces rapprochements, et tant d’autres, ont été pratiqués!
Ils ont paru tout simples !..... Nonobstant, les classifications
restaient toujours de véritables labyrinthes!
Il m'adresse les mêmes remarques que M. Macquart au
sujet des Sciaridæ (lisez Sicaridæ), et de mes Longinidi;
je n'ai par conséquent nul besoin de répéter ce que j'ai dit
plus haut sur les mêmes sujets.
Suivant mon docte collègue, mes deux grandes divisions
fondées sur le nombre des articles antennaires, sont défec-
tueuses, car il ne voit pas où je classerai les deux genres
Hexatomus et Anisomera. J'essaierai de lever cette objection
avec une foule d’autres, en modifiant mon grand tableau
des Dipteres. 307
synoptique général; puis le tableau particulier de la tribu
des FEmpidii, enfin un dernier tableau dans lequel je modifie
les déterminations proposées primitivement dans le tableau
de la tribu des Asilidii (No 4 C). On trouvera ces diverses
modifications à la fin de la présente note. D'ailleurs, il est
assez aisé de voir que les antennes sont moniliformes ou
filiformes chez mes Tipulidii, tandis que cela ne se retrouve
plus chez les autres Diptères, où l'on voit clairement en
général que lesdites antennes se divisent en trois parties
ou sections principales, dont la dernière, chez les Hexa-
tomes ct genres analogues, est subdivisée ou subarticulée
secondairement d'une façon plus ou moins prononcée. Si
l’on adoptait une manière de voir différente, il faudrait tou-
jours, pour être conséquent, compter partout les subdivi-
sions de ce troisième article de l'antenne, ou même du
style (quand il existe), et les additionner avec le nombre
des divisions ou articles primordiaux ; travail minutieux et
fort compliqué. En résumé, je n'aperçois ici qu'une simple
particularité, utile pour caractériser le genre qui nous
occupe. D'un autre côté, M. Macquart (V. Diptères, Suites
à Buffon, etc.) donne plus de cinq articles aux antennes, à
peu près filiformes, des Anisomères. Il n’y aura donc plus,
je l'espère, de raison suflisante pour modifier davantage les
bases de la division que j'ai établie. (V. les tableaux à la fin
de cette note.)
M. Rondani m'annonce ensuite d'autres défectuosités,
mais il ne les spécialise pas, et je ne puis répondre, je le
répète, qu’à celles qui seront positivement définies. En con-
séquence, je passe à ses dernières observations critiques , et
je vais continuer leur analyse, en indiquant avec soin les
pages ct les lignes auxquelles celles s'appliquent. Là où
308 J. Bigor. — Classification
j'adopterai ce qu'on me propose, j'indiquerai les change-
ments à opérer dans mes tableaux primitifs, de manière que
cette note puisse servir en même temps de réponse à toutes
les objections qui m'ont été faites jusqu’à ce jour, de cor-
rectif, de complément, en un mot, d’errata pour mon pre-
mier travail. Je ne saurais trop le répéter, afin de me faire
bien comprendre et afin que ces lignes puissent sûrement
atteindre leur but.
(V. page 481, ligne 1.) Je crois qu’en employant doréna-
vant le mot saburticulé, et non divisé, pour caractériser la
constitution du troisième article des antennes chez mes
Tabanidii, je rends aussi clairement ma pensée qu'en em-
ployant tout autre tour de phrase. Je ne crois pas non plus
devoir suivre le conseil que me donne M. Rondani, de
dire : le dernier article, au lieu de troisième, car je craindrais
en agissant ainsi, d'introduire quelqu'obscurité dans ma
terminologie, attendu que l’on serait parfois exposé à con-
fondre la dernière subdivision de ce troisième article avec
la dernière division (3e article) de l'antenne. (V. le tableau
final.)
(V. page 481, ligne 7 et ligne 9.) Je change volontiers,
suivant le conseil de M. Rondani, la phrase caractéristique
de ma tribu des Asélidii. Ainsi, on lira dorénavant : vertex
très concave, au lieu de : vertex concave; et vertex plan, un
pen concave, au licu de: vertex plan , seulement. (V. le
tableau final.)
(V. page 481, ligne 22.) Je conserve le mot dilaté, car il
exprime suffisamment et indifféremment tout accroissement
de diamètre, dans un sens comme dans l'autre.
(V. page 481, ligne 23.) Si, comme me le signale mon
savant critique, certains Conops possèdent une fausse ner-
des Diptéres. 309
vure, particularité que je mwai pas ceu l’occasion de remar-
quer, ceux-là devront prendre place dans ma tribu des
Ceridii, tandis que mes vrais Covopsidii resteront ce qw'ils
sont, privés de fausse nervure.
(V. page 481, ligne 25.) La sphéricité de la tête n'est pas
d'une grande valeur caractéristique, j'y consens; et pourtant
je pense qu'il est assez aisé de toujours constater le fait.
D'ailleurs, je n'ai pas trouvé dans les auteurs de caractère
plus considérable pour distinguer nettement cette tribu,
fort naturelle du reste, d'avec ses voisines.
(V. page 483, ligne 18.) Je reconnais que je me suis
rendu coupable ici d’une grave omission. On voudra bien
lire actucllemeut : Antennes plumeuses, au moins chez les
mâles.
(V. page 483, ligne 20.) Je ne discuterai pas le plus ou le
moins d'importance du caractère tiré de la longueur des
antennes, relativement à celle du corps. Seulement je dirai
qu'il me semble d'un usage commode, pourvu que l’on con-
sente à comparer attentivement ces deux longueurs. Au
reste, plusieurs auteurs ont employé avant moi ce caractère.
Mais à l'avenir on lira (lignes 20 ct 21) : Antennes de la lon-
gucur, au moins, de la tète ct du thorax réunis.
(V. page 483, ligne 22.) Je ne discuterai pas davantage
le plus ou Ice moins d'importance du caractère tiré de la
longueur des hanches. J'avoue qu'il ne présente pas un
degré de certitude rigoureux, vu l'absence d’un point direct
de comparaison. Mais il avait été souvent employé de la
même manière antérieurement, entre autres, par M. Mac-
quart, et ce m'était une bonne raison de le conserver jusqu'à
nouvel ordre.
(V. page 484, ligne 3.) M. Rondani me demande ce que
je ferai de son genre Phlebotomns, lequel, suivant lui ct
310 J. Bigor. — Classification
suivant MM.Macquart et Haliday, doit être compris parmi les
vraies Phalènoïdes, quoiqu'il ne soit pas dépourvu de ner-
yure transversale aux ailes? Or, il me suffira d'en former un
genre particulier de transition, lequel, jusqu’à nouvel ordre,
trouvera place à la fin de mes Cecidomydæ, et servira de
passage pour arriver de cette dernière curie à celle qui la
suit immédiatement, mes Phalænoïdæ (lisez actuellement
Psychidæ). Car, si ledit genre Phlebotomus possède les carac-
tères généraux des Phalènoïdes, il en diffère cependant par
la nervation de ses ailes : il n’est donc pas fort exact de dire
que ce soit positivement une Phalènoïde.
(V. page #85, ligne 15.) Suivant ici les précicux avis de
M. Rondani, je changerai la caractéristique de ma curie des
Scenopinide, et je corrigerai en même temps une inadver-
tance. On lira donc : Style nul. Nervures longitudinales,
n’atteignant pas toutes le bord de l'aile.
(V. page 485, ligne 29.) La courbure de l'abdomen chez
mes Myopidæ est assurément, ainsi que l'observe M. Ron-
dani, un caractère d’une importance secondaire. Mais comme
je n'ai trouvé nulle part rien de mieux pour caractériser
cette curie, je suis obligé de le conserver, avec une légère
addition; ainsi, on lira désormais (ligne 20) : Abdomen
fortement recourbé en dessous, cylindroide; et (ligne 22)
abdomen peu ou point recourbé en dessous, assez rarement
cylindroïde. Mon savant collègue remarque encore, à ce
sujet, que les måles des Phasies, et les Phanies, ont Pab-
domen assez recourbé. Néanmoins, les Myopes présentent,
selon moi, unc courbure beaucoup plus accentuée. Au reste,
on trouvera sans doute un jour quelque caractère d'une
valeur plus considérable dans les organes de la génération,
ou ailleurs.
(V. page 486, avant-dernière ligne.) M. Rondani ne trou-
des Diptéres. 311]
vant pas ma définition assez complète, on lira actuellement :
troisième article des antennes ovale, plus ou moins €om-
primé, plus oun moins allongé.
[V. page 489.) M. Rondani me signale une inadvertance
de rédaction que je répare maintenant, en changeant la
position respcetive des deux noms de curies. On lira done,
curie 24e : Sphæroceridæ , au licu d Heteromyzide; et,
curie 25°, Jeteromyzidw, au lieu de Sphæroccride.
M. Rondani déclare encore qwil aurait beaucoup de choses
à dire sur les divisions que j'ai établies parmi mes Muscidi
ct mes Tipulidii. Mais il ne spécialise pas ses remarques, je
ne puis done les apprécier; j'attendrai pour le faire, le tra-
vail qu'il m’annonce sur ces deux types importants. Au
reste, en lisant la note explicative de mon premier mémoire,
on verra que je ne prétends pas donner pour définitif mon
tableau des Huscidii, Icquel n’est, à proprement parler, rien
autre chose qu’une simple compilation des divers travaux de
M. Macquart sur les Diptères européens et exotiques.
Je m'empresse enfin d'adopter la plupart des change-
ments que me propose M. Rondani pour les noms que j'ai
assigués à mes tribus et sous-tribus (lisez curies}. Toutefois,
je ne changerai pas celui des Coriacidii, attendu que celui
d'Ornithomydii, qu’il m'engage à prendre, ne pourrait évi-
demment s'appliquer à ceux des parasites qui ne vivent pas
sur les oiseaux. je conserve, en conséquence, pour cette
seule tribu la dénomination que je lui ai donnée, en propo-
sant d'assigner un nom nouveau ct semblable, à l'un des
genres anciens qui se trouvent compris dans ladite tribu. De
cette façon, je conserverai l'homogénéité de ma nomencla-
ture nouvelle.
On lira désormais : Page 484, ligne 4 : Psychidæ, au lieu
HS J. Bigor. -— Classification
de Phalenoidæ. Page 485, ligne 11 : Cyrtidü, au lieu de
Vesiculosidæ. (V. le tableau final modifié, et celui des
Empidii, id.) Page 486, ligne 4 : Tachimidæ, au lieu de
Tachinaridæe. Page 486, ligne 19 : Achiasidæ, au lieu de
Achidæ. Page 486, ligne 25 : Pipunculidæ, au lieu de Cepha-
lopsidæ. Page 487, ligne 25 : Calobatidæ, au lieu de Lepto-
poditæ. Page 488, lignes 27 et 28 : Notiplulidæ, au lieu de
Hydromyxidæe.
De plus, on lira désormais, page 481, ligne 3 : Sicaride,
au lieu de Sciaridæ; même correction page 484, ligne 16.
(V. plus haut et le tableau final.) Page 482, ligne 13 : Platy-
pezinidii, au lieu de Platyperinidii, (V. le tableau final.)
Page 483, ligne 20 : Antennes de la longueur au moins, au
lieu de au plus. Page 484, ligne 10 : trompe saillante, pon-
gente, au lieu de trompe saillante seulement; et, ligne 11,
trompe peu ou point saillante, non pongente, au lieu de peu
ou point saillante seulement. (V. le tableau final.) Page 485,
ligne 4 : style distinct, au lieu de : style plus ou moins dis-
tinct. Page 487, lignes 4 et 5 : deuxième article des antennes
plus court que le, etc., au lieu de : deuxième article des
antennes au moins égal au, etc. Page 489, lignes 1 et 2:
plus ou moins sphérique, jamais allongé, au lieu de plus ou
moins sphérique, seulement.
Je déclare attacher assez peu d'importance aux désinences.
Puisque, en général, chacun a cru devoir adopter les siennes
propres, j'ai cru, de mon côté, avoir droit de choisir celles
qui m'ont paru les meilleures, sans m'efforcer minutieuse-
ment de me conformer aux anciennes. Il me semble qu'il
sera toujours temps de les changer, alors qu'on sera enfin
décidé à coordonner {ous les travaux accomplis sur l'ancien
règne animal.
des Diptères. 1e
Pour me résumer, j'ai donné à cette note une longueur
considérable, afin qu'elle püt servir efficacement au redres-
sement des erreurs commises par moi dans mon premier
mémoire, dont elle forme un corollaire indispensable, en
même temps qu'elle me fournit l'occasion de développer
quelques-unes des idées que j'y avais émises. I me fallait
aussi répondre avec détails anx critiques bienveillantes des
personnes qui avaient daigné analyser mon premier projet,
en Jui donnant ainsi une importance dont j'ai lieu d’être
fier, et qu'il n'aurait pas eue sans cela à mes propres yeux.
J'ose espérer que désormais mes tableanx pourront remplir
le but que j'ai cu surtout ambition atteindre en les pré-
sentant, c'est-à-dire qu'ils formeront un cadre rationnel et
méthodique, où les genres ct les espèces viendront se grouper
facilement.
Je vais donc m'efforcer de continuer et de compléter,
autant qu'il me sera possible, cette modeste entreprise,
maintenant que les premiers jalons me paraissent assez soli-
dement posés.
Ordre des DirTÈres. (Tableau 1.)
Antennes distinctes, jamais atrophiées. Famille des
PHANÉROCÈRES (Mihi).
i. Antennes composées de plus de cinq articles, toujours
sétacées, filiformes ou moniliformes; presque toujours
plus de trois articles aux palpes.. tre Tribu. Tirurintr.
(V. tableuu 2. À.)
IT. Antennes composées de moins de cinq articles, jamais
sétacées ou filiformes, rarement moniliformes; jamais
plus de trois articles aux palpes.
3e Série, TOME Í. 20
A J. BIGOT. — Classification
A. Trois pelottes aux tarses.
a. Troisième article des antennes paraissant annelé ou sub-
articulé, au moins vers l'extrémité ; souvent le style ou
chète nul ou atrophié. . . . 2e Tribu. TABANIDII.
(V. tableau 3. B.)
(Tabanidæ, Acanthomeride, Sicarulæ, Aylophagide ,
Straliomydæ, Macq.).
b. Troisième article des antennes paraissant simple ; ordi-
nairement un style ou chète terminal parfois épaissi et
non sétiforme, souvent atrophié ou nul.
A. Tête plus ou moins hémisphérique, de grandeur ordi-
naire; thorax et abdomen de grosseur ordinaire, nor-
male.
a. Style ou chète composé de quatre articles.
3° Tribu. NEMESTRINIDIH.
b. Style ou chète simple. . . . . 4e Tribu. LEPTIDII.
B. Tête sphérique, petite; thorax ct abdomen paraissant
gonflés. . . . . + 5e Tribu. CYRTIDII.
(Vesiculosidæ, Macq.).
B. Deux pelottes aux tarses, parfois atrophiées ou nulles.
a. Troisième article des antennes à style ou chète terminal,
souvent épaissi et non sétiforme, parfois atrophié ou
nul; parfois ce troisième article paraissant annelé ou
subarticulé, au moins vers l'extrémité.
A. Des moustaches; vertex très concave. Ge Tribu. ASiLip.
(V. tableau å. C.)
B. Pas de moustaches; vertex plan ou peu concave.
a. Palpes aplatis, parallélogrammoides. . . . . . .
7e Tribu. APOMERIDH (Mihi).
des Diptères. 310
Genre Apomera, Westw. Tribu des Pomeracite ,
Macq. Dip. Exot.)
b. Te plus ou moins ovalaires, aplatis ou cylindriques.
. Trompe à lobes terminaux réunis en dessous; palpes
ne recouvrant pas la trompe, de forme ordinaire.
+4, Organe « dépourvu d appendices saillants, lamelli-
formes ou filiformes.
++, premier article des antennes de longueur norma'e,
ordinaire.
* Tarses postérieurs non dilatés.
** Pas de fausse nervure aux ailes.
** Trompe non coudée.
+ Tête sphérique. . . . . . 8e Tribn. EMPIDN.
(V. ci-dessous, tableau 5. D.)
(Hybotidæ, Empidæ, Macq.)
“1+ Tête plus ou moins hémisphérique. . i
9° Tribu. Boin.
(V. tableau 6. E.)
(Xylotomidæ, Bombylidæ, Anthracidæ, Scenopi-
nide, Macq.)
** Trompe coudée. . . . . 10e Tribu. CONoPsipn.
** Une fausse nervure aux ailes. . 11° Tribu. CERIDII
(Mihi).
* Tarses postéricurs dilatés. 12° Tribu. PLATYPEZINIDN.
144, Premier article des antennes excessivement long.
13e Tribu. Loxgixsipu (Mihi).
++, Organe d pourvu d'appendices saillants, lamelliformes
ou filiformes. . 14° Tribu. LONCHOPTERINIDII.
X16 J. Bigor. — Classification
+. Trompe à lobes terminaux paraissant séparés en des-
sous comme en dessus; palpes aplatis, recouvrant
au moins la base de la trompe; organe < pourvu
d'appendices saillants, lamelliformes ou filiformes.
15e Tribu. RhApribu (Wiki).
(Dolichopodu, Macq.)
b. Troisième article des antennes à style ou chète dorsal,
presque toujours sétiforme, ce troisième article parais-
sant ordinairement simple.
A. Trompe à lobes terminaux paraissant séparés en dessous
comme en dessus; palpes aplatis, recouvrant au moins
la base de la trompe; organe « pourvu d’appendices
saillants, lamelliformes ou filiformes. . . D .
16e Tribu. DOLICHOPODII.
B. Trompe à lobes terminaux réunis en dessous ; palpes ne
recouvrant pas la trompe, de forme ordinaire; organe
4 dépourvu d'appendices saillants, lamelliformes ou
filiformes.
a. Une fausse nervure aux ailes. . 17° Tribu. SYRPHIDII.
b. Pas de fausses nervures aux ailes.
+. Trompe peu distincte, rudimentaire, ou nulle.
18e Tribu. OESTRIDII.
+. Trompe bien distincte, normale. 19e Tribu. MUSCIDIr.
(8e Tableau. 7. F.)
(Myopidæ, Muscidæ, Macq.)
Antennes indistinctes, ou plus ou moins atrophiées. Famille
des CRYPTOCÈRES (Mihi).
A. Tête de grandeur ordinaire, normale. . . +
206 Tribu. CORIACIDU.
Pupipare, Macq.)
B.
des Diptères. 317
Tête petite où rudimentaire, anormale.
21e Tribu. NYCTERHADH.
(Phthiromyiæ, Macq.)
EEN
8e Tribu. Emribu. (Tableau 5. D.)
. Trompe plus ou moins horizontale, dirigée en avant dans
le repos. . . . . . dre Curie. HINBOTIDE.
. Trompe plus ou moins perpendiculaire, où plus où moins
dirigée en arrière dans le repos. . 2° Curie. EMPIDÆ.
Ge Tribu. Asilipur. (Tableau 4. C.)
. Pas de style ou chète proprement dit.
Troisième article des antennes paraissant annelé ou sub-
articulé, au moins vers l'extrémité.
Derniers ou avant-derniers articles des antennes renflés
au-delà de la grosseur de l'antenne.
dre Curie. MYDASIDE.
Id. id, au plus de la grosseur de l'antenne.
2e Curie. DASYPOGONIDE.
Troisième article des antennes paraissant simple.
3e Curie. LAPIHRITIDE.
. Un style où chète proprement dit. . 4e Curie. ASILIDÆ.
|
Jimmy Olsen is a fictional Superman character who works for the Daily Planet with Clark Kent and Lois Lane. His boss is Perry White. He thinks that Clark Kent and Lois Lane are his "heroes". He becomes The Nail in a comic book theme.
References
DC Comics characters
Superman
sv:Lista över figurer i Stålmannens universum#Jimmy Olsen |
The Markup is a non-profit news startup.
The Markup was founded in 2018 to report on the effects of technology on society. Its mission is to "hold the powerful to account, raise the cost of bad behavior, and spur reforms."
The executive director of the markup is Sue Gardner.
References
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Websites |
is a private women's college in Tama, Tokyo, Japan. It opened in 1988. The university is linked to the Keisen School for Young Women, founded in 1929 by Michi Kawai. Kawai was the National Secretary of the Young Women's Christian Associations of Japan. Horticulture is an important part of studying at this university for all students.
Philosophy
Keisen University's educational philosophy has three main values:
Christianity: Respect for people as individuals and seeing other people without discrimination by race or class.
International Peace Studies: Improving Japanese women's knowledge of the world, getting rid of prejudice, and facing problems.
Horticulture: The love of nature, respect for all the living things, and learning basic morals.
Faculties and Departments
Faculty of Humanities
Department of Japanese Language and Culture
Department of English Communication
Department of Trans-Cultural Studies
Faculty of Human and Social Studies
Department of International Social Studies
Department of Human Life and Environment Studies
Graduate School
Graduate School of Humanities-Division of Cultural Coexistence
This division's main focus is on Japanese-Language education and multicultural coexistence studies. Programs include: Japanese Language Teaching and Education, Gender and Culture Studies, Minority and Culture Studies and Multicultural Communication.
Graduate School of Human and Social Studies-Division of Peace Studies
Facilities
Chapel
The chapel offers regular services. The chapel includes a large pipe organ. Sometimes, they have chapel concerts for students and the local community.
Farm for Education
There is a large farm called, "Farm for education." All first year "Freshman" students must take a horticulture class. They learn to grow vegetables and flowers on this farm.
Herb Garden
Students can pick herbs and sometimes drink herbal teas in this garden. It is also a popular place for students to eat lunch.
International links
Keisen University has educational links with these universities:
North Western College (Iowa, USA）
Silla University (Busan, Korea）
Payap University (Chiang Mai, Thailand）
Well known people
Michi Kawai, founder.
Noyuri Otsuka, Honorary professor of Keisen University, Japan. Christian writer and researcher. Japanese Wikipedia
Sachiko Kokubu, actress, graduate of the Junior College English literature department.
Satoshi Fujita, professor of horticulture and regular NHK presenter.
References
Other websites
Keisen University official website
Colleges and universities in Tokyo
1988 establishments in Japan |
Jah Wobble (born 11 August 1958) is an English bass guitarist, singer, and poet. He was Public Image Ltd's first bass player. He left after making two albums with the band in 1980. He has worked with many musicians since. In September 2010 a book Wobble wrote about his life, Memoirs of a Geezer, was published.
Personal life
Wobble has two daughters, Hayley Angel Wardle and Natalie Wardle, and two sons.
References
1958 births
Living people
Singers from London
English guitarists |
Cathy Moriarty (born in New York City, November 29, 1960) is an American television/movie actress and singer. Her acting career has extended for over forty years. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her part in the movie Raging Bull (1980). Other movies in which Moriarty acted include Soapdish (1991), Casper (1995), Analyze That (2002) and The Bounty Hunter (2010). She also had television roles in Tales from the Crypt (for which she won a CableACE Award for the Best Actress in a Dramatic Series), Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Moriarty played Mary Brown during the comedy movie But I'm a Cheerleader in 1999. The film was originally rated NC-17 for its depiction of lesbian sexual activity. It was edited for an R-rating before release in the United States movie theaters.
Moriarty was later nominated for a DVD Exclusive Award for Best Actress for her acting role in the movie Red Team (originally titled The Crimson Code).
References
Singers from New York City
Award winning actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1960 births
Living people |
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Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens.
Von
Dr. Gustav Mayr.
(Vorgelegt in der Versammlung am 4. December 1373.)
Die von Herrn Rothney bei Calcutta gesammelten und von Herrn
Frederick Smith mir zur Bestimmung und Beschreibung freundlichst über-
lassenen Ameisen geben den Anlass zur Publication dieser Beiträge. Herr
Smith war auch so gefällig, mir manche der von ihm aufgestellten Arten
zur Ansicht mitzutheilen, wodurch es mir möglich wurde, Einiges zur Richtig-
stellung dieser Arten beizutragen. Hiedurch bin ich in der Lage, die Kenntniss
der Ameisen Asiens, welche gegen die der anderen Erdtheile, trotz der vielen
beschriebenen Arten, weit zurücksteht, etwas zu erweitern.
Camponotus ligniperdus Latr.
Diese Art findet sich in Sibirien und in Nordamerika in derselben Aus-
bildung wie in Europa, nur in Japan weicht sie nicht unerheblich ab, so dass
ich zur Feststellung der Forın eine Varietät obscuripes aufzustellen für zweck-
mässig halte. =
Die Arbeiter haben immer dunkelbrauue Beine und das erste Abdominal-
segment ist bis auf einen schmalen oder mässig breiten dunkeln Querstreifen
am Hinterrande immer, auch bei den kleinen Arbeitern, hell gelbroth oder
mehr rothgelb gefärbt. Die geflügelten Geschlechter sind mir unbekannt.
Ich erhielt eine grössere Auzahl Stücke von Herrn J. Erber und ein
Stück von Herrn F. Smith.
Camponotus marginatus Latr. (nec Oliv.)
Camp. vitiosus Smith, Transact. Ent. Soc. London 1874, p. 403.
Herr Fred. Smith sandte mir im Jahre 1873 einige Exemplare aus
Japan zur Bestimmung, welche ich, da es nur kleine Arbeiter waren, die ich
nicht sicher bestimmen konnte, undeterminirt liess. Ein Jahr später beschrieb
sie Herr Smith als Camp. vitiosus. Seither erhielt ich viele Exemplare von
646 Gustav Mayr.
Camp. marginatus aus Nordamerika, worunter sich auch sehr kleine und ver-
schieden färbige Arbeiter vorfanden, so dass ich nun die Identität derselben
mit den japanesischen Stücken unzweifelhaft erkennen kann.
Camponotus mitis Smith.
Formica mitis Sm. Cat. H. I. Brit. Mus. p. 20.
Formica bacchus Sm. Cat. H. I. Brit. Mus. p. 21.
Ein typischer Arbeiter zeigt, dass Formica mitis der kleine Arbeiter von
Camp. bacchus ist. F. ventralis Sm. ist wohl ohne Zweifel das Weibchen zu
dieser Art.
Camponotus irritans Smith.
Formica irritans 8m. Cat. Br. M. p. 22.
Camponotus inconspicuus Mayr, Form. born. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genov. 1872) p. 5 (135).
Zwei typische Arbeiter von F. irritans Smith aus Indien und Malacca
zeigen, dass mein Camp. inconspicuus zu dieser Art gehört. Nach Smith's
sehr lückenhafter Beschreibung war es unmöglich, diese Art zu erkennen.
-
Camponotus oblongus Smith.
Formica oblonga Sm. Cat. Br. Mus. p. 21.
Femina: Long. 11 Mm. Nitida, fusca, capite obscuriore, mandibulis,
area frontali atque fronte sordide castaneis, thorace ad latera et pedibus
testaceo-fuscis; dispersissime abstante pilosa, antennis pedibusque absque pilis
abstantibus; dispersissime, brevissime et microscopice adpresse pubescens;
dispersissime punctulata et microscopice coriacea (sublaevis), abdomine eodem
modo transverse striolato; mandibulae subtiliter coriaceae punctis dispersis,
septemdentatae; caput longius quam latius, antice paulo angustius quam postice;
clypeus haud carinatus, margine antico transverso, utrinque emarginato; meta-
notum planitie declivi verticali, duplo longiore planitie basali; petiolus cum
squama ovala, supra compressa.
Ein Weibchen aus Siam von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht.
Hervorzuheben sind noch die zerstreuten, eingedrückten Punkte, in deren
jeden ein nur bei starker Vergrösserung sichtbares, sehr kleines, angedrücktes
Härchen liegt. Die Basalfläche des Metanotum ist ziemlich horizontal und geht
im starken Bogen in die senkrecht gestellte abschüssige Fläche über.
Camponotus gilviceps Rog.
Formica ruficeps Smith, Cat. Br. M. p. 24.
Camp. gilviceps Rog., Berl. ent. Z. 1863. Verz. p. 3.
Ein typischer Arbeiter von Herrn Smith weicht von den von mir unter-
suchten und in Adn. in Mon. Form. neerl. p. 5 (Tijdschr. voor Ent. 1867)
Gi
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 647
beschriebenen Stücken uur dadurch ab, dass das ganze Pronotum roth gefärbt
und der übrige Thorax rothbraun ist. Die Schuppe des Petiolus ist höher als
breit und hat einen queren oberen Rand. Es sei auch bemerkt, dass in meiner
oben eitirten Beschreibung ein Druckfehler zu verbessern ist, indem es statt:
mandibulae — basi subtilissime cinereo-rugulosae, heissen soll: coriaceo-rugulosae.
Camponotus micans Nyl.
Formica micans Nyl. Form. Fr. p. 55.
Formica pubescens var. Brullé, Hist. nat. Il. Canar. II. p. 84.
Camp. flavomarginatus Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 16.
Von Dr. Nylander zuerst nach Stücken aus Algier beschrieben, wurde
diese Art auch in Sicilien und in Andalusien aufgefunden; ich besitze sie auch
von den canarischen Inseln und von der Goldküste (Camp. flavomarginatus Mayr);
Herr Rothney fing bei Calcutta Exemplare, welche mit meinen südeuropäischen
und afrikanischen Arbeitern von Camp. micans vollkommen übereinstimmen.
Einen kleinen Arbeiter erhielt ich in Sandarak eingeschlossen, also aus Nord-
afrika stammend.
Camponotus coxalis Smith.
Proc. Linn. Soc. III. 1859, p. 136.
Operaria minor: Long. 11 Mm. Fusca, nitida, capite obscuriore,
antennarum funiculo rufo, trochanteribus coxisque quatuor posterioribus
testaceis; dispersissime adpresse pubescens; caput et abdomen modice — thorax
sparsissime abstante pilosa, tibiae pilis brevissimis oblique abstantibus; microsco-
pice coriacea, mandibulis insuper punctis rudibus dispersis, abdomine sub-
tilissime et densissime transverse striolato; caput angustum, antice latius quam
postice, pone oculos ad capitis articulationem sensim angustatum et ibidem
thorace angustius; clypeus carinatus margine antico arcuato; thorax elongatus,
supra-longitrorsum modice arcuatus absque sirictura (capitis et thoracis forma
ut in oper. min. Camponoti subnitidi Mayr, Austral. Form.); petioli squama
modice incrassata, supra subacuminata.
Ein Exemplar von den Aru-Inseln von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht erhalten.
Von der Insel Waigiou besitze ich einen kleinen Arbeiter, welcher voll-
kommen mit obigem Stücke übereinstimmt, aber 13 Mm. lang ist und die
Tibien nicht nur mit kurzeu, schief abstehenden Haaren, sondern auch mit
ebenso langen und ebenso schief abstehenden Stachelchen besetzt hat, wührend
bei dem typischen Stücke von Camp. coxalis nur zunächst dem Beugerande der
Tibien einige wenige solche Stachelchen vorkommen. Dieses Stück aus Waigiou
hat auch die Unterseite des Hinterleibes bräunlichgelb, wie es Smith für den
grossen Arbeiter angibt, so dass ich glaube, dieses Stück gehöre zu Camp. coxalis,
in welchem Falle die grossen Arbeiter auch solche Stachelchen an den Tibien
haben müssten.
Z. B. Ges, B. XXVIII. Abh. 82
648 Gustav Mayr.
Camponotus irritabilis Smith.
Formica irritabilis Sm. Cat. Br. M. p. 25, Nr. 85.
Formica sedula Sm. Cat. Br. M. p. 25, Nr. 86.
Zwei von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht erhaltene und F. irritabilis be-
nannte Árbeiter aus Borneo erweisen die Identitàt mit Camp. sedulus. Es sind
kleinkópfige Arbeiter mit rothem Kopfe, einer derselben hat auch den ganzen
Thorax und den Petiolus roth, der andere hat nur die vordere Hälfte des Thorax
roth, die Hinterhälfte desselben und den Petiolus schwärzlich rothbraun; der
Hinterleib ist bei beiden schwarz.
Camponctus opaciventris n. sp.
Operaria: Camponoto sericeo Fabr. simillima differt solummodo pubes-
centia metanoti et abdominis flavescenti-albida, brevissima et minus copiosa,
metanoti planitie basali ad basim haud longitrorsum arcuata.
Calcutta, von Herrn Rothney gesammelt,
Diese Art stimmt mit Camp. sericeus Fabr. in der Grösse, Farbe, ab-
stehenden Behaarung und in der Kórperform vollkommen überein, doch ist die
anliegende Pubescenz am Hinterleibe und auch am Metanotum von der bei
Camp. sericeus auffallend verschieden. Während bei dieser Art der Hinterleib
von einer gelben, seidenartigen, sehr dichten Pubescenz in der Weise bedeckt
ist, dass man die Sculptur und Farbe des Hinterleibes nicht ohne Entfernung
der Haare sehen kann, ist bei der neuen Art die Pubescenz des Hinterleibes
kurz, spärlich und viel heller gefärbt, so dass die ‚äusserst dichte, sehr, feine,
fingerhutartige Punktirung sehr gut ohne Entfernung der Haare zu sehen ist.
Die Basalfläche des Metanotum ist vou der Meso-Metanotalnaht bis zum hinteren
Rande flach, bei Camp. sericeus jedoch ist sie vorne in der Längsrichtung sehr
deutlich gewólbt, auch ist bei der neuen Art der hintere Theil derselben Basal-
fläche nicht, wie bei Camp. sericeus, etwas herabgebogen.
Polyrhachis.
Die von mir im Jahre 1867 in den Adn. in Monogr. Form. Indo-neerl.
(Tijdschr. vor Entomol. X) gegebene Gruppirung der Polyrhachis-Arten erfährt
durch die Untersuchung einer reichlicheren Anzahl von Arten einige Ver-
besserungen. Ich theile die mir bekannten Arten in folgender Weise ein:
I. Gruppe: Rastellata.
99, Stark glänzend, fast ganz glatt oder deutlich lederartig gerunzelt,
ohne anliegende Pubescenz. Durch diese Merkmale von allen andern Gruppen
ausgezeichnet, ausser einer Art in der Gruppe: Abrupta. Die Stirn (zwischen
den Stirnleisten) schmal. Der Scheitel von vorne nach hinten zum Hinterhaupt-
loche stark gewólbt. Die Augeu ziemlich seitlich gestellt. Die Unterseite des
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 649
Kopfes mit zwei scharfen durchlaufenden Längskielen versehen. Der Thorax
kurz, beim Arbeiter oben in der Längs- und Querrichtung stark gewölbt, ohne
seitliche Längskauten, das Pronotum unbewehrt oder zweizähnig, das Meso-
notum unbewehrt, die Meso-Metanotalnaht beim Arbeiter nicht oder kaum
sichtbar, das Metanotum unbewehrt oder bewehrt. Die Schuppe des Stielchens
oben vierzähnig oder die inneren Zähne (bei P. laevissima) mehr oder weniger
stumpf oder es sind (bei mucronata) zwei äussere, lange, gekrümmte Dornen
und zwei innere, sehr kleine Zähnchen vorhanden. Hieher gehören: P. rastel-
lata Lir, laevissima Smith Cat. p. 64 (globularia Mayr), laevior Rog.
(laevissima Smith Journ. Prof Linn. Soc. 1859 Vol III p. 141), mucro-
nata Smith.
II. Gruppe: Bihamata.
Die Arbeiter sind von allen andern Gruppen dadurch ausgezeichnet, dass
das Mesonotum zwei gebogene Dornen hat. Die Weibehen und Männchen sind
noch unbekannt. ;
Hieher: P. bihamata Drury, bellicosa Smith, lamellidens Smith.
III. Gruppe: Armata.
Beim Arbeiter ist der Kopf meistens nicht dick und meist ohne durch-
laufende, scharfe Längskiele an der Unterseite, Pronotum und Mesonotum beim
Arbeiter oben seitlich gerundet, ohne seitliche Längskanten und mässig gestreckt,
das Pronotum mit zwei Zähnen oder Dornen, das Metanotum zweidornig. Der
Petiolus kubisch oder schuppenförmig, oben jederseits mit einem Dorne, bis-
weilen noch mit zwei Zähnen dazwischen.
Beim Weibchen sind Kopf und Petiolus wie beim Arbeiter geformt.
Das Pronotum hat jederseits einen Zahn oder Dorn, hinter diesem aber keine
Längskante wie bei der IV. und V. Gruppe. Das Metanotum mit zwei Dornen.
Hieher: P. sexspinosa Ltr, bubastes Smith, rugifrons Smith,
spinosa Mayr, cleophanes Smith, exasperata Smith, armata Guill,
phyllophila Smith, tristis Mayr, presso Mayr, chalybaea Smith, ama-
nus Smith, bicolor Smith, dives Smith (acantha Sm., nach einem typischen
Stücke), argentea Mayr, spiniger n. sp, simplex Mayr. Jedenfalls dürften
zu dieser Gruppe auch gehören: P. rubiginosa Guil. (nach Roger’s Be-
merkungen der P. phyllophila sehr nahe stehend), mutata Smith, abdomi-
nalis Smith, tibialis Smith, rupicapra Rog., vicina Rog., furcata Smith.
P. acasta Smith scheint von P. argentea nur durch die „slightly“ divergiren-
den Metanotumdornen verschieden zu sein.
IV. Gruppe: Amınon.
59. Der Scheitel in der Längsrichtung gewólbt. Die Augen seitlich
gestellt. Die Unterseite des Kopfes meistens ohne durchlaufende, scharfe Längs-
kanten. Der Thorax ist beim Arbeiter vierseitig, das Pronotum unbewehrt, zwei-
zähnig oder zweidornig, welche Dornen kürzer sind als die des Metanotum, das
82*
650 Gustav Mayr.
Mesonotum ist meistens ınehr wie halb so lang als breit. Die Weibchen haben
hinter jedem Pronotumzahne eine Längskante, wodurch sie sich von denen der
vorhergehenden Gruppe unterscheiden, nur bei P. Frauenfeldi und thrinax ist
diese Kante undeutlieh. Doch sind diese durch drei Dornen an der Schuppe
des Petiolus ausgezeichnet. Von der nachfolgenden Gruppe unterscheiden sich
die mir vorliegenden Weibchen durch den Kopfbau und wohl auch dadurch,
dass die Dornen oder Záhne des Metanotum stets lünger sind als die des Pro-
notum, nur P. Frauenfeldi macht auch hier eine Ausnahme, indem die Meta-
notumzähne wohl stärker, aber kaum länger als die Pronotumzähne sind.
1. Schuppe des Petiolus mit zwei nach hinten und aussen gebogenen Dornen.
a) Stirn (zwischen den Stirnleisten) mehr oder weniger quadratisch,
hinten so breit oder fast so breit als lang; Pronotum convex, zwei-
zähnig, Mesonotum breiter als lang, die Meso-Metanotalnaht meistens
sehr undeutlich. Hieher: P. Guérin? Rog., contemta Mayr,
Hooker? Lowne, marginata Smith, punctiventris Mayr, hosti-
lis Smith, latifrons Rog., hexacantha Er. (fuscipes Mayr), jack-
soniana Rog.
b) Stirn ziemlich schmal, doppelt so lang als hinten breit, Pronotum
nicht gezähnt, mit blattfórmigen Seitenrande, Mesonotum ziemlich
quadratisch. Hieher: P. ammon Fabr, irapezoidea Mayr, am-
monoeides Rog. semiaurata Mayr.
c) Stirn ziemlich schmal, doppelt so lang als hinten breit, Pronotum
mit zwei Dornen oder Zähnen, Meso- Metanotalnaht sehr undeutlich
oder (bei P. valerus) eine feine, aber deutliche Furche. Hieher:
P. Daemeli Mayr, ornata Mayr, valerus Smith.
2. Schuppe mit zwei fast ganz aufrechten, oder mit drei bis vier Dornen oder
Zähnen, Stirn ziemlich schmal. Hieher: P. charaxws Smith, Frauen-
feldi Mayr thrinax Rog, indica Mayr, sidnica Mayr, femo-
rata Smith, micans Mayr, clypeata Mayr.
V. Gruppe: Relucens.
909. Der Scheitel in der Längsrichtung nicht oder sehr wenig gewölbt.
Die Augen, ausser bei den afrikanischen Arten P. yagates Smith und mili-
taris Fabr., nach vorne gerichtet. Der Kopf ist, von der Seite gesehen, dick,
rhomboidisch, dessen Unterseite geknickt, so dass der vordere Theil der Unter-
seite des Kopfes mit dem hinteren Theile einen stumpfen Winkel bildet, es
legt sich auch bei nach unten zurückgezogenem Kopfe der vordere Theil der
Unterseite des Kopfes an die Vorderhüften und der hintere Theil an das Pro-
sternum knapp an; die Kiele an der Unterseite des Kopfes sind durchlaufend,
meistens scharf und schneidig; der Kopf ist, von vorne oben gesehen, von den
Mandibeln bis zu den Augen mehr oder weniger parallelrandig. Beim Arbeiter
ist der Thorax vierseitig, oben mit zwei seitlichen, scharfen Rändern, welche
zwischen den Thoraxsogmenten mehr oder weniger eingeschnitten sind, das
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 651
Pronotum hat zwei Dornen (bei P. punctillata zwei Zähne), das Mesonotum
ist mindestens doppelt so breit als lang, das Metanotum ist uubewehrt, oder
hat zwei Zühne oder Dornen, welche aber kürzer sind als die des Pronotum oder
höchstens (bei P. punctillata) ebenso lang. Die Weibchen haben am Pronotum
hinter jedem Dorne eine Längskante und das Metanotum hat nur zwei Zähne.
Die Schuppe des Petiolus hat beim Arbeitér und Weibchen vier ziemlich gleich
lange Zähne oder Dornen, oder sie hat zwei obere Dornen und zwei äussere
(untere) Zähne oder sie hat einen oberen gekrümmten Rand und jederseits
einen Zahn.
l. Die Schuppe mit vier gleich langen oder fast gleich langen Dornen oder
Zähnen, manchmal (bei P. sumatrensis) in der Mitte noch ein kleines
Zähnchen. Hieher gehören: P. punctillata Rog, convexa Rog.
sumatrensis Smith, cubaensis Mayr.
2. Die Schuppe mit zwei oberen Dornen und zwei seitlichen Zähnen: P. relu-
cens Latr, decipiens Rog., sericata Guer., Mayri Rog., proxima
Rog., olenus Smith, villipes Smith, compressicornis Smith, striata
Mayr, Iycidas Smith, sculpturata Smith, striato-rugosa Mayr,
rufo-femorata Smith, gagates Smith, militaris Fabr, schi-
stacea Gerst., Beccarii Mayr, cyaniventris Smith, pruinosa Mayr,
nigropilosa Mayr, hastata Latr, rugulosa Mayr.
9. Schuppe deutlich oder undeutlich zweizähnig: P. orsyllus Smith, merops
Smith, aurichalcea Mayr, nigra Mayr.
VI. Gruppe: Abrupta. (Hemioptica Rog.)
Die Arbeiter dieser Gruppe sind von allen vorhergehenden dadurch aus-
gezeichnet, dass jedes Auge aussen von einem fast halbkreisförmigen Lappen
so gestützt ist, dass die Augen nur direct nach vorne gerichtet sind. Im
Uebrigen stimmt diese Gruppe im Kopf- und Thoraxbaue mit der vorhergehenden
überein. Hieher gehören: P. abrupta Mayr, aculeata n.sp., pubescens n. Sp.
scissa (Hemioptica) Rog.
Polyrhachis laevissima Smith.
Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus. VI. 1858, p. 64.
Pol. globularia Mayr Form. indo-neerl. p. 9.
Mehrere typische Stücke dieser Art erweisen die Identität mit P. globu-
laria Mayr. Herr Smith hat wohl zwei verschiedene Arten mit diesem Namen
belegt, doch gebührt der im Cat. p. 64 im Jahre 1858 beschriebenen Art der
von Smith gegebene Name, während die von Smith in den Proc. Linn. Soc.
Zool. 1859 p. 141 beschriebene Art von Roger in P. laevior umgetauft wurde.
Es ist bisher nur der Arbeiter beschrieben.
Femina: Long. S-10 Mm. Nigra, pedibus ferrugineis, tibiis basi `
larsisque nigris; subnuda; tenwissime coriaceo-rugulosa et insuper punctulis
valde superficialibus, dispersissime pilos microscopicos et brevissimos gerentibus;
659 Gustav Mayr.
nitidissima, mandibulis disperse punctatis et insuper, basi excepta, delicatule
striolatis; clypeus absque carina mediana, margine antico in medio emarginato
et bidentato; thorax inermis; petioli squama modice incrassata, obtrapezoidalis,
margine superiore curvato, in medio modice emarginato, angulis acutis; alae
infuscatae.
Von dieser Art liegen mir Exemplare vor aus Calcutta? (gesammelt von
Herrn Rothney), und aus Java (Museum Halle a. d. S. und Mus. Leyden);
alle Exemplare haben rothe Beine mit schwarzen Tarsen und mit schwärzlicher
Basis der Tibien.
Polyrhachis mucronata Smith.
Proc. Linn. Soc. III. 1859, p. 140.
Diese Art ist von den anderen Arten der Gruppe: Rastellata durch
folgende Merkmale unterschieden: der Arbeiter hat eine Körperlänge von
52 Mm. Kopf und Thorax sind schärfer und deutlicher lederartig gerunzelt,
das Pronotum hat vorne jederseits ein dreieckiges Zähnchen, das Metanotum
hat zwei fast ganz gerade, parallele, schief nach hinten und oben gerichtete
Dornen, welche länger sind, als das Metanotum an der schwach ausgeprägten
Meso - Metanotalnaht breit ist. Die Schuppe des Petiolus ist so wie bei
P. dives geformt‘, sie hat zwei die Hinterleibsbasis umfassende Dornen und
zwischen diesen am oberen Rande zwei kleine, sehr spitzige nach oben gerichtete
Zähnchen.
Nach einem von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht erhaltenen Stücke.
Polyrhachis lamellidens Smith.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 408.
Operaria: Long. 73—8 Mm. Nigra, thorace ferrugineo, absque pilis
abstantibus, pilis brevissimis perpaucis, adpressis; caput et thorax opaca,
subtiliter et dense reticulato-coriacea, abdomen subtilissime et valde superficia-
liter coriaceum et nitidum; mandibulae dense striatae; clypeus carina obtusa
mediana, margine antico arcuato et integro thorax quadrilaterus, sexspinosus,
pronoto spinis duabus horizontalibus, paulo curvatis, oblique antrorsum et
extrorsum directis, mesonoto spinis duabus brevioribus, extrorsum curvatis,
metanoto parte basali quadrata in medio sulco longitudinali, lateraliter carinis
duabus parallelis in spinas depressas, lamelliformes horizontales, parallelas
rectro directas et obtusas terminantibus, parte declivi fortiter excavata; petiolus
altus spinis duabus longis, divergentibus et hamatis.
Aus Hiogo in Japan, von Herrn Fred. Smith erhalten. Nach Smith
sind im britischen Museum auch Exemplare aus Hongkong.
Zur Gruppe: Bihamata gehörig unterscheidet sich diese neue Art von
den andern Arten P. bihamata und bellicosa sehr leicht durch die horizontalen
Dornen des Pronotum, durch die nach aussen gebogenen Mesonotaldornen,
durch die Gegenwart von Dornen am Metanotum, sowie durch die an der Basis
divergirenden, hakenfórmigen Dornen des Petiolus.
Beiträge zur Ameiseu-Fauna Asiens. 655
Polyrhachis spiniger n. Sp.
Operaria: Long. 65—75 Mm. Nigra, opaca, fere absque pilis
abstantibus, capite supra, abdomine postice et infra pilis nonnullis abstantıbus;
dispersissime et microscopice adpresse pubescens; mandibulae micantes et subti-
liter dense striatae, caput, thorax et petiolus densissime et subtiliter reticulato-
punctata et insuper, clypeo excepto, rugulis subtilibus veticulatim anastomo-
santibus, abdomen pruinosum, subtilissime et densissime reticulato-punctulatum;
clypeus carina obtusa mediana, margine antico arcuato, in medio emarginato
et emarginatura utrimque denticulo armata; frons et laminae frontales modice
elevatae; thorax quadrispinosus, transverse convexus, spinis pronotalibus hori-
zontalibus, haud longis, rectis, extus ei paulo antrorsum directis, spinis
metanotalibus modice longis, erectis, fortiter divergentibus et ante apicem
distincte curvatis; petiolus spinis duabus longis arcuatim curvatis, abdominis
basim amplexandıs.
Mas.: Long. 7 Min. Niger, mandibulis fuscis, subopacus, abdomine
micante, fere absque pilis abstantibus, capite et thorace supra, abdomine apice
et infra pilis nonnullis abstantibus; dispersissime et microscopice adpresse
pubescens ; mandibulae subtiliter coriaceae margine masticatorio brevi bidentato ;
corpus subtilissime et densissime reticulato-punctatum, scutello magis coriaceo;
clypeus obtuse carinatus, margine antico in medio vix et angustissime emargi-
nato; thorax muticus, metanoti parte basali impressione levi longitudinali;
petiolus supra modo transverso inermi; alae subhyalinae costis testaceis et
pterostigmate fusco.
Aus Ostindien, gesammelt von Herrn Rothney, erhalten von Herrn
F. Smith.
Diese Art steht der P. dives Sm. zunächst, von welcher sich der Arbeiter
durch den etwas stärkeren Körperbau, durch die äusserst spärliche Pubescenz,
durch die nach oben und aussen (nicht wie bei P. dives nach hinten und oben)
gerichteten Metanotumdornen unterscheidet. Das Mäunchen unterscheidet sich
von dem der P. dives durch die äusserst spürliche Pubescenz und die schärfere
Sculptur.
Polyrhachis marginata Smith.
Proc. Linn. Soc. III. 1859, p. 139.
Der Arbeiter hat grosse Verwandtschaft mit P. Hookeri Lowne. Der
Kopf ist ebenso geformt wie bei P. Hookeri, auch die Stirnleisten sind ebenso
weit von einander entfernt. Der Thorax hat im allgemeinen dieselbe Form
wie bei der Lowne’schen Art, nur ist er am Pronotum viel breiter und das
Metanotum hat sehr stark divergirende Dornen. Die Schuppe des Stielchens
weicht von der neuholländischen Art dadurch ab, dass die zwei Dornen kürzer
und nur sehr wenig nach rückwärts gekrümmt und iusbesondere nach aussen
gerichtet sind, auch ist der obere Rand der Schuppe scharf schneidig, während
er bei P. Hookeri abgerundet ist. Die Oberkiefer sind scharf längsgestreift,
der Kopf ist wellig längsgerunzelt; das Pronotum ist halbkreisfórmig-, das
654 Gustav Mayr.
Mesonotum längs-wellig gerunzelt, das Metanotum ist, abweichend vom übrigen
nur mässig reichlich behaarten Körper, dicht gelb abstehend behaart; der Hinter-
leib ist sehr dicht, fein und sehr regelmässig längsgestreift, glanzlos und sammt-
schwarz; die Mandibeln, Fühler und Beine sind gelbroth.
. Naeh einem von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht erhaltenen Exemplare; auf
dem Zettel ist notirt: Aru, Batchian und Waygiou.
Polyrhachis hostilis Smith.
Pr. Linn. Soc, IH. 1859, p. 139.
Diese Art, von welcher mir von Herrn Smith ein Arbeiter von den
Aru-Inseln vorliegt, gehört zur Gruppe: Ammon und man gelangt bei der
Bestimmung nach der analytischen Uebersicht der australischen Polyrhachis-
Arten in meinen „Australischen Formiciden“ 1876 zu P. Daemeli, von welcher
sich aber P. hostilis besonders durch den auffallend verbreiterten Thorax und
durch die eigenthümlich geformten Stirnleisten unterscheidet. Der Körper ist
65 Mm. lang und hat eine spärliche abstehende Behaarung, der Schaft aber,
sowie besonders die Tibien sind reichlich abstehend behaart. Die Pubescenz
ist sehr spärlich, theilweise fehlend. Die Stirnleisten sind breit, aufgebogen
und enden hinten in einen erhöhten, abgerundeten, platten Fortsatz, welche
Bildung mir bei keiner Polyrkachis-Art bekannt ist. Die Stirn zwischen den
Stirnleisten ist trapezfürmig, vorne viel schmäler als hinten. Der Kopf hat
an der Unterseite zwei Längskanten. Das Pronotum ist doppelt so breit als
lang, mässig convex, mit stark blattartig verbreiterten Seitenränden, welche
vorne in einen nach vorne gerichteten Zahn enden. Das Mesonotum ist etwa
` dreimal so breit als lang, schwach convex, mit blattartig verbreiterten bogigen
Seitenránden. Das Metanotum hat zwei deutlich, aber nicht stark gebogene,
ziemlich horizontale, nach hinten gerichtete, lange Dornen, welche aber doch
kürzer sind als das breite Metanotum an der fein ausgeprägten Meso-Metanotal-
naht breit ist. Die Schuppe des Stielchens hat zwei lauge, die Hinterleibs-
basis umfassende Dornen., Kopf, Thorax und Hinterleib sind längsgestreift,
die abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum und die Schuppe sind quergestreift.
Polyrhachis valerus Smith.
Pr. Linn. Soc. VI. 1861, y. 40.
Die Art gehört zur Gruppe Ammon und steht den Arten P. Daemeli
und ornata am nächsten. Der Smith’schen Beschreibung des Arbeiters ist
hinzuzufügen: Die abstehende Behaarung ist sehr spärlich, die Fühler und
Tibien haben keine abstehenden Haare; die anliegende Pubescenz ist ziemlich
spärlich. Der Kopf und der Hinterleib sind fein und dicht runzlich-punktirt,
die Stirnleisten sind einander ziemlich genähert, so dass die Stirn etwa doppelt
so lang als breit ist. Das Pronotum des vierseitigen Thorax ist oben grob
làngsgestreift und hat jederseits einen kurzen, schief nach vorne, aussen und
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 655
oben gerichteten Dorn, welcher etwa halb so lang ist als die Breite des Pro-
notum zwischen diesen beiden Dornen. Das Mesonotum ist oben ziemlich glatt
und glänzend, es ist flach, breiter als lang, mit gerundeten Seitenrändern. Das
Metanotum hat zwei nach hinten gerichtete, parallele Dornen, welche an ihrer
dicken Basis schief nach hinten und oben gerichtet, in ihrer Mitte aber so
gebogen sind, dass die Endhälfte der Dornen horizontal nach hinten gerichtet
ist. Das Stielchen ist ebenso wie bei P. Daemeli und ornata geformt.
Ein Stück aus Neu-Guinea von Herın Smith zur Ansicht erhalten.
Polyrhachis sumatrensis Smith.
Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. M. VI. p. 65. Pl. IV, Fig. 45.
Femina: Long. 9 Min. Nigra pedibus fulvis, dense nitido-aurichalceo-
pubescens, sparse — scutello et abdominis apice copiose — longe et erecte
pilosa, pedibus absque pilis abstantibus ; sculptura rugulosa propter pubescentiam
indistincta; mandibulae superficialiter striolatae; clypeus vix carinatus margine
antico arcuato; laminae frontales approximalae; pronotum spinis duabus
acutis porrectis, paulo divergentibus; metanotwm dentibus duobus obtusis et
minutis, parte basali horizontali transverso-quadrangulari, parte declivi, sepa-
rata a parte basali carina obtusa et obliqua, supra magis, infra minus verti-
cali; petioli squama infra crassa, antice convexa, postice plana, sexangularis
(subseptem-angularis) quinquedentata, scilicel. angulis quatuor superioribus
in dentem triangularem, haud acutum, productis, et margine superiore in
medio dente obtuso.
Von den Aru-Inseln (Mus. Leyden).
Ich habe eine eigene Beschreibung hier gegeben, weil ich nicht voll-
kommen sicher bin, dass das von mir beschriebene Stück mit der Smith'schen
Art übereinstimme, da Smith die Beine schwarz angibt und die reiche Pubescenz
nieht hervorhebt, doch variirt die Farbe der Beine bei Polyrhachis oft sehr
bedeutend und in Bezug der Pubescenz dürfte Smith ein in schlechten Alkohol
gelegenes Exemplar beschrieben haben. Die Schuppe des Petiolus ist wie in
Smith's Abbildung (Pl. IV. Fig. 43), aber unten schmäler und die Zähne sind
nicht so spitzig.
Polyrhachis relucens Latr.
Die in den Proc. Linn. Soc. III. 1859, p. 142 von Smith beschriebene
Art P. hector von den Aru-Inseln, im Gegensatze zu der ebenso benannten
Art aus Singapore, welche Smith im Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus. VI. p. 61
beschrieb, erweist sich in Folge der Ansicht eines typischen Exemplars von
P. relucens Latr. nicht verschieden.
P. ithonus Smith (Proc. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. 1860, p. 99. Pl. I, Fig. 18)
unterscheidet sich nach einem typischen Exemplare von P. relucens Latr. nur
durch die weissliche Pubescenz und kann daher, da die Farbe der Pubescenz
bei mehreren Polyrhachis-Arten variirt, nur als Varietät von P. velucens ange-
sehen werden.
Z. B. Ges. B. XXVIII. Abh. 83
o
656 Gustav Mayr.
Polyrhachis proxima Rog.
Berl. ent. Z. 1863, p. 155.
Im Leydener Museum findet sich ein Weibchen dieser Art vor. Es ist
10 Mm. lang, wenig grösser als der Arbeiter und weicht, ausser den das
Weibchen vom Arbeiter unterscheidenden Merkmalen, durch die etwas kürzeren
Pronotumdornen, durch den fast doppelt so breiten als langen Basaltheil des
Metanotum und die kürzeren Dornen des Stielchens ab.
Polyrhachis compressicornis Smith.
Proc. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. 1860, p. 69.
Der Arbeiter ist jenem von P. villipes im Körperbaue, sowie in der
abstehenden Behaarung sehr ähnlich, doch ist diese bei P. compressicornis gelb,
bei P. villipes dunkelbraun, die blassgelbe Pubescenz ist am Hinterleibe ebenso
reichlich wie am Kopfe und Thorax. Der Körper ist fein runzlig-punktirt, aus
den Pünktchen entspringen die anliegenden Härchen. Die Pronotumdornen
sind etwas kürzer aber stärker als bei P. villipes, das Metanotum ist ebenso
geformt wie bei P. villipes. Die Schuppe des Stielchens ist oben am breitesten
und hat oben zwei schwach, aber deutlich, gebogene, nach oben und etwas nach
hinten gerichtete, mässig divergirende Dornen, welche etwas kürzer sind als der
obere Rand der Schuppe; unter der Basis der Dornen, am Aussenrande der
Schuppe, findet sich ein leicht zu übersehendes, sehr schwaches Höckerchen,
anstatt des bei den nächsten Verwandten vorkommenden Zähnchens. Die
Schenkel uud Tibien sind rothgelb. Das auffallendste Merkmal ist aber der
vom Anfange bis zum Ende stark compresse Fühlerschaft, wodurch sich
diese Art von allen mir bekannten Arten unterscheidet.
Ein Exemplar aus Celebes von Herrn Smith zur Ansicht erhalten.
Polyrhachis sculpturuta Smith.
Proc. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. 1860, p. 70.
Von Herrn Smith erhielt ich einen von ihm determinirten Arbeiter
dieser Art zur Ansicht, welcher der P. nigropilosa Mayr sehr nahe steht, aber
durch folgende Merkmale abweicht: Die Pronotumscheibe ist viel feiner gestreift
und es fängt die Streifung weiter rückwärts an, am Metanotum fehlt die Quer-
kante zwischen der Basal- und abschüssigen Fläche, die Schuppe des Stielchens
hat oben in der Mitte des Randes keine Spur einer zahnartigen Erhebung, der
Hinterleib ist schimmernd, die zwei vorderen Drittheile des ersten Abdominal-
segmentes sind dicht längsgerunzelt, hinten ist es runzelig, die übrigen Seg-
mente sind dicht und scharf lederartig gerunzelt. -
In der Tijdschrift voor Entomologie X. 1867 (Adnotationes in monogra-
sphiam Formic. neerland.) beschrieb ich P. sculpturata, ohne damals ein Smith-
sches Original-Exemplar gesehen zu haben; mir war damals ein Stück aus dem
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens, 657
zoologischen Museum in Halle a. d. S. nur zur Bestimmung vorgelegen, so dass
ich jetzt das Smith’sche Stück nur mit meiner damals gegebenen Beschreibung
vergleichen kann. Diese stimmt nun mit dem Smith’schen Exemplare ganz
gut überein, nur folgende Angaben passen nicht oder nicht vollkommen: Thorax
marginibus lateralibus haud elevatis; metanotum indistincte bidentatum; ab-
domen dense uniformiter veticulato- punctatum. Beim Smith’schen Stücke
sind aber die Seitenränder des Mesonotum etwas aufgebogen, das Metanotum
hat zwei sehr deutliche, nach oben gerichtete Zähne und die Skulptur des
Hinterleibes ist so wie ich bereits angab. Ob nun Smith's und meine
P. sculpturata von einander specifisch unterschieden seien, vermag ich nicht
zu entscheiden, obschon dies nicht der Fall zu sein scheint, weshalb es zweck-
mässig ist, die von mir beschriebene Form als P. sculpturata var. siamensis
zu fixiren.
Polyrhachis aculeata n, sp.
Operaria: Long. 6 Mm. Nigra, mandibulis apice, femoribus tibiisque
ferrugineis, geniculis nigris; vix pilosa (clypeo, fronte atque abdomine postice
pilis nonnullis abstantibus), scapo infra serie pilorum abstantium; nitidissima,
subpolita (microscopice coriacea); caput lateribus ante oculos parallelis; clypeus
carinatus margine antico arcuato; laminac frontales approsimatae et elevatae ;
oculi extus processui semicirculari insidentes, antrorsum directi, margine externo
acuto; thorax quadrilaterus, supra longitrorsum fortiter arcuatus et utrimque
acute carinatus ac büncisus; pronotum duplo latius quam longius spinis dua-
bus longis, acutis, rectis, antrorsum directis et divergentibus; sutura meso-
metanotalis vio visibilis; metanotum inerme parte basali transverse obtrape-
zoidali a parte declivi paulo concava separata carinula arcuata transversa;
petioli squama transverse obtrapezoidalis angulis duobus superioribus 4n. spinas
rectas, acutas, divergentes, sursum et paulo retro directas productis, margini-
bus lateralibus supra ad spinarum basim dente minuto acuto, sursum et paulo
extus directo; abdomen globosum.
Ich besitze nur ein Exemplar aus Ostindien, welches ich Herrn Professor
Schmidt-Göbel verdanke. Diese Art gehört zur Gruppe: Abrupta, nähert
sich aber in mancher Beziehung der Gruppe: Zastellata.
Polyrhachis pubescens n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 52 Mm. Nigra, pedibus partim fuscescentibus; tote
pilosa et copiose subtiliter flavescente pubescens; micans; mandibulae dense
et regulariter striatae; caput antice coriaceum, in medio et postice subtiliter
ruguloso-striatwm, lateribus ante oculos parallelis; clypeus in medio carinatus
et margine antico arcuato; laminae frontales approximatae et elevatae; oculi
extus processui semicirculari insidentes, antrorsum directi, margine externo
acuto; thorax quadrilaterus, supra longitrorsum modice arcuatus et haud rude
longitudinaliter ruguloso-striatus, utrinque acute carinatus et biincısus, sutwris
superioribus haud profundis, sed distinctis; pronotum modice latius quam
83*
658 Gustav Mayr.
longius, spinis duabus longis, acutis, rectis, antrorsum directis et modice diver-
gentibus; metanotum parte basali obtrapezoidali, latiore quam longiore, a parte
declivi sublaevigata et pubescente separata carina transversa vecta utrinque
denticulo definita; petioli squama transverse obtrapezoidalis margine superiore
transverso et recto, bispinosa et bidentata, scilicet angulis duobus superioribus
in spinas subrectas, acutas, modice divergentes, oblique retro et paulo sursum
directas productis, marginibus lateralibus supra ad spinarum basim dente extus
directo, apice truncato; abdomen globosum, dense coriaceo-punctatum.
Das hier beschriebene Exemplar, welches ich von Herrn Prof. Schmidt-
Göbel erhielt, stammt aus Ostindien.
Acropyga moluccana n, Sp.
Operaria: Long. 3 Mm. Nitida, flava, mandibulis margine masti-
catorio fusco et oculis nigris; vix pilosa antennarum scapo pedibusque abstante
pilosis; pubescens; subtilissime et valde superficialiter coriacea mandibulis
striolatis et disperse punctatis; caput magnum, thorace duplo latius, rotundato-
quadratum margine postico modice emarginato; clypeus convexus, haud cari-
natus, margine antico subtilissime sed late emarginato; antennarum funiculus
articulis circiter quam longis tam crassis, articulis primo, secundo et ultimo
longioribus; laminae frontales brevissimae, sulcus frontalis nullus, sulcus ver-
ticis iéndistinctus ; oculi subeirculares, minuti, ante capitis laterum medietatem;
thorax inter mesonotum et metanotum constrictus; petiolus cum squama ovata
parum antrorsum inclinata; abdomen rotundatum.
Von der Insel Ceram, von Herrn Smith erhalten.
Diese Art unterscheidet sich von A. acutiventris Rog. und [lava Mayr
durch die geringere Grösse, die fast fehlende abstehende Behaarung am Kopfe,
am Thorax und am Hinterleibe, durch die Einschnürung am hinteren Ende des
Mesonotum, indem daselbst eine breite, kurze Fläche die tiefste Stelle der
oberen Seite des Thorax bildet, während bei den zwei anderen Arten nur die
linienförmige Naht zwischen dem Mesonotum und Metanotum liegt und das
Mesonotum sogleich von dieser Naht nach vorne aufsteigt.
2
Hypoclinea gracilipes n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 28 Mm. Testaceo-ferruginea, funiculo pedibusque
flavo-tesiaceis; pilosa, tibiis pilis paucis, haud longis, abstantibus ; mandibulae
sublaeves (subtilissime coriaceae), et mitidae; caput subtilissime coriaceum ;
clypeus margine antico depresso; pronotum veticulato-punctatum; mesonotum
modice elevatum, scabriusculum, rugulis nonnullis longitudinalibus; metanotum
subeuboideum, longius quam latius, parte basali irregulariter reticulata, postice
horizontali, parte declivi sublaevi, nitida, supra perpendiculari, infra obliqua;
petioli squama modice incrassata, votundato-quadrata, paulo antrorsum. incli-
nata, antice et postice paulo convexa; abdomen sublaeve, pubescentia adpressa,
haud copiosa.
Bei Calcutta von Herrn Rothney gesammelt.
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 659
Nach der von mir in meinen „Neuen Formiciden^ (Verh. d. zool.-botan.
Ges. 1870) gegebenen Uebersicht der Hypoclinea-Arten gelangt man bei der
Bestimmung dieser Art zu Nr. 12, wo es heisst: „Schienen reichlich und lang
abstehend behaart“ — und als Gegensatz: „Schienen ohne abstehende Be-
haarung^. Bei der neuen Art sind die Schienen spärlich und nicht lang
abstehend behaart. In Betreff des Kórperbaues steht sie der H. quadripunctata
sehr nahe.!)
Hypoclinea cordata Smith.
Formica cordata Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. IIT. 1859. p. 137.
Operaria minor: Long. 28 Mm. Nitida, rufo-flava, antennis pe-
dibusque pallidioribus, abdomine fusco-nigro; dispersissime abstante pilosa
scapis tibüsque pilis nonnullis oblique abstantibus; sublaevis, mandibulis
punctis dispersis; mandibulae ad marginem masticatorium latae; caput cum
mandibulis cordiforme, thorace latius, clypeo transverse fornicato, margine
antico arcuato, subtiliter biemarginato, oculis in superiore capitis parte et
paulo ante capitis medietatem sitis; thorax inermis mesonoto antice elevato et
convexo, postice supra spiraculis duobus approximatis, mesothorace toto a
metathorace separato sirictura distinctissima, metanoto toriformi spiraculis
paulo prominentibus; petioli squama inermis, ovata, humilis et oblique antror-
sum inclinata.
Mir liegen aus der Smith’schen Sammlung zwei von den Aru-Inseln
stammende Stücke vor, welche jedenfalls die in Smith's Beschreibung erwähuten
kleinen Arbeiter sind.
Nach meiner Uebersicht der Hypocline«a-Arten in meinem Aufsatze:
„Neue Formiciden^, gelangt man bei der Bestimmung dieser Art bis zu Nr. 21,
sieht man aber von der abstehenden Behaarung der Tibien ab, so gelangt man
zu Nr. 24 und zwar hat H. cordata im Körperbaue mit H. itinerans die grösste
Aehnlichkeit, nur ist bei H. cordata das Mesonotum, besonders hinten, weniger
erhóht und das Metanotum ist viel weniger convex, sondern bildet oben eine
wenig convexe, glatte Scheibe (ein Kissen), welche nach allen Seiten ge-
krümmt abfällt.
Anochetus punctiventris n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 34—3°6 Mm. Ferrugineo-rufa aut fusco-ferruginea,
capite ferrugineo-rufo, mandibulis antennisque rufis, abdomine fusco aut fusco-
nigro, pedibus rufo-testaceis; sparsissime abstante pilosa, abdomine disperse
abstante piloso; caput atque abdomen disperse adpresse pubescentia, pedes pilis
brevibus subadpressis; mandibulue margine interno inferiore subserrato , apicc
dentibus duobus magnis et uno minore; clypei pars media concava antice dentibus
duobus porrectis et rotundatis, inter hos semücirculatim excisa; frons inter
1) Da ich mir über die Zertheilung der Gattung Hypoclinea in Dr. Forel’s neuesten Ab-
handlung: Etudes myrm. en 1878 (Bull. Soc. Vaud. d. sc. nat.) noch kein Urtheil gebildet habe,
50 stelle ich diese und die nächste Art noch zur Gattung Hypoclinea.
660 Gustav Mayr.
laminas frontales dense striata; capitis dimidium posticum punctatum; thorax
rugoso-punctatus, antice insuper rugis longitudinalibus, metanoto parte declivi
transversim striata, lateraliter distincte marginata; petioli squama erecta,
ovalis, inermis; abdomen laeve et nitidum, inter segmentum primum et secun-
dum modice constrictum, segmento primo antice rude et haud dense punetato.
Bei Calcutta und im Districte Nuddea, nördlich von Calcutta, von Herrn
Rothney gesammelt.
Diese Art steht dem A. Graeffei Mayr (Neue Form. in Verb. d.zool.-
botan. Ges. 1870. p. 961) sehr nahe und unterscheidet sich von dieser Art
durch die deutlich concave Clypeusscheibe, durch den, ausser in der Mitte,
reichlich punktirten Scheitel, den ziemlich scharf gekielten Seitenrand der ab-
schüssigen Fläche des Metanotum und durch das besonders vorne viel reichlicher
grob punktirte erste Abdominalsegment.
Bei dieser Gelegenheit sei auch bemerkt, dass bei Anochetus der Innen-
rand der Mandibeln zwei durch eine Längsfurche getrennte, parallele Längs-
leisten hat, deren obere schneidig, die untere fein gezähnelt ist. Auch bei
anderen Odontomachiden finde ich diesen doppelten Innenrand, obschon er bei
einigen nur theilweise doppelt, bei anderen nur einfach ist.
Diacamma compressum n. sp.
Ponera australis Rog. Berl. ent. Z. 1860. p. 303.
Zwei Arbeiter aus Sind in Ostindien im k. k. zoologischen Hofcabinete
in Wien stimmen so vollständig mit Roger's Beschreibung von P. australis
überein, dass an der Identitit nicht zu zweifeln ist, und es muss daher, da
Rogers P. australis nicht mit der Fabricius'schen Art übereinstimmt,
erstere einen neuen Namen erhalten; auch ist Roger's Vaterlandsangabe als
unrichtig zu*betrachten.
Die drei einander sehr nahe stehenden Diacamma-Arten, deren‘ erstes
Abdominalsegment nicht grob gestreift, sondern fein gerunzelt ist, unterscheiden
sich durch die Arbeiter in folgender Weise:
D. australe Fabr. Der Scheitel hat bis zum Hinterrande des Kopfes
nur grobe kielartige Längsstreifen, welche glanzlos und ziemlich reichlich
mit feinen runzligen Punkten besetzt sind, aus denen sehr feine anliegende
und kurze Hürchen entspringen; das Pronotum ist kreisfórmig gestreift, in der
Mitte mit einigen queren Streifen; der obere quergestreifte Knoten des Petiolus
ist nicht länger als hinten breit, hinten oben mit zwei Dornen, welche 0'5 Mm.
lang und beiläufig nm ebenso viel von einander entfernt sind. Der ganze Körper
hat eine reichliche abstehende Behaarung und eine solche anliegende Pubescenz,
während beide bei den zwei folgenden Arten viel spärlicher sind.
D. holosericeum Rog. Der Scheitel hat hinten halbkreisförmige
Streifen, welche nach vorne zu den Kopfseiten ziehen, die Streifen selbst sind
glatt und glänzend, ohne oder mit sehr zerstreuten, anliegenden Härchen; die
obere Fläche des Pronotum ist quergestreift, die Seiten sind längs- oder bogig
Ara . . &
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 661
längsgestreift; der oben divergirend längsgestreifte Knoten des Petiolus ist
deutlich länger als hinten breit, die zwei 07—1 Mm. langen Dornen sind länger
als die Entfernung derselben von einander.
D. compressum n. sp. Die Längsstreifen des Scheitels ziehen bis zum
Hinterrande des Kopfes, sie sind glanzlos und ziemlich reichlich mit runzligen
Pünktchen besetzt, aus denen anliegende, sehr feine und kurze Härchen ent-
springen; die obere Fläche des Pronotum ist quergestreift, die Seiten bogig
längsgestreift; der Knoten des Petiolus ist deutlich länger als hinten breit, seine
zwei ziemlich kurzen, 0:5 Mm. langen Dornen, sind einander so stark genähert,
dass sie, trotz ihrer geringeren Länge, von einander weniger entfernt als sie
lang sind.
In meinen „Australischen Formiciden^ (Journ. d. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft XII,
Hamburg 1876), p. 87 ist bei D. australe Fabr. alles zu streichen, mit Aus-
nahme des Titels, des Citates von Fabricius und des Fundortes.
Ponera.
Die Arbeiter und Weibchen jener Arten, die in meiner Sammlung
sind, lassen sich in folgender Weise unterscheiden:
1. Keines der fünf ersten Geisselglieder kürzer als dick . . . . 202
Mindestens das dritte bis fünfte Geisselglied deutlich kürzer als dion E
2. Die abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum ist stark quergestreift; der Thorax
ist zwischen dem Mesonotum und Metanotum nicht eingeschnürt; die
Augen bestehen aus vielen Facetten. Länge: 6 Mm. Arbeiter. Samoa-
Inseln. Mayr, Austral. Form. 1876. p. 52. P. insulana Mayr.
— — o——— sehr fein punktirt und gerunzelt, auch pubescent . . . 8
EE — wenigstens in der Mitte ganz glatt und kahl . . . . 6
3. Die sehr dicke Schuppe ist, von oben gesehen, nicht doppelt so breit als dick. 4
— Schuppe ist, von oben gesehen, mehr wie doppelt so breit als dick . 5
4. Körperlänge: 73—75 Mm. Die Schuppe (oder der Knoten) des Stielchens
ist ziemlich würfelförmig; die abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum ist oben
und seitlich deutlich abgegrenzt; die abstehende Behaarung des Schaftes
und der Tibien ist spärlich. Arbeiter. Calcutta. Emery, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. IX. 1877. p. 368. l P. tesserinoda Emery.
—: 8—12 Mm. Die Schuppe ist, von oben gesehen, deutlich breiter als lang;
die abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum ist oben und seitlich sehr undeut-
lich abgegrenzt; der Fühlerschaft und die Tibien sind reichlich abstehend
behaart. Arbeiter. Vaterland unbekannt. Mayr, Zool.-botan. Ges. 1867.
p. 441. P. sulcata Mayr.!)
1) Ritter v. Frauenfeld übergab mir im Jahre 1867 mehrere Ameisen, welche er während
der Erdumseglung der österr. Fregatte Novara an Bord derselben gesammelt hatte, zur Bestimmung
und etwaigen Beschreibung. Bald darauf gab ich ihm die Thiere determinirt zurück, nebst den
Beschreibungen der neuen Arten, welche er zu publieiren versprach. Nach einiger Zeit erschienen
in den Verh. d. zool.-botan, Ges. 1857 in seinen Miscellen XI die drei ihm gegebenen Beschreibungen,
662 Gustav Mayr.
5. Die Mandibeln sind sehr dicht und sehr fein längsgestreift, grob und sehr
zerstreut punktirt. Schwarzbraun, Mandibeln, Fühler und Beine gelblich-
roth; der Augendurchmesser ist grösser als die Entfernung der Augen
vom Mandibelgelenke; die hintere Fläche der Schuppe ist oben nach vorne
gekrümmt und der obere Rand fast schneidig. Länge: 5'7 Mm. Arbeiter.
Abyssinien und Sennaar in Afrika. Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 1862. p. 73.
P. sennaarensis Mayr.
— — glatt mit zerstreuten groben Punkten. Ganz róthlichgelb bis schwarz-
braun mit rothgelben Mandibeln, Fühlern und Beinen; der Augen-
durchmesser ist beim Arbeiter kleiner als die Entfernung der Augen
vom Mandibelgelenke; die hintere Fläche der Schuppe ist gleichmässig
sehr schwach convex, oben nicht nach vorne gekrümmt und der obere
Rand dick. Länge des Arbeiters: 45—5 Mm., des Weibchens: 9—10 Mm.
Neuholland. Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 1862. p. 73. P. lutea Mayr.
jedoch in einem so veränderten Zustande, dass ich es nicht für unnóthig erachte, bei dieser Gelegen-
heit die ungeánderten Urtexte zu publiciren:
Camponotus nutans, Operaria: Long. 4 Mm. Nitidissima, rubro-lestacea, oculis nigris,
segmentorum abdominis marginibus posticis late fuscescentibus; longe et copiose pilosa; sine pubescentia
adpressa; mandibulae haud latae dentibus 4—5 nigricantibus, sublaeves punctis dispersis; caput micro-
scopice coriaceo-rugulosum punctulis dispersis piligeris, quadrato-rotundatum, thorace paulo latius,
postice vix emarginatum ; clypeus sublaevis carina mediana subtili, antice in lobulum arcuatum, paulo
depressum. productus, margine antico arcuato, margine postico in medio exciso; area frontalis laevis
rhomboidea, latior quam longior et postice indislincte impressa; sulcus frontalis vix visibilis, laminae
frontales late distantes; thorax subtilissime coriaceo-rugulosus, inler mesonolum et metanotum
fortiter consirictus; melanoti pars basalis convexa, pars declivis obliqua et, a latere visa,
distincte concava; peliolus supra cum squama fortiter oblique «utrorsum inclinata, subovata, supra
paulo truncaia; abdomen shbtilissime lransversim coriaceo-striato-rugulosum; pedes pilis copiosis longis
abstantibus. Diese Art stimmt am meisten mit der Beschreibung vou Formica sirenua Haliday überein,
doch hat sie durchaus keine fast keuleufórmigen Fühler.
Camponotus venustus. Operaria minor: Long. 6 Mm. Micans, rufa, oculis abdomineque
migro-fuscis, pedibus obscure ferrugineis, vertice infuscato, promoto macula fusca, segmentorum ab-
dominis marginibus posticis distinctissimc sordide albis; sparsc pilosa, copiose, abdomine dense flavido-
pubescens; mandibulae disperse punctatae et ad basim atque in medio subtilissime coriaceo-rugulosae,
apicem versus laevigatae; caput subtilissime ruguloso-punctulatum, oblongum, thorace vix latius, mar-
ginibus lateralibus subparallelis ; clypeus carina mediana, margine antico arcuato; laminae frontales
approatimalae; thorax subtilissime ruguloso-punctatus, supra longitrorsum arcuatus, sine incisura, postice
compressus; petioli squama suberecta (paulo antrorsum inclinata), paulo latior quam. altior, incrassata,
antice fortiter convexa, postice plana, margine arcuato ; abdomen sericeum sculptura indistincta; pedes
absque pilis abstantibus, solummodo femora antica infra pilis perpaucis abstuntibus. Diese Art stimmt
im Habitus am meisten mit C. micans Nyl. überein, nur ist die Schuppe anders geformt und die
Pubescenz ist viel feiner und dichter.
Ponera sulcata. Operaria: Long. S—12 Mm. Nigra aut fusco-nigra, mandibulis, funi-
culis, scapis ad basim et ad apicem, «no, articulationibus pedum tarsisque ferrugineis; copiose pilosa
et pubescens; densissime eb subtiliter punctata ct insuper punctis dispersis majoribus, abdomine minus
dense et rudius punctatum; mandibulae nitidae, laevigatae punctis dispersis, sulco obliquo ab arlicu-
lationis parte interna ad mandibulae marginem externum extenso; palpi maxilares ci labiales quatuor-
articulati; oculi mediocres paulo ante capitis laterum medietatem siti; petioli squama crasso, ovalis,
alla, margine rotundato, a supero visa latior quam longior, planitie antica. verticali subplana, planitie
postica verlicali plana; abdomen inier segmentum. primum et secundum distincle constrictum.
Beiträge zur Ameiseu-Fauna Asiens. 663
6. Die Mandibeln gestreift; das Mesonotum und der Basaltheil des Metanotum,
von der Seite gesehen, beim Arbeiter ganz gerade und horizontal, zwischen
beiden liegt die schmale Furche der Meso- Metanotalnaht; die Schuppe
ist ziemlich dick. Die Augen sind beim Arbeiter sehr klein. Länge
des Arbeiters 5:9 Mm., des Weibchens 6:3 Mm. Columbien und Mexico.
Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 1862. p. 74. P. americana Mayr.
— — nicht gestreift; das Mesonotum liegt höher als das Metanotum, zwischen
beiden ist eine ziemlich starke Einschnürung; die Schuppe ist ziemlich
dünn. Die Augen sind viel grósser als bei der vorigen Art. Arbeiter.
Länge: 3:2—4 Mm. Nikobaren-Inseln und Ostindien. Mayr, Myrm.
Stud. 1862. p. 74. P. luteipes Mayr.
7. Schuppe dünn (von vorne nach hinten stark.compress) mit oberem schmalen
Rande. Weibchen. Länge: 4—4:2 Mm. Celebes und Borneo. Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 72. P. truncata Smith.
— dick; die Augen beim Arbeiter punktfórmig, sehr klein . . . .*. 8
$. Der Kaurand der Oberkiefer vorne mit grösseren, hinten mit kleineren aber
deutlichen Zähnen; der Körper gelb oder ockergelb. Arbeiter 3—3°5 Mm.,
das Weibchen 4'3 Mm. lang. Italien. Mayr, Form. austr. p. 118.
P. ochracea Mayr.
— — — — vorne deutlich gezáhnt, an der hinteren Hälfte ganz ungezähnt
oder undeutlich gezähnelt. Arbeiter 27—3 Mm., Weibchen 3—4 Mm. lang 9
9. Die Maxillartaster zweigliedrig; der Kopf ist sehr dicht und scharf einge-
stochen punktirt. Europa, Madeira, Nordamerika. Latr., Hist. Fourm.
p. 185. P. contracta Latr.
— — eingliedrig; der Kopf ist viel feiner punktirt. Italien. Roger, Berl.
ent. Zeit. 1859. p. 246. P. punctatissima Rog.
Ponera tesserinoda Emery.
Ann. Mus. Civ. di Genova IX. 1876—1877, p. 368.
Operaria: Long. 73—75 Mm. Nigra, scapo pedibusque nigrofuscis,
mandibulis, funiculo, clypeo, tarsis et abdominis apice castaneis; breviter
modice, abdomine copiose abstante pilosa, modice adpresse pubescens; mandi-
bulae nitidae, subtilissime et. superficialiter coriaceae punctis magnis dispersis,
ad basim sulco forti obliquo distinctissimo, margine masticatorio septemdentato ;
oculi ante capitis laterum medietatem; corpus totum dense punctatum, insuper
punctis valde superficialibus et dispersis; thoracis dorsum haud impressum,
a pronoti antice fortiter convexi medio ad metanoti partis basalis apicem
recto; sutura pro-mesonotalis distincta, mesonotum transversum dimidia longi-
tudine pronoti aut metanoti partis basalis, sutura meso-metanotalis indistincta;
petioli nodus rotundato-tesseriformis, paulo latior quam longior; tibiae pilis
paucis longis abstantibus; abdomen inter segmentum primum et secundum
modice constrictum.
Calcutta, gesammelt von Herrn Rothney.
Z B. Ges. D. XXVIII. Abh. 84
k
Nach Dr. Emery’s Angabe ist seine Ponera crassa aus Abyssinien
dieser Art sehr ähnlich, unterscheidet sich aber durch die gestreiften Mandibeln
(bei P. tesserinoda ist nur die Basis der Oberkiefer an der Aussenseite gestreift),
durch das ziemlich lange Mesonotum, welches nicht kürzer als das halbe Prono-
tum und (nach Emery’s Abbildung) so lang ist wie der Basaltheil des Metano-
tum, ferner durch den in der Längsrichtung schwach gekrümmten Thorax,
welcher bei P. tesserinoda vom Vorderrande des Mesonotum bis zum hinteren
Ende des Basaltheiles des Metanotum fast ganz gerade verläuft, und durch
den stumpferen Winkel, welchen der Basaltheil des Metanotum mit der ab-
schüssigen Fläche bildet.
Das Pronotum von P. tesserinoda ist von Dr. Emery zu stark gestreckt und
vorne zu wenig herabgebogen gezeichnet; ob dies auch bei P. crassa der Fall
ist, kann ich nicht beurtheilen, weil ich die Art nicht gesehen habe.
664 Gustav Mayr.
Lobopelta.
Die Arbeiter der mir bekannten Arten lassen sich in folgender Weise
unterscheiden:
1. Zweites Geisselglied höchstens so lang als das erste Glied . . . . . 2
— — deutlich länger als das erste . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 4
2. Der Petiolus oben mit einem Knoten, welcher eben so lang als hinten breit
ist; der Clypeus mit einem sehr scharfen Mittellängskiele. Länge: 4 Mm.
Kap der guten Hoffnung. Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 86 und Novara Form.
p. 72, Fig. 20. L. castanea Mayr.
— — — — einer queren Srini der p mit einem E Kiele.
Länge: 6—8 Mm... . . . .
3. Die Mandibeln dicht gestreift; der Al a gleich der Entfernun
der Augen vom Mandibelgelenke; die vier ersteu Geisselglieder deutlich
länger als dick; die Schuppe des Petiolus ziemlich breit. Ostindien
(Rothney), Borneo, Celebes. Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. VI. p. 45, Mayr,
Myrm. Stud. p. 34. L. mutabilis Smith.
— — glatt, nur zerstreut grob punktirt, die Augen klein, ihr Durchmesser
viel kleiner als die Entfernung der Augen vom Mandibelgelenke; das
dritte Geisselglied nur wenig kürzer als dick, das vierte bis zum vorletzten
deutlich dicker als lang; die Schuppe des Petiolus deutlich sclımäler als
bei der vorigen Art. Neuholland. Mayr, die austral. Form. p. 33 (Journ.
Mus. Godeffr. XII. 1876). — L. fallax Mayr.
4. Der Knoten des Petiolus oben hinten mit zwei stumpfen kegelfórmigen
Zähnen. Länge: 95—10'5 Mm. Neuholland. Mayr, Austral. Form. p. 34.
L. excisa Mayr.
= — — ehne Zàhue e. . 5 5
5. Der Clypeus ohne Mittelkiel, fein ud dicht ireen To "T Thori
dicht und fein gestreift oder (Var. laevis) die Hinterhälfte des Kopfes
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauua Asiens. 665
und der Thorax glatt. Länge: 85 Mm. Himalaja, Var. laevis: Java.
Mayr, Neue Form. 1870. p. 28. L. Kitteli Mayr.
Der Clypeus mit einem deutlich vortretenden, oft sehr scharfen Mittel-
làngskiele . . . . e 09 E
6. Der Knoten des Elus von ds A: nur so ur zs VOU breit. 7
— — — — deutlich länger als hinten breit . . . . m . . . . . 8
7. Dunkelblau, Geissel und Tarsen kastanienbraun, der Knoten gerunzelt.
Länge: 11:5—12 Mm. Borneo, Smith, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 88.
L. iridescens Smith.
Schwarz, Mandibeln, Fühler und Beine braun, der Knoten glatt. Länge:
62—73 Mm. Calcutta (Rothney), Pondicherry und Malacca (Coll. Mayr)
Borneo, Celebes, Batchian, Waigiou. Smith, Cat. Br. M. p. 89 (P. laevi-
ceps Smith, Cat. Br. M. p. 90; P. simillima Smith, Pr. Linn. Soc. V.
Suppl. p. 104). L. diminuta Smith.
8. Der Kopf dicht punktirt . . . . e CE 8 RC.
— — glatt, nur mit wenigen sehr S kei s N
9. Die Oberkiefer am Kaurande sehr breit, dieser bildet mit dem Hinterrande
einen rechten Winkel; erstes Abdominalsegment sehr fein punktirt.
Länge: 7 Mm. Mexiko. Mayr, Neue Form. 1870, p. 28.
L. mexicana Mayr.
— — durchaus sehr schmal, der Kaurand bildet mit dem Hinterrande einen
sehr stumpfen Winkel, das erste Abdominalsegment, sowie der Knoten,
nicht dicht aber sehr grob punktirt, das zweite Segment weitläufiger
grob punktirt. Länge: 55 Mm. Calcutta. L. punctiventris n. Spe
10. Die Mandibeln am Kaurande breiter als in der Mitte, sie schliessen sich,
aneinander gelegt, scharf an den Clypeusrand an; der Knoten des Petiolus
ist vorne sehr schmal, nicht breiter als das Thorax- Stielchengelenk,
Länge: 10—12 Mm. Neuholland. Mayr, Austral. Form. p. 34.
L. conigera Mayr.
— — durchaus sehr schmal, sie lassen, aneinander gelegt, einen grossen
Zwischenraum zwischen sich und dem Clypeus: der Knoten des Petiolus
vorne deutlich breiter als das Thorax-Stielchengelenk. Länge: 9:5—10 Mm.
Calcutża (Rothney). China. Mayr, Neue or p. 27.
L. chinensis Mayr.
Lobopelta mutabilis Smith.
Ponera ocellifera Rog. (Berl. ent. Z. 1861, p. 13) scheint nur ein sehr
entwickelter, mit Ocellen versehener Arbeiter von L. mutabilis zu sein. Dass
Roger seine Art mit P. iridescens Sm. vergleicht, dürfte wohl nur ein Schreib-
fehler sein, jedenfalls meint er P. mutabilis.
Lobopelta Kitteli Mayr.
Ponera ferox Sm. (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1865. p. 70) scheint eine Mittelform
zu bilden zwischen L. Kitteli und der Varietät laevis.
84*
666 Gustav Mayr.
Lobopelta punctiventris n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 55 Mm. Nigra, scapo pedibusque fuscis, mandibulis,
funiculo tarsisque ferrugineis, abdominis apice testaceo; pilosa; mandibulae
angustiae, subreciae, nitidissimae punctis dispersis elongatis margine masti-
catorio brevi, acuto; clypeus longitudinaliter striatus, carina media acuta,
antice triangulatim productus, margine antico membranaceo; caput. elongatum,
densissime irregulariter punctatum; scapus dense subtiliter punctatus, funiculi
articulus secundus primo longior; thorax muticus, longitrorsum arcuatus,
punctis magnis densis interstitiis subtiliter coriaceo-punctatis, metanoti parte
declivi in medio et infra transverse striata; petioli nodus punctis magnis,
paulo longior quam postice latior, antice angustior quam postice; abdominis
segmenta primum et secundum punctis magnis, ad abdominis basim densiori-
bus, postice dispersioribus, interstitiis laevibus et nitidis; pedes nitidi pilis
abstantibus, unguiculis breviter pectinatis.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Lioponera n. g.
Operaria et Femina: Mandibulae triangulares margine masticatorio
indistincte dentato. Caput rotundato-rectangulare, longius quam latius.
Clypeus haud distinctus. Laminue frontales ad capitis marginem anticum
promotae, elevatae, breves. Antennae 12 articulatae, ad capitis marginem
anticum insertae, scapo brevi, crassissimo et solummodo ad capitis medium
extenso, funiculo crassiusculo, dimidio apicali fortiter incrassato, articulis
2.—7. minutis, crassioribus quam longioribus, articulis octovo et nono majori-
bus, etiam crassioribus quam longioribus, articulo penultimo crasso, quam longo
tam crasso, articulo apicali penultimo aequicrasso et duplo longiore. Area
frontalis et sulcus frontalis nulli. Oculi magni, ante capitis laterum medic-
tatem siti. Ab oculi margine interno carina brevis ad oris marginem extensa.
Ocelli in oper. nulli. Thorux muticus, rotundato-tetragonus, dorso ipso duplo
longiore quam latiore, in oper. absque ulla sutura aut impressione, lateraliter
in medio impressione magna, haud forti, in oper. et fem. postice oblique
truncatus. Petiolus supra modo magno subtessellato, thoracis latitudine,
latiore quam longiore, angulis anticis vectangularibus, posticis rotundatis,
articulatione haud magna inferiore segmento abdominis primo coalitus, Ab-
domen inter segmentum primum et secundum fortiter constrictum. — Tibiac
calcaribus pectinatis; unguieuli simplices. (Feminae alae ignotae.)
Diese interessante Gattung steht durch die Bildung der Stirnleisten, durch
den unentwickelten Clypeus, die an den Mundrand gerückten Fühler und durch
einen die Fühlergrube aussen begrenzenden Längskiel in nächster Verwandt-
schaft mit der Gattung Typhlatta sowie mit Eciton und zwar insbesondere mit
E. Swmichrasti Norton, nitens Mayr, pilosum Smith und californicum Mayr,
bei welchen Arten die Stirnleisten keinen Zahn haben, während diese neue
Gattung den eingliedrigen Petiolus und die Einschnürung zwischen dem ersten
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 667
und zweiten Segmente mit den Poneriden gemeinsam hat. Es ist diese Gattung
jedenfalls zu den Poneriden zu stellen, verbindet aber durch die Bildung des
Kopfes diese Subfamilie ähnlich so mit den Myrmiciden, wie Chelionyrmex
die Poneriden mit den Doryliden.
Lioponera longitarsus n. sp.
Operaria et Femina: Long. 3 29—45 Mm. Q 4 Mm. Castanea
aut ferruginea, capite et abdomine fuscis aut fusco-nigris, abdominis segmento
primo aut ferrugineo aut fusco, capitis margine antico, mandibulis, antennis
pedibusque rufis, femoribus fuscis; corpus totum abstante pilosum; nitidum,
disperse subtiliter punctatum, abdomine densius subtiliter punctatum etiam
pilis brevibus adpressis; thorax postice inter metanoti partem horizontalem et
declivem carina transversa subtili; metatarsus posticus tibiae aequilongus.
Zwei Arbeiter und ein Weibchen aus Calcutta (Rothney), in Smith's
und in meiner Sammlung.
Amblyopone reclinata n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 9 Mm. Fusco-nigra, abdomine fusco, mandibulis,
antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; abstante pilosa; sparse — abdomine copiosius —
adpresse pubescens, pedibus pilis haud longis subadpressis aut parum abstanti-
bus; mandibulae fortiter dense et oblique striatae, subrectae, apice acuto modice
curvato, margine interno seriebus duabus dentium acutorum veclinatorum;
eaput rotundato-quadratwm, thorace latius, rude et dense reticulato-punctatum
et opacum: clypeus planus, longitrorsum striatus postice inter antennarum
articulationes intersertus margine antico transverso, recto, utrimque dente
armato margine postico semicirculari; laminae frontales breves, parallelae,
postice ante apicem divergentes; antennae 12 articulatae scapo capitis marginem
posticum haud attingente, funiculo dimidio apicali modice incrassato, articulis
basalibus longioribus quam crassioribus, ceteris circiter quam longis tam crassis,
articulo apicali longiore; sulcus frontalis carinae longitudinali incubatus; area
frontalis profunda a carina, supra notata permeata; ocelli nulli; oculi minimi
compositi, pone capitis laterum medietatem siti; thorax rugoso-punctulatus,
opacus, muticus, in medio modice compressus, pronoto antice rotundato, meso-
noto brevissimo, metanoto parte declivi obliqua, densissime et subtilissime acute
transverse striata; petiolus rotundato-subeubicus, a supra visus quadrato-
rotundatus, dense punctatus, insuper punctis magnis dispersis, untice breviter
petiolatus; abdomen disperse punctatum et nitidum, segmento primo densius
punctato et insuper punctis dispersis majoribus, strietura inter segmentum
primum et secundum dense striolata.
Java, von Herrn Snellen vau Vollenhoven erhalten.
Obgleich mir keine der bisher beschriebenen Arten dieser Gattung bekannt
ist, so bleibt es nicht zweifelhaft, dass diese Art zu dieser Gattung gehóre,
wodurch sich aber erweist, dass sich die Gattung Stigmatomma nur durch
668 Gustav Mayr.
untergeordnete Merkmale von Amblyopone unterscheidet, indem bei Stigma-
tomma der Vorderrand des Clypeus vielzähnig, bei Amblyopone zweizähnig und
in der Mitte unbewehrt ist, indem ferner bei Stigmatomma die Vorderecken
des Kopfes mit einem Zahne bewehrt sind, welcher bei Amblyopone rudimentär
vorkommt. Ich halte es daher ınit Bezug auf die Gruppirung der übrigen
Gattungen für richtiger, die Gattung Stigmatomma als Synonym zu Amblyo-
pone zu stellen, welche Gattung mit Mystrium und Myrmecia zunächst ver-
wandt ist und den Gattungen Prionopelta und Myopopone ferner steht.
Ca
Typblatta.
Die Arbeiter der zu dieser Gattung gehörendeu Arten sind in folgender
Weise zu unterscheiden:
l. Der Kopf mit einer feinen, aber deutlichen Stirnrinne, welche bis gegen die
Mitte des Kopfes zieht; die Kiele, welche die Fühlergruben aussen be-
grenzen, reichen fast so weit nach hinten wie die Stirnrinne; Kopf und
Thorax sind fein lederartig- mehr oder weniger genetzt-gerunzelt, die
Mitte des Kopfes und des Thorax ziemlich glatt; das Metanotum oben ohne
Längsrunzeln. Länge: 35 Mm. Calcutta. T. bengalensis n. sp.
-— — ohne Stirnrinne und glatt . . . . . . . . . ES
2. Die sehr kleine sehr abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum ist vom übrigen Meta-
notum durch eine scharfe halbkreisförnige Kante oder Leiste getrennt. 3
— kleine abschüssige Fläche des Metanotum ist vom übrigen Metanotum
höchstens seitlich durch scharfe Kiele getrennt . . . . . . . . 4
9. Die mittleren Geisselglieder kürzer oder hóchstens so lang als dick, die
Oberkiefer glatt mit einzelnen groben Punkten, die Seiten des Mesothorax
und der Metathorax längsgerunzelt und fein runzelig oder mehr fingerhut-
artig punktirt. Rothgelb, der Thorax mehr rostroth, der Hinterleib und
die Beine rothgelb oder gelb. Länge: 26 Mm. Ceylon. Mayr, Myrm.
Beitr. 1866, p. 22. T. ceylonica Mayr.
Alle Geisselglieder wenigstens etwas lànger als dick; die Oberkiefer breiter
wie bei der vorigen Art, längsgestreift, nahe dem Kaurande glatt; die Seiten
des Mesothorax und der Metathorax längsgerunzelt. Rostroth, Fühler,
Hinterleib und Beine gelb. Länge: 33 Mm. Im Uebrigen mit der
vorigen Art ganz übereinstimmend. Aus Ost-Afrika, von Herrn F. Smith .
erhalten. T. decolor n. sp.
4. Kórper róthlichgelb, theilweise gelb; drittes und viertes Geisselglied kürzer
als dick, die Mandibeln nicht breit mit dreizähnigem Kauyande. Länge:
2:6—3 Mm. Calcutta. T. brevicornis n. sp.
— braun: drittes und viertes Geisselglied etwa doppelt so lang als dick;
die Mandibeln mässig breit mit schwach gekerbtem, vorne zweizähnigen
Kaurande. Länge: 4 Mm. Borneo. Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. II. p. 79.
T. laeviceps Smith.
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 669
Typhlatta bengalensis n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 35 Mm. Ferruginea, modice pilosa, antennis pedi-
busque copiosius pilosis; mandibulae subtilissime striolatae, partim opacae
margine masticatorio indistincte denticulato; caput subtiliter veticulato-
coriaceum, in medio sublaeve et nitidum, extra antennarum articulationes carina
longa longitudinali; sulcus frontalis fere ad capitis medium extensus; funi-
culi articulus secundus subbrevior, articuli duo sequentes quam longi tam
crassi; thorax subtiliter et densissime reticulato-coriaceus et opacus, antice
supra macula magna oblonga laevi et nitida, inter mesonotum et metanotum
(a latere visus) impressione levissima, metanoti parte declivi carina acuta
senwcirculari; petiolus modis compressis subtiliter et densissime reticulato-
coriaceis et opacis; abdomen laeve et mitidum; pedes subtilissime | coriacei
ei nitidi.
Calcutta, von Herrn Rothney gesammelt.
Typhlatta brevicornis n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 26—3 Mm. Rufa, abdomine pedibusque testaceis;
modice abstante pilosa, nitida, laevis, antennarum fossis subtilissime coriaceis,
mesothoracis lateribus, metathorace et partim petioli segmento primo subtiliter
et dense reticulato-punctatis et subopacis; mandibulae striatae, margine ma-
sticatorio tridentato; funiculi articulus primus secundo distincte longior, articuli
tertius et quartus paulo breviores quam crassiores; sulcus frontalis nullus ;
thorax supra absque sutura aut impressione, metanoto parte declivi distincta
absque carina transversa; petioli nodi compressi.
Calcutta, von Herrn Rothney gesammelt.
Es wäre möglich, dass T. bengalensis der Krieger und T. brevicornis der
dazu gehörige Arbeiter sei; sollte sich diese Vermuthung bewahrheiten, so wäre
T. ceylonica der Krieger und T. laeviceps der Arbeiter, aber jedenfalls von
zwei verschiedenen Arten.
Aphaenogaster famelica Smith.
Ischnomyrmex famelicus Smith Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874.-p. 405.
Operaria: Long. 65—7 Mm. Fusca, partim castaneo-fusca, mandibulis
atque antennis obscure ferrugineis, pedibus ferrugineo-rufis; modice pilosa
antennis pedibusque pilis subadpressis; mandibulae dense striatae et opacae;
caput ovatum, thorace latius, subopacum, subtiliter rugulosum et rugis longi-
tudinalibus anastomosantibus, genis longitudinaliter rugoso-striatis, clypeo
convexo, scabro rugulis nonnullis subtilibus, irregularibus, saepe transversis,
margine antico arcuato in medio modice emarginato, scapo capitis marginem
posticum superante; thorax modice clongatus, inter mesonotum et metanotum
constrictus, pronoto coriaceo, ad latera fortius ruguloso, mesonoto ruguloso et
ad latera partim reticulalo-coriaceo, metanoto irregulariter ruguloso, antice
610 Gustav Mayr.
transverse rugoso, postice spinulis duabus acutis, brevibus, subereetis et diver-
gentibus, planitie declivi verticali; petiolus coriaceus et subopacus; abdomen
laeve et nitidum.
Aus Japan, von Herrn J. Erber und Herrn F. Smith erhalten.
Diese Art ist der Aph. fulva Rog. und striola Rog. sehr ähnlich, ist aber
grösser und hat einen hinten viel schmäleren Kopf. Die Metanotumdornen sind
bei der neuen Art kürzer als bei Aph. fulva und mehr aufrecht stehend als
bei Aph. striola, auch ist besonders der Hinterleib weniger reichlich behaart
als bei Aph. striola.
Aphaenogaster aciculata Smith (Transact. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874.
p. 405) aus Japan erhielt ich im Jahre 1873 von Herrn Smith zur Bestimmung.
Der einzige Arbeiter hatte eine sehr grosse Aehulichkeit mit Aph. obsidiana Mayr,
doch wollte ich in Anbetracht, dass die Gattung Aphaenogaster an Arten reich
ist und diese in der Farbe und Sculptur variabel sind, nach einem einzelnen
Exemplare keine sichere Bestimmung geben, so dass es zweifelhaft bleibt, ob
Aph. aciculata Sm. als eine eigene Art zu betrachten oder mit .Aph. obsi-
diana Mayr synonym sei, obschon ich letzteres für sehr wahrscheinlich halte.
Vollenhovia pedestris Smith.
Myrmica pedestris Sm. Proc. Linn. Soc. VI. p. 46, 9.
Die von mir in den Adn. in Mon. Form. indo-neerl. 1867. p. 62 gegebene
Beschreibung des Weibchens stimmt mit einem Arbeiter aus Morty-Island in
der Smith'schen Sammlung so überein, dass beide unzweifelhaft zur selben
Art gehören. Der Arbeiter weicht in Folgendem ab: Länge: 37 Mm. Zerstreut
abstehend behaart (vielleicht sind die Haare nur abgewetzt), Pro- und Meso-
notiun jederseits viel zerstreuter punktirt, làngs der Mitte relativ breiter, glatt,
die Knoten des Stielehens nur mit einzelnen groben Punkten, der Hinterleib
glatt mit wenigen, sehr zerstreuten Punkten.
Der Diagnose des Weibchens beizufügen und auch für den Arbeiter giltig
ist, dass die Stirn und der Scheitel in der Mitte gestreift sind.
Vom Arbeiter von V. samoensis Mayr (Austral. Form. p. 44) ist der
Arbeiter dieser Art durch den zweikieligen Clypeus und durch die Sculptur des
Kopfes leicht zu unterscheiden.
Monomorium orientale n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 14 Mm. Rufo-testacea, dispersissime pilosa 'pedibus
pilis oblique abstantibus; haud adpresse pubescens; nitidissima et laevissima;
clypeus carinulis duabus longitudinalibus, subtilibus, antrorsum divergentibus,
antice vix in dentem ierminantibus, disco inter carinas antice deplanato ;
antennae 1larticulatae, funiculi articulis 2.—7. minutis, brevioribus quam
crassioribus; thorax inermis inter mesonotum et metanotum constrictus; petioli
m — — Ga
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 671
nodus anticus nodo postico paulo altior, modus posticus subglobosus, paulo
latior quam longior, nodo antico paulo latior.
Caleutta (Rothney).
Diese Art unterscheidet sich mit M. laeve Mayr (Austral. Form. p. 46)
von den anderen Arten durch die nur eilfgliedrigen Fühler. M. laeve ist der
neuen Art ungemein ähnlich, doch ist das zweite Geisselglied so lang als dick
und die folgenden fünf Glieder sind nur etwas kürzer als dick, während bei
der neuen Art das zweite bis siebente Geisselglied, besonders das dritte bis
siebente, viel dicker als lang ist.
Monomorium speculare Mayr.
Myrm. Beitr. 1866. p. 26.
Diese Art scheint in allen Tropenländern verbreitet zu sein, aber wegen
ihrer Kleinheit leicht übersehen zu werden. Sie ist mir bekannt aus Calcutta
(Rothney), aus Borneo, von den Tonga- und Samoa-Inseln und in neuerer Zeit
erhielt ich sie von Dr. Forel aus Cayenne.
Atta floricola Jerdon dürfte mit dieser Art synonym sein, sowie Atta
minuta Jerdon zu Mon. vastator Sm. zu gehören scheint.
Holcomyrmex Hn. g.
Operaria: Mandibulae modice latae margine masticatorio in oper.
majore obtuse et indistincte dentatae, in op. min. dentibus tribus distinctis.
Caput rectangulare angulis rotundatis, in op. maj. magnum, paulo longius
quam latius. Clypews inter antennarum articulationes profunde intersertus,
postice rotundatus, in medio et antice planitie magna triangulari transverse
concava, utrinque a carina antice im dentem obtusum terminante definita.
Laminae frontales breves. Antennae 12articulatae; funiculi articuli tres ultimi
parum incrassati et ad unum breviores quam reliqui articuli. Area frontalis in-
distincta. Sulcus frontalis tenuis ad foramen occipitale extensus. Oculi minuti,
paulo ante capitis laterum medietatem siti. Thorax inermis sutura meso-metano-
tali in partem anticum majorem, crassiorem et supra rotundatum, atque in
partem. posticum minorem et angustiorem divisus; sutura pro-mesonotalis indi-
stineta; metanotum longius quam latius, supra carinulis duabus lateralibus
longitudinalibus, antice indistinctioribus, postice in tuberculum plus minusve
distinctum terminantibus. Petioli inermis segmentum anticum supra postice
"odo minuto, segmentum posticwm globosum, segmento antico paulo latius.
Abdomen antice truncatum segmento primo magno, plus quam abdominis
dimidium obtegente. Pedes graciles tibiis posterioribus calcaribus simplicibus.
Diese Gattung zeigt wieder deutlich, dass die Kenntniss der Verwandt-
schaftsverhältnisse bei der Subfamilie Myrmicidae noch sehr im Argen liegt,
während diese Verhältnisse bei der Subfamilie Formicidae viel genauer bekannt
sind, wozu wohl auch meine Bearbeitung der Bernsteinameisen beigetragen
Z. B. Ges. B. XXVili. Abh. 85
672 Gustav Mayr.
me
haben dürfte. Dass die Gruppirung der Gattungen, wie ich sie in der Synopsis
generum im Novara-Werke gab, nicht den Anspruch erheben konnte, die Ver-
wandtschaftsverhältnisse durchaus in ein klares Licht zu stellen, sondern besonders
die Möglichkeit einer leichteren Determination anstrebte, ist leicht einzusehen.
Nach dieser Synopsis generum wäre wohl .diese neue Gattung in die
Gruppe b « zu stellen, weil die Fühler zwölfgliedrig sind und die drei letzten
Glieder zusammen kürzer sind als die übrigen Geisselglieder zusammen, doch
ist die neue Gattung besonders wegen des Clypeus den Gattungen Monomorium
und Solenopsis näher stehend, wenn auch eine gewisse Aehnlichkeit, den Clypeus
abgerechnet, mit Aphaenogaster nicht abzusprechen ist.
Holcomyrınex scabriceps n. sp.
Operaria: Long. oper. maj. 52, op. min. 32—38 Mm. Ferruginea,
abdomine fusco-nigro, petiolo fuscescenti, antennis fuscis, funiculi dimidio
apicali plus minusve pallido, pedibus testaceo-fuscis, articulationibus et tarsis
testaceis, fronte et vertice in op. min. saepe fuscescentibus; corpus totum
copiose abstante pilosum; mandibulae rude striatae; caput supra dense sub-
tiliter longitrorsum striatum, in op. min. distincte longius quam latius; clypeus
maximam ad partem laevis et nitidus; funiculi articulus octavus nono distincte
brevior; thorax supra longitudinaliter et reticulato-rugulosus, metanoti parte
basali postice et parte declivi transverse striato-rugosis; petioli nodi rugulosi ;
abdomen laeve et nitidum; pedes swblaeves et nitidi.
Caleutta (Rothney).
Holcomyrmex criniceps n. Sp.
Operaria: Long. 44 Mm. Ferruginea, abdomine nigro; corpus totum
copiose subtiliter abstante pilosum, modice nitidum; mandibulae rude striatae,
tridentatae; caput haud dense -— ud latera densius — punctatum, clypeo laevi
et nitidissimo, fronte subtiliter longitrorsum striata, genis striolatis; funiculi
articulus octavus nono vix brevior; pronotum transverse ad latera curvatim
et longitudinaliter striatum; mesonotum subtilissime et densissime reticulato-
punctatum; metanotum striatum planitiis basali et declivi transverse striatis,
postice supra tuberculis duobus subrectangularibus; petiolus subtiliter rugulosus
nodo postico supra sublaevigato; abdomen laeve.
Tranquebar in Vorderindieu; ein Stück vor vielen Jahren von Herrn
Drewsen erhalten.
Tetramorium. scabrum n. sp.
Operaria: Long. £1 Mm. Obscure fusca, mandibulis atque funiculis
ferrugineis, pedibus fuscis, tibiis tarsisque pallidioribus; copiose abstante pilosa
antennis pedibusque pilis oblique abstantibus; mandibulue sublaeves, mitidae,
punctis nonnullis, margine masticatorio antice dentato, postice denticulato ;
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 673
clypeus carinis tribus longitudinalibus margine antico indistincte emarginato ;
antennae 12articulatae; laminae frontales elongatae scapi longitudine; frons
rude reticulato-carinata, vertex, capitis latera et thorax rude reticulata; meta-
notum spinis duabus longis, rectis, paulo divergentibus, oblique sursum et retro
directis; petioli rude veticulatà nodus anticus paulo longior quam crassior,
nodus posticus antico paulo crassior; abdomen laeve et nitidum, antice fortiter
longitrorsum striatum; pedes nitidi.
Borneo, ein Stück im ungarischen National-Museum in Pest.
Diese Art ist mit T. guineense Fabr. und T. pacificum Mayr zunächst
verwandt, von beiden unterscheidet sie sich durch die bedeutendere Grösse,
durch die mehr nach aufwärts gerichteten Metanotumdornen und durch die
scharf gestreifte Basis des Hiuterleibes, von T. guineense überdiess durch die
dunkle Fürbung und den Knoten des ersten Stielchengliedes, welcher deutlich
länger als breit ist; von T. pacificum durch die reichlichere Behaarung, die
gröbere Seulptur, die längeren Metanotumdornen und durch den nicht com-
pressen Knoten des ersten Stielehengliedes. T. pacificum ist an der Basis des
Abdomen wohl auch gestreift, doch viel feiner und weniger dicht wie bei der
neuen Art.
In der Uebersicht der Arten von Tetramorium (Neue Form. 1870. p. 34)
ist T. scabrum unmittelbar nach T. guineense zu stellen und durch die oben
angegebenen Merkmale von dieser Art zu unterscheiden.
Tetramorium Smithi n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 25—2'8 Mm. Ferruginea, maudibulis, antennis
pedibusque rufo-testaceis, abdomine migro; pilosa; mandibulae laeves, mitidae,
punctis nonnullis; caput et thorax rude, haud dense et longitudinaliter striata ;
clypeus margine antico integro; laminae frontales longae, oculos superantes;
fossae antennarum in sulcum longum pro scapi receptione continuatae ;
antennae 11articulatae; pronotum antice utrimque subrectangulare; me-
tanotum spinulis duabus triangularibus, parte declivi laevi; petioli nodus anticus
subcubicus, supra in medio laevis, nitidus, lateraliter punctis nonnullis, nodus
posticus antico distincte latior, transversus, laevis et nitidus; abdomen laeve
et nitidum.
Calcutta, von Herrn Rothney gesammelt, von Herrn Fred. Smith mir
zur Bestimmung gesendet.
Durch diese Art ist nun sicher festgestellt, dass die Arbeiter von Tetra-
morium, sowie die von Leptothorax, eilf- oder zwölfgliedrige Fühler haben, denn
die neue Art weicht durch kein anderes wesentliches Merkmal von den anderen
sicheren Tetramoriwm-Arten ab. Dadurch wird es auch sehr wahrscheinlich,
dass die von Roger aufgestellten Arten T. tortuosum und T. ? auropunctatum
zu dieser Gattung gehóren.
i 85*
614 Gustav Mayr.
Leptothorax nudus Mayr.
Myrm. Beitr. p. 25 (Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wiss. 1866).
Durch Exemplare, welche ich seit der Publication dieser Art vom Museum
Godeffroy von den Tonga- und Samoa-Inseln, sowie von Herrn Smith aus
Vorderindien erhielt, stellt sich die Diagnose einigermassen anders als ich sie
im Jahre 1866 gab. Zu verbessern ist: Long. 18—2'2 Mm. Rufa aut fusca,
capite fuscescente aut nigro, abdomine saepissime fusco aut nigro, mandıbulıs,
, antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis, funiculi clava saepe nigricante; — petiolus
nodo postico magno, globoso, duplo latiore nodo antico.
Pheidole.
Die Soldaten und Arbeiter der von mir untersuchten Arten Asiens sind
in folgender Weise zu unterscheiden:
Soldaten:
l. Die hintere Hälfte des Kopfes glatt; die Basalflüche des Metanotum fein
genetzt. Länge: 4—45 Mm. Turkestan, Ceilon; auch in Südeuropa, Afrika
und Amerika. Heer, die Hansameise Madeira's. P. pusilla Heer.
_— — mit grober Sculptur . . . u,
2. Nur 31—32 Mm. lang, gelb, Pronotum auffallend ps nàmlich hinten
jederseits mit einem starken, gerundeten, nach aussen gerichteten Höcker;
der Basaltheil des Metanotum fein genetzt; die Fühlerfurche kurz und
ziemlich undentlich. Ceilon. Mayr, Novara-Form. p. 98.
P. parva Mayr.
Körperlänge: 35—55 Mm.; die Basalfläche des Metanotum mehr oder weniger
deutlich quer Coon oder quer gestreift . . . . . o AS
3. Mesonotum in der Mitte mit einem deutlichen Qu . 5 n TE
— convex, ohne Quereindruck und hinten ohne Querwulst; der Scheitel mit
stark divergirenden Längsstreifen; das Pronotum ohne seitliche Höcker;
die Tibien nicht abstehend behaart. Länge: 4:5--4:9 Mm. Celebes, Mysol.
Myrm. ruficeps Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. VI 1861. p. 46 Q, Ph. mor-
dax Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1863. p. 22 9. (Nach Typen.)
P.ruficeps Smith.
4. Mandibeln wenigstens bis über die Mitte nn Basalfláche des Meta-
notum mit einer Làngsfurche . . . . .. o. o CERE
— glatt, mit wenigen zerstrenten Punkten, hóchstens nahe dem (Gelenke
mit sehr kurzen Streifen . . . . . . . . -.. . REL
5. Alle Geisselglieder länger als dick, nur das zweite so lang als dick; Pronotum
glatt, vorne nur mit einigen schwachen, undeutlichen Querrunzeln;
Mesonotumscheibe vor dem Quereindrucke glatt, ebenso der quere Wulst
hinter dem Quereindrucke; die Basalfläche des Metanotum fein fingerhut-
artig punktirt; die beiden Knoten des Petiolus oben glatt und glänzend,
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 675
der zweite Knoten fast kugelig; der Hinterleib ganz glatt. Länge 4 Mm.
Sinaitische Halbinsel. Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 1862. p. 97.
. | P. sinaitica Mayr.
Zweites bis siebentes Geisselglied nur so lang als dick; das Pronotum stark
quergerunzelt, das Mesonotum durchaus gerunzelt, nur der Querwulst ist
an einer sehr kleinen Stelle geglättet; die Basalfläche des Metanotum
sehr fein runzlich quergestreift; die beiden Knoten des Petiolus rauh und
glanzlos, der zweite Knoten jederseits kegelig verlängert, doppelt so breit
als lang; der Hinterleib au dem vorderen Dritttheile des ersten Seg-
mentes fein längsgestreift und lederartig gerunzelt; Schaft und Tibien
nicht abstehend behaart. Lànge: 43 Mm. Calcutta.
P. striativentris n. Sp.
6. Alle Geisselglieder länger als dick, der Fühlerschaft reicht etwas über den
seichten Quereindruck des Scheitels, die Fühlerfurche ist kürzer als der
Schaft; der Scheitel ist divergirend längsgestreift, an den Hinterecken
des Kopfes sind diese Streifen quer und setzen sich als Längsstreifen an
der Unterseite des Kopfes in der Richtung nach vorne fort. Rostroth
oder róthlichgelb, der Hinterleib an der Endhälfte schwärzlich. Länge:
5—53 Mm. Batchian. (Nach Type.) P. plagiaria Smith. Proc. Linn.
Soc. V. Suppl. 1860. p. 112. P. divergens Mayr. Adn. M. Form. indo-neer].
1867. p. 65. P. plagiaria Smith.
Wenigstens das dritte und vierte Geisselglied nicht länger als dick . . 7
7. Das zweite Segment des Petiolus auffallend gross, mindestens dreimal so
breit wie das erste Segment und auch etwas lünger wie dieses (sammt
dem Stielchen); der Scheitel nahe den Hinterecken des Kopfes grob
genetzt; Basalfläche des Metanotum (vor den Dornen) nicht quer concav. 8
- - — wie gewöhnlich, etwa doppelt so breit wie das erste Segment
und etwas kürzer als dieses; Basalfläche des Metanotum quer concav. 9
8. Schaft und Tibien reichlich abstehend behaart; das zweite Stielehensegment
seitlich stark abgerundet, oben in der Mitte glatt. Länge 5 Mm. Ceilon.
Rog. Berl. ent. Zeit. 1863. p. 195. P. latinoda Rog.
— ohne abstehende Behaarüng, Tibien mit einzelnen abstehenden Haaren;
zweites Stielehenglied jederseits deutlich in einen am Ende abgerundeten
Kegel verlängert, oben in der Mitte ebenso gerunzelt wie seitlich. Länge:
45 Mm. Calcutta. P. rhombinoda n. sp.
9. Der kurze Schaft ist, zurückgelegt, mit seinem Ende den Augen viel näher
als den Hinterecken des: Kopfes, er erreicht auch nicht den seichten
Quereindruck des Scheitels; der Kopf (ohne Mandibeln) ist deutlich länger
als breit. Länge 45 Mm., der Kopf mit den Mandibeln 2 Mm. Ceilon.
Rog. Berl. ent. Zeit. 1863. p. 195. P. sulcaticeps Rog.
— längere, kaum abstehend behaarte Schaft ist, zurückgelegt, mit seinem
Ende von den Augen sowie von den Hinterecken des Kopfes ziemlich
gleichweit entfernt; der Kopf ist nicht oder kaum länger als breit; der
616 Gustav Mayr.
Scheitel hat keinen Quereindruck und ist hinten in der Mitte parallel
längsgestreift, sogar sehr wenig nach hinten convergirend gestreift.
Länge: 45—55 Mm., der Kopf mit den Mandibeln 2 Mm. lang. Calcutta.
P. indica n. sp.
Der ziemlich lange, reichlich abstehend behaarte Schaft ist, in die Fühler-
furche gelegt, mit seinem Ende den Hinterecken des Kopfes deutlich
näher als den Augen; der Kopf ist etwas länger als breit, der Scheitel
hat keinen oder kaum einen Qnereindruck und ist hinten in der Mitte
etwas divergirend und runzlich längsgestreift. Läuge: 35—4 Mm. Java
und Borneo. Mayr. Adn. M. Form. indo-neerl. 1867. p. 66.
P. javana Mayr.
Arbeiter.
1. Pronotum jederseits mit einem horizontalen, schief nach vorne und aussen
gerichteten Zahne; Mesonotum mit zwei sehr kleinen aufrechten Zähnchen ;
Metanotum mit zwei langen Dornen; Fühler eilfgliedrig. Länge: 2:5 Mm.
Vorderindien. Oecodoma quadrispinosa Jerdon Ann. Mag. N. H. Ser. II.
Vol. XIII. p. 52. P. quadrispinosa Jerd.
— unbewehrt, ebenso das Mesonotum; Fühler zwólfgliedrig . . . . . 2
2. Der Kopf ist hinten breit gerundet-gestutzt, daselbst so breit wie in der
Mitte, er ist ziemlich glanzlos und längsgestreift; der Fühlerschaft reicht
nicht bis zum Hinterrande des Kopfes, das zweite bis achte Geisselglied
ist dicker als lang; das Mesonotum hat keinen Quereindruck. Länge:
16—1'8 Mm. P. parva Mayr.
— — — von den Augen bis zum Kopf-Thoraxgelenke allmälig verschmälert;
der Schaft überragt den Hinterrand des Kopfes . . . . . . . 3
3. Die hintere Hälfte des Kopfes ist längsgerunzelt. Länge: 25—32 Mm.
P. sulcaticeps Rog.
= = [= e M ganz glatt. . . . e . . . u . . o E
4. Die Mandibeln glatt; das Mesonotum in der Mitte mit einem sehr seichten,
oft undeutlichen Quereindrucke; die Basalfläche des Metanotum ist finger-
hutartig punktirt, ohne Querrunzeln. Länge: 24—27 Mm.
P. pusilla Heer.
— — mindestens bis zur Mitte längsgestreift; das Mesonotum in der Mitte
mit einem starken Quereindrucke . . . . . . . nn - EDD
5. Die Basalfläche des fingerhutartig punktirten Metanotum jederseits mit einer
deutlichen Lüngskante, welche sich von der Basis des Metanotum bis
zu den Dörnchen erstreckt. Länge: 24 Mm. P. javana Mayr.
— — — Metanotum nicht mit Lüngskanten . . . . . . EE
6. Die Basalfläche des Metanotum von der Basis bis zur abschüssigen Fläche
mit einer deutlichen Làngsfurche. Länge: 35 Mm.
P. playiaria Smith.
— — — — ohne Längsfurche 1
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens, 677
7. Zweites Stielchenglied birnfórmig-kugelig, so lang als breit, dreimal so breit
als das erste Glied; die Basalfläche des Metanotum ist quer convex, un-
deutlich und seicht lederig gerunzelt. Länge: 3 Mm.
P. latinoda Rog.
— — queroval, sehr deutlich breiter als lang, doppelt so breit als der
Knoten des ersten Stielchengliedes; die Basalläche des Metanotum flach
und scharf fingerhutartig punktirt. Länge: 2:0—8 Mm.
P. indica n. sp.
Pheidole quadrispinosa Jerdon.
Oecodoma quadrispinosa Jerd. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2. Ser, Vol. XII.
p. 52.
Operaria: Nitida, rufa, vare castanea, antennis pedibusque testaceis ;
disperse abstante pilosa absque pubescentia adpressa; mandibulae striatae et
insuper disperse rude punciatae, ante apicem sublaeves, margine masticatorio
denticulato antice dentibus majoribus; caput laeve punctulis dispersissimis
piligeris, cum mandibulis subcordiforme, thorace latius, postice parum emargi-
natum; clypeus convexus margine antico integro; laminae frontales breves,
subtiliter striolatae; area frontalis distincta, triangularis, paulo longior quam
latior; sulcus frontalis nullus; antennae Ilurticulatae, scapo modice
longo, funiculo articulo primo elongato, articulis 2.—6. minutis, paulo cras-
sioribus quam longioribus, articulo septimo quam longo tam crasso; oculi in
capitis laterum medietate; pronotum valde superficialiter coriaceum, in longi-
tudinem fortiter convexum, dentibus duobus lateralibus robustis, antrorsum et
paulo extus directis; mesonotum subtiliter reticulato-punctatum, in medio toro
transverso bidenticulato; sutura meso- metanotalis angusta, modice profunda;
metanotum subtiliter reticulato-punctatum spinis duabus planitie metanoti
basali longioribus, acutis, gracilibus, divergentibus, oblique retro et sursum
directis, metanoti parte declivi laevi; petiolus subtiliter veticulato-punctulatus,
nodo antico vix emarginaio, nodo postico globoso; abdomen laeve; pedes gra-
ciles, oblique abstante pilosi.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Die mir vorliegenden Stücke stimmen so gut mit Jerdon's Beschreibung
überein, dass ich keinen Grund habe, sie nicht zu dieser Art zu stellen. Selbst
Jerdon's Angabe, dass die Metanotumdornen gekrümmt seien, stimmt so ziem-
lich überein, indem bei den meisten mir vorliegenden Exemplaren dieselben,
wohl nur sehr wenig, gekrümmt sind, während eines deutlich gekrümmte
Dornen hat.
Pheidolacanthinus armatus Smith (Proc. Linn. Soc. VIII. 1865.
p. 75) ist entweder der Soldat zur Jerdon'schen Art oder derselben nahe ver-
wandt. Myrmica quadrispinosa Smith (Proc. Linn. Soc. VII. 1865. p. 72)
gehört höchstwahrscheinlich ebenfalls zu Pheidole und könnte etwa für den
Arbeiter von Pheidolacanthinus armutus gehalten werden, wenn Smith nicht
angegeben hätte, dass die Fühler zwölfgliedrig seien.
678 Gustav Mayr.
Pheidole striativentris n. sp.
Miles: Long. 43 Mm. Ferrugineus, abdomine fusco- nigro basi castanea,
pedibus testaceo-fuscis, tarsis testaceis; disperse pilosus antennarum scapo
tibiisque haud abstante pilosis; mandibulae rugoso-striatae punctis rudibus
dispersis, ad marginem externum laevigatae, margine masticatorio acuto antice
bidentato; caput parum. longius quam latius, longitrorsum striatum, clypeo in
medio laevigato; sulcus antennalis longus et distinctus; funiculus articulis
2.—7. quam longis tam crassis; pronotum viz tuberculatum, fortiter transverse
rugoso-siriatum; mesonotum rugulosum, in medio sulco transverso; metanotum
spinulis duabus erectis, modice divergentibus et rectis, planitie basali sulco
lato longitudinali, subtilissime ruguloso-transverse-striata; petiolus subtiliter
rugulosus, nodo postico utrinque coniforme producto, duplo latiore nodo antico;
abdomen laeve et mitidum segmento primo tertia parte basali subopaca, sub-
tiliter longitrorsum striolata et coriacea.
Caleutta (Rothuey).
Pheidole rhombinoda n. Sp.
Miles: Long. 45 Mm. Casianeus, antennarum funiculo pedibusque
pallidioribus, capite obscuriore; modice pilosus tibiis pilis nonnullis oblique
abstantibus, scapo haud abstante piloso; mandibulae laevigatae punctis non-
mullis, ad basim extus striatae, margine masticatorio acuto, antice bidentato;
capui vix longius quam latius, fortiter longitudinaliter striatum, pone oculos
et ad capitis angulos posticos rude reticulatum, clypeo in medio laevigato,
margine antico in medio exciso; sulcus antennalis longus et distinctus; funi-
culus articulis 2.—8. quam longis tam crassis; pronotum utrimque tuberculo
minulo, tansverse et paulo reticulato-rugosum; mesonotum irregulariter rugu-
losum, paulo pone medium sulco transverso profundo; metanotum spinulis
duabus rubreciis, fortiter divergentibus et rectis, planitie basali plana, trans-
verse sugulosa, planitie declivi laevigata; thoracis latera rugulosa, postice
magis subtiliter et dense punctulata; petioli nodus auticus subtiliter coriaceus,
nodus posticus coriaceus et supra insuper transverse rugulosus, permagnus,
petioli segmento antico toto paulo longior et triplo crassior, utrimque in conu-
lum productus et ita rhomboides, angulis antico et postico rotundato-obtusissimts
angulis lateralibus acutis; abdomen laeve et nitidum segmento primo quarta
parte basali longitudinaliter striolata et subopaca.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Der folgenden Art (P. indica) sehr ühulich, aber besonders durch das
grosse zweite Stielehenglied und den au der Basis gestreiften Hinterleib leicht
zu unterscheiden. Dem hier beschriebenen Soldaten waren auch Arbeiter bei-
gegeben, die aber des zweiten Stielchengliedes wegen wohl nicht zu dieser Art
gehören dürften; sie unterscheiden sich von den Arbeitern von P. indica
nur dadurch, dass die Basalfläche des Metanotum nebst der fingerhutartigen
Punktirung auch Querrunzeln hat.
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 679
Pheidole indica n. sp.
Milis: Long. 485—955 Mm. Castaneo-fuscus, thorace postice magis
ferrugineo, antennis pedibusque fusco-testaceis, partim testaceo-fuseis; pilosus
scapo pedibusque pilis oblique abstantibus; mandibulae laevigatae punctis non-
nullis, ad basim. extus striatae, margine masticatorio acuto antice bidentato;
caput vix longius quam latius, fortiter longitrorsum striatum, ad. latera strüs
paulo anastomosantibus et interstitiis subtiliter coriaceis, clypeo in medio laevi-
gato, margine antico in medio exciso; sulcus antennalis longus et distinctus;
funiculus articulis secundo ct tertio quam longis tam crassis; pronotum rugoso-
striatum, supra, rugulis transversis plus minusve dispersis, utrimque tuberculo
obtusissimo, paulo elevato; mesonotum rugulosum, partim sublaevigatum, paulo
pone medium sulco transverso; metanotum spinulis duabus subrectis, parum
divergentibus, planitie basali et inter spinas sublaevigatum et transverse rugu-
losum; petioli subtiliter rugulosi et coriacei nodus posticus transversus, utrin-
que coniformis, rhomboides, angulis antico et postico votundato-obtusissimis,
angulis lateralibus acutis, plus duplo latior quam longior, segmento petioli an-
tico toto paulo brevior; abdomen laeve.
Operaria: Long. 29—3 Mw. Rufo-testacea, capite abdominegue
fuscis; nitida, pilosa, scapo tibüsque pilis oblique abstantibus; mandibulae
longitudinaliter striatae, prope marginem masticatorium denticulatum laevi-
gatae; caput laeve pone oculos sensim arcuatim angustatum, spatio inter oculum
et fossam antennalem striolis nonnullis ; antennarum scapus longus, capitis mar-
ginem posticum superans; pronotum cum mesonoti parte antica ante sulcum
transversum ad unum subsemiglobosum et laeve; mesonotum parte postica coriacea,
lateribus acute reticulato-punctatis; metanotum acute reticulato -punctatum
spinulis duabus erectis, subparallelis, planitie basali plana, longiore quam
latiore; petioli laevigati nodus posticus transverse ovatus, nodo antico duplo
latior; abdomen laeve.
Femina: Long. $5 Mm. Nitida, fusca, mandibulis, antennis, capitis
dimidio antico, thoracis lateribus et metanoto, tibiis et tarsis plus minusve
ferrugineis; pilosa scapo tibiisque pilis abstantibus; mandibulae ut in milite;
caput trapezoideum, postice latius, angulis posticis rotundatis, paulo latius
quam longius, sculptura ut in milite; sulcus antennalis fere ad capitis marginem
posticum extensus: funiculi articuli 2.— circiter 4. breviores quam. crassiores,
articuli 5.—8. circiter quam longi tam crassi; thorax fortiter depressus, pronoto
ad latera rugwlis obliquis, mesonoto longitudinaliter striato, partim laevigato,
scutello laevi, metanoto spinis duabus retro et paulo sursum directis, parallelis,
inter spinas laevigato, lateraliter rugoso-striato ; petioli nodus posticus subtiliter
transverse rugulosus, transversus, nodo antico duplo latior, utrimque in conulum
productus; abdomen laeve (indistincte subtilissime coriaceum); alae hyalinae
costis et pterostigmate testaceis.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Z. B. Ges. B. XXVIII. Abh. 86
680 Gustav Mayı.
Cremastogaster.
Die Arbeiter der von mir untersuchten asiatischen Arten lassen
sich in folgender Weise unterscheiden:
1. Metanotum geschwollen, mit zwei gerundeten Höckern statt der Dornen,
erstes Stielchenglied deutlich länger als breit, zweites Glied oben ohne
Längsfurche . . . . . . - . - - m ne o o AREE
— nicht geschwollen . . . 3
9. Braun, das sehr stark gehen en «loe id Cirp i: eu
Theil der Wangen, das Pronotum und Metanotum glatt. Birma, Singapore,
Borneo. Smith, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 136, PI. IX Fig. 1. C. inflata Smith.
—, das mässig geschwollene Metanotum so wie der übrige Körper gefärbt,
der Clypeus und die Wangen längsgestreift, das Pronotum und Mesonotum
längsgerunzelt. Singapore, Borneo, Celebes. Smith, Cat. Br. M. p. 137.
C. difformis Smith.
9. Metanotum mit zwei spitzigen Dornen . . . . . 2 2 2 2 . . . . &
— nicht mit zwei spitzigen Dornen; der Thorax oben glatt; das zweite
Stielchenglied oben mit einer tiefen Làngsfurche. . . ... . . . 15
4. Zweites Stielchenglied oben mit eiuer ganz durchlaufenden, tiefen Längs-
furche 00: . x 5
— — ohne oder kaum a einer Spir einer : Längsturche, vice öfters
mit einem Eindrucke . . . . — AES
9. Der grósste Theil des Kórpers i nisse des it Stieleheng hd ist
rhombisch oder nahezu quadratisch, wenn man das vordere und hintere
Ende des Gliedes als Ecken annimmt. Ceilon. Mayr, zool-botan. Ges.
1868, p. 287. C. Ransonneti Mayr.
Der Thorax ist nicht glatt . . . . 6
6. Die Vorderhälfte des ersten Bü ne los m halbkreis fon der halber
förmige Rand endet jederseits in eine deutliche, stumpfwinklige Ecke,
welche ziemlich in der Mitte der Seiten des ersten Gliedes des Petiolus
liept. 2 : . RSS
Das erste snada A E Son UOS udi id entweder sehr
Stark abgerundete Vorderecken, oder diese liegen weniger gerundet ganz
vorne; die Metanotumdornen sind kürzer, als ihre Entfernung von ein-
ander an ihrer Basis beträgt . . . . 5 MN
7. Die hintere Hälfte des Kopfes ist glatt; Ei Tibien Si nidi abstolig
behaart; der Kórper ist braun mit braunschwarzem Hinterleibe oder er
ist pechschwarz, das 2.—4. Glied der Tarsen ist mehr oder weniger
deutlich blass gefärbt . . . . 5 50 EREDERESI
Der ganze Kopf ist làngsgerunzelt ada iaee e". 5o.
8. Die Metanotumdornen sind gerade, mässig divergirend; der ias ist
kastanienbraun, die Fühlergeissel blasser, die Mandibeln gelbroth und
der Hinterleib braunschwarz. Länge: 39:3—93:5 Mm. Calcutta.
C. subnuda n. Sp.
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 681
Die Metanotumdornen sind sehr deutlich gekrümmt, an der Basalhälfte dick,
die Apicalenden derselben sind einander nahezu parallel; der Körper ist
pechschwarz. Länge: 9'8 Mm. Singapore, Ceilon. Smith, Cat. Br. Mus.
p. 136. C. anthracina Smith.
9. Dunkel rostroth, der Hinterleib braun: Schaft und Tibien abstehend behaart;
die hintere Hälfte des Kopfes ist runzelig-Jängsgestreift, das Pronotum
grob unregelmässig und genetzt gerunzelt. Ceilon. C. Dohrnin. sp.
Rothgelb, der Hinterleib braun oder schwarz, oft mit gelber Basis; die
Tibien nicht abstehend behaart; der ganze Kopf gestreift, das Pronotum
längsgerunzelt. Birma, Calcutta, Ceilon. C. Rogenhoferi n. sp.
10. Der ganze Kopf mit deutlicher Sculptur; die Metanotumdornen kürzer als
die Entfernung derselben von einander an ihrer Basis. . . . . . ll
Die hintere Hälfte des Kopfes glatt; die Tibien nicht abstehend behaart. 12
li. Der ganze Kopf längsgestreift, das Pronotum grob genetzt, die Basalfläche
des,Metanotum längsgestreift; der Körper rothgelb mit braunem Hinter-
leibe. Länge: 32—52 Mm. Siam, Singapore. C. artifex n. Sp.
Der Kopf und der Thorax oben sehr deutlich fein genetzt; der Kórper ist
gelblichroth, die obere Fläche des Kopfes und des Thorax bräunlich, der
Hinterleib schwarzbraun. Länge: 33-35 Mm. Calcutta.
C. Rothneyi n. Sp.
12. Die Metanotumdornen viel kürzer als der Seitenrand der Basalfläche des
Metanotum; der Körper ist bräunlichgelb; Scheitel mit drei Ocellen (ob
immer?) Manilla. Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 118. C. ochracea Mayr. t)
— — etwas länger als der Seitenrand der Basalfläche des Metanotum ;
Kopf und Hinterleib braun; Scheitel ohne Ocellen (ob immer?). Calcutta.
C. contemta n. sp.
13. Erstes Stielehenglied verkehrt-trapezfórmig oder nahezu kreisrund; der
Thorax oben nicht glatt . . . . 2 Pr
— — gleichbreit, mit stark Od Pa der Tliorax oben
glatt, nur die Basis des Metanotum ist sehr fein gestreift, das Pro-
notum und Mesonotum gehen fast ohne Grenze in einander über. Austral-
asiatische Inseln. Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. V. 1860. p. 109; Mayr, Adn.
Mon. F. indo-neerl. p. 71. C. bicolor Smith.
14. Metanotumdornen länger als die Entfernung derselben an ihrer Basis;
erstes Stielchenglied ziemlich verkehrt-trapezfórmig. Borneo. Mayr,
Form. born. p. 24. C. coriaria Mayr.
— viel kürzer als die Entfernung derselben an ihrer Basis; erstes Glied
des Petiolus nahezu kreisrund. Dorneo. C. subcircularis n. Sp.
15. Das Metanotum, von der Seite gesehen, winkelig, es hat zwei kleine Höcker
anstatt der Dornen; das erste Stielchenglied ist ziemlich breit, an der
vorderen Hälfte mit halbkreisfórmigem Rande; die Tibien sebr deutlich
1) In meinen Myrm. Stud. p. 118 (766) vorletzte Zeile soll es statt „Knoten“ heissen:
Kanten",
86*
bi
683 Gustav Mayr.
abstehend behaart. Turkestan. Mayr, Fedtschenko’s Reise nach
Turkestan, Form. p. 19. C. subdentata Mayr.
Das Metanotum, von der Seite gesehen, schief abfallend, ohne deutliche
Basalflàche, ohne Dornen und ohne Höcker; das erste Stielchenglied ist
verkehrt-trapezförmig, mit abgerundeten Vorderecken und ziemlich geradem
Vorderrande; die Tibien ziemlich anliegend behaart. Sinai. Mayr, Myrm.
Stud. p. 118. C. inermis Mayr.
Cremastogaster subnuda n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 33—35 Mm. Nitida, castaneo-fusca, antemnarum
funiculo pallidiore, abdomine nigro-fusco, mandibulis testaceo-ferrugineis, tar-
sorum articulis 2.—4. rufo-testaceis; haud aut vix abstante pilosa et disper-
sissime adpresse pubescens; mandibulae punctis dispersissimis, dimidio basali
striolato, dimidio apicali laevigato; caput laeve, clypeo, genis et fronte prope
laminas frontales longitrorsum-, fossis antennalibus curvatim striatis, vertice
solummodo prope oculos subtiliter longitudinaliter ruguloso-striato; funiculi
clava triarticulata; pronotum et mesonotum supra partim longitrorsum rugosa
partim coriacea, ille supra deplanatwm utrinque angulo obtuso, hoc supra
utrinque carinula longitudinali; metanotum spinis duabus modice divergentibus,
rectis, haud longis, planitie basali longitrorsum rugulosa, planitie declivi
laevissima; petioli segmentum anticum supra paulo transverse concaviusculum
et subtiliter coriacewn, antice semicirculare angulis lateralibus obtusis distinctis
in laterum segmenti medio sitis, segmentum postieum subtiliter longitrorsum
rugulosum, supra sulco mediano longitudinali profundo; abdomen subtilissime
coriaceum, segmento primo laevi.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Ich hatte nur zwei Stücke zur Untersuchung.
Cremastogaster anthracina Smith.
Cat. Br. Mus. p. 186 (nec Mayr, Form. born. p. 24).
Von dieser Art besitze und kenne ich nur einen Arbeiter (ohne Fühler)
aus Ceilon, den ich von Dr. Roger unter obigem Namen erhielt.
Cremastogaster Dohrni n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 35—5 Mm. Obscure ferrugineo, antennarum clava
atque tarsis pallidioribus, abdomine fusco antice pallidiore; abstante pilosa,
antennarum scapo atque tibiis pilis oblique abstantibus; mandibulae dense
striatae punctis dispersis; caput totum subopacum, subtiliter longitrorsum —
postice divergenter rugoso-striatum; funiculi clava triarticulata; pronotum
subopacum, rude reticulato-rugosum interstitiis subtiliter coriaceis, supra parum
convexum, lateraliter arcuatum; mesonotum aut solummodo coriaceum aut etiam
irregulariter rugulosum, inter carinas longitudinales laterales rectangulare,
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 683
paulo longius quam latius, margine antico arcuato, transverse distincte con-
cavum; metanotum spinis duabus modice longis, retro et paulo sursum directis,
aequilongis vel subaequilongis quam inter se distantibus, metanoti pars basalis
longitudinaliter rugosa, pars declivis infra laevis et nitida; petioli segmentum
anticum margine antico fere complete semicirculari, angulis lateralibus obtusis,
distinctis, in laterum segmenti medio sitis, marginibus lateralibus posticis
retrorsum convergentibus et paulo arcuatim emarginatis, segmentum posticum
supra sulco profundo longitudinali; abdomen nitidum et subtilissime coriaceum.
Aus Ceilon, von Herrn Dr. C. A. Dohrn erbalten.
Ich habe bis jetzt diese sowie die zwei folgenden Arten für Crem. Kirbyi
Sykes gehalten. Letztere Art dürfte in Anbetracht, dass mehrere Arten ähnlich
wie diese gefärbt sind, auch sehr ähnliche Nester auf Bäumen oder Sträuchern
bauen, und dass Sykes’s Beschreibung gar keinen wesentlichen Artcharakter
anführt, eine unentzifferbare Art bleiben, wenn nicht die vielleicht noch vor-
handenen typischen Exemplare untersucht werden.
Cremastiogaster Rogenhoferi n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 38—44 Mm. Rufa aut rufo-ferruginea, abdomine
fusco aut nigro basi plus minusve pallidiore; modice abstante pilosa tibiis
solummodo pilis haud longis adpressis aut subadpressis; caput totum sub-
opacum et subtiliter longitrorswm postice divergenter striatum; funiculus clava
triarticulata; pronotum longitrorsum rarissime partim transverse rugosum
interstitiis coriaceis, supra parum convexum, lateraliter arcuatum; mesonotum
coriaceum, partim longitudinaliter rugulosum, inter carinas longitudinales
laterales subquadratum, margine antico arcuato et transverse distincte concavo;
metanotum spinis duabus aequilongis aut solummodo paulo brevioribus quam
inter se distantibus, planitie basali longitrorsum parum convexa et longitudi-
naliter striata, planitie declivi laevi et nitida; petioli segmentum anticum
margine antico fere complete semicirculari, angulis lateralibus obtusis sed
distinctis, in laterum segmenti medio sitis, marginibus lateralibus posticis
retrorsum convergentibus et arcuatim emarginatis, segmentum posticum supra
sulco longitudinali profundo; abdomen nitidum et subtilissime coriaceum
Im zoologischen Hofcabinete in Wien findet sich ein von Herrn Baron
Ransonnet aus Molmein in Britisch-Birma mitgebrachter Nestbau dieser
Art; die Beschreibung derselben ist auf jene Thiere basirt, welche ich diesem
Neste entnommen habe. Einen Arbeiter besitze ich aus Ceilon von Dr. Roger
und zwei aus Calcutta von Herrn Rothney.
Dieses Nest ist ziemlich eifórmig, 23 Cm. lang, etwa 20 Cm. breit, von
brauner Farbe und von sich gabelnden Aesten und Zweigen durchsetzt. Es
besteht aus nicht elastischen Platten von der Dicke starken Kartenpapieres, die bei
mikroskopischer Untersuchung aus pflanzlichen Faserzellen und aus Bündeln der-
selben sich zusammengesetzt erweisen, welche filzartig mitsammen verbunden und
durch einen Kitt oder Leim zu einer starren Masse geworden sind. Diese Platten
oder Krusten, welche das Aussehen von graubraunem dicken, steifen Löschpapier
684 Gustav Mayr.
haben, bilden Wände und Scheidewände in verschiedener Art verbunden und
gebogen, und haben verschieden grosse Lócher und Spalten, die in das Innere,
welches wohl ebenso gebaut sein dürfte, führen. Auffallend sind besonders an
der oberen Hälfte des Baues, welche dem Regen am meisten ausgesetzt ist,
etwa 3 Cm. breite, leistenartige, ziemlich horizontal, aber doch wellig verlaufende,
nach unten und aussen gerichtete vordachartige Platten, welche den aussen am
Baue sitzenden Thieren sowie dem ganzen Neste Schutz gegen Regen bieten.
Cremastogaster artifex n. Sp.
Operaria: Long. 32—52 Mm. Rufa aut rufo-flava abdomine fusco
aut nigro, basi saepe pallidiore; longe abstunte pilosa tibiis oblique abstante
pilosis; mandibulae dense striatae punctis dispersis; caput totum subopacum,
subtiliter longitrorsum — postice divergenter striatum; funiculus clava triarti-
culata; pronotum subopacum, rude irregulariter partim reticulatim rugosum
interstitiis subtiliter coriaceis, supra parum convexum, lateraliter arcuatum ;
mesonotum subtiliter coriaceum, nonnunquam paulo longitrorsum striolatum,
inter carinas longitudinales laterales subquadratum, margine antico arcuato et
transverse paulo concavum; metanotum spinis duabus mediocribus, retro et
paulo sursum directis, brevioribus quam inter se distantibus, metanoti planities
basalis longitudinaliter striata, pars declivis laevis et nitida; petioli segmentum
anticum latius quam longius, antice latius quam postice, angulis anticis nullis,
marginibus lateralibus dimidio antico fortiter arcuatis, dimidio postico rectis
et retrorsum convergentibus, segmentum posticum supra sulco profundo longitu-
dinali; abdomen nitidum et subtilissime coriaceum.
Mas.: Long. 35 Mm. Testaceus, capite fusco aut migro-fusco, clypeo
pallidiore, abdomine fusco-testaceo aut fusco; corpus totum abstante pilosum,
laeve et nitidum; mandibulae parum curvatae a basi ad apicem sensim
angustatae, apice acuto; antennae 12 articulatae, breves, incrassatae, filiformes
scapo vix 1!|, longiore quam crassiore, funiculo articulo primo globoso, ceteris
cylindricis, densissime et brevissime abstante pilosis, articulo secundo et tertio
coalitis, ad unum fere duplo longioribus quam crassioribus, articulis quarto
et quinto haud vel parum longioribus quam crassioribus, articulis ceteris circiter
duplo longioribus quam crassioribus; metanotum inerme; petioli segmentum
anticum, a supero visum, quadratum angulis rotundatis, segmentum posticum
transverse ovatum, supra absque sulco logitudinali; alae hyalinae costis
testaceis.
Das zoologische Hofcabinet in Wien besitzt zwei von Herrn Baron,
Ransonnet bei Bankok in Siam und bei Changi auf Singapore gesammelte
Nestbauten dieser Art.
Das grössere Nest aus Bankok ist regelmässig eiförmig, 18 Cm. lang und
13 Cm. dick, es besteht aus einer braungrauen papierfilzartigen Masse, welche
viele kleine 3—4 Mm. weite, mehr oder weniger runde Ocffnungen, die einiger-
massen gleichfórmig vertheilt sind, enthält. Am oberen Theile des Nestes liegt
noch eine mehr braun gefürbte Papierfilakruste ziemlich lose auf und es ist
Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. 685
wohl wahrscheinlich, dass der ganze Bau mit einer solchen Kruste bedeckt war.
Die zerstreuten Oeffnungen sind etwas grösser und gegen Regen durch sehr wenig
vorspringende Pláttchen geschützt. Das ganze Nest ist über einen 8 Cm. dicken
Ast oder Stamm an der Stelle gebaut, wo mehrere Zweige abgehen, so dass
in den unteren Theil des Baues der Ast oder Stamm eindringt und an der
oberen Hälfte die Zweige aus demselben hervortreten.
Das andere Nest aus Singapore ist ebenfalls eifórmig, 11 Cm. lang und
etwa 8 Cm. dick und-umgibt ebenfalls einen ziemlich dünnen Ast (einer andern
Pflanzengruppe angehórig) an der Stelle, wo er sich in mehrere Zweige theilt.
Der grósste mir vorliegende Arbeiter hat drei deutlich entwickelte Ocellen.
Cremastogaster Rothneyi n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 33—35 Mm. Rufo-ferruginea, capitis et thoracis
parie superiore pedibusque fuscescentibus, abdomine nigro-fusco, antennarum
funiculo tarsisque testaceis; sparse pilosa tibiis pilis abstantibus; mandibulae
siriatae : caput et thorax subopaca, subtiliter haud profunde reiiculato-punctulata
et insuper rugulis subtilibus longitudinalibus, aut solummodo capite antice;
clypeus solummodo stris longitudinalibus; funiculi clava elongata et distinctis-
sime triarticulata ; metanotum spinis duabus subparallelis, acutis, modice longis,
retro directis; petioli segmentum anticum subtiliter reticulato-coriaceum, nitidum,
obtrapezoideum, segmentum posticum densissime reticulato-punctulatum, supra
sulco profundo longitudinali; abdomen sublaeve et nitidum.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Cremastogaster contemta n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 31 Mm. Crem. sub nudae simillima differt colore
fuscescenti-rufo, capite et abdomine fusco-castaneis, pronoto et mesonoto sub-
tiliter coriaceis striis nonnullis longitudinalibus, mesonoto postice minus distincte
impresso, petioli segmento antico obtrapezoidali, angulis anticis rotundatis.
Calcutta (Rothney).
Das erste Stielchensegment ist so geformt wie bei Crem. scutellaris,
also genau verkehrt trapezfórmig mit abgerundeten vorderen Ecken.
Crem. brunnea Smith aus Borneo scheint dieser Art nahe zu stehen.
Cremastogaster subcircularis n. sp.
Operaria: Long. 3—3:2 Mm. Fusco-castanca, abdomine postice obscu-
riore; disperssissime abstante pilosa, antennis praecipue funiculo copiose pilosis,
tibiis pilis brevibus parum abstantibus; mandibulae dense striatae; caput
dimidio antico subtiliter et longitrorsum striatum, dimidio postico sublaeve
(indistincte et microscopice coriaceum), aut cum aut absque ocello mediano;
funiculi clava triarticulata; pronotum et mesonotum coriacea et plus minusve
longitudinaliter rugulosa, deplanata, ile lateraliter rotundatum, hoc sub-
quadratum margine antico arcuato, utrinque carina longitudinali, postice
686 Gustav Mayr. Beiträge zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens.
utrinque tuberculo minuto; metanotum spinis duabus brevibus subhorizontalibus
retro et parum sursum directis, parum divergentibus, parte basali fortiter
longitrorsum rugoso-striata, parte declivi laevi; petioli laevigati segmentum
anticum deplanatum, subcirculare, antice paulo latius quam postice, segmentum
posticum nodiforme, latius quam longius, supra in medio absque sulco, s
postice impressione minuta distincta; abdomen laeve.
Borneo (Museo civico in Genua).
Ich habe diese Art bei Bearbeitung der Form. born. 1872 für C. anthra-
cina gehalten, doch sehe ich jetzt bei reichlicherem Materiale, dass diese
Ansicht irrig war.
|
is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
History
In the Edo period, Kuwana-juku was 42nd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.
Gallery
Related pages
The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
References
Other websites
Kuwana City website
Hiroshige prints, Kuwana
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Mie Prefecture |
Events
Up to 1900
254 - Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
304 - Roman Emperor Diocletian orders the beheading of the 14-year-old Pancras of Rome.
907 - China: Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating (giving up) the throne, ending Tang Dynasty rule after almost 300 years.
1191 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
1264 – The Battle of Lewes, between King Henry III of England and the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, begins.
1328 – Antipope Nicholas V, a claimant to the papacy, is consecrated in Rome by the Bishop of Venice.
1364 – Jagiellonian University in Cracow, the oldest university in Poland, was founded in Cracow, Poland.
1551 – National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in South America, was founded in Lima, Peru.
1588 – French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry of Guise enters the city.
1689 – King William's War: William III of England joins the League of Augsburg starting a war with France.
1743 - Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia.
1780 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.
1797 – First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice.
1821 - in Valtetsi, the first major battle of the Greek War of Independence is fought against the Turks.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Spotsylvania Court House: Thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers die in "the Bloody Angle".
1865 - American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch - The Confederacy wins the last major land battle of the war, despite being on the losing side in the war as a whole.
1870 – The Manitoba Act was given the Royal Assent, paving the way for Manitoba to become a province of Canada on July 15.
1873 – Oscar II of Sweden-Norway is crowned King of Sweden.
1881 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
1885 – North-West Rebellion: The four-day Battle of Batoche, pitting rebel French Canadians against the Canadian government, comes to an end with a decisive rebel defeat.
1890 – The first-ever official County Championship match begins. Yorkshire beat Gloucestershire by eight wickets at Bristol. George Ulyett scores the first century in the competition.
1901 2000
1925 – Paul von Hindenburg becomes President of Germany.
1926 – UK General Strike 1926: In the United Kingdom, a nine-day general strike by trade unions ends.
1926 - Italian airship Norge flies over the North Pole, as the first aircraft to do so.
1931 – The body of geologist Alfred Wegener is found in Greenland, more than six months after he went missing.
1932 – Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of Charles Lindbergh is found dead in Hopewell, New Jersey just a few miles from the Lindbergh's home.
1937 – Coronation of King George VI of Britain at Westminster Abbey.
1941 - Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first programmable, fully automatic, computer in Berlin.
1942 - World War II: US tanker Virginia is torpedoed at the mouth of the Mississippi River by German U-boat U-507.
1942 – World War II: Second Battle of Kharkov – In the eastern Ukraine, the Soviet Army initiates a major offensive. During the battle, the Soviets capture the city of Kharkov from the German Army, only to be encircled and destroyed.
1943 – In Hunan, China, Japanese Imperial Army officers commit the massacre of Chiangjiang, killing 30,000 civilians.
1948 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands announces that she is to abdicate the throne in September, when her daughter becomes Queen Juliana of the Netherlands.
1949 - Western occupying powers approve the basic law for the new German state, the Federal Republic of Germany.
1949 – Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts its Blockade of Berlin.
1955 - Austria regains its independence after Allied occupation.
1958 – A formal North American Aerospace Defense Command agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.
1962 – Douglas MacArthur delivers his famous "Duty, Honor, Country" valedictory speech at West Point.
1965 – The Soviet spacecraft Luna 5 crashes on the Moon.
1966 – Busch Memorial Stadium, home of the St. Louis Cardinals major league baseball team, opens in St. Louis, Missouri.
1967 – At Queen Elizabeth Hall, England, Pink Floyd stages the first-ever quadraphonic rock concert.
1972 – The Rolling Stones release Exile on Main St., often considered their best album.
1975 – Mayagüez incident: The Cambodian navy seizes the American merchant ship SS Mayaguez in international waters.
1978 – In Zaire, rebels occupy the city of Kolwezi, the mining center of the province of Shaba. The government of Zaire asks the U.S., France and Belgium to restore order.
1989 - A Southern Pacific Railroad freight train derails on Duffy Street on the very steep Cajon Pass in San Bernardino, California.
1990 - As the previous claim of Shigechiyo Izumi is no longer considered, Jeanne Calment is already considered to have become the oldest-recorded human ever on this date, more than five years earlier than previously thought.
1998 - Four students are shot at Trisakti University in Indonesia, leading to widespread riots and the resignation, on May 21, of President Suharto, who had ruled the country for over 30 years.
1999 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.
2000 – The Tate Modern art gallery opens in London.
From 2001
2001 – In Copenhagen, Denmark, Tanel Padar & Dave Benton win the forty-sixth Eurovision Song Contest for Estonia singing "Everybody".
2002 – Former US President Jimmy Carter arrives in Cuba for a five-day visit with Fidel Castro becoming first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since Castro's 1959 revolution.
2003 – International Development Secretary Clare Short resigns from the British government over the Iraq War.
2003 – The Riyadh compound bombings are carried out by Al-Qaeda. 26 people are killed.
2006 - Mass unrest in the Primeiro Comando de Capital begins in São Paulo, Brazil, leaving at least 150 people dead.
2007 - Riots in Karachi, Pakistan, kill at least 50 people.
2007 – Marija Serifovic wins the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest for Serbia in Helsinki, Finland.
2008 – A major earthquake occurs in China's Sichuan province, killing thousands of people.
2010 – An Afriqiyah Airlines plane crashes in Tripoli, Libya. 103 are killed, and only one survives.
2010 - The Unity Bridge over the Rovuma River, linking Tanzania and Mozambique, opens.
2015 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake hits Nepal, two weeks after one of slightly higher magnitude had killed over 8,000 people. Casualties are reported in Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh.
2017 - The WannaCry ransomware cyber attack affects computer systems around the world.
2018 - Israel's Netta Barzilai wins the 63rd Eurovision Song Contest in Lisbon, Portugal; United Kingdom entrant SuRie was interrupted by a stage invasion during her performance.
2019 - Liverpool F.C. set a record points total for a second-placed team in the English Premier League, as their 97 points amount to one less than the 98 points of champions Manchester City F.C..
Births
Up to 1900
1401 – Emperor Shoko of Japan (d. 1428)
1496 – King Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1560)
1590 – Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1621)
1622 – Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor-General of New France (d. 1698)
1626 - Louis Hennepin, Flemish priest and missionary (d. 1705)
1670 – Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland (d. 1733)
1700 - Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian engineer and architect (d. 1773)
1725 - Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orleans (d. 1785)
1754 - Franz Anton Hoffmeister, German composer and publisher (d. 1812)
1755 - Giovanni Battista Viotti, Italian violinist (d. 1824)
1767 – Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (d. 1851)
1794 - George Cathcart, British general (d. 1854)
1803 – Justus Liebig, German chemist (d. 1873)
1804 - Robert Baldwin, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1858)
1806 – Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (d. 1881)
1809 - Robert Charles Winthrop, American politician (d. 1894)
1812 – Edward Lear, English writer, artist and poet (d. 1888)
1814 – Adolf von Henselt, German composer and pianist (d. 1889)
1820 – Florence Nightingale, British nurse (d. 1910)
1823 - John Russell Hind, British astronomer (d. 1895)
1823 - Frederik Vermehren, Danish painter (d. 1910)
1825 - Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, French lawyer and explorer (d. 1878)
1828 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, British painter (d. 1882)
1829 - Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (d. 1896)
1840 - Alejandro Gorostiaga, Chilean military officer (d. 1912)
1842 - Jules Massenet, French composer (d. 1912)
1845 – Gabriel Faure, French composer (d. 1924)
1850 – Henry Cabot Lodge, American statesman (d. 1924)
1851 - Joseph Toole, Governor of Montana (d. 1929)
1867 - Frank Brangwyn, British artist (d. 1956)
1872 - Anton Korosic, Slovenian politician, 10th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 1940)
1875 - Charles Holden, English architect (d. 1960)
1880 – Lincoln Ellsworth, American polar explorer and pilot (d. 1951)
1885 – Mario Sironi, Italian painter (d. 1961)
1886 - Ernst A. Lehmann, German captain (d. 1937)
1889 – Otto Frank, father of Anne Frank (d. 1980)
1889 - Abelardo L. Rodríguez, President of Mexico (d. 1967)
1892 - William Preston Lane, Jr., Governor of Maryland (d. 1967)
1895 – Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian philosopher, writer and spiritual teacher (d. 1986)
1895 – William Giauque, American chemist (d. 1982)
1899 – Indra Devi, Latvian-born Yoga teacher (d. 2002)
1900 – Helene Weigel, Austrian-German actress (d. 1971)
1901 1950
1903 - Lennox Berkeley, English composer (d. 1989)
1907 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (d. 2003)
1908 - Alejandro Scopelli, Argentine-born Italian footballer (d. 1987)
1910 – Johan Ferrier, first President of Suriname (d. 2010)
1910 – Dorothy Hodgkin, British biochemist (d. 1994)
1910 – Giulietta Simionato, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
1913 - Igor Bondarevsky, Russian chess player (d. 1979)
1915 – Frère Roger, Swiss religious leader (d. 2005)
1918 - Mary Kay Ash, American businesswoman (d. 2001)
1918 – Julius Rosenberg, American, convicted of spying for the Soviet Union (d. 1953)
1920 - Vilém Flusser, Czech-Brazilian philosopher, writer and journalist (d. 1991)
1921 - Joseph Beuys, German artist (d. 1986)
1921 - Farley Mowat, Canadian environmentalist and author (d. 2014)
1921 - Giovanni Benelli, Italian cardinal (d. 1982)
1922 - Roy Salvadori, English racing driver (d. 2012)
1922 - Murray Gershenz, American actor (d. 2013)
1922 - Marco Denevi, Argentine writer (d. 1998)
1924 – Tony Hancock, British comedian (d. 1968)
1924 - Alexander Esenin-Volpin, Russian-American mathematician (d. 2016)
1925 - Yogi Berra, American baseball player and manager (d. 2015)
1926 - James Samuel Coleman, American sociologist (d. 1995)
1926 - Viren J. Shah, Indian politician, 21st Governor of West Bengal (d. 2013)
1928 - Burt Bacharach, American pianist and composer
1929 – Sam Nujoma, first, and former, President of Namibia
1929 - Dollard St. Laurent, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1929 - Agnes Heller, Hungarian philosopher
1930 - Jesús Franco, Spanish director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1930 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (d. 2008)
1932 - Derek Malcolm, British movie critic and historian
1933 – Andrey Voznesensky, Russian poet (d. 2010)
1935 - Hoss Ellington, American NASCAR driver (d. 2014)
1935 – Gary Peacock, American jazz musician
1935 - Johnny Bucyk, Canadian ice hockey player
1936 – Frank Stella, American painter and sculptor
1936 – Tom Snyder, American television personality (d. 2007)
1936 – Guillermo Endara, President of Panama (d. 2009)
1937 - George Carlin, American stand-up comedian (d. 2008)
1937 - Beryl Burton, English cyclist (d. 1996)
1937 - Miriam Stoppard, English doctor, author and broadcaster
1938 - Andrei Amalrik, Russian historian, publicist, writer and dissident (d. 1980)
1939 - Reg Gasnier, Australian rugby league player (d. 2014)
1939 – Ron Ziegler, American White House Press Secretary (d. 2003)
1939 – Jalal Dabagh, Kurdish politician, writer and journalist
1942 – Ian Dury, British singer (d. 2000)
1944 - Chris Patten, British politician, last British Governor of Hong Kong
1945 - Alan Ball, Jr., English footballer (d. 2007)
1945 - Ian McLagan, English-American singer-songwriter and keyboardist (d. 2014)
1946 – Gareth Evans, British philosopher
1947 – Michael Ignatieff, Canadian politician
1948 - John Blackley, Scottish footballer
1948 – Ivan Kral, Czech-American musician
1948 – Steve Winwood, British musician
1948 – David Heineman, American politician, 39th Governor of Nebraska
1948 - Joe Tasker, English mountaineer (d. 1982)
1950 – Gabriel Byrne, Irish actor
1950 - Helena Kennedy, English judge and politician
1950 - Jenni Murray, English journalist and broadcaster
1950 - Renate Stecher, German athlete
1951 1975
1954 – Fridrik Thor Fridriksson, Icelandic movie director
1958 – Eric Singer, American musician (KISS)
1961 - Jennifer Armstrong, American author
1961 - Billy Duffy, English guitarist and songwriter
1962 – Emilio Estevez, American actor
1962 - Brett Gurewitz, American guitarist and songwriter
1962 - April Grace, American actress
1963 – Stefano Modena, Italian racing driver
1963 - Panagiotis Fasoulas, Greek basketball player and politician
1963 - Gavin Hood, South African actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1966 - Stephen Baldwin, American actor
1966 – Bebel Gilberto, Brazilian singer
1967 - Paul D'Amour, American singer and musician
1967 - Bill Shorten, Australian politician
1968 – Tony Hawk, American skateboarder
1968 – Catherine Tate, British comedienne
1969 - Kevin Nalty, American comedian and blogger
1970 – Mark Foster, British swimmer
1970 – Samantha Mathis, American actress
1974 - Marc Capdevila, Spanish swimmer
1974 - Taraneh Javanbakht, Iranian poet, writer, artist, scientist and activist
1975 – Jonah Lomu, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2015)
From 1976
1977 – Graeme Dott, Scottish snooker player
1978 – Aya Ishiguro, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
1978 - Jason Biggs, American actor
1978 - Josh Phelps, American baseball player
1980 – Felipe Lopez, Puerto Rican baseball player
1981 - Kentaro Sato, Japanese-American composer and conductor
1981 - Rami Malek, American actor
1981 - Lorena Bernal, Argentine-Spanish model and actress
1983 – Charilaos Pappas, Greek footballer
1983 – Alina Kabayeva, Russian gymnast
1983 - Yujiro Kushida, Japanese professional wrestler
1983 - Francisco Javier Torres, Mexican footballer
1984 - Tommaso Reato, Italian rugby player
1984 - Justin Williams, American basketball player
1985 - Andrew Howe, Italian athlete
1986 - Jonathan Orozco, Mexican footballer
1986 – Emily VanCamp, Canadian actress
1987 - Robbie Rogers, American soccer player
1988 – Marcelo Vieira, Brazilian footballer
1992 - Erik Durm, German footballer
1992 – Malcolm David Kelley, American actor
1995 – Luke Benward, American actor
1995 - Sawyer Sweeten, American actor (d. 2015)
1995 - Sullivan Sweeten, American actor
2003 – Madeleine McCann, missing since 2007
Deaths
Up to 1900
1003 – Pope Silvester II
1012 – Pope Sergius IV
1182 – Valdemar I of Denmark (b. 1131)
1382 – Queen Joan I of Naples (b. 1327)
1465 – Thomas Palaeologus, titular Byzantine Emperor (b. 1409)
1641 – Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (b. 1593)
1684 – Edme Mariotte (b. 1620), French physicist and priest
1700 – John Dryden, English writer (b. 1631)
1708 – Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1658)
1784 - Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (b. 1710)
1796 - Johann Peter Uz, German poet (b. 1720)
1845 – János Bacsanyi, Hungarian poet (b. 1763)
1856 - Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, French mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1786)
1859 – Sergei Aksakov, Russian writer (b. 1791)
1860 - Charles Barry, English architect (b. 1795)
1864 - J.E.B. Stuart, American general (b. 1833)
1867 – Friedrich William Eduard Gerhard, German archaeologist (b. 1795)
1876 - Georgi Benkovski, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1843)
1884 – Bedřich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
1889 – John Cadbury, English chocolate entrepreneur (b. 1801)
1890 - Frances Parthenope Vernay, sister of Florence Nightingale (b. 1819)
1901 2000
1907 – Joris-Karl Huysmans, French writer (b. 1848)
1913 - Enriqueta Marti, Spanish serial killer and kidnapper of children (b. 1868)
1916 – James Connolly, Irish socialist and Easter Rising leader (b. 1868)
1925 – Amy Lowell, poet (b. 1874)
1935 – Józef Piłsudski, Polish statesman (b. 1867)
1944 – Max Brand, writer (b. 1892)
1944 – Q, British writer (b. 1863)
1956 – Louis Calhern, movie actor (b. 1895)
1957 – Erich von Stroheim, movie director and actor (b. 1885)
1957 - Alfonso de Portago, Spanish bobsledder and racing driver (b. 1928)
1963 – Bobby Kerr, Canadian runner (b. 1882)
1966 - Felix Martin Julius Steiner, German SS officer (b. 1896)
1967 – John Masefield, British writer (b. 1878)
1970 – Nelly Sachs, German writer (b. 1891)
1971 – Heinie Manush, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1901)
1973 – Frances Marion, American screenwriter and director (b. 1888)
1978 - Robert Coogan, American actor (b. 1924)
1985 – Jean Dubuffet, painter (b. 1901)
1986 – Elisabeth Bergner, actress (b. 1897)
1986 – Alicia Moreau de Justo, Argentine physician, politician, pacifist and activist (b. 1885)
1992 – Robert Reed, actor (b. 1932)
1994 – John Smith, British politician (b. 1938)
1994 - Erik Erikson, German psychoanalyst (b. 1902)
1995 - Mia Martini, Italian singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1942)
2000 – Adam Petty, race car driver (b. 1980)
From 2001
2001 – Perry Como, singer (b. 1912)
2001 - Alexei Tupolev, Russian aircraft designer (b. 1925)
2002 - Joseph Bonanno, Italian-American gangster (b. 1905)
2003 – Sadruddin Aga Khan, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1965 – 1977
2005 – Monica Zetterlund, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1937)
2006 - Hussein Maziq, Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1918)
2008 – Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910)
2008 - Robert Rauschenberg, American painter (b. 1925)
2009 – Antonio Vega, Spanish singer (b. 1957)
2013 - Gerd Langguth, German professor of political science (b. 1946)
2013 - Constantino Romero, Spanish actor (b. 1947)
2014 - Jacinto Convit, Venezuelan doctor and scientist (b. 1913)
2014 - H. R. Giger, Swiss artist (b. 1940)
2014 - Sarat Pujari, Indian actor, director and movie producer (b. 1934)
2014 - Lorenzo Zambrano, Spanish businessman, CEO of CEMEX (b. 1944)
2014 - Marco Cé, Italian cardinal (b. 1925)
2014 - Cornell Borchers, Lithuanian-German actress (b. 1925)
2014 - Nash the Slash, Canadian musician (b. 1948)
2015 - Peter Gay, German-American psychohistorian (b. 1923)
2015 - Suchitra Bhattacharya, Indian novelist (b. 1950)
2015 - William Zinsser, American writer (b. 1922)
2015 - William MacDonald, English-Australian serial killer (b. 1924)
2016 - Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (b. 1924)
2016 - Susannah Mushatt Jones, American supercentenarian (b. 1899)
2016 - Mike Agostini, Trinidadian sprinter (b. 1935)
2016 - Julius La Rosa, American pop singer (b. 1930)
2016 - Del Latta, American politician (b. 1920)
2016 - Yukio Ninagawa, Japanese film and theatre director (b. 1935)
2016 - Georges Sesia, French footballer (b. 1924)
2017 - Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic and sociologist (b. 1918)
2017 - Mauno Koivisto, 10th President of Finland (b. 1923)
2017 - Yale Lary, American football player, businessman and politician (b. 1930)
2017 - Henri Termeer, Dutch-American biotechnology expert (b. 1946)
2017 - Yu So-chow, Chinese actress (b. 1930)
2017 - Amotz Zahavi, Israeli evolutionary biologist (b. 1928)
2018 - Will Alsop, English architect (b. 1947)
2018 - Tessa Jowell, English politician (b. 1947)
2018 - Antonio Mercero, Spanish film and television director (b. 1936)
2018 - Dennis Nilsen, Scottish serial killer (b. 1945)
2018 - Kevin Tierney, Irish-Canadian film producer (b. 1950)
2018 - Donald Gary Young, American business executive (b. 1950)
2018 - Chuck Knox, American football coach (b. 1932)
2019 - Héctor Enrique Olivares, Argentine politician (b. 1958)
2019 - Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Lebanese Maronite cardinal (b. 1920)
2019 - Alan Skirton, English footballer (b. 1939)
2019 - Hiralal Yadav, Indian folk singer (b. 1925)
Observances
International Nurses' Day, in honour of Florence Nightingale
Johan Vilhelm Snellman Day (Finland)
Days of the year |
Landsberg may refer to:
Landsberg (surname)
Margraviate of Landsberg, a march of the Holy Roman Empire
Palatinate-Landsberg, a state of the Holy Roman Empire
Places
Landsberg (district), Bavaria, Germany
Landsberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria, Germany
Landsberg-Lech Air Base, Germany
Landsberg Prison, a prison in Landsberg am Lech
Kaufering concentration camp complex
Landsberg an der Warthe, German name of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
Landsberg in Oberschlesien/Upper Silesia, German name of Gorzów Śląski, Poland
Landsberg in Ostpreußen/East Prussia, German name of Górowo Iławeckie, Poland
Landsberg Castle (disambiguation)
Related pages
Altlandsberg
Deutschlandsberg
Landsberge
Landsberger
Landsbergis, a surname
Margraviate of Landsberg, Holy Roman Empire
|
The Town of Huntington is a town in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It was founded in 1653. It is located on the north shore of Long Island. Huntington is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the United States 2010 Census, the town population was 203,264.
References
Towns in New York |
A period 4 element is an element in the fourth period (row) of the periodic table. It begins at potassium and ends at krypton. Period 4 has 18 elements.
Period 4 elements have electrons in the first four electron shells. All period 4 elements have one or more electrons in the fourth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 4s orbital, ten electrons join the 3d orbital, and six electrons join the 4p orbitals.
Periodic table |
The Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня) was a building in the center of Moscow, Russia. It was built from 1692 to 1701 by the architect Mikhail Chugolokov Ivanovich. It was destroyed in 1934. The Soviet government of Stalin destroyed it to make Garden Avenue in Moscow. When the building was first opened, it was designed to be a kind of Triumphal Gate In honor of the Tsar, he renounced his war against his sister Sophia Alexeyevna Romanova on the throne. The tower was named in honor of Lorenti Pankerevich Soharb who was the commander of the army. The School of Mathematics and Navigation of Moscow used the tower until 1921. Then it became the Moscow City Hall where it also housed: "Moscow History Museum." Finally, it was destroyed in 1934 for the construction of The Garden Ring Although there were many objections to its destruction among the public and among many Russian architects. The tower was built in the Baroque Narishkin style.
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Towers in Europe |
Andrew Gregory Dalton (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU). In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory. He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.
Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract. Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.
Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season.
Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed "The Red Rifle" by Bengals fans.
References
1987 births
Living people
American Christians
American football quarterbacks
Cincinnati Bengals players
Sportspeople from Texas |
Camdenton is a city in of Camden County, Missouri, United States. Its population was 3,718 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Camden County.
References
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri |
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