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Walworth County is the name of two counties in the United States:
Walworth County, South Dakota
Walworth County, Wisconsin |
Jamaican Patois, known as Patwa, Jamaican Creole or simply Jamaican, is an English-African Creole language spoken mostly in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora.
Formation of the language
Jamaican Patois was developed in the 17th century with the arrival of West African slaves. Once they arrived in the island, they had to quickly learn and neutralize the dialectal forms of the English language. The slaves, just like in any region of the Caribbean rather speak their original tongue than learn the proper forms of the European languages of their masters.
Irish influence
Jamaican Creole draws an Irish phonetic sounds in some areas of Jamaica, however, the schools and education in Jamaica are based on the British English in the writing, reading and speech.
African influence
Jamaican Patois has African influences dating back to the 17th century. Its syntax, sounds, phonetics, grammar, and plenty of words show African influence in every aspect.
Chinese and East Indian influence
The Jamaican language has hundreds or thousands of words with origins of the Cantonese and the Indian languages, such as "Ganja" (Mariguana).
References
Pidgins and creoles
Languages of the Caribbean
Jamaica
17th-century establishments in North America |
<p><strong>Solution:</strong>
<code>strpos</code> turned out to be the most efficient. Can be done with <code>substr</code> but that creates a temporary substring. Can also be done with regex, but slower than strpos and does not always produce the right answer if the word contains meta-characters (see Ayman Hourieh comment). </p>
<p>Chosen answer:</p>
<pre><code>if(strlen($str) - strlen($key) == strrpos($str,$key))
print "$str ends in $key"; // prints Oh, hi O ends in O
</code></pre>
<p>and best to test for strict equality <code>===</code> (see David answer)</p>
<p>Thanks to all for helping out. </p>
<hr>
<p>I'm trying to match a word in a string to see if it occurs at the end of that string. The usual <code>strpos($theString, $theWord);</code> wouldn't do that. </p>
<p>Basically if <code>$theWord = "my word";</code></p>
<pre><code>$theString = "hello myword"; //match
$theString = "myword hello"; //not match
$theString = "hey myword hello"; //not match
</code></pre>
<p>What would be the most efficient way to do it? </p>
<p>P.S. In the title I said <code>strpos</code>, but if a better way exists, that's ok too.</p> |
<p><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ejgnK.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></p>
<p>Hi~,</p>
<p>I want to set 100% left over height to panel 2. but I don't know how to do..</p>
<p>here is my test code,</p>
<pre><code>{
title : 'EAST',
region : 'east',
layout : 'vbox',
layoutConfig : {
align : 'stretch'
},
bodyStyle : 'border:1px solid blue',
width: 300,
items : [
new Ext.Panel({
title : 'Panel 1',
border : true,
layout : 'fit',
height : 250,
html : 'PANEL 1 AREA'
}),
new Ext.Panel({
title : 'Panel 2',
border : true,
bodyStyle : 'border:1px solid red',
layout : 'fit',
html : 'PANEL 2 AREA'
})
]
}
</code></pre>
<p>I tried, autoHeight : true and height : '100%' to panel 2 but it does not work.</p>
<p>anybody knows, please help me ~</p>
<p>thank you~!</p> |
<p>I have two data sets that I would like to produce scatterplots for, with different colors.</p>
<p>Following the advice in <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4270301/matplotlib-multiple-datasets-on-the-same-scatter-plot">MatPlotLib: Multiple datasets on the same scatter plot</a></p>
<p>I managed to plot them. However, I would like to be able to update the scatter plots inside of a loop that will affect both sets of data. I looked at the matplotlib animation package but it doesn't seem to fit the bill.</p>
<p>I cannot get the plot to update from within a loop.</p>
<p>The structure of the code looks like this:</p>
<pre><code> fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111)
for g in range(gen):
# some simulation work that affects the data sets
peng_x, peng_y, bear_x, bear_y = generate_plot(population)
ax1.scatter(peng_x, peng_y, color = 'green')
ax1.scatter(bear_x, bear_y, color = 'red')
# this doesn't refresh the plots
</code></pre>
<p>Where generate_plot() extracts the relevant plotting information (x,y) coords from a numpy array with additional info and assigns them to the correct data set so they can be colored differently.</p>
<p>I've tried clearing and redrawing but I can't seem to get it to work. </p>
<p>Edit: Slight clarification. What I'm looking to do basically is to animate two scatter plots on the same plot.</p> |
ARTAMUS PERS ONATUS : Gould
Gendt A HC Richter del” - edina. Lag
ARTAMUS PERSONATUS, Gould.
Masked Wood Swallow.
Ocypterus personatus, Gould. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 149.
Jil-bung, Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia.
I nave much pleasure in adding this new and highly interesting species of Artamus to the Wood Swallows of
Australia, a country peculiarly adapted for this tribe of birds, and of which the fauna comprises a greater
number of species of this group than that of any other. My knowledge of the range of this species is very
limited; a single specimen was sent me from South Australia, while the fine examples from which my figures
were taken were killed by Mr. Gilbert in the colony of Swan River. Its richly coloured black face and
throat, separated from the delicate grey of the breast by a narrow line of snowy white, at once distinguishes
it from every other species, while the strong contrast of these colours renders it a conspicuous object
among the trees.
In size and structure it more nearly resembles the Artamus superciliosus than any other, and the two
species form beautiful analogues of each other, one being in all probability confined to the eastern portion
of the country, and the other to the western. l
“ I have only met,” says Mr. Gilbert, “with this species in the York and Zoodyay districts. It is very
like Artamus sordidus in its habits, but is more shy and retired, never being seen but in the most secluded
parts of the bush. It is merely a summer visitant here, generally making its appearance in the latter part
of October, and immediately commencing the task of incubation. Its voice very much resembles the
chirping of the English Sparrow.
“ Its nest is placed in the upright fork of a dead tree, or in the hollow part of the stump of a grass-tree ;
it is neither so well nor so neatly formed as those of the other species of the group, being a frail structure
externally composed of a very few extremely small twigs, above which is a layer of fine dried grasses.
The eggs also differ as remarkably as the nest, their ground colour being light greenish grey, dashed and
speckled with hair-brown principally at the larger end, and slightly spotted with grey, appearing as if
beneath the surface of the shell; they are ten and a half lines long by eight and a half lines broad. I found
two nests in a York Gum Forest, about five miles to the east of the Avon River: each of these contained
two eggs, which I believe is the usual number.
« Its food consists of insects generally and their larvae.”
The male has the face, ear-coverts and throat jet-black, bounded below with a narrow line of white;
crown of the head sooty black, gradually passing into the deep grey, which covers the whole of the upper
surface, wings and tail; the latter tipped with white ; all the under surface very delicate grey; thighs dark
grey ; irides blackish brown; bill blue at the base, becoming black at the tip; legs and feet mealy bluish
grey.
The female differs in having the colouring of the bill and the black mask on the face much paler.
The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size.
|
<p>I have a modal component. it used to close on press of <code>escape</code> button. now I have a <code>select</code> option within it. when i press the tab with <code>select</code> option and do the <code>escape</code> to come out of the <code>select</code> element, now my popup as well getting closed. i tried with adding <code>stopPropagation</code> but not works.</p>
<p>here is the html: <code>confirmCancel()</code> method getting triggered</p>
<pre><code><ibo-custom-modal [isTable]="true" [showModal]="addItemPop" [title]="title" (modalClosed)="confirmCancel()">
<div (keydown)="($event); $event.stopPropagation()">//not works
<select (keydown)="calling($event)">//tried here as well
<option>one</option>
<option>two</option>
<option>the</option>
</select>
</div>
</ibo-custom-modal>
</code></pre> |
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renin y Yu Y SO dna iri
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Ddychweliad y Mâb Afradlon;
ANNOGAETH ì DDYCHWELYD AT DDUW.
Aberystwyth, Areraffwyd gon JamesaWilliams. 1811,
a
I WRANDEWCH, afradlon frodyr,
Sy*n ceisio troi, er cysur.
Darllenwch yn y “sgrythyr,
Mewn rhan o lyfr Luc,
Sef y bymthegfed bennod,
Cewch yno hanes hynod,
Neu Ddammeg wedi gosod,
Mawr gysuriniodug,
2 Ein Prynwr,dyddiwrdyddan,
Sy'n adrodd hon ei hunan,
Am ŵr da oedd yn rhyw fan,
Yn rhyfedd yn ei wlâd ;.
A dau fab iddo'n tyfu,
âr hynaf a*r rhai hyny,
Oedd fodlon yn sefydlu,
_ 'Ofewn 1 deulu ei Dâds.
3 A*r i'angaf oedd mor anghall,
Ni chym'rai bwyll aa deall,
i wrando cynghor diwall,
Yn-ddiball ac yn dde*;
Ond mynai gael ei rydd-did,
I ddilyn chwantau i'engctid,
Rheolau ei Dâd, ond odid,
*' Oedd otid iddo fe.
4 Deisyfu wnaeth e'n ebrwydd,
' Gael gan eì Dâd, ŵr Dedwydd,
Roi cyfran hoyw-lan hylwydd,
*Fai'n dygwyddiddoo'rda;
A*r hên ŵr «Ja ei hunan,
A roddodd iddo gyfran;
CAN DDUWIOL, 1 N E'N v |
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Pwy dybiai“r âi.fe “rowan,
Fyth druan i“r fath dra?
Un chwantan ydoedd ystau,
Yn caru pob pleserau,
Yn sydyn'fe symudai,
I barthau rhyw wlâd bell,
O ŵydd ei dâd oedd weddaidd,
A'i fwriad ar oferedd,
“Gael dilyn pob hydoledd,
Neu wragedd yrio'n well,
Mewn ennyd fer, yn union, |
Fe wariodd ei holl fuddion, |
.Ynghwmp'ni drwg gyfeillion
Rai blinion yn ddi-ble;
Nes aeth mewn culni caled,
Ac arno mor gyfynged, es
“Doedd un dyn roe “ddo damaid,
Na llamaid mewn un lle,
Yn hyn o gyfyng gyflwr,
Er mwyn cael gronyn swcwr,
Fe nesodd at ddinaswr,
Yn llwfr am wellhâd ;
_ A'i ŷru wnaed ynheini,
I fysg y môch i'w pesgi,
Dymun“sai gael ymlenwi,
Ar fwyd y 1rhei€ny'n rhâd,
Ond pan na chai ei loned,
Or sôg a*r seigiau caled,
Eisteddai i lawr i “styried
Mor ffoled f'enaid fu;
Sawl un, medd cf, o weision,
O eiddo “nhâd, yr awr hon,
Sy'n cael eu llenwin llawnion, io
Ddigon yn ei dŷ: ;
A minnau yn newynu,
Trwy angeu bron a threngu,
Ŵ
Mi godaf, 2f gan hyny,
Dan gŵyno at fy Nhâd;
A dwedaf wrtho wedi'n,
Gan ŵylo ar fy neulin,
Mi becbais yn dy erbyn,
Fel gelyn heb ddim gwad.
30 Nid wyf li, ganhyny,
Mwy'n deilwng yn dy deulu,
Nam galwmwy“n fâb i ti,
Na haeddu cael dy hêdd;
Gwra tî fel un o*th weision,
I wneuthur dy or*chwylion,
Mi fyddaf i tin ffyddlon,
A boddlon hyd y bedd,
91 Â chododd ryw ddiwrnod,
A'i dâd a'i canfu'n dyfod,
A rhedodd i*w gyfarfod,
Yn hynod ïawn ei hun ;
Ar wddf y mâb fe syrthiodd,
O weled hwn fe ŵylodd,
Ac eilwaith fe“i cusanodd,
O'i wirfodd yn ei wŷn,
12 l'w weision fe orch€mynai
Ddwyn allan y wisg orau,
A diosg yr hên garpiau,
A'i wisgo'n oleu wnaed ;
A rhow*d am un o*i bymbys,
Y foJrwy aur yn fedrus,
A phâr o “sgidíau taclus,
Yn drefnus am ei draed,
i3. A galwodd yn ddi-gelu,
Y tylwyth oll a'r teulu,
Dewch bawb i gyd-lawenu,
A gorfoleddu“n fawr ;
' Partowch y llô pasgedig,
A moeswchddawns a miwsig,
' ; 5 5 8 aM
Can's cafw'd y mâb colledig, BŴ e'i
Daeth adre*n unig “Aawr- EN |
14 Ni welwn yma'n eglur,
Wrthgiliad dyn wrth natur,
Mor bell*ŷr aeth ar grwydyr,
Yn ddieithr oddiwrth-Dduŵ g.:
' Nifynef “chwaith ddychwelyd, |
O'i gyílwrafian enbyd,
At Grist i «mofyn bywyd,
' Och! ddyn; mor ynfyd yw,
;. 15 Ni welwn yma eilwaith, CO
o. Ffordd Duw, a'i ddoeth ragluniaeth, -!
| Vn galw dynion diffaeth, Ag
o, Anhywaithyneuhôl, ;
'Trwy anfon arnynt adfyd, ^ o
' A thlodi,yn yr Ysbryd; Ay. Md
I'w galw a'u î
O'u ffiaidd fywyd ffôl
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y. Mor barod yw ì faddau, NW
I'f dyp yn ddiau a ddel, ^^ EA
Atlesu Gristyn hollol, “a
'T rwy fwriad edifeiriol, . MW Ml
“Caiffhwndderbyniad grasoly <o |
A gresaw mawr heb gêl. ^> o Î
A gwelwn fath lawenydd, ad
— “Sydd yn y nefoedd ddedwydd, |
& Am bob dychwelwr newydd, 1
' Mn byd; s "|
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>>; “Âm droad un pechadur,
“Reg chant o ryw broffeswyr ; Ed
“k 2lyweh gysur i chwi gyd. SE
“ D.ufydd Jones, 8 Gayo, a'i côr |
BIWERDB,
dd ;
|
Sir Seretse Khama, KBE (July 1, 1921 – July 13, 1980) was a Botswana statesman from Botswana. He founded the Botswana Democratic Party in 1962. He became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, Botswana gained independence and Khama became its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.
Khama died of pancreatic cancer in Gaborone, Botswana, aged 59. His son, Ian Khama, is the current President of Botswana.
References
1921 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Presidents of Botswana |
A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly-coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.
Examples of structures are:
Bridges
Buildings
Dams
Towers
Also built on construction sites are:
Airports
Railway lines
Roads
Tunnels
Construction occupations |
Curio could mean:
Curio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Ticino
Gaius Scribonius Curio, one of two politicians in the late Roman Republic
Curio, a student newspaper based in Canberra, Australia |
The Presidential Citizens Medal is an award given by the President of the United States. It is the second-highest civilian award in the United States, behind the Presidential Medal of Freedom. It was created by executive order on November 13, 1969, by President Richard Nixon, it honors an individual "who has performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens."
Only United States citizens are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded posthumously.
Teachers Rachel Davino, Anne Marie Murphy, Lauren Rousseau, and Victoria Soto and school administrators Mary Sherlach and Dawn Hochsprung, who died in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting defending their students, were jointly awarded the 2012 Citizens Medal posthumously.
References
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
1969 establishments in the United States |
Serge David Gnabry (born 14 July 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a winger for Bayern Munich and the Germany national football team.
References
Other websites
Serge Gnabry at kicker.de
1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stuttgart
German footballers
Association football midfielders
Arsenal F.C. players
Premier League players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics |
/ MAE genyf yma ganiad, os cenad genych gaf,
Ac adrodd fy mreuddwydion yn union i chwi a wnaf
Mi welais ar ryw noswaith un weledigaeth dost,
y^ bendefigion Bryda'n mae'n fychan iawn y fost.
Mi welwn wŷr y Senedd yn ymgrynhoi yngbyd —*
Yn erbyn y tylodion yn gysson olli gyd, -
' I godi cyfraith newydd, annedwydd oedd. eu nâd,
A gwneud carcharau crenlôn i dlodion yr holl wlad.
Mi welwn dai anferthol rhyfeddol iawn o fawr,
A gyrant y tylodion yn union yno'n awr ;
Y gwyr oddiwrth eu gwragedd ar hynt gymerant hwy,
A'r plant oddiwrth rieni, O glledi erchyll glwy” !
Fe dd'wed yr Overseer. mewn moddion tyner têg,
Na wiw i dlawd ond hyny mo gynnyg lledu ei gêg ;
Caiff weithio mewn caledi i gadw ei deulu mân,
Neu fyn'd i'r House Industry i hannerl'wgu yn lân?
Wel dyma gyfraith enbyd mae'n arswyd d'weud yn wir,
Carcharu dyn am d'lodi yn Mrydain. dawel dir,
Bydd mwy o ladd a 'speilio mi allaf dystio'n dyn,
A. phobrhyw garchar beunydd yn llawn oherwydd byn
Ar foneddigion Brydain bydd costau creulon, croes,
A'r holl denantiaid hefyd, mewn dyled hyd eu hoes:
Aiff rhai yn foneddigion ar gost tylodion lu,
Mae Brydain'awr'rwy'n meddwl o dan ryw gwmwl du
Fe fydd hen wragedd Cymry yn tyngu a rhegu yn
rhwydd,
Wrth wel'd y fath gaethiwed morgaled yn eu gwydd:
Ffarwel am fwyd neu gardod, er saled oedd eu swm,
Ffarwel am wlân ond hyny, mae'n tramwy newydd
trwm
Bydd Modlen Tyddyn isa, a Sina yn eitha” sur,
Wrth gael eu troi 1 gysgu i'r gwely heb eu gwyr ;
Bydd Mari Morgan hefyd, yn d'wedyd yr un dôn
Nad eill y nos gynesu yn siwr heb gwm'ni Siôn.
Bydd Wil o'r Pandy budr, yn ddigon sur eì saig,
Wrth weled ei gaethiwo a'i rwystroat eiwraig;
Chaiff yntau 5ionyn Wmffre m'or hanner chwareu têg
'Rol cysgu bydd. yn gwaeddi am Gadi nerth ei gêg.
Rhyw lencyn wrth briodi attebai yn ddigrif iawn,
Pan glywodd yr Offeiriad yn ei ddarlleniad llawn,
Hyd angeu gwna'ch cyssylltu ; O Syr, nid felly'n siwr
Ond hyd y Workhonse newydd, mi fydJa'n ufudd ŵr!
Gochelwch chwithau'r merched rhag mynd ì chwar-
eu'r chwingc,
Mae'n dost ar lawer lodes fu gynt yn baunes binc ;
Ca'nt fagu eu plant eu hunuin anedwydd iawn eu nad,
Ni waeth i'r un ond hyny mo dyngu pwy 'dyw dad.
Ceir gweled aml ffarmwr mewn cyflwr digon caeth;
Byda 1rethi mawr diarbed, ceir gweled asmer gwaeth ;
NEW
Breuddwyd Hynod,
Yn nghylch Cyfraith Newydd y Tylodion, neu y Work-house
a'i ganlyniadau. |
mp,
dh
Estroniaid o Wyddelod, y Scots a'r Saeson sur,
Osodant yn Stiwardiaid, mae hyn yn galed gur,
Nid oes trwy'r gair yn sicr dystiolaeth gwir i'w gael,
Nac un gorchymyn trwyddo i'r gwych gaethiwo'r gwael
Nac ysgar-un briodas, anaddas vdyw'r nâd,
Erioed ni luniwyd cyfraith o fath bon yma i fod;
Ni chaiff na gwyr na gwragedd yn y carchar hagr hwn
Na Snuff Na dim Tobacco na Thea er ei geisio gwn ;
Na gweled chwaith eu gilydd bydd hyny'n dramgwydd
trwm
A llawer bron a ll'wgu o fewn y llety llwm
Os gwnaeth Refform o ddifri” fath gledi yn ein gwlad
Ar olibawbei phleidio mewn cyffro'n ddi nacad ;
Boed hwch y Bwl yn dyrnu cyn 1 mi brofi eì naws,
 llong ar ben y Wyddfa, a'r Gadair hithau'n gaws.
Roedd Dica Robin Morris, ag Ellis Bwlch y gwym
Yn d'weyd bod eu caethiwed mor gaeth ag Israel gynt
A chanoedd mewn caledi yn ymboeni o eisiau bwyd ?
Wrth waithio mewn cyfyngder bydd llawer gwyneb
llwyd
O Brydain Fawr buredig mae'n berygli tio bwys
O achos dy gyfreithiau gael dialeddau dwys!
Rhyddheaist gaethion fadia yn gyfa bod ag un.
Yn awr 'rwyt am gaethiwo dy hynod wlad dy hun.
Mae pawb sy'n perchen golud osŵn eu dedfryd sur
Caiffgwyr gwmpeini eu gwragedd, a'r gwragedd gwm-
'ni eu gwyr ;
Ond nid yw priodasau i gyd ond geiriau gwawd.
Yr undeb hwn ddattodir os ledir hwy'n dylawd! !
Pe gyrid y tylodion i gyd o Frydain Fawr,
Ni fyddai ond boneddigion yn union yno nawr:
Ffarwel am dreth i'r Brenin, na chwaith am drin y tir,
Na llongwr, crefftw r, sawdwr, na gweithiwr, dyma'r
gwir.
—Maerhaì o fonedd Cymru yn ysgrifenu'n faith,
Nes yw eu gwaed ar sefyll wrth wel'd yr erchyll waith
Mae rhywun tlawd yn perthyn i'r bonedd pena'r byd,
Ac mae gwehilion gwelwch i'r gwenith goreu gyd.
Syr Robert Vôn, o Nannau, a Meirig haeddai glod,
Ac amryw foneddigion yn rhwyddlon îs y rhod,
Am gym'ryd plaid tylodion mewn moddion tirion têg,
'Trwy'r Gogledd a'r Deheudir, yn frodyr mwyn difrêg.
'n wir,
Gobeithio na chawn. ddyoddef dan fin y cleddyf clw,
Mewn “Undeb a Brawdgarwch', cydsyniwch yn disên
A chofiwch y tylodion, wyr mwynion oll, Amen.
YwAIN MEIRION
Wel dyma swm y breuddwyddwyd a welwyd geny
Llanrwst, Argraffwyd gan John Jones. i i Y
3
a
Add
|
<p>I've been looking for a way to set a slider value on a website to a specific value using visual basic.</p>
<p>The way I grab the slider:</p>
<pre><code>Dim slider As WebElement = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//*[@id='main-content']/div[1]/div[2]/ul/div/div[5]/div[2]/div/input"))
</code></pre>
<p>The element does have a default value "50". I'd like to set it to, say, "30"</p>
<p>A code block I found:</p>
<pre><code>Actions move = new Actions(driver);
Action action = move.dragAndDropBy(slider, 30, 0).build();
action.perform();
</code></pre>
<p>which is not VB.NET</p>
<p>How do you do that using VB.NET?</p> |
The Graeae, sometimes called the Grey Sisters, are characters from Greek mythology. They are a trio of hags, called Deino, Enyo and Pemphredo. They are called the Grey Sisters because they were born with grey skin and hair. They also share one tooth and one eye. They take turns using the tooth and eye. The Graeae are affiliated with the gorgons. The hero Perseus made them say where Medusa was by taking their eye. Perseus said he would not give the eye back until the Grey Sisters told him where Medusa was.
Greek mythology |
Peshkopi is a city in Dibër District, Dibër County, northeastern Albania. It is the capital of both.
It is away from Tirana, the capital of Albania, and from North Macedonia. About 14,100 people live here.
Peshkopi is east of the Black Drin river.
There is a branch of Aleksandër Moisiu University.
Cities in Albania |
Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567. He is usually called Lord Darnley.
Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.
Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.
References
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1545 births
1567 deaths
Assassinated people |
<p>I bet it's something very trivial, but even the docs arent clear about this. I don't have to mention that writing anything about firebase in google search returns topics that are related not with JS/WEB but with android in most cases...</p>
<p>The case is that I have a storage folder <code>images</code> that holds... images. I would like to retrieve it when entering my site. My try:</p>
<pre><code>componentDidMount() {
const images = firebase.storage().ref().child('companyImages');
const image = images.child('image1'); <---------------- // file name is image1
image.on('value', (snap) => this.setState({ img: snap.val() }));
}
</code></pre>
<p>However it doesnt work as I suppose it to do. As u can see I would like to store this image in state and then display in some part of my site.</p>
<p>Looking forward for any hints etc.
Thank u :)</p> |
<p>Is Android POSIX-compatible? I know it uses the Linux kernel, but I'm not sure if that means it's POSIX compatible, as the POSIX standard deals more with userland functions. So, is it compatible?</p>
<p>For example, if I use only ANSI and POSIX functions in my C program, would it compile and run on Android without needing any code-changes?</p> |
£ Halaurnidel Lge.
Sbould anid FOR hier del eb lith.
CHALCOPHAPS CHRYSOCHLORA.
Little Green Pigeon.
Tourterelle de Java, Buff. Pl. Enl. 177?
Columba Javanica, Auctorum ?
Colombe Turvert, Temm. Pig., fol. 2nd fam. pl. 26. p. 62.—Ib. Pig. et Gall., tom. ii. pp. 252 and 468.
Columba chrysochlora, Wagl. Syst. Av. Columba, sp. 79.
THERE are, in my opinion, several closely allied species of this form, distributed over Australia and the
islands of Java, Sumatra, &c., whose specific characters have never been accurately defined ; I am inclined
to consider the Javanese bird as distinct from that here figured, and the bird inhabiting the northern
coast of Australia, of which I have only seen one or two examples, as distinct from both. The principal
difference that I have yet observed in the two species inhabiting Australia, is that the one from the north
coast has the bill of much greater length than that from New South Wales ; a more minute comparison,
however, is necessary to ascertain if they be identical or not.
The Little Green Pigeon is sparingly dispersed in all the brushes of New South Wales, both those clothing
the mountain ranges as well as those near the coast; how far it may proceed northwards has not yet been
ascertained. The brushy districts are the localities peculiarly adapted to it, and these I believe it never
leaves for the more open parts of the country ; hence it is but little known to, and seldom seen by, the
colonists, a circumstance the more to be regretted, as the beauty and brilliancy of its plumage and the
neatness of its form render it one of the most pleasing objects to behold that occur in the Australian
forests. When flushed, it flies very quickly through the scrub, but to no great distance, and readily eludes
pursuit by pitching suddenly to the ground, and remaining so quiet that it can rarely be discovered.
I never met with its nest, nor could I obtain, either from the natives or settlers, any particulars respecting
its nidification.
Its chief food during one season of the year is the seeds of the stiff wiry grass figured in the Plate, which
was gathered at Illawarra.
The sexes differ considerably in colour, and the female is somewhat smaller than her mate.
The male has the crown of the head, face and all the under surface deep vinaceous ; nape and back of the
neck dark grey ; edge of the shoulder snow-white; centre of the back, wing-coverts and outer webs of the
tertiaries shining greenish copper-colour; rump and upper tail-coverts slaty-black, crossed by three indi-
stinct bands of grey; primaries and secondaries brown, largely margined with ferruginous on the base of
their inner webs ; tail black, except the two outer feathers on each side, which are light grey, crossed by a
broad band of black near the tip; under tail-coverts black ; apical half of the bill blood-red, basal half plum-
colour; feet dull reddish plum-colour ; orbits dark grey ; eyelash lilac-red ; irides lilaceous lead-colour.
The female has the head and neck dark cinnamon-brown, approaching to chocolate ; the wing-coverts
much more green than in the male; face and all the under surface cinnamon-brown; with merely a wash on
the breast of the vinaceous tint; upper tail-coverts brown; four centre tail-feathers brown; the two next on
each side chestnut-brown, and the outer one on each side grey; all but the four middle ones crossed near
the tip with a broad band of black ; and the soft parts similar, but less brilliant than in the male.
The figures in the accompanying Plate were taken from specimens killed in New South Wales, and are of
the natural size.
|
Vallentigny is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Communes in Aube |
The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship (or the Euro 2008) was the 13th UEFA European Championships. It was hosted by Austria and Switzerland during June 7 and June 29, 2008. The winners were Spain, defeating Germany 1-0. Spain was also the first team since Germany in 1996, to win undefeated.
Greece, the UEFA Euro 2004 champions, recorded the worst finish in the UEFA Euro 2008. They got the least amount of money, and no points for the Group Stage.
Qualifying groups
Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group E
Group G
Qualified Teams
The teams that qualified were:
Austria
Switzerland
Poland
Portugal
Italy
France
Greece
Turkey
Czech Republic
Germany
Croatia
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Romania
Netherlands
Final
Final rankings
Rankings are based on performance, not team skill. Also, these rankings are unofficial and are not based on head-to-head record.
2008 in association football
UEFA European Championship tournaments
Football in Austria
Football in Switzerland
2008 in Europe
21st century in Austria
2000s in Switzerland |
Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer and actress.
She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting Baby Jamz.
Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for B'Day and in Bring it On: All or Nothing. She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be".
Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013.
Personal life
Knowles' father is African American. Her mother is Louisiana Creole.
She started her musical career at age 14.
At age 17, Knowles married a man called Daniel Smith. She gave birth to their son Daniel Julez J. Smith Jr. at 18. She then later divorcing Smith. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas.
Knowles has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
A ^ "I Decided" was also released as "I Decided, Pt I" in various countries. The main single release in the United Kingdom of "I Decided" was a Freemasons remix titled "I Decided, Pt II".
Music videos
Other appearances
References
Other websites
1986 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
Singers from Houston, Texas
American bloggers |
Evershot is a village in the county of Dorset. It is in the West Dorset District. In 2001 there were 206 people living in Evershot.
References
Villages in Dorset
West Dorset |
Bob Jones, Sr (October 30, 1883—January 16, 1968) was an American, Christian, Fundamentalist, evangelist, broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University. He was born the eleventh of twelve children to William and Georgia Jones.
In 1905, Jones married Bernice Sheffield, who got tuberculosis and died within ten months of their marriage. On June 17, 1908, he married Mary Gaston Stollenwerck, whom he had met as a choir member. Their only child, Bob Jones, Jr. was born October 19, 1911 in Montgomery.
Other websites
Biography from the BJU website
1883 births
1968 deaths
American Methodists
Christian religious leaders
Evangelists
People from Greenville, South Carolina |
The Little Prince () is a children's book by the French author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. It was first published in the United States in English and French in 1943. It was published in France after Saint-Exupéry went missing in 1944.
The story is about a young prince who visits some planets, including Earth, and thinks about important things in life like friendship and love.
Story
The narrator, who is a grown-up, talks about his childhood. When he was six years old, he read a book about wild animals in the jungle. Then he drew a picture of a snake eating an elephant. However, the grown-ups around him thought he drew a hat.
The narrator grows up and becomes a pilot. One day, his plane crashes in the Sahara. He has enough water to survive for 8 days.
1943 books
Children's books
French literature |
<p>I'm really puzzled how this is not working, but the video just wont auto start for some reason, am I doing something wrong? the embedded code is for flash playback </p>
<pre><code><object width="600" height="409">
<param name="movie" value="http://fpdownload.adobe.com/strobe/FlashMediaPlayback.swf"></param>
<param name="flashvars" value="src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domain.com%2Fvideo%2Ftest%2F<?php echo $video;?>"></param>
<param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param>
<param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param>
<param name="autoPlay" value="true"></param>
<embed src="http://fpdownload.adobe.com/strobe/FlashMediaPlayback.swf"
type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" autoPlay="true"
width="600" height="409" flashvars="src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domain.com%2Fvideo%2Ftest%2F<?php echo $video;?>">
</embed>
</object>
</code></pre> |
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<p>Okay, so pardon me if I don't make much sense. I face this <code>'ObjectId' object is not iterable</code> whenever I run the <code>collections.find()</code> functions. Going through the answers here, I'm not sure where to start. I'm new to programming, please bear with me.</p>
<p>Every time I hit the route which is supposed to fetch me data from Mongodb, I get<code>ValueError: [TypeError("'ObjectId' object is not iterable"), TypeError('vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute')]</code>.</p>
<p>Help</p> |
The Little Sandy Desert is a desert in Western Australia. South of the Little Sandy Desert is the Great Sandy Desert and to west of it is Gibson Desert. It is to the east of Great Northern Highway, which is south of the town Newman and about 200 kilometres north of Wiluna.
It is named because it is close and looks like the Great Sandy Desert, but it is much smaller. Both deserts are crossed by the Canning Stock Route.
It is one of Western Australia's "Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia" (IBRA) regions.
References
Deserts of Australia
Geography of Western Australia |
<p>I have a RadioButtonList control and I would like to do a Javascript "confirm" when a user tries to change the index. Currently AutoPostBack is set to TRUE. I can, of course, just call __doPostBack from within a javascript function, etc. I tried a few things with jQuery but you have to worry about mousedown vs. click and then there is always the fact that you can click the checkbox label to select it, etc. Anyone have a nice solution for this?</p>
<p>To be clear, I am looking for a way to prompt the user with a confirm box prior to their selection being made and triggering a postback.</p> |
A wrench (or spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and turn nuts and bolts, and similarly shaped objects.
In British English, spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench – an adjustable spanner.
What a wrench or spanner does is to grip. Pulling or pushing the handle to rotate gives mechanical advantage. It applies torque to turn objects – usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts – or keep them from turning.
Adjustable wrenches
An adjustable spanner, or adjustable wrench, or crescent wrench in American English, is a tool. It may move its jaw to rotate nuts or bolts of different sizes. It was invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), who also invented the lawnmower.
tools |
<p>I've been scratching my head over the update docs to figure out how to upgrade the Camunda version. It's just so amazingly complex for some reason due to seemingly large number of compatibility issues with every upgrade of Camunda.
Can someone please guide on how can I migrate Camunda from 7.12 to 7.15?</p>
<p>PS: I'm not using the REST api.</p> |
is a fighting video game made by Namco Bandai for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It's the fifth installment in the Soul series of video games. Like how Soulcalibur II had one exclusive character per system, this game has two Star Wars characters. The PlayStation 3 version has Darth Vader, while the Xbox 360 version has Yoda.
References
2008 video games
Crossover video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Soulcalibur series |
The Yom Kippur War (also known as the Ramadan War and the October War) was a war between Israel and a group of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria. The war took place from October 6-24, 1973. The war began on the Jewish day of repentance of Yom Kippur in 1973, and it happened during the Muslim month of Ramadan. The attack by Egypt and Syria was a surprise to Israel after Israel conquered the Sinai peninsula and the Golan Heights from Egypt in 1967. Egypt's army entered the Sinai Peninsula to retrieve their land from Israel.
The Sinai and the Golan Heights previously belonged to Egypt and Syria, but they were occupied by Israel since 1967 during the Six Day War. Syria's aim of the war was to liberate all of the Golan Heights.
During the first few days of the war, Egypt and Syria scored astounding victories. Israel was shocked by the attack and was on the verge of defeat. The first Israeli counterattacks failed against both Egypt and Syria. However, Israeli attacks later repelled the Syrian forces and pushed them back further into Syria. The Iraqi army joined the war with Syria and the Israeli army stopped advancing.
On the Egyptian front, Israel's attacks against Syria had served as a 'distraction' against the Egyptian offense. This allowed the Egyptian army to dig deeper into Sinai, around 12 km, an extra 2 km to the original 10 km plan. Israel feared a massive military defeat and so called on America for aid. Initially, America refused so Israel threatened to use its nuclear weapons, this threat was enough to persuade President Richard Nixon to send aid to Israel. America conducted Operation Nickel Grass, which gave Israel a resupply of 20 tons of military equipment and ammunition. This vital to Israel and it allowed Israel to continue fighting . Henry Kissinger, However, this was later denied.
. The Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal on October 6 and destroyed the Israeli defenses and forts on the other side. Israel tried for the next few days to defeat the Egyptians and push them back behind the canal. However the Israelis could not push them back. The United States of America started sending ammunition and weapons to Israel using airplanes to help the Israeli army win the war in Operation Nickel Grass. Syria soon pleaded Egypt to attack Israel to lessen the pressure on it. On October 14, Egypt attacked again, trying to advance even more into the Sinai. Israel defeated the attack, and the Egyptians lost about 250 tanks. After this, the Israelis attacked again. After heavy fighting, they crossed the canal at its center, between two Egyptian armies. They advanced north and south. They kept moving south until the reached the city of Suez, and they trapped a large Egyptian force on the eastern side of the canal, in the Sinai. The Israelis tried to capture Suez, but they were defeated. They also failed to advance north. They reached an area 101 kilometers from Cairo, the capital of Egypt.
The United Nations passed a resolution in the security council that asked all the countries to bring a temporary stop to the war (called a 'ceasefire'). The Arab countries and Israel agreed. However the ceasefire failed when the Israeli army advanced south to reach Suez. After this, the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev, said to the US president that if the US did not send troops that he would send Soviet troops to the area. This was believed to be a threat and the United States put their military on full nuclear alert. Because of this tension between the United States and the Soviets, Israel agreed to a ceasefire, and the war ended. It was the closest the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had been to nuclear war (and World War III) since the Cuban Missile Crisis of the 1960s.
End
The war ended on October 26, 1973. After the war, Egypt and Israel negotiated. They reached an agreement to separate their forces. The agreement led to Israel retreating behind the Suez Canal. The Egyptian forces stayed in the Sinai near the canal and did not retreat from the places they captured. There was a large distance between Egyptian and Israeli forces in the Sinai as part of the agreement.
Israel also held negotiations with Syria and agreed to withdraw from the places the captured in Syria, but they stayed in the Golan Heights. Egypt and Israel kept their negotiations, and in 1979 they signed the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. The treaty brought peace between Israel and Egypt, and Israel retreated from the whole Sinai and returned it to Egypt. The treaty still holds to this day.no real military victory was ever won; it was a military "stalemate" (where no one won and no one lost). However the war agreed to be a political victory for the Arabs, especially for Egypt. Syrians on the other hand do not like to talk about the war as much of it was seen as a defeat rather than a victory or stalemate.
Sources
1973
20th century in Egypt
Arab–Israeli conflict
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Syria
1970s in Israel |
Description of a new C oleopterous Genus. 9
II. Description of anew Coleopterous Genus, belonging to the
Tribe Prionipa, termed 'TonxguTEs. By G. Cu. Retcn,
WUD TE. M L.S. Lond., For. IW. E.S., &c.
[Read Nov. 2, 1835.]
Amonc a considerable number of coleopterous insects, collected
in the province Entre Rios, of the state of Argentina, in South
America, I had the pleasure to obtain the type of a new Genus of
the Tribe of Prionipa, which differs from each of the genera of
Lonetcornes, Latr., published (in the new classification) of that
family, in the Annales de la Société Entomologique de Franee, tome i.
Paris, 1832, 8vo. p. 118, &c., by M. Audinet-Serville, in so many
points, that it cannot be brought under any of the fifty genera therein
established. It is, especially in the mneh lengthened, slender, and
subeylindric, or rather subdepressed form of its body, the uun-
common number of twelve joints in the antennz, the parallelo-
piped form of its unarmed thorax, and the shortness of its legs, by
which it is distinguished at first sight from all the other genera
of this tribe; and although the decreasing length and increasing
narrowness of the joints of its filiform antenna, from the basal
joint to the apex, give to this insect some resemblance to the sub-
tribe Sroxpvrun, which the above-mentioned distinguished French
Entomologist has placed at the head of his tribe Prionn, or rather
with the genus Paranpra, excluded by him from that tribe (so
that we might possibly consider this new genus as the connecting
link between the SPoxpyrmn and Priont); yet it possesses a greater
affinity to the last, so that it seems impossible to separate it from
them, without violating the rules of a sound natural arrangement.
The Latin language being that of the true scholar in natural
history, is here adopted. I would also suggest, at the same time,
that the general appellations of the Orders, Tribes, and Families, as
being adjectives referring to the substantives Jnseeta, Coleoptera,
Eleutherata, &c. should always be given in the neuter gender, and
never in the masculine or feminine.
Familia: Loncicornia. Latr.
Tribus: PRIONIDA.
Genus: TonxEvrEs. (Tabe. fic. 1, 2; 92)
Corevs elongatum, angustum, æquale, subcylindricum, Statura
lineari, depressiuscula, et facie fere Parandr@ gigantice aut
Monotomatis mutici.
CaPUT exsertum, porrectum, subrotundatum, latitudine in medio
10 Dr. G. C. Reich's Description
thoracem zequante, longitudine hoc fere dimidio breviori, fronte
inzequali impressa aut subretusa, fulvo pilosa, vertice con-
vexiori, subtus utrinque ad menti insertionem dente distincto in-
structum.
Antenne filiformes, breviusculze, vix insertionem pedum intermedi-
orum excedentes, ante oculos ad basin mandibularum insertae,
duodccim articulate, articulis a basi ad apicem usque sensim
sensimque angustioribus et brevioribus, subcompressis, primo
omnium longiori et validiori, basi subattenuato, apice sub-
clavato; secundo brevissimo, hemispharico; tertio basali
paullo breviori et tenuiori, cylindrico ; quarto praecedente
iterum paullo breviori, subcylindrico; quinto et sexto fere
eequalibus; septimo et octavo vix paullisper brevioribus, te-
nuloribus, zequalibus ; nono, decimo et undecimo iterum paullo
brevioribus et attenuatis, singulo vix tertiam basalis partem
eequante ; duodecimo et ultimo tenuissimo, subacuminato.
Oculi laterales, semilunares, parum prominuli, reticulati.
Clypeus transversus, integer, brevissimus, medio late emarginatus,
pilis fulvis vestitus.
Labrum corneum, lamineforme, angustum, productum, quadra-
tum, spatium intra mandibularum basin occupans, antice leviter
emarginatum et medio fasciculo scrobiformi pilorum fulvorum
praeditum.
Mandibulee corneze, exsertee, porrectee, valide, subtrigonee, com-
presse, punctate, basi latissime, longitudine caput fere
gequantes, extus ad basin angulate, versus apicem subar-
cuatæ, apice acuto subincurvo terminate, intus verticaliter
emarginate, dentibus tribus, anteriori sub apice obtusiori,
medio acutiori, postico ad basin intus dilatatam subacuto, mu-
nitae.
Maxille cornes, subtrigonz, oblique insite, inzequaliter con-
structze, basi latissimæ, extus deorsum in processum longiorem
apice subacutum et plicas corneas protensze: lobo interno
continuo conice assurgente, brevi, ubique una cum margine
interno baseos subtiliter. ciliato, externo sessili, internum
longitudine duplo excedente, basi attenuato, sursum latiori,
ovato, densius et fortius ciliato: palpis mazillaribus validius-
culis, quadriarticulatis, ad basin lobi externi maxille lateri
hujus affixis, nudis: articulo basali gracili, basi attenuato,
apice vix paullo crassiori, secundo multo crassiori a basi graci-
liori in clavam subovatam extenso, tertio pane dimidio bre-
viori, crassiusculo, obovato, quarto paullo attenuato & longi-
ori, apice obtuso.
of a new Coleopterous Genus. 11
Mentum corneum, brevissimum, late transversum, subarcuatum,
medio denticulo vix conspicuo instructum: labio angusto, an-
tice subemarginato, utrinque subtilissime ciliate: palpis labi-
alibus maxillares longitudine. eequantibus, basi approximatis,
ad dentieulum menti insertis, triarticulatis ; articulo basali
brevi, crassiusculo, cylindrico, pubescenti-ciliato, secundo et
tertio elongatis, nudis, priori quam basah triplo fere longiori,
subclavato, ultimo paullo breviori, elongato-subovato.
Thorax parallelepipedus, latitudine. paullo longior, capitis medii
diametro transverso et elytrorum basi æqualis, disco compla-
natus et subdepressus, lateribus muticus, haud marginatus,
sed deflexo-rotundatus, subtus sine ora in antepectus transiens,
angulis omnibus obtusatis et rotundatis, margine antico sub-
emarginatus ad capitis receptionem, basi truncatus, fulvo-
fimbriatus.
Dorsolum distinctum, corneum, formam lamine in ambitu fulvo-
ciliatee exhibens.
Scutcllum distinctum, parvum, corneum, apice rotundatum, sericeo-
villosum, villis depressis incumbentibus.
Elytra thorace plus quam triplo longiora, rigida, linearia, versus
apicem vix paullisper latiora, glabra, incumbentia, utrinque
vix deflexa, marginata, humeris vix prominentibus, rotundatis,
apice singulatim rotundata, mutica, disco lineis duabus longi-
tudinalibus elevatis obsoletis ad apicem excurrentibus.
Antepectus simplex, partem contiguam et indivisam inferiorem
thoracis formans, uniforme, immarginatum, rotundatum, gla-
brum, postice utrinque ad receptionem pedum anteriorum
emarginatum, ponesternum intra coxas pedum simulans.
Medipectus breve, inæquale, ellipticum, medio sinuatum, utrinque
ad receptionem pedum intermediorum emarginatum, medio
postice foveolatum.
Postpectus longitudine. prothoracis, scutiforme, convexum, medio
linea longitudinali impressum, pube densissima obductum, pa-
rapleuris utrinque distinctis angustis ad insertionem coxe utri-
usque pedis postici terminantibus praeditum.
Pedes simplices, breviusculi, validi, &equales, antici et postici ex-
tensi, nec caput, nec abdomen longitudine excedentes : femora
incrassata, compressa; tibie validiusculze, subrectee, apice intus
vix calcare subtili instructæ; tars: quadriarticulati, articulis
tribus prioribus breviusculis, longitudine. zequalibus, subdila-
tatis, subtus pulvinatis, primo trigono, secundo breviori, simili,
tertio latiori, bilobo, quarto tenui, arcuato, nudo, longitudinis
1? Dr. G. C. Reich’s Description
duorum præcedentium insimul, apice unguiculis duobus bre-
vibus validiusculis instructo.
Abdomen subparallelum, pallidius, griseo-pubescens, segmentis sex
compositum, quorum primum sub postpectore occultum, an-
gustum, in duas partes remotas laterales divisum; secundum
latissimum, antice medio convexum, carinula inter coxas pedum
posticorum interposita; sequentia paullo breviora, parallela,
marginibus posticis pallide limbatis ; ultimum brevius, paullo
angustatum, apice medio emarginatum ; ano subtus protruso
bifido.
Species |. T. ParripiPENNIS: subcylindrico-depressus, ater, niti-
dus ; capite antice subretuso, rude punctato; thorace paralle-
lepipedo, mutico, arctim subtilius punctato; disci linea media
longitudinali, callosa, polita, medio quasi perforata, aliaque
utrinque laterali abbreviata, antice crassiori, punctisque tribus
lateralibus impressis cicatricosis oblique. triangulatim positis ;
elytris linearibus parallelis, apicem versus vix paullisper la-
tioribus, muticis, glabris, marginatis, testaceis ; disci lineis
duabus longitudinalibus elevatis, ad apicem rotundatum, ob-
solete excurrentibus ; pedibus atro-piceis. Variat colore piceo.
Longitudo ab apice mandibularum ad anum trium fere pollicum,
latitudo ad humeros elytrorum septem, ad apicem eorum octo
ad novem linearum.
Habitat in provincia Entre Rios reipublice Argentinensis Ame-
ricee meridionalis, arbores corrodens. Tab. 2. fig. 1. magni-
tudine naturali; fig. 2. maxilla cum palpis; fig. 2, mentum
cum palpis labialibus.
The external form of this beetle bears such a striking resem-
blance to some of the genera of the tribe (or, I should rather say,
family,) Prionipa, that I do not doubt but that it will be ranged,
without hesitation, in the same family, inasmuch as its habits and
metamorphoses are in all probability similar to other PRIONIDA ;
for, although the singular filiform or rather short and almost sub-
serrated or submoniliform antenne, the distinet tooth at the in-
sertion of the mentum on both sides of the mouth, and the un-
armed thorax of this beetle, seem to approach the genus Parandra,
which Latreille (Gen. Crustaceor. et Insector. III. 28) had esta-
blished as the first of his Przonz, but which M. Audinet Serville
(l. c.) has lately entirely excluded from them, there are yet so many
grounds for agreeing with the proposed collocation, that I cannot
abstain from placing the new genus Torneurtes at the head of the
true family Priontpa, especially as it really seems to be a link of
of a new Coleopterous Genus. 193
the circular chain connecting all the xylopliagous Coleoptera, and
especially the three principal genera of the tribus Prioni of Latreille
(Régne Animal, 2e edit.), viz. Spondylis, Parandra, and Prionus,
with its numerous subgenera.
aving already mentioned some of the corresponding ckaracters
between Parandra and Torneutes, I have only to add, that the latter
is distinguished by its twelve, not eleven-jointed antennae, by its
straight (not filiform) mandibles, by its rounded (neither depressed
nor margined) thorax, by its short and stout feet, and by the absence
of that singular appendage between the two lobes of the penulti-
mate joint of the tarsi, characterising the larger species of the genus
PARANDRA, whence it cannot be thought proper to unite them in
the same genus: and however there may exist some resemblance
between the genus Spondylis and that of Torneutes, in their ex-
ternal form, and especially their thorax and habitus, there are
yet essential differences in the internal structure of their mouth
and in their legs, so that it will be equally impossible to arrange
them together. It seems, therefore, indispensable to place this
new genus at the head of the Prionida, immediately in connection
with the family to which Parandra is removed, but of which last-
named genus the economy is identical with that of Torneutes.
Four specimens of Torneutes pallidipennis have been sent to
me, agreeing in every respect. One of them has been presented
to the Royal Collection of the University of Berlin ; two (one with
mutilated mandibles) are preserved in my own Collection; the
fourth, destined for the Collection of the President of the Entomo-
logical Society, has been lost on its way to England, and was dis-
tinguished by a rudiment of a second small lateral abbreviated line,
which is to be seen in the annexed figure.
The name is derived from the Greek word ropyevrye, tornator,
alluding to its corroding the bark and wood of a high tree, un-
known to me, in the province of Extre fuos.
It is clear, that the natural character of a genus, borrowed from
asingle species, may be very likely to embrace many of those marks
which are rather diagnostics of the species itself. I hope, there-
fore, to be excused, if in case of any further increase of the number
of species belonging to the new genus 7'orneutes, a modification of
its generic character, as 1t 1s established in this essay, should be
found requisite.
Berlin, Aug. 1835.
|
Rayman Raving Rabbids is a party video game made by Ubisoft for the Wii, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS game consoles. It's a spin-off of the Rayman series where Rayman has to thwart the Rabbids, the bad guys of the game, playing mini-games to do this. The Game Boy Advance and DS versions are platform games like older Rayman titles with less mini-games.
References
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PlayStation Portable games
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PlayStation 2 games
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Party video games
Rayman |
Schöneberg is a locality of Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. Together with the former borough of Tempelhof it is now part of the new borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg.
History
The village was first documented in 1264 by Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. In 1751 Bohemian weavers founded Neu-Schöneberg also known as Böhmisch-Schöneberg, along the current Hauptstraße.
During the Seven Years' War on 7 October 1760 Schöneberg and its village church were completely destroyed by a fire due to the joint attack on Berlin by Austrian and Russian troops.
Alt & Neu Schöneberg were combined as one entity in 1874 and received town privileges in 1898. In 1920 Schöneberg became a part of Greater Berlin. Its town hall Rathaus Schöneberg was completed in 1914. Subsequent to World War II it served as the city hall of West Berlin until 1991 when the administration of the reunited City of Berlin moved back to the Rotes Rathaus in Mitte.
Notable Individuals
Born in Schöneberg
Blixa Bargeld, musician, born 12 January 1959
Marlene Dietrich, actress, born 27 December 1901, Sedanstraße 65 (today: Leberstraße 65), Rote Insel, died 6 May 1992 in Paris, buried in the Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Gisèle Freund, photographer, born 19 December 1908, Bayerisches Viertel, died 31 March 2000 in Paris
Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor, born 25 January 1886, Maaßenstraße 1 at Nollendorfplatz, died 30 November 1954 in Ebersteinburg, Baden-Baden
Alfred Lion, co-founder of the Blue Note jazz record label, born 21 April 1909, Gotenstraße 7, died 2 February 1987 in New York City
Helmut Newton, photographer, born 31 October 1920, Innsbrucker Straße 24, died 23 January 2004 in West Hollywood, buried in the Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Nelly Sachs, writer, holder of the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature, born 10 December 1891, Maaßenstraße 12, died 12 May 1970 in Stockholm
Willi Stoph, politician, born 9 July 1914, Rote Insel, died 13 April 1999 in Berlin
Dwelt in Schöneberg
Hans Baluschek (1870–1935) Ceciliengärten housing estate, 1929-1933
August Bebel (1840–1913) Hauptstraße 97
Gottfried Benn (1886–1956) Bozener Straße 20
David Bowie (1947–2016) Hauptstraße 155, 1976–1978
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924) Viktoria-Luise-Platz 11, buried in Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) Haberlandstraße 5, 1914-1933
Hans Fallada (1893–1947) Luitpoldstraße 11
Sepp Herberger (1897–1977) Bülowstraße
Christopher Isherwood (1904–1986) Nollendorfstraße 17
Klaus Kinski (1926–1991) Wartburgstraße 3, from 1930-1944
Hildegard Knef (1925–2002) Sedanstraße 68
Else Lasker-Schüler (1869–1945) Motzstraße 7
Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) Naumannstrasse
Iggy Pop (born 1947) Hauptstraße 155, 1976–1978
Rudolf Steiner and Marie Steiner-von Sivers Motzstraße 30, 1903-1923
Claire Waldoff (1884–1957) Regensburger Straße 33, 1919–1933
Billy Wilder (1906–2002) Viktoria-Luise-Platz 11 from (1927 to 1928)
Paul Zech Naumannstraße 78
Districts of Berlin |
Bargeddie () is a small town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, east of the junction of the M73 and M8 motorways, west of Coatbridge town centre. A location in the same area is named in Timothy Pont's map of 1595, but it appears to be originally spelt as Balgedy.
People
Former Scottish football player and Arsenal manager, George Graham was born at Bargeddie on 30 November 1944.
Towns in North Lanarkshire |
Iodine pentoxide, also known as iodine(V) oxide and diiodine pentoxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is I2O5. It has iodine and oxide ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.
Properties
Iodine pentoxide is a white solid. It breaks down to iodine and oxygen when heated. It reacts with carbon monoxide to make carbon dioxide and iodine. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make iodic acid.
Preparation
Iodine pentoxide is made by heating iodic acid to in dry air.
Uses
It is used to see how much carbon monoxide is in a sample of gas.
Related pages
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine trifluoride
Iodine monochloride
Iodine compounds
Oxides |
<p>I've read a lot a blogs and forums but I'm still having trouble getting this to work. I allow my users to change their user account style sheet. </p>
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<p>The values aren't showing up. Any pointers?</p> |
E
PERPE
ZUR S SPECIESFRAGE
VON
H. HOFFMANN.
PROFESSOR DER BOTANIK AN DER UNIVERSITÀT IN GIESSEN.
(Natuurkundige Verhandelingen der Hollandsche Maatschappij der Weten
schappen,
3de Verz, Deel II, No. 5).
| HAARLEM,
| DE ERVEN LOOSJES.
| 1875.
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4 EN
E BETRACHTUNGEN.
Es ist eine sehr verbreitete Ansicht, dass die Begriffe Species und Varietät im
Thier- und Pflanzenreich nur subjectiven Werth hätten, dass von dem Ermessen und
dem wissenschaftlichen Tacte des Naturforschers allein bestimmt werde , wo die Grenze
des einen und des andern dieser Begriffe zu ziehen sei, dass es in der Natur nur
em mehr und minder in der Variabilitàt der Organismen gebe, keine absolute Ver-
schiedenheit. Darwin selbst glaubt unzweifelhaft an die Existenz guter Species —
neben schlechten —, wenigstens temporär guter, fester Species, und zwar für lange
(geologische) Zeiträume. Damit ist zugleich ausgesprochen, dass der Kernpunkt der
Darwin'schen Lehre, nämlich die Entstehung der Species, hierdurch nicht wesentlich
berührt wird. Allein die Speciesfrage hat an und für sich ein so hohes und bleibendes
Interesse noch in vielen anderen Richtungen, und die Meinungen der Naturforscher
sind in dieser Beziehung so getheilt und in der That oft so willkürlich, dass sie
einer stets wiederholten Untersuchung in hohem Grade werth erscheinen muss. Da
Darwin von der spontanen Variabilität der Species und der Fixation dieser so gewon-
nenen Variationen für seme Descendenz-Hypothese ausgeht, so bleibt eine môglichst
correcte Feststellung dieser Verhältnisse, und der Gesefze, welchen dieselben unter-
worfen sind, eme Aufgabe von besonderer Bedeutung auch für die weitere Ausbildung
der nach ihm benannten Entwicklungs-Hypothese. Nach ihm sind die Varietäten
nichts anderes, als anfangende oder unfertige Species.
So gewiss ‘est ist, dass die Descendenz-Hypothese und zumal unter dem Regulativ
‚des Darwin’schen /Kampfes um das Dasein und des Sieges der besser ausgestatteten
Formen" (Strugele for existence and survival of the fittest), eine Reihe der wich-
tigsten Erscheinungen der Naturgeschichte erklärt, und zwar — soweit wir jetzt
absehen kónnen — allein erklärt; so gewiss ist es auch, dass wir in der Wissenschaft `
| 1
2
jene petitio principii nicht ohne die strengste Prüfung zulassen dürfen. Vielmehr ist
es unsre Aufgabe, jetzt, nachdem mit Analogien, zerstreuten Beobachtungen, mit
deductiv gewonnenen Sätzen und mit Phrasen so Vieles pro und contra in dieser
Materie vorgebracht worden ist, ohne die Sache auch nur um einen Schritt weiter
zu bringen, als jener grosse Naturforscher selbst im Verein mit Wallace sie gebracht
hat, jetzt also allen Ernstes an die grosse Frage auf dem einzig richtigen Wege,
nämlich dem des Experimentes, auch auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenzüchtung mit
grösserer wissenschaftlicher Strenge heranzutreten. In der That, je mehr ein Natur-
forscher glauben und wünschen mag, dass die Descendenzhypothese die richtige
sei — und in diesem Falle befindet sich der Verfasser, — desto mehr liegt ihm die
Verpflichtung ob, die Begriffe und Fundamentalsátze zu prüfen, und eventuell zu
befestigen, mit welchen dieselbe operirt. Die nachfolgenden Versuche und Beobach-
tungen sollen dazu dienen, einen Beitrag von sorgfältig gesichtetem und wirklich
zuverlässigem Material in dieser Richtung zu liefern, um eine dereinstige positive
Entscheidung in dieser hochwichtigen Lebensfrage der Naturgeschichte befördern
zu helfen. |
Eine kurze Auseinandersetzung dürfte genügen, den Standpunkt zu veranschaulichen ,
von welchem aus und in welcher Richtung diese Züchtungsversuche ausgeführt worden
sind. Ohne Zweifel gibt es noch viele andere Wege, diese Frage experimentell zu
prüfen; Andere werden, nach Neigung und Gelegenheit, auch diese anderen Wege
betreten.
Für mich ezistiren thalsächlich gute und ächte Species. Als solche betrachte ich
Brassica oleracea nnd Brassica Napus, oder, um auch der Thiere zu gedenken, das
Schaf und die Ziege, das Pferd und den Esel. Mögen diese im Knochenbau und
.in vielen andern Beziehungen auch noch so ähnlich sem; gewiss ist nicht nur
1. dass wir an einer Reihe combinirter Kennzeichen dieselben in allen Fällen
sicher unterscheiden können, sondern auch
2. was ungleich wichtiger ist: das es niemals gelungen ist, das eine durch Züchtung
in das andere überzuführen. Es ist also die collaterale Variation zwischen Pferd und
Esel, zwischen Ziege und Schaf eine begrenzte.
Anders bei den Varietäten. Die verschiedenen Schaf-, Ziegen- oder Pferderassen
sind solche. Sie fliessen nicht nur morphologisch und geographisch in einander über,
sondern sie kónnen auch aus einander gezüchtet werden, sie sind thatsächlich aus
einander hervorgegangen, und man kann sie endlich durch Züchtung wieder auflósen
und in andere Varietäten überführen, ja sie haben eine Neigung, von selbst zu
zerfallen, zumal unter geünderten äusseren Umständen, und kónnen deshalb nur
durch unablässige Auslese oder (was dasselbe ist) bei wilden Pflanzen durch bleibende
Anderung der äusseren Verhältnisse oder durch Isolirung mehr oder weniger rein
ne
end
9
erhalten werden. In diesem Falle befinden sich auch die verschiedenen Taubenrassen ,
zu Columba livia gehörig !); in demselben die verschied@nen Formen der Brassica
oleracea: Krauskohl, Wirsing, Blumenkohl u. s w.
Hier also ist die collaterale Divergenz potentiell eine wubegrenzte.
Hiernach ist die Aufgabe des Experiments bezüglich der Speciesfrage folgende.
l. Es muss, wenn der Rang als Species in irgend einem Falle bestritten werden
soll, der Versuch gemacht oder fortgesetzt werden, eine solche angeblich gute,
anscheinend fest begrenzte Species durch unvermischte Züchtung, also mit Ausschluss
der Bastardirung, in eine andere überzuführen; z. B. das Schaf in die Ziege, das
Pferd in den Esel, Brassica oleracea in Napus u. drgl Je mehr sich bei ihnen auf
jede Weise, z. B. durch Leichtigkeit der Bastardirung, eine nahe verwandte Natur
im Allgemeinen ausspricht, desto entschiedener fordern gerade diese Species zu einer
consequenten Durchführung dieses Versuches auf.
Bestätigt sich dann weiterhin, was unsere dermaligen Kenntnisse unzweifelhaft
anzeigen, dass ein genetisches Ineinanderfliessen in sehr vielen Fällen zicht Statt
findet; so haben wir hiermit ein Criterium gewonnen zur Behandlung aller dem
Anscheine nach analogen Fälle
Denn wie die Rosa lutea mit der punicea in demselben Formenkreise einer einzigen
Species vereinigt werden musste, nachdem man die eine aus der anderen unmittelbar
durch Sprossfolge hervorgehend beobachtet hatte; so würde ebenso die gelbblühende
„Form” der Atropa Belladonna mit der braunen, die ese "Form" der Adonis
aestivalis mit der mennigrothen, die Anagallis rarvensis" mit blauer Blüthe und jene
mit rother, die Datura Stramonium mit Tatula, Phyteuma nigrum: mit spicatum,
vereinigt den müssen, sobald durch Sprossfolge oder durch reine unvermischte
geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung oder Samen-Cultur ihr genetischer Zusammenhang nach-
gewiesen wäre.
Sollten dieselben, wie es in der That den Anschein hat, in einer Anzahl von
Fällen zicht (bei unvermischter Züchtung) in einander übergeführt werden können,
so müssen diese factisch als dchte Species behandelt werden, gleichgültig welches
Gewicht der eine oder andere Botaniker nach subjectivem Ermessen den unterschei-
!) Es ist mir bereits binnen 2 Jahren gelungen, aus hochgradigen Formen der Krópfer- , Indianer-
und Perrücken-Taube durch Mischung (eine Art Einschmelzungsprocess) binnen wenigen Generationen
Formen zu züchten, welche wenig oder nichts mehr von den Stammeltern an sich tragen (der
Indianer-Typus ist gänzlich verschwunden) und offenbar der Stammform livia sich zuneigen. Dass
eine Reduction dieser Art, auch ome Kreuzung, also durch spontanen graduellen Rückschlag, bei
jeder einzelnen Rasse ebenfalls ausführbar ist durch geeignete Zuchtwahl, wenn auch langsamer,
steht für mich hiernach unzweifelhaft fest.
]*
4
| ۱ denden Kennzeichen beilegt, oder wie er sich die ursprüngliche Kntstehung dieser
1 EN Species vorstellen móge, oder ob er vorlàufig überhaupt auf eine derartige hypothetische
j Vorstellung als emer exacten Wissenschaft unzugänglich ganz verzichte.
H Wenn niemals ein solcher genetischer Uebergang der gelben Adonis in die men-
nigrothe, der violett angelaufenen Datura (Tatula) in die weisse (Stramonium)
beobachtet ist oder wird, so ist es gewiss, dass Adonis citrina eine von miniata,
1 Tatula eine von Stramonium verschiedene Species darstellt; und dasselbe làsst sich
vom Schafe bezüglich der Ziege sagen. (Wenn dabei die gelbe Adonis möglicher
Weise auch etwa in eine weissblüthige Form übergehen sollte, so würde dies — wie
zahllose ähnliche Fälle — zeigen, dass auch diese Species citrina wieder eine gewisse
N | Breite ihres besonderen Variations- oder Formenkreises hat).
1 Man. muss sich überhaupt klar machen, dass es sich bei der Begriffsbestimmung
_, von Species nicht um eine absolute, sondern nur um eine relative Definition handelt,
^ eigentlich nur um die Feststellung von Bluts- oder Stamverwandtschaft oder Nicht-
verwandtschaft. Man kann deshalb streng genommen, wenn man nicht vorgreifend
urtheilen will, nicht sagen: das Schaf ist eine Species, sondern richtig wäre nur,
A zu sagen: das Schaf ist eine von der Ziege (oder auch allen übrigen bekannten Ovinen)
por ۷ verschiedene Species, ist mit ihnen nicht direct blutsverwandt. Ebenso: Brassica oleacea
| ist eine von lVapus verschiedene Species; dagegen: Blumenkohl gehórt zu derselben
Species, wie Rosenkohl und Krauskohl, denn er ist beobachteter Massen genetisch
۱ , Ca . durch wirkliche Uebergänge mit denselben verbunden.
j d E | Blose Wittelformen ohne genetischen Nachweis der Zusammengehórigkeit , (Quercus
n ; AN | ROULE und sessiliflora) sind eigentlich nicht vollkommen beweisend für die Zusam-
i ! m S . mengehórigkeit. Ein Bauernhaus ist unter Umständen eine Mittelform zwischen einem
H NY A” , a „Pferdestall und einem Palaste, aber es bezeichnet offenbar keinen genetischen Zusam-
H 7 we A m menhang. Nicht mehr Werth würden fossile Mittelformen haben, auf deren Auffindung
| EC $ M $ <7 en masse Darwin so ungern verzichtet, weil er glaubt eventuell in ihnen eine Stütze
YA für seine Hypothese zu finden. Gewiss mit Unrecht. Sie beweisen weder für, noch —
| (xe N Kei ihr Fehlen — gegen ihn, denn die Hauptsache, ihr genetischer Zusammenhang , 1st
13 ee nicht mehr festzustellen, wenn man auch zugeben muss, dass derselbe durch das
Auffinden zahlreicher solcher Mittelformen leichter vorstellbar wird. Fände man die
| | Knochen des Esels und des Pferdes fossil, man würde sie als durch solche »Uebergänge”
fr ۱ oder richtiger Mittelformen verbunden ansprechen müssen; und doch zeigt die
1 Gë Beobachtung der lebenden Thiere, dass hier von einem wirklichen (genetischen)
Zusammenfliessen beider Species keine Rede. sein kann.
HP e - . . $, Wenn eine Species nichts Anderes ist, als eine durch Zeitdauer und besondere
Umstände fest gewordene Varietät, d. h. eme Form, welche die Fühigkeit zu col-
lateraler Confluenz (Pferd-Esel) verloren hat, so muss es gelingen, sei es auch erst
in langer Zeit, thatsächlich in ihrer Entstehung beobachtete, also ächte Variationen ,
lateralen Reductionsfähigkeit, mehr und mehr, endlich vollständig, verlieren !).
Und wenn auch das Leben eines einzelnen Menschen, oder eine Reihe von solchen ,
nicht ausreichend erscheinen dürfte, in Betracht der postulirten grossen Zeiträume,
dieses Ziel ganz zu erreichen, so wird es uns wenigstens vergönnt sein, uns diesem
Ziele zu nähern, d. h. eventuell den Nachweis zu liefern, dass eine soiche Variation
im Verhältniss zu ihrer Dauer sich der Fiaitit nähert, dass also bei fortgesetzter
Züchtung die Neigung zu Rückschlägen und Seitenschlägen deutlich abnimmt.
Geben wir ein solches Beweisverfahren aber als überhaupt unerbringlich auf, so
verzichten wir einfach auf die wahrhaft wissenschaftliche Begründung des Theorems ;
wir resigniren und stellen uns damit auf den Standpunkt des Meinens und Glaubens.
Jener Beweis ist aber in der Literatur zur Zeit kaum genügend erbracht, oder verlangt
wenigstens noch weitere Bekräftigung. Ich sage dies auf Grund einer eingehenden
und langen Beschäftigung theils mit der bezüglichen Literatur, theils mit einschlägigen
Eductions- und Reductionsversuchen. Es haben sich aber immerhin in dieser Beziehung
einige beachtenswerthe Thatsachen bei meinen Versuchen herausgestellt; wenn auch
nicht in Abrede zu stellen ist, dass z. B. bezüglich der von mir beobachteten an-
scheinenden Fixität der weissblüthigen Form des Sedum album oder der monströsen
Form der Nigella damascena (s. u.), einerseits der Zeitraum noch viel zu kurz und
der Modus des Versuchs noch viel zu wenig vervielfältigt ist, um darüber definitiv
‚ absprechen zu können; dass andrentheils die Resultate entgegengesetzter Natur so
sehr überwiegend sind, dass sie zur äussersten Vorsicht mahnen. Dies gilt z. B.
von Triticum vulgare compositum, Papaver somniferum polycarpum und vielen anderen.
Es ist in hohem Grade wahrscheinlich, dass auch die vorhin genannten 2 Formen
(von Sedum und Nigella) wieder erschüttert und reducirt werden dürften, sobald
eine erhebliche Änderung der ausseren Verhältnisse einwirkt, wie veränderte Cultur
und Clima; wahrscheinlich sogar nach längerer Zeit auch ohne diese, also von selbst.
Es sei hier daran erinnert, dass auch die Ponies und die Rinderrassen unter verän-
derten Verhältnissen (also ausserhalb ihrer Heimath) mehr oder weniger bald eine
') Man führt hierfür gewöhnlich an, dass 1 aan in Südeuropa und Deutschland vielfach
wild, anscheinend stets polygamisch oder diöcisch sei; — die cultivirten Formen dagegen stets
zwitterig — wenn nàmlich in der That die eine von der anderen abstammt, was Lecoq bezweifelt
(Etud. géog. bot. V. 372). Regel nimmt sogar an, dass Vitis vinifera ein Bastard sei, und zwar
aus labrusca und vulpina. (Gartenflora 1873, p. 205). Aber es kommen unter den wilden (sylvestris Gmel.)
am Rhein auch monócische vor (Lóhr), ferner zwitterige (Bronner); und Meehan erwähnt diöcische
Formen der cultivirten (?) Vitis vinifera (Seem. Journal of Bot. 1868. VI).
soweit zu fixiren, dass sie jene Fähigkeit der collateralen Confluenz oder der col-
RN
6
Neigung zum Rückschlagen oder Variiren zeigen, und dass — wie Darwin
(Varüren I, 243, 301) mittheilt — die ältesten Taubenrassen „und das so sehr
charakteristische Seidenhuhn theils ganz von selbst, theils unter veránderten klima-
tischen Verhältnissen, ohne jede Kreuzung ihre Eigenthümlichkeit wieder verlieren
kónnen, und zwar in wenigen Generationen. Davon aber findet man nichts bei ächten
Species in obigem Sinne des Wortes, da dieselben unter allen Umständen und an
allen Orten ihren Differentialeharacter festhalten, wie nicht nur die zahlreichen
exportirten Culturpflanzen beweisen, sondern auch die zahllosen mit denselben ver-
schleppten Unkräuter Europas in allen Welttheilen.
Die nachfolgend mitgetheilten Ergebnisse meiner dermaligen Beobachtungen und
Studien mögen dazu dienen, die Entscheidung nach der einen oder der anderen
Seite auf einer festeren Basis, als es seither möglich war, anzubabnen. Man wird
daraus ersehen, dass nennenswerthe Variationen in mehreren Fállen auffallend selten
auftreten (Sedum album, Primula); dass die Fixation einer Varietät fast immer mit
unüberwindlichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden ist.
Was die Variation selbst betrifft, so zeigt sich, dass es bei längerer Beobachtung
immerhin schwer ist, an ihre Unbegrenztheit zu glauben !); dass viele unserer ältesten
!) Es liegen allerdings eine Menge der auffallendsten Thatsachen weitgehender Abänderangen vor,
z. B. Raphanus Raphanistrum von mir in sativus übergeführt, wohl der stürkste Fall; dazu ferner
R. caudatus. (Diese sind also fernerhin unter einem erweiterten Artbegriffe zusammenzufassen).
Hierher gehóren ferner alle Pelorien, welche, wie Moquin-Tandon sagt (terat. vég. 1842. p. 179),
durch Abweichung vom einen Art-Typus factisch den habituellen Charakter eines anderen Gattungs-
Typus darstellen. (Pelorische Digitalis = Nicotiana; Corydalis = .Dielytra; s. Masters’ Terat. 237.)
Ferner u. A. Begonia frigida mit Zwitterblüthen; Petala unterständig. (Darw. Var. 1. 466).
Saxifraga u. Aristolochieen mit unterständigen Blüthen (ib.) — Rosa v. foliis oppositis (ib. 488.) — -
Papaver somniferum monopetalum, ebenso bracteatum monopetalum (Masters, veg. teratology 1869.
PEC deden Gurke mit 5 Fächern statt 3, Apfel mit 4 statt 5 (Darw. V. I. 457.) Kapselartige
Weinbeere (v. Schlechtendal in Linnaea 1830. V. p. 493.)
Pyrus Malus mit freiem, unterständigem Kelch (Mast. p. 79. c. ic.), dasselbe von mir bei
P. communis beobachtet (Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen III. 1873.) — Crataegus mit apetaler Blume (Darw. 463) ;
ebenso Capsella u. a., wofür als normales Analogon Viola mirabilis u. canina mit zweierlei Blüthen
gelten können. Ferner die dimorphen Orchideen: Catasetum u. s. w. In derartigen Füllen hätten
wir im Sinne der Descendenz-Hypothese den Weg zu erkennen, welchen die Variation in der Riehtung
divergirender Artbildung genommen haben mag und noch jetzt nehmen dürfte. Es ist nicht anzu-
nehmen, dass aus einem Protococcus durch directe (gradlinige) Variation ein Eichbaum werde, vielmehr
liegen viele Mittelstufen in tausend Richtungen dazwischen; etwa wie bei dem Aufbaue eines Baumes
(nach Darwin das wahre Schema seiner Ansicht von der Descendenz) nicht wohl unmittebar eine
Faser der Keimwurzel sich in eine Eichel verwandelt, während es wohl vorkommt, dass in derselben
Organ-Region bedeutende Anomalien auftreten (z. B. in der Blüthenregion: männliche Blüthen unter
1
Culturrassen sich mit Leichtigkeit reduciren lassen; dass die bisher gewöhnlich allein
in Betracht gezogenen äussern Verhältnisse oder Medien fast in allen Fällen nicht |
zu der Hervorbringung von Varietäten ausreichen. Selbst in der Distribution der so | Re e of
empfindlichen Blüthenfarben im Allgemeinen spricht sich keine irgend erhebliche | I
ww Beziehung der einen oder anderen zu der chemischen Bodenbeschaffenheit aus, soweit |
| dermalen die Untersuchungen reichen.
H. Lecog zählt für die Auvergne 301 phanerogamische Lid Pflanzen mit gefärbten p 3 |
Blumen auf dem Kalkgebiete, etwa + der Gesammtzahl dortiger Gegend. Davon sind ie | = | |
gelb 1 von 3,65 Ei
roth l von 4,82 ۱ cou" À
weiss 1 von 4,97 ۱
blau 1 von 5,06.
Demnach nur ein schwaches Vorherrschen gelber Blumen auf Kalkboden , eine
gewisse Spärlichkeit der blauen, die rothen u. weissen zeigen eine mittlere Zahl. |
Auf Kieselboden zählt derselbe 416 Species auf; + der Gesammtzahl der gefarbt SC
blühenden Landpflanzen. Davon sind | | 3
| gelb 1 von 3,32 7
roth 1 von 8,34
weiss 1 von 2,93
blau 1 von 3,18.
Demnach ein schwaches Vorherrschen weisser Blüthen auf Kieselboden. (Etudes M
| géog. bot. ML 18.) | SE 3l |
| Man wird in dieser Hinsicht wohl das Richtige treffen, wenn man Medium und E ee E
Variation nicht im Verhältnisse von Ursache und Wirkung auffast, sondern als ا CA S m o j
Bedingung und correlate Erscheinung. Sei die Ursache der Variation welche sie wolle, . Ç~ =
vielleicht in ihrem innersten Wesen absolut unabhängig von ulus en,
wie ja die normale „typische? Bildungskraft unzweifelhaft in diesem Falle ist DE
a
den weiblichen, androgyne Kätzchen u. s. w. bei Salix, Zea, Abies). Doch liegen auch hier beach-
tenswerthe Fälle von weitgehenden und plötzlichen Ua vor; man hat häufig aus ächten
ngen
| Wurzeln Blätter entstehn gesehn, und Masters erwähnt einen Fall von Impatiens, wo auf der Wurzel
| direct eine Blüthenknospe sich entwickelte (v. Terat. 161). Aber es ist nicht anzunehmen, dass
eine Wurzelfaser mittelst eines plôtzlichen Sprunges unmittelbar Ovula oder Pollen produeire , ohne
die äussern Organe einer Blüthe vorauszuschicken.
| : ') Niemand denkt ernstlich daran, die normalen speeifischen Charaktere einer Species up
Oe den aufrechten Gang oder den Bau ES Daumens eines Menschen — als die Fol olge äusserer Einflüsse PR N |
zu betrachten. Für Darwin sind diese nur Adaptations-Phänomene. Dasselbe gilt von der zweigestaltigen r * A]
| Blattbildung bei Hedera und Ilex, und zuletzt von der gesammten Organ-Differenzirung aller höheren
Organismen. |
——————— سس " ۳ " MEUM
Ka "asi Jie aH deti eas تایه لیا ای
8
o ist einleuchtend, dass eine einmal thatsächlich aufgetretene Variation unter Um-
ständen in einer bestimmten Beschaffenheit der äussern Verhältnisse (des Mediums)
günstigere Existenz-Bedingungen finden kann, als in einer anderen, z. B. Schwimm-
blätter von Marsilea und Polygonum amphibium; ja dass auf diese Weise, bei
bleibender Änderung des Mediums, eine Variation auf dem Wege der Fortpflanzung
mittelst natürlicher Auslese und Accomodation (im Sinne Darwin's) eme relativ
bleibende, also durch stete Ausmerzung etwaiger Rückschläge relativ fart werden
kónnte. Ob im Laufe langer Zertráume auch absolut und definitiv (nämlich bis zum
völligen Ausschlusse collateralen Wieder-Zusammenfliessens mit den nächstverwandten
Variations-Zweigen) bei eintretender Wiederherstellung der alten Verhältnisse, —
ist noch nicht genügend erwiesen. Vielleicht ist es in der That nicht die Zeitdauer ,
welche zur Fixirung in diesem Sinne führt und einen Regel vorschreibt (also die
Species begründet), sondern die organologische oder morphologische Entfernung von
der Stammform durch successiv eingeschobene Zwischenglieder von steigender Abänderung,
womit selbstverständlich, wie in entfernten Astsystemen oder successiven Blattfor-
mationen, der collaterale Abstand von den ursprünglichen Stammverwandten potenzirt
wird 1). Das richtige Wort ist indess in diesem Cardinalpunkte noch nicht gefunden.
Sammeln wir einstweilen nach bestimmten Richtungen hin unverdrossen weitere
Thatsachen; die daraus zu ziehenden Schlüsse werden sich dem jeweiligen Stande
unserer Kenntnisse gemäss jederzeit von selbst ergeben.
SCHLUSSATZE ODER ENDERGEBNISS.
l. Zu einer Species gehóren alle Formen, welche beobachtungsgemäss gezetisch
verbunden oder blutsverwandt sind. (Nigella damascena und monstrosa; Rosa punicea
und lutea.) :
9. Es kommen innerhalb solcher Species-Kategorien neben andern mitunder solche
genetisch verbundene Variationen vor, welche — anscheinend vollkommen — samen-
beständig sind. (Nigella damascena monstrosa, Linum usitatissimum albiflorum.)
3. Solche genetisch verbundene Variationen kônnen dem Grade nach ausserordentlich
weit gehn. (Raphanus Raphanistrum übergehend in sativus.)
4. Wenn man den Ursprung jener unzweifelhaften Varietäten (sub 2) nicht kennte ,
so würde man die samenbeständigen als ächte, selbständige und constante Species
betrachten.
1) Zwei Laubblätter am Grunde eines Gabelzweigs werden leichter gleichzeitig und in gleicher
Riehtung variiren, als etwa ein hóherstehendes Nebenblatt auf dem einen der Zweige und ein Staubblatt
auf dem anderen; linke und rechte Hand leichter, als rechte Hand und rechter Fuss oder rechte
Kiefernknochen.
9
N
5. Dieselben würden morphologische Uebergangsformen oder Mittelglieder zwischen
entfernteren Formen darstellen. |
6. Wenn man also in gewissen anderen Fällen volkommene Uebergangsreihen von
Mittelformen beobachtet (nicht züchtet), so verstattet dies die vorläufige Vermuthung,
dass man auch hier eine einzige Species vor sich habe, auch wenn es noch zicht
gelungen ist, durch Mduction die eine in die andere — und zwar allmählig mit
allen Eigenschaften — überzuführen (Phaseolus vulgaris — multiflorus, Lactuca
sativa und Scariola).
7. Man kann sich vorstellen, dass dies sehr alte, vor langer Zeit auseinander
gegangene Formen sind, (entweder die eine aus der anderen, oder beide aus einer
unbekannten oder ausgestorbenen Stammart), vielleicht durch die Länge der Zeit fixirt.
8. Es scheint bei nüherer Betrachtung, dass viele unserer besten Species durch
solche üusserliche Mittelformen mit andern verknüpft sind; je genauer und länger
man beobachtet, desto mehr.
Als schliessliches Facit ist meine Ansicht bezüglich der Descendenzlehre folgende:
Ich bin von Herzen Darwinianer, von Verstand sein Gegner. Mem wissenschaftliches
Gewissen sträubt sich dagegen, in ihr derzeit mehr als eine Hypothese zu erkennen.
Der Darwinismus ist für jetzt noch Sache der Überzeugung, des Glaubens, aber
wissenschaftlich zur Zeit nicht fassbar; unvollkommen nach den dermaligen Beweis-
mitteln, stellenweise im Widerspruch — scheinbar oder wirklich — mit Thatsachen.
Allein er ist eine fruchtbare und schöne Hypothese, welche. Vieles verständlicher
macht, als es sonst sein würde.
Was aber den Kampf um das Dasein als Directive für die Entwickelungsgeschichte
der Organismen betrifft, so ist diese Ansicht wohl nicht länger haltbar.
n
I)
11
d
I
lu
it
[|
li Il. VERSUCHE UND BEOBACHTUNGEN.
i 1. Adonis aestivalis, flammea, autumnalrs.
A 9. Anagallis arvensis: phoenicea, coerulea.
N 3. Atriplex latifolia: salina.
d 4. Atropa Belladonna: lutea.
VU ‚5. Lactuca sativa, scariola, virosa.
[iU 6. Nigella damascena, hispanica.
N 7. Papaver alpinum, setigerum, somniferum.
ik 8. Sedum album: albissimum.
Ill 9. Specularia Speculum: albiflora.
| I 10. Viola lutea, tricolor.
! Adonis aestivalis L., miniata Jacq. ©
|
iu L Die Culturen begannen auf zwei von einander entfernten Beeten im Jahre 1858.
| | ` Bis Ende 1868 hatte sich unter stets zahlreichen durch Selbstaussaat entstandenen
| Exemplaren niemals eine erhebliche Variation gezeigt, namentlich war die Farbe
1 der Blüthen stets unverändert mennigroth geblieben. Da das eme dieser Beete (s. IL.)
Wi | sich unmittelbar neben einem solchen mit A. autumnalis L. befand, so verdient her-
|
a
|
Fi
| |
Il
vorgehoben zu werden, dass sich niemals Spuren von Hybridation zeigten, obgleich
beiderlei Pflanzen zum Theil gleichzeitig blühten 1).
1869. Im Ganzen waren jetzt 7 Pflanzen vorhanden, welche sämmtlich keinerlei
Aenderung zeigten. — 1870: 10 Pflanzen, ebenso. — 1871: 37 Pflanzen, ebenso. —
1872 erschienen unter anderen einige rein ziegelrothe Blüthen, ohne schwarzes Auge,
kleiner als gewóhnlich. (Petala 7 statt 19—20 MM lang.) Kelch kahl. (Ich bemerke
hier, dass ich auch die strohgelbe Form im Garten mit kleineren Blüthen und ganz
ohne Augenfleck variiren sah.) Weiterhin an im Ganzen 37 Pflanzen keine Aenderung.
1873: 4 Pflanzen, ebenso. — 1874: 150 Pflanzen, alle roth und unverändert.
Als Andeutung móglicher Variation diene folgende Bemerkung in Plantae cis- et
transilienses a Semenovio 1857 collectae. ed. Regel et Herder im Bullet. soc. Mose.
1870. n. 2. p. 239: „Adonis aestivalis L.V. parviflora Ledeb. Provinz Turkestan, im
Januar u. Februar blühend bei Tschemkent u. a. O. bis 5000 Höhe. Diese in der
Songarei und Turkestan sehr gemeine Pflanze ward von Fischer als selbstständige
Art in de Candolles Prodromus (1. p. 24) aufgestellt. Ledebour führte dieselbe als
Abart von A. aestivalis auf. Wir sind Ledebour gefolgt, obgleich A. aest. parv.
nach der Form der Früchte, welche unterhalb der Spitze am innern Rand einen
abgerundeten Zahn tragen, richtiger mit À. fammea Jacq. vereinigt werden sollte,
von der sie sich nur durch das gleichfarbige Rostrum unterscheidet.
Wir sind aber der Ansicht, dass auch A. flammea keine gute Art ist, und haben
daher vorlaufig den von Ledebour gegebenen Namen beibehalten.”
| Zur Erleichterung der Vergleichung folgt hier eine diagnostische Zusammenstellung
der betreffenden Species. (Koch. syn. ed. 2. 1843. p. 11.)
FLORES (color.) | HABITUS FLORIS. CALYX. FRUCTUS. ROSTRUM,
; margine supe-
Ad. aestivalis L, |winiati basi macula petala expansa. glaber adpressus. | Tore bidentatus,| adscendens con-
nigra vel unicolores. dens baseos color:
acutus.
— — x. pallida stramineo — flavi. — = Se N
(eitrina Hoffm.)
z ; miniati basi cum et is c hirsutus ante rostrum | adscendens apice
— Hammea AC}. |absque macula nigra. PAD. adpressus. |dente rotundato.| sphacelatum.
ee Y. pallida stramineo — flavi. = RK ET چ
(citrina De.) |
petala hemisph —
— autumnalis L. |sanguinei basi atra.| aerico — con- glaber patens. edentulus. rectum.
niventia. ; :
1) Unsere Pflanze scheint der Selbstbefruchtung fähig und vielleicht auf dieselbe ganz angewiesen
zu sein. Im August 1871 überdeckte ich eine Blüthenknospe mit einem Florbeutel, welcher dann
unterhalb festgebunden wurde. Aber die Früchte entwickelten sich trotz dem Ausschlusse der Insec-
tenhülfe ganz normal; ihre Keimfähigkeit wurde indess nicht erprobt. (S. auch unten). 9%
gg EEE a
EE
EE a, ان
eerd
fe
3
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|
f
|
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12
IL Dieselbe Form, an anderer Stelle, neben autumnalis. 1872: 75 Pflanzen,
sämmtlich roth, ocellat, nur die kleinsten (Kümmerlinge) mit undeutlichem Auge.
Zwei junge Blüthen wurden castrirt und bestäubt mit Pollen von autumnalis; es
۱ erschienen .an der einen 5 gut ausgebildete Samen, der Rest (10) war klein und
Lg EC. | verkommen. Im Jahre 1873 waren jedoch die Samen bei Topfeultur nicht zum
Dr i | | Keimen zu bringen. Die Pflanze ist protandrisch, und vermuthlich waren die Ovarien
zur Zeit der Kreuzung noch nicht conceptionsfähig 1). :
Aus der 2ten Blüthe entwickelten sich 2 anscheinend gute Früchte, der Rest
verkümmert; auch diese Samen erwiesen sich 1873 als nicht keimfähig. —
1874: keine Variation.
Ej IH. Dieselbe Form, an anderer Stélle: Eine Blüthe wurde in dem Momente castrirt,
E als eben die erste Anthere sich öffnete, und bestäubt mit Pollen der citrina, welches
S | leicht haftete; alle andern Blüthen und Knospen wurden abgeschnitten. Die Früchte
entwickelten sich zahlreich und anscheinend vollkommen, zeigten sich aber im fol-
Eo s | genden Jahre (1873) und weiterhin (die Samen keimen auch sonst oft erst im 2ten
Jahre) nicht keimfähig. Erwähnung verdient, dass die obere Hälfte des Fruchttwägers
dichotom war, dabei ringsum allseitig besetzt mit Früchten.
XZ
Adonis aestivalis L. citrina Hoffm. (flava Vill.).
I. Die Samen, von Dr. W. Uloth gesammelt, stammten von der wilden Pflanze
aus der Umgebung von Bad-Nauheim, wo diese strohgelbe Form neben der feuer-
rothen nicht eben selten vorkommt. Aussaat 1869. Erst 1870 ein blühfähiges Exemplar
entwickelt, Blume strohgelb. Die Stelle, an welcher diese Pflanze cultivirt wurde,
war über 200 Schritt weit von dem Beete mit der Form miniata entfernt und durch
3 | ein hohes Arboretum getrennt, um etwaige Hybridation durch Insecten möglichst
HRE ZE | auszuschliessen 2); 1871 erschien nur ein Exemplar, Blüthenfarbe wie vorhin,
E | 1872: 9 Exemplare, ebenso. Aufblühzeit im Wesentlichen gleich mit der rothen. z. B.
o MÀ —M X ok سوت یه ویب
- mao dcr e oo air gu
۳ rue | roth gelb .
HIT o : IN EE
li Ic E 1873 B.N. 5. VI
ji 1874 26. V DICAS §
| 13 k : 1) Aus diesem und den analogen folgenden Versuchen geht hervor, dass zwar auf diesem Wege
| d H ; zwischen den 3 verwandten Adonis-Formen keine ächte Kreuzung zu bewerkstelligen ist, dass indess
| | in allen Fällen eine mehr oder weniger grosse Zahl der Früchte vollkommen auswächst, ohne perfecte `
Embryonen zu bilden. Es
! : *) Dieselbe Vorsicht wurde in allen andern analogen Fällen ebenfalls angewandt und, soweit ich
i D SE bemerken konnte, mit bestem Erfolge. :
13
Mittlere Blüthezeit der rothen 25. V (Mittel aus 12 Jahren); autumn. Mitte Juni.
Im Juni wurden 2 Blüthenknospen castrirt und bestäubt mit Pollen der miniata و
alle übrigen Blüthen und jüngeren Knospen dagegen abgeschnitten. Es wurden
24 anscheinend gute Früchte erhalten, welche aber 1873 bei Topfeultur nicht keimten.
Ich bemerke hierbei, dass das Pollen der citrina grau ist (glaucescens), bei miniata -
gelbroth, orange; doch kommt es bei einzelnen Blüthen auch weisslich in’s Graue
vor; bei autumnalis gelb. In der Form ist das Pollen der citrina ziemlich gleich
jenem der miniata, doch sind die Körner bei der letzteren mehr ungleich in der `
Grösse, und oft weit kleiner; das der autumnalis ist fast gleich (kaum etwas kleiner
und mehr kugelig — statt länglich). | |
IT. An einer anderen Stelle erwuchsen aus Samen von derselben Quelle im Jahre 1872
5 Pflanzen, welche gleichfalls gelb blühten; 1873 eine, ebenso. In 1872 wurden
5 Knospen castrirt und bestäubt mit Pollen der miniata, andere mit autumnalis ;
die übrigen Blüthen abgeschnitten. Es entwickelten sich mehr oder weniger anscheinend
gute Früchte, welche indess 1873 bei Topfcultur sich sämmtlich als nicht keimfähig
erwiesen; 1874 erschienen 10 Pflanzen; unter denem eine rotAblüthig, Blüthe etwas
kleiner (18 M. M. Durchmesser), mit blassem Fleck. Wenn hier nicht zufällige
Samenverschleppung vorliegt, was nicht absolut ausgeschlossen ist, so hätten wir
hier also einen Uebergang in die rothe Form.
Adonis autumnalis L.
Im Jahre 1872 wurden 2 Blüthenknospen dieser Pflanze castrirt (da auch hier
wie bei den vorigen Protandrie stattfindet, so musste die Castration sehr frühzeitig
vorgenommen werden) und bestäubt mit Pollen der miniata, Die gut entwickelten
Früchte (25 Stück) lieferten aber 1873 nur eine Pflanze, welche indess in jeder
Beziehung identisch war mit autumnalis; es scheint also, dass hier statt der fehl-
geschlagenen Kreuzung nachträglich seitens benachbarter Pflanzen noch legitime
Bestäubung stattgefunden hat.
Geographische Vergleichung der Species.
Da es sich hier im Ganzen um verschleppte, also quasi-Culturpflanzen handelt ,
so bietet die Vergleichung der Areale überwiegend nur in der Hinsicht Anhaltpunkte,
als sich daraus die ungleichen klimatologischen Bedürfnisse ergeben, aus welchen
sich eine ungleiche physiologische Natur der einzelnen Arten folgern lässt. Und unter
diesem Gesichtspunkt ist es für die specifische Eigenthümlichkeit der hier in Betracht
gezogenen 3 Arten bedeutungsvoll genug, dass deren Areale wesentliche Verschie-
denheiten zeigen. |
113 ۱
i | | | Adonis aestivalis L.
Lecog étud. géogr. bot. IV. 430: Commun dans les moissons... Elle a une
; variété citrine pour le moins aussi abondante que le type. Elle se plaît avec ses
congenères, et se rencontre aussi en grande quantité dans les sainfoins, où elle se
developpe plus librement que dans les blés. Sa floraison, qui commence en mai, se
prolonge jusque dans le mois de juin et atteint à peine le mois de juillet. — Nature
۱ du so/. Nous n'avons rencontré cette espèce que sur les terrains calcaires, argileux
et plus ou moins compactes, quelquefois, mais plus rarement, sur les alluvions et
les cailloux roulés. Presque partout elle se tient sur les calcaires, même en dehors
| | de notre circonscription (Auvergne) — Altitude. C'est une plante des plaines, que
IRC) nous n'avons jamais vue s'élever dans nos montagnes; cependant elle monte un
i i peu dans les Pyrenées-Orientales , et Jacquemont assure l’avoir trouvée à une grande
| hauteur au col de Hangarang, dans l'Himalaya. — Geographie. Elle appartient à
notre région des plaines et à notre région méridionale, et se trouve aussi dans toute
la France orientale, depuis l'Alsace jusqu'aux Pyrenées. Elle existe en Corse, en
Sardaigne, aux Baléares, en Espagne, où elle est souvent remplacée par PA. micro-
| carpa Dec. — Elle s'étend, au sud, en Grèce, à Alger et jusqu'en Egypte et aux
1i E. Canaries. — On la trouve à Bordeaux, mais elle manque dans l'ouest de l'Europe,
Dk : et déjà dans l’ouest de la France et en Angleterre. —- En revanche, elle abonde
en Italie et tout autour du bassin méditerranéen. Elle avance dans la Tauride, dans
le Caucase, dans presque toute l'Asie mineure, la Perse boréale, et atteint l Himalaya.
On la trouve aussi dans les déserts salés qui entourent là Caspienne, où sous l'in-
Hef fluence du sol, elle devient la variété tenuiflora de Ledebour. On voit que c'est une
MEE. ` espèce orientale. — Limites d'extension de l’espece.
[i d = | Bude. RG Heure
ET BUNT oNuE ANT BOT étude See
Dia s Orient... Himalaya. . . - . 75) longitude 78%,
UE | ee | | tune ON ee ie 2908
1 | Er ! Occident. . . Bordeaux... .. 30) Ecart en
Zerstreute Notizen:
In Belgien mit Getreide eingeführt. Findet sich im ganzen östlichen Frankreich,
in Spanien, Algerien, Griechenland, häufig in Italien und rings um das Mittelmeer „
geht nach Klein-Asien und Persien und erreicht den Himalaya. Fehlt im Westen
۱۰۰ Europa’s (A. Devos, Bull s. bot. Belg. IX. 1870. p. 48. 1.) Insel Caprera
1l! ENG (Gennari, Giorn. bot. 1870. IT. April. p. 144. f.) Mit autumnalis um Mediasch :
15
Siebenbürgen (J. Barth. Verh. Nat. Hermannstadt. 1867. no. 2. £); — vflava” —
nicht die rothe — bei Luxemburg (E. Fischer. 1872). :
In Macedonia prope Salonichi (Griseb. Spic. fl. Rumel. p. 302). Helgoland (Hallier,
Bonpld. 1861. 927). |
Flora germanica (n. Koch Syn. 11): |
Inter segetes solo calcareo et argillaceo. — Garcke flora v. Nord- u. Mitteldeutsch-
land. 1869: p. 7: erreicht in Westpreussen ihre Nordostgrenze.
Adonis flammea Jacq.
Lecog. g. b. IV. 441: fleurit en Mai, c'est-à-dire de bonne-heure, comme tous
les Adonis, et se mêle souvent aussi aux À. aestivalis et A. autumnalis, qui croissent
dans les mêmes lieux. — Nature du so/ et altitude. Nous l'avons constamment trouvée
sur les calcaires marneux et sur les argiles. Nous ne l’avons vue qu'en plaine et
jamais dans les montagnes. — Elle passe de notre région de la plaine à la région
méridionale; existe, comme l'A. aestivalis, dans l'est de la France, en Alsace, à
Draguignan (Var); mais sa géographie est encore peu connue, parcequ'elle a été
confondue avec les A. aestivalis et A. autumnalis, dont elle diffère essentiellement.
Il parait qu'au Nord elle trouve sa limite dans la partie méridionale de la Saxe,
vers 50° Au sud, Bertoloni la confond, dans sa flore, avec PA. aestivalis, et ne
lui donne pas de localité distincte. C'est donc approximativement que nous fixerons
sa limite vers le 40° A. l'occident elle atteint à peine Paris, et à orient on l'indique
dans le Caucase. — Limites d'extension de l’espece.
SIE ee TUE er 40° Ecart en
Nord... OA 50" | latitude 10°
Occident. . . Pans... eue 0^, Ecart en
Orient. . . . Caucase... . .. . 44 E! longitude 440,
Cite AEON l.l em |. 440.
Nachträge (zerstreute Notizen) bez. der flora germanica.
Koch Syn. 11: In der südl. Schweiz, auf der Rheinfläche, im Nahethal , in
Oesterreich, Thüringen, Braunschweig. | |
Adonis autumnalis L.
Lecog. g. b. IV. 438. Malgré son nom specifique, on voit fleurir, dès le mois
de Juin, l'Adonis autumnalis; mais il est vrai de dire qu'il est le plus tardif des
Adonis, et que lon voit souvent cette floraison, relativement hâtive, se prolonger
eene “rain + mrt
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jusqu'aux premières gelées. — Nature du so/ et altitude. ll recherche, comme les
autres espèces du même genre, les terrains calcaires, et reste confiné dans la plaine. —
Géographie: IL est commun dans notre région des plaines (Auvergne), et se trouve
aussi dans notre région méridionale. On le rencontre, du reste, dans presque toute
la France, où il est bien plus également réparti que les A. aestivalis et flammea.
Il dépasse les Pyrenées et arrive même dans les moissons de l'Algérie. Il ne pénètre
pas au coeur de l'Allemagne, mais seulement dans la portion qui avoisine l'Italie. —
Au nord, il va jusqu'au 53" en Angleterre, où il est le seul du genre. On voit
qu'il a, vers l'ouest, une tendance que n'ont pas les autres, car, quoiqu'il manque
à Nantes, comme tous les Adonis, il se montre dans quelques parties de la Bretagne
et dans la Basse-Normandie, passe en Angleterre, comme nous venons de le voir,
et a été trouvé au cap Charles, sur la côte du Labrador. Il y a sans doute été
introduit, comme le sont souvent les espèces dont les semences peuvent être mélées
à celles des céréales; mais il n'en est pas moins curieux de le voir prospérer sur
un point, tandis qu'il manque constamment sur d'autres. — A l'orient, nous pouvons
le suivre en Italie; il est compris dans la flore du royaume de Naples. Ledebour
cite cette espèce dans la Podolie australe, en Tauride et au Caucase. — Limites
de l'extension de l'espéce:
۳ qe coc p m EE
NO Wie 995.9 latitude 90?
|
۱
, Occident. . . Angleterre ..... 5° | Rent en
Orient. . .. Caucase. . . . . . . 405.) longitude 45^
EU DA ON. ann à. 2
Ecart en
Nous abandonnons le Labrador comme représentant une habitation accidentelle,
pour une plante qui croît habituellement dans les champs et les moissons.
Nachträge. Zerstreute Notizen. Mediasch: Siebenbürgen (J. Barth 1867). — Koch
Syn. 11: Pola in Istrien, südliche Schweiz, Wallis, bei Leitron, Contei in der
nórdlichen Schweiz, u. in Deutschland hin und wieder durch verschleppte Samen. —
A. de Cand. géog. bot. 992: scheint aus Griechenland zu stammen; — 646: une
des espèces difficiles à classer, que M. Watson appelle colonist. Elle est spontanée,
selon toute probabilité d'origine étrangère, mais spontaneé seulement dans les champs
de blé. D'aprés ma maniére de voir, ce n'est pas une vraie spontanéité: la plante
est plutót cultivée contre la volonté de l'homme. Depuis les temps de Gerarde, en
1597, elle offre les mêmes stations en Angleterre. On ne la trouve jamais hors des
cultures. Je la laisse, par ce motif, dans la catégorie des plantes qui ne se main-
tiennent que par des procédés artifieiels. Elle disparaitrait si l'Angleterre revenait
à l'état inculte, ou si une fois, par une hypothése moins improbable, on tirait tout
E.
le blé de l'étranger; donc elle n'est pas naturalisée, c'est à dire acquise définitivement
pour le pays. L'Adonis autumnalis croit à Zante dans les prés; il a des noms grecs,
anciens et modernes. D’après cela, il est peut être originaire de Grèce.
Anagallis arvensis L. phoenicea Lmk. 9 und coerulea Schreb. 9
I. Seit 1867 befanden sich beiderlei Pflanzen auf demselben Beete, regellos unter
einander wachsend. Der Zweck dieser Cultur war, das etwaige Auftreten von spontanen
Kreuzungsproducten zwischen diesen beiden so nah verwandten, nur durch die
Blüthenfarbe verschiedenen Pflanzen zu beobachten. Delpino versucht, die zwei Farb-
formen dieser Pflanze als em Analogon der Dimorphie und Trimorphie bei Linum,
Lythrum u. s. W. darzustellen (Appunti di geog. bot. a proposto delle tabelle fitogeog.
del Prof. Hoffmann, in Bullet. d. soc. geog. it. 1869. H. 8. p. 42. 44). Aber es
fehlt der Beweis, dass beide Formen aus Samen einer und derselben Pflanze entstehn
können. — In Südeuropa findet man oft in Menge die rothe und die blaue beisammen.
G. Bentham fand zweimal Individuen mit blass lila-purpurnen Blüthen, vielleicht
Bastarde. (Adress annivers. meet. Lin. soc. 24. Mai 1869. p. 29). Ähnliches nach
W. Herbert und Alefeld. Garcke erwähnt eine rosenrothe Varietät (cf. Flora. N. M.
Dtschl. 1869. S. 325). Im Übrigen ist es mir nicht möglich gewesen, zwischen der
rothen und der blauen Anagallis einen anderen Unterschied als eben die Farbe auf-
zufinden, welche nach jenen Autoren aber unsicher und ungenügend für den Artbegriff
. wäre, wenn nämlich jene Mittelfarben ‘wirklich solche wären und durch Variation
(und nicht durch Hybridation) entstanden sind. Selbst die mikroscopische Untersuchung
der Epidermis der Blüthen ergab für beide Formen keinen irgend durchgreifenden
Unterschied; ebenso die „Drüsenhaare” (Knopf-Haare) am Rande der Blüthe; oder
die Form und Grósse des Pollens. Gay fand an emer zu Pont-Sainte-Maxence gesam-
melten Anag. phoenicea die Blumenkrone um die Hälfte kürzer als den Kelch, mit
mehr oder weniger getrennten, schwarz- violetten Blamenblättern. (Moquin-Tand. terat.
1849. p. 117. Ib. S. 290 wird auch eine Varietät mit getrennten Blumenblättern
erwähnt).
Auf unserem Beete waren 1869 10 rothblüthige und 9 blaublüthige Pflanzen
vorhanden, ohne Andeutung einer Variation oder Zwischenform. — 1870 erschienen
beide Formen rein nebeneinander, 6 Pflanzen roth; 6 blau (nur die blühenden gezählt).
1871 zeigte sich ebenfalls keine Änderung. — 1872 dagegen erschien unter ca.
200 Pflanzen ein Exemplar mit fevschfarbigen (hellrosa) Blumen, neben den übrigen |
unveränderten. Es fragt sich nun, ob dies Kreuzungsprodukt oder Variation ist.
Die Farben-Nüance spricht für letztere Ansicht, und zwar für eine Farbänderung
der blauen Form. Dafür spricht auch der Umstand, dass auf einem anderen Beete,
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wo reine Varietas rosea — fleischfarbig, im Schlund carmin, — gezogen wurde,
deren Samen von auswárts erhalten worden, mehrere Pflanzen in coerulea umschlugen.
Gewiss ist, dass obiges Exemplar mit rosa-fleischfarbigen Blüthen Samen lieferte,
aus welchen 1873 mehrere Pflanzen erwuchsen, welche genau ebenso blühten. Aus
deren Samen entstand 1874 eine Pflanze, welche immer rosa blühte. Ich muss bemerken,
| \ dass meine Bemühungen, künstlich beide Arten zu kreuzen, im Jahre 1872 fehl-
\ \ geschlagen sind (unter mehreren Versuchen nur einer mit scheinbarem Erfolg +).
| Hierin stimmt also meine Erfahrung mit der von Gärtner (Bastard-Erzeug. 1849.
| 101. 174. 309.) vollkommen überein, während Lecog g und: W. Herbert Erfolg gehabt
‚haben wollen. Da das Pollen bereits austritt, ehe die Blume sich öffnet, so ist
Selbstbestäubung als möglich anzunehmen. Körnicke referirte 1872 über einen Bastard
von Anag. arv. phoenic. u. coerul., beob. von Melsheimer in Linz a. Rh. (Blattform
der coerulea, Blüthenfarbe fast gleich phoenic. Manifestirte sich durch Unfrucht-
barkeit, Pollen meist leer. Martin habe künstlich einen Bastard erzielt; Beschreibung
übereinstimmend mit obiger. s. Sitz. Ber. p. 38. Verh. nat. Ver. preuss. Rheinld.
30. 1. 1873). H. Müller (Auszug im Naturforscher 1874. p. 74) bemerkt: die Blüthe
von Anag. ist sehr unscheinbar, ohne Duft und Honig, und wird kaum von Insecten
besucht, sie ist also wohl auf Selbstbestäubung angewiesen. (Trotz dem aber sehr
fruchtbar). Im Original heisst es bez. Anag. arv. u. coer.: Bei eintretendem Insecten-
besuche ist Fremdbestäubung gesichert, bei ausbleibendem: Selbstbestäubung.
(S. H. Müller Befr. d. Blumen. 1873. p. 349 mit Abb.) Narbe und Staubgefässe
sind gleichzeitig entwickelt, liefern den Insecten Pollen. Kein Honig. Insectenbesuch
von M nicht beobachtet.
Nach Hildebrand (mündlinge Mittheilung) scheint dagegen diese Pflanze keine
Selbstbefruchtung zu haben, da der Griffel in eigenthümlicher Weise den Antheren
ausweicht. — Ich selbst beobachtete 1874 vom Ende Juni bis Mitte Juli an heissen
Morgenden, wo diese Blumen schon um 8 Uhr sämmtlich geöffnet sind, 2 kleine
Fliegen und zahlreiche kleine Bienchen (6 M. M. lang, mit gelben Binden, Erdlöcher
bewohnend: Andrena marginata?), welche sehr eifrig und ausschliesslich mit Pollen-Holen
. beschäftigt waren, wovon sie gelbe Höschen trugen. Dieselben Bienchen sah ich auch
auf Papaver Rhoeas v. Cornuti mit Pollen-Holen beschäftigt. — 1873 erschienen auf
unserem Beete zahllose Pflanzen, rothe und blaue, durch einander, unter ihnen auch
wieder eine rosea. Diese brachte Samen, aus welchen 1874 (bei Topfeultur) zwei Pflanzen
mit ziegelrothen Blüthen (welche sofort beseitigt wurden) entstanden, neben wenigen
1) Eine castrirte Blüthenknospe der rothen, mit Pollen der blauen gekreuzt, brachte Samen, aus
welchen aber 1873 die rein rothe Form lr GE (in mehreren Exemplaren), es mag also nachträglich
von den benachbarten Pflanzen aus legitime Bestäubung stattgefunden haben.
19
anderen, die theils überhaupt nicht blühten, oder wenigstens nur Eine Frucht brachten
(deren Blüthenfarbe übersehen worden war). Dies spricht für Bastardbildung mit
Rückschlag, da fremde Einschleppung kaum anzunehmen ist. Wenn die Kreuzung | ;
nicht so schwierig wäre, wie es den Anschein hat, so würde ich der Ansicht zuneigen, | |
dass phoenicea und coerulea nur Varietäten seien, wie Koch für möglich hält und |
Linné anzunehmen scheint; und wir hätten wieder einen Fall, welcher zeigt, wie | |
glücklich Linné's Urtheil war. | M |
1874 zahlreiche Pflanzen; darunter eine auffallend Aleinblüthig, das Ziegelroth mit ۱ A |
einem Stich in Rosa; Durchmesser 4 M. M. Ferner erschienen 6 blau blühende - Ep À
Pflanzen, 1 rosa-blüthige und zahlreiche rothblühende. 1875: 2 rosa, Rest Ziegel- | | | li
roth; Keine blau. U
E Anagallıs arvensis phoenicea.
Im Juni 1873 wurden 4 Blüthenknospen emer Topfplantage castrirt, mit
Pollen der coerulea gekreuzt, und durch einige Tage isolirt. Gleichzeitig wurden |
sämmtliche eben offenen Blüthen der Plantage beseitigt, um legitime Befruchtung WI 3H
zu verhindern. Nach einigen Tagen zeigten sich, wie bei normaler Befruchtung, die É |
Blüthenstiele übergebogen, die F ruchtkelche hängend; allein es entwickelten sich
doch nur zwei Kapseln, und selbst von diesen war die eine verkümmert. Beide Ep 3
wurden 1874 ausgesäet (Topfeultur), es entwickelten sich aber keine Pflanzen. —
Als interessante Anomalie erwähne ich hier die von S. des Étangs beobachtete An.
phoenicea mit dreizähligen Blättern (1872); s. auch Koch Syn. 1843. 669. — Ferner
ist hervorzuheben, dass auch eine weissblüthige Varietät beobachtet ist (Mösler, Ge-
wächskunde. 1815. I. 256, unter coerulea. Garcke Flora 1869 p. 325 unter der rothen).
!
IL Dieselbe Form. | : l
|
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Anagallis coerulea Schreb. €
L 1869 wurde ein Beet mit der rein blauen Form besäet, um zu erproben, ob | | if |
etwa durch spontane Variation die rothblüthige (phoenicea Lmk.) auftreten könne. | " À
Allein, für diesmal wenigstens, trat keine Anderung ein. — Es ist hierbei zu bemerken, ` S SCH 1 d 4
dass phoenicea in manchen Gegenden sehr verbreitet ist, wo coerulea dagegen selten |
vorkommt. Dies gilt durch das ganze mittelrheinische Gebiet. Solche Orte, wo beide 3
überhaupt zugleich vorkommen sind selten; in der Regel schliesst eine die andere 4
aus. (Vgl. Hoffmann’s Karte no. 1 und S. 8 im 13. Berichte der oberhessischen {| |
Gesellschaft für Natur und Heilkunde, Giessen 1869). 1870 kamen abermals mehrere | | E 1 |
Pflanzen, sämmtlich blaublüthig. Ebenso — zahlreiche Exemplare — 1871. — | ۱ |
1872: 4 E., blau. 1873: sehr zahlreich, sämmtlich blau.
RETA SEE
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30
In der Hoffnung, ausser der Farbe noch anderweitige, vielleicht biologische
specifische Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Formen (roth und blau) aufzufinden,
habe ich auch die klimatischen und phänologischen Verhältnisse der hs
unterworfen. Was die earners im freien Zustande auf demselben Beet betrifft,
so scheint phoenicea_um einige Tage voraus zu sein; doch haben sich noch keine
genügend sicheren Zahlen ergeben.
Erste Blüthe im freien Lande bei
phoenicea . . . . . 80 V (Mittel aus 5 Jahren)
gonne eden. BE NÉE w f ET me
Bei gleichzeitigen Topfsaaten fand ich sie bei gleicher Behandlung theils genau
isochronisch , theils coerulea früher als arvensis; indess stammten die Samen aus
verschiedeneh Bezugsquellen. — Die Keimungszeit anlangend, so beobachtete ich
1873 Folgendes :
a. phoenicea. Samen aus Giessen, Rouen, Coimbra. Keimung
nach 24 Tagen: Giessen; Saat am 8. April.
MII LL SARO Heim QD»
eden i wes COMA ETN cw
Û. coerulea. Samen aus Giessen, Frankfurt, Erlangen, Palermo. Keimung
nach 22 Tagen: Erlangen; Saat am 5. April.
M 30 " : Giessen B // iuis: N
V. rosea. Wb Ua cR
Ec SU nes Frankfurt: nele Wc
Pate نات Cr Sena eoe Baie
Hieraus ergibt sich weder ein genügend deutlich hervortretender Unterschied
zwischen den beiden Formen, noch auch ein solcher beziiglich der Herkunft: wenn
die von auswärts erhaltenen Samen von acclimatisirten Exemplaren abstammen sollten,
so würden sie beweisen, dass ihre Wärme-Bedürfnisse die nämlichen sind in Palermo
und in Frankfurt. Die Erlanger verbrauchten anscheinend weit weniger. Für die
Periode von der Keimung bis zur ersten Blithe brauchten die Pflanzen von Coimbra
A4 Tage, die von Rouen 47, — also fast gleich viel, trotz dem so verschiedenen
Clima der beiden Geburtsorte.
Em gleicher Versuch ergab (bei gleichzeitiger Saat) in 1874 Fo lgendes :
Farbe. Keimung. erste Käthe
a. Von Dresden: blau od rosa — 1X des BNL.
6. u. Palermo: blau, rosa — 8. V ES 2A. VL
€ „n Coimbra: blau — 19. V — 4. VII!
d. v» Palermo: blau CEE RAS = 24. VI.
e. wv Genua: roth uad Ve = VOUS
SE
rg rungen
ee SIME رس
21
Hieraus ergibt sich, wenn wir e, weil roth, ausser Acht lassen:
Bezüglich der Keimung ist Dresden voraus, dann folgt Palermo, zuletzt Coimbra
in Portugal. Also ähnlich wie 1878. Und bezüglich der Auf blühzeit ergibt sich ebenfalls,
dass Dresden voraus ist, dann folgt Palermo (2 verschiedene Proben), zuletzt — auf-
fallend verspätet — Coimbra. |
Der Farbstoff der coerulea ist verschieden von demjenigen der phoenicea. Bei
coerulea ist er geformt, teigig, und füllt nicht das ganze Zelllumen aus. In dem
aeusseren Theile des Kronsaumes ist er rein blau, nach der Basis dunkelviolett,
hier scharf contourirt, aus Körnchen bestehend, welche ungefähr spindelförmige
Gruppen bilden, dabei hier spärlich und nur in einzelnen Zellen. Mit Salzsäure erwärmt,
bildet sich eine carminrothe Lösung, welche die Zellen gleichmässig erfüllt, darin
erhalten sich noch lange Zeit merkliche Reste jener blauen Masse. Ammoniak stellt
die blaue Farbe wieder her. Bei phoenicea ist der Farbstoff eine Lösung, roth, füllt
die ganze Zelle aus, und findet sich namentlich concentrirt und intensiv carminroth
in den Knopfhaaren am Rand. Durch Salpetersäure werden beide Farbstoffe entfürbt.
Die phoenicea wird durch Salzsäure nicht verändert. Die #eischfarbige Form hat in
den Knopfhaaren carminrothen, geformten, teigigen Farbstoff, welcher nicht die
ganze Terminalzelle ausfüllt; in den Stielzellen ist der Farbstoff rosa und gelöst.
Im Limbus ebenso, sehr blass. Aber gegen die Basis hin finden sich in den hier
lebhaft carminrothen Zelllüssigkeiten intensiv blaue, körnige, also geformte Farbstoff-
Anhäufungen (von mitunter spindelförmiger oder rundlicher Gestalt); daher der fundus
limbi tief purpurn (fast violett) erscheint. Es steht demnach die Form camea auch
in Bezug auf die Natur des Farbstoffs zwischen phoenicea und coerulea, indem ihr
Farbstoff theils geformt, theils flüssig ist. Ammoniak-Lösung färbt die Blume der
carnea am purpurnen Grunde blau, der Rest des Limbus bleibt fleischfarbig.
IL Dieselbe Form. |
Im Jahre 1872 wurden 5 Knospen mit Pollen der phoenicea gekreuzt ; indess nur
eine Kapsel schwoll an, und zwar nur auf + der normalen Grösse, ohne sich über.
haupt vollständig auszubilden. — Fraglich ist, ob das Misslingen der Kreuzung in
allen diesen Fällen vielleicht nur in der Protandie begründet ist. Die frühe Öffnung - 2
der Antheren macht es nämlich nothwendig, sehr zeitig zu castriren ; es fragt sich |
aber, ob zu dieser Zeit die Narbe bereits conceptionsfähig ist.
111, Anagallis coerulea f rosea, Samen von Erlangen.
1873. Es erschienen neben rosafarbigen mehrere blaue, welche sofort beseitigt
wurden.
1874. Abermals eine blaue, welche exstirpirt wurde; Rest (viele) rosa.
ل
pum EE EENG ©
Geographische Verbreitung.
1. Gesammt-Areal. Dasselbe spricht für Identität der beiden Formen, da die Areale
| sich fast vollständig decken, während Zenella wesentliche Abweichungen zeigt. Indess
gibt es auch Differenzen, wie ich z. B. coerulea im südl Norwegen nicht angegeben
finde neben der rothen, wie sie auch in Schweden sehr selten ist (Wahlenb. suec. 1. 129).
Und dann ist zu bedenken, dass das ganze oder fast ganze Areal beider Pflanzen
; wohl nur ein secundäres ist, d. h. sie folgten dem Acker- und Gartenbau (selbst
t | in die fernsten Länder).
| 9. Gewisse Ungleichheiten in dem Vorkommen beider Formen wiederholen sich
| |
Hij | auch auf engerem Raume, u. könnten, da die Culturmethoden im Allgemeinen hier
| ii RE nicht verschieden sind, wohl auf speeifisch verschiedene klimatische oder Bodenbe-
Hi | | | ziehungen gedeutet werden.
i | : Anagallis arvensis L.
۳ 3 os : Lecog g. b. VIIL 129: Les champs, les lieux cultivés et méme les sables des
ME. ۱ rivières sont embellis par cette jolie plante annuelle. — Pendant longtemps les fleurs
se succèdent et les fruits les remplacent, en sorte que la végétation est continue
pendant toute la belle saison. — Mature du sol. Altitude. On trouve cette plante
sur tous les terrains, bien qu’elle préfère ceux qui sont siliceux et sablonneux. Elle
| 2 préfère la plaine aux montagnes, et s'élóve au plus à 1000" dans les pays chauds.
Géographie. Cet Anagallis est très-répandu dans toutes les directions mais sans doute
naturalisé dans de nombreuses localités. — Au sud, il existe en Espagne, en Corse,
IE o ; aux Baléares, en Algérie dans les moissons, sur les montagnes et jusque dans les
| AS jd | | cultures arrosées des oasis, en Egypte, à Madère, aux Açores, aux Canaries et en
HIE De ۱ Abyssinie où il est commun dans les champs. — Au nord, il est aussi très-commun
il WX dans toute l'Europe centrale, en Danemark, en Gothie, dans la Norvège et la Suède
(E 9 australe, en Angleterre et en Irlande. — A Foccident, il croît en Portugal, et il
HEEE est indiqué dans la majeure partie de l'Amérique du nord et du sud, ou il a sans
| on doute été transporté. A l'orient, on le trouve en Suisse, dans toute l'Italie, en Sicile,
EN | en Turquie, en Grèce, en Dalmatie, en Hongrie, en Croatie, en Transylvanie, en
۲۰۰ ۲ Tauride, dans le Caucase, en Géorgie, au mont Sinaï, dans les Russies moyenne
HE a. E et australe, et dans la Sibérie de l'Oural. — On le connait encore à la Nouvelle-
l Zélandė, au cap de Bonne-Espérance, à la Nouvelle-Hollande, au Japon, etc. —
x
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KEEN EEF SRE Ez
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P SS ETC
23
Limites d'extension de l'espèce. _
Bude o Abvssme on 10° } Ecart en
Node, 193 es e 61 ۱ latitude 51°
Occident. . . Açores 13 28, 30 ) Heart en
Orient. . . . Sibérie de l'Oural 68 E! longitude 98°.
Ca EE EE 4998.
Nachtrag. Zerstreute Notizen:
Anagall. «ros. L. roth:
In Thracia et Macedonia: pr. Ineada, pr. Bujukdere, ad fontem Borghas; in
litore penins. Hajon — Oros pr. Iviron locis lapidosis (substr. marmor. et micaschist.)
' Griseb. spicil. fl. Rumel. II. 8.
Anag. arv., auch einmal v. carnea: Lizard-Peninsula, England (Baker, Journ.
Bot. 1872). — Wangeroog (Nöldeke. 1872); arv. Riga: Ballastdamm, Bienenhof,
Steinholm (Diercke u. Buhse. 1870).
An. arv. Nord- u. Mittel-Europa, Nord- u. Mittel-Asien. Japan. (Miquel. Arch.
Néerland. 1867. IL. 2. 309). — Alatau: Asien (Semenoff, Bull. n. Moscou. 1868. 1. p. 65).
Anagallis coerulea Schreb.
Lecog. g. B. VIIL 131: Cette espèce, considérée par Linné et par plusieurs
botanistes comme une simple variété de la précédente, croît dans les mêmes lieux
et présente à peu près les mêmes caractères. Elle en diffère par ses fleurs toujours
bleues, et par ses feuilles ordinairement plus larges et plus souvent ternées. Elle
۰ ^ . ER i 2 =: e ۰
fleurit également pendant la majeure partie de l’année. — Nature du sol. Altitude.
Ss 7 - 5 یت FR x A Ren :
Comme l'Anag. arvensis. Geog aphie. Au um elle croit en France, en Espagne,
aux Baléares, en Barbarie, aux Canaries et à Saint-Jacobi, l'une des îles du cap.
0 1 s 1 e |
Vert. — Au nord, on la trouve dans toute l'Europe centrale, en Danemark, en
ie. où el rare : oleterre et — À l'oca i
Mme où elle est rare; en ae e et en Irlande. A l'occident, nous ajouterons
e Portugal aux Canaries. — A. lorient, elle habite la Suisse, VItalie, la Sicile,
à GE Y SC i Yn ` NEN ۱
la Dalmatie, la Croatie, la Hongrie, la Transylvanie, la Grèce, la Thrace, la Tauride
Enori < Armén] € 1 ud ERE
le Caucase, la Géogrie, l'Arménie, la Russie moyenne et la Sibérie de lOural. —
Limites d'extension. de l'espèce :
Sad Se Iles du Cap Vert 18%) Beart en
o Angleterre . . . . 58 ! latitude 45°
Occident... Iles du Cap Vert 260) Heart en
Orient . . ,. Sibérie de l'Oural 68 E! longitude 94°.
Carré d'expansion |
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Il [^y Nachtrag. Zerstreute Notizen:
n bh In Thracia boreali: ad Haemum. (Griseb. spicil. fl. Rumel. IL. 8).
a | | Bei Rio de Janeiro, wohl eingeschleppt. (Weddell. cf Lecoq. Gé. bot. IV. 259). ۰
" | Verwildert bei Philadelphia, aus Europa. (A. H. Smith. 1867).
Ir ۲
Ou JW Anagallis arvensis wad coerulea, nicht geschieden.
4.
ii à ie Anag. arvensis und coerulea. Schreb., oft zusammen, beide mit drüsigen Wimpern
D H am Rande der corolla: Malta. Duttie. (Journ. of Bot. 1872. p. 209).
il = Anag. phoen. u. coer. © u. ©. Verlassen selten die Culturen u. dort wohl eingeschleppt.
in i | | In allen Ländern der Erde verbreitet. Devos (Belgien).
Hi H | Anag. arv. L (also floribus carneis, cf. Lin. Syst. ed. Richter 1840. 164):
۱-۲۱ In arvis et campis sterilibus per planities omnes Scepusii, Liptowiae, Arvae et
HE | E | Neofori (Neumark) passim. Wahlenberg fl. carp. 1814. p. 57. _
Wee M A. de Candolle géog. bot. 572: Europe jusqu'en Suéde, en Livonie et à Pensa,
l gd sud-ouest de la Sibérie, Caucase, Perse, mont Sinaï, Cachemir, îles Lou-Chou, |
ji n Japon, Nouvelle-Hollande (probablement de la Nouvelle-Galles), Nouvelle-Zélande ,
i H SE île Maurice, Cap, où elle est commune, peut-être à Sierra Leone, Abyssinie et Egypte,
Au D SE Madère, Acores, États-Unis, Californie, Mexique, même près de Mexico, Monte-
۱۰ ۱ - Vidéo, Brésil..
i K Atriplex latifolia Whlbg. 9
li E | Bekanntlich wird die Form salina für eine durch Salzgehalt des Bodens veranlasste
H: | (varietas lepidoto-incana” der gemeinen Form gehalten (S. Koch Syn. 702), wofür
hs ll ihr Standort an Salinen und am Meeresgestade in der That zu sprechen scheint.
۱۱ 6 Allein ohne directen Nachweis kann diese Ansicht eben nur als Vermuthung gelten,
| H da die Einwirkung des Salzgehaltes im Boden auf die Pflanzen nach meinen Versuchen
HIE D weit geringer ist, als man sich in der Regel vorstellt. Bei Godron (espèce 1. 118)
EN o heisst es: Une variété des marais salants a été décrite sous le nom d Afr. oppositifolia De.
d (nach Koch identisch mit v. salina): rabougri, plus petite, feuilles plus blanches et
HE un peu plus épaisses !).
| Hu
| ee Ww !) Was die Succulenz mancher Halophyten betrifft, so vermuthete Willkomm (iber. Halbinsel),
۱۱۳ ۰ از dieselbe rühre von dem Salzgehalte des Saftes her, indem Salzwasser schwerer verdunste, als reines
| | | E Ji Wasser. Grisebach glaubt diese Ansicht durch seine Beobachtungen über die Formenreihe von Atriplex
À i ۳ hastata an der Nordseeküste bestätigen zu können (Veget. d. Erde. 1. 442. 589. 1872). Meine
| 1 l VW Versuche (mit Plantago maritima) sind dieser Ansicht keineswegs günstig, insofern bei künstlicher
li | mE Ernährung mit grossen Kochsalzmengen kein Fleischiger-Werden wahrgenommen werden konnte.
E. M
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L’opposition des feuilles n'est qu'un accident, qu'on rencontre aussi dans le type.
Er spricht ferner von Übergängen; von mangelnder Samenbeständigkeit; sie schlage
in der ersten Generation zurück. Cosson und Germain (flore de Paris) gehn noch
weiter. Sie vereinigen unter dem Namen A. polymorpha die angustifolia, patula, | a
hastata L., latifolia Whlbg. Nach Nô/deke (Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen. III. 164. 1872) | |
ist die Atr. lat. W. v. salina K. ausgezeichnet durch blaugraue Blätter, mit Schülfern. ` It
Zähne stark bis fast fehlend. Pflanze aufrecht und niederliegend, gross und klein. ri |
. Findet sich auf Borkum, Norderney u. s. w. Dort auch die Hauptform, nämlich M
auf cultivirtem Boden; die Varietät dagegen auf der Aussenweide (der direkten Ein- |
wirkung des Meerwassers entzogene Wiesen), an Wiesengräben. — F. Buchenau | | = E
beobachtete am Jadebusen ausser der schülferigen, niedergestreckten Form an einer re |
Stelle (Oberahn) aufrechte, grüne Exemplare; nicht, wie bei dem Salzgehalte des E
Standorts zu erwarten gewesen würe, schülferig. (Abh. nat. Verein. Bremen. III. |
1873. p. 544. 538).
` Ich habe die Pflanze 1869 in Töpfe ausgesäet, von denen der eine ohne Salz de M 1
blieb, der andere mit Salz versehen wurde, nachdem die jungen Pflanzen erschienen | An
waren, was ihnen beiläufig bemerkt sehr schlecht bekam, so dass sie abstarben und | "
eine spätere Nachpflanzung von 3 Zoll hohen Sämlingen aus dem ersten Topfe nóthig i=
wurde. Salzdosis (Küchensalz) 1 Theelóffel voll auf einen Topf von ca. 21 cm. Breite | SE | i
|
und 27 em. Höhe. Bis zum 30. Juni wurde jene Dosis noch 2 mal wiederholt.
Durch einen Untersatz war verhindert, dass die Erde durch den Regen ausgelaugt
würde. Weiterhin zeigte sich die Pflanze im Salztopfe in gutem Gedeihen, fructificirte e
reichlich; Farbe dunkelgrün, auch sonst Alles wie bei den Exemplaren im ungesalzenen E
Topfe. Bemerkenswerth ist, dass am 17. August die letzteren Exemplare viel stärker cp |
verfarbt, die Friichte weit reifer und entwickelter waren, als im Salztopfe, die Ver- SS |
zogerung der letzteren dürfte mit emer durch den Salzgehalt veranlassten grösseren = | ۱
Feuchtigkeit (und damit einer Herabsetzung der Temperatur) in Verbindung stehen. E
1870 erschien auf beiden Töpfen eine grosse Menge von Keimpflanzen, zum Beweise,
dass in der Ausbildung der Samen kem Unterschied war. Anfangs Mai waren im : = E i
Salztopfe die Blättchen doppelt so gross, als 1m anderen (vielleicht ebenfalls Folge | B
grösserer und constanterer. Feuchtigkeit in Folge des Salzgehaltes); — was sich aber
weiterhin wieder ausglich. Um diese Zeit wurden dem betr. Topf wieder 2 Theelöffel
voll Küchensalz aufgestreut, in Folge dessen alle Exemplare, obgieich schon 6—12
Zoll hoch, bis auf 6 abstarben; diese aber wuchsen allmählich gut heran und zeigten
bis zu Ende des Sommers keinen Unterschied in Hóhe, Form, Oberhautbekleidung |
und Fructification gegen die (30) Pflanzen des salzfreien Topfes. Auch im Jahre 1871 LM "M 1
. zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen den beiden — an Individuen sehr reichen — e | |
Serien: mit oder ohne Salzzusatz — 1872, nach Zusatz von 3 Löffelchen Salz in H
4
ote
e Deem a GE e WEE e SE OM. I
26
den Topf, wurden 6 Exemplare mit Ballen eingepflanzt, an denen sich indess weiterhin
keine Aenderung zeigte. — 1873 musste, da nur wenige Samen spontan aufgingen ,
wieder aus dem salzfreien Topfe übergepflanzt werden. Der Salz-lopf erhielt über
Sommer 7 mal die gewóhnliche Salzdose, allein es zeigte sich an den Pflanzen keine
Spur einer morphologischen Einwirkung. Die vorhandenen Stümme wären im unge-
salzenen Topfe aufrecht; auf 3 anderen Tópfen — von denen zwei gesalzen — nieder-
gestreckt. Auch diesmal wiederholte sich der Fall, dass — wenigstens in dem emen — |
ungesalzenen — Topfe die Blätter der Pflanzen (am 4. Sept.) reifer, mehr in's Gelbe e
verfärbt waren, als in den übrigen; in der Fruchtreife war kein Unterschied bemerk-
| bar, — beiderseits noch unreif Es war dies eben derselbe Topf, welcher durch
| aufrechtes Wachsthum der Stengel ausgezeichnet war. Diese Beobachtungen scheinen
| der Eingangs erwähnten Ansicht nicht günstig. Überdies wurde in diesem Sommer
an einer von Salzverdacht gänzlich freien Stelle in der Nähe meines Wohnorts eim
Exemplar gefunden, welches durchaus mit Schülfern bedeckt war. Em Übergang in
A. patula L. (angustifolia Sm.) wurde in sämmtlichen Serien nicht beobachtet :
HIE | . Blatter unterwürts hastat; Fruchtperigon dreieckig. Allerdings ist der Unterschied
D D | eben nicht gross, u. Cosson wird wohl Recht haben.
N i = | 1874 im Ma wurden wieder 2 Theelöffel Salz zugegeben (immer in denselben
| M ۳ l Topf), ebenso Ende August, aber ohne alle sichtbare Einwirkung : die (25) erschienenen
In Mw We . Pflanzen waren grün, ohne Schülfern: Die aufrechte oder niederliegende Haltung der
9 Stämme ist weder abhängig von der Anwesenheit oder dem Fehlen des Salzes, noch
von der oberflächlicheren oder tieferen Saat, noch auch ist sie erblich.
IL. Samen von Blankenberghe, (belgische Küste), aus Salztümpeln hinter den Dünen,
| " : | neben Salicornia herbacea, Salsola, Lepigonum, Aster Tripolium). Form: nieder-
[| ie: li : ۱ ۱ liegend , grün , ohne Schülfern , Samen aufrecht, glatt, braun ; 1873. — Cultur ab 1874:
| | ohne Salz. Die niederliegende Haltung war noch — wenn auch weniger entschieden —
tie d E zu erkennen; im Uebrigen zeigte sich nichts geändert: Gedeihen vortrefflich. 1n
| ila mg | Farbe und "ome nicht verschieden von den andern Culturen.
ni “à = Atropa Belladonna L., lutea. $
. L Diese von E. Schütz in Württemberg wild gefundene Form von unbekannter
Entstehung mit gelben — statt braun und gelben — Blüthen und gelben — statt
schwarzen — Früchten hat sich dem Entdecker bei der Cultur unveränderlich erwiesen.
Da die Pflanze ausdauernd ist, so lässt sich daraus nicht ersehn , ob dasselbe Exemplar
oder eine Reihe aufemander folgender Generationen gemeint ist. Dieses letztere aber
ESCH MES schien mir von besonderer Bedeutsamkeit, und ich habe deshalb seit 1860 Versuche
I Uu. S in beiderlei Richtungen ausgeführt. Zunächst ist zu constatiren, dass an einem
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27
= 'gelbblüthigen Stocke niemals andere als gelbe Blüthen und gelbe Früchte von mir
beobachtet worden sind. Was den zweiten Punkt betrifft, so habe ich bis zu Ende
1869. 2 Generationen bis zur Blühreife züchten können; dieselben zeigten sich bis
dahin völlig constant; es müsste also diese Form, wenn die Sache sich weiterhin
nicht ànderte, als àchte Species (etwa ähnlich Anagallis coerulea im Verhältniss zu
phoenicea) betrachtet werden, deren ursprüngliche Entstehung ebenso unbekannt ist
wie jene der braunblüthigen Form von Belladonna. Als wahre Varietät kónnte dieselbe
nur dann aufgefasst werden, wenn ihre Entstehung aus der braunen wirklich beobachtet
worden wäre. Uebrigens stimmt die Zeit des Aufblühens und der Fruchtreife ziemlich
genau mit jener bei der typischen Form überein: im Mittel
braune . . . . erste Blithe am 3. VI.
ehe re n PELE RENE
(nach Beobachtungen derselben Plantagen durch 6 identische Jahre). wenigstens ist
der Unterschied so gering, dass er von der Standortsverschiedenheit bedingt sein mag.
Auch 1870 waren die Blüthen und Früchte der Originalpflanze gelb. Ebenso 1871,
1872, 1873, 1874. Im letzteren Jahre machte Professor Buchheim mit dem Safte
dieser Pflanze eine Eintrópfelung in das Auge, worauf starke Pupillen-Erweiterung
eintrat. Sie ist also ebenso atropin-haltig wie die typica. An einer £ypischen , braungelb
blühenden u. schwarzfrüchtigen Plantage, welche ich von 1864 bis 1874 sorgfältig
beobachtete, erschienen niemals anomale Farben.
a. Kreuzung der typisch braunen mit der gelben Form wurde 1869 versucht,
wobei das Pollen der lutea auf die vorher castrirte Blüthe der typica übertragen
wurde, noch bevor deren Antheren reif und geöffnet waren. Es wurde aus mehreren
bestäubten Blüthen nur Eine Frucht gewonnen, welche rein schwarz war. Bei der
Aussaat 1870 zeigten sich die Samen grau, kleiner als gewöhnlich; sie lieferten keine
Keimpflanzen. Derselbe Versuch wurde 1870 mittelst gleicher Bestäubung wiederholt.
Die Aussaat der erzielten Samen lieferte 1871 keine Keimpflanzen. Auch 1872 wurde
eine Blüthe der braunen castrirt und bestáubt mit Pollen der gelben, und zwar mit
Erfolg. (Bemerkenswerth ist die rasche Färbung der reifenden Beere, welche ich bei
dieser Gelegenheit beobachten konnte Am 5. Aug. Nachmittags 4 Uhr war die
untere Hälfte der Beere schwarz; am 6. um dieselbe Zeit drei Viertel; am 7. um
8 Uhr V. M. die ganze Beere schwarz. Standort sehr schattig). Nach der Aussaat (1873)
der in ihr enthaltenen Samen erschienen zahlreiche junge Pflanzen, welche 1874
blühten, und zwar braun (von Anfang bis zu Ende der Biüthezeit); Frucht schwarz.
Also hier Rückschlag zur Mutter: zu der typica.
b. Umgekehrt wurden in demselben Jahre (1868) mehrere Blüthen der Judea castrirt
und mit Pollen der typica bestäubt. Sie setzten gut an, entwickelten reife Samen
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in gelblichen Früchten. Die Aussaat dieser (20) Samen von brauner Farbe und
anscheinend guter Beschaffenheit im April 1870 lieferte zahlreiche Keimpflanzen,
von welchen 3 gut gediehen. 1871 erschienen Blüthen, "welche wie bei der typica
gelb und óraun waren; die Beeren waren schwarz, soweit sie überhaupt zur Reife
kamen (4 Stück). — Es zeigt sich hier also ein vollständiger Rückschlag in die
Stammform durch Kreuzung mit dieser, was dafür zu sprechen scheint, dass die
gelbe Form in der That nicht den Werth einer Species, sondern nur den einer
wenig resistenten Varietät hätte.
c. Dieselbe Kreuzung (lutea mit Pollen der typica) wurde 1872 wiederholt, und
zwar mit Erfolg: a. Û. ` :
c. a. Die dadurch erzielten Samen brachten 1873 zahlreiche Keimpflanzen , welche
1874 blühten, und zwar braun; Früchte schwarz. Also Rückschlag nach dem Vater.
c. 6 Auch diese Samen brachten 1873 zahlreiche Keimpflanzen , welche 1874
| blühten: braun, Früchte schwarz. Also wie sub a Rückschlag nach der Pollen-Pflanze.
IL Samen von I wurden im October 1868 ausgesäet. Die Pflanzen blühten und
fruchten 1870 mit gelber Farbe.
III. Samen von I vom Sept. 1869 wurden im April 1870 ausgesät, 1871 die
jungen Exemplare verpflanzt, die in demselben Jahre erschienenen Blüthen waren
gelb. Ebenso 1872, 1873, 1874 Blüthen und Früchte.
IV. Von No. III wurden 1873 mehrere Samen der 1872 er Aernte ausgesät.
Dieselben blühten 1874, und zwar wiederum gelb, ebenso die Früchte.
Hieraus geht hervor, dass der Charakter der lutea durch eine ganze Reihe von
Generationen constant geblieben ist.
Lactuca sativa L. ®
I. F. Seminibus nigris. Auf ungedüngtem, nicht umgearbeitetem schlechtem Boden
cultivirt und durch Selbstaussaat forterhalten von 1864 an. Die Pflanzen erhielten
sich vollkommen typisch in Form und lebhaft hell grüner, reiner Farbe der Blätter ;
ebenso der abgestutzte Blüthenstand. Dagegen zeigte sich 1868, dass die Früchte
jetzt weiss geworden waren. Auch 1869, wo 7 Pflanzen erschienen, waren dieselben
durchaus typisch, breit- und stumpf blátterig , ohne Einschnitte, mit weissen Früchten
von Atlasglanz. 1870 kamen nur 3 Pflanzen zu (dürftiger) Entwickelung, welche
keine Abänderung zeigten. 1871 erschienen 8 Pflanzen, typisch mit weissen Samen.
29
1872: 55 Pflanzen, sehr kümmerlich, aber sonst ganz unverändert. Sie hatten, trotz
der Kälte und unterbrochener Schneedicke, zahlreich als kleine Pflänzchen mit wenigen
Blättern überwintert. 1873 nur 2 Pflanzen, streng typisch. Samen weiss, oben beider-
seits fein gewimpert. 1874: Nichts überwintert. Im Juli — zur Zeit des Stengeltriebes —
waren die unteren Blätter zum Theil graugrün (an Einer von 12 Pflanzen); im
Ganzen aber war die Farbe hellgrün, wie bisher, und auch in der Inflorescenz
zeigte sich keine Aendérung. :
Es ist also binnen 10 Jahren in 10 Generationen nicht gelungen, auf einem
ausgesucht schlechten und sonnigen Boden die Pflanze irgend wie erheblich zu ändern
oder gar in Scariola überzuführen. Hieraus würde folgen, wenn beide mit einander
specifisch identisch sind (s. u), dass der einmal angenommene Varietätscharakter
in gewissen Füllen ausserordentlich fest haften kann. e
II. Um den etwaigen Einfluss emer ungewöhnlichen Temperatur und Lichtmang gels
während der Blüthezeit auf die Embryo-Bildung und consecutive Gesammt-Entwickelung
der neu entstehenden Pflanze zu ermitteln, wurde 1872 eine Topfsaat mit Samen
von I gemacht; zur Zeit des Aufblühens (6. August, es waren eben 6 Blüthen- -Köpfe
geöffnet) wurden die Pflanzen auf 3 Tage in einen dunkeln, kühlen Keller (12° R)
gebracht. Die weiterhin aus jenen 6 Blüthen-Kópfchen — alle späteren brachten
keine Früchte — erhaltenen Samen wurden 1873 ausgesäet in einen Topf. Sie
keimten gleichzeitig mit anderen Saaten, die Blätter waren hellgrün, auch in der
Form den Altern gleich; aber die Stengel waren nicht fastigiat-corymbös, sondern
‚racemös. Acht Pflanzen, von gutem Gedeihen. (Sehr ähnlich einer gleichzeitig gezüch-
teten L. sat. romana, s. u.). Hiermit wäre der wesentlichste Unterschied gegen Scariola
verschwunden (s. u.). Wiederholle Versuche müssen zeigen, ob diese Aenderung Zufall ,
oder Folge der angegebenen Behandlung war. Die 1873 producirten Samen brachten
bei Topfeultur in 1874 wieder 13 Pflanzen, welche von den Stammältern nicht ver-
schieden waren. Farbe hellgrün, Blätter zart, am Rande zum Theil gezähnelt, wie
sub I. Blüthenstände ährig, racemös oder corymbös.
Also hat sich der Schritt nach Scariola nicht vergrössert, sondern verkleinert.
II. Dieselbe Form. 1873 wurde eine Topfaussaat der 1872 er Samen von No. I
. gemacht. Es erschienen 6 Pflanzen, ganz unverändert. Die Samen dieser Pflanzen
lieferten in 1874 bei Topfsaat mehrere Pflanzen, welche von den Stammältern
(ordinärem hellgrünen Lattich) nicht verschieden waren.
Lactuca Scariola L. © oder ©.
1. Eine aus botanischen Gärten bezogene Form, welche auf sehr gutem Boden
cultivirt wurde, war durch dunklere Farbe, Grösse, meist wagerechte Blätter von
ie ER GER ۳۳۹ نز
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30
unsrer gemeinen wilden Form etwas abweichend; der Dauer nach theils zweijährig, `
theils einjährig, letztere vielleicht aus überwinterten Samenpflänzchen. (Eine solche
Form habe ich auch aus ächt wilder Scariola im Garten erhalten). Ein Stamm brachte
1868 ungelappte Blätter und zeigte sich in jeder Beziehung identisch mit L. virosa و
auch die Früchte genau ebenso oben mit braunen Bórstchen versehen. Blüthenstand
pyramidal, nicht abgestutzt, bei der einen wie bei der andern. (Im Ganzen 32 Pflanzen
im Sommer 1868 vorhanden) — 1869 Abermals zahlreich blühend ; Exemplare etwa
mannshoch, wie bisher immer; die jungen Pflanzen meergrün, während Samenpflanzen
von unsrer wilden Form gelbgrün waren. Eine specifische Bedeutung kann dies nicht
haben; welche Farbvariationen kommen doch bei Sativa vor; vom Forellensalat bis
zum Schmittsalat. Eben so wenig Bedeutung hat es, dass die jüngsten Blüthenäste
theils nicht, theils kaum wickend waren, denn auch dieser Charakter ist schwankend
an derselben Pflanze. Auch diesmal erschien wieder ein Stamm mit breiten, ganzen
Blättern (statt fiedertheilig), wie bei Virosa. Ausserdem 4 blühende Stämme, der
eine am Stammgrunde mit ungetheilten, aufwärts mit getheilten Blättern; bei den
3 anderen alle Blätter getheilt. Bei letzteren die oberen Blätter nicht verdreht, bei
1 verdreht (senkrecht). Ausserdem sind im Herbste 4 Wurzelblattrosetten ohne Stamm
vorhanden, deren 2:die Blätter von der Form der Virosa haben.
Cosson und Germain sind auf anderem Wege gleichfalls zu dem Resultate gekom-
men, dass Scariola und virosa vereinigt werden müssen.
A. de Candolle (Géog. bot. 672. 843. 982. 986.) hält, wie Moris, Unger (Streif-
züge. Culturgeschichte 1857. 240) die Scariola für die mógliche oder wahrscheinliche
Stammform der Sativa; und da er diese für — süd-caucasisch — exotisch hält, so
würe Scariola ein Rückschlag von sativa, wofür in Europa ihre Standorte (an Wegen
und bei Häusern) sprechen würden. Man erinnere sich dabei der leichten Verbreitung
durch den Pappus. Virosa indess findet sich auch auf Felsen, z. B. im Moselthale,
nach Goerens ist sie häufig in Kalkbrüchen im Luxemburgischen, sowie auf der
Festung; in Central-Belgien ist sie (nach Piré und Muller) selten. (Soc. nat. Luxb.
1869. XIIL p. 120) F. Schulte gibt für Scariola und virosa zum Theil dieselben
Standorte an, z. B. im Glan- und Nahethal (cf Pollichia XX. 1863. S. 172.).
Hehn kommt durch historisch-linguistische Untersuchungen zu dem Resultate, dass
der Lattich (L. sativa) aus Italien stamme (Culturgewächse. 1870. p. 137). Nach
E. Fischer war der Lattich den Alten bis zu Hippocrates bekannt.
Meine Culturen sind der Ansicht von der Zusammengehórigkeit der Sativa und
| | Scariola günstig; ich fand indess bei der mannigfaltigst abgeänderten Cultur bis 1873
X
|
A
|
|: zwar alle Übergänge, aber, wie oben erwähnt, keine vollkommene und bleibende
Reduction der Sativa in Scariola. Jene Übergänge indess haben gewiss ihre Bedeutung.
1870. Plantage unverändert. Fünf Stämme kamen zum Blühen, 1 Meter hoch;
31
obere Blätter fiederspaltig; verdreht. Im Spätherbste mehrere Wurzelrosetten ohne
Stämme. — 1871: Pflanzen mannshoch, Wurzelblätter verkehrt elliptisch, hellgrün,
ungetheilt, sehr gross; Stengelblätter getheilt, horizontal (9 Stämme von vorjährigen _
Pflanzen). An 2 anderen Stämmen, die in diesem Jahre — einjährig — bereits zum
Blühen kamen, waren die Stengelblätter einfach (nicht fiederschnittig), horizontal. —
1872: über mannshoch, alle Blätter fiederschnittig. 2. Von der breitblitterigen , ganz-
randigen Form (s. o. sub 1) wurde aus 1868 speciell gesammelten Samen an einer
entlegenen Stelle auf schlechtem, zähem Boden eine Aussaat gemacht. Die 46 auf-
gekommenen Pflanzen erschienen unverändert, der Virosa gleich. Keine brachte es
bis zur Stengelbildung. Alle Blätter flach, breit, hell grasgrün, also sofort in der
Farbe geändert; nicht halb so gross, als an dem vorigen Standort. (auf Laub- u.
Mistbeeterde).
1870: hat zahlreich überwintert, Blätter hellgrün, Mittelrippe unterseits ohne
Stacheln. Die Blätter der weiterhin sich entwickelnden 7 Stämme senkrecht, fieder-
schnittig, tiefbuchtig, spitz. Höhe gerade wie sub 1. Also vollkommener Rückschlag
in die Stammform. Im Spätherbst noch mehrere Wurzelrosetten mit im Wesentlichen
ganzrandigen Blättern übrig, von auffallender Grösse. — 1871 zeigte sich, dass
unter den zahlreich überwinterten Pflanzen einige grasgrüne Blattrosetten (wie Sativa)
mit tiefen Zähnen am Rand hatten, andere graugrün waren, dabei fast ganzrandig.
Weiterhin entwickelten sich zahlreiche fast mannshohe Stengel mit fiederschnittigen
Blättern; diese wurden exstirpirt. Ferner 3 Kümmerlinge; nur 14 Fuss hoch, deren
Blätter ganz oder fast ganzrandig waren, identisch mit rosa, hellgrün von Farbe
(wührend die hochstengeligen graugrün waren) Die 3 Kümmerlinge sind zugleich
von dürftigen Exemplaren der Sativa kaum oder nicht zu unterscheiden , namentlich
von der safiva romana, selbst der Blüthenstand ist sehr ähnlich. Doch sind die
Blattbasen bei romana pfeilfórmig, — was sonst ein Charakter der üchten scariola
ist, — bei unsern 3 Exemplaren abgerundet , der Rückennerv wie bei virosa. —
1872 erschienen 4 Stämme mit fiederschnittigen Blättern mit costa setosa, welche
beseitigt wurden; einer anfangs mit ganzen, spatelfórmigen ; erst später — hoch am
Stamme — kamen getheilte zum Vorschein. — 1873: Von 8 überwinterten Wurzel-
rosetten trieb nur eine einen (sehr hohen) Stamm und blühte. Dieser wurde nahe
dem Boden abgebrochen, da es den typischen Scariola-Charakter an den Blüttern
zeigte; aus seinem Grunde aber entwickelten sich dann 4 über fusshohe secundäre
Blüthenstengel, deren Habitus corymbös war. Die Blätter flach, Carina meist
kahl, Rand gezühnt; also wie sativa romana. — 1874 erschienen 13 Pflanzen
mit fiederspaltigen Drehblättern am Stamme, welche cassirt wurden; ferner 10
Stimme mit ganzen Blättern am Stengel, Blüthenstand racemós و kurz identisch
mit virosa.
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32
- Dieselbe Form.
Aus den Samen der vorigen Form (2) von 1872 wurde 1873 an anderer Stelle
eine Aussaat gemacht. Es erschienen 12 Blattrosetten, welche es aber nicht bis zum
Treiben von Blüthenstengeln brachten. — 1874 entwickelten diese dann 10 Stengel,
die neu gebildeten Blätter waren bis 1 Fuss lang. Stengelblätter fiederschnittig, die
oberen gedreht; also reine Scariola.
(Lact. scar.)
3. Samen von der in unserer Gegend häufigen wilden Normalform von 2 Fuss
Hóhe, Stengelblätter fiedertheilig, graugrün, verdreht. Die Früchte sind halb so
gross und heller als bei No. l. — Aussaat am 5. April 1869 an einer schattigen
Stelle auf schwerem, kräftigem Boden; Samen. vom Vorjahre. Die ersten Blätter
sind 4ellgrün, wie auch bei der wilden, zum Theil breit, ungelappt, auf der Mit-
telrippe theils mit Stacheln, theils ganz frei davon (bei der wilden — von demselben
Ursprungsorte woher No. 3 .— sind aber die ersten Blätter stark gelappt und
unterseits mit Stacheln versehn); die Blätter der Stämme im Juli bläulichgrün, alle
horizontal, wur die obersten etwas gedreht, während sie bei der wilden weit abwärts
bis zum Stengelgrund sämmtlich senkrecht verdreht sind; wohl Schatten wirkung.
Am 28. August óffnete sich die erste Blüthe, von 50 Pflanzen haben nur 2 keine
Stengel getrieben; am 4. Oktober sammelte ich mehrere reife Samen. Also rein
einjührig geworden! Anfangs November waren ۵ Pflanzen mit Stengeln
versehn. Keine überwinterte. Es verdient hierbei bemerkt.zu werden, dass dieser
Sommer ein kühler war; Juni— August = 19,8" R. statt 13,7%. (Ganz dasselbe
Verschwinden der Verbiegung der Blätter in der Gartencultur habe ich 1867 bei
Samen der wilden Scariola von den Felsen von Ehrenbreitstein beobachtet, welche
an einer mässig lichten Stelle von mir auf gutem, tiefgründigem Boden ausgesäet
wurden. Alle Blätter, auch die oberen, horizontal, in der Consistenz wie Lattich.
Die Pflanzen brachten es in diesem Falle nicht über die Bildung von Blüthenknospen
hinaus, u. waren im folgenden Frühling verschwunden).
1870: Fortgesetzte Cultur. -Blätter der Stengel diesmal auffallend schmal, die
Milttelrippe mit Haaren statt Stacheln, rein hellgrün, wie Lattich, dessen Erstlings-
blàttern sie überhaupt sehr ähneln; alle Blätter der Stämme horizontal, gang seicht
eingeschnitten (eigentlich buchtig), wenig spitz ; Stämme bis 3 Fuss hoch. Alle 17
Stöcke brachten Blüthen und die meisten auch Frucht; also abermals einjährig, wie
sativa. Inflorescenz unverändert typisch. — 1871 wurden die Pflanzen (aus vorjährigem
Samen) 4 Fuss hoch, fructificirten zum Theil (also einjährig) ; Blätter fiederschnittig ,
auf dem Mittelnerv unterseits dornigborstig, zum Theil gedreht. Also ächte Scariola ,
nur von doppelter Höhe. — 1872 wurden die hellbraunen Samen auf Schlammerde
33
ausgesäet. Es erwuchsen Pflanzen von 4 Fuss Hôhe, durchaus aufrecht, während
gleichseitig im wilden Zustande beobachtete Pflanzen nur überhangende Knospen-Zweige
zeigten. Im Übrigen ganz die gemeine typische Form. |
4. Lactuca pseudo-virosa S-2.
Die Samen , unter diesem Namen von Münster bezogen, lieferten 1869 Pflanzen,
welche von hohen Exemplaren der Scariola No. 1. nicht charakteristisch verschieden
waren, selbst nicht in der Beschaffenheit der Früchte (braunschwarz). Im Übrigen
ist die Pflanze kahl, statt stachelig, was aber nach dem oben Mitgetheilten kein
Differentialeharakter sein kann; um so weniger, als an einzelnen Blättern am Grunde
der Hauptrippe noch Stachelchen beobachtet werden.
O1
L. scariola L. var. integrifolia. Ren angustana All.)
S. Koch. Syn 495. — Samen von Berlin. Cultur 1860, 12 Pflanzen. Die Blätter
sind meergrün, spitz, schmal, ganzrandig oder unten am Grunde mit einzelnen —
weit entfernten — Zacken, am Rande etwas dornig; Mittelrippe unterseits kahl!
Meist horizontal, einige verdreht. Der Blüthenstand ist, wie sonst bei Scariola, s. g.
pyramidal, vichtiger verkehrt erförmig, an anderen Exemplaren aus demselben Samen
aber fastigiat (oben gleichhoch) wie bei sativa! Wo bleibt nun der Unterschied von
sativa 1)? da auch die Einjährigkeit übereinstimmt, und die braunen Samen keinen
Unterschied von sativa zeigen. Oder warum zieht man unsre angustana All. gerade
zu Scariola? Culturversuche müssen die Sache weiterhin entscheiden. Einstweilen aber
spricht das Schwanken in der angeblich charakteristischen Form des Blüthenstandes
laut für Stammverwandtschaft von scariola und sativa; um so mehr, als man auf.
jedem grösseren Lattichbeete einzelne Exemplare finden wird, welche nicht fastigiat
sind, d. h. keinen Ebenstrauss haben, sondern im Profil des Blüthenstandes eine
lange schmale Ellipse zeigen. Es sind dies namentlich die Kümmerlinge, also gerade
diejenigen Exemplare, welche überhaupt bei fast allen veredelten Culturpflanzen die
grösste Neigung zum Rückschlag haben. A. Devos sagt darüber: L. sativa © et ©.
Cette plante est cultivée dans tous les jardins et se rencontre sub-spontanée sur les
terres enlevées des cultures, sur les décombres et aux bords des rivières. La patrie
est inconnue. Elle n'est peut-être qu'une variété de L. scariola obtenue par la cul-
ture. Adventive.
1) Koch (l. c. 494) sagt: L. sativa, in solo macro enato, omnibus notis cum L. scariola convenit,
nec differt nisi caule humiliore et panicula fastigiata. Die Höhe des Stengels ist übrigens nicht
entfernt als Differentialcharakter zu benutzen.
b
drin nite ice
— » SEE... Ti
94
Und bezüglich Z. scariola © et ©. Cette plante n'a pas en Europe l'apparence
aussi sauvage, aussi primitive, qu'au midi du Caucase où C. A. Meyer l'indique ix
campis et dumetis. En Italie, en Allemagne, en France, en Belgique, en Hollande |
= et en Angleterre, on la cite comme venant aux bords des chemins, dans les décombres,
| les terres vagues et rocailleuses prés des villages. Native? (Plts. naturalisées ou intro-
| . uites en Belgique. Bull. soc. bot. Belg. IX. 1870. p. 103). — In ähnlichem Sinne
| äussert sich von Herder bez. der L. sativa, als deren nordasiatische Fundorte er:
LE | Amur, Ussuri, Nordchina angibt, indem er hinzufügt: „Diese ursprünglich durch
| - Cultur aus der wildwachsenden L. scariola L. entstandene Salatpflanze ist gegenwärtig
in cultivirtem und verwildertem Zustande über alle Welttheile verbreitet, und es
darf daher auch nicht Wunder nehmen, dass wir sie im äussersten Südosten von
Sibirien in der Nähe chinesischer Küchengärten und selbst in Japan noch treffen
(plt. Radd... Bull s. nat. Mose. 1870. 1. p. 108).
Bei der Aussaat der im Sommer 1870 geürndeten Samen im Jahre 1871 ergab
sich, dass sàmmtliche Pflanzen sofort Stengel trieben; die ersten Blätter waren hellgrün و
schmal, an der Basis pfeilförmig, ohne Stacheln am Blattrande oder auf der Mittel-
rippe; die Stengelblätter dagegen graugrün, ganz flach, die Blüthenstände faszigvat.
Also nicht mehr unterscheiden von sativa, bei welcher ganz ähnliche Blattformen
vorkommen; so bei dem Spargelsalat (Sachsenhäuser Sommer-Endivien), beim fran-
zôsischen oder rómischen Bindsalat (laitue romaine, Schweizersalat), welche beide
auch mit dunkelgrünen und mit rothen Blättern vorkommen.
Koch (l. c. bemerkt zu scariola: variat folis integris, quae varietas Lactucae
angustanae All. ped. adeo similis est, ut veram differentiam detegere non valeam.
In specimine L. angustanae, a Balbisio cum Willdenowio communicato et in herb.
Willd. asservato, foliorum costa subtus aculeata est.
Andere Beweise von der Zusammengehörigkeit der Sativa und Scariola sind in
ähnlicher Weise bereits früher von Hoffmann mitgetheilt (Untersuch. zur Bestimmung
des Werthes von Species und Varietät. 1869. p. 118) 1). Auch Koch bemerkt bereits,
dass bei sativa mitunter verticale Blätter vorkommen. Godron (espèce. IL. 61.) erwähnt
eine Laitue Chicorée: à feuilles sinuées lobées et non disposées en tête. La variation
affecte ici exclusivement les feuilles inférieures. Decandolle (Prodromus VII. 137.)
hat unter Lactuca scariola eine var. /9 maculosa: foliis sanguinels maculis adspersis —
a
ESE
t) Dort ist auch nachgewiesen, dass die Farbe und Form der Samen bei sativa, scariola und
virosa weder constant noch charakteristisch ist; und was die Blattform anbelangt, dass auch bei
gewissen Varietäten der satwa, z, B. dem Schnittsalat oder krausen Frühlattich, jiederspaltige
(statt ganzrandige) Blätter vorkommen, welche am Stengel schief — statt wagerecht — stehn.
35
und v. plicata: carina foli inermis; in Graecia (L. plicata Bulb.). Ich will hier nur
noch hinzufügen, dass die |
6. v Lactuca sativa angustana’, welche ich 1864 cultivirte (s. g. Sommer-Endivien ,
Bind- oder Spargelsalat) viel Ähnlichkeit mit unserer Angustana All. hat; die Blätter
sind oft gedreht, lang, spitz, die ersten ganz, die späteren buchtig; nur ist die
Consistenz der Blätter zärter, was aber kein Differentialcharakter sein kann, wie
No. 3 und 8 beweisen. ;
Ferner habe ich 1870 eine
7. L. sativa w. bracoviensis Szawitz aus Berliner Samen gezogen, welche ebenfalls
schmale lange Blätter wie No. 6 hatte, die aber fast ganzrandig waren, spitz, auf
der Hauptrippe schwach dornig, in der Astregion dagegen breit, stumpf, kurz,
also letztere dem gemeinen Lattich gleich; dabei von Consistenz zart, von Farbe
graugrün. Blüthenstand ein Ebenstrauss.
Nach allem Vorhergehenden kann eine specifische Trennung von L. sativa, virosa
und scariola nicht durchgeführt werden. Auch die geographische Verbreitung dieser
Pflanzen, soweit sie wild (oder verwildert) vorkommen, spricht für Identitat, da die
Areale sich ziemlich vollständig decken, da das eine (virosa) das andere (scariola)
in sich einschliesst.
L. sativa v. romana, nobis: Strängchen-Salat 1),
1871: Blüthenstand corymbös. Stengel-Blätter graugrün, Wurzelblätter hellgrün ,
roth angelaufen, alle stumpf, ziemlich derb, am Rande gezähnt, wie bei Scariola,
sämmtlich unverdreht. — 1872 wurde eine Zucht von dieser Sorte ausgeführt:
Blätter 1 Fuss lang, verkehrt elliptisch, am Rande gezähnt gewimpert, oder glatt,
Costa kahl. Habitus meist fastigiat, doch unter 30 Pflanzen auch mehrere mit
pyramidalem Wuchse ?).
۱( Laitue romaine, à feuilles dressées (gerade gestreckt), non bosselées (ohne Buckel) ni crépues
(nicht kraus), en tête allongée et peu compacte. Godron. espèce. II. 61.
2) Im Sommer 1871 und 1872 wurden gleichzeitig mehrere Plantagen von Lact. s. romana aus
verschiedenen Bezugsquellen ausgeführt. Die Vergleichung der entwickelten Blätter ergab Folgendes:
a. Spatelformig,.Rand nicht wimperig gezähnt; Hauptrippe kahl.
ó. Genau ebenso, bei einer hier zu Lande unter dem Namen Kochsalat enltivirten Form.
c. Bl. kurz, breit, spatelig — zungenförmig.
d. (Ähnlich der angustana, aber die Blätter schmal, Rand unregelmässig gezähnelt — gekerbt
bis schrotsägeformig, Hauptrippe kahl).
e. Von Hamburg. Stengelblätter unten grau, Basis hastat, Kiel kahl. Blüthenstand fastigiat.
f. Stammblätter hastat bis pfeilfórmig, unten grau, gezähnelt. Wurzelblätter Zellgrün, rein ellip-
tisch; Carina kahl. Wuchs pyramidal (nicht fastigiat — corymbös).
5*
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36
1873. Aussaat an neuer Stelle im Freien. Habitus: racemös und nicht in Eben-
sträussen; 19 Pflanzen.
Blätter: unterste hellgrün, spurweise gezähnelt; mittlere deutlicher gezähnt,
oberste ganzrandig, graugrün, flach, Kiel kahl. Blattbasis etwas pfeilförmig (bei
sativa II abgerundet) am Grunde. Samen weiss bis weissgrau, ähnlich sativa II;
obenhin seitlich kurz gewimpert; der Stipes Pappi fast so lang als der Same.
Abermals ein Fall, und zwar in vielen Exemplaren, welcher zeigt, wie gering
die Bedeutung des Differentialcharakters corymbus für sativa recemus
für scariola u. virosa ist. — 1874: Aussaat im Freien an neuer Stelle. August: Farbe
glauk, Inflorescenzen traubig bis ährig, wenige corymbös. Costa der Blätter kahl,
Form spatelfórmig, Rand mehr oder weniger denticulat, Basis herzförmig. 90 Pflanzen,
durch Trockniss meist Kümmerlinge. — 1815: nür 2 Pflanzen; corymbós!
L. sativa kommt verwildert auf der isolirten Insel Tristan d'Acunha — südl. von
St. Helena — vor (Decand. g. b. 492). Das Vaterland scheint nach A. Decandolle
(géog. bot. 843) Westasien oder Europa zu sein, was auch dann richtig sem dürfte —
und erst recht, — wenn sie nur eine Culturform der Scariola wäre.
Geographische Verbreitung.
Lactuca Scariola L.
Lecoq. (étud. g. bot. VII 244).
Croit dans les lieux incultes et pierreux. Elle offre une grande variété qui atteint
2 mêtres de hauteur et plus, quand le sol lui convient, dont les feuilles sont très-
larges, d’un vert très-foncé, les fleurons teintés de rouge en dessous, et la plante
entière abondamment pourvue de suc laiteux. C’est le L. altissima Bieb. — Ces plantes
fleurissent depuis le mois de juillet jusqu'au mois de septembre. — Nature du sol.
Altitude. Ce Lactuca recherche les terrains calcaires ou salifères de la plaine et des
montagnes. M. Boissier l'indique entre 600 et 1600m dans le midi de l'Espagne,
et Ledebour à 1000m dans le Breschtau. — Géographie. Au sud, on le trouve dans
le midi de la France, en Espagne, aux Canaries, à Madère, en Egypte et en Arabie. —
Au nord, il est disséminé dans l'Europe centrale, jusque dans le Danemark, la
Gothie et l'Angleterre. — A l'occident, nous ajouterons le Portugal aux stations
citées. — A l'orient, il végéte en Italie, en Sicile, en Hongrie, en Transylvanie ,
en Thrace, en Macedoine, dans la Russie moyenne, dans le Caucase, dans la Russie
australe, dans le Talusch (Casp. Meer) et dans la Sibérie de l’Altar — Limites
d'extension de l'espèce.
^
Ecart en
wee EE 30)
Nord: Ec. Gothie . : . . e 56 \ latitude 26°
Ocadenr SG Canaries >. 05 180, Ecart en
Orient. . . . Sibérie altaique. . 90 EY longitude 108°
E .—.. V... xa 2808.
Nachträgliches.
A. Decandolle géog. bot. 672. sagt: Dans les rares localités où elle se trouve en
Angleterre, on la cite comme venant aux bords des chemins, dans les décombres,
les terres vagues et rocailleuses, près des villages etc. Elle était déjà dans le Synopsis
de Ray. M. Watson la compte comme indigène, avec doute. En parlant de l'origine
des plantes cultivées, je donnerai des arguments (meist sprachliche und historische:
s. dort. p. 843) en faveur de lhypothèse que la laitue cultivée serait le Lactuca
d'Europe fût un retour à l'état sauvage de la laitue cultivée. Je n'ose cependant pas
considérer ces hypothéses comme des probabilitós, et par ce motif, je n'énumére pas
l'espèce comme naturalisée.
Nachträgliches.
Lact. scar. Luxemburg: (fehlt auf grosse Strecken). Festung. — Schultburg , Esch.
E: . Neudorf. Mont St. Jean (Költz).
Riga: Festungswälle und Dümme jenseits der Düna, Weg nach aas (C. Diercke
u. F. Buhse. Denkschr. Ver. Nat. Riga. 1870. März).
Lact. scar. /?. sanguinea bei Elisabethgrod (v. Lindemann).
Lecoq. (étud. géog. bot, VU. 244):
Lactuca virosa L.
Commune dans les lieux incultes, sur le bord des chemins et des fossés, sur les
sables d'alluvions, bisannuelle; fleurit en juillet et en août. — Nature du sol. Altitude.
Elle préfère les terrains calcaires et reste dans les plaines. On la rencontre aussi sur
les terrains volcaniques, sur les décombres et dans les lieux salés. — Géographie.
Au sud, on rencontre cette laitue dans le midi de la France, en Espagne, aux
Baléares et en Egypte. — Au nord, elle est en Belqigue, en Angleterre (und Insel
Wight n. A. G. Moore) et en Lithuanie. A l'occident, en Portugal — A lorient,
elle habite l'Italie, la Sicile, la Hongrie, la Transylvanie, la Thrace, la Macédoine,
et la Sibérie de l'Oural. Limites d'extension de l'espèce.
Scariola modifié. A ce même point de vue, il serait possible que notre L. scariola —
gene
" el
—
A
SE
=
EEE ET EER m er —— á : ببس 7
` a
mmm nT ten e caer D cm ser en M C men a = = ee
en مس
38
Sud Egypte . 30° } Ecart en
Nord} D. Angleterre 57 ) latitude 27°
Occident. . . Portugal ..... 100} Ecart en
Orient. Sibérie del’Oural. 60 E) longitude 70°
Carré d'expansion ess: 1890.
Zum Schlusse folgt hier eine Synopsis der Gattung
Lactuca :
nach C. H. Schultz Bip. in Linnaea 1841. XV. p. 724.
(ohne Diagnosen).
A. Rostrum achaenii gracile discolor.
4. Achaenia longitudinaliter multistriata.
a. folia lata
ovato lanceolata
(= Platyphylloseris) huc: Lactuca sativa L.,
^L. Zaciniata Roth (palmata Willd) crispa C. Bauh.;
romana Gars. c. varr. innumeris, concoloribus, maculatıs,
sylvestris Trag. et Kijber (1552) (— scariola L.) foliis runcinatis et integris
(quae a pluribus auctoribus pro Wiestia (Lactuca) virosa habetur = L.
pseudo-virosa C. H. Schultz Bip., «agustana All., coriacea C. H. Schultz
Bip. a. b. Berger! in Graecia lecta. — In L. angustana vel coriacea
matrem L. sativae quaerendam esse censeo.
capitata C. Bauh.
alisque; L.
fB. folia angusta lineari — lanceolata vel lanceolata = noob lasers Huc
L. saligna L.
b. Achaenia utrinque linea mediana unica valde elevata notata-Cyanoseris Koch!
Huc L. perennis L.
B. Rostrum ‘achaenii abruptum breve.
a. Rostrum discolor — Microrhynchus Less. De. Huc nudicaulis Murr.
b. Rostrum concolor = Phoenixopus Koch. Syn. 450.
a. folia non decurrentia = Mycelis H. Cass. — Huc. L. murorum C, Bauh.
Sagittata W. K. (cum var. stricta W. K.),
f. folia decurrentia — Phoenixopus H. Cass. Huc L. viminea C. H. Schultz
Bip. (— Prenanthes viminea L.,
Unter den weiterhin aufgeführten Arten sind sonst keine von mir cultivirten.
39
Nigella damascena L. ©
Forma coarctata. Dass diese, aus Handelsgärten von mir bezogene, Form nicht
als fixirt oder gar als Species gelten kann, geht daraus hervor, dass dieselbe schon
bei der ersten Cultur (1869) Rückschläge (in Grösse und Farbe) in die gemeine Form
der damascena zeigte (auf schwerem , ungedüngtem Boden). Auch Decandolle bezweifelt.
ihr Artrecht (Prodr. I. 50: Sepalis erecto — conniventibus, — an satis a N. dam.
distincta?) Ich fand die Sepala genau ebenso horizontal abstehend , wie bei damascena.
Baillon — hist. d. plts. 1. 1869. p. 12. — hält coarctata Gmel für nicht specifisch
verschieden von hispanica L, wonach die seinige eine andre Pflanze zu sein scheint.
Spach (Suite à Buffon VII, 301) macht aus N. dam. ein besonderes Genus Erobatos.
Die Pflanze (dam.) ist wild in der Oelbaum-Region von Frankreich, Spanien, Portugal ,
Berberei, ganz Italien, Sicilien, Griechenland, Türkei. (A. Devos.) Ich kann die coarc-
tata hort. nach Beobachtung von 121 Exemplaren in 1869 nur für eine Zwergform der
dam. halten, welche überdiess wenig Neigung zur Fixität zeigt; die Blüthe ist weiss
oder bläulich. 1870 erschienen abermals 2 hochstämmige Exemplare, obgleich die
früheren derartigen sofort beim Aufblühen beseitigt worden waren; ferner 8 Zwerge
von 1%—2 Zoll Höhe. 1871 erschienen 3 hohe, 12 von Mittelgrösee, 32 Zwerge,
Mi ella damascena L.
F. typica. Neigt sehr zur Variation. Cultur ab 1865. Ubergänge in die Form
monstrosa (s. u.) wurden mehrfach beobachtet u. a. auch wieder 1869. — In 1870
scheinen unter einigen Hundert Pflanzen keine atypischen vorgekommen zu sein
Nigella damascena L.
F. fimbriata. 1868 aus der typica entstanden, gefüllt, alle inneren Petala weisslich,
federig gefranst, die äusseren bläulich-weiss; ohne s. g. Nectarien. Bei gesonderter
Aussaat 1869 erschienen zahlreiche Blüthen, welche einfach waren, also Rückschlag ;
nur 3 waren gefüllt und etwar gefranst.
Nigella damascena L.
F. albida plena (polysepala apetala). War 1867 durch spontane Variation aus der
typica entstanden und wurde isolirt weiter cultivirt. 1868 theilweiser Rückschlag. 1869:
Blüthen weis, wasserblau oder gelblich; 10 Exemplare in die einfache typica zurück-
geschlagen; 1 in die coarctata a o: 25 gefüllt. Die Letzteren wurden der Selbst-
aussaat überlassen , die übrigen beseitigt. 1870 erschienen 11 einfache , weis bis hellblau,
As — À M MIR
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40
und 50 gefüllt, weiss oder seltener wasserblau. Die einfachen wurden beseitigt. —
1871 entwickelten sich ca. 200 Blüthen, welche sämtlich gefüllt waren, meist weiss,
wenige hellblau. — 1872 erschienen c. 30 Pflanzen, sämmtlich gefüllt, meist weiss,
einige hellblau; die weissen zum Theil mit gefransten oder geschlitzten Sepala. —
1873: 30 Pflanzen, sämmtlich gefüllt, weiss, einige- mit Stich in blau; alle ohne
Petala, wie vorher. — 1874; mehrere Pflanzen, weiss, einzelne blassbläulich, alle
monstros, stark gefüllt.
Also rasch zunehmende und frühzeitig erreichte Samenbeständigkeit der Varietàt.
Nigella damascena lu.
F. monstrosa (polysepala apetala) Von auswärts bezogen, aber nach meinen eigenen
Beobaehtungen aus der typica mitunter hervorgehend, also ächte Varietät. Blüthe
lebhaft Aimmelblau; Sepala (Koch. al.) zahlreich , s. g. Nectarien (petala) fehlend. Cultur
ab 1864. 1865 erschien 1 Pflanze als Rückschlag in die typische Form, der Rest wie
früher; 1866 bis 1869 kein Rückschlag mehr unter zahireichen Exemplaren (im letzten
Jahre deren 252.) Scheint — wie der vorige Fall— ein Anfang factisch beobachteter
Fivation einer ächten Varietät, — fast der einzige mir bekannte, welcher vollkommen
rein, gegen Einwürfe gesichert und von Anfang an genau controlirt ist. Boden rauh ,
steinig, zäh, niemals umgearbeitet; Fortpflanzung durch Selbstaussaat. 1870 unter
551 Pflanzen keine einfache; Farbe himmelblau, sehr selten weiss (nämlich 2 Exem-
plare). — 187! erschienen 265 Pflanzen, welche sämmtlich monströs und unver- .
ändert waren; auch die Kümmerlinge, welche in jedem Jahre zahlreich auftraten ,
zeigten keinen Rückschlag indem zwar die Zahl der Sepala stark reducirt war, Nectarien
aber niemals auftraten. — Diese Pflanze scheint Selbstbestäubung zu haben, die Narben
wischen bei ihren Spiraldrehungen das Pollen aus den allmählich geöffneten Antheren
ab. Eine Umhüllung mit dem Florbeutel, welche ich bei einer Blüthenknospe aus-
führte, hinderte nicht die normale Ausbildung der Frucht, obschon dadurch die /zsec-
tenhülfe — wenn auch nicht der Wind — ausgeschlossen war. Auch ist es Gärtnern
nicht gelungen, Bastarde aus N. damascena mit sativa zu erzielen. — 1872: 395
Pflanzen, ohne Rückschlag, hellblau. — 1873: 527 Pflanzen, alle monstrós , himmel-
blau. — 1874: 228 Pflanzen, sämmtlich monstrós , einige weiss-blàulich , die Mehrzahl
himmelblau. — 1875: 221 Pflanzen; ohne Rückschlag. — Dieselbe Form wurde aus von
uns entnommenen Samen durch W, Ziegler in Monsheim bei Worms auf Sandboden
cultivirt; sie zeigte 1869 unter 25 Exemplaren keinen Rückschlag. — Ebenso 1870
unter einer etwa gleichen Zahl. Ebenso 30 Exemplare in Frankfurt von J. Ziegler
(1869), gleichfalls auf Sandboden. Ebenso 1870—1 872 unter zahlreichen Exemplaren ;
so auch 1873: unter 150 Exemplaren kein Rückschlag. Auch 1874 kein Rückschlag
„unter Tausenden.”
41
Auch in Marburg wurde durch Prof. A. Wigand seit 1867 ein Parallelversuch
ausgeführt, und zwar mit folgendem Ergebniss: 1867: kein Rückschlag. 1868: 1
Rückschlag. 1869: 33 monströs, 3 Rückschläge in die typische Form. 1870: unter
150 Ex. 7 Rückschlàge (aus Samen von 1866); und unter 59 Ex. 93 Rückschläge
(aus Samen von 1868). |
1871: 20 Exemplare, halbgefüllt, kein Rückschlag. (Nach brieflicher Mittheilung.
Näheres in dessen ;Darwinismus". I. 1874. S. 416). Indess sind diese Versuche nieht
absolut beweisend; denn, wie mir der Autor schreibt, wurden die Pflanzen nicht
der Selbstaussaat überlassen, vielmehr jedesmal neu ausgesät aus im Herbste gesam-
melten, über Winter im Hause aufbewahrten Samen. "Trotz Bezeichnung (und in
einem andern Jahre Exstirpirung) der nicht gewünschten Pflanzen kónnen auf diesem
Umwege Verwechselungen oder Einmischungen vorkommen. Ferner wurde die Aussaat
zwar nicht auf denselben Beeten, aber doch innerhalb eines beschränkten Terrains
vorgenommen, wo die Möglichkeit emer Verschleppung ausgefallener Samen durch
Thiere u. s. w. nicht ausgeschlossen war. — Auf einem Beet mit Selbstaussaat
beobachtete derselbe 1874 keinen Rückschlag. |
N. damascena f. pentastyla.
Normalform.
Aussaat 1870. Es erschienen
1 Pflanze mit 2 Griffeln
10 7 „ 5 y
Im Übrigen waren sämmtliche Blüthen eel , typisch.
N. dam. f. heæastyla.
Die 1869 von einer sechs-griffeligen Blüthe gewonnenen Samen brachten 1870:
8 Pflanzen mit 9 Griffeln
AO top Li n
14 n pr A 7
21 D gp b „
0 n iis 0 7
Hiernach in beiden Fällen keine Fixität.
Um zu ermitteln, ob Temperatur und Licht einen Einfluss auf die Variabilität
besitzen, wurden 1871 von 2 sonst gleichbehandelten Topfplantagen mit N. dam.
= monstr. der eine Topf zur Blüthezeit vom 11. bis 15. August in den Keller gebracht:
a; während der andere im Freien verblühte: 6. Die Kellertemperatur betrug 13° R
6
c
mé eR E
Me atri mers LEE mar GE em ve a MN
42
Alle weiterhin sich entwickelnden Blüthen wurden bet a beseitigt, der Same nur
von denjenigen Blüthen gesammelt, welche damals eben im Bestäubungsgeschäft waren.
Es wurden von a wenige Samen erhalten, welche nicht keimfáhig waren (1872).
Der hiernach misslungene Versuch wurde 1872 am 29 Juli (durch 4 Tage Aufenthalt
im Keller bei 15°) wiederholt. Die Antheren waren eben offen, zum Theil entleert,
Stigmata zum Theil hinabgebogen, eines derselben mit der Spitze in ein Antherenfach
greifend! Samen nur von diesen gesammelt. (Die Antheren öffnen sich bei dieser
Species allmählich zu derselben Zeit wo sich die anfangs aufrechten Narben hinab-
biegen u. schraubenförmig drehen. Nach der Bestäubung, welche durch diese jetzt
benachbarte Lage der Antheren und Narben von Insecten sehr gefördert werden
muss, strecken sich die Griffel allmählich wieder straff schief aufwärts, und so bleiben
sie bis zur Reife). Keimten zahlreich 1873; a. lieferten auffallend Alene Blüthen,
mit sehr schmalen Sepala, was nicht etwa Folge des dichten Standes zu sein schien;
denn nachdem von ca. 50 Pflanzen 20 beseitigt worden (Ende Juli), so zeigten
dennoch die weiterhin fortblühenden Pflanzen bis Ende August keine Anderung in
der Grösse der Blumen.
Die im Freien verblüheten 5 — hellblau, gefüllt — lieferten wenige, aber gute
Samen, aus denen 1873 nur Eine Pflanze erwuchs (bei Topfeultur, wie vorher),
welche ebenfalls. auffallend kleine und schmale Sepala hatte. — Das Resultat ist
demnach negativ ausgefallen; die Kleinheit der Blumen findet sich in beiden Fällen
und muss demnach eine andere Ursache haben. — Derselbe Versuch wurde 1573
auf 74 wiederholt. Die durch 3 Tage im Keller bei 13° blühenden Blumen, sämmtlich
gefüllt, speciell bezeichnet, lieferten Samen, aus denen 1874 gefüllte, kleine, weiss-
blaue Blumen auf zahlreichen Pflanzen sich entwickelten, welche nichts Auffallendes
zeigten (die Kleinheit kann die Folge der dichten Plantage — Topfcultur — sein). —
Um den etwaigen Einfluss eines bedeutenden Kalkgehaltes auf die Variabilität zu
erproben, wurde 1873 eine Aussaat der monstrosa auf einen Topf mit Kalkmörtel
(rein, zu Sand zerrieben) ausgeführt ; Keimung zahlreich, Blüthen klein, auffallend
schmale Sepala, — die kleinsten von mehreren Topfsaaten dieser Form neben an,
welche gleichfalls fast alle — aus beliebigen Gründen — ungewöhnlich kleinblüthig
waren. Diese Kleinheit kommt aber bei Topfplantagen auch sonst häufig vor, kann
also nichts Charakteristisches für die Mörteleultur sein. — Ein ähnlicher Versuch
wurde 1872 gemacht, indem die Samen im freien Lande auf ein mit Mörtel stark
durchmischtes Beet gesäet wurden. Die Pflanzen (nur 2 Exemplare) waren monströs
wie die Altern ohne Eigenthümlichkeit ! | |
Um den Einfluss der Selbstbestäubung und damit der engen Inzucht zu prüfen,
wurde 1872 eine Blüthenknospe mit einem Florbeutel überzogen und dadurch wenig-
stens die Bestäubung durch Insecten erfolgreich ausgeschlossen. "Trotzdem producirte
S 43
diese Blüthe gute, schwarze Samen (29 Stück), woraus bei Topfeultur 1873 5 Pflanzen
erwuchsen, was auf sehr geringe Keimfähigkeit zu deuten scheint. Die Blüthen
waren klein, mit schmalen Sepala, die Pflanzen niedrig, was aber bei Topfcultur
nicht auffallend ist. | | E uk
Fin zweiter Versuch, in derselben Weise 1872 ausgeführt, lieferte eine durch
zufällige Knickung des Fruchtstieles etwas unvollkommene Kapsel, deren 10 dürftige
Samen nicht M ues waren.
Nigella hispanica L.
F. atro-purpurea. Aus en bezogen.. Schon im ersten Jahre der Cultur
(1868 auf schwerem Boden) zeigten sich neben 102 Exemplaren unserer Varietät
zahlreiche Abänderungen; nämlich 37 heliblaue; 5 Mittelstufen (blau mit violetten
Streifen, Flecken oder Puncten), durch welche die Form vollständig mit der typischen
oder Stammform verbunden wird; 1 dunkelhimmelblau; 1 weisslich mit violetten
Zeichnungen; — 1 weisse! (5 sepala und petala alba), Kümmerlmg, fast ohne
Samenbildung; im Übrigen typisch, Narben braun, Antheren braun, spitz. Alle
Varianten wurden jetzt und weiterhin bis inclus. 1872. beseitigt. — 1869 erschienen
auf 104 Exemplare der Varietät (mit dunkelviolett — purpurner Blüthe): 3 hell-
violette, 13 wasserblaue, 14 hellblaue, — mit mehr oder weniger violetten Zeichnungen.
1870 blühten nur 3 Pflanzen, und zwar dunkelviolett. — 1871 (aus vorjährigen `
Samen): 2 Pflanzen. wasserblau bis himmelblau, wurden beseitigt. Der Rest (7 Pflanzen):
violettpurpurn, oder rein und tief violett. — 1872: 14 Pflanzen mit bläulichen
Blüthen: weisslich, wasserblau, tief himmelblau; von letzteren eine mit violettem
^ Strich oder Fleck auf den Sepala, einzelne davon in derselben Blume aber auch rein
himmelblau. Einige Pflanzen hatten fast purpurrothe Blüthen, 1 war blassviolet;
30 violettpurpurn. — 1873: Zahlreiche Pflanzen, eine wasserblau, mehrere purpurn-
violett, andere tief himmelblau; keine Auslese.
Hiernach keine Neigung zur Fixirung dieser violett purpurnen Farbe, trotz — bis
Ende 1872 — consequenter und in der Regel frühzeitiger Auslese. — 1874: 82
Pfanzen mit violetter Blüthe (fleckig oder streifig auf hellblauem Grunde, oder die
ganzen Flächen violett bis zum Verschwinden des Grundes); ferner 17 hellblaue
oder (selten) wasserblaue. Alle diese letzteren wurden beseitigt.
Papaver alpinum aut. (Perenn.)
Bezüglich der sehr confusen Synonymie, vgl. Kerner, Mohne der HN ST]
In Jahrb. ósterr. Alpenvereins Bd. IV 1868 S. 5 und 13, wonach folgendes Schema
aufgestellt wird:
d Pap. alpinum L., Kern., Burseri Crantz. Feinblättriger Mohn.
2 P. pyrenaicum (L.), Kern., aurantiacum Lois, Breitlappiger Mohn.
3 P. suaveolens Lap., pyrenaicum Willd.
6*
ee one سا نیس
neh TE. ی
RSR ee Séil
en nn ریہ یہ
i
— men ne —
————— CE
T —— À
H 4.
111
14
d 44
hil Ferner Ascherson in Bot. Ztg. 1869 no. 8. S. 129.
ii Hiernach wäre der specifisehe Zusammenhang folgender.
IH :
ul Papaver nudicaule L.
13
Papaver pyrenaicum (L.) Kerner.
P. alpmum Kerner. P. suaveolens Lap.
Über Zwischenformen von P. alpinum und nudicaule vgl. Bot. Ztg. 1868. S. 414. —
Eine Abbildung von P. alpinum L. v. nudicaule Fisch. s. in Regel's Gartenflora 1861.
taf. 323: citrongelb. | |
2 $
je ۷ Decandolle gibt folgende .Diagnosen (Prodr. 1. 118).
Ee رو وت تب و
en
COLOR FLORIS. CAPSULA. SEPALIS. PEDUNCULIS. FOLIIS. LOBULIS.
Ree Wi 1. P. alpinum L
ir ow alpes =
|" | editiores
glabriusculis | tenuibus sub-
hispida obo-
bipinatisectis acutis
vato-oblonga pilosiusculis | radicalibus
2. pyrenaicum L
in montanis
aprieis calcareis =
Europae
australis .
hispida obo-
vata
ae SS meistscdents-
: »_ 1: losis pinati- f
setosis radicalibus | P! Tob m Have Sup.
. obtusis
1 Ik ER it il 3
"fr Wi y *, luteum (P.
| KEN aurantiacum Lois.)
Huc HN (P. suaveolens
Lap.)
» ĝ puniceum
(P. pyrenaicum
Willd. a'pinum
. B. Lap.) In
Pyrenaeis loco
dicto Port-de-Plan.
dentatis inci-
3. nudicaule L. In | flavus rarius | hispida, obo- radicalibus
sisve acutis
Sibiria orientale albidus | vato-oblonga ی longissimis
|
glabratum
E Sibir. Orient. ss... | cee sees see | os...
, | radicatum II
۰ u D h D D
: Eu (a hirutissima, | hirsutissima
: Fl. dan. radieat. minor
Rottb.
» ĝ? rubro-auran- E ERA = Ec
tiacum Fisch. ER Vaeng | tttm ot ee pilisadpresss| (1227. 191. seta terminatis
Dahuria.
pinatilobatis
S
fere glabris | fere glabris | ..........
os...
I. Ich cultivire den vdreitlappigen”’ Mohn (Kerner's) — identisch mit der citirten
Abbildung bei Regel 1861 — seit 1862. Br erhält sich durch Selbstaussaat und
brachte bis 1869 stets nur citrongelbe Blüthen, der Nagel der Petala orange und
hellgrün, auch in der Blattform keine Anderung. — 1870 blüheten 5 Pflanzen;
45
citrongelb; Blüthe meist doppelt so gross als bei der folgenden Form. — 1871 reiften
zahlreiche Kapseln, deren Samen in loco ausgestreut wurden. Blumenblätter citron-
gelb; färben sich beim Abwelken orange, Blätter ungeändert. — 1872. Zahlreiche
Pflanzen, reichlich blühend; alle Blüthen citrongelb, eine beim Abblühen mennig-roth.
Zwei Blumen zeigten beginnende Füllung. Davon hatte die eine 4 Petala, 12 von
den äusseren Staubgefässen waren zum Theil oder ganz petaloid; ihre Antheren normal 3 :
oder verándert: ohne Pollen, oder ganz verschwunden; ihre Form lineal bis lanzettlich ,
gerade oder in einer Spiraldrehung eingerollt. 1873. Überwintert zahlreich. Blüthen
immer citrongelb, beim letzten Abwelken orange sich verfiirbend; Blätter grau-grün و
wie immer; ein Blatt etwas haarig; im Herbst 16 Pflanzen. 1874: ganz unverändert.
P. alpinum aut.
II Form: Feinblittriger Mohn (Kerner’s).
Aus Samen gezogen; 1868 in’s freie Land versetzt. Zwei Pflanzen, von welchen
die eine orange, die andre gelb blühte. 1869 brachte ein Stock rothe Blüthen; ein
andrer orange zu mennigroth mit gelbem Fleck am Nagel; ein anderer citrongelb,
in Farbe und Grösse sehr äbnlich der vorhergehenden Nummer (breitlapp. M.).
Endlich fanden sich auf 2 verschiedenen Asten desselben Stammes gleichzeitig gelbe und
ziegelrothe Blumen, letztere mit gelbem Fleck am Grunde. Länge der Petala 28 Mm.,
Breite 31 Mm., deckend, wie bei vorigem. — 1870: zahlreiche Blüthen, theils
orange, theils mennig- (oder ziegel-) roth, in beiden Fällen mit gelber Unguis.
Keine hellgelbe. — 1871: Blüthen Aleiner, theils mennigroth mit citrongelber Basis ,
theils blass orange mit schwefelgelben Nägeln.
III. Dieselbe Form.
Im Jahre 1871 wurden aus vorjährigen Samen der vorhergehend erwähnten Pflanze
mehrere Sämlinge erzielt, welche im Oktober bereits einige Blüthen brachten , hell.
orange mit bleichen gelblich-grünen Nägeln; feinblättrig wie die Stammform. Also
auch bei weiterer Samencultur ohne Hinneigung zur breitblättrigen Form. (Der Same
war von einer Blüthe mit gleichfalls orangefarbigen , gelb-benagelten Petala gewonnen
worden.) — 1875: Blüthen intensiv orange, blass orange, mennigroth, citrongelb,
im letzten Fall von Nummer I kaum zu unterscheiden; doch fielen dieselben gelb
ab, ohne sich erst im Orange zu verfürben. Keine weiss. Petala bis 34 Mm. lang,
36 breit! In der Regel hat die ganze Blüthe aber nur 35 Mm. Durchmesser, No. I
dagegen 62.
Das Stigma hat 5—6 Strahlen, bei I deren 6—8. — 1873. Erste Blithe am و
Mai, bei I (an schattiger Stelle) erst am 18 Juni. Blüthen orange, blassorange,
citrongelb und beim Abwelken orange, blassmennigroth , mennigroth, keine weiss;
FE EEE EN
nn nn nm
46
meist ganzrandig, einige geschhitet-gefranst. Blätter kahl oder behaart, graugrün,
sehr schmalblättrig. Die Aufblühzeit der schmal- und der breitlappigen Form ist nach
meinen Beobachtungen etwas verschieden, und zwar scheint dies nicht von der
Ungleichheit der Standorte abzuhängen, da das relative Verhältniss für mehrere
verschiedene Standorte sich im Wesentlichen gleichblieb. Es ergab sich als Datum
der ersten Blüthe für die breitlappige Form nach 6 jährigem Mittel der 4. Juni,
für die schmallappige (in 5 Jahren) der 20 Mai.
IV. Dieselbe Form.
Wurde 1871 aus Samen von No. II erzogen; schmalblättrig, und zwar von einer
orangefarbigen Blume. — 1872: Blätter ungeändert, Blüthen weiss mit gränlichem
Nagel, oder meunigroth, dagegen nicht orange, Petala 25 Mm. lang, 30 breit,
also etwa halb so gross wie die Durchschnittsgrôsse von l.
Kreuzung.
A. Tm Juni 1872 wurde eine Blüthenknospe von No. I, der dreitlappigen Form,
geöffnet, castrirt u. bestäubt mit frischem Pollen einer rothen Blüthe der schmal-
blättrigen (No. MT). Nach geschehener Operation wurde der gespaltene Kelch wieder
emporgezogen und über der Blüthe zusammengebunden, um anderweitige Bestäubung
zu verhüten. Die Kapsel lieferte wenig — nur etwa 20 — Samen, von welchen
1873 mehrere keimten. Die hieraus erwachsenen Pflanzen erwiesen sich als eine
Mittelform. Blätter ziemlich schmallappig, fiederig, Lappen sehr entfernt, (bei 1
fliessen sie an der Mittelrippe in einander), behaart, graugrün, kurz in jeder Be-
ziehung an die typische Form von Bhoeas-Blättern erinnernd! Diess durch Hybri-
dation veranlasste Rückschlagen auf eine andere, verwandte Art, und damit zugleich
wohl auf den Gattungs-Typus — analoge Formen habe ich selbst bei somniferum
beobachtet! — erinnert an analoge Erscheinungen bei der Kreuzung von T'hierrassen
(z. B. Tauben bez. der Bänder über Schwanz und Flügel; Pferde bez. der Zebra-
Streifung) welche Darwin mitgetheilt hat.
1874: Blüht citrongelb, in Orange sich verfärbend ; Blätter zum Theil ziemlich
breitblätterig. Eine isolirt verblühete brachte eine nur sehr dürftige Frucht.
B. Eine weisse Blüthe der schmalblättrigen Form No. IV wurde als Knospe castrirt
und bestäubt mit dem Pollen der dreitlappigen, citrongelben Form I. Die erzielten
Samen keimten 1873 und lieferten Exemplare der dreitlappigen Form, kahl, graugrün,
mit dem ganzen Charakter der väterlichen Pflanze. — Gewöhnlich beträgt die Breite
der seitlichen Blattlappen im Maximum bei
Bastard B
Breitblättrige Form No. 1....5 v
Bastard A „
Schmalblättrige Form No. 111 . . 1$ v
47 [
| Im Jahre 1874 waren die Blätter etwas (wenig) breitlappig, Blüthen citrongelb |
(wie beim Vater), später in Orange verfärbt. — 1875: Blätter رات توت sehr 1
schmallappig. | 1 |
C. Eine gelbe, eben offene Blüthe von No. I wurde 1873 gekreuzt mit Pollen i |
von P. Rhoeas (mit schwarzem, weissbesäumtem Auge). Aus den Samen schen | | l |
|
in 1874 Pflanzen, deren Blätter breitlappig waren und nicht an Rhoeas erinnerten.
Es hat also wahrscheinlich vor der Kreuzung legitime .Bestáubung stattgefunden;
Fremdbestäubung mit anderen Alpinum-Blumen ist nicht anzunehmen, da die pu ۱. 1
kreuzte Blume einzeln verblühete, keme andere war im Garten damals offen. ; 1 3
D. Eine Knospe von Ill wurde im Juni 1873 castrirt und gekreuzt mit Pollen ` ` E
der breitlappigen (No. D. (Diese war sehr protandrisch, das Pollen trat lange vor 2 1 À
Offnung der Blüthe aus. Da aber in den nächsten Tagen mehrere andere Blumen i | |
der Plantage aufblüheten, so ist nachträgliche legitime Bestäubung nicht ausgeschlossen.) | e
Sie setzte gut an; die erhaltenen ca. 30 Samen waren normal ausgebildet und lie-
ferten 1874 Pflanzen mit ziemlich schmallappigen Blättern, so dass wohl Hybridation |
zu vermuthen ist. Ebenso 1875. E
E. Im Juli 1873 wurde mit 2 andern Blüthenknospen derselben Plantage die B
Castration und Bestäubung mit Æhoeas-Pollen ausgeführt, als die Antheren noch
geschlossen waren; und diese Bestáubung wurde der Sicherheit wegen nach 24
48 u. 72 Stunden wiederholt, während sonst kein Alpmum im Garten bikes}
die eine vertrocknete; die andere producirte zwar eine Frucht, aber die Samen er
(1874) nicht keimfähig.
Selbstbestäubung. WA A | |
a. Eine aufbrechende Knospe der schmalblättrigen Form wurde 187 1 mit einer | B | t
Florlaterne überdeckt; trotzdem drang eine kleine Fliege ein. Die Blume verblühete 1227 | 2 E
normal und brachte etwa 30 Samen von gutem Ansehn; dieselben erwiesen sich |
aber 1872 als nicht keimfahig. à
| b. Eine Blüthe derselben Form verblühete isolirt (1872); sie brachte sehr wenie | | Ge | i
Samen, welche sich 1873 bei Topfcultur als nicht keimfahig erwiesen. | dens | | ARE TE |
c. Eine einzelne Blüthe derselben Form verblühete 1872 isolirt. Samen nicht ۳
keimfähig. | | UN |
d. Eine Blüthe der breitlappigen Form verblühete isolirt; indem die aufblühenden | | |
Nachbarn durch einige Tage stets beseitigt wurden; sie brachte fast keine Samen | q
u. diese erwiesen sich nicht als keimfahig. T
“e Eine Blüthe der schmalblättrigen Form wurde 1872 isolirt dem Verblühen
überlassen; sie war offen vom 30. Juli bis 3. August. Es bildeten sich kaum einzelne
Samen aus und diese erwiesen sich 1873 als nicht keimfähig.
— d
48
f. Eine ebensolche verblühte 1872 isolirt, der Fruchtknoten verschrumpfte und
brachte keine reifen Samen, welche daher auch als nicht keimfähig sich erwiesen.
g. Ein gelungener Fall von der breitlappigen Form, 1871. Ich hüllte eine Blüthen-
knospe in einen Florbeutel, wodurch alle Insektenhülfe (allerdings aber nicht der
Zutritt des Windes) vollständig ausgeschlossen wurde, erhielt indess dennoch eine
vollkommen ausgewachsene Frucht, aus deren ca. 100 dem Ansehn nach normalen ,
schwarzen Samen im folgenden Jahre zahlreiche Keimpflanzen sich entwickelten ,
und zwar wieder von der breitlappigen Form. (Diese blüheten 1873 vom 21 Juni
an, citrongelb, beim Verwelken orange, eine auch frisch orange; Blätter kahl,
rein grün).
J. Eine citrongelbe Blüthe von derselben Plantage y wurde 1873 durch Isolirung
zur Selbstbestäubung gezwungen. Die Blume war 5—6 Tage lang offen; die Kapsel
schwoll normal an, aber durch Knickung des Fruchtstiels ging deren Ausbildung
nur unvollkommen vor sich; die Samen zeigten sich 1874 nicht keimfahig.
Es ist diese anscheinende-grosse-Unfruchtbarkeit-bei Selbstbestàubung auffallend,
da ich (bei I) die Narbe schon vor der Offnung der Blüthe mit dem eigenen Pollen
stark bestreut fand; also auffallende Protandrie. Doch kommen auch Ausnahmen vor,
ich fand bei N. If Ende Juni einmal die Antheren noch geschlossen bei eben auf-
geblühten ganz offenen Blumen. Hier würe also Protogynie anzunehmen, doch ist
dieselbe nicht etwa charakteristisch für die schmalblättrige Form, .denn bei derselben
Form (unter No. IV) fand ich am 16 Juni 1872 in einer erst halb offenen Blüthen-
knospe das Stigma bereits mit Pollen bedeckt, also Protandrie. In beiden Füllen
ist Fremdbestäubung bevorzugt.
UST EE eame Ey TT a EA re à
> - سس وس ب ~ nn SCH rm — ma-a ÉD ` re E ^
P a dE .T No با ن یسیک Y
EET mu. zE * FADA a —
Herbar-Studium.
Ich habe folgende Formen verglichen:
1. Pap. alp. L breitlappig :
v. pyrenaicum luteum: Bernina Helvetiae leg. À. et L Fischer. (sehr breitlappig ,
grossblätterig.
B flaviflorum Koch . : Bernina (Engadin); leg. Eichberg.
111 1 مس و : Tyrol um den Ortles leg. Streng. (sehr breitlappig, klein-
blätterig; orange).
alpinum Li veder : Tyrol: Gusella-Pass im Dolomit bei Botzen; leg. J. Ziegler.
(Lappen lanzettfórmig, stumpf.)
spitz und schmallappig :
Alp. L
| Unterwallis leg. M. Thomas.
` Dolomit bei Botzen Fedaja-Pass; leg. J. Ziegler.
Piz Languard; leg. J. Ziegler (Lappen sehr schmal und lang).
stumpflich- und schmalblättrig :
een ace Klein-Alpe (Steyermark) Rochel. trocken: gelb.
aurantiacum Lois. ..... Mont Ventoux près d'Avignon, Leg. J. Müller.
alp. aurant. L (aurant. L.) Loibl (Kärnthen). 6000’. Vulpius.
Lappen mittelmässig, stumptlich.
alp. albiflorum. Koch (alpinum Jacq.) Watzman bis 3000 Meter, bei Berchtesgaden:
leg. A. Einsele.
E DO. che s... . Pilatus (Unterwalden) 6200 F leg. Vulpius.
alp. v. puniceum. ee Graubünden leg. Wartmann.
pyrenaieum Wrs SE Südtyrol, Alpen in Fiume, Fassa: leg. Facchini.
و P. nudicaule L citrongelb. . . . . Zipfel lanzettlich, spitz. Missionsstation Nain
auf Labrador. leg. Erdmann. |
yu p us cod ee و breitlanzettlich, stumpflich. Dovre (Norweg.).
leg. C. J. Lindeberg.
Geographische Studien.
Dieselben 'ergeben bezüglich der Abgrenzung der Formen keine befriedigenden
Anhaltpunkte , da eben die Unterscheidung der Formen auch für die Sammler wenig
Sicheres darbot. Doch ist es von Interesse, wenigstens im Grossen und Ganzen das
Areal zu überschauen.
_Papaver alpinum L. Areal. Island, Grönland, Labrador, America orient., occid.,
Sibiria arctica, Scandinavia (fehlt in Britannia) Sibir. orient. et altaica, Sibir. et
Ross. Ural.; (fehlt in Caucasus et Tauria), Transsylv. Carpat., (fehit in Sudet. und
Planities sarmat. german.), Alp. orient., Alp. centr., Alp. occident., (fehlt in Silv.
nigr., Voges., Jura, Gall centr.), Pyren., Transcaucas., (fehlt in Asia min, et Cypr.,
Rumel et Graec., Apennin., Corsica), Hispan. — Himalaya.
(H. Christ P. 63. Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. 1867. 22. XXID.
Inclus. synon: Papav nudicaule L et Gren, W: — P. alpin. von Vitman u. Savi
früher bei Pistoja im Gebirge gefunden. (Flora 71. p. 200 f)
7
Gun am es I RER TS =
EE
oi jee eee a Ó€Ó—
50
Pap. nudicaule L. Scapo unifloro,
flore croceo. Thibetia occidentalis
alpina: in summis montibus
Ladak et Nubra alt. 16—17000:
Afghanistan 15000'. — Flor. Aug. — huc:
P. nudicaule var. croceum Planch. |
in v Hout U d st ep Et
ejab- (Mp an IV 1179)
Polargegenden: Hope-Insel und Spitzbergen an den Gestaden des Wybe-Jans- ۷ aters.
(t. Reichardt). In Unalaska mit alpinum L (Rothrock 1868) Nova Zembla
(Trautvetter: Journ. of. Bot. 1872 p. 214). — P. alp. L. citrin.: Alpen in Colorado, `
Californien, 12500' (Gulch).
Rückblick.
Nach Allem komme ich im Wesentlichen zu Kerner's Ansicht. P. alpinum, pyre-
naicum u. nudicaule L sind durch Ubergänge verbundene Formen einer einzigen
Species; — insofern nämlich ohne nachgewiesenen genetischen Zusammenhang von
specifischer Identität die Rede sein kann. Die einzelnen Varietäten, soweit dieselben
von mir durch Züchtung geprüft sind, zeigen eine grosse, bis dahin vollkommene
Samenbeständigkeit in der Blattform, eine derselben auch m der Farbe, wie eine solche
auch sonst bei einzelnen Varietäten von Pflanzenarten von mir constatirt ist. Ob im Laufe
der Zeit, also unter nachwirkendem Einfluss des (abweichenden) Klima's, nicht doch
noch eine Überführung der einen in die andere Form gelingen wird, steht dahin.
Kreuzung der extremen Formen ist ausfüh:bar und liefert ächte Mittelformen.
Papaver setigerum D. C.
Diese Art kommt auf den Stóchadishen Inseln (Hyères) vor. Decandolle (Prodr. 1. 119)
bemerkt dazu: An forsan haec est stirps sylvestris Papaveris somniferi nigri? Koch
sagt (Syn. 32): meo judicio est P. somniferum spontaneum. Auch Godron zieht zu
dieser Art wenigstens den Gartenmohn mit kleiner Kapsel (An. sc. nat. 1863 XIX. p. 152),
bezweifelt aber im Übrigen die Identität von somn. und setig. — Samen der Var.
mutieum von Petersburg wurden 1872 ausgesäet. Pflanzen mit Ausnahme des bor-
stigen Kelches, des Blattkiels u. der Blattsigezähne ganz kahl 1). Blüthen meist
1) Welch geringen Werth die Behaarung als specifischer Charakter hat, beweist Folgendes. Im
Jahre 1872 beobachtete ich in einem Garten an gemeinem P. somniferum auf demselben Stamme theils
ganz kahle Blüthenstiele, theils borstige; im Uebrigen war die Pflanze, wie gewöhnlich, kahl.
Pe SS
51
hellearmin mit schwarzem Fleck; sehr ähnlich dem somniferum. Ferner einige Blüthen
von reinem Rhoeas-Roth, der Nagel verwaschen violett.
I. Bei einer Topfsaat 1872 (derselben Samen) zeigten sich die Blüthen Z/oeas-rot4
mit schwarzem Nagel, von der Grösse wie gewöhnlicher Rhoeas. Kelch und Pflanze
kahl. — 1873: wiederholte Zopfsaat von 1872 er Samen. Die zahlreich entwickelten
Pflanzen wurden Ende Juni mit dem Ballen in das freie Land versetzt; sie waren
klein, mur etwa 20 Ctm. hoch; weiterhin erreichten sie im Maximum 1 Fuss Höhe
(25 Ctm.) Die Blumen zeigten sich Z/id-//a, an der Basis dunkler, — also wie
somniferum: Petala 16 Mm. lang; Anzahl der Petala 2—3—4, "bisweilen 2 breiter und
% alternirende weit schmäler, staminodium-artig; die kleineren Blumen oft 2 blätterig ;
Petala bisweilen tief 2 theilig. Im Ganzen die Zweizahl herrschend ; Aussenrand oft
gezühnelt; alternirend mit den Sepala. (Eme Blüthe war scharlach, mit 2 grossen
Petala und einem schmalen Zipfelchen zwischen denselben auf der einen Seite.)
Sepala: 2.
Narbenstreifen: 4, selten 5, am seltensten 3.
Stamina: 5, 6, 8.
Pollen gelb.
1874 (durch Selbstaussaat) 4 Pflanzen, 4 Petala blass ent mit violettem
Auge, Pollen goldgelb.
IL Von derselben Arnte 1872er Samen wurde 1873 eine Aussaat im Freien
auf Mistbeet-Brde gemacht und regelmässig mit Wasser begossen. Blüthe tiefroth,
wie Rhoas. Nagel violettschwarz, der Fleck diffus verlaufend. Sepala spärlich mit
starken, am Grunde einfach conisch verdickten Dorsten. Filamente und Antheren
schwarzviolett, Pollen gelborange, Blätter graugrün. Samen braun. — Varianten:
einzelne Blüthen klein, hellroth, fast ohne Violett am Nagel; 2 oder 3 Petala.
Eine 4 blätterige hatte verschobene Petala: 2 zu nahe, 2 zu weit entfernt, —
also zygomorph. Petala z. Theil geschlitzt, oft 2 schmäler.
Auch 1874 erschienen (durch Selbstaussaat) an derselben Stelle einige Pflanzen,
welche Blüthen von Rhöasfarbe brachten mit grossen violetten Augen. — Diese
Pflanze ist demnach zicht verschieden von somniferum! Man müsste denn die Pollen-
farbe (weiss bei somm.) für diagnostisch halten, was aber nach den Erfahrungen
über die Variabilitàt der Pollenfarbe bei P. Rhoeas nicht zulässig ist. (Auch sonst
fnde ich die Pollenfarbe unbestándig und mit der Blüthenfarbe wechselnd. Bei der
purpurnen Form der Orchis mascula sind die Pollinien grünlich, bei der weiss-
blüthigen gelblich).
II. Samen von Palermo. Aussaat m einem kleinen Topf 1873. Ma
reich aufgelaufene — Saat lieferte wie 1 nur Zwerge; hóchste Pflanze 9 Cm. Petala 2;
8 Mm. lang, Farbe lila; Stamina 2—3—4, mitunter davon eines abortiv gure Anil here).
: \
gree ee ee
> een
وی یہو یس بجت ee ونی مي
à OP
وم iae ie e
52
Wenn 2 Stamina vorhanden sind, alterniren sie mit den Petala. Pollen gelb. Sepala 2,
alternirend mit den Petala. Stigma mit 3, selten 4 Streifen, die den Rand des
Schildchens nicht erreichen.
IV. Von dieser Plantage wurde im Beginn der Aufblühzeit am 23 Jum 1873
durch Halbirung des Erdballens die Hälfte abgetrennt und ins freie Land auf guten
Boden verpflanzt, ohne Isolirung der einzelnen. Die Erwartung, dass dadurch noch
nachträglich wesentliche Vergrösserung veranlasst werden würde, wurde getäuscht,
offenbar war es dazu schon zu spät. Immerhin war eine schwache Wirkung zu be-
merken. Es kamen einige Blüthen mit 3 Petala, welche indess nur 8 Mm. lang
waren; die Mehrzahl hatte auch hier nur 2 Petala.
V. Von der Plantage III wurden 1874 eine grosse Zahl 1873er Samen in einen
sehr Aleinen Topf (Oberfläche 10 Cm. Durchm.) ausgesäet, um den Zwergcharakter
durch dürftige Ernährung zu erhalten. Die Blumen waren wieder zweiblätterig;
Pflanzen klein, im Maximum 1 Fuss, die Mehrzahl 4 Fuss. Petala 1 Cm. lang.
VI. Als Parallelversuch zu vorigem wurden gleichzeitig Pflanzen in einen grossen
Topf gesäet (20 Cm. Durchmesser). Blumen doppelt grösser als sub V, vier Blumen-
blätter, 4 Cm. lang, röthlich wie bei V, eine auch mit 3 Petala. Nur drei Pflanzen
vorhanden, also reichliche Ernährung. (leder Stock brachte indess nur Eine Blüthe).
Höhe 1 Fuss. — Also Rückkehr zum Normalcharakter.
(23
e
Papaver somniferum L. ©
Hierher P. amoenum Lindl. bot. Reg. (Walp. Ann. IV. 174).
Ich cultivirte F. giganteum. Same von auswärts bezogen. Cultur ab 1868; Blüthen
verschiedenfarbig , nämlich 1) weiss; 2) rosa mit violetter Basis, gefranst; 3) hellrosa.
Die Pflanzen sub. 2 und 3 wurden beseitigt. — Kapseln 34 Mm, lang, 2 Cm. dick;
die kleinsten nur 7 Mm. lang. Die Pflanze zeigt nichts, was den Namen rechtfer-
tigte. — Im Ganzen 23 weissblüthige und 4 andersfarbige. Die im Herbste ge-
sammelten Samen, weiss von Farbe (also P. officinale Gmel.), wurden 1869 aber-
mals ausgesäet, auf schwerem Boden, wie im Vorjahre. Blüthen klein; Petala nur
46 Mm. lang, 4 blätterig, auf 73 weisse nur 1 mit hellrosafarbiger Blüthe.
P. somniferum L.
F. Zacinatum ; von Königsberg bezogen. Blüthe braunroth, stark gefüllt, die inneren
Petala geschlitzt, cultivirt ab 1868, 3 Pflanzen. — 1869 erschienen 98 unveránderte
Pflanzen; ferner 51 abweichende, welche letztere sämmtlich sofort beseitigt wurden;
53
darunter einige schwächer gefüllte, die Mehrzahl einfach, meist von der gewöhn-
E lichen Mohnfarbe: lila mit violettem Fleck am Grunde der Petala; andere braun-
| rothviolett; diese also in der Farbe nicht geündert; eine purpurviolett, am Nagel
dunkler; einige gefranst, die meisten ungefranst. Die einfachen waren meist Küm-
merlinge, kleiner in der Blüthe und allen Theilen. Also massenhafter Rückschlag
wahrscheinlich durch Atavismus und nicht durch Fremdbestäubung, dà nach Godron
diese hier unmöglich ist, indem die Befruchtung schon vor dem Aufblühen statt-
findet (An. sc. nat. 1863. XIX. p. 152) !).
1870: 6 Pflanzen gefranst; eine einfach, Petala ohne Fransen; in der Farbe
unveründert. Letztere sofort beseitigt. — 1871: Samen vom Vorjahre. Es erschienen
95 Pflanzen; die kleineren Exemplare schwächer gefüllt bis einfach, wenig zerschlitzt ,
in der Farbe unverändert; im Ganzen 6 solche Exemplare, welche sofort beseitigt
wurden. Alle grossen und üppig gewachsenen Exemplare stark gefüllt und tief ge-
schlitzt. Also abermals starke Neigung zum Rückschlag.
1872: ein Kümmerling mit 4 Petala ohne Schlitze, fast Rhoeas-roth, ohne den
sonst hier allgemeinen Nagelfleck. Die übrigen Pflanzen (212) sämmtlich mehr oder
weniger gefüllt und gefranst, von Farbe wie bisher, selbst die zahlreichen Kümmer-
linge! — 1873: Es erschienen wieder viele Rückschlage: ganzrandig, mit 4 Petala ,
. kleiner, auch vollständiger Rückschlag bei 2 sehr hohen, kräftig ernährten Pflanzen:
Rand der 4 Petala ganz, lila -- violett mit dunklem Auge. — Füllung ungleich.
Im Allgemeinen sind die Rückschläge Kümmerlinge. Bisweilen das violettschwarze
Auge scharf begrenzt. Pollen weiss. Samen braun, oder braungrau. Narbenstreifen
Rückschläge (auf 203 gefranste) angetroffen und beseitigt; von da an geschah letzteres
nach den vorstehenden Beobachtungen keine Rede sein kann. — 1874: erschienen
1) Ich kann diess nach meinen Versuchen insoweit bestätigen, als aus diesen hervorgeht, dass
wenigstens Selbsébefruchtung stattfinden kann. Ich zog über 3 Blüthenknospen der gemeinen Form
Florbeutel, welche "unterwürts fest zusammengebunden wurden, da selbst durch kleine Öffnungen
sich bei derartigen Versuchen sehr leicht Ohrschlitze (Forficula) einschleichen. Die Kapseln schwollen
zu 3% Cm. an, verfärbten sich normal und öffneten ihre kleinen Klappen in gewöhnlicher Weise.
Indess schienen die Samen von No 1 nur unvollkommen ausgebildet, sie waren nicht prall wie
sonst, und fielen beim Durchschneiden der Kapsel nicht ab, wie gewöhnlich. Auch keimten sie
Jahre 72 normale Pflanzen produeirten, die ihren Aeltern gleich waren, nämlich gemeines somniferum.
Blüthen gross, hell lila, mit violettem Fleck; Bluthenstiele abstehend behaart, Kiel der Blätter
zum Theil entfernt borstig, sehr ähnlich setigerum (s. o.). Endlich No 3 brachte ebenfalls gute
Samen, woraus 49 typische Pflanzen erzogen wurden, den vorigen gleich.
i
8—11; an kleineren Exemplaren oft 5 oder 6. — Bis zum 25 Juli wurden 74 -
nicht mehr. Es ist klar, dass von einer Fixirung dieser Form durch strenge Auslese `
nicht. -- Im zweiten Falle bildeten sich viele Samen von gutem Aussehn, welche im folgenden’ |
A neice ees
Gi
digd
54
wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen durch Selbstaussaat, was in Betracht der Überwinterung
der Samen eben nicht für tropischen Ursprung unserer Species spricht. Blüthen a, hell-
violett, aussen purpurn; Û, blutroth, untere Hälfte schwarzviolett; e, gefüllt (Mehrzahl);
d, sechsblätterig; e, einfach vierblätterig; f, gefranst; g, ganzrandig. Dickste Frucht
33 m., dünnste 5. Fünfzig Pflanzen. — 1875: 2 Pflanzen, davon eine gefranst.
P. somniferum L.
L F. monstrosum, mit überzähligen Carpellen im innersten Staubgefäss-Kreise
(s. Abb. bei Masters, Teratol. p. 304). Ich cultivire die Pflanze seit 1864; mit
strenger Auslese der Rückschläge seit 1867 und 1868, wo immer wieder einige einfache,
typische erschienen, einmal sogar an demselben Stamm mit der monströsen Form.
1869 am 19 August waren 155 Pflanzen vorhanden, wovon nur 6 mit monströsen
Früchten ; ausserdem waren im Laufe des Sommers bereits 82 einfache beseitigt worden.
Die Mehrzahl der letzteren war klein, offenbar Kümmerlinge; einige indess waren
ebenso gross, wie die monströsen. Nur die monströsen Kapseln -blieben zur Samen-
reife stehen !).
1870: 6 Pflanzen mit einfacher Blüthe; — eine mit theils einfachen, theils mon-
strösen Blumen. Diese sämmtlich beseitigt. Drei Pflanzen mit monstróser Blüthe. —
Farbe unveründert, mit Ausnahme einer einfachen, welche roth war (Kümmerling),
statt von blasser Lila-Grundfarbe mit violettschwarzem Nagel. — 1871: aus vor-
jährigen Samen der Monstrosa erschienen. 743 Pflanzen mit einfacher Blüthe, und
nur 9 monströse 2). Unter den einfachen befanden sich sowohl (überwiegend) Küm-
merlinge, als Riesen. Auch diessmal erschienen einige Exemplare mit rothen Petala,
am Grunde ein dunkler Fleck. i
1872: Auf 337 einfache Pflanzen, also Rückschläge, kamen 10 mit der Monstrosität.
Die Kapseln waren bei den Kümmerlingen oft so klein als bei Rhoeas.
1) Eine merkwürdige Monstrosität des Gartenmohns (somn.) habe ich vor mehreren Jahren
beobachtet: die Frucht wurde unreif von innen her spontan aufgesprengt, und es zeigte sich im
Centrum eine junge, noch zusammengefaltete Blüthe von normaler röthlicher Farbe; im innern der-
selben war eine kleine, aber normale junge Frucht enthalten. (Die äussere hatte keine Samen aus-
gebildet.) — Scheffer fand beim Durchschneiden einer Mohnfrucht von normaler Grösse im Innern
eine centrale, meist vergrünte Blüthe aus 13 Blättchen mit mehreren Carpellen, von dürftiger Aus-
bildung und sehr verbogen. (Versl. en meded., Afd. Natuurk. der Kon. Akademie der Wetenschappen.
2de Reeks. Deel 3. Amsterd. 1869. S. 87. 92. o. ic.). :
2) Diess stimmt allerdings schlecht mit anderweitigen Angaben. Decandolle erwähnt z. B. einen
Fall, wo von 154 Sämlingen nur ein einziger zum gewöhnlichen Typus zurückschlug. (Bibl. univers.
Novb. 1872. p. 58.)
09
| | E. 1873: Einzelne grossblüthige und zahlreiche kleinblüthige Rückschläge; im Ganzen 301.
| Farbe lila, oder purpurn-carminroth, mit diffus begrenztem dunkelem Auge. Narben-
streifen 5—10; häufig 7 oder 8; einmal einer derselben nach aussen gegabelt. Monströs
waren 10 Blüthen, darunter auch einige kleinere! z. B. brachte eine Blüthe (von
23 Mm. Länge und 15 Mm. Breite der Kapsel) mehrere überzählige Carpelle. Um-
gekehrt kommen Rückschläge bei 12 Cm. Blüthendurchmesser vor. Offenbar ist nach
| dieser und der vorigen Serie, dass die Üppigkeit oder Dürftigkeit. für das Rück-
| schlagen oder Variiren für sich allein durchaus nicht entscheidend sind, dass sie
aber allerdings einen ganz bedeutenden Einfluss haben. — An Fixirung durch Aus-
| wahl ist nicht zu denken.
f Ich bemerke hierbei, dass diese Culturen immer auf derselben Stelle, auf unge-
düngtem, schwerem, gut bearbeitetem Boden ausgeführt wurden.
1874: Viele monströs, selbst kleine Kapseln von 15 Mm. Länge — ohne das
einfach; 9 monströs, und zwar nur die am Rande des Beetes, also besser ernährt
1868, auf ungedüngtem, nicht bearbeitetem, schwerem Boden. Es entwickelten sich
12 monströse Exemplare, ferner 89 Rückschläge in die typische Form, mit röthlicher
und violetter Blüthenfarbe und einfachem Fruchtknoten, eine hatte tief geschlitzte
Petala; eine weiss mit rosafarbigem Saume, tief gefranst. Alle Kümmerlinge waren
einfach, aber nicht alle einfachen (typischen) waren Kümmerlinge. Die Rückschläge
wurden sämmtlich alsbald beseitigt. — 1869 erschien u. a. wieder an einem und
demselben Stengel eine monströse und eine typische Blüthe; letztere wurde beseitigt ;
. ebenso weiterhin alle übrigen Rückschläge. Im ganzen erschienen 25 typische Pflanzen
m9 oder Rückschlüge, die meisten mit grossen Blüthen, 5 davon mit kleiner Blüthe;
nur eine einzige monstróse!
III. 1874 wurde eine Topfsaat von 1873er Samen ausschliesslich aus peripherischen
Carpellen gemacht; es waren deren indess wenige und diese sahen dürftig aus. In
der That hat sich auch keine Pflanze entwickelt. — 1875: Wiederholung mit vorjährigen
Samen. Sieben Pflanzen, normal.
Polycarpie ist beobachtet ausser bei somniferum: bei setigerum D C (hortense Hort.),
orientale u. bracteatum. Noch eine 2te Form wird beschrieben, wo sich das Con-
nectiv betheiligt, und die Pseudocarpelle offen bleiben. (Abb. citirt: Godron, mem.
soc. Cherbourg. XVI. 1871—2. p. 86. 88.) Letztere Form sah ich bei P. Rhoeas.
Nach Treeul wäre übrigens die Frucht von Papaver nicht aus Carpelblättern gebildet و
sondern axillär; ebenso bei Glaucium u. anderen Papaveraceen, (Compt. rend.
27. Jan. 1873 p. 181.)
Carpophorum gemessen; 30 monstrós, 16 einfach , — letztere beseitigt. — 1875: 319
IL F. monstrosa. Dieselbe Form wie vorhin. Samen von Königsberg. Cultur ab
„n éme
en بشم
56
Ibis. v. „nigrum von Königsberg; 1872.
Pflanzen kahl mit Ausnahme der Blüthenstiele. Blüthen weiss bis blass rosa, ge-
franst; andere lila mit violettem Fleck, wie, die gewöhnliche Form; einige roth
(mennig bis carmin) mit weissem scharfbegrenztem Fleck — ca. 1 Centimeter gross,
länglich, abgerundet viereckig — über dem Nagel, dieser selbst rosa; Eine atrosan-
guinea. Nur 1 Blüthe ungefranst. Samenfarbe ungleich: braun, grau oder weiss.
Also hóchst variabel.
Im Allgemeinen war die Pflanze dem P. setigerum (s. diese, sub 1872) sehr ähnlich,
wonach also Decandolle’s dort angezogene Vermuthung von deren Zusammengehórigkeit
zu bestätigen ist; übereinstimmend mit Moris und Boissier (cf. A. Decand. Geog.
bot. rais. p. 966).
IV. Samenfarbe.
Da die weisse oder schwärzliche Samenfarbe allgemein als fixirt angeführt wird,
so habe ich durch eigenen Versuch mir hierüber ein Urtheil zu bilden versucht.
a. Aus einem Gemische verschiedenfarbiger Mohnsamen wurden mit Sorgfalt nur
die weissen ausgelesen und 1873 isolirt ausgesäet. Blüthen weisslich, lila bis rosa
oder purpurroth, mit violettem Nagel; ganerandig; Kelch kahl, Pollen weiss. Samen
mehrerer (31) Kapseln weiss, in emer jedoch ۰ Vielleicht war bei der Auslese
der Samen ein einzelner von dieser Farbe übersehen worden, was bei ihrer Kleinheit
schon möglich ist. — 1874 wurden aus einer dieser Kapseln die (rein weissen) Samen
entnommen und isolirt (Topfcultur) ausgesäet. Blüthen weiss, Pollen gelblich-weiss.
Samen: 1, weiss; 2, erdfarbig (hellbraun).
4j. lap. somn. Lc y. nigrum von Konigsberg. Die dunkelsten, braunen Samen
wurden ausgelésen u. 1873 gesäet. Blüthen rosa mit violettem Nagel, Fleck begrenzt;
oder carmin mit violettem Nagelfleck; fast Rhoeas-roth mit Auge; dunkelcarmin mit
sehr grossem Auge (fast # der ganzen Fläche); Oder rosa mit weissem Auge; lila
mit violett. Ganzrandig, auch geschlitzt. Pollen weisslich, Filamente weiss oder lila ;
auch schwarzviolett (bei einer roth und schwarzbunten Blume). Kelch kahl, Blüthen-
stiel borstig. Antheren weiss. Stigma mit 7—15 Strahlen; letztere die grössten; doch
existirt kein strenger Zusammenhang zwischen Grösse der Narbe und Zahl ihrer
Streifen. Samenfarbe in 11 Kapseln braunschwarz, in 1 aschgrau, 1 braungrau,
1 gelblich- oder hellbraun. In der Farbe der reifen Kapseln kein Unterschied.
1874. Zehm Sümlinge aus spontaner Herbstaussaat waren om Freien überwintert ;
am 10 März bildeten dieselben 2—3 Zoll hohe Blattrosetten; diese Blätter waren
sämmtlich fiederig-geschlitzt, also von den sonst ungelappten Blättern dieser ordinären
Sorte ganz verschieden, rhöasartig;, übrigens kahl, graugrün. (Auf diese Variation,
welcher aber im Sommer ganz gewöhnliche Blätter an denselben Pflanzen nachfolgten ,
57
mag die Herbst- oder Wintertemperatur Einfluss gehabt haben. Siehe Abbildung: Taf. V.
Fig. 6. Es ist mir ein analoger Fall bei Nigella damascena bekannt, von J. Ziegler
beobachtet, wo die Blätter der im December gesäeten, überwinterten Pflänzchen weit
feiner zerschlitzt waren, als die der demnächstigen Aprilsaat aus den gleichen Samen),
Blüthen a rosa halb weiss, ganzrandig; — oder 5 blass carmin mit blass violettem
Nagel, Rand gefranst; — c gefranst, purpurn, mit grossem violettem Fleck; —
Filamente bei a weiss, bei Û und c lila; — d hellviolett mit dunkelviolettem Augenfleck ,
gefranst. — Früchte theils ordinär, theils längsgefurcht oder cannelirt! Samen bei
Kapsel: 1 braun, 2 dunkelbraun, 3 hellbraun, 4 ebenso, 5 schwarzbraun, 6 hell-
braun, 7 hellbraun, 8 schwarzbraun, 9—10 ebenso (fast schwarz), 11—16 dunkel-
braun, 17—19 sehr Ze//braun. Keine grau oder weiss. Pflanzen 4 Fuss hoch.
c. Auf einem Mohnbeete wurden 1872 m verschiedenen Kapseln entweder weisse,
oder fleischfarbige Samen angetroffen. — 1878 wurden ausgelesene weisse isolirt im
freien Lande ausgesäet; sie lieferten in fast allen Kapseln rein weisse Samen; einzelne
Kapseln hatten hellgraue (etwa eine auf 60) Bei einer zweiten späteren Arnte,
(Mitte August) kamen auf 10 Kapseln mit weissen Samen deren 4 mit grauen.
Absatz d. 1873 fanden sich auf einem anderen Beete in verschiedenen Kapseln folgende
Farben. 1, grau; — 2, in derselben Kapsel theils graue, hellgraue, braune, grauweiss
gefleckte (Wachsabsonderung?) — alle gleich reif und gleich gross; — 3, weisslich
bis sehr hellbräunlich; — 4, weiss; 5, weissgrau ohne Wachsabsonderung ? oder
Kruste. (Samen doppelt grösser als bei P. setigerum, aber das Netz auf der Oberfläche
kleiner; sonst identisch in der Form) Absatz e. Samen von 5, und zwär rein braun-
schwarze, wurden 1873 geärndet (alle aus derselben Kapsel) und 1874 (in Topf) ausgesäet.
Blüthen: 1, hellroth mit dunklerem Nagel, gefranst; 2, blass ziegelroth , ganzrandig;
3, klein, mit 4 Narbenstreifen, rosa und weiss, gefranst; 4, blassrhöasroth , gefranst ;
5, rein rhöasroth, ganzrandig; 6, rhöasroth mit dunkelviolettem Nagel, gefranst.
Samenfarbe: dunkelbraun, 9 Kapseln. Also bei gleicher Samenfarbe ungleiche Blü-
thenfarben. Absatz f. Samen von 0, u. zwar aschgrau, wurden 1873 rein
aus derselben Kapsel) und 1874 (in Topf) ausgesäet. Blüthenfarbe: rosa (ganzrandig
oder gefranst), seltner rhöasroth mit lila Nagel. Samenfarbe: 6 Kapseln dunkelbraun ,
1 hellbraun, 1 mittelbraun. Absatz g. Samen von Û, u. zwar gelbliche, wurden 1873
geärndet und 1874 in Topfeultur ausgesät. Blüthen: a, rosa — weisslich , gefranst ; —
6, weiss; c, rosa. Samenfarbe: | Kapsel aschgrau, 1 gelblich ,
Also keine Fixirung der Samenfarbe.
geärndet (alle
l bräunlich. بت
V. Von sonstigen Variationen dieser Species mag noch Folgendes
finden. |
1) Ich sah 1873 in einem Garten Giessens einen stark gefüllten Mo
hier Erwähnung
hn, dessen
8
M I
o cC Re
RESET?
pc e Di cm و nee a
coa E
58
Petala rein weiss waren, der Kelch mit spärlichen starken Borsten. 2) gefüllt, gefranst,
Petala weiss mit Carmin-Saum. 3) Petala ganzrandig, carmin, untem mit 4 eckigem
weissem Auge, Nagel lila.
Interessant ist, dass auch trichterförmige monopetale Mohnblüthen beobachtet
worden sind, u. zwar bei P. orientale, abgebildet bei Masters (Teratol. p. 28).
VI. Chemische Einflüsse. Samen von hellbrauner Farbe aus der Ärnte von 1873
wurden 1874 in Töpfe ausgesäet welche folgende Zusätze erhielten. |
a. Kampher. Zwei Zoll unter der Erdoberfläche wurden 2 Theelöffel voll Kampher
ausgestreut. (Topf 10 Zoll hoch. 9 Zoll Oberfläche ım Durchmesser). Blüthenfarben :
1, fleischroth, gefranst; 2, rhöasroth mit blass lila Nagel; 3, weiss; 4, rosa mit
weissem Nagel; mehr rothe als bei 4. 5, carmin mit grossem violettem Nagel. —
Blüthenstiele obenhin kahl oder borstig. Samenfarbe in 23 Kapseln hellbraun, mit-
telbraun oder schwarzbraun. (Von 2 speciell bezeichneten Blüthen, welche solche
schwarzbraune Samen lieferten, war die eine roth, die andere weiss. Also keine
Beziehung zwischen Blüthenfarbe und Samenfärbe). Im Habitus und Gedeihen ganz
gleich der Folgenden.
b. Salmiak. Zubereitung wie sub a, 3 Theelöffel Salmiakkrystalle statt des Kamphers.
Keimung auf denselben Tag mit «, erste Blüthe vierzehn Tage später. Blüthen:
1, blass rosa; 2, rosa mit weissem Nagel; 3, blass rhóasroth. Einige gefranst; —
4, rhöasroth mit grossem violettem Nagel. Samen in 5 Kapseln mittelbraun bis
schwarzbraun. | |
Also der Zusatz ohne bemerkbaren Einfluss.
Sedum album L. (Perenn.)
L Form: albissimum. Blätter und Blüthen ohne alles Roth. Wild von mir bei
Boppard am Rhein gefunden und 1864 in den. Garten verpflanzt. (Ist nur Varietät
der gemeinen, roth angelaufenen Form, wie mich später an der Lahn bei Gräfeneck
gefundene Übergangs-Exemplare belehrten). Die weisse Pflanze vermehrte sich reichlich,
theils durch Sprossung, theils durch Sämlinge, und bedeckte 1869 bereits 4 Fuss
ins Gevierte, ohne dass eine einzige einen Anflug von Roth zeigte; die Individuenzahl
beläuft sich auf Tausende. 1870 ebenso. 1871 ebenso, durch Sprossung wie durch
Sämlinge sich in die Nachbarschaft verbreitend, manche auf 10 Schritte entfernt
vom Originalbeete; sämmtlich unverändert. Ebenso 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875. Erste
Blüthe gleichzeitig mit der typischen. Ich habe dieser Varietät bei einer ab 1858
bis 1875 durchgeführten Cultur der
IL éypischen, roth angelaufenen Form. niemals auftreten sehen, obgleich die Exem-
59
plare in zahlloser Menge ein Beet von 3 Fuss in’s Gevierte dicht bedeckten und
häufig Sämlinge lieferten.
III. Samen von I 1873 wurden 1874 in gepochten Glimmerschiefer von Huckelheim
(0,5 p. Ct. Kalk) gesäet. Gedeihen gut. Farbe der Blätter rein grün, ohne Roth.
Dieser Fall hat dadurch ein besonderes Interesse, weil er — neben Linum usitat,
albiflorum — der einzige ist, wo eine unzweifelhaft ächte Farb-Varietät streng erblich
und fixirt erscheint !). Er findet sein Analogon in dem Albinismus der Thiere,
welcher ebenfalls streng erblich ist, wofür mir ein Fall bezüglich der weissen Haus-
maus bekannt ist (durch viele Generationen binnen 7 Jahren); und dasselbe führt
Darwin bezüglich der weissen Kaninchen (Namen I, 184, 137) und weissen
Pfauentauben (ib. p. 247) an. Dr. Schmidt (Director des zool. Gartens‘ in Frankfurt)
behauptet dasselbe bezüglich weisser Mäuse, Ratten u. Kaninchen. Für »Albino-
Kaninchen” stellt indess v. Nathusius (in lit) die Farbconstanz in Abrede. S. auch
Fischer im Zoolog. Garten. 1874. 10.
Specularia Speculum D C. 9
H
Blaublüthig. Cultur ab 1859 auf kalkreichem und auf kalkarmem Boden. In den
meisten Jahren erschienen inmitten der typischen Form einige weissblüthige, welche
stets beseitigt wurden, sobald die Blüthenfarbe sicher zu erkennen war, 1869 er-
schienen etwa 1000 Pflanzen, darunter 2 weisse, welche sofort beseitigt wurden.
"Auch 1870 erschien wieder 1 weisse unter zahlreichen blauen. 1871 wurde unter
ca. 300 Pflanzen ‘keine weissblüthige bemerkt. 1872: 200 Pflanzen, alle blau.
1873. eine weisse unter vielen blauen. Also immer zeitweise Varianten. ۱
S. Speculum D C.
Weissblüthige Form. Samen von solchen Exemplaren aus der.vorhergehenden Serie `
entnommen, wurden ab 1865 an einer entfernten Stelle isolirt gezüchtet. Die Nach-
kommenschaft war in jedem folgenden Jahre theilweise wieder blau; solche Exemplare
wurden stets sofort beseitigt. — In 1869 entwickelten sich 6 Pflanzen mit weisser
Blüthe, 16 blaue. 1870: 5 Pflanzen, sämmtlich weiss. 1871: 40 Pflanzen, sämmtlich
weiss. 1872: 27 Pflanzen, sämmtlich weiss, mit Ausnahme von Einer blauen, welche
1) Annähernd Ähnliches findet sich bei Clarkia elegans, Collinsia bieolor, Lavatera trimestris u.
. Specularia Speculum v. albiflora, während Eschscholtzia calif., Raphan. Raphanistrum, Papaver
Rhoeas u. alpinum flor albo nicht fixirbar waren. Letztere Fälle gehören in Betracht der oft rein
gelben Blüthen indess einer andern Farbenreihe an.
§*
A
ES هصق BEEM ~ men ^». > c
4 ^ \ d - 4
EES
60
beseitigt wurde (und zwar hier wie in der Folge in der Regel schon vor vollendetem
Auf blühen). — 1873: Eine blau, 107 weiss. 1874: blau 2, 13 weiss. 1875: 10 weiss.
Wir haben hier den seltenen und interessanten Fall einer mi! der Zeit unter
strenger Auslese zunehmenden Fixirung einer Varietät. |
Viola lutea Smith (Perenn.)
Varürt (wie tricolor) mit grossen und kleinen Blumen von gelber, violetter !),
violett und gelber Farbe (s. Koch Syn. 95). Zu lutea werden noch amoena, grandiflora
in der Auvergne, und Sudetica gezogen. Bentham vereinigt übrigens lutea mit
tricolor (Darwin. Variiren. 1. 470) Der Unterschied bezüglich des Perennirens ist
nicht scharf ausgeprägt. Die Form des Stammes und der Stipulae bietet nach Darwin
„geringe und unwichtige Verschiedenheiten," was auch meine Ansicht ist. Nach
Watson geht tricolor auch in Curtisii über. Koch Syn. 1. 95 zählt unter lutea fol-
gende Formen auf: grandiflora, sudetica, multicaulis. Auch die von Koch angege-
benen Unterschiede bezüglich der Spornlänge finde ich nicht ‚durchgreifend. Auch
V. altaica gehört wohl in diesen Formenkreis. J. P. J. Koltz zieht die Viola altaica
Pall in R. et S. syst. V. 383 zu V. tricolor L. (p. 121. Publ. inst. gr. duc. d.
Luxembourg XIII. 1873.)
Ich cultivirte die Form calaminaria Lej., s. g. Zinkveilchen, von welcher ich wie-
derholt bewurzelte Pflanzen durch Herrn Apotheker Bruns von den Galmeibergen
aus der Gegend von Aachen erhielt. Blüthen intensiv und rein ge/5, 18 Mm. in
der Mediane mit einigen violettschwarzen kleinen Strichen im Schlunde. Koch (L c.)
bezeichnet diese bei Aachen und Spa in niedrigeren Gegenden vorkommende Form
(vom Zink sagt er nichts) als V. multicaulis, floribus non majoribus quam in V.
tricolore vulgari" i. e. 8—10 lineas in diametro (ib.); diess Mass trifft bei meinen
Exemplaren zu: im mittel ca. 18 Mm.
Das Zinkveilehen aus jener Gegend — insbesondere vom Altenberge — hat wegen
seiner anschemenden Anhänglichkeit an den Galmeiboden wiederholt zu chemischen
Untersuchungen Veranlassung gegeben; man hat die Vermuthung geäussert, dass
der Zinkgehalt des Bodens (und dann der Pflanze) auf die Form und Farbe der
letzteren Einfluss habe ?). | |
1) Diese fand ich auf dem Honneck in den Vogesen, Blüthe sehr gross (35 Mm.). Caspary sah
Viola lutea in vollständig wilden Zustande mit Blüthen verschiedener Farbe und Grösse. (cit. Darw.
Var. 1. 525.)
2) So sagt A. Hardy : :
J'ai observé à Oneux (Belgique) une variété avec les deux pétales supérieurs bleus, ce qui fait
supposer que la couleur jaune n'est due qu'à l'influence. du terrain calaminaire. Cette plante est
61
Es muss aber bemerkt werden, dass dieselbe Form auch auf zinkfreiem Boden
beobachtet ist. Risse fand in dem Zinkveilchen 1 p.Ct. Zinkoxyd in der Asche,
während die unterliegende ` Erde bis zu 20 p.Ct. und mehr Zinkoxyd enthielt
(Sachs Experimental Physiologie 1865. S. 154).
Auf dem Galmeiboden geht selbstverständlich . das Zink auch in andere Gewächse
über; so hat M. Freytag (1869) im Hafer- und Weizenstroh von dort stets etwas
Zink gefunden; ebenso im Mais, welchen er auf künstlichem Zinkboden erzog, der
zu 45, p-Ct. aus Zink-Carbonat bestand. Die Samen z. B. enthielten 0,52 Zink auf
100 Trockensubstanz; die Vegetation war im Wesentlichen normal, ebenso waren
die Samen keimfáhig und lieferten im folgenden Jahre normale Pflanzen. Selbst bei
einem Zinkgehalt des Bodens von 5 p.Ct. fand bezüglich Weizen, Hafer und Gerste
normale .Entwickelung Statt. Eine geschliffene Galmeiplatte wurde von dem Wurzeln
angeützt; die Pflanzen zeigten nachher einen Zinkgehalt von 3,2 bis 4,2 p.Ct. in
der Asche. (Auch Alsine verna kommt auf Zinkboden vor, ferner dieselbe auf
krystallinischen Gestein, kupferhaltigen Localitäten u. s. w. (cf. Ausland 1870. p. 695).
Meine Culturversuche ergeben folgendes.
a. Die Pflanzen wurd?n mit Ballen der Originalerde 1867 auf ein Beet gebracht,
auf welches eine Schicht von kohlensaurem Zinkoxyd von $ Zoll Höhe aufgetragen
wurde; darüber l Zoll hoch gute Blumenerde. Oberfläche 1 Quadratfuss. Sie blühten
sofort reichlich, goldgelb und normal. 1868 ebenso; Blüthen gelb , Tracht unverändert.
6. 1869 wurde, da obige Plantage in Folge der Trockniss ausgegangen war, eine
neue Pflanzung von frischen Originalpflanzen vorgenommen, und zwar auf dasselbe
Beet, nachdem an der betreffenden Stelle eine neue Lage (von 1— 3 Linien Höhe)
Zinkweiss aufgetragen worden war. Die Blüthen und der Habitus erschienen unver-
ändert. 1870. Grösse und Habitus der Blüthe ungeändert; die Farbe vielleicht etwas
verändert. Es werden nämlich die 2 oberen Petala am Grunde etwas bleich grünlich ,
weiterhin verfürben sie sich ganz in bleich Lila. Später kamen aber Blüthen zum
Vorschein, welche in keiner Beziehung von denen auf anderen Beeten (z. B. dem
Mörtelbeete s. u. 9) verschieden waren. Die Pflanzen producirten. etwas Weniges
an Samen. 1871 erhielt die Plantage eine neue Bedeckung von 5 Theelöffeln voll
Zinkpulver (wie oben). Blüthen normal, kleiner als sub y (auf Mörtel); sonst nichts
geändert. Einzelne Blüthen zeigten einen schwachen Stich in’s Violette, was mit
polymorphe comme toutes les formes de ce genre. Voir & ce sujet les savantes observations de M.
le professeur Morren, dans son travail intitulé: Souvenirs d'Allemagne; Bull. soc. bot. Belg. IX.
1870. — p. 224.
Dass Hardy's Vermuthung unbegründet ist, wird sich weiter unten zeigen. — Dr. André in Bonn
theilt mir mit, dass er mitunter auf demselben Stengel blaue und gelbe Blüthen gefunden habe
(bei Calaminaria bei Aachen).
62
dem Beginne des Abwelhens einherzugehen schien. — 1872: Blüthen unverändert,
nur Eine merklicher abweichend: 2 obere Petala fast himmelblau, die 2 seitlichen
bläulich, das unterste gelb. — 1873: neben gelben erschienen diessmal (namentlich
auf der Höhe der Blüthezeit) zahlreiche Blumen, welche schon im frischen Zustande
— eben nach dem Aufblühen — 2 himmelblaue oder violette obere Petala hatten,
oder ebendaselbst gelb mit violetten Flecken oder Strichen waren, oder ebendaselbst
tief himmelblau mit ebensolchen; bisweilen auf demselben Stengel mit gelben. Diese
Farbänderung ist also als spontan zu betrachten, und scheint ebenso unabhängig
vom Zink als die analogen Farbünderungen bei V. tricolor. — Eine Blüthe auffallend
gross; 26 Mm. in der Mediane; die anderen — besonders gelben — mur 20 und
weniger. Auch hier kam ferner wieder die eigenthümliche Erschemung vor, dass
anfangs gelbe "Blumen beim Abblühen — aber noch in voller Turgescenz — sich
oben (2 Petala) in Lila verfárbten; diess Lila hat indess eine unreinere Nüance als
bei den frisch schon lila aufgeblühten. Stengel niederliegend, ästig, wie ۰
Es macht den Eindruck, dass hier einzig durch die Cultur bei den Pflanzen
(zum Theil wohl noch unzweifelhaft die Originalstócke) durch ein oder mehrere Jahre
die Neigung zur Variation eingeleitet wurde. Und zwar dürfte, da die betreffenden
Beete bei dieser und den folgenden Plantagen niemals umgearbeitet wurden, im
diesem Falle unter Cultur vielleicht nur das etwa veränderte Klima oder die abweichende
physicalische Beschaffenheit des Bodens zu verstehen sein. — 1874: Die Grósse der
Blumen ist im Vorsommer am bedeutendsten; die blau-bunte Fürbung scheint im
Hochsommer zuzunehmen. Brachten reichlich Samen.
gelb mit lila |
oder violett | blaue bunt.
angelaufen. |
grösste in Mm, |Zahl der offenen
(Mediane). Blüthen.
oben violett-
۱ fleckig.
۱
Blüthen
z blau.
rein gelb. Ea nie
| .
| alle
meiste
) meiste ;
20s ; 3 meiste ; mittel
d s
RE. 9° : 14
19. 0
NE 19
1875: Maximum 27 Mm. Auch diessmal im Juni grösser und weit mehr blau-bunte,
als anfangs Mai oder im August.
63
c. Eine Anzahl obiger Burtscheider Pflanzen wurde 1867 mit Originalballen auf
ein Beet von gewöhnlicher Gartenerde gebracht, weit entfernt von der vorigen Plantage.
Sie blühte und wuchs ganz normal Der Zweck dieser Cultur war zu beobachten,
ob die etwa entstehenden neuen Sämlinge in der nächsten Umgebung auch auf
diesem geänderten Substrate ihre Eigenthümlichkeit beibehalten wurden.
1868 erschienen schon im Mai neben mehreren gelben Blüthen deren 4, an
welchen die beiden oberen Petala blass lila statt gelb gefärbt waren. Also beginnende
Variation. Einige Blüthen waren ferner blassgelb — statt goldgelb (citrongelb). Im
Juli waren die meisten Blüthen dunt (wie oben), dabei auffallend Aleim, wie bei der
gelblichen V. tricolor arvensis; vermuthlich in Folge der excessiven Trockniss. (Eine
solche kleinblüthige Form erwähnt auch Koch, Syn. 95 unter y). Im August erschienen
weiter solche Blüthen von bunter Farbe und Mittelgrösse, neben mehreren gelben.
d. 1869 wurden frische Originalpflanzen von Burtscheid sorgfältig aus den Ballen
ausgelöst und in einen grossen, Aachen Topf mit Blumenerde ohne Zink gebracht,
wo sie vortrefflich gediehen. Die neu entwickelten Blüthen waren kleiner und blässer
gelb, als bei' der blühend eingesendeten Stammform, die Petala schmäler. Flagellen
weit umherlaufend. Keine Früchte. — 1870: Blüthen anfangs gelb wie im zink-
haltigen Boden sub e; von Mitte Juli ab aber, wie im Vorjahre, anders, aber in
anderem Sinne: Petala schmüler, grósser, mit wenigeren Strichen. Grósster Durch-
messer 104 p. Lin. (24 Mm.) statt 94—10. Blüthe reichlich; keine Samen. nee
und Blattform ungeändert.
e. 1869 wurden, wie sub d, frische Originalpflanzen ohne Ballen in einen flachen
weiten Topf gesetzt, dessen Erde eine starke Schicht von basisch kohlensaurem
Zinkoayd erhielt, welche mit einer dünnen Lage Blumenerde bedeckt wurde.
(Durchmesser des Topfes 11 p. Zoll; Höhe 4 Zoll. Zinkvolum 5 p. Cub. Zoll). |
Die neu entwickelten Blüthen waren kleiner und blässer, als bei der Originalform ;
die Petala schmäler. Die Pflanzen gediehen trefflich, peu starke Flagellen , setzten
aber keine Früchte an. — 1870: Keine Samenbildung. Farbe der Blüthen anfangs
blassgelb, vom Hochsommer an normal typisch: 4 oberen Bh blass, unteres
citrongelb. Schwarze Streifchen stärker als auf dem zinkfreien Boden d; Blüthen kleiner.
Die Aussicht, durch chemische Einflüsse bei Veilchenarten Farbvariationen zu
erzeugen, erscheint gering, da bei Viola tricolor hortensis an einem und demselben
Stock gelbe, violette und bunte: Blüthen vorkommen, wie ich u. a. 1869 mehrfach
beobachtet habe (s. u.).
1871 erhielt unsere. Plantage einen neuen Zinkzusatz (5 Theelöffel voll). Die
Blumen waren von derselben Grösse, wie anfangs (2 C. M.), gelb; die später auf-
tretenden (im August) waren zum Theil oben (2 Petala) etwas violett angelaufen ;
Früchte klein, fehlschlagend. 1872 ohne nennenswerthe Abweichung , üppig gedeihend.
mnd En "
64
Bläthen von mittlerer Grösse, doch einzelne auch so gross wie die grösseren auf
dem Mörtelbeete (y, 1871): 30 Mm. Sämmtlich rein gelb, oder mit Stich in Lila. —
1873 wurde die Pflanze ins freie Land gesetzt; zu Anfang der Blüthezeit wurde
Zinkoxyd (wie oben) aufgeschüttet; Blüthen gelb, ziemlich gross. — 1874: Blüthen
gelb, mittelgross, bisweilen mit einem Stich in unrein Lila, namentlich gegen die
Zeit des Abblühens hin. |
e*. Von obigen Pflanzen wurden im Juni 1870 einige Exemplare ohne Ballen in
das freie Land verpflanzt, und zwar an eine schattige Stelle auf guten, humusreichen
Boden. Sie blüheten gelb, genau wie die Sommerblüthen. sub e in derselben Zeit;
auch die Zeichnung und Grósse der Blumen ganz dieselbe.
f. 1869 wurde eine Anzahl isolirter Originalpflanzen von Burtscheid an eine
schattige Stelle in das freie Land auf guten, zinkfreien Gartenboden gesetzt. Sie
gediehen gut; die Blüthen, welche durch den ganzen Sommer erschienen, hatten
anfangs die normale Form , Grósse und intensiv goldgelbe Farbe. Flagellen fast fehlend.
Gegen Ende Juli erschienen weit Aleinere Blüthen, blassgelb von Farbe.
g. 1869 wurde eine Anzahl frischer Originalpflanzen ohne Ballen auf ein Mörtelbeet
gesetzt, um den etwaigen Einfluss eines grossen Kalkgehaltes zu erproben. (Der
Kalkgehalt betrug im Mittel der oberen und unteren Schichten — bei 1 Zoll und
4 Zoll Tiefe — 29,4 pCt. Ca. O, nach Analyse von Dr. W. Simon). Die weiterhin
erscheinenden Blüthen hatten nur die Aalbe Grösse der Originalform , waren blassgelb ;
die später erscheinenden intensiv gelb, aber nicht grösser. — 1870: 3 überwinterte
Pflanzen gingen durch Trockniss aus; daher neue Bepflanzung (ohne Ballen) von d,
zinkfrei. Blüthen gross; in Farbe, Form und Zeichnung genau wie jene auf Zink e.
Und diess erhielt sich auch so den ganzen Sommer hindurch. Hier also — trotz
Kalkzusatz — keine Änderung, während die Pflanze auf der zinkfreien Blumenerde d
nicht unerheblich abschwankte. — 1871: Gedeihen gut. Blüthen blassgelb, Unterlippe
citrongelb wie sub a; zeitweise mit schwachem Stich in’s Violette. Grösse derselben
ungleich: einige. unter der normalen, andere normal, weiterhin aber auch immer
eine Anzahl viel grösser, mit sehr schmalen Petala; bis 35 Mm. in der Mediane. —
1872: Obere Petala zum "Theil deutlich lila, namentlich beim Abblühen. —
1873: Blüthen niemals auffallend gross, bisweilen sehr klein (1,5 Cm. in der Mediane) ,
Trockener Sommer. Einige frisch aufgeblühete Blumen oben (2 Petala) entschieden
lila; also Parallelvatiation (u. zwar fast gleichzeitig nach der Mitte des April) mit 0;
einzelne fast durchaus lila (bei 21 Mm. Mediane). Von der Mitte Juni an alle gelb,
meist klein, fast bis zu 1 Cm., nur noch ganz vereinzelt oben lila; so bis Mitte August 1).
‘) Eine analoge Farbänderung beobachtete ich bei einem Crataegus Oxycantha: Blüthen zuerst
rein weiss, dann folgen weisse und stark rosarothe. Von Bodeneinfluss kann auch hier keine Rede
sein, da sich die Erscheinung alljährlich wiederholt, während der Strauch auf derselben Stelle bleibt.
65
Also in fast allen Fällen hier mit der Länge der Cultur (und diessmal nicht mit
der Menge der Individuen) zunehmende Variation.
1874: Blüthen zum Theil sehr klein, so klein wie die wilde V. tricolor auf
unseren Feldern, gelb, selbst weiss/ich, (Mediane 13 Mm.); von der überhaupt diese
Form dann nicht mehr verschieden ist (auch bezüglich der Stipulae und des Sporns
kein ausreichender Unterschied) 1); andere gross, blassgelb (Mediane 29 Mm.) , andere
mittelgross; einzelne mit 2 blauen oberen Petala; die Mehrzahl citrongelb fast ohne
Spur von lila. Mitunter findet man an demselben Stock kleine und mittelgrosse Blüthen
(9 und 18 Mm. Mediane); oder in der Farbe blassgelbe neben goldgelben. (Die
blaue Farbe trat auf dieser Plantage erst Ende Juni auf). Stengel niederliegend wie zu
Anfang. 1875: eine Blüthe violett, unten gelb mit braunem Saum. Rest sehr variabel.
4. Samen der goldgelben ziemlich grossen englischen Garten-Form der gewóhn-
lichen Viola lutea (Mediane 25 Mm.), welche ich von Zürich erhielt, lieferten Pflanzen,
welche 1873 und 1874 (im freien Lande) unveründert blüheten (Stipulae typisch,
sehr einfach, schmal; Blätter eirund, breit).
i Samen von 5 (aus bunten Blumen), 1874 gesäet, blüheten schon in demselben
Jahr! Blüthen theils bunt, selbst oben sammtig; theils gelb.
Viola lutea.
nie ke Verbreitung.
Stammt nach Christ (Denkschriften der Schweiz. Nat. Ges. XXII p. 64 1867)
aus den Schweizer-Alpen. Ausstrahlung nórdlich nur nach Grossbritannien, óstlich
bis Transkaukasien, Klein Asien (Taurus); p. 64: (fehlt in Island, Grónland, Labrador,
Americ. orient. u. occident., Sibiria arctica, Scandinavia), Vorkommend in pov
(fehlt in Sibir. orient. u. altaica, Sibir. et Ross. Ural, Caucas et Tauria), Transsylv.
Carpath., Sudet., (fehlt in Flanities sarmat. german.), Alp. orient., Alp. central.,
Alp. occident., (fehlt Sylv. nigr., Voges. Jurass.), Gallia central., Pyren., (fehlt
Transcaucas.) Asia minor, Rumel. et Graec., Apennin (fehlt Hispan.)
E? Diagnose.
Fs eus V. tricolor.
Sporn. so lang oder wenig länger als die fast noch einmal so lang.
Kelch-Anhängsel.
Stipulae. fingerig, vieltheilig, Zipfel lineal, leierformig fiederspaltig, der mittlere :
der mittlere breiter. Zipfel oft gekerbt.
Obere Blätter. lanzett-lineal bis breit eifórmig. buet din ei-herzfórmig.
Auch die Lebensdauer bildet keinen scharfen Unterschied, trotz den Angaben der Büc her. Endlich
wird (von Koch Syn.) angegeben bei lutea: Stämme kriechend, fadenfórmig; bei tricolor ästig,
aufsteigend. Aber man findet auch bei tricolor fussweit auf dem Boden aufliegende Stämme.
9
a NE یدرس SRE
66
Viola tricolor L. Meist einjáhrig.
Die Ursache, warum diese Pflanze in manchen Fällen (auch im wilden Zustande)
so leicht varürt, in andern Fällen und auf weite Strecken wieder gar nicht, ist
zur Zeit so gut wie ganz unbekannt. Bezüglich der Thatsache selbst aber will ich
einige sicher constatirte Fälle angeben, damit der Leser einigermassen einen Masstab
für dieses merkwürdige Phänomen (hier und überhaupt im Pflanzenreiche) erhalte
und sich schliesslich deutlich mache, wie wenig wir noch dasseibe verstehen, wie
viel noch zu thun übrig ist. i ۱
Die wilde Pflanze. Sie kommt nach meinen speciellen Beobachtungen in einem
ausgedehnten Theile des Mittelrheingebietes +) vor 1) gelblichweiss,klein ; 2) violettblau,
gross. Beide an gesonderten Standorten, doch ohne erkennbar bestimmten Einfluss
des Substrates. 3) in beiderlei Farben — von wechselnder Ausbreitung — und Grössen
der Blüthen in einer und derselben Gegend. Auch gibt es eine ganz purpurrothe
wilde Form, welche A. G. Moore in England (Shankles, Isle of Wight) auf Ackerland
in einigen Exemplaren fand; dabei grossblüthig. (Journ. of Botany. IX. 1871. p. 136).
Endlich kommt im höchsten Norden (in Lappland: Komagfjord bei 704° n. Br.)
die Blume so prachtvoll vor, dass sie gar nicht veredelt wird (H. Frauberger).
Die Gartenpflanze. Dass unsere gemeine hortensis (Pensée, Stiefmütterchen) wirklich
zu tricolor gehórt, zeigt eine aufmerksamere Vergleichung — Ich habe nun an unserer
hortensis, und zwar auf demselben Slamme, ja auf demselben Aste , die Blüthen in der
Grösse um das Doppelte variiren gesehen (von 5 p. L., der oft vorkommenden Grösse
unserer blassgelben wilden Form, — bis 10 p. L. u. mehr); ebenso in der Farbe: rein
gelb, gelb und violett, rein violett. Bei Beddelhausen unweit Berleburg habe ich sogar
an einer wilden Pflanze zugleich rein blaue mit blau und gelben Blüthen beobachtet.
Unter diesen Umständen ist nicht daran zu denken, dass der Boden diess in den er-
wühnten Fällen veranlasst haben könnte, womit freilich nicht gesagt ist, dass der Boden
überhaupt keinen Einfluss. habe. Der bedeutende Einfluss der Düngung und sorg-
fältigen Cultur, welche bunte oder gelbe Blüthen von mehr als Thalergrôsse — 55 Mm. —
producirt hat (s. Regel's Gartenflora 1867. Vit. 196), zeigt vielmehr unzweifelhaft,
dass auch dem Boden eine starke modificirende Eigenschaft zukommt. — Darwin
erwähnt (nach Loudon u. A.): aus Samen, die man von den schónsten cultivirten
Varietüten der Pensées (Viola tric.) gesammelt hat, werden häufig Pflanzen erzogen,
die sowohl in ihren Blättern als ihren Blüthen vollkommen identisch mit den wilden
sind (Var. II 41.) Ca
Meine nachfolgend mitgetheilten Versuche hatten den Zweck, die Natur dieses
') 8. auch meine Karte im 13. Bericht d. Oberhess. Ges. f. Nat. u. Heilk. p. 61. 1869.
EE
egte Ren — een
67
Einflusses wo möglich genauer kennen zu lernen. Als Resultat ergibt sich indess
nur soviel, dass 1: die Auslese, und 2: die durch mehrere Generationen fortgesetzte
Cultur von bedeutendem Einflusse ist, während die Beschaffenheit des Bodens erst
in zweiter Linie in Betracht kommt; selbst das wiederholte 7 erpflanzen hatte nicht
den erwarteten Einfluss.
a. Wilde Pflanzen (Blüthe Alen, gelblichweiss) aus unserer Umgegend wurden
1866 auf eine zollhohe Schicht von alter Mistbeeterde gesetzt; Untergrund zäh,
schwer, steinreich, frisch umgearbeitet. (In den folgenden Jahren wurde der Boden
nicht weiter berührt) Eine Pflanze wberwinterte! Im Juli 1807 waren 9 Pflanzen
vorhanden; deren eine die 2 oberen Petala blassviolett hatte. — 1868 entwickelten -
sich abermals 9 Pflanzen, in der Blüthe typisch. Reich fructificirend. — 1869 erschienen
abermals uate Blüthen: 1 u. 2: die oberen Petala ganz violett (Farbe von mittlerer
Intensität.) 3: die 2 oberen Petala gelb aber am Rande mit einem dunkelvioletten
Fleck von Eiform und 4 Mm. Länge. 4: ebenso, aber statt Flecken nur Punkte
von 1 Mm. Durchmesser. 5: die 2 oberen Petala violett mit verwaschenen Rande,
d. bh am Grunde heller. Bei 1—5 die Grösse der Blume etwas gesteigert, Mediane
15 Mm. 6: Grösse geringer, nk obere 4 Petala blassgelb, das untere goldgelb.
7 : oben beide Petala dunkelviolett; 2 seitliche hellviolett, unteres gelblich mit violettem
Saume; also eine der gewöhnlichsten Garten alens im Kleinen (Mediane 15 Mm.) (s. u. e.)
8: kleinblüthig, weisslichgelb, typisch; im October vorherrschend.
Im Ganzen 30 Pflanzen, durch Selbstaussaat aus den vorjährigen entstanden.
1870 waren die Blüthen der wenigen (3) Pflanzen, welche sich überhaupt entwickelten,
klein, gelblich, typisch. Also hat hier, unter gleichbleibenden Verhältnissen, die
Neigung zur Variation sich mindestens aa gesteigert; doch ist ein Schluss bei der
geringen Zahl der Progenies kaum gestattet. 1871: alle Blüthen mässig klein, 1 Cm.
Làngs im Durchmesser. Eine hatte oben 2 violette Flecken. 1879. Blüthen klein,
gelblich. Frische Aussaat vorjähriger Samen auf gute Erde in mehreren T
keine Änderung in Grösse und Farbe der Blüthen zur Folge.
6. Pflanzen der typischen Form, wie sub a, wurden 1866 auf ein Beet verbracht,
welches über dem schon dort erwähnten Gartenboden in loco mit einer 1 Linie chen
Lage von kohlensaurem Zinkoxyd bedeckt wurde, darüber eine dünne Schicht
Mistbeeterde, dann abermals eine solche Zinkschicht; die Decke bestand aus einer
1 Zoll hohen Schicht Mistbeeterde (Länge des Beetes 44 Fuss; Breite 24; eee
Zinkpulver 2 Schoppen h. d.). Die eingepflanzten ۳ Fe beide Zink-
schichten und wurden sofort stark begossen. Gedeihen gut, reich fructificirend. Die
öpfen hatte
Blüthen typisch, auffallend kleiner als sub « zu derselben Zeit. — 1867 nichts
geändert; — Blüthen typisch. — 1868 ebenso; Zwei Pflanzen; reichlich fructificirend.
1869 Ebenso, doch erschien auch — wie sub a in demselben Jahre — eine etwas
9*
TUS
ah
هم نمی ہی ی فف قفتا سیپ پیب E E agent E
i i
68
grössere Blüthe, deren 2 obere Petala ۸۵/7 violett waren, genau wie dort sub 5;
ferner eine mit 4 (oberen) violetten Petala. — 1870: Blüthen klein, weissgelb. —
1871: Blüthen klein, gelb; oder z. Theil etwas grösser (bis | Cm.) und weissgelb.
^ Es machte hiernach bis dahin kaum den Eindruck, als wenn mit der Dauer der
Versuche (ohne Auslese) die, Neigung zur Variation hier zunähme; eine Beobachtung,
welche sonst bei vielen Pflanzen unter dem fortgesetzten Einflusse der Cultur gemacht
worden ist. Von Cultur kann aber in unseren beiden Fällen a u. 5 allerdings
eigentlich nicht die Rede sein, da der Boden — von übrigeus sehr verschiedener
Beschaffenheit — völlig unberührt blieb, und die Pflanzen nur durch Jäten vor der
Verunkrautung bewahrt wurden, übrigens aber der Selbstaussaat überlassen blieben.
Auch fand für diese Pflanzen keine Änderung der klimatischen Verhältnisse Statt.
Näher liegt es bezüglich der kleinen Variation im Sommer 1869 an den bestimmenden
Einfluss der dermaligen Witterung zu denken, wofür auch der folgende Umstand
spricht: Die Blüthen des Herbstes 1869 waren auffallend klein, fast weiss! Ich bin
überhaupt geneigt, der Witterung (insbesondere der "Temperatur, namentlich zur
Zeit der Sprossung und der Befruchtung: Keimanlage), einen grösseren Einfluss auf
die Variation zuzuschreiben. Doch ist zu beachten, dass auf dem benachbarten Beete c
(s. u.) die gleichartigen Pflanzen zu derselben Zeit keine Variation zeigten.
Zurückstutzen der Pflanzen (Ende Juni 1870), um die Seitentriebe zu begünstigen,
zeigte keinen Einfluss auf die Variabilität.
c. 1869 wurden mehrere Exemplare der kleinblüthigen wilden Form (wie sub a u 6)
auf ein Beet verpflanzt, welches so stark mit Mörtel versetzt war, dass der Boden
bei der Analyse 29,4 pCt. Kalk lieferte (Ende April). Da bis zum Ende Jami keine
Spur einer Variation an den sehr zahlreich erscheinenden Blüthen bemerkt werden
konnte, so wurden mehrere Hauptsiämme oben abgestutzt, um die Seitentriebe zu
| begünstigen, und vielleicht dadurch eine solche anzubahnen. Die Pflanzen gediehen
vortrefflich, bildeten eine dichte Masse von aufrechten Stengeln, etwa 1 Fuss hoch;
im Ganzen zählte ich deren 30. Sie blühten bis in die Mitte des October; alle
Blüthen weisslichgelb, klein. — 1870 kamen 6 Pflanzen, auffallend hoch, aufrecht,
reich verzweigt, was wohl in der ausserordentlichen Lockerheit dieses Bodens und
dem entsprechender starker Wurzelbildung begründet ist. Blüthen ziemlich klein,
doch fast doppelt grösser als die kleinste Ackerform, 13 Mm. im grössten Durchmesser ,
weissgelb. — 1871: Pflanzen sehr gross und üppig; Blüthen klein, gelblich, ohne
Zeichen einer Änderung. — 1872: Blüthe gelblich-weiss, klein, ım grössten Durch-
messer 15 Mm. (Mediane). Also keine irgend nennenswerthe Änderung in Grösse
und Farbe der Blüthe. |
d. Der Einfluss starker Düngung erwies sich — wenigstens für die erste Generation —
als irrelevant. Blühende Pflünzchen vom: Mórtelbeete c wurden 1869 auf ein Beet
097
gebracht, welches aus einer Mischung von Schlamm, etwas Lauberde, Abtrittsdünger
' und Hornspähnen bestand (Alles verrottet). Schicht 14 Fuss tief, Fläche 2 Fuss in’s
Gevierte. Die weiterhin sich noch zahlreich entwickelnden Blüthen waren klein
und gelblich. |
e. Samen von a 7 1866, also einer anscheinend im Veredelungsprocess begriffenen
Form, wurden 1870 isolirt ausgesäet. Es erschienen mehrere Pflanzen, davon 1: in
der Blüthe bunt gleich der Mutter, aber in anderer Vertheilung, nämlich oben
violett, seitlich weisslich, unteres Blatt violett; späterhin aber die Blüthen ganz
violett. 2 und 3 aber brachten kleine, gelbliche Blüthen, weiterhin auch mit etwas
Violett. 4 hatte die typische Grôsse, aber die 2 oberen Petala ganz violett (von
mittlerer Intensität des Tons). Sie wurden in besondere Topfe verpflanzt und zwar
in besonders zubereitete Erde (aus 4 Hornspähnen, 4 sandhaltiger Lehmerde,
4 Haide-Erde; gemischt mit gleichem ‘Theil Schlackensand) Die Pflanzen wurden
weiterhin zeitweise zurückgeschnitten, um stets neue Verzweigung zu veranlassen.
Ergebniss. No. 1 brachte weiterhin eine Blithe von 21 Mm. Durchmesser, ganz
violett; dann andere mit etwas Gelb und etwas kleiner; ausnahmsweise kamen im Laufe
des Sommers auch einzelne kleine, violett und gelbe Blüthen vor. (Die Samen der
grössten Blüthen wurden besonders — in Glasróhren von geeigneter Lage — auf-
gefangen). — Hiernach ist es in sehr kurzer Zeit gelungen, aus dem kleinen, weiss-
gelben Stiefmütterchen unserer Felder dureh Festhalten zufällig entstandener Variation
und deren Steigerung durch Cultur eine ganz respectable Form des Pensée unserer
Gartenbeete zu erziehen.
No. 2 von e 1870 brachte zahlreiche kleine Blüthen, gelblich, oder blassviolett
mit Gelblich, kaum grösser als die kleine Ackerform. Also im Wesentlichen wie
im Vorjahre.
No. 3 von e 1870 brachte ebenfalls kleine, gelbliche Blüthen mit blassvioletter
Mischung meist identisch mit 2. Zahlreich blühend, durch den ganzen Sommer, wie 2.
No. 4 von e, 1870 producirte gelbliche Blümchen, also Rückschlag; ausnahms-
weise traten auch an den 2 oberen Petala violette Färbungen auf.
No. 5 war gerade so wie 4. Die Samen ergaben 1870 bei der Separatcultur Pflanzen
mit sehr kleinen, gelbweissen Blüthen, ohne Violett; also vollkommener Rückschlag
in die kleine Ackerform, das Originalthema unserer Studie.
1871 wurden die aufgefangenen Samen der schönsten Formen (cf. 1870) in einen
Topf mit Erde von bester Qualität gesäet (& Haideerde, 1 Lehm, dazu Hornspähne).
Die ersten Blüthen waren ziemlich klein (1 Cm.), oben violett, oder violett gerandet.
Ende Juli erschienen ganz violette, andere noch unterwärts gelb. Im August erreichten
sie 18 Mm. länge; die anfangs unterwärts gelben verfärbten sich weiterhin auch
unten violett! (nach etwa 3 Tagen Dauer) Mitte August wurden die Exemplare ins
10
freie Land gepflanzt; die nun erscheinenden Blumen waren alle mehr oder weniger
violet; endlich im October erschienen welche, deren 2 obere Petala dunkelviolett
und deutlich sammtig waren, die unteren etwas heller. Dabei erreichten sie eine
maximale Grösse von 24 Mm.! Hiermit ist bereits die Hälfte des Wegs bis zur
höchsten jetzt überhaupt erreichten Veredelung zurückgelegt. (Auch bei der wilden
Pflanze ist die Grösse der Blüthe variabel, wie bekannt. Bei uns kommt. fast nur
die kleine gelbliche vor, in der Mediane 6 Mm. lang; doch fand ich 1870 auf einem
Acker neben solchen auch Exemplare mit Blüthen von der doppelten Grösse).
1872 waren die Blüthen violett, oder gelb u. violett, die grösste überschritt
nicht 24 Mm. |
1873: blau, blau u. gelb, fast rein gelb; grösste 30 Mm.
1874. Zahlteich blühend, alle violett wad gelb-bunt, mittelgross; überwintert.
Stämme weithin niederliegend, wie bei dem Zinkveilchen.
Von dieser Serie (e 1872) wurden im Mai 1872 eine Anzahl junger Pflanzen in
ein Beet von Lauberde übertragen; es erschien u. a. eine weisse Varietät, die 2
oberen Petala violett gerandet ; im Allgemeinen die Blumen in der Grösse verringert
(15 Mm.), sehr vielfarbig, die meisten violett; keine gelb. Hiernach in der Farbe
beginnende Fixirung. Die blosse Verpflanzung hat keinen besonderen Erfolg für
Veredelung gehabt.
Eine Anzahl von Sämlingen dieser Plantage wurde 1872 auf Lauberde verpflanzt.
Sie blüheten klem — im Maximum 15 Mm. — aber sämmtlich bunt. Ihre Samen
wurden 1873 zuerst in Töpfe gesäet, dann die Sämlinge an 3 verschiedenen Stellen
ins Freie verpflanzt, mit oder ohne Ballen, in verschieden zubereitete Erde. Blüthen
im Maximum 16 Mm. ; violett, oder violett gelb, keine rein gelb ; also keine Steigerung.
Auch 1874 (überwintert) alle violett. Die Plantage überwinterte im Freien und
brachte (1874) mittelgrosse (15—17 Mm.), ausschliesslich violette Blumen; Stengel
niederliegend. Es liegt hiernach wieder ein Fall vor uns, wo der einmal erworbene
Varietätscharakter mit ausserordentlicher Zähigkeit festgehalten wird.
In der Tafel V sind einige interessante Stufen aus dem oben geschilderten
` Veredelungsgang der Viola tricolor dargestellt.
Verblühen im Keller durch 5 Tage bei niederer Temperatur (12° R.) und im Finstern ;
Form a; hatte bei den im folgenden Jahre (1872) in Töpfe ausgesäeten Samen
(aus den damals blühenden Blumen; die spüter aufblühenden wurden beseitigt) das
Resultat, dass die Blüthen sämmtlich klein und gelblich waren, 9 Mm. gross.
Auch nützte es nichts, dass ein Theil der Pflänzchen im Juni m eine neue gute
Erdmischung verpflanzt wurde; das Wachsthum war üppig; aber die Blüthen erreichten
nur 10 Mm. und blieben gelblich. Dieser Fall mit Rückschlag kann aber nicht als
Ursache und Wirkung aufgefasst werden, weil bei dem Parallel- oder Controlversuch:
71
Aussaat von Samen derselben Form aus gleichzeitig im Freien verblüheten Blumen,
sich ganz die nämlichen Blüthen entwickelten.
V. tricolor ist nach H. Müller auf Fremdbestäubung angewiesen, doch kann auch:
Selbstbestäubung vorkommen, und zwar durch Insekten vermittelt, (Befruchtung der
Blumen 1873. p. 145). Nach Bennet sind es Thrips-Arten (Nature 1874. Sept. 434).
Die geographische Verbreitung
gibt bei diesen beiden Species: lutea und tricolor — wenig Anhaltpuncte zur
Abwügung des Species-Charakters, da sie eben nicht immer scharf unterschieden
worden sind, was nach dem Obigen sehr natürlich ist (s. oben unter lutea). Viola
tricolor ist geradezu durch ganz Europa verbreitet.
Viola tricolor L.
Lecoq, g. b. V 186: Nous sommes forcés de réunir sous ce nom des plantes très-
differentes qui ont- été confondues par la plupart des botanistes, et. dont M. Jordan
a déjà séparé des espèces très-bien caractérisées. Ce sont des plantes annuelles ou
vivaces, à tiges simples ou rameuses, à feuilles allongées, ovales ow lancéolées,
crénelées, à stipules de formes aussi variables que les feuilles. Les fleurs offrent tout
autant de variations que les autres organes; elles sont grandes ou petites, jaunes,
blanches où maculées de jaune et de bleu. Il est vraiment inconcevable que l'on
n'ait pas songé plus tót à sóparer des plantes aussi distinctes. Ces plantes fleurissent
pendant tout l'été, et sont disséminées dans les moissons, dans les champs incultes,
sur les pelouses et le long des haies. — Nature du sol. Altitude. Tous les terrains
et toutes les hauteurs lui conviennent. M. Boissier l'indique jusqu'à 2000 m. dans
le midi de l'Espagne; elle suit les cultures jusqu'au point où elles s’arrètent.
Géographie. Comme la plupart des groupes d'espéces celle-ci prend une’ grande
extension. On en trouve des formes diverses depuis la pointe australe de l’Europe
jusqu'à l'extrémité de la Laponie. Elle est en Angleterre, en Islande, en Irlande
et dans les archipels du nord. — A Voccident, on la rencontre en Portugal, aux
Canaries, en Islande et en Amérique, sur les bords du lac Huron dans le Canada. —
A Vorient, elle a été trouvée dans les Carpathes, la Turquie, l'Italie, la Sicile, la
Tauride, le Caucase et dans la Sibérie de l'Oural, et celle de l'Altai.
Limites d'extension de l'espèce. |
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Hollandaise sauce is an emulsion of egg yolk and butter. Lemon juice, salt, and a little white pepper or cayenne pepper are often added as seasoning. Hollandaise light yellow and opaque, smooth and creamy: it tastes rich and buttery, with a mild tang added by the seasonings, but not so strong as to overpower mildly flavoured foods. Hollandaise sauce is well known as a key ingredient of Eggs Benedict, and is often paired with vegetables such as steamed asparagus.
Hollandaise is one of the five mother sauces in French haute cuisine.
History
Hollandaise sauce got its name because it was thought to be like a Dutch sauce. As early as 1651, François Pierre La Varenne describes a sauce similar to hollandaise sauce in his groundbreaking cookbook Le Cuisinier François:
"avec du bon beurre frais, un peu de vinaigre, sel et muscade, et un jaune d’œuf pour lier la sauce"
("with good fresh butter, a little vinegar, salt, and nutmeg, and an egg yolk to bind the sauce")
.
Alan Davidson notes a "sauce à la hollandoise" from François Marin's Les Dons de Comus (1758), but since that sauce included flour, bouillon, and herbs, and omitted egg yolks, it may not be related to the modern hollandaise.
Mrs. Isabella Beeton's Household Management had recipes in the first edition (1861) for "Dutch sauce, for fish" (p. 405) and its variant on the following page, "Green sauce, or Hollandaise verte". Her directions for hollandaise seem somewhat fearless:
"Put all the ingredients, except the lemon-juice, into a stew-pan; set it over the fire, and keep continually stirring. When it is sufficiently thick, take it off, as it should not boil ..."
Derivatives of hollandaise sauce
Being a mother sauce, hollandaise sauce is the foundation for many others made by adding or changing ingredients. The following is not a complete list of such minor sauces.
The most common derivative is Sauce Béarnaise. It can be made by replacing the acidifying agent (vinegar reduction or lemon juice) with a strained reduction of vinegar, shallots, fresh chervil, fresh tarragon and crushed peppercorns. Alternatively, the flavourings may be added to a standard hollandaise. Béarnaise and its children are often used on steak or other "assertive" grilled meats and fish.
Sauce Choron is a variation of béarnaise without tarragon or chervil, plus added tomato purée.
Sauce Foyot (a.k.a. Valois) is béarnaise with meat glaze (Glace de Viande) added.
Sauce Colbert is Sauce Foyot with the addition of reduced white wine.
Sauce Café de Paris is béarnaise with curry powder added.
Sauce Paloise is a version of béarnaise with mint substituted for tarragon.
Sauce au Vin Blanc (for fish) is produced by adding a reduction of white wine and fish stock to hollandaise.
Sauce Bavaroise is hollandaise made with crayfish butter with added cream, crayfish tails horseradish, and thyme.
Sauce Crème Fleurette is hollandaise with crème fraîche added.
Sauce Dijon, also known as Sauce Moutarde or Sauce Girondine, is hollandaise with Dijon mustard.
Sauce Maltaise is hollandaise to which blanched orange zest and the juice of blood orange is added.
Sauce Mousseline, also known as Sauce Chantilly, is produced by folding whipped cream into hollandaise.
If reduced sherry is first folded into the whipped cream, the result is Sauce Divine.
Sauce Noisette is a hollandaise variation made with browned butter (beurre noisette).
Physico-chemical properties
Like Mayonnaise, hollandaise sauce is an emulsion. Hollandaise sauce is classified as an emulsified butter sauce (beurre blanc).
Unlike sauces thickened with solids, such as starches, emulsions such as Hollandaise sauce are essentially unstable, as it is a liquid-in-liquid solution.
Increasing the viscosity can be done by adding flour or cornstarch and this can also protect against curdling. Curdling occurs when the sauce is cooked too quickly over directly and actually brought to a boil, causing the egg proteins to denature and rearrange or coagulate into curds by bonding to one another. Starches, such as flour and cornstarch, protect against curdling when the starch granules absorb water and being to leak long starch molecules into the liquid. These long starch molecules prevent curdling in two ways. First, they absorb heat and prevent some egg proteins from denaturing. Second, the long dissolved starch molecule get in the way of the egg protein molecules and impede bonding.
Notes
References
McGee, Harold (2004). On food and cooking. Scribner. p. 517. .
Other websites
Mrs. Beeton, The book of household Management, 1861: Project Gutenberg e-text
History of Sauces
History of Hollandaise
How To Make Hollandaise Sauce Step-by-step tutorial from About.com (generally good, but a glass or ceramic bowl is not recommended as they make it too difficult to control the heat)
Free Culinary School Podcast Episode 8 A podcast (audio) episode that talks about the proper classical technique for making hollandaise and the science behind the method.
Mother sauces
French food |
<p>I'm trying to set the iPhone Store ID on our Facebook App to start a Mobile Add Campaign, and every time I try to save the profile it shows an error stating the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We were unable to retrieve your iPhone Store ID from the iTunes App Store. Please double-check your ID and try again later.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Our app is already live and accessible in the New Zealand app store only. Is it required to have it available in the US store for Facebook to be able to validate it?</p> |
Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian architect. He was born in Padua and died at Maser, near Treviso. He worked in and around Venice. He was influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. He influenced architects for centuries.
He wrote several books about architecture. His most famous buildings are: Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra "La Rotonda", Basilica Palladiana, Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore, and Teatro Olimpico.
1508 births
1580 deaths
Italian architects |
<p>I'm trying to make a regex that deletes the first and the last 10 lines of my 200 txt files with "Search and Replace all"</p>
<p>I tried <code>(\s*^(\h*\S.*)){10}</code> to delete the first 10 lines blanks included but it doesn't work well.</p> |
Sandringham House is in Norfolk, England. It has been in the British royal family since Albert, Prince Consort bought it for Edward VII of the United Kingdom.
Like Balmoral, it is the private property of the monarch of the United Kingdom, not an official, government owned, building. This meant that when Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 the new king, George VI, had to buy the properties from his brother.
York Cottage is in the grounds of Sandringham Estate.
Royal residences in the United Kingdom |
1963 (MCMLXIII) was .
Events
January 5 – The Beach Boys record one of their trademark songs, "Surfin' USA"
February 11 – The Beatles record 10 songs for the album "Please Please Me"
June 1 – Jomo Kenyatta becomes the first Prime Minister of Kenya
September 15 – "Birmingham Sunday" when a bomb killed 4 black girls in a church in Birmingham, Alabama
September – The X-Men make their debut
November 22 – John F. Kennedy assassinated, Lyndon Johnson sworn in as President
November 23 – Doctor Who airs for the first time in the United Kingdom
December 12 - Kenya is officially independent from the United Kingdom
December 31 – The Central African Federation breaks apart. It eventually became Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia
The cassette tape was invented
Births
January 2 - Edgar Martínez, American baseball player
March 9 - Jean-Marc Vallée, Canadian director (d. 2021)
March 21 – Shawn Lane, American musician
May 8 – Helena Blagne Zaman, Slovene singer
May 8 - Anthony Field, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
May 9 – Barry Douglas Lamb, rock musician, writer, Christian preacher
May 11 – Natasha Richardson, actress
May 12 – Vanessa A. Williams, actress
May 24 – Joe Dumars, basketball star
May 25 – Mike Myers, actor, comedian
June 6 – Jason Isaacs, actor
June 9 – Johnny Depp, actor
June 13 – Bettina Bunge, tennis player.
June 17 – Greg Kinnear, TV host and actor
June 18 – Bruce Smith, American football player
June 23 – Colin Montgomerie, golfer.
June 25 – George Michael, singer
June 27 – Meera Syal, comedian, writer, playwright, singer, journalist and actress
July 9 – Johnny Depp, American actor
July 16 – Phoebe Cates, actress
July 17 - Regina Belle, American singer
July 24 – Karl Malone, basketball
July 30 – Lisa Kudrow, American actress
August 3 – James Hetfield, Metallica frontman and co-founder
August 6 – Kevin Mitnick, computer cracker
August 19 – Joey Tempest, Europe frontman
August 19 – John Stamos, actor
August 23 – Kenny Wallace, NASCAR race car driver
August 24 – Hideo Kojima, video game director
August 30 – Paul Oakenfold, DJ
September 7 – Eazy-E, American rapper
September 10 – Randy Johnson, baseball pitcher, five-time Cy Young Award winner
September 21 – Cecil Fielder, baseball player
September 29 – Dave Andreychuk, NHL player
October 1 – Mark McGwire, baseball star
October 4 – Mark Powley, English actor
October 10 – Daniel Pearl, journalist (d. 2002)
October 22 – Brian Boitano, figure skater
October 26 – Natalie Merchant, singer/songwriter/musician
October 31 – Fred McGriff, baseball player
November 13 – Vinny Testaverde, American football quarterback
November 18 – Dante Bichette, baseball player
November 19 – Terry Farrell, actress
November 21 – Nicolette Sheridan, actress
November 24 – Iris Erlingsdottir, OMD, writer, journalist
December 2 – John Kennedy Morrisey, entertainer/athlete/storyteller
December 13 – Ilkka Remes, writer
December 16 – Benjamin Bratt, actor
December 18 – Brad Pitt, actor
December 23 – Jim Harbaugh, American football player
Deaths
January 2 – Dick Powell, American actor (b. 1904)
January 2 – Jack Carson, American actor (b. 1910)
January 5 – Rogers Hornsby, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1896)
January 18 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (b. 1899)
January 29 – Robert Frost, American poet (b. 1874)
January 30 – Francis Poulenc, French composer (b. 1899)
February 11 – Sylvia Plath, American poet and novelist (suicide) (b. 1932)
February 28 – Eppa Rixey, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1891)
March 4 – William Carlos Williams, American writer (b. 1883)
March 5 – Patsy Cline, singer (Cowboy Copas) (b. 1932)
April 6 – Otto Struve, astronomer (b. 1897)
April 9 – Eddie Edwards, jazz musician (b. 1891)
May 12 – Bobby Kerr, Canadian runner (b. 1882)
May 31 – Edith Hamilton, educator and writer (b. 1867)
June 3 – Pope John XXIII (b. 1881)
June 11 – Thích Quảng Đức, Vietnamese Bhuddist monk (suicide)(b. 1897)
June 18 – Pedro Armendariz, Mexican actor (suicide)(b. 1912)
August 5 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (b. 1908)
August 23 – Glen Gray, saxophonist and conductor (b. 1906)
August 31 – Georges Braque, French painter (b. 1882)
September 11 – Suzanne Duchamp, French painter (b. 1889)
October 11
Édith Piaf, French singer (b. 1915)
Jean Cocteau, French writer (b. 1889)
November 1 – Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (b. 1901)
November 15 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (b. 1888)
November 22
John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917)
J. D. Tippit, Police officer (b. 1924)
Aldous Huxley, English novelist (b. 1894)
C. S. Lewis, English novelist and Christian apologist (b. 1898)
November 24 – Lee Harvey Oswald, John F. Kennedy alleged assassin (shot) (b. 1939)
November – Luis Cernuda, Spanish writer (b. 1902)
December 1 – Amy Elizabeth Thorpe, American spy in World War II
December 2 – Thomas Hicks, American marathon runner (b. 1875)
December 5 – Sri Deep Narayan Mahaprabhuji, Hindu saint (b. 1828)
December 5 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (b. 1905)
December 28 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (b. 1895)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics – Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
Chemistry – Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
Medicine – Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
Literature – Giorgos Seferis
Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
Movies released
8½, an Italian movie directed by Federico Fellini
An Actor's Revenge
La Baie des anges
The Birds, directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Blood Feast
Bye Bye Birdie, a musical comedy
Charade
Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison, and Richard Burton
From Russia With Love, the second James Bond movie
Fun in Acapulco
The Great Escape
How the West Was Won
Hud, winning Academy Award for Best Actress for Patricia Neal and Best Supporting Actor for Melvyn Douglas
Irma La Douce
It Happened at the World's Fair
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
Lawrence of Arabia starring Peter O'Toole
The Longest Day
The Mask
Mépris, Le
The Nutty Professor
Son of Flubber
The Sword in the Stone, an animated movie by Walt Disney Productions
Tom Jones, winning both Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Best Director
The V.I.P.s, winning Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Margaret Rutherford
Zuo ye meng hun zhong
Hit songs
"Dominique" – The Singing Nun
"Please Please Me" – The Beatles
"She Loves You" – The Beatles
"Love Me Do" – The Beatles
"I Want To Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
"From Me To You" – The Beatles
"In Dreams" – Roy Orbison
"Blue Bayou" – Roy Orbison
"Mean Woman Blues" – Roy Orbison
"Pretty Paper" – Roy Orbison
"Hey Paula" – Paul & Paula
"He's So Fine" – The Chiffons
"Bo Diddley" – Buddy Holly
"Brown Eyed Handsome Man" – Buddy Holly
"Surf City" – Jan & Dean
"It's My Party" – Lesley Gore
"Twenty Four Hours From Tulsa" – Gene Pitney
"Be My Baby" – The Ronettes
"Wipe Out" – The Surfaris
"If I Had A Hammer" – Trini Lopez
"Da Doo Ron Ron" – The Crystals
"Pipeline" – The Chantays
"Walk Like A Man" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons
"Heat Wave" – Martha & the Vandellas
"Up On The Roof" – The Drifters
"I Can't Stay Mad At You" – Skeeter Davis
"Only In America" – Jay & the Americans
"Who Stole The Keeshka?" – Matys Brothers
"Wonderful Summer" – Robin Ward
"I Only Want to Be With You" – Dusty Springfield
"The Folk Singer" – Tommy Roe
"Guilty" – Jim Reeves
"Is This Me" – Jim Reeves
New books
The Bell Jar – Sylvia Plath
Benefactor – Susan Sontag
Caravans – James A. Michener
Cat's Cradle – Kurt Vonnegut
City of Night – John Rechy
The Collector – John Fowles
Elizabeth Appleton – John O'Hara
False Colours – Georgette Heyer
John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure – John Cleland
The Glass-Blowers – Daphne du Maurier
Gradmother and the Priests – Taylor Caldwell
The Group – Mary McCarthy
Happiness Is a Warm Puppy – Charles M. Schulz
The Making of the English Working Class – E. P. Thompson
On Her Majesty's Secret Service – Ian Fleming
Planet of the Apes (La Planète des Singes) – Pierre Boulle
The Rise of the West – William H. McNeill
The Sand Pebbles – Richard McKenna
Second Skin – John Hawkes
The Shoes of the Fisherman – Morris West
Six Easy Pieces – Richard P. Feynman
The Spy who Came in from the Cold – John le Carré
That Summer in Paris – Morley Callaghan |
Reuthe is a municipality in Bregenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Tourism is the main business.
References
Settlements in Vorarlberg |
<p>We have multiple Prometheus instances running in data-centers (I'll refer to them as DC Prometheus instances), and one additional Prometheus instance (let's call it "main" in the following text), where we collect metrics from DC Prometheus instances by using Federation feature.</p>
<p>Main Prometheus is scraping {job='prometheus'} values from itself, but also from DC Prometheus instances (each scraping from localhost:9090).</p>
<p>Problem is that Main prometheus is complaining about out-of-order samples:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>WARN[1585] Error on ingesting out-of-order samples numDropped=369 source=target.go:475 target=dc1-prometheus:443</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I've found that this is because of including <code>{job="prometheus"}</code> in 'match[]' param.</p>
<p>I'm trying to solve this by label relabeling, but when I'm trying with single DC Prometheus, and constant replacement, I cannot get it to work (I'm still getting out-of-order samples error), and I don't even know what to use as replacement when using multiple targets.</p>
<pre><code> - job_name: 'federate'
scrape_interval: 15s
honor_labels: true
metrics_path: '/prometheus/federate'
scheme: 'https'
params:
'match[]':
- '{job="some-jobs-here..."}'
- '{job="prometheus"}'
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: ['instance']
target_label: 'instance'
regex: 'localhost:9090'
replacement: '??' # I've tried with 'dc1-prometheus:9090' and single target only.. no luck
target_groups:
- targets:
- 'dc1-prometheus'
- 'dc2-prometheus'
- 'dc3-prometheus'
</code></pre>
<p>My question is how to use relabel_configs to get rid of out-of-order error. I'm using Prometheus 0.17 everywhere.</p> |
1865. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PORCUPINE. 321
it differs from the skull of that species in the beak of the skull being
rather narrower, more tapering in front. The foramen maximum is
narrow, much higher thau wide, and the condyles larger; while in
P. communis the foramen maximum is nearly circular, and the con-
dyles smaller and more oblique. The symphysis of the lower jaw is
longer, and the sloping lower edge is more oblique and considerably
longer than in P. communis.
A skeleton is being formed of the bones of this animal; and the
skin has been preserved in spirits, which is certainly one of the best
ways of preserving the specimens of Cetacea, as it allows the outer
surface to be examined at any future time in a state most nearly
resembling that of living specimens.
2, NOTICE OF AN APPARENTLY UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF AME-
RICAN Porcupine. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., E.L.S., ETC.
(Plate XI.)
There has been in the British Museum since 1853 a small specimen
of a short-tailed American Porcupine, which was sent from Columbia.
I suspected that the animal might be young ; and I have been wait-
ing, expecting that we might receive another specimen from the
same source, which would enable me to give a more complete account
of the animal; but as no additional materials have come to hand, I
shall now proceed to give a short notice of it, in the hope that the
description and figure may have the effect of drawing the attention
of collectors to the animal.
ERETHIZON (ECHINOPROCTA) RUFESCENS. (PI. XI.)
Pale brown, varied with black ; head white, speckled with black
and pale brown; tail and feet black; chin, throat, and beneath pale
brown. A short white streak on the centre of the nose, and a few
white spines, forming a slight crest, on the nape; a whitish mark on
the side of the cheek. The bristly spines of the head thin, white,
with a small black subterminal band and yellow tip; the spines of
the back elongate, white, with a black subterminal ring and elon-
gated rufous tips; those of the front part of the back and sides very
slender, bristle-like, gradually becoming thickened, stronger, and
shorter, until on the hinder part of the back, above the tail, they are
well developed, short, thick. Spines with black ends and very small
brown tips. The end of the nose, chin, and underside of the body
covered with uniform pale brown slender bristles. The tail and feet
covered with short black bristles. Whiskers black, slender, flexible.
Hab. Columbia.
There are a few spines on the top of the head, with one white to
the tip, making a kind of occipital crest; but I am not sure that
this may not be an individual peculiarity.
The soles of the hind feet are bald to the heel. Cutting-teeth
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1865, No. XXI.
322 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TUPAIA. [Mar. 28,
yellow, slender, rounder in front. Unfortunately I have not been
able to see the skull.
If this is a true Erethizon, the genus may be divided into two
sections :— l
l. Erethizon. The back covered with elongated bristles and
short spines. Æ. dorsatus and E. epixanthus.
2. Echinoprocta. The back covered with one kind of elongated
slender spines, which become shorter, thicker, and more rigid over
the rump. Æ. rufescens. -
3. NOTICE OF A SPECIES OF TUPAIA FROM BORNEO, IN THE
COLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By DR. JOHN
Epwarp Gray, E.R.S., F.L.S., ETC.
(Plate XII.)
There has been in the British Museum for some years a specimen
of a Tupaia in spirits, which was received from Borneo, and also a
stuffed specimen without a habitat, evidently of the same species.
These specimens have the general coloration of Tupaia tana, and
have evidently been regarded as varieties of that species; but they
are most distinct. The head and skull are short and broad, of about
the same form and proportion as those of Tupaia ferruginea; the
fur and tail is of the same bright shining bay as T. tana, but it is
entirely destitute of the three black streaks between the shoulders,
which is so well marked in that species.
The skull shows that the stuffed specimen is that of an adult
animal not so large as T. tana, and more nearly resembling in size
T. ferruginea. It may be known at once from the latter species by
the dark red-brown colour of the tail, with its very red underside.
I propose to call it
TUPAIA SPLENDIDULA. (PI. XII.)
Fur dark red-brown, blackish-washed. Tail dark red-brown ;
pale red beneath; the shoulder-streak yellow. ‘The head conical,
about twice as long as wide behind.
Hab. Borneo.
The head is large compared with the size of the body; the ears
rounded, with several ridges on the conch, and a well-developed con-
vex tragus, not unlike the human ear. The palm and soles are bald
to the wrist and heel.
I thought at first that this species might be the Tupaia speciosa of
Wagner; but that animal is stated to have a head as long and as
tapering as 7'. tana, and, indeed, seems to be only a slight variety of
that species.
The figures of the animal hitherto published, having been taken
chiefly from stuffed specimens, do not show these peculiarities, which
are to be observed in the specimen from Borneo preserved in spirits.
|
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1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPIIAN SPIDERS, ñil
3. Catalogue of a Collection of Spiders made in Egypt,
with Descriptions of new Species and Characters of a
new Genus. By the Rev. O. P. Camgriper, M.A.,
C.M.Z.S., and Hon. Memb. New-Zeal. Institute.
[Received May 31, 1876.]
( Plates LVIII.-LX.)
Since the time of Savigny, who, in conjunction with Audouin
(A.D. 1809-13), figured and described about eighty-four species of
Araneidea in his great. work on Egypt, very little has been done in
this particular branch of Egyptian zoology. The chief, if not all, of
the later additions to the known Spiders of those regions are several
species of Drassides (a portion of the present collection) published
in the Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society, 1872, pp. 224-247,
and nineteen others of the same family and collection, likewise pub-
lished in the Zoological Society’s * Proceedings,’ 1874, p. 370 e£ seq.
Dr. Ludwig RON also records and describes, i in * JEgyptische und
Abyssinische Araehniden, Nürnberg, 1875, nineteen species of
Araueidea, found near Cairo by Herr C. Jickeli. Egyptian ento-
mology in general appears to have received comparatively little
attention, considering the great number of tourists and naturalists
who have visited the Nile daring the last fifteen or twenty years.
Probably this has arisen in a great measure from tlie superior at-
tractions offered by the birds of that rich ornithological region; a
strong and very decided love of Insects and Arac buids would be
required to make these more attractive to most travellers than the
numerous feathered tribes. There are regions of the world where
the size, the number, and the beauty (or ugliness, as it may be) of
the Insect and Arachnid orders almost oblize the most indifferent
observers to note and collect them : but Egypt is decidedly not such
a region. We have a strong el of this in a lately published
leeture on the Rambles of a Naturalist in Egypt, by Mr. J. H.
Gurney, jun. ; a notice before me of this lecture says, ** Mr. Gurney
briefly alluded to the entomology of the country, which appears to
consist of fleas, flies, and mosquitoes.” It would argue a tough
skin, and indifferenee to entomology indeed, were a naturalist, or
any other traveller, to pass over these without notice, so very close
and persistent are their attentions; and perhaps more attention
would be paid to entomology (in a wider sense) were their attentions
rather less pertinacious. As it is, however, the ‘fleas, flies, and
mosquitoes" are numerous and persistent enough to make it im-
possible to escape them, while others of this elass | (Spiders included)
are comparatively scarce, and, generally speaking, so little attractive,
from their usually small size and sombre colouring, as to require
close observation and careful search to obtain any thing like a fair
representation of their indigeuous forms. Still any naturalist with
Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1876, No. XXXVI. 36
542 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
good health and a love of the subject would find ample reward for
any real work among the Insects and Spiders of the Lower Nile
basin. My own work there during about eleven weeks, between the
middle of January and the middle of April 1864, from Alexandria
to Assonan, resulted in a collection of several hundred species of
Insects of all orders, besides the 164 species of Spiders contained in
the present list, as well as some few Acaridea and Seorpionidea.
Rather more than one third of the Spiders belong to the two families
Drassides and Salticides, these being also the two > families even more
numerously represented, absolutely as well as proportionally, in
Syria and Palestine than in Egypt (sce E. Z.S. 1872, p3914) ii
those countries they comprise 117 species, or nearly one half of the
Araneidea met with, while the numbers found in Egypt are 56.
The dry and desert nature of both Palestine and Egypt are alike
favourable to the development of the Drassides and Saltieides; and
many of the species are common to both countries. Suffering a
good deal from climatic influences, I was unable to work very hard.
Except for this and some other reasons, I feel no doubt but that the
number of Spiders in my collection would have been nearly, if not
quite, doubled ; and if so, it is evident that there remains yet much
to be done in order to exhaust the Egyptian species of this order.
Of the total (164 species), 91 appeared to be new to science; 62 of
these are now deseribed for the first time, while the remainder
(principally, as before mentioned, of the Drassides and Salticides)
have been already described, P. Z. S. 1872 and 1874. One Spider
alone in the collection appears to require the formation of a new
genus for its reception, see p. 596. This Spider is of the family
Lycosides, and is allied to the genus Du/omedes ; it was found iu a
swamp near the canal about three miles from Alexandria.
Comparing the numbers of genera and families with those found
in Syria and Palestine, their very near similarity is remarkable. 19
families, comprising 59 genera, are the nunibers in the latter district,
while those of Egypt are respectively 17 and 60. In the present
list, however, the Latreillian genus Sa/éicus is divided into eight
generic (or subgeneric) groups; if this had been also done in the
Palestine list, the number of genera would have been there 66
instead of 59 ; but even then the totals are remarkably near to each
other. Comparing these resnlts with those I have obtained in Great
Britain (at present one of the best-, or perhaps the best-worked
European district in respect to the Arancidea), we find here 78
genera distributed among 14 families, 4 South-European families
being unrepresented. This comparison might have been extended
to the results obtained in Sweden by M. Westring and Dr. T.
Thorell, as well as in Italy by Dr. P. Pavesi, and in Algeria by
Mons. IM. Lucas; but it seems best at present to confine it to those
results obtained by, as nearly as possible, an identical system of
generic and family limitation, since a difference of system would
necessarily produce a different result in regard to the numbers of
families and genera. I should have liked to have been able to
make a more certain collation of the Egyptian Spiders with those of
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 543
Algeria, inasmuch as, from the nature of their geographical and
physieal conditions, the faunas of Ezypt and Algeria inust have very
much in common; my collection, however, of Algerian Spiders is too
scanty for this purpose, and I have not been able to get access to
any others. So far as I can make out with tolerable certainty, about
eighteen species only of the following list appear to be identical with
species found in Algeria. The determination, however, of closely
allied species by means of descriptions and figures alone 1s very un-
certain work ; and thus I have in many cases hesitated to determine,
from these alone, their synonymic identity. And so, again, in some
instances I may perhaps have described as new, species already de-
scribed by M. Lucas in his great Algerian work ; but this, of the two,
appears to me a less evil than that of including, as synonymic,
species not certainly identified as similar.
A list is added to this paper of those Egyptian Spiders, so far as I
have been able to ascertain them, not found by myself, but deseribed
aud recorded by other authors. his considerably swells the number
of known species, but adds nothing to the numbers of indigenous
families and genera contained in my own list. Thus the total
number of Egyptian Araneidea kuown to the present time appears
to be 226.
Out of the 164 species found by myself, 29 are identical with
species described and figured by Savigny and Audouin, and the
numbers (of species of all genera) common to Egypt and Palestine
are 48.
Order ARANEIDEA.
Family Fruistatipes.
Genus FirisrATA (Latr.).
FirisrATA TESTACEA.
Filistata testacea, Latr. Cousidérations, p. 12; Cours d'Ento-
inologie, p. 512.
F. attalica, Koch, Die Arachn. v. p. 6, pl. 146. fig. 343; Cambr.
Spid. Palest. & Syria, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 216.
Adult females and a single adult male of this species were found
in crevices of the bark of palm and other trees, and in the interstices
of old walls, near Alexandria aud in several other parts of Egypt.
The Spider recorded P. Z. S. Z c. is, I think, of the same species
as the one here noticed. At the time of drawing up the list of
Palestine Spiders I had some doubts on this point; but at present
I consider them to be identical with each other, as well as with
F. attalica, Koch, and F. testacea, Latr. F. bicolora, Walck., is
also probably identical with these.
The calamistrum on the metatarsi of the fourth pair of legs differs
from that of other Spiders possessing it, both in extent and position.
In the present species it consists of a few strong curved spine-like
bristles in a longitudinal series, situated on a sharpish ridge, a little
depressed, close to the hinder extremity on the inner side of the
joint. The inframammillary organ, although present, is not easily
30”
51 REV, O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20,
seen at first, owing to the numerous and strong hairs with which
is concealed.
FinisTATA PUTA, sp. n.
Adult female, length 23 lines (nearly).
This Spider is very nearly allied to F. testacea, Latr., but differs
from it in the whole of the fore part (including the legs and palpi)
being of a clear straw-yellow colour. The cephalothora æ has no
dark margins; nor is there any dark longitudinal band on the hinder
part of the caput, nor on each side of the clypens, as in F. testacea ;
the legs also are quite immaculate. The colour of the abdomen is a
dull yellow, slightly tinged with brown. If the specimen here de-
scribed be of the nonna adult size, it is also à much smaller species
than F. testacea. The eyes of the hind central pair are smaller in
proportion to the hind laterals than in that species; otherwise their
position and relative size are very nearly similar.
An adult and immature females were found in interstices of walls
at Alexandria in April 1864
Gen. CEconivs, Luc.
(Econivs putus, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. fig. 1.)
Adult male, length 12 line.
In colours and “general appearanee this Spider is very similar to
Œ. templi; but it is larger, and the legs have on the metatarsi and
tarsi (of tlie fourth pair at least) several distinct and tolerably strong
prominent spines. The eyes are not so large. The interval between
those of the central pair (which are the largest of the eight) is eqnal
to an eye’s diameter ; and the two posterior flattened angular eyes
are much smaller. The armature also of all the femora is of a
much more spinous character. ‘The abdomen is more thickly covered
with white cretaceous spots; and the cruciform marking on the upper
side is better defined, though of a similar character. The palpi are
thickly furnished with a pale hairs; the digital joints are much
larger than those of Œ. templi, and the palpal organs more pro-
minent and developed. Their structure, although on the same
general plan, is distinctly different in the development of their
processes. From Œ. domesticus it may also be distinguished by its
larger size and the structure of the palpal organs, as well as by the
other marks noted above.
An adult and three immature males, as well as two immature
females, were found under small sheets of web on the walls of one of
the temples of Upper Egypt, between Deuderah and Assouan; but
having lost the notes made at the time, I cannot be certain as to the
exact locality.
The females had all the leg-armature, including the calamistrum,
rubbed off against other specimens in the bottle of spirits in which
they came home; bnt the inframammillary organ is plainly visible
both in the females and males.
Two adult males and ten females were found among the ruins of
1876.] | REV. 0. P». CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 545
the Temple of Phike, iu Upper Egypt, where they were concealed
under small sheets of web spun in the angles and superficial in-
equalities of the columns and walls.
QÈCOBIUS TEMPLI, T n. (Plate LVIII. i 95)
Adult male, length 1} line.
This plainly coloured Spider is nearly allied to GZeobius domesticus,
Lucas, from which it may be distinguished by the much smaller
size of the digital joint of the palpus and palpal organs aud the
different structure of the latter ; ; the eyes also are larger i in propor-
tion and more closely grouped together.
The general form aud appearance of this species is similar to that
of all the other known species. The cephalothorax is pale yellow,
thinly clothed with hairs, a fine irregular blackish line runs back
from each of the two hindermost eyes; and the two lines converge
into a single one at tlie thoracie junction ; the impression by which
this Junction is marked is large and roundish.
The eyes are in the ordinary position, and may be either described
as in two lateral, longitudinal, curved rcws of three each, between
which, towards the fore side of the area thus enclosed, are two others
(central ones) in a transverse liue; or else they may be described as
in the usual position of two transverse curved rows of four each ;
perhaps it will be most convenient to speak of them, im regard to
their relative size and situation, as in the former position: the two
central eyes are largest of the eight and are separated from each
other by Jess than a diameter’s interval, each being near but uot
contiguous to the foremost eye of the lateral row, on its side; the
posterior eye of each lateral row is flattened, obliquely placed,
and of an clongated curviangular form (the base of the triangle
being in front), and each is contiguous to the next eye of the same
row; the interval between the ‘angles of the two posterior eyes
nearest to each other is about equal to the base of each of these eyes.
The legs are rather long and slender, of a tapering form and pale
yellow colour, but not B differiug in leugth, their relative
length appearing to be 4, 3, 2, 1, ? aud they are sparingly furnished
with hairs of varied length, but no spines properly so called.
The palpi are not very long, but strong, and similar in colour to
the legs, the palpal organs giving a yellow brown hue to the digital
joint ; the radial as well as eubital joints. are short, aud devoid of
projections or apophyses ; the digital joint is large, though less than
that of Œ. domesticus, Luc. ; the palpal organs are prominent. and
have some strong processes directed backwards aud inwards: these
processes although of a different form and less developed than those
of other species, require a good magnified drawing to show their
differences ; no description could do this.
The fulces are rather short, slender, and vertical ; their colour is
similar to that of the cephalothorax.
The mewville, labium, and sternum are of norinal form and cha-
racter ; and their colour is similar to that of the legs.
The eédomen is oval and (looked at iu profile) higher at its anie-
546 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
vior than at its posterior extremity; it is rather depressed, and
projects considerably over the base of the cephalothorax ; its colour
is a dull testaceous vellow covered with irregular eretaceous white
spots, leaving, however, near the fore half of fhe upperside, a tolerably
well-defined longitudinal central cruciform dull brownish marking ;
the shaft of the cross tapers to a point posteriorly, near which, gene-
rally, an oblique line goes off on either side; the spinners are normal ;
in front of the usual six is an inframammillary organ similar to that
of other spiders whose females, like the present, have a calamistrum
on the metatarsi of the fourth pair of legs; the anus has the same
curious fringe as other species of this and the allied genus (Uroctea,
Duf.).
The female resembles the male in general characters, but is rather
larger, and often has two or more indistinct brownish spots on the
hinder part of the abdomen ; as above mentioned, the metatarsi of
the fourth pair of legs hasa ealamistrum, or series of curved bristles,
concluded to be intended for carding the silk emitted from the infra-
mammillary organs. Mons. Engène Simon (Les Arachnides de France,
ii. p. 6) doubts the existence of these organs, and of the calamistrnm,
im this genus, or at least signifieantly remarks that he has been unable
to discover them in any species he has examined. I do not, however,
feel the smallest doubt that these characters will be found in all the
species— oth in the females, oue (inframammillary organ) at least
in the males. The hairs on the legs of these Spiders (together with
those of the calamistrum), appear ‘to be more easily rubbed off than
in most other Spiders ; and hence several females of this species have
no hairs or bristles on the legs at all. Possibly M. Simon has only
met with examples whose legs have accidentally been denuded of
their armature. Undoubtedly a female of (Ecobius domesticus, Ime.,
sent me from Tangier by M. Simon himself, has a calamistrum well
marked on one of the posterior legs, but no trace of any on the other.
The bristles forming this organ are proportionally longer and slenderer
than in many other spiders similarly armed. The ‘inframammillary
organ, although narrow and, like that of other spiders, ouly just
elevated above the surrounding surface, is yet, I think, unmistakable
in both sexes of all the species known to me (ten in number). M.
Simon thinks that I have mistaken a mere transverse fold of the
skin for it; if he will, however, examine this fold under a strong
magnifier, I think its mammillary nature will be sufficiently evident.
(ÉcoB1US ANNULIPES.
Ccobius annulipes, Lueas, Explor. en Algérie, vol. iv. p. 102,
pl. ii. fig. 2.
A single adult female of this Spider was found under a stone in
Upper Egypt.
Gen. Unocrza, Duf.
UnocTEA LIMBATA.
Clothe limbata, C. Koch, Die Arachn.
Au adult male and several females were found under stones at
Alexandria in April 1864.
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 547
M. Simon (Les Arachnides de France, ii. p. 5) states that U. du-
rundi, Walek., is also found in Egypt; Idid not, however, meet with
it myself there, though I found it shortly afterwards in the crevices
of old olive-trees at Corfu, whence it could only be extracted by
inserting a piece of stick, jagged at the eud, into the crevice, and
twisting it into the strong silken nest, when the whole with its
occupant could now and then be drawn safely out.
Gen. ARIADNE, Sav.
ARIADNE INSIDIATRIX.
Ariadne insidiatriz, Savigny, Egypte, p. 109, pl. i. fig. 3.
An adult female among débris of an old mud wall near Cairo, in
January 1864.
Gen. DYSDERA, Latr.
DYSDERA LATA.
Dysdera lata, Reuss-Wider. Mus. Senckenb. tom. i. p. 201.
Several examples which, after careful examination, I believe to be
of tliis species, were found under stones at Alexandria in April 1864.
None of thesezexamples were adult; this determination, therefore,
cannot be considered absolutely certain, since there are several nearly
allied species, such as D. erocote, C. Koch, and D. maurusia, Thor.,
of which the immature examples appear almost to defy certain de-
termination.
Gen. Ooxors, Templeton.
Oonops scuTATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. fig. 24.)
Adult male, length 1j line.
This Spider is very closely allied to Oonops loricatus, Sim.; it is,
however, larger, the measurement of that species (taken from two
examples kindly sent to me by M. Simon) not exceeding three
fourths of a line in length; the abdomen of the present spider is
also of a rather narrower form, but more convex above, and far more
glossy and polished on its upper surface, while in colours and some
other characters there is but little apparent difference.
The cephalothoraz is oval, strongly constricted laterally at the
caput; the thoracic junctional point is (looked at in profile) of an
angular form, and elevated above the level of the rest of the cephalo-
thorax, the hinder slope being abrupt; it is of a bright orange-
brown colour; and the sides and hinder part are thickly covered
with minute tubercles or granulosities, which in some positions assume
the appearance of punctures.
The eyes are large, six in number, closely grouped together, aud
occupy nearly the whole of the upperside of the fore extremity of
the caput, where they form a quadrilateral figure whose foremost
side is considerably shorter than the hinder one; they do not differ
much in size, and are all of a more or less oval shape ; those of the
hind central pair are closely contiguous to each other, their sides of
contact being flattened and so closely joined as almost to conceal the
junction. The eyes of each lateral pair are very near together, but
548 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
not quite contiguous to each other, each fore lateral eye being also
equally close to ‘the hind central eye on its side, and each hind Tis
eye still closer (almost contiguous) to the hind central nearest to
it; the interval between those of the front row (or the fore laterals)
is about equal to their longest diameter; the height of the clypeus,
which projects a little at its lower margin, is rather less than half
that of the facial space.
The legs are moderately long and strong, of a lightish orange-
yeliow colour; and their relative length appeared to | be ZI EIOS Be
the femora are the strongest, especially at their posterior extremities,
whieh are abruptly enlarged on tbe upperside close to the arti-
culation, but run evenly dus to the anterior extremities ; they
are furnished, but not very thickly, with hairs; the tibiae and meta-
tarsi of the first and second pairs are armed beneath with a double
series of long and strong sessile spines ; the other two pairs of legs
have bristles (or very slender spines) in a similar situation ; each
tarsus terminates with two curved claws springing from a distinct
supernumerary claw- (or heel) joint.
The pa/pi are short and not very strong ; their colour is yellow,
paler than that of the legs; and they are furnished with hairs and
DEI the cubital aud radial joints are short, the former is bent
downwards, the latter is rather the longest and strongest; the digital
joint is narrow, tapering from the middle to the fore extremity, “and
no broader than, but almost double as long as, the radial; the palpal
organs consist of a very large and prominent oval yellowish lobe
with a largish curved, pale brownish yellow, pointed process at its
anterior extremity.
The falces are moderately long, but not very strong, directed
backwards towards the labium, furnished in front with bristly hairs,
and similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
The maville and labium are of normal form, the latter being
rather large; these parts, with the sternum, are simifar to the legs
in colour."
The abdomen is of an oval form, moderately convex above, and
covered both above and below (like O. punctatus Cambr. and
O. loricatus, Sim.) with a bright reddish yellow-brown somewhat
corncous scutum, the approximate edges, according as they are
more or less separated, showing a greater or less interval of pale
yellowish membranous integument. It appears, from observations
made by M, Simon, *Aranéides nouv. ou peu connus du midi de
PEurope," Mém. Liege, 2° sér. t. v. p. (sep. cop.) 45, that the
Spider he describes has the power to bring the edges of this supra-
abdominal and subabdominal seutum together, or to separate them,
at wil; the spiracular plates are continuous with each other, and,
extending forwards, cover the pedicle by whieh the abdomen is
connect with the cephalothorax ; ; this pedicle i is longer and more
distinetly developed than in most other Spiders; the upper scutum
is very highly polished and glossy, and it is thinly but evenly
covered with minute tubercles, each of whieh sup ports a fine bristly
hair: the spinners are short ce inconspicuous; they are enclosed
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 549
below by a narrow reddish yellow-brown semicircular band of a
similar nature to the scutum with which the abdomen is covered.
When the edges of the upper and lower scutum are brought
together, they enclose and conceal the spinners. The spiracular
openings are four in number, the two extra ones being smaller
than the others and situated one close behind each of the two
ordinary openings; M. Simon, Z. c. pp. 41, 42, says that he has
been unable to discover these extra openings in any species of Oonops
that has come before him ; they are, however, plainly visible in the
two examples of O. loricatus which I received from him, though
less plainly in O. punctatus Cambr. In the type of the genus,
O. pulcher, ''empl., owing to the minuteness of the Spider, aud (after
it has been some time in spirit of wine) pale colour of the ab-
domen, the hinder spiracular openings are very difficult to be seen;
indeed in some examples I am quite unable to detect them; in one
or two, however, I can discern them sufficiently to be quite convinced
that the species possesses them ; only, being the merest possible
slits, they cannot in general be seen with an ordinary lens. It
would be strange indeed if they were really wanting in O. pulcher,
while so unmistakably present in O. scutatus, and O. loricatus, as
well as iu the species next described (O. pauper), which last is very
nearly allied to O. pulcher, and in another undescribed species allied
to O. scutatus, received from Ceylon; all these Spiders are, as it
appears to me, generically quite identical.
Three examples of O. scutatus (one male and two females) were
found by myself under stones near Alexandria in April 1564.
Oonops rAUPER, n. sp.
Adult female, length 14 line.
The cephalothorax, falces, maxille, labium, amd sternum of
this Spider are of a. dull orange-yellow colour, the legs and palpi
being pale straw-yellow, and the abdomen dull whity brown.
The cephalothorax is short, broad behind, and strongly con-
stricted laterally at the caput; the normal indentations are tolerably
strongly marked ; and the height of the elypeus is equal to half that
of the facial space; the highest point (looked at sideways) is at the
thoracic junction, whence it runs by an evenly curved slope to the
clypeus, the hinder slope not being very abrupt; the clypeus is
furnished with some minute tubercles, each of whieh was probably
furnished with a bristly hair; but if so, these had been rubbed off
before this description was made.
The eyes are large, seated on black tubercular spots, and occupy
the whole width of the fore part of the caput ; their position is the
same as that of those of O. pulcher (Templ.), but they are far more
circular in shape; the hind lateral and central eyes form a slightly
curved row, whose convexity is directed forwards; those of the
central pair are as nearly as possible contiguous to each other ; and
each is separated by rather less than its diameter's distance from the
hind lateral nearest to it; the hind laterals have a strong sideway
and backward direction, and each is very ticar, but not quite con-
550 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
tiguous to its fore lateral eye; the interval between the fore laterals
is equal to very nearly two diameters ; those of each lateral pair are
placed obliquely, and are rather smaller than those of the central
air.
The legs are rather long and slender, except the femoral joints ;
their relative length appears to be 4, 1, 2, 3. Whatever their arma-
ture may have been, it was entirely rubbed off before this
description was prepared.
The palpi are rather long, slender, and similar in colour to the
legs; the digital joint is cylindrical and exceeds in length the radial
and cubital joints together.
The falces are long, tolerably strong and straight, but strongly
directed backwards to the labium ; and their front surface is thinly
covered with minute, and probably pilose, reddish brown tubercles.
The mawille and labium are forced backwards into a direction
perpendicular to the sternum, owing to the strong backward direction
of the falees. Their form is thus very difficult to be ascertained, but
it appears to be similar to that of the other species of this genus.
The abdomen is short, oval in form, considerably convex above,
and does not project over the base of the cephalothorax ; the con-
necting pedicle being distinet. Four spiracular springs are plainly
visible, the two extra ones being placed not far behind the ordinary
pair. The spinners are short; those of the inferior are much the
strongest. A single example was found under a stone at Alexandria
in April 1864.
Fam. DRASSIDES.
Gen. Gnarpnosa, Latr.
GNAPHOSA PLUMALIS.
Gnaphosa plumalis, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1572, p. 225, pl. xv.
g. 3
pde
An adult male of this Spider was found under a stone at Alexan-
dria.
GNAPHOSA CONSPERSA.
Gnaphosa conspersa, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 230. pl. xv.
fig. 5.
An adult male and female, besides immature examples of both
sexes, were found under stones near the pyramid of Ghizeh.
GNAPHOSA PROCERA.
Gnaphosa procera, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 373, pl. 1.
fig. 2.
This Spider is very Similar in size, general form, structure,
colours and markings to G. conspersa, but may be readily dis-
tinguished by the special form and structure of the palpi and palpal
organs; examples of both sexes in the adult state were found under
stones near Alexandria.
1876.) REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 551
GNAPHOSA MARGINATA.
Gnaphosa marginata, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 374,
peli ig: 3:
A single adult female was found among the ruins of an old wall
near Cairo.
GNAPHOSA VENATRIX.
Gnaphosa venatrix, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 375, pl.
li. fig. 4.
A single adult male of this Spider, which is nearly allied to G.
plumalis, Cambr., was found at Alexandria. The form of the
radial joints of the palpi will serve to distinguish it at once from its
near allies.
Gen. Drassvus, Walek.
DRASSUS MUNDULUS.
Drassus mundulus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 324, pl. xv.
fig. 11.
An adult male and female were found among the ruins of an old
wall at Cairo.
DRASSUS SENILIS.
Drassus senilis, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 236, pl. xv.
fig. 13.
An adult female was found under a stone near Alexandria.
Dnassus INFUMATUS.
Drassus infumatus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 238, pl.
xv. fig. 16.
An adult example of each sex was found under the ruins of an
old mud wall near Cairo.
Dnassus onNATUS.
Drassus ornatus, Cambr. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1874, p. 388.
A single example of the female was found under a piece of stone,
near Alexandria.
DRASSUS CAMPESTRATUS.
Drassus campestratus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 392,
pl. li. fig. 17.
An adult male was found under a stone near Alexandria.
Dnassus ALEXANDRINUS.
Drassus alexandrinus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 393,
pl. li. fig. 18.
A single adult male was found among the débris of an old wall
near Alexandria.
552 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Dnassus ÆGYPTIUS.
Drassus egyptius, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1874, p. 394, pl. li.
fig. 19.
An adult inale and female were found under stones at Alexandria.
Dnassus VULPINUS.
Drassus vulpinus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 397, pl. li.
fig. 22.
A single adult female was found in an old building at Cairo.
DRASSUS DENOTATUS.
Drassus denotatus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 398, pl. li.
fig. 24.
A single adult female at Cairo.
DnaAssus PUGNAX.
Drassus pugnax, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 399, pl. li.
fig. 25.
An adult male was found among the débris of an old wall at
Cairo.
Gen. Prostirsima, L. Koch.
PROSTHESIMA LÆTA.
Prosthesima læta, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 241, pl. xv.
fig. 19.
An adult male, together with an immature example of each sex,
were found under stones near Cairo.
PROSTHESIMA PICINA.
Prosthesima picina, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1872, p. 242, pl.
A AUA
An adult female under a stone near Alexandria.
PROSTHESIMA TRISTICULA.
Prosthesima tristicula, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 377,
pl. li. fig. 6.
A single adult male was found under a piece of rock near
Alexandria,
PROSTHESIMA CURINA.
Prosthesima curina, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1874, p. 379.
An adult male, under a stone at Alexaudria.
PROSTHESIMA NILICOLA.
Prosthesima nilicola, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 380,
pl-ibo sies.
A single example of the adult male was found under a stone near
Alexandria.
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 553
PROSTHESIMA MOLLIS.
Prosthesima mollis, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 381, pl. li.
fis I.
An adult female under a stone near Alexandria.
PROSTHESIMA PALLIDA.
Prosthesima pallida, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1874, p. 383, pl.
li. fig. 11.
A single example of each sex in the adult state were found under
stones near Alexandria.
PROSTHESIMA INAURATA.
Prosthesima inaurata, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 246,
pl- xv. fig. 26;
An adult male and female were found under stones near Alexan-
dria.
Gen. Mrcarra, Westr.
MiCARIA CINCTA.
Micaria cincta, L. Koch, Die Arachn.-Fam. der Drassid. p. 53,
pl. iii. figs. 36, 37.
An adult of each sex under a stone at Alexandria.
Gen. CHEIRACANTHIUM, Koch.
CHEIRACANTHIUM DUBIUM, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,
p. 403, pl. lii. fig. 28.
A single adult male at Alexandria.
CHEIRACANTHIUM EQUESTRE,
Cheiracanthium equestre, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1574, p. 404,
pl. lii. fig. 29.
An adult example of each sex near Cairo.
CHEIRACANTHIUM ISIACUM.
Cheiracanthium isiacum, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 407,
pl. lii. fig. 31.
Adults of both sexes on low plants in the neighbourhood of Cairo.
CHEIRACANTHIUM TENUISSIMUM.
Cheiracanthium tenuissimum, L. Koch, Die Arachn.-Fam. Drassid.
p. 264, pl. x. figs. 161-163.
An adult female at Alexandria.
CHEIRACANTHIUM ANNULIPES.
Cheiracanthium annulipes, Cambr. Spid. of Palest. & Syria, P.Z.S.
1872, p. 254, pl. xvi. fig. 36.
An aduit female at Cairo.
554 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Fam. PALPIMANIDES.
Gen. PArPiMANUS, Duf.
ParPiMANUS H.£MATINUS ?
Palpimanus hamatinus, C. Koch, Die Arachn. iii. p. 21, pl. 80.
fig. 179.
A female, which I take to be perhaps of this species, was found in
the neighbourhood of Alexandria in 1864; and it appears to be
identical with examples found in Palestine in 1865. I have since,
however, had occasion to doubt whether these are, or not, the true P.
hematinus of C. Koch; they are certainly different from a closely
allied species which I found subsequently in Corfu and at Smyrna.
This latter species may be the true P. hematinus, C. K., coming, as
it does, nearly from the same region as the type of Koch's species.
The Spiders of this geuus are very nearly allied to each other, and
are remarkably similar in their geueral characters and appearance ;
and it will require a close comparison of their respective genital
organs to determine the species with any certainty.
PALPIMANUS SAVIGNYI.
Platyscelum savignyi, Aud. iu Sav. Egypte, p. 167, pl. vii. figs.
05277
Two females, certainly distinct from that last noted, were found
in ascending the Nile from Cairo to Thebes. My note of the exact
locality has been mislaid ; but I feel little doubt that these are of the
same species as that mentioned in the synonym above quoted.
Fam. ERESIDES.
Gen. EnEsvus, Duf.
ERESUS PEkTAGN X.
Eresus petagne, Aud. in Sav. Egypte, pl. iv. fig. 11.
Adult and immature females of this species were found under
stones near Alexandria. But for M. Simon's opinion (“ Note sur
la famille des Ereside,’’? Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 5° sér. tom. iii. 1873,
p. 357), I should have considered tliis species to have been identical
with Lresus imperialis, Duf. (= K. frontalis, Latr.)
Enxsus DUFOURII
Eresus dufonrii, Aud. in Sav. Egypte, p. 151, pl. iv. fig. 7.
Immature examples of this very distinct species were found on
low plants on the edge of the desert above Assouan. I have
received from Italy adults of both sexes of a species which I believe
to be identical with the present. It is a small species, the adult
male measuring only 2? lines in length, while that of the adult
female is no more than 3 lines.
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 555
Fam. DICTYNIDES.
Gen. DicrxNa, Sund.
DICTYNA INNOCENS.
Ergatis innocens, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syria, P. Z.S. 1872,
p. 262.
Adult male, length rather more than 1 line.
Females only of this distinctly marked species were found in
Palestine; but a single adult male example of what I feel no doubt
is of the same species, fonnd on a low plant near Cairo, enables me
now to give the distinetive characters of the latter sex.
In coloms and aes both sexes are alike. The cephalo-
thorax of the male is of a dark yellowish-brown colour, thinly
clothed with coarse hoary us the caput is strongly elevated and
well rounded ; the elypeus projects considerably forwards, and its
height exceeds half that of the facial space.
The eyes are in the usual position ; those of the fore central pair
are nearer together than each is to the fore lateral eye on its
side.
The legs are moderate in length and strength; their relative
length is 1, 2, 4, 3. They are of a dull yellow colour, faintly
haved WI Do and clothed with coarse ‘hairs, of which many
are of a hoary colour.
The palpi are of a dull pale yellow colour; the radial and cubital
joints are short, but about equal in length ; and from the upperside
at the hinder extremity of the former there is a small thorn-like
blackish spine directed forwards; the digital joint is large and
broad; the palpal organs are simple, and “surrounded by a strong
black spine, which arises from their base on the inner side, and
terminates in a fine point near their base on the outer side.
The falces are of moderate size, and of the curved form usual in
spiders of this genus, though less remarkably so than in some others,
and they are of a dark brown colour.
The maville, labium, and sternum are similar in colour to the
falees, and clothed thinly with coarse hoary hairs.
The abdomen is oval and projects a little over the base of the
cephalothorax ; the ground-colonr is dull brownish-yellow clothed
with hoary and other hairs; the longitudinal central black-brown
marking on the fore part of the upperside is cruciform near its
hinder extremity, where it is also strongly bifid, the limbs of the
bifid portion being recurved ; this bifid part represents, in fact, the
foremost of the series of blackish-brown angular bars running along
the middle of the hinder half; the sides are irregularly marked and
blotched with dark brown ; and the underside has a broad longitudi-
nal central brown band throughout its length ; aud on either side of
this band is a large oblong oval whitish patch, formed chiefly by
hoary hairs. The transverse supernumerary mammillary organ is
present, close in front of the ordinary spinners; but no calamistra are
visible on the metatarsi of the hinder pair of legs.
556 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20,
DICTYNA coNpUcENs, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 3.)
Adult male, length 1 line.
This Spider is very nearly allied to the next, D. condocta,
resembling it closely in colours and in the general character of its
markings. It may, however, be easily distinguished by the less
distinetness aud boldness of the markings on the abdomen, as well
as by the darker thorax contrasted against the paler eaput, some
of the hoary hairs on which last form a tolerably distinct narrow
longitudinal band.
The clypeus also exceeds in height half that of the facial space,
and projects more forwards. The underside of the abdomen also is
of a uniform pale dull yellowish colour.
The radial joints of the palpi are destitute of the characteristic
spine near the hinder extremity of the upperside; the digital
joints are smaller in proportion; and the spine surrounding the
palpal organs is far less strong aud conspicuous, being shorter and
much more slender.
The falces, while presenting the characteristie form of the genus,
exhibit it in a less marked degree than those of D. condocta.
Adults of both sexes appeared to be numerous on the branches of
the Sont Acacia, in February, March, and April, near Cairo and
in other parts of Lower Egypt.
Dictyna conpocta, sp. n... (Plate LVIIL fig. 4.)
Adult male, length rather less than 1 line.
The cephalothorax of this small species is strongly constricted
laterally at the junction of the caput and thorax ; the capat is slightly
elevated and rounded ; the clypeus projeets forwards at its lower part,
and its height is not quite eqnal to half that of the facial space.
The colour of the cephalothorax is a deep yellow-brown with a
blackish margin; and its surface is thinly farnished with coarse
hoary hairs.
The eyes are in the usual position ; those of the fore central pair are
separated by a wider interval than that by which each is divided
from the lateral eye on its side; those of the fore and hinder central
pairs form very nearly a square, the posterior side being a little
longer than the anterior one ; those of the fore central pair are dark-
coloured, the rest being of a light hue.
The legs are moderately strong, and rather long; their relative
length being 1, 2, 4, 3; they are of a pale yellowish hue, and
furnished with hairs.
The palpi are short, similar to the legs in colour, except the
digital joint, which is of a yellow-brown hue ; the cubital and radial
joints are both very short; but the latter appears to be a little the
longest, and has at the hinder extremity of the upperside a short,
bent, pointed spine whose tip is of a dark blackish colour; the
digital joint is large, and the palpal organs simple, though prominent
at their hinder extremity ; they are completely encireled by a strong
black tapering spine, which is very visible close beneath the margins
of the joint.
1376.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 2
The falees are of the usual characteristic form, and similar in
colour to the cephalothorax.
The maxille, labium, and sternum are rather paler in colour than
the cephalothorax, but present nothing at variance with the generic
type; the sterumn is finely clothed with coarse hoary hairs.
The abdomen is oval and projects considerably over the base of
the cephalothorax ; it is of a yellowish brown colour, clothed with
hoary, yellowish, and blackish hairs intermixed ; it has a narrow ill-
defined dark brown longitudinal central bar on ‘the fore half of the
upperside, cruciform at its hinder part, and follawed by a series of
angular lines or chevrons to the spinners; these lines terminate
laterally in indistinct spots or blotches ; and outside the two or three
hindermost blotches are some ill-defined spots or patches of hoary
hairs, of which there are some more in two tufts just above the
spinners; the underside is of a dull brownish yellow hue, clothed
with greyish hairs and with pale lateral margins.
An adult female, evidently of the same species, is considerably
larger, aud the abdomen covered with cretaceous white spots; the
longitudinal central brown marking on the fore half of the upperside
is broader, better-defined, and angular on its lateral margins, and
the spots laterally terminating the succeeding angular bars are well
defined, forming two longitudinal rows converging to the spinners :
the underside has a breadish longitudinal brown band; and the
spinners are surrounded by several short blackish radiating elongate
spots or short bars. The usual supernumerary mamillary organ
is present, together with calamistra on the metatarsi of the fourth
pair of legs; the latter, however, do not exist in the males.
Two adult males and two females, one adult, the other immature,
were beaten from the branches of the Sont. Acacia in lower Egypt
in February 1864.
Fam. AGELENIDES.
Gen. TiraNazca, Thor.
TITANCGCA DISTINCTA.
Amaurobius distinctus, Cambr. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 263.
Titaneca albomaculata, Sim. Avachn. de Franee, i. p. 218, pl. iii
fig
Adults and immature examples of this Spider were found among
the dead stems and débris of bushes and under stones near Alexan-
dria in April 1864. In the same month of the year following I met
with it more abundantly under stones and fragments of rock and
among débris on the plains of the Jordan.
The synonymic reference above to M. Eugene Simon’s * Arach-
nides de France? is, I feel sure, correct ; but there seems much reason
to doubt the correctness of the reference quoted by that anthor from
M. H. Lucas’s ‘ Exploration en Algérie; the Epeira albomaculata,
Luc., seems to me by no means certainly of the same species, or even
genus, as that described and figured /. e. by M. Simon.
Proc. Zoor. Soc.—}876, No. X
37
558 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20,
Gen. AGELENA.
AGELENA LEPIDA, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 3 lines; adult female, 33 lines.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider is yellow. The cephalo-
thorax has its surface clothed with a grey pubescence ; it is marked
with somewhat irregular blackish-brown radiating lines following the
direction of the normal grooves and indentations, and bounded
laterally by another broken or interrnpted line of the same colour a
little way from, and parallel to, the lateral margins, giving the surface
of the cephalothorax a somewhat boldly reticulate appearance.
The eyes are in the ordinary position, forming two strongly curved
and nearly parallel lines, whose convexity 1s directed backwards. The
interval between those of the hind central pair is a little greater than
that between each and the lateral eye of the same row on its side;
those of the fore central pair are the largest of the eight, they are
separated by less than a diameter’s interval, and each is very nearly
contiguous to the lateral of the same row on its side. The four
central eyes form a quadrangular figure whose longitudinal is rather
greater than its transverse diameter.
The legs are long and tolerably strong, their relative length ap-
parently 4, 1, 2,3; the difference, however, between those of the
second and third pairs is very slight. The femora are thickly and
irregularly banded with blackish brown, they are furnished with hairs
and long spines; and each tarsus ends with three slightly curved claws,
of which the superior pair are pectinated, and the inferior one is much
the smallest.
The palpi are short and strong; the radial and cubital joints are
very short; the latter is the longest, and has a short, moderately strong,
bifidly angular prominence at the extremity of its outer side; it has
also two long strong curved tapering bristles direeted forwards from
its upperside, one from the fore, and the other from the hinder
extremity ; the radial joint is also somewhat protuberant in front to-
wards the outer side, and is furnished with two pairs of bristles, of
the same kind as those on the cubital joint; the digital joint is large
equalling the falces in length, and its fore extremity is drawn ont into
a longish point. The palpal organs are well developed, surrounded on
their outer margin with a strong shining corneous-looking yellow-
brown fillet, and terminating anteriorly with a strong twisted corneous
process of a similar colour.
The falces are rather long, strong, straight, prominent in front
near their base, and directed rather backwards towards the labium.
The mazille and labium are of normal form, the latter being a little
suffused with a dusky blackish hue.
The sternwn has a strong irregularly edged blackish margin.
The abdomen is of a dull yellowish colour, with a broad longi-
tudinal whitish band on its upperside; this band is mottled, and at
the fore part strongly suffused with rusty red; its lateral edges are
crenellated or bluntly denticulate, the prominent points being distinctly
whiter and brighter than the rest, and forming two nearly parallel
1876.] REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 559
longitudinal rows of bold whitish spots along the whole length of the
abdomen ; most of these spots are in fact the enlarged extremities of
the usual transverse angular bars or chevrons ; and between each tlie
space is black; there are also some black spots and markings on the
sides, the underparts of the abdomen being unicolorous ; the central
longitudinal band has some black spots and markings ou its fore part
irregularly defining the normal clongate marking; the spinners are
yellow, devoid of markings, and those of the superior pair are rather
more than double the length of those of the inferior, the second
(terminal) joint being smaller, though longer, than the basal one.
The female resembles the male in colour and markings ; these are,
however, less strong and distinct than in the latter sex, while the legs
of the female have the tibiæ as well as the femora annulated with
dusky blackish, and the underside of the abdomen has two longi-
tudinal lateral lines of the same hue. ‘The genital aperture presents
two oval orifices side by side.
An adult male and several adult and immature females were found
in tufts of coarse grass and dry herbage on the desert near Gebel y
Silsilis, Upper Egypt, in March 1864.
Gen. TEGENARIA.
TEGENARIA PROXIMA.
Tegenaria proxima, Cambr. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 217.
An adult male of this Spider, which, though exceedingly closely
allied to T. derhamii (Scop.), is yet quite distinct, was found in Cairo
in January 1864.
Gen. Textrix, Sund.
TEXTRIX COARCTATA.
Aranea coaretata, L. Dnf., Sim. Avachn. de France, ii. p. 125.
Textrix moggridgii, Cambr. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 537, pl. xiv.
fig. 6.
Adult and immature females of a Spider which I believe to be of
this species were found among stones and débris at Alexandria in
April 1864; the adult examples, however, are more brightly coloured
than those I have received from Mentone; the cephalothorax and
legs being of au orange-yellow brown colour; the fore part of the
former (caput) and the falees are tinged strongly with red-brown, and
the median liue of the fore part on the upperside of the abdomen
suffused with rusty red. These differences of colouring are probably
dependent on the length of time that had elapsed since the Spider
effected the final easting-off of its skin.
Gen. Exvo.
Enyo NITIDA.
-
Enyo nitida, Aud. in Sav. Egypte, p. 135, pl. iii. fig. 7.
Clotho nitida, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. 639.
An adult female of an Enyo which I believe to be of this species was
found under # stone near Alexandria. It may, however, possibly be
3 37*
560 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
of a different species, though it agrees in most respects with the de-
scriptions given (//.c.). The chief difference I can detect is in the
colour of the legs; but as this may differ considerably in examples of
different ages or in different states of preservation, it is not always con-
clusive on a point of specific identity. In the example now recorded
the legs are yellow, the greater part of the femora of the first pair as
well as lower partof thoseof the other pairs beiug suffused strongly with
brownish black ; the cephalothorax is deep reddish brown, becoming
black on the caput; the sternum and labium are yellowish strongly
suffused with deep brown, the maxillee and palpi being dull yellowish ;
and the abdomen is of a uniform purplish black above and on the
sides, the underside being of a dull yellowish drab colour; the legs
are furnished with short dark blackish brown hairs.
In the description given of E. nitida by Walckenaer the legs are
said to be black, with a white ring at their base, and another of
greater extent at the base of the femora of the third and fourth pairs.
ENYO EXPERS, sp. n.
Female, immature, length 1 line.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider is of a brightish yellow
colour, the legs, palpi, and sternum being rather the palest.
The cephalothorax is of a somewhat oblong oval form with little
or no lateral coustriction at the caput ; its convexity also is very
moderate ; the clypeus, which equals in height half that of the facial
space, is very projecting.
The eyes are in the ordinary general position : the two large fore
central ones are on a large roundish black patch ; and the three lateral
ones on either side are contiguous to each other and form a short
eurved row on either side, the foremost eye being very nearly con-
tiguous to the large eye on its side; the interval between the fore
central eyes is nearly an eye's diameter.
The legs are not very long; their relative proportion appears to be
4, 1, 2, 3; and they are furnished with hairs only.
F'alces not very long, but strong, conical, and vertical.
Abdomen oblong-ov ae ; of a dull yellow colour, the upper part dark
rusty red, with several indistinct slightly angular pale bars or
chevrons on the hinder half. The spinners (apparently four in
number) are not easily discernible; but on either side of them is a
pateh of deep rusty brown.
A single example of this Spider (differing both in its gencral form
and colour from all others known to me) was fonud nnder a stone at
Alexandria in the month of April 1864
Fam. HgnsiLIIDES.
Gen. Herska, Sav.
TIERSILIA CAUDATA? var. (aut nov. sp.). (Plate LVIH. fig. 6.)
Hersilia caudata, Sav. Egypte, p. 114, pl. i. fig. 8.
In respect to this Spider, the type of the genus, all authors snbse-
1876.) REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 56k
quent to Saviguy appear merely to have followed him in his figure and
description, ‘Che locality given tor M. caudata is “les environs du
Caire." On the first morning of my arrival at Cairo, in January
1864, I found a species of Hersilia frequent on the trunks of the trees
in the Esbekeyah, close in front of Zeck’s hotel; all were females, in
different stages of immaturity. Numerous searches there and in
other parts round Cairo failed to produce more than this one species,
which I met with again several times during the ascent of the Nile
to Assouan. I did uot tind any other species (except one, of a now
separated genus ZZersilidia, under stones at Alexandria) during my
stay in Egypt. I cannot, therefore, help thinking that, in spite of very
manifest differences between my specimens and the figure and deserip-
tion of Lersilia caudata given by Walckenaer and Lucas (following
Savigny), the species 1 now record is that upou which the latter
author founded the genus.
The following deseription of the examples I met with may perhaps
call the attention of araneologists to the differences noted ; and pos-
sibly the true M. caudata may eventually prove to be a distinct
species, in which ease 1 would propose for that now described the name
Jłersilia diversa.
The length of the largest immature female captured is rather over
33 lines. The colour of the cephalothorax is a deep blackish brown,
rather the palest along the middle line, ou the hinder slope, and a
little above the lateral margins ; the upper part of the caput is black,
with a short brightish orange-yellow longitudinal streak on the hinder
part between the eyes of the hind central pair. The clypeus (which
equals in height two thirds of that of the facial space) is orange-
yellow above and dull yellow on its lower part, the middle of which
has a short longitudinal white streak with a blackish patch on each
side of it. This arrangement of colours gives a very distinct and diver-
sified appearance to the “facies,” and appears to be pretty well de-
fined in all the examples met with (vide fig. 6 b).
The /egs are of a dull yellowish hue, marked and broadly annulated
with yellow and blaekish-brown ; these markings form a broken
longitudinal line of deepish black-brown on the fore sides of the
femoral joints.
The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, and marked with
black-brown on their upper or fore sides.
The abdomen is of a dull yellowish brown above, thickly pune-
tuated with pale yellowish points mixed with a few blackish spots
here and there, chiefly near the cephalothorax, the lateral margins of
the upperside of the abdomen are very distinetly defined by the inner
edge of the black markings on the sides ; this well-defined edge is
deuticulate or strongly crenellated ; along the middle line of the fore
half is a strong and very distinct black longitudinal marking, den-
ticulate or irregularly jagged on its edges; this marking is broadest
near its middle, aud comes to a blunt. point about two thirds of the
distance from the cephalothorax to the spinners, and 1s followed by
some broken angular bars, or chevrons, which decrease in length
towards the hinder extremity of the abdomen; in addition to the
462 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. |June 20,
above markings, there are four pale transverse wavy lines, which
cross the whole of the upperside of the abdomen, the two foremost,
however, being interrupted by the longitudinal black marking; the
sides of the abdomen are marked, but not regularly, with blackish
brown spots and small markings, some of them assuming an oblique
direction ; but none of the lateral markings extend far down towards
the underside, which is (as are also the sternum, maxillz, and labium)
of a plain yellowish hue devoid of markings. The long spinners of
the superior pair are dull yellow faintly marked or annulated with
yellowish brown, or sometimes with brownish black.
The description given by Walekenaer and Lucas from Savigny (I
am unfortunately unable to give it from Savigny’s work itself) is :—
“ Roux; le corselet marqué de deux bandes dorsales brunes, et bordé
de taches de la méme couleur. Abdomen varié sur le milieu de deux
rangées coutigués de taches cannelées brunes, et sur les côtés, de traits
bruns obliques.”
The quickness of the movements of this spider, which, until dis-
turbed, lies motionless, with its legs flat and extended in all directions
over and round the trunks of the trees, is astonishing, and rendered its
capture, at first, very difficult ; after a little practice, however, I ob-
tained it more easily by dexterously flicking it off the tree with a
twig into an entomological net held underneath.
This was the first Spider that I had seen in Egypt ; and it was thus
invested with a peculiar interest, being also so unlike any thing
European that I had before met with.
Neither sex appears as yet to have been found in the adult state ;
and in fact I saw, and captured, only females, and all those immature.
Walckenaer does not state whether tlie example (also a female)
described by Savigny was adult or immature.
It does not appear to have been before noted that the subdivision
of the metatarsi (on which the separation of Hersilia from Hersilidia
is chiefly based) only occurs in respect to the legs of the first, second,
and fourth pairs, the short third pair having the usual number of
joints, with an undivided metatarsus. It is singular that M. Lucas,
who has gone so minutely into the structure of the legs of Hersilia,
should not have noticed this point.
Gen. HERSILIDIA, Sim.
IIznsiniprA Lucas, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 5.)
Adult male, length 23 lines.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider, whose general form
closely resembles other species of the genus, is of a pale yellow
colour, the cephalothorax, palpi, and legs being covered with a fine
grey pubescence ; the cephalothorax has a dusky brown margin; and
an indistinct line of the same hue runs backwards from each eye of
the hind central pair, meeting and terminating at the normal inden-
tation which marks the union. of the eaput and thorax ; the hinder
slope has also a central longitudinal brown liue.
The eyes are in the usual position ; the four central ones form a
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 563
square whose fore side is a little longer than the hmder side, the
two eyes formiug the fore side being the largest of the eight, and
separated from each other by an interval of rather more than an
eye's diameter. É
The legs are strong, but of more moderate length as compared with
those of Hersilia, and the metatarsi are undivided; their relative
length appears to be -1, 2, 1, 3, those of the first and second pairs
are unicolorous, while the femora and, in some examples, the tibiæ of
those of the third and fourth pairs are faintly annulated with dusky
brown; they are furnished with hairs and a few short fine spines.
The palpi are strong and moderately long ; the radial and cubital
joints are short, about equal in length, and of a somewhat tumid or
nodiform appearance ; the humeral joint has a few black spines dis-
persed on its upperside, and there are a few bristles on the other joints ;
the digital joint is drawn out at the fore extremity into a longish point
(like that of the genus Tegenaria) and terminates with two black,
slightly curved claws, in this point resembling Zersilidia simonii,
Cambr. (found in the Jordan valley and at Jerusalem). The palpal
organs are of a somewhat flattened circular form, encircled with a
dark corneous margin or closely fitting spine, and have two small
erect corneous processes near together, about the middle of their
fore part, one of these processes being shorter and more obtuse but
stronger than the other.
The fakes, maville, and labium are of normal form; aud the
sternum has a broadish dusky-brown lateral margin.
The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, a little broadest towards
its hinder part, rather truncate before, and projecting a little over
the base of the cephalothorax; it is of a straw-yellow colour, clothed
with a fine grey pubescence ; on the upperside a well-defined longi-
tudinal black-brown marking oceupies the middle line; this marking
begins near the fore margin and extends halfway to the spinners, and
is very strongly angulated on its edges, the middle part being the
strongest, and taken by itself forming a large diamond-shaped patch ;
the sides are marked with three or four oblique lines of small elon-
gated brown spots reaching quite to the underside, which is of a
plaiu dull luteous colour ; the spinners are short compared with those
of Hersilia, but similar iu position and character, and resembling
the legs in colour.
The female (immature) resembles the male in colours and
markings.
This species is nearly allied to /Zersi/idia simonii, Cambr. ; but,
besides being larger, it differs both from that species and from
H. oraniensis, Luc., in being of a different hue and much less
strongly marked, especially iu the annulation of the legs; the pattern
also on the abdomen differs notably from that of H. simonii; and
there are on the abdomen none of the coarse hairs with which that
of H. simonii is furnished. Two adult males and several immature
examples of both sexes were found under stones in the desert be-
tween Alexandria and Ramleh. heir position is usually with the
legs extended flat upon the underside of the stone, with the sandy -
564 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
yellow mottled colour of which the colour of the Spider so admirably
agrees that it requires a practised eye to detect it; and in fact its
movement is generally the first cause of its detection. Its specific
name is conferred in compliment to M. II. Lucas, of the Jardin
des Plantes, Paris, to whom we are indebted for descriptions aud
figures of so mauy North-African Spiders.
Fam. SCYTODIDES.
Gen. LoxoscrLrzs, Heinek. et Lowe.
LoxoscELIS RUFESCENS.
Lovoscelis rufescens, Duf. An. Sc. Phys. t. v. p. 203, pl. 76.
Scytodes rufescens, Sav. Egypte, pl. v. fig. 2.
Adult and immature females of this Spider were found among the
ruins of an old mud wall near Cairo, and an immature male in a
similar situation at Alexandria.
Gen. SCYTODES.
SCYTODES THORACICA.
Scytodes thoracica, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 271.
An immature female of a Spider which is probably only a variety
of this species, was found in an old building at Cairo. The only ap-
pareut difference between this example and the typical S. thoracica
consists in the very faintly marked cephalothorax, the abdomen
marked only with two converging rows of black spots on the hinder
half, and the legs wholly immaculate. ‘The discovery, however, of
adult examples may possibly prove it to be of a distinct though
closely allied species; at present it would scarcely be justifiable to
found a new species upon a single immature example.
Dr. L. Koch (/Egyptische und Abyssinische Arachniden, Niirn-
berg, 1875, p. 27, Taf. iii. fig. 2) describes and figures a new species
from Cairo (S. immaculata); from this, however, the present Spider
differs quite as much as from the typical thoracica, though possibly
it may eventually prove to be a variety of Koch’s Spider instead of
S. thoracica.
SCYTODES KOCHU, sp. n.
Female, immature, rather over 14 line in length.
Although the cephalothorax of this Spider is but little higher at
its posterior than at its anterior extremity, it is, I believe, a true
Scytodes. The clypeus is broad, truncate, and a little upturned at
its lower edge, its height being about equal to the dimensions of one
of the fore central pair of eyes; the colour of the cephalothorax is a
rather bright orange-yellow, with a deep-brown baud running back-
wards from cach lateral pair of eyes nearly, if not quite, to the
hinder margin; these bands are broadest about the middle, and each
is marked with a slightly oblique longitudinal stripe of orange-yellow
near the fore extremity ; and between them is a deep-brown tapering
line running a little way backwards froni the central pair of eves. ‘Phe
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 565
cephalothorax is also strongly margined with dark brown; and each of
its sides is marked with three short, but distinct, oblique brown bars
or stripes joining in at their lower extremity with the lateral brown
margins. The surface of the cephalothorax is closely covered with
erect bristly hairs.
The eyes are in three pairs, in the usual position ; the two fore
lateral eyes are the largest, and those of the central pair appear to
be the smallest, though not much, if any thing, smaller than the
hind laterals.
The Zegs are yellow ; the tibiæ of the fourth pair are broadly and
distinetly banded with brown ; those of the third pair are faintly so
banded, while those of the first and second pair are dark yellow-
brown with a narrow indistinct band of yellow, the metatarsi also
of the first pair being strongly suffused with yellow-brown.
The palpi are yellow, annulated with dull brown.
The falces yellow, with a considerable part of their foreside
yellowish brown.
The mazille, labium, aud sternum are yellow.
The abdomen is of a deep chocolate-brown above and yellow under-
neath; the central longitudinal line of the upperside is a little paler,
and has two yellow spots on its fore part, and a yellow longitudinal
line on its hinder part; the brown and yellow of the upper- and under-
sides run into each other in a Vandyke pattern, giving the sides
a very distinct curvilinearly striped appearance. The abdomen, like
the cephalothorax, i is covered thinly with strong erect bristly hairs.
A single example of this pretty and very distinct species was
found among débris near Cairo in January 156. 1; and I have very
great pleasure i in naming it after my kind friend Dr. Ludwig Koch,
of Niirnberg.
Fam. Pnorciprs.
Gen. Puorcus, Walck.
PHOLCUS SEMICAUDATUS, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 2 lines.
The cephalothorax is of the ordinary form and of a pale straw-
yellow colour.
The eyes are in the usual general position; three large eyes con-
tiguous to each other iu a triangle on a tubercle on either side, and
a pair of much smaller size and nearly contiguous, just opposite the
inner eyes of the other two groups; each eye of this pair is rather
less than a diameter’s distance from the two foremost eyes of the
lateral group nearest to it.
The /egs are very long, exceedingly slender, and furnished with fine
hairs; their colour is similar to that of the cephalothorax, the genual
joints are yellow-brown; and the femora and tibize, especially the
former, are distinctly marked with small linear black dots and spots.
The falces are suffused with yellow-brown, strongly excavated in
front, their fore margin ou the outer side terminating in a corneous
point, aud of a red-brown colour.
566 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
The palpi are large, similar in colour to the legs, strong and tumid,
especially the radial joint, which is of a somewhat globular form.
The digital joint is considerably produced at its fore “extremity (the
produced portion being dark yellowish brown), and terminating with
an irregular corncous process. The palpal organs are globular, with
a strong corneous process issuing from them bu direeted baekwards ;
this process is of a dark red- brown colour mixed with black, of a
somewhat twisted form, and very obtuse at its extremity.
The mazille are of the usual form, pale yellow at their base and
dark brown at their fore part, the extreme point bemg whitish.
The /abium is also dark brown, but pale whitish at E apex.
The sceruum is dark brown, marked obscurely with some still
darker radiating lines.
The abdomen is of moderate length, very convex above, gradually
and considerably elevated backwards and, in a slightly produced
form, at its hinder extremity, giving it a subtriangular shape when
looked at in profile; this elevation is much stronger in the female
than in the male; it is of a dull luteous colour; the fore half of the
upperside has an indistinct elongate central longitudinal marking,
sometimes pretty distinctly defined by a fine blackish marginal line;
this marking is broadest in the middle, where it has an angular
point and short oblique line running from it backwards on each “side,
with a similar point and line on either side of its obtuse termination ;
following this are two or three duplex angular blackish bars, or
chevrons, continued by some fine linear spots. aud markings towards
the spinners; and on either side of the highest point of the abdomen
are two or three blackish irregular spots. The different examples vary
in the number, extent, and regularity of these markings; in some
specimens most of them are obsolete or nearly so. A “broad black
and red-brown band occupies the central longitudinal line of the
underside, but is usually interrupted a little way from the spinners.
The female resembles the male in colours and markings; but her
abdomen, as above observed, is more strongly elevated behind, aud
its markings are generally better-defined ; the genital aperture is a
large transverse slit in a strongly but gradually elevated epigyne.
The form of the abdomen, whieh approaches but is not nearly so
produced as that of P. caudatus (Dut.), will readily distingnish this
species.
I met with it pretty frequently among the ruins of the ancient
temples in various parts of Egypt above Cairo, but prineipally in
those above Thebes. It is very nearly allied to, but appears to be
quite distinct from, Pholcus lyoni, Bl., found in the Calentta Pre-
sidency of India, and which I have myself also reecived from Bom-
bay (sent to me by Major Julian Hobson) as well as from Calcutta,
sent to me by C. Curtoys, Esq.
PHOLCUS RIVULATUS,
Pholeus rivulatus, Say. Egypte, pl. iii. fig. 12
? Pholeus ruralis, Blackw. Aun. & Mag. N. I. (8) voli p- 3932:
Adult and immature examples of both sexes of this Spider were
1870.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 507
found in old buildings and under large stones at Alexandria and
Cairo. A strong specific character, not before recorded, so far as I
am aware, of the adult male, is furnished by a single longitudinal
closely set row of short but distinet and rather strong black spines,
reaching from near the base on the underside of the femora nearly
to the anterior extremity of the tibiæ of the first pair of legs.
This Spider, described by Mr. Blackwall (Pholcus E c.
supra), is probably of this species.
Fam. THERIDIIDES.
Gen. Latropecrus, Walck.
LATRODECTUS EREBUS.
Latrodectus erebus, Sav. Egypte, pl. ii. fig. 9.
Adult females, with their large globular brown egg-cocoons, were
found under stones among the ruins of an old building at Alex-
andria.
Dr. Thorell (Europ. Spiders, p. 95) rejects the derivation of
Walekenaer's generic name Latrodectus from Adrpor, wages or
reward, aud óexrós, received, as yielding no rational meaning for
the name, and. thence derives it from abpa, secretly, and óxkrjs,
biting. Those, however, who have looked most closely ito the
derivations of. names given to genera aud species of animals know
best how very little rational meaning there is in a large number of
them, in cases where the deriv ation is almost, and sometimes abso-
Intely, certain.
Iu a well-known iustance a species of Lepidoptera was named by
a British author ** decimella," merely because he had pinned it with
a number-/en piu. Another instance is furnished by Baron
Walckenaer himself, who named a Spider “ Carolinum ” for (there is
no doubt) the excellent reason (?) that it had been found by his little
son Charles (Carolus). Rather than impute to the Baron the manifest
impropriety of writing Latrodectus, if he had really derived it from
Aá0pa, I would suppose that he had some reason to look upon the
discovery of the type of his genus as the happy result of some
trouble or diffieulty, and thus gave it the name (rightly written
Latrodectus) from the Greek words given as its derivation. by
Agassiz (Nomencl. Zool.) and rejected by Dr. Thorell, ¿. e. Aárpos (a
form of Aárpor), wages or reward, and cexrds, one meaning of which
is acceptable. If this be “no rational meaning for the word,” it
appears to be, at any rate, more probable than the derivation given
by Dr. Thorell. "Phe derivation given by M. Simon, Hos des
Araignées, p. 177 (also rejected as irrational by Dr. T.), from
Mrpevs, a workman, and Ojkrjs, a biter, would not be improbable,
since we find that Walckenaer (Arancides de France, p. 81, where
he confers the name) remarks especially on the manner in which
the Spider spins its snares for the entrapping of its prey beneath the
stoues.
Or
feni
[es]
REV. O, P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Gen. Lrruyrnantes, Thor.
LirHyPHANTES HAMATUS.
Phrurolithus hamatus, Koch, Die Arachn. v. p. 105, pl. 206.
fig. 507-8.
Lathrodectus hamatus, Cambr. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 288.
Adult females were found under stones near Alexandria in April
1864. Itis an exceedingly variable species in respect to its mark-
ings: two of those met with had an entirely black abdomen; and
the vest varied considerably in the extent and colour of the normal
pattern ; most probably the PAr. lunatus and Phr. erythrocephalus
(Koch), /. c. fig. 509, 510, as well as Latrodectus venator, Sav.
Egypte, pl. 3. fig. 11, and Latrodectus ornatus, Luc., Explor. in
Algér. p. 233, pl. 14. fig. 8, are varieties of tliis species.
The chief, if not the only, difference between Latrodectus and
Lithyphantes consists in the wide separation of the eyes of the
lateral pairs of the former, whereas in the latter they are contiguous
or nearly so.
Gen. Srearopa (Sunud.).
STEATODA SIGNATA, Sp. n.
Length of an adult female, 15 line.
"This Spider is of ordinary form and general characters ; the cepha-
lothorax, falces, maxille, labium, and sternum are of an orange-
yellow colour tinged with brown; the /egs, whose relative length
appeared to be 1, 4, 2, 3, are rather short and sleuder; they are of
a dull pale yellowish colour, furnished with hairs only, and the
femora, especially of the first and second pairs, are strongly suffused
with a dusky brown hue.
The abdomen is short, oval, very convex above, though rather flat
on the upperside, abruptly rounded behind, and projects considerably
over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is glossy, and clothed thinly
with fine pale hairs; its colour is a uniform kind of maroon or
purplish red-brown, marked on the upperside with some elongate
pointed oval pale dull yellowish markings, more or less covered with
eretaceous white spots; three of these markings are situate on each
side of the upper part, at equal intervals from the fore to the hinder
extremity, the rest form a broken longitudinal central line on the
hinder half. The four foremost of these markings form a large
square whose fore side is a little shorter than the rest.
A single example of the female of this species, which at first sight
very nearly resembles sagena serratipes in the colonr and markings
of the abdomen, was found under a large stone at Alexaudria.
STEATODA? MANDIBULARIS.
Theridion mandibulare, Luc. Explor. en Algérie, p. 260, pl. 17. fig. 1.
Pachygnatha? mandibularis, Cambr. Spid. Palest. and Syria,
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 291.
Steatoda mandibulare, Sim. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1875, p. 222.
Epeira diversa, Bl. Anu. & Mag. N. IL. Oct. 1859.
Adult males of this remarkable Spider were found runuing on tlic
1876.] | REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 569
rails of the railway near Cairo, and females under stones near
Alexandria.
In * Spiders of Palestine and Syria,” 7. e. suprà, doubts are ex-
pressed as to its generic place. It still appears to me that it can
hardly be included in any hitherto characterized genus, though at
present I hesitate to form a new genns for its reception. It is pro-
bably nearer to Steatoda than to any other; yet the very different
form of the cephalothorax, in both sexes, appears to preclude it from
that genus, to which, however, in deference to M. Eugene Simon’s
opinion, I now provisionally relegate it, in preference to Pachygnatha.
Gen. Euryoris, Menge.
EURYOPIS ACUMINATA.
Theridion acuminatum, Luc. Explor. en Algér. p. 268, pl. 17.
fig. 10.
An adult female was found under a stone near Alexandria.
EURYOPIS SCRIPTA.
Theridion scriptum, Cambr. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 283.
Adult females were found under stones near Alexandria in April
1864.
EURYOPIS QUADRIMACULATA, sp. n.
"This Spider resembles the two foregoing in respect of size, general
form, and characters, but may be easily distinguished by a different
distribution of colours on the abdomen. This part in the present
Spider is of a deep brown-hlack colour marked with four elongate
brownish yellow spots on the upperside, one at the fore and another
at the hinder extremity, and another on each side, a little nearer to
the fore than to the hinder spot ; these lateral spots are the longest,
and are placed obliquely, their inner extremities nearly meeting ; the
underside has a pale dull yellow transverse bar just behind the genital
aperture, and another close in front of the spinners, the two being
connected, or nearly so, by a longitudinal line of the same hue.
The palpi are short, the radial and eubital joints very short,
but nearly equal in length; the digital joint is very large, and the
palpal bulb well developed, a strong simmons red-brown line (indica-
ting, no doubt, the passage of an internal channel) may be seen on
the outer side ; and from the fore extremity there projects a strong,
pointed dark red-brown corneous process, slightly curved and pointing
backwards and a little outwards. An adult male and female were
found near Alexandria under stones.
Gen. TuürnrpioN, Walek.
THERIDION RUFOLINEATUM.
Theridion rufolineatum, Luc. Explor. en Algér. p. 260, pl. 16.
fig. 10.
Pp on spirifer, Cambr. Zool. 1863, p. 8574, and P. Z. S. 1872,
peso.
It appears, from a comparison of examples D have received
370 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYDTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
from Algeria, pretty certain now that the Spiders referred to
in the above synonyms are identical. Adult females were found on
low plants near Alexandria in April 1864.
THERIDION VARIANS.
Theridion varians, Koch, Die Arachn. xii. p. 134, pl. 428.
fig. 1056, 1057; Camb. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 280.
Adult females, of the same species as that found near Jericho in
1865, were found on low plants near Alexandria, and are, I think,
quite correctly assigned to T. varians, Koch.
THERIDION SPINITARSIS, sp. n. (Dipena, Thor. ?).
Adult female, rather more than 13 line in length.
This Spider is of ordinary form, but of a stronger build than usual.
The whole of the fore part is of a dull orange-yellow colour, the
caput having a longitudinal central black stripe running from the
eyes to the thoracic junction. The /egs, whose relative length is
1, 2, 4, 3, are tolerably strong and moderately long; they are similar
to the cephalothorax in colour, with the fore extremities of the tibiae
slightly marked with deep red-brown; they are more hairy than
usual, the metatarsi being armed (particularly on their undersides)
with long fine spines. The other joints also had, it is probable,
originally been similarly furnished ; but if so most of them had lost
a great part of this armature by trituration. :
The abdomen is oval, abruptly rounded, in profile, at its hinder
extremity, and projects over the hinder slope of the cephalothorax ;
it is hairy, and of a yellow-brown colour thickly mottled with whitish-
yellow cretaceous spots; the upperside has a broad longitudina
pale yellowish white dentated band running down the centre from
the fore margin to the spinners, getting slightly narrower as it leaves
the middle of the abdomen and goes backwards; on either side of
the hinder extremity of this band there are some ill-defined dark red-
brown markings. The sides are Vandyked by some fine red-brown
lines, one of which crosses over the upperside near the middle,
and two others over the fore part; the underside is of a dull
yellowish brown colour, with a large, somewhat quadrate, yellowish
white transverse band across the middle.
A single example of this Spider was found on a low plant near
Cairo. In the absence of the adult male I hesitate to include it in
the genus Dipena, Thor., to which it will very probably be eventually
found to belong.
THERIDION MELANOSTICTUM, Sp. n.
Adult female, length 15 line.
This pretty species is nearly allied to T. denticulatum.
The abdomen is large aud globular, and projects considerably over
the base of the cephalothorax; it is of a yellowish colonr, pretty
thickly mottled above and on the sides with white cretaceous spots,
and also marked with black spots and markings. In some examples
the upperside is likewise tinged with reddish brown, giving a kind
1876.| | REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. niall
of tortoise-shell-marked appearance. The unequal distribution of
the white spots faintly indicates a longitudinal central dentated band,
which decreases in width as it approaches the spinners; and the
black spots are chiefly arranged in a longitudinal line on each side
of this band. The sides are marked with a strongish curved black
bar towards the fore extremity, between which and the spinners are
two or three oblique black markings, sometimes consisting of a mere
spot or two, sometimes of a short continuous line, The underside
has a large somewhat oblong transverse patch in the middle, which
(lying between its ends) appears to continue the curved lateral
bars.
The cephalothorax is of a somewhat orange-yellow colour, strongly
margined with dusky black, and with a similarly coloured: longitu-
dina] central bar from the eyes to the indentation where the caput
and thorax unite. The clypeus equals two thirds of the facial space
in height; it is prominent and divided longitudinally by a blackish
bar.
The four central eyes form as nearly as possible a square; and
those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other, and obliquely
placed on a tubercle ; the interv als between the eyes al the foremost
row appear to be as nearly as possible equal, while the interval
between the fore central pair is greater than that between each and
the fore lateral eye next to it.
The /egs are long and slender, their relative length 1, 2, 4, 3,
those of the first pair being considerably the longest ; they are
yellow (sometimes dull orange), the fore extremities of the joints
being more or less extensively marked with dark reddish brown ;
their armature consists of hairs and bristles only, the latter being
rather conspicuous on the tibi: and metatarsi.
The maville and labium are of normal form and similar to the
cephalothorax in colour; the former have a largish dusky black
patch on the outer side ; and i in some examples all the labium except
the apex is of a similar colonr.
The falces are not very loug nor strong; they are similar to the
cephalothorax in colour, and marked longitudinally with blackish
along their inner sides in front.
The sternum is of a glossy blackish brown colour.
Several females, adult and immature, were found on low plants
near Alexandria.
Gen. Mimerus, Hentz (Ctenophora, BL).
MiMETUS MONTICOLUS,
Ctenophora mouticola, Bl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. June 1870;
Cambr. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 287.
A single female of this Spider was found on a prickly-pear plant
near Cairo in January 186. d, and is identical with those found in a
similar situation at Beirfit in the following year,
572 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20,
Gen. Ericon#, Sav.
ERIGONE SPINOSA.
Erigone spinosa, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr. P. Z. S.
p: 292, pl. xii. fig. 12.
Adult males of this very distinct species were found running on
the metals and permanent way of the railroad near Cairo and Alex-
andria.
ERIGONE ALEXANDRINA.
Erigone alexandrina, Cambr. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 755, pl. lxv.
fig. TUS
Both sexes of this minute Spider were found on rushes and other
plants growing in a marsh near Alexandria.
Gen. Linypata, Latr.
LINYPHIA EXTRICATA, Sp. n, (Plate LIX. fig. 7.)
Adult male, length 14 line.
This Spider, which is allied to L. négrina, Westr., resembles it in
form, general appearance, and colours.
The cephalothorax is of a dusky yellow-brown colour, with in-
distinct radiating brown lines following the normal grooves and in-
dentations. The height of the clypeus rather exceeds half that of the
facial space ; and the profile line of the cephalothorax d the
hinder slope) forms a slightly curved line.
The eyes are very nearly equal in size and in two equally curved
lines, the eurves directed away from each other, thus forming a trans-
verse oval figure ; those of the hinder row are equidistant from each
other, those of the fore central pair (which seem to be larger than
the hind centrals) being near together but not contiguous to each
other, the interval dividing them being a little less than that which
separates each from the fore lateral eye on its side. The line formed
by the fore centrals is a little shorter than that formed by the hind
centrals ; and each of the former is separated by an interval of its
own diameter from the latter nearest to it; those of each lateral
pair are seated, slightly obliquely and contignously to each other,
on a tubercle.
The /egs are long, slender, their relative length 1, 2, 4, 3, of a
pale yellowish hue tinged with brown, furnished sparingly with hairs
and a few short fine spines.
The palpi are moderately long, slender, and of a similar colour to
the legs; the cubital joint is short ; the radial equally short, but pro-
duced at its fore extremity on the upperside, the termination being
rather broader than the joint and evenly rounded ; the digital joint
is large, with a slight (and from some points of view angular) pro-
minence at its base on tlie inner side, and a large prominent lobe on
its outer side about the middle. The palpal organs are highly de-
veloped and complex: among the corneous processes of which they
are made up, the normal curved one at their base is of large size and
peculiarly characteristic form ; sometimes it lies in close proximity
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 573
to the rest of these organs; but generally it sticks out in a very
noticeable way.
The falces are long and strong, divergent, and rather excavated
on their inner sides near their extremities, where they are armed with
several strongish teeth; they, as well as the mawille, labium, and
sternum, are of a similar colour to the cephalothorax.
The abdomen is of a longish oval form, and projects a little over
the base of the cephalothorax ; ; it is of a brownish black colour, with
a large pale patch just above the spinners, but not touching them.
The female resembles the male in colours; but the abdomen i is
larger and more globular, and the genital aperture is furnished with
a strong curved epigyne which is directed prominently backwards ;
the relative length of the legs also ditfers in the female, those of the
fourth pair being distinctly longer than those of the second pair.
Adults of both sexes were found on plants and shrubs both at
Cairo and Alexandria.
Gen. PACHYGNATHA, Sund.
PACHYGNATHA ARGYROSTILBA, sp. n. (Plate LIX. fig. 8.)
Adult male, length 1 line.
The cephalothorax looked at in profile has a uniformly sloping
and very slightly curved outline from the hind margin to the eyes ;
the area of the four central eyes is rather prominent. The clypeus,
compressed close beneath the eyes, but rather promineut at its lower
margin, equals in height half the facial space; it is of an orange-
yellow- brown colour, s with three longitudinal (but not very definitely
outlined) dark yellow-brown bands ; "ile lateral bauds unite in front
on the lower part of the clypeus.
The eyes are seated on tubercles, and do not differ greatly in size ;
the four central ones are the largest, and of very nearly uniform
size, forming a square whose fore side is a little the shortest ; the in-
tervals between these eyes are scarcely a diameter; the eyes of each
lateral pair are contiguous to each other on a single tubercle, the
foremost being, if there be any difference, the smallest of the eight ;
the interval betw een each of these and that one of the four central € eyes
nearest to it in the same row appears slightly to exceed the interval
between those of the central pair in that row.
The legs are long and slender, their relative length being 1, 2, 4,
3; they are of a dull yellowish colour slightly suffused with brown
at the fore extremities of the tihiæ aud metatarsi, and well furnished
with rather conspicuous hairs.
The palpi are slender, and similar to the legs in colour. The cubi-
tal joint is short, nodiform at its base on the upperside, aud con-
stricted near its fore extremity; the radial joint is about equal iu
length to the cubital, but is much stronger, especially towards its
fore extremity.
The digital joint 1s large, and of the same peculiar form as in
others of the genus, the smaller division being of a somewhat
S-shape ; the palpal organs are very simple, consisting of a compara-
Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1876, No. XXXVIII 38
574 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
tively enormous and. perfectly globular semidiaphanous dull orange-
yellow bulb, with a small twisted process at its anterior extremity.
The fulees are long, strong, divergent, and exeavated towards their
fore extremities on the inner r sides, ‘where they are also armed with
two sharp strongish teeth ; their colour is similar to that of the
cephalothorax.
The maxille, labium, and sternum are of normal character, and of
a dark yellow-brown colour.
The abdomen is of a short oval form, eonsiderably convex above,
but not nearly globular, and projects well over the base of the cepha-
lethorax ; it is of a dark yellowish brown colour mixed with blackish
patehes and markings above, and sprinkled thiekly, both above and
on the sides, with resplendent silvery markings and spots. These
are generally gathered into a large, but not very long, longitudinal
id or patch on each side of the fore half, the rest being | more or
less irregularly scattered, though in some examples they may be
traced somewhat more regularly i in transverse lines.
The female is rather larger than the male, and her abdomen is
mueh more nearly elobular i in form; but in respect of colours and
markings, the sexes are, as nearly as possible, similar to each other.
Two alte of each sex were found on rushes and other plants in
a marsh near Alexandria.
Although much smaller than any yet known species of this genus,
it surpasses all of them in beauty ; the silvery spangled abdomen
and enormous palpal bulb will serve to distingnish it at a glance.
Fam. Epriripes.
Gen. TETRAGNATHA, Latr.
TETRAGNATHA MOLESTA.
Tetragnatha molesta, Cambr. Spid, Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872,
pe 295:
Three adult males of this Spider were found among rushes in a
marsh near Alexandria.
TETRAGNATHA NITENS.
Eugnatha nitens, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 118, pl. ii. fig. 2.
An adult female, of what I believe to be this species, was found on
rushes in a marsh near Alexandria.
The fangs of the falces are very remarkable, being strongly and
rather abruptly bent not far from the middle, with a | strong “conical
protuberance, or tooth, on the hinder side between the fend and
the articulation with the falx.
TETRAGNATHA FLAVA.
Uloborus flavus, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 117, pl. il. fig. 1.
An immature example of this Spider was found in the same sitna-
tion near Alexandria as the last two species. The position of the
eyes misled Audouin as to its generie affinity, which is undoubtedly
with Tetragnatha.
r
T
*3
1876.] | REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS.
TETRAGNATHA FILIFORMIS,
Eugnatha filiformis, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 120, pl. ii. fig. 4.
An immature male and two adult females of this species were
found in the same situation as the last, near Alexandria. The great
prolongation of the posterior extremity of the abdomen (increasing
its length by two thirds) makes the determination of this Spider easy.
TETRAGNATHA PELUSIA.
Tetragnatha pelusia, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 119, pl. ii. fig. 3.
An immature female, of what I believe to be this species, was found
near Cairo.
Gen. Sinea, C. Koch
SINGA AFFINIS, Sp. N.
This Spider is similar in size, form, aud structure to S. albovittata,
Westr. ( Epeira calva, Dl.) : but an apparently constant difference in
the abdominal pattern, and in some other points, convinces me that
itis of a distinct though very nearly allied species. The upper-
side of the abdomen in S albovittata, has three broad longitudinal
denticulate bands, the central one of a cream-white colour, Gnd that
on each side reddish yellow-brown ; these latter unite at their poste-
rior extremities, and thus form a transverse band at that part ; these
three bands are immaculate ; the central one distinetly terminates
well inside of the transverse portion of the lateral bands, represented
on this portion, at most, by a small yellowish spot. In S. affinis,
however, these bands are not so vividly traced, and the lateral ones
are of a dull blackish-brown hue, broken in upon. and mottled with
pale yellowish white, and they are connected at their posterior ex-
tremities by a very narrow bar, or simple line, the central band thus
running to the same length as the lateral ones; moreover the cen-
tral band is divided longitudinally from end to end by a distinct
tapering stripe of reddish brown ‘(or other colour similar to that of
the lateral bands) giving off lateral lines at intervals, which appear
again to divide the central band in a transverse direction. The legs
and palpi differ also from those of S. albovittata by being yellow,
distinctly erenellated with brown; the falces also have a brown
patch at each end, the legs and palpi of that species, as well as the
falces, being of an immaculate orange-vellow. Another difference
is observable in the four central eyes; these in the present Spider
form an exact square, while in S. albovittata the form is of a qua-
drangle rather longer than broad.
Two females were found on low plants near Alexandria.
SINGA LUCINA.
Epeira lucina, Sav. et And. Egypte, p. 345, pl. ii. fig. 4; Cambr.
Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 299.
Adult females of this Spider were found among rushes and plants
in a marsh near Alexandria.
Mons. Eugene Simon (Aracha. de France, tom. ii. p. 123) states
a8*
576 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
in a note that the Epeira lucina of Savigny is no other than the
Singa hamata, C. Koch (Epeira tubulosa, Blackw., &c.). I think,
however, that this is not so. In the figure given by Savigny a very
constant specific character is delineated in the pale markings on the
two dark longitudinal bands on the abdomen: in S. hamata these are
represented by markings which always completely divide the dark
bands in a transverse direction, while in ©. /ucina these markings
are always confined within the band as shown in Savigny’s figure,
and as observed constantly in the examples found in Egypt, and also
in many more found in Palestine. I do not at all doubt the occur-
rence in Egypt of S. hamata, C. K., though I did not myself meet
with it either there or in Palestine; but, for the above reasons, inde-
pendently of its larger size, I feel sure that it is not the same as
E. lucina, Sav.
Gen. ArGiorE, Sav.
ARGIOPE AURELIA.
Argiope aurelia, Sav. Egypte, pl. ii. tig. 5.
Adult females of this fine Spider were found, not unfrequently, in
the gardens and orange-groves at Shoubra and other places near
Cairo, sitting in the midst of their large orbieular snares.
ARGIOPE STICTICALIS, Sp. n.
It is with some hesitation that I give here as a new species some
immature Spiders swept up among low herbage near Alexandria. It
is possible that they are but the immature form of d. aurelia. In
these young examples the abdomen is of a less flattened form than
in that species, and is destitute of the transverse banding so distinct
in the adult (and nearly adult) forms of Æ. aurelia, the uniform
covering of minute cretaceous white points being only broken by a
dull longitudinal branching line and here and there a blackish
marking. The legs also, instead of being, as in A. aurelia, very
distinctly annulated with black, are simply black-speckled, chiefly on
the femora, and especially on those of the first pair.
Gen. CvnTOPHOnRA, Sim.
CYRTOPHORA OPUNTLE.
Cyrtophora opuntie, Duf. An. Sc. Phys. tom. iv. pl. 69. fig. 3.
This Spider is abundant on the prickly pear, sont acacia, young
date-palms, and other low trees and shrubs, near and above Cairo.
Gen. Errina, Walck.
EPEÏRA curonis.
Epeira chloris, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, pl. iii. fig. 5.
Adults of both sexes were found not unfrequently on low plants
in Upper Egypt*.
* The Spider described as an Argiope (Argiope epeiroides) in Spid. Palest. &
Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 801, but which is certainly not an ztrgiope, is very nearly
allied to Epe?ra chloris, Savigny ; itis, however, larger, of an even more elongated
form, and differs in the pattern on the abdomen, as well as in the structure of
the palpal organs.
T
1876.] | REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 57
EPEÏRA sUsPICAX, Sp. n.
Epeira apoclisa, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2.
Having carefully compared adults of both sexes of this Spider,
found on rushes in a marsh near Alexandria, with the European form
of E. apoclisa (E. cornuta, Clk.), I am convinced that it is of a
distinct species. It is much larger than any examples I have ever
seen of Æ. cornuta, the length of the adult male being 4} and 5
lines, and of the female nearly 7 lines; there are differences also,
though slight, in the structure of the palpal organs of the adult
male.
Inasmuch as the name apoc/isa (Walck.) is now only a synonym
of the older name coraufa, Clerck, it might have been well to
distinguish the present Spider as E. apoclisa, Sav. et Aud. ; but as,
until lately, this specific name has been so long the one current for
the European apoclisa (E. cornuta, Clk.), it will probably best avoid
confusion to rename it as I have here done.
ErrinA PERPLICATA.
Epeira perplicata, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z.S. 1872, p. 300.
Adults aud immature examples of both sexes were found near
Alexandria.
EPEÏRA CIRCE.
Epeira circe, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, pl. ii. fig. 9.
Immature examples, of both sexes, of what I believe to be this
species were found at Alexandria.
EPEÍIRA DROMEDARIA.
Epeira dromedaria, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 126.
Examples of this Spider were found both near Alexandria and
Cairo.
EPEÏRA ATOMAR1A, sp. n, (Plate LIX. fig. 9.)
Adult male, length 2% to 12 lines; adult female, rather over 3
lines.
This Spider is nearly allied to Æ. chloris, Sav., particularly in
tlie positiou of the eyes; but it may easily be distinguished by a de-
cided difference of markings, as well as by its less-elongated form.
The cephalothorax is of ordinary form; its colour is yellow,
clothed with rather eoarse yellowish hairs, particularly on the caput ;
the oblique indeutations, showing the junction of the caput and first
thoracie segment, are broadly aud distinctly marked with reddish
brown.
The eyes are in the usual four pairs, rather small, and not very
different iu size; those of the hind central pair are near together
(divided by about an eye's diameter), while those of the fore central
pair are rather the largest of the eight and divided by a little more
than two diameters, this interval being equal to that between each
of them and the hind ceutral eve on its side; the interval between
578 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
each fore central and the fore lateral on its side is less than that
between the fore centrals, while that between each hind central and
the hind lateral on its side is very much greater thau that between
the hind centrals, being equal to about (or nearly) double the length
of the line formed by these latter; those of each lateral pair are seated
obliqucly, but not quite contiguously, on a tuberele.
The legs are moderately long and not very strong; they are like
the cephalothorax in colour, the femora being spotted with black,
principally on their outer sides, the other joints are also marked
and irregularly banded with black ; they are furnished with hairs
and spines; those of the second pair are distinetly longer than those
of the fourth. In some examples the legs were more or less com-
pletely wanting in the black markings and spots.
The palpi are short and similar in colour to the legs; the radial
and cubital joints are very short, the latter is prominent and some-
what angular on its upperside, where it is furnished with two long,
strong, curved, tapering bristles; the digital joint is large, and of
an elongate-oval form; the palpal organs are highly developed and
complex, one of the eorneous processes near their centre having
two prominent, curved, horn-like spines.
The falces are moderate in length, but not particularly powerful ;
and their colour is yellow, with a large blackish patel near their
base in front.
The mazille and labium are of normal form ; and their colour is
blackish, broadly tipped with pale yellow.
The sferaum is oval, mue behind; and its colour is blackish,
marked with a broad, yellow, ' T-shaped marking on its fore part,
followed near the middle by a somewhat diamond- -shaped patch of
the same colour.
The abdomen is of rather large size, and of a regular oval form,
and projects considerably over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is
thinly clothed with hairs and bristles; some of the latter are long,
of a pale yellowish colour, and of a spine-like character. Its colour
is a straw-yellow, marked and spotted with black; the upperside
presents a prettily freckled appearance, being thickly speckled with
small black spots of different sizes, around the principal ones of
which there 1s a slight clear space giving the appearance of an
ocellated surface. Along the central longitudinal line of the upper-
side there is, usually visible, an indistinctly paler band, edged with a
slightly dentated blackish line and narrowing as it approaches the
spinners ; this band is crossed towards its fore extremity by a di-
stinet but irregular black linear marking reaching on each side to a
longitudinal dentated black line ; the dentations aa these lines are
bold, but bluntish ; the underside of the abdomen is also spotted ;
there are likewise some other blackish markings, and some indistinct
pale patches. In some individuals there is an indistinet pale trans-
verse bar crossing the central one just behind the irregular black
line mentioned aliove ; these examples were of a gener rally s sandy
huc, the darker iai kings being reddish-brown instend of black, and
the legs scareely mai ked at all.
1876.] | REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 579
An adult female resembled these last in the general colouriug; but
her legs were entirely without darker markings; the abdomen also
is less spotted, and the lines and bands noticed on the male (except
the irregular transverse one on the fore part) are scarcely traceable ;
the sides are marked with oblique converging red-brown lines form-
ing a vandyke pattern; and the underside is unicolorous.
"Four males (three adult and one immature) and one adult
female, were found on low bushes near Cairo and in Upper Egypt,
and appear to me to be new to science,
Fam. ULosoripes.
Gen. Urononvs (Walck.).
ULOBORUS SIGNATUS, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 13 line.
The cephalothorax of this Spider is of a short or round oval
form, the site of the fore central pair of eyes being rather prominent;
it is uniformly though not very convex above, but, on the contrary,
rather depressed and the hinder extremity trunented and higher than.
the fore extremity ; its colour is dark brown, with an indistinet and
abbreviated yellowish bar on either side, leaving a broad ceutral
brown band and a marginal band on each side of the same colour ;
these, however, all merge into one at the capnt where the yellow
bars cease. Clypeus none.
The eyes are in two curved rows wide apart from each other; and
the curves of both are directed forwards ; the eyes of the hinder
row are equal in size, and as nearly as possible equidistant from each
other; those of the fore central pair are rather larger than those of
the hinder row, and separated by about the same interval as those
of that row from each other, cach fure lateral being also nearly the
same distance from the fore central eye on its side; the fore laterals
are the sinallest of the eight, and each is separated from the hind
lateral on its side by a larger interval than that which separates the
fore and hind central eyes.
The Zegs are very unequal in length and strength; their relative
length is 1, 2, 4, 3, those of the first pair being considerably the
longest and strongest; those of the first two pairs are of a dark yellow-
ish- Tray colour, the femora being the darkest, and marked obliquely
near the middle ou the upperside with a yellowish stripe; those of
the third and fourth pairs are of a yellowish colour broadly annulated
with brown: the tibiæ of the first pair had the stumps, apparently,
of spines ; but all the armature, of whatever nature, had been broken
and rubbed off.
The palpi are short, of a yellowish colour, marked obscurely with
brown ; the cubital and radial joints are very short, the latter being
somewhat gibbous or pointedly prominent on its upperside at the
fore extremity ; the digital joint is rather large, and the palpal
organs prominent but simple i in structure, with, apparently, a fine red-
brown spine coiled round them near the middle; this spine may
580 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
perhaps be only the corneous margin of the posterior lobe of the
palpal bulb. :
The falces are small and of a yellowish colour; the mazillee
straight, short, broad, and rounded at the outer extremity ; the labium
is small and. pointed at the apex; these parts are blackish brown,
edged and tipped with pale whitish yellow; and the sternum is dark-
yellow-brown and of an oval form.
The abdomen is oblong-oval in form, somewhat gibbous above
from the middle forwards; its colour is black or nearly so; the fore
half has a narrow white yellowish marginal stripe on the upper-
side; and on the hinder half are four small, but distinct, elongate
yellowish-white oblique spots forming a square ; another spot of a
similar colour is placed just above the spinners ; the underside has
two longitudinal yellowish bands running nearly throughout its
whole length. The spinners are compactly grouped, those of the
inferior pair being longer and stronger than the superior ones, which
are two-jointed ; immediately in front of the inferior pair is the trans-
verse surface of the inframamillary organs; but there are no cala-
mistra on the legs, the latter being seldom (never in my own expe-
rience) found in the male sex.
A single example of this very distinct Uloborus was found on a
low plaut on the way up the Nile between Cairo and Sioüt.
Fam. THOMISIDES.
Gen. Tromisus, Walck. ad partem.
THOMISUS LATERALIS.
Thomisus lateralis, C. Koeh, Die Arachn. iv. p. 43, pl. 120.
fig. 277.
Adults of both sexes were found among rushes and other water-
plants in a marsh near Alexandria.
THOMISUS SPINIFER,
Thomisus spinifer, Cambr. Spid. Palest, & Syria, P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 308, pl. xiv. fig. 14.
Both sexes adult, and immature females, were found not unfre-
quently on low-growing plants and flowers, as well as on the boughs
of the sont ucacia between Cairo and Thebes.
Gen. Dima, Thor.
DIÆA DIANA.
Thomisus diana, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 161, pl. vii. fig. 9.
An adult male, with females adult aud immature, were found on
the branches of the sont acacia at various places between Cairo aud
FI
T hebes.
DEA CANDICANS, sp. n.
Adult male, length 13 line.
The cephalothorax, falces, maxillae, labium, aud sternum are of a
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 581
pale dusky whitish yellow colour, the legs and palpi being stll
paler, and the abdomen creamy white.
The general form is rather less robust than that of D. diana, and
the legs proportionally rather longer and more slender.
The eyes of the foremost row are very nearly equidistant from
each other; while those of the hind central pair are perceptibly nearer
to each other than each is to the hind lateral on its side; the interval
between those of each lateral pair is greater than that between the
fore and hind central pairs, owing to the rather greater length and
stronger curve of the hinder row ; the tore lateral eyes are largest of
the eight ; the height of the clypeus is less than half of that of the
facial space.
The /egs are furnished sparingly with hairs and spines—their rela-
tive length being 2, 1, 4, 3, the difference between 2 and 1 and
4 and 3 respectively being very slight.
The palpi are similar m colour to the legs and rather short ; the
radial joint 1s shorter than the cubital, and has its outer extremity
very slightly produced and terminating with a very small, blunt,
curved, brown, claw-like process; the digital joint is narrow, and
about equal in length to the radial and cubital joints together ; the
palpal organs are not highly developed nor complex, but apparently
consist of a single flattish oval pale yellowish lobe, upon the hinder
part of which there rests a strongish, pale, curved spine springing
trom the outer side of the base of the lobe, and tapering to a sharp
point on the inner side.
The abdomen is of a regular oval form, and projects pretty well
over the base of the cephalothorax; its upper surface is flattish, of
a nearly white eretaceous appearance, marked longitudinally from
near the fore extremity by a narrow central bar, defined merely by a
dull marginal line, and, tapering at cach end, fining off to a single
line a little way from the spinners ; tbe five normal impressed spots
are visible on the upperside, one at the fore extremity of the central
bar, and four forming nearly a square figure behind it, the anterior
side of the figure being rather shorter than the rest ; the underside
of the abdomen is unicolorous.
An adult female differed only in the legs of the first and second
pairs being shorter than those of the male.
The above examples were found on low plants near Alexandria.
Gen. Xysticus, C. Koch.
XYSTICUS HIRTUS.
Thomisus hirtus, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 164, pl. vi. fig. 11.
An adult female of this Spider was found near Cairo.
XYSTICUS PROMISCUUS, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 12 line.
This small Xysticus is nearly allied to X. audaz, Koch ; its general
form, however, is shorter and broader, the cephalothorax being ncarly
cireular save for the usnal broad truncate form of the fore extremity
582 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
ofsthe caput ; and the abdomen (which projects well over the base of
the cephalothorax) is of a very short, broad, oval shape, obtusely
pointed behind and slightly truncate before. ‘The sides of the cephalo-
thorax are thickly mottled with pale red-brown and yellow; the
usual broad central longitudinal pale band, charged on its fore part
with the normal spade-shaped marking, is yellowish red-brown,
mottled finely with yellowish and fairly defined, at least at its hinder
part, which is prolonged in a dark red-brown line down the hinder
slope.
The legs are normal in respect of length and strength; they are
marbled and streaked more or less coarsely with white, yellowish,
and red-brown spots and blotches, and armed with spines, those on
the tibiæ and metatarsi of the first and second pairs being rather
long and strong; the metatarsi and tarsi are pale yellow, striped
longitudinally with white.
The palpi are short and strong, of a pale yellow-brown colour,
mottled faintly with whitish and darker brown: the radial joint is
shorter than the cubital, and has its outer fore extremity produced
into a short, tapering, bluntish-pointed apophysis, and a much larger
one on its underside ; this latter is broad and truncated at its ex-
tremity, which is broader than its base; the other (towards the inner
side) is pointed: the digital joint is of a short oval form, with the
usual apophysis issuing from near its base on the onter side, The
palpal organs are very similar to those of X. audax, but may be
easily distinguished by the form of the T-shaped spine: this in the
present species is of a generally slenderer form, and has its shaft
strongly bent, whereas in V. audaw it is nearly or quite straight ;
the inner one of the cross bars also is longer in proportion to the
other than in that species. The large pointed corneous process which
issues from the inner side of the base of the palpal organs is also
destitute of the thorn-like spine near the base of its lower edge,
which is very conspicuous in .Y. audae and also in LY. eristatus ;
in some respects this Spider appears to be inore nearly like the latter
in the palpal organs than the former; but whereas in JY. cristatus
ihe surrounding spine has its fine point always (so far as I have
seen) straight, this in the present Spider is curved.
The fulces are short, strong, subeonical, aud of a yellowish white
colour, marked with red-brown, principally at the base and extre-
mities.
The sternum is yellow-white, thickly speckled with pale purplish
red-brown spots; and two oblique lines of the same colour are faintly
visible on each side, with a similar short central line from the hinder
extremity.
The abdomen is thinly clothed with erect bristles, and has its upper-
side of a pale chocolate red-brown colour, marked with a few black
spots, chiefly near the margins, which are whitish and rugulose ; the
usual broad dentated band along the centre is visible and of a whitish
colour, but greatly obscured by minute chocolate red-brown spots,
the extreme points of the dentieulations being the least obscured ;
about the middle of the denticulated band is a small, narrow, ycllow
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 583
stripe, pointed at each end, and its edges dark red-brown; the sides
are rugulose, pale chocolate-brown, spotted with whitish and dark
red-brown; the underside also is chocolate-brown, mottled finely
with a deeper hue; the spinners are surrounded by a broken white
line.
A female (swich I feel no doubt is of this species) was of a gene-
rally paler and more ashy hue, but otherwise resembled it in forin
and markings.
Although so exceedingly closely allied to JY. eristatus and X, audar,
I have no doubt that the present is a perfectly distinct species,
and that collectors will have but little difficulty iu distinguishing it
by its general appearanee, apart from the special differences of the
structure of the male palpi.
The examples above described were found on low plants near
Alexandria.
XYSTICUS FERUS, sp. n.
Adult female, length 33 lines.
This fine but plainly-coloured Spider is allied to Y. bifasciatus,
C. Koch ; its general form and structure are of the normal type.
The cephalothorax is of an orange-yellow-brown colour veined and
marked with red-brown, especially on the hinder slope; the ocular
region and the middle of the clypeus whitish yellow ; the normal
spade-shaped marking, behind the eyes, is scarcely defined by an
obscure yellow marginal line, its hinder extremity, however, being
more apparent and of a whitish-yellow colour ; from between the two
hind central eyes to the beginning of the hinder slope, two parallel
red-brown lines, close together, divide the caput longitudinally; the
surface of the cephalothorax is thinly furnished with bristly hairs.
The eyes are in the ordinary position, and unequal in size, the
fore laterals considerably the largest ; those of the hind central pair
are slightly larger, and nearer together than those of the fore central
pair, the latter being further from each other than each is from the
fore lateral on its side; while the eyes of the hind central pair are
much nearer to each other than each is to the hind lateral on its
side; the height of the clypeus is less than half that of the facial
space.
The legs are not very long, but strong ; they are yellow, marbled
underneath, particularly the femora of the first and second pairs,
with white, and furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, the latter
disposed in the usual way.
The fafces are rather short, strong, but conical, similar in colour
to the cephalothorax, with the anterior portion washed with yellowish
white, and the front surface armed with strong black bristles.
The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, and furnished with
bristles and spines.
The maville and labium are of normal form, and, with the sternum,
similar to the legs in colour; the sternum, however, is obsenrely
marbled with yellowish white.
The abdomen is oval, blunt, pointed behind and roundly truncated
584 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
before, where it projects fairly over the base of the cephalothorax ;
itis of a generally dull sandy yellow-brown colour, and its upper
surface furnished with short, strong, curved, black bristles ; the sides
and upper margins are very rugulose, the upper edges of the rugu-
losities more or less marked with whitish. The normal dentated,
broad, longitudinal pale band on the upperside is scarcely visible ;
and the underside is rather paler than the rest.
A single example of this Spider, which I believe to be of an unde-
scribed species, was found on a low plant near Alexandria.
XYSTICUS PECCANS, sp. n.
Immature female, length 14 line.
Although appareutly far from maturity, I am induced to describe
as a new species several examples found on plants in Egypt, believing
that the specific indications afforded by their colours and markings
will eventually be corroborated by the structural characters of the
adult spiders.
The form of the cephalothorax is ordinary ; and its colour is dull
yellowish brown, darker on the sides than along the middle, and
the ocular area dull greyish white, the lateral margins being very
distinctly and regularly white.
The eyes are normal, but the fore laterals are proportionately
larger than usual.
The legs are moderately long and tolerably strong, their relative
lengths being normal; those of the first and second pairs (except
the tarsi, which are pale yellowish) are of a dark brown with a choco-
late tinge, most uniform on the tibial, metatarsal, and femoral joints;
those of the third and fourth pairs are a uniform pale yellowish,
which is also the colour of the palpi, maxillze, labium, sternum, and
abdomen. ‘The latter is of a rouudish oval form, and (in all the
examples found) entirely destitute of markings ; probably, however,
this will not be found to be so in the adult examples, in which we
may expect to find, though perhaps not very definitely, the normal
pattern delineated.
The /4/ces are short, strong, and subconieal, of a yellowish colour,
with a broad, distinct, transverse white band near the middle of their
fore side.
XYSTICUS SUBCLAVATUS, Sp. n.
Adult female, length 23 lines.
This Spider is closely allied to X. hiréus (Sav.).
The cephalothoraz has its sides mottled and marked with yellowish
white, and yellow-brown of different shades; a broad longitudinal
pale whitish band occupies the middle; and along it, from and in-
cluding the eyes of the hind central pair, runs a yellow-brown bar
tapering to a point a little way down the hinder slope.
The /egs are whitish, mottled and spotted with yellow, and with
yellow-brown spots and markings; the tibia and mcetatarsi of the
third and fourth pairs have each a distinct, although broken, dark
blackish-brown annulus.
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 585
The abdomen is roundly truncated before, and broader behind
than in front; it is of a whitish hue, marked and mottled above with
pale yellow-brown and a few blackish markings; on its binder half
these are arranged in two well separated longitudinal lines, and
indicate the spaces between the dentieulations of the ordinary broad
ceutral longitudinal band, which is otherwise seareely traeeable ; the
sides are rugulose and marked with some rather indistinet oblique
rows of brown spots; and the underside is faintly spotted with
yellowish-brown ; besides some ordinary bristles on the upper-
side, there are on each side of the fore part a few strong curved
elavate ones in an obliquely longitudinal line; these bristles increase
gradually in strength from the base to the rounded extremity, some-
thing like the form of a racket-bat: there may have been others
origmally ; but if so, they had been rubbed off before capture.
Several of these bristles, as well as some others, equally strong but
not elavate, are also apparent on the cephalothorax.
A single adult female was found near Alexandria.
Gen. SELENors, Duf.
SrLENOPS ÆGYPTIACA. (Plate LIX. fig. 10.)
Selenops egyptiacus, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 162, pl. vi. fig. 6.
This Spider appears to be tolerably abuudant in the Nile boats ;
it used frequently to be seen at night in the eabins and passages of
our daha-beah, but, owing to its swift movements aud the numerous
cracks and crevices at hand, it was very difficult to eapture it; I
managed however, to obtain three adult and immature females and
several adult males. As no other species was met with during my
stay in Egypt, I conclude that this is probably the one described and
figured by Savigny and Audouin, though the example from which
their figure and deseription were made, being immature, gives but
little idea of the characteristics of the species. A more detailed
deseription from the adult form will theretore be useful.
Adult male, length 44 to a little over b lines; adult female, 6 to
74 lines. The Spider with legs extended covers a width of two
inches and three quarters.
The cephalothorax is slightly broader at its widest part than it is
long ; its form is very nearly that of a heart, the ocular region forming
the acute point, which, however, is here truncated ; it is flat and level
throughout, the eaput being only a little constricted laterally ; its
colour is yellow-brown (the eaput being darker than the rest, as
also are the normal converging grooves and indentations), and it is
clothed with hairs and a yellowish grey pubescence.
The eyes are unequal in size and disposed on tubereulate blaek
spots aloug the whole width of the fore margin of the eaput; four
form a eurved row in the middle, the eurve directed forwards ;
and at some little distance from each end of this row is a lateral
pair, the eyes of which are very unequal in size, wide apart, and
placed obliquely, so that the hinder eye, which is the largest of
the eight, is mueh further from the eurved row than the foremost
586 KEV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
one, which is smallest of the eight: the hinder eyes of the lateral
pairs follow the same cueve as the four middle ones; but the interval
between cach and the end one of the central curve is as great as that
between the latter and the next to it but one: the interval between
the two middle eyes of the central curved row is greater than
that between each and the end eye nearest to it; these end eyes are
also rather larger than the middle ones. Owing to the flatness of the
caput and the nearness of the eyes to its fore margin, the clypeus is
very low, no more than eqnal to the diameter of one of the middle
eyes of the central curve.
The legs are long, moderately strong, and not greatly unequal in
length ; their relative length is 2, 3, 4,1; they are of a dull yellow
tinged with browa, and more or less distinctly annulated with darker
yellow-brown; they are furnished slightly with a grevish yellow
pubescence, which sometimes obseures the darker annulations, and
also with hairs, bristles, and spines of various lengths. Each tarsus
terminates with two curved claws, which appear to be devoid of pec-
tination; and beneath them is a small but compaet scopula of black
hairs.
The palpi are short, similar to the legsin colour, except the radial
and digital joints, which gradually deepen into a dark reddish yellow-
brown: the radial joint is nearly of the same leagth as the cubital,
aud has, near its outer fore extremity, a prominent dark red-brown
somewhat corneous looking apophysis of a tapering, but not very
acute, pointed form ; on the inner side, towards the fore extremity of
the radial joint are several long spine-like bristles; the cubital joint
has a single bristle on the upperside at the fore extremity ; and the
humeral joint has several spine-like ones about the same part; the
digital jomt is of good size and of a regular oval form, but does not
equal in length that of the radial and cubital together by about one
half of the latter; the palpal organs are well developed, but not
very complex, nor presenting any thing very remarkable in their
strneture.
The fulces are moderate in length and strength, rather prominent
in front, rounded in profile, and of a deep red-brown colour, paler
reddish-yellow near the fore extremity on the inner sides; they are
furnished with longish bristly hairs, and appear to have one or two
sharp teeth on their inner margins; the fangs are powerful, strongly
curved, and of a deep red-brown colour.
The mazille are strong, straight, and obliquely and roundly trun-
cated at their extremities ; their colour is yellow red-brown, softening
to pale yellow at their extremities.
The /abium is equal in length to half that of the maxille ; it is of
an oblong form, rounded at the apex, where it is of a pale yellowish
colour, the rest being reddish yellow-brown ; the upper half is appa-
rently wider than the lower.
The sternum is of a dull yellow colour, and nearly circular in its
shape, its fore margin is a little flattened, its binder extremity
notehed, and its surface is furnished with hairs.
The abdomen is very flat, of an oval form, truncated before,
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 587
and blunt behind; its colonr is a dull testaceous yellow, clothed
with hairs of various dull yellowish brown and black hues; those
just below the fore margin are upturned, black, and bristly ; the
upperside is marked with blackish spots, some of which form two
longitudinal lines, an oblong marking along the middle of the fore
half, following which, on the hinder half, are two or three more or
less well-defined transverse lines, the middle portion of the second
of these lines being strongly curved ; around the margin of the hinder
extremity are some small pointed tufts of pale whitish yellow hairs.
The spinners are small and short, and, together with the anal tubercle,
are partially concealed within a kind of cireular sheath, which may be
seen when in a rather protruded state in some examples; but in others
it is quite invisible; it is probably an exaggeration or more de-
veloped form of this peculiarity of which Baron Walckenaer speaks
with respect to Selenops omalosoma, Duf., and is no doubt a remnant
of the once segmented abdomen of the Araneidea. The general form
of Selenops is strikingly like that of Phrynus, the nearest ally to
the true Spiders ; and it is not surprising therefore that the seg-
mented form of abdomen in the foriner should be more visible in the
present than in most other known Spiders.
This Spider is probably common in houses in Egypt, though I
did not myself meet with it except in the Nile boats. According
to the sailors’ account, it preys upon the cockroaches with which these
boats are generally infested.
The female differs from the male only in being larger and with
shorter and strouger legs. The exceedingly flattened form of this
Spider, which runs with inconceivable quickness, and with its legs
extended flat on all sides upon the surface, enables it to glide in an
instant through cracks and crevices so narrow as to have escaped
observation until the Spider disappears, as if by magic, through the
wainscoting of the boat. The only way in which I suceceded in
capturing this Spider was by observing it when undisturbed and
motiouless for an instant, and then placing an inverted tumbler
over it, when a piece of paper passed carefully behind, put it com-
pletely in my power, and enabled me to chloroform and secure it
without the slightest damage to the specimen. I have an adult male
of this species “from Old Calabar, on the west coast of Africa ; this
example only differs in having the abdominal markings more distinct
thau in the Egyptian specimens.
Gen. Sparassus, Walck.
SPARASSUS WALCKENAERIUS.
Sparassus walckenaerius, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 159, pl. vi. fig. 1
Although not rare in Egypt, I was not able to obtain an adult
example of either sex of this fine Spider ; no doubt their period of
maturity occurs later on towards the summer season, the time when
my examples were found being in January and February; the
length of the largest example met with (an immature female) is 13
lines. Among other situations in which this species was found, it
538 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS., [June 20,
used to occur on board the daha-beah. Waking up on one occasion
in the middle of the night, I heard a ernnching and crackling noise
elose to my head ; and on looking round, close to my ear wasa large
Spider, and a still larger Cockroach in deadly struggle together. To
stretch ont my hand softly and reach a large chip-box close by and
enclose them within it was the work of a moment; but on looking
in the next morning, the Cockroach had disappeared, all except the
harder parts, which were reduced to small fragments. I gave the
monster several days to digest his meal and think upon things in
general, and then, after a dose of chloroform, consigned him to the
collecting-bottle.
Savigny's figure of this Spider is so good that it is impossible to
err in the determination of the species.
SPARASSUS COGNATUS, Sp. n.
The examples of this Spider inet with are not nearly so large as
those of S. walekenaerius—though, not having met with either
species in the adult state, this cannot be considered any certain
proof of their relative size when arrived at maturity.
The following differences will serve to distinguish the two species.
In the present one the cephalothorax is of a plain yellow colour
entirely devoid of the brown markings so characteristic in S. wale-
kenaerius ; thelegs also are completely destitute of the darker annu-
lations which are more or less visible in all the examples I met with
of that species; the central eyes also of the hinder row in S. cognates
are as widely separated from each other as each is from the hind
lateral eye on its side, or perhaps a trifle more widely, while in
S. walckenaerius the interval between the hind centrals isa trifle
less than that between each and the hind lateral on its side. — Also
the dark markings on the abdomen in S. cognatus are of a red-brown
colour (often of a bright rusty red), while those on S. walckenaerius
were of a dull brown hue.
Examples of this Spider were met with both near Cairo and in
Upper Egypt. Possibly it may be the immature form of Sparassus
linnei, Sav. ; but at present I am inclined to think otherwise.
SrARASSUS SUAVIS, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 32 lines; adult female, 43 lines.
The cephalothorax of this Spider is broader than long, though
constricted and truncated at its fore extremity ; the profile line of
the upperside describes a slight and uniform curve; it is of a dull
orange-yellow colonr, clothed with greyish yellow hairs, and marked
faintly with dusky brown in the normal grooves aud indentations ;
the height of the clypeus scarcely exceeds the diameter of one of
the fore central eyes.
The eyes are in two curved rows, the curves directed away from
each other, the hinder row being the most curved and the front
row the shorter; those of the fore central pair are largest of the
eight; those of the hind central pair are further from each other
than each is from the hind lateral on its side, while those of the fore-
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 589
most row are equally separated from each other, the four central
eves describing a square whose fore side is shorter than the rest : the
interval between those of each lateral pair is about equal to the
diameter of one of them.
The /egs are long, and moderate in strength ; their relative length
is apparently 2, 1, 4, 3, or 2, 4, 1, 3; their colour is yellow, the under-
sides of the femora of the first and second pairs being speckled with
small red-brown spots, chiefly disposed in two longitudinal parallel
lines ; they are furnished with hairs and a few long spines (of different
lengths); and the metatarsi and tarsi are furnished beneath with a
scopula.
The palpi are moderately long and strong; they are similar to the
legs in colour ; the humeral joints are furnished with a few spine-
like bristles towards the fore extremity on the upperside; and there
are a few finer long bristles on the other joints: the radial joint is
double the length of the cubital, and has a tolerably long, slightly
curved, deep red-brown and rather slender apophysis at its “extremity
ou the outer side; this apophysis is of a slightly tapering form, but
is obtusely pointed : the digital joint is elongate-oval in form, rather
longer than the radial and cubital joints together ; its colour is yellow-
brow n; and it is hairy, terminating in a “single small curved claw :
the palpal organs are small and simple, and, although characteristic,
present no noteworthy processes, nor do they extend more than
halfway towards the extremity of the joint. -
The falces are moderate in length and strength, straight, though
projecting a little. forwards, and rounded in profile ; they are of a
yellow-brown colour, paler on their inner sides towards the ex-
tremity.
The mazil/e are moderately long and strong, nearly straight, and
roundly truncated at their extremities, their colour is dull yellow-
brown, but pale at the extremities.
The /abium is very short and small, and nearly semicireular in
form, of a dull yellow-brown colour, pale at the apex; and the
sternum ìs yellow.
The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form ; its colour is a dull testa-
ceous, more or less mottled on the upperside with clearer yellow
cretaceous spots, and it is thinly clothed with greyish yellow hairs ;
au ordinary elongated, central, longitudinal yellow-brown marking,
defined by a margin of bright red-brown spots, occupies the fore half
of the upperside, and its acute termination is continued by a single
line of similar spots to the spinners; a few other small spots of the
same colour are thinly but pretty evenly dispersed over the rest of
the upper surface ; the underside is immaculate.
The female resembles the male, except in being of a stouter build ;
the genital aperture is small, of a somewhat heart-shaped and cha-
racteristic form, with a blackish red-brown corueous margin.
An adultandanimmature male and an adult female were found at the
roots of scattered tufts of herbage on the desert near Gebel y Silsilis, in
Upper Egypt. Although nearly allied to Sparassus linnæi (Sav.),
it may be at once distingnislied not only by a difference in the rela-
Proc. ZOOL. Soc. 1676, No. XXXIX. 39
590 REV. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
tive sizes and position of the eyes and its much smaller size, but by
the speckled appearance of the abdomen, and the spots on the femora
of the first two pairs of legs; the markings on the abdomen of S.
linnei being much larger and of a linear character; the palpal
organs also, in that species, extend much nearer to the fore extremity
of the digital joint, besides being quite different in structure; the
radial joint also is shorter in proportion to the cubital, and is armed
with two or three long and rather strong spines.
Gen. Arramus, L. Koch (changed to Artanes by T. Thorell).
ARTANES BIGIBBA, Sp. n.
Immature female, length 24 lines.
The cephalothorax is of the ordinary form; it is of a yellowish
grey colour, more or less completely mottled and suffused with
yellowish brown, generally leaving a not very distinct pale patch on
each side of the hinder part of the caput.
The eyes are small and in the usual position ; those of the hind
central pair are further from each other than each is from the hind
lateral on its side; aud the relative position of the eyes of the front
row is similar; both rows are curved, the convexity of the curve
directed forwards ; but the front row is much the shortest, and most
strongly curved.
The legs are long and moderately strong; their relative length
being 2, 4, 1, 3; they are of a pale yellowis sh hue, more or less mottled
and RD with white ; and the femora of the first pair are marked
rather underneath in front with a strongish longitudinal stripe of
deep ehocolate-brown (in some examples almost black); in some
examples the legs have an obscurely annulate appearance ; the tibiee
aud metatarsi of the legs are furnished with longish spines.
The palpi are similar in colour to the legs ; and the humeral
joints of those of the first pair have a large black spot underneath the
fore extremity.
The falces are short, straight, vertical, subconical, of a whitish-
yellow colour, tipped with yellow- brown.
The maxille and labium are of the normal form, and, with the
sternum, of the same colour as the falces.
The abdomen is of a somewhat subpentagonal form, truncate before,
and broadest towards the hinder extremity, which, however, is of a
somewhat pointed form ; at its broadest part on either side at the
margin is an obtuse gibbosity or protuberance, which, together with the
sides and the hinder part, has a wrinkled appearance after preservation
in spirit of wine; the colour of the abdomen is greyish white mixed
with yellowish grey-brown, and in some examples with chocolate
red-brown, assuming an indistinct pattern of a longitudinal central line
on the fore half, w hich emits a short lateral oblique line from either
side near its middle, followed by two or three subangular transverse
Ines, or chevrons.
Four examples, all females and immature, were found among
herbage near Alexandria.
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 591
ARTANES LUGENS, Sp. n.
An immature female of this Spider is rather smaller than those
just described of .1. digibba, and, although strikingly similar in
general form, colouring, and structure, differs from that species in
(apparently) the larger size of the eyes of the hinder row ; the legs,
also, are speckled with dark brown or blackish spots, the longitudinal
dark stripe on the fore femora heing absent: the abdomen also has
scarcely any trace of the two gibbosities noticed in that species; the
colour of the upperside is a clear greyish white, with a large oblong
somewhat rectangular black area reacbing from the fore margin to
about two thirds of the way to the spinners; this black figure is
rather constricted in the middle, and is closely followed towards the
spinners by a transverse, slightly angular stripe, or chevron, close
behiud which is 2 single central black spot; ou either side, close to
the spinners, is a short black marginal stripe; the underside is
unicolorous, and of a dull greyish white hue.
A single example of this Spider was found near Alexandria.
Future researches alone will prove whether or not it is only an
abnormally coloured example of 4. bigidba; at present I consider
it to he of a distinct though nearly allied species.
Gen. Tuanatus, C. Koch.
TUANATUS ALDINI.
Philodromus albini, Sav. et Aud., Egypte, pl. vi. fig. 4.
Adult examples of both sexes of this Spider were found in various
parts of Egypt, among low herbage and running on bare spots.
THANATUS LINEATIPES, sp. n.
Adult female, length 3 lines.
This Spider belongs to the group typified by T. oblongus, upon
which M. Simon has founded a separate genus, Tibellus. So far
as I can see, the chief, if not the only, valid distinction from Tha-
natus is the elongate narrow abdomen—which seems scarcely enough
for the construction of a new genus, althongh a convenient character
for the separation of a group within the genus Thanatus-
The whole of the fore part of the present Spider is pale yellow.
The legs are furnished with a few fine spines; and the femora of the
first and second pairs are thinly spotted with minute blackish specks ;
the tibiæ and metatarsi of the first, second, and third pairs are
marked on the hinder sides with a single longitudinal black line,
while the same joints of the fourth pair have a black line along both
the fore and hinder sides. "The pa/pi are immaculate.
The abdomeu is of an elongate oval form, but not so narrow as
that of T. oblongus; it is of a pale yellowish colour, closely and
uniformly covered with yellow-white cretaceous spots, having only a
pale dull-coloured elongate tapering central marking along the middle
of the fore half on the upperside; from this marking there issue
several fine oblique lines of a similar colour. The relative length of
3)*
592 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20,
the legs is 4, 2, 1, 3; and the position of the eyes is exaetly like
that of T. oblongus.
A single example was found on a low plant near Cairo.
THANATUS FLAVUS, Sp.
Adult female, length 24 lines.
In size, colours, and general appearance this Spider is strikingly
like 7. lineatipes ; the form, however, of the abdomen is a little
different, tapering more uniformly from the fore part to the spin-
ners; the cephalothorax has two broad but indistinet lateral
loagitudinal brownish bands, one on each side, leaving a marginal
band of the normal ground-colour on either side, of the same width ;
the legs are more or less thinly speckled with blackish specks, and
none of them have the blaek lines so characteristic in T. lineatipes.
The forin of the genital aperture also differs from that species ;
nothing, however, but a drawing of each wonld render the differences
of this aperture tangible for the purpose of specific determination.
Four adult females were found on low plants iu a marsh near
Alexandria.
TMANATUS FLAVESCENS, Sp. n.
Immature female, length 3 lines.
Strikingly like both the foregoing species in colonrs, this one may be
at once distinguished by the more attenuated cylindrical form of the
abdomen, and consequently its greater length ; the abdomen tapers
a little, and very gradually, to uu hinder extremity, it is of a clear
straw-yellow ese and has the faintest indication of a longitudinal
central stripe throughout the upperside, formed by two gradually
converging dusky broken lines ; the eephalothorax is "yellow; slightly
speckled with black, chiefly on the caput; the legs are the same in i rela-
uve length, and have only a very faint indication of black speckling :
the two posterior eyes (the laterals of the hinder row) are in the
present species further removed backwards from the rest than in the
two former, the central pair of tlie same row being also smaller.
An immature male and female were found on a low bush near
Cairo.
Gen. PuiLopnoMvus, Walek.
PHILODROMUS ADJACENS, sp. n. (Plate LIX. fig. 11.)
Philodromus fabricii, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 310 (exclude reference to Savigny).
Adult male, length 13 line; adult female, 22 lines.
Subsequent examination and comparison have led me to believe
that the Spider recorded (doc. cif. supra) is distinct from PAilo-
dromus fabricii, Sav. et And., differing from itin the more truncate
termination of the very conspicuous dark marking on the fore half
of the upperside of the abdomen, as well as in the relative length
of the legs; in the present Spider this is 4, 3, 2, 1, while in P. fabricii
it 1s 4,2 2,3, 1. "The structure, however, of the palpal organs of the
male is not very unlike the figure shown i in Savigny's work.
19876.) REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 593
The cephalothorax is of ordinary form, of a yellowish grey colour,
with two very distinct broad lateral longitudinal (but not marginal)
dark-brown bands; these bands, however, touch the margin at the
point where they terminate in front, close to the junction of the caput
and thorax, behind which their lower margin is rather strongly den-
ticulate.
The legs are very long and slender; their relative length is
4, 3, 2, 1; and their colour is pale whitish-yellow, more or less
spotted and marked beneath the femora with greyish yellow-brown ;
and they are furnished with hairs and a few inconspicuous spines.
The palpi are similar to the legs in colour; the radial and cubital
joints are short, but of equal length ; and at the onter extremity of
the former is a slightly curved, tapering, narrow, pointed brown
apophysis ; the digital joint is oval, rather longer tiat the radial and
cubital joints together; the palpal organs are simple in structure,
with a slightly curved pointed corneous process, which begins on
their inner side, and projects, with a sharp black point, hom their
extremity.
The abdomen is oval, and projects well over the base of the
cephalothorax ; its fore extremity is rounded, and its posterior
extremity blunt- -pointed ; it is of a dull cream-grey colour, with the
normal marking on the fore half of the upperside very distinet and
well defined and of a deep brown colour, with an angular point near
the middle on each side, and truncated or blunt-pointed at its hinder
extremity, from each coruer of which there projects sometimes a very
short oblique dark brown line or point ; the sides of the abdomen
are obscurely marked and mottled with brown; but the rest of the
surface scarcely shows any trace of colour in markings.
The female resembles the male in colours and markings, but is
much larger; and the legs are shorter, and M relative proportion
appears to differ, being in this sex 4, 2, 3, 1; the difference,
however, if any, between those of the one and third pairs is
exceedingly slight.
Adults of both sexes were found in desert places near Alexandria,
where they were very difficult to be seen except when moving, owing
to the exact adaptation of their colours to the surface of the ground ;
and when moving they were exceedingly difficult to capture, owing
to the swiftness of their movements,
I feel no doubt that these are identical with the species
recorded from Palestine, although in all the male specimens and
some of the females obtained there, besides the markings above
noticed, the remainder of the upper surface of the abdomen is marked
more or less distinctly with yellowish brown, forming on the hinder
half a somewhat regular, tapering pattern, denticulated on its outer
margins, sometimes ‘divided by an indistinct pale longitudinal stripe,
and sometimes with several transverse curved or slightly angular dark
lines, more or less visible; the cephalothorax also often has the
space between the dark lateral bands occupied by a longitudinal
tapering dark stripe; and the legs are of a generally darker and more
suffused hue. In fact, it would be correct to describe the Egyptian
594 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
examples as bleached or washed-out specimens of the Palestine
species. I can, however, see no difference between them in any
structural points.
PriLopROMUS MEDIUS.
Philodromus medius, Cambr. Spid. of Palest. & Syria, P. Z. S.
1872, p. 311.
An adult male, with females, both adult and immature, were
found in Upper Egypt, upon the ‘lower boughs of the sont acacia.
PHILODROMUS CINEREUS, sp. n.
Adult female, length 2 lines.
The cephalothorac is pale yellow, the sides (except a narrow
marginal white line) yellowish brown, divided longitudinally by a
broken curved line of three indistinct whitish elongate spots, and
marked along the course of the normal indentations with converging
black lines, among which are a few other small spots of the same
colour ; the upper part of the caput is dull yellowish brown, margined
strongly behind with white, on the posterior edge of which are two
or three deep-black-brown spots; the clypeus is white, and its
height is equal to half that of the facial space; the ocular area is
also white.
The eyes are in the usual position, but are rather more unequal in
size than usual, those of the fore central pair being decidedly the
largest and considerably further from each other than each is from
the fore lateral eye on its side, the interval between each and the
latter being rather less than the latter's diameter; the four central
eyes form a square whose hinder side is longer than the rest. .
The legs are rather long and slender, their relative length is
2, 4, 3, 1 ; they are pale yellow in colour, annulated and speckled
more or less with blackish brown, and furnished sparingly with hairs
and a few very fine inconspicuous spines.
The palpi are moderately long, slender, and similar to the legs in
colour.
The falces are of moderate length, but slender, and of a brownish-
yellow colour.
The maville and labium are normal in form, and similar to the
falees in colour, but tipped with a paler hue.
The sternum is yellow, marbled with white.
The abdomen is rather large, broader behind than before; it is of
an ashy grey colour, thickly suffused with darker grey and black
specks on the upperside; the normal making along the centre of
the fore half is of a blackish grey colour, well defined by a black
marginal line, truneate at its hinder extremity, and emitting an indis-
tinet black oblique line from either side of its brcadest part, which
is slightly angular; the hinder part is marked by some obscure
whitish markings and spots disposed in opposed oblique broken lines
on either side; the genital aperture is characteristic, and of a some-
what oval or kidney-shape, divided by a narrow longitudinal septum ;
a little way underneath, in front of the spinners, is a small but very
G5
e
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS.
distiuct transverse slit or opening, probably the orifice of a portion
of the tracheal system.
A single example only was found near Cairo. Probably other
examples would show some variation in the distinctness of the mark-
ings; but even from this one example it appears to me to be a very
distinct species.
Pritopromvs vENUsSTUS, sp.n. (Plate LIX. fig. 12.)
Adult male, length uot quite 12 lines ; aduit female, rather more
than 2 lines.
The cephalothorax of this pretty and very distinct species has a
broad central longitudinal yellow band, as wide as the length of the
hinder row of eyes, including most of the ocular area, and with a
paler angular bar at the hinder part of the eaput, the angle directed
backw ards ; the sides and clypeus, excepting a narrow marginal
GrenmswLite line, are of a rieh dark brow n colour, somewhat curvi-
dentate on the lower edge; and on cither side of the caput, just below
cach end of the ocular area, is a yellowish spot; the height of the
clypeus equals half that of the facial space.
The eyes are in the ordinary position ; those of the fore central
pair are rather larger than the rest, and are much further from each
other than each is from the fore lateral eye on its side; the four
central eyes describe a square whose fore side is the shortest.
E legs ne long and rather slender, their relative length being
pal Ans Olea ay re 3; they are yellow, broadly banded Anal other
qe shightly uM vh a brightish brown, but most distinetly and
darkly on those of the third and fourth pairs; they are also fur-
nished with hairs and a few fine i inconspicuous spines.
The palpi are rather short, and similar in colours and markings to
the legs; the radial and cubital joints are short, but of about equal
length, the former being furnished with several spines and a small
pointed corneous apophy sis at its extremity on the outer side; the
digital joint is rather long and of a narrow ov val form and yellow- brown
colour; the palpal organs are very simple, consisting apparently of
an oval lobe without any noticeable processes.
The fa/ces are moderate in length and strength, straight and sub-
conieal, of a yellow colour, with two reddish black-brown patches in
front of each, one near the base, the other towards the extremity ;
in fact the base 1s more or less reddish black-brown all round.
The mazille and lubium are of the usual form and, with the sternum,
of a pale yellow colour; the latter has an elongate triangular black
spot at its hinder extremity.
The abdomen is of an oval form, pointed behind and somewhat
flattish above ; it is of a bright buff colour, the upperside margined
on each side, but not quite to the hinder extremity, with a deep-
black-brown well-defined stripe, edged on the inner side with eream-
white; from the fore extremity a short blaek-brown central stripe
runs a little way along the ordinary marking, which is of a much
paler colour and ill defined ; ; and from a little way above the spinners
a narrow cream-white stripe mus nearly to the extremity of the or-
596 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
dinary marking ; tlie ground-colour of the abdomen deepens iu its
hue on each side of this white stripe, becoming of the same colour as
the lateral stripes at its hinder extremity ; “the underside is pale
buffish yellow, marked with two longitudinal brownish lines, which
converge a little towards each other as they g get near the spinners.
An adult female differed only in being of a darker and more suf-
fused hue, the different lines aud markings being not quite so
vivid.
An adult example of each sex, with an immature female, were
found on the branches of the sont acacia, during the ascent of the
Nile, between Cairo and Manfaloot.
Fam. Lvcosipzs.
te r
NiLvs, gen. nov.
Cephulothorax short, broad, and with very slight lateral constric-
tious at the caput.
Eyes uot very large nor very unequal in size, oecupying the whole
width of the upperside of the caput, in two not very widely separated,
and almost equally curved, transverse rows; the convexity of the
curves is directed forwards, but the front row is the shortest.
Legs tolerably strong, not very nus mr very unequal in length ;
their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, or 1, 4, 2, 3; each tarsus ends with
three curved dae
Mawille moderately long, straight, broader at their extremity than
at their base, and rather roundly ion edi
Labium short, scarcely halt "the length of the maxille; lateral
margins slightly curved, aud apex rounded,
SM short, oval, rather pointed P and projecting con-
siderably over the base of the cephalothorax.
NiLvs CURTUS, sp.n. (Plate LX. fig. 13.)
Immature female, length rather more than 2 lines.
The cephalothoraw has a rather abrupt hinder slope, and the
profile-line of the caput and thorax to the hinder slope is level; its
colour is yellow-brown, the ocular area, including a large somewhat
quadrate area behind it, being yellow, the quadrate area having two
indistinct brownish patches near its hinder part; the clypeus is
yellow, with two brown patches opposite the middle of the base of
the falees, and its height scarcely equals half that of the facial
space; on each side of the cephalothorax is a well-defined, straight,
yellow, but.not very broad stripe, reaching from the hinder extremity
quite to the insertion of the falees, mnd bus it is a broad yellow-
brown marginal band.
The eyes are seated, in the form of a crescent, on largish black tu-
berculate spots ; the lateral eyes of the hinder row are the larg gest, and
the fore laterals the smallest of the eight ; the interval between those
of the hind central pair is rather less than that between each and the
hind lateral on its side; while the interval between those of the fore
central pair is rather greater than that between each and the fore
1870.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 507
lateral on its side; the length of the front row is equal to that formed
by any three eyes of the hinder row ; aud the four central eves form
a square whose fore side is shortest and its hinder side slightly the
longest.
T he Zegs are yellow, indistinctly annulated and marked with dusky
brown, and furnished with long ‘spines as well as with hairs and
bristles.
The palpi are pale yellow, moderately long, and furnished with
hairs, bristles, and a few spines.
The falces es are vertical and strong; their colour is pale yellow, with
a broad brownish band along the middle of their fore side, not
reaching, however, to their extremities.
The maville and labium ave pale yellow.
The sternum, which is nearly round and pointed a little behind, is
also of a pale yellow colour, but broadly margined on each side with
dark blackish brown.
The abdomen has on the upperside a broad longitudinal dark
brown band, as wide as the whole width of the abdomen at its fore
extremity, but narrowing gradually to the spinners, near which its
margins are a little denticulated ; this band has the normal longitu-
dinal macula along the middle of its fore part indistinctly detined,
of a brownish- yellow colour, and pointed at its hinder extreinity ; and
along either side of this are two or three more or less distinct dull
whitish spots; the central tapering band is well defined on each side
by a broad yellowish white marginal band; the sides are marked
nore or less with black-brown streaks and spots; and the underside
is dull black-brown, divided by a longitudinal central yellowish bar
(which tapers to a point behind), and ^ nargined by a bar on each side
of a similar colour; the spinners are short and strong, those of the
iuferior pair being rather stronger, but equal in length to the
superiors.
Four immature examples of this Spider were found on rushes in
a marsh near Alexandria, and are of very great interest as forming a
transition from Dolomedes to Ctenus and yet wanting such decided
characters as would include them in either of those genera. The
position of the eyes is very like that of Sparassus ; and ae with the
strongly laterigrade legs, shows an affinity to the Thomisides; but
from the Spiders of this family they are separated by the presence of
three instead of two tarsal claws. ‘The general appearance, from the
colours aud markings, is exceedingly like that of Dolomedes fimbriatus
(C. Koch); but the position of the eyes distinguishes it at a glance
from that well-known species. The approximation to Ctenus is seen
in the approach of the fore lateral eyes to the hind lateral ones ; by
which the front row is strongly eurved instead of being straight or
nearly straight as in Dolomedes ; from this last genus the near ap-
proach together of the two rows also very plainly distinguishes it.
From all these, and other considerations as well, it has appeared to
me necessary to constitute a new genus for its reception.
598 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Gen. PIRATA, Seed.
PIRATA LEOPARDUS.
Pirata leopardus, Sund.
Lycosa cambrica, Bl. Brit. & Irish Spid. p. 32, pl. ii. fig. 14.
Adults of both sexes were found in a marsh near Alexandria; and
I can find no structural difference in the male palpi from those parts
of L. eambricu, Dl. The colours, however, of the abdomen are more
distinet and more strongly contrasted, while their disposition is the
same.
PIRATA PROXIMA, Sp. n.
Adult female, length 4 lines. e
The cephalothorax, looked at in profile, has the thoracic region
considerably bumped, and the hinder slope very steep aud abrupt ;
it is clothed with hairs, and the upper part, especially of the caput,
is furnished with numerous erect blackish bristles; the colour is
yellow-brown, margined with a black line, immediately above which
is a narrow band clothed densely with short white hairs, a little way
above which, again, is a broader but not very regular or continnous
yellowish band: from the posterior eyes a broad” yellowish tapering
band runs to the hinder extremity, having within ita largish yellow-
brown marking, fining off into the red- brow n line which “denotes the
thoracic junetion ; É ids yellow-brown marking is again divided longi-
tudinally by a yellowish’ line, which also runs through the middle of
the ocular area.
The eyes occupy an area rather broader than long, the length being
measured from the lateral eyes of the front to those of the hinder
row, ignoring the upper angle of the caput, just below which the ey es
of the middle row are placed ; the length of the front row is equal to
that of the middle one, and its two central eyes are a little fnrther
from each other than each is from the lateral eye next to 1t, and are
smaller than the eyes of the hinder row, the fore laterals being the
smallest of the eight.
'The dpa A strong , but not very long; their relative length appears
to be 4, 1 3-2, though the difference between those of the first and
third pairs is very sm: vail, if any ; they are of a dull brownish-yellow
colour (the femora only having the faintest traces of darker annula-
tions on their uppersides), and are furnished with hairs, bristles, and
spines; the latter are the strongest and most numerous on the tibise
and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs.
The falces are strong, and of a dark reddish yellow-brown colour.
The maville are yellow-brown, tinged with reddish ; ; the labium
dark blackish brown, with a pale apex; and the sferaum yellow,
marked with a few not very distinct dusky brown blotches. Al
these parts are of normal form and furnished with bristly bairs.
The abdomen fits well up to the hinder slope of the cephalothorax ; ;
it is of a dull yellow olive-brown colour, paler on the under than on
the upperside ; the normal macula along the middle of the fore part
of the upperside is indistinctly visible and of a dusky brownish huc,
1876.] | REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 599
angular on each side near the middle and blunt-pointed at its hinder
extremity ; ; on either side of this macula, but free from its margins, are
two dark spots in a longitudinal line, furnished with DUM white
hairs, the four spots forming nearly a square; four or five other
similar spots on each side form two longitudinal lines on the hinder
half of the abdomen, the lines converging towards the spinners ;
these spots are connected into pairs by very faint dusky angular
transverse lines, or chevrons, the apex of that w ‘hich joins the first two
spots touching the hinder extremity of the normal macula on the fore
part; the sides are mottled with small irregular patches and spots
of short bluish-white hairs. A series of examples would probably
show some variety in the distinctness of the pattern on the abdomen.
A single example only was found in a swamp near Alexandria. It
is very nearly allied to Pirata piratica, C. Koch, as well as to P. pis-
catoria, C. Koch, and P. Aygrophila, Thor. From the first of these
the larger size of the spider, as well as the dark colour of the normal
macula on the abdomen, will distinguish it at a glance; from the
second, which is of about the same size, the much narrower white
marginal border of the cephalothoras, as well as the lateral yellow
bands, will, among other differences, serve to distinguish it easily ;
while from the third species it is at ouce separated by its greater size
and immaculate (or almost immaculate) legs. It is probably an
abundant Spider in the marsh referred to and in others near it; but
I was unfortunately nnable to pay this locality another visit after the
discovery of the single example now described.
Gen. Tnocuos:, Koch.
TROCHOSA PARTITA, sp. n
» 8p
Adult female, length 5 lines.
The cephalothorax of this handsome Spider is rather drawn out,
though not suddenly constricted laterally at the caput; it is of a
ye ile -brown colour, margined with a black line and a toler rably
regular though not unbroken yellow band ; the middle of the upper-
side has a somewhat star- -shaped mar king, formed by short yellow
stripes converging to the thoracic junction; there are also other
yellow patches of different sizes on the caput behind the ocular area,
which is strongly suffused with black-brown, leaving, however, a
clearish yellow space between the eyes of the hinder row.
The eyes are in the usual position, the ocular area being about
equal in its length aud breadth ; the fore centrals are nearly, if not
quite, as large as the eyes of the hinder row; the front row is longer
than the middle one, and its eyes are separated by as nearly as
possible equal intervals.
The legs are moderate in length and strength, their relative length
being, as nearly as I could ascertain, 4, 1, 2, 3; their colour is
yellow, faintly annulated and marked with dusky brown, and
furnished with hairs and spines.
The falces are of a yellowish colour, clouded with yellow-brown
towards their extremities; the maville ave yellow, and the labium
600 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
dark yellow-brown, pale at the apex. The sfernui is yellow, divided
longitudinally by a well-defined and very distinet nearly black
stripe.
The abdomen is of an elongate oval form, and clothed with dull
yellowish hairs; the normal maculae on the fore part, as well as the
ordinar y angular bars, or chevrons, on the hinder part (which last are
spotted. with small black points), are well defined, and vary in colour
from yellow to reddish yellow-brown; besides which there are
various lines and spots of yellowish and white, the ground-colour
being nearly black, and the whole forming an exceedingly pretty and
variegated “pattern ; ; the sides are yellowish, marked with short
blackish spots and streaks; and the underside is also yellow, marked
with three broken blackish lines.
An immature male and two adult females were found near Alex-
andria. It may be distinguished from all other European and
Egyptian Spiders known to me by the yellow sternum biseeted by a
longitudinal black stripe.
TROCHOSA DEPUNCTA, 8p. n.
Adult male, length 32 lines.
This spider is very closely allied to T. picta, Hahn, but may be di-
stinguished by its less distinet pattern and paler colours ; the strueture
also of the palpal organs is different. The whole of the underside also,
except the sternum, is of a pale yellow colour without any markings,
the sternnm being blackish brow n, with a yellow longitudinal line
dividing the fore hale while the underside of 7". pieta is invariably
(in my "experience) of a sooty black hue, and the annulation of the
legs very strong and distinct. Possibly this Spider may be the
Lycosa nilotica of Savigny ; but as there : appears to be considerable
doubt upon the point, 1 have thought it best to give it here as a distinct
species.
An adult male and two females were found near Alexandria.
TROCHOSA PILIPES.
Lycosa pilipes, Luc. Expl. en Algérie, p. 109, pl. ii. fig. 8.
Numerous examples of both sexes of this Spider were found under
stones on the damp sandy flats bordering the Nile in Upper Egypt ;
and I believe them to be identical with the Spider described and
figured by H. Lucas (loc. cit.). It is very closely allied to examples
of Trochosa lynw, Koch, received from Dr. L. Koch, but is, ] think,
decidedly of a different species. The namerous long erect bristles
and hairs on the legs (and, in fact, on the whole Spider) are very cha-
racteristic.
TROCHOSA VIRULENTA, sp. n.
Adult male, length 6 lines; adult female, 7 lines.
This Spider is nearly allied both to T. pilipes, Luc., aud T. lyng,
Koch, but may be distinguished by its larger size and bolder though
very similar pattern on the abdomen. ‘The palpi also of the male
differ very perceptibly in their greater strength, their shorter cubital
1876.] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 601
and radial joints, and the larger size (especially the greater width)
of the digital joint; and the palpal organs are different in their
structure. The legs also are far less distinctly annulated, and are
quite destitute of the long erect hairs so conspicuous in T, pilipes.
Two adult males and an adult female were found in the neighbour-
hood of Cairo.
Trociosa vnnawNa, sp. n. (Pl. LX. fig. 14.)
Lycosa agretyea, Savigny, Egypte, p. 147, pl. iv. fig. 6.
This Spider, although nearly allied to Trochosa (Lycosa) agr etyca
(Walck. & Blackw.), is qnite “distinct from that species, and is in
fact still more nearly allied to L. campestris(W. & B.). From the
former the distinctly marked bright yellow colour of the normal
macula on the fore half of the abdomen, as well as its pointed hinder
extremity, will distinguish it at a glance; while from the latter, with
which it agrees in size, and which m ycsemhbles greatly in appearance,
it may easily be separated by the character of the central longitndinal
yellow band on the cephalothorax. This in 7. campestris is broad,
tapering towards its hinder extremity, strongly constricted at the
hinder part of the caput, and its fore part marked with two longitu-
dinal parallel brown lines; whereas in T. urbana the central band is
narrow and of uniform width from the hinder slope to the middle of
the oenlar area, having a pale yellowish longitudinal line on each
side of its fore part near the eyes. Also, in all the examples found,
the digital joint of the male is pale-coloured instead of being of a
deep reddish brown as in L. campestris. The palpal organs of the
male also differ in structure.
Adult and immature examples of both sexes were not infrequent
among low plants and other herbage in a marsh near Alexandria.
‘PROCNOSA EFFERA.
Lycosa effera, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 318.
An adult male and female were found in the neighbourhood of
Cairo, differing from the Palestine specimens only iu size, the
Vegptian examples being the largest. The adult male measures
53 lines in length, and the female 7 lines. An immature female was
also found near Alexandria.
Gen. TARENTULA, Sund.
TARENTULA TARENTULINA.
Lycosa tarentulina, Saviguy, Egypte, p. 143, pl. iv. fig. 2.
Immature examples (of the female only) were found in abundance
near Alexandria, in their cylindrical holes on waste and desert places ;
the hoary-grey ground colour, and the blaek underside of the
abdomen ‘distinguish this Spider from all others of the family found
by myself in Egypt.
TARENTULA TRUCULENTA, Sp. n
Female immature, length rather over 5 lines.
This Spider is very nearly allied in colours and general appearance
602 REY, O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
to Trochosa effera, Cambr.; it may, however, be distinguished by the
first row of eyes being distinctly shorter than the second, and by the
marking of the falces, which in the present species are yellow, or
orange- yellow- brown, with a longitudinal, well-defined, dark raiik
brown band, which runs in front from their base to their extremity,
and appears to continue the broad dark brown bands running through-
out the length of the cephalothorax and including on each side the
lateral eyes ove all the three rows. The rest of the cephalothorax is
yellow ; the central yellow band is abruptly constricted at the hinder
part of the caput, whence it narrows gradually to the hinder extremity
of the thorax. On the caput this band has ‘two longitudinal parallel
brown lines, which are often imperfect, and sometimes obsolete.
The eyes of the front row are very small (the centrals not very
much larger than the laterals), and separated by as nearly as pos-
sible equal intervals; the laterals of this row are seated on strong
tubercles, and have a rather downward direction ; the height of the
clypeus equals a diameter of the central eyes ; the ocular area is not
much longer than broad ; and the length “of the hinder row does not
very much exceed that of the middle row.
The egs are yellow, immaculate, excepting in some few examples
where the femora show a very faint trace of dusky annulations.
The mazilice and labium are yellow, the latter clouded with brown
towards and at its base; the sternum also is yellow, with two or
three indistinet dusky longitudinal markings.
The abdomen is of a rather elongate oval form, its colour varies
from yellow to pale yellow-brown ; and the ordinary Lycosid markings
are more or less distinetly traced by blackish brown broken lines
and spots, the spots extending in broken oblique lines over the
sides; the abdominal pattern in this, as in almost all other species
of the family, i is often greatly obscured by the hairs with which it is
covered; inimersion in iluid, howev er, brings out the pattern distinctly.
Eight or nine examples were found ncar Alexandria.
TARENTULA TREMENS, Sp, n.
Adult female, length scarcely 4 lines.
Cephalothorax dull orange- “yellow, clothed with yellowish grey
adpressed hairs; a broad brown longitudinal band occupies che
side, leaving a narrower yellow marginal one and a much broader
denied one; the latter is sharply dentated on its inner margins at
the hinder part of the caput, the foremost denticulation represent-
ing the ordinary constriction, where the lateral dark bands break in
upon the central pale one; this in the present Spider is almost of
uniform width from the eyes to the beginning of the hinder slope,
which is not excessively steep, forming an angle of about 45°.
The eyes of the front row form a line perceptibly shorter than
those of the second row; the centrals of the second row are a little
larger than the laterals, and the interval between them is rather greater
than that between each and and the lateral eye nearest to it; those
of the second (or middle) row are very large, and separated from
each other by searcely a diameter's interval ; and yet the line formed
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 603
by them is but a trifle less than that formed by the hinder row.
The ocular area is longer than broad.
The legs are rather short and strong; their relative length ap-
parently 4, 3, 1, 2; they are of a bright yellow colour, tinged with
reddish brown towards the extremities of the first two pairs, and
almost immaculate, the traces of annulation being scarcely percep-
tible; they are furnished sparingly with hairs and bristles, and a few
rather short spines.
The falces are strong and of a rich deep red-brown colour, clothed
sparingly with yellowish hairs and dark bristles.
The muzille are darkish yellow-brown, tinged with red, the ex-
tremities being pale yellow.
The us is wholly dark red-brown, and the sternum yellow.
The abdomen is of a dull orange-yellow (paler underneath), and
pretty thickly clothed with coarsish yellow-grey adpressed hairs,
among which are a few prominent blackish bristles. The ordinary
Ly cosid markings are scarcely traceable, being only just indicated by
a few minute black-brown spots. The sexual orifice is large but of
simple form, consisting of two rather oblique oval apertures near
together, but in opposition, at the hinder part of a large, nearly cir-
cular, red-yellow, somewhat corneous-looking convexity.
A single example of this very distinct “Spider was found near
Alexandria.
Gen. Lycosa, Latr.
Lycosa UNGULATA, sp. n
lmmature female, length 5 lines.
ds Spider 1s certainly very closely allied to Lycosa arenaria,
v. (resembling it in the remarkably long and slightly curved supe-
rior tarsal claws, by which it may be easily distinguished from all
others known to me) ; the description, however, given of the colours
and markings lead me to conclude that it is of a different species.
The cephalothorax, when seen in profile, is rather depressed be-
hind the occiput; and the height of the clypeus considerably exceeds
the diameter of the fore central eyes ; this part and the ocular area
are dark brown; but being, with the rest of the cephalothorax,
covered with yellow-grey pubescence, its colour is not so apparent ;
there are also on these parts numerous long bristly hairs; the rest
of the cephalothorax is of a bright straw- yellow ‘colour, with two
broad longitudinal yellow-brown bands: each of which includes at its
fore extremity the lateral eyes, on its side, of the hinder and middle
rows. The central yellow band is very broad, but strongly con-
stricted (or indented) at the occiput, forming a pretty reg ular, large,
transverse oval behind the posterior eyes; and behind this con-
striction the margins of the band are somewhat denticulate, and emit
some pale divergent lines across the two yellow-brown bands, fol-
lowing the directions of the thoracic indentations ; the thoracic junc-
tion is indicated by a longish red-brown indented line.
The eyes are in the usual position ; those of the posterior and
middle rows form nearly a square, the fore side shortest and the hinder
604 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
side longest. These four eyes are very large, the posterior ones being
rather less than the anteriors ; the two centrals of the front row are
larger than the laterals, and further from each other than from the
lateral nearest to it, the row itself being shorter than the middle row.
The fegs are long and moderately strong ; their relative length ap-
parently 4, 3, 1, 2, those of the fourth pair greatly exceeding the rest ;
they are of a straw-yellow colour; the femora are marked on their
onter sides with a broken longitudinal stripe, and faintly annulated
with pale yellow-brown ; they are furnished with hairs and nume-
rous pale, but not very long nor strong spines; and each tarsus ter-
minates with three pale claws, of which the superior pair are very
long and slightly curved, their hinder part finely peetinated; the
inferior claw is exceedingly short, and bent almost perpendicularly
downwards; the extremities of the tarsi* (which are subdivided,
giving the legs eight joints instead of seven) are also furnished all
round with longish slender spines.
The palpi are of moderate length; their colour is yellow, and the
terminal claw long, slightly curved, and minutely peetinated.
The falces are moderately long and strong; they are of a yellow-
brown colour, with a dark brown longitudinal band in front, nearly
as wide as the falces, and they are furnished in front with numerous
hairs and long bristles.
The maville and labium are of a dull brownish hue, tipped with
pale yellow.
The sternwm is nearly circular, and of a uniform pale straw-yel-
low colour.
The abdomen is of a yellow colour, rather darker on the sides,
spotted and marked with brownisl black, and also with some spots,
lines, and patehes of white pubescent hairs; these latter give the
Spider a remarkable appearance, the darker markings being much
obscured by the general yellowish hairy clothing; when examined
closely, however, and especially when in spirit of wine, the usual
characteristic markings become apparent enough. The normal longi-
tudinal macula on the fore half of the upperside is of a yellowish
brown hue, pointed behind, and with some black marginal spots ; and
the transverse chevrons are formed by more or less perfect blackish
lines; the sides are spotted and marked with blackish.
Three immature females of this Spider were found at the roots of
stunted herbage ou the desert near Jebel y Silsilis, in Upper Egypt.
LYCOSA FIDELIS.
Lycosa fidelis, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 319.
Lycosa galerita, L. Koch, Aigypt. u. Abyss. Arachn. 1875, p. 69,
Taf. vii. fig. 1.
The peculiar structure of the palpal organs of the male of this
Spider, well represented in Dr. Koch’s figure (Joc. cit. supra), with
some other striking characters, render its identity with L. galerita,
* The subdivision of the tarsi of this and another allied Sinaitie species (LZ.
prelongipes, Cambr.) will probably necessitate the formation of a new genus for
their reception.
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 605
L. K., pretty certain, Adults of both sexes were frequent both in
the neighbourhood of Cairo and Alexandria.
Lycosa INJUCUNDA, sp. n. (Plate LX. fig. 15.)
Adult male, length rather over 3 lines.
This Spider is very closely allied to L. fidelis, Cambr., and is
found in the same localities ; it may, however, be at once distin-
guished by the generally duller and less distinct colours and mark-
ings in both sexes, especially in the adult males, whose cephalo-
thorax has distinet, though irregularly edged and slightly in-
terrupted, lateral yellow bands, leaving a broken marginal brown
band on each side; the central longitudinal yellow band is also quite
distinct, strongly radiated at the thoracic junction, and mnch con-
stricted at the occipnt, whereas in L. fidelis the central band is
scarcely traceable and the lateral ones quite obsolete.
The eyes of the hinder row are further apart than in L. fidelis ; in
other respects, except being generally larger, the eyes are very similar
iu both species.
The /egs are dull yellow, annulated with brown, but not nearly so
distinctly as in L. fidelis.
The palpi of the adult male differ remarkably in the two species,
those of L. fidelis having the humeral and digital joints black, and
the cubital and radial joints clear yellow, the fore part of the latter,
as also the base of the digital joints, clothed with white hairs ; the
cubital and radial joints are also rather short, and of equal length ;
while in the present Spider the humeral joint is dull yellow, like the
cubital and radial, these two latter being longer and differing in
their relative length, the radial being distinctly longer than the
cubital, and (as well as the digital, which is of a dark brown colour,
and terminates with two strong curved claws) entirely destitute of
the white hairs which in L. fidelis form so striking a contrast to
the black digital joint. The palpal organs of the present species are
also of much less complex structure than those of L. fidelis: no de-
scription would avail to make their structure intelligible; this can
only be done by good figures on a large scale; one character,
however, of those of the present Spideris unusual, if not unique—the
large basal corucous lobe or process being clothed with hairs.
The underside of L. fidelis is much darker than in the present
Spider; this is especially noticeable in the sternum, which in the
former is deep brownish black, and in the latter pale dull yellowish,
with sometimes two longitudinal dusky brownish curved stripes.
Adult and immature examples of each sex were found both near
Cairo and Alexandria. The females of the present Spider may be
distinguished from those of £. fidelis by the much smaller and dit
ferently formed genital aperture.
Lycosa INIQUA, $p. n.
Adult female, length nearly 4 lines.
This Spider bears considerable general resemblance to L. 2ugcundu,
but may be separated at a glance by the large size of the eyes of the
Proc. Zoor, Soc.—1876, No. XL. 40
606 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
middle row; these are more than double the size of those of the
hinder row, and form very nearly as long a line as the latter. The
sides of the cephalothorax are rather depressed ; a broad, longitu-
dinal, brownish yellow band, radiating at the thoracic junction, oc-
cupies the middle ; aud the lateral margins have a broken band of the
same colour, the intermediate spaces forming two broad brown bands ;
the ocular area is black-brown; and the whole has a dense clothing
of yellowish grey pubescence.
The /egs are rather short, though not very unequal in length,
their relative length being apparently 4, 3, 1, 2; they are yellow,
the femora banded with black-brown, and the femoral and base of
the tibial joints slightly marked with a similar colour.
The falces are brownish yellow, blackish near their base in front,
and marked obliquely towards the extremities with a dusky brown
band.
The sternum is black-brown, with a broad, irregularly edged,
yellow, longitudinal central band, which does not, however, reach
the hinder extremity.
The abdomen is dull blackish brown above, all the normal cha-
racteristic markings being much obscured ; the normal central mark-
ing on the fore part is bifid at its hinder extremity, and has an an-
gular point, directed backwards, near the middle of each side; the
hinder part has two nearly parallel longitudinal rows, cach of threc or
four rather conspicuous pale spots, furnished with whitish hairs; and
between them is au indistinct series of yellowish angular bars or chev-
rons; the sides are marked with black-brown spots and broken lines,
which are more thinly dispersed towards the underside, which is
yellow, margiued with black-brown, and divided by a longitudinal
central dark brown bar.
A single example was found under a stone near Alexandria.
Lycosa INQUIETA, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 2 lines.
Cephalothoraz, deep brown, with a broad, longitudinal, central
brownish yellow band, tapering slightly from the eyes to the hinder
extremity, and, together with the space included by the four large
posterior eyes, covered thickly with vellowish grey hairs; there is
also on each side a narrow yellowish lateral stripe, interrupted near
the middle, and situated a little way above the margin; the clypeus
is brownish yellow.
The eyes of the middle row do not appear to be larger than those
of the hinder one ; but the line formed by them is shorter than that
formed by the latter, and also a little shorter than that formed by
the laterals (on each side) of these two rows; the centrals of the
front row are larger than the laterals, and are much further apart
from each other than each is from the lateral eye on its side.
The legs are long, and tolerably strong; their colour is dull yel-
lowish, faintly annulated with dusky brown.
The palpi are also dull yellowish in colour, the digital joint being
brown; the radial joint is rather larger and stronger than the
1876.] REV. o. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 607
cubital, and (together with the digital) pretty densely clothed with
black bristly hairs; the palpal organs have a strong, pointed process
at their fore part, the point directed forwards and outwards ; be-
tween the base of this process and the outer margin of the digital
joint is a small bluntish corneons, black-tipped point; and near the
middle of the large basal lobe is a small prominent blunt-pointed
process, with another of equal length springing at right angles from
its base; on the outer side the digital joint has no terminal claw.
The falees are dull yellowish, suffused with dusky brown.
The maville and labium are pale yellow, and the sternum black-
brown.
The abdomen is broader behind than before ; it has all the charac-
teristic markings on the upperside indicated by black lines and
spots on a reddish yellow ground; the normal marking on the fore
half is rather blunt-pointed behind, aud broadest near the middle,
whence on either side an oblique black line issues; the sides are
dull yellow, marked with short black lines and spots, some of which
are disposed in oblique rows; the underside is pale yellow.
A single example of this small but very distinct species was found
near Alexandria ; in its colours and pattern it is very like Tarantula
mintata, Koch, but is much smaller.
Lycosa iNOPINA, sp. n. (Plate LX. fig. 16.)
Lycosa proxima, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 316
(nee L. proxime, Koch).
A careful comparison assures me of the identity of the Spider
quoted in the above synonym with the species now recorded ; and
I have now but little doubt that it is distinct from Z. proxima,
Koch, though nearly allied to it; the certainty, however, of this
can only be ascertained by comparison of typical examples of both
species ; meanwhile it seems best to deseribe the present species as
a distinct one.
The length of the adult male is a little over 2 lines; and it
belongs to the monticola group. The central yellow longitudinal
band on the eephalothorax is not very broad ; it is widest at the
thoracie junetion, comes abruptly to a point (sometimes obsolete)
immediately behind the ocular area, and tapers to a poiut at its
posterior extremity ; the lateral yellow bands are well defined, but
irregular on the edges, and interrupted, leaving also a distinct brown
marginal stripe; the intermediate spaces form two broad dark yel-
low-brown bands marked pretty distinctly with converging black
lines; these bands are of a bright orange (and sometimes lemon)
yellow eolour; the ocular area is black. }
The eyes differ little, if any thing, in size and position from those
of L. inquieta, Cambr.
The legs are long and moderately strong ; they are yellow, slightly
marked and faintly annulated with dusky brown. Some have
scarcely any markings or annulation visible,
The palpi are black ; the radial and digital joints clothed densely
with hairs; the palpal organs are rather simple, the chief charac-
40*
608 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
teristic prominent process near the centre is short, stout, obtusely
pointed, and with a slightly pointed spur at its base nearly as long
as the process itself, with which it forms by its direction a very
obtuse angle.
Falces black-brown, but in some examples (probably those
more recently eome to maturity) yellow, merely clouded with dusky
brown.
Sternum dusky brown to black, with a short yellow central stripe
or marking.
Maxille and labium yellowish dusky brown to black, with the
extremity of a clearer hue.
Abdomen black, or nearly so above, with the normal markings
on the fore half of the upperside broad and somewhat angular in
the middle, fining to a point behind, and of a bright orange or lemon-
yellow; this is “followed to the spinners by a series oF strong but
short angular bars, or ehevrons, gener ally confluent, deereasing in size
as they go backwards, and marked with a few distinet black points
or spots ; the sides are yellow, more or less clouded with black ; and
the underside is black, margined on each side with a straight yel-
lowish line. Tudividuals are frequently found altogether ofa lighter
hue, and with the underside of the abdomen din yellow ; but the
pattern above deseribed on the upperside may be easily traced,
being defined by black spots and markings on a yellow ground ; in
these examples the palpi are also yellow, the radial and digital joints
alone deepening to dusky black.
The females generally resemble the males ; but the eentral cephalo-
thoracie band is often dilated behind the onim area, and constricted
at the occiput, the anterior dilatation being more or less extensively
marked with yellow brown; the normal maeula and succeeding
chevrons on the abdomen also often form a broad dentate yellow
baud narrowing to the spinners; and marked with a series of pairs of
black points or spots ; in this sex the legs also are far more strongly
and distinetly annulated with brown.
Adults of both sexes were common near Alexandria.
LYCOSA OBSERVANS, sp. n.
The adult male of this Spider is 2 lines iu length.
It is very elosely allied indeed to Z. inopina, and is found in the
same locality and situation; but it is rather sinaller, and its colours
are in general far less distinct, and run more one into the other, the
pattern formed by their distribution being similar; the cephalothorax
has no lateral yellow bands visible in either sex ; and the posterior
half (sometimes more) of the femora of the first pair of legs is black,
the corresponding part of the sceond pair being also suffused with
the same hue. The palpi are black, the radial and digital joints
densely clethed with hairs: the palpal organs are somewhat similar ;
but the characteristic process is far less strong, its basal spur being
of equal length with the process itself, obtuse, and forming with the
process a more acute angle than in /. inopina.
Jt is possible that this Spider may be the 4. proxima, Koch,
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 609
though I am inclined to think it is of a distinct species. In some
adult male examples the legs are entirely vellow, without any dark
markings or annulations whatever; in general, however, they are more
or less distinctly annulated with dusky brown or brown-black,
especially in. the females.
Adults of both sexes were found near Alexandria.
Fam. SPHASIDES.
Gen. Oxvorzs, Latr.
OXYOPES ALEXANDRINUS,
Sphasus alexandrinus, Sav. ct Aud. Egypte, p. 142, pl. iv. fig. L
Adult and immature examples of each sex were found near Cairo
on branches of the sont acacia.
OXYOPES BILINEATUS, sp. n.
Length of an immature female, 2 lines.
Several very young examples of this species were found near
Cairo, in a similar situation to that in which the last species was
found. I feel no doubt that it is a distinct and probably undescribed
species, though in the immature condition this is not absolutely cer-
tain, Spiders varying sometimes very considerably in the young state.
In general form and position of the eyes the present Spider is very
similar to O. alexandrinus. The abdomen is of a yellow-brown
colour, marked on the upperside with two very nearly parallel
longitudinal pale yellowish Ines rather wide apart, and comprising
a broad brown elongate-oval band running the whole length of the
abdomen. ‘The sides are entirely devoid of the oblique pale lines so
characteristic in O. alexandrinus; nor are there any angular lines, or
chevrons, on the hinder half of the upperside of the abdomen.
The cephalothorax is yellow, with three broad longitudinal brown
bands.
Tam. SALTICIDES.
In recording and deseribing the species of this family found by
myself in Egypt, I have not ‘attempted to place them in any syste-
matic consecutive order: the known species are placed first ; and
they are followed in each genus by the species considered to be new
to science. Few families of the Araneidea necd a thorough revision
so much as the Nalticides, especially with respect to the exotic
genera. The number of described species of the family ts now so
great (upwards of one thousand) that their certain subdivision into
well marked genera becomes each year a more pressing necessity.
M. Eugene Simon has worked hard and successfully at the European
forms of this family; and I am mainly indebted to him for the
determination of those found in Egypt.
Gen. Bartus, Thor.
BaLLus PIGER, sp. n
Adult female, length 2 lines.
This Spider is very nearly allied. to Ballus helerophihalnus
I k À ] >
610 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, [June 20;
Koch (Marpissa brevipes, Koch, Salticus obscurus, Bl.), which it
closely resembles in form, size, colour, and markings; and it may
be distinguished by the legs of the first pair being like the rest, but
slightly striped with brown ; whereas in B. obseurus, they are almost
wholly (at least the femoral, genual, and tibial joints) deep chocolate-
brown; the humeral and cubital joints also of the palpi are of the
same hue, whereas in the present Spider the palpi have scarcely any
dark markings. Although these differences appear at first sight but
slight ones by which to distinguish the species, I feel convinced that
they will be found to be constant; I have examined numerous
examples of the European form, and find no variation whatever in
the markings of the legs and palpi; and I should be confident that
some day the adult male and other examples of the female will
further prove their distinctness from S. obscurus.
A single example only of the adult female was found in Upper
Egypt. -
Gen. Arrus, Sim. (Salticus, Latr. ad partem).
Attus DELECTUS. (Plate LX. fig. 88.)
Attus delectus, Cambr. Spid. Pal. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 326.
Adults of both sexes of this pretty and distinctly marked Spider
were found near Alexandria.
ATTUS MOUFFETTII.
Saltieus mouffellii, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 171, pl. vii. fig. 17.
An adult female of this wel marked Spider was found near
Alexandria.
ATTUS STAINTONIT.
Salticus staintonii, Cambr. Spid. Pal. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p.
331, pl. xiv. fig. 20.
Salticus congener, Cambr. loc. cit. p. 332.
Adults of both sexes of this exceedingly distinct. Spider were
found in Upper Egypt, and are undoubtedly identical with those
described /. e. supre. l have, moreover, now no hesitation in
determining S. congener (L. c. supra) to be the female of S. (Attus)
staintonii, although differing from it so considerably in colour and
markings.
Arrus SPINIGER. (Plate LX. fig. 103.)
Salticus spiniger, Cambr. Spid. Pal. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 339.
Both sexes, adult as well as immature, were found on the truuks
of palm-trees at various places in Egypt, between Cairo and Assouan.
The very long, circularly coiled, filiform spine, connected with the
palpal organs of the male, forms a very striking and distinguishing
character, and renders the present Spider an easy one to be
determined.
ATTUS PAYKULLIL.
Nalticus paykullii, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 172, pl. vii. fig. 22.
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 611
S. vaillantii, Lue. Explor. de l'Algér. Arachn. p. 136, pl. v.
fige
The identity of the two Spiders mentioned in the above synonyms
appears to be undoubted. Adult and immature examples of both
sexes were found near Cairo and Alexandria, generally on old walls.
I have received lately adults of both sexes from the Mauritius, from
Edward Newton, Esq., and also from Bombay, from Major Julian
Hobson (H.M. Staff Corps).
ATTUS SOLDANII.
Salticus soldanii, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 1S1, pl. vii. fig. 17, 18.
An adult male and several female and immature adults were found
near Alexandria.
ATTUS MONARDI.
Salticus monardi, Luc. Explor. de ? Algér. p. 156, pl. vii. tig. 1.
An adult male of this distinct and pretty species was found near
Cairo.
ATTUS FULGENS.
Salticus fulgens, Cambr. Spid. Pal. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 340,
pe siv fg 17.
Adults of both sexes were not unfrequent on trees and plants, near
Alexandria, Cairo, and in Upper Egypt. This is one of the most
brilliant and pretty of all the Saltieides I found in Egypt; and its golden
green iridescent abdomen distinctly spotted with white renders it an
casily determined speeies.
Arrus REGILLUS. (Plate LX. fig. 17.) ~
Attus regillus, L. Koeh, Verhand, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 879.
Adult and immature males with immature females were found
near Cairo and in Upper Egypt on trees aud low shrubs, and sub-
sequently in similar situations near Smyrna and Ephesus. I have
also reeeived it from Bombay. I include this Spider in the genus
Attus on M. Simon's authority ; but I conceive that the peculiar,
almost eireular form of the eephalothorax entitles it to generie
separation from the typical 4/4. A similar form of cephalothorax is
not unfrequent in several other (as yet undescribed) exotie species.
ATTUS BONNETIL.
Attus bonnetii, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, pl. vii. fig. 14 ( 9).
Attus canescens, Cambr. Spid. Palest. & Syr., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 323.
Adults of both sexes of this species were found near Alexandria,
and also at the roots and among the stems of stunted plants on
the desert near Jebel y Silsilis, in Upper Egypt.
Savigny and Audouin describe and figure only the female; the
male (length 21 lines) differs in the abdomen wanting the double
longitudinal nearly parallel series of short oblique pale streaks on
the upperside; instead of these there is a broad longitudinal central
612 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
daik blackish-brown band, which sometimes emits a few very short
oblique streaks on each side near its hinder extremity. The rest of
the upper part and sides are thickly clothed with greyish hairs ;
though occasionally the sides have a broad longitudinal rusty or
brownish band, marked with one or more indistinet oblique pale
lines.
The clypeus of the male is, in general, densely clothed with white
hairs, though in some examples these hairs are rusty red; the
lateral margins also of the cephalothorax have a broad band of white
hairs; and the upperside has two indistinct longitudinal bands of
a similar nature.
The /egs are sometimes yellow, without any markings; but in some
specimens they are faintly annulated and marked with brown.
The palpi are short and similar to the legs in colour; the cubital
and radial joints are very short ; the latter is the shortest, and has,
at the extremity of its outer side beneath, a strong slightly curved,
prominent, tapering and sharp-pointed reddish-brown apophysis ;
from its position this apophysis is not easily seen without consider-
able care in examination ; its length is equal to, if it does not exceed,
the length of the joint. The palpi are clothed with long white
bristly hairs; the digital joint is of good size, longer than the
radial and cubital joints together; it is of a somewhat oblong-oval
form, constricted on its outer side towards the fore extremity, where
it has a somewhat truncated appearance. The palpal organs appear
to be simple in form, and are of a dark reddish-brown colour.
This Spider is evidently subject to considerable variety in colours
and distinctness of markings. A variety of the female, described in
“ Spid. Palest. & Syr." /. e. supra as Salticus canescens, Koch, has
the longitudinal central band on the abdomen of a rusty red hue,
but similar in its form and character to that of the male. An
example of this variety, resembling exactly the Palestine specimen,
was found along with the rest in Upper Egypt. Probably the
variation in markings depends chiefly on the hairy clothing being
more or less uninjured ; when colours are dependent on pubescerce,
these will vary very much according to the length of time since the
Spider became adult and has been exposed to the brilliant rays of
the sun on a barren desert.
ATTUS OCULATUS, sp. n. (Plate LX. fig. 90.)
Adult male, length 2 lines.
The cephalothoraz is massive, the hinder slope abrupt and slightly
hollow in the profile line; the profile of the upper part of the caput
forms a slightly curved line; and the fore part of the ocular region
is rather prominent; its colour is yellow brown, the ocular area
strongly tinged with orange, and the margins black ; the surface is
pretty thickly clothed with a depressed yellowish grey pubescence
and whitish squamose hairs; the clypens and the lateral margins (as
well as the base of the falces in front) being more densely and
regularly clothed with pure white hairs of the same nature.
The eyes ave on biack tuberenlate spots, in the ordinary. position ;
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 613
the ocular area is broader than long, the line formed by the two
posterior eyes being considerably longer than that formed by the
four anterior ones ; the fore centrals are of a dull mother-of-pearl
colour, unusually large, but not quite contiguous to each other, and
each is also very near but not quite contiguous to the lateral of the
same row on its side. The minute eyes of the middle row are rather
nearer to the posterior than to the anterior row, and each is placed
within the straight line formed by the lateral eyes of those two rows
respectively.
The /egs are rather unequal in length ; those of the first pair (in
the male) are the longest and strongest; the femora, genua, and
tibize of this pair ave of a bright yellow-brown, the metatarsi con-
siderably darker, and the tarsi pale yellow, the tibiz and metatarsi
being fringed above and below with strong prominent hairs ; the legs
of the third pair are, in the males, next in leugth (in the females
they are rather longer than those of the first pair), those of the
second pair being a litle shorter than those of the fourth ; these
three pairs are yellow, slightly marked with dusky brown, but not
regularly annulated ; all are furnished with spines, those beneath
the tibize and metatarsi of the first pair being the longest and
strongest.
The palpi are short, and yellow in colonr, the radial and digital
joints bright yellow-brown; they are furnished thickly with hairs,
chiefly white, and some of them, especially on the cubital, radial,
and digital joints long and strong; the radial is rather shorter than
the cubital, and has its extremity on the outer side produced into a
very slightly curved, tolerably strong, tapering, deep-reddish-yellow-
brown apophysis, almost, if not qnite, equal in length to the joint
itself; the digital joint is oval, and as long if not rather longer
than the radial and cubital joints together; the palpal organs are
well-developed, but simple in structure, with a strong curved taper-
ing corneous process or spine lying along their inner side.
The falces are small, of a deep blackish red-brown colour, and
clothed with white squamose hairs near their base in front.
The mazille and labium are similar to the falces in colour, tipped
with pale yellowish.
The s£ergum is yellow, oval, and clothed with coarse whitish hairs.
The abdomen is small, oval, blunt behind, truncate before, and
clothed pretty thickly with hairs; its colour is sandy yellowish,
marked above and on the sides with dark brown, but forming no
very definite pattern ; the markings on the upperside are joined to the
lateral ones, and form somewhat oblique but irregular lines; a central
dark marking along the middle of the fore half of the upperside is
also occasionally traceable; the spinners are moderately long and
prominent.
The female is larger than the male, and is of a generally paler
hue; the fore central eyes are also of a dull opaque whitish por-
eclain hue.
Two adults of each sex were found at the roots and among the
stems of scattered. herbage on the desert near Gebel.y-Silsilis, in
614 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
L
Upper Egypt. It is a very active spider, and appears to be nearly
allied to the Atéus frontalis (Walck.) of Europe.
ATTUS MENDICUS, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 23 lines ; adult female, 4 iines.
The cephalothorax is of a deep brown-black colour, densely
clothed with greyish and sandy-grey pubescence, and margined with
long white hairs; the hairs on the ocular area are of a distinctly
squamose character, and sometimes form alternate longitudinal stripes
of a whitish and sandy brownish-red hue. The fore part of the
ocular area is also furnished with a few long curved bristles and
bristly hairs; and the clypeus equals in height the diameter of a
fore central eye.
The eyes are in the usual position, and their colour is dull
greenish mother-of-pearl; the ocular area is scarcely broader than
long, but projects forward considerably, and the line formed by the
two posterior eyes is equal to that formed by the four anterior ones ;
the lateral eyes of the anterior row are removed considerably back-
wards, so that, looked at from above and behind, the row is strongly
curved, with the curve directed forwards; the interval between each
lateral and the central eye nearest to it is very nearly, if not quite,
equal to the diameter of the lateral; the minute eyes of the middle
row are respectively halfway between the laterals of the posterior
and anterior rows.
The legs are strong, moderately long, and of a yellowish colour,
indistinctly annulated with brown, furnished with spines, and clothed
with hair, chief among which is a more or less dense whitish pubes-
cence; the tibiee, tarsi, and metatarsi of the first pair are dark
brown, The femora of the same pair are somewhat tumid on the
outer sides, rather beneath the fore extremity, where they have also
a conspicuous double fringe of dark bristly hairs; their relative
length appears to be 4, 3, 1, 2; but the difference is not very great ;
beneath the terminal claws of each tarsus is a black scopula, or
brush of hairs.
The palpi are yellow, thickly fringed above and on each side with
long, curved, white, bristly hairs, among which are a few black
bristles; the cubital and radial joints are very short, but of
about equal length; and the latter does not appear to have any
apophysis at its outer extremity. The digital joint is equal to the
radial and cubital joints together, and of an oblong oval form,
truncated at its fore extremity ; it is of a deep brown colour, clothed
with loug whitish bristles and hairs. The palpal organs are very
large, but of simple structure, and of a somewhat globularly oval
form ; they are nearly black in colour, and extend backwards and
outwards beneath the radial joint.
The falces are small, directed backwards, and, from the promi-
uence of the ocular area, placed far back beneath the fore part of the
cephalothorax ; they are of a dark yellow-brown colour, clothed with
hairs.
The abdomen is of n broadish oval form, dark black-brown,
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 615
but densely and uniformly clothed with whitish and sandy grey
pubescence, liable to be rubbed off in captnring and securing.
The female is considerably larger than the male, but resembles it
in general characters and appearance; the colour of the abdomen in
this sex, however, is more commouly of a more sandy hue than that
of the male.
Adults of both sexes were found on the bare desert in several
places from Alexandria to Assouan, and, except when in motion, are
exceedingly difficult to perceive. The males are very active.
ATTUS MENDAX, Sp. n.
Adult male, length 3 lines.
The cephalothorax of this Spider is massive, but of ordinary form,
and thickly pubescent, with a good many prominent bristly hairs
scattered over its upper surface, but most thickly on the fore part of
the ocular area. It is of a deep black-brown hue, and has two
parallel longitudinal stripes clothed with white hairs; these stripes
run to the eyes of the hinder row, and melt away insensibly into the
somewhat greyish rnsty-yellow colour of the ocular area; the black-
brown band between them is rather more than double their width,
but narrows a little at its hinder extremity: the margins of the
cephalothorax are black ; but there isa bordering of white hairs both
above and below them.
The eyes are in the ordinary position ; the ocular area is broader
than long, and the length of the hinder row is less than that of the
anterior one; the eyes of the intermediate row equally separate the
posterior and anterior ones, and each is placed a little within the
straight line formed by the laterals of these two rows on its side.
The height of the clypeus equals the diameter of one of the fore
central eyes; these are very near to each other, but not quite
contiguous, and each is separated from the lateral eye of the same
row on its side by no more than one third the diameter of the
latter.
The legs are strong, but not very long, nor greatly different in
length ; relatively to each other they are 4, 3, 1, 2; their colour is
a dull yellow, faintly marked with a dusky hue, but scarcely annu-
lated ; they are clothed with a little greyish pubescence, and furnished
with spines, hairs, and bristles; each tarsus terminates with two
rather long claws, pectinated, and with a strong and compact scopula
beneath them.
The palpi are short and strong; they are of a pale yellowish
colour, the digital joints being slightly brownish yellow ; the cubital
joints are thickly fringed and clothed above with strong white hairs,
among which, on the fore margin of the upperside of the joint, is a
strong, prominent, black, tapering bristle ; the radial joint is shorter
than the cubital, and has a small, dark-coloured, slightly curved,
and (apparently) blunt-pointed apophysis at its extremity on the
outer side, just, or nearly, behind which is a rather compact tuft of
straight black bristles; there are also some other bristles (both black
and white) on other parts of the joint; the digital joint is large,
616 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
considerably longer than the radial and cubital joints together, of
an oblong-oval form, somewhat obliquely truncated at its fore
extremity, and clothed with whitish hairs; the palpal organs are
simple but large, and project backwards and rather outwards
beneath, but free from, the radial joint, terminating in a somewhat
conical point.
The falces are small, straight, nearly vertical, and of a yellow-
brown colour, furnished with hairs and bristles.
The abdomen is oval, pointed behind, hairy, aud of tolerable size ;
the upperside is brownish black, with a strong longitudinal central
white or pale sandy grey stripe; this stripe is well defined on its
edges, but is slightly broadest behind, and a very little notehed or
irregular on the edges in that part; the sides are slightly marked
with brown, as also is the underside; but usually all markings on
these parts are obseured by the thiek grey or light sandy-grey
pubescence ; the spinners are prominent, black, tipped with white.
Three adult males were found in the neighbourhood of Cairo. It
is nearly allied to Attus fasciatus, Malu, but (the male, at least,
the female being yet unknown) may be distinguished by its stronger
and more robust form, and the distinetness of the white stripes on
the cephalothorax and abdomen. It is also nearly allied to a spe-
cies* abundant in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem and Jericho,
and recorded (Spid. Palest. and Syria, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 322) as
A. fasciatus, ITahn, with which species M. Simon considered it to
be identieal.
Having more recently found undoubted examples, in the south of
England, of the true 4. fasciatus, Hahn, the Palestine examples
are proved to be quite distinct, being uot only very much larger, but
differing decidedly in colours and in the structure of the palpi.
ATTUS EFTIGIES, Sp. n.
Immature male, length 2? lines.
Although almost denuded of hairs and pubescence, I am induced
to deseribe this Spider as new to science, since it presents a very
distinct pattern, and exhibits a strong likeness to a well-known
European form Venus, V.-insignitus, Clk., from which, however, I
think it is probably quite distinct.
The cephalothorax is dark yellow-brown, with two longitudinal
yellow bands running baekwards from eaeh eye of the posterior row ;
these bands are partly clothed with white hairs, and probably are
entirely and very distinetly so in uninjured specimens ; the ocular
area is dark brown, clothed with a greyish pubescenee, showing
some converging lines on its fore part, somewhat resembling those
lines which form the /A-shaped mark in YJenus V.-insignitus,
* To this Spider I now give the name of Altus infereeptor. It may be dis-
tinguished from A, mendax (described above) by its larger size, and dark-brown
sides, forming, in fact, three longitudinal grey stripes on the abdomen; the
radial and hinder part of the digital joints of the palpi are also black-brown,
offering a strong contrast to the white hairs with which the eubital joint is
clothed; tlie legs, foo, of the male differ in being dark red-brown and black, the
tarsal joint yellow-brown, and the scopula of a sandy-greyish hue.
1876.] REV. 0. P, CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 617
Cik. ; the height of the clypeus equals, or nearly so, the diameter
of one of the fore central eyes. ‘The ocular area is broader than
long; but the length of the posterior and anterior rows of eyes is
equal; the eyes of the intermediate row are rather nearer to the
posterior than to the anterior row.
The legs are short and strong; their relative length appears to be
4, 3, 1, 2 ; they are banded alternately, though not very distinctly,
with yellow and yellow-brown ; they are armed with spines (but
most of the hairy clothing was absent) ; ; and each tarsus has a
black scopula beneath the terminal claws.
The palpi (in an undeveloped state) are yellow, the digital
joint being of large size.
The abdomen is black-brown on the upperside; a dark oblong
marking along the centre of the fore half is followed to the spin-
ners by a series of short, pale, angular bars, or chevrons, running
one into the other and forming a dentated band; it is probable
that this band is clothed with white hairs in uninjured examples ;
the sides are brown, marked with one or two oblique pale stripes ;
and the underside is pale luteous, spotted thinly with small black-
brown spots, which concentrate and form an undefined band along
the middle. The spinners are prominent, of a dark-brown colonr,
tipped with dull yellowish white.
A single example was found near Alexandria.
ATTUS MEMORIALIS, Sp. 11.
Adult female, length slightly over 2 lines.
The cephalothorac of this Spider is of ordinary form; in the
two female examples found it was wholly (probably accidentally)
denuded of hairy clothing; its colour is dark yellow-brown, with
two longitudinal, pretty- -well defined, dull orange-ycllow stripes
reaching from the hinder extremity (where they converge a little)
to the ocular erea, which is jet-black ; the fore part of this area
is prominent, and the elypeus (whose height i is less than half the
diameter of one of the fore central eyes) retreats ; besides the two
longitudinal stripes, there is a broad marginal one ‘of the same hue
on each side.
The eyes are in the usual position; the oeular area is broader
than long, its posterior side being a very little shorter than the
anterior; the eyes of the intermediate row are a little closer to
the lateral eye of the posterior than to that of the anterior row
on either side, but are iu the same straight line with them; the
eyes of the anterior row are bordered with white cilia ; ; and probably
the yellow stripes on the cephalothorax are usually elothed with
white or grey or yellowish hairs, the remaining portions with
dark brown ones; but, in the absence of an uninjured speeimen,
this is uncertain.
The legs are moderately strong, and not very long ; their relative
length appears to be 4, 1, 3, 2, the difference, if any, between
those of the first and third pairs being very slight; the colour
is yellow, without any markings or annulation: all the ordinary
618 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
hairs and bristles were wanting (probably rubbed off by accident) ;
but some strongish spines remained. ‘The tarsal claws of the first
and second pairs have a single small tooth near their middle part
underneath ; on the other legs the claws were absent, probably
broken off by accident.
The fa/ces are short, rather strong, directed backwards, and of
a brownish orange-yellow colour.
The abdomen is oval; its colour is pale yellow, with two broad,
brown, nearly parallel, longitudinal, well-defined bands down the
centre of the upperside, and a less well-defined marginal stripe of
the same colour on each side; taking the brown portions to be the
ground-colour, there are thus three strong longitudinal yellowish
stripes on the upperside—a straight one along the centre, and a
curved one on each side; the underside has no markings, being of a
uniform pale yellow; besides darker ones, the whole abdomen is
thinly clothed with greyish hairs.
The adult male (length 13 line) resembles the female in colours
and markings ; the yellow stripes on the upperside of the cephalo-
thorax are clothed with white hairs; and the ocular area has the
remains of a yellowish-grey pubescence. The palpi are short, their
colour is a dull brownish yellow, and they are furnished with white
and black hairs and bristles ; the cubital joint has a group of black
bristles near its extremity on the inner side; the radial joint is
rather shorter than the cubital, and furnished thickly with dark
bristly hairs on the inner side ; the whole of the outer side is a little
produced, and apparently terminates with two small, blunt-pointed
apophyses, forming a small fork-like extremity (the hinder apophysis
being the least strong, and of a dark brown colour); the digital
joint is large, of an oval form, considerably exceeding in length that
of the radial and cubital joints together; its colour is yellow-brown,
clothed with blackish bristly hairs, and tipped with grey ones ; the
palpal organs are large, and consist of a nearly globular pale brownish-
yellow corneous bulb, which extends backwards beneath the radial
joint. The tarsal claws of the fourth pair of legs are very slender,
and have several fine pectinations near and beneath the fore extremity;
I was unable to observe those of the first and second pairs ; beneath
the terminal claws in both sexes isa small dark scopula. The central
yellow abdominal stripe in the male is much broader than the lateral
ones, and has some very fine yellow points, issuing obliquely on each
side, near its hinder extremity. These points represent the termi-
nations of the ordinary angular bars, or chevrons, here obsolete.
An adult male, and two adult females were found in Upper Egypt.
It is a very distinct species, though aliied to Attus lineatus, Koch,
aud A. bresnieri, Luc.
ATTUS MEMORABILIS, Sp. n. (Plate LX. fig. 110.)
Adult male length 3 to 44 lines.
Cephalothorax nearly double as long as broad, and of a flattened
form ; its colour is yellow-brown, and of a much deeper hue on the
hinder slope than on the sides, with a black margin slightly fringed
1876.) REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 619
with white hairs; ocular area black, thinly furnished with fine shiny
yellowish-grey hairs ; the hinder part has several short oblique stripes
of white hairs; and besides other hairs and slender bristles, there are
one or two small tufts of stronger black bristles on either side of the
ocular area just below the extremities of the anterior and interme-
diate rows of eyes, looking (when perfect) like horns ; there is also a
patch of white hairs close behind each eye of the posterior row ; and
one example also had a similar patch close behind the fore central
eye. Clypeus almost obsolete.
The eyes are in the usual position ; the ocular area is broader than
long, and the length of the posterior row of eyes is slightly greater
than that of the anterior one. The eyes of the intermediate row are
rather nearer to the posterior than to the anterior lateral eyes.
The /egs are moderately long and not very strong, except those of
the first pair; these are long and of inordinate strength, especially
the femoral joints ; those of the fourth pair are longer than those of
the second, and the third pair are rather the shortest ; the first pair
are of a dark reddish yellow-brown colour, armed with a double row
of not very strong spines beneath the tibiæ and metatarsi, and fur-
- nished thickly, and chiefly underneath, with fine prominent hairs ;
the tarsi are paler-coloured than the rest, and (like those of the other
pairs) have a small compact black scopula beneath their terminal
claws ; the other three pairs are of a brownish yellow (the femora
strongly suffused with dark smoky brown) and furnished with hairs
and fine spines.
The palpi are rather short and slender ; they are of a dark reddish
yellow-brown colour, furnished with hairs, many of which are nearly
white ; the radial joint is exceedingly short, shorter than the eubital,
and its outer extremity terminates with a small curved, deep black-
brown, pointed apophysis; the digital joint is oblong oval, and exceeds
in length that of the cubital and radial joints together; its colour
is deep brown, it is clothed with dark hairs, and at its extremity
(which is rather of a truncate form) there are some short dull sandy-
coloured ones; the palpal organs are simple in form, and extend a
little backwards beneath the radial joint.
The fulces are tolerably long and strong; they are also divergent
and projecting forwards, and are armed with a strong tooth on their
inner sides.
The maaille and labium are reddish yellow-brown, the latter being
the darkest ; and the sternum is small, oval, of a dull yellow colour,
dark brown in front and on the margins.
The abdomen is of a long narrow oblong oval form, nearly half as
long again as the cephalothorax, and not much more than half its
width ; the upperside is clothed with hairs, many of which are of a
shining, rather golden-green hue, scintillating in different lights; it
is of a dark brown colour, with a somewhat paler longitudinal central
band, from which three well-marked though irregularly defined
oblique yellowish stripes, clothed with white hairs, issue on either
side; there are also two others of a similar nature on the fore margin,
forming a enrved anterior marginal border: the sides are closely stri-
620 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
ated, in a longitudinal direction with brown; and the underside is
dull pale yellow, marked with a longitudinal central dark brown
stripe, on each side of which, towards the margins, is a finer line of
the same colour; these lines converge towards the spinners, which
are rather long and prominent; those of the superior pair are pale
yellow, black on the uppersides, the inferior pair being of a brighter
yellow.
The adult female measures about 43 lines in length, but differs
very greatly in colours and markings from the male, though in
general structure and form the sexes are much more nearly alike.
The female has the sides of the cephalothorax yellow, deepening to
a dark striated brown above, the caput black, clothed with fine pale
hairs, and some long white ones on the clypeus ; the two horn-like
tufts of black bristles below aud behind the lateral eyes of the ante-
rior row are generally better defined than in the male.
The legs are yellow; those of the first pair tinged with orange-
brown; these last are much the strongest, though not so dispro-
portionately strong asin the male; they are scarcely longer, if so
long as those of the fourth pair, the second pair being perhaps a
little the shortest. The palpi are short, slender, yellow, semianuu-
lated with black.
The abdomen is much longer in proportion than that of the male,
being considerably more than double the length of the cephalothorax;
its general colour is pale yellow, the upperside dark blackish brown,
with a broadish, longitudinal, pale-yellowish, central, slightly den-
tated baud, spotted sparingly with small black spots, and bisected
longitudinally by a black line; the sides are very sparingly marked
with brown; and the underside has seldom more than a fragment or
two of the brown stripe and lines on that of the male.
Adult males, together with an adult aud immature females, were
found among rushes and herbage in a marsh near Alexandria. It is
a very striking-looking Spider, allied to Æźtus sfaiatonii, Cambr.,
and belongs to a group which has, as yet, no known representatives
in Europe. From various points in its form aud structure, it seems
entitled to rauk as generically distinct from the typical 4727; it appears
indeed very similar in form to some species of the exotic genus
Mevia, C. Koch; but at present, not possessing any type of Mevia,
I am not able to determine whether or not it is identical in form and
structure with the typical species of that genus.
Gen. YuLENus, Thor.
YLLENUS SALIENS, sp. n. (Plate LX. fig. 92.)
Adult male, length 14 line; adult female, 13 to 2 lines.
This minute but pretty little Spider is in general colours and mark-
ings very much like A¢fus &onnetii, Sav. (described above p. 611):
it 1s, however, much smaller and generally of a brighter colour; the
legs differ iu length ; and the palpi and palpal orgaus are very different
in their form aud structure.
The cephalothorax of the male, which is very massive, is of au
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 621
orange-yellow-brown colour; the ocular area is thickly clothed with
whitish or yellowish grey squamose adpressed hairs. The thoracic
region has two longitudinal bands of white hairs, running backward
from the eyes of the posterior row ; these bands are often coalescent
with other whitish hairs on the sides and hinder slope and those on
the ocular area ; in some examples a marginal band of white hairs is
traceable; some examples have the sides and hinder slope clothed
with reddish yellow hairs, and in these the white stripes show very
distinctly ; the clypeus, which is less in height than half the diameter
of the fore central eyes, is clothed with pale dull searlet (or perhaps,
more correctly speaking, brick-red) hairs. ‘The ocular area is broader
than long, the hinder row being a little longer than the foremost one.
The legs ave strong and moderately long ; their relative length is
4, 1, 2, 3, those of the fourth pair, especially the femoral joints,
being considerably the longest; their colour is yellow, furnished
with hairs, bristles, and spines, the hairs being chiefly of a whitish
hue, and the scopula beneath the tarsal claws blackish.
The palpi are short and resemble the legs in colour, and are pretty
thickly furnished with long bristly white hairs ; the radial joint is
very short, shorter than the cubital, and has a blunt pointed yellow-
brown apophysis at its outer extremity, tipped with black ; the digital
joint is long and of a narrow oblong oval form, clothed at the tip
with black hairs; the palpal organs are large and of a somewhat
globular form, they extend backwards beneath the radial joint, and
are of a dark yellow-brown colour.
The falces are small and of a deep yellow-brown colour.
The maxtile, labium, and sternum are yellow, clothed thinly with
coarse grey hairs.
The nian’ is small, oval, and hairy ; its colour is yellow ; and it
has a broad longitudinal central band, on its upperside, of an orange
yellow-brown colours often of a deep red-brown on the fore half,
and showing traces of the normal curved or angular bars, or chevrons,
of a dark yellow- brown colour on the hinder “half; the sides have a
longitudinal ill-defined orange-brown band, in some examples repre-
sented by a few short oblique stripes of that colour; the underside
is of a pale straw yellow without any markings.
The female has the legs and palpi sometimes slightly annulated
with dark brown, and the central abdominal stripe sometimes of a
dark brown colour, and more dentated on the edges of the hinder
part than in the male; in other respects the sexes are very much
alike.
Adults of both sexes were found among the stems and at the roots
of scattered stunted plants on the desert near Jebel y Silsilis. It is
an exceedingly active Spider, the length of its leaps being remark-
able, its long hind legs giving it no doubt great powers of jumping.
Although so nearly resembling Attus bonnetii in colours and mark-
ings, the length of its hiud legs will distinguish it readily. It is
robably a common Spider, ferent as the s seven examples I found
were all at the base of one tuft of herbage.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1876, No. XLI. 41
622 REV, 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Gen. Puexterus, Koch.
PLEXIPPUS ADANSONII.
Altus adansonii, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 169, pl. vii. fig. 8.
Attus tardigradus, id. ibid. p. 170, pl. vil. fig. 13.
Attus oraniensis, Luc. Explor. Algér. p. 144, pl. v. fig. 8.
dttus nigrofuscus, Vins. Aran. des îles de la Réunion, Maurice et
Madagascar, 1863, p. 59 et 302, pl. x. fig. 8.
Three adult males and an adult female were found at Cairo.
I feel no hesitation in determining the détus nigrofuscus, Vinson,
to be of this species. Savigny and Lucas figured only the males,
while Vinson describes and figures the female alone. Numerous ex-
amples of both sexes received from Bombay and Ceylon agree exactly
with the examples found both in Egypt and Palestine ; nor can I find
any difference in examples lately received from Edward Newton, Esq.,
from the Mauritius.
Gen. MENEMERUS, Sim.
MENEMERUS VIGORATUS.
Euophrys vigoratus, Koch, Die Arachn. xiv. p. 14, figs. 1232, 1283.
A single example of the female (immature), determined by
M. Simon to be of this species, was found near Cairo.
MENEMERUS HEYDENII.
Menemerus heydenii, Sim. Monogr. des Att. d'Europe, Aun. Soc.
Ent. Fr. 1868, 4* sér. viii. p. 665.
Adult and immature examples of both sexes were found not un-
frequently upon the trunks of palm trees near Cairo and in Upper
Egypt.
MENEMERUS ANIMATUS, Sp. n... (Plate LX. fig. 89.)
Adult male, length 23 lines.
The cephalothorax is of a rather flattened form ; its colour is dark-
brown, with a broad yellowish marginal band, a large, somewhat sub-
triangular patch on the thorax (continued down the hinder slope in
a narrow band) of the same colour, and a small spot behind each
posterior eye, densely clothed with white depressed hairs, with which
also the ocular area and the clypeus are more or less clothed ; brown
and golden-yellowish lairs are also often intermixed with the others
on the ocular area.
The eyes are in the ordinary position ; the ocular area appears to
be about equal in length and breadth; the length, however, of the
anterior row exceeds slightly that of the posterior one; and the
eyes of the intermediate row are rather nearer to the posterior than
to the anterior one.
The legs are moderate in length and strength ; they do not differ
greatly in their length, which appears to be relatively 4, 1, 3, 2;
their colour is yellow ; and they are furnished sparingly with hairs,
slender bristles, and spines, each tarsus terminating with a small
dark-colonred scopula beneath the tarsal claws.
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 623
The falces are of moderate size and strength, and are placed rather
far back, owing to the projection of the ocular area ; they are slightly
divergent, and project a litle from a vertical position ; their colour
is a deep rich red-brown ; and their surface is marked with numerous
transverse ingrained striations.
The palpi are of moderate length ; and their colour is yellow, the
radial joints yellow-brown; the humeral joint is very stroug and
tumid underneath, with a strong, pointed, tooth-like spur or promi-
nence near its base on the outer side ; this joint is thickly clothed with
coarse white hairs: the radial joint is shorter than the cubital, but
is produced laterally on each side, and has a pointed apophysis at its
extremity underneath; the digital joint is large, and of an elongate
oval form and dark red-brown colour, clothed with dark hairs, a few at
the anterior extremity being of a paler hue. The palpal organs are
not complex, but highly developed and prominent, extending far
backwards beneath, and on the inner side of, the radial joint.
The maxilla and labium are blackish-brown, tipped with pale
yellow.
The sternum is oval, and of a yellow colour.
The abdomen is oval, of a somewhat flattened form, and sparingly
clothed with hairs; its colour is yellow, marked, but not strongly,
on the upperside with yellow-brown, giving some faint indications
of an irregular longitudinal central yellowish band (along the fore
half of which is a dark marking), and some short, oblique, slightly
curved lateral stripes issuing from its hinder half; the lateral margins
also of the upperside are irregular, beiug in some examples marked
with short alternate yellowish and yellow-brown oblique markings.
The female resembles the male in colours and markings, though
those of the cephalothorax are less strong and distinct than in that
sex.
Adults of both sexes were found on rocks and walls in Upper
Egypt, and three immature examples near Alexandria.
MENEMERUS INTEREMPTOR, sp. n.
Adult female, length 4 lines.
This Spider is nearly allied to M. animatus, but is considerably
larger, and though resembling it in its general hue, is even less di-
stinct in its markings.
The cephalothorax is dark yellow-brown, darkest on the caput,
and with an indistinct yellowish marginal band; the whole surface
is clothed, but not very densely, with yellowish-grey, mixed with a
somewhat golden pubescence. The ocular area is broader than long ;
and the length of the hinder row of eyes is a little greater than that
of the anterior row.
The /egs are moderately strong, and not very long; their relative
length appears to be 4, 1, 3, 2, though the difference, if any,
between 4 and 1, and 3 and 2, respectively, is very slight; those of
the first two pairs are yellow-brown, the third and fourth being yel-
low ; all are furnished, but not very conspicuously, with hairs, slender
bristles, and spines; the tarsi are furnished at their extremities with
We
624 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [Jime 20,
a small black scopula beneath the tarsal claws, whieh have only a
single, scarcely visible denticulation near the middle of their under-
side.
The palpi are slender, of moderate length, and fringed thickly on
each side with coarse white hairs.
The falces are deep reddish black-brown, the mawilie and labium
being dark yellow-brown, tipped with yellowish-white, and the
sternum dull orange-yellow.
The abdomen is yellow, slightly suffused with yellow-brown on the
upperside, which has an indistinct and rather irregular marginal
brownish liue, enclosing nearly its whole area, the enclosed space
being narrower behind than before, and containing a longitudinal
central tapering band, very faintly defined by two lines of a slightly
paler hue than the rest; the sides are marked with a few faint,
brownish, horizontal lines or short stripes ; the underside is yellow,
inimmaculate, the spinners short and of a yellow-brown colour; the
genital aperture is of a transverse oval form, and connected with a
rather large dark yellow-brown somewhat quadrate area.
Several adult and immature females, with an immature male, were
found near Cairo.
Gen. ErinLEMvw, Lentz (Calliethera, C. Koch).
EriBLEMUM TRICINCTUM.
Cailiethera tricincta, C. Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 50, pl. xliv.
fig. 1117.
Two adult females of this species were found near Alexandria. It
is very nearly allied to Æ. scenicum, Koch., but may easily be di-
stinguished by the oblique lateral white stripes uniting and forming
transverse bands across the abdomen.
EPIBLEMUM PALUDIYAGUM.
Salticus paludivagus, Luc. Explor. Algér. p. 167, pl. viii. fig. 7.
A single adult female (concluded by M. Simon to be of this
species) was found near Alexandria.
Gen. Hzr10rnaxvs, C. Koch.
HELIOPHANUS DECORATUS.
Salticus cupreus, Sav. et Aud. Egypte, p. 171, pl. vil. fig. 15.
JHeliophanus decoratus, L. Koch, Aigyptische und abyss. Arachn.
1875, p. 87, pl. vii. fig. 8.
Adult examples of both sexes were found among plants on the
walls of the fortifications near Alexandria.
There is no doubt about the distinctness of this Spider from
H. cupreus, Walck. (Europe) ; and 1 feel confident that it is the same
as that described and figured by Savigny and Audouin, and (lately)
by Dr. L. Koch (loc. cit. supra). It is very nearly allied to,
perhaps identical with, M. facetus, Cambr., found in Palestine.
1876.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. 625
Gen. Sarricvs, Sim. (Latr. ad part.).
SALTICUS TODILLUS.
Salticus todillus, Sim. Monogr. Att. d'Europe, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr. 4° sér. 1868, tom. viii. p. 713, pl. iii. fig. 15; Cambr. Spid.
Palest. and Syria, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 324, pl. xiv. fig. 19.
Examples of this very distinct and pretty little Salticus were
found under stones near Alexandria.
SALTICUS REPUDIATUS, Sp. n
Adult female, length 2 lines.
This Spider is nearly allied to, but quite distinct from S. todillus,
Sim.
The cepkalothorax is of a flattened oblong form, the fore extremity
almost squarely truncated, and the hinder slope slight, and somewhat
rounded in profile; it is of an orange-yellow brown colour, with two
broad longitudinal dark brown bands running from the hinder
extremity, through the posterior eyes, to the fore part of the ocular
area, in the dark blackish-brown colouring of which they merge.
The eyes are in the ordinary position; the ocular area is longer
than broad, and its fore part is very projecting; the eyes of the
intermediate row are much nearer to the anterior than to the posterior
row, and are placed within the straight line of the lateral eyes of
those two rows.
The /egs are moderately long, their relative length being 4, 1, 3, 2;
those of the three posterior pairs are slender, and, “except the
metatarsi of the second pair, furnished with hairs only ; the femora,
genua, and tibiæ of the first pair are very much stronger than those
of any of the rest, of a yellow-brown colour, the tibial joints
much darker, and, with the metatarsi, armed beneath with two
longitudinal parallel rows of four strong spines in each row; the
legs of the second pair are yellow, the tibite marked on each side
forwards with brown; those of the third and fourth pairs are
yellow; all the tarsi have a small dark scopula beneath the
terminal claws.
The palpi are moderately long, slender, and of a yellow colour.
The falces are small, vertical, yellow-brown, and placed far back
beneath the fore part of the cephalothorax.
The mazillee and labium are yellow-brown, the sternum yellow,
and of a narrow oval form.
The abdomen is of an elongate oval form, constricted towards
the fore part, aud joined to the cephalothorax by a short but distinct
pedicle; its colour is yellow-brown, paler in the region of the
constriction and on the sides of the fore extremity ; a sinu eblong
patch at the fore extremity, as well as most of the hinder half, are
shining and of a somewhat corneous appearance, the hinder extremity
also deepening considerably in colour; the underside is much
paler, with two faint longitudinal, parallel, dusky-brown bands.
A single example of the adult female was found under a stone
near Alexandria.
626
REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
List of Species above described and recorded.
Fam. FirisTATIDES.
Filistata festaeca, Latr., p. 543.
puta, sp. n., p. 9H.
Fam. CEcosiipzs.
Ceeobius putus, sp. n, p. 544, Plate
LVIIL fig. 1.
—— templi, sp. n, p. 545, Plate
LVIII. fig. 2.
annulipes, Luc., p. 546.
Uroctea limbata, C. Koch, p. 546.
Fam. DYSDERIDES.
Ariadne insidiatria, Sav., p. 547.
Dysdera lata, Reuss, p. 547.
Oonops seutatus, sp. n, p. 947, Plate
LVIIL fig. 24.
--— pauper, sp. n., p. 949.
Fam. DnAssipEs.
Gnaphosa plumalis, Cambr., p. 550.
- conspersa, id., p. 550.
procera, id., p. 550.
—— marginata, id, p. 551,
venatrix, id., p. 551.
Drassus mundulus, id., p. 551.
senilis, id., p. 551.
—— infumatus, id., p. 551.
—— ornatus, id., p. 551.
campestratus, id., p. 551.
—— alexandrinus, id., p. 551.
—— eægyptius, id., p. 552.
—— vulpinns, id., p. 552.
—— denotatus, id., p. 552.
—— pugnax, id., p. 552.
Prosthesima leta, Cambr., p. 552.
—— picina, id., p. 552.
-—— tristicula, id., p. 552.
—— eurina, id., p. 552.
—— uilicolu, id., p. 552.
—— mollis, id. p. 553.
—— pallida, id., p. 553.
—— inaurata, id., p. 553.
Micaria eineta, L. Koch, p. 552.
Cheiracanthium dubium, id., p. 558.
equestre, id., p. 553.
—— isiaciin, Cambr., p. 553.
—— tenuissimum, L. Koch, p. 553.
—— annilipes, id., p. 559.
Fam. PALPIMANIDES.
Palpimanus hematinus,C. Koch, p. 554.
— — savignyi, Sav., p. 554.
Fam. ERESIDES.
Eresus petagne, id., p. 504.
—— dufourii, id., p. 551.
Fam. DICTYNIDES.
Dieiyna innocens, Cambr., p. 555.
conducens, Ep. n., p. 556, Plate
LVIJI. fig. 3.
—— condocta, Sp. n, p.
LVIII. fig. 4.
556, Plate
Fam. AGELENIDEs.
Titaneca distincta, Cambr., p. 557.
Agelena lepida, sp. n., p. 558.
Tegenaria proxima, Cambr., p. 559.
Textrix coarctata, Duf., p. 559.
Enyo nitida, Sav., p. 559.
—— expers, sp. n., p. 560.
Fam. T[ERSILIDES.
Hersilia caudata, Sav. et Aud. (var.
diversa, Cambr.), p. 560, Plate
LVII. fig. 6.
Hersilidia lucasii, sp. n., p. 562, Plate
LVIII. fig. 5.
Fain, ScyTopipes.
Loxoscelis rufescens, Duf., p. 504.
Scytodes thoracica, Walek., p. 564.
—— kochii, sp. n., p. 564.
Fam. PHOLCIDES.
Pholeus semicaudatus, sp. n., p. 565.
—— rivulatus, Say. et Aud., p. 566.
Fam. THERIDIDES.
Latrodectus erebus, Sav. et Aud., p. 567.
Lithyphantes hamatus, Koch, p. 568.
Steatoda signata, sp. n., p. 508.
—— ? mandibulare, Luc., p. 568.
Euryopis acuminata, Luc., p. 509.
scripta, Cambr., p. 569.
quadrimaculata, sp. n., p. 569.
Theridion rufolincatum, Luc., p. 569.
—— varians, Koch, p. 570.
spinitarsis, sp. n., p. 570.
—-— imelanostictum, sp. n., p. S70.
Mimetus monticolus, Bl. p. 11.
Erigone spinosa, Cambr., p. 572.
alexandrina, id., p. 572.
Linyphia extricata, sp. n., p 572, Plate
LINX. fig. 7.
Pachygnatha argyrostilba, sp. n., p. 573,
Plate LIX. fig. 8.
Fam. Eprikives.
Tetragnatha molesta, Cambr., p. ^14.
—— aitens, Sav., p. 074.
—— flara, id., p. 574.
—-— filiformis, id., p. 575.
—— pelusia, id., p. 075.
1876.]
Singa affinis, sp. n., p. 575.
—— lueina, Sav., p. 75.
Argiope aurelia, Sav., p. 576.
sticticalis, sp. n., p. 576.
Cyrtophora opuutie, Dut., p. 570.
Epeira. chloris, Sav., p. 916.
suspicax, sp. n., p. 277.
perplieata, Cambr., p. 517.
——— circe, Xav., p. 577.
—— dromedaria, Walck., p. 577.
—— atomaria, sp. n, p. 971, Plate
LIX. fig. 9.
Fam. Unosoripes.
Uloborus signatus, sp. n., p. 079.
Fam. Tuomtstpes.
Thomisus lateralis, CO. Koch, p. 580.
-—— spinifer, Cambr., p. 580.
Dieu diana, Bav., p. 580.
—— candicans, sp. n., p. 580.
Aysticus hirtus, Sav., p. 581.
—— promiscuus, sp. n., p. 581.
—— ferus, sp. n., p. O83,
—— peccans, sp. n., p. 084.
subelavatus, sp. n., p. 584.
Selenops egyptiaca, Sav., p. 585, Plate
TAX. fig. 10.
Sparassus walekenaerius, Sav., p. 587.
cognatus, sp. n., p. 588.
suavis, sp. n., p. O88.
Artanes bigibba, sp. n.. p. 590.
—— lugens, sp. n., p. 591.
Thanatus albini, Sav., p. 001.
lincatipes, sp. n., p. 591.
—-— flavus, sp. n., p. 592.
flavescens, sp. n., p. 592.
Philodromus adjacens, sp.n., p. 592,
Plate LIX. fig. 11.
—— medius, Cambr., p. 594.
—— cinereus, sp. n., p. 594.
—— venustus, sp. n, p. 595, Plate
LIX. fig. 12.
Fam. Lycosres.
Nilus (gen. nov.) eurfus, sp. n., p. 596,
Plate LIX. fig. 15.
Pirata leopardus, Sund., p. 508.
—— proxima, sp. n., p. 508.
Trochosa partita, sp. n., p. 599.
depuneta, sp. n., p. 600.
—— pilipes, Luc., p. 000.
—— virulenta, sp. n., p. 600.
—-— urbana, sp. n., p. 601, Plate LX.
fig. 14.
REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS.
027
Trochosa effera, Cambr., p. 601.
Tarentula tarentulina, Sav., p. 601.
truculenta, sp. n., p. 601.
tremens, sp. n., p. 002.
Lycosa ungulata, sp. n., p. 603.
—— fidelis, Cambr., p. 004.
——— injucunda, sp. n., p. 605, Plate
LX. fig. 15.
—— iniqua. sp. n., p. 005.
—— inquieta, sp. n., p. 606.
inopina, sp. n., p. 607, Plate LX.
fig. 10.
—— observans, sp. n., p. 608.
Fam. SPriasimpESs,
Oxyopes alexaudrinus, Sav., p. 600.
—-— bilineatus, sp. n., p. 609.
Fam. SALTICIDES.
Ballus piger, sp. n.. p. 609.
Attus delectus, Cambr., p. 610, Plata
LX. fig. 83.
—-— moufettii, Sav., p. GLO.
—— staintonii, Cambr., p. 610.
—— spiniger, id., p. 610, Plate LX.
fig. 103.
paykullii, Sav., p. 610.
—— soldanii, id., p. 611.
— — monurdi, Lue., p. 611.
—— fulgens, Cambr., p. 611.
—— regillus, L. Koch, p. 611, Plate
EN e Dn
—— bonnetii, Sav., p. 611.
oculatus, sp. n., p. 612, Plate LX.
. UU.
mendicus, sp. n., 614.
——— mendax, sp. n., p. 615.
effigies, sp. n.. p. 616.
—— menorialis, sp. n., p. O17.
—— memorabilis, sp. n., p. 618, Plate
LX. fig. 110.
Yüenus salieus, sp.n., p. 620, Plate
LX. fig. 92.
Plexippus adansonii, Sav., p. 622.
Menemerus vigorafus, Koch, p. 622.
heydenit, Sim., p. 622.
—— animatus, sp.n., p. 622, Plat
IX. fig. 89.
—— interemptor, sp. D., p. 6023.
Epibleinnin tricinetim, C. Koch, p. 624.
paludivagum, Luc., p. 624.
Heliophanus decoratus, L. Koch, p. 624.
Salticus fodillus, Sim., p. 625.
repudiatus, sp. n., p. 625.
ms
ey
028 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
List of Egyptian Spiders not found by myself, but described aud
recorded by other Authors.
Fam. THERAPIHOSIDES.
Nemesia cellicola, Sav. et Aud.
Chetopelma egyptiaca, Dol.
Fam. Dysprripes.
Dysdera erythrina, Sav. et Aud. (probably not D. erythrina, Walek.).
Fam, Gicopriprs.
Uroctea durandi, Duf.
goudoti, C. Koch.
Fam. Disssipgs
Gnaphosa lentiginosa, C. Koch.
schaefferi, Sav. et Aud.
linnei, id.
Micaria albini, Sav. et Aud.
Drassus lyoncttii, tid.
listeri, iid. (Clubione).
Prostkesima listeri, iid. (Drassus).
Fam. Enrsipgs.
Eresus pharaonius, Walck.
molitor, ©. Koch (genus Stegod phus, Shm.).
—— fuscifrons, id.
—— lituratus, id.
semicinctus, id.
Fam. AGELENIDES.
Lachesis perversa, Sav. et Aud.
Arachue timida.
Tegenaria (?) familiaris, Sav. et Aud. (Arachne).
pagana, Koeh (L. Koch, * ZEgypt. und abyss. Aracha.’).
Fam. Exyorpes.
Enyo longipes, Sav. et Aud.
Fam. ScvropiDzEs.
Scytodes immaculata, L. Koch (* ZEgypt. u. abyss. Arachn.’).
Fam. Prorcipzs.
Artema convexa, Bl. (Phole. borbonicus, Vins., L. Koch, * Aigypt. und
abyss. Arachn.,' 1875, p. 25).
Fam. THERIDIIDES,
Theridion vagulans, L. Koch (l. c. supra).
trianguloswm, Walek. (L. Koch, 2. c.)
Latrodectus \3-guttatus, Rossi,= L. argus, Sav. et Aud.
martius, Sav. — Walek. (i. p. 645) denies the fact of its being an
Egyptian Spider; but M. Simon (“ Aran. nouv. ou peu connus
de l'Europe, 2° Mém.” Mém. Liége, 1878) states it to be so.
Lithyphantes venator, id. (Latrodectus).
—— ephippiatus, Thor.
Erigone vagans, Sav. et Aud.
Fam. Ereixives.
Argiope sericea, Oliv. (Sav. ct Aud.).
splendida, Sav. et Aud.
Epeira armida, Sav. et And.
—— unibratica, id. (nce umbratica, C. K.).
1876.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS, 099
Fam. Tuomisipes.
Thomisus peronii, Say. et Aud.
—— inartyai, iid.
Misumena buffonii, iid. ( Thomisus).
Diea globosa, Fabr. ( Thomisus rotundatus, Sav. et Aud.).
Xysticus lalandi, id. ( Thomisus, Sav. et Aud.).
—— clerekii, id. ( Thomisus, iid.).
Sparassus clerckii, id. (Philodromus, iid.).
argelasius, Latr. ( Phil. linnei, Sav. et Aud.).
Thanatus fabric, Sav. et Aud. (Philodromus).
rhoubiferens, iid. (Philodromus).
Fam. LYcosinks.
Oeyale atalanta, Sav. et Aud.
Dolomedes hippomane, iid.
Trochosa pelliona, iid. (Lycosa).
nilotica, iid. (Lyeosa).
—— annulipes, L. Koch (* ZEgypt. u. abyss. Avachn.’).
Lycosa arenaria, Sav. et Aud.
—— peregrina, iid.
pelusiuea, iid.
—— serena, L. Koch (* ZEgypt. und abyss. Arachn,’).
LI
Fam. Sanricipes.
Attus frischii, Sav. et Aud, (Salticus).
druryi, id. (Salticus).
gesneri, tid. (Salticus).
—— hunteri, iid, (Salticus).
—— illigeri, iid. (Salticus).
—— redii, iid. (Saltieus).
Euophrys plebeja, L. Koch (* /Egypt. u. abyss, Arachn.’).
Llurops dorthesii, Sav. et Aud. (Salticus).
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prste LVIII.
Fig. 1. Geohius putus, sp. n., p. 94H.
a, Spider, enlarged; 4, eyes, from the front; e, right palpus, from inner
side; d, natural length of Spider.
2. Œcobius templi, ep. n., p. 545.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes, from the frout; e, right palpus, from inner
side; d, genital aperture ( 9 ) ; e, natural leugth.
Da. Oonops seutatus, sp. n., p. 547.
a, Spider, enlarged; 5, underside, with legs truncated; c, profile,
ditto; d, eyes, from the front ; c, J, palpus in two positions; g, natural
length,
3. Dictyna conducens, sp. n., p. 556.
a, Spider, enlarged; 5, profile, without legs; e, cephalothorax and
falees, from the front; d, e, palpus in two positious; f, genital aper-
ture (9); g, natural length.
4. Dietyna condoeta, sp. n., p. 556.
a, Spider, enlarged; 5, profile, without legs; c, cephalothorax aud
falces, from the front; d, e, left palpus in two positions; f, natural
length.
6. Hersilia caudata, Sav. et Aud., p. 560.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes and falces, from the front; e, natural length.
o. Hersilidia lucasii, sp. n., p. 062.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes, from the front; c, 4, left palpus in two
positions ; e, natural length.
630
Fig. 7.
e
13.
925
89.
REV. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON EGYPTIAN SPIDERS. [June 20,
Piste LIX.
Linyphia extricata, sp. n., p. 572.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, profile, without legs; c, right palpus, on outer
side; d, genital aperture (9 ); e, natural length.
. Pachygnatha argyrosti'ba, sp. n., p. 513.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 5, eyes and falees, from the front ; c, d, right palpus
in two positions; e, natural length.
. Epeira atomaria, sp. n., p. 971.
a, Spider, enlarged ; b, profile, ditto; e, abdomen, ditto; d, e, palpus
in two positions; f, natural length.
. Selenops eqyptiaca, Sav. et Aud., p. 585.
a, Spider, natnral size; 5, profile, enlarged, without legs; c, eyes aud
falces, from the front; d, e, palpus in two positions.
- Philodromus adjacens, sp. n., p. 502.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes and falees, from the front; c, d, right palpus
in two positions; e, genital aperture (9) ; f, natural length. ,
Philodromus venustus, sp. n., p. 595.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes, from the front; c, genital aperture; d,
natural length.
PrATESENS
Gen. nov. Nilus curtus, sp. n., p. 506.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, eyes, from the front; c, maxillie and labium ;
d, terminal claws at extremity of tarsus; c, natural length.
. Trochosa urbana, sp. n., p. 601.
a, Spider, enlarged; 6, c, palpus in two positions; d, genital aper-
ture (9); e, natural length (g).
. Lycosa ingucunda, sp. n., p. 605.
a, Spider, enlarged; b, c, palpus in two positions; d, genital aper-
ture (9); e, natural length (d).
. Lycosa inopina, sp. n., p. 607.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, e, palpus in two positions ; Z, natural length.
Attus delectus, Cambr., p. 610.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, ditto in profile, without legs; c, female, from
above, without legs or palpi; d, e, right palpus in two positions ;
J, natural length ( 9 ); g, ditto (g).
Attus spiniger, Cambr., p. 610,
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, ditto in profile, without legs; c, d, right palpus
in two positions; e, natural length.
. Attus regillus, L. Koch., p. 611.
a, Spider, enlarged; 4, ditto in profile, without legs; c, d, right palpus
in two positions; e, natural length.
ftus oculatus, sp. n., p. 612.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, ditto in profile, without legs; c, d, right palpns
in two positions; e, natural length (i); f, genital aperture ( 9 ).
Attus memorabilis, sp. n., p. 618.
a, Spider, enlarged; 2, ditto in profile, without legs; e, female, above,
without legs; d, e, right palpus in two positions; J, natural length
(d); s, ditto (9).
Y Henus salicns, sp. n., p. 620.
a, Spider, enlarged ; 4, ditto in profile, without legs; e, d, right palpus
in two positions; e, natural length.
Mencmerus animatus, sp. ù., p. 622.
a, Spider, enlarged; 6, ditto in profile, without legs; c, d, palpus in
two positions; c, natural length.
|
Yasir Qadhi is a resident Scholar of the Memphis Islamic Center, a professor at Rhodes College in the Department of Religious Studies, and is the Dean of Academic Affairs at AlMaghrib Institute. He is one of the few people who has combined a traditional Eastern Islamic seminary education with a Western academic training of the study of Islam.
Yasir graduated with a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Houston, after which he was accepted as a student at the Islamic University of Madinah. After completing a diploma in Arabic, he graduated with a B.A. from the College of Hadith and Islamic Sciences, and then completed a M.A. in Islamic Theology from the College of Dawah. He then returned to the United States, and completed a PhD in Religious Studies from Yale University.
Dr. Yasir Qadhi has authored several books, published academic articles, and appeared on numerous satellite and TV stations around the globe. His online videos are some of the most popular and highly-watched Islamic videos in English.
References
Other websites
Yasir Qadhi Audio Lectures
1975 births
Living people
Islamic University of Madinah alumni
Yale University alumni
Theologians
People who memorized the Quran |
Ultraviolet is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum shown on the left side of the picture below as black—because humans cannot see light of such short wavelength (or high frequency). Many animals such as some insects, some reptiles, crocodiles, salamanders, and small birds can see things that reflect this light. UV is a common abbreviation of ultraviolet, mainly used in technical contexts.
Ultraviolet is beyond the visible violet light in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy. Its wavelengths are between about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 400 nanometers. Frequency and wavelength are closely related. The equation that shows this relationship is: ν = c/λ . Saying that something has a short wavelength is the same as saying that it has a high frequency.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet light is a type of ionizing radiation. It can damage or kill cells. Any electromagnetic radiation (light) that has a wavelength shorter than 450 nm may cause trouble. Therefore, humans that live in places with more ultraviolet light have adapted by getting darker skins. Pigments absorb the ultraviolet radiation, so it does not get through the skin to kill or injure cells inside. Injury to the skin by ultraviolet is called "sunburn."
The violet light and ultraviolet light differ in their wavelength, frequency, and quantum energy. The differences between ultraviolet light and x-rays are also wavelength, frequency and quantum energy. In the electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet is beyond violet, x-rays are beyond ultraviolet, and gamma rays are beyond x-rays.
Electromagnetic waves with a wavelength from about 400 nanometers down to about 10 nanometers are commonly called ultraviolet. Their characteristic photon energy is about 3 to 124 electronvolts.
Although the air of the Earth is transparent to a broad range of ultraviolet, some ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed at a very high altitude by the ozone layer. Recent and ongoing destruction of ozone in high altitudes caused by human influence—mostly by industrial chemicals and air travel—has greatly increased the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the Earth's surface. This, in turn, has increased the risk of skin cancer to mankind, and this risk will only increase with time unless the ozone layer is better protected.
Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometers, X-rays, and gamma rays, are collectively called ionizing radiation since the energy in any such light quantum is high enough to 'kick' an electron out of an atom. This is why these kinds of radiation are dangerous to life. Ultraviolet light is subdivided into three main bands. UV-C has the shortest wavelengths and is dangerous ionizing radiation. Nitrogen and oxygen absorb the UV-C from solar radiation. UV-B has medium wavelength and is less dangerous to living things. The Earth's ozone layer absorbs most of it. UV-A from the Sun gets through the atmosphere entirely. It has wavelength almost as long as visible light, and many animals can see it but humans cannot.
Ordinary glass does not let radiation through if its wavelength is less than 200 nanometers, so it acts as a shield against the more dangerous range of ultraviolet light, but some special sorts of glass do not shield as well, including many car windows.
One use for ultraviolet radiation is tanning. Use of tanning devices can cause skin cancer because ultraviolet goes through the skin and causes destruction to cells, causing sunburn.
Because of the destructive power of ultraviolet light, it can be used to kill germs. Sunlight is a powerful disinfectant.
People need some ultraviolet light to convert cholesterol into vitamin D.
Ultraviolet lamp
An ultraviolet lamp is one that emits mostly ultraviolet light. These germicidal lamps are often used to kill microbes (germs). They can be very powerful, so the people who work around them when they are turned on may need to wear protective glasses and keep their skin covered to avoid injury.
In the laboratory pictured, ultraviolet lights are turned on when the workers are gone, so that anything on the table surface will be killed. Besides ultraviolet light, which makes up most of the light produced by these lamps, there is also a little violet and blue light. This lets people know when the ultraviolet lamps are turned on.
Energy |
<p>I want to add a lot of <p> with hidden divs that slideToggle. I don't want to write such a long code that's why I'm trying this:</p>
<pre><code><html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-1.5.2.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" >
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
//this function does not work when I append the p and div
$(".flip").click(function() {
$(this).next().slideToggle("slow");
});
var p = $('<p></p>').addClass('flip').text('click here');
var div = $('<div></div>').addClass('panel').text('hellow world');
p.append(div);
$(p).bind('click', function() {
// alert($(this).text()); //this alert works when i put it as a p.bind
$(this).next().slideToggle("slow"); //this does not work!! but the previous alert does work....
});
$("div#elements").append(p);
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<style type="text/css">
div.panel,p.flip
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height:120px;
display:none;
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</style>
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<body >
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<p>Interesting thing is that the$(flip) function DOES not work with the generated p and div...I then added the function as a (p).bind, and tried it with an alert and it DOES work, but when I want to slideToggle, it doesn't work, does anybody know why?</p> |
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THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
p
ale of Loins, tfc,
26 cSs 27,
188 1.
jjpgT" Particular attcutiou is called to the 17.98 Small Eagle Silver
Dollar, as it is believed to be the finest in the country; to the fine
1799 Cent and 1858 Silver Proof Set; also, the Painting of Samuel
Belt, of Beltsville, Md.
With the compliments of
JOHN 1GO.
CATALOGUE
OF A
VALUABLE AND INTERESTING COLLECTION
OF
AMERICAN AND FOREIGN
COINS AND MEDALS,
IN GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, BRONZE, ETC.,
INCLUDING A LARGE VARIETY OF
Washington Goins and Medals; United States Pattern Pieces;
Colonial Coins; Colonial, Continental and Fractional Currency;
Old Lottery Tickets; Very Large and Handsome Knights of
Pythias Diamond Jewel: Indian Relics; Curiosities; Numismatic
Books; also, a Variety of Minerals, containing Specimens of
Gold, Silver and other Metals.
The greater part of this Collection was formerly the property of two gen-
tlemen of Philadelphia, now deceased, and were purchased by John Igo,
of Philadelphia. Everything in the catalogue warranted genuine except
when otherwise mentioned .
TO BK SOLD AT AUCTION BY
M. THOMAS & SONS,
IN THEIR SECOND STORY SALES ROOMS,
Nos. 139 & 1 11 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia,
ON
ir/jrr*/?.svA'/i* .tjyb fsibsy .'1ftms.yoo.ys.
May 26 and 27, 1881,
AT TWO O’CLOCK.
Will be on exhibition from 9 A. M. until 2 P. M. each day.
Catalogued by John Iyo.
Orders for the sale will be executed by the Auctioneers and coin dealers.
k. Pennypaeker, Printers, No. 23 South Tenth Street, Philatieiphm.
Scale of One-Sixteenth of an Inch.
FIRST DAY’S
SALE.
I 1
1 2
I 3
1^4
I 5
0
do 7
ho 8
1.0 9
I S' 10
kll
lo 12
S' 13
t 14
iS 15
If 10
S’ 17
3o 18
lo 19
10 20
If 21
If 22
T23
11-24
lo 25
lc 26
Ho 27
3LdIiscella,:n.e©-u.s.
Foreign Coins; different; copper; good to line; 50 pieces.
Foreign Coins; different; copper; good to line; 75 pieces.
Foreign Coins; different; copper; good to tine; 100 pieces.
Foreign Coins; different; copper; good to fine; 200 pieces.
Foreign Coins; different; copper; good to line; not assorted; 300 pieces.
1689; James II; Gun Money; Shilling; very fine; rare.
1089; James II; Gun Money; 12 Shillings; very good; very scarce.
1690; James II; Gun Money; 12 Shillings; fine; rare.
1843; obv., crown; rev., 2 Kopecks; bright red; proof; size 20; rare.
Very Old Native East India; with Indian inscriptions; very fine; rare;
2 pieces.
Jackson and Webster Currency; fine; scarce; 2 pieces.
1838; “Am I not a* woman and a sister;” fine; scarce.
Belgium; 5, 10 and 20 Centimes; nickel; line; 3 pieces.
Mason & Hamlin; rubber card; good.
Jewish Sheckel; copy; fine proof; scarce; size 22.
1852; Pius IN; obv., Papal arms; rev., 5 Biaocchi; very fine; rare;
size 20.
Satirical Rooster; scarce.
1788; Barbadoes; colored king with crown and plume; rev., Pine Apple
Penny; very good; rare.
Egyptian Coin; obv., very large wreath of laurel; rev., same; very
fine; old; size 25.
1860; Abraham Lincoln, candidate for President; copper proof; one
brass; 2 pieces; size 18.
Continental Seal; sun and stars; rev., beaver; bronze; very fine;
size 24.
1788; Continental Currency Seal; bronze; very fine; size 24.
“Not One Cent for Tribute; Jackson with turtle and jackass running;
bright red; uncirculated; scarce; 2 pieces.
1785; Confederatio; rev., Inimica Tyrannis; very fine electrotype.
1864; J. A. Boian, Medalist and Die-sinker, Springfield, Mass.; copper
proof; very scarce; size 18.
A very Curious Antique Medal; bust with wings; rev., horn of plenty;
perhaps a copy; thick; rare; size 32.
1830; First Steam Coinage; March 23; fine; scarce; uncirculated.
4
Miscellaneous.
2o 28 Jackson in safe; Roman firmness; big bellied donkey; very good; rare.
10 29 1888, Locofoco Mint Drop; good; scarce.
\0 30 Tempo of Japan.
3 31 Stephen Girard; bronze; John Bell; brass; uncirculated; 2 pieces.
S' 32 1834; Gen Lafayette; very tine; uncirculated.
2.0 33 Jackson in safe; sword in hand; rev., jackass; “L. L. D.;” sharp;
scarce; uncirculated.
3 31 1854; Victoria; Half Penny and Farthing; bright red; uncirculated;
scarce; 2 pieces.
*0 35 1834; Russia; 10 Kopecks; tine; rare; size 28.
2- 36 Hayti, Swiss and French; Trade and Commerce; good; 4 pieces.
1^37 Rebellion Tokens; good to uncirculated; different; 30 pieces.
3 38 Lincoln, Grant and Bell; brass; uncirculated; 3 pieces.
2. 39 Russian from 1800 to 1814; very good; different; 7 pieces.
. 40 1822 and 1824; Portuguese; 40 Peis; thick; bell metal; very good; 2
pieces.
(5 41 Spiel Mark; New York; rev., like $20 Gold Piece; brass.
> 42 Central America, Swiss, Venezuela, Italy; good to uncirculated; 4
pieces.
a- 43 1760-1825; Irish Rfrmy, Half Penny and Farthing; different; 5 pieces.
3 44 1694; William and Mary Half Penny; fair; very scarce.
, 45 Rebellion Tokens; different; good to uncirculated; 18 pieces.
- 46 1861- Lincoln; rev., broken column; bronze; uncirculated;' 2 pieces.
1 47 Foreign Coins; fair to fine; nickel and copper; different; 15 pieces,
q. 43 1859; Washington; rev., Ed. Cogan, Philadelphia; proof; scarce; size 20-
, , 49 1813; Native East India and Portugal; 40 Reis; thick; bell metal; good;
2 pieces.
) 50 Harrison, Clay and Douglas; brass; pierced; 3 pieces.
^ 51 Hayti, Dimerara, Peru and Portugal; good to uncirculated; 4 pkces.
•1 52 1833; Liberia; Cent; very good; scarce.
; , 53 1846; Mexico; boy standing with bow and arrow; fine; very scarce.
{54 1776; Russia; 5 Kopecks; double headed eagle; 3 crowns; rev, wreath
and crown; very good; rare.
T55 George Washington; shell counter-sunk; copper; very fine; rare;
size 27.
I 56 Washington Medal ; electrotype; very good; size 26.
ef.57 Louis XIV; One Bne; Charles X; 10 Cents; good to fine; copper and
brass; 2 pieces.
1 F 58 Sommer Island; obv., hog and ship; brass; uncirculated; scarce.
59 Sommer Islands; Dickesem’s; safe; copper proof; scarce.
3 60 L 86-1842; Portugal; fine; large; 2 pieces,
j 01 New York; Business Cards; copper; fine; 3 pieces.
62 1893: Russia; 5 Kopecks; double beaded eagle, crowns and with 5 cir-
cles surrounding; rev., 5 circles; fine; very scarce; large.
1 63 John C. Heenan, Champion of America; rev.. Jos. H. Merriman, Die-
sinker, Boston; bronze proof; size 20.
Miscellaneous.
5
10 04 Thos. Sayers; rev. and obv., same as last; bronze proof; size 20.
$0 65 A very Curious Chinese Coin; obv., inscription; rev., long legged bird
and antelope beneath dragan; round hole in centre; line; very old;
rare; size 27.
3 00 Maj. Gen. G. B. McClellan; war of 1801; rev., blank; pierced; brass
proof; guilt; rare; size 10.
% 07 1850; the Antiquary, Rev. J. K. Curtis, New York; proof; scarce;
bronze; size 18.
J- 08 1770; Independence Hall; rev., bell; gilt copper proof; size 24.
3 00 1813; Napoleon; rev., crown; Italy; Soldi; Napoleon III; 10 Centimes;
Swiss; 20 Centimes; good to uncirculated; 2 pieces.
S’ 70 Prank Judon; Sage’s Numismatic Gallery, No. 0; proof; scarce; size
20.
3 71 Brazil; 20, 40 and 80 Reis; good to very good; 3 pieces.
3 72 Russia; 2, 3 and 5 Kopecks; good; 3 pieces.
7 73 Brazil; 80 Reis; bright red; very line.
3 74 John Wesley; Rev. Jas. Harmstead, Philadelphia; proof; rare.
%■ 75 Harrison; rev., log cabin; California Counter; very good; brass;
2 pieces.
I 70 Rebellion Tokens; copper; all different; uncirculated; good lot; 30
pieces.
15 77 “We have our hodbies;” woman with broom and crutch; rev., key;
tin proof; size 18.
3 78 1807; Austria; 15 Kreuzer; good; scarce.
Hi 79 1701; Queen Anne; Farthing; line; if genuine, very rare.
5o ^0 1791; Sierra Leone Co.; Africa; lion; rev., “One Penny;” No. 1;' over
the hands of Friendship; very line; rare; size 21.
M-o 81 Same as last; No. 1 above and below the hands of Friendship; line
p.oof; very rare; size 20.
5- 82 181 8 and 1857; East India Co.; 20 Cash; Dutch India; good; 2 pieces.
3 83 Finland; 1, 2. 3 and 5 Kopecks; very good; scarce; 4 pieces.
3 84 Gen. Garibaldi, Commander of Chassuers of the Alps; oval; line gilt
with loop; rare.
> 85 J. L. and D. J. Rikar, New York; rev., eagle; same as $2.50 Gold
Piece; brass; scarce.
2-0 80 Bust of Washington; long hair tied behind the neck; veiy line; rare;
bronze; size 16.
to 87 1684; N. C.; Elephant Cent; electrotype; filled.
10 88 W. Pitt; electrotype.
> 89 Gibralter and Hong Kong; Cents; good; 2 pieces.
♦ 90 Canada Penny apd Half Penny; bright red: uncirculated; 3 ] ieces.
I 91 Queen Victoria; Penny and Half Penny; uncirculated; bright red; 2
pieces.
,, 92 1749; George II; Farthing; uncirculated
93 1788; St. George and dragon; good; scarce.
I; 94 Dickeson’s safe; rev., ship; nickel proof; very scarce in nickel.
6
M ISCELLANEOUS.
10 95
r 90
\i 97
S' 98
3 99
lo 100
r 101
5 102
0- 103
f 104
1 105
% 106
% 107
5o 108
IV 109
10 110
111
If 112
10 118
If 114
2i 115
3 116
I 117
>118
V 119
2-- 120
if 121
George II; revr., lion and figures; very fine; rare; size 27.
Tien. Franklin; rev., R. Loveit. New York; uncirculated; bronze;
size 18.
Native East India Coin; thick; lead; good; size 18.
1795; The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association Founded;
fine; bronze.
7 %
fohn Wesley; rev., James Harmstead, Philadelphia; tin proof;
scarce.
1887; Feuchtwanger Cent; composition.
Franklin U. S. Postage; One Cent; embossed; rev., N. G. Taylor &
Co., Pliila.; card; scarce. .
Royal Excelsior Diorama; brass; fine; Stephan Girard; by Lovett;
white metal; 2 pieces.
Finland, Hayti, Swiss and India; copper; 5 pieces.
Philotechnic Institute, Camden, N. J. ; rev., mountains; proof;
size 16.
1866; “For Governor Maj. Gen. G. W. Geary;” bronze; very fine;
size 22.
State House, Philadelphia; rev., The Patriot’s Rendezvous in ’76;
Token; bronze proof; size 20.
1862; New York; 25 Cents and 10 Cents; New Jersey; 5 Cents; 3
notes.
1862; Monitor and Merrimac; copper; brilliant proof; very evenly
struck; rare; size 20.
1861; Fort Sumter; rev., long inscription; proof; spotted; size 22
1834; Am I not a woman and a sister; Jackson and Webster Currency;
good; 3 pieces.
Obv., bust of Maj. Gen. Harrison; rev., log cabin, The People’s Choice,
the hero of Tippecanoe; white metal; pierced; plugged; good;
rare; size 24.
Henry Clay; rev., monument; angel with wreath, tin proof; rare; size
28.
1861, 1862; George 13. McClellan, commander of the Army of the
Potomac; by R. Lovett; long inscription of 14 battles; fine; scarce;
white metal; size 32.
Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott; by Leonard; rev., flags, etc.; fine; white
metal; scarce; si^e 26.
1848; Chinese Junk; Keying; rev., long inscriptions; tin proof; scarce;
size 28.
Coins of the Cantons of Switzerland; different; fine; base; scarce; 4
pieces.
Tokens; copper; different; good; 6 pieces.
Maj. Gen. Harrison; log cabin; pierced; good; 2 pieces.
John Wesley; fine; white metal; size 24.
1843; Ferdinand, Philippe, Louis II; Duke of Orleans; copper; good.
Independence Hall; 1876; rev., bell; proof; white metal; size 24.
United States Minor Coins.
7
jf 122 Grant; different; white metal; 4 pieces.
lS” 123 1851; Beautiful Medal; the International Exhibition Building, London
obv., exterior; rev., interior; tin proof; size 25.
tT 124 1861); Gen. U. S. Grant; good; white metal; size 82.
V 125 Foreign Coins; good to line; different; copper and brass; 16 pieces.
G 126 Foreign Coins; good to fine; copper; different; 18 pieces.
G 127 Another lot; different; 18 pieces.
3 128 Washington, Lincoln, Johnson and Grant; fine; 4 pieces; white metal
3 129 Grant; different; fine; 3 pieces; white metal.
*0 180 W. B. Long’s Masonic Guard ; copper; line; scarce.
2 181 Foreign Coins; copper; different; 6 pieces.
■*- 132 Foreign Copper Coins; good to line; different; 15 pieces.
United. States Cx/Hinor USTiclnel and Eror.ze
Coins.
(>V133 Small Proof Set; 1869; 4 pieces.
3c> 134 8mall Proof Set; 1878; 3 pieces; no 2 c. nts.
if 135 Small Proof Set; 1874; 8 pieces.
3o 136 Small Proof Set; 1873; 3. pieces; no 2 cents.
3b 187 Small Proof Set; 1874; 3 pieces.
United States ISTIclnel UTI-ve Oent Pieces.
' 138 Various dates; uncirculated; 25 pieces,
f. 139 Various dates; uncirculated; 30 pieces,
bf 140 Various dates; uncirculated; 50 pieces.
U 141 1869-1873; proofs.
ij- 149 1870-1873; proofs.
United States IbTiclnel Tliree Oent IPieces.
5" 143 1868, 1870, 1873 and 1876; proofs; 4 pieces.
i 144 1865, 1866, 1867 and 1868; uncirculated; 4 pieces.
l 145 Various dates; uncirculated; 24 pieces.
United. States Cent ^Pieces.
f 146 1864-1869; red; uncirculated; 6 pieces.
$ 147 1864, 1870 and 1871; red; uncirculated; 3 pieces.
i> 148 1864 and 1871; red; uncirculated; 2 pieces.
8
American Silver Medals.
XT united. States ESTicLzel Oemts.
255149 1856; very good; rare.
^150 1857-1864; uncirculated; 8 pieces.
>R51 1859 and 1860; uncirculated; 2 pieces.
*>152 1862, 1868 and 1864; uncirculatad ; 3 pieces.
>153 1862 and 1863; uncirculated; 2 pieces.
XJnitsd. States ISroitLtse Cents.
154 1872-1876; uncirculated; bright red; 5 pieces. .
1 155 1864; uncirculated; bright red; 26 pieces.
( 1156 1872-1876; uncirculated; bright red; 5 pieces.
kn 157 1872-1876; uncirculated; bright red; 5 pieces.
158 1865-1874; uncirculated; bright red; 10 pieces.
159 1864; uncirculated; bright red; 30 pieces.
Miscellaneous Ercnze 2ACed.a,ls.
160 Daughter of Theirra D. Alsace, Count of Flanders, fourth wife of
Humbert III; Saint Count of Savoy; very fine; original medal;
very rare; size 31.
1^161 1588; F erd. Med. Magn. ; Etravia III; sceptre passed through a
radiated crown surrounded by 6 pellets; fine; original; very rare;
size 28.
Al62 Daniel O’Connell, Liberator; rev., harp, shamrock and crown; very
scarce; size 22.
|Al63 Pope Pius IX; obv., fine; bust; rev., beautiful view7 of St. Paul’s
Cathedral, Rome; by Bianchi; this is counted by the best of judges
to be the best cut medal known; very rare in this metal; light
olive; size 51.
3^ 164 1859; Leopold, Premier of Belgium; by Alexander Geefs; rev., angel
with torch on an engine; very scarce; size 25.
?0l65 1801; a beautiful Medal of the 5 crowned heads of Germany; very
bold; rev., chariot of Victory and 7 ladies; fine; rare; size 36.
1^166 1776 and 1876; Commemorative Monument of American Independence;
re.., “Remembrance of the old friendship between the United
States and France; proof; with case; scarce; size 32.
-|il67
Wj8
Americen Silver Oolxis and IvdIecLa.ls.
Henry Clay; head to left in wreath; Baltimore Convention, 1844; proof;
rare; size 24.
Wm. W. Long, Philadelphia; Masonic Card; proof in silver; rare as
such; size 18.
Foreign Silver Cqins.
9
l.iol69
la*l70
i oil. 71
\iy 173
(ol7S
175
Li 17G
U-177
sF 178
IG 179
>^180
Hi'lsi
I oo 1S2
<ri8s
184
t]Fl85
180
cfo 187
2.0 1 88
l G 188a
?0l89
%{. 190
191
ivfm
I pot 93
£fl94
Mo 194a
^q195
1798; Dollar; very good.
1799; Dollar; 0 stars facing; very good; crack from left star across the
lower part of dare; scarce.
1799; 6 stars facing; very good.
1807; Half Dollar; rev., 5 berries; short stem to olive branch; mark
from edge of planchet to .7; very g>> l; scarce.
1818; Half Dollar; very fine.
179.7; Half Dime; obv. and rev. very line; rare.
1838; Half Dime; line; scarce.
1851; Three Cent Piece; very line.
1862; Three Cent Piece; uncirculated.
1804; Three Cent Piece; proof.
IF'oreig'n. silver Ooixxs arid. IL/Eed-scls- •
Central America; Cob Money; very old; sunbust and volcano; very
scarce; size 20.
1630; John George, Duke of Saxony; broad crown; very fine; rare;
size 28.
107&; Crown of Charles II; very good; scarce.
1765; Charles, Duke of Brunswick; rev., horse; very good; scarce.
1824; Repubiic of Mexico; Dollar; obv., eagle with serpent in its mouth
and claw which it has cut in two; very good; rare.
1852; Mexican Dollar; eagle with long snake in its talons and bill; ex-
panded wings; sharp; very fine; scarce.
1866; Maximilian Dollar; scarce.
1805; Clfciiies IV of Spain; Pillar Dollar; crown; fine.
1821; Ferdinand VII; Pillar Dollar; large crown; uncirculated ; scarce.
1710; Charles III; Pisterine; good.
Pius IX; Pont Max; Anno AXVI; beautiful bust; rev., St. Peter and
St. Paul; Pope’s altar; fine; size 26.
1835; Isabella II; Dollar or 20 Reals; good.
1870; Provisional Government; 5 Pesetas or Dollar; good.
1811; Napoleon I; 5 Lire; good; scarce.
1861; Double Thaler of Frankfort on the Main; line bust of a lady;
line; scarce.
1858; Peter V, of Portugal; 500 Rus; go >d.
1871; Thaler of King William: uncirculated.
Beautiful Medal of St. George and dragon; “Cassis Tuttissima Virtus:’’
rev., “Tide et Anicitia, Iv. S. T., 1809;” initials “T. P.” in centre;
shape round and points like the sun; with swords crossed; hangs
with loop; fine; very rare; size 36.
1693 and 1779; Louis XVI; “Christiannis;” rev., Maltese cross and
lilies surrounded with belt and heavy wreath of laurels; “Aueti;”
original; size 23.
10
United States Cents.
19(5 Silver Medal of Napoleon on the column of Palace Vendotne; head by
Droz; rev., column of De La Grande Armee; thick; size 26.
'I? 197 Medal; by A. Bovy; Fluid Centennial Anniversary in Switzerland;
female representing Switzerland contemplating the Bible held by
Religion and from which a genius removes its veil; rev., Cathedra'
Berne; brilliant proof; rare; size 36.
V°198 Historical Medal of Holland; obv., Bible, scales, etc.; rev., tree, hen
and chicken; line; rare; size 30.
1^199 A beautiful Silver Medal of Napoleon Louis I, King of Holland; rev.,
French and Holland coat of arms; proof; rare; thick; size 32.
C 200 Silver Medal of Napoleon on the triumphal arch at the fulleries; head
by Droz; rev., arch; very fine; rare; thick; sizd 26.
\V> 201
U-ft 202
5;o°203
10/204
®205
V 296
207
vf 208
209
210
U 21 1
■^0 212
> 213
; 2it
yi 215
\0 216
j 217
v*218
"CTn-ited. Startes Copper Cen ts.
1793; wreath, vine and bars; good; rare.
1793; chain or link Cent; clover leaves and bars; very fine; everything
distinct on obv. and rev. very rare and desirable.
I 793; “Ameri;” obv., good; rev., very distinct; this is the rarest va-
riety of 1793 Cent; extremely rare.
1793; Liberty cap; fine impression; very good; smooth field; hair
chafed; very rare and desirable.
1794; Maris No. 20; amiable face; beautiful; sharp; evenly milled;
obv. and rev.; perfectly uncirculated; light olive; by far the finest
ope offered for years at public or private sale and has been valued
very highly by the former owner; extieemely rare in this condition.
1794; pyramidal hair; obv. and rev. very good and what some cata-
lougers call fine; rare.
1794; short bust; obv., good; rev., about the same; small crack in die;
rare variety.
1794; Venus head; very fine; slightly nicked; rare.
1794; shielded hair; good.
1795; thin plancliet; 1 in date far from 7; “One Cent” high in wreath;
very sharp; slighest touch of circulation on the hair; very rare in
this condition.
1795; thin plancliet; very good; everything plain; scarce.
1796; Liberty cap; rev. and obv. very fine; most uncirculated; very
rare in this condition.
1796; Liberty cap; very good, but some one has tooled the hair.
1797; line; scarce.
1797; fine; has been cleaned.
1798; broad plancliet; good.
1798; very fine; has been cleaned; small nick 011 nose.
1798; very line; light olive; b.uely circulated; rev., cracked die, exten-
ding from A1 on plancliet over the last 0 in 100; very scarce.
United States Cents.
i i
/V
^ 219 1791); perfect date; knobs to t lie “9” strong and sharp; hold impres-
sion; Liberty and lines of the hair and date perfect and distinct*
clear and smooth field; line color; condition of rev. pretty much. the
same; this cent l believe to be much better than any one offered at
public or private sale since that of the renowned beautiful specimen
of the Mickley Collection; extremely rare in this condition; war-
ranted genuine.
c^o 220 1S00; original color; an extremely beautiful piece and very rare
^ in this condition.
i? ^221 1800; very good; dark.
lf>222 1800; fine; very scarce; everything plain.
ol"/228 1800; line; sharp; olive; very scarce.
jX 224 1801; good.
oJ^225 1801; good.
{T 220 1801; very good; little crack in die under date; scarce; olive.
227 1808; very good.
()0 228 1808; very fine; light olive; rare.
(vfu229 1804; cracked die; very line for this rare date; obv. and rev. ;everything
plain; very rare; seldom offered in better condition; guaranteed
genuine.
11^230 1804; perfect planchet; very good; all plain; very rare; guaranteed
genuine.
(S 231 1805; very good; very scarce.
/*
av 232 1805; obv. and rev. ; very fine; rare.
1)^233 1805; close r^-(T; line impression; nicked in field and edge; scarce.
234 180' 7; very line; original color.
DvA‘235 1806; very good; scarce.
•* 236 1806; obv. arid rev. ; very good; distinct; rare.
|o 237 1807; very good.
238 1807 over 6; fine; scarce.
\c 239 1807; very fine; corroded.
'.a 240 1808; good; scarce.
241 1809; good; scarce.
y\d 242 1810; perfect date; uncirculoted; light bronze; very rare thus.
K-£> 243 1810; fine olive; rev., same, but little corroded.
10 2 44 1310; fine; very scarce.
3o 245 1811 over 1810; good; scarce.
\<so 246 1811; fine; sharp; rare.
2-0 247 1812; very good.
3.^248 1812; fine; scarce.
It.1) 249 1813; obv., very fine; sharp; rev., laurel little rubbed; very scarce.
I So 250 1813; very fine; rare and v du tble in this condition.
>0 251 1813; good; scarce.
;p 252 1813; very good; very scarce.
253 1814; nearly fine; scarce.
U 254 1814; good.
12
United States Cent’s.
^5 255 1815; altered from 1818; very good.
250 1816; bright red; uncirculated; scarce.
10 257 . 1817; 18 stars; very Hue; scarce.
oc 25 1 1817; 13 stars; bright red; uncirculated; very scarce.
lC259 1817; 15 stars; fine; very scarce.
i'o 260 1818; cracked die; bright red; scarce.
U 261 1819; sharp; uncirculated; light olive; very scarce
.3,^262 1819; bright red; uncirculated; rare.
35^263 1820; cracked die; turning olive; uncirculated; scarce.
SlT 264 1820; light red; uncirculated; cracked die; very scarce.
1c 265 1821; good.
\c 266 1821; very good; scarce.
"1 267 1822; very good; scarce.
268 1822; uncirculated; dark; rare.
^269 1823; very good; very scarce.
Sv 270 1823; bright red; uncirculated; early restrike; scarce,
if 271 1824; fine; very scarce.
0uV272 1821; very fine; very scarce; dark.
&o 273 1825; barely touched by circulation; very scarce.
5^274 1825; very fine; uncirculated; light olive; rare.
IS" 275 1826; fine; olive; scarce.
276 1826; barely circulated; dark; sharp; scarce.
277 1827; barely circulated; olive; scarce.
278 1828; dark olive; barely circulated.
279 1828; dark; barely circulated. ,
1^280 1829; tine; light olive.
ifO 281 1829; barely circulated; sharp red; scarce.
10 282 1830; cracked die; very good; olive.
283 1831; cracked die; barely circulated; light olive.
ic,f284 1831; sharp; uncirculated; light olive; scarce; perfect die.
5- 285 1832; good.
1^286 1833; sharp; uncirculated; light olive; scarce; cracked die.
?f287 1833; sharp; beautiful light olive; perfect die; very scarce; uncircu-
lated.
*,''288 1834; cracked die; sharp; uncirculated; beautiful light olive; very
scarce.
D.7 289 1834; cracked die; beautiful light olive; uncirculated; double profile;
rare and desirable.
^ 290 1837; sharp; fine light olive; scarce.
291 1838; sharp; uncirculated; light olive,
c 292 1838; line; uncirculated; light olive.
293 1839; a set of 4 pieces; different varieties; good to line; scarce.
Vo 294 1839; head of 1840; light olive; fine; scarce.
,0 295 1840; very good; large date.
,0 296 1840; good; small date.
l0297 1842; small date; very good.
Ancient Greek Coins.
13
ff298 1842; large date; good.
10 291) 1848; small date; tine.
300 1844; line,
f 301 1844; good,
f 302 1844; good.
10 308 1845; bright red; uncirculated; fit for any collection.
S' 304 1810; very good.
3o 3 15 1846; sharp; line red; uncirculated; very scarce thus.
306 1847; bright rod; uncirculated; changing to light olive; very scarce.
IS" 3*7 1847; olive; uncirculated.
10 308 1848; unciiculated; bright red turning olive; scarce.
309 1848; uncirculated.
\j>o309 1849; beautiful bright red; uncirculated; as good as when dropped (Vein
the die; scarce.
MC310 1849; sharp; light olive; uncirculated,
lo 311 1850; sharp; uncirculated; dark olive.
Id 312 1850; uncirculated; light olive,
lo 313 1851; uncirculated; light olive,
lo 314 1851; uncirculated; i’ed.
10 315 1852; uncirculated; bright red; light olive.
(0 316 1852; uncirculated; light olive.
10 317 1853; bright red; uncirculated.
(O 318 1853; bright red; uncirculated; turning olive.
3o 319 1854; sharp; bright red; uncirculated; as good as when dropped from
the die.
320 1854; very line; light olive.
W 321 1855; bright red; uncirculated; changing to a light olive; slanting date.
G 322 1856; bright red; uncirculated,
ir 323 1856; bright red; uncirculated,
io 324 1857; large date; bright red turning olive.
325 1857; large date; uncirculated; light olive.
S0326 1857; small date; uncirculated; light olive.
Ajicient G-reeln Reman Silver Coins.
[The following coins were all sold in New York sales and sold for genuine.]
• ’A 327 Crepusia; obv., head to right; rev., warrior on horseback.
pl>328 Tetradraclim; obv., fair; rev., good; rare, but I beleive it to be coun-
terfeit.
A 329 Antonins Aurelius; Roman Emperor; two effigies on same coin; very
good .
pc 330 Alexander ITT; Macedonia; obv., head to left; rev., figure seated;
Drachm; very good; rare, but I believe counterfeit.
331 Antonius Pius; rev., lady with sceptre; very good.
332 Faustina Ay casta; rev., goddess standing; very good.
H
United States Half Cents.
Soman Imperial stand. IF’etrsnll/p' Sil-ver Coins.
^ 333 Septimus Severus; rev., lady standing with, bunch of flowers; very
good.
334 Lot; good to fine; all different; silver; 5 pieces.
jo335 Another Lot; assorted; different from last; very good to fine.
A-ncient G-reels and ISorn-stan Copper >_^oirLS.
336 Grecian Coins; different; good to fine; 3 pieces,
b 337 Gordianus Pius; very good.
rv 338 Rilivsca Severus; rev., lady standing; good.
(0 339 Yespation; rev., lady standing; obv., very good; rev., fair.
^ 340 Romulus; rev , wolf suckling two children; very good.
£) 341 Roman Coins; assorted; good to fine; 8 pieces.
^ 342 Roman Coins; assorted; good to very fine; 14 pieces,
y ^ 343 Prince Jannii; fine head; rev., arch and full statue of a lady with harp;
if genuine very rare.
S' 344 Probus Septimus; rev., armor and two warriors seated beneath; very
fine, but looks like a counterfeit,
to 345 Constantine II; very good.
L . 346 Vitellius; ascended the throne and was murdered in 69 A. D.; rare;
fine; silver.
XJm.Ited. States Half Oerxts.
(>o 347 1794; obv. and rev. everything plain and sharp; very rare.
■j 348 1794; poor.
2 C 349 1795; obv. and rev. everything plain; very good; rare.
j0 350 1795; obv. and rev. everything sharp and distinct; rather unevenly
struck; very line; very rare.
1)0 351 1795; thick; lettered edge; obv. and rev. sharp and distinct; dark; a
little scratch partly across the rev.; very rare.
yi 352 1797; very good; rare.
353 1797; very good; dark; rare,
fc 354 1800; good to very good; scarce; 2 pieces.
|0 355 1800; very good; scarce.
} 356 1803; very good; 2 pieces.
3 357 1804; one good; one line; scarce; 2 pieces.
S' 358 1804; very line and sharp; rare.
Ip 359 • 1805; very good.
[p 360 1805; fine; very scarce.
y 361 1807; good; 2 pieces.
■} 362 1807; good; scarce.
Washington Pieces.
15
3 8 63
864
.? 365
366
5® 367
ej6 368
v 369
b' 370
f 371
J-372
V 373
3 374
3 375
3 376
S OH4*
3 3 1 <
3 378
* 379
3 389
3 381
3 383
3 383
3 384
4 385
\C 386
IS" 387
{ 388
1808; very good; scarce,
1808; fine.
1809; good; 2 pieces.
1810; fair; scarce; 2 pieces.
1810; line; very scarce.
1811; obv. and rev. everything plain; very good; very rare.
1825; line.
1826; uncirculated; light olive; 2 pieces.
1828; light olive; uncirculated; very scarce.
1829; light olive; very tine,
1832; light olive; very fine.
1832; light olive; very fine; uncirculated.
1834; light olive; very good; scarce.
1834; bright red; uncirculated; scarce.
1835; dark; very good.
1849; very good; 2 pieces.
1849; very fine.
1850; very fine; 2 pieces.
1851; very fine; 2 pieces.
1853; very good; 2 pieces.
1854; very fine; 2 pieces.
1855; very fine; 2 pieces.
1856; very good; scarce.
1857; very good; scarce.
1857; bright red; uncirculated; scarce.
1794, 95, 97, 3803, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 23, 25, 26, 28, 39, 32
and 1857; good to fine; 21 pieces.
1
>3, 34, 50, 55, 56,
^389
■ v 390
10 391
/
p 392
{C 393
394
ft 395
% 396
2-cS 397
■\7s7“ aslh-lxo-g-toxi. Coins and 2^vdled.a.ls.
[Silver, copper, bronze, etc.]
1783; Washington and Independence Cent; brass; very good.
1783; same; very fine; scarce.
1783; Washington and Independence; Roman toga; copper; very good;
scarce; rev., “United States.”
1783; Washington and Independence; military bust; copper; very fine;
scarce.
Double headed Washington; rev., “One Cent;” fine; copper; light
olive; very scaroe.
1791; Cent; large eagle; bright red proof; very rare and desirable cent.
1791; Cent; rev., small eagle; beautiful sharp proof; dark steel color;
very rare and fit for the finest cabinet.
1793; Washington Half Penny; very line; scarce.
1795; Washington Grate Cent; fine and sharp; uncirculated; light
olive; rare thus.
Washington Pieces.
i 6
^ 0^398
$< 809
400
ft 401
,>402
7i 403
10 404
^405
cl'V40(5
3o 407
)$ 408
11 409
»-) 410
if 411
£ 412
•jf 413
Ho 414
tV 415
$ 410
!o 417
Ho 418
>^410
|C 420
10 421
10 422
If 423
if 424
Washington; rev., “Liberty and Security and an asylum for the op-
pressed of all nations; proof; dark steel color; rare so.
Washington; “Born 1732; Virginia;” long wig tied on back of neck;
copper; obv., very good; rev., worn; pierced; rare; size 30.
“Geo. Washington, Esq., late President of the United States <>f
America;” rev., “Made Commander-in-chief o ' the American forces,
15th of June, 1775; with cou rage and lidelity lie defended the rights
of a free people; died Dee. 14th, 1790; aged 68;” very line; rare;
copper; by Wood; size 26.
G. Washington, President of the United States; rev., Commission Re-
signed; Presidency Relinquished; 1797; proof; rare; size 27.
1860; Washington; United States Cabinet Medal; obv., Washington;
rev., United States Mint Cabins' ; brilliant proof; silver; size 33.
1859; Pater Patriae; rev., a Memorial of Washington Cabinet; silver;
size 14.
1859; same in bronze; size 14.
1853; naked bust of Washington; very beautiful medal; by Moran;
Crystal Palace, New York; silver proof; thick; veryscarce; size 32.
Washington; rev., Time increases his fame; scarce; bronze; size 18.
Washington; “Constitution is sacredly obligatory on all;” rev., “Oath
of Allegiance;” scarce; bronze; size 20.
1876; Tea Party; obv., Washington; rev., head of Martha Washington;
silver proof; size 18.
1876; obv., head of Washington; rev., different Revolutionary battles;
white metal proofs; 8 pieces; scarce; size 22.
1876; another set; copper-red bronze; size 22.
Head of Washington; rev., Bible, square and compasses; silver, copper
gilt; 2 pieces; size 12.
Washington; rev., Martha; copper proof; size 13.
Obv., Washington; rev., on horseback with staff; view of Boston;
bronze; very fine; size 43.
Washington Cabinet Medal; beautiful light bronze; size 38.
Washington; born and died; bronze; scarce; size 12.
Washington; Great Central Fair; bronze; size 12.
1792; Half Dollar; copper; a copy; very line.
1792; same; brass.
1876; Washington; “A century adds lustre to his fame;” rev., “See
how we prosper;” 2 ladies standing on a globe; white metal;
size 28.
1869; Norwalk, Conn., Memorial; white metal proof;; size 24.
Rebellion Token; Washington statue; bead facing; German silver;
very rare; size 13.
1,732; Patriae Pater; rev., a hill; white metal; line; size 18.
“Time increases his fame;” bronze; size 18.
Washington; three-quarter face; coat unbuttoned; rev., parchment;
scarce; size 26.
United States Bronze Medals.
( o 425
\o42G
VO 427
><428
-if 429
6o430
U 481
If 482
o 438
To 434
5 f 435
L 485a
l >o 436
^437
To 438
439
440
(,{ 441
$0442
B> 443
\ \ o 444
•I iP 445
*>.446
7.^447
10 448
\0 449
17
Beautiiul Centennial Medal of California; obv , Washington, stage
coach, etc.; rev., arms of the State; white metal, silver plated.
Washington; rev., Martha; nickel and brass; very fine; 2 pieces!
size 13.
Three Cent Washington Postage Stamp; red; embossed; scarce.
TTxiited. States Bronze IxdZirLt ILzEecLad-s.
[All in the finest condition.]
James Madison; rev., clasped hands, pipe and tomahawk; size 32.
John Quincy Adams; rev., same as last; size 32.
Martin Van Buren; rev., same as last; size 40.
Franklin Pierce; rev., same as last; size 48.
James K. Polk; rev., large wreath; size 40.
James Buchanan; size 48.
Abraham Lincoln; rev., proclamation; size 28.
U. S. Grant; rev., ‘‘Liberty the true foundation of human government;”
size 28.
Eleazer W. Ripley; size 42.
Winfield Scott; for campaign in Mexico; rev., column and eagle; view
of Mexico; size 57.
Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott; rev., serpent with laurels; for battle of
Chippewa; scarce; size 41
Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison; rev., battle of Thames; size 41.
Horatio Gates; size 35.
Com. M. C. Perry; “Presented by the merchants of Boston;” size 42.
Stephen Decatur; size 41.
Jacobus Jones; rev., combat between the Wasp and Frolic; size 41.
Oliver II. Perry; rev., naval engagement; this medal is very rare on
account of its being the last one struck; obv., planchet is very
much broken; rev., more so; complete blank in centre between the
two fleets; copper proof; by Furst; size 41.
Beautiful Shipwreck Medal; mast floating broken, with U. S. on it;
sail or clinging to it, with hand up for assisstauce to the ship in
sight; 2 gulls overhead; rev., wreath an l eagle; 31 stars; fine; rare;
size 40.
“Presented to James Ross Snowden, Director of United States Mint,
by his personal friends;” rev., beautiful view of the United States
Mint; size 50.
Hon. James Pollo-ck, L. L. D.; rev., Governor of Pennsylvania, 1855
to 1858; Director of U. S. Mint, 1861; re-appointed, 1869; size 29.
Lake Quinsigamond, Worcester, Mass.; size 26.
1848; Will Page; born, Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811; size 31.
In commemoration of the Great Central Fair, Philadelphia, 1864;
size 36.
2
1 8
American Medals.
Vc<450 Beautiful Medal of Cyrus W. Field; for the laying of the Atlantic
Cable; largest mint medal; rare, as I understand they are not to he
had at the mint.
Co
> 451 Smyrna; American Sloop of War St. Louis; Australian Brig of War
Hussar; beautiful wreath; ‘‘Presented by President of the United
States to Com. Duncan N. Ingraham on 2d of July 1853; size GO.
A.m.erican Bronze IMl3d.aJ.s-
[All in finest condition except when otherwise mentioned.]
V 452 Abraham Lincoln; bust; by Key; rev., broken column; size 32.
\0 452a Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania; 1824; rev., “Awarded to second
premium;” little soiled; size 32.
*|C 453 Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Shelby Co., Tenn; full sized
figure of a lady, farm, cattle, steamboat, etc.; rev., wreath, plow
and wheat; size 41.
M) 454 Fireman’s Medal; Philadelphia Fire Department, 1865; scarce in bronze ;
size 32.
lo 455 Cyrus W. Field; Atlantic Cable; cracked die; by Lovett; size 32.
U 456 Mrs. Lusenna Wesley teaching her son John; “Feed my lambs;” rev.,
“Dickerson College, 18GG;” size 27.
fif457 Another; rev., Wesley Chapel; size 27.
458 Independence Hall, 177G; I'ev., Liberty bell; size 24.
rT459 John Wesley; “The world is my parish;” founder of Methodism; size 32.
American Copper IMIed-ads.
[All in finest condition.]
p 460 1775; 1776 and 1778; Set of Continental Currency Seals; 4 pieces; bright
red; size 24.
lC4Gl Pennsylvania Volunteers; Gettysburg, July 3, 1863; rev., military
arms; bright red; size 25.
1C 462 Maj. Gen. G. Iv. Warren; 1864; rev., Com. of 5tli Corps; bright red;
size 24.
\x. 4GB Carpenters’ Hall, Philadelphia; rev., ‘.‘Unite or die;” assembling place
of first Continental Congress, Sept. 5, 1774; size 20.
lc 464 The old Provost House, New York; rev., a British Prison during the
Revolution; size 20.
\v 465 Old Hasbrook House, Newburg, New York; rev., Washington’s Head-
quarters, 1782-1783; size 20.
4G6 1864; Abraham Lincoln; rev., “National Union League; 1863;”
size 16.
I© 467 1864; Abraham Lincoln; flag; “Cong may it wave; size 16.
,<7 468 Abraham Lincoln; Republican Candidate for President; 1860; size 18.
Miscellaneous.
19
HVliscella.rn.eo'u.s-
\ 469 1035, 1640 and 1664; Three Swedish Coins; 2 size of old copper penny;
1 very large; rare pieces; very good.; 1 pierced.
3 470 Philip IV; Spain; good; rare.
1?. 471 1682; Half Penny; Charles II of Ireland; rev., harp and crown; rare;
very good.
Ir 472 1694; William and Mary Farthing; very good; rare.
5 473 1771; Portuguese Pattern Piece; bl ight red; uncirculated; very rare;
unevenly struck.
474 Ferdinand II of Sicily; 6 pieces; 1 very fine; 2 good; 1 small; 2 very
large.
I 475 Three Irish Half Pennies; very good.
t 476 Prince Edward’s Island; Central America; 1 red; 1 fine; scarce.
477 1844; Republic of Dominica; scarce; good.
f 478 Very old Coins with head of Christ; good; 3 pieces; 1 rubbed; very
rare.
5 479 1792; Louis XVI; white metal; 2 pieces; 1 fair; 1 very good.
3 480 First Republic of France; One Disme; 2 pieces: different; good;
scarce.
5) 481 1792; Exeter; Half Penny Token; 1789; Duke of Lancaster; good;
scctrc© •
If 482 Tempo; Japan; good; large; 2 pieces.
if 483 Japan; One Rin,*One Sen and Two Sen; bright; red; 3 pieces.
If 484 Liverpool; Half Penny; good; scarce.
it- 485 1793; Manchester; Half Penny; good; scarce.
W 486 Prince Edward’s Island Cent; rev., trees; good.
S’ 487 1696; William IV; Farthing; very good; rare.
1- 488 Louis II of France; 2 pieces; good; rare.
o' 489 1797; George III Penny; large; good.
i*)490 1797; George III; TwoPence; very large; fine; rare.
% 491 1735; Portuguese, Native India and Strait Settlements; good; 3 pieces.
if 492 Pure Copper preferable to Paper; rev., Irishman standing with a
stick in right hand and shamrock in left; surrounded with wreath
of shamrock and laurel; rare.
$ 493 1866; Newfoundland; Cent; very scarce.
1.^494 Nurnberger Spiel and Rechenfennig; obv., double headed eagle,
crown and shield; rev., sharp and fine; rare piece; perhaps not to
be duplicated.
{ 495 Hayti, Prince Edward’s Island and Venezuela Cents; good; 3 pieces.
W496 1837; Russia; 5 Kopecks; good.
p>497 Belgium; 20 Cents, 10 Cents; base; 10 Cents; copper; 3 pieces.
|C 498 1858; Central America; volcano and sunburst; large and small; 2
pieces; scarce.
\D 499 1814 and 1815; Half Penny Tokens; with spread eagle; like 1791 Wash-
ington Cent; scarce; 2 pieces.
20
Miscellaneous.
f 500
> 501
o 502
S’ 503
y 504
7 505
^3506
» 507
- 508
S 509
10 510
(0 oil
(p 512
1 , 518
3.0 514
S’ 515
S 516
3 517
3 518
3 519
.3 520
3 521
3 522
if 523
3 524
5 525
3 526
5 527
3 528
529
it 530
it 531
Japan; Tempo and 2 Sen; 2 pieces; fine.
Belgium; 20 Cent; 2 Ten Cents; base; good; 3 pieces.
Melbourne, Australia; 2 pieces; large; different; very good; scarce.
1793; John Wilkinson; 1792; Norwich; 1788; Kamacs; Half Penny
Tokens; fair to very good; 3 pieces.
Portuguese; 40 Reis; bell metal; Brazil; 40 Dumps; good; 2 pieces.
Melbourne, Victoria; rev., lion; Penny Token; scarce.
1794; Earl Howe; 2 ships; “Colonies and Commerce;” good; 2 bright
red; 3 pieces.
1781 and 1782; George III; Half Pennies of Ireland; rev., harp and
crown; very good; 2 pieces.
1838; Pure Copper preferable to Paper; 1 Stiver; good; scarce.
1792 and 1793; 3 Half Penny Tokens; different; good.
Louis XIII; 1 Sou; very good; raiv.
Prince Edward’s Island; Cent; rev., trees; Central America; sun.
burst and volcano; 2 pieces; scarce.
1797; Falmouth; Independent Volunteers; rev., eagle; rare.
Papal Coins; 1 very old and large; good; 2 pieces.
Moorish Coins; very old; good; 3 pieces.
1813; One Penny Token; rev., “Nottingham;” fine; scarce.
1793; Manchester; 1792; Roglidale; Half Penny Tokens; very good;
scarce; 2 pieces.
Swedish; 2 pieces; Venice; 1 piece; very old; good; rare.
1833; New Bedford; rev., “Francis L. Brigham, ^Dealer in Dry Goods;’ ’
fine; rare.
1867; Schutzen Festival; rev., 2 rifles; fine; scarce.
King William drinking lager beer. fine.
China; Hong Kong; 1 Mil; 2 pieces; 3 Cash; 5 pieces.
French Revolution Piece; obv., National Guards pointing at the Goddess
of Liberty; 1790; rev., long inscription; 1792; very fine; copper-
bronze; scarce; size 25.
1837; Feuchtwanger Cent.
1866- Two Cent Piece; silver, but perhaps plated; Ships, Colonies and
Commerce; fine; 3 pieces.
N. G. Taylor & Co.; 303 Branch Street, Philadelphia; bust of Wash-
ington; good; size 24.
1825; Parthenon, New York; fine Roman bust with helmet; rev.,Peale’s
Museum; “Gallery of the Fine Arts, Admit the Bearer;” very good;
copper; rare; size 22.
Kosuth of Hungary; George, Prince of Wales; brass; good; 2 pieces.
Washington Medal; rev., military arms; fine; Millard Fillmore;
pierced ; brass; 2 pieces.
(^uecn Victoria; Penny, Half Penny an l Farthing; unciiv.ulat id.
1801; the Union and harp; rev., Half Penny; Britannia seated; good;
rare.
Vi, tori a; Mod 1 Penny; silver centre; uncirculated; rare.
Miscellaneous.
21
6' 532
t 533
II 534
if 535
f 536
Lf 537
if 538
if 539
4 540
4 541
M- 542
U 543
4 544
Lf 545
4 546
547
3 0 548
549
it 550
V 551
yt 552
♦ 553
10 554
Lf 555
556
n 557
but 558
559
„ 560
h 561
„ 562
\ 568
{ 564
I***, 565
1834; Gen. Lafayette; scarce; good.
1795; Lottery Medal; “Nothing ventured;'’ line; very scarce.
Chinese 5 Cash Piece; very thick; line; rare.
Danish Medal; ship with men looking out for the help of Sweden; rev. >
man with horn and sword; copper; abused on edge; size 26.
Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont; “The coming man;” rev., “Defeated
Stonewall Jackson, 1862,” etc.; brass; scarce; line; size 24.
1739; Admiral Vernon; brass; all different; rare; 3 pieces; size 17.
Victoria; Model Penny and Half Penny; George IV; Half Penny and
Farthing; good; 4 pieces.
New York Tokens; good; 5 pieces.
1837; Van Buren; 1841; Webster Currency; good; scarce; 2 pieces.
Jackson Currency; jackass and Jackson in safe; sword; different; 3
pieces; good.
Cent; 1857; good; 2 pieces.
“Stadt Hanover den Sicgerndo;” “Waterloo, June 15, 1815;” proof;
size 19.
Beautiful Catholic Medals; 2 bronze proofs; all different; rare; 3 pieces;
sizes 20, 21 and 16.
1776; Continental Currency; copper proof; scarce; size 24.
George III; Brunswick; Lunenburg; uncirculated; scarce; size 20.
1823; Cent; restrike; uncirculated; very scarce.
1876; Medal; Liberty bell; rev., “Children’s Centennial Party, Potts-
villc;” silver proof; rare; size 12.
1833; Napoleon I; July; full standing figure; bronze proof; scarce;
size 16.
Edward III; Groat; fine; rare; silver.
Henry III; Penny, silver; very good; rare.
James I; Shilling; very good; rare.
Queen Victoria; Model Pattern; with centre piece surrounded with
wreath; very fine; rare; size 17.
1753; George II; uncirculated; olive; rare.
Persia; Chrosres; fire worshipers; pierced; worn as charm by natives;
fine; rare; silver; size 21.
1793; Papal States; Pius Vi; 2 Carlins; base silver; very fine.
1693; Hungary; Leapold; 6 Groschen; scarce.
“Georgius Washington, President,” etc.; rev., “Born Feb. 22,” etc.;
fine; white metal; size 32.
John Wesley; rev., “First American Conference;” white metal proof;
size 32.
1776; Independence Hall; rev., bell; brass proof; size 24.
Another; gilt.
Swiss; 4 pieces; base; all different cantons; fine.
Business Cards; good; copper; different; 7 pieces.
Maj. Gen. Harrison; rev., log cabin; brass; pierced; 2 pieces.
John Wesley; white metal; fine; size 24.
22
Miscellaneous.
Cv,V566
«. 567
% 568
i 569
570
if 571
f 572
Jo 573
574
lT 575
if 576
" 577
578
#*vt'579
^ 580
> 581
J 582
3 583
i 584
S' 585
u>.: 586
587
; 588
* 589
v 590
oul'591
3 592
593
3 594
3 595
3 596
597
5c 598
S 599
X 600
1846; Ferdinand Phillippe; rev., chapel; St. Ferdinand; Temperance
Medal; bronze; brass.
Independence Hall; rev., Liberty bell; white metal proof; size 24.
1692; Hungary; Leapold; 3 Groschen.
Hungary; Leapold; 1 Groschen.
East India; Dumps; very old; different; 4 pieces; very scarce.
Papal Medal; Paulus III; flue head; rev., gladiators; uncirculated;
bronze; rare; size 19.
Haverford College, Pennsylvania; bronze; very fine; size 27.
1879; Masonic Medal; Belgium, Brussels; “Lodge Amis; W.Janneson;”
bronze proof; size 30.
5787; Masonic; Holland Lodge; copper proof; size 20.
5787; Old Masonic Hall; rev., “Holland Lodge;” copper proof; size 20.
1879; Brussels Lodge; “Amis; Jules Anspach;” bronze proof; size 30.
1879; Grant Medal; struck in the Municipal Reception, Philadelphia;
scarce; proof; gilt.
Business Cards; copper; good; 13 pieces; size 18.
Foreign Coins; very old; all different; 10 pieces.
Turkey, Egypt, India, Straits; good; 3 pieces.
1837; S. Maycock & Co., City Hall Place, New York; rev., eagle;
1835; Walchs, Lansingburg, New York; copper; 2 pieces; scarce •
size 18.
1846; W. W. Wilbur, Auction and Commission Merchant, Charles ton t
S. C.; good; brass; rare; size 16.
Van Buren; rev., safe and eagle; good; pierced; rare; size 16.
William and Mary; very old; brass; Coronation of Queen Victoria;
1838; 2 pieces; good to fine; rare; sizes 13 and 16.
Jackson Tokens; different; good to fine; scarce; 4 pieces.
1844; Henry Clay; Geary; 2 pieces; brass.
Irish; George II and III; 5 pieces; good.
George III; Bank Tokens; 3 Shillings; 1 good; 1 very good; brass;
rare.
Coliseum; Boston; June, 1769; brass; 3 pieces; pierced; fine.
Bahama, Hayti, Demerara; 5 pieces.
Business Cards; 6 pieces; good to uncirculated.
1831; George III; crowned Sept. 8; Louis Kossuth; good; 2 pieces.
French Calf Checks; 4 pieces; scarce; fine.
California; Counters and Spiel Marks; fine.
George III; Guinea and Half Guinea; copies; brass; scarce.
Jackson and Van Buren Currency; 2 pieces.
Very old French Coin; 3 very old French Medals; different; very good
to fine; rare; 4 pieces.
China; Temple Money; female and flowers, bird; very rare; size 21.
George II; Medal; 3 female figures; rev., Quebec; lion and unicorn;
very old; brass; fine and rare; size 28.
1876; Centennial Exhibition Medal; brass, gilt; tine; size 36.
i
Miscellaneous.
23
lo (501 Same as above; bronze; size 24.
lo 602 Women’s Pavilion; Centennial; porcelain; size 86.
if 603 Same as above.
604 Centennial Medals; wood; Main Building; size 48; Ceil Hawley;
size 39.
IV 605 1876; Centennial; rev., Signing of Declaration of Independence;
white metal; size 27.
l 606 Centennial; Main Building, Memorial and Horticultural Halls; white
metal; line; 3 pieces; size 26.
u 607 Independence Hall; 1776; rev., bell; brass; line; size 24.
4- 608 Same as above; gilt.
609 Confederate Notes; from $50 to 5 cents; different; 60 pieces; counter-
feit United States 50 Cent Note.
Id 610 Confederate Notes; $1000 and $500; photographic fac similes from
originals; first issue of 1861, scarce, 2 pieces,
lo 611 Maj. Gen. W. Scott; rev., “A gallant and skillful hero;” white metal;
very thick; size 26.
r 612 Gen. S. Cass; white metal; fine; size 26.
613 Abraham Lincoln; rev., “He is in glory and the nation in tears;”
broken column; very fine; white metal; size 32.
30, 614 Same as above.
f 615 John Wesley; “The world is my parish;” line; white metal; size 32.
tf 616 Same as above; brass; gilt.
lt> 617 1869; Thos. Wildey Medal; fine; white metal; size 24.
S' 618 Odd Fellows’ Satin Badge.
lo 619 Odd Fellows’ Grand National Celebration, Philadelphia, April 26,1869;
rev., gi'oup of figures; white metal; fine; size 32.
U 620 Independence Hall; rev., bell; fine; white metal; 2 pieces; size 24.
621 1868; Business Cards; like $20 Gold Piece; different; fine; 10 pieces.
j 622 English Tokens; good to fine; 4 pieces.
623 Maj. Gen. Harrison; rev., eagle; pierced; George Washington; rev.,
emblems.
3 0 624 United States Postage Currency 25 Cent Note; Jefferson; fine; rare; 4
pieces.
lo 62» 1775; South Carolina; £50; good; rare.
626 1787; Old Account Book; rare.
627 Specimens of Bank Notes not signed of various States; different; fine;
scarce; 47 pieces.
Id 628 1858; Fulton Institute, Lancaster, Pa.; fine; white metal; size 32.
\o 629 Haverford College, Pa.; fine; white metal; size 27.
^ 0 630 Maj. Gen. Zachary Taylor and Scott; white metal; 2 pieces; pierced;
size 26.
"a 631 “What a glorious morning for America;” Lexington; white metal ;
size 24.
632 Continental Currency; white metal; size 24.
l 633 1846; Pope Pius IX; Coronation Medal; white metal; scarce; size 22.
24
Miscellaneous.
r, 634 Masonic Hall, Philadelphia; white metal; 2 pieces; size 24.
{ 635 Centennial; Memorial Hall; Pittsburg Exposition of 1878; 2 pieces;
white metal; sizes 22 and 19.
636 Independence Hall; white metal; pierced; 2 pieces; different; size 24 .
637 Temperance Medal; “In honor of the grand parade, March 17, 1874,
Philadelphia;” white metal.
^638 Lincoln and Louisville Medals; white metal; 2 pieces,
i 639 In honor of the grand parade, March 18, 1878, Philadelphia; 10 pieces;
pierced.
S 640 1875; same as above; 5 pieces.
. 641 1869; Tbos. Wildey; pierced; 4 pieces; size 84.
"642 Independence Hall; 2 pieces.
643 Handsome Lap Dog Neck Chain; made out of links of polished agates;
silver mounting engraved; from island of Scicily.
\t> 644 Fine Cameos; cut in Italy; female heads; 2 pieces.
>c 645 Same as above; male and female; 2 pieces; large.
646 Same as above; cottage and female; different; 4 pieces; large.
n 647 Same as above; cottage and female; different; 4 pieces; large.
>3 648 Cameos; small; 4 pieces.
649 Two Paintings; on porcelain; 2 pieces.
if 650 Enameled Breast Pin; size 22 by 20.
yf 651 Painted Breast Pin; size 20 by 17.
ID 652 Enamels; on copper; for settings; large; 2 pieces; line.
1 - 653 Enamels; on copper; for settings; small; 15 pieces.
\o 654 Large Oval Piece; onyx; polished for setting; size 22 by 18.
v 655 Another of Pearl; carved for setting; 2 pieces; sizes 26 by 16.
lo 655a Agates; polished; 26 pieces; size 14 to 7.
2,o 655b Pair of Sleeve Buttons; turtles.
■\ 655c 1587; France; Henry III; Testoon.
w^655d Very old and rare African Coin; elephant; composition.
if 655e 1793; Bermuda; very good; scarce.
2- c 655f 1833; Liberia Cent; scarce.
p 655g United States Half Cents; good to fine; different; 11 pieces.
United States Silver Dollars.
25
tijo 656
f 657
' /
( ; 658
? ' 659
660
i‘ 661
T‘??662
1^ 663
yj> 664
jic 665
666
tv' 667
lip 668
yp 669
• if 670
,v 671
; 672
if 673
llc 674
lV 675
lit- (576
SECOND DAY’S S A EE.
TTxs-Itecl Sta-tes Silver IDcllars.
1795; flowing hair, fine, very scarce.
1795; fillet head; curl does not touch the star; rev., 6 berries, line;
scarce.
1795; fillet head; curl does not touch the star; rev., 6 berries; fine;
almost uncirculated; very scarce.
1796; large date; rev., die broken between “l” and “C” in
“America;” very fine; very scarce.
1797; 7 stars facing; rev., legend in small letters; wreath has only 7
berries; this is the rarest variety of 1797 dollars; obv., very good;
rev., eagle rather considerably rubbed.
1798; 6 stars facing; crack in die extending from star and under the
date to almost the front of the bust and from centre of bust
across the 9; rev., streaked; rare.
1798; small eagle; 13 stars; rev., large letters; small crack in the die
extending from the stem of the laurel branch across the letter T
to the planehet; sharp and hold; uncirculated; extremely rare
in this condition; the U. S. Mint cabinet has not got one.
1798; very good; scarce.
1798; small eagle; 15 stars; rev., small letters; rarest variety of 1798
dollars; fair; but has had a small hole between “I” and “B” in
“Liberty” plugged very neatly; barely noticed.
1799; 6 stars facing; good.
1799; 6 stars facing; very good.
1799; 6 stars facing; fine; scarce.
1800; fine; scarce.
1800; rev., perfect arrows; the lower part of “R” and “I” in
‘ ‘America” join; very flue; scarce.
1800; rev. has two arrow heads without sticks; uncirculated.
1801; good; scarce.
1802; perfect date; very fine; barely circulated; obv., and rev. very
evenly struck; rare.
1808; very fine; slight touch of circulation; very scarce in this condi-
tion.
1840; uncirculated but liay-marked; scarce.
1841; same as last.
1842; very good.
26
United States Half Dollars.
tU677
loi" (578
t'c 679
I cl 080
tn^'681
ItC 682
\}C 688
i?i 684
| ,)D 68o
I'd! 686
j*. 687
nf688
689
690
691
692
, 8 693
(l 694
/ 695
6c 696
Sv 697
$» 098
40 699
i( 700
Co 701
It 702
5f 703
IS* 704
U 705
706
{i 707
i( 708
150 709
'& 710
{i 711
-|c 712
713
714
6o 715
jr 7i6
1343; flue.
1844; very fine; scarce
1845; uncirculated; very scarce.
1846; uncirculated.
1846; very line; scarce.
1847; very fine; scarce.
1848; uncirculated, but liay-marked; scarce.
1849; uncirculated; scarce.
1850; very line; very scarce.
1853; very line; very scarce.
1856; very fine; rare.
1857; proof; slightly hay-marked; very rare.
1859; New Orleans Mint; barely circulated; scarce.
1864; proof; scarce.
"CTrLited. States ZEIafLf ^Dollars.
1794; very line; everything distinct; free from scratches; rare. '
1795; very good; little crack in die from front of bust to planchet;
scarce.
1795; sharp; almost uncirculated; no scratches; very scarce thus.
1803; small 3 in date; rev., large stars; fine; very scarce.
1803; large 3 in date; large stars; good; scarce.
1805; perfect date; very good; scarce.
1805; perfect date; fine; very scarce.
1805; fine; 4 berries; rare.
1806; pointed 6; rev., the olive branch has no stem through the
eagle’s claw; fine; rare variety.
1806; pointed 6; fine; scarce.
1807; head to right; short stem to olive branch; fine; very scarce.
1807; head to left; good; very scarce.
1808; very good; not much circulated.
1808; uncirculated.
1809; mostly uncirculated; scarce.
1810; fine; scarce.
1810; very fine; scarce.
1811; very good.
1812; uncirculated; very scarce.
1814; very good.
1818; very fine.
1818; uncirculated.
1819; uncirculated.
1820; uncirculated; scarce.
1821; uncirculated; scarce.
1825; very fine.
United States Coins.
27
5/ 717 1827; uncirculated; sharp.
5/ 718 1832; very fine.
jf 719 1832; uncirculated; scarce.
;/720 1834; evenly struck on botli sides; proof; rare,
it 731 1836; lettered edge; brilliant; uncirculated.
j7x 722 1836; reeded edge; head of 1837; good; rare,
a a 723 1837; very fine,
in- 724 1838; very fine.
oe 725 1840; uncirculated; scarce.
i> 0 726 1841; fine; New Orleans Mint.
5/727 1842; good.
y/728 1845; very fine.
55 729 1846; very fine.
/ 730 1848; very fine.
731 1849; very fine; scarce,
ti 732 1853; very fine.
733 1865; proof; bay -marked.
734 1871; line.
/ u 735 1873; without arrows; uncirculated; scarce.
736 1873; with arrows; very fine.
(,/ 737 1880; proof; little hay marks.
"CJrLited Sta/tes Q-u.a.rter JDolla-rs.
738 1796; fair; all the date is very good and distinct.
. itc 739 1815; reverse and obverse very good; rare.
C)/v740 1834; very scarce.
;>u 741 1873; brilliant proof.
Wv742 1876; uncirculated.
$
TT-nited. States T-wentT?- Oexrt Pieces,
Iff 743 1875; proof; rare.
3i 744 1875; uncirculated,
tul 745 1875; barely circulated .
3c 746 1876; uncirculated.
5c 747 1876; uncirculated.
XJrLited. Sta-tes C3-old. Coins.
I j.® 748 1795; Eagle; very fine; uuciAulated; extremely rare.
,3^749 1797; Eagle; very fine; very rare; barely circulated.
-11/750 1798; Half Eagle; line; rare.
751 1799; Half Eagle; uncirculated; very rare.
jv/752 1803; Half Eagle; uncirculated; very rare.
28
United States Pattern Pieces.
<753
$ 754
£» 755
< 756
bttV 757
.. 758
.. 759
< 760
i»o 761
(»?*762
, 763
.v 764
765
_/p»766
$>767
#»768
769
w 770
771
i.»®772
\ « 773
<774
6f 775
ff 776
it 777
i|c 778
<779
U 780
<781
*>782
1 1*783
)• 784
1807; Halt’ Eagle; unxirc ul.it ad; large date; rare.
1807; Half Eagle; uncirculated; small date; rare.
1813; Half Eagle; uncirculated; rare.
1849; Half Eagle; gold without alloy; rev., date io centre; “N. G. &
N., Sau Francisco, ” etc.; fine; very rare.
Dollar; Carolina; Beclitler; very good; rare.
1855; California Dollar; octagonal; fine; rare.
California Half Dollar; uncirculated.
1871; California Quarter Dollar; unc'rculated.
Smallest Washington Gold Medal struck; 18 karets; rare; proof; 2
pieces.
ZET’oreig-m. G-old. Coins.
1822; Mexico; Iturbide (Augustus); Doubloon; obv., head; very fine;
very rare, as there were but few struck.
1684 to 1688; James II; Guinea; elephant under the King’s bust; in
honor of the African Co; very rare piece.
1714; Queen Anne; Guinea; fine; rare.
1786; George III; Guinea; fine; very scarce.
1789; George III; Spade Guinea; fine; very scarce.
1798; George III;. Spade Guinea; very fine; rare.
1789: Geox-ge III; Spade Guinea; fine; v^ry scax-ce.
Asia; Native Gold Coin; very old; weight over 2 gold dollars; fine;
rare.
Turkish Gold Coin; very fine; sharp ; rare; size 15.
South American Half Dollars; 3 pieces.
Japanese Coin Sqixare; fine; very old; scarce ; size 14.
Another; fine; size 13.
Ron; about half the size of above; very fine.
1 1 ilf Bou; very fine.
Quarter Bou; vex-y line.
Native East India Gold Coins; 2 pieces; very line; x-ax-e; small.
TC":n.ited. States Pattern HPieces.
1837; Half Cents’ Worth of Pure Copper; rev., eagle; light bronze;
uncii’culated ; scax’ce.
1854; Cent; plain head, x-ev., “One Cent;’’ copper proof; rare.
1855; Flying Eagle Cent; rev., “One Cent;” copper proof; x-ax-e.
1855; Flying Eagle Cexxt; composition; uncirculated; scaroe.
1856; Nickel Cent; tarnished pi-oof; rare.
1859; Half Dollar; Liberty seated; Pacquct die; silver proof; rare .
1859; Half Dollar; head of Liberty; rev., “50 Cexxts;” copper proof;
rax’e.
Electrotypes.
29
l-D
785
W 786
L 787
3 S’ 788
So 789
790
L 791
>0 793
$f 793
794
3, 795
6 796
K, 797
■>X 798
StU
799
%\ 800
sot
1863; Goddess ol Liberty seated looking back; rev., “Half Dollar;
God our trust;” bronze; uncirculated; rare.
1861; $20, 10, 5 and 2£ Gold Pieces; Clark, Gruber and Co., Denver,
Col. ; copper.
1863; “God our trust;” rev., “2 Cents” in wreath; copper proof; rare.
1863; Cent; copper proof; very scarce.
1865; rev., oak wreath shield; “1 Cent” in centre; nickel proof; very
rare.
1866; Washington; “In God we trust;” rev., broad wreath; 5 in cen-
tre; nickel proof; very rare.
1867; “Tn God we trust;” laurel wreath; “5 Cents;” silver proof;
very rare.
1867; “In God we trust;” rev., United States; “5 Cents” in centre
surrounded with 13 stars; bronze proof; very rare.
1868; 5 Cents; head of Liberty; rev., large 5 surrounded with laurel
wreath; “I11 God we trust;” silver proof; very rare.
1868; rev., Ill surrounded with laurel wreath; silver proof; rare.
1868; head of Liberty; rev., I surrounded with laurel wreath; silver
proof; rare.
1868; same as above; blank proof struck in nickel; extremely rare; 3
pieces.
1869; Set of Standard Silver Pieces; 50, 25 and 10 Cents; rev., head of
Liberty with star; “United States of America; In God we trust;”
bronze proof; very rare; 3 pieces.
1869; Set of Standard Silver Pieces; rev., “United States of America;
In God we trust;” 50, 25 and 10 Cents; 3 varieties, making 9
pieces; silver; milled edge; beautiful proofs’; very rare.
1870; another Set; different from the above; “Standard 50 Cents;” sur-
rounded by a beautiful wreath; rev., “In God we trust;” in 3 dif-
ferent varieties, making 9 pieces; silver; milled edge; beautiful
proof; very rare.
1836; First Steam Coinage; copper; brilliant proof; scarce; size 18.
Ring Cent (no date); 1-10 silver; copper proof; very scarce.
Slectrot^T-pes.
[The following 14 beautiful electrotypes are thick solid shells, put together
by means of a galvanic battery and the finest ever made in this country;
extra thick bronze, so that they will sound very much like an original
medal and some of them cannot be procured but in electrotypes at any
price, without a doubt; the man that made these is accounted to be the
best at that business on this continent; but the acid from the bronze has
completely ruined his constitution and his doctor advised him to quit the
business or it would shorten his days; therelore, h > has pure lased a small
farm and will not make any more; they are not to be conlounded with the
ordinary copies or electrotypes generally ottered.]
30
Washington Pieces.
C
'j.*1 802 The Celebrated Waterloo Medal; obv., the four crowned heads of Eu-
rope, which combined against that hero Napoleon I, at Waterloo;
the King of England, the King of Germany, Emperor of Austria
and Emperor of Russia; above, chariot of Victory and 4 guiding
angels; Adam to the right, Eve to left, beneath chariot of Fame;
rev., Mars, the God of war, in centre; Duke of Wellington anil Blu-
cher, the two lield marshals, with angel, in centre, surrounded
with a group of figures representing the horrors of war; fine bronze
proof; cost $20; largest medal made; there never was an original
one struck as the die was never hardened and it is only an electro-
type that they have in the British Museum; this I say confidently ;
I have it from the best authority; size 90.
Vj'803 Declaration of Independence Medal; by Wright; view of Declaration
from Trumbull’s painting; rev., Discovery of North America, etc.,
in 18 lines; size 57.
j>5804 Obv., George Washington; by Wright; rev., all the names of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence in writing; size 57.
dL805 Declaration of Independence; by Wright; all the signers, seated and
standing; rev., their written signatures; size 57.
d'866 Another; same; size 57.
I 807 Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, Philadelphia; exterior view; rev.,
interior; by Paequet; size 51.
7^808 Siege of the Bastile, France; hundreds of figures; soldiers; rev., airi-
val in Paris of Louis XVIII; 1789; size 54.
Go 809 1803; Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant; rev., Mississippi River; view of Vicks-
burg and Chattanooga, etc., very thick; scarce; size GO.
Sc 810 1803; Maj. Gen. George G. Meade; size 51.
St 811 Nathaniel Greene; size 30.
S- 812 Anthony Wayne; rev., battle of Stony Point; size 34.
j, 813 William Washington charging the enemy; angel of Victory; size 30.
Vj 814 John Edgar Howard, on horseback, pursuing the enemy; size 30.
V 815 Edward Preble; storming of Tripoli; size 41.
TTT" a.s!b.Ian.gftoxi Coins.
810 1783; “Washington and Independence;” brass; good; scarce.
H 817 Double headed Washington; fine; rare.
y 818 1791; large eagle; bright red; uncirculated; turning olive; very rare.
819 1795; Grate Cent; bright red; turning olive; rare.
, Vj 820 1795; Grate Cent; line; uncirculated; very scarce.
^u#820a 1792; Washington Half Dollar; in copper; both obverse and reverse,
date and everything very distinct; has a few small pin scratches;
very rare and desirable; guaranteed genuine.
\( 820b Washington; head to left; eagle; scallops on the border; white metal
proof; scarce; size 22.
United States Proof Pieces.
3i
TPriitecL Sta-tes Silver UProof IDollars.
[The following eleven pieces are brilliant and not injured by any means.]
iu-c
821
1 863 ;
brilliant
proof.
\i>v
822
1869;
brilliant
proof.
|M
823
1870;
brilliant
proof.
l!-i'
824
1872;
brilliant
proof.
1 if
825
1873,
brilliant
proof;
old type.
\b
826
1873;
brilliant
proof;
Trade
Dollar.
iio
827
1874;
brilliant
proof;
Trade
Dollar,
1 %0
828
1875;
brilliant
proof;
Trade
Dollar,
life
829
1876;
brilliant
proof;
T rade
Dollar
830
1880;
brilliant
proof;
Trade
Dollar
bo
831
1880;
brilliant
proof;
Bland
Dollar,
XJrxited. States Silver IProof UPEalf JDcllars.
[All in the finest condition.]
832 1863; brilliant proof.
^ 833 1869; brilliant proof.
>o 834 1870; brilliant proof.
^0 835 1872; brilliant proof.
ijA 836 1873; brilliant proof; without arrows
r( 837 1873; brilliant proof; with arrows.
838 1874; brilliant proof,
rf 839 1875; brilliant proof.
840 1876; brilliant proof.
rx84l 1880; brilliant proof.
■CJn-itecL States Silv-er Proof Q-u.arter HDollars.
842
if 843
3D 844
;>o 84o
<L„ 846
U 847
if 848
3 c 849
U 850
if 851
$f 852
[All in the finest condition.]
1863; brilliant proof.
1869; brilliant proof.
1870; brilliant proof.
1872; brilliant proof.
1873; brilliant proof; without arrows.
1873; brilliant proof; with arrows.
1874; brilliant proof.
1875; brilliant proof.
1876; brilliant proof.
1880; brilliant proof.
1876; brilliant proof; Twenty Cent Piece; rare.
32
United States Proof Pieces.
TLTn.it od. States Silver Proof L3Dim.es.
[All in finest condition.]
853 1863; brilliant proof.
854 1869; brilliant proof.
854a 1870; brilliant proof.
855 1873; brilliant proof.
jX 856 1873; brilliant proof.
>'■> 857 1873; brilliant proof; without arrows.
^ 858 1874; brilliant proof.
859 1875; brilliant proof.
860 1876; brilliant proof.
TTmited. States Silver UProcf P33alf Dimes.
|i"861 1880; brilliant proof.
I j 861a 1863; brilliant proof; scarce.
863 1869; brilliant proof; scarce.
\o 863 1870; brilliant proof; scarce.
ID 864 1873; brilliant proof; scarce.
\ 15 865 1873; brilliant proof; without arrows; scarce.
TTnited. States Silver ZEProof TLh.ree Cent
Pieces.
866 1863; brilliant proof; rare.
^ 867 1863; brilliant proof; rare.
868 1870; brilliant proof; rare.
140 869 1873; brilliant proof; rare.
Uo 870 1873; brilliant proof; rare.
TTmited. States 3E3ase LbvDcme3r -Proof =>ets.
[All in finest condition.]
1869; Small Proof Set; 4 pieces.
1870; Small Proof Set; scarce; 4 pieces.
1873; Small Proof Set; rare; 4 pieces.
1873; Small Proof Set; very rare; 4 pieces.
1874; Small Proof Set; 3 pieces.
1875; Small Proof Set; scarce; 3 pieces.
1876; Small Proof Set; 3 pieces.
1878; Small Proof Set; 3 pieces.
1880; Small Proof Set; 3 pieces.
5U 871
873
ijr 873
(lo 874
U'875
p 876
877
878
pv 879
Colonial Coins.
33
, o 880
i:' 881
i 882
S 883
f- 884
1^ 885
7 886
I 887
% 888
8 889
\\\j 890
6* 8*1
W 892
i r, 893
ft 894
895
|}o 896
3e 897
II) 898
)5/ 899
lip 900
io 901
2% 902
903
3,004
3 0 905
3(5 906
if 907
>^908
909
ILvdiiscella.xioo'u.s.
1682; Penn’s Treaty; bronze proof; size 20.
Counterfeit Canadian Half Dollar.
Chinese Coins; 23 pieces.
1873; 5 Cents; nickel; 2 pieces; 1872 and 1873; 3 Cents; 1862; Cent; 5
pieces; uncirculated.
Foreign Coins; good to uncirculated; 7 pieces; different.
Foreign Coins; good to uncirculated; 16 pieces; different.
Lincoln, Grant, Greeley, Seymour, Brown; white metal; 55 pieces.
A. Hill, Dealer in Coins, New York; No. 6; Daniel Webster; Ling
Bros., Philadelphia; 3 pieces.
1834; Gen. Lafayette; copper; fine.
Abraham Lincoln; born Feb. 12, 1809; young bust; rev., wreath;
“Free homes for free men; no more slavery;” composition; rare;
size 18.
Colo:n.ia,l Coins.
1722; Rosa Americana; large rose; very good; everything plain; rare.
1723; Rosa Americana; Half Penny; rose with crown; very good.
1773; Virginia; Half Penny; very good; large planchet.
1778; another; very good; small planchet.
>1781; North America Token; fine; scarce; United States Bar Cent;
good; with an extra mark across.
1783; Georgius Triumplio; very good; rare.
1783; Nova Constellatio; rev., Roman “U S;” very fine; scarce
large planchet.
1783; another; small planchet; very fine; scarce.
1783; another; fine; small spots of corrosion.
1785; Vermontensium; “Res Publica;” with 8 trees; fine; light olive ;
rare.
1786; Vermontensium; “Res Publica;” with 7 trees; very fine; rare.
1786; another; good; scarce.
[The following nine lots are all classified according to Crosby’s
work on Colonial coins,]
1785; Connecticut; Cent; No. 6; rev., G; see plate V, No. 6; fine.
1787; Connecticut; Cent; No. 16; rev., M; good; rare.
1786; Connecticut; Cent; No. 4; rev., G; very fine; rare.
1786; Connecticut; Cent; No. 7; rev., G; very good; scarce.
1788; Vermont; Tory Cent; obv., “Georgius III Rex;” rev., “Inde.
Et. Lib.;” struck over English half penny; very fine; rare.
1788; another; same head.
1786; Connecticut; Cent; No. 5; rev, G; line; scarce.
1788; Connecticut; Cent; No. 2; rev., D; very good; scarce.
3
34
English Tokens.
{ 910
911
i> 911a
p 912
p 913
,v 914
(v 915
p 916
p-917
„ 918
1^919
(V-920
iv 921
!-> 922
t 5 933
3 924
>sU925a
,i4 925
926
j* 927
»o 928
929
\o 930
H 931
932
•; 933
1 934
•j 935
U 936
(j 937
cj 938
c, 939
1787; Connecticut; Cent; No. 41; rev., I; Auctori; very good; rare.
1783; Vermont; “Auctori;” large head; very good.
1784; another; same head.
1787; Connecticut; Cent; good.
1787; Franklin or Fugio Cent; States United; fair.
1788; Auctori; lode. Et. Lib. ; good; scarce.
1788; Massachusetts; Cent; very fine; scarce.
1788; another; fine.
1788; Vermont; Auctori; Inde. Et. Lib.; good; scarce.
1787; New Jersey; large planchet; obv., very good; rev., same, but
shield worn; rare variety.
1787; small planchet; fine.
1787; another; very fine.
1787; another; fine; dark color; rare variety.
1788; another; dog or fox type; obv., fair; rev., very good; rare.
1787; Auctopi Connec; obv., very fine; Inde. Et Lib.; date weak.
Nova Constellatio, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Connecticut; 6
pieces; fair to good; diferent.
A handsome Medallion (or Brooch) of Samuel Belts, the founder of
Beltsville, near Baltimore, Md.; with pin; very fine painting on
ivory, with artist’s name on the painting; “P. de C. 1807, from M.
H. Prince, Washington, D. C.;” weighs over 23 United States gold
dollars; very rare; size 44 by 36.
ExLgTisli. Tokens.
1793; Coventry; Half Penny; elephant and castle; rev., Lady Codiva;
bright red; uncirculated; rare.
1795; London Corresponding Society; four standing figures; rev.,
“United for Reform of Parliament;” very fine; scarce.
1790; Prince of Wales Token; elected G. M; bright red; very scarce.
1793; Leek Commercial Half Penny; very fine; scarce.
1796; Plymouth Half Penny; uncirculated; scarce.
1792; Norwich Half Penny; very fine; uncirculated; scarce.
1794; London Half Penny; lion and unicorn; very line.
1795; Moore, No. 116, Great Portland St.; line.
1794; Bath Half Penny.
1795; London; No. 123, High Holborn; very good.
1797; Burnet Island Vitriol Comp. ; very good.
1797; Falmouth Independent Volunteers; rev., spread eagle; much like
Washington Cent; fine; scarce.
1792; Coal Broor; good.
1811; Penny; Cornish; good.
1812; Lead Works; One Penny; Hull; fine.
Miscellaneous.
35
,J> 940
v 2 ‘ 941
J 94:2
\p> 943
i?° 944
>40 945
140 940
£.oo 947
1^ 948
fa 949
ll 950
fif 951
£ 953
T 953
< . 954
955
\ t> 950
vo 957
Vo 958
\o 959
ID 900
px1' 900a
2vCIscella,neoTo.s.
Handsome Jewel for Past Commander Knights Templar; St. John’s
Commandery, No. 4, stationed at Philadelphia; 5 brilliant dia-
monds; set in solid 18 karet gold and handsomely enameled; pre-
sented by the Order for long membership and good conduct; cost
$350; very rare.
An Antique Pair of Sleeve Buttons; two beautiful specimens of amber
containing insects; gold mountings; weighs over lGj American gold
dollars, but liner gold; made in Geneva, Switzerland; with handsome
morocco case; cost $45.
A handsome Malachite Paper Weight and Paper Holder; with 3 standing*
figures, representing the Russian peasantry; handsomely gilt; there
were only 3 in the Exhibition; width over 9 inches, breadth Of
inches, height 8f inches.
1798; Silver Dollar; very good.
1799; Silver Dollar; very fine;
1800; Silver Dollar; fine; scarce.
1801; Silver Dollar; very good; scarce.
Charles Wesley; rev., “Centenary of Wesleyan Methodism;” silver
proof; very few struck; weighs near $5; rare; size 42.
David Rush, the elder; engraved in brass, for $40, from a print by
Haines; cast in plaster; in walnut case; rare; size 40.
Washington Cabinet Medal; bronze; size 38.
1804; Great Central Fair; Philadelphia; bronze; size 30.
■NVIh-Ite ZbvJZeta.1 IL/HecLa-ls.
George Washington, by Lovett; white metal; size 34.
Alexander Humboldt; rev., inscription; fine proof; size 32.
Thomas Wildey; rev., Celebration; 1809; good; size 24.
1820; Cent; bright red; uncirculated.
Odd Fellows’ Grand National Celebration; Philadelphia; 1809; rev.,
handsome group of figures; white metal proof, silver plated; scarce;
size 32.
1807; Martin Luther; rev., 7th Jubilee; proof; size 24.
1805; In Peace— Firemen; In War— Soldiers; proof; size 33.
Pope Pius IX.; rev., Papal arms; fine; size 24.
Dr. E. K. Kane; rev., “Arctic Expedition; 1853;” proof; size 24.
1800; Andrew Johnson; Revolution; Philadelphia; fine; size 20.
Set of United States Copper Cents, from 1793 to 1857 inclusive; 1793
good; 1799 very good, everything plain; 1804 all distinct and very
good; cracked die; all the other cents are from good to uncirculated
and cost the former owner $55; enclosed with glass and frame; all
warranted genuine.
36
M ISCELLANEOUS.
,1 961
1 1 963
U 963
\\ 964
U 965
1 1 966
li 967
W 968
|| 969
(,< 970
|^b70a
1 971
1 973
1C 973
\< 974
A 975
if 976
977
It, 978
ID 979
iJ 980
ID 981
9S2 .
3?tf983
^D 984
Excelsior; fine; size 34
D. M. Lyle, Chief Engineer, Philadelphia; 1863 and 1865; bust fine;
size 34.
Continental Currency Seals; set of 4 pieces; 1775 (different), 1776 and
1778; proof; size 34.
New Jersey State Agricultural Society; fine planchet; nicked proof;
size 33.
1866; John Wesley; extra thick; rev., “Wesley Chapel;” proof;
size 33.
1865; Abraliam Lincoln; rev., broken column; proof; size 33.
1876; Pope Pius IX; rev., “See How We Prosper;” two ladies stand-
ing on a globe; size 28.
Another; King William; size 38.
Another; President McMahon; size 38.
1864; Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul Philadelphia; exterior and
interior views; beautifully cut by Pacquet; struck only in white
metal; small scratch in field on obverse; very rare; size 51.
Set of United States Fractional Currency, shield-shaped, with glass
and frame, which is now getting to be very scarce, as they cannot
be purchased any more from the United Stites Government.
Electrotypes.
1793; Cent; Parent of Science, Industry and Liberty; size 30.
Same as above; size 14.
1787; George Clinton; rev., New York State coat of arms.
1786; Immunis Columbia; good.
1776; Continental Currency.
1796; Franc Americana Colonia Castorland.
Washington Jersey Cent.
1793; Half Cent.
1811; Half Cent.
1831; Half Cent.
1843; Half Cent.
Miscellaneous.
1858- United States Silver Proof Set; extremely rare; one of the finest
sets yet offered; brilliant; only 60 sets struck; 7 pieces.
Mint Manual of Coins of All Nations; by Snowden; a description of
ancient and modern coins; cloth; illustrated; fine condition.
The Coin Book; comprising a history of coinage, a synopsis of the
Mint Laws of the United States, statistics of the coinage from 1793
to 1870, etc.; illustrated; 1873; cloth; fine condition.
Books.
37
i |o 985 Cliubbuck’s Coin Catalogue; priced in red ink and partly named;
with 5 beautiful plates; half morocco; line condition; rare.
‘S 986 Washington Button; “G. W.” in oval and “Long live the President;”
very good; scarce; size 21.
I 987 1876; Free and United States; rev., American Colonies, 1776; bronze,
gilt; proof; size 24.
yjo 988 1801; United States Silver Half Dollar; obverse and reverse very good;
rare.
: oC 989 1802; United States Silver Half Dollar; both reverse and obverse better
than the last; rare.
V°°990 Magnificent Danish Naval Medal; “Siq cadani I urbus consilliasse I
urvai I Tuillii, Anno 1677;” the work on this medal is superb; two
large war vessels in close combat; the tug of war is plainly to be
seen, with hand to hand combat for life or death; scores of war
vessles encountering; rev., 2 large crowns; “C” and “5” in the cen-
tre; 8 small children to the right, bearing laurels; “Ducent pas-
teris;” arms to the left; “Dies salutis comparata est,” and long
inscription; this electrotype medal I only just received when
finishing the catalogue; there were only 2 of these made and there
will be no more made; it is larger and much thicker than the Wa-
terloo medal and is worth much more, as it cannot be duplicated;
proof; size 99.
>c> 991 Republic of Mexico; eagle with snake; rev., “Un Centavo; 1874; O.
M. ;” bright red; uncirculated; milled; very scarce.
\y 992 Native East India Coins; bright red; uncirculated; assorted; scarce;
8 pieces.
HD 993 Native East India Coin; very old; thick; silver; rare.
994 Very old French India Colonial Coin; with 5 lilies; silver; rare.
I)0 995 Tripoli Coin; obverse and reverse with native inscriptions; enameled;
brass; good; rare; size 18.
ivEiscella^eo-u-s Books.
lj/: 996 Emigrants to America; being the original lists of persons of quality,
emigrants, religious exiles, political rebels, serving men sold for a
term of years, apprentices, children stolen, maidens pressed and
others, who wrent from Great Britain to the American plentations,
1600-1700, with their ages, the looalities where they formerly lived
in the mother country, the name of the ships in which they em-
barked and other interesting particulars, from manuscripts pre-
served in the State Paper Department of her Majesty’s Public
Record Office, England; edited by John Camden Ilotten; 1874;
half bound; very clean condition.
A' 997. Hogarth’s Works; illustrated; moralized; 4to.; half morocco.
998 Diamonds and Precious Stones; by Harry Emanuel, F. R. S. G.,
London.
38
Colonial Paper Money.
,r
k1; 991)
P 1001
Ooixi. CaToinets.
Coin Cabinet; double doors, with lock; 314 inches high, 19 inches
wide and 18 inches deep; 24 velvet lined drawers; with a stand llj
inches high; walnut; very desirable; cost the owner, who got it
made, $60; in fine order.
Beautiful Large Coin Cabinet; on a stand 28 inches high; total height,
67 inches; 25£ inches wide and 16 inches deep; 28 drawers for coins
and medals; double doors with lock; walnut; a very desirable cabi-
net; made to order; cost the former owner $55; as good as new.
Beautiful Large Walnut Coin Cabinet; with lock; total height 43
inches; height from bottom drawer to top 214 inches; 33 inches
wide; 19 inches deep; with double row of drawers; 15 on each side;
3 full width drawers for medals; all the drawers have nickel-plated
knobs; opens with 2 doors; cost $65; made to order; as good as new.
j- 1002 Handsome Chinese Chart; with key in English of the nobility; re-
presenting the different costumes; beautifully colored; with 90 full
sized figures; in good condition; on rollers.
Centennial ILgEecLaAs.
,91003 Set of Centennial Medals; 2 silver; 2 white metal; 2 copper, gilt, 4
bronze; sizes from 24 to 36; in Turkish morocco case; glass;
sold by the Centennial Commissioners at $32 per set, and were,
in very few cases, got up this way; the only 25 that were left
unsold were bought by me, and this is the last set I have got;
they are now getting rare and all that have been bought of late
came from me.
Colonial a.n.cl Continental Paper CvdIon.e3r-
ic 1004 1770; Virginia; ‘TO Spanish Milled Dollars;” proof impression, un-
signed; not dated; new; rare.
o 1005 1770; Annapolis, Maryland; $8; 1st of March; fine, but stirched.
io 1006 1774; Annapolis, Maryland; $1, $4, $6 and $8; very fine.
•\ 1007 1774; Annapolis, Maryland; $4, 6 and 8; very fine.
7 1008 1774; Annapolis, Maryland; $6 and 8; April 10; fine,
rf 1009 1775; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; $30; May 10; fine,
p 1010 1775; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; $4; November 29; fine.
1011 1775; Annapolis, Maryland; $4; December 7; good condition.
1012 1776; Annapolis, Mtrylaad; $8; August 14; good; 3 pieces.
1013 1776; Annapolis, Maryland; $4; August 14; good; 6 pieces.
t 1014 1776; same; August 14; good; 2 pieces.
Priced Coin Catalogues.
39
1015 New Jersey; 3 pounds; red and blue; water-marked; very line; rare.
1016 1770; $30; July 22; fine; scarce.
ic 1017 1777; $4; Baltimore, Maryland; February 20; hog; v ‘.ry good; scarce.
1018 1778; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; $20 and 30; September 26; fine; 2
pieces.
% 1019 1778; same; $30; fine; 2 pieces.
% 1020 1778; same; $30; September 20; very fine; scarce.
1021 1777; 18 pence, 2, 4, 5, 0, 10 and 20 shillings; good; 7 pieces.
1022 1777; Maryland; 18 pence, 2, 4, 0, 8 and 20 shillings; very good; 0
pieces.
4- 1023 1777; same; 2, 4, 0 and 20 shillings; fine; 4 pieces,
g 1024 1777; same; 18 pence; fine; 3 pieces.
l|. 1025 1777; Philadelphia; $30; May 2; good.
4 1020 1759; Pennsylvnia; 20 shillings; April 25; fair; scarce.
1027 1704; same; 10 shillings; June 18; fair; scarce.
n 1028 Lot; different; 9 notes; poor.
i. 1029 1779; Continental; $40; sun and stars; very fine; scarce.
!. 1030 1778; Philadelphia; $40; Sept. 20; sun and stars; very good; scarce.
u- 1031 1779; Continental; Jan. 14; very good; scarce,
i; 1032 1770; Philadelphia; $0; Nov. 2; good; 2 pieces.
1033 1718; $30; Sept. 20; very good,
i,- 1034 1779; Continental; Jan. 14; $35; fine.
(1035 1777; Delaware; 18 pence, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 20 shillings; good; 8
pieces.
XjotterjT" Tlclrets.
[The following seven lots are assorted; each lot is different; all clean and
perfect, many of them rare.]
1030 Lottery Tickets; 10 pieces.
1037 Lottery Tickets; 8 pieces.
1038 Lottery Tickets; 14 pieces.
^ '1039 Lottery Tickets; 13 pieces.
1040 Lottery Tickets; 11 pieces.
1041 Lottery Tickets; 15 pieces.
1042 Lottery Tickets; 8 pieces.
jpricecl Coin. Catalogues.
[All in good condition. ]
^ 1043 H. Whitmore’s Collection; New York; Nov. 2 and 3, 1859; priced in
ink; scarce.
f 1044 Benjarnine Haines’ Collection, of Elizabeth, N. J.; New York; 1863;
2382 lots; printed prices; rare.
40
Coin Rooks.
( 1045
ff 1046
l\ 1047
q 1048
(j 1049
c\ 1050
<\ 1051
c| 1052
1053
l; 1054
U 1055
i] 1056
o 1057
i) 1058
ij 1059
i v 1060
3/ 1061
,>‘1062
|pp1068
I13 1064
w 1065
i 1066
£Pp1067
> 1068
\0 1069
W. Elliot Woodward; from April 28 to May 1, 1863; New York; in
ink.
W. Elliot Woodward’s Fifth Sale; from Oct. 18 to 22, 1864; priced in
ink; rare.
Edward Cogan’s; from Jan. 12 to 14, 1864; Mew York; priced in red
ink.
Edward Cogan’s; June 29 and 30, 1864; New York; in ink.
Fewsmitk Cabinet; from Oct. 4 to 7, 1870; New York; large; in ink;
scarce.
Edward J. Cleveland, of Elizabeth, N. J. ; May 7 and 8, 1872; New
York; in ink.
Coin Sale; Dec. 18, 1872; Philadelphia; Thomas Birch & Sons; in ink.
New York; from Dec. 12 to 14, 1872.
Cliubbuck Collection; from Feb. 25 to 28, 1873; Philadelphia.
Coin Sale; Feb. 11, 1873; Philadelphia; in ink.
Sale; March 12, 1873; New York; in ink.
Sale; Nov. 20 and 21, 1873; Bangs, Merwin & Co., New York;
in ink.
Haseltine Sale; from Jan. 15 to 17, 1879; Bangs & Co., New York; in
ink.
Wilder Collection; from May 21 to 24, 1879; New York; in ink.
Parts 1 and 2 of Haseltine’s Sale; Decs. 27; 1879, and Jan. 21, 1880;
New York; 2 pieces.
Ooim. J3cols:s.
Humphrey’s Coin Collector’s Manual; cloth; 2 volumes; clean.
Description of the Washington Medals; by J. Ross Snowden; 4 to.;
cloth.
Dickeson’s Numismatic Manual of Colonial and United States
Coins; with the two extra plates; this is the first edition and is
out of print; very rare; 4 to; cloth.
Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations; by Eckfeld and
Du Bois; 4 to; 1851; half morocco; without plates.
Hickcox’s History of the Bills of Credit or Paper Money; issued by
New York; published at $2.59 each; 3 copies.
Mason’s Coin and Stamp Magazine; 13 pieces.
Igo’s Priced Coin Catalogue; 1879.
Autograph Album; a collection of three hundred autograph letters
of celebrated individuals of all nations; from the 16th to the 19th
century; comprising fac similes of entire letters of royal and
noble personages, eminent divines, lawyers, statesmen, generals,
authors, artists, etc; 1849.
Unpriced Catalogues; 12 pieces; different.
Another lot; different; 12 pieces.
Curiosities.
41
r 1070
5b 1071
£.oV'
J o 1072
3d 1073
3d 1074
\ 1075
bit 1076
1077
U 1078
1^ 1079
3o 1080
lo 1081
lie 1082
1^ 1083
%{ 1085
|p® 1086
10 1087
|0 1088 •
"W a-r Envelopes, dec.
Collection of War Envelopes; all different; in new scrap book; in
bronze and brilliant colors; all clean and many rare; to be sold as a
lot at so much each.
Specimen Sheets ol’ Union, Patriotic and Humorous Designs upon
Envelopes; with 25 specimens; colored; scarce.
Lot of Adhesive National Emblems; containing 80 or more emblems
in each box.
Another lot; same.
Another lot; same.
War Envelopes; flags; duplicates; 41 pieces.
Ovuriosities.
Ship made in Dartmoor Prison; England; by American prisoners
confined there during the war of 1812; it was purchased by the
late William Kemble, Esq., for many years President of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; unique.
Ancient Egyptian Scarabus; rare.
Antique Column of Polished Jasper; from ancient Roman furniture.
Relic from the Holy Land; which one of the Eastern Pilgrims wore
in the form of beads and cross; rare.
Bracelet; made of human hair; gold mounting; from the Argentine
Republic; exhibited at the Exhibition.
Moon Stones; 21 pieces.
Beautiful Polished Agate Seal; without initial; size 58 by 24; cannot
be made to order under $12.
A finer specimen.
Handsome Lacquered Lady’s Work Box; beautifully enameled and
inlaid with pearl; the lid has the representation of a large church;
inlaid with the finest kind of mother-of-pearl; different colors like
the rainbow; with drawers; a splendid piece of art; height 11£
inches; width 12 inches; depth 9-^- inches; cost $50.
Antique Vase; from Stockholm, Sweden; porcelain inside; mounted
outside with metal, silver plated; represents grape vines; over 90
years old; very rare; height 9^ inches.
Very rare old Newspaper; the London Gazette; from Monday, May
26, to Thursday, May 29; 1690, very clean.
Extracts from the Epistle of the Meeting for Sufferings in London;
dated the sixth day of the seventh month, 1751; to the quarterly
and monthly meetings of Friends in Great Britain, Ireland and
America; rare; very clean.
A rare old French Passport; relating to Philadelphia; French coat of
arms; 1789; clean.
42
Curiosities.
tc 1089
^ 1090
•)(* 1091
\( 1092
)( 1093
if 1094
lo 1095
1096
i-i< 1097
J./V
350199s
3.1o 1099
3 3o HOC)
Jb 1101
*<, 1192
* 0 H03
1104
r 1105
10 1106
S’ 1107
3> 1108
So 1109
1110
r 1111
u' m2
£ 1113
w 1114
)D 1115
,.p 111C
I o® 1117
Lot of Autographs, &c.
An old Deed dated, 1695; deed of Francis Rawley, merchant; of
Philadelphia; parchment; very clean; rare.
Rare old Deed of Thomas Gardiner, of Burlington, New Jersey;
1698; parchment; good.
Very old Oeed; Samuel Etnlin, Jr.; city of Philadelphia; province
of Pennsylvania; dated May, 1771; parchment; very clean; rare.
Old Deed; dated 1758; Thomas Penn and Richard Penn; Esqs. ;
parchment; good.
Another Deed; 'dated 1748; Isaac Dawson, of Philadelphia, and Jane,
his wife, of the one part, and George Miffin; very clean; scarce.
Two old Chinese Carved Ivory or Bone Fans.
Antique Teapot about 100 years old; very good condition; rare.
Antique large round Shield of Francis I; now in the Museum of
Artillery, at Paris; copy of the original by Benvenutor Edlini;
very fine; size 26 inches; price for the same in a Chestnut Street
store was $35. x
English Cavalry Sword; time of James II.; copy; length 32 inches;
fine.
German Sword of 16th century; very flue; copy; length 44 inches.
Turkish Sword of the 16th century; liue copy; length 19 inches.
Handsome Model Ship; made at the Exhibition; composed of glass ;
represents United States sloop of war; inclosed with round glass
globe; height 15 inches.
Necklace; formed of shells; f.iom Sandwich Islands.
Neck Piece; from Sandwich Islands.
Large Handsome Calibasli; iu form of a demijohn; which grows by
nature; holds about 2 gallons; very scarce.
Two Pieces of Tapa Cloth; from South Sea Islands; white.
Another; same.
Same; 2 pieces; dark color.
Beautiful Hidalga. Suit of Clothes; exceedingly fine and handsomely
trimmed; must have cost a great deal of money; brought from
Mexico by a deceased captain of the United States Navy; he wore
it at a grand ball in Philadelphia, where it was admired very much;
very rare.
Pair of Shoes, which belonged to an officer of the Turkish Navy.
Large Tassel; came from same officer.
Two Tobacco Pouches; from same officer; with Turkish figures.
Hat; belonging to the same officer’s son.
Slipper; belonging to the same officer’s daughter.
Another; belonging to his son.
Very Old Antique Scales; wiih brass and lead weights.
Very Old China Plates; Venetian scenery; over 100 years old; rare.
Pair of Bullion Epaulettes; formerly belonged to a deceased officer of
United States Navy; cost $18; iu tin box.
Indian Curiosties.
43
ins
Handsome Pair ol French China Figures; Washington and Franklin;
fire gilt; over 60 years old; very scarce; height 15 inches.
Indian On3.rios5.tles.
[The following Indian curiosities were collected, many years ago, by a c tp-
tain in the United States Navy, now deceased; some of them cannot be
duplicated; all arc carved by stone implements.]
3-Jd 1119
War Club; in form of a tomahawk, with bend on the end and round
ball carved into spikes; long, sharp point on the end; length 36
inches
^ If 20
Another; four corners on the end; beautifully curved all over by stone
implements by the Indians; rare; length 26 £ inches.
Another; very handsome specimen; carved by Indians; sam ■ as last;
much in the form of a paddle; very rare; length 46 inches.
|Pi>'1il22
Indian War Club; much handsomer; from same as last; length 54
inches.
]pl 123
Another; in the form of tomahawk or hoe; tremendous deal of
carving on it; with 9 inches of stone implement on the end; length
39 inches; very rare.
<UH124
Another; much finer; length 56 inches; very rare.
[The above 6 lots are far superior to any Indian implements that
I have seen in sales.]
Pair of Moccasins; made by an old Indian squaw of Sioux tribe;
good condition.
1c 112G
lb U27
1 1128
Pair of Pouches; made by a squaw.
Small Infant’s Hammock; made by a squaw.
Two Candlesticks; made by the Sioux Indians; of Indian pipe-stone
found in Dacotah; beautifully carved; height 10 inches; in perfect
order.
U29
A. very fine Pipe; Chippewa; made out of same material as last;
10 inches long by 5 inches deep; stem 35£ inches long; in perfect
order.
jin' 1130
Tomahawk Pipe; Sioux; made of same material as last; length 8
inches; width over 4 inches; length of handle 21^ inches; in per-
fect order.
it H31
Dressing Case; large; made of a hoof of an elk; belonging to Kills-
a- Hundred, a Sioux Indian; 10 inches long by 8 inches wide; in
ja* H32
- . 1133
good order;
Head Dress; large; Sioux; in fine order.
Sioux Head Dress; to hang from head down the back; 26 inches
long; ornamented with beads.
t 1134 Two handsome Indian Paint Pouches; 11 inches long; buckskin; or-
namented with beads.
44
Engravings,
n 1135
So 1136
1^1137
Id 1138
^of 1139
(Wf 1140
to 1141
io 1142
1143
Dub 1144
1145
lb 1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
iv
10
1151
Indian Hatchet; found near where King Philip lived in Massachu-
setts; very old.
Indian Stone Hatchet; of Sioux tribe; for pounding wild cherries on
the end; as a hammer on large end.
Large War Club; from Terra del Fuego, on coast of Chili; carved;
rare; 58 inches-
Maw; which forms in a cow’s neck; when it gets to a certain size it
kills the animal; from Terra del Fuego.
Spear from Feejee Islands.
Spear from Fejee Islands; larger.
Fishing Line and Rod; from same place.
Pair of Shoes; from coast of Chili; worn by the Indians in summer
time.
Another pair; like boots; from same place as last.
Chilian Indian Warrior’s Head Piece.
A very old India Idol from Terra del Fuego; Chili; very rare;
length 14 inches. ,
Maw; which forms in a cow’s neck and when it gets to a certain size
kills them; from Terra del Fuego.
[The following lots of arrows are all perfect, with flint points;
from Terra del Fuego. ]
Arrows; 6 pieces.
Arrows; 7 pieces.
Arrows; 9 pieces.
Aitows; 7 pieces; 3 without points.
Another lot; much finer; in handsome sheath; from Santiago; 5
pieces.
Large Bow; from Terra del Fuego.
Another; from Terra del Fuego.
Another; from Valparaiso.
Another; finer; hut broke in centime; from same place as last.
Fish Arrows; bone; 4 pieces; very fine; from Feejee Islands.
Same; 4 pieces.
Sword; made of shark’s teeth; from Feejee Islands; 31 inches.
Another; with long link of beads to hang from neck; length 40
inches; rare.
ZErn.g'ra.-'C’-ia.'ig-s.
3*0 n°i
1162
lot 1163
Death Bed of Calvin; fiue steel engraving; in large, heavy gilt frame;
length 41 by 36 inches.
Citation of Wycliffe; same as last; length 42 by 37 inches.
The Covenanters; same as last; glass cracked; size 39 by 33 inches.
First Reading of the Bible in the crypt of St. Paul’s; size 32 by 24
inches.
Minerals.
45
<io H64
1165
1160
1167
1168
1169
2/ H70
H71
IS
iS
AO
3o
.iV
I'i
3p
3P
/r
iT
I o
Vr
1e
*4
ir
i p
5p
1*»
I c
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
[Gold and silver from various mines.]
Gold Ore; from Great French Mine; Virginia City, Nevada; rich.
Another; rich specimen.
Silver Ore; from Virginia City; richest kind; 2 pieces.
Another piece; from Lake Superior.
Gold and Silver; Gould & Curry; from Nevada.
Another piece.
Another piece.
Ruby Silver; Austin, Nevada; 2 pieces.
Ruby Silver; Austin, Nevada; 1 piece.
Gold Ore; from Victoria, Australia.
Gold Ore; from Victoria, Australia.
Gold Ore; from North Carolina.
Gold and Silver; Crown Point Consolidated Lode, Nevada.
Another piece.
Ruby Silver; Austin, Nevada; large.
Ruby Silver; Austin, Nevada.
Gold and Silver; Consolidated Lode, Nevada; rich.
Same; 2 pieces. •
Gold Ore; from Big Bonanza; rich.
Chalcoprite Gold; Colorado.
Gold and Silver; Ophir Consolidated Mine, Nevada.
Gold and Silver; from Nevada.
Gold and Silver; from Nevada.
Another specimen.
Large Lump of Silver and Copper; from Lake Superior.
Ruby Silver; North Star Mine, Nevada.
Gold Ore; from Virginia City, Nevada.
Silver Ore; from Virginia City, Nevada.
Another specimen.
6*
V
r
3
1
I 0
2-0
4c
| c
It
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
ZhvCimera-ls, Shells suxid. Corals.
Fine specimen of Zinc Blend; from Cornwall, Wales; crystalized.
Piece of Zinc Ore; from Plainfield, New Jersey; crystalized.
Crystals; from Hot Springs, Kansas; 6 pieces.
Another lot; 7 pieces.
Better lot; 10 pieces.
Galena; from Dubuque, Ohio.
Shells; Rose Murex; coast of Florida; 2 pieces.
Clam Shell; fine; from Florida.
Geodes; from Dubuque, Ohio.
Galena; large specimen; from same as last.
46
Minerals.
,0 1203
,, 1204
|c 1205
,c 1206
$■ 1207
Uo 1208
;■/ 1209
St 1210
r 1211
^ 1212
1213
l 1214
\H9 1315<
5i 1216
if 1217
u 1218
U 1219
i- 1220
4 1221
t pp 1222
'p 1223
+o 1284
ixM225
3 1826
1227
u 1228
I-] 1229
r 1230
r 1231
S 1232
3 1233
Copper and Silver Ore; from Lake Superior.
Sulpkurets; from Scranton; 2 pieces.
Pyrites; Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.
Coral; from Florida; 2 pieces.
Coral; from Florida; 3 pieces.
Whale’s Tusk; from Arctic region.
Whale’s Tusk; from Monterey, California; 2 pieces.
Another; large.
Tusks; 3 pieces.
Tusk; very large.
Fine specimen of Mushroom Coral; from Florida.
Large specimen of Alaska Diamond; very clear.
Large specimen of Purple Spar; beautifully crystalized; from Durham
Co., North of England.
Large White Murex Shell; from Florida.
Large Clam Shell; from Florida.
Large Piece of Coral; from same place.
Large White Murex; from same place.
Specimens of Gold Bearing Quartz; from North Carolina.
Shells; 4 pieces.
Large specimens of Calcidone; Crystalized; from Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, Montana.
Large specimen of Pyrites; from North Carolina; handsome.
Large specimen of Pyrites; Crystalized Mica; from Tennessee.
Specimen from the burning of ship’s cargo; at Race Street wharf;
about 50 years ago.
Specimen of Pyrites and Feldspar; from North Carolina.
Pyrites; from Tennessee; 2 pieces.
Amazon Stone; from Tennessee.
Fine Shells; one Mother-of-Pearl; 2 pieces.
Fine specimens of Mica.
Fine specimens of Mica; from Carbondale, Pennsylvania.
Minerals; different; 11 pieces.
Tusks; 4 pieces.
I
/
*
✓
|
Richard Brooks Orpik (born September 26, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He most recently played for the Washington Capitals where he was an alternate captain. He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Career
Before playing in the NHL, Orpik played 3 years of college hockey at Boston College with the Eagles.
He was drafted with the 18th overall pick by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. His made his NHL debut with the Penguins during the 2002–03 NHL season, playing in 6 games and recording no points. On July 2, 2008, the Penguins signed Orpik to a six-year, $22.5 million contract. On June 12, 2009, Orpik was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Penguins when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in Game 7.
On July 1, 2014, Orpik was signed to a 5-year, $27.5 million contract by the Washington Capitals.
On June 25, 2019, Orpik announced his retirement from professional hockey following 15 NHL seasons.
References
Other websites
1980 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
American Olympic silver medalists
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen |
Gallia Belgica, which means "Belgian Gaul" in Latin, was a Roman province. Different parts of it are in several countries today, including Belgium, Luxembourg, a big part of northern France, and part of the Rhineland in Germany, which is the part of Germany west of the Rhine River.
The people who lived in Gallia Belgica were called the Belgae. They were a group of tribes within the bigger country called Gaul, which covered all of modern France. According to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were different from the other Gauls. He said that the border between Belgica and the main Celtic part of Gaul was the Marne and the Seine rivers and that the border with Germania was the Rhine river. It is no longer certain what language or languages were spoken in Gallia Belgica, but historians know there was an influence of both Celtic and Germanic languages.
The area was conquered in 57 BC by Julius Caesar. Emperor Diocletian changed the Gaulish provinces around 300 AD. He split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city and was the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was along the River Meuse.
In 406 AD, the Vandals, Burgundians and other tribes crossed the Rhine. They defeated the Gaulish forces. Belgica Secunda became in the 5th century the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom and during the 8th century the heart of the Carolingian Empire.
References
Ancient Rome
History of Belgium
History of France
History of the Netherlands |
The Cape cobra (Naja nivea) is a cobra inhabiting the regions of South Africa. It averages 4 feet (120 cm) long but may grow to be 6 feet (180 cm) long. The color varies from location to location, and those from the Kalahari are normally yellow with brown speck uniformly all over the body.
References
Elapidae |
Besançon is a city in France. It was the capital of the former Free County (Franche-Comté) region. It is the prefecture of the Doubs department. Its population is around 117,600 (2008).
History
Besançon is an old city. It is discovered in 58 BC and Julius Caesar writes about it in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico where it is called Vesontio. The etymology (origin of the word) is not certain. It could have a Celtic origin. The Celtic word wes means mountain. In the 4th century, the letter B became V. The city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion. It became Besançon in 1243. In 1871 the city is going through a revolutionary period, known as Besançon Commune.
The city has a Renaissance citadel. It was later used by the Nazis during World War II.
Climate
Besançon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate. The average temperature is 10.2 °C (50 °F). The warmest month of the year is July (18.9 °C or 66 °F) and the coldest month is January (1.6 °C or 35 °F). Besançon receives about 1108 mm (44 inches) of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (111.4 mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5 mm or 3.2 in). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F), and the lowest was a −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F) reached on 1 January 1985.
Monuments
Besançon Cathedral
Synagogue of Besançon
Jewish cemetery of Besançon
Éducation
École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques
Sister cities
Besançon is twinned with:
Tver, Russia
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Kuopio, Finland
Huddersfield – Kirklees, United Kingdom
Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Bistriţa, Romania
Pavia, Italy
Hadera, Israel
Douroula, Burkina Faso
Man, Côte d'Ivoire
Charlottesville – Virginia, United States
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Imperial free cities
50s BC establishments
Establishments in France |
The 36th Annual Annie Awards, honoring the best in animation for 2008, were held on 30 January 2009 at Royce Hall in Los Angeles, California. Below is a list of announced nominees. Kung Fu Panda received the most awards with 11, winning nearly all of its nominations.
Production nominees
Best Animated Feature
Kung Fu Panda
Bolt
$9.99
WALL-E
Waltz with Bashir
Annie Award for Best Home Entertainment ProductionFuturama: The Beast with a Billion BacksBatman: Gotham Knight
Christmas Is Here Again
Justice League: The New Frontier
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning
Annie Award for Best Animated Short SubjectWallace & Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and DeathGlago's Guest
Hot Dog
PrestoSebastian’s VoodooAnnie Award for Best Animated Television Commercial
United Airlines “Heart”
Giant Monster
Long Legs Mr. Hyde
Rotofugi: The Collectors
Sarah
Annie Award for Best Animated Television ProductionRobot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II
King of the Hill
Moral Orel
Phineas and Ferb
The Simpsons
Best Animated Television Production for ChildrenAvatar: The Last Airbender – Nickelodeon
A Miser Brothers' Christmas – Warner Bros.
Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends – Cartoon Network
Underfist: Halloween Bash – Cartoon Network
The Mighty B! – Nickelodeon
Annie Award for Best Animated Video GameKung Fu PandaDead SpaceWALL-EIndividual Achievement
Animated Effects
Li-Ming Lawrence Lee - Kung Fu Panda
Alen Lai - Dr. Seuss’ Horton Hears A Who
Fangwei Lee - Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Kevin Lee - Bolt
Enrique Vila - Wall-E
Character Animation in a Feature ProductionJames Baxter – Kung Fu PandaJeff Gabor – Dr. Seuss’ Horton Hears A Who
Philippe Le Brun – Kung Fu Panda
Victor Navone – Wall-E
Dan Wagner – Kung Fu Panda
Character Animation in a Television ProductionPierre Perifel - Secrets of the Furious FiveSandro Cleuzo - Secrets of the Furious FiveJoshua A. Jennings - Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode IICharacter Design in an Animated Feature Production
Nico Marlet - Kung Fu Panda
Valerie Hadida - Igor (film)Sang Jun Lee - Dr. Seuss’ Horton Hears A WhoCharacter Design in an Animated Television Production
Nico Marlet - Secrets of the Furious Five
Bryan Arnett – Mighty B! - “Bat Mitzah Crashers”
Ben Balistreri - Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends - “Mondo Coco”
Sean Galloway - The Spectacular Spider-ManJorge Gutierrez – El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera - “The Good, The Bad, The Tigre”
Directing in an Animated Feature Production
John Stevenson and Mark Osborne - Kung Fu Panda
Sam Fell and Rob Stevenhagen The Tale Of DespereauxAri Folman - Waltz with BashirTatia Rosenthal - $9.99Andrew Stanton - WALL-EDirecting in an Animated Television Production
Joaquim Dos Santos – Avatar: The Last Airbender - “Sozin’s Comet: Into the Inferno”
Bob Anderson - The Simpsons - “Treehouse of Horror XIX”
Craig McCracken and Rob Renzetti - Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends - “Destination Imagination”
Chris McKay – Moral Orel - “Passing”
Alan Smart - SpongeBob SquarePants - “Penny Foolish”
Music in an Animated Feature Production
Hans Zimmer & John Powell – Kung Fu Panda – DreamWorks Animation
Kevin Manthei - Batman: Gotham Knight - Warner Bros. Animation
John Powell - Dr. Seuss’ Horton Hears A Who - Blue Sky Studios
Max Richter – Waltz With Bashir – Sony Pictures Classics, Bridgit Folman, Les Films D'ici, Razor Films
William Ross – The Tale of Despereaux (film)'' – Universal Pictures
Music in an Animated Television Production or Short Form
Henry Jackman, Hans Zimmer & John Powell – “Secrets of the Furious Five” – DreamWorks Animation
Carl Finch & Brave Combo - Click and Clack’s “As the Wrench Turns” – CTTV Productions
Kevin Kiner – “Star Wars The Clone Wars: Rising Malevolence” – Lucasfilm Animation Ltd.
Guy Moon – Back at the Barnyard “Cowman: The Uddered Avenger” – Nickelodeon/Omation
Guy Michelmore – “Growing Up Creepie: Rockabye Freakie” – Taffy Entertainment LLC
Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Tang Heng “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Ralph Eggleston “Wall·E” – Pixar Animation Studios
Paul Felix “Bolt” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Evgeni Tomov “The Tale Of Despereaux” – Universal Pictures
Raymond Zibach “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Production Design in an Animated Television Production or Short Form
Tang Heng “Secrets of the Furious Five” – DreamWorks Animation
Andy Harkness “Glago’s Guest” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Seonna Hong – The Mighty B! “Bee Patients” – Nickelodeon
Dan Krall – Chowder “The Heavy Sleeper” – Cartoon Network Studios
Raymond Zibach “Secrets of the Furious Five” – DreamWorks Animation
Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Jen Yuh Nelson – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Alessandro Carloni – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Ronnie Del Carmen – “Wall·E” – Pixar Animation Studios
Joe Mateo “Bolt” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Rob Stevenhagen – “The Tale Of Despereaux” – Universal Pictures
Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production or Short Form
Chris Williams “Glago’s Guest” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Butch Hartman – Fairly OddParents “Mission: Responsible” – Nickelodeon
Andy Kelly – Ni Hao, Kai-Lan “Twirly Whirly Flyers” – Nickelodeon Productions/Nelvana
Andy Schuhler – “Secret of the Furious Five” – DreamWorks Animation
Eddie Trigueros “The Mighty B! “Name Shame”– Nickelodeon
Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Dustin Hoffman – Voice of Shifu – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Ben Burtt – Voice of Wall·E – “Wall·E” – Pixar Animation Studios
James Hong – Voice of Mr. Ping – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Ian McShane – Voice of Tai Lung – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Mark Walton – Voice of Rhino – “Bolt” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form
Ahmed Best – Voice of Jar Jar Binks – “Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II” - ShadowMachine
Seth MacFarlane – Voice of Peter Griffin – Family Guy “I Dream of Jesus” – Fox TV Animation/Fuzzy Door Productions
Dwight Schultz – Voice of Mung Daal – Chowder “Apprentice Games” – Cartoon Network Studios
Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Jon Aibel & Glenn Berger – “Kung Fu Panda” – DreamWorks Animation
Etan Cohen and Eric Darnell & Tom McGrath – “Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa” – DreamWorks Animation
Ari Folman – “Waltz With Bashir” – Sony Pictures Classics, Bridgit Folman, Les Films D'ici, Razor Films
Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio – “Dr. Seuss’ Horton Hears A Who” – Blue Sky Studios
Writing in an Animated Television Production or Short Form
Tom Root, Douglas Goldstein, Hugh Davidson, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Dan Milano, Matthew Senreich, Kevin Shinick, Zeb Wells, Breckin Meyer – “Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II” – ShadowMachine
Joel H. Cohen – The Simpsons “The Debarted” – Gracie Films/Fox TV
Scott Kreamer – El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera “Mustache Love” – Nickelodeon
Paul McEvoy and Todd Berger – “Secrets of the Furious Five” – DreamWorks Animation
Chris Williams – “Glago’s Guest” – Walt Disney Animation Studios
Other websites
Official Site of the Annie Awards
2008 Nominations
Annie Awards |
Biker Mice from Mars is a cartoon created by Rick Ungar that first aired in 1993 in the United States and lasted for three seasons before it was cancelled. It is about three human like mice named Throttle, Modo, and Vinnie. Although there are battles, no blood is shown, no guns are used and many villains are monsters, aliens, and robots.
Characters
Heroes
Throttle
Modo
Vinnie
Charlene "Charley" Davidson
Enemies
Lawrence Limburger
Dr. Benjamin Boris Zachary Karbunkle
Grease Pit
Fred the Mutant
Lord Camembert
Pit Boss
Reappearing characters
Napoleon Brie
Rimfire
Carbine
Stoker
Super villains
In most episodes Limburger tell Karbunkle to use transporter to bring in one of the very powerful super villains. Each of them have one special ability which is useful for Limburger´s plan in hand.
Video games
A Biker Mice from Mars video game was released by Konami for the Super Nintendo in 1994. The European version features advertisements for Snickers candy bars.
Other websites
American science fiction television series
Chicago, Illinois in fiction
English-language television programs |
Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
Jahrg. 1581. Nr. XVI.
Sitzung der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen Classe
vom 23, Juni 1881.
In Verhinderung des Vicepräsidenten übernimmt Herr Dr.
L. J. Fitzinger den Vorsitz.
Das k. k. Ministerium des Innern übermittelt die von
der uberösterreichischen Statthalterei eingelieferten graphischen
Darstellungen der Eisverhältnisse an der Donan im Winter 1880
bis 1881 nach den Beobachtungen zu Aschach, Linz und Grein.
Das w. M. Herr Dr. L. J. Fitzinger übersendet eine für
die Sitzungsberichte bestimmte Abhandlung: „Untersuchungen
über die Artbereehtigung einiger seither mit dem gemeinen Bären
(Ursus Arctos) vereinigt gewesenen Formen“.
Das w. M. Herr Director Dr. F. Steindachner übersendet
eine für die Denkschriften bestimmte Abhandlung unter dem
Titel: „Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Afrika’s (und
Beschreibung einer neuen Sargus-Art von den Galapagos-Inseln).“
Der Verfasser gibt in derselben eine Übersicht iiber die von
Freiherrn v. Maltzan und Herrn Höfler eingesendeten Samm-
158
lungen von Meeresfischen der Küste Senegambiens, und weist die
speeiellen Unterschiede der im Nile vorkommenden Polypterus-
Arten nach, die von Dr. Günther (irriger Weise) in eine einzige
Art vereinigt wurden.
Als neue Arten sind in dieser Abhandlung beschrieben:
1. Lutjanus (Mesoprion) Maltzani.
Rumpfhöhe mehr als 3', bis nahezu 3'/,mal, Kopflänge
34,3%, mal in derTotallänge, Augendiameter fast 3°/, —4 mal,
Schnauzenlänge 3—3*/, mal, Stimbreite 5—4'/, mal in der Kopf-
länge enthalten. Präorbitale an Höhe circa ®,, einer Augenlänge
gleich. 5 Schuppenreihen auf den Wangen. Vordeckel am hinte-
ren Rande eingebuchtet, keine knopfförmige Anschwellung am
Zwischendeckel. Rosenroth; ein hell goldgelber Fleck in der
Mitte der Schuppen in der oberen Rumpfhälfte. Ein grauschwarzer
Fleck an der Basis der oberen Pectoralstrahlen. Dorsale und Cau-
dale schwarz gesäumt.
D. 10/15. A. ®/,.L. lat. 48—50. L. tr. 51/,—6/1,13.
Gorée und Rufisque.
2. Chaetodon Hoefleri.
D. 11/22—24. A. 3/18. L. tr. 771/15. L. 1. 42—44.
Schnauze imässig vorgezogen, ebenso lang wie das Auge;
Durchmesser des letzteren '/, der Kopflänge gleich.
Koptlänge circa 4mal, grösste Rumpfhöhe nahezu 2—1?, mal
in der Totallänge enthalten.
Vier braune Querbinden am Kopfe und Rumpfe; die vorderste
beginnt am Nacken an der Basis des ersten Dorsalstachels und
zieht, vom Augeunterbrochen, biszum unteren Rande des Zwischen-
deckels; die zweite Querbinde entspringt an dem dritten bis
sechsten Dorsalstachel und endigt au der Basis des untersten
Pectoralstrahles. Die dritte Querbinde ist schwach, verkehrt
S-förmig gebogen und erstreckt sich von den zweiten letzten
Dorsalstacheln fast bis zur Basis der Anale. Die vierte Querbinde
kreuzt den Schwanzstiel und zieht sich nach oben wie unten über
die Gliederstrahlen der Dorsale und der Anale hin. Freier Rand
der Dorsale und Anale hell gesäumt; Caudale in der Längenmitte
mit einer halbmondförmig gebogenen, hellbraunen Querbinde.
Ein hell goldgelber Fleck auf den einzelnen Rumpfschuppen
zwischen der zweiten und dritten Rumpfbinde.
Goree.
159
3. Scorpaena senegalensis.
D. maS A. 3/5. Sq. lat. 38—39. L. lat. 25—26.
Rumpfschuppen ganzrandig; eine tiefe kleine Grube unter
dem vorderen Augenwinkel.
Körperform gestreckt wie bei Sc. serofa L. Zahlreiche ge-
franste Hautläppehen am Kopfe und Rumpfe; hinteres Augen-
tentakel hoch und stark verästelt. Wangen, oberer Theil des
Kiemendeekels beschuppt. Rumpfhöhe 4mal, Kopflänge 3mal
in der Totallänge, Selmanzenlänge mehr als 31/,mal, Augen-
diameter 5’/,mal, Stirnbreite 5°/,mal in der Kopflänge, Zähne
am Vomer und auf den Gaumenbeinen. 4 Stacheln am Rande des
Präoperkels.
Zeichnung des Rumpfes, der D. und C ‚wie bei Se. Plumieri
der nächst verwandten Art; Hinterseite der Peetorale und Achsel-
gegend mit grösseren und kleineren intensiv braunen Flecken
dicht besetzt, so dass die weisslich graue Grundfarbe der Flosse
bis auf ein maschenförmiges Netz zwischenden Flecken verdrängt
erscheint.
Rufisque.
3. Glyphidodon Hoefleri.
D. 13/13. A. 2/13. L. lat. 30. L. tr. 3'/,:1/10.
Rumpfhöhe nahezu 2mal, Kopflänge etwas mehr als 3",-
mal in der Körperlänge, Augendiameter 3°/.mal, Stirnbreite mal,
Schnauzenlänge 3°/,mal in der Kopflänge.
Kieferzälne einreihig, comprimirt, am freien Rand abgestutzt
und daselbst I--2mal seicht eingebuchtet. Höhe des Praeorbitale
der Hälfte einer Augenlänge gleich. 4 Schuppenreihen auf den
Wangen.
Blauviolett, jede Rumpfschuppe mit einem hell goldgelben
Fleck.
Gorée.
4. Pseudoscarus Hoefleri.
Kiefer grünliehblau, Oberlippe hreit, mehr als zur Hälfte die
/wischenkiefer deckend. 2 Schuppenreihen auf den Wangen, und
eine dritte am unteren Randstücke des Vordeckels. Caudale mit
mässig verlängerten oberen und unteren Randstrahlen.
+
160
Kopttorm halbelliptisch, Koptlänge circa 3mal, Rumpfhöhe
circa 2°%/;mal in der Körperlänge, Augendiameter 6'/,mal,
Schnauzenlänge 2mal in der Kopflänge. Keine freien Hundszähne
zunächst den Mundwinkeln. Schnauzesmaragdgrün mit 2 zinnober-
rothen Querbinden. Oberlippe am Rand gelblich. Eine schwärzlich-
violette Binde zieht bogenförmig von dem hintere. Augenrande
zur Basis der Peetorale. Rumpf grünlich, gegen die Rückenlinie
ins Graue tibergehend. Basis der Rumpfschuppen blass rosenroth,
hinterer Rand derselben zinnoberroth gesäumt.
D. 9/10. A.,2/9, P. 14. L. lat. 25.
Gorée.
Von den übrigen an den Küsten Senegambiens gesammelten
Arten ist in zoogeographischer Beziehung besonders erwähnens-
werth: Sphyraena jello C. V., Mugil oeur Forsk., Belone choram
sp. Forsk., Platyrhina Schoenleinii J. Müll & Tr. und Bran-
chiostoma lanceolatum sp. Pall.
5. Surgus Pourtalesii.
D. 13.10. A. 3/10. L. 1. 47—48. L. tr. 7—8/1/16—17.
Kopflänge 3'/,— 3°/,mal, Rumpfhöhe 2°, „—2'/,mal in der
Körperlänge, Augendiameter 4°, —4*/,mal, Schnauzenlänge 2?/,-
mal, Stirnbreite 3—2°/,mal in der Kopflänge enthalten, 4—5
Schuppenreihen auf den Wangen. Molarzähne in den Kiefern, an
Grösse ein wenig variabel, doch ausnahmslos auffallend kleiner
als bei S. unimaculatus, der nächst verwandten Art.
8—9 goldgelbe Längsbinden am Rumpfe, unter der Seiten-
linie minder intensiv gefärbt und schwächer abgegrenzt als über
derselben, und stets etwas schmäler als die von der Grundfarbe
der oberen Körperhälfte gebildeten himmelblauen Längsbinden.
Färbung des unteren Theiles des Rumpfes gelblichweiss.
Galapagos-Inseln.
Der Verfasser spricht ferner die Vermuthung aus, dass Sparac-
todon nalnal Rochebrune mit Temnodon saltator identisch sein
dürfte. i
Das c. M. Herr Director C. Hornstein Prag übersendet eine
Abhandlung des Herrn Johann Mayer, Stud. philos. an der
Prager Universität: „Über die Bahn des Kometen 18805.“
|
Ambricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais |
CICEROS REDE
FUR P.
SESTIUS
Marcus Tullius Cicero, Hermann
Adolf Koch, Alfred Eberhard
Digitized by Google
Vr
Boole
CICEROS
REDE FUR P. SESTTUS
FUR DEN SCHULGEBRAUCH
HERMANN ADOLP KOCH
' ZWEITE AUFLAGE
BESORGT
VON
ALFRED EBERHARD
LEIPZIG
DRUCK UND VERLAG VON B. G. TEUBNER
1877
Digitized by
HERRN UEHEIMEN RATH
Dk. ludwig wiese
IN DANKBARER VEREHRUNG
ZUGEEIGNKT
voi*
H. A. KOCH
MDCCCLXIII
AUFS NEUE DARGEBKACHT
VOW
A. EBERHARD
MDCCCLXXVII
Digitized by Google
Einleitung
P. Sestius, der im Verein niit Milo als Tribun des Jahres 57
Eifrigsten die Zuriickberufung des verbannten Cicero be-
trieben hatte, wurde am 10. Februar 56 auf Veranlassung des
Clodius zugleich von Cn. Nerius de ambitu und von M. Tullius
Albinovanus, einem unbedeutenden Menschen, nach der lex
Plautia de vi (wohl vom J. 89) angeklagt, wahrend seines
Tribunats Gewaltthatigkeiten veriibt zu haben, vornehmlich
in Bezug auf das Handgemenge, das seinem Eihspruch gegen
den ConsuJ Metellus Nepos gefolgt war. Der Process wurde
vor dem Prator M. Aemilius Scaurus gefiihrt (aber nicht in
einem stehenden Gerichtshof, quaestio perpetua). Richter
waren Geschworene, die sich nach dem Aurelischen Gesetz vom
J. 70 aus Senatoren, Rittern und Aerartribunen zusammen-
setzten. Als Zeugen unterstiitzten den Albinovanus P. Vatinius,
der als Tribun des Jahres 59 das Werkzeug des Casar gewesen
war, Gellius Poplicola (§ 110f.), Aemilius Paullus. FUr den Be-
klagten traten mit einer laudatio ein Pompejus und Abgeordnete
von Capua, als Zeuge unter Anderen C. Licinius Macer Calvus.
Von den zahlreichen Vertheidigern werden neben Cicero ge-
nannt M. Crassus und Hortensius. Trotzdem, dass Cicero sich
durch das leidenschaftliche Wesen des Sestius zum ofteren
verletzt sah, war er sogleich am 10. Februar zu ihm geeilt
und hatte sich ihm mit der grossten Bereitwilligkeit zur Ver-
fiigung gestellt. Da dem Cicero nach Widerlegung der eigent-
iichen Klagepuncte durch die iibrigen Vertheidiger wie gewohn-
lich die Schlussrede iibertragen war, so benutzt er, indem er
die vom Sestius wahrend seines Tribunats verfolgten Zwecke
im Allgemeinen einer Erorterung unterwirft, die Gelegenheit,
eine ausfiihrliche Darstellung der Ereignisse des vergangenen
Jahres (58) zu geben, sein eigenes Verhalten wahrend dieses
Jahres, sowie seine mit der seines Clienten engverbundene
Parteistellung gegen die Angriffe der Gegner zu rechtfertigen
und in einem glanzenden Excurs die Bedeutung der conservativen
Gesinnung fiir den romischen Staat iiberhaupt zu entwicke
Koch u. Eberhard, Ciceros Kede fur P. Sestius. 1
Digitized
2
EINLEITUNG.
So ist die Rede, die ihre jetzige Gestalt wohl zum grossen
Theil erst der spateren schriftlichen Ausarbeitung verdankt,
raehr eine politische Parteischrift als eine Vertheidigungsrede
geworden, als solche aber von um so allgemeinerem und durch-
greifenderem Interesse. Ihren nachsten Zweck verfehlte sie
iibrigens insofern ebenfalls nicht, als Sestius am 11. (oder 14.
— bei Cic. ep. ad. Q. fr. II 4, 1 ist die Lesart nicht sicher — )
Marz einstimmig freigesprochen wurde.
Der Inhalt der Rede gliedert sich nach seinen wesent-
lichen Momenten in der Art, dass nach einem kurzen Exordium
(§ 1 — 2) zunachst in der propositio (3 — 5) die Aufgabe der Ver-
theidigung festgestellt wird. Hierauf enthalt der erste Haupt-
theil (6 — 14) die Darstellung der friiheren Wirksamkeit des
Sestius bis zu seinem Tribunat, vornehmlich seines Verhaltens
wahrend der Verschworung des Catilina und nach derselben.
Der zweite Haupttheil (15 — 71) behandelt die jenem Tribunat
vorangehenden politischen Ereignisse des Jahres 58. Zunachst
wird der noch ins Jahr 59 fallende Uebertritt des Clodius in
den Plebejerstand erwahnt (16), dann werden die beiden Consuln
des Jahres 58 Gabinius und Piso characterisirt (18 — 24) und
ihre Schritte, mit denen sie den Antrag des Clodius gegen den
Cicero unterstiitzten, ausfuhrlich besprochen (25 — 35). Es
folgt (36 — 52) die Selbstrechtfertigung des Cicero gegen den
Vorwurf der Feigheit. Obwohl seine Sache eine viel giinstigere
gewesen als die des Metellus (36 — 39), sei er gewichen, durch
das unzuverlassige Benehmen des Caesar, Crassus und Pompejus
bewogen (39 — 41), um nicht einen Biirgerkrieg zu veranlassen
und dem romischen Volke die Moglichkeit zu rauben durch
seine Zuriickberufung ein fur alle Zeiten giiltiges Muster der
Nachahmung aufzustellen (42 — 52). Nachdem hierauf die
iibrigen ins Jahr 58 fallenden verderblichen Anschlage des
Clodius und seiner Helfershelfer, vorziiglich die dem Cato auf-
gebiirdete Einziehung von Cypern (53 — 66) und sodann die in
der zweiten Halfte des Jahres geschehenen Schritte zur Wieder-
herstellung Ciceros erwahnt sind (67 — 70), geht der Redner
zum dritten Haupttheil (71 — 96) iiber, der das Tribunat des
Sestius selbst behandelt. Zuerst wird berichtet iiber die weiteren
Schritte zu Ciceros Gunsten bis zur Verhandiung am 25. Januar
(71 — 74), dann iiber diese von den Gegnern unterbrochene Ver-
handlung selbst (75 — 78) und das bald darauf erfiolgte Hand-
gemenge am Tempel des Castor (79 — 83), das die gerechte
Veranlassung fiir Sestius wurde den Gewaltmassregeln der
Gegner seinerseits die gleichen gegeniiber zu stellen (84 — 85).
Hieran schliesst sich unmittelbar (86 — 92) die vom Anklager
angeregte Vergleichung des Milo und Sestius, die nach Cicero
niclit dadurch zum Nachtheil des Sestius ausfallen darf, dass
Digitized by Google
EINLEITUNG.
3
Milo, bevor er zur gewaltsamen Selbstvertheidigung schritt, den
Clodius gerichtlich zu belangen versuchte. Der Unistand, dass
der Senat selbst diese Anklage nicht gestattete, also seine
eigene Partei im Stiche liess, die missliche Lage der Verthei-
diger des Cicero im Vergleich mit der gliicklichen seiner Geguer
und die darauf sich griindende hohnische Frage des Albinovanus,
wer denn die von Cicero so gepriesene Optimatenkaste eigent-
lich sei (93 — 96), veranlasst Cicero zum vierten Haupttheil,
der vom Wesen, den Aufgaben und der Stellung der Optimaten-
partei zum Volke handelt. Alle, welche Ordnung uud Ruhe
im Innern des Staates und Ansehen desselben nach Aussen er-
strebten, seien zu den Optimaten zu rechnen (96 — 102). Dieser
Standpunct sei jetzt nicht schwer festzuhalten, da die Streitig-
keiten, durch die friiher Volk und Optimaten vielfach getrennt
wurden, aufgehort hiitten, wenn nicht bezahlte Banden das
Volk vorstellen sollten (102 — 106). Dies sei deutlich zu er-
kennen in denContionen (107—109), in den Comitien, den legis-
lativen sowohl (110 — 112) wie den Wahlcomitien (113— 1 14),
in den Schauspielen (115 — 122) und den Gladiatorenspielen
(123 — 127), bei welchen Gelegenheiten durchweg Ciceros Sache
auf alle Weise unterstiitzt und verherrlicht sei. Es folgt jetzt
noch (127 — 131) eine glanzende Beschreibung der Riickkehr
des Cicero, um dadurch die Insinuation des Ankliigers zuriickzu-
weisen, der an den Regulus erinnert und eine durch Gewalt-
thaten herbeigefuhrte Wiederherstellung als verwerflich be-
zeichnet hatte, sowie ein heftiger Ausfall gegen den Zeugen
Vatinius (132 — 135), von dem jener Ausdruck ^Optimatenkastc'
herriihrte, worauf schliesslich, nachdem noch einmal das iiber
die conservative Gesinnung Gesagte zusammengefasst und die
Jugend zu derselben ermahnt ist (136—143), in der peroratio
(144 — 147) das Mitleid der Richter fiir den Angeklagten mit
gewohnter Kunst rege gemacht wird.
M. TULLII CICERONIS
PBO P. SESTIO ORATIO.
1 Si quis antea, iudiees, mirabatur quid esset quod pro
1 tantis opibus rei publicae tantaque dignitate imperii nequaquam
satis multi cives forti et magno animo invenirentur ; qui auderent
se et salutem suam in discrimen offerre pro statu civitatis et
pro communi libertate, is ex hoc tempore miretur potius, si 5
quem bonum et fortem civem viderit, quam si quem aut timidum
aut sibi potius quam rei publicae consulentem. nam ut omittatis
de unius cuiusque casu cogitando recordari, uno aspectu in-
tueri potestis eos, qui cum senatu, cum bonis omnibus rem
publicam adflictam excitarint et latrocinio domestico liberarint, 10
maestos, sordidatos, reos de capite, de fama, de civitate, de
fortunis, de liberis dimicantis; eos autem, qui omnia divina et
humana violarint, vexarint, perturbarint, everterint, non solum
opibus — imperii: 101 vetera
exetnpla, quorum est copia digna
huius imperii gloria. Wenn ein
Land machtig und angesehen ist,
80 lasst sich voraussetzen , dass es
dies durch die T&chtigkeit seiner
Bewohner geworden ist, und dass
je mehr jene Eigenschaften bei ihm
hervortreten , um so mehr ausge-
zeichnete Bfirger vorhanden seien. |
forti et m. animo, 45 nonnemo
vir fortis et acris animi magnique. |
se et salutem suam, 48 se ac vitam
suam; p. Caelio 57 cui se, cui sa-
lutem suam credidit. | in discrimen
offerre, 61 obtulit m discrimen
vitam suam, dagegen in discrimen
inferre, p. Balbo 25. | pro statu f
fiir den sicheren Bestand, die Si-
cherheit. 46. j pro communi liber-
tate, sonst auch causa communis
libertatis, Verr. 5, 169; 170. | ex
hoc tempore, 79. de off. 2, 80. p.
Sulla 65. [ bonum et fortem civem,
(87) entspncht chiastisch den folgen-
den Gliedern. | ut omittatis, ihr
habt es gar nicht ndthig. cogitando
be8timmt die Art des recordari; de
u. c. c. iat von rec. abhangig; der
acc. 11. 17. 55. | cutn senatu, cum
bonis omnibus, haufig verbunden,
letztere Bezeichnung stehende For-
mel fflr die Optimatenpartei. j
latrocinio domestico, von dem Ban-
ditenwesen in seinem Innern, 144.
p. Sulla 70 civile latrocinium. | sor-
didatos, P. Lentulus, 144. | reos
dimicantis, zu verbinden, also ohne
Eomma nach reos; gemeint sind
Milo und Sestius. | de capite, ihre
Kxistenz, specialisirt durch de fama
— de liberis, ad Q. fr. 1, 1, 13. |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 1-3.
5
alacris laetosque volitare, sed etiam fortissimis atque optimis
civibus periculum moliri, de se nihil timere. in quo cum multa 2
sunt indigna, tum nihil minus est ferendum, quam quod iam
non per latrones suos, non per homines egestate et scelere
$ perditos, sed per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus
periculum inferre conantur, et quos lapidibus, quos ferro, quos
facibus, quos vi, manu, copiis delere non potuerunt, hos vestra
auctoritate, vestra religione, vestris sententiis se oppressuros
arbitrantur. ego autem, iudices, qua voce mihi in agendis
io gratiis commemorandoque eorum, qui de me optime meriti
sunt, beneficio esse utendum putabam, ea nunc uti cogor in
eorum periculis depellendis, [eis potissimum vox haec serviat],-
quorum ppera et mihi et vobis et populo Romano restituta
est. et quamquam a Q. Hortensio, clarissimo viro atque elo- 2
15 quentissimo, causa est P. Sestii perorata nihilque ab eo praeter- 3
mi8sum est, quod aut pro re publica conquerendum fuit aut
pro reo disputandum, tamen adgrediar ad dicendum, ne mea
propugnatio ei potissimum defuisse videatur, per quem est per-
fectum ne ceteris civibus deesset. atque ego sic statuo, iudices,
ciuitas, abstract. [ alacris volitare,
maestos pro Mur. 49 te inquirere
videbant, tristem ipsum, maestos
amicoB . . . Catilinam interea ala-
crem atque laetum. Zu beachten
ist der Uebergang vom praedicativen
acc. (pari) Z. 11. 12 zum inf. p. 5,
1. 2. | vexare, eigentlich Intensivum
zu vehere, steht haufig bei sach-
lichen Begriffen (11. 31. 114. 145.).
| fortissimis atque opt, ebenso 9.
12. 39. 67. | de se nihil timere, ohne
fur sich etwas zu furchten. 94 nec
dum vos de vobis aliquid time-
bitis, illi umquam de se perti-
mescent. |
2 cum multa, sowohl uberhaupt
Vieles, wir: vieles Andere. \perditos,
ao 85 hominum cum egestate tum
audacia perditorum; p. Murena 86
lacrimis ac maerore perditus; Verr.
5, 100. | scelere zu Z. 11. | iam gehSrt
zu per V08 . . conantur, non zu
latrones und hom. perd. \ per opt.
— civibus, ad fam. 1 , 9 , 10 eum
quem bonum civem semper habu-
issent bonum virum esse pateretur;
1, 9, 16 poenas a seditioso civi pex
bonos viros iudicio persequi. | quos
. . copiis: von den vier Gliedern der
Anaphora spaltet sich das vierte als
das bedeutendste in drei Theile.
vi — copiis, 78 vi, manu, ferro;
133 vi, exercitu, copiis. 34 ad
vim, ad manus, ad caedem, ad
direptionem. 85. 92 E. | religione,
Ge wissenhaftigkeit, iusiurandum da-
mit verbunden p. Caelio 54. j bene-
ficium, abstract als Eigenschaft
'Wohlthatigkeit', wie scelus oft
'Ruchlosigkeit' ; s. p. 6, 8; bes. 14.
22. 145 E. j Diejenigen, welche er als
optime de se meriti preist, deren
beneficium er erwahnt, sind offen-
bar dieselben, welche durch die
Worte quorum — restituta est be-
zeichnet werden; dem Redner nicht
zu hoch anzurechnende Tautologie.
(Andere behalten eis . . serviat und
schieben vor qua ein quoniam.) |
perorata. Von den zahlreichen 3
Vertheidigern des Sestius hatte Q.
Hortensius als letzter die eigentliche
Vertheidi^ung abgeschlossen ; dem
Cicero bheb die Aufgabe, die er
im Folgenden naher erortert. | pro
re p. — disputandum, derselbe
Gegensatz 14 m. pro re publica
queri de or. II 198; 42 vocem pro
me ac pro republica neminem mit-
tere. | ne — deesset, p. Archia 1. |
sic statuo, so sic habeo, sic reperio,
sic intellego, sic existimo und Aehn-
liches. |
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6
M. TULLIl CICERONIS
a me in hac causa atque hoc extremo dicendi loco pietatis
potius quam defensionis, querellae quam eloquentiae, doloris
4 quam ingenii partis esse susceptas. itaque si aut acrius egero
aut liberius quam qui ante me dixerunt, peto a vobis, mt tantum
orationi meae eoncedatis, quantum et pio dolori et iustae ira- 5
cundiae concedendum putetis; nam neque officio coniunctior
dolor ullus esse potest quam hic meus susceptus ex hominis
de me optime meriti periculo, neque iracundia magis ulla
laudanda est quam mea inflammata eorum scelere, qui cum
omnibus meae salutis defensoribus bellum esse sibi gerendum io
5 iudicaverunt. sed quoniam singulis criminibus ceteri respon-
derunt, dicam ego de omni statu P. Sestii, de genere vitae, de
natura, de moribus, de incredibili amore in bonos, de studio
conservandae salutis commums atque otii, contendamque, si
modo id consequi potero, ut in hac confusa atque universa 15
defensione nihil a me quod ad vestram quaestionem, nihil quod
ad reum, nihil quod ad rem publicam pertineat praetermissum
esse videatur. et quoniam in gravissimis temporibus civitatis
atque in ruinis eversae atque adflictae rei publicae P. 'Sestii
tribunatus est a Fortuna ipsa conlocatus, non adgrediar ad illa 20
maxima atque amplissima prius quam docuero quibus initiis
ac fundamentis hae tantae summis in rebus laudes excitatae sint.
8 Parente P. Sestius natus est, iu'dices, homine, ut plerique
6 meministis, et sapiente et sancto et severo; qui cum tribunus
plebis primus inter homines nobilissimos temporibus optimis 25
factus esset, reliquis honoribus non tam uti voluit quam
dignus videri. eo auctore duxit honestissimi et spectatissimi
4 acrius, leidenschaftlicher ; libe-
rius, freimuthiger, nicht so stark
wie asperiu8 14; p. Plancio 33
'aaperius' inquit r locutus est aliquid
aliquando.' immo fortasse liberius.
| offcio coni. dolor, p. Plancio 25
rogatio ipsa semper est gratiosissima,
quae est officio coniuncta maxime.
Der comp. coniunctior kommt mehr-
fach bei Cic. vor. | inflammata, be-
grQndet; s. 141 m. nati. |
5 sed abbrechend und zu etwas
Neuem iiberleitend, hier wenig von
autem verschieden. | salus communis,
das ffemeine Wohl, wie vorher com-
mums libertas oder sonat communis
utilitas, hier mit otium verbunden
wie 15. | defensio confusa, in qua
singula crimina confunduntur, d. h.
coniuuguntur: zusammenfassend. |
eversae atque adflictae, gewOhnlich
in umgekehrter Ordnung, wo dann
eversae den Grund zu adflictae nach-
triigt; dass kein wesentlicher Unter-
schied in der Bedeutung beider Ad-
jectiva ist, zeigt adflictae et perditae
reipublicae 31 verglichen mit eversae
ac perditae civitatis de prov. 46;
unten 35 excisam et eversam in
naturlicher Folge. | laudes, ruhm-
liche Thaten. | excitare im eigent-'
lichen Sinne von Bauwerken, wie
turres excitare. |
primus — optimis, dass der Vater G
des Sestius an erster Stelle — in-
dem er die meisten Stimmen hatte
— zum Volk8tribun gewahlt wurde,
erhielt noch grSsseren Werth da-
durch, ^la88 seine Mitbewerber ho-
v mines nobilissimi waren nnd die
Wahl nicht in nnruhige Zeiten fiel.
| eo auctore, 'auf seinen Rath*, nicht
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 3-7.
viri, C. Albini, filiam, ex qua hic est puer et nupta iam filia.
duobus his gravissimis antiquae severitatis viris sic probatus
fuit, utrique eorum ut carus maxime et iucundus esset.
ademit Albino soceri nomen mors filiae, sed caritatem illius
s necessitudinis et benevolentiam non ademit. hodie sic hunc
diligit, ut vos facillime potestis ex hac vel assiduitate eius vel
sollicitudine et molestia iudicare. duxit alteram uxorem patre 7
vivo optimi et calamitosissimi viri filiam, L. Scipionis. clara in
hoc P. Sestii pietas exstitit et omnibus grata, quod et Massi-
io liam statim profectus est, ut socerum videre consolarique posset
fluctibus rei publicae expulsum in alienis terris iacentem, quem
in maiorum suorum vestigiis stare oportebat, et ad eum filiam
eius adduxit, ut ille insperato aspectu complexuque si non
omnem, at aliquam partem maeroris sui deponeret, et maximis
15 praeterea assiduisque officiis et illius aerumnam, quoad vixit,
et filiae solitudinem sustentavit. possum multa dicere de libe-
ralitate, de domesticis officiis, de tribunatu militari, de provin-
ciali in eo magistratu abstinentia; sed mihi ante oculos obver-
f mit seiner Genehmigung', da hier
die Pietat des Sestius bezeichnet
werden soll, die Einwilligung des
Vaters aber zur Eingehung^einer
rechtskraftigen Ehe fur filii familias
an und fur sich nothwendig war. |
duobus, was wegbleiben konnte,
fasst die Manner zusammen (32 m.
34 m.), utrique individualisirt. [ hic,
der bei Gericht anwesend war, 10.
144. | antiquae, so homo antiquue,
antiqua virtute, antiqui officii; mit *
antiquitas, wie die Hsr. hier bieten,
findet sich ein Adjectiv in diesem
Sinne nicht verbunden. | carus, wegen
seiner Tuchtigkeit, iucundus, wegen
seiner LiebenswOrdigkeit , werden
dfter verbunden(p. Sulla62.Brut. 10).
| ademit, der Tod der Tochter lSste
rechtlich die Verwandtschaft; de or.
1 , 24 socer eius qui fuerat. | sed konnte
bei der Wiederholung des Verbums
im Gegensatz auch fehlen; wie hier
10. | hodie, *noch heute\ 69. 96 m.
142. | sic . . ut potestis iudicare:
p. Plancio 28 Macedonia sic eum
diligit ut indicant hi principes
civitatum suarum; dagegen 27 sic
ab illo viro dilectus est ut contu-
bernii necessitudo . . postulabat;
in dem letzteren Falle wird der all-
gemeine Massstab der Beurtheilung
angegeben, in den beiden ersteren
— weit selteneren — ein specielles
charakteristisches Merkmal, nach
demdie Abschatzungstattfindet. Hier
ist der Sinn derselbe, als wenn stiinde :
quanti hunc diligat, potestis ex . .
iudicare. | assiduitas = assidua prae-
Bentia. j molestia, Niedergeschlagen-
heit; die Sorge lastet auf ihm. |
alteram fehlt in den Handschriften, 7
vergl. de or. 1, 183. | L. Scipio,
cos. 83, Marianer, wurde von seinen
Soldaten am Berge Tifata verlassen
und begab sich ins Exil nach
Massilia. | in hoc, im Verhaltniss
zu ihm. | expulsum ist dem folgen-
den iacentem untergeordnet, also
ein Komma nach demselben nicht
gerechtfertigt; ahnl. Tusc- 3, 39
Telamonem pulsum patria exulantem
atque egentem. | iacentem — stare,
64 non modo stantem non defen-
derant, sed ne iacentem quidem
protexerant | ri non — at, 57 m.
auch si non — at certe, wie 14.
37; si minus — at certe 92, und
si non — at tamen. | officiis, der
plur. = Pflichttreue. | de tribunatu
militari, er gehorte zu den vom
Volke erwahlten Kriegstribunen,
was aus dem folgenden in eo ma-
gxstratu erhellt. | provinciali . . ab-
stinentia, 13 illa integritas provin-
cialis. | ante oculos obversatur, sonst
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8
M. TULLII CICERONIS
satur rei publicae dignitas, quae me ad sese rapit, haec
8 minora relinquere hortatur. quaestor hic C. Antonii, conlegae
mei, iudices, fuit sorte, sed societate consiliorum meus. impe-
dior nonnullius officii, ut ego interpretor, religione, quominus
exponam quam multa P. Sestius, cum esset cum conlega meo, sen- s
serit, ad me detulerit, quanto ante providerit. atque ego de An-
tonio nihil dico praeter unum: numquam illum in illo summo
timore ac periculo civitatis neque communem metum omnium
nec propriam nonnullorum de ipso suspicionem aut infitiando
tollere aut dissimulando sedare voluisse: in quo [conlega] sus- 10
tinendo atque moderando, si meam in illum indulgentiam con-
iunctam cum summa custodia rei publicae laudare vere solebatis,
par prope laus P. Sestii esse debet, qui ita suum consuleui
4 observavit, ut et illi quaestor bonus et omnibus optimus civis
9 videretur. idem, cum illa coniuratio ex latebris atque ex is
tenebris erupisset palamque armata volitaret, venit cum exercitu
Capuam, quam urbem propter plurimas belli opportunitates
ab illa impia et scelerata manu temptari suspicabamur: C. Mevu-
lanum, tribunum militum Antonii, Capua praecipitem eiecit,
hominem perditum et non obscure Pisauri et in aliis agri 20
Gallici partibus in illa coniuratione versatum; idemque C. Mar-
cellum, cum is non Capuam solum venisset, verum etiam se
quasi armorum studio in maximam fainiliam coniecisset, exter-
ante oder ob oculos versatur. | rapit,
13 ad tribunatum qui ipse ad sese
iam dudum vocat . . . veniamus. |
relinquere hortatur, Z. §. 616. |
8 societate consil., 63. | nonnullius,
der Sing. i&t keineswegs selten.
interpretor, f auffaa8e\ Antonius,
den Cicero, da er wegen Theil-
nahme an der Catilinarischen Ver-
Bchworung und Erpressungen an-
geklagt wurde, vertheidigt hatte,
war verurtheilt und musste in die
Verbannung gehen. Cicero be-
streitet, dass hierdurch, wie es
scheinen konnte, jede Rucksicht
auf ihn unnOthig geworden. Die
Ausdrucke im Folgenden sind vor-
sichtig und zuruckhaltend. | esse,
vivere cum aliquo, mit Jemandem
verkehren oder zu thun haben.
quanto ante pr. ist noch mit quam
multa zu verbinden, freilich nicht
ohne Harte, da, wenn gleich die
Vereinigung mehrerer Fragen in
einen Satz auch im Lateinischen
vorkommt, hier die gleichmassige
Bildung der einzelnen Satzglieder
(senserit, ad me detulerit) dadurch
zerstfl rt wird. Es ist daher vielleicht
zu schreiben aliquanto ante; de
off. 1, 81 praecipere cogitationo
futura et aliquanto ante constituere.
| infitiando, ebenso c. sen. gr. egit
33. | tollere — sedare, Phil. 2, 46
quanta mala . . . sedavi vel potius
sustuli. | conlega passt nicht zu p.
prope lau8 P. Sestii esse debet; wegen
in illum (das reip. entspricht) konnte
aber in quo — moderando nicht eng
mit dem ersten Satzgliede (si —
soleb.) allein verbunden werden. j
observavit. Wir kdnnen die Zwei-
deutigkeit dieses Wortes kaum an-
ders als durch einen allgemeinen
Ausdruck wiedergeben, etwa f der
sich so gegen seinen €onsul stellte*. |
non obscure, in Pis. 6 interitum 9
urbisnon obscuresed palammo-
lientem. | in illa — versatum, der
fGr jene Verschw6run^ thatig ge-
wesen, wie in re pnbhca versari. |
itemque vermuthet Halm. j familiam,
Marcellus wollte die vom Senat aus
Rom entfernten und in Capua inter-
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PRO.P. SESTIO ORATIO 7—11.
9
minandum ex illa urbe curavit; qua de causa et tum conventus
ille Capuae, qui propter salutem illius urbis consulatu conser-
vatam meo me unum patronum adoptavit, huic apud me
[P. Sestio] maximas gratias egit; et hoc tempore eidem homines
5 nomine commutato coloni decurionesque, fortissimi atque optimi
viri, beneficium P. Sestii testimonio declarant, periculum decreto 10
suo deprecantur. recita, quaeso, L. Sesti, quid decrerint Capuae
decuriones, ut iam puerilis tua vox possit aliquid significare
inimicis nostris, quidnam, cum se conroborarit, effectura esse
io videatur. Decurionum decreta. Non recito decretum officio
aliquo expressum vicinitatis aut clientelae aut hospitii publici,
aut ambitionis aut commendationis gratia; sed recito memo-
riam perfuncti periculi, praedicationem amplissimi beneficii,
vocem officii praesentis, testimonium praeteriti temporis. atque
15 illis temporibus isdem, cum iam Capuam metu Sestius libe- n
rasset, urbem senatus atque omnes boni deprehensis atque
oppressis domesticis hostibus me duce ex periculis maximis
extraxissent, ego litteris P. Sestium Capua arcessivi cum illo
exercitu, quem tum secum habebat; quibus hic litteris lectis
nirten Gladiatorenbanden aufhetzen.
Lquasi armorum studio, wie aus
iebhaberei fur die Fechtkunst, in
Cat. 3, 10 vom Cethegus: se semper
bonorum ferramentorum studiosum
fuisse. | conventus, bier nicht in dem
Sinne, wie beiCaes. b. civ. 1, 14, 5 von
demaeiben Capua: gladiatores cir-
cum familias conventus Campaniae
custodiae causadistribuit, der Yerein
romischer Burger, sondern die Be-
volkerung, d. h. die Volksmenge
ohne stadtischen Verband, ohne
stadtische Bechte und ohne liegen-
des Eigenthum, die sich dort nach
der Zerstorung Capuas im zweiten
punischen Eriege gesammelt hatte.
Erst durch die lex Iulia des Jahres
59, welche das Gemeinwesen Capuas
zu einer Colonie umgestaltete (siehe
ausser den gleich folgenden Worten
eidem homines — decuriones (=
Senat) ebenfalls Caes. b. civ. 1, 14, 4
dilectumque colonornm qui lege
Iulia Capuam deducti erant, habere
instituunt), konnte jene andere Be-
deutung Platz greifen. | adoptavit,
von derselben Sache in Pis. 25 me
patronum nnum asciverant, nicht
wie andere Stadte mehrere. I
10 aliquid =— aliquo modo. | videatur,
nach signifkare pleonastisch ; ein
hiiufiger Sprachgebrauch ; zur Pomp.
10 E. | officio, hervorgerufen durch
eine. Verpflichtung, die man wegen
der Nachbarachaft gegen ihn hatte.
| gratia kann nicht mit recito nn-
mittelbar verbunden werden; es ist
dazn entweder ein allgemeineres
Part. aus expressum zu erganzen
oder wahrscheinlicher der Ausfall
eines solchen (etwa factnm) anzn-
nehmen. aut vor amb. ist dem vor
com. dbergeordnet. | perfuncti, pas-
siv, Z. §. 632. | vocem off. pr., im rhe-
torischen Gegensatz zum Folgenden
(31 cansam praeteriti temporis —
praesenti defensione) : den Ausdmck
eines in der Gegenwart geleisteten
Dienstes, der eben in dem Zeugniss
von der Vergangenheit bestent. |
ex periculis — extraxissent, sonst 11
eripere ex. | litteris: beim Relati-
vum wird gerne das Substantivum,
auf welches es sich bezieht, wieder-
holt (96 m.). hic in den abl. abs.
quibus litt. lectis eingeschoben nicht
blo8B nach der Eigenthiimlichkeit
des lat. Sprachgebrauchs die Prono-
mina gern zusammenzustellen (p. 10
13): recepto Caesar Orico . . . proiic
scitur, b. civ. 3, 12, 1 (das. Krane T
10
M. TULLII CICERONIS
ad urbem confestim incredibili celeritate advolavit. atque ut
illius temporis atrocitatem recordari possitis, audite litteras et
vestram memoriam ad timoris praeteriti cogitationem excitate.
5 Litterae Ciceronis consulis. Hoc adventu P. Sestii tribu-
norum plebis novorum, qui tum extremis diebus consulatus 5
mei res eas, quas gesseram, vexare cupiebant, reliquaeque con-
12 iurationis impetus et conatus sunt retardati; ac postea quam
est intellectum, M. Catone tribuno plebis, fortissimo atque
optimo civi, rem publicam defendente, per se ipsum senatum
populumque Romanum sine militum praesidio tueri facile io
• maiestate sua dignitatem eorum, qui salutem communem periculo
suo defendissent, Sestius cum illo exercitu summa celeritate
C. Antonium consecutus est. hic ego quid praedicem, quibus
hic rebus consulem quaestor ad rem gerendam excitarit, quos
stimulos admoverit homini studioso fortasse victoriae, sed tamen 15
nimium communem Martem belli casumque metuenti? longum
est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam: si M. Petrei non excellens
animus et amor rei publicae, non praestans in re publica virtus,
non summa auctoritas apud milites, non mirificus usus in re
militari exstitisset, neque adiutor ei P. Sestius ad excitandum 20
Antonium, cohortandum, accusandum, impellendum fuisset,
datus illo in bello esset hiemi locus neque umquam Catilina,
cum e pruina Appennini atque e nivibus illis emersisset atque
aestatem integram nanctus silvestres callis et pastorum stabula
praeoccupare coepisset, sine multo sanguine ac sine totius 25
dagegen nicht animus rei publicae,
weshalb exc. an. fur sich zu nehmen
ist; p. Placco 103 qui tum animua
L. Flacci, qui amor in patriam.
Zur ganzen Steile vergl. Pomp. 28
ego enim sic existimo, in summo
imperatore quattuor has res inesse
oportere, scientiam rei militaris,
yirtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem.
in re p., in amtlicher Thatigkeit.
accusandum braucht nicht in acuen-
dum verandert zu werden. ad fam.
I, 1, 2 Pompeium et hortari et
orare etiam liberius accusare et
monere non desistimus. Vgl. 122.
132. | datus — locus, dem Winter
warde Raum, Gelegenheit sich znbe-
thatigen verschaffit worden sein, d. h.,
die Kriegfahrung wfirde durch den
Winter grosse StOrung erfahren
haben; p. Milone 68 quodsi locus
Miloni datus esset. | e pruina, in
Cat. II, 23. | Italiae callis die Efer.,
was nicht bedeuten kann f die von
Italien nach Gallien fiihrenden Berg-
N&gelsb. St. §. 97 b. | advolavit, er
eilte herbei, 54. | mem. excitate, lasst
in eurem Gedachtniss die Erinnerung
wach werden; 81 fuistine vos ad
patrium illum animum maiorumque
virtutem excitaturi.1 tr.pl., L. Bestia
und Q. Metellus Nepos. | extremis
diebus, sie traten ihr Amt am 10. Dec.
63 an. | vexare, zu 1. 60. p. Aoscio
Am. 60 vexari pessime societatem. t
impetus et conatus, 139. p. Sulla 76. ]
12 M. Cato Uticensis. | ego, 8 ut ego
interpretor, 16 ut ego arbitror, 17
hocine ut ego nomine appellem. j
casumque ist auch zu belli zu ziehn.
Liv. 8, 31 quod belli casus ferunt
Marsqne communis. de or. III 167
Martem belii esse communem;
Milon. 56 adde casus, adde in-
certos exitus pugnarum Martem-
que communem; ad fam. VI, 4, 1. |
hoc breve, f dies kurze Wort'; ge-
wOhnlicher ware brevi. | excellens.
Han sagt sowohl animus in rem
^ publicam (83) als amor in rem publ.,
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 11-15.
11
Italiae vastitate miserrima concidisset. hunc igitur animum 13
attulit ad tribunatum P. Sestius, ut quaesturam Macedoniae
relinquam et aliquando ad haec propiora veniara; — quam-
quam non est omittenda singularis illa integritas provincialis,
5 cuius ego nuper in Macedonia vidi vestigia non pressa leviter
ad exigui praedicationem temporis, sed fixa ad memoriam
illius provinciae sempiternam : — verum haec ita praetereainus,
ut tamen intuentes et respectantes relinquamus: ad tribunatum, 6
qui ipse ad sese iam dudum vocat et quodam modo absorbet
io orationem meam, contento studio cursuque veniamus. de quo 14
quidem tribunatu ita dictum est a Q. Hortensio, ut eius oratio
non defensionem modo videretur criminum continere, sed etiam
memoria dignam iuventuti rei publicae capessendae auctoritatem
disciplinamque praescribere. sed tamen, quoniam tribunatus
15 totus P. Sestii nihil aliud nisi meum nomen causamque sustinuit,
necessario mihi de isdem rebus esse arbitror, si non subtilius
disputandum, at certe dolentius deplorandum. qua in oratione
si asperiu8 in quosdam homines invehi vellem, quis non con-
cederet ut eos, quorum sceleris furore violatus essem, vocis
20 libertate perstringerem? sed agam moderate et huius potius
tempori serviam quam dolori raeo; si qui occulte a salute
nostra dissentiunt, lateant; si qui fecerunt aliquid aliquando
atque eidem nunc tacent et quiescunt, nos quoque simus obliti;
si qui se offerunt [insectantur], quoad ferri poterunt, perferemus,
25 neque quemquam offendet oratio mea, nisi qui se ita obtulerit,
ut in eum non invasisse, sed incucurrisse videamur.
Sed necesse est, ante quam de tribunatu P. Sestii dicere 15
incipiam, me totum superioris anni rei publicae naufragium
exponere, in quo conligendo ac reficienda salute communi
pfade*. Dies mflsste heissen GaUiae
c. Dazu aber passte dann wieder
nicht 8. t. Italiae v. Er befindet
sich noch in Italien. Darum ist
silvestres im Sinn von invios, zu
Ueberfallen nnd heimlicher Flucht
geeignet, geschrieben worden. Die
halbwilden pastores waren leicht
ftlr Catilina zu gewinnen. — Er
fiel bei Pistoria Anf. 62 gegen des
Antoniue Legaten Petreius, den
sp&teren Gegner des Caesar. |
13 nuper, im FrGhsommer 58 1 wo
Cicero sich in Thessalonike auf-
hielt. Sestius war mit AntODius in
die Provinz Macedonien gegangen. |
pressa ist, wenn nicht Fehler der
Hsr., ungewOhnlich fflr impressa ge-
sagt, wie Verr. IV, 68. | respectantes
ivtQOiiaXi£6{iBvoi. |
iuventuti, 96. 119. | rei p. capess., 14
103. | auctoritatein praescribere, wie
similitudinem comparare; zugleich
ist auctor. disciplinamque durch ein
K iv duc Svolv zu erklaren : f ein Muster-
system'. | nihil aliud nisi =- nihil
aliud egit nisi, was von Cic. gew5hn-
lich zugesetzt wird. j oratio, Aus-
einandersetzung, dem Sinne nach
allerdiDgs so viel wie 'Abschnitt'.
53; illud 136. | sceleris furore fur
scelere ac furore entspricht dem
folgenden vocis libertate. 2. | serviam,
23; de prov. 2. | aliquid aliquando
haufig so verbunden. | atque eidem
nunc, jetzt dagegeo. | se offerunt,
ferri, perferemus, Paronomasie. j
invasi88e , absichtlich , incucurrisse,
unfreiwillig. |
in quo conl. =■ in cuius reliquiis; 15
Digitized by Google
12
M. TULLII CICERONIS
7 omnia reperientur P. Sestii facta, dicta, consilia versata. funestus
ille annus iam impendebat rei publicae, iudices, cum in magno
motu et multorum timore intentus est arcus in me unum,
sicut volgo ignari rerum loquebantur, re quidem vera in uni-
versam rem publicam, traductione ad plebem furibundi hominis &
ac perditi, mihi irati, sed multo acrius otii et communis salutis
inimici. hunc vir clarissimus mihique multis repugnantibus
amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, omni cautione, foedere, exsecratione
devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me esse facturum: quod
ille nefarius, ex omnhim scelerum conluvione natus, parum io-
se foedus violaturum arbitratus est, nisi ipsum cautorem alieni
16 periculi suis propriis periculis terruisset. hanc taetram imma-
nemque beluam, vinctam auspiciis, adligatam more maiorum,
constrictam legum sacratarum catenis, solvit subito lege curiata
consul, vel, ut ego arbitror, exoratus, vel, ut nonnemo putabat,
mihi iratus, ignarus quidem certe et imprudens impendentium
tantorum scelerum et malorum. qui tribunus plebis felix in ever-
tenda re publica fuit nullis suis nervis — qui enim in eius modi
naufragium bezeich.net auch die
Triimmer von einem Schiffbruch. |
facta, dicta, cons., eine Climax, vom
AeusBeren zum Inneren aufsteigend. |
funestus . . impendebat rei p., Ver-
fjuch fur das hsr. fuerat . . in re p.;
furere coeperat (oder was weniger
abweicht iurebat) durffce nicht ge-
schrieben werden, weil die Adoption
de8 Clodius nicht 58 (sup. anno),
sondern 59 stattfand. Gegen aub-
erat ille annus spricht in re p.
Vielleicht schrieb Cicero: ruebat
ille annus iam in rem p. t gleichsam
wie eine Lawine, verderbendrohend,
walzte es sich heran. | quidem, frei-
lich (Z. 16); de or. 1, 114 haec
accendi arte possunt, inseri quidem
ab arte non possunt. | furib. acper-
diti, derselbe Clodius heisst Milon.
88 perditus ac furiosus. | devinxerat,
zu dem Versprechen verpflichten;
darum inf. fut., dessen Subject se
. bei der Haufung der Accuaative und
bei vorausgegangenem hunc fort-
geblieben ist. Z. §. 605 A. 2. | nefarius,
.substautivisch wie sceleratus und
Anderes. | ex omnium — natus, in
Pis. 21. | parum, p. Roscio Am. 49
ut parum miseriae sit quod aliis
coluit, non sibi, nisi etiam quod
omnino coluit,- crimini fuerit. | cau-
torem, in Bezug auf cautio Z. 8. |
propr. per., 69. |
vinctam auspiciis, weil durch 16
solche unrechtmassige Adoptionen,
wie die des Clodius durch den
Fontejus war, leicht die Zahl der
Patricier abnehmen und dadurch
die richtige Verwaltung der Auspi-
cien gefahrdet werden konnte. | adl
more maiorum, weil ein Uebertritt
aus dem Patricier- in den Plebejer-
stand iiberhaupt nicht brauchlich
war. | Die leges sacratae, bei Festus
erkl&rt als leges, quibus sanctum
eet, qui quid adversus eas fecerit,
sacer alicui deorum sit, verboten,
dass von einem Patricier das Volks-
tribunat verwaltet wiirde. 65. 79. |
solvit: Casar extrahirte als pontifex
maximus den Beschluss der comitia
curiata, der zu einer Adoption noth-
wendig war. [vel . . exoratus, vel . .
iratus, beides kann auch zugleich
der Fall sein; de prov. 42 traduxit
ad plebem inimicum meum sive
iratus mihi . . . sive exoratus. |
quidem certe, 24, r aber jedenfaUV,
mit mehr oder rainder stark hervor-
tretender Adversativbedeutung des
quidem, haufig gepaart. | imprudens
= non providens. | eius modi, naher
bestimmt durch hominis, weshalb
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 15-18.
13
vita nervi esse potuerunt, hominis fraternis flagitiis, sororiis
stupris, omni inaudita libidine exsanguis? — sed fuit profecto 17
quaedam illa rei publicae fortuna fatalis, ut ille caecus atque
amens tribunus plebis nancisceretur, quid dicam? consules?
* hocine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius imperii, pro-
ditores vestrae dignitatis, hostis bonorum omnium? qui ad
delendum senatum, adfligendum equestrem ordinem, exstinguenda
omnia iura atque instituta maiorum se illis fascibus ceterisque
insignibus summi honoris atque imperii ornatos esse arbitra-
io bantur. quorum, per deos immortalis! si nondum scelera
volneraque inusta rei publicae voltis recordari, voltum atque
incessum animis intuemini: facilius eorum facta occurrent
mentibus vestris, si ora ipsa oculis proposueritis: alter unguentis 8
adfluens, calamistrata coma, despiciens conscios stuprorum ac 18
15 veteres vexatores aetatulae suae, puteali et faeneratorum gregibus
inflatus, a quibus compulsus olim, ne in Scyllaeo iflo aeris
alieni tamquam [in] fretu ad columnam adhaeresceret, in
tribunatus portum perfugerat, contemnebat equites Romanos,
minitabatur senatui, venditabat se operis atque ab eis se
dae Eomma vor hominis nothwendig
ist. | frat. flag. besagt Aehnliches als
sorwiis stupris. Man bezuchtigte
ihn der Blutschande mit seinen drei
Schwestern (39). | inaud. lib., s. zu
116 m. | exsanguis: das hdschr. in-
sane (und auch infamis) stande nicht
im Gegensatz zu nervi; s. 24 m.
20 g. E. |
17 fatalis, 72 quoniam id etiam fatum
civitatis fuit. Der Satz hat sich an-
statt eines erwarteten sed quadam
fortuna freier an den vorhergehen-
den angeschlossen. | fascibus, her-
vorgehoben durch das Pronomen illis
als das insigne, in welchem die
ganze Machtfulle des Consulats vor
Augen trat, epp. ad Q. fr. 1 , 1 7 13
fasces illi ac secures. | volnera, 31.
in Vatin. 20, in Pis. 32, p. Plancio
70. | nondum voltis, noch nicht gleich
mit einem Male, ohne Vorbereitung,
weil die Erinnerung zu schmerzlich
ist. Doch passt dazu facilius nicht
wohl. Vielleicht ist nondum aus
nefanda verderbt. | voltum atque in-
cessum, Phil. 13, 4 ora vobis eorum
ponite ante oculos et maxime An-
toniorum, incessum, aapectum, vol-
tum. So hebt Sallust vom Catilina
hervor: citus modo, modo tardus
incessus, Cat. 15, 5. |
alter, Gabinius. | unguentis ad- 18
fiuens, wie es von den Genossen
des Catilina heisst in Cat. 2, 5
qui nitent unguentis, 10 unguentis
obliti. | puteali, das puteal Libonifl
am Fabiusbogen auf dem Forum, wo
die Wechsler ihren Sitz hatten. Ist
put. und greg. der Dativ, so mCLsste
er bezeichnen 'ihnen gegenfiber':
eine Construction, die erst zu er-
weisen ware. Fasst man es als
Abl., so k5nnte er ausdrucken f da-
durch nur noch ubermuthiger, erst
recht aufgeblasen gemacht', weil sie
ihm jetzt nicht schaden konnen, wo
er Consul ist. Dass seine Schulden
nicht geringer waren als friiher,
zeigt 38 duo importuna prodigia
quos egestas, quos aeris alieni
magnitudo tribuno plebi constrictos
addixerat. | ne — adhaer. An der
Meerenge von Sicilien, welche hier
von der Scylla Scyllaeum fretum
fenannt wird, war bei Rhegium eine
aule errichtet, am Forum aber in
der Nahe des puteal Libonis be-
fand sich die columna Maenia (124),
wo die Namen der Bankeruttirer
angeschlagen wurden. Also f um
nicht in jener fast Scyllaischen
Fluth der Schuldea an der Saule
zu zerschellen', so dass die Saule
Digitized by Google
14
M. TULLII CICERONIS
ereptum, ne de ambitu causam diceret, praedicabat, ab isdemque
se etiam invito senatu provinciam sperare dicebat; eamque
nisi adeptus esset, se incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur.
19 alter, o di boni! quam taeter incedebat! quam truculentus!
quam terribilis aspectu! unum aliquem te ex barbatis illis, 5
exemplum imperii veteris, imaginem antiquitatis, columen rei
publicae diceres intueri; vestitus aspere nostra hac purpura
plebeia ac paene fusca; capillo ita horrido, ut Capua, in qua
ipsa tum imaginis ornandae causa uviratum gerebat, Seplasiam
sublaturus videretur. nam quid ego de supercilio dicam, quod io
tum hominibus non supercilium, sed pignus rei publicae vide-
batur? tanta erat gravitas in oculo, tanta contractio frontis
[ut illo supercilio annus ille niti tamquam videretur]. erat •
20 hic omnium sermo: e est tamen rei publicae magnum lirmumque
subsidium; habeo quem opponam labi illi atque caeno; voltu, is
und adhaerescere doppelte Beziehimg
baben. | de atnbitu hatte den Gabi-
niub der junge C. Cato anklagen
wollen, war aber durch die Banden
des G. daran gehindert worden. |
provinciam, namlich durch einen
VolksbeschlusB; s. 55 £. | incolumem,
Cat. II, 18 neque enim isti qui
possessiones habent alia ratione ulla
salvi esse possunt = ohne Ban-
kerott durchkommen. |
10 alter, Piso. | unum — illis, p.
Cael. 33 ex barbatis illis non hac
barbula, qua ista delectatur, sed illa
horrida, quam in statuis antiquis
atque imaginibus videmus; pro
Mur. 26. Dagegen heis6t es von
den Genossen des Catilina Cat. 2, 22
quoa pexo capillo, nitidos, aut im-
berbis aut bene barbatos videtis. |
phbeia: nicht als ob die gewOhn-
lichen Leute geringeren Purpur ge-
tragen hatten: der erwachsene Bur-
ger durfte, wenn er nicht magistratus
bez. senator war, nicht im purpurnen
oder purpurverbramten, sondern nur
im einfach weissen Gewande offent-
lich er8cheinen. nostra bezeichnet
al80 nicht den senatorischen — es
hatte dann auch non n. sed pl.
heissen mussen — sondern den ein-
heimischen Purpur im Gegensatz
zum tyrischen und vielleicht auch
tarentinischen. Plut. Cato min. 6,
2 insl nOQtpvQctv towa xryv xaxa-
xoQag iQV&Qctv mal 6%Biav ayanca-
uevrjv, avzdg irpoQsi xr\v uilai-
vav. | in qua: nur die magistratus
curules, nicht die in Municipien be-
kleideten Aemter konnten im eigent-
lichen Sinn das ius imaginis ver-
leihen. | imaginis orn., durch einen
neuen titulus, wie sie unter die
Bilder gesetzt wurden. | duoviri iuri
dicundo, den Constdn entsprechen^. |
Capua: Agrigento signum Apollinis
ex Aesculapii fano sustulisti Verr.
IV, 93. 112. 131 E. | Seplasia, die
Strasse der Salbenhandler in Capua,
vergl. in Pis. 2. 4. | nam — dicam,
zu 96. | annus, Vermuthung Lambins
fur an tuus. Aber ille bleibt bedenk-
lich, da der allgemeine Gredanke
r ein ganzee Jahr' erwartet wird.
Zudem ware das alleinstehende
tamquam unmdglich. Nach einem
Gramm atikercitat erganzt Madvig
dahinter vade, wahrend Koch tam-
quam tilgt und anni totius moles
schreibt. Der letzten Conjectur
fehlt es an ausserer Wahrscheinlich-
keit, bei beiden aber, besonders der
ersteren, ware das Verhaltniss za
pignus rei p. sehr auffallig. Wir
haben darum ut . . videretur alsEr-
lauterung zu tanta eingeklammert. |
est tamen, wenn auch Gabinias 20
alles iiber den Haufen zu werfen ver-
suchen wird, so gibt es doch noch
f iir den Staat einen festen Ruckhalt. |
labi illi atque caeno, 26 caenam
illud ac labes, eine Probe der liber-
tas vocis, die der Redner oben in
Aussicht gestellt hat. | auctor et
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 18-22.
15
me dius fidius, conlegae sui libidinem levitatemque franget;
habebit senatus in hunc annum quem sequatur; non deerit
auctor et dux bonis.' mihi denique homines praecipue gratu-
labantur, quod habiturus essem contra tribunum plebis furiosum
5 et audacem cum amicum et adfinem tum etiam fortem et
gravem consulem. atque eorum alter fefelht neminem: quis 9
enim clavum tanti imperii tenere et gubernacula rei publicae
tractare in maximo cursu ac fluctibus posse arbitraretur hominem
emersum subito ex diuturnis tenebris lustrorum ac stuprorum,
10 vino, ganeis, lenociniis adulteriisque confectumV cum is praeter
spem in altissimo gradu alienis opibus positus esset, qui non
modo tempestatem impendentem intueri temulentus, sed ne
lucem quidem insolitam aspicere posset? alter multos plane 21
in omnis partis fefellit; erat enim hominum opinioni nobilitate
i5 ipsa, blanda conciliatricula, commendatus. omnes boni semper
nobilitati favemus, et quia utile est rei publicae nobilis homines
esse dignos maioribus suis, et quia valet apud nos clarorum
hominum et bene de re publica meritorum memoria etiam
mortuorum. quia tristem semper, quia taciturnum, quia sub-
20 horridum atque incultum videbant, et quod erat eo nomine,
ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas videretur, favebant, plaudebant,
et ad integritatem maiorum spe sua hominem vocabant materni
generis obliti. ego autem — vere dicam, iudices, — tantum 22
esse in homine sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis, quantum ipse
du.r , nach constantem Sprachge-
brauch verbunden; 38. 61. 112. 139;
s. zu 99. | adfinem, weil die Toch-
ter Ciceros, Tullia, mit dem C. Piso
Frugi, einem Verwandten des Piso
verheirathet war. | clavum u. a. w.
Der Vergleich des Staates mit einem
Schiff (46) geht seit Alkaeos durch
das ganze Alterthum; in maxi-
mo cursu, wahrend der raschesten
Fahrt. | confectum, Phil. 2, 6: vino
lustrisque confectus. | alienis op.,
der Triumvirn. | non modo tempe-
statem — sed ne lucem quidem =
ne 1. quidem — nedum tem. Ell -
Seyffert 349 A. 6. | intueri, wahr-
nehmen, praevidere. | tempestatem
— temulentu8. Zu beachten das
Gewicht der vier viersilbigen Wdr-
ter, von denen chiastisch die beiden
ausseren mit t, die beiden einge-
schlossenen mit i anfangen. |
21 in o. partes nach allen Seiten hin. I
commendatus, in Pis. 1 obrepsisti ad
honores . . . commendatione fumo-
sarum imaginum. | bl. conc., de nat.
deor. 1, 77 non vides, quam blanda
conciliatrix sit natura? | videretur:
dass der Beiname Frugi einer an-
deren Familie der Pisonen ange-
hOrte, beachtet der Redner ab-
sichtlich nicht. | plaudebant statt
des handschriftlichen gaudebant,
weil das Asyndeton denselben Be-
griff in gesteigertem Masse erfor-
dert; 115 ei, qui . . . favore populi
ducitur, plausum immortalitatem . . .
videri necesse eet; Ov. am. 3, 2,
43 tinguis animisque favete: tem-
pus adest plausus; ars 1, 148 tu
Veneri dominae plaude favente
manu. | et reiht an die zu einer
Einheit verbundenen Verba fav. pl.
als zweites Glied vocabant. Andere
streichen gaudebant. \ vocabant, sie
bes timmten ihn in ihrer Hoffnung zu
der u. s. w., hofften von ihm die u. s.
w. | materni obl.: dass Piso selbst
seiner gallischen Mutter aus niede-
rem Stande Unehre machte, wirft ihm
Digitized by Google
16
M. TULLII CICERONIS
cum re publica sensi, numquam putavi: nequam esse hominem
et levem et [falsa opinione] errore hominum ab adulescentia
commendatum sciebam. etenim animus eius voltu, flagitia
10 parietibus tegebantur: sed haec obstructio nec diuturna est
neque obducta ita, ut curiosis oculis perspici non possit. s
yidebamus genus vitae, desidiam, inertiam; inclusaseius libidines,
qui paulo propius accesserant, intuebantur; denique etiam
sermo hominis ansas dabat, quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere
23 possemus. laudabat homo doctus philosophos nescio quos,
neque eorum tamen nomina poterat dicere; sed tamen eos io
laudabat maxiine, qui dicuntur praeter ceteros esse auctores et
laudatores voluptatis: cuius et quo tempore et quo modo, non
quaerebat; verbum ipsum omnibus animi et corporis partibus
devorabat; eosdemque praeclare dicere aiebat, sapientis omnia
sua causa facere; rem publicam capessere hominem bene sanum is
non oportere; nihil esse praestabilius otiosa vita, plena et
conferta voluptatibus; eos autem, qui dicerent dignitati esse
serviendum, rei publicae consulendum, officii rationem in omni
vita, non commodi, esse ducendam, adeunda pro patria pericula,
volnera excipienda, mortem oppetendam, vaticinari atque insanire *o
24 dicebat. ex his assiduis eius cotidianisque sermonibus et quod
videbam quibuscum hominibus in interiore parte aedium viveret
et quod ita domus ipsa fumabat, ut multa eius nidoris indicia
redolerent, statuebam sic, boni nihil ab illis nugis esse exspec-
Cicero in Pis. 26 o paterni generia
oblite, materni vix memor vor. j
22 qu. numquam putavi: tantum vic-
tus efficere potuit (Mithridates),
quantum incolumis nunquam est
ausus optare, Pomp. 25. j voltu,
sonst auch fronte in ahnlichem
Sinne, c. sen. gr. egit 16. de prov.
8 lateant libidines eius illae tene-
bricosae quas fronte et supercilio,
non pudore et temperantia conte-
gebat, oder auch voltu et fronte,
wie epp. ad fam. 1, 9, 17 fronte
atque voltu, quibus simulatio fa-
cillime sustinetur. | curiosus ohne
flble Nebenbedeutung. | Der deses
braucht die Kr&fte nicht, die er hat,
der iner8 hat keine. | reconditos —
sensus, 119 si intimos sensus civi-
tatis expressero. |
23 philosophos ne8cio quos, die Epiku-
reer, deren Namen Ciceromit erkiin-
stelter Unwissenheit verschweigt; s.
Z. 11 dicuntur. Wie Piso sich nur
an ihr Princip, die rjdovrj, hielt
und alle feineren Unterscheidungen
(cuius et quo modo et quo tempore,
wobei als den in Frage kommen-
den Incidenzpuncten nichts zu er-
ganzen ist) verachtete, dariiber s.
in Pis. 68. 69. \partibus, das in
den Handschriften fehlt, aber nach
corporis leicht ausfallen konnte und
in der Parallelstelle c. sen. gr. egit.
14 E. sich findet, ist hier ganz an
seiner Stelle, da die Totalitat des
Leibes und der Seele bezeichnet
werden soll. | aiebat. mit bewuss-
ter Absicht ist am Ende der Periode
noch einmal dicebat gesetzt. [ om-
nia sua causa facere, ad Trebat.
epp. fam. 7, 12 indicavit mihi Pansa
meus, Epicureum te esse factum.
sed quonam modo ius civile defen-
des, cum omnia tua causa facias,
non civium? |
tn — aedium =» in interioribus 24
aedibus, ebenso in prima parte
aedium. | nidoris: die Hsr. sermonis.
Der Sinn verlangte einen Begriff
wie disciplinae oder einen dem ent-
sprechenden bildlichen Ausdruck.
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 22-25. 17
tandum, mali quidem certe nihil pertimescendum : sed ita est,
iudices: ut, si gladium parvo puero aut si imbecillo seni aut
debili dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat, sin ad nudum
vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit, possit acie ipsa et ferri
5 viribus volnerare, sic cum hominibus enervatis atque exsanguibus
consulatus tamquam gladius esset datus, qui per se pungere
neminem umquam potuissent, ei summi imperii nomine armati
nudatam rem publicam contrucidaverunt. foedus fecerunt cum
tribuno plebis palam, ut ab eo provincias acciperent quas ipsi
io vellent; exercitum et pecuniam quantam vellent ea lege, si
ipsi prius tribuno plebis adflictam et constrictam rem publicam
tradidissent; id autem foedus meo sanguine clam sanciri posse
dicebant. qua re patefacta — neque enim dissimulari tantum 25
scelus poterat nec latere, — promulgantur uno eodemque
15 tempore rogationes ab eodem tribuno de mea pernicie et de
provinciis consulum nominatim. hic tum senatus sollicitus, 11
vos, equites Romani, excitati, Italia cuncta permota, omnes
denique omnium generum atque ordinum cives summae rei
Wie der Dufb im Innern war (eius
nid.), davon drangen Proben nach
aussen. | sed ita est, 115 sit hoc
sane leve. quod non ita est; de
or. 3, 35 quod non est ita. pro
Rosc. Am. 126 non ita est pro-
fecto. | aut dtb. mag atatt des natur-
licheren ac Cic. geschrieben haben,
wie die Wiederholung von si wahr-
scheinlich macht; a. 13, 29; | ipse,
auf puero und seni zu beziehen, lasst
eich nurnothdiirftig erklftren, f durch
eigene Kraft, wenn nicht ein an-
derer Umstand hinzukommt, hier
die Entblfissung des KOrpers bei
dem Angegriffenen.' Der Gegen-
satz zum Folgenden ist durch den
vorange8chobenen Satz si — dederis
und das neu eintretende Moment
sin — accesserit verdunkelt. Man
hiitte erwartet ut si puer aut senex
ipse nemini noceat, sin gladium
acceperit et ad nudum . . corpus
accesserit, possit u. 8. w. Die Ent-
sprechung zwischen den Begriffen
wird hergestellt und der Gedanke
viel klarer, wenn man mit H. Hollan-
der liest qui ipse . ., ia si (fiir sin)
ad n. . . | pungeie, p. Mil. 65 volnus
in latere, quod acu punctum videre-
tur. | summi imperii, 17. 25. | clam
verb. mit dicebant; das hsr. ictum ist
nnndthig, da das Biindniss schon vor-
Koch u. Eberhard, Ciceros Bcde fUr P. Sestius.
her als geschlossen bezeichnet wur-
de; vgl. inPis. 28 foedus, quod meo
sanguine iceras, frangere noluisti.
Wenn ferner palam Z. 9 keine
Einschrankung erfahrt, bo erstreckt
e8 seine Wirksamkeit naturgemiias
bis zum Ende der Periode dicebant
Z. 13. Dem widerspricht aber pa-
tefacta und dissimulari. Deshalb
ist clam geschrieben. (Koch las
dafur tantum.) sanciri seine Weihe,
beBondere Unverbriichlichkeit er-
halten; meo sangninevrie dem eines
BundeBopferthiere8. |
promulgantur, die beiden Gesetze 25-
werden spater auch zu gleicher Zeit
beantragt. | summa res publica eig.
ein Staat8intere88e von hOchster
Wichtigkeit (p. Rosc. Am. 148
summa res p. in huius periculo
temptatur; Catil. III 13 senatum
consului de summa re p. quid fieri
placeret; ad Att. I 16, 9, wohl auch
p. Plancio 22, 53 quid de summj
rei p. aentires), nimmt Ofter di
Bedeutung f die hOchste Noth
Staates, der Staat in der l
Noth' an. Cat. I 14; p. Sullr
arbitrab. cum essent. M;t
die verschiedene Gestalt u
verbindungen in diesem 1
tabatur — insequebantur;
venisset — putarunt; era
Digitized by Google
18. M. TULLII CICERONIS
publicae a cousulibus atque a summo imperio petenduni esse
auxilium arbitrabantur, cum illi soli essent praeter furiosum
illum tribunum duo rei publicae turbines, qui non modo
praecipitanti patriae non subvenirent, sed eam nimium tarde
concidere maererent. flagitabatur ab eis cotidie cum querellis 5-
bonorum omnium tum etiam precibus senatus, ut meam causam
susciperent, agerent aliquid, denique ad senatum referrent: non
modo negando, sed etiam inridendo amplissimum quemque
26 illius ordinis insequebantur. hic subito cum incredibilis in
Capitolium multitudo ex tota urbe cunctaque Italia convenisset, 10
vestem mutandam omnes meque fetjiam [omni ratione] privato
consilio, quoniam publicis ducibue res publica careret, defen-
dendum putaruni erat eodem tempore senatus in aede Con-
cordiae, quod ipsum templum repraesentabat memoriam con-
sulatus mei, cum flens universus ordo cincinnatum consulem i&
orabat; nam alter ille horridus et severus consulto se domi
continebat. qua tum superbia caenum illud ac labes amplissimi
ordinis preces et clarissimorum civium lacrimas repudiavit! me
ipsum ut contempsit helluo patriae! nam quid ego patrimonii
dicam, quod ille totum, quamvis quaestum faceret, amisit? 20
venistis ad senatum vos, vos, inquam, equites Romani, et omnes
boni veste mutata vosque pro meo capite ad pedes lenonis
impurissimi proiecistis: tum vestris precibus ab latrone illo
orabat; endlich mit vBlliger Tren-
nung dea Gliedes venistia — tum . . .
rettulit. | atque a 8. imp. und da-
mit . . 1 praec. patriae, pro Sulla 1
praecipitante re publica; 87. | age-
rent aliquid: weder kann agerent
allein, nachdem susciperent, wo-
durch die actio causae schon vor-
ausgesetzt wird (ao auch 41 blos
Crassus a conaulibus meam causam
su8cipiendam esse dicebat und in
Pis. 77 ut cauaam pnblicam auaci-
peretis, ut ad aenatum referretia),
vorausgegaDgen ist, mit causam ver-
bunden werden, noch aliquid mit
ad senatum referrent, da die Be-
richterstattung an den Senat 8ich
nur auf die Rogationen dea Clo-
diua beziehen konnte: agere aliquid
ist 'irgend einen Antrag stellen,
irgend wie auftreten'. | denique um
. es kurz zu sagen, mit einem Worte. |
inseqitebantur neben negando ist un-
moglich; man erwartet asperna-
bantur (30) oder ludificabantur. |
26 Das handachriftliche etiam omni
ratione ist bei dem gleich folgen-
den privato consilio widersinnig.
Qegen die Umstellung aber omni
rat., etiam priv. cons. spricht, dass
joriv. cons. nicht die ultima ratio
ist sondern vis. | privato consilio,
f auf eigene Hand*. | res publica ca-
reret =* rem publicam carere vide-
bant. | in aede Concordiae, wo die
Beschliisae iiber die Catilinarier ge-
fasst waren. | flens: wohl rhetori-
acher Auadruck fur c tief bewegt'.
Allerdings dass es keine Ueber-
treibung zu sein braucht, zeigen
Stellen, wie Caes. bell. Gall. l r
20; b. civ. 1, 76; Sall. Jug. 58, 5.
71, 5. 107, 3; Liv. 8, 33 extr.; Cic.
p. Flacco 102; vgl. Osenbriiggen
zur Milon. § 106. | cincinnatum, 17
calamistrata coma. | quaestum fac.:
davor erganzt Halm corpore. | ve-
nistis ad sen. vos, r da habt ihr
euch an den Senat gewandt', vergl.
Verr. 2, 5, 126, 9 quo confugient socii ?
ad senatumne venient? | vos ist
mit Nachdruck vor inquam wieder-
holt (45) mit Beziehung auf die
vorhergehenden Worte ven. ad sen.
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 25-28.
19
repudiatis, vir incredibili fide, magnitudine animi, constantia,
L. Ninnius, ad senatum de re publica rettulit senatusque
frequens vestem pro mea salute mutandam censuit. o diem 12
illum, iudices, funestum senatui bonisque omnibus, rei publicae 27
5 luctuosum, mihi ad domesticum maerorem gravem, ad posteritatis
memoriam gloriosum! quid enim quisquam potest ex omni
memoria sumere inlustrius, quam pro uno cive et bonos omnes
privato consensu et universum senatum publico consilio mutasse
vestem? quae quidem tum mutatio non deprecationis est causa
io facta, sed luctus: quem enim deprecarere, cum omnes essent
sordidati cumque hoc satis esset signi esse improbum, qui
mutata veste non esset? [hac mutatione vestis facta,] tanto in
luctu civitatis omitto quid ille tribunus, omnium rerum divinarum
humanarumque praedo, fecarit, qui adesse nobilissimos adules-
i5 centis, honestissimos equites Romanos, deprecatores salutis meae
iusserit eosque operarum suarum gladiis et lapidibus obiecerit: de
consulibus loquor, quorum fide res publica niti debuit. exani- 28
matus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo atque
voltu, quam si annis ante paucis in creditorum conventum
20 incidisset; advocat contionem, habet orationem talem consul,
qualem numquam CatiHna victor habuisset: errare homines,
si etiam tum senatum aliquid in re publica posse arbitrarentur;
27
vos. Wenn vos nur einnial gesetzt
wird, ist inquam unverstandlich. |
L. Ninnius, der Volkstribun, der
spilter den Antrag auf Cieeroa Zu-
riickberufung stellte (§ 68), bedient
sich hier anstatt des Consuls seines
Rechts der relatio im Senat. | mut. :
die fungirenden curulischen Magi-
strate trugen die toga praetexta und
die tunica mit dem latus clavus,
unter der einfachen Toga die Sena-
toren die tunica mit dem latus cla-
vus, die Ritter mit dem angustus
(2 Streifen). Bei der Trauer nahmen
die Magistrate die Senatoren- oder
auch die Rittertracht an, die Sena-
toren warfen einen dunkelfarbigen
Mantel um und vertauschten auch
wohl den latus clavus mit dem an-
guatus; die Ritter legten den letz-
teren und ihre goldenen Ringe ab
und thaten wie oie ubrigen Burger
ein dunkles Obergewand um. |
funestum — luctuosum, 53. | cul —
gravem, Cat. I, 12 faciam id quod
est ad severitatem lenius; de or.
1, 129 nihil ebt . . . tam ad diu-
turnitatem meraoriae stabile quam
id in quo aliquid offenderis; 2, 200
nihil mihi ad existimationem tur-
pius. | sumere, 'anfuhren' , p. Roscio
Am. 47 verum homines notos sumere
odiosum est. | non depr., sed luctus,
32 sive illa vestis mutatio ad luctum
ipsorum sive ad deprecandum
valebat. Z. 3 pro mea salute. |
quem depr., r bei wem sollte man
sich verwenden?' anders 76. | om-
nes, wie 32 civitas; es blieb nie-
mand iibrig, den man anflehenkonnte,
als eben die improbi, denn diese
allein hatten keine Trauer angelegt. I
qui esset, wie og av mm §dv xig. \
divin., p. Rosc. Am. 65 cum omnia
divina atque humana iura scelere
nefario polluisset. | qui adesse —
iusserit, um sich vor einer contio
zu verantworten.
exanimatus, obwohl de consulibus 28
vorhergeht; tibrigens vgl. 118 sede-
bat exanimatus. | ante, zu 18 infla-
tus. | Catil. victor, si revixisset, c. aen.
^r. egit 12. | errare hotnines, r man
irre'; 71 respirasse homines vide-
bantur; quae tum homines preca-
bantur; 72 quem homines Grac-
chum vocabant; 105. 114. 117. 121. |
aliquid 'uberhaupt irgend etwaa'
2*
Digitizeffby Google
20 M. TULLU CICERONIS
equites vero Romanos daturos illius diei poenas, quo me
consule cum gladiis in clivo Capitolino fuissent; venisse tempus
eis, qui in timore fuissent, — coniuratos videlicet dicebat —
ulciscendi sui. si dixisset haec solum, omni supplicio esset
dignus; nam oratio ipsa consulis perniciosa potest rem publicam 5
29 labefactare: quid fecerit videte. L. Lamiam, qui cum me
ipsum pro summa familiaritate, quae mihi cum patre eius erat,
unice diligebat, tum pro re publica vel mortem oppetere cu-
piebat, in contione relegavit edixitque, ut ab urbe abesset
milia passuum ducenta, quod esset ausus pro civi, pro bene 10
13 merito civi, pro amico, pro re publica deprecari. quid hoc
homine facias? aut quo civem importunum aut quo potius
hostem tam sceleratum reserves? qui, ut omittam cetera, quae
sunt ei cum conlega immani impuroque coniuncta atque com-
munia, hoc unum habet proprium, ut ex urbe expulerit, [relegarit,] 15
non dico equitem Romanum, non ornatissimum atque optimum
virum, non amicissimum rei publicae civem, non ifio ipso
tempore una cum senatu et cum bonis omnibus casum amici
reique publicae lugentem, sed civem Romanum sine ullo iudieio
30 ut edicto ex patria consul eiecerit. nihil acerbius socii et Latini 20
hat ak Gegeneatz 'nichts' ; quicquam
f aach nur das geringste' (48. 73),
dagegen f etwas Betrachtliches\ 30.
32. 34. 40. 60 g. E. 94 E. 101 E. 118. |
illius diei: der Tempel der Ein-
tracht lag unmittelbar am clivus
Capitolinus, auf welchem sich am
Tage jenes Senatsbeschlusses uber
die Verschworenen (non. Dec. a. 63)
und auch schon friiher die r6mi-
schen Ritter zum Schutze Ciceros
versammeit hatten, Cat. I 21. | qui
— fuissent, die sich bis dahin aus
Furcht hatten zuriickhalten mussen. |
omni supplicio, 94; de imp. Pomp.
12; ahnhch 127 omni odio und
omni populi Romani significatione. |
amic. rei p.: ebenso von demselben
Lamia c. sen. gr. egit 12. Man sagt
nicht blos amica populo Rom. civi-
tas, amicissimi plebi R. viri, ami-
cus huic civitati fuit, sondern auch
rei p., doch nicht leicht anders als
im Superlativ (s. noch Deiot. 3. Phil.
III, 38. de domo 21. ad fam. XV,
2, 2) und Comparativ (Phil. III 6
zweimal, ad Att. VIII 11, 8.). Vgl.
Phil. XII, 23 Ventidio fui semper
amicus, antequam ille rei p. bonis-
que omnibu8 est factus inimicus. V,
44 ex Antonii amicis, sed amiciori-
bus libertatis; vgl. oben 15 m. 39 E.
rei p. ist Dativ : PhiL XIII, 32 huic
rei p. semper fuisse amicissimum; de
domo 68 cum rei p., com mihi, tum
etiam veritati amicissimus ; Deiot. 1 1
vir huic imperio amiciseimus. |
L. Aelius Lamia, in Pis. 64; vergl. 29
iiber sein Verhaltniss zu Cicero epp.
ad fam. 11, 16, 2. | relegavit: die
relegatio konnte durch die Ver-
fugung eines Consuls rechtlich nur
gegen Nichtbiirger verhangt wer-
den. | pro civi u. s. w. , eine ahn-
liche gradatio 83 cum causam civis
calamitosi, causam amici [, causam]
bene de republica meriti, causam
senatus, causam Italiae, causam rei
publicae recepisset. | esset ausus, als
ob Gabinius diese Worte selbst in
seiner Verfiigung gebraucht hatte. |
immani impuroque, de re p. 1, 9:
cum impuri8 atque inmanibus ad-
versariis decertantem. | [relegarit] :
den officiellen Ausdruck hinter dem
mit Absicht geaetzten ex tirbe ex-
pulerit (30 expellet ex patria V) zu
wiederholen hatte keinen Sinn. | 20
ut wird nachdriicklich aus Z. 15
wieder aufgenommen. I
socii et Lat., formelhafte Wen- 30
dung, welche die Sonderstellung der
Digitized by Google
I
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 28-31.
21
ferre soliti sunt quam se, id quod perraro accidit, ex urbe
exire a consulibus iuberi. atqui illis tum erat reditus in suas
civitates, ad suos Lares familiaris et in illo communi in-
commodo nulla in quemquam propria ignominia nominatim
5 cadebat. hoc vero quid est? exterminabit civis Romanos edicto
consul a suis dis penatibus? expellet ex patria? deliget quem
volet, damnabit atque eiciet nominatim? hic, si umquam vos
eos, qui nunc estis, in re publica fore putasset, si denique
imaginem iudiciorum aut simulacrum aliquod futurum in civitate
io reliquum credidisset, umquam ausus esset senatum de re publica
tollere, equitum Romanorum preces aspernari, civium denique
omnium novis et inauditis edictis ius libertatemque pervertere?
etsi me attentissimis animis, summa cum benignitate auditis, 31
iudices, tamen vereor ne quis forte veStrum miretur, quid haec
15 mea oratio tam longa aut tam alte repetita velit aut quid ad
P. Sestii causam eorum, qui ante huius tribunatum rem publicam
vexarunt, delicta pertmeant; mihi autem hoc propositum est,
ostendere omnia consilia P. Sestii mentemque totius tribunatus
hanc fuisse, ut adflictae et perditae rei publicae quantum posset
20 mederetur. ac si in exponendis volneribus illis de me ipso
plura dicere videbor, ignoscitote; nam et illam meam cladem
vos et omnes boni maximum esse rei publicae volnus iudicastis
et P. Sestius est reus non suo sed meo nomine: qui cum
Latiner den anderen Bundesgenossen
gegeniiber (vor dem J. 90) bezeich-
net. Die beiden letzten Auswei-
sungen derselben fanden in der Be-
wegung des C. Gracchus a. 126 u.
122 statt. | exire iuberi = relegari,
wie 27 adesse iusserit = arcessive-
rit. j exterminabit , f darf er ver-
treiben', in welchem Sinn anstatt
des Fut. Ind. auch das Pras. Conj.
steht. | dis penatibus, zur Bezeich-
nung des hauslichen Heerdes, wie
vorher Lares familiares; bei den
Dichtern gewohnlich nur penates. |
denique, ofter im zweiten Gliede
(43. 47. 51. 114); hier r auch nur\
Dann steht es regelmassig nicht an
erster Stelle. Liv. IV, 56, 11 qui
non civium, non denique hominum
numero essent. ad Att. IX, 19, 4
tu velim litteras des de omnibus
rebua actis, denique etiam de ser-
monibus hominum. Vgl. ad Q. fr.
I 1, 1 epistulam multi nuntii, fama
denique esset ipsa superatura. |
aliquod, zu p. 19, 22. 1 fut. — reli-
quum, rhetorisch nachdrucksvolle
Stellung anatatt in civitate reli-
quum futurum. | novis, in Bezug
auf die Rechtswidrigkeit jener gegen
einen Bfirger verhangten relegatio.
etsi u. s. w. der Satz schliesst 31
sich, indem der Redner sich pltttz-
lich an die Richter wendet, ohne
vermittelnde Partikel an das Vor-
hergehende an; ahnlich pro Rosc.
Am. 29 quid primum querar? ]
attent. animis, mit grOsster Anf-
merksamkeit, wie aequissimo, tir-
misBimo animo. j aut — re p. dass
hier aut statt ac stehen kOnne nach
Analogie der negativen Satze, ist
sehr zu bezweifeln ; das folgende aut
dient wie oft zur Verkniipfnng der
Fragen. Uebrigens ist alte repetere
mit Object haufig, ohne Object pro
Cluentio 66 repetam paulo altius. |
rexarunt, r zerriittet haben' (zu 1 g.
E.), sonst auch lacerare, dissipare
rem p. [ hoc, hierzu steht der In-
finitiv appositionell, wie 49. 82. |
mentem, die Absicht, Aufgabe. | me-
deretur, ebenso medicina 51. | si .
ignoscitote Ell.-Seyflfert § 281 b. |
Digitized'WV Google
22
M. TULLII CICERONIS
omnem vim sui tribunatus in mea salute consunipserit, necesse
est meam causam praeteriti temporis cum huius praesenti
14 defensione esse coniunctam. erat igitur in . luctu senatus;
32 squalebat civitas publico consilio veste mutata; nulluni erat
Italiae municipium, nulla colonia, nulla praefectura, nulla Romae 5
societas vectigalium, nullum conlegium aut concilium aut
omnino aliquod commune consilium, quod tum non honorificen-
tissime de mea salute decrevisset: cum subito edicunt duo
consules, ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent. quis um-
quam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit? quis io
tyrannus miseros lugere vetuit? parumne est, Piso, ut omittam
Gabinium, quod tantum homines fefellisti, ut neglegeres
auctoriatem senatus, optimi cuiusque consilia contemneres, rem
publicam proderes, consulare nomen adfligeres? etiamne edicere
audebas, ne maererent homines meam, suam, rei publicae ir>
calamitatem, ne hunc suum dolorem veste significarent? sive
illa vestis mutatio ad luctum ipsorum sive ad deprecandum
valebat, quis umquam,tam crudelis fuit qui prohiberet quem-
33 quam aut sibi maerere aut ceteris supplicare? quid? sua sponte
homines in amicorum periculip vestitum mutare non solent? 20
pro te ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit? ne isti quidem, quos
in mea saliUe restituenda. | meam
causampraeteriti temporis, ahnlich p.
Mnr. 8 : bominis . . . amplissimi can-
sam tanti pericnli; vgl. oben 15 A.
32 igitur beim Uebergang zur Aus-
fuhrung. | praefectura, Municipal-
stadt mit nicht vollig freier Ver-
waltung — es wurde ihr jahrlich
ein praefectus iuri dicundo von Eom
ernannt — , wenn auch seit der lex
Julia a. 90 mit vollem Biirgerrecht. {
Romae dem voraufgehenden Italiae
gegenubergestellt bezieht sich nicht
blos auf societas, ebenso wie Italiae
nicht blos auf municipium. | nullum
conlegium, nicht die politischen
KlubB, von denen 34 die Rede ist,
die natiirlich dem Cicero nicht gun-
stig waren, sondern wohl nament-
lich die conlegia pontificum augu-
rum nnd 'ahnliche. concilium, jede
zu politischen Berathungen berufene
Versammlung. consilium als allge-
meiner Ausdruck fasst das Friihere
zusammen. | aliquod, zu p. 19, 22. |
decrevisset statt decerneret, weil vor
der Zeit cum edicunt cons. | duo wie
6 m. 34 g. E. | quis tyrannus, in
Pis. 18 quis hoc fecit ulla in Scy-
thia tyrannus, ut eos quos luctu
afficeret lugere non sineret? | quod
hangt von parumne est (zu 123 E )
ab, ut neglegeres bezieht sich auf
tantum. | auctor. sen., zu 73 E. 75
in. | cons. n. adfligeres, den Consul-
namen durch deine Thaten ernie-
drigtest. | audebas statt des hdschr.
audeas ist nothwendig wegen der
folgenden Imperfecta; wegen fefel-
listi Z. 12 war nicht auch hier ausus
es nQthig, denn in den Worten
tantum homines fefeUisti, ut negle-
geres steckt neglegebas. | aut —
supplicare, ' entweder fur sich allein
zu trauern oder die Anderen anzu-
flehen'. Dass ceteris iiir pro ceteris
(130) stehen kSnnte ist nicht glaub-
lich schon wegen der unertraglichen
Zweideutigkeit, dann wegen des Ge-
dankens, durch welchen die auf sich
eelbst gewandte Trauer der an An-
dere sich wendenden Bitte gegen-
iibergestellt wird. Auch diejenigen,
welche sibi maerebant, tranerten
doch de Cicerone.
sen. cons. zur Pomp. 57. | pro te, 33
die Apostrophe, obwohl Piso da-
mals als Proconsul sich in Mace-
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 31-34. 23
[legatos] non modo nullo senatus consulto, sed etiam repugnante
senatu tibi tute legasti? ergo hominis desperati et proditoris
rei publicae casum lugebunt fortasse qui volent: civis floren-
tissimi benevolentia bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti
6 periculum coniunctum cum periculo civitatis lugere senatui non
licebit? eidemque consules, si appellandi sunt consules, quos
nemo est quin non modo ex memoria sed etiam ex fastis
evellendos putet, pacto iam foedere provinciarum , producti in
circo Flaminio in contionem ab illa furia ac peste patriae,
io maximo cum gemitu vestro illa omnia, quae tum contra me
contraque rem publicam parabantur, voce ac sententia sua com-
probaverunt; isdemque consulibus sedentibus atque inspectan- 1
tibus lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ne quis obnuntiaret,
ne quis legi intercederet; ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri
15 liceret; ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret; qua una rogatione.
quis est qui non intellegat universam rem publicam esse deletam !
isdemque consulibus inspectantibus servorum dilectus habebatur 9
pro tribunaliJAurelio nomine conlegiorum, cum vicatim homines
donien befand. | mutabit, da dich
sicher eine Anklage erwartet. | lega-
tos an der Spitze des Satzes er-
gabe die Voraussetzung, als ob Piso
jene Leute sich auch hatte in einer
anderen Eigenschaft zugesellen k6n-
nen. | ergo nlhrt das Enthymem
ein. | qui volent, 30 deliget quem
volet? | ex memoria — ex fastis.
In den Verzeichnissen der Consuln
stand Mancher, der auB dem An-
denken der Menschen lange ver-
schwunden war. | Im circus Fla-
minius und den ihn umgebenden
prata Flaminia wurden haufig Ver-
sammlungen abgehalten. | sed. et
insp. die ganze Stelle wiederholt
or. c. Ben. gr. egit 11 f. | auspicia.
Die leges Aelia und Fufia (bisweilen
auch einzeln angefiihrt, so 114, dann
aber auch wieder ala lex Aelia et
Fufia), noch vor den Gracchiachen
Unruhen im Interesse der Nobilitat
gegeben, ihren genaneren Bestim-
mungen nach unbekannt, regelten
die obnnntiatio der Magistrate tur
die legislativen Comitien nnd ver-
boten an einigen der dies fasti, der
zn Offentlichen Verhandlnngen be-
stimmten Tage, das Abhalten von
Comitien. Diese Gesetze waren
durch Clodius aufgehoben, nachdem
sie etwa 100 J. bestanden hatten,
a. 58 (in Pis. 10. c. sen. gr. egit 11.
ne quis per eos dies, quibus cum po-
pulo agi liceret, de caelo servaret
Ascon. p. 7, 27 K.). | ne auspicia
val. ist natnrlich im Sinn des Cicero
von der Folge dieBer Aufhebung zu
verstehn (vergl. zu 29) ; die W. sind
den folgenden Satzen, die jene Auf-
hebung im Einzelnen pracisiren, mit
ahnlichem rhetorischen KunstgrifF
gleichgestellt, wie am Schluss die
Worte ut l. Aelia, l. Fufia ne va-
leret, welche den Inhalt des Vor-
hergehenden nur zusammenfaasen. ,
ne quis obnuntiaret, ne quis legi in-
tercederet = ne quia obnnntiando
legi interc. VermOge der spectio,
des Rechts der Himmelsbeobach-
tung, konnten die Magistrate die
obnuntiatio ausiiben, d. h. die Fort-
setzung der Comitien inhibiren, so-
fern nicht ein hoherer Magistrat
ihnen den Himmel zu beobachten
fiir einen bestimmten Tag unter-
sagt hatte (vgl. 129). | ut ne, EIL-
SeyflFert §261,2. | deletam, im Sinne
der Optimatenpartei.
pro trib. Aur., anf dem Forum,
inPis. 11. p. Cluent. 93. 2 )r0 (vorne)
auf, wie pro rostris, pro muro. '
conlegiorum. Die vom Senat 6-
aufgehobenen politischen Klubs wa
ren von Clodius wieder eingefiihr
24
M. TDLLII CICERONIS
conseriberentur, decuriarentur, ad vim ad manus, ad caedem
ad direptionem incitarentur; isdemque consuhbus arma in
templum Castoris palam comportabantur, gradus eiusdem templi
tollebantur; armati homines forum et contiones tenebant;
caedes lapidationesque fiebant; nullus erat senatus, nihil reliqui 5
magistratus; unus omnem omnium potestatem armis et latro-
ciniis possidebat, non aliqua vi sua, sed cum duo consules a
re publica provinciarum foedere retraxisset, insultabat domi-
nabatur, minabatur aliis, aliis pollicebatur; terrore ac metu
multos, pluris etiam spe et promissis tenebat. quae cum essent 10
35 eius modi, iudices, cum senatus duces nullos ac pro ducibus
proditores aut potius apertos hostis haberet, equester ordo
reus a consulibus citaretur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur,
alii nominatim relegarentur, alii metu et periculo terrerentur,
h arma essent in templis, armati in foro, eaque non silentio 15
" consulum dissimularentur, sed et voce et sententia com-
probarentur, cum omnes urbem nondum excisam et eversam,
sed iam captam atque oppressam videremus, tamen his tantis
malis tanto bonorum studio, iudices, restitissemus ; sed me
alii metus atque aliae curae suspicionesque moverunt. 20
16 Exponam enim hodierno die, iudices, omnem rationem facti
36 et consilii mei, neque huic vestro tanto studio audiendi nec
vero huic tantae multitudini, quanta mea memoria numquam
ullo in iudicio fuit, deero. nam si ego in causa tam bona,
tanto studio senatus, consensu tam incredibili bonorum omnium, 25
tam parato ordine equestri, tota denique Italia ad omnem con-
(in Pis. 9.). | decuriaretvtur , nicht
w5rtlich zu nehmen, sondern *■ or-
ganiairt wurden. Dieselben Aua-
drucke bei Wahlumtriebenp. Plancio
45 : haec doce . . . decuriasse Plancium,
conscripsisse. | coss. tacentibus er-
giinzt Pluygers, & p. 23, 12. 17. ] tem-
flum Castori8 auf der Westseite des
orum. war in jenem Jahr, nach in
Pis. 11, arx civium perditorum. | reli-
qui m. praeter consules. | non aliqua,
zu p. 19, 22. | a re p. retraxisset, in
ihrer politischen Th&tigkeit gelahmt
hatte. | insult. — poll. : diesem GUe-
derpaar ent9pricht das folgende ter-
rore — tenebat, in welchem der Er-
folg des ersten enthalten ist.
35 pro bedeutet nicht ' als ;' die Stelle
von Fiihrern hatten Verrather ein-
genommen. | ac f ja'. | aut potius
ap. hostis, 29 quo civem importu-
num aut quo potius hostem tam
sceleratum reserves? 39 perditorum
civium vel potius domesticorum ho-
stium. | alii rel, meint den L. Lamia,
29 ; zu 89 m. | tnetu et periculo =
metu periculi, 53. | voce, im Circus
Flaminius persdnlich, 33; sententia,
im Senat amtlich. | nondum — sed
iam mm si nondum — at, wie 67
si nondum socius, at non hostis. |
capt. atque oppr. 52 nunquam de-
nique erit tam oppressus senatus . . .
tam captus equester ordo. Pomp.
33 classis capta atque oppressa
est. | restitissemus . . me, haufi^er
Wechsel. | sed . . moverunt = niai . .
movis8ent, zu beziehen auf die Un-
terstatzung des Clodius durch Casar
und Pompejns; ebenso im Griech.
dXXa statt el urj Hom. II. 5, 22
ovSe yao ovdi %tv avtog vnintpvye
nfjoa uiXawav, dkl' "Htpcuoxos
tovro. Od. 13, 32.
nec vero, 126 m. | ordine equestri 36
fehlt in den Usr., war aber nicht
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 34-38.
25
tentionem expedita cessi tribuni plebis, despicatissimi hominis,
furori, contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaciamque
pertimui, nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii 37
fui8se confiteor. quid enim simile fuit in Q. Metello? cuius
5 causam etsi omnes probabant, tamen neque senatus publice
neque ullus ordo proprie neque suis decretis Italia cuncta sus-
ceperat; ad suam enim quandam magis ille gloriam quam ad
perspicuam salutem rei publicae spectarat cum unus in legem
per vim latam iurare noluerat; denique videbatur ea condicione
io tam fortis fuisse, ut cum patriae caritate constantiae gloriam
commutaret. erat autem res ei cum exercitu [C. Marii] invicto ;
habebat inimicum C. Marium, conservatorem patriae, sextum
iam illum consulatum gerentem; res erat cum L. Saturnino,
iterum tribuno plebis, vigilanti homine et in causa populari
15 si non moderate, at certe populariter abstinenterque versato;
cessit, ne aut victus a fortibus viris cum dedecore caderet aut
victor multis et fortibus civibus rem publicam orbaret: meam 38
causam senatus palam, equester ordo acerrime, cuncta Italia
publice, omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant; eas res
20 gesseram, quarum non unus auctor, sed dux omnium voluntatis
fuissem, quaeque non modo ad singularem meam gloriam, sed
ad communem salutem omnium civium et prope gentium per-
tinerent; ea condicione gesseram, ut meum factum semper omnes
praestare tuerique deberent. erat autem mihi contentio non 17
25 cum victore exercitu, sed cum operis conductis et ad diripiendam
zu entbehren, da hier dieselben vier
Klasaen nebeneinander gestellt wer-
den, wie 38 A. Auffallig ist die
Stellung yon ord. eq. nach statt
vor cons. bonorum omnium, viel-
leicht veranlasst durch das Streben
nach Znsammenstellung der gleich
geformten Glieder. j
37 quid . . Metello?, p. Milone 38
quidsimile Milonis? DasBeispieldes
Q. Metellus Numidicus cos. 109, der
sich im Jahre 100 weigerte den vom
Saturninus verlangten Eid anf sein
Ackergesetz zu echwfiren und vor-
zog in die Verbannung zu gehen,
ist dem Cicero sehr gelaufig. | pro-
prie hier im Gegensatz zu publice
( r als Behorde' ) fast soviel wie pri-
vato cousilio, 'mit persOnlicher An-
strengung', 38. | quandam mildert
die Behauptnng: r darf man wohl
sagen'. | spectarat, anstatt des hand-
schriftlichen sumpserat; die Corrup-
tel ist wohl durch verkehrte Er-
ganzung ausgefallener Buchstaben
entstanden, nachdem von spec-
tarat nur sprat fibrig geblieben
war, ahnlich wie 42 ans diasu-
patam superatam geworden ist. |
per vim latam. 61 leges quas in-
iuste rogatas putaret; 101 legem
quam non iure rogatam iudicaret.
| illum, Caea. b. Gall. 6, 26 ter-
tinm iam hunc annum regnan-
tem inimici eum interfecerunt j
populariter, nur auf das Intei«8se
des Volks, nicht auf das eigene
bedacht. |
publice, als dflFentliche Angelegen- 88
heil | dux, hierzu ist aus quarum
ein in quibus gerendis herauszu-
nehmen. | ad singularem meam =
ad meam unius. | ea cond. mit still-
schweigender Auferlegung der Ver-
pfiichtung =■ in dem Gedanken. |
praestare, die Verantwortnng fur
Digitized by Google
26
M. TULLII CICERONIS
urbem concitatis; habebam inimicum non C. Marium, terrorem
hostium, spem subsidiumque patriae, sed duo importuna pro-
digia, quos egestas, quos aeris alieni magnitudo, quos levitas,
39 quos improbitas tribuno plebis constrictos addixerat; nec mihi
erat res cum Saturnino, qui, quod a se quaestore Ostiensi per s
ignominiam ad principem et senatus et civitatis, M. Scaurum,
rem frumentariam translatam sciebat, dolorem suum magna
contentione animi persequebatur, sed cum scurrarum locupletium
scorto, cum sororis adultero, cum stuprorum sacerdote, cum
venefico, cum testamentario, cum sicario, cum latrone: quos 10
homines si, id quod facile factu fuit et quod fieri debuit quod-
que a me optimi et fortissimi cives flagitabant, vi armisque
superassem, non verebar ne quis aut vim vi depulsam re-
prehenderet aut perditorum civium vel potius domesticorum
hostium mortem maereret. sed me illa moverunt: omnibus in 15
contionibus illa furia clamabat se, quae faceret contra salutem
meam, facere auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro mihique et
nunc et quoad licuit amicissimo; M. Crassus, quocum mihi
omnes erant amicitiae necessitudines, vir fortissimus, ab eadem
illa peste infestissimus esse meis fortunis praedicabatur; C. 20
Caesar, qui a me nullo meo merito alienus esse debebat,
inimicissimus esse meae saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus
40 dicebatur. his se tribus auctoribus in consiliis capiendis, ad-
etwas auf sich nehmen, 43. 61. de
or. 1, 113. | concitati8, 34 ad direp-
tionem incitarentur. | quos auf pro-
digia bezogen, wie qui auf belua
16. Er meint die Consuln; ahnlich
de prov. 43 consulum scelus, cupi-
ditas, egestas, audacia. | addixerat,
in Pis. 14. |
39 quaest. Ost. : die quaestura Ostien-
\ sis war wegen der Sorge fflr die
Getreidezufuhr ein zwar beschwer-
liches, aber nicht unbedeutendes
Amt. I Scaurus (101) cos. 115, cens.
109, Stimmfuhrer der Aristokraten-
partei, von Cic. oft iiber Gebtihr
gefeiert. \princ.8en. f Vormann' hiess
derjenige welcher von den Censoren
nach der Revision an erster Stelle
genannt wurde; princ. civ. 84.
sciebat: suscensebat Fr. Richter.
dolorem persequ., wie iniuriam, ini-
micitias persequi, ahnlich 46 ul-
cisci dolorem. | scurrae sind Mflssig-
S"nger, die nur ihrem Vergnugen
>en, Plaut. Trin. 202 urbani assi-
dui cives, quos scurras vocant, erst
im engeren Sinne Parasiten und
Spassmacher. Verbindung der Glie-
der: 3. 2. 2. | stuprorum sacerdote,
66 populari sacerdote. ad Att. II
4, 2 heisst er iste sacerdos Bonae
Deae: 116 m. Die anderen Beschul-
digungen erhebt Cic. auch sonst
gegen ihn. | testamentario, testamen-
torum subiectore, Cat. II 7. | factu,
Ell.-Seyffert § 342 A. 1. | quos homi-
nes, zu beziehen auf die vom Anfang
des 17. Eap. an Genannten. | vere-
bar, brauchte ich nicht zu fQrch-
ten. | vim vi dtp. p. Milone 30 vi
victa vis. illa, anders alii metus p.
24, 20. j Hla furia, gleich darauf ab
eadem illa peste, 33 beides zu-
8ammen: ab illa furia ac peste pa-
triae. | et quoad licuit tum per Cae-
sarem. | omnes, itavxotm. 63. | debe-
bat, r dem ich durchaus keine Ver-
anlassung gegeben mir feiudselig
sein zu mussen', de prov. 43 accepi
iniuriam, inimicus esse debui. nullo
#1. merito, 133. (Halm liest non
debebat.)
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 38-41.
27
iutoribus in re gerenda esse usurum dicebat; ex quibus unum
habere exercitum in Italia maximum; duo, qui privati tum
essent, [et praeesse et] parare, si vellent, exercitum posse idque
facturos esse dicebat; nec mihi ille iudicium populinec legitimam
5 aliauam contentionem nec disceptationem aut causae dictioneni,
sed vim, arma, exercitus, imperatores, castra denuntiabat. quid 18
ergo ? inimici oratio, vana praesertim, tam improbe in clarissimos
viros coniecta me movit? me vero non illius oratio, sed eorum
taciturnitas, in quos illa oratio tam improba conferebatur; qui
io tum, quamquam ob alias causas tacebant, tamen hominibus
omnia timentibus tacendo loqui, non infitiando confiteri vide-
bantur: illi autem aliquo tum timore perterriti, quod acta illa
atque omnis res anni superioris labefactari a praetoribus, in-
firmari a senatu atque a principibus civitatis putabant, tribunum
15 popularem a se alienare nolebant suaque sibi propiora esse
pericula quam mea loquebantur. sed tamen et Crassus a con- 41
sulibus meam causam suscipiendam esse dicebat et eorum fidem
Pompeius implorabat neque se privatum publice susceptae causae
defuturum esse dicebat; quem virum studiosum mei, cupidissimum
20 rei publicae conservandae, [domi meae] certi homines ad eam
40 unum, 41 g. E. praeesse: niemand
wiirde dem Pompejus und Crassus,
wenn sie einmal ein Heer hatten,
die F&higkeit oder die Befugniss
daeselbe zu kommandiren abgestrit-
ten haben ; auch musste parare exer-
citum dann vor praeesse stehen ; man
darf aber auch nicht praesto esse
dafur setzen, als ob Caesar nicht
praesto gewesen ware. | dicebat, ist
mit derselben Absichtlichkeit wie-
derholt, wie 23. | aliquam p. 19, 22. |
disceptatio so ofter im Gegensatz
zur Gewalt der Waffen; epp. ad
fam. 4, 14, 2 yidebamque quanto
periculo de iure publico discep-
taretur armis; 6, 1, 5. | castra, pro
Mil. 74 non iniustis vindiciis ac
sacramentis alienos fundos sed ca-
stris, exercitu, signis inferendis pete-
bat. | quid ergo? wie quid ita (80),
quid deinde (43), quid tum (47),
eine Art der occupatio. | coniecta,
80 crimina conicere, p. Mur. 73,
auch conferre, Z. 9. | vero nach
einer Frage ist nach der Natur der
Antwort durch f nein' oder f ja* zu
iibersetzen. Das Pronomen hat sich
wie bei quidem an die Partikel an-
geschlossen. | taciturnitas ein Zu-
etand, der in aeiner Dauer fast schon
Eigenechaft geworden war. | illa —
imjnoba, nachdrucklich mit gerin-
ger Variation aus Z. 7 wiederholt |
omnia timentibus, vgl. pro Mur. 51. 1
tacendo loqni, Cat. 1 21 : cum tacent,
clamant. | aliquo tim. , suspicione
aliqua 67. | acta illa, 61 actor re-
rum illarum erat; 62 omnia acta
illius anni, die vom Caesar w&hrend
seines Consulats gegen den Willen
des Bibulus durchgeaetzten Be-
Bchlusse, eig. Amtshandlungen. 133. |
a praetoribus, C. Memmius und L.
Domitius. | principes civ. die Haupter
der Optimatenpartei (vgl. p. 26, 6),
an Macht von den Triumvirn (qui
plurimum poterant, 42) flbertroffen.
suaque — pericula, nach dem Sprtich-
wort tunica propior pallio est. |
a cons. beim Gerundivum, bei i
Cic. nicht gerade selten, hebt die
Thatigkeit der Person mehr hervor
als der Dativ. ad fam. XV, 4, 11
admonendum potius te a me quam
rogandum puto ; zur Pomp. 34. | quew .
diesen freilich. | stud. cupid., p. Mi
90cupidis8imum otii, atudiosisair
bonorum. | reip. conservandae, \ '
putabam, ut exemplnm rei j>
servandae mecum simul interi
domi meae: es ist weder anzune
28
M. TULLTI CICERONIS
rem positi monuerunt, ut esset cautior, eiusque vitae a me in-
sidias apud me domi positas esse dixerunt, atque hanc eius
suspicionem alii litteris mittendis, alii nuntiis, alii coram ipsi
excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me certe nihil timeret, ab illis, ne
quid meo nomine molirentur, sibi cavendum putaret; ipse autem 5
Caesar, quem maxime homines ignari veritatis mihi esse iratum
putabant, erat ad portas, erat cum imperio, erat in Italia eius
exercitus inque eo exercitu ipsius tribuni plebis, inimici mei,
10 fratrem praefecerat. haec ergo cum viderem — neque enim
42 erant occulta — , senatum, sine quo civitas stare non posset, io
omnino de civitate esse sublatum; consules, qui duces publici
consilii esse deberent, perfecisse ut per ipsos publicum con-
silium funditus tolleretur; eos, qui plurimum possent, opponi
omnibus contionibus, falso, sed formidolose tamen, auctores ad
perniciem meam; contiones haberi cotidie contra me, vocem i»
pro me ac pro re publica neminem mittere; intenta signa
legionum existimari cervicibus ac bonis vestris falso, sed putari
tamen; coniuratorum copias veteres et effusam illam ac dis-
supatam Caidlinae importunam manum novo duce et insperata
43 commutatione rerum esse renovatam — : haec cum viderem, 20
quid agerem, iudices? scio enim tum non mihi vestrum studium,
dass die Warnungen dem Pompejua
blos im Hanse des Cicero zuge-
kommen seien, zumal in diesem Falle
daa folgende do»n*unertraglich ware,
noch kann domi meae mit positi der
Stellung nach verbunden werden
oder gabe in dieser Verbindung f in
meinem Hanse angeetiftete Leute'
einen Sinn, noch ist domi meae zu
ut sit cautior zn ziehen, da dann
dieselbe Sache in zwei Satzen hoch st
schleppend berichtet ware. Auch ad
eam rem posiH ware leicht zn ent-
behren. | certi homines, vor Allen
Vatiniu», 138; dieselben Leute eben-
80 bezeichnet in Pis. 76; b. auch
Verr. 2, 4, 39. 103. p. Flacco 94. |
ignari veritatis, wie ignari rernm,
16. 47. | ad portas, wie ad urbem,
62. | coram ipsi, pleonastisch, wie
in noch httherem Grade bei Plaut.
Pseudul. 1142 quia ted ipsus coram
praesens praesentem videt. | prae-
fecerat fratrem, C. ClaudiuB (nicht
Appius) war Legat des Caesar. | in
ex. praefec, Liv. 37, 41, 1 rex An-
tipatrum in laevo cornn praeposuit. |
inque. Cic. hangt qne noch an die
einsilbigen Praep. de ex pro per
cum. |
haec cum vid. — neque enim er. 42
occ, 26 qna re patefacta — neque
enim dissimulari poterat tantum
scelns nec latere. | Nach civitas
folgt hier nachdrficklich de civitate
wie nach publici consHii Z. 11. 12
publicum consilium. de civitate 44 m.,
vgl. p. 21, 10. | opponi cont., 52 nec
armati exercitus terrorem opponet
togatis. | ad pem., Tusc. disp. 1, 26
auctoribus qnidem ad istam senten-
tiam, quam vis obtineri, nti opti-
mis posaumns. | pro me ac pro re
p., 83 contra me contraque rem p. |
sed putari tamen, gewQhnlicher ware
die Wiederholung desselben Ver-
bums gewesen. | effusam (=■ fusam),
dissupatam (zu 37 m.), de leg. agr.
2, 89 effusis ac dissipatis frnctibus
vestris. | comrn. rerum, Caea de bell.
cit. 1, 61 magna celeriter commu-
tatio rerum. | haec cum viderem.
Sonst wird gewdhnlich bei einem
solchen zurdckgreifenden Ausdrnck
inquam oder igitnr hinzugefiigt.
non mihi, pro Planc. 86. 89 dixisti
enim non mihi auxilium sed me
auxilio defuisse. f enim: ich hatte
die Wahl (quid agerem) : denn eure
Hdlfe war mir gewiss. |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 41-45.
29
sed me[um] prope vestro defuisse. contenderem eontra tribunum
plebis privatus armis? vicissent improbos boni, fortes inertis;
interfectus esset is, qui hac una medicina sola potuit a rei
publicae peste depelli: quid deinde? quis reliqua praestaret?
5 cui denique erat dubium quin ille sanguis tribunicius, nullo
praesertim publico consilio profusus, consules ultores et defen-
sores esset habiturus? cum quidam in contione dixisset aut
mihi semel pereundum aut bis esse vincendum. quid erat bis
vincere? id profecto, ut, cum amentissimo tribuno plebis si
io decertassem, cum consulibus ceterisque eius ultoribus dimi-
carem. ego vero, vel si pereundum fuisset ac non accipienda 44
plaga mihi sanabilis, illi mortifera, qui imposuisset, semel perire
tamen, iudices, maluissem quam bis vincere; erat enim illa
altera eius modi contentio, ut neque victi neque victores rem
15 publicam tenere possemus. quid? si in prima contentione vi
tribunicia victus in foro cum multis bonis viris concidissem?
senatum consules, credo, [vocassent] quem totum de civitate
delerant, ad arma vocassent, qui ne vestitu quidem defendi rem
publicam sissent; a tribuno plebis post interitum meum dis-
20 sedissent, qui eandem horam meae pestis et suorum praemiorum
esse voluissent. unum [enim] mihi restabat illud, quod forsitan 20
nonnemo vir fortis et acris aiiimi magnique dixerit : 'restitisses, 45
reppugnasses, mbrtem pugnans oppetisses.' de quo te, te, in-
quam, patria, testor et vos, penates patriique di, me vestrarum
25 sedum templorumque causa, me propter salutem meorum civium,
quae mihi semper fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem caedem-
que fugisse. etenim si mihi in aliqua nave cum meis amicis
naviganti hoc, iudices, accidisset, ut multi ex multis locis
praedones classibus eam navem se oppressuros minitarentur,
43 priv. armis, p. Planc. 88 arma
quae privatus P. Scipio ceperat. |
vicis8ent, interf. esset = si viciseent,
si interf. esset. | una m. sola, 130
■ unus est 8olu8 inventus. | a rei
publicae peste depelli, de or. 1,3
fluctibus, qui per nos a communi
peste depulsi in nosmet ipsos redun-
darent; Cat. IV, 22 hostea cum a
pernicie reip. reppuleris. \praestaret,
38. 61. |
44 ac,non, und nicht vielmehr. Auch
wenn der TJntergang mir gewiss ge-
wesen ware und ich nicht meine
Zuriickberufung, die dem Clodius
den tSdtlichen Streich versetzen
mu88te, vorausgesehen hatte, wurde
ich doch meinen einmaligen Unter-
gang einem solchen zwiefachen
Siege vorgezogen haben. \ rem p.
tenere, de or. 1, 38 quod nisi fe-
cisset, rem publicam, quam nunc vix
tenemus, iam diu nullam habere-
mus. | concidissem, 12. | eandem ho-
ram, 53 m. |
enim ist als Dittographie zu unum 45
eingeklammert; Halm andert es in
etiam (52), Weidner in videlicet. |
restiti88es: f du hattest widerstehen
mussen'. 54 E. EU.-Seyffert § 260 A.
Die Worte haben trochaischen
Rhythmus. J penates patriique dei,j).
Sulla 86. | carior, Cat. I, 27 patria,
quae mihi vita mea multo est
carior. | 27. Von den beiden mit si
anfangenden Nebensatzen bildet der
zweite mit dem Nachsatze ein
Ganzes, zu welchem der erste als
Vordersatz geh6rt, eine Satzver-
bindung, die passend durch die
Digitized by Google
30
M. TULLII CICERONIS
nisi me unum sibi dedidissent, si id vectores negarent ac mecum
simul interire quam me tradere hostibus mallent, iecissem ipse
me potius in profundum, ut ceteros conservarem, quam illos
mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem, sed in magnum
46 vitae discrimen adducerem. cum vero in hanc rei publicae 5
navem, ereptis senatui gubernaculis fluitantem in alto tem-
pestatibus seditionum ac discordiarum, armatae tot elasses, nisi
ego essem unus deditus, incursurae viderentur, cum proscriptio,
caedes, direptio denuntiaretur, cum alii me suspicione periculi
sui non defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incitarentur, alii 10
inviderent, alii obstare sibi me arbitrarentur, alii ulcisci dolorem
aliquem suum vellent, alii rem ipsam publicam atque hunc
bonorum statum otiumque odissent, et ob hasce causas tot
tamque varias me unum undique deposcerent: depugnarem
potius cum summo non dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro 15
liberorumque vestrorum, quam id, quod omnibus impendebat,
21 unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subirem? c victi essent improbi/
47 at cives, at armis, at ab eo privato qui sine armis etiam consul
rem publicam conservarat: sin victi essent boni, qui superessent?
nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam venturam fuisse? an 20
mihi ipsi, ut quidam putant, fuit mors aequo animo oppetenda?
quid tum? mortemne fugiebam? an erat res ulla, quam mihi
magis optandam putarem? antea ego illas res tantas in tanta
improborum multitudine cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non
exitium ob oculos versabatur? non haec denique a me tum 25
Formel a: (b: A) veranschaulicht
wird. | vectores, qui vehuntur, im-
pttTcci. | non modo — sed, nicht
sed etiam, beim Herabsteigen vom
Grflsseren znm Geringeren; ebenso
46 non dicam — eed certe. 108. j
potius quam adducerem, der regel-
m&ssige Ausdruck, selten quam ut,
sehr selten quam mit dem inf.
(zu Brut. 314). Zeno perpessus est
omnia potius quam conscioB delen-
dae tyrannidis iudicaret, Tusc. II,
52. Madvig, lat. Gr. § 360, 4.
Weissenborn zu Liv. II 15, 2. |
46 proscriptio, uneigentlich, 65. 133. j
alii inviderent, weiler ein homo
novus "war. alii — velUnt, Clodius
und Caesar. | unum omnes wollte
Koch. | depugnarem, f hatte ich kam-
pfen sollen', wie 43 contenderem;
48 timerem. | susciperem, zu Z. 5. j
47 sine armis. Die Form des Gegen-
satzea ist die chiastische. 1 ad servos
*s venturam fuisse, f in die Hande
von Sclaven gekommen sein wurde' ;
epp. ad fam. 4, 9, 3 miserius nihil
quam ipsa victoria, quae etiam, si
ad meliorea venit, tamen eos ipsos
ferociores intemperantioresque red-
dit; Verr. 5, 38 neque illud rationia
habuieti, . . . eam provinciam . . .
ad summam stultitiam nequitiamque
venisee; 126 cumvidemus adpaucoa
omnis omnium nationum pecunias
venire. [ quid tum? nichtquid? tum
ist zu interpungiren, als ob Cicero
sich zu einer anderen Zeit vor dem
Tode gefurchtet hatte ; zu 40. | 20 on
fuhrt das dem ersten victi essent
improbi entsprechende zweite GUed
ein. | antea fur das hsr. aut. antea —
canebantur fuhrt das erste Glied
mortemne fugiebamf , an erat mihi
ff. das zweite an erat . . . putarem
aus. | in tanta — multitudine, p.
Sulla 28. | exitium anstatt des hsr.
exilium, da dem Cicero ja grade
vorgeworfen war, dass er, um dem
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 45-48
31
tamquam fata in ipsa re gerenda canebantur? an erat mihi in
tanto luctu meorum, tanta diiunctione, tanta acerbitate, tanta
spoliatione omnium rerum, quas mihi aut natura aut fortuna
dederat, vita retinenda? tam eram rudis, tam ignarus rerum,
5 tam expers consilii autingenii? nihil audieram? nihil videram ?
nihil ipse legendo quaerendoque cognoveram? nesciebam vitae
brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiternum? cum esset omnibus
definita mors, optandum esse ut vita, quae necessitati deberetur,
patriae potius donata quam reservat» naturae videretur? ne-
io sciebam inter sapientdssimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse,
•ut alii dicerent animos hominum sensusque morte restingui,
alii autem tum mentis maxime sapientium ac fortium virorum,
cum ex corpore excessissent, sentire ac vigere? quorum alterum ,
fugiendum non esse, carere sensu, alterum etiam optandum, 48
lsjmeliore esse sensu. denique, cum omnia semper ad dignitatem
rettulissem nec sine ea quicquam expetendum esse homini in
vita putassem, mortem, quam etiam virgines Athenis, regis,
opinor, Erechthei filiae, pro patria contempsisse dicuntur, ego
vir consularis tantis rebus gestis timerem? praesertim cum eius
20 essem civitatis, ex qua C. Mucius solus in castra Porsenae ve-
nisset eumque interficere proposita sibi morte conatus esset;
ex qua P. Decius primum pater, post aliquot annos patria
virtute praeditus filius se ac vitam suam instructa acie pro salute
populi Romani victoriaque devovisset; ex qua innumerabiles alii
*s partim adipiscendae laudis, partim vitandae turpitudinis causa
mortem in variis bellis aequissimis animis oppetissent; in qua
civitate ipse meminissem patrem huius M. Crassi, fortissimum
Tode zu entgehn, die Verbannung
gewahlt habe. | fata, Schicksals-
spniehe, Wei88aguDgen. | in ipsa re
gerenda, p. Arch. 30 omnia quae
gerebam iam tum in gerendo spar-
gere ac disseminare arbitrabar in
orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam.
| 8poliatione, passivisch: das Be-
raubtsein. | natura ded., seine Fa-
milie, aber auch die Erfolge seiner
Beredsamkeit. | vitae cursum, p.
Arch. 28 in hoc tam exiguo vitae
curriculo. | reservata naturae, 50
atque ille vitam ad incertissimam
spem reservavit; 76 nisi suam vitam
ad spem mei reditus reservasset.
Phil. XIV, 31 fortunata mors, quae
naturae debita pro patria potissimum
est oppetita. | sensusque, der Plural
wie animos wegen hominum. | ex
corp. excessissent , Tusc. 1, 24. 40.
72. | tum nnd maxime gehSren zu-
zammen. | sentire ac vigere, p. Mil.
54 in hac imbecillitate nostra inest
quiddam quod vigeatetsentiat; Tusc.
1, 21. | meliore esse sensu, ein helleres,
klareres Bewusstsein zu haben. |
referre ad, nach etwas bemesssen, 48
an etwas einen Massstab anlegen. |
ne — in vita, parad. 12 cogitasse ne
quicquam in vita sibi esse expeten-
dum nisi quod laudabile esset et
praeclarum* videretur. | virgines. Die
Tdchter des KQnigs Erechtheus
opferten sich zufolge eines Orakel-
spruches, um ihrem Vaterlande den
Sieg uber Eumolpos von Eleusis zu
verschaffen; Tusc. I 116. de fin. V,
G2. de nat. deorum III, 50. j opinor,
mit erkunstelter Unwissenheit, wie
23. 118. J Deciuspater, a.340, fUius,
a. 295; daes auch der Enkel sich
geopfert, erzahlt Cicero de fin. 2,
61. | se ac v. suam, 1. | P. Orassus?
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32
M. TULLIl CICERONIS
virum, ne videret victorem vivus inimicum, eadem sibi manu
22 vitam exhausisse, qua mortem saepe hostibus obtulisset. haec
49 ego et multa alia cogitans hoc videbam, si causam pubLicam
mea mors peremisset, neminem umquam fore qui auderet sus-
cipere contra improbos civis salutem rei publicae; itaque non 5
solum si vi interissem, sed etiam si morbo exstinctus essem,
fore putabam ut exemplum rei publicae conservandae mecum
simul interiret; quis enim umquam me a senatu populoque
Romano tanto omnium bonorum studio non restitnto, quod
certe, si essem interfectus, accidere non potuisset, ullam rei io
publicae partem cum sua minima invidia auderet attingere? 1
servavi igitur rem publicam discessu meo, iudices: caedem a
vobis liberisque vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinas meo dolore
luctuque depuli, et unus bis rem publicam servavi, semel gloria,
iterum aerumna mea. neque enim in hoc me hominem esse is
infitiabor umquam, ut me optimo fratre, carissimis liberis,
fidissima coniuge, vestro conspectu, patria, hoc honoris gradu
sine dolore caruisse glorier; quod si fecissem, quod a me bene-
ficium haberetis, cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent vilia,
reliquissem? hoc meo quidem animo summi in patriam amoris 20
mei signum esse debet certissimum, quod cum abesse ab ea
sine summodolore non possem, hunc me perpeti quam illam
50 labefactari ab improbis malui. memineram, iudices, divinum
illum virum atque ex isdem quibus nos radicibus natum ad
salutem huius imperii, C. Marium, summa senectute, cum vi *5
prope iustorum armorum profugisset, primo senile corpus
paludibus occultasse demersum, deinde ad infimorum ac tenuis-
der Vater des M. Crassus, eines der
Vertheidiger des Sestius, hatte sich,
von Cinna und Marius geachtet,
selbst getSdtet. | videret vict. vivus,
Alliteration wie 59. 110; auch 16.
18. 19. de senect. 38 ita sensim sine
sensu aetas senescit. | exhausisse,
50 i. A. Ell.-Seyffert §. 291 A. 3.;
80 plaga . . . quae si accessisset,
reliquum spiritum exhausisset. j
49 perimere, ein fur alle Mal be-
seitigen, de off. 3, 33 ; p. Planc. 90. j
a senatu pop. Bom., mit Absicht
gewahlter feierlicher Ausdruck wie
51. p. Planc. 90. | ullam — partem,
p. Mil. 68 sed quis non intellegit,
omnis tibi rei publicae partes aegras
et labantes . . . esse commissas? |
cum e. m. inv., so dass damit fflr ihn
verbunden ware . . | gloria, durch
die That, welche meinen Ruhm aus-
macht. | neque . . infitiabor, Terent.
Hautont. 77 homo sum: humani nil
a me alienum puto. j quod — habe-
retis, Lael. 47 amicitiam . . . qua
nil a deis immortalibus raelius
habemus; in Pis. 12 spem habere
a tribuno. I vilia, 'gleichgultig', das
Gegentheil carus. | meo animo —
mea sententia. | hunc, illam, blos
rhetorischer Gegensatz. 1 labefactari,
28. i
divinus, nicht selten blos f iiber 60
das (gewdhnliche) menschliche Mass
hinau8ragend. , | isdem, p. Sulla 23
ex eo raunicipio (Arpino), unde
iterura iara salus huic urbi imperio-
que misBa est. | prope iust. arm.,
zwar von der Optimatenpartei ge-
fiihrt, aber im Bflrgerkriege ; de
prov. 6 bellum nobis prope iustum
intulerunt von den Barbaren gesagt. |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 48-52. 33
simorum hominum Minturnensium misericordiam confugisse;
inde navigio perparvo, cum omnis portus terrasque fugeret, in
oras Africae desertissimas pervenisse. atqui ille vitam suam,
ne inultus esset, ad incertissimam spem et ad rei publicae
5 fatum reservavit: ego, qui, quem ad modum multi in senatu
me absente dixerunt, periculo rei publicae vivebam, quique ob
eam causam consularibus litteris de senatus sententia exteris
nationibu8 commendabar, nonne, si meam vitam deseruissem,
rem publicam prodidissem? in qua quidem nunc me restituto
io vivit mecum simul exemplum fidei publicae; quod si immortale
retinetur, quis non intellegit immortalem hanc civitatem futuram?
nam externa bella regum, gentium, nationum iam pridem ita 23
exstincta sunt, ut praeclare cum eis agamus, quos pacatos esse 51
patiamur. denique ex bellica victoria non fere quemquam est
i5 invidia civium consecuta: domesticis malis et audacium civium
consiliis saepe est resistendum horumque periculofum est in re
publica retinenda medicina; quam omnem, iudices, perdidissetis,
si meo interitu senatui populoque Romano doloris sui de me
declarandi potestas esset erepta. quare moneo vos, adulescentes,
20 atque hoc meo iure praecipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem publicam,
qui gloriam spectatis, ne, si quae vos aliquando necessitas
ad rem publicam contra improbos civis defendendam vocabit,
segniores sitis et recordatione mei casus a consiliis fortibus
refugiatis. primum non est periculum ne quis umquam incidat 52
25 in eius modi consules, praesertim si erit eis id, quod debetur,
persolutum. deinde numquam iam, ut spero, quisquam improbus
consilio et auxilio bonorum se oppugnare rem publicara dicet
illis tacentibus, nec armati exercitus terrorem opponet togatis ;
neque erit iusta causa ad portas sedenti imperatori, quare
Minturnensium, in Pis. 43. | fatum, marique pacata . . . domesticum
anstatt des hsr. ratum. (Koch wollte bellum manet. | regum, gentium,
periculum.) fatum entspricht dem nationum, 67 qui maximas nationes,
folgenden periculo rei p. viv.: cutus qui reges, qui gentis feras atque
vita servata continebat salutem rei- inauditas domuisset. | pr. agamus,
publicae, ad fam. 7, 2, 3. \consxdaribus sonst nur passivisch, Verr. 1 §. 9
litteris, des P. Lentulus Spinther, cos. praeclare nobiscum actum iri; Lael.
57. | fidei publ., der Staat ist seiner 11 cum illo vero quis neget actum
Verpflichtung nachgekommen. | quis esse praeclare? | denique, 30. | qiti
non intellegit. Der Hauptsatz ein- dign., qui rem p., rhetorisch fur
geschaltet zwischen zwei Nebensatze qui dign. in re p. | si . . aliquando,
verschiedener Grade, a: A| a, ahn- ElL-SeyfFert 229 A. vgl. 28. 45. 131. |
lich der Einschaltung in einem ein- et record.: aut vermuthet Halm. ;
zigen Nebensatz 33 qua una roga- umquamy jemals wieder. Z. 26tritt 52
tione quis est qui non intellegat uni- iam dazu ; vgl. p. 32, 4. j persohi-
versam rem publicam esse deletam. | tum, in Pis. 93 se quae deberentur
51 externa: Cat. II, 11 nulla est natio postero die persoluturum ; p. Sulla
quam pertimescamus , . . . omnia 87 persolvi patriae quod debui. |
sunt erterna unius virtute terra illis tacentibus, 18, 40. | sedenti, wie
Kocb u. Eberbard, Ciceros Rede fiir I'. Sestius. 3
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34
M. TDLLII CICERONIS
♦
I
suuin terrorem falso iactari opponique patiatur. numquaui deni-
que erit tam oppressus senatus, ut ei ne supplicandi quidem ac
lugendi sit potestas, tam captus equester ordo, ut equites Ro-
mani a consule relegentur. quae cum omnia atque etiam multo
alia maiora, quae consulto praetereo, accidissent, videtis me &
tamen in meam pristinam dignitatem brevi tempore doloris
interiecto rei publicae voce esse revocatum.
24 Sed ut revertar ad illud, quod mihi in bac omni est oratione
53 propositum, omnibus mabs illo anno scelere consulum rem
publicam esse confectani, primum illo ipso die, qui mibi funestus io
fuit, omnibus bonis luctuosus, cum ego me e complexu patriae
conspectuque vestro eripuissem et metu vestri periculi, non
mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minisque cessissem
patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima, propter ipsius patriae
caritatem reliquissem, cum meum illum casuin tam horribilem, 15
tam gravem, tam repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta
urbis ac templa lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam,
nemo lucem aspicere vellet — illo, inquam, ipso die, die dico?
immo hora atque puncto temporis eodem mihi reique publicae
pernicies, Gabinio et Pisoni provincia rogata est. pro dei 20
immortales, custodes et conservatores huius urbis atque imperii!
quaenam illa in re publica monstra, quae scelera vidistis! civis
erat expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex senatus auctoritate cum
omnibus bonis defenderat, et expulsus non alio aliquo, sed eo
ipso crimine; erat autem expulsus sine iudicio, vi, lapidibus, 25
eine drohende Wolke, Liv. 22, 30
tandem eam nubem, qnae sidere in
iugis montium solita sit, cum pro-
cella imbrem dedisse. | suum t,
ein von seiner Seite drohender
Schrecken. | falso — opponique, 42. |
numq. denique, das dritte Glied zu den
beiden vorhergehenden primum non
«st periculum ; deinde numquam iam.
Die Hsr. haben statt denique enim;
andere wollten etiam. | multo alia
maiora: 60 m.; wie Adverbia gerne
von dem zugeh&rigen Worte getrennt
werden, so geschieht dieB auch bei
den zu den Comparativen tretenden
Ablativen hoc, eo, multo, paullo n. a.
Daa einge8chobene Wort verliert,
die getrennten WOrter gewinnen an
Nachdruck. | interiecto, de prov. 43
medium illud tristiBBimum tempus. |
53 oratio, zu 14 m. | esse confectam
konnte nach 31 von einem in pro-
positum eingeachlossenen demon-
atrare abhangig aein: nach 112 i. A.
gehOrt es aber vielmehr zu revertar
ad illud. | omnibus malis, zu 39
onmea necessitudines ; 55 omnium
remediorum. | fun., luct. 27. | eri-
puissem, p. Planc. 97 nrbem . . quae
ee vellet potius exscindi quam e suo
complexu ut eriperer facile patere-
tur. | telis minisque, wie sonst vis
et minae zusammenBteht. | reliquis-
sem, ander8 als Metellus nach der
Darstellung Ciceros 37. | die, die
dico? immo hora, gewQhnlich findet
sich in dieser retractatio nur immo
ohne dico, 110; wie hier p. Milone
76; 55 tacentibos dicam? steht das
Futurum, weil das Wort nicht
wiederholt, sondern gleich beim
ersten Aussprechen bemangelt wird.
rogata est, zu 55 m. | vidistis,
Ovia. met. 13, 70 aspiciunt oculis
superi mortalia iustis. f erat expulsus
. . . et expulsus, wie p. 35, 2. 10 und
§78 victa ebt causa reipublicae et
victa non anspiciis . . . | alio aliquo,
125 aliusne est aliquis improbia
civibns peculiaris populus? |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 52-55.
35
ferro, servitio denique concitato; lex erat lata vasto ac relicto
foro et sicariis servisque tradito et ea lex, quae ut ne ferretur,
senatus fuerat veste mutata. bac tanta perturbatione civitatis 54
ne noctem quidem consules inter meum interitum et suam
5 praedam interesse passi sunt; statim me perculso ad meum
sanguinem hauriendum et spirante etiam re publica ad eius
spolia detrahenda advolaverunt. omitto gratulationes, epulas,
partitionem aerarii, beneficia, spem, promissa, praedam, laetitiam '
paucorum in luctu omnium: vexabatur uxor mea; liberi ad
io necem quaerebantur; gener et Piso gener a Pisonis consulis
pedibus supplex reiciebatur; bona diripiebantur eaque ad con-
sules deferebantur; domus ardebat in Palatio; consules epula-
bantur. quod si meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis tamen
periculo commoverentur.
15 Sed ut a mea causa iam recedam, reliquas illius anni pe- 25
stis recordamini: — sic enim facillime perspicietis quantam 55
vim omnium remediorum a magistratibus proximis res publica ,
desiderarit — legum multitudinem , cum earum, quae latae
sunt, tum vero quae promulgatae fuerunt. nam latae quidem
20 sunt consulibus illis, tacentibus dicam? immo vero etiam
approbantibus, ut censoria notio et gravissimum iudicium
sanctissimi magistratus de re publica tolleretur, ut conlegia
non modo illa vetera contra senatus consultum restituerentur,
54 hac perturb., de 1. agr. 1, 24 hoc
metu atque hac perturbatdone ani-
morum atque rerum; vgl. unten 73.
ad fam. 1, 5, 2. 6, 1, 1. p. Flacco
94. | ne noctem quidem — passi
sunt, Cat. I, 4 decrevit quondam
senatus, ut L. Opimius consul vi-
deret ne quid respublica detrimenti
caperet: nox nulla intercessit, inter-
fectus est propter quasdam seditio-
num supiciones G. Gracchus. | ad-
volaverunt, 109 causa . . . in qua
furiae concitatae tanquam ad funus
reipublicae convolant. | epulas ist
vielleicbt aus Z. 12 eingescboben. ]
partitionem aerarii, 24 foedus fe-
cerunt ut acciperent pecuniam quan-
tam vellent. | praedam, das Pliindern
von Ciceros Haus auf dem Palatin
und seinen Villen. | spem, promissa,
34 pluris etiam spe et promissis
tenebat. | paucorum, 67 non est
passus . . . rem publicam everti sce-
lere paucorum. | liberi, in Pis. 59.
ad fam. 14, 2. | eaque wo atque ge-
nugt hatte, hebt das Unglaubliche
hervor. f consules epulabantur tritt
in schneidender Scharfe als Gegen-
satz zu den vorhergehenden Gliedern
ans Ende der Periode. j commoveren-
tur, zu 45. I
recedam, Tusc. 5, 76 sint enim 55
tria genera bonorum, ut iam a la-
queis Stoicorum . . . recedamus. |
pestis, verderbliche Anschlage, pro-
ximis « proximi anni. | promulg.
fuerunt, nicht sunt, da bezeichnet
werden soll, dass die Gesetze zwar
eine Zeit lang OfFentlich angeschlagen
waren, aber nicht zum Vortrag
kamen; p. Sulla 66 lex dies fuit
proposita paucos. | latae, die bloss
promulgirten Gesetze werden erst
66 kurz erwahnt, wo auch die nach
legum multitudinem noch erwai-teten
Glieder ihre SteLle finden. | cens.
notio, eig. Untersuchung, dem Sinne
nach = nota. Asconius in Pis. 9
p. 8, 5 E. diximus, L. Pisone
A.Gabinio cosa. P.Clodium quattuor
leges perniciosas populo Romano
tuliase . . . quartam, ne quem cen-
sores in senatu. legendo praeterirent
neve qua ignominia afficerent, nisi
3*
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36
M. TULLII CICERONIS
sed ab uno gladiatore innumerabilia alia nova conscriberentur,
ut remissis senis et trientibus quinta prope pars vectigaliuni
tolleretur, ut Gabinio pro illa sua Cilicia, quam sibi, si rem
publicam prodidisset, pactus erat, Syria daretur, et uni helluoni
bis de eadem re deliberandi et rogata lege potestas per novsnn 5
26 legem fieret provinciae commutandae. mitto eam legem, quae
56 omnia iura religionum, auspiciorum, potestatum, omnis leges,
quae sunt de iure et de tempore legum rogandarum, una rogatione
delevit; mitto omnem domesticam labem: etiam exteras nationes
illius anni furore conquassatas videbamus. lege tribunicia Matris io
Magnae Pessinuntius ille sacerdos expulsus et spoliatus sacer-
dotio est fanumque sanctissimarum atque antiquissimarum re-
ligionum venditum pecunia grandi Brogitaro, impuro homini
atque indigno illa religione, praesertim cum eam sibi ille non
colendi, sed violandi causa appetisset; appellati reges a populo, is
qui id numquam ne a senatu quidem postulassent; reducti
exsules Byzantium condemnati tum, cum indemnati cives e
57 civitate eiciebantur; rex Ptolemaeus, qui si nondum erat ipse
a senatu socius appellatus, erat tamen frater eius regis, qui
qui apud eos accusatus et utriusque
censoris sententia damnatus eseet.
hac ergo eius lege censuram . . .
sublatam ait. | ab uno — innwne-
rdbilia, rhetorischer Gegensatz, wie
Z. 4 uni helluoni bis, ebenso 49
unus bis rem p. servavi. | ut remissis
— trientibus, 6 l / s As, fur welchen
Preis nach der lex Terentia Cassia
des Jahres 73 in Erneuerung der
lex frumentaria des C. Gracchus 123
dem Yolk monatlich iunf Scheffel
Getreide fflr jeden Hausyater vom
Staate abgelassen wurde, wahrend
der Marktpreis des Scheffels zu Ci-
ceros Zeit 12 As war. | lege . . . nov.,
unsichere Erganzung der hsr. Ueber-
lieferung. Nach 25. 53 waren durch
einen Volksbeschluss im Wider-
spruch mitder lex Sempronia, welche
durch den Senat den Consuln vor
ihrer Wahl die Provinzen anweisen
liess, dem Gabinius und Piso die
gewunschten Provinzen Syrien und
Macedonien namentlich zuerkannt.
Durch einen neuen Volksbeschlnss
wurde dann dem GabiniusSyrien an-
statt Cicilien zu Theil. | 21. 4 et, zu p.
37, 10. | Die Worte iwt — deliberandi
sind von Cicero hdhnisch gleichsam
als Inhalt des Gesetzes angefiihrt. |
56 cam, 33 m. | potestaium, namlich
magistratuum, wie 98 poteatates
magistratuum ebenfalls nach reli-
giones, auspicia. | conquassatas , 73
nanimam quassatae reipublicae. [
videbamus, nicht vidimus: mussten
wir sehen = erleben. j legetHbmiicia,
nicht einmal durch einen Senats-
beschluss, wie Z. 15. 16. | Matris
Magnae, die grosse G6ttermutter,
oft auch bloss Mater genannt (Ver^.
georg. 4, 64; Ov. fast. 4, 250), die
in Pessinus, der Hauptstadt Gala-
tiens, unter dem Namen Agdiatis
verehrt wurde. | venditum im An-
8chlu8s an die ubrigen Participia;
8onst hatte es veniit heissen miissen. j
Brogitaro , einem Schwiegersohn
des KOnigs Deiotarus. | religionum,
Gottesdienst; pecunia, Geldsumme;
religione, Priesteramt. | eain ist statt
des handschriftlichen ea nothwendig,
da hier nur eine Beziehung auf das
eben vorangehende religione m6g-
lich ist. | reducti, was Cato ausfuhreu
mus8te. | Byzantium , zu 64 A. |
Ptolemaeus, KOnig von Cype
Bruder dea Ptolemaeus Auletes >
Aegypten, der dem persflnlichc
Hasse des Clodius zum Opfer fallei
mu8ste. Auletes hatte durch Casan
Vermittelung 59 lege et senatu
consulto die societas erlangt (Cae?
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 55-58. 37
cum esset in eadem causa, iani erat a senatu societatis et
amicitiae honorem consecutus, erat eodem genere eisdemque
maioribus, eadem vetustate societatis, denique erat rex si non-
dum socius, at non hostis; pacatus, quietus, fretus imperio
s populi Romani regno paterno atque avito regali otio perfrue-
batur — de hoc nihil cogitante, nihil suspicante, eisdem operis
suffragium ferentibus est rogatum, ut sedens cum purpura et
sceptro et illis insignibus regiis praeconi publico subiceretur,
et ,imperante populo Romano, qui etiam bello victis regibus
io regna reddere consuevit, rex amicus nulla iniuria commemorata,
nullis rebus repetitis cum bonis omnibus publicaretur. multa
acerba, multa turpia, multa turbulenta habuit ille annus: tamen *
illi sceleri, quod in me illorum immanitas edidit, haud scio an 5
recte hoc proximum esse dicamus. Antiochum Magnum illum
15 maiores nostri magna belli contentione terra marique superatum
intra montem Taurum regnare iusserunt; Asiam, qua illum
multarunt, Attalo, ut is regnaret in ea, condonaverunt. cum
Armeniorum rege Tigrane grave bellum nuper ipsi diuturnum-
que gessimus, cum ille iniuriis in socios nostros inferendis
ao bello prope nos lacessisset: [hic et ipse per se vehemens hostis
tle bell. civ. 3, 107). | eadem vetust.
soc. lasst sich, wenn anders die
Worte iicht sind, (nach de domo
52) nur auf das Verhaltniss der
Vorfahren zu Rom beziehen, es
musste denn sodetas bloss soviel
als commercium bedeuten: was hier,
wo es sich um den staatsrechtlichen
BegrifF handelt, undenkbar iat : zu-
mal da nondum erat socius appel-
latus und si nondum socius in
unmittelbarater Nahe stehen; eine
Weile spater, wie 59 m., hat eine
derartige Umgestaltung des That-
bestandes bei Cic. gar nichts Auf-
falliges. | regno paterno atque avito,
Pomp. 21 regem spoliatum regno
patrio atque avito. regno p. atque
a. ist abhangig von perfruebatur,
wozu wie 139 der modale Abl.
regali otio tritt. | et illis und flber-
haupt jenen, wir : f und jenen andem\
j 10 et imp. und somit. | cogitante.
Der Anfang der Periode rex Ptol.,
qui ist in Folge der vielen Glieder
.vergessen. | praeconi publ. subicere-
tur. Phil. 2, 64 bona inquam
Cn. Pomnei Magni voci acerbis-
simae subiecta praeconis; p. Quinc-
tio 49. Hier lst der Kfinig Snb-
ject, weil er sein Reich vertritt.
59 m., de domo 20. 52. | nullis
rebus repetitis, wahrend Bonst vor
jedem Krieg Gesandte ad rea re-
petendas geschickt wurden (Liv.
i, 22;. |
haud scio an, Ell.-Seyffert § 308, 2. | 58
Antiochum Magnum magna b.
cont., Paronomasie wie Ov. met.
3, 60 dextraque molarem sustulit
et magnum magno conamine misit;
Hor. Sat. 1, 6, 72 magni . . . pneri
magnis ex centurionibus orti; p.
Arch. 24 magnus ille Alexander . .
noster hic Magnus. Aehnlich aucli
34 omnem omnium potestatem; 45
multi ex multis locis praedones. |
intra Taurum = Tauro tenus, p.
Deiot 36. j regnare weiter herrachen,
Kdnig bleiben, wie p. 38, 7. 12.
Pomp. 7. 8 u. offc. | qua, wie bonis,
Secunia multare. | AUalo, irrthiim-
ch anBtatt EumeneB II., Kdnig
von Pergamus 197—159, dem sein
Bruder Attalus II. folgte. Ein
gleicher Gedachtnissfehler findet
sich de nat. deor. 2, 9, wo Attua
Navius ein ZeitgenoBse des Tullus
Ho8tiIius genannt wird. | ini. in
socios inf., sonst bei inferre gewohn-
lich der Dativ. | bello lacess., EIL-
Seyffert § 176 A. 5. E. hic u. s. w. Z.21
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38
M. TCLLII CICEROXIS
fuit et acerrimum hostem huius imperii Mithridatem pulsum
Ponto opibus suis regnoque defendit, et ab L. Lucullo, summo
viro atque imperatore, pulsus, animo tamen hostili cum reliquis
suis copiis in pristina mente mansit:] hunc Cn. Pompeius cuni
in suis castris supplicem abiectum vidisset, erexit atque insigne 5
regium, quod ille de suo capite abiecerat, reposuit et certis
rebus imperatis regnare iussit, nec minus et sibi et huic imperio
gloriosum putavit constitutum a se regem quam constrictum
59 videri. is igitur, qui bellum wtulit, qui lacessivit, qui et ipse
hostis fuit populi Romani et acerrimum hostem in regnum io
recepit, qui conflixit, qui signa contulit, qui de imperio paene
certavit, regnat hodie et amicitiae nomen ac societatis, quod
armis violarat, id precibus est consecutus: ille Cyprius miser,
qui semper amicus, semper socius fuit, de quo nulla umquam
suspicio durior aut ad senatum aut ad imperatores adlata i5
nostros est, vivus, ut aiunt, est et videns cum victu ac vestitu
suo publicatus. en cur ceteri reges stabilem esse suam fortu-
nam arbitrentur, cum hoc illius funesti anni prodito exemplo
videant per tribunum aliquem et sescentas operas se fortunis
2S spoliari et regno omni posse nudari! at etiam eo negotio M. 20
60 Catonis splendorem maculare voluerunt, ignari quid gravitas,
p. 38, 1 ist aus Z. 10. 11 eingefalscht;
einederartige Wiederholung kann
man einem nachdenkenden Schrift-
steller nicht zatrauen; auch pul-
sus Z. 3 ist nach Z. 1 und an
sich nicht mSglich: man erwartete
compluribu8 proeliis victus 0. a.
animo hostili kann neben in pri-
stina mente nicht geatanden haben;
endlich iat cum reliquis copiis
bei in prist mente mansit sinnlos.
mansit, perseveravit. | supplicem
abiectum, p. Milone 100 ego me
plurimis pro te supplicem abieci. |
certis rebus imp.: er musste einen
Theil von Syrien und Kappadocien
abtreten, ebenso Phoenicien und
Sophene, welcheB letztere sein Sohn
erhielt. | constitutum — constrictum,
etwa r auf den Thron gesetzt — in
den Block gelegt'. |
is . . . lacessivit, unsichere Er-
59 ganzung anstatt des hsr. tulit,
essit. is iffitur scheint nothwendig,
a das von Tigranes Ausgesagte
wieder aufgenommen und zusam-
mengefasst wird. Die Pronomina
fehlen bei bellum intulit und laces-
sivit wie im Folgenden bei qui
couflixit, qui aigna contulit. | de
imperio, der es beinahe wagte den
ROmern die Weltherrschaft streitig
zu machen. | hodie zu 6 g. E. | su-
spicio durior, wie epp. ad fam. 12,
26 a, 7 de Cn. Minucio . . . rumores
duriore8 erant. Ptolemaeus sollte
die Seerauber unterstutzt haben.
vivus — vestitu, sprflchwOrtlich,
pro Quinct. 49. 50; prudens sciens
vivus vidensque pereo, Terent.
Eun. 72 | en cur, Verr. 1, 93 eu
cui tuos liberos committas; 6, 124
en quod Tyndaritani libenter prae-
dicent. en wird etets mit einer
gewi8sen Bitterkeit gesagt. | koc
prodito exemplo, sonst auch edere
exemplum; wie hier pro Flacco 25
in hoc ego reo ne quod perniciosum
exemplum prodatur pertimescam. |
sescentas, offenbar mit Verachtung
von dem kleinen Haufen der Clodi-
aner, 'ein paar Hundert', der es
wagte an der Stelle des Volkea
solche Beschlusse zu fassen; sonst
bezeichnet sescenti eine unbe-
stimmte grosse Anzahl: weshalb
Koch et eius emptas operas vermuthet
(concitatas 65.)
Cato wurde mit der Einziehung 60
des Landes beauftragt. Bei seiner
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 68-62.
«
39
quid integritas, quid magnitudo animi, quid denique virtus
valeret, quae in tempestate saeva quieta est et lucet in tenebris
et pulsa loco manet tamen atque exsul haeret in patria splendet-
que per sese semper neque alienis umquam sordibus obsolescit.
s non illi ornandum M. Catonem sed relegandum, nec illi com-
mittendum illud negotium sed imponendum putaverunt, qui in
contione palam dixerint linguam se evellisse M. Catoni, quae
semper contra extraordinarias potestates libera fuisset. sentient,
ut spero, brevi tempore, manere libertatem illam, atque hoc
10 etiam, si fieri po.tuerit, esse maiorem, quod cum consulibus
iilis M. Cato, etiam cum iam desperasset aliquid auctoritate
sua profici posse, tamen voce ipsa ac dolore pugnavit, et post
meum discessum eis Pisonem verbis flens meum et rei publicae
casum vexavit, ut illum hominem perditissimum atque im-
15 pudentissimum paene iam provinciae paeniteret. cur igitur 61
rogationi paruit? quasi vero ille non in alias quoque leges,
quas iniuste rogatas putaret, iam ante iurarit! non offert se
ille istis temeritatibus, ut, cum rei publicae nihil prosit, se
civi rem publicam privet. consule me cum esset designatus
ao tribunus plebis, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam; dixit eam
sententiam, cuius invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam
videbat; dixit vehementer; egit acriter;.ea, quae sensit, prae
se tulit; dux, auctor, actor rerum illarum fuit, non quo peri-
culum suum non videret, sed in tanta rei publicae tempestate
25 nihil sibi nisi de patriae periculis cogitandum putabat. con- 29
secutus est ipse eius tribunatus. quid ego de singulari magni- 62
Ankunft nahm der Kttnig bich
das Leben. etiam gehOrt zum
ganzen Gedanken. | petti loco, voa
Soldaten und Gladiatoren, abn-
lich de gradu deici. Aber allein
kann es nicht soviel als patria de-
pelli sein; Cat. II, 1 loco ille motus
eat, cum est ex urbe depulsus;
darum ist exsul zugesetzt. | per se,
de oft. 1, 30 aequitas lucet ipsa
per se. | linguam se evellisse, p.
Flacco 22 convicit et elinguem red-
<lidit. | extraord. pot, wie gegen
die vom Volkstribunen Metellus
Nepos beantragte Zurflckberufung
des Pompejus mit seinem Heer, die
Uebertragung Galliens an Caesar
u. 8. w. Cato bekleidete weder ein
Amt noch war er Senator. | brevi
tempore, namlich nach seiner Riick-
kehr. | manere, zu p. 37, 17 regnare. |
lioc . . tnaior., zu p. 34, 4. | aliquul,
zu p. 19, 22. | flens, 2G. | meitm et rei
p. casum, 33. 42. |
non oftert se, er setzt sich nicht Gl
aus, de off. 1, 83 fugiendum illud
etiam, ne offeramus nos periculis
sine causa; in Pis. 21 his tem-
peBtatibuB unum me pro omnium
salute obtuli. | temeritatibus , dem
verwegenen Treiben, n&mlich seiner
Gegner. | se civi, eines Bflrgers wie
er. | eam sent. die gefangenen Cati-
linarier hinzurichten. | praestandam,
38. 43. | dux, auctor, actor, Fahrer,
Vertreter, Verfechter; Caes. de
bell. civ. 1, 26 illo auctore atque
agente. | sed, anatatt aed quod, sed
quia; ad Att. 16, 15, 6; Acad. 2,
37; ad Att. 4, 15, 7; in Verr. 3,
39; ad Att. 3, 15, 4; p. Flacco 9.
de or. 1, 23. 3, 93. | nihil — cogit.
put. , p. Sulla 66 ut nihil postea
nisi de rei publicae commodis cogi-
tarit; Cat. 1, 17; ahnlich 74 sed
tamen actum nihil nisi de me. |
ipse eius fur das hsr. ipsius wegen 62
des Gegensatzes zu Z. 19 deeignatus
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40
M. TULLII CICERONIS
tudine animi eius ac de incredibili virtute dicam? meministis
illum diem, cum templo a conlega occupato, nobis omnibus de
vita talis viri et civis timentibus, ipse animo firmissimo venit
in templum et clamorem hominum improborum auctoritate,
impetum virtute sedavit. adiit tum periculum, sed adiit ob s
eam causam, quae quanta fuerit iam mihi dicere non est necesse:
at si isti Cypriae rogationi sceleratissimae non paruisset, haereret
illa nihilo minus rei publicae turpitudo; regno enim iam pu-
blicato de ipso Catone erat nominatim rogatum; quod ille si
repudiasset, dubitatis quin ei vis esset adlata, cum omnia acta 10
63 illius anni per unum illum labefactari viderentur? atque etiam
hoc videbat: quoniam illa in re publica lnacula regni puplicati
maneret, quam nemo iam posset eluere, quod ex malis boni
posset in rem publicam pervenire, id utilius esse per se con-
servari quam dissipari per alios. atque ille etiam si alia qua- i&
piam vi expelleretur illis temporibus ex hac urbe, facile pateretur:
tr. pl. | meministis illum diem,
als im J. 62 der Mittribun des
Cato, Q. Metellos Nepos, den An-
trag auf Zuriickberufung des Pom-
pejus aus Kleinasien zum Schutze
Koms 8tellte. I templo: wenn gleich
Plut. Cato c. 28 berichtet, dass der
Tempel des Castor vom Metellus
besetzt war, scheinen doch hier die
rostra als locus inauguratus ver-
standen werden zu mussen, da
sonst die genauere Bezeichnung
templum Castoris gebraucht sein
wilrde (34. 79). Auch 75. 78 kann
templum nichts Anderes, als die
rostra bedeuten, und hiernach wird
90 zu erklaren sein. | venit tn tem-
plum nach templo a conlega occu-
pato, wie pro Mur. 52 quod homines
iam tum coniuratos cum gladiis in
campum deduci a Catilina sciebam,
descendi in campum. | improborum
haben die Hsr. hinter impetum.
Aber das Geschrei und der Angriff
gingen von denselben aus; zur Be-
schwichtiguug des ersten genCigte
die auctoritas, der Angriff wurde
durch die virtus zuriickgewiesen ;
85 omnia hominum cum egestate
tum audacia perditorum clamore,
concursu, vi, manu gerebantur. j
adire per. ist gar nicht selten neben
subire. 23 E. | quanta = quam
iusta. | non est necesse: die weitere
ErSrterung unterlasst er, um nicht
bei Pompejus anzustos9en. | Cypriae,
die sich auf Cypern bezog. | haere-
ret rei p. (fiir in re p.) = adhaere-
ret; p. Roscio com. 17 potest hoc
homini huic haerere peccatum?
quod, als ob vor rogatum ein illud
stande, wie 73 ut etiamsi iure
esset rogatum, tamen vim habere
non posset; dagegen de prov. 45
illud iure rogatum dicere ausi sunt. |
esset adlata: das Stehenbleiben des
coni. plpf. im Haupteatz von irreal
hypothetischen Satzen, die T coniunc-
tivisch abhangig werden, ist ausser
bei nescio an und den Verben des
Fiirchtena ebeneo aelten wie beim
coni. ipf. (83) gewdhnlich. Ell.-
Seyffert §. 272, A. 2, besonders b m.l
ex malis boni. Phil. 2, 117 ex 63
plurimi8 malis quae ab illo rei
publicae sunt inusta hoc tamen
boni exstitit. malis ist allgemein
gesagt =» aus iiblen Verhaltnissen,
aus einer ublen Geschichte, meint
aber den besonderen Fall. Der Zu-
satz von illis machte dies deut-
licher, ist aber nicht nothwendig. I
dissipari fehlt in den Hsr. Weil
Cato wusste, dass Andere den an
sich ungerechten Gewinn von Cypern
— der Schatz allein behef aich auf
7000 Talente — nicht einmal dem
Staat , sondern ihrer eigenen Hab-
sucht zu Gute kommen lassen wiir-
den, unterzog er sich dem Auftrag. ]
expelleretur . . pateretur, veniret . .
posset, modus potentialis der Ver-
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 62-65.
41
etenim qui superiore anno senatu caruisset, quo si tum veniret,
me tamen socium suorum in re publica consiliorum videre
posset, is aequo animo tum me expulso et meo nomine cum
universo senatu, tum sententia sua condemnata in hac urbe
5 esse posset? ille vero eidem tempori cui nos, eiusdem furori,
eisdem consulibus, eisdem minis, insidiis, periculis cessit. luctum
nos hausimus maiorem, dolorem ille animi non minorem. his 30
de tot tantisque iniuriis in socios, in reges, in civitates liberas 64
consulum querella esse debuit, in cuius magistratus tutela reges
io atque exterae nationes semper fuerunt: ecquae vox umquam
est audita consulum? quamquam quis audiret, si maxime queri
vellent? de Cyprio rege quererentur, qui me civem nullo meo
crimine, patriae nomine laborantem non modo stantem non
defenderant, sed ne iacentem quidem protexerant? cesseram, si
15 alienam a me plebem fuisse voltis, quae non fuit, invidiae; si
commoveri omnia videbantur, tempori; si vis suberat, armis; si
societas magistratuum, pactioni; si periculum civium, rei pu-
blicae. cur, cum de capite civis — non disputo cuius modi 65-
civis — et de bonis proscriptio ferretur, cum et sacratis legibus
20 et xii tabulis sanctum esset, ut ne cui privilegium inrogari
gangenheit (et mit opt. — opt. mit
«v), vgl. 64 m. | tamen, wenn anch
Manches ihm missfiel, = saltem,
certe, wie oft. | carere, freiwillig. j
quo si tum veniret, nach regel-
maesigem Sprachgebranch das Rela-
tivum an das abhangige Yerbnm
anstatt an das Hauptverbum des
Relativsatzes angeschloBsen. | meo
nomitie, in meiner Person. | senten-
tia sua, in Pis. 64 sententiam sena-
toriam; Brnt. 112. | eidem furori? \
64 in civ. lib., wie Byzanz war. 66
g. E. 84 m. | querella, aber tutela
wie suadela, cautela, candela, custo-
dela, corruptela; loquella, sequel-
la u. a. | in cuius anstatt des hsr.
in eius, da sich dieser Satz eng
an den vorigen anschliesBen muss,
wenn nicht der mit ecquae u. s. w.
eintretende Gegensatz seine Kraft
vOllig einbussen soll. Uebrigens
wird hier den Consuln als Vor-
sitzenden des Senats beigelegt, was
sonst diesem zukommt, der z. B.
pro Milone 70 ara sociorum, por-
tus omnium gentium genanntwird;
de off. 2, 26 regum, populorum,
nationum portus erat et refugium
senatus; in Cat. IV, 2 curia, sum-
mum auxilium omnium gentium. |
quamquam, da sie durch das grCs-
sere Verbrechen gegen Cicero alles
Recht verloren hatten gegen die
geringere Beeintrachtigung des Pto-
lemaus aufzutreten. | audxrct, 20 m.
Ell.-Seyffert § 253 ; auch ein modus
potentialis der Vergangenheit.
Cyprius rex, wie de domo 52. 53,
u. sonst rex Armenius, Aegyptius;
zur Pomp. 23. 1 nullo m. crimine,
ohne dass mich ein Vorwurf treffen
konnte. | protexerant, wie den Leich-
nam eines im Kampfe Gefallenen.
p. Sulla 50 ego iacentem et spo-
liatum defendo et protego. | rei j>.
cedit, er macht dem Staatsinteressc
Platz, um seiner Entwickelung nicht
im Wege zu stehen; bei den andern
Dativen wird gedacht: er weicht
wie vor einem Feinde. | qua
fuit. Wir sagen: was es (das \
nicht war. |
de capite civ. steht als
ferretur folgen sollte; bei ;>/
(46) mtisste der Genetiv
sacratis legibus, 16. | pn
de legg. 3,44in privato
leges ferri noluerunt; id
privilegium, quo quid est ii
cum legis haec vis si 1
tum et ius8um in
42 M. TULLU CICERONIS
liceret neve de capite nisi comitiis centuriatis rogari, nulla vox
est audita cotfsulum, constitutumque est illo anno, quantuni
in illis duabus huius imperii pestibus fuit, iure posse per operas
concitatas quemvis civem nominatim tribuni plebis concilio ex
civitate exturbari? &
66 Quae vero promulgata illo anno fuerint, quae promissa
multis, quae conscripta, quae sperata, quae cogitata, quid dicam ?
qui locus orbi terrae iam non erat alicui destinatus? cuius
negotii publici cogitari, optari, fingi curatio potuit, quae non
esset attributa atque discripta? quod genus imperii aut quae 10
provincia, quae ratio aut flandae aut conflandae pecuniae non
reperiebatur? quae regio orave terrarum erat latior in qua non
regnum aliquod statueretur? quis autem rex erat, qui illo anno
non aut emendum sibi quod non habebat, aut redimendum
quod habebat arbitraretur? quis provinciam, quis pecuniam, ts
quis legationem a senatu petebat? damnatis de vi restitutio,
consulatus petitio ipsi illi populari sacerdoti comparabatur.
haec gemebant boni, sperabant improbi, agebat tribunus plebis,
31 consules adiuvabant.
67 Hic aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet, Cn. Pompeius,
invitissimis eis, qui mentem optimi ac fortissimi viri suis
consiliis fictisque terroribus a defensione meae salutis averterant,
excitavit illam suam non sopitam, sed suspicione aliqua retar-
Stellen wiederholt de domo 43. I
neve — rogari, natfirlich nicht auf
privilegium zu beziehn, sondern
allgemein, 73. de legg. L c: ferri
de singulis nisi centuriatis comitiis
noluerunt. descriptus enim popu-
lus censu, ordinibus, aetatibus plus
adhibet ad suffragium consilii quam
fuse in tribus convocatus. | trtb.pl.
concilio, durch die Parteiversamm-
lung eines Volkstribunen im Gegen-
satz gegen die comitia des ganzen
Volks. |
66 quae vero prom., zu 55 latac.
conscripta steigert promissa. \ quid
dicam? 115 quid ego nunc dicam,
quibus viris aut cui generi civium
mazime plaudatur? | orbi Locativ,
terrae ohne bemerkbaren Unter-
schied von terrarum: zur Pomp. 63.
u. Verr. IV, 82. | aut flandae aut
conft. pec, 'Geld zu schlagen oder
zusammenzuschlagen'. | latior: la-
tentior vermuthete Eoch; auch p.
Cluentio 173 eei latentius in latius
verderbt. | quod habebat, seinen
Besitz, dass er ihm nicht genom-
men wurde. | illi pop. sacerdoti —
ebenso in Pis. 89 (vgl. Sest. 116) —
kann wegen ipsi kaum auf Jemand
anders bezogen werden als auf
Clodius (39). agebat tr. pl. steht
dem nicht entgegen, nur scheinbar,
dass im Vorhergehenden nur von
dem, was Andere erlangten, die
Rede war: denn diesem kann am
Schluss sehr wohl, als hiltte Cl.
eben dabei nur fur Andere u. nicht
fQr seinen Gewinn gesorgt, mit
ipsi der ezorbitante Preia, den er
noch erstrebte , gegenfibertreten.
Auch das Verhaltniss zu damnatis
de vi — den a. 62 verurtheilten
Catilinariern — ist ein angemessenes:
Cic. stellt den Cl. wieaerholt als
einen Anhanger des Catilina dar,
u. seine Gewaltthaten waren be-
kannt.
vellet, si liceret, in der Gegenwart 67
velit, si liceat (zu p. 40, 16). Vgl.
Tusc. I 90 cur et Camillus doleret,
si . . putaret, et ego doleam . . si
putem? | retardatam, in Pis. 76 cum
certi homines non studium eius a me
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 65-68
43
datam consuetudinem rei publicae bene gerendae: non est
passus ille vir, qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis,
qui maximas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras atque inauditas,
qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui etiam servitia virtute
5 victoriaque domuisset, qui omnibus bellis terra marique com-
pressis imperium populi Romani orbis terrarum terminis
definisset, rem publicam everti scelere paucorum, quam ipse
non solum consiliis, sed etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset:
accessit ad causam publicam, restitit auctoritate sua reliquis
io rebus, questus est de praeteritis: fieri quaedam ad meliorem
spem inclinatio visa est. decrevit senatus frequens de meo 68
reditu Kalendis Iuniis dissentiente nullo, referente L. Ninnio,
cuius in mea causa numquam fides virtusque contremuit.
intercessit Ligus iste nescio qui, additamentum inimicorum
15 meorum. res erat et causa nostra eo iam loci, ut erigere
oculos et vivere videretur. quisquis erat, qui aliquam parteni
in meo luctu sceleris Clodiani attigisset, quocumque venerat,
quod iudicium cumque subierat, damnabatur; inveniebatur nemo
qui se suffragium de me tulisse confiteretur. decesserat ex
sso Asia frater meus magno squalore, sed multo etiam maiore
maerore: huic ad urbem venienti tota obviam civitas cum
lacrimis genrituque processerat; loquebatur liberius senatus;
concurrebant equites Romani; Piso ille, gener meus, cui fructum
alienassent sed auxilium retardas-
sent. | non est passus ille vir, ebenso
in PiB. 27. | scelerat. cives, u. s. w.:
es werden die Siege des Pompejus
uber Cn. Carbo, Cn. Domitius,
Sertorius; Mithridates und Tigra-
ne8; die Seerauber; die Ueber-
bleibsel der von Crassus besiegten
Sclaven nicht in der Zeitfolge an-
gegeben. J virtute victoriaque, durch
siegreiche Tapferkeit. | definisset,
p. Arch. 23 si res eae quas gessi-
mua orbis terrae regionibus defini-
untur. | scel. paucorum, 54. | san-
quine, nur von Beiner Verwundung
rn der Schlacht bei Sncro im Ser-
torianischen Eriege wird berichtet. |
auctoritate, es genflgte sein An-
sehen, das sich auf keine Amts-
gewalt 8tutzte. | reliquis rebus im
uegensatz zu praeteritis, wie 73
spe reliquae tranquillitatis zu prae-
senti8 fluctus. | ad meliorem spem
= ad spem melioris status, 70. |
68 meo die beste Handschrift von
zweiter Hand in Rasur, vielleicht
fiir nostro. | L. Ninnius, 26. | Ligus
iste, Aelius Ligue, 70. | addita-
mentum, im verachtlichen Sinne,
wie icqoq^ht]. | eo loci = in eo
statu; Z. § 434. | erigere oculos, Ov.
met. 4, 145 ad nomen Thisbes
oculos iam morte gravatos Pyramus
erexit visaque recondidit illa. |
partem attig., de domo 50. | venerat,
EU.-Seyffert § 240, b. | cunque,
diese Tmesis durch Einschiebung
eines wenig betonten Wortes, meist
eines Pronomen, ist bei Cic. nicht
selten. | iudicium allgemein von
jeder significatio voluntatis populi. j
qui — confiteretur , 109. | decess.,
d&B of&cielle Wort fur die Rflck-
kehr aus der Provinz. Q. Cicero
war dort Propraetor 61 — Anf. 58. |
squalore — maerore, mit grosser
ausserer, aber noch viel grOe-
serer innerer Trauer. | obviam pro-
cedere und prodire nicht selten an-
statt obviam ire. | concurrebant, es
strOmten herbei. [fructum, denLohn.
Er starb vor Ciceros Kuckkehr. j
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44
M. TULLII CICERONIS
pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano -ferre
licuit, a propinquo suo socerum suum flagitabat; omnia senatus
32 reiciebat, nisi de me primum consules rettulissent. quae cum
69 res iam manibus teneretur [et cum consules provinciarum
pactione libertatem omnem perdidissent, qui cum in senatn s
privati ut de me sententias dicerent flagitabant], legem illi se
Clodiam timere dicebant; cum hoc non possent iam diutius
sustinere, initur consilium de interitu Cn. Pompei: quo patefacto
ferroque deprehenso ille inclusus domi tam diu fuit quani diu
inimicus meus in tribunatu. de meo reditu octo tribuni io
promulgaverunt: ex quo intellectum est non mihi absenti
crevisse amicos in ea praesertim fortuna, in qua nonnulli
etiam, quos esse putaveram, non erant — , sed eos voluntatem
semper eandem, libertatem non eandem semper habuisse: nam
ex novem tribunis, quos ante habueram, unus me absente defluxit, is
qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum imaginibus adripuit, quo
ex me bezeichnet ein innerlicheres
Verhaltniss als a pop. (Koch ex). |
69 manibu8 ten., r da die Sache achon
in die Hand genommen war'; Tusc.
5, 18 philosophi quamcunque rem
habent in manibus, in eam quae
conveniunt congerunt omnia; Acad.
posi 1, 2 habeo opus magnum in
manibu8; de senect. 38 septimus
mihi iiber Originum est in mani-
bue. | et cum consules u. s. w. In
den Hsr. ist ein Unding von Perio-
de flberliefert; auch in den Wor-
ten Belbst sind grosse Schwierig-
keiten — so ist cum in sen. privati
. . flagitabant ganz unverstandlich;
dem Sinn u. Auedruck geschieht
vSllig Genflge durch Ausscheidung
der eingeklammerten Satze, welche
wohl die unveratandenen Worte
res man. ten. Z. 4 erklaren sollten.
Der Satz et . . perdidissent hatte,
trotzdem er sachlich nicht den ein-
zigen Hauptgrund angibt (34 m.)
und der Anschluss mit et cum wenig
feschickt ist, beibehalten werden
dnnen, hatte dies nicht UU unmdg-
lich gemacht. Anders Phil. 13, 44. )
ut . . . dicerent =- ut dicere liceret
nach vorhergehender Berichteretat-
tung der Consuln? | legem Clod.,
wegen der Elausel, die jeden An-
trag auf Zuruckberufung des Cicero
verbot. | sustinere, aufrecht erhalten,
Jioc den Vorwand ; sie fiirchteten das
Clodische Gesetz. Andere erklaren :
f das Gewicht dieser Forderung lan-
ger ertragen' (130), oder f sie langer
aufhalten* (87). ( Pompei, der durch
seinen Einfluss ihre Plane durch-
kreuzte. | quo patefacto , am 1 1 ten
August wurde im Vorhof des Ca-
8tortempel8, als Pompejus sich in
den Senat begab, ein Sclave des
Clodius mit einem Dolch ergriffen
und eines Mordversuchs gegen Pom-
pejus beziichtigt. | inclusus fuit, wie
55 promulgatae fuerunt. | promulg.,
am 29. Oct., ad Att. 3, 23, 1. Cicero
war mit dieser Eogation, die ihm
nur Burgerrecht und Rang wieder-
gab, nicht sehr zufrieden. | non —
amicos. Wer zu glauben geneigt
ware, dass mein Ungluck mir neue
Freunde gewonnen habe, den kSnnte
das Beispiel des Aelius Ligus be-
lehren, dass nicht dies der Fall war,
sondern die vielfachen Bestrebun-
gen zu meinen Gunsten nur darin
lhren Grund hatten, dass durch
das Hervortreten des Pompejus
meinen alten Freunden ein freier
Wirkun^skreis er5ffnet wurde. J non
erant scil. amici, wie 64 quae non
fuit. | nam geht auf non crev. am. \
defluxit, er verlor sich. | cognomen:
er eignete sich den Beinamen Ligus
nilscblich an, damit er der be-
ruhmten Familie der Aelii Ligures
anzugehoren schien. Cic. aber
schiebt ihm ironisch die Absicht
unter, dass er zu den wegen ihrer
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO G8-71.
45
magis nationis eius esse quam generis videretur. hoc igitur 70
anno magistratibus novis designatis, cum omnes boni omnem
spem melioris status in eorum fidem convertissent, princeps
P. Lentulus auctoritate ac sententia sua, Pisone et Gabinio
5 repugnantibus, causam suscepit tribunisque plebis octo referen-
tibus praestantissimam de me sententiam dixit: qui cum ad
gloriam suam atque ad amplissimi beneficii gratiam magis
pertinere videret causam illam integram ad suum consulatum
reservari, tamen rem talem per alios citius quam per se tardius
io confici malebat. 33
Hoc interim tempore P. Sestius, iudices, designatus tribunus 71
iter ad C. Caesarem pro mea salute suscepit. quid egerit,
quantum profecerit, nihil ad causam: equidem existimo, si ille,
ut arbitror, aequus nobis fuerit, nihil ab hoc profectum; sin
15 iratior, non multum; sed tamen sedulitatem atque integritatem
hominis videtis: [ingredior iam in Sestii tribunatum: nam hoc
primum iter designatus rei publicae causa suscepit] pertinere
et ad concordiam civium putavit et ad perficiundi facultatem
animum Caesaris a causa non abhorrere. abiit ille annus:
20 respirasse homines videbantur nondum re, sed spe rei publicae
recuperandae. exierunt malis ominibus atque exsecrationibus
Gemeinheit verrufenen Ligurern
habe gerechnet sein wollen ; 'natCir-
Uch nur um . . (Ureinus vertauechte
generis u. nationis) ; 8. den Anhang. |
70 hoc anno, f noch in diesem Jahr
also'. | P. Lentulus Spinther, desig-
nirter Consul. | auctoritate ac sen-
tentia sua, durch das Gewicht seiner
Stinime. | causam, ohne meam, wie
71. 87. ad fam. 1, 1, 4 nos in causa
auctoritatem eo minorem habemus,
quod tibi debemus. | per alios, er
wollte Ueber, dass die Sache schnel-
ler, wenn auch durch Andere, ge-
schahe, als dass sie verzdgert wer-
de, um ihm selbst vorbehalten zu
bleiben. |
71 Dritter Haupttheil; s. 16 A. |
tribunus (tr.) ist in den Hsr. vor
iter ausgefallen. Die SteUung wie
61 m. Andre tilgen desianatus. \
quid egerit: Cicero verhullt durch
eine im Grunde sich widersprechen-
de Alternative, dass Sestius beim
Caesar wenig ausrichtete. | nihil ad
causam scU. pertinet, ebenso nihil
ad rem. | ingredior — trib.: diese
Zeitbestimmung ist falsch, wenig-
stens hatte sie zu Anfang des
Kapitels stehen mussen, primum
unertraglich, als ob in das Tribu-
nat des Sestiua mehrere wichtige
Reisen fielen; ausserdem wird pei-
tinere u. s. w. von dem Satze, zu
dem es geh6rt: sed . . videiis los-
gerissen. Darin, dass dem Sestius
die concordia civium am Herzen
lag, zeigte sich seine integritas;
dass er sich die perficiundi facultas
zu sichern suchte, seine seduUtas. j
abiit ille annus, ging zu Ende; Ov.
ex Ponto 3, 4, 60 dum venit huc
nimoB . . . annus abisse potest;
neben videbantur ware das praes.
abit — 80 die beste Hsr. — unstatt-
haft. | homines, 28. | re gehOrt zu
respirasse, iat aber unter spe rei p.
rec. logisch untergeordnet : f wenn
auch noch nicht der Thatsache
nach (in Folge der thatsachUch
eingetretenen Befreiung des Staates
von Beinen Bedriickern), 80 doch in
der Hoffhung die verfassungsmas-
sigenBechte wieder zu gewinnen' (81
m.) Lambin Uest re p. recuperate.
exierunt, noch vor dem Amtsantritt
der Volkstribunen am lOten Dec.
Wahrend sonst die Consuln fiir ge-
wOhnlich vor Ablauf ihres Amts-
jahrs die Stadt nicht verlassen
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46
M. TULLII CICERONIS
duo volturii paludati; quibus utinam ipsis evenissent ea, quae
tum homines precabantur, neque nos provinciam Macedoniam
cum exercitu neque equitatum in Syria et cohortis optimas
72 perdidissemus! ineunt magistratum tribuni plebis, qui omnes
se de me promulgaturos confirmarant ex eis princeps emitur s
ab inimicis meis, is quem homines in luctu inridentes Gracchum
vocabant: quoniam id etiam fatum civitatis fuit, ut illa ex
vepreculis extracta nitedula rem publicam conaretur. adrodere;
alter vero, non ille Serranus ab aratro, sed ex deserta Gaviorum
oliveti area a calatis Gaviis in Calatiuos Atilios insitus, subito, 10
nominibus in tabulas relatis, nomen suum de tabula sustulit.
veniunt Ealendae Ianuariae. vos haec melius scire potestis,
equidem audita dico: quae tum frequentia senatus, quae
durften, ist hier, wie in einigen
anderen Fallen, die Unregelmassig-
keit wohl dadnrch motivirt, dass
ihnen ihr Commando durch einen
ausaerordentlichen Volksbeschluss
iibertragen war; in Pis. 31 an cum
profici8cebamini paludati in provin-
cias vel emptas vel ereptas, con-
sules vos quisquam putavit? | vol-
turii, in Pis. 38. | paludati, im
Kriegsmantel, zum Zeichen des
ubernommenen Commandos. j neque
nos: davor setzt man gewdhnhch ein
Ausrufezeichen, nicht nach perdi-
dissemus; aber die betonte Steilung
von nos zeigt, dass der Satz nicht
eine Folge des vorigen ist, sondern
ein Theil dea Wunsches, so dass
ipsi und nos im Gegensatz stehen.
Die boseu Wunsche haben sich
erfullt, aber leider nicht die Con-
suln, sondern den Staat getroffen.
Das erste neque verbindet mit dem
vorhergehenden und entspricht zu-
gleich dem zweiten. |
72 in luctu inridentes, Verr. 4, 96
nunquam tam male est Siculis, quin
aliquid facete et commode dicant;
Phil. 2, 39. Aber von diesem Gal-
genhumor ist nichts zu spuren, wenn
man annimmt, Numerius Quinctius
Rufns (82) sei bloss seiner revolu-
tionaren Neigungen halben Grac-
chus genannt worden. Dazu war
der Vergleich zu haufig und der
Mensch zu unbedeutend. Mit Becht
sucht Halm eine ahnliche Anspie-
lung wie in nitedula r Kothmaus'
aof Rufus: man habe zugleich
wegen seiner Stimme ihn mit der
Dohle, dem Kraken, graculus ver-
glichen. | quoniam bezieht sich auf
emitur. | fatum civ., 17. | ex vepr.
extractat in Pis. 18 tu ex tene-
brico8a popina consul eztractus. |
adrodere. Phil. 13, 27 est etiam ibi
Decius ab illis, ut opinor, Muribus,
itaque Caesaris munera rosit. | aiter,
Sex. Atilius Serranus. | ille — ab
aratro, f der Mann vom Pflug',
wohl C. Atilius Regulus, Consul
267 und 260. ex deserta Gaviorum
oliveti area, Nothbehelf fur das
hsr. ez deserto gaviolaeliorea. Aus
einem wiistliegenden Beete des Oel-
gartens der Gavier war jenerMensch
den Atiliern eingepflanzt, d. h. aus
einer heruntergekommenen Familie
des Gavischen Geschlechte hatte
er sich in die gens Atilia einzu-
schleichen gewusst Pauls glan-
zende Conjectur ex deserto gaviola
(Move) littore wiirde aue dem Bilde
vom Landbau fallen (99 E.), wel-
ches doch insitus festhalt. calatis
mu8ste bedeuten, die Arrogation
sei in Calatcomitien vorgenommen
worden, die nur von Gaviern besucht
waren. Aber dazu war die Befra-
gung der pontifices und des Volkes
nothig: darum vermuthet Momm-
son Galatis (Atilius stamme von
Galatischen Gaviern her), wodurch
zugleich die Entsprechung mit
Calatinos eine genauere wird. | reiatis,
nachdem er die Posten derGelder,
durch die er erkauft war, in sein
Hausbuch (tabulae accepti et ex-
pensi) eingetragen hatte ; de tabula,
dem Promulgationsanschlag. j eq.
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 71-74.
47
exspectatio populi, qui concursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta,
quae virtus, actio, gravitas P. Lentuli consulis fuerit, quae
etiam conlegae eius moderatio de me: qui cum inimicitias sibi
mecum ex rei publicae dissensione susceptas esse dixisset, eas
5 se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus rei publicae permis-
surum. tum princeps rogatus sententiam L. Cotta cGxit id, ?3
quod dignissimum re publica fuit, nihil de me actum esse
iure, nibil more maiorum, nihil legibus; non posse quemquam
de civitate tolli sine iudicio; de capite non modo ferri, sed ne
io iudicari quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis; vim fuisse illam,
flammam quassatae rei publicae perturbatorumque temporum
iure iudiciisque sublatis; magna rerum permutatione impendente
declinasse me paulum et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis
fluctus tempestatemque fugisse : quare, cum absens rem publicam
J5 non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tempore praesens
liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed etiam ornari a senatu
decere. disputavit etiam multa prudenter, ita de me illum
amentissimum et profligatissimum hostem pudoris et pudicitiae
scripsisse quae scripsisset, eis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam
20 si iure esset rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset: quare
me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, sed revocari
senatus auctoritate oportere. hunc nemo erat quin verissime 74
sentire diceret; sed post eum rogatus Cn. Pompeius approbata
laudataque Cottae sententia dixit sese otii mei causa, ut omni
audita dico, 122 E. | conlegae, Q.
MetelluB Nepos, Vetter des Clo-
dius. | dissensio rei p. fiir in oder de
re p. (106), eig. verschiedene Beur-
theilung der politischen Lage; con-
tentiones rei p. 130. | permissurum,
p. Sulla 46 u. 5. de prov. 44 me
dolorem atque inimicitias rei pu-
blicae concessisse. |
73 L. Cotta, Consul 65, gab als
Prator die lex Aurelia iudiciaria des
Jahres 70. | dignissimum , 87 E. de
domo 68 E. | ferri . . iudicari von
derselben Angelegenheit de leg.
3,46 neque tnbuta capitis comitia
rata esse posse neque ulla (weder
tributa noch centuriata) privilegii:
ein Gesetz gegen einen Einzelnen
durfe iiberhaupt nicht in Comitien
gegeben werden, eine Aburtheilung
aber kdnne nur in Centuriat-, nicht
in Tributcomitien statthaben; p.
41, 20. Ein solchea Yolksgericht
war seit der Einrichtung der quacsti-
ouea pcrpetuae rechtlich nur fiir
die causae capitis giiltig, fflr die
keine qu. perp. bestand, factisch
aber so gut wie antiquirt. j flammam
rei p.x die Flamme, die in dem
sturmdurchtobten Gemeinwesen (in
illa tempestate rei publicae, p. Sulla
69) wflthete, hatte auch Cicero er-
griffen. | reliquae, zu 67 E. | permu-
tatione: gegen die Vermuthung per-
turbatione impendente spricht per-
tturb. temp. Z. 11. | quodam tempore °=
quondam; 91. | disput. — prudenter,
14. | scripsisse quae scripsisset, p.
Mil. 45 negat ingratis civibus
fecisse se quae fecerit; ad Q. fr.
2, 3, 3; Thuk. 6, 75, 3 riaav yao
vnoxtOL avxoig ot KauaQivaiot, (xt)
ttqo&vuco^ . . . nifitpat a titBptyav.
| iure: w&re auch materiell ein
solcher Beschluss zulassig gewesen,
so hatte doch die Formlosigkeit
ihn ungultig gemacht. | rogatum,
62. senatus auctoritate durch eine
einfache Willenserklarung des
Senats, insofern auch ein senatus
consultum, ein schriftlich abge-
fasster, nicht durch tribunicischen
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48
M. TULLII CICERONIS
populari concitatione defungerer, censere ut ad senatus auctori-
tatem populi quoque Komani beneficium erga me adiungeretur.
cum omnes certatim aliusque alio gravius atque ornatius -de
mea salute dixisset fieretque sine ulla varietate discessio,
surrexit, ut scitis, Atilius hic Gavianus, nec ausus est, cura &
esset emptus, intercedere: noctem sibi ad deliberandum postulavit.
clamor senatus, querellae, preces, socer ad pedes abiectus: ille
se adfirmare postero die moram nullam esse facturum. creditum
est, discessum est. illi interea deliberatori merces longa inter-
posita nocte duplicata est. consecuti dies pauci omnino Ianuario 10
35 mense per quos senatum haberi liceret; sed tamen actum nihil
75 nisi de me. cum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia senatus
auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem in concilio de me agendi
dies VIII Kalendas Februarias. princeps rogationis, vir mihi
amicissimus, Q. Fabricius, templum aliquanto ante lucem 15
occupavit. quietus eo die Sestius, is qui est de vi reus; actor
hic defensorque causae meae nihil progreditur, consilia exspectat
inimicorum meorum. quid illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in
iudicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? cum forum, comitium,
curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus ac servis plerisque 20
occupavissent, impetum faciunt in Fabricium, manus adferunt,
Einspruch fiir ungiiltig erklarter
Senatsbeschluss, auf einer solchen
Willenserklarung beruhte. |
74 defungeier, damit ich vor allen
demokratischen Wiihlereien sicher
ware. | populi benef., also eine
lex. | graviter u. ornate von Inhalt
u. Form, haufig verbunden. ] dis-
cessio, es ergab sich bei der, wie
immer, durch Auseinandertreten vor
sich gehenden Abstimmung ein-
stimmige Annahme des Beschlusses.
LGavianus, als ob er durch f5rm-
che Arrogation, nicht durch Be-
trug in die gens Atilia flbergetreten
ware. | nec tamen. | noctem postul.
Er bat sich also nach dieser Dar-
stellung, die etwas abweicht von
der ad Att. 4, 2, 4, Bedenkzeit in
Betreff eben seines Einspruchs aus.
| socei-, Cn. Oppius Cornicinus. j
moram — facturum, 129 ne quis
moram ullam afferret. | delibera-
tori: die Substantiva auf tor drilcken
haufig eine anhaftende Eigenschaft
aus, hier also ironisch: dem Mann
der Ueberlegung. | longa, da der
folgende Sitzungstag betrachtlich
spater fiel, erreichte die ausbe-
dungene Nacht eine merkwiirdige
Lange. | liceret, an Comitialtagen,
deren eine Anzahl in den Januar
fiel, wurde kein Senat gehalten. \
concil., 65 E. | princeps rogat., 75
der eigentliche Antragsteller, den
8eine Mittribunen nur ais subscrip-
tores unter8tiltzten, de leg. agr. 2,
13 et princeps erat agrariae legis
et truculentius se gerebat quam
ceteri. | templum, zu 62. | alig. ante
lucem, wie gleich nachher multa
de nocte. | actor hic defensorque,
144. | nihil progreditur, f thutkeinen
Schritt', in Vat. 21 nusquam pro-
gredientem; ad Att. 2, 1, 4 paulo
pluB . . . progredi. | quid . . . quo:
quid deutet in aolchen Satzen nur
die Prage an; 114 quid popnlares
illi duo, quid egerunt? 122 quid
illa, quemadmodum dixit idem?
Cato m. 22, quid iuris eonsulti . .,
quam multa meminerunt? | comi-
tium, ein unbedeckter Raum am
Forum nahe dem mons Capitolinus,
ursprunglich fiir die comitia curiata
bestimmt. | curiam, die curia Ho-
stilia dicht bei dem comitium. | ac
und zwar; servis plerisque steht
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 74-77.
49
occidunt nonnullos, volnerant multos. venientera in forum 76
virum optimum et constantissimum, M. Cispium, tribunum
plebis, vi depellunt; caedem in foro maximam faciunt; univer-
sique destrictis gladiis et cruentis in omnibus fori partibus
5 fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum meique aman-
tissimum, oculis quaerebant, voce poscebant: quorum ille telis
libenter in tanto luctu ac desiderio mei non repugnandi sed
moriendi causa corpus obtulisset suum, nisi suam vitam ad
spem mei reditus reservasset. subiit taraen vim illam nefariam
io consceleratorum latronum et, cum ad fratris salutem a populo
Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris in comitio
iacuit seque servorum et libertorum corporibus obtexit vitamque
tum suam noctis et fugae praesidio, non iuris iudiciorumque
defendit. meministis tum, iudices, corporibus civium Tiberim 77
is compleri, cloacas refarciri, e foro spongiis effingi sanguinem,
ut omnes tantam illam copiam et tam magnificum apparatum
non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et praetorium esse
arbitrarentur. nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque hoc ipso
turbulentissimo die criminamini Sestium. f atqui vis in foro
20 versata est.' certe: quando enim maior? lapidationes persaepe
vidimus; non ita saepe, sed nimium tamen saepe gladios;
caedem vero tantam, tantos acervos corporum exstructos, nisi
forte illo Cinnano atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in foro
vidit? qua ex concitatione animorum? nam ex pertinacia vel
25 constantia intercessoris oritur saepe seditio, culpa atque impro-
bitate latoris commodo aliquo imperitis aut largitione proposita;
oriturex concertatione magistratuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore
grammatiach dem adj. armatis
parallel. operisque Gulielmius. (59.
65. 106. 127.)
76 cruentis. Die rhetoriache Concin-
nitat scheint zu verlangen, dass
cach cr. manibua geBetzt werde,
was vor in omnibus leicht ans-
fallen konnte; pro Mil. 21 quotiens
ego ipee ex P. Clodii telis et ex
cruentis eius manibns effugi; 43
Milo cruentia manibus Bcelus et
facinua prae 86 ferens. | voce, hier
'mitGeschrei'. | poscerent, 46depo-
scerent. | subiit tamen, bezieht sich
auf den im vorigen Satz liegenden
Gedanken, dasR er sich jenem An-
griffe zu entziehen suchte. | corp.
obtexit, 145 patriam quam corpore
texeram. |
77 mdgnificus apparatus, wodurch
son8t gern die prachtige Ausstattung
von Mahlzeiten und Spielen be-
zeichnet wird (116), steht hier ab-
sichtlich mit Anspielung auf den
Appiua Claudius Pulcher, der, Pa-
tncier und in diesem Jahr Priitor,
die Gladiatoren, die er fdr Leichen-
spiele eines Verwandten verwenden
wollte, dem Clodius geborgt hatte
(85) ; dagegen 78 werden die eigenen
Gladiatoren des Clodius erwahnt.
w7it7 — criminamini Sestium, ge-
drungene Fiigung fQr nnllius faci-
noria neque ante hoc tempus neque
hoc die commissi arguitis Sestium ;
ahnlichTu8C. 1, 102 Socrates quidem
quid eenserit apparet in eo Hbro
in quo moritur. | illo die, als 87
Cn. Octavius seinen Mitconsul L.
Cinna aus Rom vertrieb. | vel oder,
wenn du willst, der Standbaftigkeit.
Das hsr. aut ist auB der Abkfirzung
fflr vel (nt) u. dem a vor pertinacia
entstanden. | proposita fehlt in den
Koch n. Eberhard, Ciccros Rede far T. Settius.
50
M. TULLIl CICERONIS
primum, deinde aliqua discessione contionis; vix sero et raro
ad manus pervenitur: nullo vero verbo facto, nulla contione
advocata, nulla lata lege concitatam nocturnam seditionem
78 quis audivit? an veri simile est, ut civis Romanus aut homo
liber quisquam cum gladio in forum descenderit ante lucem, s
ne de me ferri pateretur, praeter eos, qui ab illo pestifero
ac perdito civi iam pridem rei publicae sanguine saginantur?
hic iam de ipso accusatore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur
ciun multitudine in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse,
num illo die fuerit? certe non fuit. victa igitur est causa rei 10
publicae et victa non auspiciis, non intercessione, non suflragiis,
sed vi, manu, ferro. nam si obnuntiasset Fabricio is qui se
servasse de caelo dixerat, accepisset res publica plagam, sed
eam, quam acceptam gemere posset: si intercessisset conlega
Fabricio, laesisset rem publicam, sed [rem publicam] iure i&
laesisset: gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata aedilitate
suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante lucem immittas?
magistratus templo deicias? caedem maximam facias? forum
purges? et, cum omnia vi et arniis egeris, accuses eum, qui
Handschriften; 105 largitio et spes
commodi propositi. 86. de off. 2,
21 largitiones aliquas proponunt;
29 praeiniis propositis. | discessione:
zuerst erhitzen sich die Gemiither,
es erhebt sich ein Geschrei, dann
rotten sich die Gleichgesinnten
zusammen. | advocata: durch das
Ruhegebot des praeco; es kam
wegen des schon nachts vorbe-
reiteten Angriffs nieht einmal zur
Versammlung, geschweige zum Ge-
jaetzvorschlag. |
78 ut steht nach verisimile est, wenn
dies mittelbar oder unmittelbar
negirt ist. | saginantur, wie Gladia-
toren. ( obnuntiasset : dem Volks-
tribnnen konnte ausser seinen Col-
iegen wahrscheinlich auch ein
Consul • oder Priitor obnuntiiren.
Der Praetor Appius hatte nun den
Hiramel bereita beobachtet — diese
einfache Angabe genugte zur Auf-
hebung der Verhandlung — u. sich
daruber ausgesprochen : ehe es aber
zur obnuntiatio kam, war Fabricius
schon vom Forum getrieben. Die
Hsr. haben is praetor qui: dann
wiirde der Praetor qui dixerat
• einem anderen gegenubergestellt.
praetor ist eine (richtige) Erklarung.
(Madvig will diceret). | Fabricio
Z. 12 ist vielleicht aus Z. 15 ein-
gefalscht. | quam wenigstens im
Sinn von quam tamen. | gemere
posset im Sinn von perferre; der
Schlag war also nicht tddtJich (44) —
sonst hatte der getroffene nicht
mehr seufzen kdnnen — , wenn auch
schmerzlich. (Koch wollte reddere
im Gegensatz zu accipere, wie 122.
de oft*. 1, 43, und dies auf die
obnuntiatio von Seiten der Ver-
theidiger des Staates beziehen, 79.)
\ conlega entspricht dem Gliede
is qui. . dixerat. J [rem p.] wiirde den
auf iure ruhenden Nachdruck zer-
storen. Verfassungsmassig war er
berechtigt, wenn auch der Gebrauch,
den er von dem formalen Recht
(p. 47, 20) machte, beklagenswerth
erscheinen konnte. ; suppositos,die du
anstatt dervon dir erwartetenprach-
tigen aediliciachen Spiele 'unter-
geschoben' hast, mit Anspielung
auf die in das Jahr der gehaltenen
Rede fallende Aedilitat des Ciodius.
[ immittas, solltest anrucken lassen
durfen v in der Vergangenheit im-
mitteres f hattestgedurft^ \purges=
vacuum reddas; ferro setzt Probst
zu. Tusc. 5, 65 immissi cum falcibus
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 77-80.
51
*se praesidio inunierit, non ut te oppugnaret, sed ut vitani ^
suam posset defendere? atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id ?g
egit Sestius, ut a suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum gereret
et rem publicam administraret:itaque fretus sanctitate tribunatus,
5 cum se non modo contra vim et ferrum, sed etiam contra
verba atque interfationem legibus sacratis esse armatum putaret,
venit in templum Castoris, obnuntiavit consuli: cum subito
manus illa Clodiana, in caede civiura saepe iam victrix, exclamat,
incitatur, invadit; inermem atque imparatum tribunum alii
io gladiis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et fustibus; a
quibus hic multis volneribus acceptis [ac] debilitato corpore
et contrucidato se abiecit exanimatus neque ulla alia re ab
se mortem nisi opinione mortis depulit: quem cum iacentem
et concisum plurimis volneribus extremo spiritu exsanguem
is et confectum viderent, defetigatione magis et errore quam
misericordia et modo aliquando caedere destiterunt. et causam 80
dicit Sestius de vi? quid ita? quia vivit. at id non sua culpa:
plaga una iila extrema defuit, quae si accessisset, reliquum
spiritum exhausisset. accusa Lentidium: non percussit totum;
20 male dic Titio, Sabino homini, Reatino, cur tam temere excla-
marit occisum: ipsum vero quid accusas? num defuit gladiis?
num repugnavit? num ut gladiatoribus imperari solet, ferrum
non recepit? an haee ipsa vis est, non posse emori? an illa, 88
quod tribunus plebis templum cruentavit? an quod, cum esset
famuli purgarunt et aperuerunt
locum. | non ut . . sed ut dic regel-
maseige Form. |
79 rem p. administrare eteht auch
von dem der sich an der Staats-
leitnng nur betheiligt. | et vor rem
p. fehlt in den H sr. ; das A s yndeton
war zulagsig bei einzelnen zu-
«ammengehQrigen Verben (ferre
agere), oder bei zusammengeeetzten
Ausdrflcken die einen Gegensatz
zu einander bilden (ius experiretur,
vim depelleret). Verr. 1, 84 cog-
noacite hominis principium magi-
stratuum gerendorum et rei publicae
administrandae. | ctrmsubito: selten
geht wie hier das perf., gew^hnlich
ipf. oder plpf. vorher. | 5. 6 Die
allgemeinen BegriflFe tis und verba
werden durch die Zusatze genauer
beetimmt. | 6 Die leges sacratae
sicherten den Volkstribunen auch
gegen jede Unterbrechung. | obnunt.
cons., 83 m.; dasselbe that Milo,
ad Att, IV, 3, 3 E. u. f. | manus
illa Clod., 85 exercitu Clodiano. j
[acV. die beiden ablativi absoluti
sina nicht coordinirt, sondern der
zweite enthalt die Folge des ersten.
| opinione mortis, welche er erweckte,
= specie mortis; 82. [ concisum:
consciBsum schon alte Ausgaben.
Ist ersteres richtig, so mussen pl.
v. extr. sp. ablativi qualitatis sein. |
modo, auB Massigung. |
et causam dixit, 135, Ausdruc
der Indignation, etwas anders 86
quid ita? 40. p. Rosc. Am.
accusati8 Sez. Roscium. quid |
quia de manibus vestris ef:
quia se occidi passus non esi
die8em Sinne folgt auf quid
regelmaeeig quia. | spiritun
sisset, das Subject ist pl^
Se8tiu8; 48. | tam temer
eih*g.' \ut i. gladiat. i. soi
recipe ferrum, vergl
33, Tuac. 2, 41.
Worte vielleicht m
hier natfirlich das
I
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t
52
M. TULLU CICERONIS
ablatus primumque resipisset, non se referri iussit? ubi est
81 crimen? quid reprehenditis? hic quaero, iudices, si illo die
gens ista Glodia quod facere voluit effecisset, si P. Sestius,
qui pro occiso rellctus est, occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma
ituri? fuistisne vos ad patrium illum animum maiorumque s
virtutem excitaturi? fuistisne aliquando rem publicam a funesto
Jatrone repetituri? an etiam tum quiesceretis, cunctaremini,
timeretis, cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis et a servis
esse oppressam atque conculcatam videretis? cuius igitur mortem
ulcisceremini, si quidem liberi esse et habere rem publicam *o
cogitaretis, de eius virtute vivi quid vos loqui, quid sentire,
82 quid cogitare, quid iudicare oporteat dubitandum putatis? at
vero ipsi illi parricidae, quorum effrenatus furor alitur impunitate
diuturna, adeo vim facinoris sui perhorruerunt, ut, si paulo
longior opinio mortis Sestii fuisset, Gracchum illum suum trans-
ferendi in nos criminis causa occidere cogitarint. sensit
rusticulus non incautus — neque enim homines nequam tacere
potuerunt — suum sanguinem quaeri ad restinguendam invidiam
facinoris Clodiani: mulioniam paenulam adripuit, cum qua
primum Eomam ad comitia venerat; messoria se corbe contexit: *o
cum quaererent alii Numerium, alii Quinctium, gemini nominis
errore servatus est. atque hoc scitis omnes, usque adeo hominem
in periculo fuisse, quoad scitum est Sestium vivere: quod ni
esset patefactum paulo citius quam vellem, non illi quidem
iemplum Castoris. | primumque/xmd
eben. , | ubi est crimen? (d. h. der
Vorwurf zerrinnt in nichts. vgl. y.
41, 13) quid repr. ? pro Font. 1 quid
accusas? quid reprehendis? |
81 gens ista Clodia, im eigentlichen
Sinn, wie die Endung des Adj.
zeigt; anders manus Clodiana, exer-
citus Clodianus. | ne meint nonne,
s. Z. 9. 10. 1 fuistis ituri, Ell.-Sevffert
§ 272 A. l. | ad arma ire wie ad
arma vocare. | ad — excitatwi, 11
vestram memoriam ad timoris prae-
teriti cogitationem excitate. | rem
p. repetituri, wie ein Gut, auf
dessen rechtlichen Besitz man An-
spruch hat, mit Hinblick auf die
Redensart res repetere, wie Sfter
recuperare (71). | quiesceretis , hattet
. . wollen; vgl. p. 60, 17. | cuius —
eius, umgekehrt in ganz ahnlicher
Satzfugung 83. Die 4 Verba Z. 11.
12 entsprechen sich paarweise chi-
astisch. j habere rem p., 44 ut
neque victi neque victores rem
publicam tenere possemus. |
effren. furor, Cat I, 1. emrenata 82
audacia.-l Gracchum, 72. | transfer.
in nos critn., sonst auch crimen
derivare; pro Mil. 29 dicam enim
aperte, non derivandi criminis
causa sed ut factum est. | cogitarint
occidere fur das regelmassige occi-
suri fuerint; unabhangig: cogitarunt
(sie haben wirkUch bereits darauf
gedacht) occiderc, si . . fuisset. |
cum qua = qua indutus; diese
Stellung hat Cic. beim Relat. nicht
selten. | ad comitia, ad suffragium
ineundum. | Numerius war auch ein
Gentilname. | errore, Missverstand-
nias durch . Tusc. 5, 78. | in peri-
culo, wie 28 in timore, 32 in luctu. |
vivere, sei noch am Leben, p. 39, 9. |
ni findet sich bei Cicero sehr selten
anders als in formelhaften alter-
thiiml. Ausdriicken, Sponsionen, Be-
theuerungen, Wendungen des ge-
wdhnlichen Lebens; zu Verr. 4
§. 65. | quidem gehOrt zum ganzen
Satz u. erhalt an iUe nur eine
Stutze. Ell.-Seyffert § 345, 2. A.
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 80-84.
53
morte mercennarii sni transferre potuissent invidiam in quos
putabant, sed acerbissimi sceleris infamiam grato quodam
scelere minuissent. ac si tum P. Sestius, iudices, in templo 83
Castoris animam quam vix retinuit edidisset, non dubito quin,
5 si modo esset in re publica senatus, si maiestas populi Romani
revixisset, aliquando statua huic ob rem publicam interfecto
in foro statueretur; nec vero illorum quisquam, quos a maioribus
nostris morte obita positos in illo loco atque in rostris con-
locatos videtis, esset P. Sestio aut acerbitate mortis aut animo
io in rem publicam praeponendus : qui cum causam civis calamitosi,
causam amici [,causam] bene de re publica meriti, causam
senatus, causam Italiae, causam rei publicae suscepisset, cumque
auspiciis religionique parens obnuntiaret quod senserat, luce
palam a nefariis pestibus in deorum hominumque conspectu
i5 esset occisus sanctissimo in templo, sanctissima in causa,
sanctissimo in magistratu. eius igitur vitam quisquam spoliandam
* ornamentis esse dicet, cuius mortem ornandam monumento 39
sempiterno putaretis? c homines' inquit 'emisti, coegisti, parasti/ 34
quid utifaceret? senatum obsideret? civis indemnatos expelleret?
20 bona diriperet? aedis incenderet? tecta disturbaret? templa
deorum immortalium inflammaret? tribunos plebis ferro e
rostris expelleret? provincias quas vellet quibus vellet venderet?
regesappellaret? rerum capitaliumcondemnatosinliberas civitates
per legatos nostros reduceret? principem civitatis ferro obsessum
25 teneret? haec ut efficere posset, quae fieri nisi armis oppressa
re publica nullo modo poterant, idcirco, credo, manum sibi
P. Sestius et copias comparavit. 'at nondum erat maturum;
offendebant illi quidem . . sed . .
florebant, 105. | resting. inv., daa-
selbe Bild Gat. I, 29 te non existi-
mas invidiae incendio conflagra-
tornm, u. 0. |
83 n — 8i modo, 46. j ob rem p.
inierf., stehender Ausdruck, Pbil.
9, 4. | atque erklarend. | positos . .
colloeatos, Tautologie mit chia-
BtischerWortsteUung. Gemeintsind
dievom Veienter LarsTolumnius ge-
t&dteten u. a. Gesandten, Phil. 9, 4. |
[causam]. es fehlte viri, da meritus
nicht substantivisch stehen kann.
29. b. de re p. m. entspricht cala-
mitosi. Vgl. 20, 10. 23, 5. | quod
sens., also nichts Erdichtetee. |
luce palam, bei hellem lichtem Tage.
in deorum hominumque consp.,
Phil. 2, 64 dia hominibuaque hostis;
de re p. 2, 48 tvrannus, quo neque
taetrius neque foedius nec dis ho-
minibusque invisius animal ullum
cogitari potest; ad Q. fr. 2, 4, 1 dis
hominibusque plaudentibus ; de off.
3, 37 ai omnes deos hominesque
celare possimua. 1 cuius mortem, fiir
quem ob mortem. Z. 6. j
quid uti, die Finalconjunctionen 64
werden im Lateinischen gewOhnlich
den fragenden Pronomina nachge-
stellt, umgekehrt im Griech. |
faceret? Auf die directe an den
Angeklagten gerichtete Frage des
Anklagers (inquit r sagt man') ant-
wortet der Vertheidiger fiir seinen
Clienten. | templa infl. 95; gemeint
ist zunachst der Nymphentempel,
wo ein Theil des Censorenarchivs
aufbewahrt wurde: p. Mil. 73. p.
Caelio 78. de harusp. resp. 57 E.
pai-ad. 31. | Uberas civ., zu 64 A. |
efficere . . fieri, p. 52, 3. | armis
oppressa, 86. | nondum maturum,
Digitized by Google
54
M. TULLII CICERONIS
nondum res ipsa ad eius modi praesidia viros bonos compellebat.'
pulsi nos eramus, non omnino ista manu sola, sed tamen non
85 sine ista: vos taciti maerebatis. captum erat forum fanno
superiore], aede Castoris tamquam arce aliqua a fugitivis
occupata: silebatur. omnia hominum cum egestate tum audacia 5
perditorum clamore, concursu, vi ; manu gerebantur: perferebatis.
magistratus templis pellebantur, alii omnino aditu ac foro prohi-
bebantur: nemo resistebat. gladiatores ex praetoris comitatu
comprehensi, in senatum introducti, confessi, in vincla coniecti
a Milone, emissi a Serrano: mentio nulla. forum corporibus io
civium Romanorum constratum caede nocturna: non modo
nulla nova quaestio, sed etiam vetera iudicia sublata. tribunum
plebis plus viginti volneribus acceptis iacentem moribundumque
vidistis; alterius tribuni plebis, [divini] hominis — dicam enim
quod sentio et quod mecum sentiunt omnes, — divini, insigni io
quadam, inaudita, nova magriitudine animi, gravitate, fide prae-
40 diti, domus est oppugnata ferro, facibus, exercitu Clodiano. et
86 tu hoc loco laudas Milonem et iure laudas : quem enim umquam
virum tam immortali virtute vidimus? qui nullo praemio
proposito praeter hoc, quod iam contritum et contemptuni 20
putatur, iudicium bonorum, omnia pericula, summos labores,
gravissiraas contentiones inimicitiasque suscepit? qui mihi unus
noch nicht Zeit. | res ipsa, Vcrg.
Aen. 9, 320 Euryale, audendum
dextra, nunc ipsa vocat res; Cat.
II, 6. p. Roac. Am. 44. | omnino —
sed tamen, 74 coneecuti dies pauci
omnino Ianuario mense, per quos
senatum haberi liceret, sed tamen
actum nihil nisi de me. de fin.
3, 11. in Pis. 82. |
85 [anno sup.\ Da auch die Vertrei-
bung Ciceroa in dies Jahr fallt,
' ist nicht abzusehen, warum dieae
Worte nicht schon zu pulsi eramus
hinzagefugt wurden. | cum egestate
tum aud. perdit. , 2. | perferebatis,
Catull. 8, 11 sed obstinata mente
perfer, obdura. | 7 Wenn alii im
zweiten Gliede steht, kann es im
ersten wegfallen. | aditu ac foro,
und damit von der Benutzung dea
Forum. p. Mil. 75 ut sororem non
modo vestibulo privaret, sed omni
aditu et limine. | praetoris, 77. j
mentio nulla: nachdem in drei
Satzen zwei Glieder sich gleich-
maesig entsprochen haben, im
vierten zweien eins gegenuber-
getreten ist, bildet hier daa eine
mcntio nulla mit grossem Nach-
druck den Gegeneatz zu funf vor-
hergehenden. Die Copula fehlt, wie
z. B. de off. 3, 47 nulla timoris signi-
ficatio, nulla mentio pacis. | nova
quaestio, ein neuerGerichtshof durch
eine lex, wie spater im Process dea
Milo. | sublata, da durch den Ein-
spruch des Seranus jede Unter-
suchung niedergeschlagen war. |
alteriu8, Milo. | [divini\: das durch
dicam angekflndigte kann nicht
schou vorweg genommen werden;
vergl. 22, de or. 2, 16. |
laudas Milonem, wohl um den 86
Sestius dem Milo gegenuber herab-
zudriicken, im Besonderen aber
weil Milo sich nur vertheidigte und
erst als alie gesetzlichen Mittel er-
schOpft waren, zur Gewalt schritt,
mit Beziehung auf 84 at nondum
erat maturum. Zurflckgewiesen
wird dieser zwischen mlo und
Sestius gemachte Unterschied 90. ]
contritum et contemptum, Tusc. 5,
85 reliqua ex collatione fecile est
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 84-88.
55
«x omnibus civibus videtur re docuisse, non verbis, et quid
oporteret a praestantibus viris in re publica fieri et quid
necesse esset: oportere hominum audacium, eversorum rei
publicae sceleri legibus et iudiciis resistere; si leges non valerent,
3 iudicia non essent, si res publica vi consensuque audacium
armis oppressa teneretur, praesidio et copiis defendi vitam et
libertatem necesse esse. hoc sentire prudentiae est, facere
fortitudinis: et sentire vero et facere perfectae cumulataeque
virtutis. adiit ad rem publicam [tribunus plebis] Milo — de 87
io cuius laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici quam
existimari malit aut jego hunc laudis fructum praesenti libenter
impertiam, praesertim cum verbis consequi non possim, sed
quod existimo, si Milonis causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam
probaro, vos in hoc crimine parem Sestii causam existimaturos
15 — adiit igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem
patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. simplex causa, constans
ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena concordiae. conlegas
adiutores habebat; consulis alterius summum studium, alterius
animus paene placatus; de praetoribus unus alienus; senatus
20 incredibilis voluntas, equitum Romanorum animi ad causam
excitati, erecta Italia: duo soli erant empti ad impediendum,
qui si homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sustinere
non potuissent, se causam quam susceperat nullo labore per-
acturum videbat; agebat auctoritate, agebat consilio, agebat per
25 summum ordinem, agebat exemplo bonorum ac fortium civiuni;
quid re publica, quid se dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid
sperare, quid maioribus suis reddere deberet diligentissime 41
cogitabat. huic gravitati hominis videbat ille gladiator se, si 8S
conterere atque contemnere. | re —
non verbis, de leg. agr. 2, 10 lar-
gitio, quae verbis ostentari potest,
re vera fieri niai exhausto aerario
nullo pacto poteot; 15 consul re
non oratione popularis. | in re p.
gehort zu fieri, p. Plancio 33 multa
in re publica molientis. Tusc. 4, 52
nescio ecquid .ipsi nos fortiter in
re publica fecerimus. | armis oppr.,
84. | et sentire vero et facere, 92
Milo et vidit et fecit; de or. 1,
229 neque vero hoc solum dixit,
sed ipse et sensit et fecit. | perfectae
cumulataeque virtutis, Cato 4 ad-
mirari aoleo . . . tuam excelleutem,
M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam. i
87 tr. pl ist unn6thig(p. 54, 14) und
wohl aus der Abkiirzung des vor-
hergehenden rem p. entstanden.
Vgl. Z. 15, wo die Worte wieder
aufgenommen werden. | hunc laudis
fructum, diesen Ruhmespreis, d. h.
den Preis, der in seinem Ruhme
besteht; sonst heisst der Ruhm in
anderem Sinne fructus virtutis. |
ratio constat heisst die Rechnung
stimmt, also ist constans r. ein
Verfahren, das keine Widerspruche
enthalt, mit sich selbst in Ueber-
einstimmung ist. | paene placatus,
72 E. | unus, zu p. 49, 17. | sustinere,
gewach6en sein, was der Gegensatz
von despecti et contempti zu ver-
langen scheint. | reddere deb., de
leg. agr. 2, 1 plerique hoc perficiunt,
ut tantum maioribus eorum debitum
esse videatur, unde etiam quod
posteris solveretur redundaret. |
ille gladiator, 105 a gladiatore SS
Digitized by Google
M. TULLli CICERONIS
moribus ageret, pareui esse non posse: ad cotidianam caedem,
incendia, rapinas se cum exercitu suo contulit; domum oppugnare,
itineribus occurrere, vi lacessere et terrere coepit. non movit
hominem summa gravitate summaque constantia; sed quamquam
dolor animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus s
fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi vim oblatam, praesertim sae-
pius, ut frangeret et refutaret; tanta moderatio fuit hominis,
tantuin consilium, ut contineret dolorem neque eadem se re
ulcisceretur qua esset lacessitus, sed illum tot iam in funeribus
rei publicae exsultantem ac tripudiantem legum, si posset, 10
89 laqueis constringeret. descendit ad accusandum. quis umquam
tam proprie rei publicae causa, nullis inimicitiis, nullis praemiis,
nulla hominum postulatione aut etiam opinione id eum umquam
esse facturum? fracti erant animi hominis: hoc enim accusante
pristini illius sui iudicii turpitudinem desperabat. ecce tibi i5
consul, praetor, tribunus plebis nova novi generis edicta
proponunt 'ne reus adsit, ne citetur, ne quaeratur, ne mentionem ,
omnino cuiquam iudicum aut iudiciorum facere liceat.' quid
ageret vir ad virtutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus vi scelera-
torum hominum conroborata, legibus iudiciisque sublatis? cervices 20
tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir profligatissimo
Bceleratissimo; p. Mur. 83 ille im-
portunus gladiator. | cum exercitu
suo, 85. | itineribus, AbL; Phil. 13,
9 egressus est non viis sed trami-
tibus paludatus; ad Att. 4, 3, 4
itineribus prope deviis currebat. |
innata libeitas , das angeborene
Freiheitsgefuhl , wie gloria Ruhm-
sucht, ordo OrdnuDg88inn u. a. |
vim oblatam = vim illatam , wie
mortemofferre. | re =ratione,Hand-
lungsweise. | m funeribus rei p.
exsult., p. Balbo 58 exsultavit in
ruinis nostris. Sonst auch mit blossem
AbL Vgl. Phil. 13, 20 Mutinamque
illi exsultanti tanquam frenos furoris
iniecit; unten 95 eius furorem ex-
sultantem repressit. |
89 descendit, 'veratandsich', ad aa :u-
sandum, nach der lexPlautia devi;
pro Mur. 60 Catonem deecensurum
ad accu8andum non fuisse. J aut
etiam, f oder auch nur.' | opinione,
mit acc. c. inf. wie apes, promissio. |
desperabat: er verzweifelte bei der
Umsicht und RQhrigkeit des Milo
daran durch Bestechung der Richter
zu siegen, wie friiher in dem Procesa
wegen der Entweihung des Festes
der bona Dea. | ecce tibi, aus der
Umgang88prache entlehnt; in Pis.
48 ecce tibi alter vendidit; de or.
2, 94; de off. 3, 83; so auch wahr-
scheinlich ad Att. 9, 14, 1 ecce
tibi eodem dieCapualitteras accepi. |
consul, praetor, trib.: dasEdictging
vom Consul Metellus Nepos aus,
der vom Prator Appius Claudius
und dem Volkstribun Atiliue Serra-
nus unterstutzt wurde. Metellua
verbot dem Praetor vor der Er-
losung der Geschworenen in die
einzelnen consilia (aus welcheu der
pr. urb. f3r jeden Criminalprocess
eines auswahlte) durch die noch
nicht gewahlten Quastoren die Elage
anzunehmen. Da die Wahl der
Aedilen, um welche Wflrde sich
Clodius bewarb, vor die der Qua-
storen fiel, ein designirter Beamter
aber nur de ambitu, nicht de vi
belangt werden konnte, glaubte
man Clodius auf diese Weise zu
eichern. In der Darstellung Qber-
treibt Cicero. | edicta, rhetorischer
Plural wie 35 alii; 78 magistratus,
templa; 84 civis indemnatos. | cer-
vices daret, p. Rosc. Am. 30 utrum
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 88-91
57
honiini daret? an causam susceptam abiceret? an se domi
contineret? et vinci turpe putavit et deterreri et latere. perfecit
ut, quoniam sibi in illum legibus uti non liceret, illius vim
neque in suo neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret. 42
5 quo modo igitur hoc in genere praesidii comparati accusas 90
Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem? an qui sua tecta defendit,
qui ab aris focis ferrum fiammamque depellit, qui sibi licere
volt tuto esse in foro, in templo, in curia, iure praesidium
comparat: qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore,
10 monetur ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et iugulum ac
latera tutetur, hunc de vi accusandum putas? quis enim nostrum, 91
iudices, ignorat ita naturam rerum tulisse, ut quodam tempore
homines nondum neque naturali neque civili iure descripto
fusi per agros ac dispersi vagarentur tantumque haberent,
15 quantum manu ac viribus per caedem ac volnera aut eripere
aut retinere potuissent? qui igitur primi virtute et consilio
praestanti exstiterunt, ei perspecto genere humanae docilitatis
atque ingenii dissupatos unum in locum congregarunt eosque
ex feritate illa ad iustitiam atque ad mansuetudinem trans-
20 duxeruni tum res ad communem utilitatem, quas publicas
malit cervices Roscio dare. | hotnini,
hier verachtlich, dem vir gegen-
tibergestellt. | abiceret anstattdes hsr.
adfligeret, weil die Glieder cervices
. . daret, an . . abiceret, an . . con-
tineret den Verben vinci, deterreri,
latere entsprechen ; adfligeret
wiirde heissen: sollte er der Sache
einen tOdtlichen Streich geben? |
90 praesidii comparati scheint nach
hoc in genere, r in dieser Beziehung'
ein uberflussiger Zusatz ; wenn acht,
ist es erklarender Genetiv; 113 in
illo genere conductarumcontionum. |
ferrum flammamque, im Deutschen
gewdhnlich die umgekehrte Ord-
nung. | tuto, Adverbium, 79. | tn
tetnplo = in rostris, 62. | caput —
latera, p. Mur. 52 etenim sciebam
Catilinam non latus aut ventrem
sed caput et collum solere petere. |
91 naturam rerum, raumlich oder
zeitlich, hier im letzteren Sinne;
de prov. 43 nonne vobis videor . . .
medium illud tristissimum tempus
debere, si ex rerum natura non
pos8im evellere, ex animo quidem
certe excidere? ahnlich rerum ratio
de or. 2, 68. | quodam tempore, 73. |
naturali—civili iure: derselbe Ge-
gensatz de off. 3, 23 neque vero
hoc solum natura, id est iure gen-
tium, sed etiam legibus populorum,
quibus in singulis civitatibus res
publica continetur, eodem modo
constitutum est. j potuissent, Phil.
2, 62 erat ei vivendum latronum
ritu, ut tantum haberet, quantum
rapere potuisset. Das plpf. be-
stimmt die Bedeutung von retinere
als r gegen AngriiTe vertheidigen*.
Dieselbe Anschauung bei Hor. sat.
1, 3, 99 flP. ars poei 391 ff. | trans-
duxerunt, was Verg. Aen. 8, 321
dem Saturn zuschreibt. | genere,
phraeeologisch. | ad iust. atque ad
mans., de re p. 2, 27 vom Numa:
ad humanitatem adque mansuetu-
dinem revocavit animos hominum. |
ad comm. util. steht, wie die Stel-
lung von res zeigt, zu diesem Wort
in einem attributiven Verhaltniss,
wohl im Anschiuss an die Aus-
drucksweise des gewdhnlichen Le-
bens, wie ahnliche Wendungen bei
den Komikern mehrfach sich finden;
vgl. 83 m. Liv. 44, 7, 12 se aliarum
in usum rerum copiam invenisse.
Gemeint sind Heiligthiimer, Stras-
sen, Markte und Aehnliches, de
Digitized by Google
58 M. TULLII CICEROXIS
appellamus, tum conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates
nominatae sunt, instituenwt , tum domicilia coniuncta, quas
urbis dicimus, invento et divino iure et humano moenibus
92 saepserunt. atque inter hanc vitam perpolitam humanitate et
illam immanem nihil tam interest quam ius atque vis; horum 5
utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui :
ius valeat necesse est, id est, iudicia, quibus omne ius con-
tinetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt: vis dominetur necesse
est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit; [ut ius expe-
riretur, vim depelleret.] altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam io
vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia
vinceretur. eademque ratio fuit Sestii, si minus in accusando
— neque enim per omnis fuit idem fieri necesse — , at certe
in necessitate defendendae salutis suae praesidioque contra
vim et manum comparando. o di immortales! quemnam i »
* 3 ostenditis exitum nobis? quam spem rei publicae datis? quotus
quisque invenietur tanta virtute vir, qui optimam quamque
causam rei publicae amplectatur, qui bonis viris deserviat,
qui solidam laudem veramque quaerat? cum sciat duo illa rei
publicae paene fata [Gabinium et Pisonem,] alterum haurire ?o
cotidie ex paratissimis atque opulentissimis Syriae gazis innume-
rabile pondus auri; bellum inferre quiescentibus, ut eorum
veteres inlibatasque divitias in profundissimum libidinum suarum
gurgitem profundat; villam aedificare in oculis omnium tantam,
tugurium ut iam videatur esse illa villa, quam ipse tribunus 25
plebis pictam olim in contionibus explicabat, quo fortissimum
off. 1, 53. j instituerunt haben die
Hsr. nicht; andere schieben ut vor
moenibus ein, was aber weder der
Zu3atz invento erlaubt, noch der
Sinn, nach welchem die GrQndung
von Gemeinwesen ah der Erbauung
von Stadten vorangehend gedacht
wird. |
92 perpolitam, weniger gebrauchtich
im iibertragenen Sinne polire; eben-
80 perpurgare anatatt purgare. |
nihil tam interest, bewirkt nichts
bo sehr den Unterschied. | utro =
utrocunque, fur si alterutro. 27 m. |
aut nuUa sunt starker als 86. j [ut . .
depelleret\ durch dieee Worte, die
eng mit fecit zu verbinden waren,
wurde die rhetorische Concinnitat
ganzlich zerstdrt; ausserdem mGsste
es heisaen vim vi depelleret; 86. |
uti voluit, er wGnschte es, war
bereit dazu, aber der Wunsch kam
nicht zur Ausffihrung da er an
der Anklage gehindert wurde. j at,
zu 7. |
0 di immortales, 53. j rei p., Gene- 93
tiv. | paene fata, de prov. 2 duo
rei p. paene funera. | alterum, Ga-
binium. | naratissimis anstatt dea
hsr. pacatissimiB. pacatus bezeich-
net Alles, was aus einer wilden
Bewegung zur Ruhe und zum Frie-
den gelangt ist, heisst daher r be-
ruhigt', besonders von unterwor-
fenen Provinzen, 'versOhnt' .und
was sich daran schliesst; mit ga-
zae es zu verbinden iat unmdglich;
paratae gazae sind Schatze, deren
Benutzung gar keine Schwierig-
keit macht. beatissimis vermuthet
Halm. | innumerabile pondus, wie
magnas numerus frumenti, vini. |
villam Tuaculanam. | explicabat, als
er durch eeine Rogation im J. 67
dem Pompejus den Oberbefehl gegen
die Seerauber verschaffte, und da-
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 91-95.
59
ac summum civem in invidiam homo castus ac non cupidus 94
vocaret; alterum Thracibus ac Dardanis primum pacem maxima
pecunia vendidisse, deinde ut illi pecuniam conficere possent,
vexandam eis Macedoniam et spoliandam tradidisse, eundemque
5 bona creditorum, civium Romanorum, cum debitoribus Graecis
divisisse, cogere pecunias maximas a Dyrrachinis, spoliare
Thessalos, certam Achaeis in annos singulos pecuniam impe-
ravisse, neque tamen ullo in publico aut religioso loco signum
aui tabulam aut ornamentum reliquisse; illos sic inludere,
10. quibus omne supplicium atque omnis iure optimo poena debetur:
reos esse hos duos, quos videtis. omitto iam Numerium,
Serranum, Aelium, quisquilias seditionis Clodianae; sed tamen
hi quoque etiam nunc volitant, ut videtis, nec, dum vos de
vobis aliquid timebitis, illi umquam de se pertimescent. nam 95
15 quid ego de aedile ipso loquar, qui etiam diem dixit et accu-
savit de vi Milonem? neque hic tamen ulla umquam iniuria
adducetur, ut eum tali virtute tantaque firmitate animi se in
re publica fuisse paeniteat: sed qui haec vident adulescentes
quonam suas mentis conferent? ille, qui monumenta publica,
2jo qui aedis sacras, qui domos inimicorum suorum oppugnavit,
exscldit, incendit, qui stipatus semper sicariis, saeptus armatis,
bei bereita gegen Lucallus (fort.
civem) wflhlte. | castus =» abbti-
nens. | ac non cupidus, nicht ne-
que, weil non cupidua einen Begriff
bildet. |
94 alterum, Pisonem. | tradidisse,
rhetoriache Steigerung der That-
sache, dass die Barbaren fiir das
gezahlte Geld durch Einfalle in
Macedonien sich schadlos hielten,
de prov. 4. | bona . . divisisse, in-
dem er sich als Richter von den
Schuldnern bestechen liess , den
Glaubigern das Ihrige vorzuent-
halten, in Pis. 86. 1 in annos sinau-
los fur quotannis wie in dies
singulos fflr in dies Catil. I, 5. i
volitant wie p. 60, 4. § 1 E. 9. |
8 tamen obwohl sie sich damit ge-
wissermassen losgekauft hatten. |
aliquid, zu p. 19, 22. | timebitis:
also weist ihre Anklage gegen
SestiuB furchtlos zurflck; 147 m. j
95 nam . . Joquar Bchliesst eich an
iUi an. 19 nam quid ego de
supercilio dicam? 129 nam qnid
ego illa de me divina senatus con-
sulta commemorem? 02. ditm dixit,
von der Ankdndigung des ersten
Termins der Klage de vi vor dem
Volke, hier des 2. Febr. 66, nach-
dem Clodius den 22. Jan., bis zu
welchem Zeitpunkt die aediliciBchen
Comitien sich verzOgert hatten,
zum Aedil ffewahlt war. Der Pro-
cess des Milo kam prodicta die
erst den 7. Mai zur Verhandlun^. |
diem dixit — Milonem, das beim
crsten Verbum fehlende Object er-
scheint beim zweiten in verschie-
dener Structur. Sall. Cat. 51, 38
imitari quam invidere bonis ma-
lebant. | eum . . . se fuisse, se k5nn-
te fehlen, auch eum, wie pro Mil.
82 est viri fortis ne suppliciis qui-
dem moveri ut fortiter feciBse poe-
niteat. | tantaque fnmitate animi =
tam firmo animo. in re p. in sc
politischen Thatigkeit; das hsr.
rem p. bedeutete f in seine
haltniss zum Staat' I monu
porticus Catuli, ad Att.
sacra hftufig, besonders
aedes; 84. | armatis, 3'
lich arm. hominibua (z.
84 damnati; nicht blo
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60
M. TULLII CICERONIS
munitus indicibus fuit, quorum hodie copia redundat, qui et
peregrinam manum facinorosorum concitavit et servos ad cae-
dem idoneos emit et [in tribunatu] carcerem totum in forum
effudit, volitat aedilis, accusat eum, qui aliqua ex parte eius
furorem exsultantem repressit: hic, qui se est tutatus sic, ut 5
in privata re deos penatis suos, in re publica iura tribunatus
atque auspicia defenderet, accusare eum moderate, a quo ipse
nefarie accusatur, per senatus auctoritatem non est situs.
96 nimirum hoc illud est, quod de me potissimum tu in accusatione
quaesisti, quae esset nostra natio optimatium; sic enim dixisti. io
rem quaeris praeclaram iuventuti ad discendum nec mihi
difficilem ad perdocendum, de qua pauca, iudices, dicam, et,
ut arbitror, nec ab utilitate eorum, qui audient, nec ab officio
vestro nec ab ipsa causa P. Sestii abhorrebit oratio mea.
45 Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt eorum, qui is
versari in re publica atque in ea se excellentius gerere studu-
erunt: quibus ex generibus alteri se popularis, alteri optimates
et haberi et esse voluerunt. qui ea, quae faciebant quaeque
dicebant, multitudini iucunda volebant esse, populares, qui
autem ita se gerebant, ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, 20
97 optimates habebantur. quis ergo iste optimus quisque? numero,
si quaeris, innumerabiles; neque enim aliter stare possemus:
sunt principes consilii publici, sunt qui eorum sectam sequuntur,
Klasse bezeichnct wird, Nagelsbach
St. § 28, 3. | copia redundat, Pleo-
nasmus fflr copia est; 101 vetera
exempla, quorum est copia digna
huiua imperii gloria. | ad caedem
idoneos, de off. 2, 86 ad faciendam
iniuriam instructos. | fin trib.J
musste auch von den vorhergehen-
den Satzgliedern gelten, wie anno
8uperiore 84. | accusat, weil die
Sache des Milo noch schwebte. |
auspicia, da er bei den aedilicischen
Comitien am 20. Nov. denHimmel
beobachtet hatie. | per sen. auct.:
der Senat hatte also dem Metellue
(89) bei der Verhinderung der An-
klage gegen den Clodius zuge-
stiramt (ad. fam. 1, 9, 16) und da-
durch die ganze Schwache der
Optimatenpartei offenbart. |
96 hoc Ulud est, und hierher nimmst
du die Berechtigung zu deiuer
Frage; und damit kommen wir auf . .
| natio, sonst ein einzelner Bestand-
theil der gens, hier ein ffir sich
abgeschlossener Theil des r6mi-
schen Volkes, eine Kaste; vgl. p.
Mur. 69 natio candidatorum. quae,
d. h. Bie sei derartig schwiichlich,
dass man sie fur nichts rechnen
raii88e. | abhorr. or. mea, freiere
Fiiguug fiir abhorrentia. Der dritte
Punct iat rhetorisch neben den
zweiten (ab off. vestro) gestellt,
wahrend er den Grund dafBr ent-
halt. | eorum, qui . . studuertmt,
dagegen 99 eorum, qui . . quae-
rant. | versari in re p. f 9 in illa
coniuratione versatum. | muUitu-
dini = populo, 103. 106. in Pis.
7. de re p. 1, 42. de off. 2, 20. 77.
vgl. Catil. II, 19 (wo Koch in mul-
titudine liest). | iucunda, 140 qui
imperitae aut concitatae multitu-
dini iucundi esee voluerunt; 105. |
qui autem, Tusc. 5, 67. |
iste opt. qu., jener r optimus quis- 97
que', von dem du da redest; iste hat
sich grammatisch nach optimus
gerichtet. j numero — innumerabiles,
wohl mit absichtlicher Gesuchtheit
des Ausdrucka. Einfacher ware
freilich zu schreiben numerum si
quaeria. | sectam seq., p. Flacco 104
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 95-08.
61
sunt maximorum ordinum hoinines, quibus patet curia, sunt
municipales rusticique Romani, sunt negotii gerentes, sunt
etiam libertini optimates: numerus, ut dixi, huius generis late
et varie diffusus est, sed genus universuin, ut tollatur error,
5 brevi circumscribi et definiri potest: omnes optimates sunt, qui
neque nocentes sunt nec natura improbi nec furiosi nec malis
domesticis impediti; est igitur ut ei sint, quam tu nationem
appellasti, qui et integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesticis
constituti. horum qui voluntati, commodis, opibus in guber-
10 nanda re publica serviunt, defensores optimatium ipsique
optimates gravissimi et clarissimi cives numerantur et principes
civitatis. quid est igitur propositum his rei publicae guber- 98
natoribus, quod intueri et quo cursum suum derigere debeant?
id quod est praestantissimum maximeque optabile omnibus
15 sanis et bonis et beatis, cum dignitate otiuni. hoc qui volunt,
omnes optimates, qui efficiunt, summi viri et conservatores
civitatis putantur; neque enim rerum gerendarum dignitate
homines efferri ita convenit, ut otio non prospiciant, neque
ullum amplexari otium quod abhorreat a dignitate. huius 46
20 autem otiosae dignitatis haec fundamenta sunt, haec membra,
quae tuenda principibus et vel capitis periculo defendenda
sunt: religiones, auspicia, potestates magistratuum, senatus
quotus enim quisque est, qui hanc
in re publica sectam sequatur?
maximorum ist, wenn unverderbt,
s. v. a. amplissimorum ; es sind die
auf den Senat folgenden Stande
(proximi ordines 137), der Ritter-
stand und die tribuni aerarii ge-
meint. | negotii gerentes, so ge-
wShnlich, nicht negotia gerentes. |
optimates steht hier ebenso wie Z.
6 omnes optimates sunt fflr die
p. 60, 21 ala iste optimus quisque (de
re p. 1, 50) Bezeichneten, also
die conservativ Gesinnten im AU-
gemeinen, wahrend die Z. 9 /w>-
rum — 8erviunt Genannten die
politisch thatigen Vertreter und
Leiter der Partei sind. | brevi =
breviter ist bei Cic. keineswegs
selten. Vielleicht ist darnach sic
ausgefallen. | qui — impediti: hier
wie Z. 8 qui — constituti (und
99 qui aut — deflagrare) werden
dieeelben drei Klassen unterschie-
den, die Z. 14 durch omnibus sanis
et bonis et beatis bezeichnet wer-
den; die Worte qui neque noc. sunt
nec nat. improbi sind eng zu ver-
binden, so daas es nicht ndthig ist,
vor et sani den Ausfall von et boni
anzunehmen. | est igitur ut ei sint,
nachdrucklicheUmschreibung(effici-
tur Bake ). appellasti, die jenigen also
machen die Kaste aua, wie du sie
genannt hast. quam regelmassige
Attraction fiir quos. | opibus fflr das
hsr. opinis ; de o IV. 3, 22 illud natura
non patitur, ut aliorum spoliis no-
stras facultates copias opes au-
geamus. | arav. et ch cives, was fehlen
kOnnte, ist mit et princ. civ. wie
defensores — optimates Pradicat zu
numerantur, im Deutschen durch
Anaphora von 'als' wiederzugeben.
cum dignitate otium, ad fam. 1, 98
9, 21. de or. 1, 1; umgekehrt Z.
20 otiosae dignitatis = dignitatis
cum otio. Ueber den Sinn von
otium s. 104. | volunt — efficiunt,
81 si illo die gens ista Clodia quod
facere voluit effecisset. | amplexari
otium, 104 plebcs otium amplexa-
tur; p. Mur 83 fortuna constitutum
ad amplexandum otium. | religiones,
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62
M. TULLII CICERONIS
auctoritas, leges, nios maiorum, iudicia, iuris dictio, fides,
99 provinciae, socii, imperii laus, res militaris, aerarium. harum
rerum tot atque tantarum esse defensorem et patronum magni
animi est, magni ingenii magnaeque constantiae. etenim in
tanto civium numero magna multitudo est eorum, qui aut 5
propter metum poenae peccatorum suorum conscii novos motus
conversionesque rei publicae quaerant, aut qui propter insitum
quendam animi furorem discordiis civium ac seditione pascantur,
aut qui propter implicationem rei familiaris communi incendio
malint quam suo deflagrare; qui cum auetores sunt et duces suorum ie
studiorum vitiorumque nancti, in re publica fluctus excitantur, ut
vigilandum sit eis, qui sibi gubernacula patriae depoposcerunt,
enitendumque omni scientia ac diligentia, ut conservatis eis,
quae ego paulo ante fundamenta ac membra esse dixi, tenere
loocursum possint et capere otii illum portum et dignitatis. hanc 15
ego viam, iudices, si aut asperam atque arduam aut plenam
esse periculorum aut insidiarum negem, mentiar, praesertim
cum id non modo intellexerim semper, sed etiam praeter
47 ceteros senserim. maioribus praesidiis et copiis oppugnatur
res publica quam defenditur, propterea quod audaces homines 20
et perditi nutu impelluntur et ipsi etiam sponte sua contra
rem publicam incitantur; boni nescio quo modo tardiores sunt
et principiis rerum neglectis ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate
excitantur, ita ut nonnumquam cunctatione ac tarditate, dum
ptium volunt etiam sine dignitate retinere, ipsi utrumque 25
tler Cultus. | iudicia Criminal-, iurts
dictio Civil-Gerichtsbarkeik | f\des,
nicht dasselbe wie 50 fides publica,
sondern 'der Credit»; <te off 2, 84
taec enim ulla res venGmentius rem-
publicam contittet quam fides;
Pomp. 19. | .
99 novos moilus f&r das gewonnlicbere
novas res. | motus conversionesque,
de nak deor. 2, 15 aequabilitatem
motuB conversionumque caelL l 7
aut qui nach dem ersten qui aut
durch eine gewiase nachlasaige
Abundanz des Ausdrucks fur das
einfache aut. | animi mit furorem
verbunden wie dolor animi 88; in-
situm steht wie eben da innata li-
bertas. | discord. ac sedit., 104 sedi-
tionibus ac discordiis. | pascantur,
sich weiden an, in Pis. 45. | auctoi es
(die Hsr. tutorea) et duces, zu 20.
j scientia = peritia. | eis, quae . . .
dixi fur eia fundamentis ac mem-
bris quae paulo ante dixi, da daa
zu einem Demonstrativ gehOrende
Substantivum sich gern dem Rela-
tivsatz anschliesst. j tenere cursum,
perfc. und ins. geh5ren gerade solOO •
eng zusammen wie vorher asperam
und arduam: darum ist fflr aut vor
insid. wohl et zu schreiben. | men-
tiar, de or. 1, 146 in his fere rebus
omnis istorum artificum doctrina
versatur, quam ego si nihil dicam
adiuvare , mentiar. | praeter ceteivs,
nicht prae ceteris, Ell.-Seyffert
§ 188 E. | nutu impdluntur, f sie
gehorchen dem Wink ihrer Fuhrer\
(Tusc. 2, 61 nutu quod volet con-
ficiet, nullo labore, nulla molestia)
dazu im Gegensatz ipsi sponte sua
(gewOhnlicher eua sponte), wie sonst
haufig ip8e mit per se verbunden
wird. | nescio quo modo, f leider\ |
denique =« tandem; gewOhnlicher
ware demum; b. Haacke lat Stil.
p. 302 E. | ita ut, 'weshalb denn'. |
ipsi f durch eigene Schuld'; dies-
liegt aber schon in cunct. ac tard., .
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 98—102.
63
amittant; propugnatores autem rei publicae qui esse voluerunt,lOl
si leviores sunt, desciscunt; si timidiores, desunt: permanent
illi soli atque omnia rei publicae causa perferunt, qui sunt
tales, qualis pater tuus, M. Scaure, fuit, qui a C. Graccho
s usque ad Q. Varium seditiosis omnibus restitit, quem numquam
ulla vis, ullae minae, ulla invidia labefecit, aut qualis Q. Metellus,
patruus matris tuae, qui cum florentem hominem in populari
ratione, L. Saturninum, censor notasset curaque insitivum
Gracchum contra vim multitudinis incitatae censu prohibuisset
io cumque in eam legem, quam non iure rogatam iudicarat, iurare
unus noluisset, de civitate maluit quam de sententia demoveri,
aut, ut vetera exempla, quorum est copia digna huius imperii
gloria, relinquam neve eorum aliquem, qui vivunt, nominem,
qualis nuper Q. Catulus fuit, quem neque periculi tempestas
i5 neque honoris aura potuit umquam de suo cursu aut spe aut
metu demovere. haec imitamini, per deos immortalis, qui 48
dignitatem, qui laudem, qui gloriam quaeritis: haec ampla sunt,l02
haec divina, haec immortalia; haec fama celebrantur, monumen-
tis annalium mandantur, posteritati propagantur. est labor,
20 non nego; pericula magna, fateor;
miiltae insidiae sunt bonis
verissime dictum est: sed te
BO daaa das Wort, welcbes den auf
utrumque ruhenden Nachdruck be-
eintrachtigt, vielleicbt mit Garatoni
ru tilgen lst. (p. 60, 15.) |
101 voluerunt, f die es ubernommen
haben\ | pater, M. Aemilius Scau-
rus (zu 39), Vater des Prator M.
Scaurus, der dem Gerichtsbof im
Prozess gegen Seetius praaidirte. J
Q. Varius Hybrida, der als Volks-
tribun 90 die lex Varia de maie-
state gegen diejenigen dorchge-
setzt hatte, quorum dolo malo so-
cii ad arma lre coacti eesent; Ci-
cero nennt ihn de or. 1, 117 einen
vastus homo atque foedus. | labe-
fecit, hauBger labefactare. | matris
tuae, Caecilia Metella war eine
Tochter des L. Metellus Dabnati- *
cub, dee Brudere des Metellus Nu-
midicus (zu 37). | florentem — ra-
tione, r den m&chtigen demokrati-
schen Parteiffihrer' ; pop. rat. die
nach Volksgunst haachende Rich-
tuug seiner Politik: hanc in re p.
viam quae popularis habetur eecu-
tus esij Catil. IV, 9; b. 114 qui ita
se in populari ratione iactarat. |
censor notasset, er wollte ihn mit
dem Glaucia 102 aus dem Senai
stoaBcn. ' insitiuum Gracchum: Equi-
tius, ein Freigelassener aus Pice-
num , gab eich fiir einen Sohn
des Tib. Gracchus aua. | censu pro-
hib., aus der Burgerliste gestrichen
hatte. | aliquem, zu p. 19, 22. |
O. Catuhis, C08. 78, der Sohn
des BeBiegers der Cimbern, einer
der ehrwflrdigaten und geachtet-
eten Aristokraten, f 60. | periculi
tempestas, die Drohung der Ge-
fahr, honoris aura, die Lockung
der Ehre. | de suo cursu, wie 99 E.
tenere cursum. |
qui — quaeritis. Dieselbe dreifachel02
Steigerung kehrt in den beiden
»folgenden Satzen wieder. | posterf-,
tati propagantur fur ad p., so dass
aie die Nachwelt hat; anders Cat. II,
11 meus consulatns multa saecnla
propagarit rei p. | 21 vigilandumat
semper: multaeins. suntbonis. Die-
ser und die folgenden Verse Bind
aus dem Atreus des Tragiker^ L.
Accius (170—104) genommen. te
allgemein zu fassen, da ThyesteB
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64
M. TULLll CICERONIS -
ld, quod multi invideant, multique expetant, inscitiast,
inquit,
pdstulare, msi laborem summa cum cura ecferas.
nollem idem alio loco dixisset, quod exciperent improbi cives,
oderint, dum metuant. s
I03praeclara enim illa praecepta dederat iuventuti. sed tamen
haec via ac ratio rei publicae capessendae olim erat magis
pertimescenda, cum multis in rebus multitudinis studium ac
populi commodum ab utilitate rei publicae discrepabat. tabellaria
lex ab L. Cassio ferebatur: populus libertatem agi putabat suam; 10
dissentiebant principes et in salute optimatium temeritatem
multitudinis et tabellae licentiam pertimescebant. agrariam
Ti. Gracchus legem ferebat; grata erat populo; fortunae con-
stitui tenuiorum videbantur: nitebantur contra optimates, quod
et discordiam excitari videbant, cum locupletes possessionibus 15
diuturnis moverentur, et spoliari rem publicam propugnatoribus
arbitrabantur. frumentariam legem C. Gracchus ferebat: iucunda
res plebei; victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore; re-
pugnabant boni, quod et ab industria plebem ad desidiam
49 avocari putabant et aerarium exhauriri videbant. multa etiam *o
nostra memoria, quae consulto praetereo, fuerunt in ea con-
tentione, ut popularis cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret.
I04niuic iam nihil est quod populus a delectis principibusque
dissentiat, nec flagitat rem ullam neque novarum rerum est
die Worte an seine Sdhne richtete. |
inquit, heisst es; das Snbj. liegt in
dictum est. j ecferas, f zur Erscheinung
brin^en^, ahnlich das homerische
xoix'i)' f Qiba itQOtptQOVtcti. J quod
exciperent, ipf. coni., weil das Ver-
bum sich dem vorangehenden di-
xisset an8chlie8st. od. d. m. sagt
Atreus. | praeclara, pradicativ; 53
quaenam illa scelera vidistis; de
or. 1, 121 ut hoc 8umm«m benefi-
cium Q. Maximo debuerim. |
103 ria ac ratio, Methode, System,
wie hiiufig via ac ratione disputare. 1
ac populi anstatt des hanaschrift-
lichen ad, nicht aut, da populus
und multitudo sich gleich stehn
(de or. 3, 196 a multitudine ac
populo ; zu p. 53,8. 60, 19.). | tabeHaria
lex, wodurch 137 die geheime Ab-
8timmung fiir die Volksgerichte
eingefuhrt wurde; Lael. 41. j in
salute, in einer Sache, wo es sich
handelte um — , bei einer Existenz-
frage far die 0.; zur Pomp. 56. j
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agrariam legem Ti. Gracchus wollte
Lambin. | fortunae constitui f \>. Sulla
62 ut utrosque constituisse videatur.
| et 8pol. : dies et steht in den Hand-
schriften vor cum; de off. 2, 78
qui agrariam rem temptant, ut
poaseesores pellantur suis sedibus,
aut pecunias creditas debitoribus
condonandas putant, labefactant
fundamenta rei publicae, concordiam
primum, quae esse non potest, cum
aliis adimuntur aliis condonantur
pecuniae, deinde etc. | spoliari, indem
viele Vornehme durch Herausgabe
der Landereien ruinirt wiirden. | pro-
jp*(jn. wie p. 63, 1. 1 frument., zu 55. |
multa fucrunt in ea cont. =104
de multis rebus ita contendebatur,
wie res in officio, in vitio est. |
a consilio, von der Besonnenheit
im Gegensatz zur cupiditas. \ nnnc,
im (regensatz zu olim 103 A., seit
Sulla. | iam niJiil, 114 iam non. |
a delectis principibusaue, in Vat 23.
delectos viros et principes civitatiB.
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 102-106.
65
cupidus et otio suo et diguitate optimi cuiusque et universae
rei publicae gloria delectatur: itaque homines seditiosi ac tur-
bulenti, quia nulla iam largitione populum Romanum concitare
possunt, quod plebes perfuncta gravissimis seditipnibus ac
5 discordiis otium amplexatur, conductas habent contiones, neque
id agunt, ut ea dicant aut ferant, quae illi velint audire, qui
in contione sunt, sed pretio ac mercede perficiunt, ut quidquid
dicant, id illi velle audire videantur. num vos existimatis Gracchosl05
aut Satuminum aut quemquam illorum veterum, qui populares
10 habebantur, ullum umquam in contione habuisse conductum?
nemo habuit; ipsa enim largitio et spes commodi propositi
sine mercede ulla multitudinem concitabat. itaque temporibus
illis, qui populares erant, offendebant illi quidem apud gravis
et honestos homines, sed populi iudiciis atque omni significatione
15 florebant; his in theatro plaudebatur; hi suffragiis quod con-
tenderant consequebantur; horum homines nomen, orationem,
voltum, incessum amabant; qui autem adversabantur ei generi,
graves et magni homines habebantur; sed valebant in senatu
multum, apud bonos viros plurimum: multitudini iucundi non
so erant, suffragiis offendebatur saepe eorum voluntas; plausum
vero etiam si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset
pertimescebat : ac tamen, si quae res erat maior, idem ille
populus horum auctoritate maxime commovebatur. nunc, nisi 50
me fallit, in eo statu civitas est, ut, si operas conductas remo-106
25 veris, omnes idem de re publica sensuri esse videantur; etenim
tribus locis significari maxime populi Romani iudicium ac
voluntas potest, contione, comitiis, ludorum gladiatorumque
et vor otio entspricht dem nec . .
neque: es sind 3 parallele Glieder,
jedes mit einem Verbum, das dritte
dreitheilig. (sed otio Hirschfelder.) |
pretio ac mercede, dfter verbunden;
de off. 2, 21. |
105 aut q. oder uberhaupt, wir: oder
son8t. | ullum substantivisch. j larg.
prop., 77. | illi quidem, zu 82 E.
honestos = honoratos, p. Mur. 87
nolite cum hac eum qua se honestio-
rem fore putavit etiam ceteris ante
partis honestatibus privare, wie dort
zu schreiben. | atque: die iudicia aus-
serten sich omni signif., durch jede
ArtvonKundgebung. I quod contend.
8C consequi aus consequebantw. j
qui advers. ei generi, wie 114. | 18
sed gehOrt zum zweitenSatz, dem der
erste subordinirt gedacht werden
musste: sed etiamsi valebant in
senatu multum . . ., multitudini iu-
cundi non erant. Besser stiinde es
vor multitudini, oder fehlte ; Hirsch-
felder schreibt et. | pertimescebat,
wie Phokion. | idem ille, 108 eiusdem
illius inimici; p. Mur. 51; eadem
ista 66; ebenso ipsum illum Anto-
ninm, p. Sulla 71; dagegen illo
ipso die 5J*. 125. |
nisi me fallit, als Subject schwebtl06
vor r der Thatbeatand'; 115 neminem
vestrum fallit; daneben sagt man
noch nisi me fallit animus, nisi
fallor, nisi me fallo, nisi me omnia
fallunt, aber nicht ni fallor. |
operas conductas, wie 38; contioneB
conductae 113. 104. | si remov., r ab-
gesehen von;' ebenso si discesseris
u. a. ! sensuri, 114 senserat de re
p. aliudatquehominesexspectabant. |
contione ohne in mit Anlehnung
an locis, was also r Gelegenheiten'
bedeutet. Die contio war bloss eine
:och u. Eberhard, Cioeros Rede fttr P. Sestiufl.
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66
M. TULLII CICERONIS
consessu. quae contio fuit per hos annos, quae quidem esset
non conducta sed vera, in qua populi Romani consensus per-
spici non posset? habitae sunt multae de me a gladiatore
sceleratissimo, ad quas nemo adibat incorruptus, nemo integer:
nemo illum foedum voltum aspicere, nemo furialem vocem 5
bonus audire poterat; erant illae contiones perditorum hominum .
I07necessario turbulentae. habuit de eodem me P. Lentulus consul
contionem: concursus est populi Romani factus; omnes ordines,
tota in illa contione Italia constitit egit causam summa cum
gravitate copiaque dicendi, tanto silentio, tanta approbatione 10
omnium, nihil ut umquam videretur tam populare ad populi
Romani auris accidisse. productus est ab eo Cn. Pompeius,
qui se non solum a^uctorem meae salutis, sed etiam supplicem
populo Romano professus est. huius oratio ut pergravis et
grata in contionibus omnibus fuit, sic contendo numquam eum 15
neque eloquentia neque iucunditate fuisse maiore. quo silentid
I08sunt auditi de me ceteri principes civitatis! quos idcirco non
appello hoc loco, ne mea oratio, si minus de aliquo dixero,
ingrata, si satis de omnibus, intinita esse videatur. cedo nunc
eiusdem illius inimici mei de me eodem ad verum populum in «o
campo Martio contionem! quis non modo approbavit, sed non
indignissimum facinus putavit illum non dicam loqui, sed vivere
ac spirare? quis fuit qui non eius voce maculari rem publicam-
51 seque, si eum audiret, scelere astringi arbitraretur? venio ad
I09comitia, sive magistratuum placet sive legum. leges videmus *5
saepe ferri multas: omitto eas, quae feruntur ita, vix ut quini
hOrende, nicht eine abstimmende
Versammlung (125). | quae quidem
esset non conducta, wie es viele
condnctae in jener Zeit gab. Durch
diese Beschrankung des allgemeinen
Begriffes contio ist der Conjunctiv
nach quae quidem bedingt. | lud.
consessu, p. Mur. 77 fructus isti
ludorum, gladiatorum; tgladiatores
steht nach Analogie des griechischen
XQaycpHoC, moumdol fur munera gla-
diatoria. j lud. glad. que wie venti
tempestatesque, Ell.-SeyfFert 343, 2;
s. 115. 120 iudos scaenamque als
Hendiadyoin. | nemo — poterat, p.
Mur. 49 voltuB erat ipsius plenusfuro-
ris, oculi sceleris, sermo adrogantiae.
'107 de eodem me, Z. 20. p. 67, 5 de
me eodem. | professus est, fehlt in
den Hsr. ; in Pis. 80 cum non modo
se defensorem salutis meae sed
etiam supplicem pro meprofiteretur.
Auch im Folgenden istdie Besserung
i
nicht sicher. | iucunditate, 134. zu
6 m. |
ne — videatur, c. sen. gr. egitios
30. Pomp. 47 ne aut invisa dis im-
mortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata
esse videatur. | ad verum populum,
114 quid vero populo probaretur. |
non modo, wie gleich non dicam.
Tusc. II, 14 quis est non modo
recusandus, sed nonultroappetendus
dolor? | scelere astringi, gewohn-
licher wilre scelere obatringi, doch
siehe de off. 3, 19; p. Sulla 82. |
quini ex singulis tribubus; eo;l09
aliena: um bei den tumultuarischen
Abstimmungen der Clodianer jede
einzelne der 35 Tribus wenigstens
zureprilsentiren, wurden Angehdrige
der dem Clodius gunstigen Tribua,
also vornemlich der 4 stadtischen,
besonders der Palatina (114), in die-
jenigen eingereiht, aus denen nie-
mand erschienen war. Sie gehorteu
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*
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 106-110.
67
et ei ex aliena tribu, qui suflragium ferant, reperiantur: de me,
quem tyrannum atque ereptorem libertatis esse dicebat illa
ruina rei publicae, dicit se legem tulisse. quis est qui se,
cum coiitra me ferebatur, inisse suflragium confiteatur? cum
5 autem de me eodem ex senatus consulto comitiis centuriatis
ferebatur, quis est qui non profiteatur se adfuisse et suffragium
de salute mea tulisse? utra igitur causa popularis debet videri:
in qua omnes honestates civitatis, omnes aetates, omnes ordines
una voce consentiunt, an in qua furiae concitatae tamquam ad
10 funus rei publicae convolant? an, sicubi aderit GeUius, homo 110
et fratre indignus, viro clarissimo atque optimo consule, et
ordine equestri, cuius ille ordinis nomen retinet, ornamenta
confecit, id erit populare? c est enim homo iste populo Romano
deditus'. nihil vidi magis: quj, cum eius adulescentia in am-
15 plissimis honoribus summi viri, L. Philippi vitrici, florere
potuisset, usque eo non fuit popularis, ut bona solus comesset;
deinde ex impuro adulescente et petulanti, postea quam rem
paternam ab idiotarum deliciis ad philosophorum perulam per-
duxit, Graeculum se atque otiosum putari voluit, studio litte-
20 rarum se subito dedidit. nihil satiabant eum libelli, pro vino
etiam saepe oppignerabantur; manebat insaturabile abdomen,
copiae deficiebant. itaque semper versabatur in spe rerum
also nicht zu der Tribus, fur deren
Mitglieder sie sich ausgaben. | illa
ruina rei p., vom Clodius, wie
pestis, calamitas; de prov. 13 heissen
Piso und Gabinius publicanorum
ruinae. | ex senatus — centuriatis,
also mit Beobachtung aller Form-
lichkeiten. | profiteatur, profiteri
r freudig bekennen', im Gegensatz
zu confiteri. | honestates wie aucto-
ritates, dignitates, potestates. | voce
fehlt in den Hsr.; in Pis. 7 una
voce et consensu; 34 consentiente
atque uno voce; Phil. 1 , 21 una
et mente et voce consentiunt; Lael.
86 omnes uno ore consentiunt; p.
Planc. 12 (populus) si una voce
loqui possit; de or. 1, 46una paene
voce. | furiae — convolant, 64. j
110 L. Gellius Poplicola, der Stief-
bruder des zeitigen Consuls L.
Marcius Philippus, Stiefsohn des
bekannten Redners (cos. 91), Z. 15. |
arnamenta confecit, den census
equestris, 400000 Sesterzen; den
Namen eines Ritters besass er noch,
weil seit dem Jahr 70 keine Censur
abgehalten war. | enim begrfindet
die vorschwebende Bejahung der
Frage: einen Einwurf wiirden at
enim oder tamen einfuhren. | pop.
deditus, Anspielung auf seinen(Fami-
lien-) Beinamen; p. 68, 6. | ntM
vidi magis, scil. deditum, ironisch.
Das Neutrum nihil steht oft zur
Bezeichnung von Personen. | qui
cum eius fur gewOhnlicheres cuius
cum, wie Cato 13 qui cum ex eo
quaereretur . . . inquit. vgl. zu p.
41, 1. | in hon. florere, im Glanze
der Ehren sich entfalten; 101. |
perulam : derSchlemmer, der, nach-
demersein Vermogen durchgebracht
hat, zum Philoaophen wird, ent-
ledigt sich der iiberflassigen Dinge,
die fur den Laien zu nothwendigen
Lebensbedurfnissen geworden sind,
und begniigt sich mit dem Ranzen,
der seinen ganzen Hausrath enthalt.
Ueber die Alliteration ad philo-
sophorum perulam perduxit s. 48.
(regulam die Hsr. , reculam Laten-
dorf.) | Gmeculum, das Deminuti-
vum verachtlich, wie 126 u. o. |
otiosum = 6%oXaGxt%6v. \ studio —
dedidit ist eine Erklarung dazn. |
5*
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68
M. TULLIl CICKRONIS
novarum; otio et tranquillitate rei publicae consenescebat.
52 ecquae seditio umquam fuit in qua non ille princeps? ecqui
seditiosus cui ille non familiaris? ecquae turbulenta contio
cuius ille non concitator? cui bene dixit umquam bono? bene
dixit? immo quem fortem et bonum civem non petulantissime s
est insectatus? qui, ut credo, non libidinis causa, sed ut plebi-
lllcola videretur, libertinam duxit uxorem. is de me suffragium
tulit, is adfuit, is interfuit epulis et gratulationibus parricidarum :
in quo tamen est me ultus, cum illo ore inimicos est meos
saviatus: qui, quasi mea culpa bona perdiderit, ita ob eam 10
ipsam causam est mihi inimicus, quia nihil habet. utrum ego
tibi patrimonium eripui, Gelli, an tu comedisti? quid? tu meo
periculo, gurges ac vorago patrimonii, helluabare, ut, si ego
consul rem publicam contra te.et gregalis tuos defendissem,
in civitate esse me nolles? te nemo tuorum videre volt; omnes 15
aditum, sermonem, congressum tuum fugiunt; te sororis filius
Postumius, adulescens gravis, senili iudicio, notavit, cum in
magno numero tutorem liberis non instituit. sed elatus odio
et meo et rei publicae nomine, quorum ille utri sit inimicior
nescio, plura dixi, quam dicendum fuit, in furiosissimum atque *>
H2egentissimum ganeonem. illuc revertor: contra me cum est
latum, capta urbe atque oppressa, Gellium, Firmidium, Titium,
eiusdem modi furias illis mercennariis gregibus duces et auctores
fuisse, cum ipse lator nihil ab horum turpitudine, audacia,
sordibus abhorreret; at cum de dignitate mea ferebatur, nemo ro
sibi nec valetudinis excusationem nec senectutis satis iustam
ullam putavit; nemo fuit qui se non rem publicam mecum
simul revocare in suas sedes arbitraretur. videamus nunc
ilhnonp. wolltewegen desParallelis-
muB mit den beiden folgenden Glie-
dern Koch. j bene dixit, immo, 63. |
ut credo, ironisch, sonst gewohnlich
credo allein. |
111 adfuit, suflragiis ferendis — co-
mitiis. | epulis et gratul., 34. | illo
ore, scil. impudico. | gurges, 93 ut
eorum . . . divitias in profundissi-
mam libidinum suarum gurgitem
profundat. | te nemo — fugiunt, Hor.
sat. 1, 1, 84 non uxor salvum te
volt, non filiue, omnes vicini oderunt,
noti, pueri atque puellae; ,Cic. p.
Cluentio 41. | senili iudicio, wir
wQrden erwarten virili, da uns
greisenhafte Junglinge nicht ge-
fallen; Cato 37 ut aduleacentem
in quo est senile aliquid sic senem
in quo est aliquid adulescentis
probo. | num. tutorum , quos insti-
tuit. | elatus: die Hsr. latus. So
wird aber nie das part. sondern
nur vom Stamm ferre abgeleitete
Formen gebraucht. 134 expectatione
elatus; populari studio elatus. |
ille: nach der von Z. 12 — 18 im
iSifer der Rede an den Gellius ge-
richteten* Apostrophe wird wieder
zur dritten Person tibergegangeri.
illuc, p. 66, 25. | latum statt
des hsr. actum, da es gleich latorllS
und ferebatur heisst 109. | capta
urbe atque oppr., 34. | fuisse., zu
53 A. | nemo — putavit, in Pis. 36
ex vobis audio nemini civiullam
quominus adesset satis iustam ex-
cusationem esse visam. j valetudinis,
von , Seiten seines Gesundheitszu-
standes. |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 110—115.
69
comitia magistratuum. fuit conlegium nuper tribunicium, in 58
quo tres minime, vehementer duo populares existimabantur:il3
ex eis, qui populares non habebantur, quibus in illo genere
conductarum contionum consistendi potestas non erai, duo a
5 populo Romano praetores video esse factos; et, quantum ser- '
monibus volgi et suffragiis intellegere potui, prae se populus
Romanus ferebat sibi illum in tribunatu Cn. Domitii animum
constantem et egregium et Q. Ancharii fidem ac fortitudinem,
etiam si nihil agere potuissent, tamen voluntate ipsa gratam
io fuisse. iam de C. Fannio quae sit existimatio videmus: quod
iudicium populi Romani in honoribus eius futurum sit> nemini
dubium esse debet. quid populares illi duo, quid egerunt?H4
alter, qui tamen se continuerat, tulerat nihil, senserat tantum
de re publica aliud atque homines exspectabant, vir et bonus
ifi et innocens et bonis viris semper probatus, quod parum vide-
licet intellexit in tribunatu quicL vero populo probaretur, et
quotl illum esse populum Romanum, qui in contione erat,
arbitrabatur, non tenuit eum locum, in quem, nisi popularis
esse voluisset, facillime pervenisset; alter, qui ita se in populari
20 ratione iactarat, ut auspicia, legem Aeliam, senatus auctoritatem,
consulem, conlegas, bonorum iudicium nihili putaret, aedilitatem
petivit cum bonis viris et hominibus primis, sed non prae-
stantissimis opibus et gratia: tribum suam non tulit, Palatinam
denique, per quam omnes illae pestes vexare rem publicam
»5 ordiebantur, perdidit; nec quicquam illis comitiis quod boni viri
vellent nisi repulsam tulit. videtis igitur populum ipsum, ut
ita dicam, iam .non esse popularem, qui ita vehementer eos,
qui populares habentur, respuat, eos autem, qui ei generi ad- 54
versantur, honore dignissimos iudicet. veniamus ad ludos. *acitll6
113 nuper , im J. 59. | tres minime,
Cn. Domitius Calvinus, Q. Ancha-
rius, C. FanDius. duo pop., P.
Vatiniu8, C. Alfius. | in i. gen?re
cond. cont., 90. | consistendi, 127
quibus consistere in operarum con-
tionibus non liceat. ! praet., Domi-
tius und ADcharius. | 5. 6. popu-
lus Romanus, um den Gegenaatz
zu qui populares non habebantur
zu bezeichneD. | gratam, statt des
hsr. gratum, das auf das entferntere
animum uur bezogen werdea kdnnte,
wenn dies der Hauptbegriff ware. j
in honor. eius, in Vat. 10 de te
autem homines quid sentiant in
honore experti sumus. |
114 quid — egerunt? 75. f alter, C.
Alfius. | tamen doch noch. | senserat,
106. | videlicet selten nicht ironisch. |
vero populo, 108. | in contione fiir
in contionibus, wie 127. | eupi locum,
die Pratur. ! in populari rat. , 101;
gemeiat ist Vatimus. | Aeliam, 23. |
consulem, Bibulum. | nihili: Cicer(
sagt uihili und pro nihilo putare.
homines primi oder primarii sinr
Leute von vornehmem Stande.
tribum suam, die Sergia. | denique,
zu 30. | ordiebantur statt des hsr.
dicebantur, da von einem H6ren-
sagen hier nicht die Rede aein kauo ;
Koch solebant, wie 118. 126. i tulit,
er trug nichts, was ihm die Gut-
gesinoteD geg5DDt hattea, als die
repulsa davoo; dabei ist zu er-
gaozeo : was sie ihm nicht gOaateD,
die Aedilitat, freilich aicht. |
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70 M. TULLII CICERONIS
enim, iudices, vester iste in me animorum oculorumque con-
iectus, ut mihi iam licere putem remissiore uti genere dicendi.
comitiorum et contionum significationes sunt nonnumquam
vitiatae atque corruptae; theatrales gladiatoriique consessus
dicuntur omnino solere levitate nonnullorum emptos plausus 5
exilis et raros excitare: ac tamen facile est, cum id fit, qnem
ad modum et a quibus fiat et quid integra multitudo faciat
videre. quid ego nunc dicam quibus viris aut cui generi civium
maxime plaudatur? neminem vestrum fallit. sit hoc sane leve,
quod non ita est, quoniam optimo cuique impertitur; sed, si 10
est leve, homini gravi leve est; ei vero, qui pendet rebus
levissimis, qui„ rumore et, ut ipsi loquuntur, favore populi
tenetur et ducitur, plausum immortalitatem , sibilum mortem
I16videri necesse est. ex te igitur, Scaure, potiBsimum quaero,
qui ludos apparatissimos magnificentissimosque fecisti, ecquis 15
istorum popularium tuos ludos aspexerit, ecquis se theatro
populoque Romano commiserit: ipse ille maxime ludius, non
solum spectator, sed actor et acroama, qui omnia sororis embolia
novit, qui in coetum mulierum pro psaltria adducitur, nec tuos
ludos aspexit in illo ardenti tribunatu suo nec ullos alios nisi 20
eos, a quibus vix vivus effugit. semel, inquam, se ludis homo
popularis commisit omnino, cum in templo Virtutis honos habitus
esset virtuti, Gaique Marii, conservatoris huius imperii, monu-
115 coniectus auf animorum bezogen
ist nur dorch eine Art Zeugma
zu entschuldigen , da man wohl
oculos conicere (de or. 2, 225. p.
Planc. 21) eagt, aber animos adi-
cere. ] remissiore dicendi genere,
119; p. Archia 3 genere dicendi
quod nonmodo a consuetudine iu-
diciorum verum etiam a forensi
sermonojabhorreat. | dicimtur omnino
— ac tamen: bei den Spielen iat
der Gesinnungsausdruck des Volkes
mit geringen Ausnahmen viel deut-
licher als in den Comitien und Con-
tionen. Das Verhaltniss der Satze
ist dasselbe wie 105 sed valebant
— erant. 142. | plausus exilis, sonst
auch mortui plausus (126). | ma-
xime = potififiimum. ut ipsi loquwn-
tur, weil favor der eigentliche Aus-
druck fur den Beifall im Theater
war. | mortem, de off. 2, 69 pa-
trocinio se usos aut clientes ap-
pellari mortis instar putant; p.
Flacco 19 homines eos, quibus odio
sunt nostrae secures, nomen acer-
bitati, 8criptura,decumae, portorium
morti. |
Scaure, der 58 wahrend des Tri-
bunats des Clodiua Aedil war undll6
sich durch die Pracht seiner Spiele
hervorthat. [ ludius hier allge-
mein ein Mensch, der im Schauspiel
ganz aufgeht; dabei maxime wie
Elane vir, vere deus (130. Haacke
u Stil. § 108.). E. F. Eberhard
wollte ludicrus, Koch ludis deditus. |
acroama, concret , Virtuo8. , I em-
bolia = exodia, Intermezzos, kleine
Zwischenspiele zwiechen zwei Dra-
men; wir ahnlich doppelsinnig
'Tanzchen'. Clodia soll gerne aus-
gelaeeen getanzt haben. | qui —
adducitur, als er daa Fest der bona
Dea, welche8 unter Leitung der
Pompeia, der Frau des Caeear, in
dessen Hause gefeiert wurde, a. 62
entweihte. | semel bezieht sich auf
nec — effugit. \ Virtutis honos, Wort-
spiel. Das erste Senatusconsult zu
Gunsten (les Cicero (128 m.) wurde
im Tempel des Honos und der
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 115-118.
71
mentum municipi eius et rei publicae defensori sedem ad
salutem praebuisset. qufo quidem tempore quid populus Ro- 55
manus sentire se ostenderet utroque in genere declaratum est:ii7
primum, cum audito senatus consulto rei ipsi atque absenti
5 senatui plausus est ab universis datus; deinde, cum senatoribus
singulis spectatum e senatu redeunti bus ; cum vero ipse, qui
ludos faciebat, consul adsedit, stantes ei manibus passis gratias
agentes et lacrimantes gaudio suam erga me benevolentiam
ac misericordiam declararunt: at cum ille furibundus incitata
io illa sua vaecordi mente venisset, vix se populus Romanus tenuit,
vix homines odium suum a corpore eius impuro atque infando
represserunt; voces quidem et palmarum intentus et male-
dictorum clamorem omnes profuderunt. sed quid ego populiiis
Romani animum virtutemque commemoro libertatem iam ex
i5 diuturna servitute dispicientis, in eo homine, cui tum petenti
iam aedilitatem ne histriones quidem coram sedenti pepercerunt ?
nam cum ageretur togata, simulans, ut opinor, caterva tota
clarissima concentione in ore impuri hominis imminens contio-
nata est:
'huic, Tite,
tua post principia atque exitus vitiosae vitae.'
Virtus, den Marius von der Cim-
brischen Beute erbaut hatte, ab-
gefasst. | municipi eius wie civi
eius (138). |
117 sent. se ostenderet declaratum est,
bei Cicero haufige Fulle des Aus-
drucks, 10 A. zu Verr. 4, § 1. Pomp.
10 E. | utroque in genere, in bei-
den Beziehungen, in Beifallsbezeu-
gungen fiir den Lentulus und den
Senat , in Missfallensbezeugungen
gegen den Clodius. | primum . .
dexnde . . cum vero umfassen das
genus prius, at cum beginnt' das
alterum. | deckir. est = apparuit. |
rei vpsi, 84. | spectatum red., 123
qua spectatum ille veniebat. |
stantes gehOrt mit manibus passis
verbunden nur zu gratias agentes,
vergl. Caes. de bell. Gall. 1, 51
proficiscentes milites passis crinibus
flentes implorant. | lacrimantes
gaudio, 120 flens recenti laetiida. I
Ulefuribundus, 15furibundi hominis.|
odium, 127 dominos contionum
omni odio populi notari. | represse-
runt sonst nicht leicht mit a.
quidem aber (doch); zu voces u. zu
maledict. clam. passt profuderunt,
auf palm. intentus, drohendes Er-
heben der Hande, (im Gegensatz
zum vorhergehenden manibus passis)
Ymet es sich nur durch ein Zeugma
beziehen. In maledict. clam. oder
dem gleichbedeutenden maledicto et
clamores geben wir das Subst. .
clamor durch ein Adj. wieder. 118. |
dispicere, wie durch die Finsternissel 18
einen Lichtblick. | tum, naher be-
stimmt durch petenti; 63 tum me
expulso. | togata, das Lustspiel,
welches im Gegensatz zur fabula
palliata griechische Stoffe in r&-
mische Sitten und Zustande um-
setzte nnd als dessen Meister L. '
Afranius (f um 100 vor Chr.) galt.
simulans, ironisch. | ut opinor, 48.
caterva L, 'die ganze Truppe'.
tua — exituSj pro Planc. 86 sicut
et illa principia et hi recentes rerum
exitus declararunt. | imminens kann
in ore nicht regieren, sondern nur
mit ihm parallel stehen. Koch
8chrieb ori. | huic: die Verse sind
so nicht verst^Lndlich. Ansprechend
vermuthet L5we ^spectatores, em>
videte postprincipia a. e. Vitiosae
v.: videte wies auf den Fortgang
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72 M. TULLII CICERONIS
sedebat exanimatus; et is, qui antea cantorum convicio con-
tiones celebrare suas solebat, cantorum ipsorum vocibus eicie-
batur. et quoniam facta mentio est ludorum, ne illud quidem
praetermittam, in magna varietate sententiarum numquam ullum
fuisse locum, in quo aliquid a poeta dictum cadere in tempus 5
nostrum videretur, quod aut populum universum fugeret aut
H9non exprimeret ipse actor. et quaeso hoc in loco, iudices, ne
qua levitate me ductum ad insolitum genus dicendi labi putetis,
56 si de poetis, de histrionibus, de ludis in iudicio loquar. non
sum tam ignarus, iudices, causarum, non tam insolens in di- io
cendo, ut omni ex genere orationem aucuper et omnis undique
flosculos carpam atque delibem. scio quid gravitas vestra,
quid haec advocatio, quid ille conventus, quid dignitas P.
Sestii, quid periculi magnitudo, quid aetas, quid honos meus
postulet: sed mihi sumpsi hoc loco doctrinam quandam iuventuti, 16
qui essent optimates. in ea explicanda demonstrandum est non
esse popularis omnis eos, qui putentur : id facillime consequar,
si universi populi iudicium verum et incorruptum et si in-
laotimos sensus civitatis expressero. quid fuit illud, quod recenti
nuntio de illo senatus consulto, quod factum est in templo «o
Virtutis, ad ludos scaenamque perlato, consessu maximo summus
artifex et me hercule semper partium in re publica tam quam
in scaena optimarum, flens et recenti laetitia et mixto dolore
ac desiderio mei, egit ad populum Romanum multo graviori-
bus verbis meam causam, quam egomet de me agere potuissem? *5
summi enim poetae ingenium non solum arte sua, sed etiam
dolore exprimebat. qua enim vi
e qm rem publicam animo certo adiuverit
statuerit steterit cum Achivis,'
des Stuckes hin, die Handbewegung
des Schauspielers auf Clodius. | can-
torum — cantorum, 'Schreier* (Cla-
que) — 'Sanger'. | eiciebatur, de
or. 3, 196 quid? hoc non idem fit
in vocibus, ut a multitudine et
* populo non modo catervae atque
concentus sed etiam ipsi sibi singuli
discrepantes eiciantur? | quod zu
fug. Nominativ, zu expr. Accusativ.
Wir wiirden nach unserer Weise
za reden quod vor cadere erwarten. j
aliquid zu p. 19, 22. | universum,
besonders hervorgehoben ; 119. 124
(dreimal). | exprimeret, hervorhob. |
119 in iudicio, vor Gericht. | oratio,
K.edentoff. | carpam, passim carpen-
tem et colligentem undique, de or.
1, 19; dagegen bei Hor. c. I, 7, 7
undique decerptam fronti praeponere
olivam, r den durch Abpflucken von
allen Seiten schon blatterarmen Oel-
zweig'. | vestra — conv. Richter,
reprasentirende Freunde (advocati),
Publicam. | iuventuti ist von mihi
sumpsi doctr. abhangig = institui
docere iuventutem. | intimos sensus,
22. |
quid fuit iUud quod, wie kaml20
es, dass = jener Umstand sprach
deutlich genug. | lud. scaenamque,
zu 106 g. E. | artifex, Aesopus. |
in rei p. tamquam tn scaena, chi-
astisch fur tam (= non minus) in
re p. quam in scaena; ad Att. VI, 1,
5 quod video tibi etiam novum ac-
cidisse tam quam mihi. j mixto, nam-
lich cum laetitia. | egit, als Schau-
spieler und Anwalt. 122. | dolore,
durch seine eigene leidenschaftliche,
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I
PRO P. SESTIO OEATIO 118-122. 73
vobiscum me stetisse dicebat, vestros ordines demonstrabat! re-
vocabatur ab universis
c re dubia
hatfd dubitarit vitam offerre nec capiti ^6^6^0601'
s haec quantis ab illo clamoribus agebantur! cum iam omissoi2i
gestu verbis poetae et studio actoris et exspectaidoni nostrae
plauderetur: 'summum amicum, siimmo in bello,' nam illud
ipse actor adiungebat amico animo et fortasse homines propter
aliquod desiderium adprobabant, c summo ingenio praeditum! 9
io iam illa, quanto cum gemitu populi Romani ab eodem paulo 57
post in eadem fabula sunt acta! *o pater!' .... me, me ille
absentem ut patrem deplorandum putabat, quem Q. Catulus,
quem multi alii saepe in senatu patrem patriae nominarant
quanto cum fletu de illis nostris incendiis ac ruinis, cum
15 patrem pulsum, patriam adflictam deploraret, domum incensam,
eversam: quae sic egit, ut, demonstrata pristina fortuna, cum
se convertdsset, c haec omnia vidi inflammari' fletum etiam
inimicis atque invidis excitaret! pro di immortales! quid illa,l22
quem ad modum dixit idem! quae mihi quidem ita et acta et
«o scripta videntur esse, ut vel a Q. Catulo, si revixisset, praeclare
posse dici viderentur; is enim libere reprehendere et accusare
populi non numquam temeritatem solebat aut errorem senatus :
'o fngratifici Argfvi, immunes Grai, immemores beneficil'
sich in Thranen aussernde Bewe-
gnng. | poeta, AcciuB im Eurysaces. |
qui, der Telamonier Aiax. | re dubia
— pepercerit, muss eng zu dem
vorhergehenden gehdrt haben, so
dass auch revocabatur ab univ.
als Folge des demonstrahat er-
scheint, wie p. 75, 1. 74, 20. Die
Stellung von re dubia im VerB ist
unsicher. Seyffert las: stat., stet. c.
Ach., re d. haud dubitaverit Vitam
non invitam offerre nec c. p. |
121 haec, bezieht sich auf summum —
bello. | clamoribus, von Seiten des
Volkes, de or. 1, 162 haec sunt quae
clamores et admirationes in bonis
oratoribus efficiunt. j omisso — verbis,
die Worte selbst, nicht die Kunst
des Schauspielers, wurden beklascht.
S amico animo, f aus FreundBchaft',
p. Planc. 160 animo amicisBimo. j
in eadem fabula ist von Cic. zuge-
setzt um darauf hinzudeuten, dass
Aesopus die Worte aus einer anderen
TragOdie extemporirend an geeig-
neter Stelle einschob. Die Ofter
angefuhrten Anapaaten gehdrten
zur Andromache des Ennius und
lauten im Zusammenhang: o pater,
o patria, o Prfami domus Saeptum
altisono cardine templum ! Vidi ^go
te astante ope barbarica Tectis
caelatis lacuatis, Auro eljore instruc-
tam regifice. Haec 6mnia vidi
inflammari, Priamo vi vitam evftari,
Iovis aram sanguine turbari. Dass
dieser Zusammenhang auch hier
festgehalten wird, zeigen besonders
die Worte demonstrata, pristina for-
tuna. | se convertisset, mit demselben
Zweck wie Z. 1 demonstrabat. |
et acta et scripta, wie es p. 74,122
4. 5. heisst: scripeit poeta pro me,
egit actor de me. | vel der doch ein
strenger Tadeler des r&mischen
Volkea war. | a Q. Catulo, das
Pronomen, welches, wenn derName
eben vorhergegangen ist, gewdhn-
lich wegfalit, erklart sich daraus,
dass Catuln8 als Musterbild eines
ausgezeichneten Charakters formel-
haft hingestellt wird. | o ingratifici
— benefici. Dieser und der folgende
Vers aind wieder aus dem Eury-
Digitized by Google
74 M. TULLII CICERONIS
non erat illud quidem verum; non enim ingrati, sed miseri,
quibus reddere salutem a quo aoceperant non liceret, nec unus
in quemquam umquam gratior quam in me universi: sed tamen
illud scripsit disertissimus poeta pro me, egit fortissimus actor,
non solum optiinus, de me, cum omnis ordines demonstraret, 6
senatum, equites Romanos, universum populum Romanum
accusaret,
'exsulare srnitis, sistis pelli, pulsum patimini.'
quae tum significatio fuerit omniura, quae declaratio voluntatis
ab universo populo Romano in causa hominis non popularis 10
equidem audiebam: existimare facilius possunt, qui adfuerunt.
58 et quoniam huc me provexit oratio, histrio casum meum totiens
i23conlacrimavit, cum ita dolenter ageret causam meam, ut vox
eius illa praeclara lacrimis impediretur; neque poetae, quorum
ego semper ingenia dilexi, tempori meo defuerunt, eaque populus i5
Romanus non solum plausu, sed etiam gemitu suo comprobavit:
utrum igitur haec Aesopum potius pro me aut Accium dicere
oportuit, si populus Romanus liber esset, an principes civitatis ?
nominatim sum appellatus in Bruto
'Tullius, qui libertatem civibus stabilfverat' : 20
saces genommen. j non ingrati sed
mi8eri, 131 civitatem tam gratam
tam miseram atque oppressam
fuisse. | necunus — universi, Phil. 3,
6 quis enim unus fortior . . quam
legio Martia univerea? | sed tamen.
Wenn auch die Undankbarkeit der
Argiver nicht auf die Rflmer an-
gewandt werden konnte, so lag
doch in der in dem sich anschlies-
senden Verse exsulare — pq/imini
enthaltenen Klage liber einen un-
gerecht Verbannten eine so greif-
bare Beziehung auf Cicero, dass
man sagen konnte, Accius habe den
Vera fiir ihn geschrieben ; jedenfalls
wandte ihn Aesopus auf Cicero an. |
egit, absolut. | actor, wieder in
doppelter Bedeutung wie egit 120. |
fuerit nicht nach audiebam, sondern
nach der in possunt hervortre-
tenden Gegenwart des Sprechenden
construirt; p. Balbo 2 quae fuerit
hesterno die Cn. Pompei gravitas
in dicendo, perspicua admiratione
declarari videbatur. ad fam. 13,
6 a, 4 quae quantum in provincia
valeant, vellem expertus esse, sed
tamen suspicor; dagegen Verr. acc.
1 § 75 in illa re quid facere potuerit
non habebat ist potuerit Conjunctiv
des hypotheti8chen potuit = potu-
iaaet, der von der Folge der
Zeiten nicht beeinflusst wird. | ab,
von Seiten. j equidem aus quidem
und dem Ausruf e zusammengesetzt,
steht in selbstandigen Satzen ohne
an eine bestimmte Person dem
Ursprung nach gebunden zu sein,
wird aber von Cicero, vielleicht nach
einer falschen* Etymologie, einzig
auf die 1. p. sing. beschrankt. Ea
liebt die Stellung mehr im Anfang
des Satzes oder Satzgliedes. | ad-
fuerunt, 72. |
et gehOrt wie quoniam zu eineml23
vorschwebenden hoc dico. | histrio:
wahrend Schauspieler und Dichter
fiir mich auftraten, blieben die
Haupter dea Staates stumm. | totiens,
an so viel SteUen. | dolenter, 120. | ut
imped. bezieht eich nicht auf totiens,
sondern auf ita: jedesmal liess seine
leidenschaftliche Aufregung seine
Stimme von Thranen eretickt wer-
den. | tempori meo, meiner nnghlck-
lichen Lage. 14 m. 63 m. | Brutus,
eine Tragddie des Accius von der
Gattung der praetextae, die Stoffe
aus der rSmischen Geschichte be-
handelten. | Tullius, der Konig
Serviua Tullius. j stabiliverat , 143
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 122 - 126.
75
miliens revocatum est. parumne videbatur populus Romanus
iudicare id a me et a senatu esse constitutum, quod perditi
cives sublatum per nos criminabantur? maximum vero populii24
Romani iudicium universi consessu gladiatorio declaratum est.
s erat enim munus Scipionis, dignum et eo ipso et illo Q. Metello,
cui dabatur; id autem spectaculi genus erat, quod omni fre-
quentia atque omni genere hominum celebratur, quo multitudo
maxime delectatur: in hunc consessum P. Sestius, tribunus
plebis, cum ageret nihil aliud in eo magistratu nisi meam
io causam, venit et se populo dedit, non plausus cupiditate, sed
ut ipsi inimici nostri voluntatem universi popuji viderent; venit,
ut scitis, a columna Maenia: tantus est ex omnibus spectaculis
usque a Capitolio, tantus ex fori cancellis plausus excitatus,
ut numquam maior consensio aut apertior populi Romani
15 universi fuisse ulla in causa diceretur. ubi erant tum illi con-125
tionum moderatores, legum domini, civium expulsores? aliusne
est aliquis improbis civibus peculiaris populus, cui nos offensi
invisique fuerimus? equidem existimo nullum tempus esse 59
frequentioris populi quam illud gladiatorium , neque contionis
20 ullius neque'vero ullorum comitiorum. haec igitur innumerabilis
hominum multitudo, haec populi Romani tanta significatio sine
ulla varietate universi, cum illis ipsis diebus de me actum iri
putaretur, quid declaravit nisi optimorum civium salutem et
dignitatem populo Romano caram esse universo? at vero illei26
25 praetor, qui de me non patris, avi, proavi, maiorum denique
suorum omnium, sed Graeculorum instituto contionem inter-
qui hanc rem p. Btabiliverunt. | iu-
dicare: sein Urteil an den Tag legen
(Z. 4), wenn nicht vielmehr indicare
zu lesen ist. 1 parumne: es wird
dem Leser uberlassen ne als num
zu denken, 32 m.; aliuane Z. 16 u.
0.; vgl. zu 81. | criminari wird regel-
massig bei Cic. nach Analogie von
queri construirt. |
124 maximum erklart durch Z. 14. |
universi durch die Stellung nach-
drucklich hervorgehoben , wie Z.
22. | consessu gladiat., 116. j P. Cor-
nelius Scipio Nasica, nachher von
Q. Caeciliu8 Metellus Pius, dem
Sohne des Numidicus, adoptirt Q.
Metellus Pius Scipio, cos. 52,
Schwiegervater dea Pompeius. j cui
dab.,&h Leichenepiele ihmzuEhren. |
sjiectac. Zuschauertribunen. | a col.
Maenia, 18; usque a Cap. vom ent-
gegengesetzten Ende des Forum
her, in Vat. 20 id quod augures
omnes usque a Romulo decreverunt
p. Cadio 34. | cancellis, nicht.die
79 erwahnten saepta, sondern fiir
die Gladiatorenspiele, die gewdhn-
lich auf dem Forum gegeben wurden,
errichtet. | ut numquam: nihil ut
107; vix ut 109; non ut . . sed ut
78; ut neque . . neque 44. |
aliusne aliquis, 63. | cont. mod.,Vlb
legumdom., 127 dominoscontionum.
populi, priidicativ. | neque OOtUtOttis
— comitiorum, hierdurch wirtl
lum vor tempus erklart.
noch 8elbst; 36. | sine
tate, 74. |
at vero. \3% 140. | |
Claudiii8, altererBruder <1»
Graeculorum (li<» h
denen die Volksverst
gleich 8turmi8<
Rom in der
contio den Vo
schweigend
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76
M. TULLII CICERONIS
rogare solebat, velletne me redire, et, cum erat reclamatum
semivivis mercennariorum vocibus, populum Romanum negare
dicebat, is, cum cotidie gladiatores spectaret, numquam est
conspectus, cum veniret. emergebat subito, cum sub tabulas
subrepserat, ut 'mater te appello' dicturus videretur; itaque 5
illa via latebrosior, qua spectatum ille veniebat, Appia iam
vocabatur; qui tamen quoquo tempore conspectus erat, non
modo gladiatores, sed equi ipsi gladiatorum repentinis sibilis
127 extimescebant. videtisne igitur quantum intersit inter populum
Romanum et contionem? dominos contionum omni odio populi 10
notari, quibus autem consistere in operarum contionibus non
liceat, eos omni populi Romani signincatione decorari?
Tu mihi etiam M. Atilium Regulum commemoras, qui
redire ipse Karthaginem sua voluntate ad supplicium quam
sine eis captivis, a quibus ad senatum missus erat, Romae i*
manere maluerit, et mihi negas optandum reditum fuisse per
60 familias comparatas et homines armatos? vim scilicet ego desi-
deravi, qui, dum vis fuit, nihil egi, et quem, si vis non fuisset,
nicht gegen die Frage, sondern
gegen Cic. Ruckkehr. | cum erat
recl, dicebat (dagegen numquam est
conspectusf): Ell.-Seyffert §. 240,
3 b.; 8, Z.4. | semivivis, 'halblaut'. |
is nimmt ille qui wieder auf; s.
130 A. | sub tabulas, unter den
fur die Zuschauer erbauten Ge-
riisten. | ut — videretur, wie in
des Pacuvius' TragSdie Ilione der
Schatten des vom Kttnig Polyme-
stor anstatt des Polydorus ermor-
deten eigenen Sohnes Deiphilus
8eine schlafende Mutter Ilione an-
ruft. | Appia, ein Wortspiel mit
der beruhmten via Appia. | quoquo,
Ell.-Seyffert §. 83, 5 h, A. | equi
ipsi gladiatorum, der Andabaten und
Essedarier. j extimescebat = conster-
nabantur. | omni odio, 117. | con-
sistere, 107 tota in illa contione Italia
constitit. |
127 sine eis captivis zu erklaren
eorum redemptione non impetrata
ist sprachlich wie sachlich unmOg-
lich; s. Hor. c. 3, 5, 13 f. Versteht
man captivi von den Rflmern oder
nach der sonst bei Cic. erschei-
nenden Porm der Sage (de off. 3,
99 f. u. o.) von den Karthagern,
so ist Romae manere gleich sinn-
lo8 ; im letzteren Falle miisBte iiber-
dies de quibus (off". 1, 39) gelesen
werden. Es wird also in sine eis
capfivis io Uebereinstimmung mit
der (darin durchaus einigen) Tradi-
tion etwas auf das Volk der Kar-
thager Beziigliches zu suchen sein;
das Verderbniss hat wohl die Er-
innerung an eine Stelle wie de off.
3, 100 m. veranlasst. Bake schreibt
[sine] eis invitis, empfohlen durch
den Cregensatz zu sua voluntate
und den Vergleich mit Cicero, der
invito populo Rom. habe zuruck-
kehren wollen. Aber dieser Ver-
gleich hinkte doch auffallig; jeden-
falls ware ad senatum atorend zu-
gesetzt; auch bestimmten den Re-
gulus nicht Karthagienses inviti,
sondern sein Eid nnd die Rficksicht
auf den Nutzen des Staates; ne
noceret patriae ware ein richtiger
Qedanke gewesen. Der Gegensatz
liegt in dem Patriotismus des Reg.
zu dem Egoismus des Cicero, (redire
Karth. ad supplicium — optare
reditum; sua voluntate — per . . .
hom. armatos), so dass in dem
Nebengliede bloss des Reg. Gewi6-
senhaftigkeit gegeniiber der Gleich-
giiltigkeit des Cic. bezeichnet zu
sein scheint. Also war der Sinn
wohl eis deceptis qui . ., die Form
fide eis fracta (eis =■ ihnen gegen-
fiber). |
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PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 126—129.
77
nulla res labefactare potuisset. hunc ego reditum repudiareni,i28
qui ita florens fuit, ut verear ne qui me studio gloriae putet*
idcirco exisse, ut ita redirem? quem enim umquam senatus
civem nisi me nationibus exteris commendavit? cuius umquam
5 propter salutem nisi meam senatus publice sociis populi Romani
gratias egit? de me uno patres conscripti decreverunt, ut, qui
provincias cum imperio obtinerent, qui quaestores legatique
essent, salutem et vitam custodirent; in una mea causa post
Romam conditam factum est ut litteris consularibus ex senatus
io consulto cuncta ex Italia omnes qui rem publicam salvam
vellent convocarentur: quod numquam senatus in universae rei
publicae periculo decrevit, id in unius mea salute conservanda
decernendum putavit. quem curia magis- requisivit? quem forum
luxit? quem aeque ipsa tribunalia desideraverunt? omnia dis-
15 cessu meo deserta, horrida, muta, plena luctus et maeroris
fuerunt. quis est Italiae locus in quo non fixum sit in publicis
monumentis studium salutis meae, testimonium dignitatis? nam 61
quid ego illa de me divina senatus consulta commemorem?i29
vel quod in templo Iovis Optimi Maximi factum est, cum vir
20 is, qui tripertitas orbis terrarum oras atque regiones tribus
triumphis adiunctas huic imperio notavit, de scripto sententia
dicta mihi uni testimonium patriae conservatae dedit; cuius
sententiam ita frequentissimus senatus secutus est, ut unus
dissentiret hostis, idque ipsum tabulis publicis mandaretur ad
35 memoriam posteri temporis sempiternam; vel quod est postridie
decretum in curia populi ipsius Romani et eorum, qui ex muni-
1 28 repudiarem, zu p. 50, 17. [ ut verear
. . ut redirem: beachte die Folge der
Zeiten. | studio gloriae ohne adduc-
tus, wie 124 plausus cupiditate. |
sociis Provincialen, wiehilufig. Vgl.
50. 146 E. I obtinerent, Proconsuln
oder Propratoren, da Quastoren und
Legaten kein Imperinm hatten. |
8alutem et vitam, xbv §tov, nicht
in abstracto, sondern durch de me
bestimmt. \ litt. consular., des Con-
suls P. Lentulu8, ebenso in Pis. 34.
50, wo de senatus consulto den
hier befindlichen Worten ex sena-
tus sententia entspricht. | qui —
vellent, in Pis. 34 qui rem pu-
blicam salvam esse vellent. | con-
vocarentur, zur Abstimmung. | con-
servanda hatte auch fehlen konnen.|
luxit: hierzu iat noch au8 dem Vo-
rigen magis zu ziehen, wenn nicht
ita ausgefallen ist. j Den ersten
drei Gliedern deserta — muta steht
das folgende pJena — maeroris ge-
genuber. \
nam quid ego, 95. | illa, erklartl20
durch vel — vel Z. 19. 25. | in t. Jovis,
vor welchem schon daa im Tempel
der Virtus (128 m. 116) vorherge-
gangen war. | vir, Pompeius; p.
Balbo 16 cuius tres triumphi testes
eBsent totum orbem terrarum no-
stro imperio teneri. (Aleo auch jene
Lander, Africa, Pontus, Hispania). j
de scripto, p. Planc. 74 recitetur
oratio quae propter rei magnitu-
dinem dicta de scripto est. | fre-
quent., 417 Senatoren, c. sen. gr.
•egit 26. | hostis harter als inimicus;
gemeint ist Clodius. | ad mem. —
sempiternam, ofter nachgeahmt in
den Declamationen cum m sen. gr.
egit 27; de domo 87. 103. 112. |
quod — decretum, da senatus con-
sultum decernere unerhdrt iet, muss
man quod allgemein nehmen, aller-
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78
M. TULLII CICERONIS
cipiis convenerant, admonitu, ne quis de caelo servaret, ne quis
«moram ullam adferret; si quis aliter fecisset, eum plane ever-
sorem rei publicae fore idque senatum gravissime laturum, et
ut statim de eius facto referretur: qua gravitate sua cum
frequens senatus nonnullorum scelus audaciamque tardasset, 5
tamen illud addidit, ut, si diebus quinque, quibus agi de me
potuisset, non esset actum, redirem in patriam dignitate omni
62 recuperata. decrevit eodem tempore senatus, ut eis, qui ex
ldotota Italia salutis meae causa convenerant, agerentur gratiae
atque ut eidem ad res redeuntes ut venirent, rogarentur. haec io
erat studiorum in mea salute contentio, ut ei, qui a senatu de
me rogabantur, eidem senatui pro me supplicarent; atque ita
in his rebus unus est solus inventus, qui ab hac tam im-
pensa voluntate bonorum palam dissideret, ut etiam Q. Metel-
lus consul, qui mihi vel maxime ex magnis contentionibus rei 15
publicae fuisset inimicus, de mea salute rettulerit: qui excitatus
cum summa auctoritate senatus tutn P. Servilii incredibtti quadam
gravitate dicendi, cum ille omnis prope ab inferis evocasset
Metellos et ad illius generis, quod sibi cum eo commune esset,
dignitatem propinqui sui mentem a Clodianis latrociniis re- 20
flexisset, cumque eum ad domestici exempli memoriam et ad
Numidici illius Metelli casum vel gloriosum vel gravem con-
vertisset, conlacrimavit vir egregius ac vere Metellus totumque
se P. Servilio dicenti etiam tum tradidit, nec illam divinam
dings dem eraten Gliede (p. 77, 19)
nicht entsprechend. | ne — servaret,
die durch Clodius aufgehobene lex
Aelia und Fufia war also, wie auch
78.. 79. 83. zeigt, bereits wieder
in Kraft getreten. | moram, 74 ille
se affirmare postero die moram
nuHam eese facturum. | eum bezo-
gen auf si quis = qui. | tamen,
obwohl das Zustandekommen des
Volksbeschluasea fiir Cicero hin-
reichend gesichert schien. I ad res
redeuntes, zu der wirklichen Ver-
handlung uber das ein trinundinum
zuvor promulgirte Gesetz. j
130 2 M * • • rogab. eidem: Vgl. p. 76,
3; p. Cluent. 115 nunquam ea dili-
gentia quae solet adhiberi in ceteris *
iudiciis, eadem reo damnato ad-
hibita est. Mit is wird idem nur
in dieaer Weise, mit ego tu hic
ille iste qui oft unmittelbar ver-
bunden. ! unus solus, 43. 87 m. u. 6\,
nachdrucklicher als unus (p. 77, 23)
oder unus modo. | vel maxime ex
magnis, zu 68. | content. rei p., zu
72 E. | rettulerit d. h. er stimmte
dem referirenden Consul Lentulus
zu; s. 70 m. | senatus tum und
incredibili erganzt aus or. de prov.
22 permotuB cum auctoritate vestra
tum illius P. Servilii incredibili
gravitate dicendi. Dem Verf. der
or. c. sen. gr. egit 25 et auctori-
tatis et orationis suae divina qua-
dam gravitate (Z. 24 f.) lag senatus
nicht vor, was der Gegensatz
fordert; Bonst schliesst er sich eng
an diese Stelle an. | P. Servilii,
Isaurici. | generis: beide stammten
vom Q. Metellus Macedonicua ab. I
21 et, wie sonst atque, f und zwar'.|
conlacr. vir egregius, wegen der
langen Zwischensatze ist verges-
sen, dass der Satz mit qui ange-
fangen hat. | vere Metellus, Liv.
12, 14 vere Romanoa; Verg. Aen.
9, 617 vere Phrygiae; zu 116. |
dicenti etiam tum, r wahrend er noch
sprach* , wie im Griech. usza^v
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 129-131.
gravitatem plenam antiquitatis diutius homo eiusdem sanguinis
potuit sustinere et mecum absens beneficio suo rediit in gratiam:
quod certe, si est aliqui sensus in morte praeclarorum virorum,i3i
cum omnibus Metellis tum vero uni viro fortissimo et prae-
5 stantissimo civi gratisshnum fratri suo fecit, socio laborum,
periculorum, consSiorum meorum. reditus vero meus qui fuerit
quis ignorat? quem ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam totius 63
Italiae atque ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint Brundisini,
cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies adventus mei fuisset
io reditusque natalis, idem carissimae filiae, quam ex gravissimo
tum primum desiderio luctuque conspexi, idem etiam ipsius
coloniae Brundisinae, idem Salutis, cumque me domus eadem
optimorum et doctissimorum virorum, M. Laenii Flacci et patris
et fratris eius laetissima accepisset, quae proximo anno maerens
15 receperat et suo praesidio periculoque defenderat. tum vero
itinere toto urbes Italiae festos dies agere adventus mei vide-
bantur, viae multitudine legatorum undique missorum cele-
brabantur, ad urbem accessus incredibili hominum multitudine
et gratulatione florebat, iter a porta, in Capitolium ascensus,
20 domum reditus erat eius modi, ut summa in laetitia illud dole-
rem, civitatem tam gratam tam miseram atque oppressam fuisse.
cum part. | beneficio suo, indem er
mit Lentulus zusammen iiber Ci-
ceros Zuriickberufung Bericht er-
stattete. | totumque — tradidit hatte
man hinter nec illam — sustinere
erwartet; doch scheint jenes die
erste Stufe der Einwirkung zu be-
zeichnen — er verschloss sich nicht
mehr gegen Vorstellungen eines
Ciceronianers — , dieses Glied die
Folge davon. | absens: wir denken:
absente. |
131 morte, Phil. 9, 13 si qui est sen-
8us in morte. | uni stei^ert den Su-
perlativ; 141 unus ommum iustissi-
mus. EU.-Seyftert § 214, 2 A. |
fratri suo, Q. Metellns Celer, Ge-
mahl der Clodia, f 69 eines pl6tz-
lichen Todes. | gratiss. fecit, Cato 6
gratissimum nobis feceris. | socio —
consiliorum , 63. | ipsis nonis Sex-
tilibu8 wollte Koch als Glossem
streichen. Brundisium veni nonis
Sext. ibi mihi Tulliola mea fuit
praesto natali suo ipso die, qui
casu idem natalis erat et Brundi-
sinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Sa-
lutis, ad Att. 4, 1, 4. | idem in
vierfacher Anaphora. | natalis im
ersten Gliede bezeichnet nicht den
wiederkehrenden Geburtstag, son-
dern den Anfangspunct der Ankunft
im Vaterland, die zugleich eine
Riickkehr war (in Pis. 51 adventu
meo redituque; zu 106); ebenso ad
Att. 3, 20, 1 diemque natalem re-
ditus mei cura ut ,in tuis aedibus
amoenissimis agam tecum. Salutis,
aedis Salutis, die Hsr. ut scitis;
hiernach zu schreiben ut scitis Sa-
lutis ist unstatthaft, da nicht ab-
zusehen ist, warum den Richtern
der Grundungstag des Tempels der
Salus (auf dem Quirinal, nahe bei
Atticus" Haus, a. 302) bekannter
gewesen sein sollte ala der von
Brundn8ium (a. 244). | optimorum
et doctissimorujn, sonst ist die Ver-
bindung optimus et fortissimus ge-
wOhnlicher; zu 1. | eadem bezieht
sich auf das folgende quae pro-
ximo anno maerens. | accepisset,
gastlich aufgenommen hatte; re-
ceperat, f einen Zufiuchtsort ge-
wahrt hatte', anders 147. | peri-
culoque, da die lex Clodia verbot
den Cicero innerhalb 400 Miliien
aufzunehmen. | a porta Capena. I
tam gratam tam miseram, 122. j
domum, naturlich nicht das zer-
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80
M. TULLU CICERONIS
132 Habes igitur quod ex me quaesisti, qui essent optimates.
non est natio, ut dixisti; quod ego verbum agnovi: est enim
illius, a quo uno maxime P. Sestius se oppugnari videt, homi-
nis eius, qui hanc nationem deleri et concidi cupivit; qui C.
Caesarem, mitem Iwminem et ab omni vi aihorrentem, saepe in- 5
crepuit, saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum
haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum. nihil profecit de uni-
versis: de me agere non destitit; me oppugnavit primum per
indicem Vettium, quem in contione de me et de clarissimis
viris interrogavit, — in quo tamen eos civis ooniunxit eodem io
periculo et crimine, ut a me inierit gratiam, quod me cum
64 amplissimis et fortissimis viris congregavit — sed postea mihi
l33nullo meo merito, nisi quod bonis placere cupiebam, omnis
est insidias sceleratdssime machinatus: ille ad eos, a quibus
audiebatur, cotidie aliquid ficti adferebat; ille hominem mihi ifl
amicissimum , Cn. Pompeium, monebat, ut meam domum me-
tueret atque a me ipso caveret; ille se sic cum inimico meo
copularat, ut illum meae proscriptionis [,quam adiuvabat,] Sex.
Clodius, homo eis dignissimus quibuscum vivit, tabulam, sese
scriptorem esse diceret; ille unus ordinis nostri discessu meo, 20
luctu vestro palam exsultavit: de quo ego, cum cotidie rueret,
verbum feci, iudices, numquam, neque putavi, cum omnibus
machinis ac tormentis, vi, exercitu, copiis oppugnarer, de uno
sagittario me queri convenire. acta mea sibi ait displicere.
stOrte auf dem Palatin, sondern
da8 vaterliche in den Carinen, wel-
ches Q. Cicero bewohnte. |
132 qui es&ent optimates. Die Worte
haben sich mit dem Tempus an
quaesisti angeschlossen , wahrend
8ie eigentlich zn habes gehSrten. 47
p. m. | illius, P. Vatinius tr. pl 59,
der als Hauptzenge gegen Sestius
aufgetreten war. ■ uno maxime, 131. j
mitem hominem, ebenso von Caesar
in Cat. IV, 10 homo mitissimus
atque leniseimus. Nach nihil pro-
fecit de universis (sc. agendo) hatte
folgen sollen, was Vatinius gegen
den Cicero bei Caesar ansrichtete.
Davon wird jedoch kluglich ab-
gesehen, wie denn uberhaupt Ci-
ceros Aeu88erungen iiber sein Ver-
haltniss zu Caesar in dieser ganzen
Rede von grosaer Vorsicht und
Zunickhaltung zeugen. | L. Vettius,
r5m. Ritter, trat im J. 59 wahr-
scheinlich auf Caesara Betrieb mit
der erdichteten Angabe einer Ver-
schworung gegen das Leben des
Pompejus auf, als deren Haupt der
den Triumvirn missfallige Curio
bezeichnet wurde. Da er sich jedoch
in die augenscheinlichsten Wider-
spruche verwickelte, wurde er im
Kerker, in welchen ihn der Senat
hatte werfen lasaen, von seiner
eigenen Partei erwiirgt. |
nullo m. merito, 39. | audieba-isi
tur = admittebatur. | ficti, 67 qui
mentem optimi ac fortissimi viri
suis consiliis fictbque terroribus a
defensione meae salutis averterant. I
caveret, 41. | proscript. zu 46.
quam adiuvabat, Vatinius. | Sex.
Clodius, Schreiber und Helfershel-
fer des Clodius, als Abk5mmling
eines Freigelassen der Clodier mit
zur gens Clodia (81) gehorig, vgl.
p. Mil. 33, p. Cael. 78. | rueret
tobte. | verbum feci, ein Wort ge-
sagt. | vi, exercitu, copiis stehen
verbunden den Worten cmmibus —
tonnentis gegeniiber. | acta . 40 g.
E. | displicere, wie Piao von Cice-
ros Consulate sagte crudelitatem sibi
Digitized by
PRO P. SESTIO ORATTO 132—135.
81
10
15
20
quis nescit? qui legem meam contemnat, quae dilucide vetat
gladiatores biennio, quo quis petierit aut petiturus sit, dare?
in quo eius temeritatem satis mirari, iudices, non queo: facitl34
apertissime contra legem; facit is, qui neque elabi ex iudicio
iucunditate sua neque emitti gratia potest neque opibus et
potentia leges ac iudicia perfringere. quae res hominem im-
pellit, ut sit tam intemperans? [iste nimia gloriae cupiditate]
familiam gladiatoriam, credo, nanctus est speciosam, nobilem,
gloriosam; norat studia populi, videbat clamores et concursus
futuros: hac exspectatione elatus homo flagrans cupiditate
gloriae tenere se non potuit, quin eos gladiatores induceret,
quorum esset ipse pulcherrimus. si ob eam causam peccaret,
pro recenti populi Romani in se beneficio populari studio elatus,
tamen ignosceret nemo: cum vero ne de venalibus quidem
homines electos, sed ex ergastulis emptos nominibus gladiatoriis
ornarit et sortito alios Samnitis, alios provocatores fecerit,
tanta licentia, tanta legum contemptio nonne quem habitura
sit exitum pertimescit? sed habet defensiones duas: primumi35
e do' inquit 'bestiarios: lex scripta est de gladiatoribus/ festive.
accipite aliquid etiam acutius. dicet se non gladiatores, sed
unum gladiatorem dare et totam aedilitatem in munus hoc
non placere, in Pison. 14. | legem
meam, die lex Tnllia de ambitu. |
contemnat, bei seiner Bewerbung
nm die Pratur. | biennio — petiturus
sit, 'zweiJahr voreiner wirklichen
oder nurbeabsichtigtenBewerbung',
gemass der Genauigkeit der rOini-
schen Gesetzessprache, welche hier
auch die Absicht beriihrt, obwohl
nur die wirkliche Bewerbung in
Betracht kommen konnte; petierit
vertritt den conj. fut. exacti. Da-
gegen steht in Vat. 37 quo quis
petat petiturusve sit das praes. conj.
zum Ersatz des fut. primum. |
134 satis mirari und mirari satis non
queo wirdgesagt; non gwcobraucht
Cic. in dieser Person stets, dagegen
nur nequeunt; in anderen Per-
sonen wechselt er. j facit . . et facit
is, wie Weidner vermuthet, ist der
regelmassige Ausdruck. | elabi iu-
cunditate, den Richtern gleichsam-
wider ihren Willen durch seine
personliche Liebenswurdigkeit (6)
entschlupfen ; emitti gratia, von den
durch seinen Einfluss gewonnenen
und bestochenen Richtern freige-
lassen werden. | famili am — pulcher-
Koch a. Eberhard, Ckero» Kede fttr
rimus. Ironische Antwort auf die
vorhergehendeFrage: 'vielleicht hat
er eine vorziigliche (nobilis) Gladia-
torenbande und kann nun in Er-
wartung des zu erntenden Beifalls
seinen Ehrgeiz nicht massi^en.'
Jeder Zwischensatz zwischen jener
Frage und dieser Antwort wurde
den ZuBammenhang zerstOren. Die
Interpolation stammt aus Z. 10. 11. |
pulcher., zu 163 E. | si . . tamen,
wenn er auch . . . | beneficio h8hnisch,
s. p. 69, 21. 22. | cuvi vero, ftlr die
Sittlichkeit der Richter sehr be-
zeichnend.\Samnite8, die sichdurch
ihre Bewaffhung, provocatores , die
sich durch ihre Geschicklichkeit aus-
zeichneten. |
dicet, was er bisher geheim ge 135
halten hat, um damit zu uber-
raschen: natiirlich Spott des Cice-
ro. | unum glad. Unter den Gla-
diatoren des Vatinius war auch
einer, der sich einigermaBsen sehen
lassen konnte, Leo mit Namen,
die andern konnten nur fur bestia-
rii (Sklaven, die mit wilden Thieren
kiimpften) gelten. j totam aedilita-
tetn, alle fur seine gehoffte Aedili-
P. Sestius. 6
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82
M. TULLII CICERONIS
•
transtulisse. praeclara aedilitas! unus leo, ducenti bestiarii.
verum utatur hac defensione: cupio eum suae causae confidere;
solet enim tribunos plebis appellare et vi iudicium disturbare,
cum diffidit. quem non tam admiror, quod meam legem con-
temnit, hominis inimici, quam quod sic statuit, omnino con- 5
sularem legem nullam putare. Caeciliam Didiam, Liciniam
Iuniam contempsit. etiamne eius, quem sua lege et suo bene-
ficio ornatum, munitum, armatum solet gloriari, C. Caesaris
legem de pecuniis repetundis non putat esse legem? et aiunt
alios esse, qui acta Caesaris rescindant, cum haec optima lex te
65 et ab illo socero eius et ab hoc assecula neglegatur? et cohor-
tari ausus est accusator in hac causa vos, iudices, ut aliquando
essetis- severi, aliquando medicinam adhiberetis rei publicae.
non ea est medicina, cum sanae parti corporis scalpellum ad-
hibetur atque integrae; carnificina est ista et crudelitas: ei u
medentur rei publicae, qui exsecant pestem aliquam tamquam
strumam civitatis.
136 Sed ut extremum habeat aliquid oratio mea, et ut ego
ante dicendi finem faciam quam vos me tam attente audiendi,
concludam illud de optimatibus eorumque principibus ac rei 20
publicae defensoribus, vosque, adulescentes, et qui nobiles estis,
ad maiorum vestrorum imitationem excitabo, et qui ingenio ac
tat vergeblich gemachten Vorbe-
reitungen. | praeclara, ironisch, in
Pie. 17; pro Mur. 22; Cat. I 26.
58 ; Lael. 47. | solet — diffidit, was
geschehen war, als er 58 nach der
lex Licinia Iunia belangt wurde. |
consularem legem, im Gegensatz zu
tribunicischen Gesetzen. | nullam
jputare, fiir keines zu halten, 92
iudicia . . . nulla sunt. | 6 Die lex
Caecilia Didia vom J. 98 echarfte
die Beobachtung des Trinundinum
bei der Promulgation von Gesetzen
ein; das von den Consuln Licinius
Murena und Iunius Silanus 62 ge-
gebene Gesetz verbot ein Gesetz
ohne Zeugen im Staatsarchiv nie-
derzulegen. | sua, wodurch Caesar
Gallien auf 5 Jahre erhielt. | Cae-
saris l. de repetundis, die beriihmte
lex Iulia, wodurch die Verhaltnisse
der Provinzen auf lange Zeit ge-
regelt wurden, Z 10 optima, in
Vat. 29 acerrima, in Pis. 37 iuatis-
sima atque optima genannt. | et
aiunt, wie et quisquam dubitabit?
s. 80 A. j db illo socero eius, von
L. Piso als Proconsul in Mace-
donien, dessen Tochter Calpurnia
Caesar 59 geheirathet hatte. | et ab
hoc assecula, von Vatinius wahrend
seinea Tribunata. | medicinam, 51
horumque pericnlorum est in re-
publica retmenda medicina. | ista,
namlich cum sanae parti corporis
acalpellum adhibetur. Die Zusam-
menstellung est ista hat Cic. auch
sonst nicht gescheut. | qui exsecant,
nach dem Grundsatz quod medi-
camenta non sanant, ferrum sanat. |
pestem wegen tamquam strumam
nicht bildlich — etwa Krebsscha-
den — , sondern eigentlich: Scha-
den=Verderber (z. B. 146 m.)\stru-
mam: auf den Kropf des Vatinius
spielt Cicero ofter an, auch wenn
er ihn 134 den schonsten Gladiator
(Klopffechter) nennt. |
extremum aliquid, Cato 5 sedl3f>
tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid
extremum, 69 sed mihi ne diuturum
quidem quicquam videtur, in quo
est aliquid extremum; Lael. 14
cuiu8 disputationis fuit extremum
fere de immortalitate animorum. |
illud, zu oratio 14. | principibus,
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 135-138.
83
virtute nobilitatem potestis consequi, ad eam rationem, in qua
multi homines novi et honore et gloria floruerunt, cohortabor.
haec est una via, mihi credite, et laudis et dignitatis etl37
honoris: a bonis viris sapientibus et bene natura constitutis
5 laudari et diligi, nosse discriptionem civitatis a maioribus nostris
sapientissime constitutam, qui cum regum potestatem non
tulissent, ita magistratus annuos creaverunt, ut consilium se-
natus rei publicae praeponerent sempiternum, deligerentur autem
in id consilium ab universo populo aditusque in illum summum
io ordinem omnium civium industriae ac virtuti pateret; senatum
rei publicae custodem, praesidem, propugnatorem conlocaverunt:
huius ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi ministros
gravissimi consilii esse [voluerunt], senatum autem ipsum
proximorum ordinum splendorem confirmare, plebis libertatem
15 et commoda tueri atque augere voluerunt. haec qui pro virili 6G
parte defendunt, optimates sunt, cuiuscumque sunt ordinis;i38
qui autem praecipue suis cervicibus tanta munia atque rem
publicam sustinent, hi semper habiti sunt optimatium principes,
auctores et conservatores civitatis. huic hominum generi fateor,
20 ut ante dixi, multos adversarios, inimicos, invidos esse, multa
proponi pericula, multas inferri iniurias, magnos esse ex-
periundos et subeundos labores: sed ,mihi omnis oratio est
cum virtute, non cum desidia, cum dignitate, non cum voluptate,
cum eis "qui se patriae, qui suis civibus, qui laudi, qui gloriae,
25 non, qui somno et conviviis et delectationi natos arbitrantur.
nam si qui voluptatibus ducuntur et se vitiorum inlecebris et
cupiditatium lenociniis dediderunt, missos faciant honores, ne
s. p. 83, 18. | rationem in qua . . . flo-
ruerunt, 101 florentem hominem in
populari ratione. 33. 37. 105. 131. |
137 mihi credite anch im plnr. die
gewOhnliche Stellung; zu Verr. 4
§ 28. | bene natura constitutis auf
geietige Begabung zu beziehen, an-
ders als 97 bene de rebus dome-
sticis conatituti. sapientes von sitt-
licher Reife. | consilium senatus als
consilium publicum, wie der Senat
oft genannt wird; genetivus ex-
plicativus. ! ab univ. populo, durch
die Magistratswahlen. Wie hier
das active Wahlreclit fflr den Se-
nat bezeichnet wird, so im folgen-
den Satze das passive; beides fallt
zusammen, da universus populus
und omnes cives sich decken. | mi-
nistros, so dass also selbet die
Consuln eigenthch nur als Bevoll-
machtigte des Senats erscheinen.
Kraft dieser hohen Stellung ist es
der Senat, von dessen Ansehen das
der anderen Stande gleichsam den
Schein entlehnt, der als der natur-
liche Vertreter der Freiheiten des
Volkes erecheint. uti: niti Halni,
c. 27 E. | \voluerunf] aus Z. 15
wiederholt; iusserunt Hirschfelder. |
confirmare: Pomp. 17 wird derRit-
terstand firmamentum ceterorum
ordinum genannt. |
munia, feierliches Wort. | fateor,l3%
102. | patriae, de fin. 2, 45 ut ad
Archytam scripsit Plato, non sibi
se soli natum meminerit, sed pa-
triae, sed suis. Isomno et conv. et
deh zu einer Einheit verbunden
(genussBUchtiger Egoismus), wie
echon die verschiedene Satzform
zeigt, stehen den zwei Paaren qui —
gloriae gegentiber. | cupiditatium.
Ell.-Seyffert §. 50 f. a. E. |
6*
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84
M. TULLII CICERONIS
attingant rem publicam, patiantur virorum fortium labore se
l39otio suo perfrui; qui autem bonam famam bonorum, quae sola
vere gloria nominari potest, expetunt, aliis otium quaerere de-
bent et voluptates, non sibi. sudandum est eis pro communi-
bus commodis, adeundae inimicitiae, subeundae saepe pro re 5
publica tempestates, cum multis audacibus, improbis, nonnum-
quam etiam potentibus dimicandum. haec audivimus de cla-
rissimorum virorum consiliis et factis, haec accepimus, haec
legimus; neque eos in laude positos videmus, qui incitarunt
aliquando populi animos ad seditionem, aut qui largitione 10
caecarunt mentis imperitorum, aut qui fortis et claros viros et
bene de re publica meritos in invidiam aliquam vocaverunt.
levis hos semper nostri homines et audacis et malos et per-
niciosos civis putaverunt: at vero qui horum impetus et cona-
tus represserunt, qui auctoritate, qui fide, qui constantia, qui u
magnitudine animi consiliis audacium restiterunt, hi graves, hi
principes, hi duces, hi auctores huius dignitatis atque imperii
67 semper habiti sunt. ac ne quis ex nostro aut aliquorum
uopraeterea casu hanc vitae viam pertimescat, unus in hac civitate,
quem quidem ego possum dicere, praeclare vir de re publica
meritus, L. Opimius, indignissime concidit; cuius monumentum
celeberrimum in foro, sepulcrum desertissimum in litore Dyr-
rachino relictum est: atque hunc tamen flagrantem invidia
propter interitum C. Gracchi [semper] ipse populus Romanus
periculo liberavit; alia quaedam civem egregium iniqui iudicii 25
procella pervertit. ceteri vero aut repentina vi perculsi ac
tempestate populari, per populum tamen ipsum recreati sunt
atque revocati, aut omnino involnerati inviolatique vixerunt. at
vero ei, qui senatus consilium, qui auctoritatem bonorum, qui
instituta maiorum neglexerunt et imperitae aut concitatae mul- 30
139 fam. bon., apud bonoa; ad Att. VI,
6, 6. 9. | haec audivimus — legimus,
47 nihil audiveram? nihil videram?
nihii ipae legendo quaerendoque
cognoveram? | nostri homines, wie
141; ebenso hominea Graecos 141.
142, zur Bezeichnung der Eigen-
art und des Charakters. | impetus
et conatus: p. Sulla 76. | at vero,
126. 140. | hi duces, hi auctores, 61. j
huius dignitatis atque imperii, f die-
8es unaeres Ansehen9 und dieser
unserer Her^8chaft , ; p. Sulla 86 di
patiii ac penates, qui h oc imperium,
qui hanc libertatem servastis. |
140 aliquorum praeterea aliorum
aliquorum. | vitae viam , 47 vitae
cnrsum, was htlufiger ist. | tamen
durch das Part. genauer bestimmt,
wie im Griech. outog (ncctnBo) sv
nda%(ov. | monum. celeb. die basi-
Uca Opimia bei der Graecostasia
am Forum. | [semper]: nur von
einem Prozeaae i8t die Rede, ala
Opimiua vom Volkatribunen Q. De-
cius im Jahr 120 augeklagt wurde,
quod indemnatos civea in carcerem
coniecisaet. setnper ist vielleicht aua
zugeaetztem Sempronii entatanden. {
iniqui iud.: er hatte sich a. 112
als legatus inNumidien von Jugur-
tha bestechen laasen, wurde de8-
halb a. 110 nach der lex Manilia
verurtheilt und gieng in die Ver-
bannung. | perculsi , 'gestiirzt', de (
or. 1, 40 C. ipsum Carbonem, quem
aduleacentulus perculieti. I 26 ac er-
klilrend. \imperitae uniiberlegt, hau-
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I
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 138-143. 85
titudini iucundi esse voluerunt, omnes fere rei publicae poenas
aut praesenti morte aut turpi exsilio dependerunt. quodsi apudHl
Atheniensis, homines Graecos, longe a nostrorum hpminum
gravitate diiunctos, non deerant qui rem publicam contra po-
5 puli temeritatem defenderent, cum omnes, qui ita fecerant, e
civitate eicerentur, si Themistoclem illum, conservatorem patriae,
non deterruit a re publica defendenda nec Miltiadi calamitas,
qui illam civitatem paulo ante servarat, neque Aristidi fuga,
qui unus omnium iustissimus fuisse traditur, si postea summi
io eiusdem civitatis viri, quos nominatim appellari non est necesse,
propositis tot exemplis iracundiae levitatisque popularis tamen
suam rem publicam illam defenderunt, quid nos tandem facere
debemus, primum in ea civitate nati, unde orta mihi gravitas
et magnitudo animi videtur, tum in tanta gloria insistentes,
i5 ut omnia humana leviora videri debeant, deinde ad eam rem
publicam tuendam adgressi, quae tanta dignitate est, ut eam
defendentem occidere optabilius sit quam oppugnantem rerum
potiri? homines Graeci, quos antea nominavi, inique a suis 68
civibus damnati atque expulsi, tamen, quia bene sunt de suisl42
20 civitatibus meriti, tanta hodie gloria sunt non in Graecia solum,
sed etiam apud nos atque in ceteris terris, ut eos, a quibus
illi oppressi sunt, nemo nominet, horum calamitatem domina-
tioni illorum omnes anteponant. quis Karthaginiensium pluris
fuit Annibale consilio, virtute, rebus gestis, qui unus cum tot
25 imperatoribus nostris per tot annos de imperio et de gloria
decertavit? hunc sui cives e civitate eiecerunt; nos etiam hostem
litteris nostris et memoria videmus esse celebratum. quarei43
imitemur nostros Brutos, Camillos, Ahalas, Decios, Curios,
Fabricios, Maximos, Scipiones, Lentulos, Aemilios, innumerabilis
30 alios, qui hanc rem publicam stabiliverunt; quos equidem in
deorum immortalium coetu ac numero repono; amemus pa-
triam, pareamus senatui, consulamus bonis: praesentis fructus
neglegamus, posteritatis gloriae serviamus; id esse optimum pute-
mus, quod erit rectissimum; speremus quae volumus, sed quod
figes Beiwort der Menge. | rei p. ponant, wie im Griechischen oft der
gehOrt zu dependerunt. | Satz mit uiv unter den mit de,
141 fuga = exsilium. | 12 rem p. illam untergeordnet (wahrend . . niemand
= talem, hat 6einen Gegensatz Z. mehr nennt): zu 115 dicuntur. |
13 f. | primum — tum — deinde: die sui cives, EU.-Seytfert § 313 A. 2. |
regelm&ssige Reihenfolge ist dein- Lentuli und Aemilii werden auch
de — tum. | optabilius unsichere Ver- aus praktischem Grunde genannt:
muthung fur hsr. non aliud, die sich s. Einl. Z. 10 u. p. 86, 18. |
vor den vielen anderen dadurch stabiliverunt, 123. \pareamus sena-l&i
empnehlt, dass sie auch zu oppugn. tui, 145 cum parui vobis. | spere-
rerumpotiri paest; 8. 98; deoff. 2, 5; mus — feramus, Phil. 13, 15 spera-
in Pis. 33; in Vat. 8; de or. 1, 221. mus optima, pati vel difficillima
Hirschfelder praestabilius , 23 m. j malumus quam servire. | posteri-
142 eos—nominet unter torum—ante- tatis gloriae, dem Ruhm bei der
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86
M. TULLII CICERONIS
acciderit feramus; cogitenius denique corpus virorum fortium
magnorumque hominum esse mortale, animi vero motus et
virtutis gloriam sempiternam; neque, hanc opinionem si in illo
sanctissimo Hercule consecratam videmus, cuius corpore ambusto
vitam eius et virtutem immortalitas excepisse dicatur , minus *
existimemus eos, qui hanc tantam rem publicam suis consiliis
aut laboribus aut auxerint aut defenderint aut servarint, esse
immortalem gloriam consecutos.
69 Sed me repente, iudices, de fortissimorum et clarissimorum
I44civium dignitate et gloria dicentem et plura etiam dicere paran- 10
tem horum aspectus in ipso cursu orationis repressit: video
P. Sestium, meae salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae
defensorem, propugnatorem, actorem reum; video hunc prae-
textatum eius filium oculis lacrimantibus me intuentem; video
T. Milonem, vindicem vestrae libertatis, custodem salutis meae, is
subsidium adflictae rei publicae, exstinctorem domestici latrocinii,
repressorem caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque
tectorum, praesidium curiae sordidatum et reum ; video P. Len-
tulum, cuius ego patrem deum ac parentem statuo fortunae ac
nominis mei et fratris liberorumque nostrorum, in hoc misero 20
squalore et sordibus; cui superior annus idem et virilem patris
et praetextam populi iudicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in
hac toga rogationis iniustissimae subitam acerbitatem pro patre
Nachwelt. 1 volumus wflnschen. In
der ganzen Stelle ist die Verbindang
von anaphorischer und chiastischer
Stellung zu beachten. | animi motus,
p. Arch. 17 animorum incredibiles
motus celeritatemque ingeniorum;
de or. 1, 113 animi atque ingenii
celeres quidam motus. Der plur.
ersetzt das Abstractum Beweg-
lichkeit, Th&tigkeit. | neque: et ge-
httrt zum ganzen Satz, non zu mi-
nus. | in im Fall des H., bei. |
ambusto, wahrend der Leib noch
in der Glut des Scheiterhaufens
lag. | eius: kommen auch einzelne
solche Beispiele eines zugeeetzten
Demonstr. in gleichem Casus nach
einem Relat. vor, so ist dies doch
bei einem so kurzen Satz sehr auf-
fallig. eius (ef) wird als aua et
entstanden zu tilgen sein. |
144 sed me repente — repressit, die-
selbe scheinbare Ruhrung als Motiv
dee Schlusses benutzt p. Sulla 92. |
praetextatum, noch in der Knaben-
praetexta, wahrend der junge P.
Lentulus mit der Toga virihs zu-
gleich die Praetexta der Augurn
angezogen hatte. Der Aufzuneh-
mende wurde von 2 Augurn vor-
geschlagen (nominare), dann im
Collegium cooptirt, darauf vom
Volk in Comitien gewahlt (seit 104);
sodann fand die Weihe, inaugnra-
tio, statt. | vindicem vestrae libert. =
qui vos in libertatem vindicavit. i
dom. latroc, 1 m. 1 praesidium cu-
riae, Hor. c. II, 1, 14 maestis prae-
sidium reis et consulenti, rolio,
curiae. | 18 sordid. et reum nach
reum Z. 13 nicht auff&lliger als p.
49, 2. 5. | deum ac parentem, p.
Planc. 29 cum parente . . . quem
vereturut deum, neque enim multo
secus est parens liberis; Cato 5
naturam optumam ducem tamqnam
deum sequimur . | hunc hoc anno in
hac, mit absichtlichem Gleichklang.|
rogationis, des Tribunen C. Cato,
welcher beantragt hatte, dass dem
P. Lentulus (70. 72 u. o\) die Ver-
waltung von Cilicien genommen
wiirde, damit ihm nicht die vom
Senat dem Inhaber dieser Provinz
Digitized by Google
PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 143-146.
87
fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem. atque hic tot etl45
talium civium squalor, hic luctus, hae sordes susceptae sunt
propter unum me, quia me defenderunt, quia meum casum
luctumque doluerunt, quia me lugenti patriae, flagitamti senatui,
5 poscenti Italiae, vobis ommbus orantibus reddiderunt. quod
tantum est in me scelus? quid tanto opere deliqui illo die, cum
ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones communis exitii detuli,
cum parui vobis? ac si scelestum est amare patriam, pertuli
poenarum satis: eversa domus est, fortunae vexatae, dissipati
10 liberi, raptata coniunx, frater optimus incredibili pietate, amore
inaudito, maximo in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimi-
cissimorum; ego pulsus aris, focis, dis penatibus, distractus a
meis, carui patria, quam, ut levissime dicam, corpore texeram;
pertuli crudelitatem inimicorum, scelus infidelium, fraudem in-
15 vidorum. si hoc non est satis, quod haec omnia deleta videnturi46
reditu meo, multo mihi, multo, inquam, iudices, praestat in
eandem illam recidere fortunam, quam tantam importare meis
defensoribus et conservatoribus calamitatem. an ego in hac
urbe esse possim his pulsis, qui me huius urbis compotem
20 fecerunt? non ero, non potero esse, iudices; neque hic umquam
puer, qui his lacrimis qua sit pietate declarat, amisso patre
suo propter me, me ipsum incolumem videbit, nec quotienscumque
me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem suam ac patris sui se dicet
videre: ego vero hos in omni fortuna, quaecumque erit oblata,
25 complectar; nec me ab eis, quos meo nomine sordidatos videtis,
umquam ulla fortuna divellet; neque eae nationes, quibus me
senatus commendavit, quibus de me gratias' egit, hunc exsulem
propter me sine me videbuni
zugesicherte Zuruckfuhrung des Pto-
lemaeus Auletes, KOnigs von Aegyp-
ten, in eein Reich zufalle. Der
Antrag kam nicht zur Verhand-
lung; den Ptolemaeus fuhrte im fol-
genden Jahre (55) Gabinius zurfick. j
145 scelus: p. Mil. 103 quodnam ego
concepi tantum scelus aut quod m
me tantum facinus admisi, cum illa
indicia communis exitii indagavi,
patefeci, protuli, exstinxi? | dissi-
pati, d. h. fflr kurze Zeit getrennt. |
raptata coniux, 54 vexabatur uxor;
de domo 59. | levissime dicam, na-
ttirlich rhetorische Hyperbel, eben-
80 pro Mur. 87; in Cat. 3, 17. cor-
pore Uxeram unsichere Vermuthung
fiir aas hsr. certa deietexeram,
vgl. die Nachahmung de domo 63
hanc ego vim . . . meo corpore op-
posito ab omnium bonorum cer-
vicibus depuli omnemque impetum
discordiaruni . . . excepi meo cor-
pore; 76 cum tuum multorumque
praeter te inflammatum in bonos
omnes impetum meo corpore excepi ;
oben 76; p. Mil. 100; p. Deiot. 14; x
p. Balbo 39. Ah Steigerung miisste
zu levissime gedacht werden: aus
dem Verderben selbst herausge-
rissen. (11 i. A.)
an . .posmn, nicht possum, == solltel46
ich sein kOnnen? | am. patre suo
propter me (Z. 28. 3.) ; f da ich die Ver-
anlassung bin, dass er seinen Vater
verloren hat' ; so propter aliquem
vivere jemandem das Leben ver-
danken, u. a.. | 22 nec ist dem neque
Z. 20 nicht untergeordnet, sondern
parallel. | ego vero, 'nein, ich'; 40
m. | meo nomine, 31 g. E. 63 m. j
umq. vor ulla ist stark betont. |
Digitized by
88
M. TULLII CICERONIS PRO P. SESTIO ORATIO 147.
147 Sed haec di immortales, qui me suis templis advenientem
receperunt stipatum ab his viris et P. Lentulo consule, atque
ipsa res publica, qua nihil est sanctius, vestrae potestati, iudices,
commiserutft vos hoc iudicio omnium bonorum mentis con-
firmare, improborum reprimere potestis; vos his civibus uti 5
optimis, vos me reficere et renovare rem publicam: quare vos
obtestor atque obsecro, ut, si me salvum esse voluistis, eos
conservetis, per quos me recuperavistis.
147 sed haec — commiserunt, p. Mur.
83 quamquam huiusce rei potestas
omnis in vobis sita est, iudices;
das. 2 cum omnis deorum immor-
talium potestas aut translata sit
ad vos aut certe communioata vobis-
cum. | his viris, nicht allen den 119
m. genannten Anwesenden, sondern
Sestius und Milo (144), wie Z. 5
zeigt. | his civibus uti optimis, Cat.
II, 18 quod si maturius facere
voluissent, et locupletioribus his et
melioribus civibus uteremur; Verr.
2 § 6: multo locupletioribus civi-
bus utimur, quod habent propin-
quam fidelem fructuosamque pro-
vinciam, quo facile excurrant. j reno-
vare, s. p. 59, 13 f. j
Digitized by Google
Kritischer Anhang.
(P = cod. Paris. 7794.)
1 libertate is Bake: libertates | 2 [eis — serviat] Bake | 4 laudanda
est quam mea inflammata Halm: laudandans quam ea inflammat | 6 gravia-
simis antiquae severitatis Weidner: grauissumis antiquitatis | 6 p. 7, 3 ut
von P 2 zugesetzt \ 7 alteram uxorem Schutz: uxorem | praeterea assiduisque
Mommsen: praeteritas esse sed iis et | 8 p. 8, 7 in illoBaiter: illo | in quo
[conlega] Eberhard | et omnibus KoecMy: et nobis omnibus (et bonis
. omnibus Fr. Michter; mir scheint nobis Dittographie zu oibus) | 9 [P. Sestio]
Manuzio | 10 L. Sesti Eotoman: P. Sesti | (p. 9, 9 nostris: vestris P?
Halms Ausgabe von 1873) | vocem ein Freund von Lambin: vicem |
12 M. Catone Orelli: Catone 1 maiestate sua Weidner: maiestatem suam |
C. Antonium consecutus est Halm: e* (aus .c.) antonium consecutus | con-
sulem quaestor Weidner: consulemq. | et amor rei p. Gulielmius: et amore
rei p. (ex Halm, der die Worte streichen mbchte) | stabula praeoccupare
H. A. Koch, C. F. W. Muller: stabulae preclare | silvestres calles
Eberhard: italiae calles | 14 iuventuti Madvig: iuti | se otferunt [insec-
tantur] G. Wichert, Weidner \ 15 sup. anni rei p. naufragium] vgl. die
Anmerkung zu Cic. Brutus 163. | p. 12, 1: ich mochte lesen ruebat ille
annus iam in rem publicam j funestus Bryander, E. F. Eberhard: fuerat |
iam Madvig: tam | impendebat rei p. Eberhard: in re p. | intentus est
Madvig: intentus (int. erat H. A. Koch) \ arbitratus est Pantagato: arbi-
tratus | 16 lege curiata Turnebe: legum curiata | exsanguis H. A. Koch:
in9ane | 18 [in] fretu M. Seyffert | 19 [ut-videretur] Eberhard, [tantum-
vid.] Bake j annus Lambin: antuus (anni totius moles niti [tamquam] vid.
H. A. Koch) | 21 opinioni P 2: opinione | plaudebant A. H. Kocli: gaude- *
bant | 22 [falsa opinione] Pluygers \ sermo hominis Jeep: sermonis j
23 corporis partibue Orelli: corporis | (devorarat Hirschfeldcr nach der
Juntina) | 24 nidoris Eberhard: sennonis | (redoleret Manuzio, Lambin) \
esse exBpectandum: exspectandum P | (p. 17, 2 aut: ac Lambin) | vul-
nerare (Lambin) y sic Halm: vulnerari | nudatam M. Haupt: tam | clam
Eberhard: ictum | 25 (p. 18, 7 denique: de me E. F. Eberhard) | 26 [et]
iam (Madvig) [omni rationej Eberhard j totum quamvis (corpore) quaestum
Halm: tum quaquaestum j venistis Halm: venisset | vos, vos H. A. Koch:
vos j tum, vestris Halm: cum vestris j 27 [hac mutatione vestis facta]
Eberhard \ 28 p. 20, 4 sui Halm: Rasur von 3 Buchstaben \ 29 cum
patre Ascensius: cum fratre; cum patre | [relegarit] du Bieu \ 80 atqui
Fleckeisen: atque | 82 audebae cod. Francian. und Lambin: audeas [
83 mutabit Lallemand: mutauit | [legatos] J. Fr. Gronov | quin non
Garatoni: qui non | parabantur von H. A. Koch zugesetzt. (fiebant aus
der Hsr. des Steptuxnus Hirschfelder) \ (p. 23, 12 die erste Ausgabe isdem
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90
KRITISCHER ANHANG.
nach OrelU uwl Kayser) | 34 (p. 23, 17 die erste Auflage habebantur) |
(p. 24, 2 consulibus coniventibus Pluygers) \ p. 24, 9 minabatur aliis
ergdnzt von TiUler | 35 p. 24, 17 verbessere exscissam: excisam | 36 p. 24, 26
ordine equestri Zusatz von Fr. Eichter und Kayser | 87 spectarat alte
Ausgaben: sumpserat | exercitu [C. Marii] Eberhard \ vigilanti derselbe:
vigilante | 38 (p. 25, 23 ea: et ea Kayser) \ 39 (p. 26, 15 mortem: caedem
cod. Stephani, cladem Kbchly) \ 40 [et praeesse et] Ernesti J 41 [domi
meae] Ernesti \ 42 dissupatam Orelli, Dobree: superatam | 48 p. 29, 1
me Fleckeisen: meum | praestaret? cui Gulielmius: irae staret quod (aus
quoi) | -p. 29, 9 si ergdnzt von Wesenberg \ 44 vel si Madvig: veni |
p. 29, 12 qui Halm: que | [vocassent] Weidner | p. 29, 18 vocassent
Ernesti: vocarent | p. 29, 19 meum Zusatz von Ascensius \ 45 enim fehlt
in geringeren Hsr. ; nim auf Easur P 2 | 46 p. 30, 10 insectarentur, alii
invidere Probst. \ unum undique Eberhard: unum (omnes me unum
H. A. Koch) | quam id J. M. Gesner: quam non id [ 47 p. 30, 18 at armis
von Heraeus erganzt | antea ego H. A. Koch: aut ego | exitium Hotoman:
eiilium | tam eram P 2: tamen eram | p, 31, 13 ex Klotz, e P 2: eo |
50 p. 32, 25 vi Halm: vim (vim . . . fugisset U. KeiV) \ Minturnvnsium Lambin :
Minturnis | p. 33, 3 atqui Fleckeisen: atque | fatum Pantagato: ratum |. *
in qua Ernesti: in quo | 51 p. 33, 16 horumque Eberhard: eorumque |
p. 34, 1 8uum terrorem] vgl. Verr. III, 68 g. E. formidinem illam suam;
Wichert Ueber den Gebrauch des adj. Attributs, 1875, p. 32. | denique
Garatoni: enim (etiam Manuzio) | p. 84, 6 brevi: brevita P, brevi tantum
Halm | 58 [qui — luctuosus]? vgl. 27 | p. 34, 11 e zugesetzt von Ascensius |
54 interitum Ergdnzung von L. v. Jan und M. Seyffert \ 55 p. 36, 1 ab
scheint in P zu fehlen; alte Ausgaben bieten es \ rpgata lege potestas
(Halm) per novam legem O, Heine | 56 p. 36, 14 eam Lambin: ea
57 societatis — consecutus von Vahlen aus dem Scholiasten und P 2 er-
gdnzt | 58 p. 37, 19 nuper Halm: aut per | [hic-mansit] Eberhard J
p. 37, 20 hostis Zusatz von Fr. Eichter. (adversarius ?) | p. 38, 2 ab Halm,
a P 2: ad | L. Lucullo Madvig: Lucuilo | 59 ia — lacessivit H. A. Koch:
Lticke von 15 Buchstaben, dann tuli gessit | 60 (quae et in tempestate
Halms 4. Ausgabe) \ exsul haeret Dobree: haeret | 62 ipse eius Eberhard:
ipsius | talis viri Halm: . . us viri mit Easur von 2 Buchstaben vor us |
rei publicae Orelli: R. P. | improborum, was die Hsr. nach impetum haben,
von H. A. Koch hinter hominum gestellt \ 63 p. 40, 14 posset Ernesti:
possit | disaipari ergdnzt von C. G. Zumpt \ 64#. 41, 9 cuins Pluygers: eius |
audiretJfanu^to: auderet | defenderant . .protexerant Ernesti: defenderunt. .
protexerunt | Komma nach statt vor magistratuum K. F. Hermann \
65 p. 41, 20 ne quoi Mommsen: neque | 66 p. 42, 6 fuerint 0. M. Muller,
Madvig: fuerant | 69 [et-flagitabant] Eberhard \ non mihi Manuzio: nona
mihi | ante habueram Ernesti: tunc habueram | quo magis — vid.] vgl. p.
Cluentio 72 r quid tu' inquit Taete ?' — hoc enim sibi Staienus cognomen
ex imaginibus Aeliorum delegerat, ne, si se Ligurem fecisset, nationis
magis quam generie uti cognomine videretur — usw. \ 71 designatua
tribunus Eberhard } trib. des. C. Stephanus: deBignatus | [ingredior . .
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KRITISCHER ANHANG.
91
suacepit] Schutz \p. 46, 2 die Interpunction geandert | 72 p. 46, 4 qui:
quod P. promulgant, quod Mommsen. Aber dann hdtte man promulgant
omnes, quod se de me promnlgaturos confirmarant erwartet | p. 46, 9
s. die Anm.; der Vorschlag ist von H. A. Koch | 73 p. 47, 12 iure iad.-
que sublatis zieht Halm zum folgenden \ permutatione, nicht perturbatione,
hat P | 75 in concilio Madvig (in comitio Lambin): concilio | 77 ex con-
citatione Orelli: ex concitatione j pertinacia uel Eberhard: pertinacia aut |
proposita Zusatz von Navagero \ nulla lata Halm: nulla | concitatam
Gruter: concitata | 78 p. 50, 12 [Fabricio] BaJce \ is Madvig: is praetor
(P. R.) | diceret Manuzio: dixerat | [rem p.] Wunder, Madvig \ 79 in
foro: in foro tuo P | et rem p. Bake: rem p. [ [ac] Garatont \ 80 totum
Eberhard: locum | [ut gl. imp. solet] E. F. Eberhard \ crimen? quid Bake,
Wesenberg: crimen, quod | reprehendis H. A. Koch: reprehenditis |
81 concultatam Guliehnius: occultatam | 83 [,causam] bene Eberhard \
84 (compellabat die erste Auflage) | 85 [anno superiore] H A. Koch,
E. F. Eberhard | 85 [divini] hominis Mommsen | 86 et quid Car. Stephanus:
ued quid | (p. 55, 5 si iudicia Lambin) \ 87 [tr. pl.] fehlt im cod. Voss. \
p. 55, 25 ac: et die erste Auflage mit einigen alten Ausgaben und Kayser j
89 id eum umquam Lambin: id eumquam | abiceret Buhnken, Mommsen:
adfligeret | et latere. perfecit ut Madvig: etiam eripere eicit ut | 90 [prae-
sidii comparati] Pluygers \ 91 p. 57, 13 discripto? | feritate: efferitate |
instituerunt zugesetzt von Madvig | 92 [ut — depelleret] Pluygers \ 93 [Gab.
etPis.] Pluygers \ paratissimis K. F. Hermann: pacatissimis | illa [villa]? [
94 illos sic Halm: hos sic | 95 [in tribunatu] Bake | exscidit Lambin:
excidit \ 97 p. 61, 1 maximornm] maxime eorum Weidner, E. F. Eberhard |
p. 61, 8 qui et Manuzio: et qui ([et] Madvig) \ opibus H A. Koch:
opinis | 98 derigere] dirigere wiirde bezeichnen 'nach verschiedenen Seiten
hin\ Brambach Hiilfsb. f. lat. Beclitschr, p. 33; vjl. Lachm. Lucr. p. 247.
Bibbeck proleg. Verg. p. 401; Mommsen Vorrede zum Veronenser Livius |
99 auctores Orelli: tutores | 102 postulare, nisi und dixisset Wesenberg:
postularent siui und dixit; von demselben ruhrt die Interpunction vor
nollem (so P: friiher las man nullum) lier \ 103 ac ratio Orelli: hec ratio
(h in Basur) j ac populi Lambin: ad populi | p. 64, 16 et vor spoliari
K. F. Hermann: nach cum Z. 15 | yidebant Mommsen: videbatur |
104 sed otio Hirschfelder I amplexatur Madvig: malexatur | (dicant: dicunt
Halm) | 105 p. 65, 18 [sed] Ddring, et Hirschfelder \ 106 conductas
Lambin: conductorum | maxime populi Romani: maxime de P. R. P| non
posset Lambin: posset | p. 66, 6 erant erant P | 107 professus est Zusatz
von H. A. Koch \ ut pergravis Spengel: et pergrauis | contionibus omnibus
Eberhard: contionibus | numquam eum Eberhard: numquam | eloquentia
. neque Spengeh eloquentiam | maiore: maiore | ([huius or. — fuit] Madvig) !
109 E. una voce H. A. Koch: una | 110 petulanti] die Hsr. petulante |
deliciis Pantagato: diuitiis | perulam Scheibe, H. A. Koch: regulam
(reculam F. Latendorf, K. KeiT) \ [studio litt. se subito dedidit]? ]
satiabant H. A. Koch : saneate (sane ate) 1 111 ultus, cum illo ore Pantagato:
ullus cum illo re | elatus Orelli: latus | 112 cum est {Madvig) latum
Digitized by Google
92
KRITISCHER ANHANG.
Orelli: cum sit actuui | iustam ullam Halm: iustam ut illam [ 113 gratam
Manuzio, Lambin: gratum | 114 nihili putaret Hotoman: nihil putaret
(nihil curaret E. F. Eberhard) | rem p. Garatoni: populum .R. | ordiebantur
Eberhard: dicebantur | 115 coniectus Lambin: contectus | 116 Virtutis:
uirtu* s* honoris | 117 primum Halms 4u Ausgabe, P?: primo v. | consulto
rei ipsi Garatoni: cons. ore* ipsi | 118 Tite Halm: tite; s. die Anmerkung;
KocJi schrieb spdter huie licet tua exaequare postprincipia atque exitus
Vitiosae vitae <atque . .>; Fleckeisen <spectatores> hinc, Tite, Conicite
poatprincipia . . | ne illud Ascensius: et illud | 119 hoc in loco: hoc loco P \
120 in re p. Navagero: in. TR. PL. | egit ad P. R. Madvig: egita. P.RPj
enim vi Kdchhj: enim ] animo certo 0. Ribbeck: certo animo | haut
Madvig:* ut aus aut P | yitam Navagero: viam | 121 actoris Herwagens
Ausgabe: auctoris | putabat Ascensius: putarat | eversam, quae Bake:
eversamque | 122 sinitis Ascensius: sinite | 124 E. universi Schiitz: uni-
verso | 126 ille qui Madvig: illi (andere Hsr. ille) et. R. qui | 127 quan-
tum intersit Wesenberg: quantum | 128 ne qui Klotz: ne qnid | 160 cum
summa Manuzio: summa cum | senatus erganzt nach verschiedenen Ver-
suchen anderer von H* A. Koch; der Verfasser der Bede cum sen. gr.
egit 2h p. 841, 2 Tur. las dies Wort nicht. tum incredibili ergdnzte
Manuzio; die Worte trennte Wesenberg | reflexisset Herwagens Ausgabe:
refixisset | Numidici illius Manuzio: unum dicitius | conlacrimavit vir
J.ambin: conlacrimavitat (at durch Punkte getilgt) ut vir | 63^ 181 reditus-
que Gruter: reditus qui; vielleicht ist dahinter noch ein natalis zu er-
gdnzen j idem (aedis) Salutis J2. A. Koch nach Manuzio: idem ut scitis;
s. ad AU. IV, 1, 4 j tum vero Eberhard: cumque ([cumque] Madvig) \
M. Laenii Halm: Laenii | mitem hominem et ab omni vi abhorrentem
Halm: mitem horrentem P hominem et a caede ab setzt P 2 zu !
138 ficti Madvig^ de me ficti Manuzio: defecti | [quam adiuvabat]
Eberhard \ p. 80^ sese Halm: essese | vi exercituiViaya^ero: ut exercitu |
petierit aut wollte Madvig tilgen \ 184 et facit is Wekbier \ [iate — cupi-
ditate] Madvig \ quin eos OreUi: quin hos j ob eam Ascensius, P? ob j
peccaret Orelli, O. M. MiiUer: peccaret et J 185 scripta est Wesenberg:
scripta | contemnit Madvig: contempnet j sic statuit Madvig: si statuit |
137 a maioribu8: maioribus P | splendorem confirmare Bake: splendore con-
firmari | esse [voluerunt] Eberhard \ 140 [semper] K. F. Hermann \ 141 E.
optabiliua Schutz, JDobree: naliud mit kleiner Rasur vor h | 144 mei et
fratris cod. Salisb.: mei fratris | liberorumque Halm: eorumque (rerumque
nostrarum cod. SaJisb.) \ 145 corpore texeram fl. A. Koch: certo deie |
texeram, doch ie ist getilgt. certe dilexeram Madvig \ 146 p. 87j 24 hos
K. F. Hermann, E. F. Eberhard: uob | Vergl. auch die Anmerkungen
zu % 8 m. liL 12- 15. VL 19. 24. Sl. 22* 46 m. SO m. 54 m. 63L 59 E. •
63 A. u. E. 66. 68. 11 E. 15 E. 26 A. 18. 80. 96. 97. 100. 103. 105.
110. 116. 118. 123. 127. 128 (p. 77^ 14). 130. 134. 143 E.
by Google
Digitized by Google
|
<p>I have a specific piece of hardware which I'd like to disable and re-enable each time my Windows restarts. I created a batch script which is supposed to do that, along with running my program afterwards:</p>
<pre><code>cd %~dp0
devcon.exe disable "PCI\VEN_1002&DEV_687F"
timeout /t 3
devcon.exe enable "PCI\VEN_1002&DEV_687F"
runMyWindows.exe --totally-not-virus
</code></pre>
<p>I am not sure if <code>devcon.exe</code> is a proper application for this in the first place because I have no experience with writing Windows scripts at all.</p>
<p>However, I have noticed that those commands don't quite do the job because my <code>runMyWindows.exe</code> program doesn't work as it should until I go to Windows Device Manager and manually disable and re-enable this device.</p>
<p>I have only 1 user on this machine which is in "Administrator" group and I am not running this script in any special way except double-clicking the <code>.bat</code> file, or in case of the restart, it is run from the startup folder (<code>C:\Users\oxxo\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</code>).</p>
<p>Is there a way to do this properly within my batch script which should be run automatically on Windows startup?</p> |
Events
March 8 – Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
Ottoman Turks invade Malta
Modern pencil becomes common in England
Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
Spanish found a colony in the Philippines
Births
February 15 – Galileo Galilei
April 23 – William Shakespeare
Deaths
March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) |
<p>the code is printing all the constructors. i read that constructors are not inherited when we derive a class from another class. then why creation of <code>c</code> is invoking constructors from <code>b</code> and <code>a</code> </p>
<pre><code>class A
{
public:
A() { cout << "A's constructor called" << endl; }
};
class B
{
public:
B() { cout << "B's constructor called" << endl; }
};
class C: public B, public A // Note the order
{
public:
C() { cout << "C's constructor called" << endl; }
};
int main()
{
C c;
return 0;
}
</code></pre> |
Belize national football team is the national football team of Belize.
Top scorers
References
Central American national football teams
Sport in Belize |
<p>I'm starting to learn more about using XSLT to parse XML - but even after researching other solutions, I"m still unable to correctly write a stylesheet that will break up a large XML file into smaller XML files based on nodes.</p>
<p>I've got a large XML file that has 1500 or so abstracts. The structure of that file looks like:</p>
<pre><code><rows>
<row>
<ID>P-1-28-08</ID>
<ABSNO>4286</ABSNO>
<title>..article title...</title>
<topic>..article topics..</topic>
<authors>..article authors..</authors>
<abstract>..article abstract..</abstract>
<keywords>..article keywords..</keywords>
</row>
<row>
<ID>P-1-28-09</ID>
<ABSNO>4461</ABSNO>
<title>..article title...</title>
<topic>..article topics..</topic>
<authors>..article authors..</authors>
<abstract>..article abstract..</abstract>
<keywords>..article keywords..</keywords>
</row>
<row>
<ID>P-1-28-10</ID>
<ABSNO>4056</ABSNO>
<<title>..article title...</title>
<topic>..article topics..</topic>
<authors>..article authors..</authors>
<abstract>..article abstract..</abstract>
<keywords>..article keywords..</keywords>
</row>
<rows>
</code></pre>
<p>The output I'm looking for is to have each <code><row></code> node be its own XML file with the <code><ABSNO></code> node as its filename.</p>
<p>Is this something that can be done by running the original XML file through a stylesheet? Anyone have time to help me see what that would look like?</p> |
Registration is a method of officially recording something. Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally.
A register was a large book. It was used like a diary to record business dealings or other events.
Reasons for registration
Births, deaths, and marriages are registered to prove the date the event happened. In the United Kingdom these records are kept by the local registrar, who is in charge of the Register office.
Motor vehicles are registered to prove who owns the vehicle and to identify them. Those that not registered cannot be driven on roads. Aircraft not registered cannot be flown. Proof that a vehicle is registered is the vehicle registration plate. Vehicles must also be registered before they can be insured in case of an accident or theft.
Books might be registered to show the date when copyright protection starts. Usually this is done by sending a copy of the book to a special national library.
People who stay in a hotel register their names and addresses when they arrive. The hotel can work out how much the people must pay for their stay. The local police may also keep a copy of these names to help fight crime.
Related pages
Registered nurse
Registered user
Voter registration
Documents
Law |
There are 3 arrondissements in the Hérault department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Hérault are:
History
Since its creation, the Hérault department has had few changes:
1790 : creation of the department with four districts: Montpellier, Béziers, Lodève and Saint-Pons; the capital was Montpellier.
1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Montpellier, Béziers, Lodève and Saint-Pons.
1926 : the arrondissements of Lodève and Saint-Pons were eliminated.
1942 : Lodève became again an arrondissement.
Related pages
Arrondissement of Béziers
Arrondissement of Lodève
Arrondissement of Montpellier
List of arrondissements of France
References
Herault |
Commerce is another word for trade or business, and can mean simply the buying and selling of goods and services. Some commerce involves high finance and big companies and organisations. Commercial real estate is a place for commerce, a place to do business. Interstate commerce is the movement of goods, money or transportation between two or more states. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
References |
<p>I'm using Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Management Studio Express. I have detached one of my databases (it was in my office server) and <code>.mdf</code> and <code>.ldf</code> files are saved to <code>MSSQL</code> folder (on my local server). While I was detaching the database it was saying that with my connections (hopefully the server) cannot detach the database. Then I selected the drop connections option in the detach mode. </p>
<p>Now when I try to attach the database it doesn't allow me to attach. When I click the add button doesn't give me the option to browse my folder. Below error message is showing. </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Failed to retrieve data for this request.(Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Sdk.Sfc)</p>
<p>Additional information:</p>
<p>An exception occurred while executing a Transact-SQL statement or batch.(Microsoft SQL server. connectionInfo). </p>
<p>The server principal "my username" is not able to access the database "model" under the current security context.(Microsoft SQL server, Error:916). </p>
</blockquote>
<p>What should I do? Please help me. </p> |
Mwasi Collective is an Afrofeminist group. It was started in France in 2014. Mwasi participates in protests and does activism among black women in France. Its political beliefs are Pan-Africanist, feminist, and anti-capitalist. Mwasi has members from the Caribbean, Africa, and Europe.
References
Feminism
Activism
Pan-Africanists |
The modern evolutionary synthesis is about evolution. It explained how the discoveries of Gregor Mendel fit with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Mendel found out how we inherit our genes.
Key biologists who contributed work to the synthesis included: Julian Huxley, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, G.G. Simpson, E.B. Ford, Bernhard Rensch and G. Ledyard Stebbins.
The theory
The modern synthesis brought Darwin's idea up to date. It bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists.
It states that:
Evolution can be explained by what we know about genetics, and what we see of animals and plants living in the wild.
The variety of genes (alleles) carried in natural populations is a key factor in evolution.
Natural selection is the main mechanism of change. Even a very slight advantage can be important, continued generation after generation. The struggle for existence of animals and plants in the wild causes natural selection. Only those who survive and reproduce pass their genes on to the next generation. We find the strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than even Darwin expected.
Evolution is gradual: natural selection occurs, and small genetic changes collect. Species only change little from one generation to the next. Big changes do occur, from time to time, but they are very rare. Genetic drift is usually less important than natural selection. It can be important in small populations.
In palaeontology, we try to understand the changes in fossils through time. We think the same factors which act today also acted in the past.
As circumstances change, the rate of evolution may get faster or slower, but the causes are the same.
The idea that new species occur after populations split has been much debated. Geographical isolation often leads to speciation. In plants, polyploidy must be included in any view of speciation.
"Evolution consists mainly of changes in the frequencies of alleles between one generation and another".
This shows how some biologists see the synthesis.
Almost all aspects of the synthesis have been challenged at times, with varying degrees of success. There is no doubt, however, that the synthesis was a great landmark in evolutionary biology. It cleared up many confusions, and was directly responsible for stimulating a great deal of research after WWII.
After the synthesis
Several discoveries in earth sciences and biology have arisen since the synthesis. Listed here are some of those topics which are relevant to the evolutionary synthesis, and which seem soundly based.
Understanding of Earth history
The Earth is the stage on which the evolutionary play is performed. Darwin studied evolution in the context of Charles Lyell's geology, but we now know more historical geology.
The age of the Earth has been revised upwards. It is now estimated at 4.56 billion years, about one-third of the age of the universe. The Phanerozoic only occupies the last 1/9 of this time.
Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift became accepted around 1960. The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates. These plates slowly move on the underlying asthenosphere. This discovery links phenomena such as volcanos, earthquakes, orogeny, and provides data for many paleogeographical questions. One major question is still unclear: when did plate tectonics begin?
Our understanding of the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere has progressed. The substitution of oxygen for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere occurred in the Proterozoic. It was probably caused by cyanobacteria, whose colonies fossilised as stromatolites. This Great Oxygenation Event led to the evolution of aerobic organisms. It led also to the first great ice ages.
Geologists have found and studied fossils of microbial life. These rocks have been dated as about 3.465 billion years ago. Walcott was the first geologist to identify pre-Cambrian fossil bacteria, from microscopic examination of thin rock slices. He also thought stromatolites were organic in origin. His ideas were not accepted at the time, but may now be appreciated as great discoveries.
Information about palaeoclimates is increasingly available, and being used in paleontology. One example: massive ice ages occurred in the Proterozoic, following the great reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere. These ice ages were immensely long, and led to a crash in microflora. See also Cryogenian period and Snowball Earth.
Catastrophism and mass extinctions. A partial reintegration of catastrophism has occurred, and the importance of mass extinctions in large-scale evolution is now apparent. Extinction events disturb relationships between many forms of life and may remove dominant forms and release a flow of adaptive radiation amongst groups that remain. Causes include meteorite strikes (K–T junction; End–Ordovician extinction events); flood basalt provinces (Deccan Traps at K/T junction; Siberian Traps at P–T junction); and other less dramatic processes.
Conclusion: Our present knowledge of earth history strongly suggests that large-scale geophysical events influenced macroevolution and megaevolution. These terms refer to evolution above the species level, including such events as mass extinction, adaptive radiation, and the major transitions in evolution.
Fossil discoveries
Starting in the late 20th century scientists made excavations in parts of the world which had scarcely been investigated before. Also, there is fresh appreciation of fossils discovered in the 19th century, but not appreciated at the time. Many outstanding discoveries have been made, and some of these have implications for evolutionary theory.
The discovery of the Jehol biota: dinobirds and early birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, N.E. China. This shows that birds did evolve from coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs.
Studies on stem tetrapods from the Upper Devonian.
The early stages of whale evolution.
The evolution of flatfish (pleuronectiformes), such as plaice, sole, turbot and halibut. Their young are perfectly symmetrical, but the head is remodelled during a metamorphosis. One eye moves to the other side, close to the other eye. Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole); all living and fossil flatfish to date show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side. Darwin predicted a gradual migration of the eye in evolution, mirroring the metamorphosis of the living forms. A recent examination of two fossil species from the Eocene shows "the assembly of the flatfish bodyplan occurred in a gradual, stepwise fashion". The intermediate stages were fully viable: these forms ranged over two geological stages, and are found in sites which also yield flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry. The evolution of flatfish falls squarely within the evolutionary synthesis.
Evo-devo
Important work on genetics has led to a new approach to animal development. The field is called evolutionary developmental biology, or evo-devo for short.
There is clear proof that much of development is closely controlled by special genetic systems involving hox genes. In his Nobel Prize lecture, E.B. Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".
In 2000, a special section of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) was devoted to evo-devo, and an entire 2005 issue of the Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution was devoted to the key evo-devo topics of evolutionary innovation and morphological novelty.
A survey of the field for the general reader gives examples.
Related pages
Darwinism
Evolution
Natural selection
Evolutionary developmental biology
References
Bowler, Peter J. 2003. Evolution: the history of an idea. University of California Press.
Dobzhansky T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, 1937
Huxley, Julian 1942. Evolution: the modern synthesis. Allen and Unwin, London.
Mayr, Ernst 1942. Systematics and the origin of species, Columbia University; Harvard University Press reprint.
Mayr, Ernst 2002. What evolution is. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Mayr E. and W.B. Provine eds. 1988. The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology, Harvard University Press.
Evolution
History of science |
Gazpacho is a cold soup made of raw vegetables. The popular dish is in Spain and Portugal, especially in hot summer.
Spanish food
Portugal
Soups
Garlic dishes |
<p>On an Angular 7 project, using HttpClient, I have this simple line of code on a click button handler:</p>
<pre class="lang-js prettyprint-override"><code> this.http
.get('http://localhost:30123/api/identity/name/' + this.name)
.subscribe((answer: Identity[]) => {
this.identities = answer; // debug does not get here...
});
</code></pre>
<p>that's throwing this error at the Console Debug tab on VSCode:</p>
<pre><code>Access to XMLHttpRequest at 'https://dihgldata.ingeniusds.cat/api/identitat/nom/montilla' from origin 'http://localhost:4200' has been blocked by CORS policy: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource.
[http://localhost:4200/] core.js:15724 {headers: HttpHeaders, status: 0, statusText: "Unknown Error", url: "https://dihgldata.cat/api/identitat/nom…", ok: false, …}
</code></pre>
<p>but...</p>
<p>I'm using three different tools to test the same URL and getting a correct response from the api.</p>
<p><strong>First: Postman.</strong></p>
<p>(Well, you know: headers, CONTENT-TYPE,... are diferent when sent
from this utility than from chrome)</p>
<p><strong>Second: VS Code Extension Rest Client.</strong></p>
<p>(As per Postman, these utilities are useful to test the API but doesn't help with errors at the client side code)</p>
<p><strong>Third: Chrome DevTools.</strong></p>
<p>Here is my big deal. I went to Network tab on Chrome DevTools and I can see the response of the API just before it's been treated by my code and there is the full response with a OK-200 Status.</p>
<p>No errors at Console tab on Chrome DevTools.</p>
<p>Using VS Code integrated debugger with Chrome Extension tracing never gets to the line where the answer is assigned to the local variable and the error is shown in VSCode Debug Console with no other clue.</p>
<p><strong>EDIT</strong></p>
<p>Tried the same URL as on Angular HttpClient on Chrome address bar and the response from the same API is shown correctly.</p> |
BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 61
Agave Virginica, L. False aloe. Vhis plant I have only obtained from the top of
a sandstone hill near Mine La Motte, Madison county.
Yucca angustifolia. Common only on bare “Bluff hills of Atchison and Holt.
Have found it no where else in Missouri. About % fect high and quite handsome. Is
common further west.
Phragmites comnts Trin. A reed 5 to 12 feet high, not common but where
growing we find dense thickets. Found in marshy ground in Nodaway, Macon, La-
fayette, Saline and Bates. The musk rats use it in the construction of their huts.
Pontederia eordata, L. This I have only found on ponds in Jasper county.
The chiet’ timbered region of Missouri lies east of a Hine drawn from the northeast
to the southwest corner of the State, although there are some large prairies east of this
und some extensive tracts of woodland on the west.
{In determining genera and species Tam under many obligations for assistance to
Dr. Geo. Engelmann of St. Louis.)
Hoxorary Names my Screnrreie NoMENCLATURE.—Ebirors GAZETTE —A few
weeks ago an article appeared in a widely circulated California Journal criticising my
action in naming anew flower—Giléa Purrge—to honor a noble lady, who has done
eminent service for botany,” Mrs. Dr. ©. C. Parry, late of California, now returned to
Davenport, lowa ss
As the criticism was couched in respectful language, and, moreover, as it contains
a protest quite often heard, to the use of honorary names in science, T propose to dis-
cuss the subject a little and explain the propricty of admitting a few such names to the
records of science in accordance with the practice of the masters in cach, to the annoy-
ance, it appears, of a tew persons, who have evidently not given the subject much
thought.
The plea for descriptive namex is an old one, and many a scientist has kept strictly
to the practice of giving them only, and by this very method has introduced confusion
of the worst character into our nomenclature. :
Let us look first to the origin of science and of scientific names. “Science is
kuowledge systematically arranged, so as to be conveniently taught, casily learned and
readily applied.” Art is this knowledge applied to use Coming down the steps of
time, 2 mastermind arises one after another, seizes the materials at hand, arranges,
names, publishes his book and departs, leaving his impress upon the science more or
less indelible, according to the strength of his mind or the admiration of his followers,
When all the known objects of a particular science or hranch of a science are thus col-
lected and compared, no difliculty is found in distineuishing cach from each, and very
appropriate names are gencrally given them. As research continues, however, and
more genera and species are added, many of the established names are found no longer
distinctive, others are vastly more applicable to the new fornis, ete.
Again, descriptive names sometimes prove indefinite afterward, because of the
accumulation of niaterial, showing that the first name was given to an aberrant form.
or variety, totally different from the typical plant or animal,
Still again, the early scientists, working with inferior or no instruments, made con
tinual errors, both of observation and interpretation, hence their names are now mainly
inappropriate or misleading. With every re-organization of a science, there comes an
attempt to correct these manifold errors, followed in turn by confusion and contest,
measured by the amount of renaming done and the weigit of the new authority, We
can never hope to have our scientific names crystallized into a nomenclature as per-
manent as the conglomerate rock until research has revealed every form of plant that
grows, and every kind of animal that lives on the earth,
62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.
One of the first things we teach our pupils in science is the appropriateness and
beauty of scientific names. We expatiate upon them with great pleasure and wenerally
make the tiieme attractive, but no sooner does our tyro get well into the meshes of a
science, than he finds one after another of its nice distinctions tuiling utterly, and that
to tollow the literal meanings would often totally mislead. Thus we learn to regard
technical names, especially those coming down from the old niasiers, as distinctive
only, not necessarily descriptive. Names denoting locality are often quite as unfortun-
ate ax descriptive ones. T could fill the Gazerre with proofs that descriptive names as
often fai} in time to distinguish objects, us they continue to distinguish them. ‘The
name becomes merely a meaningless term, retained out of reverence for the author or
to show the early coueeption of the object.
Linnieus and Cuvier—worthies held in reverence by every true lover of nature—
were the pioneers of modern research, and no better proof of their ability is needed
than the statement that they studicd and gave scientific names to every plant and ani-
inal known at their day, many of which names are retaincd to the present and, no
doubt, a few will be until the end of time; but, as a matter of history, nine-lenths of
their nanies have been quietly dropped ov boldly overruled by subsequent scientists
The thing aimed at in nomenclature is dist/vet(eeness; the giving of sucha name
as will forever distinguish the object trom every other in creation, In the naming of
Jarge tumilies the distinctions beeome less prominent und certain, while upon the
accession of a large number of species, the whole family has again and again to be re-
vised. Each scientist aims as far as possible to eive descriptive names, but each learns
frony his predecessors how meaningless most of them become; so he casts about hina
for other names that will s¢ied he hopes, through time.
And right here comes in one of the most beautiful and touching characteristics of
the true scientist—the recognition of the labors and merits of others. Full well he
knows the toil and exposure of the explorer, the study and pains-taking of the discov.
erer; and also how ily both are requited with this world’s goods: so he is ever ready
to give the poor meed of honor to whom honor is due. With an object before hin, the
result of severe exploration or research, how naturally that the discoverer’s name
should be indelibly associated with the new objcet; and wath what love and loyalty he
coins it into a technical distinction for the objeet given by unmeasured toil to science
and the world.
Genevie names are Latin nouns arbitrarily formed often from some medicinal or
other virtue, real or supposed, or some resemblance to other objects, or they are derived
from a country, or they are old ciassic words of no meaning whatever; and lastly they
are sometimes coined from the name of a distinguished scientist or patron of science.
Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular in number and agreeing in gender with
the name of their genus. They are mostly founded upon distinctive characters, resem-
blances, uses, ete, and quite often are commemorative nares. Specific honorary
names are of two kinds: possessive and dedicative. If the person-honored is the dis-
coverer, his or her name is used in the form of’ the Latin genitive (or possessive case),
as, Véola Nutealléi, Cheilunthes Cooper. Tf the name is conterred as a recognition of
merit, itis used as an adjective ending in nus, ua or num; as Ceanothus Vettchianus,
Cnleus Mariana, and Lilian Bloonerdanin, when the object is said to be deddeated
The number of commemorative names of necessity will always be few compared
with descriptive ones, hut as every science has a small number it is quite certain that
each will always retain a few in accordance with the law of human kindness, which, it
is hoped, will always meet return.
What warm heart does not cheerfully acquiesce in the gratefal affeedion of emi-
nent scientists who have dedicated certain small genera of plants or animals to Lin-
nus, Cuvier, Jussieu, DeCandole, Levoisier, Maximowiex, Agassiz, Adanson, Audu-
BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 63
bon, Berlandier, Bentham, Brown, Bigelow, Baykin, Brewer, Canby, Cary, Chapnian,
Clayton, Chumiee, Clinton, Dahl, Davy, Dana, Desearte, Engelmann, Eaton, Esch-
scholtz, Donglas, Faraday, Franklin, Fuller, Gay-Lussae Gray, Hooker, Hudson,
James, Jefferson, Kulin, Lamark, Lavater, Le Conte, Lindley, Ludwig, Marsh, Mar-
shall, Menzies, Michaux, Mitchell, Nuttall, Olney, Packard, Pursh, Richardson, Riley,
Sprenecl, Suilivant, Silliman, Thurber, Torrey, Tournefort, Tyndall, Wood, Watson,
Wilson, Willdenow, Whitney, Wright, Parry, Palmer; and our Californians, Bolander,
Kellogg, Bloomer, Davidson, Harford, lar knes sand Edwards,
Please permit 2 few words in regard to my practice of suggesting uames and how I
commenced it. Tn September, of 1873, 1 was informed that a plant had been named
for me by Dr. Asa Gray, of Harvard University, at the instance of Prof. Bolander, who
had recendy been botanizing in Sierra valley with me. Twas thus ushered into the large
and interesting family of sistragadus. I found mysell in good ecmpany. There was
Pursh, Gray. Hooker, Geyer, Coulter, Menzies, Douglas, Horn, Anderson, Morton,
Parry, Whitney and Botander.
But other vood people tomy knowledge were outside; Eat once determined to try
to get them within. I traveled extensively, collected largely and noted carefully.
With every package of plants sent to Dr. Gray went up petitions of this imuport:
“Should such and such a plant prove new, and it does not name itself by obvious char
acters (Which is always best), please dedicate it to so and so, for the following reasons,”
etc.
My petitions have offen been granted, and with great joy | have celebrated the ad-
mission one after another into the funily of Astragalus atone, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Dr.
D. G. Webber, Prof. E. 1. Case and Mrs. ROM. Austins and, did your readers know
these parties, [dow t think oue would protest.
Now, Dr. Gray, the generous soul, who confers all these honors, has been a writer
of books for 20 years. He is the leading botanist of America, and stands even with
Dr. Ilooker, of England, as authority in Europe. He is uot ouly the best authority in
botany, but in zoology as well. Almost every page of “Webster's Unabridged” bears
his name as authority for scientific terms. In view of these facts, FE submit that the de-
liberate acts of one so eminent and of such universal capacity, are fur above criticism,
in any particular, by common minds; avd T rejoice that his greatness is so admirably
ilhtstrated by his goodness. With what charming beauty stauds out his gencrous char-
acter portrayed against the dark background of selfish money-eetters, city plunderers
and corporation despots, so amply filling the picture of every-day hfe in this naughty
world.
Tam astonished and almost overwhelmed by the latest kinduess of Dr. Gray in con-
ferring upon ine the crowning honor of a new genus.
T beg the readers pardon for tie personal mention in what follows, bitthe sentences
so finely iNustvate the animus of good Dr. Gray and his enthusiastic manner of confer-
ting honors, that | cannot forbear offering them for record in your colwuns.
During the past winter, while studying natural history at Webber lake (where also
I celebrated, with bon-fires for three inonths, the vietory of Géléa Parrye), a certain lit-
tle plant found the May before, on the Mohave river, along with Giléa Parrywe and other
new things, attracted frequent examination, and every time left me mere and more puz-
zled to determine where it belonged in our new botany ct California. At last } took
courage to describe if briefly and send my only remaining specimen to Dr. Gray, to
whom I had sent a plant at the time of collecting, but who, for some reason, had omit.
ted to report
As afterward appeared, at the same time my letter was ou its way to Dr. G. ash
for a name, a letter from him was on its way to Dr. Parry, al Davenport, lowa, sta
that he had just come upon a misiaid plant “that was received May 16th, 1366, from our
king
lin
5 os
G4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.
worthy Lemmon,” and which “proves to be not a Coldenéd, as at first supposed, but a
neat, new genus,” ete. “And now Lemmon’s devotion to Mrs. Parry,” (alluding to
Gilia Parrye,) “is rewarded. T mean to rejoice the eoceles of his sensitive heart, and
do a just deed by naming this huinble but interesting plant, Lemmonda Californieal I
take the specific name,’ (Ceddfurnéed,) he adds, “in order to send Lemmon’s name down
to posterity along with that of his adopted State, in which the most of his arduous
labor for botany has been performed. Picase forward this letter to him,” he concludes,
“with my continued regards and a roasing cheer for Lenunonta Culdfornical Wurrah!
Yours, ever, A. Gray.’—-J. G@ Lemon, Serra Valley, Cal.
Fiona of Nonrn America, py Asa Gray.—This is part of a work that we have
all been waiting for and is one that must be iu the library of every working botanist.
The Flora of North America by Torrey aud Gray stopped, thirty-five years ago, at the
end of the order Composite, This pari is the first of Volame second, containing Gamo-
petale after Composite. The intention ts to conclude the second volume with two more
parts, Part 1 containing wlpefate and Gymnosperme, and Part ILL, Monocotyledones and
Vascular Cryptogamia. hen the first volume will be worked over and brought to
date. Thus the whole work will consist of two volumes, imperial octavo, of about
1,200 pages each. It is hardly necessary to refer to the style and general arrangement of
the volume, The name of its author guarantees to us the most philosophical arrange-
ment along with terse and lucid descriptions It is a fit crowning work for a long life
devoted to the earnest study of North American botany. We hope that the demands for
this volume will encourage Dr. Gray to prepare for an early publication of the remain-
ing parts. The priee is fixed at the very low sum of five dollars. For this sun, the
Curator of Harcard Cudversity Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass., will send a copy by mail,
paying the postage, to any post offlce address within the United States. The retail
price at the publixhers is six dollars. Let me urge upon all the readers of the GazErrTE
who have noi already provided themselves with copies, to send at once for this volume,
for itimarks au cra in the history of North American botany and does away with the
necessity of a whole library of government reports, special contributions, proceedings
of societies, ete., ete.
RECENT PuBiicarions.—We have space merely to acknowledge the receipt of a
few of the journals and special publications sent to this office since the last issue.
elmerican Journal of Science and Arts, May and June.
Americun Naturalist, June.
‘Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, \pril and May.
The Valley Naturalést, May and June.
Proceedings af the Duvenport Academy af Notural Sevences, Vol. 11, Part L
Catalogue of the Phinogamons cad Cryptoganous Plants Gneluding Lichens) ef
the Dowdnion of Canada, Join Macoun, Belleville, Ont. Price 35 cents; four for one
dollar.
La Belgique Horticole, January, February and March, 1878.
letes du Cougres de Botunique Horticole round « Bruvelles, May, 1876. M. Edouard
Morren, Seercetary.
Mield aud Forest, March.
Tsudws Agricultural Monthly, Vokio, Japan, + Nos.
|
Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) is a name for political changes in Czechoslovakia between November 17 and December 29, 1989. It ended with the fall of the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and start of the democratization process. The name Velvet was chosen for its softness.
After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ended the Prague Spring in August 1968, censorship began again and the Communist Party expelled a lot of its members. This event during the 1970s is known as Normalization. Despite these events, the economic situation in Czechoslovakia was better than in other countries of Eastern Bloc (for example in Poland or Hungary).
Revolution
The Velvet Revolution started at an official event for 50th anniversary of the closing of Czechoslovakian universities on November 17, 1939 by the Nazis in Prague. This event continued after its official end and was violently ended by state police on the street "Národní třída". In following days people organized meetings for protest against the actions of state police. 750-800 thousand people were at one of the biggest protests on November 25.
On November 19, the Civic Forum, the political movement which led the dialogue with the communist government, was created in The Drama Club in Prague. The same day, the movement "Public Against Violence" was created in Bratislava.
On November 27 a general strike took place. On this day there was a protest at Wenceslas Square with 300,000 people. Its main slogan was "Konec vlády jedné strany" - End of one-part government.
Václav Havel was named as president of Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1989. He was the first non-communist president of Czechoslovakia since 1948.
References
Other websites
Velvet Revolution on totalita.cz Detailed day-to-day history with key documents quoted (in Czech language only).
In the footsteps of November 17 - Czech.cz
Czechoslovakia
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Evangeline Parish () is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,984. The parish seat is Ville Platte.
References
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
1910 establishments in the United States
Louisiana parishes |
<p>In a Symfony 2.4 project our client wants to force the users to change their password every N days. We saw that there are columns "credentials_expired" and "credentials_expire_at" in the database and a check that throws an AccountExpiredException in the UserChecker class that seem to be for that purpose, but I can't find any documentation on how to enable or configure this feature.</p>
<ul>
<li>How can the credentials_expire_at column be filled with a date N days after now on every password change?</li>
<li>How can a user still change the password, if the password is expired?</li>
<li>How to warn the user about the passoword expiration some days in advance?</li>
<li>Is it possible to forbid the reuse of the last password?</li>
</ul> |
Simaxis (Simàghis) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,243 people lived there. Its area is 27.82 km². It is 7 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia |
The Davenport Range is a mountain range 760 km north of Adelaide, South Australia. The nearest town is Coober Pedy which about 140 km to the southwest. It was named by the explorer Major Peter Warburton who first saw them in 1859. He named them after Sir Samuel Davenport (1818—1889), a South Australian politician.
References
Mountains of South Australia
Mountain ranges of Australia |
The Internet Marketing Conference, often named (IMC), is an international conference about some aspects of e-business. It was first hosted in Copenhagen in 2000. It has since then been hosted in Edinburgh, Stockholm, Las Vegas, Berlin, Vancouver, Montreal, Gothenburg and New York. The conference was started by Lennart Svanberg.
Many guests have been helping with hosting this event, including Danny Sullivan (Search Engine Watch), Jeffrey Eisenberg (Future Now, Inc.), Jim Wilson (Jim World), Lucas Morea (LatinEdge), Mitch Joel (Twist Image), Scott Ferber (Advertising.com), Stephen Turner (ClickTracks), Matthew Colebourne (coComment), Brian Clifton (Google).
Topics discussed include:
web strategy
social media
onsite behavioral targeting
competitive intelligence
web analytics
multivariate testing
and all aspects of eMarketing (search marketing, affiliate marketing)
References
Other websites
Commerce
International organizations |
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ONYCHOPRION FULIGINOSUS:
Sooty 'l'ern.
Noddy, Damp. Voy., vol. iii. part i. p. 142. pl. in p. 123. fig. 5.— Hawkesb. Voy., vol. iii. p. 652.
Sterna serrata, Forst. Draw., t. 110.
guttata, Forst.
Oahuensis, Bloxam.
Onychoprion serratus, Wagl.—G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of Birds, 2nd edit., p. 100.
ArrHouan I retain the term fuliginosus for this bird, which exhibits some trivial differences from the species
so called inhabiting the northern hemisphere, I have reasons for considering it to be distinct, and that, as
in many other instances, the two birds are representatives of each other ; and I think we are the more bound
to consider them to be so, when we find that the incubation of these birds in the two hemispheres takes
place at opposite periods ; Mr. Gilbert found this bird breeding on the Houtman's Abrolhos, off the western
coast of Australia, in the month of December, while M. Audubon found the fudiginosus breeding on the
Tortugas, in North America, in May.
Mr. Gilbert states, that it ** lays a single egg. on the bare ground beneath the thick scrub; and that the egg
varies considerably in colour. The breeding-season is at its height in December, but a few may be found
performing the task of incubation in January. So reluctant is it to leave its egg or young, that it will suffer
itself to be taken by hand rather than desert them. For several weeks after the young are able to fly, this
bird may be seen in vast flocks soaring at a great height. It is an extremely noisy species, and may be
heard on the wing during all hours of the night."
The ground colour of the eggs 1s a creamy white, in some very pale, in others very rich, blotched all
over with irregular-sized markings of chestnut and dark brown, the latter hue appearing as if beneath the
surface ; the lighter-coloured eggs have these markings much smaller and more thinly dispersed, except at
the larger end ; they are two inches and an eighth long by one inch and a half in breadth.
Lores, crown of the head and back of the neck deep black ; all the upper surface, wings and tail deep
sooty black; the apical half, the shaft and the outer web of the lateral tail-feathers white; a V-shaped mark
on the forehead and all the under surface of the wings and body white, passing into grey on the lower part
of the abdomen and under tail-coverts; irides dark brown ; bill black; feet brownish black.
The young have the entire plumage of a sooty brown, with a bar of white at the tip of each of the feathers
of the back, wings and upper tail-coverts. l
The figures represent a male and a female of the natural size.
|
Nectophryne, or African tree toads, is a genus of true toads. There are only two species. They live in western Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea.
Species
Other websites
. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Nectophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
[web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Nectophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
taxon Nectophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Nectophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
Taxon Nectophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Toads |
<p>I've got a series of domains parked on an account on a LAMP server with mod_rewrite available for duty. I'd like to achieve the following:</p>
<p>I'm looking for domain1.com to be the "master" - the idea is that the following redirects should be in place (with 301 statuses for maximum SEO benefit):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>domain2.com redirects to domain1.com<br>
domain3.com redirects to domain1.com<br>
domain2.com/foo/ redirects to
domain1.com/foo/ domain3.com/foo/
redirects to domain1.com/foo/<br>
domain2.com/foo/bar/ redirects to
domain1.com/foo/bar/<br>
domain3.com/foo/bar/ redirects to
domain1.com/foo/bar/</p>
</blockquote>
<p>And so on...</p>
<p>Effectively, I'd like to implement some kind of wildcard in the mix so that subpages of /foo/ and /bar/ are also redirected to the same URLs on domain1.com</p>
<p>I've been hunting high and low for the relevant .htaccess documentation, but can't seem to find the solution I am looking for. I was therefore wondering if any of you might have some pointers - would be very much appreciated :)</p> |
The Elizabeth Morgan case was a local and international child custody contest between Elizabeth Morgan and Eric Foretich over their daughter, Hilary Antonia Foretich. It lasted from 1983 to 1997 and took place in Washington D.C. and later in Christchurch, New Zealand. It cost the parties over $4 million in legal fees. The trials and hearings generated more than 4,000 pages of transcripts. In excess of 1,000 news, magazine and legal articles about the case were published.
Custody struggle
Hilary Antonia Foretich (born 1982), later known as Ellen Morgan, was at the center of this well-publicized international custody case.
Elizabeth Morgan had alleged that Foretich had sexually abused their daughter, an accusation that he has denied and which has never been proven in court.
In 1987, Hilary's maternal grandparents took her to New Zealand, defying a court order that Hilary have unsupervised visitation with her father, Eric Foretich. Her mother, plastic surgeon Elizabeth Morgan, spent 25 months in detention from 1987 to 1989 for contempt of court in Washington, D.C., for refusing to reveal Hilary's whereabouts.
Morgan was Foretich's third wife. Foretich's second wife had also accused him of sexual abuse of their daughter, Heather (born 1980). Foretich denied those charges, and has repeatedly said the two women have acted in collusion.
Rep. Frank Wolf introduced the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act in 1989. Elizabeth Morgan was freed after 759 days by an Act of Congress, the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act, in 1989 and joined her daughter and parents in New Zealand.
In 1992, the story of the case was made into a television film in 1992, and released as A Mother's Right: The Elizabeth Morgan Story; Foretich sued ABC, who paid Foretich a settlement related to how Foretich was portrayed in the film.
Foretich searched for and found "Ellen" in Christchurch, New Zealand. He traveled there and attempted to gain some custody of his daughter but the courts there maintained the status quo and Foretich claimed that he could financially no longer afford to pursue the matter.
Return to the United States
In 1996, Congress passed the other act, the Elizabeth Morgan Act, which permitted Hilary, who by then called herself Ellen Morgan, to decide whether or not to see her father. Wolf again involved himself in the case when he supported the bill that became the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act.
The 14-year-old "Ellen" returned with her mother to the United States, but declined to see her father. Foretich sued in 1997, and the law was overturned as a bill of attainder by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 2003, but had no practical effect on Hilary, who was by then 21 and could choose for herself whether or not to see her father. Hilary Foretich, who had gone by the assumed name Ellen Morgan while in New Zealand, started calling herself Elena Mitrano.
References
Cited texts
Trials in the United States
20th century in law
20th century in Washington, D.C.
20th century in New Zealand |
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The Greater Blue Mountains Area is a World Heritage Site in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the World Heritage List at meeting of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cairns in November 2000.
Description
This area is one of rugged tablelands, cliffs, deep valleys and rivers and lakes. There are many rare and different plants and animals which tell the story of Australia's great age. It shows the story of the evolution of Australia's unique eucalypt trees and the other plants and animals which live among them.
The Greater Blue Mountains Area covers about 10,300 square kilometres. It is mainly forest on a sandstone plateau 60 to 180 kilometres inland from central Sydney. The area includes large areas of wilderness and is about one third the size of Belgium, or twice the size of Brunei.
The Blue Mountains are a blue color. This is because rising air temperature makes the oil of Eucalypts evaporate into the air. This makes the mountains seem bluish.
The World Heritage Site includes eight protected areas. These are in two main blocks separated by land set aside for transport and housing. These areas are the:
Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve
Blue Mountains National Park
Wollemi National Park
Yengo National Park
Nattai National Park
Kanangra-Boyd National Park
Gardens of Stone National Park
Thirlmere Lakes National Park.
The Blue Mountains are not really mountains, but a sandstone plateau rising from less than 100 metres above sea level to 1300 metres at the highest point. The plateau is cut through with deep valleys. There are basalt outcrops on the higher ridges. There are many different plants and animals which probably survived because they found shelter from climatic changes during recent geological history.
Vegetation
The area is famous for its many different eucalypt habitats, from wet and dry sclerophyll grasslands, mallee heathlands, as well as swamps and wetlands. There are 91 species of eucalypts, 13% of all eucalypts, in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. Of these, 12 only grow here.
The area has been described as a natural laboratory for studying the evolution of the eucalypts. This is because there are so many of the different types growing in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. The area shows examples of how the eucalypts have changed to grow in the different Australian environments. These vary from tall forests at the margins or rainforest in the deep valleys, through open forests and woodlands, to shrublands of stunted mallees on the exposed tablelands.
As well as the eucalypts, the Greater Blue Mountains Area also contains ancient, relict species of world wide importance. The most famous of these is the recently discovered Wollemi pine. This tree is a "living fossil" dating back to the age of the dinosaurs. Thought to have been extinct for millions of years, the few surviving trees of this ancient species are known only from three small groups located in remote valleys within the area. The Wollemi pine is one of the world's rarest species.
Vegetation types
Sclerophyll: Very tough leaves and stem; packed with poisons and/or indigestible stuff. Not good food for herbivores, a type of defence against herbivory. In Australia, often dry savannahs, dominated by grasses with an overstorey of Eucalypts and Acacias.
Mallee: A type of plant habit. Groups of small trees coming up from an underground lignotuber, a starchy enlarged root (or stem) which stores water. Gives rise to clumps of smallish eucalypts.
Fauna
More than 400 different kinds of animals live within the valleys and tablelands of the Greater Blue Mountains Area. These include threatened or rare species such as the tiger quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider and the long-nosed potoroo. There are also rare reptiles and amphibians including the green and golden bell frog and the Blue Mountain water skink.
The largest predator of the area is the dingo. These wild dogs hunt for grey kangaroos and other prey.
The Greater Blue Mountains Area has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). It has many of the world's rockwarblers, as well as flame robins, diamond firetails and pilotbirds. The endangered regent honeyeater is seen there regularly. It is also a migration bottleneck for yellow-faced honeyeaters.
UNESCO listing
The Greater Blue Mountains Area was listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000. It was the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.
The reason why this site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list is quoted below:
Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
References
Other websites
Blue Mountains virtual video tour.
Gundungurra Blue Mountains Aboriginal traditional owners.
Nomination of the Greater Blue Mountains Area for inscription on the World Heritage List by the Government of Australia 1998
Greater Blue Mountains Area at UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The Greater Blue Mountains Area, New South Wales, Australia at United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute
Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia Aerial video of the Jamison Valley below Katoomba.
Geography of New South Wales
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Australian National Heritage List |
Prince Sports, Inc. is an American manufacturer of equipment for racquet sports. It is based in Bordentown, New Jersey.
Other websites
Prince site
Companies based in New Jersey
Sporting goods companies |
James Paul Freund (September 16, 1946 – August 9, 1976) and Pamela Mae Buckley (December 16, 1951 – August 9, 1976), formerly called the Sumter County Does and Jock Doe and Jane Doe were two people who died by homicide – a man and a woman. They were killed on a small dirt road in a rural part of Sumter County, South Carolina on August 9, 1976. They were named as Pamela Buckley and James Freund on January 21, 2021, at a press conference. They were both shot three times in the same way. Twice in the chest, and once in the back. They were shot with a .357 caliber revolver.
The male victim, James, was aged 29. It was guessed he was between 18 and 30 before his name was known. One dentist said he thought he could have been older than 27. His skin was an olive white colour and he had brown eyes and brown hair down to his shoulders. He was over tall and weighed around . He had a lot of work done to his teeth that was probably done outside the United States. He also had many scars on his back and shoulders, meaning he might have played contact sport. He was wearing faded Levi jeans and a red T-shirt. The shirt had the words "Coors — America's Light Beer" on the front and "Camel Challenger GT Sebring '75" on the back. It also had a Snoopy design. The shirt came from the Sebring Races being held at the time in Sebring, Florida, meaning he may have been there. He was wearing no underwear and had a pack of matches in his pocket from a "Grant's Truck Stop". This truck stop is thought to be in the Midwestern United States. He also had a ring on with the letters "JPF" written on the inside. This could refer to his initials James Paul Freund.
The female victim, Pamela Buckley, was thought to be younger than the male one, aged between 18 and 25 years old before her name was known. It was later found out that Buckley was 24 years old. She had reddish-brown hair down to her shoulders and blue or gray eyes. She had two moles on the left of her face. She had no scars and had never been pregnant. She also had not shaved her legs. She was wearing a white muslin blouse over a pink halter top. She also wore blue denim cut-off shorts. She had purple and pink Stride-Rite brand wedge-heeled sandals. Like the male victim, she was wearing no underwear.
Pictures, drawings and photographs of the pair were spread all around the U.S.. DNA testing found that they were not related to each other in 2007. in 2014, Police paused the investigation until it was known who the pair were.
They were buried in graves marked "Male Unknown" and "Female Unknown" at the Bethel United Methodist Church Cemetery in Oswego, South Carolina on August 14, 1977. This was around a year after they had died.
References
Unsolved murders in the United States
Murder in the 1970s
1976 deaths
1950s births
1940s births
South Carolina |
A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".
Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something. It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.
Related pages
Invoice
Basic English 850 words
Genres
Business |
<p>Sorry if this has been asked/answered before. Similar questions I found over google either had open tickets, or people suggested downgrading dependencies. I am unclear as to why the build is failing, when it seems to be working properly on my local machine. </p>
<p>Thanks for any help you can provide!</p>
<pre><code>Counting objects: 28, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (26/26), done.
Writing objects: 100% (28/28), 2.72 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 28 (delta 19), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Compressing source files... done.
remote: Building source:
remote:
remote: -----> Node.js app detected
remote:
remote: -----> Creating runtime environment
remote:
remote: NPM_CONFIG_LOGLEVEL=error
remote: NPM_CONFIG_PRODUCTION=true
remote: NODE_ENV=production
remote: NODE_MODULES_CACHE=true
remote:
remote: -----> Installing binaries
remote: engines.node (package.json): 4.1.1
remote: engines.npm (package.json): 2.14.4
remote:
remote: Downloading and installing node 4.1.1...
remote: npm 2.14.4 already installed with node
remote:
remote: -----> Restoring cache
remote: Skipping cache (new runtime signature)
remote:
remote: -----> Building dependencies
remote: Pruning any extraneous modules
remote: Installing node modules (package.json)
remote:
remote: > [email protected] install /tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/node_modules/gulp-sass/node_modules/node-sass
remote: > node build.js
remote:
remote: (node) child_process: options.customFds option is deprecated. Use options.stdio instead.
remote: make: Entering directory `/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/node_modules/gulp-sass/node_modules/node-sass/build'
remote: CXX(target) Release/obj.target/binding/binding.o
remote: In file included from ../binding.cpp:1:0:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘v8::Local<v8::Signature> NanNew(v8::Handle<v8::FunctionTemplate>, int, v8::Handle<v8::FunctionTemplate>*)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:189:78: error: no matching function for call to ‘v8::Signature::New(v8::Isolate*, v8::Handle<v8::FunctionTemplate>&, int&, v8::Handle<v8::FunctionTemplate>*&)’
remote: return v8::Signature::New(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), receiver, argc, argv);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:189:78: note: candidate is:
remote: In file included from /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node.h:42:0,
remote: from ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:23,
remote: from ../binding.cpp:1:
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/v8.h:4675:27: note: static v8::Local<v8::Signature> v8::Signature::New(v8::Isolate*, v8::Local<v8::FunctionTemplate>)
remote: static Local<Signature> New(
remote: ^
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/v8.h:4675:27: note: candidate expects 2 arguments, 4 provided
remote: In file included from ../binding.cpp:1:0:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: At global scope:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:271:3: error: redefinition of ‘v8::Local<T> NanNew(P) [with T = v8::StringObject; P = v8::Local<v8::String>]’
remote: NanNew<v8::StringObject, v8::Handle<v8::String> >(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:264:3: error: ‘v8::Local<T> NanNew(P) [with T = v8::StringObject; P = v8::Local<v8::String>]’ previously declared here
remote: NanNew<v8::StringObject, v8::Local<v8::String> >(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:289:36: error: redefinition of ‘template<class T> v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(v8::Local<v8::String>, v8::RegExp::Flags)’
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:283:36: error: ‘template<class T> v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(v8::Handle<v8::String>, v8::RegExp::Flags)’ previously declared here
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:301:36: error: redefinition of ‘template<class T, class P> v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(v8::Local<v8::String>, v8::RegExp::Flags)’
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:295:36: error: ‘template<class T, class P> v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(v8::Handle<v8::String>, v8::RegExp::Flags)’ previously declared here
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<v8::RegExp> NanNew(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:481:19: error: ‘NanNew’ declared as an ‘inline’ variable
remote: v8::String::ExternalAsciiStringResource *resource) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:481:19: warning: ‘always_inline’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:481:19: error: ‘v8::Local<v8::String> NanNew’ redeclared as different kind of symbol
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:475:36: error: previous declaration of ‘v8::Local<v8::String> NanNew(v8::String::ExternalStringResource*)’
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<v8::String> NanNew(
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:481:7: error: ‘ExternalAsciiStringResource’ is not a member of ‘v8::String’
remote: v8::String::ExternalAsciiStringResource *resource) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:481:48: error: ‘resource’ was not declared in this scope
remote: v8::String::ExternalAsciiStringResource *resource) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:495:27: error: redefinition of ‘template<class T> v8::Local<T> _NanEscapeScopeHelper(v8::Local<T>)’
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<T> _NanEscapeScopeHelper(v8::Local<T> val) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:490:27: error: ‘template<class T> v8::Local<T> _NanEscapeScopeHelper(v8::Handle<T>)’ previously declared here
remote: NAN_INLINE v8::Local<T> _NanEscapeScopeHelper(v8::Handle<T> val) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:755:13: error: ‘node::smalloc’ has not been declared
remote: , node::smalloc::FreeCallback callback
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:755:35: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘...’ before ‘callback’
remote: , node::smalloc::FreeCallback callback
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘v8::Local<v8::Object> NanNewBufferHandle(char*, size_t, int)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:759:50: error: ‘callback’ was not declared in this scope
remote: v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), data, length, callback, hint);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:759:60: error: ‘hint’ was not declared in this scope
remote: v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), data, length, callback, hint);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘v8::Local<v8::Object> NanNewBufferHandle(const char*, uint32_t)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:766:67: error: call of overloaded ‘New(v8::Isolate*, const char*&, uint32_t&)’ is ambiguous
remote: return node::Buffer::New(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), data, size);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:766:67: note: candidates are:
remote: In file included from ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:24:0,
remote: from ../binding.cpp:1:
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node_buffer.h:31:40: note: v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> node::Buffer::New(v8::Isolate*, v8::Local<v8::String>, node::encoding) <near match>
remote: NODE_EXTERN v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> New(v8::Isolate* isolate,
remote: ^
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node_buffer.h:31:40: note: no known conversion for argument 3 from ‘uint32_t {aka unsigned int}’ to ‘node::encoding’
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node_buffer.h:43:40: note: v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> node::Buffer::New(v8::Isolate*, char*, size_t) <near match>
remote: NODE_EXTERN v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object> New(v8::Isolate* isolate,
remote: ^
remote: /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node_buffer.h:43:40: note: no known conversion for argument 2 from ‘const char*’ to ‘char*’
remote: In file included from ../binding.cpp:1:0:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘v8::Local<v8::Object> NanNewBufferHandle(uint32_t)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:770:61: error: could not convert ‘node::Buffer::New(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), ((size_t)size))’ from ‘v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Object>’ to ‘v8::Local<v8::Object>’
remote: return node::Buffer::New(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), size);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘v8::Local<v8::Object> NanBufferUse(char*, uint32_t)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:777:12: error: ‘Use’ is not a member of ‘node::Buffer’
remote: return node::Buffer::Use(v8::Isolate::GetCurrent(), data, size);
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h: In function ‘bool _NanGetExternalParts(v8::Handle<v8::Value>, const char**, size_t*)’:
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:2103:12: error: ‘class v8::String’ has no member named ‘IsExternalAscii’
remote: if (str->IsExternalAscii()) {
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:2104:11: error: ‘ExternalAsciiStringResource’ in ‘class v8::String’ does not name a type
remote: const v8::String::ExternalAsciiStringResource* ext;
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:2105:5: error: ‘ext’ was not declared in this scope
remote: ext = str->GetExternalAsciiStringResource();
remote: ^
remote: ../node_modules/nan/nan.h:2105:16: error: ‘class v8::String’ has no member named ‘GetExternalAsciiStringResource’
remote: ext = str->GetExternalAsciiStringResource();
remote: ^
remote: ../binding.cpp: In function ‘void MakeCallback(uv_work_t*)’:
remote: ../binding.cpp:138:35: warning: ‘void node::FatalException(const v8::TryCatch&)’ is deprecated (declared at /app/.node-gyp/4.1.1/include/node/node.h:282): Use FatalException(isolate, ...) [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
remote: node::FatalException(try_catch);
remote: ^
remote: make: *** [Release/obj.target/binding/binding.o] Error 1
remote: make: Leaving directory `/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/node_modules/gulp-sass/node_modules/node-sass/build'
remote: gyp ERR! build error
remote: gyp ERR! stack Error: `make` failed with exit code: 2
remote: gyp ERR! stack at ChildProcess.onExit (/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.heroku/node/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/lib/build.js:270:23)
remote: gyp ERR! stack at emitTwo (events.js:87:13)
remote: gyp ERR! stack at ChildProcess.emit (events.js:172:7)
remote: gyp ERR! stack at Process.ChildProcess._handle.onexit (internal/child_process.js:200:12)
remote: gyp ERR! System Linux 3.13.0-61-generic
remote: gyp ERR! command "/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.heroku/node/bin/node" "/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.heroku/node/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js" "rebuild"
remote: gyp ERR! cwd /tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/node_modules/gulp-sass/node_modules/node-sass
remote: gyp ERR! node -v v4.1.1
remote: gyp ERR! node-gyp -v v3.0.3
remote: gyp ERR! not ok
remote: Build failed
remote: npm ERR! Linux 3.13.0-61-generic
remote: npm ERR! argv "/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.heroku/node/bin/node" "/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.heroku/node/bin/npm" "install" "--unsafe-perm" "--userconfig" "/tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/.npmrc"
remote: npm ERR! node v4.1.1
remote: npm ERR! npm v2.14.4
remote: npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
remote:
remote: npm ERR! [email protected] install: `node build.js`
remote: npm ERR! Exit status 1
remote: npm ERR!
remote: npm ERR! Failed at the [email protected] install script 'node build.js'.
remote: npm ERR! This is most likely a problem with the node-sass package,
remote: npm ERR! not with npm itself.
remote: npm ERR! Tell the author that this fails on your system:
remote: npm ERR! node build.js
remote: npm ERR! You can get their info via:
remote: npm ERR! npm owner ls node-sass
remote: npm ERR! There is likely additional logging output above.
remote:
remote: npm ERR! Please include the following file with any support request:
remote: npm ERR! /tmp/build_506a4990caa900fce789184be89dc03b/npm-debug.log
remote:
remote: -----> Build failed
remote:
remote: We're sorry this build is failing! You can troubleshoot common issues here:
remote: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/troubleshooting-node-deploys
remote:
remote: If you're stuck, please submit a ticket so we can help:
remote: https://help.heroku.com/
remote:
remote: Love,
remote: Heroku
remote:
remote:
remote: ! Push rejected, failed to compile Node.js app
remote:
remote: Verifying deploy....
remote:
remote: ! Push rejected to [REPOSITORY].
remote:
To https://git.heroku.com/[REPOSITORY].git
! [remote rejected] master -> master (pre-receive hook declined)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://git.heroku.com/[REPOSITORY].git'
</code></pre> |
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