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nikchar

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retrieval_verification_roberta

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[ "Indian_National_Congress", "Madras_Mahajana_Sabha", "South_African_Indian_Council", "C._Jambulingam_Mudaliar", "Indian_Independence_Act_1947" ]

[ "The Indian National Congress -LRB- INC , often called Congress -RRB- is a broad-based political party in India . Founded in 1885 , the Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . After India 's independence in 1947 , the Congress formed the government at center in most instances , and also many regional state governments . The Congress is a secular , left-of-centre , party . Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist , Bhartiya Janata Party -LRB- BJP -RRB- . The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . It was founded in Bombay in late December 1885 , during the British Raj in India . Its principal founders were , Allan Octavian Hume -LRB- a former administrator of Etawah district , North-Western Provinces , and pioneering ornithologist of India -RRB- , as well as William Wedderburn , Pherozeshah Mehta , Dadabhai Naoroji , Dinshaw Wacha , and others . From the late 19th-century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement , with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants . After independence in 1947 , Congress became India 's dominant political party ; , in the 15 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times , heading the central government for 49 years . There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru -LRB- 1947 -- 64 -RRB- , and the most recent Manmohan Singh -LRB- 2004 -- 14 -RRB- . The party 's social liberal platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . From 2004 to 2014 , the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance , a coalition of several regional parties , formed the Indian government and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . As of March 2017 , the party is in power in five states : Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Meghalaya and Mizoram . In Bihar , it is a part of the ruling coalition . The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Goa . In the 2014 general election , the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance , winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house . The Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya -- the lifting up of all sections of society -- which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . The party primarily endorses social liberalism -- seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice , and secularism -- asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings . ", "Madras Mahajana Sabha was an Indian nationalist organisation based in the Madras Presidency . Along with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha , Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association , it is considered to be a predecessor of the Indian National Congress . ", "The South African Indian Council was a body created by the apartheid-era South African government in 1968 to make recommendations to the government about matters affecting Indians . It was the first time that Indians had enjoyed any sort of representation at the national level . Nonetheless , it was widely rejected by South African Indians . In 1974 , it was reconstituted as a body where 50 % of the members were elected by Indians -LRB- in the 1981 election for example , only 6 % of voted -RRB- . Amichand Rajbansi 's National People 's Party dominated the council , as it did the later House of Delegates in the Tricameral Parliament , although neither body enjoyed the support of the majority of Indians . Category : Organisations associated with apartheid Category : Indian diaspora in South Africa ", "C. Jambulingam Mudaliar CIE was an Indian politician and freedom-fighter who served as a civil court judge and member of the Madras Legislative Council . He was one of the foremost leaders of the Indian National Congress in the 1890s . He donated his lands freely to the madras presidency which later paved the way for the creation of Neyveli Lignite Corporation . ", "The Indian Independence Act 1947 -LRB- 1947 c. 30 -LRB- 10 & 11 . Geo . 6 . -RRB- -RRB- is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan . The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947 , and Pakistan came into being on 15 August at the same time as Indian independence . However , due to viceroy Lord Mountbatten 's need to be in New Delhi for the transfer of power , Pakistan celebrated its formation a day ahead on 14 August 1947 to enable him to attend both events . The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , the Muslim League , and the Sikh community came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India , Lord Mountbatten of Burma , on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan . This plan was the last plan for independence . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Indian_National_Congress", "Madras_Mahajana_Sabha", "South_African_Indian_Council", "C._Jambulingam_Mudaliar", "Indian_Independence_Act_1947" ]

[ "The Indian National Congress -LRB- INC , often called Congress -RRB- is a broad-based political party in India . Founded in 1885 , the Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . After India 's independence in 1947 , the Congress formed the government at center in most instances , and also many regional state governments . The Congress is a secular , left-of-centre , party . Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist , Bhartiya Janata Party -LRB- BJP -RRB- . The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . It was founded in Bombay in late December 1885 , during the British Raj in India . Its principal founders were , Allan Octavian Hume -LRB- a former administrator of Etawah district , North-Western Provinces , and pioneering ornithologist of India -RRB- , as well as William Wedderburn , Pherozeshah Mehta , Dadabhai Naoroji , Dinshaw Wacha , and others . From the late 19th-century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement , with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants . After independence in 1947 , Congress became India 's dominant political party ; , in the 15 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times , heading the central government for 49 years . There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru -LRB- 1947 -- 64 -RRB- , and the most recent Manmohan Singh -LRB- 2004 -- 14 -RRB- . The party 's social liberal platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . From 2004 to 2014 , the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance , a coalition of several regional parties , formed the Indian government and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . As of March 2017 , the party is in power in five states : Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Meghalaya and Mizoram . In Bihar , it is a part of the ruling coalition . The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Goa . In the 2014 general election , the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance , winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house . The Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya -- the lifting up of all sections of society -- which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . The party primarily endorses social liberalism -- seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice , and secularism -- asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings . ", "Madras Mahajana Sabha was an Indian nationalist organisation based in the Madras Presidency . Along with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha , Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association , it is considered to be a predecessor of the Indian National Congress . ", "The South African Indian Council was a body created by the apartheid-era South African government in 1968 to make recommendations to the government about matters affecting Indians . It was the first time that Indians had enjoyed any sort of representation at the national level . Nonetheless , it was widely rejected by South African Indians . In 1974 , it was reconstituted as a body where 50 % of the members were elected by Indians -LRB- in the 1981 election for example , only 6 % of voted -RRB- . Amichand Rajbansi 's National People 's Party dominated the council , as it did the later House of Delegates in the Tricameral Parliament , although neither body enjoyed the support of the majority of Indians . Category : Organisations associated with apartheid Category : Indian diaspora in South Africa ", "C. Jambulingam Mudaliar CIE was an Indian politician and freedom-fighter who served as a civil court judge and member of the Madras Legislative Council . He was one of the foremost leaders of the Indian National Congress in the 1890s . He donated his lands freely to the madras presidency which later paved the way for the creation of Neyveli Lignite Corporation . ", "The Indian Independence Act 1947 -LRB- 1947 c. 30 -LRB- 10 & 11 . Geo . 6 . -RRB- -RRB- is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan . The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947 , and Pakistan came into being on 15 August at the same time as Indian independence . However , due to viceroy Lord Mountbatten 's need to be in New Delhi for the transfer of power , Pakistan celebrated its formation a day ahead on 14 August 1947 to enable him to attend both events . The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , the Muslim League , and the Sikh community came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India , Lord Mountbatten of Burma , on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan . This plan was the last plan for independence . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The_Philadelphia_Press", "Gazeta_Bucureștilor", "Freedom's_Journal", "Without_Warning_-LRB-Birmingham_novel-RRB-", "American_Issue_Publishing_House" ]

[ "The Philadelphia Press -LRB- or The Press -RRB- is a defunct newspaper that was published from August 1 , 1857 to October 1 , 1920 . The paper was founded by John Weiss Forney . Charles Emory Smith was editor and owned a stake in the paper from 1880 until his death in 1908 . In 1920 , it was purchased by Cyrus Curtis , who merged the Press into the Public Ledger . Before being published in book form , Stephen Crane 's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage was serialized in The Philadelphia Press in 1894 . ", "Gazeta Bucureștilor was a Romanian version of the German newspaper Bukarester Tagblatt , published in Bucharest , Kingdom of Romania . Harboring strongly pro-German sympathies , it was established in December 1916 , and published until November 1918 . The German version had been published since 1880 with six issues per week . While the Romanian version was also published , the German version had the mention Kriegsausgabe unter der deutschen Besetzung -LRB- `` War Edition under the German Occupation '' -RRB- . Its editorial offices were in Sărindari Street -LRB- present-day Constantin Mille Street -RRB- . Ioan Slavici , Tudor Arghezi , Dumitru Karnabatt , Dem . Theodorescu , Adolf de Herz , M. Sărăţeanu and Saniel Grossman-Tăutu were later given prison terms for publishing in the paper , being accused of `` treason and collaborationism '' . They were released before time , after Nicolae Iorga , among others , strongly pushed for it . ", "Freedom 's Journal was the first African-American owned and operated newspaper published in the United States . Founded by Rev. Peter Williams , Jr. and other free black men in New York City , it was published weekly starting with the 16 March 1827 issue . Freedom 's Journal was superseded in 1829 by The Rights of All , published between 1829 and 1830 by Samuel Cornish , the former senior editor of the Journal . ", "Without Warning , is an alternate history novel written by Australian author John Birmingham , released in Australia in September 2008 and in the United States and the United Kingdom in February 2009 . It is the first book in a new stand-alone universe . The novels After America and Angels of Vengeance continue the story . ", "The American Issue Publishing Company , incorporated in 1909 , was the holding company of the Anti-Saloon League of America . Its printing presses operated 24 hours a day and it employed 200 people in the small town of Westerville , Ohio , where the company had its headquarters . Within the first three years of its existence the publishing house was producing about 250,000,000 -LRB- one quarter billion -RRB- book pages per month , and the quantity increased yearly . This dwarfed the output of the National Temperance Society and Publishing House , which took over half a century to print one billion pages . The American Issue Publishing Company played a major role in advancing the interests of the temperance movement . Not only did it publish an enormous quantity of temperance materials , but it also produced some of the most prestigious temperance publications ; including The Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem , a multi-volume work edited by Ernest Cherrington and published between 1925 and 1930 . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "David_Attenborough", "Alasdair_Milne", "Alan_Dossor", "Jonathan_Ruffle", "Christopher_Parsons" ]

[ "Sir David Frederick Attenborough -LRB- -LSB- ˈætənb ər ə -RSB- born 8 May 1926 -RRB- is an English veteran broadcaster and naturalist . He is best known for writing and presenting the nine Life series , in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit , which collectively form a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on the planet . He is also a former senior manager at the BBC , having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s . He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white , colour , HD , and 3D . Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in Britain , although he himself does not like the term . In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC . He is the younger brother of the late director , producer and actor Richard Attenborough , and older brother of the late motor executive John Attenborough . ", "Alasdair David Gordon Milne -LRB- 8 October 19308 January 2013 -RRB- was Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation between July 1982 and January 1987 . Earlier in his career Milne was a BBC producer involved in founding Tonight in 1957 . Later , after a period outside the BBC , he became Controller of BBC Scotland , and BBC Television 's Director of Programmes . In early 1987 , Milne was forced to resign from his post as DG by the BBC Governors following several difficult years for the Corporation , sustained pressure from the Thatcher government and editorial decisions which proved controversial . ", "Alan Dossor -LRB- 19 September 1941 -- 7 August 2016 -RRB- was a British theatre director . He was artistic director of the Everyman Theatre Liverpool from 1970 to 1975 . He was considered by British theatre/entertainment newspaper The Stage to have been `` a major influence on some of our greatest actors and writers '' - in a period described by British national newspaper The Guardian as `` a golden five-year period in British regional theatre '' . His production of John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert by Willy Russell transferred to the West End in 1974 . He directed plays in the West End , at West Yorkshire Playhouse , Hampstead Theatre , the Royal Court Theatre , the Young Vic and the Lyric Hammersmith . He had an extensive career directing television drama since 1977 . Dossor directed theatre and television plays by contemporary playwrights like Alan Bleasdale , Chris Bond , Stephen Lowe , John McGrath , Adrian Mitchell and Willy Russell , Mike Stott , C.P.Taylor and Charles Wood ; as well as classic plays by Bertolt Brecht and Shakespeare . ", "Jonathan Ruffle is a British writer , director and producer who has made TV and radio programmes for the BBC , ITV and Channel 4 . At one time Steve Wright 's and Simon Bates 's radio producer on BBC Radio 1 , he left to produce the acclaimed BBC radio drama version of Len Deighton 's Bomber , and the award-winning 1995 Channel 4 documentary Edward VIII : The Traitor King . He then split his career in two new directions : airshow and event commentary , and TV comedy writing including Never Mind the Buzzcocks . In 2009 he took his real-time First World War drama idea Tommies to the BBC which began its four and half year transmission in October 2014 . He still produces comedy shows for the BBC with Andrew McGibbon and writes TV scripts and feature film projects for GB Films . ", "Christopher Eugene Parsons OBE -LRB- 23 . August 1932 in Winchester , Hampshire -- 8 November 2002 in Littleton-upon-Severn , Gloucestershire -RRB- was an award-winning English wildlife film-maker and the executive producer of David Attenborough 's Life on Earth , widely regarded as one of the finest and most influential of nature documentaries . As a founding member and a former Head of the BBC Natural History Unit , he worked on many of its early productions and published a history of its first 25 years in 1982 . Besides television , he was also passionate about projects which helped to bring an understanding of the natural world to a wider audience , notably the Wildscreen Festival and ARKive . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Mamata_Banerjee", "Sushmita_Banerjee", "Shapur_Kharegat", "Lajla_Mattsson_Magga", "Bellaetrix_Manuputty" ]

[ "Mamata Banerjee -LRB- -LSB- mɔmɔt̪a bɔnd̪d̪oˈpad̪ʱˈae̯ -RSB- -LRB- Bengali - মমতা বন্দপাধ্যায় -RRB- also known as Didi was born 5 January 1955 -RRB- is an Indian politician who has been Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011 . She is the first woman to hold the office . Banerjee founded the party All India Trinamool Congress -LRB- AITMC or TMC -RRB- in 1997 and became its chairperson , after separating from the Indian National Congress . She is often referred to as Didi -LRB- meaning elder sister in Hindi and Bengali -RRB- . Banerjee previously served as the Minister of Railways twice and is also the first woman Railway Minister of India , Minister of Coal , and Minister of State for Human Resource Development , Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development in the cabinet of the Indian government . She rose to prominence after opposing the erstwhile land acquisition policies for industrialisation by the Communist government in West Bengal for Special Economic Zones at the cost of agriculturalists and farmers at Singur . In 2011 Banerjee pulled off a landslide victory for the TMC Congress alliance in West Bengal , defeating the 34-year-old Communist Party of India -LRB- Marxist -RRB- - led Left Front government , the world 's longest-serving democratically elected communist government in the process . In 2012 , Time magazine named her one of the `` 100 Most influential People in the World '' . In September 2012 Bloomberg Markets magazine listed her among the 50 most influential people in the world of finance . The TMC leader was voted in May 2013 as India 's most honest politician in an internal poll by members of India Against Corruption , India 's largest anti-corruption coalition . ", "Sushmita Banerjee , also known as Sushmita Bandhopadhyay and Sayeda Kamala -LRB- 1963/1964 -- 4/5 September 2013 -RRB- , was a writer and activist from India . Her works include the memoir Kabuliwalar Bangali Bou -LRB- A Kabuliwala 's Bengali Wife ; 1997 -RRB- based on her experience of marrying an Afghan and her time in Afghanistan during Taliban rule . The story was used as the basis for the Bollywood film Escape from Taliban . At the age of 49 , she was killed by suspected Taliban militants during the evening of 4 September or in the early morning hours of 5 September 2013 , outside her home in Paktika Province , Afghanistan . ", "Shapur Sorab Kharegat -LRB- 1 November 1932 -- 29 September 2000 -RRB- was a Parsi journalist , editor and former Asia Director of The Economist magazine . Kharegat was born in Bombay , at `` Palm Land '' , the home of his maternal great-grandfather , the ship chandler magnat Kavasjee Dadabhoy Dubash -LRB- +31.10.1921 -RRB- , to Col. Dr. Sorabjee Merwanjee Kharegat * 1900 +19.10.1963 -LRB- son of Col. Dr. Mervanji Pestanji Kharegat of Madras Medical Service * 20.11.1855 +17.12.1932 -RRB- , and his wife Dinbai Mehta -LRB- daughter of Navazbai Dubash and Byramji Mehta -RRB- . He spent his childhood at `` The Clif '' on Carmichael Road , Bombay at `` Babington House '' in Mahabaleshwar and at 17 Carlyle Mansions , Chelsea , London . Kharegat , who had a younger sister , Ratanbai -LRB- * 15.1.1941 +11.8.2003 -RRB- , was a Parsi and a descendant of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy , the first Indian Baronet and a first cousin once removed of Russi Mody , Chairman and Managing Director of Tata Steel . His maternal step-cousin was the World War II hero Lt. George Clement , né Spiridonoff , -LRB- 20.11.1917 - 7.9.1944 -RRB- . His first cousin was the late wife of Rustom K. S. Ghandhi . His paternal family was responsible for the building of `` Kharegat Colony '' , a charitable housing estate scheme in India . Sam Manekshaw , a family friend and his father served together during World War II in Indo China . Kharegat was a member of the Travellers Club . As one of the very last great old colonial characters , he was Asia director of The Economist , based in Hong Kong from August 1966 until his retirement in 1993 , and died in London . He was a major catalyst for The Economist 's inclusion in Asia and according to The Economist 's publisher David Hanger , S.S. Kharegat is remembered as `` a huge character who travelled the world in his own inimitable style . He argued the case for the business side to enter Asia long before many of us realised its potential , and made all of the early running to develop the region ahead of many of our rivals . '' ", "Lajla Mattsson Magga -LRB- born 4 November 1942 -RRB- is a Southern Sami teacher , children 's writer and lexicographer . Married to fellow Sami linguist Ole Henrik Magga -LRB- born 1947 -RRB- , she lives in Kautokeino in the far northern Norwegian county of Finnmark . ", "Bellaetrix Manuputty -LRB- born 11 October 1988 in Jakarta -RRB- is an Indonesian badminton player . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The_Last_Song_-LRB-film-RRB-", "As_Time_Goes_By_-LRB-M*A*S*H-RRB-", "The_Last_Mile", "The_Last_Play_at_Shea", "The_Final_Riot!" ]

[ "The Last Song is a 2010 American coming of age teen romantic drama film developed alongside Nicholas Sparks ' 2009 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Julie Anne Robinson in her feature film directorial debut and co-written by Sparks and Jeff Van Wie . The Last Song stars Miley Cyrus , Liam Hemsworth , and Greg Kinnear and follows a troubled teenager as she reconnects with her estranged father and falls in love during a summer in a quiet Southern United States beach town . Sparks was approached to write both the film 's screenplay and the novel . Sparks completed the screenplay in January 2009 , prior to the completion of the novel , making The Last Song his first script to be optioned for film . The setting , originally in North Carolina like the novel , relocated to Georgia after the states had campaigned for months to host production . Upon beginning production in Tybee Island , Georgia and nearby Savannah , The Last Song became the first movie to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . Filming lasted from June 15 to August 18 , 2009 with much of it occurring on the island 's beach and pier . The Last Song was released by Touchstone Pictures on March 31 , 2010 . Upon release , the film received a negative response from critics , particularly towards its screenplay and casting . ", "`` As Time Goes By '' is the 255th episode of M * A * S * H , airing on February 21 -LRB- first-run -RRB- and September 12 -LRB- repeat -RRB- , 1983 , and the last episode filmed . As it was the final episode filmed they took a moment to pay tribute to the characters -LRB- except for Trapper John McIntyre -RRB- who had left the series before its conclusion . It also introduces the character of Soon-Lee , who would play a vital role in the series ' final episode and the short-lived spin-off AfterMASH . The episode is dedicated to Connie Izay , RN , one of the show 's medical advisors . Although this was the penultimate episode of the series , it was the final episode that was produced with , wrapping January 14 , 1983 at exactly 6:05 PM . The series finale was filmed earlier in the production of that season . ", "The Last Mile may refer to : The Last Mile -LRB- prison rehabilitation program -RRB- , a program for San Quentin State Prison inmates The Last Mile -LRB- play -RRB- , a play by John Wexley The Last Mile -LRB- 1932 film -RRB- , a film adaptation of the play The Last Mile -LRB- 1953 film -RRB- , a documentary film directed by Robert Altman The Last Mile -LRB- 1959 film -RRB- , a film adaptation of the play featuring Mickey Rooney The Last Mile -LRB- 1992 film -RRB- , a 1992 short comedy-drama TV play The Last Mile -LRB- song -RRB- , a 1988 song by the hard rock and glam metal band Cinderella `` The Last Mile '' -LRB- Nico song -RRB- , a 1965 song issued as B-side of `` I 'm Not Sayin ' '' ", "The Last Play at Shea is a 2010 documentary film written by Mark Monroe , directed by Paul Crowder , produced by Steve Cohen and Nigel Sinclair , in conjunction with Billy Joel 's Maritime Pictures and Spitfire Films . The film is centered on Billy Joel 's 2008 concerts of the same name that occurred at Shea Stadium . The shows were staged on July 16 and 18 , 2008 , before a combined 110,000 fans , and were the last performances ever to play the historic stadium before it was demolished . The film debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26 , 2010 . The film was released on DVD on February 8 , 2011 . The CD and DVD from the show were released on March 8 , 2011 by Sony . The film premiered on August 21 , 2010 at Citi Field , Shea Stadium 's successor , in front of around 20,000 moviegoers . Earlier that day , Joel watched it himself and there was an announcement from him that he liked it and said `` I have n't puked from it , '' which was shown right before the film . ", "The Final Riot ! is the second official live album by American rock band Paramore and was released on November 25 , 2008 with a bonus DVD containing the full live concert plus behind-the-scenes footage . The DVD was filmed on August 12 , 2008 , at the Congress Theater in Chicago on The Final Riot ! Summer Tour . It contains a documentary entitled `` 40 Days of Riot ! '' , showing the band on tour . It is available in a standard and limited deluxe edition , which includes a 36-color-page booklet of the tour , along with another documentary , 40 MORE Days of Riot ! . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Psych_-LRB-season_2-RRB-", "Who_Ya_Gonna_Call?", "Grotesque_-LRB-The_X-Files-RRB-", "Teen_Titans_-LRB-season_3-RRB-", "Planet_of_the_Daleks" ]

[ "The second season of Psych originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 13 , 2007 to February 15 , 2008 . It consisted of 16 episodes . James Roday , Dulé Hill , Timothy Omundson , Maggie Lawson , and Corbin Bernsen reprised their roles as the main characters , and Kirsten Nelson joined the main cast . James Roday portrayed Shawn Spencer , a fake psychic detective who periodically consults for the Santa Barbara police department . A DVD of the season was released on July 8 , 2008 . ", "`` Who Ya Gon na Call ? '' is the seventh episode of the first season of the American comedy-drama television series Psych . It was written by co-executive producers Jack Sakmar and Kerry Lenhart , and was directed by Michael Lange . The episode originally aired on USA Network in the United States on August 18 , 2006 . The installment features guest appearances by Kirsten Nelson , Sage Brocklebank , Frank Whaley , and Nico McEown among others . The title refers to the song Ghostbusters , written and performed by Ray Parker Jr. . The series follows Shawn Spencer -LRB- James Roday -RRB- and his colleague and best friend Burton `` Gus '' Guster -LRB- Dulé Hill -RRB- , who claim to operate a psychic detective agency ; it is actually based on Shawn 's hyperobservant ability . In the episode , an obviously disturbed man requests help from the two , believing that he is being haunted . Upon investigation , they decide it is actually the man 's ex-girlfriend but find she is engaged and could not be the `` ghost '' . After an attempt on their lives , Shawn and Gus look through the man 's house again , finding a room full of women 's belongings , where Shawn realizes the man has Dissociative Identity Disorder and is the perpetrator of a murder spree . They rush to where they think the man is and prevent one of his other personalities from murdering a doctor . `` Who Ya Gon na Call ? '' received generally positive reviews from critics . At the time of its broadcast , the installment was considered to be one of the best episodes of the first season . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by approximately 4.80 million viewers during its original broadcast and received a 1.5 / 4 share in the 18-49 demographic . ", "`` Grotesque '' is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X-Files and the show 's 63rd episode overall . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on February 2 , 1996 . It was written by Howard Gordon and directed by Kim Manners . The episode is a `` Monster-of-the-Week '' story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . `` Grotesque '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 11.6 , being watched by 18.32 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder -LRB- David Duchovny -RRB- and Dana Scully -LRB- Gillian Anderson -RRB- who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a serial killer who claims a gargoyle spirit committed the crimes . When Mulder joins the case , his obsession with solving it causes Scully to question his sanity . Gordon was inspired to write the episode after walking down the streets of New York and seeing several stone gargoyles on the corner , staring at him . Gordon developed the concept with series creator Chris Carter , who suggested the addition of more psychological aspects to the episode . Originally , the teaser was planned to be filmed at a Catholic hospital , but the shot was relocated to the site of a historic post office after concerns were raised about attaching a fake gargoyle to the building . ", "The third season of the animated television series Teen Titans , based on the DC comics series of the same time by Bob Haney and Bruno Premiani , originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States . Developed by television writer David Slack , the series was produced by DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. . Animation . Sander Schwartz was tagged as the executive producer for the series . This marks the last season of Teen Titans being aired on The WB Television Network , from September 2005 to December 2005 , skipping insignificant episodes . It also became the only season that the The CW did not re-air during the 2007 -- 08 U.S network television season , as the first two seasons of the series only re-aired on Kids ' WB . The series focuses on a team of crime-fighting teenaged superheroes , consisting of the leader Robin -LRB- voiced by Scott Menville -RRB- , foreign alien princess Starfire , green shapeshifter Beast Boy , the dark sorceress Raven , and the technological genius Cyborg . The season focuses on Cyborg 's difficulty accepting his own maturity , and his desire to lead his own team , which brings him into conflict with the Teen Titans . The season also focuses on his battles with the supervillain Brother Blood . The season premiered on August 28 , 2004 and ran until November 27 , 2004 , broadcasting 13 episodes . Warner Bros. . Home Video released the third season on DVD in the United States and Canada on April 10 , 2007 . Despite receiving positive reviews , many critics agreed that the third season was inferior to its predecessor . ", "Planet of the Daleks is the fourth serial of the tenth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast in six weekly parts from 7 April to 12 May 1973 . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Andrea_Pirlo", "Andrea_Bianchimano", "Andrea_Arrighini", "Andrea_Viviano", "Michele_Padovano" ]

[ "Andrea Pirlo , Ufficiale OMRI -LRB- born 19 May 1979 -RRB- is an Italian professional footballer who plays for American club New York City FC and the Italy national team . Pirlo is usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker in midfield for both his club and national sides , and he is widely regarded as one of the greatest ever exponents of this position , due to his vision , ball control , creativity and passing ability ; he is also a free-kick specialist . Pirlo began his club career as an attacking midfielder with his home-town side Brescia , where he later helped the team to win the Serie B title and obtain Serie A promotion in 1997 . His promising performances led to a move to Internazionale in 1998 , but he struggled to gain playing time at his new club , due to his lack of pace , as well as heavy competition with other players in his position , and was subsequently sent on loan in 1999 . Despite successful spells with Reggina , and Brescia once again , Pirlo was still unable to break into Inter 's starting line-up , and was sold to cross-city rivals Milan in 2001 . At Milan , manager Carlo Ancelotti decided to shift Pirlo in front of the defence as a deep-lying playmaker , which allowed him more time on the ball to orchestrate his team 's attacks . Pirlo excelled in his new role , and soon developed into a world-class midfielder , playing a key role in Milan 's subsequent successes , as he won two UEFA Champions Leagues -LRB- 2003 and 2007 -RRB- , two UEFA Super Cups -LRB- 2003 and 2007 -RRB- , two Serie A titles -LRB- 2004 and 2011 -RRB- , a FIFA Club World Cup -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , a Supercoppa Italiana -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , and a Coppa Italia -LRB- 2003 -RRB- with the club . After joining Juventus on a free transfer in 2011 , who had gone trophyless since 2003 , he added four more Serie A titles -LRB- 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 -RRB- , which he won consecutively , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana titles -LRB- 2012 and 2013 -RRB- , and a Coppa Italia -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . After playing in Italy for over 20 seasons , Pirlo joined MLS expansion side New York City FC in 2015 , helping the team to reach the playoffs in his second season . At international level , Pirlo is the fourth-most capped player in the history of the Italian national team with 116 caps . He has played for the Italian youth teams at U15 , U18 and U21 level , captaining and leading the latter to victory in the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship as the Golden Player and Top Scorer of the tournament . He joined the Italian senior side in September 2002 and captained the Olympic team to a bronze medal in the 2004 Olympics . Later , he was instrumental in their victory in the 2006 FIFA World Cup . He was named Man of the Match three times , including the final , more than any other player in the tournament , and ultimately won the Bronze Ball -LRB- awarded to the third best player of the tournament -RRB- also being elected to the Team of the Tournament . He was also elected as part of the UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament , after leading Italy to the final , winning three Man of the Match awards in the process , the most of any player along with Andrés Iniesta . He has also represented the Italian senior side at the 2004 and 2008 UEFA European Championships , the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups , finishing third in the latter edition in Brazil , where he was also elected to the Team of the Tournament . Pirlo came in third , second , fourth , and third twice more in the IFFHS World Playmaker of the Year awards in 2006 , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2015 , respectively . He placed fourth in the 2012 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , and seventh in the 2015 edition . He placed 7th in the 2007 FIFA World Player , 5th in the 2007 Ballon d'Or and 7th in the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or award . He was also named as part of the 2006 FIFPro World XI and the 2012 UEFA Team of the Year . In 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 , Pirlo was also elected as Serie A Footballer of the Year , and was also named as part of the Serie A team of the Year . After helping Juventus to the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final , he was named to the squad of the season . In 2012 , Pirlo was named the eighth best footballer in the World by The Guardian , and in 2013 , Bloomberg ranked him the fifth best player in Europe . In 2015 , France Football rated him as one of the 10 best footballers in the world who are over the age of 36 . ", "Andrea Bianchimano -LRB- born 25 December 1996 -RRB- is an Italian professional football striker who plays for Reggina , on loan from Milan . ", "Andrea Arrighini -LRB- born 6 June 1990 -RRB- is an Italian footballer who plays for Cittadella , on loan from Avellino . ", "Andrea Viviano was an Italian footballer who played as a forward . He competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics with the Italy national football team . ", "Michele Padovano -LRB- born 28 August 1966 in Turin -RRB- is an Italian retired football player who played as a striker . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Dan_Trachtenberg", "Daniel_Blaikie", "David_Grachat", "Brendan_Witt", "Emery_Robichaud" ]

[ "Dan Trachtenberg is an American filmmaker and podcast host . He directed the 2016 film 10 Cloverfield Lane . Trachtenberg was one of three hosts of The Totally Rad Show and a former co-host of Geekdrome . Both programs were hosted at Revision3 . Trachtenberg is also the director of the 2011 short film Portal : No Escape , an episode of Black Mirror entitled `` Playtest '' and the director of various television commercials and public service announcements . ", "Daniel Blaikie , , is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Elmwood -- Transcona in the House of Commons of Canada in the Canadian federal election , 2015 . He is a member of the New Democratic Party . He is the son of former Member of Parliament Bill Blaikie and brother of former NDP President Rebecca Blaikie . He was nominated as the NDP candidate for his father 's former riding ahead of the 2015 election . Blaikie defeated Conservative incumbent Lawrence Toet by only 61 votes ; the lowest margin in the country . He was the only non-Liberal elected from a Winnipeg riding . Blaikie is the NDP critic for the Treasury Board and the deputy critic for Ethics in the 42nd Canadian Parliament . ", "David Grachat -LRB- born 21 January 1987 -RRB- is a Portuguese para-swimmer , competing in S9 classification events . He has competed at two Summer Paralympic Games , 2008 in Beijing and 2012 in London . Grachat has won medals at both European and World level , and specializes in the 400m freestyle . ", "Brendan Witt -LRB- born February 20 , 1975 -RRB- is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman . He played for the Washington Capitals , Nashville Predators , and New York Islanders in the National Hockey League -LRB- NHL -RRB- . ", "Oliver Emery Robichaud -LRB- born February 3 , 1943 -RRB- was a Canadian politician . He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1974 to 1987 , as a Progressive Conservative member for the constituency of Caraquet . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Vatican_City", "Vatican_City_Championship", "Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City", "Irreligion_in_Romania", "Enclave_and_exclave" ]

[ "Vatican City -LRB- -LSB- ˈvætᵻkən_ˈsɪti -RSB- Città del Vaticano -LSB- tʃitˈta ddel vatiˈkaːno -RSB- Civitas Vaticana -RRB- , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City -LRB- -LSB- Stato della Città del Vaticano , links = no -RSB- -LSB- Status Civitatis Vaticanae , links = no -RSB- -RRB- , is a walled enclave within the city of Rome . With an area of approximately 44 hectares -LRB- 110 acres -RRB- , and a population of 1,000 , it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population . However , formally it is not sovereign , with sovereignty being held by the Holy See , the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world . It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state -LRB- a type of theocracy -RRB- ruled by the Bishop of Rome -- the Pope . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the Popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere . Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See -LRB- -LSB- Sancta Sedes , links = no -RSB- -RRB- , which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe . The independent city-state , on the other hand , came into existence in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States -LRB- 756 -- 1870 -RRB- , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . According to the terms of the treaty , the Holy See has `` full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction '' over the city-state . Within Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos , fees for admission to museums , and the sale of publications . ", "The Vatican City Championship -LRB- Campionato della Citta Vaticano -RRB- is the top men 's association football league of Vatican City . Founded in 1972 as the Coppa Amicizia , teams are composed of workers representing various state departments . Teams are permitted to field an outside player from Italian amateur teams to play as goalkeeper . The league 's best players are combined to form the Vatican City national team for rare friendly matches . The Vatican football association , Federazione Vaticanese Giuoco Calcio , is not a member of FIFA and is overseen by its president Domenico Ruggerio as of May 2014 . All matches are played at the Associazione Sportivo La Salle complex in Western Rome , although the larger Campo Cardinale Francis Joseph Spellman served as home until recently . The league has amateur status with matches and training taking place outside of work hours . Matches take place on Mondays and Tuesdays . Equipment and uniforms are occasionally donated by organizations and benefactors with deficits being covered by the Vatican government . The league takes place between October and May each year with a two-month break in December and January . ", "The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State -LRB- Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano -RRB- is the gendarmerie , or police and security force , of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See . The 130-member corps is led by an Inspector General , currently Domenico Giani , who replaced the long-serving Camillo Cibin in June 2006 . ", "Romania is officially designated as a secular state , although there is no effective separation of church and state . Indeed , according to Law no. 142/1999 , state-recognized religious denominations employees receive salaries from the state budget . Therefore , all Romanian citizens who pay taxes contribute to clergy salaries , regardless of their religious affiliation . Romania is one of the most religious countries in Europe , with 92 % of people saying that they believe in God . Irreligion is much lower in Romania than in most other European countries and is among the lowest in the world . At the 2011 census , only 0.11 % of the population declared itself atheist , up from the 2002 census , while 0.10 % do not belong to any religion . ", "An enclave is a territory , or a part of a territory , that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state . Territorial waters have the same sovereign attributes as land , and enclaves may therefore exist within territorial waters . An exclave is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory -LRB- of one or more states -RRB- . Many exclaves are also enclaves . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state . Vatican City and San Marino , enclaved by Italy , and Lesotho , enclaved by South Africa , are the only completely enclaved states . Unlike an enclave , an exclave can be surrounded by several states.The Azeri exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that , except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border , would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves . Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states -LRB- Monaco , Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves -RRB- , while exclaves always constitute just a part of a sovereign state . A pene-enclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently -- in particular by wheeled traffic -- only through the territory of another country . Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves . Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters -LRB- i.e. , they are not surrounded by other nations ' territorial waters -RRB- . A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land , such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory . A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria , that is only accessible from Germany to the north . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Trick-or-treating", "Substance_abuse_prevention", "Worzel_Gummidge_Down_Under", "Bubble_light", "Cookie_Monster" ]

[ "Trick-or-treating is a Halloween custom for children in many countries . Children in costumes travel from house to house asking for treats such as candy -LRB- or , in some cultures , money -RRB- with the phrase `` Trick or treat '' . The `` trick '' is a -LRB- usually idle -RRB- threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them . It typically happens during the evening of October 31 . Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats , for example by putting up Halloween decorations outside their door . Others might simply leave treats on their porch . In North America , trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late 1920s . In Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century , as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween . In 19th century Britain and Ireland , there are many accounts of people going house-to-house in costume at Halloween , reciting verses in exchange for food , and sometimes warning of misfortune if they were not welcomed . The Scottish Halloween custom of `` guising '' -- children disguised in costume going from house to house for food or money -- is first recorded in North America in 1911 . While going house-to-house in costume has remained popular among Scots and Irish , the custom of saying `` trick or treat '' has only recently become common . The activity is prevalent in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , Puerto Rico , and northwestern and central Mexico . In the latter , this practice is called calaverita -LRB- Spanish for `` little skull '' -RRB- , and instead of `` trick or treat '' , the children ask ¿ me da mi calaverita ? -LRB- `` can you give me my little skull ? '' -RRB- where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate . ", "Substance Abuse Prevention , also known as drug abuse prevention , is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive 's substances . Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings . A concept known as `` environmental prevention '' focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand . Substance abuse prevention efforts typically focus on minors -- children and teens . Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol -LRB- including binge drinking , drunkenness and driving under the influence -RRB- , tobacco -LRB- including cigarettes and various forms of smokeless tobacco -RRB- , marijuana , inhalants -LRB- volatile solvents including among other things glue , gasoline , aerosols , ether , fumes from correction fluid and marking pens -RRB- , cocaine , methamphetamine , steroids , club drugs -LRB- such as MDMA -RRB- , and opioids . ", "Worzel Gummidge Down Under was a television series adapted from the books written by Barbara Euphan Todd and the children 's television programme produced and broadcast in the United Kingdom named Worzel Gummidge , starring Jon Pertwee . The story continued in New Zealand when Aunt Sally was sold to a Museum owner . ", "A bubble light is a decorative device consisting of a liquid-filled vial that is heated and lighted by an incandescent light bulb . Because of the liquid 's low boiling point , the modest heat generated by the lamp causes the liquid to boil and bubble up from the vial 's base thus creating a decorative effect . ", "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children 's television show Sesame Street . He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases , such as `` Me want cookie ! '' `` Me eat cookie ! '' and `` Om nom nom nom '' -LRB- said through a mouth full of food -RRB- . He often eats just about anything , including ice cream , hot dogs , cake , pizza , doughnuts , lettuce , apples , bananas , watermelon , as well as normally inedible objects . However , as his name suggests , his preferred food is cookies . Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind ; oatmeal cookies are his second favorite . In a song in 2004 , Cookie Monster revealed that , before he ate his first cookie , he believed his name was Sid . Despite his voracious appetite for cookies , Cookie Monster shows awareness of healthy eating habits for young children , and since 2006 he has said that cookies are `` a sometime snack , '' and that he also enjoys fruits and eggplant . He is known to have a mother , a younger sister , and an identically-designed cousin -LRB- who ironically does not like cookies -RRB- , who all share his characteristic navy blue fur and `` googly eyes . '' He also has a father , who appeared in a Monsterpiece Theater sketch promoting energy conservation , water conservation and environmentalism . Both Cookie Monster 's mother and father share his enormous appetite and craving for cookies . He and his Sesame Street friends are popular motifs on T-shirts . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "China", "Economy_of_Pakistan", "Smart_grid_in_China", "List_of_countries_by_GDP_-LRB-PPP-RRB-", "List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_-LRB-PPP-RRB-" ]

[ "China , officially the People 's Republic of China -LRB- PRC -RRB- , is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the world 's most populous country , with a population of over 1.381 billion . Covering approximately 9.6 e6km2 , China is the world 's second-largest state by land area and third - or fourth-largest by total area . Governed by the Communist Party of China , it exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities -LRB- Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai and Chongqing -RRB- and the Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau , also claiming sovereignty over Taiwan . China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower . China emerged as one of the world 's earliest civilizations in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the legendary Xia dynasty . Since 221 , when the Qin dynasty conquered the other largest six states to form the first unified Chinese empire , China has then expanded , fractured and re-unified numerous times in the following millennia . In 1912 , the Republic of China -LRB- ROC -RRB- replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949 , when it was defeated by the communist People 's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War . The Communist Party established the People 's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949 , while the ROC government relocated to Taiwan with its present de facto temporary capital in Taipei . Both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China , though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory . China has had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two thousand years , during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline . Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978 , China has become one of the world 's fastest-growing major economies . , it is the world 's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity -LRB- PPP -RRB- . China is also the world 's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods . China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world 's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget . The PRC is a member of the United Nations , as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council in 1971 . China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations , including the WTO , APEC , BRICS , the Shanghai Cooperation Organization -LRB- SCO -RRB- , the BCIM and the G-20 . ", "The economy of Pakistan is the 25th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity -LRB- PPP -RRB- , and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product . Pakistan has a population of over 190 million -LRB- the world 's 6th-largest -RRB- , giving it a nominal GDP per capita of $ 1,428 , which ranks 147th in the world for 2016 . However , Pakistan 's undocumented economy is estimated to be 36 % of its overall economy , which is not taken into consideration when calculating per capita income . Pakistan is a developing country and is one of the Next Eleven , the eleven countries and have a potential to be among the world 's large economies in the 21st century . However , after decades of war and social instability , as of 2013 , serious deficiencies in basic services such as railway transportation and electric power generation had developed . The economy is semi-industrialized , with centres of growth along the Indus River . Primary export commodities include textiles , leather goods , sports goods , chemicals and carpets/rugs . Growth poles of Pakistan 's economy are situated along the Indus River ; the diversified economies of Karachi and major urban centers in the Punjab , coexisting with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country . The economy has suffered in the past from internal political disputes , a fast-growing population , mixed levels of foreign investment . Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances , but a growing current account deficit -- driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion -- could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term . Pakistan is currently undergoing a process of economic liberalization , including privatization of all government corporations , aimed to attract foreign investment and decrease budget deficit . In 2014 , foreign currency reserves crossed $ 18.4 billion which has led to stable outlook on the long-term rating by Standard & Poor 's . In 2016 , BMI Research report named Pakistan as one of the ten emerging economies with a particular focus on of its manufacturing hub . In October 2016 , the IMF chief Christine Lagarde confirmed her economic assessment in Islamabad that Pakistan 's economy was ` out of crisis ' The World Bank predicts that by 2018 , Pakistan 's economic growth will increase to a `` robust '' 5.4 % due to greater inflow of foreign investment , namely from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor . According to the World Bank , poverty in Pakistan fell from 64.3 % in 2002 to 29.5 % in 2014 . Pakistan 's fiscal position continues to improve as the budget deficit has fallen from 6.4 % in 2013 to 4.3 % in 2016 . The country 's improving Macroeconomic position has led to Moody 's upgrading Pakistan 's debt outlook to `` stable '' . ", "China is the world 's larges consumer of electricity , and its demand is expected to double by next decade , and triple by 2035 . In 2010 , 70 percent of China 's electricity generation came from coal-fired power plants , but now the Chinese government is investing heavily in renewable energy technologies . As of 2013 , 21 percent of China 's electricity generation comes from renewable sources . This represents only 9 percent of China 's overall primary energy use coming from renewable resources . China 's latest goal is to increase renewable energy to 9.5 percent of overall primary energy use by 2015 . To implement China 's new clean energy capacity into the national power grid , and to improve the reliability of the country 's existing infrastructure , requires significant upgrades and ultimately , a smart grid . A smart grid differs from a conventional power grid in that it includes a system of information and communication technologies to bidirectionally transmit and distribute electricity more efficiently and reliably . Additionally , this technology allows consumers to manage their power usage and make choices for economically efficient products and services . China 's national utility , the State Grid Corporation of China -LRB- SGCC -RRB- , is responsible for the oversight of these upgrades . ", "This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product -LRB- PPP -RRB- . Countries are sorted by GDP PPP forecasted estimates from financial and statistical institutions in the limited period January-April 2017 , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . The GDP dollar -LRB- INT$ -RRB- data given on this page are derived from purchasing power parity -LRB- PPP -RRB- calculations . Comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than nominal when assessing a nation 's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods , services and inflation rates of the country , rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income . It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries . PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index . These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods . The first table includes estimation for the year 2017 , for all current 191 International Monetary Fund -LRB- IMF -RRB- members , as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan -LRB- the official list uses `` Taiwan , Province of China '' -RRB- . Data are in millions of international dollars and were calculated by the IMF . Figures were published in April 2017 . The second table includes data mostly for the year 2015 for 180 of the 193 current United Nations member states , as well as the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions -LRB- Hong Kong and Macau -RRB- . Data are in billions of international dollars and were compiled by the World Bank . The third table is a tabulation of the CIA World Factbook Gross Domestic Product -LRB- GDP -RRB- -LRB- Purchasing Power Parity -RRB- data update of 2016 . The data for GDP at purchasing power parity have also been rebased using the new International Comparison Program price surveys and extrapolated to 2007 . ", "This article includes a list of 57 member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation sorted by their gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- at purchasing power parity -LRB- PPP -RRB- per capita , the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year . " ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 2, 0 ]

[ "Phoenix,_Arizona", "Phoenix_metropolitan_area", "Arizona", "Tempe,_Arizona", "Phoenix_Suns" ]

[ "Phoenix -LRB- -LSB- ˈfiːnᵻks -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona . With 1,615,017 people , Phoenix is the fifth most populous city nationwide , the most populous state capital in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is a part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.3 million people . In addition , Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and , at 517.9 square miles -LRB- 1,341 km2 -RRB- , it is the largest city in the state , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers , Phoenix incorporated as a city in 1881 . Located in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert , Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community , many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay -LRB- which was important for the cattle industry -RRB- . In fact , the `` Five C 's '' -LRB- Cotton , Cattle , Citrus , Climate , and Copper -RRB- , remained the driving forces of Phoenix 's economy until after World War II , when high-tech industries began to move into the valley and air conditioning made residences much more comfortable in the very hot summers . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s . This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007 -- 09 , and has rebounded slowly . Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun , as well as the entire state . ", "The Phoenix Metropolitan Area -- often referred to as the Valley of the Sun , the Salt River Valley or Metro Phoenix -- is a metropolitan area , centered on the city of Phoenix , that includes much of the central part of the U.S. State of Arizona . The United States Census Bureau designates the area as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler Metropolitan Statistical Area -LRB- MSA -RRB- , defining it as Maricopa and Pinal counties . As of the Census Bureau 's 2015 population estimates , the Valley had 4,574,351 residents , making it the 12th largest Metropolitan Area in the nation by population . The gross domestic product of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area was $ 215 billion in 2014 , 15th largest amongst metro areas in the United States . It is also one of the fastest growing major metropolitan areas , gaining nearly 400,000 residents from 2010 to 2015 , and more than 1.3 million since 2000 . The population of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area increased by 45.3 % from 1990 through 2000 , compared to the average United States rate of 13.2 % , helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the nation in the 1990s -LRB- the fastest was Nevada -RRB- . The 2000 Census reported the population of the metropolitan area to be 3,251,876 . As for the 2010 Census , the two-county metropolitan area was reported to have a population of 4,192,887 . Metro Phoenix grew by 941,011 people from April 2000 to April 2010 , making it one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country . This also contributed to the entire state 's exceptional growth , as the area is home to just over two-thirds of Arizona 's population . ", "Arizona -LRB- -LSB- ɛərᵻˈzoʊnə , _ ærᵻ - -RSB- -RRB- -LRB- Hoozdo Hahoodzo -LSB- xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò -RSB- O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak -LSB- ˡaɺi ˡʃonak -RSB- -RRB- is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona is one of the Four Corners states . It has borders with New Mexico , Utah , Nevada , California , and Mexico , and one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado . Arizona 's border with Mexico is 389 miles -LRB- 626 km -RRB- long , on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican -- American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; some mountain ranges -LRB- such as the San Francisco Mountains -RRB- ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson . In addition to the Grand Canyon National Park , there are several national forests , national parks , and national monuments . About one-quarter of the state is made up of Indian reservations that serve as the home of 27 federally recognized Native American tribes , including the Navajo Nation , the largest in the state and the United States , with more than 300,000 citizens . Although federal law gave all Native Americans the right to vote in 1924 , Arizona excluded those living on reservations from voting until its state Supreme Court ruled in 1948 in favor of Native American plaintiffs . ", "Tempe -LRB- -LSB- tɛmˈpiː -RSB- ; Oidbaḍ in Pima -RRB- , also known as Hayden 's Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2010 population of 161,719 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of Arizona State University . ", "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not to be based in California . Since 1992 , the Suns have played their home games at Talking Stick Resort Arena in downtown Phoenix . The Suns began play as an expansion team in 1968 . The franchise owns the NBA 's fourth-best all-time winning percentage , winning 55 percent of its games , as of the end of the 2014 -- 15 season . In 47 years of play , they have made the playoffs 29 times , posted 19 seasons of 50 or more wins , made nine trips to the Western Conference Finals , and advanced to the NBA Finals twice , in 1976 and 1993 . As a result , the Suns are the team with the highest all-time win-loss percentage to have never won an NBA championship . With the National Hockey League 's Phoenix Coyotes changing their geographic location name to Arizona on June 27 , 2014 -LRB- which was required as part of their new Gila River Arena lease agreement -RRB- , the Suns are the only men 's major professional sports franchise based in the state of Arizona that brands themselves exclusively to the city of Phoenix rather than the state as a whole . " ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ "Project_Y", "Nucleofection", "Project_S-11", "Anki_-LRB-company-RRB-", "The_State_of_New_York_vs._Derek_Murphy" ]

[ "The Los Alamos Laboratory , also known as Project Y , was a secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project and operated by the University of California during World War II . Its mission was to design and build the first atomic bombs . Robert Oppenheimer was its first director , from 1943 to December 1945 , when he was succeeded by Norris Bradbury . For scientists freely to discuss their work while preserving security , the laboratory was located in a remote part of New Mexico . The wartime laboratory occupied buildings that had once been part of the Los Alamos Ranch School . The development effort initially concentrated on a gun-type fission weapon using plutonium called Thin Man . In April 1944 , the Los Alamos Laboratory determined that the rate of spontaneous fission in plutonium bred in a nuclear reactor was too great due to the presence of plutonium-240 and would cause a predetonation , a nuclear chain reaction before the core was fully assembled . Oppenheimer then reorganized the laboratory and orchestrated an all-out and ultimately successful effort on an alternative design proposed by John von Neumann , an implosion-type nuclear weapon , which was called Fat Man . A variant of the gun-type design known as Little Boy was developed using uranium-235 . Chemists at the Los Alamos Laboratory developed methods of purifying uranium and plutonium , the latter a metal that only existed in microscopic quantities when Project Y began . Its metallurgists found that plutonium had unexpected properties , but were nonetheless able to cast it into metal spheres . The laboratory built the Water Boiler , an aqueous homogeneous reactor , the third reactor in the world to become operational . It also researched the Super , a hydrogen bomb that would use a fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium . The Fat Man design was tested in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945 . Project Y personnel formed pit crews and assembly teams for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and participated in the bombing as weaponeers and observers . After the war ended , the laboratory supported the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll . A new Z Division was created to control testing , stockpiling and bomb assembly activities , which were concentrated at Sandia Base . The Los Alamos Laboratory became Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1947 . ", "Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents . Nucleofection , also referred to as nucleofector technology , was invented by the biotechnology company Amaxa . `` Nucleofector '' and `` nucleofection '' are trademarks owned by Lonza Cologne AG , part of the Lonza Group . ", "Project S-11 is a game developed by Paragon 5 and published by Sunsoft for the Game Boy Color . It was released in North America on January 3 , 2001 . ", "Anki is a robotics and artificial intelligence startup . Anki programs physical objects to be intelligent and adaptable in the physical world and is designed to solve the problems of positioning , reasoning , and execution in artificial intelligence and robotics . The company debuted Anki Drive during the 2013 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote . The company received $ 50 million in Series A and Series B venture funding from Andreessen Horowitz , Index Ventures , and Two Sigma . In September 2014 , Anki announced that it has raised another $ 55 million in Series C venture funding led by JP Morgan . In June 2016 , the company announced its latest round of funding , which amounted to $ 52.5 M , also led by JP Morgan . Total funding to date is $ 182.5 million . Marc Andreessen and Danny Rimer serve on the company 's board , in addition to the three co-founders . ", "The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy is an EP by rapper and member of Brand Nubian , Sadat X , released in September 2000 . The EP is Sadat 's second solo effort , following 1996 's full-length LP Wild Cowboys . The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy features production from Diamond D and Minnesota , as well as guest appearances from the Money Boss Players , here credited as Hy Tymes . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Project_Y", "Nucleofection", "Project_S-11", "Anki_-LRB-company-RRB-", "The_State_of_New_York_vs._Derek_Murphy" ]

[ "The Los Alamos Laboratory , also known as Project Y , was a secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project and operated by the University of California during World War II . Its mission was to design and build the first atomic bombs . Robert Oppenheimer was its first director , from 1943 to December 1945 , when he was succeeded by Norris Bradbury . For scientists freely to discuss their work while preserving security , the laboratory was located in a remote part of New Mexico . The wartime laboratory occupied buildings that had once been part of the Los Alamos Ranch School . The development effort initially concentrated on a gun-type fission weapon using plutonium called Thin Man . In April 1944 , the Los Alamos Laboratory determined that the rate of spontaneous fission in plutonium bred in a nuclear reactor was too great due to the presence of plutonium-240 and would cause a predetonation , a nuclear chain reaction before the core was fully assembled . Oppenheimer then reorganized the laboratory and orchestrated an all-out and ultimately successful effort on an alternative design proposed by John von Neumann , an implosion-type nuclear weapon , which was called Fat Man . A variant of the gun-type design known as Little Boy was developed using uranium-235 . Chemists at the Los Alamos Laboratory developed methods of purifying uranium and plutonium , the latter a metal that only existed in microscopic quantities when Project Y began . Its metallurgists found that plutonium had unexpected properties , but were nonetheless able to cast it into metal spheres . The laboratory built the Water Boiler , an aqueous homogeneous reactor , the third reactor in the world to become operational . It also researched the Super , a hydrogen bomb that would use a fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium . The Fat Man design was tested in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945 . Project Y personnel formed pit crews and assembly teams for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and participated in the bombing as weaponeers and observers . After the war ended , the laboratory supported the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll . A new Z Division was created to control testing , stockpiling and bomb assembly activities , which were concentrated at Sandia Base . The Los Alamos Laboratory became Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1947 . ", "Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents . Nucleofection , also referred to as nucleofector technology , was invented by the biotechnology company Amaxa . `` Nucleofector '' and `` nucleofection '' are trademarks owned by Lonza Cologne AG , part of the Lonza Group . ", "Project S-11 is a game developed by Paragon 5 and published by Sunsoft for the Game Boy Color . It was released in North America on January 3 , 2001 . ", "Anki is a robotics and artificial intelligence startup . Anki programs physical objects to be intelligent and adaptable in the physical world and is designed to solve the problems of positioning , reasoning , and execution in artificial intelligence and robotics . The company debuted Anki Drive during the 2013 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote . The company received $ 50 million in Series A and Series B venture funding from Andreessen Horowitz , Index Ventures , and Two Sigma . In September 2014 , Anki announced that it has raised another $ 55 million in Series C venture funding led by JP Morgan . In June 2016 , the company announced its latest round of funding , which amounted to $ 52.5 M , also led by JP Morgan . Total funding to date is $ 182.5 million . Marc Andreessen and Danny Rimer serve on the company 's board , in addition to the three co-founders . ", "The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy is an EP by rapper and member of Brand Nubian , Sadat X , released in September 2000 . The EP is Sadat 's second solo effort , following 1996 's full-length LP Wild Cowboys . The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy features production from Diamond D and Minnesota , as well as guest appearances from the Money Boss Players , here credited as Hy Tymes . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Temple_Grandin_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Mick_Jackson_-LRB-director-RRB-", "Temple_Hill_Entertainment", "Inside_Llewyn_Davis", "Joseph_McGrath_-LRB-film_director-RRB-" ]

[ "Temple Grandin is a 2010 biopic directed by Mick Jackson and starring Claire Danes as Temple Grandin , an autistic woman who revolutionized practices for the humane handling of livestock on cattle ranches and slaughterhouses . ", "Mick Jackson -LRB- born 4 October 1943 in Grays , England , United Kingdom -RRB- is a British film director and television producer . Between 1973 and 1987 , Jackson directed many documentary and drama productions for BBC TV and Channel 4 . Relocating to Hollywood , he directed feature films , including The Bodyguard starring Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston . In 2010 , Jackson won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special for the dramatised biographical TV film Temple Grandin . ", "Temple Hill Entertainment or Temple Hill Productions is an American-based film and television production company , established in February 2006 by producers Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen . The first film company produced was The Nativity Story in 2006 by director Catherine Hardwicke . The studio produced the Twilight film series . ", "Inside Llewyn Davis -LSB- ˈluː.ɪn deɪvɪs -RSB- is a 2013 American black comedy drama film written , directed , produced , and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen . Set in 1961 , the film follows one week in the life of Llewyn Davis , played by Oscar Isaac , a folk singer struggling to achieve musical success while keeping his life in order . It co-stars Carey Mulligan , John Goodman , Garrett Hedlund , F. Murray Abraham , and Justin Timberlake . Although Davis is a fictional character , the story was partly inspired by the autobiography of folk singer Dave Van Ronk . Most of the folk songs performed in the film are sung in full and recorded live . T Bone Burnett was the executive music producer . The film won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , where it screened on May 19 , 2013 . The film received a limited release in the United States on December 6 , 2013 , and was given a wide release on January 10 , 2014 . The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for two Academy Awards -LRB- Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing -RRB- and for three Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy -LRB- Oscar Isaac -RRB- , and Best Original Song . Inside Llewyn Davis has been highly acclaimed , and was voted the 11th best film of the 21st century by 177 critics in a 2016 BBC Culture poll . ", "Joseph McGrath -LRB- born 1930 , Glasgow -RRB- is a Scottish film and television director and screenwriter . He studied at Glasgow School of Art in the late 1940s/early 1950s where his energy and talent was much admired by his contemporaries . McGrath is best known for his collaborations with The Goon Show stars Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan . He directed the scenes with Sellers and Orson Welles in the multi-director James bond spoof Casino Royale -LRB- 1967 -RRB- . He also directed Sellers and Spike Milligan in The Magic Christian -LRB- 1969 -RRB- and The Great McGonagall -LRB- 1974 -RRB- . In the 2004 film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , Alan Williams plays the unnamed director of Casino Royale , whom Sellers -LRB- played by Geoffrey Rush -RRB- calls ` Joe ' . " ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "Near-Earth_object", "Astronomical_object", "Small_Solar_System_body", "-LRB-66391-RRB-_1999_KW4", "1915_Quetzálcoatl" ]

[ "A near-Earth object -LRB- NEO -RRB- is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it into proximity with Earth . By definition , a solar system body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun -LRB- perihelion -RRB- is less than 1.3 astronomical unit -LRB- AU -RRB- . NEOs include more than fourteen thousand near-Earth asteroids -LRB- NEAs -RRB- , more than one hundred near-Earth comets -LRB- NECs -RRB- , and a number of solar-orbiting spacecraft and meteoroids , large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth . It is now widely accepted that collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the Earth . NEOs have become of increased interest since the 1980s because of increased awareness of the potential danger some of the asteroids or comets pose , and mitigations are being researched . In January 2016 , NASA announced the Planetary Defense Coordination Office to track NEOs larger than 30 to 50 meters in diameter and coordinate an effective threat response and mitigation effort . NEAs have orbits that lie partly between 0.983 and 1.3 AU away from the Sun . When a NEA is detected it is submitted to the IAU 's Minor Planet Center for cataloging . Some NEAs orbits intersect that of Earth 's so they pose a collision danger . The United States , European Union , and other nations are currently scanning for NEOs in an effort called Spaceguard . In the United States and since 1998 , NASA has a congressional mandate to catalogue all NEOs that are at least 1 kilometer wide , as the impact of such an object would be globally catastrophic . In 2006 , it was estimated that 20 % of the mandated objects had not yet been found . In 2011 , largely as a result of NEOWISE , it was estimated that 93 % of the NEAs larger than 1 km had been found and that only about 70 remained to be discovered . , there have been 875 NEAs larger than 1 km discovered , of which 157 are potentially hazardous . The inventory is much less complete for smaller objects , which still have potential for large scale , though not global , damage . Potentially hazardous objects -LRB- PHOs -RRB- are currently defined based on parameters that measure the object 's potential to make threatening close approaches to the Earth . Mostly objects with an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance -LRB- MOID -RRB- of 0.05 AU or less and an absolute magnitude -LRB- H -RRB- of 22.0 or brighter -LRB- a rough indicator of large size -RRB- are considered PHOs . Objects that can not approach closer to the Earth -LRB- i.e. MOID -RRB- than 0.05 AU , or are smaller than about 150 m -LRB- 500 ft -RRB- in diameter -LRB- i.e. H = 22.0 with assumed albedo of 13 % -RRB- , are not considered PHOs . NASA 's catalog for near-Earth objects also includes the approach distances of asteroids and comets measured in lunar distances , and this usage has become a common unit of measure used by the news media in discussing these objects . Some NEOs are of special interest because they can be physically explored with lower mission velocity than for even the Moon , due to their combination of low velocity with respect to Earth -LRB- ΔV -RRB- and weak gravity , so they may present interesting scientific opportunities both for direct geochemical and astronomical investigation , and as potentially economical sources of extraterrestrial materials for human exploitation . This makes them an attractive target for exploration . As of 2016 , three near-Earth objects have been visited by spacecraft . ", "An astronomical object or celestial object is a naturally occurring physical entity , association , or structure that current astronomy has demonstrated to exist in the observable universe . In astronomy , the terms `` object '' and `` body '' are often used interchangeably . However , an astronomical body or celestial body refers to a single , tightly bound contiguous entity , while an astronomical or celestial object refers to a complex , less cohesively bound structure , that may consist of multiple bodies or even other objects with substructures . Examples for astronomical objects include planetary systems , star clusters , nebulae and galaxies , while asteroids , moons , planets , and stars are astronomical bodies . A comet may be identified as both body and object : It is a body when referring to the frozen nucleus of ice and dust , and an object when describing the entire comet with its diffuse coma and tail . ", "A Small Solar System Body -LRB- SSSB -RRB- is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet , nor a dwarf planet , nor a natural satellite . The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union . This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets . Thus SSSBs are : the classical asteroids with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres ; the trojans ; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects with the exception of Pluto , Haumea , Makemake , Eris , and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets . ", ", provisional designation , is a binary asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group , approximately 1.3 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 20 May 1999 , by Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research -LRB- LINEAR -RRB- at the Lincoln Laboratory 's Experimental Test Site in Socorro , New Mexico , United States . It is also a Mercury-crosser . ", "1915 Quetzálcoatl , provisional designation , is a very eccentric , stony asteroid classified as near-Earth object , about half a kilometer in diameter . It was discovered on 9 March 1953 , by American astronomer Albert George Wilson at Palomar Observatory , California . The asteroid is an Amor asteroid -- a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond , but do not cross it -- and a member of the Alinda family of highly eccentric asteroids . Its Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance -LRB- MOID -RRB- is 0.11 AU and on February 24 , 2062 , it will make a close approach and pass by Earth at a distance of 0.1339 AU . Classified as a SMU-subtype in the Tholen taxonomy , the S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1 -- 4.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month -LRB- 1,482 days -RRB- . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 20 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It has a rotation period of 4.9 hours and an albedo of 0.21 -- 0.31 . In 1981 , this object was observed with radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 0.09 AU . The measured radar cross-section was 0.02 km2 . It is named after the `` feathered serpent '' Quetzalcoatl , the Mesoamerican deity of wisdom and culture who brought learning to the Toltec people . Naming citation was published before November 1977 . " ]

[ 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Dawood_Ibrahim", "Junaid_Dawood", "Asion_Daja", "Ibrahim_Ghaleb", "Ibrahim_Abdel_Meguid" ]

[ "Dawood Ibrahim -LRB- Marathi : दाऊद इब्राहीम कासकर , born Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar 26 December 1955 -RRB- , known as Dawood Bhai or simply Bhai is a gangster and terrorist originally from Dongri in Mumbai , India . The word `` Bhai '' means `` Big brother '' . In the lingo of the Mumbai underworld , the word `` Bhai '' is attributed to members of the underworld who hold considerable power . He heads the Indian organised crime syndicate D-Company founded in Mumbai . He is currently on the wanted list of Interpol for cheating , criminal conspiracy and running an organised crime syndicate . He was number three on the The World 's 10 Most Wanted . ", "Junaid Dawood -LRB- born 2 October 1996 -RRB- is a South African cricketer . He made his Twenty20 debut for Eastern Province against KwaZulu-Natal in the 2016 Africa T20 Cup on 25 September 2016 . He made his first-class debut for Eastern Province in the 2016 -- 17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup on 20 October 2016 . He made his List A debut for Eastern Province in the 2016 -- 17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 15 January 2017 . ", "Asion Daja -LRB- born 14 March 1990 in Tiranë -RRB- is an Albanian football player who plays as a midfielder for Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . By signing with Tirana in July 2016 , Daja become one of the few players to have represent all the capital teams . Daja represented Albania at youth levels , playing for the under-17 , -19 and -21 levels . ", "Ibrahim Mohammed Ghaleb Jahshan -LRB- Arabic : إبراهيم محمد غالب جحشان ; born 28 September 1990 -RRB- is a Saudi Arabian footballer . He currently plays for Al-Nassr in the Saudi Professional League . ", "Ibrahim Abdel Meguid is an award-winning Egyptian novelist and author . He was born in Alexandria in 1946 and studied philosophy at Alexandria University . He obtained his BA in 1973 and moved to Cairo the following year . He published his first novel around the same time . Among his best known works are Birds of Amber , No One Sleeps in Alexandria and The Other Place . These have been translated into English and French . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Adam_Lambert", "For_Your_Entertainment_-LRB-album-RRB-", "Art_Stewart_-LRB-producer-RRB-", "The_Right_Night_&_Barry_White", "Growing_Up_in_Public_-LRB-Jimmy_Nail_album-RRB-" ]

[ "Adam Mitchel Lambert -LRB- born January 29 , 1982 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter and stage actor . Since 2009 , he has sold over 3 million albums and 5 million singles worldwide . Lambert rose to fame in 2009 after finishing as runner-up on the eighth season of American Idol . Later that year , he released his debut album , For Your Entertainment , which debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 . The album spawned several hit singles , including `` Whataya Want from Me '' , for which he received a Grammy nomination for `` Best Male Pop Vocal Performance '' . In 2012 , Lambert released his second studio album , Trespassing . The album premiered at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , making him the first openly gay artist to top the album charts . In 2015 , Lambert released his third album , The Original High , which debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 . Alongside his solo career , Lambert has collaborated with rock band Queen as lead vocalist for Queen + Adam Lambert since 2011 , culminating in a successful world-wide tour from 2014 to 2016 . ", "For Your Entertainment is the debut studio album by American singer Adam Lambert , which he started to record after the end of the eighth season of American Idol . It was released on November 23 , 2009 by RCA Records . Three singles have been released from the album worldwide : `` For Your Entertainment '' , `` Whataya Want from Me '' and `` If I Had You '' while `` Sleepwalker '' has been released in some countries as the fourth single . `` Fever '' , `` Sure Fire Winners '' and `` Aftermath '' were released as radio-only singles in select countries . The album peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and reached Gold and Platinum status in multiple countries . The album 's second single `` Whataya Want from Me '' became an international hit reaching the top ten in fourteen countries . The album was supported by Lambert 's first concert tour , the 2010 Glam Nation Tour . ", "Art Stewart is a record producer , sound engineer , and composer who has worked on the Blue by Diana Ross . He was worked on recordings by Teena Marie which include her Wild and Peaceful album , which was released in 1979 . With Marvin Gaye , he has worked on the Let 's Get It On album and Gaye 's single `` Got to Give It Up '' . He has also worked with Rick James on his Motown debut album Come Get It ! , and his second Motown album , Bustin ' Out of L Seven . ", "The Right Night & Barry White is the self-produced sixteenth album by American R&B singer Barry White , which was released in 1987 on A&M Records . This was White 's first album for A&M , with which he had signed after a four-year break from recording following a largely unsuccessful venture with his own CBS-affiliated custom label Unlimited Gold , which released six albums released between 1979 and 1983 , none of which made more than a very moderate chart impact . With its mixture of monologue-interspersed ballads and uptempo tracks with a Latin feel , The Right Night & Barry White did not stray far from White 's familiar sound . Critical opinion suggested that this kind of R&B was simply not in vogue in 1987 and that while the album would sell to hardcore White fans , it was unlikely to reach a significant new audience . This indeed proved to be the case , as the album was another commercial disappointment for White , peaking at # 28 on the R&B chart and failing to reach the top 100 on the pop chart . Lead single `` Sho ' You Right '' made # 17 on the R&B chart and gave White his first UK top 20 hit since 1978 . ", "Growing Up in Public is the second album by English actor and singer Jimmy Nail , produced by Nail , Guy Pratt and Danny Schogger and released in 1992 on the Warner Music UK label . Included is the single `` Ai n't No Doubt '' , a UK chart topper for three weeks in July 1992 . Three further singles were released , of which only `` Laura '' charted at # 58 . Growing Up in Public reached # 2 on the UK Albums Chart . Contributors to the album include George Harrison , David Gilmour , Gary Moore and Sam Brown . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Honeymoon_-LRB-Lana_Del_Rey_album-RRB-", "Gypsy_Honeymoon-COLON-_The_Best_of_Kim_Carnes", "Honeymoon_Trip", "My_Christmas", "Home_-LRB-Angela_Aki_album-RRB-" ]

[ "Honeymoon is the fourth studio album and third major-label record by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . It was released on September 18 , 2015 , by Polydor Records and Interscope Records , and was produced by Del Rey alongside longtime collaborators Rick Nowels and Kieron Menzies . The album is , stylistically , described as a departure from the rock-oriented music of Del Rey 's previous album Ultraviolence and a return to the baroque pop of Born to Die and Paradise . Lyrically , the album touches on themes of tortured romance , bitterness , lust , escapism , and violence . Upon release , Honeymoon received positive reviews from music critics , appearing on the 2015 best albums lists of many publications . Many critics consider the album Del Rey 's best album to date . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 , selling 116,000 units in first week , and peaking at number one in Australia , Greece and Ireland . The album was supported by the release of two singles : `` High by the Beach '' , and `` Music to Watch Boys To '' . ", "Gypsy Honeymoon : The Best of Kim Carnes is a compilation album by Kim Carnes , released in 1993 . The album received a worldwide release and featured some tracks not previously released in the US or any European territories . Carnes picked the tracks herself . The title track , `` Gypsy Honeymoon '' , was released as a single in Europe , giving Carnes a minor hit in Germany -LRB- # 65 -RRB- where she returned to the charts after an 11-year gap . Collin Raye recorded a version of Gypsy Honeymoon on his 2002 album `` Ca n't Back Down '' . Carnes provided backing vocals for the track . Some of the tracks on the album such as `` I 'll Be Here Where the Heart Is '' and `` Bette Davis Eyes '' were newly mixed and do not sound exactly the same as their original release . ", "Honeymoon Trip -LRB- French : Voyage de noces -RRB- is a 1933 Austrian-French comedy film directed by Germain Fried , Joe May and Erich Schmidt . It stars Brigitte Helm , Albert Préjean and Jacqueline Made . A separate German-language film Three on a Honeymoon was also made . The film 's sets were designed by Artur Berger . ", "My Christmas is the thirteenth studio album and first Christmas album released by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli . The album is a compilation of seasonal holiday favorites , mainly in English , with a few selections in Italian , German , and French , produced by multiple Grammy Award winner David Foster , containing duets with Mary J. Blige , Natalie Cole , Reba McEntire , Katherine Jenkins , The Mormon Tabernacle Choir , and The Muppets . It also includes `` God Bless Us Everyone '' , the only original song of the album , which Bocelli recorded for the closing of the 2009 film , A Christmas Carol . A Spanish version of the album , called Mi Navidad , was released November 23 , 2009 , and a PBS Christmas special of the album , filmed in the Kodak Theatre , was released on DVD December 8 , 2010 , after airing on PBS stations nationwide . With over 2.2 million copies sold in the last two months of 2009 in the United States alone , the album was the best-selling holiday album of the year , and one of the best-selling albums of 2009 , with worldwide sales exceeding 5 million copies . As of November 2014 , My Christmas has sold over 3,010,000 copies in the United States , making it one of the best-selling holiday albums in the United States , since Nielsen SoundScan tracking music sales tracking began in 1991 . ", "Home is the first major-label album from Angela Aki . The album includes the songs from the singles released over the monthly period . In addition to the normal version of the album , a limited edition was also released . A special song entitled `` Rain '' from her previous mini album One is also featured . The album has charted at # 2 on the Oricon Charts , selling well over 121,000 copies in its first week . " ]

[ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Innovation", "Solution_architect", "Intrapreneurship", "Fermat_project", "Devthon" ]

[ "Innovation can be defined simply as a `` new idea , device or method '' . However , innovation is often also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements , unarticulated needs , or existing market needs . This is accomplished through more-effective products , processes , services , technologies , or business models that are readily available to markets , governments and society . The term `` innovation '' can be defined as something original and more effective and , as a consequence , new , that `` breaks into '' the market or society . It is related to , but not the same as , invention . Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process . The opposite of innovation is exnovation . While a novel device is often described as an innovation , in economics , management science , and other fields of practice and analysis , innovation is generally considered to be the result of a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that they affect society . In industrial economics , innovations are created and found empirically from services to meet the growing consumer demand . ", "A solution architect , in information technology , is a practitioner of solution architecture . Typically part of the solution development team , the solution architect translates requirements created by functional analysts into the architecture for that solution and describing it through architecture and design artifacts . The rest of the development team then uses those artifacts to implement the solution . The solution architect 's process typically involves selecting the most appropriate technology for the problem . ", "Intrapreneurship is the act of behaving like an entrepreneur while working within a large organization . Intrapreneurship is known as the practice of a corporate management style that integrates risk-taking and innovation approaches , as well as the reward and motivational techniques , that are more traditionally thought of as being the province of entrepreneurship ", "Fermat is a collaborative , open-source technology project advocating for a free , secure , decentralized and disintermediated information space in which people 's interests are placed ahead of those of corporations , states and unnecessary third parties in general . Fermat leads the development of the Internet of People -LRB- IoP -RRB- , a technology infrastructure consisting of interconnected peer-to-peer networks hosting people 's profiles , reputation and identity information . The Internet of People allows the discovery of both known and unknown people and , ultimately , enables direct device-to-device communication over the Internet and direct person-to-person interactions via person-to-person applications . The Internet of People incorporates blockchain-based native tokens , IoPs , as incentive for operators running IoP software . The Internet of People is meant to enable the person-to-person economy , a potentially disruptive innovation resulting from disintermediation in which people hold direct control and ownership of their data , digital footprint and purchasing power . ", "A devthon is a process that blends the principles of design thinking , co-creation , and rapid prototyping into a seamless unified method to trigger innovation . At the core of it is an event format that brings an interdisciplinary collaborative model to solve challenges and prototype new experiences . A devthon is generally focused on an `` area of innovation '' such as healthcare or rural livelihood . Participants go through different phases like immersion , ideation , design , and prototyping -LRB- hacking -RRB- , leading to a demonstrable proof of concept . The process differs from to a hackathon due to its emphasis on immersion , discovery , and design . Devthons are also not time-constrained like a hackathon , and can run for a few weeks . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ "Brie_Larson", "Short_Term_12", "Jon_Brion", "Jo-ann_Goldsmith", "Paul_Gégauff" ]

[ "Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers -LRB- born October 1 , 1989 -RRB- , known professionally as Brie Larson , is an American actress , director , and singer . Born in Sacramento , California , Larson was home-schooled before she studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater . She began her acting career in television , appearing as a regular on the 2001 sitcom Raising Dad , for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award . As a teenager , Larson had brief roles in the 2004 films 13 Going on 30 and Sleepover . Her performance in the comedy film Hoot -LRB- 2006 -RRB- was praised , and she subsequently played supporting roles in the films Greenberg -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , 21 Jump Street -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and Don Jon -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . From 2009 to 2011 , Larson featured as a rebellious teenager in the television series United States of Tara . Larson 's breakthrough role came with the independent drama Short Term 12 -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , for which she received critical acclaim . Further success came in 2015 when she starred in Room , an acclaimed drama based on Emma Donoghue 's novel of the same name . She won several awards for her portrayal of a troubled mother kidnap victim in the film , including the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critic 's Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild Award and Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress . In 2017 , she starred as a war photographer in the adventure film Kong : Skull Island , her highest-grossing release . In 2016 , Larson was cast as Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . ", "Short Term 12 is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Destin Daniel Cretton . The film is based on Cretton 's short film of the same name , produced in 2009 . It stars Brie Larson as Grace , the supervisor of a group home for troubled teenagers . Cretton was inspired to write Short Term 12 based on his own experience of working in a group facility for teenagers . He first wrote and produced a short film based on the idea and later adapted it into a feature-length screenplay . While Larson and John Gallagher , Jr. won their roles after auditioning through Skype , most of the children featured in the film were cast through open casting calls . Filming took place over 20 days in Los Angeles , California in September 2012 . Short Term 12 premiered on March 10 , 2013 at the South by Southwest film festival and was released in theaters on August 23 , 2013 . It grossed $ 2 million and was met with critical acclaim . Reviewers praised the film 's realism and intimacy , drawing particular attention to Larson 's performance and Cretton 's direction . The film won South by Southwest 's Grand Jury and Audience Awards for a Narrative Feature , as well as earning three Independent Spirit Award nominations . ", "Jon Brion -LRB- born December 11 , 1963 -RRB- is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist , singer , songwriter , composer and record producer . He performed with The Excerpts and The Bats in his early career , before going on to composing film scores , including Paul Thomas Anderson 's Hard Eight , Magnolia , and Punch-Drunk Love , as well as Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and I Heart Huckabees . Brion also works as a solo artist and released his debut solo album , Meaningless , in 2001 . ", "Jo-ann Goldsmith is a trumpet player in the Canadian indie-rock band Broken Social Scene . Although a social worker by training , she played shows with the band in their early years . She is the ex-wife of de facto bandleader Kevin Drew . ", "Paul Gégauff -LRB- 1922 -- 1983 -RRB- was a French screenwriter , actor and director . He collaborated with director Claude Chabrol on 14 films . Among his films are Les Biches , Plein Soleil and the autobiographical Une Partie de Plaisir . In 1962 , he and René Clement received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America as the screenwriters for Plein Soleil , which was named Best Foreign Language Film . His first marriage to film producer and actress Danièle Gégauff ended in divorce . They had a daughter actress and singer , Clémence Gégauff . He died after being stabbed by his second wife , Coco Ducados , on Christmas Eve 1983 . Chabrol once said of Gégauff : `` When I want cruelty , I go off and look for Gégauff . Paul is very good at gingering things up ... He can make a character look absolutely ridiculous and hateful in two seconds flat . '' " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Brie_Larson", "Short_Term_12", "Jon_Brion", "Jo-ann_Goldsmith", "Paul_Gégauff" ]

[ "Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers -LRB- born October 1 , 1989 -RRB- , known professionally as Brie Larson , is an American actress , director , and singer . Born in Sacramento , California , Larson was home-schooled before she studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater . She began her acting career in television , appearing as a regular on the 2001 sitcom Raising Dad , for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award . As a teenager , Larson had brief roles in the 2004 films 13 Going on 30 and Sleepover . Her performance in the comedy film Hoot -LRB- 2006 -RRB- was praised , and she subsequently played supporting roles in the films Greenberg -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , 21 Jump Street -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and Don Jon -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . From 2009 to 2011 , Larson featured as a rebellious teenager in the television series United States of Tara . Larson 's breakthrough role came with the independent drama Short Term 12 -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , for which she received critical acclaim . Further success came in 2015 when she starred in Room , an acclaimed drama based on Emma Donoghue 's novel of the same name . She won several awards for her portrayal of a troubled mother kidnap victim in the film , including the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critic 's Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild Award and Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress . In 2017 , she starred as a war photographer in the adventure film Kong : Skull Island , her highest-grossing release . In 2016 , Larson was cast as Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . ", "Short Term 12 is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Destin Daniel Cretton . The film is based on Cretton 's short film of the same name , produced in 2009 . It stars Brie Larson as Grace , the supervisor of a group home for troubled teenagers . Cretton was inspired to write Short Term 12 based on his own experience of working in a group facility for teenagers . He first wrote and produced a short film based on the idea and later adapted it into a feature-length screenplay . While Larson and John Gallagher , Jr. won their roles after auditioning through Skype , most of the children featured in the film were cast through open casting calls . Filming took place over 20 days in Los Angeles , California in September 2012 . Short Term 12 premiered on March 10 , 2013 at the South by Southwest film festival and was released in theaters on August 23 , 2013 . It grossed $ 2 million and was met with critical acclaim . Reviewers praised the film 's realism and intimacy , drawing particular attention to Larson 's performance and Cretton 's direction . The film won South by Southwest 's Grand Jury and Audience Awards for a Narrative Feature , as well as earning three Independent Spirit Award nominations . ", "Jon Brion -LRB- born December 11 , 1963 -RRB- is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist , singer , songwriter , composer and record producer . He performed with The Excerpts and The Bats in his early career , before going on to composing film scores , including Paul Thomas Anderson 's Hard Eight , Magnolia , and Punch-Drunk Love , as well as Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and I Heart Huckabees . Brion also works as a solo artist and released his debut solo album , Meaningless , in 2001 . ", "Jo-ann Goldsmith is a trumpet player in the Canadian indie-rock band Broken Social Scene . Although a social worker by training , she played shows with the band in their early years . She is the ex-wife of de facto bandleader Kevin Drew . ", "Paul Gégauff -LRB- 1922 -- 1983 -RRB- was a French screenwriter , actor and director . He collaborated with director Claude Chabrol on 14 films . Among his films are Les Biches , Plein Soleil and the autobiographical Une Partie de Plaisir . In 1962 , he and René Clement received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America as the screenwriters for Plein Soleil , which was named Best Foreign Language Film . His first marriage to film producer and actress Danièle Gégauff ended in divorce . They had a daughter actress and singer , Clémence Gégauff . He died after being stabbed by his second wife , Coco Ducados , on Christmas Eve 1983 . Chabrol once said of Gégauff : `` When I want cruelty , I go off and look for Gégauff . Paul is very good at gingering things up ... He can make a character look absolutely ridiculous and hateful in two seconds flat . '' " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_-LRB-1967_film-RRB-", "Nicolas_Roeg", "2013_Cannes_Film_Festival", "The_Crowded_Sky", "Elevator_to_the_Gallows" ]

[ "Far from the Madding Crowd is a 1967 British epic drama film adapted from Thomas Hardy 's book of the same name . The film , starring Julie Christie , Alan Bates , Terence Stamp and Peter Finch , and directed by John Schlesinger , was Schlesinger 's fourth film -LRB- and his third collaboration with Christie -RRB- . It marked a stylistic shift away from his earlier works exploring contemporary urban mores . The cinematography was by Nicolas Roeg and the soundtrack was by Richard Rodney Bennett . He also used traditional folk songs in various scenes throughout the film . It was nominated for one Oscar for Best Original Music Score and two BAFTAs , Best British Cinematography -LRB- Colour -RRB- and Best British Costume -LRB- Colour -RRB- -LRB- Alan Barrett -RRB- . ", "Nicolas Jack Roeg -LRB- -LSB- ˈroʊɡ -RSB- born 15 August 1928 -RRB- is an English film director and cinematographer . After National Service he entered the film business as a tea boy moving up to clapper-loader , the bottom rung of the camera department , at Marylebone Studios in London . Early in his career Roeg was a second-unit cinematographer on Lawrence of Arabia , then cinematographer on Roger Corman 's The Masque of the Red Death and François Truffaut 's Fahrenheit 451 . He co-directed and photographed Performance in 1970 . He later directed such films as Walkabout , Do n't Look Now and The Man Who Fell to Earth . ", "The 66th annual Cannes Film Festival took place in Cannes , France , from 15 to 26 May 2013 . Steven Spielberg was the head of the jury for the main competition . New Zealand film director Jane Campion was the head of the jury for the Cinéfondation and Short Film sections . French actress Audrey Tautou hosted the opening and closing ceremonies . Actress Kim Novak was named guest of honour and introduced a new restored version of Alfred Hitchcock 's Vertigo . The festival opened with The Great Gatsby , directed by Baz Luhrmann and closed with Zulu , directed by Jérôme Salle . The film poster for the festival featured Paul Newman and his wife Joanne Woodward . The Bling Ring , directed by Sofia Coppola , opened the Un Certain Regard section . The French film Blue Is the Warmest Colour won the Palme d'Or . In an unprecedented move , along with the director , the Jury decided to take `` the exceptional step '' of awarding the film 's two main actresses , Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux , with the Palme d'Or . On the occasion of 100 Years of Indian Cinema , India was the Official Guest Country at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . Seven Indian feature films were premiered among various sections on the festival . Actress Vidya Balan was one of the official Jury of the festival . The first Incredible India Exhibition , a joint participation of the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Republic of India was inaugurated by Indian delegate Chiranjeevi . ", "The Crowded Sky is a 1960 Technicolor drama film directed by Joseph Pevney , starring Dana Andrews , Rhonda Fleming and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Hank Searls . The Crowded Sky follows the back stories of the crew and passengers of a US Navy jet and a commercial airliner carrying a full load of passengers during a bout of severe weather . Other issues such as a malfunctioning radio make it nearly impossible to communicate with air traffic control and set the two aircraft on a collision course . ", "Ascenseur pour l'échafaud is a 1958 French crime film directed by Louis Malle . It was released as Elevator to the Gallows in the United States , where it was also released as Frantic , and as Lift to the Scaffold in the United Kingdom . It stars Jeanne Moreau and Maurice Ronet as criminal lovers whose perfect crime begins to unravel when Ronet is trapped in an elevator . The scenario was adapted from a 1956 novel of the same name by Noël Calef . Associated by some critics with the film noir style , and introducing new narrative and editing techniques , the film is considered an important work in establishing the Nouvelle Vague and the New Modern Cinema . Its score by Miles Davis , and the relationship the film establishes between music , image and emotion , were also considered ground-breaking . " ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Aldous_Huxley", "Claire_Nicolas_White", "Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation", "The_Best_of_Poul_Anderson", "A_Sand_County_Almanac" ]

[ "Aldous Leonard Huxley -LRB- -LSB- ˈɔːldəs_ˈhʌksli -RSB- 26 July 1894 -- 22 November 1963 -RRB- was an English writer , novelist , philosopher , and prominent member of the Huxley family . He graduated from Balliol College at the University of Oxford with a first-class honours in English literature . He was best known for his novels including Brave New World , set in a dystopian future ; for non-fiction books , such as The Doors of Perception , which recalls experiences when taking a psychedelic drug ; and a wide-ranging output of essays . Early in his career Huxley edited the magazine Oxford Poetry and published short stories and poetry . Mid career and later , he published travel writing , film stories , and scripts . He spent the later part of his life in the United States , living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death . In 1962 , a year before his death , he was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature . Huxley was a humanist , pacifist , and satirist . He later became interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism , in particular universalism . By the end of his life , Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in seven different years . ", "Claire Nicolas White -LRB- born 1925 -RRB- is an American poet , novelist and translator of Dutch literature . She is a niece of Aldous Huxley and the granddaughter-in-law of architect Stanford White . ", "Between 1860 and 1868 , the life and work of Charles Darwin from Orchids to Variation continued with research and experimentation on evolution , carrying out tedious work to provide evidence of the extent of natural variation enabling artificial selection . He was repeatedly held up by his illness , and continued to find relaxation and interest in the study of plants . His studies of insect pollination led to publication of his book Fertilisation of Orchids as his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection , explaining the complex ecological relationships and making testable predictions . As his health declined , he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants . Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas . In 1863 Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory , though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin . Weeks later Huxley 's Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature showed that anatomically , humans are apes , then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection . Lobbying brought Darwin Britain 's highest scientific honour , the Royal Society 's Copley Medal , awarded on 3 November 1864 . That day , Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential X Club devoted to `` science , pure and free , untrammelled by religious dogmas '' . Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel , a zealous follower of Darwinismus in a translation favouring progressive evolution over natural selection . Wallace remained supportive , though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism . The first part of Darwin 's planned `` big book '' , The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , grew to two huge volumes , forcing him to leave out human evolution and sexual selection . It sold briskly in 1868 despite its size , and was translated into many languages . Darwin 's work on the Descent of Man and Emotions followed after this publication . ", "The Best of Poul Anderson is a collection of writings by American science fiction and fantasy author Poul Anderson , first published in paperback by Pocket Books in August 1976 . It was reprinted in August 1979 . The pieces were originally published between 1953 and 1970 in the magazines Astounding Science Fiction , Analog , Galaxy Magazine , and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction , and the anthology The Farthest Reaches . The book contains nine novellas , novelettes and short stories , together with an introduction by fellow science fiction writer Barry N. Malzberg and a second , general introduction and introductory notes on the individual stories by the author . ", "A Sand County Almanac : And Sketches Here and There is a 1949 non-fiction book by American ecologist , forester , and environmentalist Aldo Leopold . Describing the land around the author 's home in Sauk County , Wisconsin , the collection of essays advocate Leopold 's idea of a `` land ethic '' , or a responsible relationship existing between people and the land they inhabit . Edited and published by his son , Luna , a year after Leopold 's death , the book is considered a landmark in the American conservation movement . The book has had over two million copies printed and has been translated into twelve languages . It has informed and changed the environmental movement and stimulated a widespread interest in ecology as a science . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ]

[ "Bala_-LRB-director-RRB-", "Bala_Saravanan", "Sam_Mendes", "Mohan_Babu", "S._V._Krishna_Reddy" ]

[ "Bala -LRB- born Bala Pazhanisaamy -RRB- is an Indian film director , screenwriter , and producer , working in Tamil cinema . Bala is widely acclaimed for `` revolutionizing Tamil cinema '' through his realistic , dark and disturbing depiction of the working class on celluloid screen . He has received several awards and recognition for his work , including the National Film Award for Best Director for his fourth feature film Naan Kadavul -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . ", "Bala Saravanan -LRB- பாலா சரவணன் born 2 November 1987 -RRB- is an Indian film actor who has appeared in Tamil language films . ", "Samuel Alexander Mendes , -LRB- born 1 August 1965 -RRB- is an English stage and film director . He is best known for directing the comedy-drama film American Beauty -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director , the crime film Road to Perdition -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , and the James Bond films Skyfall -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and Spectre -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . He also is known for dark re-inventions of the stage musicals Cabaret -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Oliver ! -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Company -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , and Gypsy -LRB- 2003 -RRB- . He directed an original West End stage musical for the first time with Charlie and the Chocolate Factory -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . In 2000 Mendes was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for `` services to drama '' and in the same year was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation in Hamburg , Germany . In 2005 , he received a lifetime achievement award from the Directors Guild of Great Britain . In 2008 The Daily Telegraph ranked him number 15 in their list of the `` 100 most powerful people in British culture '' . ", "Mohan Babu -LRB- born Manchu Bhakthavatsalam Naidu -RRB- is an Indian film actor , director , and producer , known for his works predominantly in Telugu Cinema and few Tamil films . An alumnus of the Madras Film Institute , Mohan Babu has acted in more than five hundred feature films in lead , supporting and a variety of roles . In 1995 , He has received Filmfare Best Actor Award , for his work in the multi-starrer Pedarayudu , which also starred Rajnikanth in a pivotal role . In 2007 , He has received the CineMAA Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in Yamadonga . Mohan Babu was awarded an honorary doctorate from University of California , Berkeley for his contribution to the field of cinema and education . He is the co-owner of production companies such as Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures , 24 Frames Factory and Manchu Entertainment . In 2016 , He has garnered the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award -- South . A former Physical Education Instructor , Mohan Babu is a noted educationalist , and operates Sri Vidya Niketan Educational Institutions , and is the founder of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust . In the year 2007 , he received Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of Arts and education . He is a former Member of Parliament -- Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh after being elected in the year 1995 . He was also elected a Deputy into the International Parliament for Safety and Peace , an intergovernmental organization based in Italy . He is referred to in the media as Dialogue King , Collection King , Nataprapoorna , and Natavachaspathi . In 1980 , He was starred in the Tamil film , Guru , alongside Kamal Hassan . In the same year he portrayed a British commanding officer in Sardar Papa Rayudu , alongside N. T. Rama Rao . He received critical reception for his antagonist roles in films like Alluri Seetharama Raju -LRB- 1974 -RRB- , Swargam Narakam -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , Gorantha Deepam -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Sivaranjani -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Padaharella Vayasu -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Driver Ramudu -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , Satyam Shivam -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Premabhishekam -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Chattaniki Kallu Levu -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , Grihalakshmi -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , Adavi Donga -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , khaidi No. 786 -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , Gruhapravesam -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , Janaki Ramudu -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , Lankeshwarudu -LRB- 1989 -RRB- , Kodama Simham -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , Kondaveeti Donga -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , Annamayya -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , and Sri Jagadguru Aadi Sankara -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . On the other hand , he was starred in blockbusters like Alludugaru -LRB- 1990 -RRB- alongside Ramya Krishnan , Assembly Rowdy -LRB- 1991 -RRB- alongside Divya Bharti , Allari Mogudu -LRB- 1992 -RRB- alongside Meena , Major Chandrakanth -LRB- 1993 -RRB- alongside Nagma , Veedevadandi Babu -LRB- 1997 -RRB- alongside Shilpa Shetty , Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda -LRB- 2014 -RRB- alongside Raveena Tandon , and Rowdy -LRB- 2014 -RRB- alongside Jaya Sudha . ", "S. V. Krishna Reddy -LRB- Satti Venkata Krishna Reddy -RRB- is an Indian film director , actor , producer , screenwriter and composer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , bollywood , and Hollywood . He has garnered three state Nandi Awards and the Filmfare Best Telugu Director Award . In 2012 he directed the romantic comedy Divorce Invitation , an American adaptation of his 1997 Telugu Hit Aahvaanam . Reddy is best known for his screenwriting works in hits such as Mayalodu -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , Rajendrudu Gajendrudu -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , Yamaleela -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Subha Lagnam -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Taqdeerwala -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , Ghatothkachudu -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , Maavichiguru -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Vinodam -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Egire Paavurama -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , Judaai -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , Pelli Peetalu -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , Premaku Velayara -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , Sakutumba Saparivaara Sametham -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , Premaku Swagatham -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , Pellam Oorelithe -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , and Yamaleela 2 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "Andrew_Carnegie", "Review_of_Income_and_Wealth", "Edward_Palmer_-LRB-socialist-RRB-", "James_Clayton_-LRB-priest-RRB-", "St._Andrew's_Episcopal_Church_-LRB-Emporia,_Kansas-RRB-" ]

[ "Andrew Carnegie -LRB- -LSB- kɑːrˈneɪɡi -RSB- , but commonly -LSB- ˈkɑːrnᵻɡi -RSB- or -LSB- kɑrˈnɛɡi -RSB- ; November 25 , 1835 -- August 11 , 1919 -RRB- was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century , and is often identified as one of the richest people and Americans ever . He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire . During the last 18 years of his life , he gave away to charities , foundations , and universities about $ 350 million -LRB- in 2015 share of GDP , $ 78.6 billion -RRB- -- almost 90 percent of his fortune . His 1889 article proclaiming `` The Gospel of Wealth '' called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society , and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy . Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland , and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents . Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads , railroad sleeping cars , bridges and oil derricks . He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe . He built Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Steel Company , which he sold to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for $ 480 million . It became the U.S. Steel Corporation . After selling Carnegie Steel , he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years . Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy , with special emphasis on local libraries , world peace , education and scientific research . With the fortune he made from business , he built Carnegie Hall and the Peace Palace and founded the Carnegie Corporation of New York , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Carnegie Institution for Science , Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland , Carnegie Hero Fund , Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , among others . ", "The Review of Income and Wealth is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth . It was established in 1951 and published annually until 1966 , when it became a quarterly . Its aim is to provide a venue for research on income and wealth in terms of national and international , economic and social accounting . Its scope includes not only research on the `` development of concepts and definitions for measurement and analysis '' , the development and `` integration of systems of economic and social statistics '' , and `` related methodological problems '' , but also more applied areas such as to allow international comparisons and to understand the use economic and social accounting for `` budgeting and policy analysis '' in different economies . Its current editors are Conchita D'Ambrosio -LRB- University of Milan Bicocca and German Institute for Economic Research -RRB- , Robert J. Hill -LRB- University of Graz -RRB- , and Stephan Klasen -LRB- University of Göttingen -RRB- , and its previous editors have included Erik Lundberg , Simon Kuznets , Richard Stone , Raymond Goldsmith , Phyllis Deane , and Colin Clark . ", "Edward Palmer -LRB- 1802 -- February 25 , 1886 -RRB- was an American religious enthusiast and advocate of socialist reforms . He lectured against the use of money , advocating a simple barter economy among neighbors . His publications include An Address on the Origin and Evil Influences of Money -LRB- Boston , 1839 -RRB- . Appletons ' Cyclopaedia of American Biography wrote of him : `` He became a printer in Boston , Mass. , and attracted attention by writing and publishing a pamphlet in which he demanded the abolition of slavery and the suppression of capitalized monopolies . Removing to New York city , he associated himself with a coterie of philosophers , under the leadership of Marcus Spring , and promulgated many eccentric ideas . He claimed that men should work for higher motives than that of pecuniary gain , and emphasized his teachings by refusing to accept money for his services , confining himself to the barest necessities of life . At his death he had passed out of recollection , as he had lived in retirement for nearly a generation . '' He travelled and lectured extensively and was known to the Transcendentalists and other early utopian socialist experimenters . On October 14 , 1838 , Palmer visited with Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Emerson made several entries in his journal about Palmer 's ideas and his experiences . Emerson described Palmer as `` a gentle , faithful , sensible , well-balanced man for an enthusiast , '' and wrote : `` He has renounced since a year ago last April the use of money . When he travels he stops at night at a house & asks if it would give them any satisfaction to lodge a traveller without money or price ? -LSB- ... -RSB- He presents his views with much gentleness ; & is not troubled if he can not show the way in which the destruction of money is to be brought about ; he feels no responsibility to show or know the details . It is enough for him that he is sure it must fall & that he clears himself of the institution altogether . '' Palmer attended several public conversations with Amos Bronson Alcott , and Alcott described him in 1838 : `` Palmer is a rare man . Entirely free from all superstitious regard for the past , simple , meek , docile , loving , he seeks for the best in all his thinking . He is a child of Love . He has faith in its might . -LSB- ... -RSB- I have seen him but a few times . My interest in him increases at every interviews . What a noble fact it is that a man , simple , meek , modest , beyond almost all men , should arise , in these days of gold , to expose the selfishness , pride , injustice , cruelty , to which the demon leads , and illustrate the charm and beauty of Love ! '' Palmer 's views influenced Henry Thoreau as well ; his forswearing of social institutions which he found unpalatable is a clear antecedent to Civil Disobedience . ", "James Clayton -LRB- ? at Sheffield , England -- 22 July 1588 -RRB- was an English Roman Catholic priest . ", "St. Andrew 's Episcopal Church is a parish established in Emporia , Kansas on February 14 , 1870 as part of the Episcopal Diocese of Kansas . St. Andrew 's first building was constructed in the Fall of 1870 and was of a Gothic Revival style . In 1928 , the original building was replaced by a larger Tudor style building . " ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ]

[ "Cars_3", "Cars_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Brian_Fee", "Cars_Toons", "Pixar" ]

[ "Cars 3 is an upcoming 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and scheduled to be released on June 16 , 2017 by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the eighteenth Pixar film , the third installment in the Cars franchise , a sequel to Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and a threequel to Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- . It is being directed by Brian Fee , a storyboard artist on Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- . It will be the first film he has directed . ", "Cars is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy-adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed and co-written by John Lasseter , it is Pixar 's final independently-produced motion picture before its purchase by Disney in May 2006 . Set in a world populated entirely by anthropomorphic cars and other vehicles , the film stars the voices of Owen Wilson , Paul Newman -LRB- in his final acting role -RRB- , Bonnie Hunt , Larry the Cable Guy , Tony Shalhoub , Cheech Marin , Michael Wallis , George Carlin , Paul Dooley , Jenifer Lewis , Guido Quaroni , Michael Keaton , Katherine Helmond and John Ratzenberger . Race car drivers Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , Mario Andretti , Michael Schumacher and car enthusiast Jay Leno -LRB- as `` Jay Limo '' -RRB- voice themselves . Cars premiered on May 26 , 2006 at Lowe 's Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina , and was theatrically released on June 9 , 2006 to mostly positive reviews from critics . It was nominated for two Academy Awards including Best Animated Feature , and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . The film was released on DVD on November 7 , 2006 and on Blu-ray in 2007 . The film was accompanied by the short One Man Band for its theatrical and home media releases . Merchandise based on the film -LRB- including scale models of several of the cars -RRB- broke records for retail sales of merchandise based on a Disney/Pixar film , bringing an estimated $ 10 billion for 5 years after the film 's release . The film was dedicated to Joe Ranft , who was killed in a car accident during the film 's production . A sequel , titled Cars 2 , was released on June 24 , 2011 , and a spin-off film titled Planes , produced by DisneyToon Studios , was released on August 9 , 2013 , which was followed by its own sequel , Planes : Fire & Rescue , released on July 18 , 2014 . A series of short animated films titled Cars Toons debuted in 2008 on Disney Channel and Disney XD . A second sequel , Cars 3 , is scheduled for release on June 16 , 2017 . ", "Brian Fee is an American storyboard artist and director , working for Pixar . He made his directorial debut at the studio with the feature film Cars 3 in 2017 . ", "Cars Toons is a series of American computer-animated short films by Pixar . It features Lightning McQueen and Mater from Cars . Larry the Cable Guy reprises his role as Mater while Keith Ferguson replaces Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen -LRB- until The Radiator Springs 500 1/2 when Wilson reprises his role -RRB- . The series ' first broadcast was on October 27 , 2008 on Toon Disney , Disney Channel , and ABC Family . Not exclusive to television , some of those episodes have also premiered on DVDs / Blu-rays or as a theatrical short . ", "Pixar -LRB- -LSB- ˈpɪksɑr -RSB- -RRB- , also referred to as Pixar Animation Studios , is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville , California that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company . Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group , part of the Lucasfilm computer division , before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986 , with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs , who became the majority shareholder . Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $ 7.4 billion , a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney 's largest single shareholder at the time . Pixar is best known for CGI-animated feature films created with RenderMan , Pixar 's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface , used to generate high-quality images . Pixar has produced seventeen feature films , beginning with Toy Story -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film , and its most recent being Finding Dory -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . All 17 of its films have debuted with CinemaScore ratings of at least an `` A − , '' indicating positive receptions with audiences . The studio has also produced several short films . , its feature films have earned approximately $ 10.8 billion at the box office worldwide , with an average worldwide gross of $ 634 million per film . Finding Dory , along with its predecessor Finding Nemo -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , as well as Toy Story 3 -LRB- 2010 -RRB- are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with the lattermost film being the third all-time highest-grossing animated film with a gross of $ 1.063 billion . Fourteen of Pixar 's films are also among the 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time . The studio has earned sixteen Academy Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards , and eleven Grammy Awards , among many other awards and acknowledgments . Many of Pixar 's films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature since its inauguration in 2001 , with eight winning ; this includes Finding Nemo and Toy Story 3 , along with The Incredibles -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Ratatouille -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , WALL-E -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Up -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Brave -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and Inside Out -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . Monsters , Inc. -LRB- 2001 -RRB- and Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- are the only two films that were nominated for the award without winning it , while Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Monsters University -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , The Good Dinosaur -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , and Finding Dory have not been nominated . Up and Toy Story 3 were also the respective second and third animated films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , the first being Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Beauty and the Beast -LRB- 1991 -RRB- . Luxo Jr. , a character from the studio 's 1986 short film of the same name , is the studio 's mascot . On September 6 , 2009 , Pixar executives John Lasseter , Brad Bird , Pete Docter , Andrew Stanton , and Lee Unkrich were presented with the Golden Lion award for Lifetime Achievement by the biennial Venice Film Festival . The award was presented by Lucasfilm 's founder George Lucas . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "Cars_3", "Cars_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Brian_Fee", "Cars_Toons", "Pixar" ]

[ "Cars 3 is an upcoming 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and scheduled to be released on June 16 , 2017 by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the eighteenth Pixar film , the third installment in the Cars franchise , a sequel to Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and a threequel to Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- . It is being directed by Brian Fee , a storyboard artist on Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- . It will be the first film he has directed . ", "Cars is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy-adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed and co-written by John Lasseter , it is Pixar 's final independently-produced motion picture before its purchase by Disney in May 2006 . Set in a world populated entirely by anthropomorphic cars and other vehicles , the film stars the voices of Owen Wilson , Paul Newman -LRB- in his final acting role -RRB- , Bonnie Hunt , Larry the Cable Guy , Tony Shalhoub , Cheech Marin , Michael Wallis , George Carlin , Paul Dooley , Jenifer Lewis , Guido Quaroni , Michael Keaton , Katherine Helmond and John Ratzenberger . Race car drivers Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , Mario Andretti , Michael Schumacher and car enthusiast Jay Leno -LRB- as `` Jay Limo '' -RRB- voice themselves . Cars premiered on May 26 , 2006 at Lowe 's Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina , and was theatrically released on June 9 , 2006 to mostly positive reviews from critics . It was nominated for two Academy Awards including Best Animated Feature , and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . The film was released on DVD on November 7 , 2006 and on Blu-ray in 2007 . The film was accompanied by the short One Man Band for its theatrical and home media releases . Merchandise based on the film -LRB- including scale models of several of the cars -RRB- broke records for retail sales of merchandise based on a Disney/Pixar film , bringing an estimated $ 10 billion for 5 years after the film 's release . The film was dedicated to Joe Ranft , who was killed in a car accident during the film 's production . A sequel , titled Cars 2 , was released on June 24 , 2011 , and a spin-off film titled Planes , produced by DisneyToon Studios , was released on August 9 , 2013 , which was followed by its own sequel , Planes : Fire & Rescue , released on July 18 , 2014 . A series of short animated films titled Cars Toons debuted in 2008 on Disney Channel and Disney XD . A second sequel , Cars 3 , is scheduled for release on June 16 , 2017 . ", "Brian Fee is an American storyboard artist and director , working for Pixar . He made his directorial debut at the studio with the feature film Cars 3 in 2017 . ", "Cars Toons is a series of American computer-animated short films by Pixar . It features Lightning McQueen and Mater from Cars . Larry the Cable Guy reprises his role as Mater while Keith Ferguson replaces Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen -LRB- until The Radiator Springs 500 1/2 when Wilson reprises his role -RRB- . The series ' first broadcast was on October 27 , 2008 on Toon Disney , Disney Channel , and ABC Family . Not exclusive to television , some of those episodes have also premiered on DVDs / Blu-rays or as a theatrical short . ", "Pixar -LRB- -LSB- ˈpɪksɑr -RSB- -RRB- , also referred to as Pixar Animation Studios , is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville , California that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company . Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group , part of the Lucasfilm computer division , before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986 , with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs , who became the majority shareholder . Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $ 7.4 billion , a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney 's largest single shareholder at the time . Pixar is best known for CGI-animated feature films created with RenderMan , Pixar 's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface , used to generate high-quality images . Pixar has produced seventeen feature films , beginning with Toy Story -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film , and its most recent being Finding Dory -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . All 17 of its films have debuted with CinemaScore ratings of at least an `` A − , '' indicating positive receptions with audiences . The studio has also produced several short films . , its feature films have earned approximately $ 10.8 billion at the box office worldwide , with an average worldwide gross of $ 634 million per film . Finding Dory , along with its predecessor Finding Nemo -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , as well as Toy Story 3 -LRB- 2010 -RRB- are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with the lattermost film being the third all-time highest-grossing animated film with a gross of $ 1.063 billion . Fourteen of Pixar 's films are also among the 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time . The studio has earned sixteen Academy Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards , and eleven Grammy Awards , among many other awards and acknowledgments . Many of Pixar 's films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature since its inauguration in 2001 , with eight winning ; this includes Finding Nemo and Toy Story 3 , along with The Incredibles -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Ratatouille -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , WALL-E -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Up -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Brave -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and Inside Out -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . Monsters , Inc. -LRB- 2001 -RRB- and Cars -LRB- 2006 -RRB- are the only two films that were nominated for the award without winning it , while Cars 2 -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Monsters University -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , The Good Dinosaur -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , and Finding Dory have not been nominated . Up and Toy Story 3 were also the respective second and third animated films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , the first being Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Beauty and the Beast -LRB- 1991 -RRB- . Luxo Jr. , a character from the studio 's 1986 short film of the same name , is the studio 's mascot . On September 6 , 2009 , Pixar executives John Lasseter , Brad Bird , Pete Docter , Andrew Stanton , and Lee Unkrich were presented with the Golden Lion award for Lifetime Achievement by the biennial Venice Film Festival . The award was presented by Lucasfilm 's founder George Lucas . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "Warcraft_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Paris_Interlude", "Funeral_Marches_and_Warsongs", "The_Greater_Journey", "President_Wilson_in_Paris" ]

[ "Warcraft -LRB- alternatively known as Warcraft : The Beginning -RRB- is a 2016 American action-fantasy film directed by Duncan Jones and written by Jones , Charles Leavitt , and Chris Metzen . It is based on the Warcraft video game series and novels set in the world of Azeroth . The film stars Travis Fimmel , Paula Patton , Ben Foster , Dominic Cooper , Toby Kebbell , Ben Schnetzer , Robert Kazinsky , Clancy Brown , and Daniel Wu . The film portrays the initial encounters between the humans and the orcs and takes place in a variety of locations established in the video game series . The film was first announced in 2006 as a project partnership between Legendary Pictures and the game 's developer , Blizzard Entertainment . Warcraft premiered in Paris on May 24 , 2016 , and was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on June 10 , 2016 . The film grossed $ 433 million worldwide and is the highest-grossing video game adaptation of all time , although it was still considered a mild financial disappointment due to its very large $ 160 million budget . The film made over $ 220 million in China alone , representing more than half of its global total box office . ", "Paris Interlude is a 1934 American drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin and written by Wells Root . The film stars Madge Evans , Otto Kruger , Robert Young , Una Merkel , Ted Healy and Louise Henry . The film was released on July 27 , 1934 , by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . ", "Funeral Marches and Warsongs is a live DVD from the Swedish black metal band Marduk . Shot in 2003 , the DVD contains footage of live performances in France , Poland and Germany , and two music videos ", "The Greater Journey : Americans in Paris is a 2011 non-fiction book by the Pulitzer Prize-winning author David McCullough . In a departure from McCullough 's most recent works , Founding Fathers like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , who spent time in Paris , are not covered . Instead , the book is about 19th-century Americans like James Fenimore Cooper and Samuel Morse , who migrated to Paris and went on to achieve importance in culture or innovation . Other subjects include Elihu Washburne , the American ambassador to France during the Franco-Prussian War , Elizabeth Blackwell , the first female doctor in the United States , and American artists who worked in Paris such as George Healy , Mary Cassatt , and Augustus Saint-Gaudens . ", "President Wilson in Paris is a 1973 Australian television film based on the play by Ron Blair set during the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "William_Cohen", "Dick_Cohen", "William_P._Greiner", "Simon_Cohen", "Albert_Vorspan" ]

[ "William Sebastian Cohen -LRB- born August 28 , 1940 -RRB- is an American politician and author from the U.S. state of Maine . A Republican , Cohen served as both a member of the United States House of Representatives and Senate , and as Secretary of Defense -LRB- 1997 -- 2001 -RRB- under Democratic President Bill Clinton . ", "Richard J. `` Dick '' Cohen -LRB- born December 10 , 1949 -RRB- is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate . A member of the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party -LRB- DFL -RRB- , he represents District 64 , which includes portions of the city of Saint Paul in Ramsey County . ", "William P. Greiner was an American politician from New York . ", "Simon Cohen -LRB- b. April 19 , 1979 -RRB- is a British social commentator , public speaker , broadcaster and marketing consultant . At age 24 , he founded the international communications agency Global Tolerance , working with nonprofit organizations -LRB- NPOs -RRB- , charities , non-governmental organizations -LRB- NGOs -RRB- , and peace activists . In 2014 , after suspending his business 's activities for a year , he decided not to return to the company , instead chosing to focus on his family . He launched what he called an `` open leadership exercise '' , a public competition in five stages , which eventually led to him giving away the company , reported to be worth approximately # 1 million . ", "Albert Vorspan -LRB- born February 12 , 1924 in Saint Paul , Minnesota -RRB- is an American author and long-time leader of Reform Judaism . He is director emeritus of the Commission on Social Action of Reform Judaism . and served as senior vice president of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations , the predecessor organization of the Union of Reform Judaism , at the time of his retirement in 1993 . In 1966 , his criticism of the war in Vietnam was condemned by Sen. Thomas J. Dodd , a member of the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security , as reflecting `` a vociferous minority '' rather than mainstream Jewish opinion . In 1988 , at the outbreak of the first Palestinian intifada , he criticized Israeli government policy . In a series of diary entries published in the New York Times Magazine , he wrote , `` Whether we accept it or not , every night 's television news confirms it : Israelis now seem the oppressors , Palestinians the victims . '' In response , Malcolm Hoenlein , executive vice chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Organizations , accused him of `` too much public posturing and too little private discourse . '' " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Kung_Fu_Panda", "Godzilla_-LRB-2014_film-RRB-", "2010_Hong_Kong_Super_Series", "2013_Chinese_Taipei_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold", "The_Party_at_Kitty_and_Stud's" ]

[ "Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It was directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne and produced by Melissa Cobb , and stars the voices of Jack Black , Dustin Hoffman , Angelina Jolie , Ian McShane , Seth Rogen , Lucy Liu , David Cross , Randall Duk Kim , James Hong , and Jackie Chan . Set in a version of ancient China populated by anthropomorphic talking animals , the plot revolves around a bumbling panda named Po who aspires to be a kung fu master . When an evil kung fu warrior is foretold to escape after twenty years in prison , Po is unwittingly named the chosen one destined to defeat him and bring peace to the land , much to the chagrin of the resident kung fu warriors . The idea for the film was conceived by Michael Lachance , a DreamWorks Animation executive . The film was originally intended to be a parody , but director Stevenson decided instead , to shoot an action comedy wuxia film that incorporates the hero 's journey narrative archetype for the lead character . The computer animation in the film was more complex than anything DreamWorks had done before . As with most DreamWorks animated films , Hans Zimmer -LRB- collaborating with John Powell this time -RRB- scored Kung Fu Panda . He visited China to absorb the culture and get to know the China National Symphony Orchestra as part of his preparation . A sequel , Kung Fu Panda 2 , was released on May 26 , 2011 , along with a television series , Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness later that same year as a part of a franchise . A second sequel called Kung Fu Panda 3 was released on January 29 , 2016 . Kung Fu Panda premiered in the United States on June 6 , 2008 . The film received critical acclaim upon release . Kung Fu Panda opened in 4,114 theaters , grossing $ 20.3 million on its opening day and $ 60.2 million on its opening weekend , resulting in the number one position at the box office . The film became DreamWorks ' biggest opening for a non-sequel film , the highest grossing animated film of the year worldwide , and also had the fourth-largest opening weekend for a DreamWorks animated film at the American and Canadian box office , behind Shrek 2 , Shrek the Third , and Shrek Forever After . ", "Godzilla is a 2014 American monster film directed by Gareth Edwards and a reboot of Toho 's Godzilla franchise . It is the 30th film in the Godzilla franchise , the first film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse , and the second Godzilla film to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio , the first being the 1998 film of the same name . It stars Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Ken Watanabe , Elizabeth Olsen , Juliette Binoche , Sally Hawkins , David Strathairn , and Bryan Cranston . The film is a co-production between Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. . Pictures , with the latter also distributing the film worldwide , except in Japan where it was distributed by Toho . The project initially began in 2004 and was originally intended to be an IMAX short film but was later transferred to Legendary for development as a feature film . Principal photography took place in the United States and Canada in 2013 . Godzilla was released worldwide in 2D , 3D and IMAX on May 16 , 2014 to generally positive reviews and was a box office success , grossing $ 200 million domestically and $ 529.1 million worldwide . The film 's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of its own and Legendary to proceed with sequels and a shared cinematic franchise , with Godzilla : King of the Monsters set to be released in 2019 and Godzilla vs. Kong to be released in 2020 . ", "The 2010 Hong Kong Super Series was a top level badminton competition which was held from December 7 , 2010 to December 12 , 2010 in Hong Kong . It was the 12th BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule . The total purse for the event was $ 200,000 . ", "The 2013 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold was the ninth grand prix gold and grand prix tournament of the 2013 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix . The tournament was held in Hsing Chuang Gymnasium , Taipei , Chinese Taipei September 3 until September 8 , 2013 and had a total purse of $ 200,000 . ", "The Party at Kitty and Stud 's , better known under the alternative title Italian Stallion , is a 1970 American softcore adult film and is Sylvester Stallone 's film debut and first starring role , for which he worked two days and was paid $ 200 . In 1976 , shortly after the release of Stallone 's popular hit Rocky , the film was edited and re-released as Italian Stallion to capitalize on its now-famous star . " ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Joni_Mitchell", "Voyage_to_India", "Lorde", "Velli", "Sylvia_Ratonel_-LRB-album-RRB-" ]

[ "Roberta Joan `` Joni '' Mitchell , CC -LRB- née Anderson ; born November 7 , 1943 -RRB- is a Canadian singer-songwriter and painter . Rolling Stone called her `` one of the greatest songwriters ever '' , and AllMusic has stated , `` When the dust settles , Joni Mitchell may stand as the most important and influential female recording artist of the late 20th century '' . Drawing from folk , pop , rock and jazz , Mitchell 's songs often reflect social and environmental ideals as well as her feelings about romance , confusion , disillusionment and joy . Mitchell began singing in small nightclubs in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan and western Canada before busking in the streets and shoddy nightclubs of Toronto . In 1965 , she moved to the United States and began touring . Some of her original songs -LRB- `` Urge for Going '' , `` Chelsea Morning '' , `` Both Sides , Now '' , `` The Circle Game '' -RRB- were covered by folk singers , allowing her to sign with Reprise Records and record her debut album in 1968 . Settling in Southern California , Mitchell , with popular songs like `` Big Yellow Taxi '' and `` Woodstock '' , helped define an era and a generation . Her 1971 recording Blue was rated the 30th best album ever made in Rolling Stone 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , the highest entry by a female artist . Mitchell switched labels and began moving toward jazz rhythms by way of lush pop textures on 1974 's Court and Spark , her best-selling LP , featuring the radio hits `` Help Me '' and `` Free Man in Paris '' . Around 1975 her vocal range began to shift from mezzo-soprano to more of a wide-ranging contralto . Her distinctive piano and open-tuned guitar compositions also grew more harmonically and rhythmically complex as she explored jazz , melding it with influences of rock and roll , R&B , classical music , and non-western beats . In the late 1970s , she began working closely with noted jazz musicians , among them Jaco Pastorius , Wayne Shorter , Herbie Hancock , Pat Metheny , and Charles Mingus , who asked her to collaborate on his final recordings . She turned again toward pop , embraced electronic music , and engaged in political protest . She is the sole producer credited on most of her albums , including all her work in the 1970s . A blunt critic of the music industry , she quit touring and released her 17th , and reportedly last , album of original songs in 2007 . With roots in visual art , Mitchell designed her own album covers . She describes herself as a `` painter derailed by circumstance '' . ", "Voyage to India is the second studio album by American soul/R & B singer India.Arie , released in 2002 -LRB- see 2002 in music -RRB- . The album 's title comes from a track by Arie 's idol Stevie Wonder from his 1979 album Journey Through the Secret Life of Plants . It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 109,000 copies . And topped the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , going Platinum by the RIAA . At the 2003 Grammy Awards , it won `` Best R&B Album '' , and the single `` Little Things '' won `` Best Urban/Alternative Performance '' . The song `` Get It Together '' was featured on many film soundtracks including `` Brown Sugar '' -LRB- 2002 -RRB- and Shark Tale -LRB- 2004 -RRB- . ", "Ella Marija Lani Yelich-O'Connor -LRB- born 7 November 1996 -RRB- , better known by her stage name Lorde -LRB- pronounced -LSB- ˈlɔːrd -RSB- -RRB- , is a New Zealand singer-songwriter and record producer . Born in Takapuna and raised in Devonport , Auckland , she became interested in performing as a child . In her early teens , she signed with Universal Music Group and was later paired with songwriter and record producer Joel Little , who has co-written and produced most of Lorde 's works . Her first major release , The Love Club EP , was released commercially in March 2013 . The EP reached number two on the national record charts in both New Zealand and Australia . In mid-2013 , Lorde released her debut single `` Royals '' . It became an international crossover hit and made Lorde the youngest solo artist -LRB- and the only New Zealander -RRB- to achieve a US number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 since 1987 . In late 2013 , she released her debut studio album , Pure Heroine . The record topped the national charts in New Zealand and Australia and reached number three on the US Billboard 200 . Its following singles included `` Tennis Court '' , `` Team '' , `` No Better '' and `` Glory and Gore '' . In 2014 , Lorde released `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' as a single from the soundtrack for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . In 2017 , Lorde released `` Green Light '' , the lead single from her second studio album Melodrama which will be released in June 2017 . Lorde 's music consists of subgenres such as dream pop and indietronica . She has earned two Grammy Awards , a Brit Award and ten New Zealand Music Awards . In 2013 , she was named among Times most influential teenagers in the world , and in the following year , she was part of Forbess `` 30 Under 30 '' list . ", "Velli is the sixth and last album released by Punjabi Bhangra artist Kulwinder Dhillon before his death in a car accident on March 19 of 2006 . This album is also believed to be his most successful album which is believed to have sold over four hundred thousand copies worldwide . ", "Sylvia Ratonel is the first eponymous studio album by Singaporean singer Sylvia Ratonel . It was released in Singapore on 27 October 2010 . The musical direction of the album departed from the usual ballad and acoustic genres Sylvia specialized in during Singapore Idol . Singapore Idol winner Sezairi Sezali and local rapper ShiGGa Shay appear on the album as featured artists . Upon its release , the album received mixed reviews from online music critics , who doubted Sylvia 's songwriting ability and the lack of production of the album , but praised Sylvia 's vocal performance . The album has produced four singles , including the 987FM Top 5 hit `` It 's Raining '' . " ]

[ 1, 2, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ "Yin_and_yang", "Wen_and_wu", "Yinchuan", "Second_wave_positive_psychology", "Empress_Yin" ]

[ "In Chinese philosophy , yin and yang -LRB- also yin -- yang or yin yang , yīnyáng `` dark -- bright '' -RRB- describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary , interconnected , and interdependent in the natural world , and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another . Many tangible dualities -LRB- such as light and dark , fire and water , expanding and contracting -RRB- are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang . This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy , as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine , and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise , such as baguazhang , taijiquan -LRB- t ` ai chi -RRB- , and qigong -LRB- Chi Kung -RRB- , as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching . Duality is found in many belief systems , but Yin and Yang are parts of a Oneness that is also equated with the Tao . A term has been coined dualistic-monism or dialectical monism . Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary -LRB- rather than opposing -RRB- forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts . Everything has both yin and yang aspects -LRB- for instance , shadow can not exist without light -RRB- . Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object , depending on the criterion of the observation . The yin yang -LRB- i.e. taijitu symbol -RRB- shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section . In Taoist metaphysics , distinctions between good and bad , along with other dichotomous moral judgments , are perceptual , not real ; so , the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole . In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand , most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu -LRB- 2nd century BC -RRB- , a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang . ", "Wén 文 and wǔ 武 - a conceptual pair in Chinese philosophy and political culture describing opposition and complementarity of civil ① and military ② realms of government . Differentiation between wen and wu was engaged in discussions on criminal punishment , administrative control , creation and reproduction of social order , education and moral transformation . The concept was formed during the Chunqiu and Warring States periods , and best articulated in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE . However , until recently it was not much discussed by the Western scholars because of ① their aberrated perception of the importance of Confucianism in the pre-imperial and early imperial era , and ② their understanding of Confucianism as pacifist in its nature . An example of the last is provided by John K. Fairbank : `` Warfare was disesteemed in Confucianism ... The resort to warfare -LRB- wu -RRB- was an admission of bankruptcy in the pursuit of wen -LSB- civility or culture -RSB- . Consequently , it should be a last resort ... Herein lies the pacifist bias of the Chinese tradition ... Expansion through wen ... was natural and proper ; whereas expansion by wu , brute force and conquest , was never to be condoned . '' ", "Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , and former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts . It has an area of 4467 sqkm and a total population of 1.99 million . Its built up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread on three urban districts . The name of the city literally means `` silver river '' . Thanks to the Yellow River , Yinchuan enjoys beautiful natural scenery and favorable conditions for agriculture and has long earned the fame of a `` River Side City in the Northwest '' and `` Home to Fishes and Rice '' . Yinchuan is now the permanent site for China-Arab Expo which is an international platform for cultural and economic exchanges between China and Arab countries . ", "Second wave positive psychology -LRB- PP 2.0 -RRB- is concerned with how to bring out the best in individuals and society in spite of and because of the dark side of human existence through the dialectical principles of yin and yang . There has also been a distinct shift from focusing on individual happiness and success to the double vision of individual well-being and the big picture of humanity . PP 2.0 is more about bringing out the `` better angels of our nature '' than achieving optimal happiness or personal success , because the better angels of empathy , compassion , reason , justice , and self-transcendence will make people better human beings and this world a better place . PP 2.0 pivots around the universal human capacity for meaning seeking and meaning making in achieving optimal human functioning under both desirable and undesirable conditions . This emerging movement is an inevitable and necessary corrective response to the inherent problems of what has been called `` positive psychology as usual '' . ", "Empress Yin may mean or refer to : Empress Yin Lihua -LRB- 5 -- 64 -RRB- , wife of Emperor Guangwu of Han Empress Yin -LRB- He -RRB- -LRB- died 102 -RRB- , wife of Emperor He of Han Empress Yin Yuying -LRB- died 453 -RRB- , wife of Liu Shao of Liu Song Lady Yin , first wife of Emperor Taizong of Song , posthumously honored an empress Yin " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Grease-COLON-_The_Original_Soundtrack_from_the_Motion_Picture", "Grease_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Bronte_Woodard", "Hair_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Randal_Kleiser" ]

[ "Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture is the original motion picture soundtrack for the 1978 film Grease . It was originally released by RSO Records . The song `` You 're the One That I Want '' was a US and UK # 1 for stars John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John . It sold 28 million copies worldwide . Besides performers John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John , the album also featured songs by rock n roll revival group Sha Na Na as well as the hit song `` Grease '' , a tune written by Barry Gibb -LRB- of the Bee Gees -RRB- and sung by Frankie Valli -LRB- of The Four Seasons -RRB- that was an additional U.S. number one . ", "Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey 's musical of the same name . The film depicts the life of Rydell High School students Danny Zuko and Sandy Olsson in the late 1950s . Directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Bronte Woodard , the film stars John Travolta as Danny , Olivia Newton-John as Sandy and Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo . Grease was successful both critically and commercially . Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States , behind the soundtrack of Saturday Night Fever . A sequel , Grease 2 , was released in 1982 , starring Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer . Only a few of the original cast members reprised their roles . ", "Bronte Woodard -LRB- October 8 , 1940 -- August 6 , 1980 -RRB- was an American writer best known for penning the adapted screenplay for the hit film Grease . He was born October 8 , 1940 in Alabama . He also co-wrote the screenplay for the 1980 Village People film Ca n't Stop the Music with Grease producer Allan Carr . He also wrote a novel , Meet Me at the Melba . Raised in Atlanta , he died of hepatitis-related liver failure at the age of 39 on August 6 , 1980 in Los Angeles , California . ", "Hair is a 1979 musical war comedy-drama film adaptation of the 1968 Broadway musical Hair : An American Tribal Love-Rock Musical about a Vietnam War draftee who meets and befriends a tribe of long-haired hippies on his way to the army induction center . The hippies introduce him to their environment of marijuana , LSD , unorthodox relationships and draft evasion . The film was directed by Miloš Forman -LRB- who received a César Award nomination for his work on the film -RRB- and adapted for the screen by Michael Weller -LRB- who would collaborate with Forman on a second picture , Ragtime , two years later -RRB- . Cast members include Treat Williams , John Savage , Beverly D'Angelo , Don Dacus , Annie Golden , Dorsey Wright , Nell Carter , Cheryl Barnes , Richard Bright , Ellen Foley and Charlotte Rae . Dance scenes were choreographed by Twyla Tharp and performed by the Twyla Tharp Dance Foundation . The film was nominated for Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture -LRB- for Williams -RRB- . ", "John Randal Kleiser -LRB- born July 20 , 1946 -RRB- is an American film director and producer , perhaps best known for directing the 1978 musical romantic comedy film Grease . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Charles_de_Gaulle", "Jacques_Maurice_Hatry", "François_de_Chevert", "Douglas_Packard", "Charles_Claude_Jacquinot" ]

[ "Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle -LRB- -LSB- ʃaʁl də ɡol -RSB- ; 22 November 1890 -- 9 November 1970 -RRB- was a French general and statesman . He was the leader of Free France -LRB- 1940 -- 44 -RRB- and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic -LRB- 1944 -- 46 -RRB- . In 1958 , he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the President of France , a position he held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics . Born in Lille , he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912 . He was a decorated officer of the First World War , wounded several times , and later taken prisoner at Verdun . During the interwar period , he advocated mobile armoured divisions . During the German invasion of May 1940 , he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders ; he was then appointed Under-Secretary for War . Refusing to accept his government 's armistice with Nazi Germany , de Gaulle exhorted the French population to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June . He led a government in exile and the Free French Forces against the Axis . Despite frosty relations with Britain and especially the United States , he emerged as the undisputed leader of the French resistance . He became Head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944 , the interim government of France following its Liberation . As early as 1944 , de Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy , which included substantial state-directed control over a capitalist economy which was followed by thirty years of unprecedented growth . Frustrated by the return of petty partisanship in the new Fourth Republic , he resigned in early 1946 but continued to be politically active as founder of the RPF party . He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs , which quickly became a classic of modern French literature . When the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic , the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis . De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency , and he was elected in that role . He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war , much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs -LRB- Frenchmen settled in Algeria -RRB- and the military ; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule . He granted independence to Algeria and progressively to other French colonies . In the context of the Cold War , de Gaulle initiated his `` Politics of Grandeur '' , asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries , such as the US , for its national security and prosperity . To this end , de Gaulle pursued a policy of `` national independence '' which led him to withdraw from NATO 's military integrated command and to launch an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power . He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence . However , he opposed any development of a supranational Europe , favouring a Europe of sovereign nations . De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the `` exorbitant privilege '' of the US dollar . In his later years , his support for an independent Quebec and his two vetoes against Britain 's entry into the European Community generated considerable controversy . Although re-elected President in 1965 , in May 1968 he appeared likely to lose power amid widespread protests by students and workers but survived the crisis with backing from the Army and won an election with an increased majority in the Assembly . De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization . He died a year later at his residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises , leaving his Presidential memoirs unfinished . Many French political parties and figures claim the Gaullist legacy . De Gaulle was ranked as `` Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps '' -LRB- the Greatest Frenchman of All Time -RRB- . ", "Jacques Maurice Hatry -LRB- Strasbourg , 12 February 1742 -- Paris , 30 November 1802 -RRB- was a French general . A colonel on the outbreak of the French Revolution , he rose to général de division in 1794 and fought with distinction in the armée du Nord , des armée des Ardennes and Armée de la Moselle at the Battle of Fleurus and blockade of Luxembourg -LRB- where he forced a garrison of 12,000 men to surrender -RRB- . In the armée de Sambre-et-Meuse , in the 1796 campaign , he was made général en chef of the armée de Mayence . In June 1798 he replaced general Joubert as commander of the troops stationed in the Netherlands . He was one of the first members of the Sénat conservateur in December 1799 . His name is engraved on the north pillar , column 5 , of the Arc de Triomphe . ", "François de Chevert -LRB- 2 February 1695 - 24 January 1769 -RRB- was a French general . Chevert was born in Verdun , Meuse . He entered service in 1706 , became major in Beauce 's regiment in Toul in 1728 , later in 1739 lieutenant-colonel . He distinguished himself in Flanders , Piemont and Germany and herefore rewarded by a more important command . He led the siege of Prague in the War of the Austrian Succession with his grenadiers in 1741 and defended the city against the Austrian troops . Named brigadier-general , he took part in the operations in the Dauphiné and Italy , most famously Casteldelfino , and became maréchal-de-camp in 1744 . During the campaign in the Provence , he seized the isles of Sainte-Marguerite , after which coup he was named lieutenant-general in 1748 . With this title , he commanded the French flanking force at the victory of Hastenbeck . In the following year he also commanded the flanking force in the French victory at Lutterburg . During this illustrious career in the course of which he passed through all important ranks of the hierarchy , Chevert seems to have known nothing but success , save for one small defeat at the battle of Meer -LRB- or Mehr -RRB- in 1758 , where a large component of his corps consisted of green troops and militia . A simple major of a regiment , he was awarded the order of Chevalier de Saint-Louis in 1742 , became commander in 1754 , was decorated with the Grand Croix in 1758 and made knight of the Aigle Blanc de Pologne in the same year . He died in Paris , aged 73 , holding the position of governor of Givet and Charlemont . Category :1695 births Category : People from Verdun Category : French generals Category :1769 deaths Category : Knights of the Order of Saint Louis ", "Lieutenant General Sir Charles Douglas Packard KBE CB DSO -LRB- 1903 -- 2000 -RRB- was a British Army General who achieved high office in the 1950s . ", "Charles Claude Jacquinot -LRB- 3 August 1772 -- 24 April 1848 -RRB- commanded a French cavalry division at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . He joined a volunteer battalion in 1791 and transferred to a light cavalry regiment as a junior officer in 1793 . He earned promotion to squadron commander and was acting commander of his regiment at Hohenlinden in 1800 . After serving in a staff position at Austerlitz in 1805 , he led a light cavalry regiment at Jena in 1806 . Promoted to general of brigade he led his horsemen at Abensberg , Raab and Wagram in 1809 . During the French invasion of Russia he fought at Ostrovno , Smolensk and Borodino in 1812 . During the 1813 German Campaign he led a cavalry brigade at Dennewitz and Leipzig . After being appointed general of division he fought at Second Bar-sur-Aube and Saint-Dizier in 1814 . During the Hundred Days he rallied to Napoleon and led a light cavalry division in the Waterloo campaign . After 15 years of inactivity , he was restored to favor in the 1830s . Thereafter he held a number of commands and was appointed to the Chamber of Peers . His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe , on Column 20 . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Baja_1000", "Nina_Zhivanevskaya", "1984_Australian_GT_Championship", "Vanja_Perišić", "1967_Trans-American_Sedan_Championship" ]

[ "The SCORE Baja 1000 is an off-road race that takes place in Mexico 's Baja California Peninsula . The 2016 SCORE Baja 1000 is the final round of a four-race series , previous events are the SCORE Desert Challenge , the SCORE San Felipe 250 & the SCORE Baja 500 . The 2016 round will be the 49th SCORE Baja 1000 , occurring from November 16 -- 20 over an 800-mile loop both starting and ending in Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico . The Baja 1000 allows various types of vehicle classes to compete on the same course -- from such small and large bore motorcycles , stock Volkswagen , production vehicles , buggies , Trucks , and custom fabricated race vehicles . The course has remained relatively the same over the years , about every other being either a point-to-point race from Ensenada to La Paz , or a loop race starting and finishing in Ensenada . The name of the event can be misleading as the mileage varies for the type of event -LRB- `` Loop '' of 600 to 850 miles starting and finishing in Ensenada , or `` Point to Point '' also known as the 900 . The first official race started in Tijuana , Baja California , on October 31 , 1967 , and was named the NORRA Mexican 1000 Rally . The course length that year was 849 mi and ended in La Paz , Baja California Sur , with the overall winning time of 27 hours 38 minutes -LRB- 27:38 -RRB- set by Vic Wilson and Ted Mangels while driving a Meyers Manx buggy . From 1967 to 1972 , the race was organized by the National Off-Road Racing Association -LRB- NORRA -RRB- and grew in popularity with ABC 's `` Wide World of Sports '' sending Jim McKay to cover the 1968 event , and attracting new participants like the late Mickey Thompson , Indy 500 winner Parnelli Jones , movie actor James Garner , and Mary McGee , the first woman to compete in the event . By 1971 , major sponsors such as Olympia Brewing Company and Minolta Cameras began to support Parnelli Jones in his Dick Russell designed and Bill Stroppe prepared `` Big Oly '' Bronco and Larry Minor in a similar Stroppe prepared Bronco . In October 1973 , the price for a barrel of crude oil shot up 70 % overnight as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -LRB- OPEC -RRB- launched the Arab Oil Embargo . Fearful competitors would abandon the idea of competing and stay home , NORRA abandoned the race -- despite assurances from the Federal government run Petroleos Mexicanos -LRB- Pemex -RRB- fuel prices would remain stable -- and announced they would hold an event in the state of Arizona . It was at that time in history , Baja California governor Milton Castellanos handed over sanctioning of the event to a non-profit Mexican corporation called the `` Baja Sports Committee '' -LRB- BSC -RRB- . BSC renamed the event the `` Baja Mil '' -LRB- Baja 1000 -RRB- and scheduled the race to run on the original dates chosen by NORRA . Though NORRA held a competing event in the United States that same weekend , BSC successfully ran the race from Ensenada to La Paz like the years prior . Unaware of the challenges , BSC found promoting Baja races more difficult than anticipated . Instead of giving up the race , the Mexican government requested help from Southern California Off-Road Enterprises -LRB- SCORE -RRB- in hosting and promoting future Baja races . Through negotiations with Mickey Thompson and his SCORE organization , the Government agreed to give exclusive rights to SCORE to hold Baja races and also reluctantly allowed SCORE to cancel the event for 1974 -LRB- a year where motorsport was curtailed in the United States because of the oil crisis -RRB- . SCORE hired Sal Fish as president and took control of the Baja 1000 from that year on with the Baja 1000 race resuming under new control in 1975 . In 2012 , the racing organization was purchased by Roger Norman and continues to run under his presidency . ", "Nina Aleksandrovna Zhivanevskaya -LRB- Нина Александровна Живаневская , born 24 June 1977 -RRB- is a 5-time Olympic backstroke swimmer from Russia , who has swum for Spain since 1999 , following her marriage to a Spaniard -LRB- and moving to Spain -RRB- . She swam at the 1992 Olympics for the Unified Team , Russia at the 1996 Olympics , and Spain at the 2000 , 2004 and 2008 Olympics . At the 1992 Games , she won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m medley relay , and was the youngest member of the Unified Team swimming squad -LRB- 18 men and 11 women -RRB- , with 15 years and 35 days . She won the bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke a year later at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , Australia . Zhivanevskaya took part in the 2008 Olympic Games , reaching the semi-finals in the 100 m backstroke . After this event , she announced she was retiring from the sport so that she could concentrate on her family . ", "The 1984 Australian GT Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title and was the seventh Australian GT Championship to be awarded . It was a series open to grand tourer cars complying with CAMS Group D regulations with Group B Sports Sedans competing by invitation . The series was contested over six rounds from 15 April to 9 September 1984 . Some of the cars that competed in the series included the Chevrolet Monza , Jaguar XJ-S , Porsche Carrera RSR , Mercedes-Benz 450 SLC , Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV , Porsche 935 , BMW 318i Turbo , Holden Commodore and Holden Monaro and Ford Falcon . Other than the 5.6 L V12 Jaguar , the turbo Porsche 935 and BMW 318i and the 3.2 L Flat-6 Porsche RSR , most of the top cars were powered by 5.0 L or 6.0 L Chevrolet V8 engines , though Bryan Thompson 's Mercedes was powered by a twin turbo , 4.2 L Chevrolet V8 . Australian Touring Car Championship and Bathurst 1000 regular Allan Grice -LRB- probably the only full time professional driver in the field -RRB- , won the series driving the ex-Bob Jane 6.0 L Monza from Queenslander Mark Trenoweth driving the ex-John McCormack XJS Jag and Series Production ace Peter Fitzgerald in his Porsche Carrera RSR . Fitzgerald , the only driver other than Grice to win a race in the championship * , did not enter the first two races of the series at Lakeside and Adelaide , thus his win at Calder was his first points for the season . Going into the last round of the series at the then new 3.9 km -LRB- 2.4 mi -RRB- International circuit at Sandown , only Grice and Trenoweth could win the championship , but with the Sydney based driver winning both heats and the Queenslander only finishing 4th and 3rd , the title was Grice 's . It was Grice 's third -LRB- and ultimately last -RRB- national title win after also capturing the 1978 and 1979 Australian Sports Sedan Championships -LRB- the SS Championship was merged into the GT Championship in 1982 -RRB- . The expected challenge from dual Aussie Sports Sedan champion Tony Edmonson in the Don Elliot owned Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV Chevrolet -LRB- upgraded from 5.0 to 6.0 L -RRB- was hamstrung by reliability problems with the Chevrolet V8 . On occasion Edmonson showed the speed to match Grice and indeed set the category lap record at Winton -LRB- which still stands as of 2016 -RRB- while leading Grice in the first heat , but he rarely finished a race due to engine dramas . Despite his final winning margin being only 12.5 points , Grice and the Monza dominated the series . He sat on pole position for every round , his biggest pole margin over the field being a full 4 seconds at Sandown , and not only did he win all bar one race in the championship he also set the fastest lap for every race except for the first heat in the first round at Lakeside and the first heat of the last round at Sandown . Bryan Thompson in his Mercedes-Benz 450 SLC Chev V8 was credited with the fastest race lap in both races -LRB- the Mercedes reportedly had over 900 bhp compared to the Monza 's 650 bhp , but was not as reliable , often retiring with turbo failure -RRB- . * Fitzgerald won at Calder after race leader Grice retired with just over a lap remaining with no fuel pressure . Grice held an 8 second lead at the time of his retirement . Bryan Thompson suffered turbo failure in the Merc on the warmup lap and took over Tino Leo 's Holden Monaro to finish 9th . ", "Vanja Perišić -LRB- born July 5 , 1985 in Split -RRB- is a Croatian middle distance runner , who specialized in the 800 metres . Perisic represented Croatia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where she competed for the women 's 800 metres . She ran in the third heat of the event , against six other athletes , including Kenya 's Pamela Jelimo , who eventually won the gold medal in the final . She finished the race in sixth place by seventy-one hundredths of a second -LRB- 0.71 -RRB- behind Mauritius ' Annabelle Lascar , with a time of 2:06.82 . Perišić , however , failed to advance into the semi-finals , as she placed thirty-fifth overall , and was ranked farther below three mandatory slots for the next round . On April 29 , 2009 , Perišić was among the Olympic non-medal winners , who tested positive for Cera , an advanced version of endurance-enhancing hormone EPO . ", "The 1967 Trans-American Sedan Championship was the second running of the Sports Car Club of America 's Trans-Am Series . After the dominance of Alfa Romeo in the under 2000cc class in 1966 , Porsche would rise to prominence , starting a dynasty that would last for several years . 1967 would also mark the debut of Mercury , with Dan Gurney winning at Green Valley for the company in its new Cougar . David Pearson would also win in a Cougar at Riverside later that year . Mark Donohue would provide the first win in the series for Chevrolet at Marlboro Speedway . He would go on to win at Stardust and Pacific Raceways , igniting the Ford vs Chevy rivalry that made the series legendary . Ford and Porsche won the manufacturers ' championships . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Catherine_Hardwicke", "Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon", "Jan_Pascale", "John_Offenbach", "Lisa_Gornick" ]

[ "Catherine Hardwicke -LRB- born Helen Catherine Hardwicke ; -RRB- is an American film director , production designer and screenwriter . Her works include the Academy Award-nominated independent film Thirteen , which she co-wrote with Nikki Reed , the film 's co-star , the Biblically-themed The Nativity Story , the vampire film Twilight , the werewolf film Red Riding Hood , and the classic skateboarding film Lords of Dogtown . The opening weekend of Twilight was the biggest opening ever for a female director . ", "Lucy Christiana , Lady Duff-Gordon -LRB- née Sutherland -RRB- -LRB- 13 June 1863 -- 20 April 1935 -RRB- was a leading British fashion designer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , who worked under the professional name of `` Lucile '' . The first British-based designer to achieve international acclaim , Lucy Duff-Gordon was a widely acknowledged innovator in couture styles as well as in fashion industry public relations . Apart from originating the `` mannequin parade '' , a precursor to the modern fashion show , and training the first professional models , she launched liberating slit skirts and low necklines , popularized less restrictive corsets , and promoted alluring and pared-down lingerie . Opening branches of her London house , Lucile Ltd , in Chicago , New York City , and Paris , her business became the first global couture brand , dressing a trend-setting clientele of royalty , nobility , and stage and film personalities . Duff-Gordon is also remembered as a survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 , and as the losing party in the precedent-setting 1917 contract law case of Wood v. Lucy , Lady Duff-Gordon , in which Judge Benjamin N. Cardozo wrote the opinion for New York 's highest court , the New York Court of Appeals . ", "Jan Pascale is a set decorator who has won an Emmy and has been nominated for an Oscar . She has worked on over 50 different TV shows and films since 1982 . She won her Emmy 2001 for the TV show Boston Public . She was nominated at the 2005 Academy Awards in the category of Best Art Direction . She was nominated for the film Good Night and Good Luck , her nomination was shared with James D. Bissell . ", "John Offenbach is an award-winning editorial and advertising photographer . His work has appeared in The New York Times , and he has photographed ads for a wide range of clients , including HSBC , Travelers , BMW , AirFrance , Hewlett-Packard , and the Conran Shop . Since 2005 , Offenbach has also documented the annual pavilion commissioned by the Serpentine Gallery in London , photographing pavilions created by Zaha Hadid , Frank Gehry , and Rem Koolhaas , among others . `` I love architecture and geometric shapes and patterns , '' Offenbach has said . `` I think I always have . So when I look and appraise anything , whether it 's a portrait or a landscape or still life , my judgement of how well it 's working is based on an intuition of those values . '' He is based in London and is represented by Stockland Martel . ", "Lisa Gornick -LRB- born 1970 -RRB- is a British actress , screenwriter , film director , and producer . She is an artist who works in film , performance , TV , and drawing . She set up the production company Valiant Doll , which makes micro budget feature films . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Henry_Cavill", "Superman_-LRB-serial-RRB-", "Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_-LRB-film-RRB-", "I_Am_Legend_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Superman_-LRB-1999_video_game-RRB-" ]

[ "Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill -LRB- -LSB- ˈkævᵻl -RSB- born 5 May 1983 -RRB- is a British actor . Cavill began his career starring in the film adaptations of The Count of Monte Cristo -LRB- 2002 -RRB- and I Capture the Castle -LRB- 2003 -RRB- . He later appeared in minor and supporting roles in television shows such as BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries , ITV 's Midsomer Murders and Showtime 's The Tudors -LRB- 2007-10 -RRB- , then crossed to mainstream Hollywood films such as Tristan & Isolde -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Stardust -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Blood Creek -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and Immortals -LRB- 2011 -RRB- . Cavill starred as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk in the Showtime television series The Tudors ; and in 2008 became the official spokesman for the Dunhill fragrance collection for men . Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel , originally the highest-grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , where he reprised his role as Superman ; making it his highest-grossing film to date . In 2015 , he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ", "Superman -LRB- 1948 -RRB- is a 15-part black-and-white Columbia film serial based on the comic book character Superman . It stars an uncredited Kirk Alyn -LRB- billed only by his character name , Superman ; but credited on the promotional posters -RRB- and Noel Neill as Lois Lane . Like Batman , it is notable as the first live-action appearance of Superman on film and for the longevity of its distribution . The serial was directed by Thomas Carr , who later directed many early episodes of the Adventures of Superman television show , and Spencer Gordon Bennet , produced by Sam Katzman and shot in and around Los Angeles , California . It was originally screened at movie matinées and after the first three scene-setting chapters , every episode ends in a cliffhanger . The Superman-in-flight scenes are animations , in part due to the small production budget . ", "Guardians of the Galaxy -LRB- retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 1 -RRB- is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star-Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest-grossing film in North America of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 3 , planned . ", "I Am Legend is a 2007 American post-apocalyptic horror film based on the novel of the same name , directed by Francis Lawrence and starring Will Smith , who plays US Army virologist Robert Neville . The story is set in New York City after a virus , which was originally created to cure cancer , has wiped out most of mankind , leaving Neville as the last human in New York , other than nocturnal mutants . Neville is immune to the virus and he works to develop a cure while defending himself against the hostile mutants . Warner Bros. began developing I Am Legend in 1994 , and various actors and directors were attached to the project , though production was delayed due to budgetary concerns related to the script . Production began in 2006 in New York City , filming mainly on location in the city , including a $ 5 million scene at the Brooklyn Bridge . It is the third feature-film adaptation of Richard Matheson 's 1954 I Am Legend novel , following 1964 's The Last Man on Earth and 1971 's The Omega Man . I Am Legend was released on December 14 , 2007 , in the United States and Canada , and opened to the largest ever box office -LRB- not adjusted for inflation -RRB- for a non-Christmas film released in the U.S. in December . The film was the seventh-highest grossing film of 2007 , earning $ 256 million domestically and $ 329 million internationally , for a total of $ 585 million . ", "Superman , commonly referred to as Superman 64 , is a 1999 adventure video game developed and published by Titus Software for the Nintendo 64 video game console . The game is based on the television series Superman : The Animated Series . Superman was first released in North America on May 31 , 1999 and in Europe on July 23 , 1999 . It is also the first 3D Superman game . Development of the game was largely hampered by constraints from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , resulting in it being unfinished and of a poor quality . BlueSky Software attempted to re-do the game for the PlayStation , but due to Titus ' expiration of the Warner Bros. license by the time it was completed , it was cancelled . In the game , Superman must rescue his friends from Lex Luthor , who has trapped them in a virtual version of Metropolis . It is infamous for the negative reception it received from critics and is considered one of the worst games of all time , being heavily criticized for its poor controls and graphics , technical bugs , glitches , gameplay , and difficulty . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Pakistan_Movement", "Pakistan", "List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan_-LRB-1962–65-RRB-", "Economy_of_Pakistan", "Pakistan_Social_Democratic_Party" ]

[ "The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan -LRB- -LSB- -- -RRB- was a religious political movement in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of Pakistan from the Muslim-majority areas of British Indian Empire . The movement progressed within India alongside the Indian independence movement , but the Pakistan Movement sought to establish a new nation-state that protected the religious identity and political interests of Muslims in South Asia . The first organised political movements were in Aligarh where another literary movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement . An educational convention held in 1906 with joint efforts of Syed Ahmad Khan and Vikar-ul-Haq , the Muslim reformers took the movement to the political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then newly formed All-India Muslim League -LRB- AIML -RRB- , with prominent moderate leaders seeking to protect the basic rights of Muslims in the British Raj . During the initial stages of the movement , it adopted the vision of philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of the AIML 's annual session . Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces . Urdu poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature , poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political awareness . Feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the emancipation of Pakistan 's women and their participation in national politics . The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and diversified group of people whose struggle ultimately resulted in the British Empire announcing the Indian Independence Act 1947 , which created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan . The Pakistan Movement was the result of a series of social , political , and intellectual transformations in Pakistani society , government , and ways of thinking . Efforts and struggles of the Founding Fathers resulted in the creation of the democratic and independent government . In the following years , another nationally -- minded subset went on to established a strong government , followed by the military intervention in 1958 . Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led East Pakistan to declare independence as the People 's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971 . After a strong concessions and consents reached in 1973 , the new Constitution established a relatively strong government , institutions , national courts , a legislature that represented both states in the Senate and population in the National Assembly . Pakistan 's phase shift to republicanism , and the gradually increasing democracy , caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan . ", "Pakistan -LRB- -LSB- pɑːkᵻˈstɑːn -RSB- -LSB- -RRB- , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan -LRB- -LSB- -RRB- , is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central and Western Asia . It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 201 million people . In terms of area , it is the 33rd-largest country spanning 881,913 km2 . Pakistan has a 1,046 km coastline along the Arabian Sea and its Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the far northeast , respectively . It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan is considered a cradle of civilisation that was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans , and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander of Macedonia , the Indian Mauryan Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire , and most recently , the British Empire . Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent 's struggle for independence , Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent homeland for South Asian Muslims . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh . In 1973 Pakistan adopted a new constitution establishing , alongside its pre-existing parliamentary republic status , a federal government based in Islamabad consisting of four provinces and four federal territories . The new constitution also stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah . A regional and middle power , Pakistan has the sixth-largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state , being the second in South Asia and the only nation in the Muslim world to have that status . Pakistan has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector , and a growing services sector . The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and the 41st-largest in terms of nominal GDP -LRB- World Bank -RRB- . It is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world , and is backed by one of the world 's largest and fastest-growing middle classes . The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule , and since 2008 a transition to democracy , amid conflicts with neighbouring India . The country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy , healthcare , and corruption , but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income . Pakistan is a member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Commonwealth of Nations , the ECO , the SAARC , the Developing Eight , and the G20 developing nations , Group of 24 , Group of 77 , and ECOSOC . It is also an associate member of CERN . Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol , the Paris Agreement , and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . ", "The 3rd Parliament of Pakistan was the unicameral legislature of Pakistan formed after the 4 years of Martial Law . There were 156 seats of members of Parliament , including 78 from East Bengal and 78 from West Pakistan . ", "The economy of Pakistan is the 25th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity -LRB- PPP -RRB- , and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product . Pakistan has a population of over 190 million -LRB- the world 's 6th-largest -RRB- , giving it a nominal GDP per capita of $ 1,428 , which ranks 147th in the world for 2016 . However , Pakistan 's undocumented economy is estimated to be 36 % of its overall economy , which is not taken into consideration when calculating per capita income . Pakistan is a developing country and is one of the Next Eleven , the eleven countries and have a potential to be among the world 's large economies in the 21st century . However , after decades of war and social instability , as of 2013 , serious deficiencies in basic services such as railway transportation and electric power generation had developed . The economy is semi-industrialized , with centres of growth along the Indus River . Primary export commodities include textiles , leather goods , sports goods , chemicals and carpets/rugs . Growth poles of Pakistan 's economy are situated along the Indus River ; the diversified economies of Karachi and major urban centers in the Punjab , coexisting with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country . The economy has suffered in the past from internal political disputes , a fast-growing population , mixed levels of foreign investment . Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances , but a growing current account deficit -- driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion -- could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term . Pakistan is currently undergoing a process of economic liberalization , including privatization of all government corporations , aimed to attract foreign investment and decrease budget deficit . In 2014 , foreign currency reserves crossed $ 18.4 billion which has led to stable outlook on the long-term rating by Standard & Poor 's . In 2016 , BMI Research report named Pakistan as one of the ten emerging economies with a particular focus on of its manufacturing hub . In October 2016 , the IMF chief Christine Lagarde confirmed her economic assessment in Islamabad that Pakistan 's economy was ` out of crisis ' The World Bank predicts that by 2018 , Pakistan 's economic growth will increase to a `` robust '' 5.4 % due to greater inflow of foreign investment , namely from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor . According to the World Bank , poverty in Pakistan fell from 64.3 % in 2002 to 29.5 % in 2014 . Pakistan 's fiscal position continues to improve as the budget deficit has fallen from 6.4 % in 2013 to 4.3 % in 2016 . The country 's improving Macroeconomic position has led to Moody 's upgrading Pakistan 's debt outlook to `` stable '' . ", "The Pakistan Social Democratic Party is a political party in Pakistan . In 2002 , with a wristwatch as the party 's symbol on the ballot , it fielded one candidate in the National Assembly elections and the regional assembly elections , but won no seats . In 2004 the Electoral Commission asked the party , and ten other parties , to have its submitted statement of account audited by a chartered accountant and re-submitted . -LRB- 34 parties had submitted no statements of account at all , and faced disqualification . -RRB- Pakistan Social Democratic Party is run by Mr. Mujib Ur Rehman Kiani Advocate , Islamabad as Chairman of the Party and he is reorganising the party and the Election commission of Pakistan has been informed by the Secretary of Party vide its letter dated 11 the April 2012 and Mr. Irfan Kausar , Deputy Director , confirmed about the newly elected Chairman of the Party and party will participate in next election . The comprehensive manifesto of the party was printed and circulated during its years in active politics . Its founder is author of a publication named ` Responsible Politics ' , widely sold during the time of its publication . It laid down the predictions and expectations of on coming politics in Pakistan . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ "Charles_de_Gaulle", "French_Fifth_Republic", "French_Fourth_Republic", "Appeal_of_18_June", "Paul_Ramadier" ]

[ "Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle -LRB- -LSB- ʃaʁl də ɡol -RSB- ; 22 November 1890 -- 9 November 1970 -RRB- was a French general and statesman . He was the leader of Free France -LRB- 1940 -- 44 -RRB- and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic -LRB- 1944 -- 46 -RRB- . In 1958 , he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the President of France , a position he held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics . Born in Lille , he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912 . He was a decorated officer of the First World War , wounded several times , and later taken prisoner at Verdun . During the interwar period , he advocated mobile armoured divisions . During the German invasion of May 1940 , he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders ; he was then appointed Under-Secretary for War . Refusing to accept his government 's armistice with Nazi Germany , de Gaulle exhorted the French population to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June . He led a government in exile and the Free French Forces against the Axis . Despite frosty relations with Britain and especially the United States , he emerged as the undisputed leader of the French resistance . He became Head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944 , the interim government of France following its Liberation . As early as 1944 , de Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy , which included substantial state-directed control over a capitalist economy which was followed by thirty years of unprecedented growth . Frustrated by the return of petty partisanship in the new Fourth Republic , he resigned in early 1946 but continued to be politically active as founder of the RPF party . He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs , which quickly became a classic of modern French literature . When the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic , the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis . De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency , and he was elected in that role . He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war , much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs -LRB- Frenchmen settled in Algeria -RRB- and the military ; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule . He granted independence to Algeria and progressively to other French colonies . In the context of the Cold War , de Gaulle initiated his `` Politics of Grandeur '' , asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries , such as the US , for its national security and prosperity . To this end , de Gaulle pursued a policy of `` national independence '' which led him to withdraw from NATO 's military integrated command and to launch an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power . He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence . However , he opposed any development of a supranational Europe , favouring a Europe of sovereign nations . De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the `` exorbitant privilege '' of the US dollar . In his later years , his support for an independent Quebec and his two vetoes against Britain 's entry into the European Community generated considerable controversy . Although re-elected President in 1965 , in May 1968 he appeared likely to lose power amid widespread protests by students and workers but survived the crisis with backing from the Army and won an election with an increased majority in the Assembly . De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization . He died a year later at his residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises , leaving his Presidential memoirs unfinished . Many French political parties and figures claim the Gaullist legacy . De Gaulle was ranked as `` Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps '' -LRB- the Greatest Frenchman of All Time -RRB- . ", "The Fifth Republic , France 's current republican system of government , was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 . The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic , replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential , or dual-executive , system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state . De Gaulle , who was the first president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958 , believed in a strong head of state , which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation -LRB- `` the spirit of the nation '' -RRB- . The Fifth Republic is France 's third-longest political regime , after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the -LRB- -- 1792 -RRB- and the parliamentary Third Republic -LRB- 1870 -- 1940 -RRB- . ", "The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958 , governed by the fourth republican constitution . It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic , which was in place before World War II , and suffered many of the same problems . France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946 . The Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation 's social institutions and industry after World War II , and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration which changed the continent permanently . The greatest accomplishments of the Fourth Republic were in social reform and economic development . In 1946 , the government established a comprehensive social security system that assured unemployment insurance , disability and old-age pensions , and health care to all citizens . Some attempts were also made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war , but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government -- there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history . Moreover , the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of the numerous remaining French colonies . After a series of crises , most importantly the Algerian crisis of 1958 , the Fourth Republic collapsed . Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration which was empowered to design a new French constitution . The Fourth Republic was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958 which established the modern-day Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency . ", "The Appeal of 18 June -LRB- L'Appel du 18 juin -RRB- was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle , the leader of the Free French Forces , in 1940 . The appeal is often considered to be the origin of the French Resistance to the German occupation during World War II . De Gaulle spoke to the French people from London after the fall of France . He declared that the war for France was not yet over , and rallied the country in support of the Resistance . It is regarded as one of the most important speeches in French history . In spite of its reputation as the beginning of the Resistance and Free French , historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people . De Gaulle 's 22 June 1940 speech on the BBC was more widely heard . ", "Paul Ramadier -LRB- -LSB- pɔl ʁamadje -RSB- ; 17 March 1888 , La Rochelle -- 14 October 1961 , Rodez -RRB- was a prominent French politician of the Third and Fourth Republics . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the `` tripartisme '' coalition between the French Section of the Workers ' International -LRB- SFIO -RRB- , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . " ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Charles_de_Gaulle", "French_Fifth_Republic", "French_Fourth_Republic", "Appeal_of_18_June", "Paul_Ramadier" ]

[ "Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle -LRB- -LSB- ʃaʁl də ɡol -RSB- ; 22 November 1890 -- 9 November 1970 -RRB- was a French general and statesman . He was the leader of Free France -LRB- 1940 -- 44 -RRB- and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic -LRB- 1944 -- 46 -RRB- . In 1958 , he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the President of France , a position he held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics . Born in Lille , he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912 . He was a decorated officer of the First World War , wounded several times , and later taken prisoner at Verdun . During the interwar period , he advocated mobile armoured divisions . During the German invasion of May 1940 , he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders ; he was then appointed Under-Secretary for War . Refusing to accept his government 's armistice with Nazi Germany , de Gaulle exhorted the French population to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June . He led a government in exile and the Free French Forces against the Axis . Despite frosty relations with Britain and especially the United States , he emerged as the undisputed leader of the French resistance . He became Head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944 , the interim government of France following its Liberation . As early as 1944 , de Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy , which included substantial state-directed control over a capitalist economy which was followed by thirty years of unprecedented growth . Frustrated by the return of petty partisanship in the new Fourth Republic , he resigned in early 1946 but continued to be politically active as founder of the RPF party . He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs , which quickly became a classic of modern French literature . When the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic , the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis . De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency , and he was elected in that role . He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war , much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs -LRB- Frenchmen settled in Algeria -RRB- and the military ; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule . He granted independence to Algeria and progressively to other French colonies . In the context of the Cold War , de Gaulle initiated his `` Politics of Grandeur '' , asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries , such as the US , for its national security and prosperity . To this end , de Gaulle pursued a policy of `` national independence '' which led him to withdraw from NATO 's military integrated command and to launch an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power . He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence . However , he opposed any development of a supranational Europe , favouring a Europe of sovereign nations . De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the `` exorbitant privilege '' of the US dollar . In his later years , his support for an independent Quebec and his two vetoes against Britain 's entry into the European Community generated considerable controversy . Although re-elected President in 1965 , in May 1968 he appeared likely to lose power amid widespread protests by students and workers but survived the crisis with backing from the Army and won an election with an increased majority in the Assembly . De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization . He died a year later at his residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises , leaving his Presidential memoirs unfinished . Many French political parties and figures claim the Gaullist legacy . De Gaulle was ranked as `` Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps '' -LRB- the Greatest Frenchman of All Time -RRB- . ", "The Fifth Republic , France 's current republican system of government , was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 . The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic , replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential , or dual-executive , system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state . De Gaulle , who was the first president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958 , believed in a strong head of state , which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation -LRB- `` the spirit of the nation '' -RRB- . The Fifth Republic is France 's third-longest political regime , after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the -LRB- -- 1792 -RRB- and the parliamentary Third Republic -LRB- 1870 -- 1940 -RRB- . ", "The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958 , governed by the fourth republican constitution . It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic , which was in place before World War II , and suffered many of the same problems . France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946 . The Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation 's social institutions and industry after World War II , and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration which changed the continent permanently . The greatest accomplishments of the Fourth Republic were in social reform and economic development . In 1946 , the government established a comprehensive social security system that assured unemployment insurance , disability and old-age pensions , and health care to all citizens . Some attempts were also made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war , but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government -- there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history . Moreover , the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of the numerous remaining French colonies . After a series of crises , most importantly the Algerian crisis of 1958 , the Fourth Republic collapsed . Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration which was empowered to design a new French constitution . The Fourth Republic was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958 which established the modern-day Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency . ", "The Appeal of 18 June -LRB- L'Appel du 18 juin -RRB- was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle , the leader of the Free French Forces , in 1940 . The appeal is often considered to be the origin of the French Resistance to the German occupation during World War II . De Gaulle spoke to the French people from London after the fall of France . He declared that the war for France was not yet over , and rallied the country in support of the Resistance . It is regarded as one of the most important speeches in French history . In spite of its reputation as the beginning of the Resistance and Free French , historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people . De Gaulle 's 22 June 1940 speech on the BBC was more widely heard . ", "Paul Ramadier -LRB- -LSB- pɔl ʁamadje -RSB- ; 17 March 1888 , La Rochelle -- 14 October 1961 , Rodez -RRB- was a prominent French politician of the Third and Fourth Republics . Mayor of Decazeville , starting in 1919 , he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947 . On 10 July 1940 , he voted against the granting of the full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , who installed the Vichy regime the next day . Ramadier took part in the Resistance where he used the nom de guerre Violette . His name was included in the Yad Vashem Jewish memorial after the war . It was during his first ministry that the Communists were forced out of the government in May 1947 , ending the `` tripartisme '' coalition between the French Section of the Workers ' International -LRB- SFIO -RRB- , Popular Republican Movement and Communists . He voted for the Marshall Plan . From 1956 until 1957 , Ramadier was Minister of Finance under Guy Mollet . " ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Lorelai_Gilmore", "Edward_Cullen", "Julie_Bowen", "Sean_Gunn", "John_Goodman" ]

[ "Lorelai Victoria Gilmore is a fictional character in the WB/CW television series Gilmore Girls , portrayed by actress Lauren Graham . She is a key character throughout the series ' seven-year run from October 2000 until May 2007 , and the 2016 revival Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life . Lorelai is a single mother of a teenage daughter , Rory -LRB- Alexis Bledel -RRB- . The dynamic of single parenthood and the tension between Lorelai and her wealthy parents , Richard -LRB- Edward Herrmann -RRB- and especially her controlling mother , Emily -LRB- Kelly Bishop -RRB- , form the main theme of the series story line . Subplots involve various financial difficulties , love interests and other domestic entanglements for both Lorelai and her daughter Rory . Besides an on-again , off-again relationship with Christopher Hayden , Lorelai 's had a few romantic relationships that included Max Medina -LRB- Scott Cohen -RRB- , a teacher at Chilton to whom she was briefly engaged . Alex Lesman -LRB- Billy Burke -RRB- , an outdoorsy coffee house entrepreneur ; Jason Stiles -LRB- Chris Eigeman -RRB- , a childhood acquaintance , and Luke Danes -LRB- Scott Patterson -RRB- , the owner of Luke 's Diner in Stars Hollow , with whom she always had a strong connection . Over the years , as she frequented Luke 's Diner , they became close friends and eventually fell in love . Luke and Lorelai marry in the `` Fall '' episode of the revival series `` A year in the life '' . Lorelai is often included on lists of top `` TV moms '' . Graham received widespread critical acclaim for her performance and has been nominated for several awards , winning two Teen Choice Awards . She was also nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards in 2000 and 2001 and for a Golden Globe Award in 2002 . ", "Edward Cullen -LRB- né Edward Anthony Masen -RRB- is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer 's Twilight series . He is featured in the books Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse and Breaking Dawn , and their corresponding film adaptations , and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun -- a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward 's perspective . Edward is a telepathic vampire who , over the course of the series , falls in love with , marries , and has a child with Bella Swan , a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well . In the Twilight film series , Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson . ", "Julie Bowen Luetkemeyer -LRB- born March 3 , 1970 -RRB- , known professionally as Julie Bowen , is an American actress . She is best known for playing Carol Vessey on Ed -LRB- 2000 -- 04 -RRB- , Denise Bauer on Boston Legal -LRB- 2005 -- 07 -RRB- , Sarah Shephard on Lost -LRB- 2005 -- 07 -RRB- , and Claire Dunphy on the comedy Modern Family -LRB- since 2009 -RRB- . The latter earned her six nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , winning in 2011 and 2012 . Bowen has also appeared in films such as Happy Gilmore -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Multiplicity -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Venus and Mars -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , Joe Somebody -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , Kids in America -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Sex and Death 101 -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Crazy on the Outside -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , Jumping the Broom -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , and Horrible Bosses -LRB- 2011 -RRB- . ", "Sean Gunn is an American actor , best known for his role as Kirk Gleason on the television show Gilmore Girls -LRB- 2000 -- 2007 -RRB- and Kraglin in Guardians of the Galaxy . He is the younger brother of filmmaker James Gunn . ", "John Stephen Goodman -LRB- born June 20 , 1952 -RRB- is an American actor . Early in his career , he was best known for playing Dan Conner on the ABC TV series Roseanne -LRB- 1988 -- 1997 -RRB- , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993 . He is also a regular collaborator with the Coen brothers on such films as Raising Arizona -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , Barton Fink -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , The Big Lebowski -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , O Brother , Where Art Thou ? -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , and Inside Llewyn Davis -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . Goodman 's voice roles in animated films include Pacha in Disney 's The Emperor 's New Groove -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , and Sulley in Pixar 's Monsters , Inc. -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , and Monsters University -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . His other film performances include lead roles in The Babe -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , The Flintstones -LRB- 1994 -RRB- and 10 Cloverfield Lane -LRB- 2016 -RRB- and supporting roles in Coyote Ugly -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , The Artist -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Argo -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , Flight -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , The Hangover Part III -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , and Patriots Day -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . On television , he has had regular roles on Amazon Studios ' Alpha House and on the first season of HBO 's Treme and has been one of the most frequent hosts of Saturday Night Live , as well as guest roles on series such as Community . John Heilpern of Vanity Fair has called him `` among our very finest actors '' . " ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

[ "Percy_Irausquin", "Brigitte_Jordan", "Gaius_Julius_Cornutus_Tertullus_the_Younger", "Antonia_Gordiana", "Tiberius_Junius_Brutus" ]

[ "Joseph Gregory Percy Irausquin -LRB- June 26 , 1969 -- August 14 , 2008 -RRB- was an Aruban-born Dutch fashion designer and couturier based in Amsterdam . He was described by the Dutch media as `` one of the most talented young designers in the Netherlands . '' The Dutch national daily newspaper De Volkskrant described his clothing designs as `` sexy and extravagant '' and `` fashionable but not fussy . '' Irausquin was born in Oranjestad , Aruba , on June 26 , 1969 . He graduated from the Gerrit Rietveld Academie , an art and design school in Amsterdam . His work was noticed by Christian Lacroix , a high end French fashion designer . Irausquin went to work for Lacroix in Paris shortly after his graduation . He later worked for Givenchy with Hubert Barrere , a corset specialist , and at the house of Christian Dior . Irausquin was named by Vogue Magazine as a prominent up-and-coming designer in 2007 . His work was featured on the covers of several Dutch and international magazines , including Marie Claire and Elle . He held a fashion show at the Amsterdam Fashion Week 2008 just a few days before his death . He was once quoted in an interview as saying of his work , `` I 'm not one for complicated ideas . I 'm not an innovator . I do n't want to change the world . I just want to make it more beautiful . '' Irausquin was found dead at his home in Amsterdam on August 14 , 2008 , after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage . He was buried in his native Aruba . ", "Brigitte Jordan was a German-American professor , scientist , and consultant who was described as the midwife to the `` Anthropology of Birth . '' She attended Sacramento State College where she received her Masters degree , and later attended University of California , Irvine where she completed her PhD . ", "Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus was a prominent Roman citizen , the son of Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus though the identity of his mother is unknown . He was born and raised in Perga , the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia . Unfortunately very little is known on him . This Tertullus married a Roman woman from Perga called Plancia Magna , who was a prominent citizen and patron of Perga . Magna was the daughter of Roman Senator and Proconsul Marcus Plancius Varus and Herodian Princess Julia . Tertullus and Magna had a son and only child called Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus . ", "Antonia Gordiana -LRB- 201 - ? -RRB- was a prominent , wealthy and noble Roman woman who lived in the troubled and unstable 3rd century . She was the daughter of Roman Emperor Gordian I ; sister to Roman Emperor Gordian II and mother to Roman Emperor Gordian III . Gordiana 's mother may be the granddaughter of Greek Sophist , consul and tutor Herodes Atticus . Augustan History names her as Maecia Faustina , however modern historians dismiss her name as false . She was most probably born in Rome . Along with her elder brother were raised and spent their childhoods in the house that Roman Republican General Pompey had built in Rome . Previous owners included Roman Triumvir Mark Antony and Roman Emperor Tiberius . After 214 , Gordiana married an unnamed Roman Senator . Augustan History names her husband as Junius Balbus , however modern historians dismiss his name as false . She bore her husband a son , Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius -LRB- known as Gordian III -RRB- , born 20 January 225 . The birth name of Gordian III is unknown and his birthplace is unknown . The name of Gordian -LRB- as we know him -RRB- he assumed when he became Roman Emperor . Her husband had died before 238 . After the deaths of the brief reigns of her father and brother , the Roman Senate in April appointed Balbinus and Pupienus as joint emperors . During the brief reign of Balbinus and Pupienus , her son became popular with Roman citizens and the joint emperors were forced to adopt her son as their heir . On July 29 238 , Balbinus and Pupienus were both murdered by the Praetorian Guard and later that day her son became the new Roman Emperor . There is a possibility that Gordiana might have bribed the various Guards to murder the joint emperors , so that her son could become emperor . To keep in the favor of the Roman Senate , Gordian III assumed the name of his maternal grandfather and maternal uncle . The political fractions that supported Gordiana 's father and brother , also supported her son . Through them , she was able assist her son in directing affairs and create reformed policies in administration , fiscal affairs and Roman Army . Effects were made to limit the charges against the Roman wealthy and notable . Attention was made to strengthen defences along the empire 's borders and Roman Governors were prosecuted if they abused Roman taxes and power of the provinces . In 241 , her son had appointed the able and efficient Timesitheus as prefect of the Praetorian Guard . Later , in May of that year , Gordian would marry Timesitheus ' daughter Tranquillina , who became Roman Empress . Timesitheus died in 243 , and Gordian appointed the ambitious Philip the Arab as the new prefect . In February 244 , Gordian died of unknown causes . Gordian either died in battle or was possibly murdered on the orders of Philip ; however , Philip was proclaimed the new emperor . Gordian 's wife and daughter survived him . The fate of Gordiana after her son 's death is unknown . ", "Tiberius Junius Brutus -LRB- died c. 509 BCE -RRB- was the younger son of Lucius Junius Brutus , who was one of Rome 's first two consuls in 509 BCE . His mother was Vitellia . At the invitation of his uncles , called Vitellii , he and his elder brother Titus Junius Brutus joined the Tarquinian conspiracy . When the conspiracy was discovered , he and the other conspirators were executed by order of the consuls . Punishment was carried out by the lictors , and included being stripped naked , beaten with rods and then beheaded . Lucius Junius Brutus was admired for his strong stance in ordering the execution of his sons , although at times during the execution he showed his emotions . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Ed_Decter", "Ed_Stasium", "Evil_Ed", "Ed_Morrissey", "EDAC" ]

[ "Edward I. `` Ed '' Decter -LRB- born May 19 , 1959 -RRB- is an American film director , film producer and screenwriter . His credits include , There 's Something About Mary , The Santa Clause 3 , The Santa Clause 2 , The New Guy , The Lizzie McGuire Movie , and television series Boy Meets World , In Plain Sight , and Shadowhunters . He frequently collaborates with fellow producer and writer John J. Strauss . Decter graduated from Wesleyan University in 1979 . ", "Ed Stasium is an American record producer and engineer who has worked on albums by the Ramones , Talking Heads , the Smithereens and Living Colour . ", "Evil Ed is a 1995 Swedish Horror comedy film directed by Anders Jacobsson . The film is a satire towards the harsh censoring that the Swedish Statens biografbyrå -LRB- Cinemabureau of the state -RRB- ran from 1911 until halted in 1996 . The bureau was dismissed in 2011 , being the oldest film censoring organization in the world . The filmmakers were publicly ridiculed by the head of the Swedish Film Institute on national television . ", "Ed Morrissey -LRB- born April 3 , 1963 -RRB- is an American conservative blogger , columnist , motivational speaker , and talk show host . He goes by the nickname Captain Ed and he currently lives in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota . He wrote his original blog , `` Captain 's Quarters '' , from October 2003 to February 2008 . He now works full-time as a blogger for Hot Air . and writes a column for The Week . He also participates in Bloggingheads.tv His opinion articles have appeared in the New York Sun , the New York Post , and the Daily Standard . He is married to the Roman Catholic writer Marcia Morrissey , of Patheos . ", "EDAC may refer to : Error detection and correction , techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels EDAC -LRB- Linux -RRB- , a set of Linux kernel modules for handling hardware-related errors Leipzig -- Altenburg Airport -LRB- ICAO code -RRB- 1-Ethyl-3 - -LRB- 3-dimethylaminopropyl -RRB- carbodiimide , a water-soluble carbodiimide El Dorado Arts Council , an arts council in California , US " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ "Paula_Abdul", "American_Idol_-LRB-season_8-RRB-", "American_Idol", "America's_Got_Talent_-LRB-season_11-RRB-", "The_X_Factor_-LRB-UK_TV_series-RRB-" ]

[ "Paula Julie Abdul -LRB- -LSB- ˈæbduːl -RSB- born June 19 , 1962 -RRB- is an American singer-songwriter , voice actress , dancer , choreographer , actress and television personality . She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 before rising to prominence in the 1980s as a highly sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era . Abdul later scored a string of pop music hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart . She won a Grammy for `` Best Music Video -- Short Form '' for `` Opposites Attract '' and twice won the `` Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography '' . After her initial period of success , Abdul suffered a series of setbacks in her professional and personal life . She saw renewed fame and success as an original judge on American Idol in the 2000s , which she left after the eighth season . She went on to star on CBS 's short-lived television series Live to Dance , which lasted one season in 2011 , and was subsequently a judge on the first season of the American version of The X Factor along with her former American Idol co-judge Simon Cowell , the creator and producer of the show . She was also a guest judge on the All-Stars edition of Dancing with the Stars in 2012 and the tenth season of So You Think You Can Dance in 2013 , and more recently became a permanent judge for that series along with the Australian version of the show for its 2014 revival . ", "The eighth season of American Idol premiered on January 13 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2009 . Judges Simon Cowell , Paula Abdul , and Randy Jackson continued to judge the show 's contestants , along with Ryan Seacrest as host . The season introduced Kara DioGuardi as the fourth judge on the Idol panel . It was also Abdul 's final season as a judge . Kris Allen , a native of Conway , Arkansas , was announced the winner of the competition on May 20 , 2009 , defeating runner-up Adam Lambert after nearly 100 million votes . Kris Allen is the only married winner of the competition at the time of his victory . This was the second season where both of the final two contestants had been in the bottom three or two at least once before the finale , with the first being season three . The eighth season saw numerous changes to the format of the show . There were 36 semi-finalists instead of 24 , and thirteen finalists instead of twelve , nine contestants chosen by the public and four by the judges in a wild card round . Another addition was the `` save , '' which was used on the top seven results show to veto Matt Giraud 's elimination . Seven contestants from this season were signed to record deals . The signed artists are Kris Allen , who was then signed to 19 Entertainment/Jive Records . In addition to Allen , Adam Lambert , Danny Gokey , Allison Iraheta , Lil Rounds , Anoop Desai and Michael Sarver . ", "American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller , produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment , and distributed by FremantleMedia North America . It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , and ended its first-run on April 7 , 2016 . In 2018 , the show will make its debut on ABC . It started off as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol , and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television . The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents , with the winner determined by the viewers in America through telephones , Internet , and SMS text voting . Winners chosen by viewers in its fifteen seasons were Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard , Fantasia , Carrie Underwood , Taylor Hicks , Jordin Sparks , David Cook , Kris Allen , Lee DeWyze , Scotty McCreery , Phillip Phillips , Candice Glover , Caleb Johnson , Nick Fradiani , and Trent Harmon.American Idol employed a panel of judges who critiqued the contestants ' performances . The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell . The judging panel for the final seasons consisted of country singer Keith Urban , singer and actress Jennifer Lopez , and jazz singer Harry Connick , Jr. . The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , with Seacrest as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series . The success of American Idol has been described as `` unparalleled in broadcasting history '' . The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' . It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Katharine McPhee , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . '' For an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 -- 04 television season through the 2010 -- 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings . The series concluded its original run on Fox after 15 seasons . American Idol will return for a sixteenth season -- its first on ABC -- in 2018 . The announcement was made official on Good Morning America '' on May 9 , 2017 . ", "Season eleven of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on September 1 , 2015 . The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 31 , 2016 . Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host . Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge , while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season . Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge . The live shows began on July 26 , at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years . Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC , the show took a hiatus from August 9 -- 17 . Dunkin' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season , and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon . Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge 's cuts : George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne-Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . Each judge was given a golden buzzer . Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , the NFL Long Snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third . Comedian Tape Face was named the most memorable act of this season . ", "The X Factor is a British reality television music competition to find new singing talent . The contestants are aspiring singers drawn from public auditions . Created by Simon Cowell , the show began in 2004 and has since aired annually from August/September until December . The show is produced by FremantleMedia 's Thames -LRB- previously Talkback Thames -RRB- and Cowell 's production company Syco TV . It is broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and simulcast on TV3 in Ireland . `` X Factor '' refers to the undefinable `` something '' that makes for star quality . The series consists of auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses , several weeks of live shows , semi-finals and the final . The series had a spin-off behind-the-scenes show called The Xtra Factor , which aired directly after the main show on ITV2 . This lasted from series 1 until series 13 when it was cancelled by ITV in January 2017 . The original judging panel consisted of Louis Walsh , Sharon Osbourne and Cowell . In 2005 Paula Abdul joined the show as a guest judge whilst Osbourne was away then joined the panel in 2006 for three sets of auditions . Brian Friedman replaced Walsh in series 4 , which also saw Dannii Minogue join the panel . Friedman left during the auditions and Walsh replaced Friedman . Cheryl Cole replaced Osbourne in series 5 . Gary Barlow , Kelly Rowland and Tulisa joined the panel in series 8 as replacements for Cowell , Minogue , and Cole . Rowland left before series 9 and was replaced by Nicole Scherzinger . Osbourne returned to the panel in series 10 , replacing Tulisa . Cowell and Cole -LRB- now Fernandez-Versini -RRB- returned to replace Barlow and Osbourne in series 11 , while Mel B replaced Scherzinger . In series 12 , Mel B and Walsh were replaced by Rita Ora and Nick Grimshaw . In series 13 , Walsh , Osbourne and Scherzinger returned , replacing Grimshaw , Fernandez-Versini and Ora . The first three series were presented by Kate Thornton , then from the fourth to 11th series , the show was presented by Dermot O'Leary , he then returned from the 13th series . In series 12 , the show was presented by Caroline Flack and Olly Murs . Also , in series 10 , Flack served as a backstage presenter during the Saturday night live shows . Roman Kemp will begin serving as the digital presenter of the show in series 13 . The show is split into different stages , following the contestants from auditions through to the final . In the original televised audition stage of the show , contestants sang in an audition room in front of just the judges , but from the sixth series onwards , auditionees sing on a stage in front of the judges and a live audience . In series 10 and 11 , both auditions formats were used . In series 12 , the room auditions were scrapped , leaving just the arena auditions . The room auditions were revived in series 13 , and no arena auditions followed . Successful auditionees go through to `` bootcamp '' and then to `` judges ' houses '' , where judges narrow down the acts in their category down to three or four acts to mentor for the live shows , where the public vote for their favourite acts following weekly live performances by the contestants . There have been 13 winners of the show to date : Steve Brookstein , Shayne Ward , Leona Lewis , Leon Jackson , Alexandra Burke , Joe McElderry , Matt Cardle , Little Mix , James Arthur , Sam Bailey , Ben Haenow , Louisa Johnson and Matt Terry . Winners receive a recording contract with record label Syco Music with a stated value of # 1 million . This includes a cash payment to the winner , but the majority is allocated to marketing and recording costs . From 2004 to 2010 , and again in 2013 and 2014 , the winning contestant 's single was released in time for the end-of-year chart battle for the UK 's Christmas number one , with all of them -LRB- bar McElderry in 2009 and Terry in 2016 -RRB- reaching the top spot . As of November 2016 , 41 number-one singles have been achieved by artists who have appeared on the show , such as Lewis , Burke , JLS , Olly Murs , Cher Lloyd , One Direction and Little Mix . The show is the originator of the international The X Factor franchise . A prominent show in British popular culture , The X Factor has proved hugely popular with the public . The sixth series attracted 200,000 auditionees and peaked at 19.7 million UK viewers -LRB- a 63.2 % audience share -RRB- . More than 10 million votes were cast in the sixth series final . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "Gettysburg_Address", "By_the_People_-LRB-disambiguation-RRB-", "1865_State_of_the_Union_Address", "Abraham_Lincoln", "Albert_Vorspan" ]

[ "The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , one of the best-known in American history . It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War , on the afternoon of Thursday , November 19 , 1863 , at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg . Abraham Lincoln 's carefully crafted address , secondary to other presentations that day , was one of the greatest and most influential statements of national purpose . In just over two minutes , Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis , with `` a new birth of freedom '' that would bring true equality to all of its citizens . Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union , but also for the principle of human equality . Beginning with the now-iconic phrase `` Four score and seven years ago '' -- referring to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 -- Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States as stated in the Declaration of Independence . In the context of the Civil War , Lincoln also memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners -LRB- and the nation -RRB- to ensure the survival of America 's representative democracy : that `` government of the people , by the people , for the people , shall not perish from the earth . '' Despite the speech 's prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States , the exact wording and location of the speech are disputed . The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln 's hand differ in a number of details , and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech . Modern scholarship locates the speakers ' platform 40 yards -LRB- or more -RRB- away from the Traditional Site within Soldiers ' National Cemetery at the Soldiers ' National Monument and entirely within private , adjacent Evergreen Cemetery . ", "By the People is a 2005 Malayalam movie sequel to the film 4 the People . By the People may also refer to : A Gettysburg Address phrase : `` government of the people , by the people , for the people '' By the People : The Election of Barack Obama , a documentary on the election on Barack Obama to the presidency of the United States ", "The 1865 State of the Union Address was written by the 17th President of the United States , Andrew Johnson . It was presented to the United States Congress on December 4 , 1865 . He stated , `` Our thoughts next revert to the death of the late President by an act of parricidal treason . The grief of the nation is still fresh . It finds some solace in the consideration that he lived to enjoy the highest proof of its confidence by entering on the renewed term of the Chief Magistracy to which he had been elected ; that he brought the civil war substantially to a close ; that his loss was deplored in all parts of the Union , and that foreign nations have rendered justice to his memory . '' The American Civil War had ended , and now it was time for the Reconstruction era to begin . ", "Abraham Lincoln -LRB- -LSB- ˈeɪbrəhæm_ˈlIŋkən -RSB- February 12 , 1809 -- April 15 , 1865 -RRB- was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis . In doing so , he preserved the Union , paved the way to the abolition of slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the economy . Born in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana . Largely self-educated , he became a lawyer in Illinois , a Whig Party leader , and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , in which he served for eight years . Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks , tariffs , and railroads . Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress , and because his opposition to the Mexican -- American War was unpopular among Illinois voters , Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice . Reentering politics in 1854 , he became a leader in building the new Republican Party , which had a statewide majority in Illinois . In 1858 , while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery , but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas . In 1860 , Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state . Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South , he swept the North and was elected president in 1860 . Lincoln 's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House -- no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession . Subsequently , on April 12 , 1861 , a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union . As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party , Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans , who demanded harsher treatment of the South , War Democrats , who called for more compromise , anti-war Democrats -LRB- called Copperheads -RRB- , who despised him , and irreconcilable secessionists , who plotted his assassination . Politically , Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other , by carefully planned political patronage , and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory . His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism , republicanism , equal rights , liberty , and democracy . Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war . His primary goal was to reunite the nation . He suspended habeas corpus , leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision , and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Lincoln closely supervised the war effort , especially the selection of top generals , including his most successful general , Ulysses S. Grant . He also made major decisions on Union war strategy , including a naval blockade that shut down the South 's normal trade , moves to take control of Kentucky and Tennessee , and using gunboats to gain control of the southern river system . Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond ; each time a general failed , Lincoln substituted another , until finally Grant succeeded . As the war progressed , his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves , encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery , and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which permanently outlawed slavery . An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state , Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election . Anticipating the war 's conclusion , Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness . On April 14 , 1865 , five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee , Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer . Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents . ", "Albert Vorspan -LRB- born February 12 , 1924 in Saint Paul , Minnesota -RRB- is an American author and long-time leader of Reform Judaism . He is director emeritus of the Commission on Social Action of Reform Judaism . and served as senior vice president of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations , the predecessor organization of the Union of Reform Judaism , at the time of his retirement in 1993 . In 1966 , his criticism of the war in Vietnam was condemned by Sen. Thomas J. Dodd , a member of the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security , as reflecting `` a vociferous minority '' rather than mainstream Jewish opinion . In 1988 , at the outbreak of the first Palestinian intifada , he criticized Israeli government policy . In a series of diary entries published in the New York Times Magazine , he wrote , `` Whether we accept it or not , every night 's television news confirms it : Israelis now seem the oppressors , Palestinians the victims . '' In response , Malcolm Hoenlein , executive vice chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Organizations , accused him of `` too much public posturing and too little private discourse . '' " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "Caesar_-LRB-Mercury_Theatre-RRB-", "Black_Caesar_-LRB-film-RRB-", "The_Turmoil_-LRB-1924_film-RRB-", "The_Belle_of_New_York_-LRB-1952_film-RRB-", "Reno_-LRB-1930_film-RRB-" ]

[ "Caesar is the title of Orson Welles 's innovative 1937 adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , a modern-dress bare-stage production that evoked comparison to contemporary Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany . Considered Welles 's highest achievement in the theatre , it premiered November 11 , 1937 , as the first production of the Mercury Theatre , an independent repertory theatre company that presented an acclaimed series of productions on Broadway through 1941 . ", "Black Caesar -LRB- released theatrically in the UK as Godfather of Harlem -RRB- is a 1973 American blaxploitation crime drama film , starring Fred Williamson , Gloria Hendry and Julius Harris . The film was written and directed by Larry Cohen . Black Caesar is a remake of the 1931 film Little Caesar . It features a musical score -LRB- Black Caesar -RRB- by James Brown -LRB- with heavy input from his bandleader Fred Wesley -RRB- , his first experience with writing music for film . A sequel titled Hell Up in Harlem was released in late 1973 . ", "The Turmoil is a 1924 silent film melodrama produced and distributed by Universal Pictures and directed by Hobart Henley . It is based on the novel , The Turmoil , by Booth Tarkington . A previous film of the novel , The Turmoil , by Metro Pictures , was released in 1916 . The film is preserved at UCLA Film and TV . ", "The Belle of New York is a 1952 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Hollywood musical comedy film set in New York circa 1900 and stars Fred Astaire , Vera-Ellen , Alice Pearce , Marjorie Main , Gale Robbins and Keenan Wynn , with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Johnny Mercer . The film was directed by Charles Walters . This whimsical -LRB- even by Astaire 's standards -RRB- musical failed at the box office and impressed few critics at the time , mainly due to the nature of the plot which empowers lovers to float free of the influence of gravity - a conceit reprised in the 1999 film Simply Irresistible . Astaire was reluctant to take the project - he was originally supposed to play the role in 1946 but had avoided it through retirement . Clearly stung by its failure , Astaire later claimed that the dance routines - of which there are more than usual - are of a particularly high standard - a rare verdict from such a notoriously self-critical artist . Vera-Ellen is generally viewed as one of Astaire 's most technically proficient dance partners , and this was a factor in his readiness to expand the dance content of the film beyond its traditional proportions . ", "Reno is a 1930 drama film directed by George J. Crone and starring silent serial queen Ruth Roland . It was produced and distributed by early sound era production studio Sono Art-World Wide Pictures . Roland 's rare foray into a sound film , it would be followed by only one more talkie . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ "Danish_language", "Scandinavia", "Languages_of_America", "Greenlandic_language", "New_York_Latino_English" ]

[ "Danish -LSB- ˈdeɪnᵻʃ -RSB- -LRB- dansk -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ -RSB- ; dansk sprog , -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ ˈsb̥ʁɔʊ̯ˀ -RSB- -RRB- is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15 -- 20 % of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples that lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian and Swedish as Mainland Scandinavian while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as Insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though there are regional variants of the standard language . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative . Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels , and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød , a kind of laryngeal phonation type . Due to the many pronunciation differences that set apart Danish from its neighboring languages , particularly the vowels , difficult prosody and `` weakly '' pronounced consonants , it is sometimes considered to be a difficult language to learn and understand , and there is some evidence that small children are slower to acquire the phonological distinctions of Danish . The grammar is moderately inflective with strong -LRB- irregular -RRB- and weak -LRB- regular -RRB- conjugations and inflections . Nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender . As in English , Danish only has remnants of a former case system , particularly in the pronouns , and it has lost all person marking on verbs . Its syntax is V2 , with the finite verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence . ", "Scandinavia -LSB- ˌskændɪˈneɪviə -RSB- is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . The remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia , nor is Greenland , an overseas territory of Denmark . However , the Faroe Islands , also a Danish overseas territory , are sometimes included , as sometimes are Iceland , Finland , and the Finnish autonomous region of the Åland Islands , because of their historical association with the Scandinavian countries and the Scandinavian peoples and languages . This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries . In Nordic languages , only Denmark , Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia . In English usage , Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area , also known as the Scandinavian Peninsula . The name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish , now Swedish , region Scania . The terms Scandinavia and Scandinavian entered usage in the late 18th century as terms for Denmark , Norway and Sweden , their Germanic majority peoples and associated language and culture , the term being introduced by the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement . The majority of the population of Scandinavia are descended from several -LRB- North -RRB- Germanic tribes who originally inhabited the southern part of Scandinavia and spoke a Germanic language that evolved into Old Norse . Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse , and are therefore often seen as Scandinavian . Finland is mainly populated by Finns , with a minority of approximately 5 % of Swedish speakers . A small minority of Sami people live in the extreme north of Scandinavia . The Danish , Norwegian and Swedish languages form a dialect continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages -- all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another . Faroese and Icelandic , sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages , are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent . Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages , but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Apart from these , German , Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia . The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate . Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle , but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream . Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate . There are many lakes and moraines , legacies of the last glacial period , which ended about ten millennia ago . ", "Languages of America may refer to either : Languages of the United States Languages of the Americas ", "Greenlandic is an Eskimo -- Aleut language spoken by about 57,000 Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland . It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada such as Inuktitut . The main variety , Kalaallisut or West Greenlandic , has been the official language of the Greenlandic autonomous territory since June 2009 ; this is a move by the Naalakkersuisut -LRB- government of Greenland -RRB- to strengthen the language in its competition with the colonial language , Danish . The second variety is Tunumiit oraasiat or East Greenlandic . The Thule Inuit of Greenland , Inuktun or Polar Eskimo , is a recent arrival and a dialect of Inuktitut . Greenlandic is a polysynthetic language that allows the creation of long words by stringing together roots and suffixes . Its morphosyntactic alignment is ergative , meaning that it treats -LRB- i.e. case-marks -RRB- the argument -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of an intransitive verb like the object of a transitive verb , but distinctly from the agent -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of a transitive verb . Nouns are inflected for one of the eight cases and for possession . Verbs are inflected for one of the eight moods and for the number and person of its subject and object . Both nouns and verbs have complex derivational morphology . Basic word order in transitive clauses is subject -- object -- verb . Subordination of clauses is done by the use of special subordinate moods . A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects . Greenlandic is notable for its lack of a system of grammatical tense , as temporal relations are normally expressed through context , through the use of temporal particles such as `` yesterday '' or `` now '' or sometimes through the use of derivational suffixes or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic aktionsart of different verbs . However , some linguists have suggested that Greenlandic does mark future tense obligatorily . Another question is whether the language has noun incorporation , or whether the processes that create complex predicates that include nominal roots are derivational in nature . When adopting new concepts or technologies , Greenlandic usually constructs new words made from Greenlandic roots , but modern Greenlandic has also taken many loans from Danish and English . The language has been written in the Latin script since Danish colonization began in the 1700s . The first orthography was developed by Samuel Kleinschmidt in 1851 , but within a hundred years already differed substantially from the spoken language because of a number of sound changes . An extensive orthographic reform undertaken in 1973 that made the script easier to learn resulted in a boost in Greenlandic literacy , which is now among the highest in the world . ", "An ethno-cultural dialect of the English language , primarily spoken by Hispanic Americans on the East Coast of the United States , demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African American Vernacular English , with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language . The academic literature has recently labelled the language variety New York Latino English , referring to its city of nineteenth-century origin , or , more inclusively , East Coast Latino English . In the 1970s scholarship , the variety was more narrowly called -LRB- New York City -RRB- Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English . The dialect originated with the Puerto Ricans moving to New York City after World War I , though particularly in the subsequent generations born in the New York dialect region who were native speakers of both English and Spanish . Today , it is the customary dialect of many Hispanic Americans of diverse national heritages , not simply Puerto Ricans , in the New York metropolitan area and beyond along the northeastern coast of the United States . According to linguist William Labov , `` A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English of Latinos from the Caribbean and various countries of Central and South America is beyond the scope of the current work '' , largely because `` consistent dialect patterns are still in the process of formation '' . Importantly , this East Coast Latino ethnolect is a native variety of English and not a form of Spanglish , broken English , or interlanguage , and other ethnic American English dialects are similarly documented . It is not spoken by all Latinos in this region , and it is not spoken only by Latinos . It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Danish_language", "Scandinavia", "Languages_of_America", "Greenlandic_language", "New_York_Latino_English" ]

[ "Danish -LSB- ˈdeɪnᵻʃ -RSB- -LRB- dansk -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ -RSB- ; dansk sprog , -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ ˈsb̥ʁɔʊ̯ˀ -RSB- -RRB- is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15 -- 20 % of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples that lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian and Swedish as Mainland Scandinavian while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as Insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though there are regional variants of the standard language . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative . Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels , and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød , a kind of laryngeal phonation type . Due to the many pronunciation differences that set apart Danish from its neighboring languages , particularly the vowels , difficult prosody and `` weakly '' pronounced consonants , it is sometimes considered to be a difficult language to learn and understand , and there is some evidence that small children are slower to acquire the phonological distinctions of Danish . The grammar is moderately inflective with strong -LRB- irregular -RRB- and weak -LRB- regular -RRB- conjugations and inflections . Nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender . As in English , Danish only has remnants of a former case system , particularly in the pronouns , and it has lost all person marking on verbs . Its syntax is V2 , with the finite verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence . ", "Scandinavia -LSB- ˌskændɪˈneɪviə -RSB- is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . The remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia , nor is Greenland , an overseas territory of Denmark . However , the Faroe Islands , also a Danish overseas territory , are sometimes included , as sometimes are Iceland , Finland , and the Finnish autonomous region of the Åland Islands , because of their historical association with the Scandinavian countries and the Scandinavian peoples and languages . This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries . In Nordic languages , only Denmark , Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia . In English usage , Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area , also known as the Scandinavian Peninsula . The name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish , now Swedish , region Scania . The terms Scandinavia and Scandinavian entered usage in the late 18th century as terms for Denmark , Norway and Sweden , their Germanic majority peoples and associated language and culture , the term being introduced by the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement . The majority of the population of Scandinavia are descended from several -LRB- North -RRB- Germanic tribes who originally inhabited the southern part of Scandinavia and spoke a Germanic language that evolved into Old Norse . Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse , and are therefore often seen as Scandinavian . Finland is mainly populated by Finns , with a minority of approximately 5 % of Swedish speakers . A small minority of Sami people live in the extreme north of Scandinavia . The Danish , Norwegian and Swedish languages form a dialect continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages -- all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another . Faroese and Icelandic , sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages , are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent . Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages , but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Apart from these , German , Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia . The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate . Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle , but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream . Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate . There are many lakes and moraines , legacies of the last glacial period , which ended about ten millennia ago . ", "Languages of America may refer to either : Languages of the United States Languages of the Americas ", "Greenlandic is an Eskimo -- Aleut language spoken by about 57,000 Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland . It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada such as Inuktitut . The main variety , Kalaallisut or West Greenlandic , has been the official language of the Greenlandic autonomous territory since June 2009 ; this is a move by the Naalakkersuisut -LRB- government of Greenland -RRB- to strengthen the language in its competition with the colonial language , Danish . The second variety is Tunumiit oraasiat or East Greenlandic . The Thule Inuit of Greenland , Inuktun or Polar Eskimo , is a recent arrival and a dialect of Inuktitut . Greenlandic is a polysynthetic language that allows the creation of long words by stringing together roots and suffixes . Its morphosyntactic alignment is ergative , meaning that it treats -LRB- i.e. case-marks -RRB- the argument -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of an intransitive verb like the object of a transitive verb , but distinctly from the agent -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of a transitive verb . Nouns are inflected for one of the eight cases and for possession . Verbs are inflected for one of the eight moods and for the number and person of its subject and object . Both nouns and verbs have complex derivational morphology . Basic word order in transitive clauses is subject -- object -- verb . Subordination of clauses is done by the use of special subordinate moods . A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects . Greenlandic is notable for its lack of a system of grammatical tense , as temporal relations are normally expressed through context , through the use of temporal particles such as `` yesterday '' or `` now '' or sometimes through the use of derivational suffixes or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic aktionsart of different verbs . However , some linguists have suggested that Greenlandic does mark future tense obligatorily . Another question is whether the language has noun incorporation , or whether the processes that create complex predicates that include nominal roots are derivational in nature . When adopting new concepts or technologies , Greenlandic usually constructs new words made from Greenlandic roots , but modern Greenlandic has also taken many loans from Danish and English . The language has been written in the Latin script since Danish colonization began in the 1700s . The first orthography was developed by Samuel Kleinschmidt in 1851 , but within a hundred years already differed substantially from the spoken language because of a number of sound changes . An extensive orthographic reform undertaken in 1973 that made the script easier to learn resulted in a boost in Greenlandic literacy , which is now among the highest in the world . ", "An ethno-cultural dialect of the English language , primarily spoken by Hispanic Americans on the East Coast of the United States , demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African American Vernacular English , with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language . The academic literature has recently labelled the language variety New York Latino English , referring to its city of nineteenth-century origin , or , more inclusively , East Coast Latino English . In the 1970s scholarship , the variety was more narrowly called -LRB- New York City -RRB- Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English . The dialect originated with the Puerto Ricans moving to New York City after World War I , though particularly in the subsequent generations born in the New York dialect region who were native speakers of both English and Spanish . Today , it is the customary dialect of many Hispanic Americans of diverse national heritages , not simply Puerto Ricans , in the New York metropolitan area and beyond along the northeastern coast of the United States . According to linguist William Labov , `` A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English of Latinos from the Caribbean and various countries of Central and South America is beyond the scope of the current work '' , largely because `` consistent dialect patterns are still in the process of formation '' . Importantly , this East Coast Latino ethnolect is a native variety of English and not a form of Spanglish , broken English , or interlanguage , and other ethnic American English dialects are similarly documented . It is not spoken by all Latinos in this region , and it is not spoken only by Latinos . It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Danish_language", "Scandinavia", "Languages_of_America", "Greenlandic_language", "New_York_Latino_English" ]

[ "Danish -LSB- ˈdeɪnᵻʃ -RSB- -LRB- dansk -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ -RSB- ; dansk sprog , -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ ˈsb̥ʁɔʊ̯ˀ -RSB- -RRB- is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15 -- 20 % of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples that lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian and Swedish as Mainland Scandinavian while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as Insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though there are regional variants of the standard language . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative . Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels , and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød , a kind of laryngeal phonation type . Due to the many pronunciation differences that set apart Danish from its neighboring languages , particularly the vowels , difficult prosody and `` weakly '' pronounced consonants , it is sometimes considered to be a difficult language to learn and understand , and there is some evidence that small children are slower to acquire the phonological distinctions of Danish . The grammar is moderately inflective with strong -LRB- irregular -RRB- and weak -LRB- regular -RRB- conjugations and inflections . Nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender . As in English , Danish only has remnants of a former case system , particularly in the pronouns , and it has lost all person marking on verbs . Its syntax is V2 , with the finite verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence . ", "Scandinavia -LSB- ˌskændɪˈneɪviə -RSB- is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . The remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia , nor is Greenland , an overseas territory of Denmark . However , the Faroe Islands , also a Danish overseas territory , are sometimes included , as sometimes are Iceland , Finland , and the Finnish autonomous region of the Åland Islands , because of their historical association with the Scandinavian countries and the Scandinavian peoples and languages . This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries . In Nordic languages , only Denmark , Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia . In English usage , Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area , also known as the Scandinavian Peninsula . The name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish , now Swedish , region Scania . The terms Scandinavia and Scandinavian entered usage in the late 18th century as terms for Denmark , Norway and Sweden , their Germanic majority peoples and associated language and culture , the term being introduced by the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement . The majority of the population of Scandinavia are descended from several -LRB- North -RRB- Germanic tribes who originally inhabited the southern part of Scandinavia and spoke a Germanic language that evolved into Old Norse . Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse , and are therefore often seen as Scandinavian . Finland is mainly populated by Finns , with a minority of approximately 5 % of Swedish speakers . A small minority of Sami people live in the extreme north of Scandinavia . The Danish , Norwegian and Swedish languages form a dialect continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages -- all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another . Faroese and Icelandic , sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages , are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent . Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages , but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Apart from these , German , Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia . The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate . Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle , but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream . Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate . There are many lakes and moraines , legacies of the last glacial period , which ended about ten millennia ago . ", "Languages of America may refer to either : Languages of the United States Languages of the Americas ", "Greenlandic is an Eskimo -- Aleut language spoken by about 57,000 Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland . It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada such as Inuktitut . The main variety , Kalaallisut or West Greenlandic , has been the official language of the Greenlandic autonomous territory since June 2009 ; this is a move by the Naalakkersuisut -LRB- government of Greenland -RRB- to strengthen the language in its competition with the colonial language , Danish . The second variety is Tunumiit oraasiat or East Greenlandic . The Thule Inuit of Greenland , Inuktun or Polar Eskimo , is a recent arrival and a dialect of Inuktitut . Greenlandic is a polysynthetic language that allows the creation of long words by stringing together roots and suffixes . Its morphosyntactic alignment is ergative , meaning that it treats -LRB- i.e. case-marks -RRB- the argument -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of an intransitive verb like the object of a transitive verb , but distinctly from the agent -LRB- `` subject '' -RRB- of a transitive verb . Nouns are inflected for one of the eight cases and for possession . Verbs are inflected for one of the eight moods and for the number and person of its subject and object . Both nouns and verbs have complex derivational morphology . Basic word order in transitive clauses is subject -- object -- verb . Subordination of clauses is done by the use of special subordinate moods . A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects . Greenlandic is notable for its lack of a system of grammatical tense , as temporal relations are normally expressed through context , through the use of temporal particles such as `` yesterday '' or `` now '' or sometimes through the use of derivational suffixes or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic aktionsart of different verbs . However , some linguists have suggested that Greenlandic does mark future tense obligatorily . Another question is whether the language has noun incorporation , or whether the processes that create complex predicates that include nominal roots are derivational in nature . When adopting new concepts or technologies , Greenlandic usually constructs new words made from Greenlandic roots , but modern Greenlandic has also taken many loans from Danish and English . The language has been written in the Latin script since Danish colonization began in the 1700s . The first orthography was developed by Samuel Kleinschmidt in 1851 , but within a hundred years already differed substantially from the spoken language because of a number of sound changes . An extensive orthographic reform undertaken in 1973 that made the script easier to learn resulted in a boost in Greenlandic literacy , which is now among the highest in the world . ", "An ethno-cultural dialect of the English language , primarily spoken by Hispanic Americans on the East Coast of the United States , demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African American Vernacular English , with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language . The academic literature has recently labelled the language variety New York Latino English , referring to its city of nineteenth-century origin , or , more inclusively , East Coast Latino English . In the 1970s scholarship , the variety was more narrowly called -LRB- New York City -RRB- Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English . The dialect originated with the Puerto Ricans moving to New York City after World War I , though particularly in the subsequent generations born in the New York dialect region who were native speakers of both English and Spanish . Today , it is the customary dialect of many Hispanic Americans of diverse national heritages , not simply Puerto Ricans , in the New York metropolitan area and beyond along the northeastern coast of the United States . According to linguist William Labov , `` A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English of Latinos from the Caribbean and various countries of Central and South America is beyond the scope of the current work '' , largely because `` consistent dialect patterns are still in the process of formation '' . Importantly , this East Coast Latino ethnolect is a native variety of English and not a form of Spanglish , broken English , or interlanguage , and other ethnic American English dialects are similarly documented . It is not spoken by all Latinos in this region , and it is not spoken only by Latinos . It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Hagop_Ishkanian", "Holly_Hagan", "Takehiko_Endo", "Giuliano_Hazan", "Hagar_Yanai" ]

[ "Hagop Ishkanian -LRB- Հակոբ Իշխանյան , born 27 July 1938 -RRB- is a contemporary Armenian and American sculptor . ", "Holly Hagan is an English television personality from Thornaby-on-Tees . She starred on and is best known from the MTV series Geordie Shore . ", "is a Japanese politician who is a member of Liberal Democratic Party , serving in the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . On September 3 , 2007 , due to the financial scandal , he resigned as Minister of Agriculture just eight days after he was appointed to the post . Masatoshi Wakabayashi became new Minister of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries again . A native of Yonezawa , Yamagata and graduate of Chuo University , he was elected to the first of his three terms in the assembly of Yamagata Prefecture in 1975 and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1986 . He lost his seat in 1993 but was re-elected three years later . ", "Giuliano Hazan -LRB- born 1 December 1958 in Manhattan -RRB- is an Italian cookbook author and educator who travels throughout the world teaching Italian cooking . The son of Italian cooking doyenne Marcella Hazan , his combination of Italian palate and American organization makes his message of fresh ingredients prepared in a simple manner , clear , timeless and delicious . His cooking school in Italy , Cooking with Giuliano Hazan , has been profiled in many US publications . Hazan is an author , teacher , entrepreneur , and considered by some to be one of the foremost authorities on Italian cooking . ", "Hagar Yanai -LRB- הגר ינאי born 1972 -RRB- is an Israeli author and recipient of the 2008 Prime Minister 's Award for Israeli Authors . She is also a two-time recipient of the Geffen Award for Best Original Hebrew Fantasy . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Planet_Hollywood_Las_Vegas", "Caesars_Entertainment_Corporation", "Caesars_Casino_Online", "Hollywood_Casino_St._Louis", "Gold_Coast_Hotel_and_Casino" ]

[ "Planet Hollywood Las Vegas -LRB- formerly Tally-Ho , King 's Crown and Aladdin -RRB- is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . Hilton Grand Vacations operates the timeshare portion of the property , known as Elara . In April 2010 , Total Rewards replaced the `` A-List '' Player rewards card at Planet Hollywood . ", "Caesars Entertainment Corporation , is an American gaming corporation based in Paradise , Nevada that owns and operates over 50 casinos and hotels , and seven golf courses under several brands . It is the fourth-largest gaming company in the world , with annual revenues of $ 8.6 billion -LRB- 2013 -RRB- . Caesars is a public company , majority-owned by a group of private equity firms led by Apollo Global Management and TPG Capital . Caesars 's largest operating unit filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January 2015 . ", "CAESARS Casino Online is an internet-based casino , based on the world-famous Caesars Palace casino brand that has been at the center of the Las Vegas strip since 1966 . It is available to anyone 21 years or older inside New Jersey borders , as well as residents of the United Kingdom . CaesarsCasino.com only operates in legal and licensed and regulated jurisdictions , thus it 's limited availability thus far . On November 21 , 2013 Caesars Online Casino was licensed and approved by the state of New Jersey in online gaming for real money . CaesarsCasino.com is offering a wide variety of online casino games such as slots , blackjack and roulette . ", "Hollywood Casino St. Louis is a riverboat casino in Maryland Heights , Missouri , near St. Louis . It is owned by Gaming and Leisure Properties and operated by Penn National Gaming . The casino has 120000 sqft of gaming space , with 2,180 slot machines and 80 table games . Penn National acquired the casino , then named Harrah 's St. Louis , in November 2012 from Caesars Entertainment for $ 610 million . ", "The Gold Coast Hotel & Casino is a hotel and casino located in Paradise , Nevada . This locals ' casino is owned and operated by Boyd Gaming . The Gold Coast is located one mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- west of the Las Vegas Strip on West Flamingo Road . It is located across the street from the Palms Casino Resort and the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Cyclades", "Naxos", "Cystoidea", "Eurotas_-LRB-river-RRB-", "Cephissus_-LRB-Boeotia-RRB-" ]

[ "The Cyclades -LRB- -LSB- ˈsɪklədiːz -RSB- Κυκλάδες , -LSB- cikˈlaðes -RSB- -RRB- are an island group in the Aegean Sea , southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece . They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago . The name refers to the islands around the sacred island of Delos . The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos . ", "Naxos -LRB- -LSB- ˈnæksɒs -RSB- Greek : Νάξος , -LSB- ˈnaksos -RSB- -RRB- is a Greek island -- at 429 km2 the largest of the Cyclades island group in the Aegean . It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture . The island is famous as a source of emery , a rock rich in corundum , which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available . The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City , with 6,533 inhabitants -LRB- 2001 census -RRB- . The main villages are Filoti , Apiranthos , Vivlos , Agios Arsenios , Koronos and Glinado . ", "Cystoidea or cystoids , is a class of extinct echinoderms that lived attached to the sea floor by stalks . They existed during the Paleozoic Era , in the Middle Ordovician and Silurian Periods , until their extinction in the Devonian Period . ", "The Eurotas or Evrotas -LRB- Greek : Ευρώτας -RRB- is the main river of Laconia and one of the major rivers of the Peloponnese , in Greece . The river 's springs are located just northwest of the border between Laconia and Arcadia , at Skortsinos . The river is also fed by underwater springs at Pellana and by tributaries coursing down from Mt. Taygetos and Mt. Parnon , which flank the Eurotas valley to the west and east , respectively . The river is 82 km long , flowing in a north-south direction and emptying into the Laconian Gulf . ", "The Cephissus or Kifisos is a river in central Greece . In Greek mythology the river god Cephissus was associated with this river . The river rises at Lilaia in Phocis , on the northwestern slope of Mount Parnassus . It flows east through the Boeotian plain , passing the towns Amfikleia , Kato Tithorea and Orchomenos . It drained into Lake Copais , which was therefore also called the Cephisian Lake , until 1887 , when the lake was drained . An artificial outflow has been created to Lake Yliki -LRB- ancient Hylice -RRB- , further east . Pausanias records a Theban tradition that the river Cephissus formerly flowed under a mountain and entered the sea until Heracles blocked the passage and diverted the water into the Orchomenian plain ; but he does not believe it . Pausanias also says that the Lilaeans on certain days threw cakes and other customary items into the spring of the Cephissus and that they would reappear in the spring of Castalia . The Cephissus valley is of strategic importance , connecting northern Greece via the passes of Mount Oeta and Mount Kallidromo -LRB- including Thermopylae -RRB- to southern Greece and the Gulf of Corinth . As a result , in the Frankish period a chain of forts and watchtowers was established along its course by the rulers of the Duchy of Athens . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "Andrew_Carnegie", "Rumford_Prize", "John_L._Woolford,_Jr.", "Andrew_Davidson_-LRB-soldier-RRB-", "Andrew_Fitzgibbon" ]

[ "Andrew Carnegie -LRB- -LSB- kɑːrˈneɪɡi -RSB- , but commonly -LSB- ˈkɑːrnᵻɡi -RSB- or -LSB- kɑrˈnɛɡi -RSB- ; November 25 , 1835 -- August 11 , 1919 -RRB- was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century , and is often identified as one of the richest people and Americans ever . He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire . During the last 18 years of his life , he gave away to charities , foundations , and universities about $ 350 million -LRB- in 2015 share of GDP , $ 78.6 billion -RRB- -- almost 90 percent of his fortune . His 1889 article proclaiming `` The Gospel of Wealth '' called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society , and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy . Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland , and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents . Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads , railroad sleeping cars , bridges and oil derricks . He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe . He built Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Steel Company , which he sold to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for $ 480 million . It became the U.S. Steel Corporation . After selling Carnegie Steel , he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years . Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy , with special emphasis on local libraries , world peace , education and scientific research . With the fortune he made from business , he built Carnegie Hall and the Peace Palace and founded the Carnegie Corporation of New York , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Carnegie Institution for Science , Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland , Carnegie Hero Fund , Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , among others . ", "Founded in 1796 , the Rumford Prize , awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , is one of the oldest scientific prizes in the United States . The prize recognizes contributions by scientists to the fields of heat and light . These terms are widely interpreted ; awards range from discoveries in thermodynamics to improvements in the construction of steam boilers . The award was created through the endowment of US$ 5,000 to the Academy by Benjamin Thompson , who held the title `` Count Rumford of the United Kingdom '' , in 1796 . The terms state that the award be given to `` authors of discoverie 's in any part of the Continent of America , or in any of the American islands '' . Although it was founded in 1796 , the first prize was not given until 1839 , as the academy could not find anyone who , in their judgement , deserved the award . The academy found the terms of the prize to be too restrictive , and in 1832 the Supreme Court of Massachusetts allowed the Academy to change some of the provisions ; mainly , the award was to be given annually instead of biennially , and the Academy was allowed to award the prize as it saw fit , whereas before it had to give it yearly . The first award was given to Robert Hare , for his invention of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe , in 1839 . Twenty-three years elapsed before the award was given a second time , to John Ericsson . The prize is awarded whenever the academy recognizes a significant achievement in either of the two fields . It has been given 62 times to 79 individuals , and once to a tri-group committee of 21 people . Awardees receive a gold-and-silver medal . Previous prizewinners include Thomas Alva Edison , for his investigations in electric lighting ; Enrico Fermi , for his studies of radiation theory and nuclear energy ; and Charles H. Townes , for his development of the laser . One man , Samuel Pierpont Langley , has won both the Rumford Prize and the related Rumford Medal -LRB- the European equivalent of the Rumford Prize -RRB- , both in 1886 . Because the prize is awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , all of the recipients are American , except for one , John Stanley Plaskett , who is from British Columbia . The most recent award was given in 2008 to Sidney D. Drell , Sam Nunn , William J. Perry , and George P. Shultz `` for their efforts to reduce the global threat of nuclear weapons '' . ", "John L. Woolford , Jr. is an American biologist currently at Carnegie Mellon University and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . ", "Andrew Davidson -LRB- February 12 , 1840 -- November 10 , 1902 -RRB- was a Scottish soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Davidson received the United States ' highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of the Crater in Petersburg , Virginia on 30 July 1864 . He was honored with the award on 17 October 1892 . ", "Andrew Fitzgibbon VC -LRB- 13 May 1845 -- 7 March 1883 -RRB- was an Irish soldier , and possibly the youngest recipient of the Victoria Cross . " ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Atlanta_metropolitan_area", "Atlanta", "Avondale_-LRB-Columbus,_Georgia-RRB-", "Phoenix_metropolitan_area", "Crawfordville,_Georgia" ]

[ "Metro Atlanta , designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell , GA Metropolitan Statistical Area , is the most populous metro area in the US state of Georgia and the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area -LRB- MSA -RRB- in the United States . Its economic , cultural and demographic center is Atlanta , and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U.S. Census Bureau . The metro area forms the core of a broader trading area , the Atlanta -- Athens-Clarke -- Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area . The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people . Atlanta is considered an `` alpha world city '' . It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Census Bureau 's Southeast region behind Greater Washington and South Florida . ", "Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia , with an estimated 2016 population of 472,522 . Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5,710,795 people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the United States . Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County , and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County . In 1837 , Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two railroad lines , and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce . In the decades following the Civil Rights Movement , the city earned a reputation as `` too busy to hate '' for the relatively progressive views of its citizens and leaders compared to other cities in the Deep South . Atlanta attained international prominence , and it became the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States , via highway , railroad , and air , with Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport since 1998 . Atlanta rated an `` alpha - '' world city that exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , research , technology , education , media , art , and entertainment . It ranks 40th among world cities and 8th in the nation with a gross domestic product of $ 270 billion . Atlanta 's economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include logistics , professional and business services , media operations , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage . Revitalization of Atlanta 's neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , has intensified in the 21st century , altering the city 's demographics , politics , and culture . ", "Avondale is a neighborhood in south-central Columbus , Georgia located adjacent to and southeast of the Central Business District in Downtown . It has been a part of the federally recognized Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District since 1978 . In recent years , the area has experienced an influx of residents and new businesses . It is generally categorized as the area bound by Buena Vista Road and Wynnton Road to the north , 21st Avenue to the south , Brown Avenue to the east , and 10th Ave to the west . In 2009 , the estimated population of the area was 3,326 . ", "The Phoenix Metropolitan Area -- often referred to as the Valley of the Sun , the Salt River Valley or Metro Phoenix -- is a metropolitan area , centered on the city of Phoenix , that includes much of the central part of the U.S. State of Arizona . The United States Census Bureau designates the area as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler Metropolitan Statistical Area -LRB- MSA -RRB- , defining it as Maricopa and Pinal counties . As of the Census Bureau 's 2015 population estimates , the Valley had 4,574,351 residents , making it the 12th largest Metropolitan Area in the nation by population . The gross domestic product of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area was $ 215 billion in 2014 , 15th largest amongst metro areas in the United States . It is also one of the fastest growing major metropolitan areas , gaining nearly 400,000 residents from 2010 to 2015 , and more than 1.3 million since 2000 . The population of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area increased by 45.3 % from 1990 through 2000 , compared to the average United States rate of 13.2 % , helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the nation in the 1990s -LRB- the fastest was Nevada -RRB- . The 2000 Census reported the population of the metropolitan area to be 3,251,876 . As for the 2010 Census , the two-county metropolitan area was reported to have a population of 4,192,887 . Metro Phoenix grew by 941,011 people from April 2000 to April 2010 , making it one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country . This also contributed to the entire state 's exceptional growth , as the area is home to just over two-thirds of Arizona 's population . ", "Crawfordville is a city in Taliaferro County , Georgia , United States . The population was 572 at the 2000 census . The city is the county seat of Taliaferro County . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ "Balibo_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Balibo_Five", "Madagascar_-LRB-1994_film-RRB-", "Jabo_na_keno?_jabo", "The_Act_of_Killing" ]

[ "Balibo is a 2009 Australian war film that follows the story of the Balibo Five , a group of journalists who were captured and killed while reporting on activities just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor of 1975 . While historically accurate , the film is loosely based on the book Cover-Up by Jill Jolliffe , an Australian journalist who met the men before they were killed . The film follows dishevelled journalist Roger East , played by Anthony LaPaglia , who travels to East Timor in 1975 to investigate the deaths of the Balibo Five during the buildup to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor . Oscar Isaac plays the young José Ramos-Horta , who would later receive the Nobel Peace Prize and become the second President of East Timor , who joins East in the movie . Filming began on 30 June 2008 , in Dili , East Timor , and the film was released the following year . It was produced by Arenafilm in Australia with Robert Connolly as director , David Williamson as screenwriter , and Professor Clinton Fernandes as historical consultant . LaPaglia , also an Executive Producer , named East as `` probably the best role I 've ever had '' . ", "The Balibo Five was a group of journalists for Australian television networks who were killed in the period leading up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor . The Balibo Five were based in the town of Balibo in East Timor -LRB- then Portuguese Timor -RRB- , where they were killed on 16 October 1975 during Indonesian incursions before the invasion . Roger East travelled to Balibo soon after to investigate the likely deaths of the Five and was later executed by members of the Indonesian military on the docks of Dili . In 2007 , an Australian coroner ruled that they had been deliberately killed by Indonesian special force soldiers . The official Indonesian version is that the men were killed by cross-fire during the battle for the town . According to The Economist , the Australian Government has never challenged this view in order to avoid damaging relations with Indonesia . After the ruling , newly elected Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd declared `` those responsible should be held to account ... You ca n't just sweep this to one side . '' However , no meaningful action was taken when he was elected and Rudd refused to visit the gravesite of the slain journalists in 2008 . ", "Madagascar -LRB- 1994 -RRB- is a Cuban film that marked Fernando Pérez 's change of direction into a more lyrical approach to filmmaking , somehow stripped from the realistic documentary feel of his early work . The film chronicles the relationship and lack of communication between a mother and daughter during the Cuban economic crisis known as the Special Period . ", "Jabo Na Keno ? Jabo -LRB- যাবো না কেন ? যাবো in Bengali -RRB- is the second column collection of Bangladeshi-born feminist and secular humanist writer Taslima Nasrin . ", "The Act of Killing -LRB- Jagal , meaning `` Butcher '' -RRB- is a 2012 documentary film about the individuals who participated in the Indonesian killings of 1965 -- 66 . The film is directed by Joshua Oppenheimer and co-directed by Christine Cynn and an anonymous Indonesian . It is a Danish-British-Norwegian co-production , presented by Final Cut for Real in Denmark and produced by Signe Byrge Sørensen . The executive producers were Werner Herzog , Errol Morris , Joram ten Brink , and Andre Singer . It is a Docwest project of the University of Westminster . It won the 2013 European Film Award for Best Documentary , the Asia Pacific Screen Award , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards . The Act of Killing won best documentary at the 67th BAFTA awards . In accepting the award , Oppenheimer asserted that the United States and the United Kingdom have `` collective responsibility '' for `` participating in and ignoring '' the crimes , which was omitted from the video BAFTA posted online . After a screening for US Congress members , Oppenheimer demanded that the US acknowledge its role in the killings . The Indonesian government has responded negatively to the film . Its presidential spokesman on foreign affairs , Teuku Faizasyah , claimed that the film is misleading with respect to its portrayal of Indonesia . A companion piece to the film , The Look of Silence , was released in 2014 . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Tennessee", "Miss_Tennessee_Teen_USA", "1915_Chattanooga_Moccasins_football_team", "Tennessee_Open", "Bicentennial_Capitol_Mall_State_Park" ]

[ "Tennessee -LRB- -LSB- tɛnᵻˈsiː -RSB- -RRB- -LRB- -LSB- ᏔᎾᏏ , translit = Tanasi -RSB- -RRB- is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , and Arkansas and Missouri to the west . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's largest city , with a population of 660,388 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which has a population of 652,717 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined . Beginning during Reconstruction , it had competitive party politics , but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting . This sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century . In the 20th century , Tennessee transitioned from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy , aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and , in the early 1940s , the city of Oak Ridge . This city was established to house the Manhattan Project 's uranium enrichment facilities , helping to build the world 's first atomic bomb , which was used during World War II . Tennessee 's major industries include agriculture , manufacturing , and tourism . Poultry , soybeans , and cattle are the state 's primary agricultural products , and major manufacturing exports include chemicals , transportation equipment , and electrical equipment . The Great Smoky Mountains National Park , the nation 's most visited national park , is headquartered in the eastern part of the state , and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border . Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga ; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge ; Ripley 's Aquarium of the Smokies and Ober Gatlinburg in Gatlinburg ; the Parthenon , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville ; the Jack Daniel 's Distillery in Lynchburg ; Elvis Presley 's Graceland residence and tomb , the Memphis Zoo , and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis ; and Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol . ", "The Miss Tennessee Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Tennessee in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Tennessee is among the most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . In the 1990s , they were placed first . They have the third -LRB- equal -RRB- highest number of semi-finalist -LRB- or better -RRB- placings and are one of only five states to have received more than three awards . Additionally , Tennessee is one of only three states -LRB- the other two being Oregon and Texas -RRB- to have won the Miss Teen USA title more than once . Five Tennessee teens have gone on to win the Miss Tennessee USA title and compete at Miss USA , including Lynnette Cole , who won the Miss USA title in 2000 and Rachel Smith , Miss USA 2007 . Both Cole and Smith won Miss Photogenic awards at Miss Teen USA , each five years prior to their Miss USA win . This makes Miss Tennessee Teen USA the only state and pageant to have two Miss USAs win the Miss Photogenic award at Miss Teen USA . The pageant has been directed by former Miss Tennessee USA Kimberly Payne Greenwood since 1992 . ", "The 1915 Chattanooga Moccasins football team represented the University of Chattanooga during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . This was the eighth season for this football program located in the U.S. state of Tennessee . The team was just starting and were a part of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association . ", "The Tennessee Open is the Tennessee state open golf tournament , open to both amateur and professional golfers . It is organized by the Tennessee Golf Association . It has been played annually since 1949 at a variety of courses around the state . ", "Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park , also known as the Bicentennial Mall , is an urban state park in downtown Nashville , Tennessee . The park is located northwest of the Tennessee State Capitol building and was opened on June 1 , 1996 , to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Tennessee 's statehood . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Carol_Danvers", "Spider-Woman_-LRB-Gwen_Stacy-RRB-", "Maya_Hansen", "Spider-Man_2", "Ultimate_Spider-Man_-LRB-TV_series-RRB-" ]

[ "Carol Danvers is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Roy Thomas and designed by artist Gene Colan , Major Carol Danvers first appeared as a member of the United States Air Force in Marvel Super-Heroes # 13 -LRB- March 1968 -RRB- and debuted as the first incarnation of Ms. Marvel in Ms. Marvel # 1 -LRB- January 1977 -RRB- after a fusion of alien Kree and human genes gives her superhuman powers , which occurred in Captain Marvel # 18 -LRB- November 1969 -RRB- . Debuting in the Silver Age of comics , the character was featured in a self-titled series in the late 1970s before becoming associated with superhero teams the Avengers and the X-Men . The character has also been known as Binary , Warbird , and Captain Marvel at various points in her history , and has been featured in other Marvel licensed products including video games , animated television series , and merchandise such as trading cards . Due to her long history in Marvel Comics , Carol Danvers has been highly regarded . She has been labeled `` Marvel 's biggest female hero '' , a `` feminist icon '' , as `` quite possibly Marvel 's mightiest Avenger '' , She was ranked twenty-ninth in Comics Buyer 's Guides `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list , and was ranked # 11 on IGN 's `` Top 50 Avengers '' . Marvel Studios announced a live-action film featuring the character , titled Captain Marvel and starring Brie Larson , which is scheduled for release in 2019 . ", "Spider-Woman -LRB- Gwen Stacy -RRB- , commonly referred to as Spider-Gwen , is a fictional superhero in comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez , the character debuted in Edge of Spider-Verse # 2 , as part of the 2014 -- 15 Spider-Verse comic book storyline . This led to the ongoing series Spider-Gwen that began in 2015 . The character is a variant of Spider-Man and an alternate-universe version of Gwen Stacy . She resides in what Marvel official nomenclature dubs Earth-65 , where , instead of Peter Parker being bitten by a radioactive spider and becoming Spider-Man , Gwen Stacy instead is bitten and becomes the superhero Spider-Woman . The character is featured in other alternate universes and appears in other Marvel media such as an animated television series and video games , and in merchandise such as action figures . ", "Maya Hansen is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . ", "Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi and written by Alvin Sargent from a story by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Michael Chabon . The sequel to the 2002 film Spider-Man , it is the second film in Raimi 's Spider-Man film trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics character of the same name . Tobey Maguire , Kirsten Dunst , and James Franco reprise their respective roles as Peter Parker/Spider-Man , Mary Jane Watson and Harry Osborn . Set two years after the events of Spider-Man , the film finds Peter Parker struggling to manage both his personal life and his duties as Spider-Man , while Dr. Otto Octavius -LRB- Doctor Octopus -RRB- becomes a diabolical villain after a failed experiment kills his wife and leaves him neurologically fused to mechanical tentacles . Spider-Man must stop him from successfully recreating the experiment , which threatens to annihilate the city . Spider-Man 2 was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on June 30 , 2004 . It grossed $ 783.8 million worldwide and won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It also received five awards at the Saturn Awards ceremony including Best Fantasy Film and Best Director for Raimi . The film 's success led to the release of Spider-Man 3 in 2007 . ", "Ultimate Spider-Man is an American animated television series based on the Spider-Man comics published by Marvel Comics . The series featured writers such as Brian Michael Bendis -LRB- who also writes the comic book series of the same name -RRB- , Paul Dini , and Man of Action -LRB- a group consisting of Steven T. Seagle , Joe Kelly , Joe Casey and Duncan Rouleau -RRB- . The third season was retitled Marvel 's Ultimate Spider-Man : Web Warriors and the fourth and final season was retitled Marvel 's Ultimate Spider-Man vs. the Sinister 6 . It was first announced to air on Disney XD in early 2012 , and debuted alongside the second season of The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes as part of the Marvel Universe programming block on April 1 , 2012 . At New York Comic Con 2016 , it was confirmed that Season 4 will be the series ' final season , making way for a new series titled Marvel 's Spider-Man '' . The series ended on January 7 , 2017 , with the two-part `` Graduation Day '' episode . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "Edward_Cullen", "Bella_Swan", "Twilight_-LRB-2008_film-RRB-", "Twilight_-LRB-Meyer_novel-RRB-", "The_Twilight_Saga" ]

[ "Edward Cullen -LRB- né Edward Anthony Masen -RRB- is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer 's Twilight series . He is featured in the books Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse and Breaking Dawn , and their corresponding film adaptations , and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun -- a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward 's perspective . Edward is a telepathic vampire who , over the course of the series , falls in love with , marries , and has a child with Bella Swan , a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well . In the Twilight film series , Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson . ", "Isabella Marie `` Bella '' Swan -LRB- later Bella Cullen -RRB- is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series , written by Stephenie Meyer . The Twilight series , consisting of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn , is primarily narrated from Bella 's point of view . In the film series , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . In Twilight , Bella moves to her father 's home in Forks , Washington , meets the mysterious Cullen family , and falls in love with Edward Cullen . However , she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires . Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself , against Edward 's wishes.She attracts the attention of three nomads , Victoria , James and Laurent . In the second novel , New Moon , Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world . Jacob Black , a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form , comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella . She comes to care deeply for Jacob , though less than she loves Edward . At the end of Eclipse , Bella becomes engaged to Edward , and they marry in Breaking Dawn . On their honeymoon , she becomes pregnant by Edward and , due to the peculiar nature of her baby , Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter , Renesmee Cullen . Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life . She later faces problems from the Volturi . ", "Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's popular novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan -LRB- a teenage girl -RRB- and Edward Cullen -LRB- a vampire -RRB- , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US$ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year . ", "Twilight -LRB- stylized as twilight -RRB- -LRB- 2005 -RRB- is a young adult vampire-romance novel by author Stephenie Meyer . It is the first book in the Twilight series , and introduces seventeen-year-old Isabella `` Bella '' Swan , who moves from Phoenix , Arizona to Forks , Washington . She is endangered after falling in love with Edward Cullen , a vampire . Additional novels in the series are New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn . Twilight received lukewarm reviews . Some praised the novel 's tone and its portrayal of common teenage emotions such as alienation and rebellion . Others criticized Meyer 's prose and argued the story was lacking in character development . It reached number five on the New York Times bestseller list within a month of its release and eventually reached first place . The novel was named one of Publishers Weekly 's Best Children 's Books of 2005 . The film adaptation , released in 2008 , was a commercial success , grossing more than $ 392 million worldwide and making an additional $ 157 million in North American DVD sales as of July 2009 . The book was the biggest-selling of 2008 ; in 2009 , it was the second-biggest selling , losing only to its sequel New Moon . As of 2008 , Twilight has been translated into 37 different languages . In October 2015 , Stephanie Meyer announced a new gender-swapped version of the novel , entitled Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined , with characters Beau and Edythe , in honor of the 10th anniversary of the Twilight saga . ", "Twilight series may refer to : Twilight -LRB- novel series -RRB- , a novel series of the 2000s by Stephenie Meyer The Twilight Saga -LRB- film series -RRB- , a film series of the 2000s and 2010s based on the Stephenie Meyer novels " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Aristocracy", "Elite_theory", "Chivalry", "Estate_satire", "Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Green_Rod" ]

[ "Aristocracy -LRB- Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía , from ἄριστος aristos `` excellent , '' and κράτος kratos `` power '' -RRB- is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small , privileged ruling class . The term derives from the Greek aristokratia , meaning `` rule of the best '' . At the time of the word 's origins in Ancient Greece , the Greeks conceived it as rule by the best qualified citizens -- and often contrasted it favourably with monarchy , rule by an individual . In later times , aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group , the aristocratic class , and was contrasted with democracy . ", "In political science and sociology , elite theory is a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in contemporary society . The theory posits that a small minority , consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks , holds the most power and that this power is independent of a state 's democratic elections process . Through positions in corporations or on corporate boards , and influence over the policy-planning networks through financial support of foundations or positions with think tanks or policy-discussion groups , members of the `` elite '' are able to exert significant power over the policy decisions of corporations and governments . An example of this can be found in the Forbes magazine article -LRB- published in December 2009 -RRB- entitled The World 's Most Powerful People , in which Forbes purported to list the 67 most powerful people in the world -LRB- assigning one `` slot '' for each 100,000,000 of human population -RRB- . The basic characteristics of this theory are that power is concentrated , the elites are unified , the non-elites are diverse and powerless , elites interests are unified due to common backgrounds and positions and the defining characteristic of power is institutional position . Even when entire groups are ostensibly completely excluded from the state 's traditional networks of power -LRB- historically , on the basis of arbitrary criteria such as nobility , race , gender , or religion -RRB- , elite theory recognizes that `` counter-elites '' frequently develop within such excluded groups . Negotiations between such disenfranchised groups and the state can be analyzed as negotiations between elites and counter-elites . A major problem , in turn , is the ability of elites to co-opt counter-elites . Elite theory opposes pluralism , a tradition that assumes that all individuals , or at least the multitude of social groups , have equal power and balance each other out in contributing to democratic political outcomes representing the emergent , aggregate will of society . Elite theory argues either that democracy is a utopian folly , as it is traditionally viewed in the conservative Italian tradition , or that democracy is not realizable within capitalism , as is the view of the more Marxist-compatible contemporary elite theory permutation . ", "Chivalry , or the chivalric code , is an informal , varying code of conduct , never decided on or summarized in a single document , associated with the medieval institution of knighthood whichChivalry or the institution of knighthood ? developed between 1170 and 1220 . The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . The code of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries . It arose in the Holy Roman Empire from the idealisation of the cavalryman -- involving military bravery , individual training , and service to others -- especially in Francia , among horse soldiers in Charlemagne 's cavalry . The term chivalry derives from the Old French term chevalerie , which can be translated to `` horse soldiery '' . Gautier states that knighthood emerged from the Moors as well as the Teutonic forests and was nurtured into civilization and chivalry by the Catholic Church . Over time , its meaning in Europe has been refined to emphasise social and moral virtues more generally . The code of chivalry , as it stood by the Late Middle Ages , was a moral system which combined a warrior ethos , knightly piety , and courtly manners , all conspiring to establish a notion of honour and nobility . ", "Estate satire is a genre of writing from 14th Century , Medieval literary works . The three Medieval estates were the Clergy -LRB- those who prayed -RRB- , the Nobility -LRB- those who fought -RRB- and lastly the Peasantry -LRB- those who labored -RRB- . These estates were the major social classes of the time and were typically gender specific to men , although the clergy also included nuns . Nevertheless , women were considered as a separate class in themselves , the best-known example being Geoffrey Chaucer 's Wife of Bath . Estates satire praised the glories and purity of each class in its ideal form , but was also used as a window to show how society had gotten out of hand . The Norton Anthology of English Literature describes the duty of estates satire : `` They set forth the functions and duties of each estate and castigate the failure of the estates in the present world to live up to their divinely assigned social roles '' . The First Estate , the Church , consisted of those who ran the Catholic church and part of the country . They were the recipients of the tithe or the 10 % tax given to the Church . The Second Estate , the Nobility , were royalty , not including the King . They were never taxed but could collect taxes from the Third Estate , and had other special privileges . The Third Estate , the Commons , is the largest , consisting of around 96 % of the population -LRB- UCL -RRB- . The commons included everyone who did not belong to the first two estates , primarily rural peasants and the urban bourgeois or middle class . They had none of the privileges or luxuries that the first two estates enjoyed , although the rise of capitalism in the late 14th Century resulted in the bourgeois having relatively more power . Among 14th-century English authors , John Gower , William Langland , and Chaucer were three of the most prominent writers of the time to include estates satire in their works . Although Gower was more aggressive in his approach , Chaucer was more subtle and more successful , making himself to be the fool of the joke and subverting may of the conventions of the genre . Several Medieval authors used estates satire to express their disgust towards the hypocrisy of the three estates and their supposed virtuous ways . ", "The Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod is the Gentleman Usher to the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , established in 1687 . " ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ "P.S._I_Still_Love_You", "P.S._I_Love_You_-LRB-film-RRB-", "PS,_I_Love_You_-LRB-novel-RRB-", "Love_You_to_Death_-LRB-film-RRB-", "I_Love_You,_Beth_Cooper_-LRB-film-RRB-" ]

[ "P.S. I Still Love You is a 2015 novel by Jenny Han . This book is the sequel to To All the Boys I 've Loved Before , published in 2014 . ", "P.S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama film directed by Richard LaGravenese . The screenplay by LaGravenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Cecelia Ahern . It stars Hilary Swank , Gerard Butler , Lisa Kudrow , Gina Gershon , James Marsters , Harry Connick Jr. and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . It was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures and Momentum Pictures . ", "PS , I Love You is Irish writer Cecelia Ahern 's first novel , published in 2004 . The book reached No. 1 best-seller status in Ireland -LRB- for 19 weeks -RRB- , Britain , the United States , Germany , and the Netherlands . Holly and Peter being the protagonists , this book reached the best-seller status quite early . ", "Love You To Death is a 2012 Hindi-language comedy film directed by Rafeeq Ellias , featuring Yuki Ellias , Chandan Roy Sanyal , Sheeba Chaddha in the lead roles . The films music was composed by Ronit Chaterji . The film was released on 3 February 2012 . ", "I Love You , Beth Cooper is a 2009 comedy film directed by Chris Columbus . It is based on the novel of the same name , written by Larry Doyle , with Doyle also writing the film 's screenplay . The film stars Hayden Panettiere and Paul Rust . " ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Pattern_recognition", "Image_registration", "Pattern_Recognition_-LRB-novel-RRB-", "Learning_classifier_system", "Mask_data_preparation" ]

[ "Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data , although it is in some cases considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning . Pattern recognition systems are in many cases trained from labeled `` training '' data -LRB- supervised learning -RRB- , but when no labeled data are available other algorithms can be used to discover previously unknown patterns -LRB- unsupervised learning -RRB- . The terms pattern recognition , machine learning , data mining and knowledge discovery in databases -LRB- KDD -RRB- are hard to separate , as they largely overlap in their scope . Machine learning is the common term for supervised learning methods and originates from artificial intelligence , whereas KDD and data mining have a larger focus on unsupervised methods and stronger connection to business use . Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering , and the term is popular in the context of computer vision : a leading computer vision conference is named Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition . In pattern recognition , there may be a higher interest to formalize , explain and visualize the pattern , while machine learning traditionally focuses on maximizing the recognition rates . Yet , all of these domains have evolved substantially from their roots in artificial intelligence , engineering and statistics , and they 've become increasingly similar by integrating developments and ideas from each other . In machine learning , pattern recognition is the assignment of a label to a given input value . In statistics , discriminant analysis was introduced for this same purpose in 1936 . An example of pattern recognition is classification , which attempts to assign each input value to one of a given set of classes -LRB- for example , determine whether a given email is `` spam '' or `` non-spam '' -RRB- . However , pattern recognition is a more general problem that encompasses other types of output as well . Other examples are regression , which assigns a real-valued output to each input ; sequence labeling , which assigns a class to each member of a sequence of values -LRB- for example , part of speech tagging , which assigns a part of speech to each word in an input sentence -RRB- ; and parsing , which assigns a parse tree to an input sentence , describing the syntactic structure of the sentence . Pattern recognition algorithms generally aim to provide a reasonable answer for all possible inputs and to perform `` most likely '' matching of the inputs , taking into account their statistical variation . This is opposed to pattern matching algorithms , which look for exact matches in the input with pre-existing patterns . A common example of a pattern-matching algorithm is regular expression matching , which looks for patterns of a given sort in textual data and is included in the search capabilities of many text editors and word processors . In contrast to pattern recognition , pattern matching is generally not considered a type of machine learning , although pattern-matching algorithms -LRB- especially with fairly general , carefully tailored patterns -RRB- can sometimes succeed in providing similar-quality output of the sort provided by pattern-recognition algorithms . ", "Image registration is the process of transforming different sets of data into one coordinate system . Data may be multiple photographs , data from different sensors , times , depths , or viewpoints . It is used in computer vision , medical imaging , military automatic target recognition , and compiling and analyzing images and data from satellites . Registration is necessary in order to be able to compare or integrate the data obtained from these different measurements . ", "Pattern Recognition is a novel by science fiction writer William Gibson published in 2003 . Set in August and September 2002 , the story follows Cayce Pollard , a 32-year-old marketing consultant who has a psychological sensitivity to corporate symbols . The action takes place in London , Tokyo , and Moscow as Cayce judges the effectiveness of a proposed corporate symbol and is hired to seek the creators of film clips anonymously posted to the internet . The novel 's central theme involves the examination of the human desire to detect patterns or meaning and the risks of finding patterns in meaningless data . Other themes include methods of interpretation of history , cultural familiarity with brand names , and tensions between art and commercialization . The September 11 , 2001 attacks are used as a motif representing the transition to the new century . Critics identify influences in Pattern Recognition from Thomas Pynchon 's postmodern detective story The Crying of Lot 49 . Pattern Recognition is Gibson 's eighth novel and his first one to be set in the contemporary world . Like his previous work , it has been classified as a science fiction and postmodern novel , with the action unfolding along a thriller plot line . Critics approved of the writing but found the plot unoriginal and some of the language distracting . The book peaked at number four on the New York Times Best Seller list , was nominated for the 2003 British Science Fiction Association Award , and was shortlisted for the 2004 Arthur C. Clarke Award and Locus Awards . ", "Learning classifier systems , or LCS , are a paradigm of rule-based machine learning methods that combine a discovery component -LRB- e.g. typically a genetic algorithm -RRB- with a learning component -LRB- performing either supervised learning , reinforcement learning , or unsupervised learning -RRB- . Learning classifier systems seek to identify a set of context-dependent rules that collectively store and apply knowledge in a piecewise manner in order to make predictions -LRB- e.g. behavior modeling , classification , data mining , regression , function approximation , or game strategy -RRB- . This approach allows complex solution spaces to be broken up into smaller , simpler parts . The founding concepts behind learning classifier systems came from attempts to model complex adaptive systems , using rule-based agents to form an artificial cognitive system -LRB- i.e. artificial intelligence -RRB- . ", "Mask data preparation -LRB- MDP -RRB- is the procedure of translating a file containing the intended set of polygons from an integrated circuit layout into set of instructions that a photomask writer can use to generate a physical mask . MDP usually involves mask fracturing where complex polygons are translated into simpler shapes , often rectangles and trapezoids , that can be handled by the mask writing hardware . Because mask fracturing is such a common procedure within the whole MDP , the term fracture , used as a noun , is sometimes used inappropriately in place of the term mask data preparation . The term fracture does however accurately describe that sub-procedure of MDP . Typically , mask data preparation requires an input file which is in a GDSII or OASIS format , and produces a file that is in a proprietary format specific to the mask writer . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Estelle_Getty", "R._D._Chater", "Annie_Reilly", "Steve_Monroe", "Lotty_Hough" ]

[ "Estelle Getty -LRB- née Scher ; also known as Estelle Gettleman ; July 25 , 1923 -- July 22 , 2008 -RRB- was an American actress and comedian , who appeared in film , television , and theatre . She was best known for her role as Sophia Petrillo on The Golden Girls from 1985 to 1992 , which won her an Emmy and a Golden Globe , on The Golden Palace from 1992 to 1993 , and on Empty Nest from 1993 to 1995 . In her later years , after retiring from acting , she battled Lewy body dementia . ", "R. D. Chater -LRB- 1836 -- 1913 -RRB- most well known as Hercat was a British magician and writer . His stage name is an anagram of his surname . Chater worked as journalist and actor as a young man , he later became a professional magician and moved to America . He was famous for performing a cremation illusion . He was inventor and sole proprietor of the illusion , `` The Mystery of She '' . In 1888 William Morton of the Greenwich Theatre managed the protection of the copyright . Hercat 's British tour in 1889 was organised by Morton . He was described as : HERCAT the American Illusionist , Ventriloquist , and Humorist . His programme was : The Egyptian Hall , Ten Weeks ; Olympia , Nine Weeks ; Edinburgh , Five Weeks ; Belfast , Three Weeks ; Birmingham , Four Weeks . . He authored many books on card tricks . ", "`` Little '' Annie Reilly -LRB- 1844-unknown -RRB- , also known under the aliases Kate Cooley , Connelly and Manning , was a 19th-century American thief and con artist widely regarded as `` the cleverest woman in her line in America '' . A well-known member of New York 's underworld , she was part of an elite `` inner circle '' of female career criminals under Marm Mandelbaum during the 1860s and 1870s . These included some of the most notorious thieves , blackmailers and confidence women in the country such as Lena Kleinschmidt , Sophie Lyons , Kid Glove Rosey , Queen Liz , Big Mary and Old Mother Hubbard , ", "Steven `` Steve '' Monroe -LRB- born October 30 , 1972 -RRB- is an American actor , stand-up comedian , and practicing psychotherapist . He has a number of television credits to his name , including guest roles on such series as 7th Heaven , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Criminal Minds , Charmed , Monk , Grey 's Anatomy , JAG , NYPD Blue , Veronica Mars , Zoey 101 , iCarly , Supah Ninjas Wizards of Waverly Place and The Suite Life on Deck . He had a recurring role on Sister , Sister as Steve . His most recent role is as Scott Proctor on the CW series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Monroe has appeared in a number of notable films including 8 Mile , Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery , Cast Away , House of the Dead 2 , Miss Congeniality , 100 Women and The Nutty Professor . ", "Lotty Hough -LRB- c. 1833-January 17 , 1896 -RRB- -LRB- Charlotte Hough , sometimes spelled Lottie Hough -RRB- was a 19th-century actress and comedian . She played roles for the companies of Laura Keene and Mrs. John Wood . She debuted in New York at the Bowery Theatre in The Stranger as Charlotte Hough . She also acted in London . Around 1871 she gave a lecture tour on `` Popping The Question '' . During the U.S. Civil War , she was involved in obtaining passes to get cotton through Union lines . T. Allston Brown 's History of the American Stage -LRB- 1870 -RRB- described Hough as a `` well known impersonator of Yankee characters '' with `` considerable talent . '' " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Key_&_Peele", "Keegan-Michael_Key", "List_of_American_mariners", "Residente", "Paul_Moss" ]

[ "Key & Peele is an American sketch comedy television series created by Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele for Comedy Central . Both Key and Peele previously worked on MADtv . Each episode of the show consists mainly of several pre-taped skits starring the two actors . The sketches cover a variety of societal topics , often with a focus on American popular culture , ethnic stereotypes , and race relations . Key & Peele premiered on January 31 , 2012 and ended on September 9 , 2015 , with a total of 53 episodes , over the course of five seasons . A special entitled `` Key & Peele 's Super Bowl Special '' aired on January 30 , 2015 . Key & Peele won a Peabody Award and two Primetime Emmy Awards and has been nominated for various other awards , including Writers Guild Award , NAACP Image Award and 16 additional Primetime Emmy Awards in various categories . ", "Keegan-Michael Key -LRB- born March 22 , 1971 -RRB- is an American actor , comedian , writer , and producer . He starred in the Comedy Central sketch series Key & Peele and co-stars in the USA Network comedy series Playing House . He spent six seasons as a cast member on MADtv and has made several guest appearances on Whose Line is it Anyway ? . In 2014 , he also starred in the first season of the FX series Fargo and had a recurring role on the sixth and seventh season of the NBC series Parks and Recreation . He has had supporting roles in several films , including Let 's Be Cops , Tomorrowland and Pitch Perfect 2 . In 2015 , Key appeared at the White House Correspondents ' Dinner as the character Luther , President Barack Obama 's anger translator . In 2016 , he produced and starred in Keanu -LRB- 2016 -RRB- with his Key & Peele co-star Jordan Peele . He also hosted the show Planet 's Funniest Animals on Animal Planet . ", "Notable members of the United States Merchant Marine have included : Jim Bagby , Jr. , Major League Baseball pitcher Raymond Bailey , actor Alvin Baldus , former Democratic member of Congress Alex Bonner , Emmy Award-winning radio and television producer Nathaniel Bowditch , author L. Brent Bozell , Jr. , conservative activist and Catholic writer Lenny Bruce , comedian and poet Gordon Canfield , Republican congressman from New Jersey Alfonso J. Cervantes , forty-third Mayor of Saint Louis , Missouri Granville Conway , public servant , Presidential Medal for Merit recipient Harvey Cox , preeminent theologian and professor at Harvard Divinity School Joseph Curran , labor leader Richard Henry Dana , Jr. , author Deborah Doane Dempsey , first American female master to command a cargo ship sailing internationally Dan Devine , football coach Peter Falk , actor James Garner , actor Allen Ginsberg , poet Woody Guthrie , musician David Hackworth , retired United States Army colonel and prominent military journalist Sterling Hayden , actor and author Cisco Houston , folk singer Cornelius Johnson , Olympic medal-winning high jumper Irving Johnson , author , adventurer and sail training pioneer John Paul Jones , naval officer Jack Kerouac , author Joseph Stanley Kozlowski , AB , portrait and watercolor artist Leonard LaRue , naval officer who saved 14,000 lives during the Korean War Jack London , author Jack Lord , actor Jerry Marcus , cartoonist of comic strip Trudy Herman Melville , author Hugh Mulzac , master mariner and civil rights activist James Nachtwey , photojournalist and war photographer George H. O'Brien , Jr. , Medal of Honor recipient in Korean War Jeremiah O'Brien , captain of the privateer Unity in the first battle of the Revolutionary War Carroll O'Connor , actor Jack Paar , created TV talk show ; was replaced by Johnny Carson Mary Patten -LRB- 1837 -- 1861 -RRB- , only woman to take command of a clipper ship after the captain was incapacitated Richard Phillips , held hostage by pirates and later rescued Richard Scott Prather , mystery novelist Denver Pyle , actor Joseph Resnick , Democratic congressman from New York Nelson Riddle , bandleader , arranger and orchestrator Ernie Schroeder , comic book artist Otto Scott , journalist and author Hubert Selby , Jr. , author Frank Sinkwich , 1942 Heisman Trophy winner Gary Snyder , poet Joseph D. Stewart , Vice Admiral , Superintendent of the United States Merchant Marine Academy Montfort Stokes , Democratic Senator Oliver Stone , three-time Academy Award-winning film director and screenwriter Celia Sweet , first female pilot in San Diego Bay , 1912 Paul Teutul , Sr. , founder of Orange County Choppers motorcycle manufacturer Jim Thorpe , Olympic athlete Eliza Thorrold , licensed tugboat master , San Francisco Bay , 1897 Mark Twain -LRB- born Samuel Clemens -RRB- , author ; inland waters Dave Van Ronk , folk singer nicknamed the `` Mayor of MacDougal Street '' Clint Walker , actor Jack Warden , actor John S. Watson , New Jersey politician Ted Weems , bandleader and musician Carlia Wescott , first American woman to be granted marine engineer 's license , 1922 Haskell Wexler , Academy Award-winning cinematographer Nedd Willard -LRB- born 1928 -RRB- , writer , artist , journalist Charles Williams , writer of hardboiled crime fiction Robin Wilson , science fiction author and editor , and former President of California State University , Chico Charles Armijo Woodruff , 11th Governor of American Samoa ", "Residente -LRB- born René Pérez Joglar ; February 23 , 1978 -RRB- is a Puerto Rican rapper , writer , producer and founder of the alternative rap group Calle 13 . Along with the group , he has won 24 Latin Grammy awards in total ; making him the Latin artist who has won the most gold-plated gramophones . He studied art for 8 years and has directed some of his own musical videos . His lyrics have earned him the respect of many music colleagues and critics and have even been studied as part of school and university courses . He has been recognized for his social contributions and serves as the face of campaigns for UNICEF and Amnesty International . He has consistently defended education in Latin America and the rights of the natives . In 2009 he referred to the governor of Puerto Rico as an `` SOB '' for laying off more than 30,000 public employees . In November 2015 , Residente received a recognition award in Barcelona due to his commitment to social awareness and for promoting peace . ", "Paul Raymond Moss is the general manager of Media Prima network 's media portal and a judge in 8TV 's One in a Million singing contest . Moss was the AS A&R director of record company Positive Tone from its inception in 1994 until last year . Moss oversaw the transformation in Malaysian music that created whole new markets for English-language artistes and new genres of music . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Truman_Capote", "Capote_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Ernest_Rupolo", "A_Very_Short_Story", "Agnes_von_Kurowsky" ]

[ "Truman Garcia Capote -LRB- -LSB- ˈtruːmən_kəˈpoʊti -RSB- born Truman Streckfus Persons , September 30 , 1924 -- August 25 , 1984 -RRB- was an American novelist , screenwriter , playwright , and actor , many of whose short stories , novels , plays , and nonfiction are recognized as literary classics , including the novella Breakfast at Tiffany 's -LRB- 1958 -RRB- and the true crime novel In Cold Blood -LRB- 1966 -RRB- , which he labeled a `` nonfiction novel '' . At least 20 films and television dramas have been produced of Capote novels , stories , and plays . Capote rose above a childhood troubled by divorce , a long absence from his mother , and multiple migrations . He had discovered his calling as a writer by the age of 8 -LRB- The Dick Cavett Show , aired August 21 , 1980 -RRB- , and for the rest of his childhood he honed his writing ability . Capote began his professional career writing short stories . The critical success of one story , `` Miriam '' -LRB- 1945 -RRB- , attracted the attention of Random House publisher Bennett Cerf , and resulted in a contract to write the novel Other Voices , Other Rooms -LRB- 1948 -RRB- . Capote earned the most fame with In Cold Blood , a journalistic work about the murder of a Kansas farm family in their home . Capote spent four years writing the book aided by his lifelong friend Harper Lee , who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird -LRB- 1960 -RRB- . A milestone in popular culture , In Cold Blood was the peak of Capote 's literary career . In the 1970s , he maintained his celebrity status by appearing on television talk shows . ", "Capote is a 2005 biographical film about Truman Capote , following the events during the writing of Capote 's non-fiction book In Cold Blood . Philip Seymour Hoffman won several awards , including the Academy Award for Best Actor , for his critically acclaimed portrayal of the title character . The film was based on Gerald Clarke 's biography Capote and was directed by Bennett Miller . It was filmed mostly in Manitoba in the autumn of 2004 . It was released September 30 , 2005 , to coincide with Truman Capote 's birthday . ", "Ernest `` the Hawk '' Rupolo -LRB- 1908 -- August 24 , 1964 -RRB- was a low-level New York mobster and hitman for the Luciano crime family , now the Genovese crime family . Rupolo would later turn informant and testify against then-capo and future boss Vito Genovese . ", "`` A Very Short Story '' is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway . It was first published as a vignette , or chapter , in the 1924 Paris edition titled In Our Time , and later rewritten and added to Hemingway 's first American short story collection In Our Time , published by Boni & Liveright in 1925 . In the story , a World War I soldier and a nurse named `` Luz '' fall in love as she tends to him over the course of three months in the hospital . They decide to marry , but when the soldier returns home to the United States , he receives a letter from Luz with the news that she has fallen in love with an officer . Later she writes that she has not married , but the soldier ignores her . The soldier contracts gonorrhea in a taxi from a sexual encounter shortly afterward . Hemingway based the story on his World War I affair with a nurse he met in Milan while recuperating in the hospital from leg injuries sustained at the Italian front . ", "Agnes von Kurowsky Stanfield -LRB- January 5 , 1892 -- November 25 , 1984 -RRB- was an American nurse who inspired the character `` Catherine Barkley '' in Ernest Hemingway 's A Farewell to Arms . Kurowsky served as a nurse in an American Red Cross hospital in Milan during World War I . One of her patients was the 19-year-old Hemingway , who fell in love with her . By the time of his release and return to the United States in January 1919 , Kurowsky and Hemingway planned to marry within a few months in America . However , in a letter dated March 7 , 1919 , she wrote to Hemingway , who was living at his parents home in Oak Park , Illinois , that she had become engaged to an Italian officer . Although Kurowsky did eventually return to the United States , they never met again . Their story is shown in the 1996 film In Love and War . Hemingway used his experiences in Italy as the basis for ten short stories . Fictionalized characters based on Kurowsky appear in his short stories `` A Very Short Story '' and `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' , as well as his novel A Farewell to Arms . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Law_of_chastity", "The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Massachusetts", "Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts", "The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Russia", "Mormons" ]

[ "The law of chastity is a moral code defined by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- . According to the church , chastity means that `` sexual relations are proper only between a man and a woman who are legally and lawfully wedded as husband and wife . '' Therefore , abstinence from sexual relations before marriage , and complete fidelity to one 's spouse during marriage , are required . As part of the law of chastity , the church teaches its members not only to abstain from adultery and fornication , but also to refrain from masturbation and to avoid sexually inappropriate thoughts . The law of chastity is taught to church members of all ages , and is especially emphasized to adolescents . ", "As of January 1 , 2011 , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 24,965 members in four stakes , 51 congregations -LRB- 38 wards and 13 branches -RRB- , one mission , and one temple in Massachusetts . ", "The Latter Day Saints believe that the Book of Mormon is a sacred text with the same divine authority as the Bible . Some Latter Day Saints also recognize the Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants as scripture . Religious and scholarly critics outside the Latter Day Saint movement have disputed this view , questioning the traditional narrative of how these books came to light , and the extent to which they describe actual events . They cite research in history , archeology , and other disciplines to support their contentions . ", "As of January 1 , 2011 , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 19,946 members in 13 districts , 116 branches , and 8 missions in Russia . ", "Mormons -LRB- -LSB- ˈmɔrmənz -RSB- -RRB- are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism , the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity , initiated by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s . After Smith 's death in 1844 , the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory . Today , most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- . Some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing . The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah , and North America has more Mormons than any other continent , though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States . Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history . During the 19th century , Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location , and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced plural marriage , a form of religious polygamy . Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church , and many young Mormons choose to serve a full-time proselytizing mission . Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages , tobacco , coffee , tea , and other addictive substances . They tend to be very family-oriented , and have strong connections across generations and with extended family , reflective of their belief that families can be sealed together beyond death . Mormons also have a strict law of chastity , requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage . Mormons self-identify as Christian , although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian and some of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity . Mormons believe in the Bible , as well as other books of scripture , such as the Book of Mormon . They have a unique view of cosmology , and believe that all people are spirit-children of God . Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ , and accepting his atonement through ordinances such as baptism . They believe that Christ 's church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles . Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children and answers their prayers . Due to their high birth and conversion rates , the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades . The number of members in 1971 was 3,090,953 and now in 2017 based on the Annual Report , there are 15,882,417 worldwide . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "Law_of_chastity", "The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Massachusetts", "Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts", "The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Russia", "Mormons" ]

[ "The law of chastity is a moral code defined by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- . According to the church , chastity means that `` sexual relations are proper only between a man and a woman who are legally and lawfully wedded as husband and wife . '' Therefore , abstinence from sexual relations before marriage , and complete fidelity to one 's spouse during marriage , are required . As part of the law of chastity , the church teaches its members not only to abstain from adultery and fornication , but also to refrain from masturbation and to avoid sexually inappropriate thoughts . The law of chastity is taught to church members of all ages , and is especially emphasized to adolescents . ", "As of January 1 , 2011 , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 24,965 members in four stakes , 51 congregations -LRB- 38 wards and 13 branches -RRB- , one mission , and one temple in Massachusetts . ", "The Latter Day Saints believe that the Book of Mormon is a sacred text with the same divine authority as the Bible . Some Latter Day Saints also recognize the Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants as scripture . Religious and scholarly critics outside the Latter Day Saint movement have disputed this view , questioning the traditional narrative of how these books came to light , and the extent to which they describe actual events . They cite research in history , archeology , and other disciplines to support their contentions . ", "As of January 1 , 2011 , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 19,946 members in 13 districts , 116 branches , and 8 missions in Russia . ", "Mormons -LRB- -LSB- ˈmɔrmənz -RSB- -RRB- are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism , the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity , initiated by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s . After Smith 's death in 1844 , the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory . Today , most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- . Some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing . The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah , and North America has more Mormons than any other continent , though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States . Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history . During the 19th century , Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location , and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced plural marriage , a form of religious polygamy . Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church , and many young Mormons choose to serve a full-time proselytizing mission . Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages , tobacco , coffee , tea , and other addictive substances . They tend to be very family-oriented , and have strong connections across generations and with extended family , reflective of their belief that families can be sealed together beyond death . Mormons also have a strict law of chastity , requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage . Mormons self-identify as Christian , although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian and some of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity . Mormons believe in the Bible , as well as other books of scripture , such as the Book of Mormon . They have a unique view of cosmology , and believe that all people are spirit-children of God . Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ , and accepting his atonement through ordinances such as baptism . They believe that Christ 's church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles . Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children and answers their prayers . Due to their high birth and conversion rates , the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades . The number of members in 1971 was 3,090,953 and now in 2017 based on the Annual Report , there are 15,882,417 worldwide . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "Two_and_a_Half_Men", "List_of_Two_and_a_Half_Men_characters", "Me_and_the_Boys_-LRB-TV_series-RRB-", "Angus_T._Jones", "Half_Girlfriend_-LRB-film-RRB-" ]

[ "Two and a Half Men is an American television sitcom that originally aired on CBS for twelve seasons from September 22 , 2003 to February 19 , 2015 . Originally starring Charlie Sheen , Jon Cryer , and Angus T. Jones , the series was about a hedonistic jingle writer , Charlie Harper ; his uptight brother Alan ; and Alan 's troublesome son Jake . After Alan divorces , he moves with his son to share Charlie 's beachfront Malibu house and complicates Charlie 's freewheeling life . In 2010 , CBS and Warner Bros. . Television reached a multiyear broadcasting agreement for the series , renewing it through at least the 2011 -- 12 season . In February 2011 , however , CBS and Warner Bros. decided to end production for the rest of the eighth season after Sheen entered drug rehabilitation and made `` disparaging comments '' about the series ' creator and executive producer Chuck Lorre . Sheen 's contract was terminated the following month and he was confirmed not to be returning to the series . Ashton Kutcher was hired to replace him the following season as Walden Schmidt , a billionaire who buys Charlie 's house after his death . In April 2013 , CBS renewed the series for an eleventh season after closing one-year deals with Kutcher and Cryer . Jones , who was attending college , was relegated to recurring status for season 11 , but never made an appearance until the series finale . He was replaced by Jenny -LRB- Amber Tamblyn -RRB- , Charlie 's previously unknown daughter . In March 2014 , CBS renewed the series for a twelfth season , which was later announced to be the series ' last . The season began airing in October 2014 and concluded in February 2015 with the 40-minute series finale `` Of Course He 's Dead '' . The success of the series led to it being the fourth-highest revenue-generating program for 2012 , earning $ 3.24 million an episode . ", "The American sitcom Two and a Half Men , created and executive produced by Chuck Lorre and Lee Aronsohn , premiered on CBS on September 22 , 2003 . The show initially centers on seven characters : brothers Charlie and Alan Harper ; Jake Harper , the dimwitted son of Alan and his first ex-wife ; Judith Harper-Melnick , Alan 's first ex-wife , Herb 's ex-wife , and Jake and Milly 's mother ; Rose , one of Charlie 's previous one night stands who continuously stalks him ; Evelyn Harper , Charlie and Alan 's wealthy , five time widowed , bisexual mother , and Jake 's grandmother ; and last of all , Berta , Charlie 's sharp-tongued housekeeper , who later joins the main cast starting with season two after playing a major recurring role throughout the first season . In season nine , the show is revamped when Charlie is struck and killed by a moving train . Walden Schmidt replaces him as the new owner of the beach house , a recently divorced internet billionaire . In season eleven , Jake moves to Japan and leaves the series , so to replace `` the half-man '' , Charlie 's long-lost-daughter moves into the beach house after looking for her late father . Over time , several supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Berta -LRB- season 1 recurring ; season 2 -- 12 regular -RRB- , Charlie and Alan 's -LRB- and later Walden 's -RRB- sharp-tongued housekeeper ; Kandi -LRB- season 3 recurring ; season 4 regular ; season 10 guest -RRB- , one of Charlie 's former one night stands , and later on , Alan 's second ex-wife ; Chelsea -LRB- season 6 recurring ; season 7 regular ; season 9 guest -RRB- , Charlie 's second most notable love interest -LRB- after Rose -RRB- , and ex-fiancée ; Walden Schmidt -LRB- season 9 -- 12 -RRB- , an internet billionaire who buys Charlie 's beach house after his death ; Jenny -LRB- season 11 -- 12 -RRB- , Charlie 's illegitimate daughter from a one-night stand twenty years before ; last of all , Louis -LRB- season 12 -RRB- , the 6-year-old boy that Walden decides to adopt . The show also features numerous supporting characters , each of whom plays a prominent role in a small group of episodes . ", "Me and the Boys is an American sitcom that aired on the ABC network from September 20 , 1994 until February 28 , 1995 . The series features comedian Steve Harvey , who also served as a writer , in his first starring role . The series was created by Bob Myer , Rob Dames and Lenny Ripps , and produced by a.k.a. Productions and Bob Myer Productions in association with ABC Productions . ", "Angus Turner Jones -LRB- born October 8 , 1993 -RRB- is an American actor . Jones is best known for playing Jake Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men , for which he had won two Young Artist and a TV Land Award during his 10-year tenure as one of the show 's main characters . ", "Half Girlfriend is an Indian romantic drama film based on the novel of the same name written by Chetan Bhagat . The film is directed by Mohit Suri and features Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor in the lead roles . Principal photography commenced in June 2016 and filming locations include Delhi , Mumbai , Patna , Dumraon , Varanasi , New York City and Cape Town . The film released worldwide on 19 May 2017 . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ "2002_African_Cup_of_Nations", "2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations", "1968_African_Cup_of_Nations", "Africa_Cup_of_Nations", "1957_African_Cup_of_Nations" ]

[ "The 2002 African Cup of Nations was the 23rd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the association football championship of Africa -LRB- CAF -RRB- . It was hosted by Mali . Just like in 2000 , the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four . Cameroon won its fourth championship -LRB- repeating as champions -RRB- , beating Senegal on penalty kicks 3 − 2 after a goalless draw . ", "The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , also known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations South Africa 2013 for sponsorship reasons , held from 19 January to 10 February 2013 , was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations , the football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football -LRB- CAF -RRB- . Starting from this edition , the tournament was switched to being held in odd-numbered years instead of even-numbered years so that it does not clash with the FIFA World Cup . South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time , after previously hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations . The 2013 tournament is the highest attended edition of the Africa Cup of Nations under the current , 16-team format . The South African team was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Mali , following a penalty shoot-out . Nigeria won its third Africa Cup of Nations championship with a 1 -- 0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final . Nigeria participated in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil as the representative from CAF . ", "The 1968 African Cup of Nations was the sixth edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the soccer championship of Africa -LRB- CAF -RRB- . It was hosted by Ethiopia . The field expanded to eight teams , split into two groups of four ; the top two teams in each group advanced to the semifinals . Congo-Kinshasa won its first championship , beating Ghana in the final 1 − 0 . Prior to this tournament , the African Cup of Nations were held once every three years , following 1968 they were held once every two years . ", "The Africa Cup of Nations , officially CAN -LRB- Coupe d'Afrique des Nations -RRB- , also referred to as African Cup of Nations , or AFCON , is the main international association football competition in Africa . It is sanctioned by the Confederation of African Football -LRB- CAF -RRB- , and was first held in 1957 . Since 1968 , it has been held every two years . The title holders at the time of a FIFA Confederations Cup qualify for that competition . In 1957 there were only three participating nations : Egypt , Sudan and Ethiopia . South Africa was originally scheduled to compete , but were disqualified due to the apartheid policies of the government then in power . Since then , the tournament has grown greatly , making it necessary to hold a qualifying tournament . The number of participants in the final tournament reached 16 in 1998 -LRB- 16 teams were to compete in 1996 but Nigeria withdrew , reducing the field to 15 , and the same happened with Togo 's withdrawal in 2010 -RRB- , and since then , the format has been unchanged , with the sixteen teams being drawn into four groups of four teams each , with the top two teams of each group advancing to a `` knock-out '' stage . Egypt is the most successful nation in the cup 's history , winning the tournament a record of seven times -LRB- including when Egypt was known as the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 -RRB- . Three different trophies have been awarded during the tournament 's history , with Ghana and Cameroon winning the first two versions to keep after each of them won a tournament three times . The current trophy was first awarded in 2002 and with Egypt winning it indefinitely after winning their unprecedented third consecutive title in 2010 . As of 2013 , the tournament was switched to being held in odd-numbered years so as not to clash with the FIFA World Cup . In July 2016 , Total has secured an eight-year sponsorship package from the Confederation of African Football -LRB- CAF -RRB- to support 10 of its principal competitions . Total will start with the Africa Cup of Nations to be held in Gabon therefore renaming it Total Africa cup of Nations . ", "The 1957 African Cup of Nations was the first edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the football championship of Africa -LRB- CAF -RRB- . It was hosted by Sudan , and three teams participated : Egypt , Sudan , and Ethiopia . The tournament has the fewest goals to be scored , as well as the fewest games to be played , at any African cup of nations tournaments . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "Yvonne_Strahovski", "Yvonne_Andersson", "Andrea_Verešová", "Marielle_Heller", "Liza_Huber" ]

[ "Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski -LRB- born 30 July 1982 -RRB- , known professionally as Yvonne Strahovski -LRB- -LSB- strəˈhɒvski -RSB- -RRB- , is an Australian actress . She is best known for her roles as CIA Agent Sarah Walker in the NBC series Chuck -LRB- 2007 -- 2012 -RRB- , Hannah McKay in the Showtime series Dexter -LRB- 2012 -- 2013 -RRB- and CIA Agent Kate Morgan in the Fox limited event television series 24 : Live Another Day -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . Strahovski 's other notable works include Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , Killer Elite -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , I , Frankenstein -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , The Astronaut Wives Club -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , and Manhattan Night -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . She has also voiced Miranda Lawson in the Mass Effect video game series and Batwoman in the animated film Batman : Bad Blood -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . ", "Yvonne Andersson , born 1951 , is a Swedish Christian democratic politician . She was especially active in academic debates . She has been a member of the Riksdag from 1998 to 2014 . ", "Andrea Verešová -LRB- born 28 June 1980 -RRB- is a Slovak model and beauty queen , winner of Miss Slovakia 1999 . Verešová studied at a Belgian lycée in Žilina , where she graduated in 1999 . She was formerly in a relationship with Czech hockey star Jaromír Jágr . In May 2010 Verešová appeared on the cover issue of the Czech language edition of Playboy . ", "Marielle Heller -LRB- born October 1 , 1979 -RRB- is an American writer , director and actor . She has received attention as the writer and director of the feature film The Diary of a Teenage Girl starring Bel Powley , Alexander Skarsgard , Kristen Wiig and Christopher Meloni . ", "Liza Victoria Huber -LRB- born February 22 , 1975 -RRB- is an American television actress , best known for her role as Gwen Hotchkiss on the daytime soap Passions . She is the daughter of actress Susan Lucci . She is of Italian , French , German , Austrian , and Swedish descent . " ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ "Pocahontas", "Savages_-LRB-Pocahontas_song-RRB-", "Pocahontas,_Missouri", "John_Rolfe", "Pocahontas_-LRB-soundtrack-RRB-" ]

[ "Pocahontas -LRB- born Matoaka , known as Amonute , 1596 -- 1617 -RRB- was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown , Virginia . Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan , the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah , encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia . In a well-known historical anecdote , she is said to have saved the life of a captive of the Native Americans , the Englishman John Smith , in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him . Some historians have suggested that this story , as told by Smith , is untrue . Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613 , and held for ransom . During her captivity , she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca . When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people , she chose to remain with the English . In April 1614 , she married tobacco planter John Rolfe , and in January 1615 , bore their son , Thomas Rolfe . In 1616 , the Rolfes traveled to London . Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the `` civilized savage '' in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement . She became something of a celebrity , was elegantly fêted , and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace . In 1617 , the Rolfes set sail for Virginia , but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes . She was buried in a church in Gravesend in the United Kingdom , but the exact location of her grave is unknown . Numerous places , landmarks , and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas . Her story has been romanticized over the years , and she is a subject of art , literature , and film . Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son Thomas , including members of the First Families of Virginia , First Lady Edith Wilson , American Western actor Glenn Strange , and astronomer Percival Lowell . ", "`` Savages '' is a song from the 1995 Disney animated film Pocahontas . It addresses themes of othering , xenophobia , and genocide . The song has been negatively received by critics , with some deeming it to be racist , arguing that it encourages the listener to dehumanise Native Americans . ", "Pocahontas is a village in Cape Girardeau County , Missouri , United States . The population was 114 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Cape Girardeau -- Jackson , MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area . ", "John Rolfe -LRB- 1585 -- 1622 -RRB- was one of the early English settlers of North America . He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas , daughter of the chief of the Powhatan . ", "Pocahontas : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 1995 Disney animated film , Pocahontas . It was released by Walt Disney Records on May 23 , 1995 on CD and audio cassette . The soundtrack contains songs from the film , including each instrumental song , written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz , and conducted by David Friedman . The main songs were performed by artists : Judy Kuhn , Mel Gibson , Linda Hunt , Jim Cummings , David Ogden Stiers , and Bobbi Page . The soundtrack features two hit singles ; `` Colors of the Wind '' performed by singer and actress Vanessa Williams , and the film 's love theme song `` If I Never Knew You '' performed by recording artists Jon Secada and Shanice . On August 7 , 2015 , in honor of the 20th anniversary of the film , a new edition of the soundtrack was released as part of the Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection series . The new edition includes the film 's complete original soundtrack in chronological order , along with six demo recordings in a two-disc set . There are 28 tracks on disc one , and 8 tracks on disc two . This release includes the song `` If I Never Knew You '' , performed by Judy Kuhn and Mel Gibson in the film . The original song performed by the characters was cut from the film , and not included on the original soundtrack . The song was put back into the movie when it was re-released for the 10th anniversary of the film , and finally featured on the new edition of the soundtrack . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Louie_-LRB-season_1-RRB-", "Louie_Torrellas", "12_Monkeys_-LRB-TV_series-RRB-", "It's_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia", "Louie_Palmer" ]

[ "The first season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on June 29 , 2010 and concluded on September 7 , 2010 . It consisted of thirteen episodes , each running approximately 23 minutes in length . FX broadcast the first season on Tuesdays at 11:00 pm in the United States . The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C.K. , Dave Becky and M. Blair Breard . The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on June 21 , 2011 . Louie was created by Louis C.K. , who serves as the series ' sole writer and director . C.K. stars as a fictionalized version of himself , a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City . The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series , consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments -LRB- described as `` extended vignettes '' -RRB- that revolve around Louie 's life , punctuated by live stand-up performances . The season received critical acclaim . ", "Louie Joseph Torrellas '' ' -LRB- born July 19 , 1987 -RRB- is an American media personality , Emmy awarded actor , comedian , producer , writer , and entrepreneur . Notable films and video games featuring Louie include Jumper , Sponk , Blood and Bone , the popular Rockstar Games Bully , and The Warriors '' . His recent production , `` To Be Friends , '' was awarded the prize for best cinematography at the Boston Film Festival . ", "12 Monkeys is an American television series on Syfy created by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett . It is a science fiction mystery drama with a time traveling plot loosely based on the 1995 film of the same name , which was written by David and Janet Peoples and directed by Terry Gilliam , itself being inspired by Chris Marker 's 1962 short film La Jetée ; the series credits both the Peoples and Marker for their original works . In the series , Aaron Stanford and Amanda Schull star as James Cole and Dr. Cassandra `` Cassie '' Railly , who use time travel in an effort to stop the destructive plans of the enigmatic organization `` Army of the 12 Monkeys '' . Kirk Acevedo and Noah Bean also star in the first season . In the second season , Bean makes a guest appearance , and Todd Stashwick , Emily Hampshire and Barbara Sukowa are promoted from recurring guests to regulars . Stanford , Schull and Hampshire play reimagined versions of characters respectively portrayed by Bruce Willis , Madeleine Stowe and Brad Pitt in the 1995 film . Natalie Chaidez was the showrunner of 12 Monkeys during its first season , assisting Matalas and Fickett . After the season completed she stepped down to the role of consultant for the second season , and Matalas and Fickett became showrunners . In the third season Fickett became a consultant , and Matalas was the sole showrunner . The series is produced by Atlas Entertainment , which produced the original film , and Universal Cable Productions . Charles Roven , producer of the original , is one of the executive producers . 12 Monkeys premiered on January 16 , 2015 with a 13-episode first season . In June 2016 , it was renewed for a 10-episode third season , which premiered on May 19 , 2017 , and aired over three consecutive nights . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth and final season consisting of 10 episodes , set to premiere in 2018 . ", "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season , and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running live-action sitcom in American TV history . ", "Louie Palmer -LRB- born 1985 -RRB- is an English drummer and session musician . " ]

[ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Leslie_Alexander_-LRB-businessman-RRB-", "Charles_Dundas_-LRB-priest-RRB-", "Stewart_Alexander", "Paul_Clarence_Schulte", "John_George_Vlazny" ]

[ "Leslie L. Alexander -LRB- born 1944 -RRB- is an American attorney , businessman and financier . He is a former bond trader from New Jersey who owns the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- team Houston Rockets . ", "Charles Leslie Dundas -LRB- 1 November 1847 - 17 March 1932 -RRB- was an eminent Anglican priest in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . ", "Stewart Alexis Alexander -LRB- born October 1 , 1951 -RRB- is an American democratic socialist politician , presidential nominee for the Socialist Party USA in the 2012 election , and former SPUSA nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election . A resident of California , Alexander was the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2006 . He received 43,319 votes , 0.5 % of the total . In August 2010 , Alexander declared his candidacy for the President of the United States with the Socialist Party and Green Party . In January 2011 , Alexander also declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party . ", "Paul Clarence Schulte -LRB- March 18 , 1890 -- February 17 , 1984 -RRB- was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Indianapolis from 1946 to 1970 . ", "John George Vlazny -LRB- born February 22 , 1937 -RRB- is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the tenth archbishop of Portland in Oregon , serving from 1997-2013 . He previously served as Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago -LRB- 1983 -- 1987 -RRB- and Bishop of Winona -LRB- 1987 -- 1997 -RRB- . On January 29 , 2013 , Pope Benedict XVI announced the acceptance of his resignation , with Bishop Alexander King Sample to succeed him in Portland . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The_Beverly_Hillbillies", "That_Nashville_Music", "Susannah_Morrisey", "Sugarfoot", "Kathy's_So-Called_Reality" ]

[ "The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom originally broadcast on CBS for nine seasons , from September 26 , 1962 , to March 23 , 1971 . The show had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer Jr. as a poor backwoods family who move to Beverly Hills , California , after striking oil on their land . The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning . It was followed by two other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS : Petticoat Junction , and its spin-off Green Acres , which reversed the rags-to-riches , country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies . The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons , twice ranking as the number one series of the year , with a number of episodes that remain among the most-watched television episodes in history . It accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run . The series remains in syndication on MeTV , and its ongoing popularity spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox . ", "That Nashville Music -LRB- aka That Good Ole Nashville Music -RRB- was an American television program featuring country music performers singing their biggest hits . The series aired in syndication from 1970 through 1985 . Early in the series run , the series was hosted by country music star Dave Dudley . In later years , guest performers - usually two or three per episode - were featured . A broad range of singers and groups were featured , from the legends and current superstars to up-and-coming acts . The final act of each episode featured cloggers , a group of eight to 16 country music tap dancers . The series was distributed by Show Biz Inc. , and produced at Opryland USA in Nashville , Tennessee . Purina Dog Chow was the show 's sponsor . ", "Susannah Morrisey -LRB- previously Farnham -RRB- is a fictional character in the defunct Channel 4 soap opera Brookside . She was portrayed by Karen Drury from 1991 until the character 's death in 2000 . Susannah was no relation of later Brookside character Dan Morrisey . ", "Sugarfoot is an American western television series that aired for sixty-nine episodes on ABC from 1957-1961 on Tuesday nights on a `` shared '' slot basis -- rotating with Cheyenne -LRB- 1st season -RRB- ; Cheyenne and Bronco -LRB- 2nd season -RRB- ; and Bronco -LRB- 3rd season -RRB- . The Warner Bros production stars Will Hutchins as Tom Brewster , an Easterner who comes to the Oklahoma Territory to become a lawyer . Jack Elam is cast in occasional episodes as sidekick Toothy Thompson . Brewster was a correspondence-school student whose apparent lack of cowboy skills earned him the nickname `` Sugarfoot '' , a designation even below that of a tenderfoot . ", "Kathy 's So-Called Reality is a television clip show that aired in 2001 , hosted by comedian and former Suddenly Susan star Kathy Griffin . The show was `` part monologue , part round-table '' , featuring Griffin discussing clips from a variety of reality television shows the week prior with a panel of family and friends . According to Griffin , the reality shows , even the `` scandal-plagued '' Temptation Island , `` amazingly '' contributed clips to be mocked . The show premiered on February 4 , 2001 on MTV , and ended on April 1 , 2001 after airing only six episodes ; the network did not renew the show due to low ratings . USA Today columnist Whitney Matheson wrote that the show `` seemed to be struggling for content , '' and `` all the good jokes are taken by the time Kathy 's weekly rant sees airtime . '' " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "SpongeBob_SquarePants_-LRB-character-RRB-", "SpongeBob_SquarePants", "The_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Movie", "SpongeBob_SquarePants_-LRB-season_10-RRB-", "Dunces_and_Dragons" ]

[ "SpongeBob SquarePants is the titular character and protagonist of the American animated television series of the same name . He is voiced by actor and comedian Tom Kenny , and first appeared on television in the series ' pilot episode on May 1 , 1999 . SpongeBob SquarePants was created and designed by cartoonist and marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg shortly after the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life in 1996 . Hillenburg intended to create a series about an over-optimistic sponge that annoys other characters . Hillenburg compared the concept to Laurel and Hardy and Pee-wee Herman . As he drew the character , he decided that a `` squeaky-clean square '' -LRB- like a kitchen sponge -RRB- fit the concept . His name is derived from `` Bob the Sponge '' , the host of Hillenburg 's comic strip The Intertidal Zone that he originally drew in the 1980s while teaching marine biology to visitors of the Ocean Institute . SpongeBob is a naïve and goofy sea sponge who works as a fry cook in the fictional underwater town of Bikini Bottom . The character has received positive critical response from media critics and achieved popularity with both children and adults , though he has been involved in public controversy . SpongeBob appeared in a We Are Family Foundation video promoting tolerance , which was criticized by James Dobson of Focus on the Family because of the foundation 's link to homosexuality . ", "SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon . The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The series ' popularity has made it a media franchise , as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon , and the most distributed property of MTV Networks . As of 2015 , the media franchise has generated $ 12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon . Many of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which Hillenburg created in 1989 . He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , and turned to Tom Kenny , who had worked with him on that series , to voice the title character . SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy , and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy ! , but these were both changed , as the name was already trademarked . Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1 , 1999 , following the television airing of the 1999 Kids ' Choice Awards . The series officially premiered on July 17 , 1999 . It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season . A feature film , The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , was released in theaters on November 19 , 2004 , and a sequel was released on February 6 , 2015 . On October 15 , 2016 , the series began airing its current tenth season , beginning with the episode `` Whirly Brains '' . In May 2017 , the show was announced to be renewed for a 12th season . The series has won a variety of awards , including six Annie Awards , eight Golden Reel Awards , two Emmy Awards , 12 Kids ' Choice Awards , and two BAFTA Children 's Awards . Despite its widespread popularity , the series has been involved in several public controversies , including one centered on speculation over SpongeBob 's intended sexual orientation , and another focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show 's content since the release of the first film . In 2011 , a newly described species of fungi , Spongiforma squarepantsii , was named after the cartoon 's title character . ", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie is a 2004 American animated adventure comedy film based on the Nickelodeon television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The film was directed by series creator Stephen Hillenburg and starred the series ' cast of Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Clancy Brown , Rodger Bumpass and Mr. Lawrence , with guest performances by Scarlett Johansson , Jeffrey Tambor , Alec Baldwin and David Hasselhoff . It was produced by Hillenburg 's production company United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies , it was distributed by Paramount Pictures and also it was first film in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series . In the film , Plankton devises a plan to steal King Neptune 's crown and send it to Shell City , and SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve the crown to save Mr. Krabs from King Neptune 's wrath and Bikini Bottom from Plankton 's plan . Previous offers by Paramount Pictures for a film adaptation of SpongeBob SquarePants had been rejected by Stephen Hillenburg , but he eventually accepted one offer in 2002 . A writing team consisting of Hillenburg , Paul Tibbitt , Derek Drymon , Aaron Springer , Kent Osborne and Tim Hill was assembled , conceiving the idea of a mythical hero 's quest and the search for a stolen crown , which would bring SpongeBob and Patrick to the surface . The film was originally intended as the series finale , but Nickelodeon ordered more episodes of the series as the series had become increasingly profitable , so Hillenburg resigned as showrunner , with Tibbitt taking Hillenburg 's place . The film was promoted immensely by Paramount and Nickelodeon , with tie-in promotions made by 7-Eleven , the Cayman Islands and Burger King , which decorated various of its franchises with 9 ft SpongeBob inflatable figures . The film was a box office success and grossed $ 85 million in the United States and $ 140 million worldwide , and received generally positive reviews from critics . A stand-alone sequel titled The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water was released on February 6 , 2015 , and a third film is scheduled for release on August 2 , 2019 . ", "The tenth season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants , created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , began airing on Nickelodeon in the United States on October 15 , 2016 . It opened with the episode `` Whirly Brains '' and is scheduled to conclude with `` Feral Friends '' and `` Do n't Wake Patrick '' . The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The season was executive produced by series creator Hillenburg and was the first season of the show not to involve long-time crew member and former showrunner Paul Tibbitt . The showrunners for this season were Marc Ceccarelli and Vincent Waller , who also acted as supervising producers . It is the shortest season , containing 11 episodes instead of the usual 26-episode length . The show received several accolades during the run of its tenth season , including the 2017 Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Cartoon . The series was also nominated in various international Kids ' Choice Awards ceremonies for the same category . The show received a pending nomination at the BAFTA Children 's Awards for the International category as well . ", "`` Dunces and Dragons '' , also known as `` Lost in Time '' , is the sixth episode of the fourth season and the 66th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . It was written by Zeus Cervas , Erik Wiese and Tim Hill , and the animation was directed by supervising director , Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi . Cervas and Wiese also functioned as storyboard directors . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on February 20 , 2006 as a half-hour special . The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , SpongeBob and Patrick go back in time . There , they find that Mr. Krabs ' ancestor is the ruler of the kingdom , which is being attacked by Planktonimor , Plankton 's ancestor and an evil wizard . SpongeBob and Patrick , assisted by Squidly , a jester and ancestor of Squidward , and the Dark Knight , Sandy 's ancestor , have to rescue Princess Pearl , ancestor of Pearl and King Krabs ' daughter , who has been captured by Planktominor the wizard . Tie-in promotions were made with Burger King , which released a series of toys based on the episode . `` Dunces and Dragons '' was the most successful of the season , drawing 8.6 million viewers , and was met with positive reviews . It was also elected as the third most-voted episode on the Best Day Ever Marathon , just behind two other episodes from the same season , `` Karate Island '' and `` Wishing You Well '' . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Personality", "Social_evolution", "Schizothymia", "'I'_and_the_'me'", "Agency_-LRB-sociology-RRB-" ]

[ "Personality is a set of individual differences that are affected by the development of an individual : values , attitudes , personal memories , social relationships , habits , and skills . Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions . The term `` personality trait '' refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations . ", "Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviors that have fitness consequences for individuals other than the actor . Social behaviors can be categorized according to the fitness consequences they entail for the actor and recipient . Mutually beneficial -- a behavior that increases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient Selfish -- a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the actor , but the recipient suffers a loss Altruistic -- a behavior that increases the direct fitness of the recipient , but the actor may suffer a loss Spiteful -- a behavior that decreases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient This classification was proposed by W. D. Hamilton , arguing that natural selection favors mutually beneficial or selfish behaviors . Hamilton 's insight was to show how kin selection could explain altruism and spite . Social evolution is also often regarded -LRB- especially , in the field of social anthropology -RRB- as evolution of social systems and structures . In 2010 , Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson , a founder of modern sociobiology , proposed a new theory of social evolution . He argued that the traditional approach of focusing on eusociality had limitations , which he illustrated primarily with examples from the insect world . ", "Schizothymia is a temperament related to schizophrenia in a way analogous to cyclothymia 's relationship with bipolar disorder . A schizothymic individual displays a flat affect and a high degree of introversion , withdrawing from social relations generally ; nevertheless , some individuals with this characteristic may be able to achieve relatively affable social relations and a measure of affectivity in some situations . As a kind of temperament , schizothymic personality traits are thought to be more or less innate rather than the result of socialization -LRB- or a lack thereof -RRB- . ", "The I ' and the ` me are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead , one of the key influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic-interactionism . The terms refer to the psychology of the individual , where in Mead 's understanding , the `` me '' is the socialized aspect of the person , and the `` I '' is the active aspect of the person . One might usefully ` compare Mead 's `` I '' and `` me '' , respectively , with Sartre 's `` choice '' and `` the situation '' . But Mead himself matched up the `` me '' with Freud 's `` censor '' , and the `` I '' with his `` ego '' ; and this is psychologically apt ' . ", "In social science , agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices . By contrast , structure is those factors of influence -LRB- such as social class , religion , gender , ethnicity , ability , customs , etc. -RRB- that determine or limit an agent and his or her decisions . The relative difference in influences from structure and agency is debated -- it is unclear to what extent a person 's actions are constrained by social systems . One 's agency is one 's independent capability or ability to act on one 's will . This ability is affected by the cognitive belief structure which one has formed through one 's experiences , and the perceptions held by the society and the individual , of the structures and circumstances of the environment one is in and the position they are born into . Disagreement on the extent of one 's agency often causes conflict between parties , e.g. parents and children . " ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Dissociative_identity_disorder", "Adjustment_disorder", "Anxiety_disorder", "Anxiety", "Parkinson's_disease" ]

[ "Dissociative identity disorder -LRB- DID -RRB- , also known as multiple personality disorder -LRB- MPD -RRB- , is a mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states . These states alternately show in a person 's behavior , accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness . These symptoms are not accounted for by substance abuse , seizures , or other medical conditions , nor by imaginative play in children . Dissociative symptoms range from common lapses in attention , becoming distracted by something else , and daydreaming , to pathological dissociative disorders . Symptoms vary over time . Dissociative disorders , including DID , have been attributed to disruptions in memory caused by trauma or other forms of stress . Research on this hypothesis has been characterized by poor methodology . An alternative hypothesis is that DID is a by-product of techniques employed by some therapists , especially those using hypnosis , and disagreement between the two positions is characterized by intense debate . DID is one of the most controversial psychiatric disorders , with no clear consensus on diagnostic criteria or treatment . No systematic , empirically supported definition of `` dissociation '' exists . Diagnosis is often difficult , as the entity is frequently associated with other mental disorders . Differential diagnosis should consider malingering if the individual 's principal concern is with financial or forensic gain or with the avoidance of obligations ; and factitious disorder , if the individual 's principal concern is with assuming a patient role . It is generally believed that DID rarely resolves spontaneously . In general , the prognosis is poor , especially for those with comorbid disorders . There is little systematic data on rates of the condition . It is believed to affect between 1 % and 3 % of the general population , and between 1 % and 5 % in inpatient groups in Europe and North America . DID is diagnosed more frequently in North America than in the rest of the world , and is diagnosed three to nine times more often in females than in males . Rates of diagnoses increased greatly in the latter half of the 20th century , along with the number of identities -LRB- often referred to as `` alters '' -RRB- claimed by people -LRB- increasing from an average of two or three to approximately 16 -RRB- . DID is also controversial within the legal system , where it has been used as a rarely successful form of the insanity defense . The 1990s showed a parallel increase in the number of court cases involving the diagnosis . DID became a popular diagnosis in the 1970s , '80s , and '90s , but it is unclear whether the actual rate of the disorder increased , whether it was more recognized by health care providers , or whether sociocultural factors caused an increase in therapy-induced -LRB- iatrogenic -RRB- presentations . The unusual number of diagnoses after 1980 , clustered around a small number of clinicians , and the suggestibility characteristic of those with DID , support the hypothesis that DID is therapist-induced . The unusual clustering of diagnoses has also been explained as due to a lack of awareness and training among clinicians to recognize cases of DID . ", "An adjustment disorder -LRB- AD -RRB- -- sometimes called exogenous , reactive , or situational depression -- occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a particular stress or a major life event . Since people with this disorder normally have symptoms that depressed people do , such as general loss of interest , feelings of hopelessness and crying , this disorder is sometimes known as situational depression . Unlike major depression , the disorder is caused by an outside stressor and generally resolves once the individual is able to adapt to the situation . One hypothesis about AD is that it may represent a sub-threshold clinical syndrome . The condition is different from anxiety disorder , which lacks the presence of a stressor , or post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder , which usually are associated with a more intense stressor . Common characteristics of AD include mild depressive symptoms , anxiety symptoms , and traumatic stress symptoms or a combination of the three . There are nine types of AD listed in the DSM-III-R . According to the DSM-IV-TR , there are six types of AD , which are characterized by the following predominant symptoms : depressed mood , anxiety , mixed depression and anxiety , disturbance of conduct , mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct , and unspecified . However , the criteria for these symptoms are not specified in greater detail . AD may be acute or chronic , depending on whether it lasts more or less than six months . According to the DSM-IV-TR , if the AD lasts less than 6 months , then it may be considered acute . If it lasts more than six months , it may be considered chronic . Moreover , the symptoms can not last longer than six months after the stressor -LRB- s -RRB- , or its consequences , have terminated . Diagnosis of AD is quite common ; there is an estimated incidence of 5 % -- 21 % among psychiatric consultation services for adults . Adult women are diagnosed twice as often as are adult men . Among children and adolescents , girls and boys are equally likely to receive this diagnosis . AD was introduced into the psychiatric classification systems almost 30 years ago , but similar syndromes were recognized for many years before that . ", "Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear . Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events . These feelings may cause physical symptoms , such as a fast heart rate and shakiness . There are a number of anxiety disorders : including generalized anxiety disorder , specific phobia , social anxiety disorder , separation anxiety disorder , agoraphobia , panic disorder , and selective mutism . The disorder differs by what results in the symptoms . People often have more than one anxiety disorder . The cause of anxiety disorders is a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Risk factors include a history of child abuse , family history of mental disorders , and poverty . Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental disorders , particularly major depressive disorder , personality disorder , and substance use disorder . To be diagnosed symptoms typically need to be present for at least six months , be more than would be expected for the situation , and decrease functioning . Other problems that may result in similar symptoms including hyperthyroidism ; heart disease ; caffeine , alcohol , or cannabis use ; and withdrawal from certain drugs , among others . Without treatment , anxiety disorders tend to remain . Treatment may include lifestyle changes , counselling , and medications . Counselling is typically with a type of cognitive behavioural therapy . Medications , such as antidepressants or beta blockers , may improve symptoms . About 12 % of people are affected by an anxiety disorder in a given year and between 5-30 % are affected at some point in their life . They occur about twice as often in females as males , and generally begin before the age of 25 . The most common are specific phobia which affects nearly 12 % and social anxiety disorder which affects 10 % at some point in their life . They affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 the most and become less common after the age of 55 . Rates appear to be higher in the United States and Europe . ", "Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil , often accompanied by nervous behavior , such as pacing back and forth , somatic complaints , and rumination . It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events , such as the feeling of imminent death . Anxiety is not the same as fear , which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat , whereas anxiety is the expectation of future threat . Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry , usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing . It is often accompanied by muscular tension , restlessness , fatigue and problems in concentration . Anxiety can be appropriate , but when experienced regularly the individual may suffer from an anxiety disorder . People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past . There are various types of anxiety . Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces angst , an existential crisis , or nihilistic feelings . People can also face mathematical anxiety , somatic anxiety , stage fright , or test anxiety . Social anxiety and stranger anxiety are caused when people are apprehensive around strangers or other people in general . Furthermore , anxiety has been linked with physical symptoms such as IBS and can heighten other mental health illnesses such as OCD and panic disorder . The first step in the management of a person with anxiety symptoms is to evaluate the possible presence of an underlying medical cause , whose recognition is essential in order to decide its correct treatment . Anxiety symptoms may be masking an organic disease , or appear associated or as a result of a medical disorder . Anxiety can be either a short term `` state '' or a long term `` trait '' . Whereas trait anxiety represents worrying about future events , anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear . Anxiety disorders are partly genetic but may also be due to drug use , including alcohol , caffeine , and benzodiazepines -LRB- which are often prescribed to treat anxiety -RRB- , as well as withdrawal from drugs of abuse . They often occur with other mental disorders , particularly bipolar disorder , eating disorders , major depressive disorder , or certain personality disorders . Common treatment options include lifestyle changes , medication , and therapy . ", "Parkinson 's disease -LRB- PD -RRB- is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' . The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases . There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA -LRB- levodopa -RRB- , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong . In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day -LRB- on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April -RRB- and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali . " ]

[ 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ "Elections_in_Bonaire", "Bonaire", "ABC_islands_-LRB-Lesser_Antilles-RRB-", "ISO_3166-2-COLON-AN", "Suriname_-LRB-Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands-RRB-" ]

[ "Elections in Bonaire gives information on elections and election results in Bonaire , which was a member of the Netherlands Antilles until its dissolution in 2010 . Bonaire is now a public body of the Netherlands . ", "Bonaire -LRB- pronounced -LSB- bɔːˈnɛər -RSB- or -LSB- bɒnˈɛər -RSB- Bonaire , -LSB- boˈnɛːr -RSB- ; Papiamentu : Boneiru -RRB- is an island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea . Together with Aruba and Curaçao , it forms the group known as the ABC islands , located less than a hundred miles off the north coast of South America near the western part of Venezuela . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , the ABCs lie outside the hurricane belt . The islands have an arid climate , which helps tourism , as visitors to the islands can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . Bonaire is a popular destination for SCUBA divers , and it is also well known for easy access to its various reefs from the shore . Bonaire 's capital is Kralendijk . The island has a permanent population of 18,905 -LRB- as of 1 January 2015 -RRB- and an area of 294 km2 -LRB- together with nearby uninhabited Klein Bonaire -RRB- . Bonaire was part of the Netherlands Antilles until the country 's dissolution in 2010 , when the island became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands . It is one of the three BES islands in the Caribbean ; the other two BES islands are Sint Eustatius and Saba . ", "The ABC islands are the three western-most islands of the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea that lie north of Falcón State , Venezuela . From west to east they are , in order Aruba , Curaçao , and Bonaire . All three islands are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , although they remain outside the European Union . Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous , self-governing constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , while Bonaire is a special municipality of the Netherlands proper . ", "ISO 3166-2 : AN was the entry for the Netherlands Antilles in ISO 3166-2 , part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization -LRB- ISO -RRB- , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions -LRB- e.g. , provinces or states -RRB- of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 . The Netherlands Antilles were officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code before it was dissolved into five separate territories in 2010 , and the entry has been deleted from ISO 3166-1 as a result . Curaçao and Sint Maarten , which became `` countries '' in the Kingdom of the Netherlands , are now assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes and respectively . Bonaire , Sint Eustatius , and Saba , which became `` special municipalities '' of the Netherlands , are now assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code under the collective entry `` Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba '' . No ISO 3166-2 codes were ever defined in the entry for the Netherlands Antilles . ", "Suriname was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1954 and 1975 . The country had full autonomy , except in areas of defence , foreign policy , and nationality , and participated on a basis of equality with the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands itself in the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The country became fully independent on 25 November 1975 . " ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Eurotas_-LRB-river-RRB-", "Cephissus_-LRB-Boeotia-RRB-", "Greece", "Cyclades", "Therapeio" ]

[ "The Eurotas or Evrotas -LRB- Greek : Ευρώτας -RRB- is the main river of Laconia and one of the major rivers of the Peloponnese , in Greece . The river 's springs are located just northwest of the border between Laconia and Arcadia , at Skortsinos . The river is also fed by underwater springs at Pellana and by tributaries coursing down from Mt. Taygetos and Mt. Parnon , which flank the Eurotas valley to the west and east , respectively . The river is 82 km long , flowing in a north-south direction and emptying into the Laconian Gulf . ", "The Cephissus or Kifisos is a river in central Greece . In Greek mythology the river god Cephissus was associated with this river . The river rises at Lilaia in Phocis , on the northwestern slope of Mount Parnassus . It flows east through the Boeotian plain , passing the towns Amfikleia , Kato Tithorea and Orchomenos . It drained into Lake Copais , which was therefore also called the Cephisian Lake , until 1887 , when the lake was drained . An artificial outflow has been created to Lake Yliki -LRB- ancient Hylice -RRB- , further east . Pausanias records a Theban tradition that the river Cephissus formerly flowed under a mountain and entered the sea until Heracles blocked the passage and diverted the water into the Orchomenian plain ; but he does not believe it . Pausanias also says that the Lilaeans on certain days threw cakes and other customary items into the spring of the Cephissus and that they would reappear in the spring of Castalia . The Cephissus valley is of strategic importance , connecting northern Greece via the passes of Mount Oeta and Mount Kallidromo -LRB- including Thermopylae -RRB- to southern Greece and the Gulf of Corinth . As a result , in the Frankish period a chain of forts and watchtowers was established along its course by the rulers of the Duchy of Athens . ", "Greece -LRB- Ελλάδα , -LSB- eˈlaða -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Hellenic Republic -LRB- Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία , -LSB- eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a -RSB- -RRB- , historically also known as Hellas -LRB- Ἑλλάς , -LSB- heˈlas -RSB- , modern pronunciation Ellás -RRB- , is a country in southeastern Europe , with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015 . Athens is the nation 's capital and largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula , it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . Greece consists of nine geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands -LRB- including the Dodecanese and Cyclades -RRB- , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13676 km in length , featuring a vast number of islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2918 m. Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , the Olympic Games , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , and Western drama . From the eighth century BC , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as polis , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , wherein the Greek language and culture were dominant . The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World . Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century , the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence . Greece 's rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , among the most in Europe and the world . Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy , a high quality of life , and a very high standard of living . A founding member of the United Nations , Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities -LRB- precursor to the European Union -RRB- and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001 . It is also a member of numerous other international institutions , including the Council of Europe , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- , the World Trade Organization -LRB- WTO -RRB- , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe -LRB- OSCE -RRB- , and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie -LRB- OIF -RRB- . Greece 's unique cultural heritage , large tourism industry , prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance classify it as a middle power . It is the largest economy in the Balkans , where it is an important regional investor . ", "The Cyclades -LRB- -LSB- ˈsɪklədiːz -RSB- Κυκλάδες , -LSB- cikˈlaðes -RSB- -RRB- are an island group in the Aegean Sea , southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece . They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago . The name refers to the islands around the sacred island of Delos . The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos . ", "Therapeio is a village in the northern part of the Evros regional unit in Greece . It is located near the border with Bulgaria , on the left bank of the river Ardas , between the villages Milia to the west , and Komara to the east . Therapeio is in the municipal unit of Trigono . In 2011 its population was 86 . " ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 1, 0 ]

[ "Alan_White", "John_White_-LRB-footballer,_born_1986-RRB-", "Jerry_White_-LRB-Navigators-RRB-", "Alan_Johnson_-LRB-political_theorist-RRB-", "Clifford_Hart" ]

[ "Alan White may refer to : Alan White -LRB- English footballer -RRB- -LRB- born 1976 -RRB- , English footballer Alan White -LRB- Australian footballer -RRB- -LRB- born 1933 -RRB- , Australian rules footballer Alan White -LRB- novelist -RRB- -LRB- born 1924 -RRB- , English novelist , author of The Long Day 's Dying Alan White -LRB- RAF officer -RRB- -LRB- born 1932 -RRB- , British air marshal Alan White -LRB- Oasis drummer -RRB- -LRB- born 1972 -RRB- , English drummer in rock group Oasis Alan White -LRB- Yes drummer -RRB- -LRB- born 1949 -RRB- , English drummer in rock group Yes Alan White -LRB- disc jockey -RRB- -LRB- born 1941 -RRB- , American disc jockey Alan White -LRB- economist -RRB- , University of Toronto finance professor Alan White -LRB- actor -RRB- -LRB- born 1924 -RRB- , Australian actor Alan White , British Committee of 100 -LRB- United Kingdom -RRB- signatory Alan White -LRB- diplomat -RRB- , former British Ambassador to Bolivia and Chile 1985 -- 1987 ", "John Alan White -LRB- born 26 July 1986 -RRB- is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Southend United . He previously played in the Football League for Colchester United , where he made over 200 league appearances . ", "Jerry E. White -LRB- born 1937 -RRB- is an American author , scientist , retired US Air Force Major General , and is perhaps best known as a Christian leader who is the immediate past International President of The Navigators , a worldwide Christian parachurch organization whose main purpose is the discipling -LRB- training -RRB- of Christians with a particular emphasis on enabling them to share their faith with others . White currently serves with The Navigators as President Emeritus and Chairman of the U.S. Board of Directors . ", "Alan Johnson is a British political theorist and activist . He is a Senior Research Fellow at the Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre . Previously he was Professor of Democratic Theory and Practice at Edge Hill University . ", "Clifford A. Hart , Jr. is an American diplomat . He assumed his responsibilities as Consul General of the United States of America to Hong Kong and Macau beginning on July 30 , 2013 . As Consul General , he is responsible for the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions . His most recent appointment was as the Special Envoy for the Six-Party Talks , for which President Obama accorded him the personal rank of Ambassador . Over his 30-year diplomatic career , Hart 's overseas experience includes three assignments to China and one each in the Soviet Union and Iraq . He also has pursued Chinese language training in Taiwan . He can understand Cantonese . As Consul General to Hong Kong and Macau , he makes good use of social media and is well-liked locally ; he is affectionately nicknamed `` Clifford BB '' . Hart 's other Washington assignments include , at the White House , the National Security Council 's China/Taiwan Director ; at the Pentagon , Foreign Policy Advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations ; and , at the State Department , Director of the Office of Taiwan Coordination , Deputy Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization , Operations Center Deputy Director for Crisis Management , and other positions . Hart is a recipient of the State Department 's highest commendation for diplomatic reporting and the U.S. Navy 's Distinguished Public Servant Award . He also has received State Department Superior and Meritorious Honor Awards and the U.S. Army 's Meritorious Civilian Service Award . Hart holds a master 's degree from the University of Virginia , where he was a President 's Fellow . On June 10 , 2016 , the Department of State announced that Hart would be succeeded by Kurt Tong , Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of State , from August 2016 . During a Facebook Live chat session in July 2016 , Hart said that he will retire from his 33-year diplomatic career and return to Hong Kong to work for a private institution . " ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Zoey_Deutch", "Vampire_Academy_-LRB-film-RRB-", "Psych_-LRB-season_2-RRB-", "Anneliese_van_der_Pol", "The_Vampire's_Ghost" ]

[ "Zoey Francis Thompson Deutch -LRB- born November 10 , 1994 -RRB- is an American actress . She is known for portraying Rosemarie `` Rose '' Hathaway in Vampire Academy -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Beverly in the Richard Linklater film Everybody Wants Some !! -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , Stephanie Fleming in Why Him ? -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , Samantha Kingston in Before I Fall -LRB- 2017 -RRB- and Erica Vandross in Flower -LRB- 2017 -RRB- . Her other film roles include Beautiful Creatures -LRB- 2013 -RRB- and Dirty Grandpa -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . ", "Vampire Academy -LRB- also known as Vampire Academy : Blood Sisters -RRB- is a 2014 American fantasy comedy film based on Richelle Mead 's 2007 best-selling novel of the same name , directed by Mark Waters , and scripted by Daniel Waters . The film stars Zoey Deutch , Danila Kozlovsky , Lucy Fry , and Dominic Sherwood in lead roles . It was released in North America on February 7 , 2014 and globally between March and July of the same year . It was distributed in the United States by The Weinstein Company . The film was a failure critically and financially , grossing only $ 15.4 million worldwide against a $ 30 million budget , making the film a box office flop . ", "The second season of Psych originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 13 , 2007 to February 15 , 2008 . It consisted of 16 episodes . James Roday , Dulé Hill , Timothy Omundson , Maggie Lawson , and Corbin Bernsen reprised their roles as the main characters , and Kirsten Nelson joined the main cast . James Roday portrayed Shawn Spencer , a fake psychic detective who periodically consults for the Santa Barbara police department . A DVD of the season was released on July 8 , 2008 . ", "Anneliese Louise van der Pol -LRB- Born September 23 , 1984 -RRB- is a Dutch and American actress , singer , model , and dancer . Following her early career in musical theatre , she was best known for her role as Chelsea Daniels on That 's So Raven . Van der Pol also has a career as a singer and has recorded several songs for The Walt Disney Company . She made her Broadway debut in 2007 , and appeared Off-Broadway in 2009 . She has also acted in the 2010 vampire spoof film Vampires Suck directed by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . ", "The Vampire 's Ghost is 1945 American horror film directed by Lesley Selander written by Leigh Brackett and John K. Butler . The film stars John Abbott , Charles Gordon , Peggy Stewart , Grant Withers , Emmett Vogan and Adele Mara . The film is based on John William Polidori 's short story `` The Vampyre '' and was released on May 21 , 1945 , by Republic Pictures . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Richard_Dawson", "5th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards", "Family_Feud", "Bob_Barker", "Jed_Allan" ]

[ "Richard Dawson -LRB- born Colin Lionel Emm ; 20 November 1932 -- 2 June 2012 -RRB- was a British-American actor and comedian , and a game show host and panellist in the United States . Dawson was well known for playing Corporal Peter Newkirk on Hogan 's Heroes , being the original host of the Family Feud game show from 1976 -- 85 , and from 1994 -- 95 , and a regular panellist on the 1970s version of Match Game on CBS from 1973 -- 78 . In 1984 , he became an American citizen while retaining his British citizenship . ", "The 5th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on June 7 , 1978 on ABC , to commemorate excellence in American daytime programming from the previous year -LRB- 1977 -RRB- . The awards were hosted by Family Feud host Richard Dawson , who also won an award for best game show host . Winners in each category are in bold . ", "Family Feud is an American television game show created by Mark Goodson where two families compete to name the most popular responses to survey questions in order to win cash and prizes . It is considered a spin-off of Match Game , whose panel included original host Richard Dawson . The program premiered on ABC on July 12 , 1976 , and ran as part of its daytime schedule until June 14 , 1985 . The program was re-launched by CBS on July 4 , 1988 , and ran until September 10 , 1993 . Three separate editions for syndication were also produced . The first aired from September 19 , 1977 to September 6 , 1985 . The second aired from September 19 , 1988 to September 8 , 1995 . The current syndicated series premiered on September 20 , 1999 . The ABC network version of the show and the first syndicated series were hosted by Richard Dawson . Ray Combs hosted the CBS series and the first six seasons of the accompanying syndicated version , then was replaced by Dawson for the final season . The 1999 syndicated series has been hosted by Louie Anderson -LRB- 1999 -- 2002 -RRB- , Richard Karn -LRB- 2002 -- 06 -RRB- , John O'Hurley -LRB- 2006 -- 10 -RRB- , and Steve Harvey -LRB- 2010 -- present -RRB- . Announcers for the series have included Gene Wood -LRB- 1976 -- 85 , 1988 -- 95 -RRB- , Burton Richardson -LRB- 1999 -- 2010 -RRB- , Joey Fatone -LRB- 2010 -- 15 -RRB- , and Rubin Ervin -LRB- 2015 -- present -RRB- . The program has spawned multiple regional adaptations in over 50 international markets outside the United States . Within a year of its debut , the original version became the number one game show in daytime television ; however , as viewing habits changed , the ratings declined . Harvey 's takeover in 2010 increased Nielsen ratings significantly and eventually placed the program among the top five most popular syndicated television shows in the country . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Family Feud third in its list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . ", "Robert William Barker -LRB- born December 12 , 1923 -RRB- is an American former television game show host . He is best known for hosting CBS 's The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 , making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history , and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1974 . Born in Darrington , Washington to modest circumstances , Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II . Barker worked part-time in radio while he attended college . In 1950 , Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting . He was given his own radio show , The Bob Barker Show , which ran for the next six years . Barker began his game show career in 1956 , hosting Truth or Consequences . From there , he hosted various game shows as well as the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants from 1967 to 1987 giving him the distinction of being the longest serving host of these pageants . Eventually , he began hosting The Price Is Right in 1972 . When his wife Dorothy Jo died , Barker became an advocate for animal rights and of animal-rights activism , supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society . In 2007 , Barker retired from hosting The Price Is Right after celebrating his 50-year career on television . ", "Jed Allan -LRB- born Jed Allan Brown ; March 1 , 1937 -RRB- is an American actor and game show host , primarily known for his roles on soap operas . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

[ "Ed_and_Lorraine_Warren", "Jeanne_Knoerle", "Paul_Clarence_Schulte", "Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters", "Clare_Imrie" ]

[ "Edward Warren Miney -LRB- September 7 , 1926 -- August 23 , 2006 -RRB- and Lorraine Rita Warren -LRB- née Moran , born January 31 , 1927 -RRB- were a married Roman Catholic couple who were highly controversial American paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent cases of hauntings . Edward was a World War II United States Navy veteran and former police officer who became a self-taught and self-professed demonologist , author , and lecturer . Lorraine professes to be clairvoyant and a light trance medium who worked closely with her husband . In 1952 , the Warrens founded the New England Society for Psychic Research , the oldest ghost hunting group in New England . They authored numerous books about the paranormal and about their private investigations into various reports of paranormal activity . They claimed to have investigated over 10,000 cases during their career . The Warrens were among the very first investigators in the controversial Amityville haunting . According to the Warrens , the N.E.S.P.R. utilizes a variety of individuals , including medical doctors , researchers , police officers , nurses , college students , and members of the clergy in its investigations . Stories of ghost hauntings popularized by the Warrens have been adapted as , or have indirectly inspired , dozens of films , television series and documentaries , including 17 films in the Amityville Horror series alone . Other adaptations include the 2013 movie The Conjuring , its prequel/spinoff from 2014 , Annabelle , and its sequel , The Conjuring 2 , released in 2016 . Skeptics Perry DeAngelis and Steve Novella have investigated the Warren 's evidence and found it all to be `` blarney '' . Skeptical investigators Joe Nickell and Ben Radford concluded that the more famous hauntings , Amityville and the Snedeker 's , did not happen and had been `` invented '' . ", "Sister Jeanne Knoerle , S.P. , -LRB- February 24 , 1928 -- June 10 , 2013 -RRB- was an author , educator and theologian . A Roman Catholic Religious Sister , she was a member of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods . She was president of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College in Indiana from 1968 to 1983 . Other posts were with the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities -LRB- board chair , 1979 -- 80 -RRB- and with the Lilly Endowment . ", "Paul Clarence Schulte -LRB- March 18 , 1890 -- February 17 , 1984 -RRB- was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Indianapolis from 1946 to 1970 . ", "The Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters are a Roman Catholic religious institute of cloistered nuns . The nuns live a contemplative life , focused on perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament , offering intercessory prayers for the world . Inside the cloister the nuns wear rose-colored habits in honor of the Holy Spirit . As a consequence of these habits those nuns are nicknamed the `` Pink Sisters . '' The congregation was founded in 1896 in the Netherlands by Saint Arnold Janssen , a German diocesan priest who had first founded in 1875 the Society of the Divine Word and in 1889 the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit . Janssen was canonized on October 5 , 2003 , by Pope John Paul II . The first house was established in Pennsylvania , United States in 1915 by Mother Mary Michael -LRB- Adolfine Tönnies -RRB- -LRB- 1862 - 1934 -RRB- , upon the invitation of Archbishop Edmund Francis Pendergast . Currently , there are 22 Houses located in Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Germany , India , Indonesia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Poland , Slovakia , Togo , and the United States . ", "Amy Elizabeth Imrie -LRB- 4 Oct 1870 -- 4 Apr 1944 -RRB- , Born Pollard , was a British heiress and one of the wealthiest women in Britain who , at the age of 37 , became a Roman Catholic nun , Sister Mary Clare and , subsequently , Mother Superior of the Order of Poor Clares . Born as Amy Elizabeth Rosalie Pollard in British Guiana to William Branch Pollard and his first wife , Elizabeth Anne -LRB- née Blackley -RRB- . After the death of her mother , at aged 1 , she went to live with her mother 's sister Hannah and her husband William Imrie . She was later adopted by Hannah and William . William Imrie was co-owner of White Star Line shipping , and Amy was the sole heir to his fortune upon his death in 1906 , receiving income from his estate during her life . The following year she became Sister Mary Clare of the Order of Poor Clares , eventually leading the convent as Mother Clare . In 1910 she funded the building and interior decorating of St Mary of the Angels Roman Catholic Church in Liverpool , which is known as `` the Vatican outside of Rome '' , because of the splendid artistry displayed in its interior . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ "History_of_Scandinavia", "Scandinavia", "Sweden", "Danish_language", "Eric_of_Norway" ]

[ "The history of Scandinavia is the history of the region of northern Europe comprising Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . Finland and Iceland are at times considered part of Scandinavia . ", "Scandinavia -LSB- ˌskændɪˈneɪviə -RSB- is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . The remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia , nor is Greenland , an overseas territory of Denmark . However , the Faroe Islands , also a Danish overseas territory , are sometimes included , as sometimes are Iceland , Finland , and the Finnish autonomous region of the Åland Islands , because of their historical association with the Scandinavian countries and the Scandinavian peoples and languages . This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries . In Nordic languages , only Denmark , Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia . In English usage , Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area , also known as the Scandinavian Peninsula . The name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish , now Swedish , region Scania . The terms Scandinavia and Scandinavian entered usage in the late 18th century as terms for Denmark , Norway and Sweden , their Germanic majority peoples and associated language and culture , the term being introduced by the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement . The majority of the population of Scandinavia are descended from several -LRB- North -RRB- Germanic tribes who originally inhabited the southern part of Scandinavia and spoke a Germanic language that evolved into Old Norse . Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse , and are therefore often seen as Scandinavian . Finland is mainly populated by Finns , with a minority of approximately 5 % of Swedish speakers . A small minority of Sami people live in the extreme north of Scandinavia . The Danish , Norwegian and Swedish languages form a dialect continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages -- all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another . Faroese and Icelandic , sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages , are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent . Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages , but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Apart from these , German , Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia . The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate . Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle , but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream . Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate . There are many lakes and moraines , legacies of the last glacial period , which ended about ten millennia ago . ", "Sweden -LRB- Konungariket Sverige -RRB- , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas . Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities . Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe . After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development . ", "Danish -LSB- ˈdeɪnᵻʃ -RSB- -LRB- dansk -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ -RSB- ; dansk sprog , -LSB- ˈd̥anˀsɡ̊ ˈsb̥ʁɔʊ̯ˀ -RSB- -RRB- is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15 -- 20 % of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples that lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian and Swedish as Mainland Scandinavian while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as Insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though there are regional variants of the standard language . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative . Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels , and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød , a kind of laryngeal phonation type . Due to the many pronunciation differences that set apart Danish from its neighboring languages , particularly the vowels , difficult prosody and `` weakly '' pronounced consonants , it is sometimes considered to be a difficult language to learn and understand , and there is some evidence that small children are slower to acquire the phonological distinctions of Danish . The grammar is moderately inflective with strong -LRB- irregular -RRB- and weak -LRB- regular -RRB- conjugations and inflections . Nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender . As in English , Danish only has remnants of a former case system , particularly in the pronouns , and it has lost all person marking on verbs . Its syntax is V2 , with the finite verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence . ", "Eric of Norway may refer to : Eric I of Norway , Eric I Bloodaxe , -LRB- reigned c.930-934 -RRB- Eric II of Norway , Eric II Magnusson , -LRB- reigned 1280 -- 1299 -RRB- " ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ "Backing_vocalist", "Joel_Hanson", "Self_-LRB-band-RRB-", "Maria_Azevedo", "The_C.I.P._-LRB-band-RRB-" ]

[ "Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles . Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands -LRB- e.g. , the power trio -RRB- , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones . The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus -LRB- refrain -RRB- section of the songs . ", "Joel Hanson was the lead singer and guitarist for Christian rock band PFR . After the breakup of the band , he went on to a solo career with the albums Captured , Broken and `` What If It Is '' . Joel is a songwriter who has collaborated with several artists across the music industry , including Sara Groves , Geoff Moore , and Phil Keaggy . Joel is currently performing with The Joel Hanson Band . His brother Jade was the lead singer for the Christian rock band Believable Picnic . In 2012 , PFR announced a tour taking place in various cities called PFR 12 in 2012 . ", "Self -LRB- stylized as sElf or SeLF -RRB- is an American alternative pop/rock band from Murfreesboro , Tennessee and is largely the creative vision of writer , singer , producer , and multi-instrumentalist Matt Mahaffey . Though it is considered a band and not a solo project , Matt Mahaffey is the primary performer of all instrumentation and vocals on studio albums . Other members have contributed occasional parts on albums and have participated in live performances . The band currently consists of Chris James -LRB- keyboards , piano , samplers , guitar , backing vocals -RRB- , Mac Burrus -LRB- bass guitar , keyboards , horns , backing vocals -RRB- , and Jason Rawlings -LRB- Drums -RRB- . Past members include Matt 's brother , Mike Mahaffey -LRB- lead guitar , keyboards , vocals -RRB- and Timm Nobles -LRB- bass guitar -RRB- . Mahaffey cites Electric Light Orchestra , Prince , and Pixies as some of his biggest musical influences . ", "Maria Azevedo is an American musician based in San Francisco . She is best recognized as the lead vocalist of the 1990s electro-industrial outfits Battery and Ivoux . She also collaborated with Deathline Int ` l. , Razor Skyline and Vampire Rodents . ", "The C.I.P is an electronic duo band formed in late 2013 in Italy . The group consists of Michele Scheveger -LRB- lead vocals and additional synthesizer -RRB- and Simone Cavalli -LRB- synthesizer and samplers -RRB- . " ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

[ "Telephone_-LRB-song-RRB-", "FM_S.H.E", "The_Promise_Ring_-LRB-album-RRB-", "A_Private_Wire", "Curfew_Must_Not_Ring_Tonight" ]

[ "`` Telephone '' is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her third EP , The Fame Monster -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . The song features American singer Beyoncé . The song was written by Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Inspired by her fear of suffocation , Gaga explained that the lyrics preferring relaxing on the dance floor to answering her lover 's phone call are a metaphor , the phone calling her representing the fear of not having worked hard enough to succeed . Originally , Gaga wrote the song for Britney Spears , who recorded a demo . Musically , `` Telephone '' consists of an expanded bridge , verse-rap and a sampled voice of an operator announcing that the phone line is unreachable . Beyoncé appears in the middle of the song , singing the verses in a rapid-fire way , accompanied by double beats . The song received positive reviews from critics who frequently noted `` Telephone '' as a stand-out track from The Fame Monster . It was Grammy-nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2011 . `` Telephone '' charted in a number of countries due to digital sales following the album 's release , namely in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and Hungary . The song was particularly successful in Europe where it reached the top of the charts in Belgium , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the single sold 7.4 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it one of Gaga 's best-selling singles . The accompanying music video is a continuation of the video for her 2009 song , `` Paparazzi '' , and is also shot as a short film . After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé , they go to a diner and poison the guests having breakfast . After the homicide they escape and end up in a high-speed police chase . The video referenced Quentin Tarantino and his films Pulp Fiction -LRB- 1994 -RRB- and Kill Bill : Volume 1 -LRB- 2003 -RRB- . The video received generally positive reviews was nominated for three awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , including one for Video of the Year . In January 2015 Billboard named it the best video of the first half of the decade . In memory of Alexander McQueen , Gaga performed an acoustic rendition of `` Telephone '' mixed with `` Dance in the Dark '' at the 2010 BRIT Awards . It was also added to the set list of The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 , the Born This Way Ball in 2012 and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 . ", "FM S.H.E is the ninth studio album by Taiwanese Mandopop girl group S.H.E. . It was released on 23 September 2008 by HIM International Music in two editions : FM S.H.E -LRB- Retro Radio Edition -RRB- and FM S.H.E -LRB- Future Radio Edition -RRB- which contains a bonus DVD with two music videos and behind-the-scene footage . The album contains 12 tracks and members of the group take on the persona of radio hosts , which is interspersed with three radio station-esque snippets . The track '' 安静了 '' -LRB- It 's Quiet Now -RRB- , with lyrics rewritten by Selina , is a cover of '' 安靜 '' -LRB- Silence -RRB- by Taiwanese artist Jay Chou , which was released in his second album Fantasy . From December 2007 to September 2008 , the music video for '' 宇宙小姐 '' -LRB- Miss Universe -RRB- was the year 's 5th most popular music video , having been requested over 32 million times . ", "The Promise Ring -LRB- subtitled `` Songs of New Eireland '' -RRB- is the eleventh solo album by Yes lead singer Jon Anderson , released in 1997 on the OM Town label . ", "A Private Wire is a one-act musical `` vaudeville '' operetta with a libretto by Frank Desprez and Arnold Felix and music by Percy Reeve . It was first produced at the Savoy Theatre on 31 March 1883 to 1 January 1884 as a companion piece to Gilbert and Sullivan 's Iolanthe . The piece also toured from March to July 1884 . No copy of a printed libretto or vocal score is in the British Library . A copy of the libretto is in the Lord Chamberlain 's collection . ", "Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight is a narrative poem by Rose Hartwick Thorpe , written in 1867 and set in the 17th century . It was written when she was 16 years old and first published in Detroit Commercial Advertiser . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ "Great_white_shark", "Shark_Kill", "2003_Marriott_Hotel_bombing", "1994–95_San_Jose_Sharks_season", "Rosewood_massacre" ]

[ "The great white shark -LRB- Carcharodon carcharias -RRB- , also known as the great white , white pointer , white shark , or white death , is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans . The great white shark is notable for its size , with mature female individuals growing up to 6.1 m in length and 1950 kg in weight . However most are smaller , males measuring 11 to and females 15 to on average . According to a 2014 study the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more , well above previous estimates , making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fish currently known . According to the same study , male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity , while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring . Great white sharks can accelerate to over 56 km/h for short bursts . The great white shark has no known natural predators other than the killer whale . The great white shark is arguably the world 's largest known extant macropredatory fish , and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals . It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals , including fish and seabirds . It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon , and is ranked first in having the most recorded shark bite incidents on humans . The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species , while it is included in Appendix II of CITES . The novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a `` ferocious man eater '' . Humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark , but , nevertheless , the great white is responsible for the largest number of reported and identified fatal unprovoked shark attacks on humans . ", "Shark Kill is a 1976 made-for-television adventure film directed by William A. Graham . The film was one of the first films released to capitalize on the success of the 1975 film Jaws ; both films follow the premise of men hunting a bloodthirsty great white shark . ", "The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on 5 August 2003 in Mega Kuningan , South Jakarta , Indonesia . A suicide bomber detonated a car bomb outside the lobby of the JW Marriott Hotel , killing twelve people and injuring 150 . Those killed were mostly Indonesian , with the exception of one Dutch man . The hotel was viewed as a Western symbol , and had been used by the United States embassy for various events . The hotel was closed for five weeks and reopened to the public on 8 September . ", "In the 1994 -- 95 San Jose Sharks season , the Sharks once again qualified for the playoffs and won their first-round series before losing in the second round to the Detroit Red Wings . ", "The Rosewood massacre was a violent , racially motivated massacre of blacks and destruction of a black town that took place during the first week of January 1923 in rural Levy County , Florida . At least six blacks and two whites were killed , and the town of Rosewood was abandoned and destroyed in what contemporary news reports characterized as a race riot . Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States , reflecting the nation 's rapid social changes . Florida had an especially high number of lynchings of black males in the years before the massacre , including a well-publicized incident in December 1922 . Prior to the massacre , the town of Rosewood had been a quiet , primarily black , self-sufficient whistle stop on the Seaboard Air Line Railway . Trouble began when white men from several nearby towns lynched a black Rosewood resident because of unsupported accusations that a white woman in nearby Sumner had been beaten and possibly raped by a black drifter . When the town 's black citizens rallied together to defend themselves against further attacks , a mob of several hundred whites combed the countryside hunting for black people , and burned almost every structure in Rosewood . Survivors from the town hid for several days in nearby swamps until they were evacuated by train and car to larger towns . Although state and local authorities were aware of the violence , no arrests were made for what happened in Rosewood . The town was abandoned by its former black residents ; none ever moved back . Although the rioting was widely reported around the United States at the time , few official records documented the event . Survivors , their descendants , and the perpetrators remained silent about Rosewood for decades . Sixty years after the rioting , the story of Rosewood was revived in major media when several journalists covered it in the early 1980s . Survivors and their descendants organized to sue the state for having failed to protect Rosewood 's black community . In 1993 , the Florida Legislature commissioned a report on the massacre . As a result of the findings , Florida became the first U.S. state to compensate survivors and their descendants for damages incurred because of racial violence . The incident was the subject of a 1997 feature film directed by John Singleton . In 2004 , the state designated the site of Rosewood as a Florida Heritage Landmark . Officially , the recorded death toll of the first week of January 1923 was six blacks and two whites . Historians disagree about this number . Some survivors ' stories claim there may have been up to 27 black residents killed , and assert that newspapers did not report the total number of white deaths . Minnie Lee Langley , who was in the Carrier house siege , recalls that she stepped over many white bodies on the porch when she left the house . Several eyewitnesses claim to have seen a mass grave filled with black people ; one remembers a plow brought from Cedar Key that covered 26 bodies . Others claimed as many as 150 people were killed . However , by the time authorities investigated these claims , most of the witnesses were dead , or too elderly and infirm to lead them to a site to confirm the stories . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ "Akon", "Locked_Up_-LRB-song-RRB-", "List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_iKon", "The_Weeknd", "Annie_Lennox" ]

[ "Aliaume Damala Badara Akon Thiam -LRB- born April 16 , 1973 -RRB- , better known as Akon -LRB- pronounced -LSB- ˈeɪkɒn -RSB- -RRB- , is an American singer , rapper , songwriter , businessman , record producer and actor of Senegalese descent . He rose to prominence in 2004 following the release of `` Locked Up '' , the first single from his debut album Trouble . He has since founded two successful record labels , Konvict Muzik and Kon Live Distribution . His second album , Konvicted received three nominations for the Grammy Awards in two categories , Best Contemporary R&B Album for Konvicted album and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for `` Smack That '' and `` I Wan na Love You '' . He is the first solo artist to hold both the number one and two spots simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 charts twice . Akon has had four songs certified as 3 × platinum , three songs certified as 2 × platinum , more than ten songs certified as 1 × platinum and more than ten songs certified as gold in digital sales . Akon has sung songs in other languages including Tamil , Hindi , and Spanish . He was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the # 1 selling artist for master ringtones in the world . Akon often provides vocals as a featured artist and is currently credited with over 300 guest appearances and more than 35 Billboard Hot 100 songs . He has worked with numerous performers such as Michael Jackson , Eminem , Snoop Dogg , Whitney Houston , Bone Thugs-N-Harmony , and Gwen Stefani . He has had five Grammy Awards nominations and has produced songs for artists such as Lady Gaga , Colby O'Donis , Kardinal Offishall , Leona Lewis , and T-Pain . Forbes ranked Akon 80th -LRB- Power Rank -RRB- in Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2010 and 5th in 40 Most Powerful Celebrities in Africa list , in 2011 . Billboard ranked Akon No. 6 on the list of Top Digital Songs Artists of the decade . ", "`` Locked Up '' is the debut single by American singer Akon , taken as the lead single from his debut studio album , Trouble . The single was released in 2004 , peaking at # 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , `` Locked Up '' peaked within the top 10 of the charts in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom . ", "This is a list of awards and nominations received by iKon , a South Korean boy band formed in 2015 by YG Entertainment . After their successful debut in 2015 , the group won best new artist in Mnet Asian Music Awards , MelOn Music Awards , Seoul Music Awards , Golden Disk Awards and Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards . In 2016 the group focused their activities in Japan and China , which led them win best new artist in Japan Record Award and QQ Music Awards . ", "The Weeknd -LRB- born Abel Makkonen Tesfaye ; February 16 , 1990 -RRB- is a Canadian singer , songwriter , and record producer . The Weeknd initially gained recognition after anonymously uploading several songs to YouTube in late 2010 . This allowed him to release of his debut mixtape , House of Balloons , in early 2011 . He released two further independent projects later that year , Thursday and Echoes of Silence , before signing to Republic Records in September 2012 . The three mixtapes received widespread critical acclaim upon release , and proceeded the release of the compilation album Trilogy . In 2013 , he released his debut studio album Kiss Land , which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . It was later confirmed to have sold over 273,000 copies in the United States . The Weeknd released his second album , Beauty Behind the Madness , in 2015 , breaking chart records in the process . It saw him become the first ever artist to have simultaneously held the top three spots on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart , with `` Earned It '' , `` The Hills '' , and `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' . It also became his first number one album on the US Billboard 200 , and saw triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- . The album additionally oversaw his first Grammy Award win for Best Urban Contemporary Album , as well as `` Earned It '' winning Best R&B Performance . He won both awards at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony in 2016 . He released his third studio album , Starboy , in 2016 to generally positive critical reception . The album 's title track topped the chart in several countries , including the U.S. , the UK and Canada , and became The Weeknd 's third number-one single . It gave him his second consecutive number one album , which also later saw platinum certification . Alongside his Grammy Award wins , The Weeknd has won nine Juno Awards and two American Music Awards . He has also founded the record label XO , and is a producer under both his given and stage names . ", "Ann `` Annie '' Lennox , -LRB- born 25 December 1954 -RRB- is a Scottish singer , songwriter , political activist and philanthropist . After achieving moderate success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists , she and fellow musician David A. Stewart went on to achieve major international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics . With a total of eight Brit Awards , including Best British Female Artist six times , Lennox has won more than any other female artist . She has also been named the `` Brits Champion of Champions '' . Lennox embarked on a solo career in 1992 with her debut album , Diva , which produced several hit singles including `` Why '' and `` Walking on Broken Glass '' . To date , she has released six solo studio albums and a compilation album , The Annie Lennox Collection -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . Aside from her eight Brit Awards , she has also collected four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . In 2002 , Lennox received a Billboard Century Award ; the highest accolade from Billboard Magazine . In 2004 , she won both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Into the West '' , written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . In addition to her career as a musician , Lennox is also a political and social activist , notable for raising money and awareness for HIV / AIDS as it affects women and children in Africa . In 2011 , Lennox was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for her `` tireless charity campaigns and championing of humanitarian causes '' . On 4 June 2012 she performed at the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of Buckingham Palace . Lennox performed the song `` Little Bird '' during the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London on 12 August 2012 . Lennox has been named `` The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive '' by VH1 and one of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone . In 2012 , she was rated No. 22 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Women in Music . She has earned the distinction of `` most successful female British artist in UK music history '' due to her commercial success since the early 1980s . , including her work within Eurythmics , Lennox had sold over 80 million records worldwide . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Hagop_Ishkanian", "Hagar_Yanai", "Hazal_Türesan", "Ilmarë", "Klaus_Hagerup" ]

[ "Hagop Ishkanian -LRB- Հակոբ Իշխանյան , born 27 July 1938 -RRB- is a contemporary Armenian and American sculptor . ", "Hagar Yanai -LRB- הגר ינאי born 1972 -RRB- is an Israeli author and recipient of the 2008 Prime Minister 's Award for Israeli Authors . She is also a two-time recipient of the Geffen Award for Best Original Hebrew Fantasy . ", "Hazal Türesan is a Turkish actress best known for her role in the Turkish television drama series Kara Para Aşk -LRB- English : Dirty Money and Love -RRB- ", "Ilmarë -LSB- - artˈilmarɛ -RSB- is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium . Her name may come from the Elvish word for `` starlight '' . It has been noted that her name closely resembles that of Ilmarinen which is a name shared by both an ancient Finnic sky-god and a character in the Kalevala . Along with Eönwë , Ilmarë is chief among the Maiar , and also the handmaiden to Varda . She is only mentioned briefly in the Valaquenta , where she is described as one of the chiefs of the Maiar . In The Book of Lost Tales she was named Erinti , and was said to be the Lady of Tol Eressëa before she became the daughter of Manwë and Varda . In The Silmarillion , though , she is made by Ilúvatar for the Music of the Ainur . ", "Klaus Hagerup -LRB- born 5 March 1946 -RRB- . He is a Norwegian author , translator , screenwriter , actor and director . He is the youngest of two brothers . He debuted with the poem collection `` Slik tenker jeg på dere '' -LRB- `` This is how I think about you '' -RRB- in 1969 . During 1968 -- 69 he worked at the Bergen theatre Den Nationale Scene and later at Nationaltheatret and Hålogaland Teater as an actor , instructor , director and writer . He has also acted in several movies , but is best known as a writer of plays for scene and radio theater . He has also written many well-known books , mostly for teenagers , but also for older and younger readers.He is best known for his books about the insecure teenage boy Markus . In 1988 he wrote a biography `` Alt er så nær meg '' -LRB- `` Everything is so close to me '' -RRB- about his famous mother , Inger Hagerup . He has won several literature awards for his books , including the Brage Prize in 1994 . Sverre Kjelsberg has written music for many of his lyrics , amongst others `` Ellinors vise '' -LRB- `` Ellinors song '' -RRB- . He has also collaborated with people like Tande-P , Jostein Gaarder , and Trond Kirkvaag . His brother , Helge Hagerup -LRB- deceased -RRB- was an author and artist , and his daughters , Hanne Hagerup and Hilde Hagerup , are also authors . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "Lois_Lane", "Memory_Lane", "Superman_-LRB-serial-RRB-", "Joseph_Lane_-LRB-disambiguation-RRB-", "Charles_Lane_-LRB-filmmaker-RRB-" ]

[ "Lois Lane is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Superman . Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , she first appeared in Action Comics # 1 -LRB- June 1938 -RRB- . Lois is a reporter for the Metropolis newspaper , the Daily Planet , an award-winning journalist and the primary love interest of Superman . Her physical appearance was originally based on Joanne Carter , a model hired by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and Siegel 's future wife . For her character , Siegel was inspired by actress Glenda Farrell , the movie star who portrayed Torchy Blane -- a gutsy , beautiful headline-hunting reporter , starring in a series of 1930s films . Siegel took her name from actress Lola Lane . She was also influenced by the real-life journalist Nellie Bly . Depictions of the character have varied spanning the comics and other media adaptations . The original Golden Age version of Lois Lane , as well as versions of her from the 1970s onwards , portrays Lois as a tough-as-nails journalist and intellectually equal to Superman . During the Silver Age of Comics , she was the star of Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane , a comic book series that had a light and humorous tone . Beginning in 2015 , she stars as the protagonist in the young adult novel series , Lois Lane , by writer Gwenda Bond . Lois is among the best-known female comic book characters . She has appeared in various Superman media adaptations . Actress Noel Neill first portrayed Lois Lane in the 1940s Superman film series and late reprise her role in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman . Margot Kidder played the character in four Superman films in the 1970s and '80s . Teri Hatcher portrayed her in the 1990s television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman and Erica Durance in the ' 00s series , Smallville . In the 2006 film Superman Returns , she was played by Kate Bosworth . The character was most recently portrayed by actress Amy Adams in the films Man of Steel -LRB- 2013 -RRB- and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . ", "Memory Lane may refer to Memory Lane -LRB- film -RRB- , a 2012 science-fiction film directed by Shawn Holmes Memory Lane -LRB- audio drama -RRB- , a Doctor Who audio drama Memory Lane , a 2010 album by The High Kings `` Memory Lane '' , a song by McFly from the album Wonderland `` Memory Lane '' , a song by Minnie Riperton from the album Minnie `` Memory Lane '' , a song by Tim McGraw from the album Tim McGraw `` Memory Lane '' , a song by Elliott Smith from the album From a Basement on the Hill `` Memory Lane -LRB- Sittin ' in da Park -RRB- '' , a song by Nas from the album Illmatic Memory Lane , a mini-game in Mario Party 6 Memory Lane , Inc , the company who operates classmates.com , a social media website Brian `` Memory '' Lane , a character in the BBC television drama series New Tricks , played by Alun Armstrong Memory Lane , a 1926 silent film starring Eleanor Boardman `` Memory Lane '' -LRB- The Vampire Diaries -RRB- an episode of the TV series The Vampire Diaries ", "Superman -LRB- 1948 -RRB- is a 15-part black-and-white Columbia film serial based on the comic book character Superman . It stars an uncredited Kirk Alyn -LRB- billed only by his character name , Superman ; but credited on the promotional posters -RRB- and Noel Neill as Lois Lane . Like Batman , it is notable as the first live-action appearance of Superman on film and for the longevity of its distribution . The serial was directed by Thomas Carr , who later directed many early episodes of the Adventures of Superman television show , and Spencer Gordon Bennet , produced by Sam Katzman and shot in and around Los Angeles , California . It was originally screened at movie matinées and after the first three scene-setting chapters , every episode ends in a cliffhanger . The Superman-in-flight scenes are animations , in part due to the small production budget . ", "Joseph Lane -LRB- 1801 -- 1881 -RRB- was an American general and United States Senator from Oregon . Joseph or Joe Lane may also refer to : Joseph Lane , birth name of actor Nathan Lane Joseph R. Lane -LRB- 1858 -- 1931 -RRB- , United States Representative from Iowa Joe Lane -LRB- footballer -RRB- -LRB- 1892 -- 1959 -RRB- , English professional footballer Joe Lane -LRB- singer -RRB- -LRB- 1927 -- 2007 -RRB- , Australian jazz vocalist Joe Lane -LRB- Arizona politician -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -- 2014 -RRB- , American politician ", "Charles Lane -LRB- born December 26 , 1953 -RRB- is an African-American actor and filmmaker . While attending Purchase College as a film student , he made a short titled A Place in Time based on the famous Kitty Genovese incident . This short gained him a certain amount of attention , including a Student Academy Award win . Lane then directed and starred in feature films True Identity , a vehicle for British comedian Lenny Henry funded by the Walt Disney Company . He wrote , directed and starred in 1989 's Sidewalk Stories , a black-and-white feature about a homeless street artist who becomes the guardian of a small girl after her father is murdered . The nearly silent film was an homage to Charlie Chaplin 's The Kid and was a critical favorite . It won several festival awards , including the Prix du Publique at the Cannes Film Festival , where its 12-minute ovation set a new record . He also received three nominations at the Film Independent Spirit Awards : Best Director , Best First Feature and Best Male Lead On its 25th anniversary in 2014 , Sidewalk Stories was digitally remastered and rescreened at the Cannes Film Festival and Tribeca Film Festival . Lane also had a starring role in the Mario Van Peebles film Posse , as Weezie , often the butt of jokes . He has worked with James Earl Jones , Lenny Henry , and Frank Langella and offered one of the first film roles to The Sopranos actress Edie Falco . Lane often casts various friends and family in his films , including brother Gerald , friend George , and daughter Nicole Alysia . " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Port_of_Spain", "Coslada", "Barcelona", "List_of_companies_based_in_the_Canary_Islands", "Channel-Port_aux_Basques" ]

[ "Port of Spain is the capital city of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the country 's third-largest municipality , after Chaguanas and San Fernando . The city has a municipal population of 37,074 -LRB- 2011 census -RRB- , a metropolitan population of 128,026 -LRB- 1990 unofficial estimate -RRB- and a transient daily population of 250,000 . It is located on the Gulf of Paria , on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000 . The city serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre and it has been the capital of the island since 1757 . It is also an important financial services centre for the Caribbean and is home to two of the largest banks in the region . Port of Spain was also the de facto capital of the short-lived West Indies Federation , which united the Caribbean . Caricom was established in Chaguaramas , west of Port of Spain . The city is also home to the largest container port on the island and is one of several shipping hubs of the Caribbean , exporting both agricultural products and manufactured goods . Bauxite from Guyana is trans-shipped via facilities at Chaguaramas , about 5 mi west of the city . The pre-lenten Carnival is the city 's main annual cultural festival and tourist attraction . Today , Port of Spain is a leading city in the Caribbean region . Trinidad and Tobago hosted the Fifth Summit of the Americas in 2009 whose guests included US President Barack Obama and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . Port of Spain is also home to the biggest and most successful stock exchange in the Caribbean , the Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange -LRB- TTSE -RRB- . The iconic Nicholas Tower , as well as other skyscrapers , are well known throughout the region . These buildings dominate the city 's skyline . Some of the tallest skyscrapers in the Caribbean are located in Port of Spain . ", "Coslada -LRB- -LSB- kozˈlaða -RSB- -RRB- is a city and municipality in the autonomous community of Madrid in central Spain . , the mayor of Coslada is Ángel Viveros Gutiérrez -LRB- PSOE -RRB- . The Dry Port of the Community of Madrid is located in Coslada , which turns the city into a strategic point . The majority of the companies which transport important commodities that operate in Spain have branch offices in Coslada . Another economic asset is its proximity to the Airport of Barajas , where a great percentage of its population is employed . ", "Barcelona -LRB- -LSB- bɑrsəˈloʊnə -RSB- , -LSB- bəɾsəˈlonə -RSB- , -LSB- barθeˈlona -RSB- -RRB- is the capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia in the Kingdom of Spain , as well as the country 's second most populous municipality , with a population of 1.6 million within city limits . Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 4.7 million people , being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , London , Madrid , the Ruhr area and Milan . It is the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 m high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world -LRB- before Zürich , after Frankfurt -RRB- and a financial centre . In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union and 35th in the world with GDP amounting to $ 177 billion . In 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $ 170 billion ; it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change . In 2009 the city was ranked Europe 's third and one of the world 's most successful as a city brand . In the same year the city was ranked Europe 's fourth best city for business and fastest improving European city , with growth improved by 17 % per year , and the city has been experiencing strong and renewed growth for the past three years . Since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe . Barcelona is a transport hub , with the Port of Barcelona being one of Europe 's principal seaports and busiest European passenger port , an international airport , Barcelona -- El Prat Airport , which handles over 40 million passengers per year , an extensive motorway network , and a high-speed rail line with a link to France and the rest of Europe . ", "The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , are a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa , 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara . The economy is based primarily on tourism , which makes up 32 % of the GDP . The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year . Construction makes up nearly 20 % of the GDP and tropical agriculture , primarily bananas and tobacco , are grown for export to Europe and the Americas . ", "Channel-Port aux Basques is a town at the extreme southwestern tip of Newfoundland fronting on the western end of the Cabot Strait . A Marine Atlantic ferry terminal is located in the town which is the primary entry point onto the island of Newfoundland and the western terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway in the province . The town was incorporated in 1945 and its population in the 2011 census was 4,170 . Port aux Basques is the oldest of the collection of towns that make up the present-day town , which consists of Port aux Basques , Channel , Grand Bay , and Mouse Island . Amalgamation took place in the 1970s . " ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "A_United_Kingdom", "List_of_British_films_of_2004", "List_of_British_films_of_1920", "United_Kingdom", "List_of_British_films_of_1952" ]

[ "A United Kingdom is a 2016 British biographical romantic drama film directed by Amma Asante and written by Guy Hibbert , based on the true-life romance between Sir Seretse Khama and his wife Ruth Williams Khama . David Oyelowo and Rosamund Pike portray Seretse and Ruth , respectively . It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival , and was the opening film at the 60th London Film Festival , the second year in a row that a British film featured . ", "A list of British films released in 2004 : ", "A list of British films released in 1920 . ", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom -LRB- UK -RRB- or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- . The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation . The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies . The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community -LRB- EEC -RRB- , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- , and the World Trade Organization -LRB- WTO -RRB- . ", "A list of films produced in the United Kingdom in 1952 -LRB- see 1952 in film -RRB- : " ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ "Jonah_Hill", "21_Jump_Street_-LRB-film-RRB-", "22_Jump_Street", "Who_Done_It?_-LRB-1956_film-RRB-", "Jonah_Meyerson" ]

[ "Jonah Hill Feldstein -LRB- born December 20 , 1983 -RRB- , better known as Jonah Hill , is an American actor , producer , screenwriter and comedian . Hill is known for his comedic roles in films such as Accepted -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Grandma 's Boy -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Superbad -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Knocked Up -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Forgetting Sarah Marshall -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Get Him to the Greek -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , 21 Jump Street -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , This Is the End -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , 22 Jump Street -LRB- 2014 -RRB- and War Dogs -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , as well as his performances in Moneyball -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and The Wolf of Wall Street -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , for which he received Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor . Hill ranked 28th on Forbes magazine 's ranking of world 's highest paid actors from June 2014 to June 2015 , bringing in $ 16million . As a screenwriter , he contributed to the stories of 21 Jump Street , 22 Jump Street and Sausage Party -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , all of which he also starred in . ", "21 Jump Street is a 2012 American action comedy film directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , written by Michael Bacall starring Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum . An adaptation of the 1987-1991 television series of the same name by Stephen J. Cannell and Patrick Hasburgh , set within the same continuity as the TV series ; the film follows two police officers who are forced to relive high school when they are assigned to go undercover as high school students to prevent the outbreak of a new synthetic drug and arrest its supplier . It was released theatrically on March 16 , 2012 , by Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and grossed $ 201 million . A sequel , titled 22 Jump Street , was released on June 13 , 2014 . Two further films , MIB 23 -LRB- a crossover with the Men in Black franchise -RRB- and a female-led spin-off , are currently in development . ", "22 Jump Street is a 2014 American action comedy film directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , written by Jonah Hill , Michael Bacall , Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman and produced by and starring Hill and Channing Tatum . It is the sequel to the 2012 film 21 Jump Street , based on the television series of the same name . The film was released on June 13 , 2014 , by Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The film received positive reviews and earned over $ 331 million at the box office . A crossover with Men in Black , MIB 23 , is in development , with Lord and Miller acting as producers , and James Bobin acting as the director . The crossover will replace a 23 Jump Street film . ", "Who Done It ? is a 1956 British comedy film starring comedian Benny Hill and Belinda Lee . ", "Jonah Meyerson -LRB- born September 20 , 1991 -RRB- is an American actor . He has worked with actors such as Gene Hackman , Pierce Brosnan , Robin Williams , Ben Stiller , Dermot Mulroney , Alison Pill , and Aidan Quinn . He was born in New York City , where he currently lives . He is a graduate of Stuyvesant High School , and the University of Pennsylvania as a member of the class of 2013 . At UPenn , he was the head writer for and a cast member of Penn 's Mask and Wig Club , the nation 's oldest collegiate all-male musical comedy troupe . Meyerson also performed with Penn 's improv comedy troupe , Without a Net . and was a 2013 member of Penn 's Friars Senior Society . Meyerson made his acting debut in Wes Anderson 's 2001 award-winning film The Royal Tenenbaums . He played Uzi , the red-suited older son of Chas , played by Ben Stiller , and the grandson of characters played by Gene Hackman and Anjelica Huston . Meyerson was nominated for a Young Artists ' award for his work on that film . He also starred in Griffin and Phoenix , a new movie shown on the Lifetime channel and released on DVD . His work on that film earned him his second Young Artist Award nomination . In 2005 , he was in the movies Little Manhattan and The Matador , and in 2004 , David Duchovny 's House of D. Playing computer genius Yoda who helps Alison Pill 's character in Book of Daniel -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Jonah was set to appear in eight episodes , but only one of his episodes aired before the series was cancelled . His work on that series is available on the show 's DVD . He is represented by -LSB- Paradigm -RSB- in New York City . " ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Burj_Khalifa", "Al-Burj,_al-Bab", "Khalifan,_Mahabad", "Aldar_Properties", "Jeddah_Corniche" ]

[ "The Burj Khalifa -LRB- برج خليفة , Arabic for `` Khalifa Tower '' ; pronounced -LSB- langˈbɝdʒ_kə ` li : fə -RSB- -RRB- , known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration , is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . With a total height of 829.8 m including the antenna and a roof height of 828 m , the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest structure in the world since topping out in late 2008 . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004 , with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009 . The primary structure is reinforced concrete . The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai . It is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale , mixed-use development . The decision to construct the building is reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy , and for Dubai to gain international recognition . The building was named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts . The building broke numerous height records , including its designation as the tallest tower in the world . Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith , then of Skidmore , Owings & Merrill -LRB- SOM -RRB- , whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center . Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project . The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region , such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra . The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space . A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building . Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III , the Burj Khalifa 's central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings . The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai 's hot summer temperatures . It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators . Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive , and the building has received many awards . However , the labour issues during construction were controversial , since the building was built primarily by migrant workers from South Asia with several allegations of mistreatment . Poor working conditions are common , as the result of the lack of minimum wage laws in the United Arab Emirates . Several instances of suicides have been reported , which is not uncommon for migrant construction workers in Dubai despite safety precautions in place . ", "al-Burj , also spelled Borj , is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate , northwestern Syria . Situated in the northern Aqil mountains , bordering the Queiq Plain to the west , it is located between al-Rai and al-Bab , some 40 km northeast of the city of Aleppo , and south of the border to the Turkish province of Kilis . Al Burj was captured by Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army from ISIS , On 7 November 2016 . Administratively the village belongs to Nahiya al-Bab in al-Bab District . Nearby localities include Tall Battal to the south , and Ka'ibah to the northwest , on the Queiq Plain . In the 2004 census , al-Burj had a population of 236 . ", "Khalifan -LRB- خليفان , also Romanized as Khalīfān -RRB- is a city in Khalifan District , Mahabad County , West Azerbaijan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its population was 425 , in 77 families . ", "Aldar Properties PJSC is a real estate development , management and investment company with headquarters in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It releases and builds projects such as Al Raha Beach , Al Jimi Shopping Centre , Al Raha Gardens , Yas Island -LRB- which includes the Yas Marina Circuit , Ferrari World and Yas Viceroy Abu Dhabi Hotel -RRB- , Al Gurm Resort and the Abu Dhabi Central Market -LRB- Souq -RRB- . The company is now owned by Abu Dhabi institutions , founder shareholders and individual investors including Mubadala Development Company , Abu Dhabi Investment Company , Abu Dhabi National Hotels Company , National Corporation for Tourism & Hotels and the National Investor . The current property portfolio includes developments and re-developments within Abu Dhabi Emirate such as Central Market , Al Raha Beach , Coconut Island , Noor Al Ain , Al Gurm Resort , Al Mamoura -- the Mubadala Development Company and Environment Agency Abu Dhabi Headquarters Building , and the Yas Island project which is to include a Warner Bros. and Ferrari World a Ferrari themed theme park . ", "The Jeddah Corniche is the 30 km coastal resort area of the city of Jeddah . Located along the Red Sea , the corniche features a coastal road , recreation areas , pavilions and large-scale civic sculptures -- as well as King Fahd 's Fountain , the highest fountain in the world . Also located here is the Al-Rahmah Mosque -LRB- formerly known as the Fatimah Mosque -RRB- , which is a popular attraction to visitors . Currently undergoing renovation , the Corniche will be renewed , expanded , and upgraded with restaurants , play areas , and entertainment . The entire renovation phase should be completed around early 2014 . The renovations will include a Ferris wheel similar to the London Eye . The Jeddah Corniche derives its name from the originally French and Italian term for a coastal road , especially a road along the face of a cliff . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Burj_Khalifa", "Al-Burj,_al-Bab", "Khalifan,_Mahabad", "Aldar_Properties", "Jeddah_Corniche" ]

[ "The Burj Khalifa -LRB- برج خليفة , Arabic for `` Khalifa Tower '' ; pronounced -LSB- langˈbɝdʒ_kə ` li : fə -RSB- -RRB- , known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration , is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . With a total height of 829.8 m including the antenna and a roof height of 828 m , the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest structure in the world since topping out in late 2008 . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004 , with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009 . The primary structure is reinforced concrete . The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai . It is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale , mixed-use development . The decision to construct the building is reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy , and for Dubai to gain international recognition . The building was named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts . The building broke numerous height records , including its designation as the tallest tower in the world . Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith , then of Skidmore , Owings & Merrill -LRB- SOM -RRB- , whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center . Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project . The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region , such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra . The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space . A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building . Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III , the Burj Khalifa 's central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings . The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai 's hot summer temperatures . It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators . Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive , and the building has received many awards . However , the labour issues during construction were controversial , since the building was built primarily by migrant workers from South Asia with several allegations of mistreatment . Poor working conditions are common , as the result of the lack of minimum wage laws in the United Arab Emirates . Several instances of suicides have been reported , which is not uncommon for migrant construction workers in Dubai despite safety precautions in place . ", "al-Burj , also spelled Borj , is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate , northwestern Syria . Situated in the northern Aqil mountains , bordering the Queiq Plain to the west , it is located between al-Rai and al-Bab , some 40 km northeast of the city of Aleppo , and south of the border to the Turkish province of Kilis . Al Burj was captured by Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army from ISIS , On 7 November 2016 . Administratively the village belongs to Nahiya al-Bab in al-Bab District . Nearby localities include Tall Battal to the south , and Ka'ibah to the northwest , on the Queiq Plain . In the 2004 census , al-Burj had a population of 236 . ", "Khalifan -LRB- خليفان , also Romanized as Khalīfān -RRB- is a city in Khalifan District , Mahabad County , West Azerbaijan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its population was 425 , in 77 families . ", "Aldar Properties PJSC is a real estate development , management and investment company with headquarters in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It releases and builds projects such as Al Raha Beach , Al Jimi Shopping Centre , Al Raha Gardens , Yas Island -LRB- which includes the Yas Marina Circuit , Ferrari World and Yas Viceroy Abu Dhabi Hotel -RRB- , Al Gurm Resort and the Abu Dhabi Central Market -LRB- Souq -RRB- . The company is now owned by Abu Dhabi institutions , founder shareholders and individual investors including Mubadala Development Company , Abu Dhabi Investment Company , Abu Dhabi National Hotels Company , National Corporation for Tourism & Hotels and the National Investor . The current property portfolio includes developments and re-developments within Abu Dhabi Emirate such as Central Market , Al Raha Beach , Coconut Island , Noor Al Ain , Al Gurm Resort , Al Mamoura -- the Mubadala Development Company and Environment Agency Abu Dhabi Headquarters Building , and the Yas Island project which is to include a Warner Bros. and Ferrari World a Ferrari themed theme park . ", "The Jeddah Corniche is the 30 km coastal resort area of the city of Jeddah . Located along the Red Sea , the corniche features a coastal road , recreation areas , pavilions and large-scale civic sculptures -- as well as King Fahd 's Fountain , the highest fountain in the world . Also located here is the Al-Rahmah Mosque -LRB- formerly known as the Fatimah Mosque -RRB- , which is a popular attraction to visitors . Currently undergoing renovation , the Corniche will be renewed , expanded , and upgraded with restaurants , play areas , and entertainment . The entire renovation phase should be completed around early 2014 . The renovations will include a Ferris wheel similar to the London Eye . The Jeddah Corniche derives its name from the originally French and Italian term for a coastal road , especially a road along the face of a cliff . " ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Catherine_Keener", "Katherine_Kessey", "Catherine_Hardwicke", "Terri_Treas", "Estelle_Getty" ]

[ "Catherine Ann Keener -LRB- born March 23 , 1959 -RRB- is an American actress . She has been twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Maxine Lund in Being John Malkovich -LRB- 1999 -RRB- and Harper Lee in Capote -LRB- 2005 -RRB- . Keener also appeared in the films Into the Wild -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Synecdoche , New York -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and Get Out -LRB- 2017 -RRB- , which were well received by critics . Keener is the muse of director Nicole Holofcener , having appeared in every work of hers to date . ", "Katherine Glyn Kessey -LRB- born 28 January 1946 -RRB- is an Australian actress . She is the wife of British actor Bill Treacher . Their son Jamie Treacher is also an actor . She was born in Perth , Western Australia , with her father , Gwilym Kessey , having played cricket for Western Australia . She made her television debut in 1966 as a twin daughter in Nelson : A Study in Miniature with her twin sister , Karen Kessey , playing the other twin daughter . They also appeared in the Australian TV play All Fall Down . ", "Catherine Hardwicke -LRB- born Helen Catherine Hardwicke ; -RRB- is an American film director , production designer and screenwriter . Her works include the Academy Award-nominated independent film Thirteen , which she co-wrote with Nikki Reed , the film 's co-star , the Biblically-themed The Nativity Story , the vampire film Twilight , the werewolf film Red Riding Hood , and the classic skateboarding film Lords of Dogtown . The opening weekend of Twilight was the biggest opening ever for a female director . ", "Terri Treas -LRB- born July 19 , 1957 in Kansas City , Kansas -RRB- is an American actress , writer and director . She has starred in films and on television . Terri is best known for her role as Newcomer Cathy Frankel on the Fox Network short-lived science fiction series Alien Nation -LRB- 1989 -- 1990 -RRB- and in the five movies produced subsequent to the TV series which continued the storyline . ", "Estelle Getty -LRB- née Scher ; also known as Estelle Gettleman ; July 25 , 1923 -- July 22 , 2008 -RRB- was an American actress and comedian , who appeared in film , television , and theatre . She was best known for her role as Sophia Petrillo on The Golden Girls from 1985 to 1992 , which won her an Emmy and a Golden Globe , on The Golden Palace from 1992 to 1993 , and on Empty Nest from 1993 to 1995 . In her later years , after retiring from acting , she battled Lewy body dementia . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Catherine_Keener", "Katherine_Kessey", "Catherine_Hardwicke", "Terri_Treas", "Estelle_Getty" ]

[ "Catherine Ann Keener -LRB- born March 23 , 1959 -RRB- is an American actress . She has been twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Maxine Lund in Being John Malkovich -LRB- 1999 -RRB- and Harper Lee in Capote -LRB- 2005 -RRB- . Keener also appeared in the films Into the Wild -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Synecdoche , New York -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and Get Out -LRB- 2017 -RRB- , which were well received by critics . Keener is the muse of director Nicole Holofcener , having appeared in every work of hers to date . ", "Katherine Glyn Kessey -LRB- born 28 January 1946 -RRB- is an Australian actress . She is the wife of British actor Bill Treacher . Their son Jamie Treacher is also an actor . She was born in Perth , Western Australia , with her father , Gwilym Kessey , having played cricket for Western Australia . She made her television debut in 1966 as a twin daughter in Nelson : A Study in Miniature with her twin sister , Karen Kessey , playing the other twin daughter . They also appeared in the Australian TV play All Fall Down . ", "Catherine Hardwicke -LRB- born Helen Catherine Hardwicke ; -RRB- is an American film director , production designer and screenwriter . Her works include the Academy Award-nominated independent film Thirteen , which she co-wrote with Nikki Reed , the film 's co-star , the Biblically-themed The Nativity Story , the vampire film Twilight , the werewolf film Red Riding Hood , and the classic skateboarding film Lords of Dogtown . The opening weekend of Twilight was the biggest opening ever for a female director . ", "Terri Treas -LRB- born July 19 , 1957 in Kansas City , Kansas -RRB- is an American actress , writer and director . She has starred in films and on television . Terri is best known for her role as Newcomer Cathy Frankel on the Fox Network short-lived science fiction series Alien Nation -LRB- 1989 -- 1990 -RRB- and in the five movies produced subsequent to the TV series which continued the storyline . ", "Estelle Getty -LRB- née Scher ; also known as Estelle Gettleman ; July 25 , 1923 -- July 22 , 2008 -RRB- was an American actress and comedian , who appeared in film , television , and theatre . She was best known for her role as Sophia Petrillo on The Golden Girls from 1985 to 1992 , which won her an Emmy and a Golden Globe , on The Golden Palace from 1992 to 1993 , and on Empty Nest from 1993 to 1995 . In her later years , after retiring from acting , she battled Lewy body dementia . " ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "Argentina", "Neighbourhoods_of_Buenos_Aires", "National_Congress_of_Argentina", "Argirópolis", "América,_Buenos_Aires" ]

[ "Argentina -LRB- -LSB- ɑrdʒənˈtiːnə -RSB- -LSB- aɾxenˈtina -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Argentine Republic -LRB- República Argentina -RRB- , is a federal republic in the southern portion of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2780400 km2 , Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish-speaking one . The country is subdivided into twenty-three provinces -LRB- provincias , singular provincia -RRB- and one autonomous city -LRB- ciudad autónoma -RRB- , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation -LRB- -LSB- Capital Federal , links = no -RSB- -RRB- as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands -LRB- -LSB- Islas Malvinas , links = no -RSB- -RRB- , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence -LRB- 1810 -- 1818 -RRB- was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with massive waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook . The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century . After 1930 , Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment , though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century . Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs , and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America . Argentina has the second largest economy in South America , the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and G-20 major economies . It is also a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , World Trade Organization , Mercosur , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States . It is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of `` very high '' . Because of its stability , market size and growing high-tech sector , Argentina is classified as a high-income economy . ", "Buenos Aires , autonomous city and capital of Argentina , is composed of forty-eight neighbourhoods -LRB- locally known as barrios -RRB- . The city is also legally divided into communes , each one including one or more barrios . Among the most visited and populated barrios are Palermo , Recoleta , Puerto Madero , Belgrano , San Telmo , La Boca , Monserrat and Caballito . Sectors of the city are also traditionally known as neighborhoods by the inhabitants of Buenos Aires , but not officially by the authorities of the city ; some examples include Chinatown , Barrio Norte and the Microcentro . ", "The Congress of the Argentine Nation -LRB- Congreso de la Nación Argentina -RRB- is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina . Its composition is bicameral , constituted by a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies . The Congressional Palace is located in Buenos Aires , at the western end of Avenida de Mayo -LRB- at the other end of which is located the Casa Rosada -RRB- . The Kilometre Zero for all Argentine National Highways is marked on a milestone at the Congressional Plaza , next to the building . ", "Argirópolis -LRB- From Greek Άργυροπόλις `` Silver City '' -RRB- is an imaginary city conceived by Argentine statesman Domingo Faustino Sarmiento as the capital of the Confederated States of Plata -LRB- Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay -RRB- . It is also the title of the book that outlines this proposal . ", "América is a city in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , and the head town of the Rivadavia Partido , located some 500 km from Buenos Aires City and 560 km from the provincial capital , La Plata . Its population was , as per the 2001 census , 12,361 . " ]

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[ "University_of_Chicago_Law_School", "University_of_Houston_Law_Center", "Clifford_Chance", "Stikeman_Elliott", "Jack_Goldsmith" ]

[ "The University of Chicago Law School is the graduate school of law at the University of Chicago . It was founded in 1902 by a coalition of donors led by John D. Rockefeller . U.S. News & World Report ranks Chicago fourth among U.S. law schools , and it is noted for its influence on the economic analysis of law . The University of Chicago Law School was ranked third in the country by the 2015 Above The Law Rankings , which ranks law schools based on employment outcomes such as quality of jobs , federal clerkships , and alumni satisfaction . Chicago is ranked second by Brian Leiter of the University of Chicago Law School on the `` Top 15 Schools From Which the Most ` Prestigious ' Law Firms Hire New Lawyers , '' and first for `` Faculty quality based on American Academy of Arts and Sciences Membership . '' It is ranked 12th in the 2016 QS World University Rankings . The Law School has the third highest gross and third highest per capita placement of alumni in U.S. Supreme Court clerkships with approximately 15-25 % of each graduating class going on to a state or federal clerkship . The ABA disclosures indicate that 75 % of Chicago graduates earned starting salaries of $ 160,000 or greater upon graduation . The law school was ranked # 3 of all law schools nationwide by the National Law Journal in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US -LRB- 52.04 % -RRB- . ", "The University of Houston Law Center is the law school of the University of Houston in Houston , Texas . Founded in 1947 , the Law Center is one of 12 colleges of the University of Houston , a state university . It is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools . The law school 's facilities are located on the university 's 667-acre campus in southeast Houston . The Law Center awards the Juris Doctor -LRB- J.D. -RRB- and Master of Laws -LRB- LL.M . -RRB- degrees . The law school is among four law schools tied for 50th in the 2016 U.S. News & World Report law school rankings . According to UHLC 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 63.2 % of the class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation . The dean of the Law Center is Leonard M. Baynes . ", "Clifford Chance LLP is a multinational law firm headquartered in London , United Kingdom , and a member of the `` Magic Circle '' of leading British law firms . It is one of the ten largest law firms in the world measured both by number of lawyers and revenue . In 2013/14 Clifford Chance had total revenues of # 1.36 billion , the highest of any firm in the Magic Circle in that year , and profits per equity partner of # 1.14 million . According to SWFI , Clifford Chance tied for 1st place for calendar year 2015 regarding legal advising for public institutional investor deals . Clifford Chance was formed in 1987 by the merger of two London-based law firms , Clifford Turner and Coward Chance . In 1999 it merged with the Frankfurt-based firm Pünder , Volhard , Weber & Axster and the New York-based firm Rogers & Wells . ", "Stikeman Elliott LLP is an international corporate law firm based in Canada . It is known as one of the `` seven sisters '' in Toronto and has approximately 500 lawyers in five Canadian offices as well as offices in New York , London , and Sydney . It was founded in 1952 by H. Heward Stikeman and Fraser Elliott . ", "Jack Landman Goldsmith -LRB- born September 26 , 1962 -RRB- is a Harvard Law School professor who has written extensively in the field of international law , civil procedure , cyber law , and national security law . He has been `` widely considered one of the brightest stars in the conservative legal firmament . '' He was a law professor at the University of Chicago when in 2002 , he joined the Bush administration as legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense . In October 2003 he was appointed as a United States Assistant Attorney General , leading the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice under Attorney General John Ashcroft and Deputy Attorney General James Comey . He resigned in July 2004 . He wrote a book about his experiences there called The Terror Presidency -LRB- 2007 -RRB- . Goldsmith , along with Benjamin Wittes and Robert M. Chesney , is a co-founder and contributor to the Lawfare Blog . " ]

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