question
dict | answers
list | id
stringlengths 1
6
| accepted_answer_id
stringlengths 2
6
⌀ | popular_answer_id
stringlengths 1
6
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43508",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to qualify something that lasts some seconds.\n\nI am aware of 「暫{しばら}く」, 「少{しょう}々{しょう}」 and so on, but I am in a situation\nwhere something explicitly lasts a certain amount of seconds, like, between 1\nand 10 seconds.\n\nIs 「何{なん}秒{びょう}かの～」 valid?\n\nFor instance, can I say:\n\n> 何{なん}秒{びょう}かのビデオ\n>\n> A few-second video\n\nUsually, this construction works, like 「何{なん}人{にん}かの～」, but I could not find\nexamples for seconds...",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T06:38:07.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43505",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T08:24:53.403",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18582",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Saying \"some seconds\"",
"view_count": 546
} | [
{
"body": "You might want to consider using.\n\n> 数秒(すうびょう)\n\nIt basically mean several seconds. \nYou can also use 数分、数時間、数日 etc...\n\nIt might not explicitly say between 1 and 10 seconds, but it does somewhat\npoint out that it won't take over 1 minute.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T07:08:22.850",
"id": "43508",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T07:08:22.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43505",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "> 何人かの人は帰ってしまいました。 \n> Some (of them) have returned.\n\nThe use of \"何人かの人は\" means the speaker doesn't konw how many people has\nreturned but he(she) knows the fact that some has returned. So \"何人かの人\" doesn't\nalways equal to \"数人の人.\"\n\nWhen thousand of people have returned but we don't know the exact number of\npeople, we don't say \"何人かの人が帰った。\" \"何人かの人\" is usually used for several people.\n\n\"数秒のビデオ\" is OK and the abbriviation of \"撮影時間が数秒間のビデオ.\"\n\n\"何秒かのビデオ\" indicates the speaker doesn't know how long the video is, but \"何秒かの\"\nimplies ten seconds, twenty seconds or fourty seconds. It must be less than\nsixty seconds. If it is one hundred twenty seconds long video, we should say\n\"何分かのビデオ.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T08:24:53.403",
"id": "43510",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T08:24:53.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43505",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43505 | 43508 | 43508 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How are things like ている/でいる split in terms of pronunciation? Do people\ninternalize/think of it as te-iru or tei-ru when speaking? (there is a small\ndifference in what it would sound like between those two) Or would it depend\non the meaning? (Like 食べている vs 帰っている?)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T07:04:31.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43507",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T12:24:00.937",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T12:24:00.937",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19859",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "ている pronunciation/internalization",
"view_count": 467
} | [
{
"body": "Basically, \"ている\" and \"でいる\" are always pronounced as _te-iru_ and _de-iru_\nrespectively. However you can hear \"食べている\" as _tabeteiru_ and \"帰っている？\" as\n_kaetteiru?_ without any split.\n\nActually we often say not \"帰っている？\" but \"帰ってる？kaetteru?\"\n\nThese variations of pronunciation don't make difference in their meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T07:59:18.793",
"id": "43509",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T12:22:47.027",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T12:22:47.027",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43507",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Grammatically, that いる is a [subsidiary\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010) that follows the te-\nform of a verb.\n\nSo it's 食べて-いる, not 食べてい-る. If you are a beginner you can have a small pause\nbetween て and いる when reading.\n\nNative speakers say this almost like a single word. Regarding how native\nspeakers split sentences when reading very slowly, see the following questions\n(but please don't go overthink it).\n\n * [Spaces in children's books](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27624/5010)\n * <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/43079/5010>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T03:52:42.777",
"id": "43533",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T03:52:42.777",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43507",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43507 | null | 43533 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Within Shodokan Aikido, we practice something we call _Randori_ (乱取り) in which\ntwo players fight one vs the other. Mostly, it is a tool for learning how to\nuse Aikido versus a strongly resisting opponent. It is a _learning tool_ and\nnot used to determine who's best.\n\n_Shiai_ (試合?) is what we call the next level: it is a determination of who's\nbest in that bout at this time. But there are no referees, no crowd, no medal,\nand no glory.\n\n_Kyousou_ (競争?) on the other hand is what we call _shiai_ when there are\nreferees, crowds, medals, and glory of winning a tournament.\n\nAre we using all those terms correctly or have we made an utter mess of it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T08:28:23.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43511",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T07:59:37.633",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-14T16:07:02.407",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "6910",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning",
"usage",
"word-usage",
"sports"
],
"title": "Shiai (試合?) vs kyousou (競争?) in martial arts",
"view_count": 424
} | [
{
"body": "The second one (it is a determination of who's best in that bout at this time.\nBut there are no referees, no crowd, no medal, and no glory.) is called\n\"練習試合{れんしゅうじあい}\"\n\n競争{きょうそう}(kyousou) means competition or bout in a very broad sense. There is\nnot necessarily any implication of a sports match with a crowd, referees etc.\n\n> \"宇宙{うちゅう}開発{かいはつ}競争{きょうそう}\" \"the space development race\"\n\n\"乱取り\" is a term meaning specifically the training of \"合気道\" or \"柔道\"\n\nSo you have three types of activities, \"乱取り,\" \"練習試合,\" and \"（公式）試合.\"\n\n\"公式{こうしき}試合{しあい}\" or \"公式{こうしき}試合{じあい}\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T08:56:26.033",
"id": "43512",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T07:59:37.633",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T07:59:37.633",
"last_editor_user_id": "19790",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43511",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43511 | null | 43512 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43514",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am new to Japanese and started learning only like 3 days ago , I was told I\nshould start with the radicals (human,legs,ten,etc.) but how should I start to\nactually learn how to pronounce and read the japanese letters?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T09:39:51.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43513",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T09:48:54.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19566",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"readings",
"spelling"
],
"title": "How should I begin learning the letters and what they sound like?",
"view_count": 65
} | [
{
"body": "My personal opinion is that you should learn the proper pronunciation at the\nvery beginning. Like it or not, when you start to learn to read, your brain\nwill make its own interpretations of the sound, and every time you read a\ncharacter, it will reinforce that possibly wrong interpretation. The longer\nyou wait to learn the pronunciation, the harder it will be to unlearn the\nwrong interpretations your brain made and reprogram it with the new ones(aka\nyou will have a strong foreigner accent).\n\nListening to a lot of helpful audio and having a Japanese friend to practice\ncan be tremendously helpful.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T09:48:54.017",
"id": "43514",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T09:48:54.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43513",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
]
| 43513 | 43514 | 43514 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43516",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the canonical transliteration of \"Give me chocolate\" into katakana? Not\nas in the Babymetal song [Gimme\nChocolate!!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Chocolate!!), but in the\nphrase that's described as being used by Japanese kids during occupation-era\nJapan (though the latter may have influenced the former). Is it ギブミーチョコレート?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T11:21:58.653",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43515",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T07:27:30.687",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What's the canonical transliteration of \"Give me chocolate\" into katakana?",
"view_count": 1087
} | [
{
"body": "It is exactly as you say: 「ギブミーチョコレート」.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3scKt.jpg) \n(source: [storage-yahoo.jp](https://blog-001.west.edge.storage-\nyahoo.jp/res/blog-89-cb/norioetochance/folder/13879/12/35382512/img_0_m?1423868389))",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T11:25:34.577",
"id": "43516",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T07:27:30.687",
"last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T07:27:30.687",
"last_editor_user_id": "18772",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43515",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43515 | 43516 | 43516 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43519",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have the following sentence in my anki app:\n\n> Please write it down as I tell you. \n> 私 **は** 言うように書いてください。\n\nHowever my instincts tell me this should not be は but が. Am I correct?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T12:17:02.960",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43517",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-27T05:09:30.970",
"last_edit_date": "2021-12-27T05:09:30.970",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "814",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-は",
"particle-が",
"は-and-が"
],
"title": "は vs が in 私は言うように書いてください。",
"view_count": 462
} | [
{
"body": "**You are correct**.\n\nIn the sentence:\n\n> 「私{わたし}（ ）言{い}うように書{か}いてください。」\n\nThe only particle that can be placed in the parentheses above is 「 **が** 」.\n「は」 is not an option at all. Use a 「は」 there and you will sound weirder than\nyou ever want to sound. It is _that_ important.\n\nWhy? That is because the only possible subject-marking particle in\n**subordinate clauses and relative clauses** (and any phrases that play\nsubordinate roles in sentences) is 「が」.\n\nIn the sentence above, the main part is 「書いてください」 because the sentence as a\nwhole is an imperative. The imperative part of an imperative sentence must be\nthe main part.\n\nIn comparison, 「私が言うように」 functions subordinately in the sentence as it only\ndescribes how the listener should write.\n\nHad the sentence been \" ** _Smith wrote as I told him to_**.\", the Japanese\ncounterpart would have been:\n\n> 「私( **が** )言うようにスミスさん( **は** )書いた。」\n\nThat way, one could have seen both 「が」 and 「は」 used correctly in a very short\nsentence.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T13:14:07.333",
"id": "43519",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-22T23:43:42.760",
"last_edit_date": "2017-11-22T23:43:42.760",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43517",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 43517 | 43519 | 43519 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43536",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The following sentences are ば conditional sentences, with combinations of\naction/state verb and same/different subjects. Which of these are correct /\nwrong, and why?\n\n* * *\n\n## Volition\n\n* * *\n\n> 1 Action verb + same subject \n> (私が) **卒業すれば** 、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\n> 2 State verb + different subjects \n> 彼女が **希望すれば** 、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\n> 3 State verb + same subject \n> (私が) **卒業できれば** 、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\n> 4 Action verb + different subjects \n> 彼女が **卒業すれば** 、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\nSentence 1 was said to be wrong while sentence 2 was said to be correct by my\nteacher.\n\n* * *\n\n## Requests\n\n* * *\n\n> 5 田中: 山下さんが来られれば( **山下さん** が)知らせてください \n> **山下** : はい\n\n> 6 田中: 山下さんが来られれば( **竹内さん** が)知らせてください \n> **竹内** : はい\n\nEdit: _In both cases, 来られれば is in potential and conditional form._",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T13:07:11.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43518",
"last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T11:27:49.310",
"last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T16:27:52.800",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"conditionals"
],
"title": "ば conditional - combinations of action/state verb and same/different subject",
"view_count": 473
} | [
{
"body": "You can't use …すれば when both of the conditional clause, **(edit) which is not\nstatic** , and the main clause stand for series of consistent intentional\nactions **by the same agent** , or when the conditional clause is not static\nand the main clause is imperative.\n\n * （自分が）５時までいれば 買うつもり ○ \n * 大人になれば 買うつもり ○\n * 店に行けば 買うつもり ×\n * 来れば 知らせてくれ ×\n\nAmong your examples, the only one that can violate the restriction is #1\n(私が)卒業すれば、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです. (However, this happens to be a bad example for\ndemonstrative purpose because it's not impossible to consider 卒業する something\nthat will be realized by time lapse, not by will, which makes the problem\nunnecessarily complicated.)\n\nPotential verbs stand for a state or a condition, rather than an action. So,\n来られれば or できれば are no problem.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T15:14:18.880",
"id": "43520",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:21:17.473",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T08:21:17.473",
"last_editor_user_id": "4092",
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43518",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> 見たければ見なさい = もし、あなたが見たければ、「（あなたが）見なさい」と私は許可します（私は命令します）。\n\nis correct although the target of the observation is the subject of the main\nclause (like in sentence 5). Could you explain why this sentence is correct\nand sentence 5 is wrong?\n\nWho is the observer of the conditional clause \"（あなたが）見たければ(If you'd like to\nsee it.)\" ? Strictly speaking, I(私) don't care whether you(あなた） want to see it\nor not. On the other hand, you know (=you off course can observe whether you\nwant to do or not.) Then the observer of this conditional clause is \"you\".\n\nMain clause of this sentence is an imperative sentence, so the subject of main\nclause is \"私(I).\"\n\nThus the subject of conditional clause and main clause are different.\n\n* * *\n\nSentence 2 (in my question), as you have said, is okay. However the sentence\nwith 彼女が希望すれば、彼女は。。。つもりです may sound unnatural for a different reason, that つもり\nisn't really used for other people. So I am not totally convinced that it is\nunnatural because of a wrong use of ば... What do you think of sentences 3 and\n4 in my question, which use 私。。。つもりです。\n\n2 State verb + different subjects 彼女が希望すれば、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\nI observe whether she wants to marry me or not, and if I get to be aware that\nshe wants to marry me, then I'll marry her.\n\nThis sentence is natural.\n\nHowever the following is unnatural. 彼女が希望すれば、彼女は私と結婚するつもりです。 This is\nunnatural.\n\nIf the sentence is \"彼女は私と結婚するつもりです。そのように彼女は希望しています。\", then this sentence is\nnatural.\n\nIn short, the main clause \"彼女は私と結婚するつもりだ\" depends on the conditional clause\n\"彼女が希望すれば\". If the conditional clause\"彼女が希望すれば\" is true, then the main clause\n\"彼女は私と結婚するつもりだ\" get to be active (by the subject of the main clause.) So If\nyou can control whether the conditional clause gets to be true or not, \"if-\nthen\" sentence doesn't make sense.\n\nI'm now aware that this matter doesn't only depend on the grammar but the\nmeaning (whether it make sense or not).\n\n3 State verb + same subject (私が)卒業できれば、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。=私が卒業できれば、私は彼女と結婚します。\nIn this context, \"結婚するつもりです\" is equal to \"結婚します,\" even \"結婚します\" shows strong\nwill than \"結婚するつもりです。\"\n\n4 Action verb + different subjects 彼女が卒業すれば、(私が)彼女と結婚するつもりです。\n\nOK\n\n* * *\n\nI have never been a Japanese language teacher but I've been an engineer for\nforty years. I analyzed this issue as the following way.\n\nThe sentence No5 is somewhat unnatural.\n\n> 5 田中: 山下さんが来られれば、(山下さんが)知らせてください \n> 山下: はい\n\n> 5-improved, natural 田中:山下さんが来られるのであれば、（山下さんが）私に知らせてください。 山下: はい\n\nSo we have to focus on the phrase \"山下さんが来られれば.=山下さんが来られる(action)のであれば、or\n山下さんが来られた(state)のであれば\"\n\n\"山下さんが来られる(action)のであれば\"=\"If 山下さん comes here\", \"（山下さんが）私に知らせてください。\" = \"let me\nknow it\" is natural.\n\nI think there could be the following rule.\n\n 1. The observer of the conditional clause is A.\n 2. The subject of the conditional clause is B.\n 3. The verb of the conditional clause is a state verb. (Thus the observer is necessary.)\n 4. The subject of the main clause is A.\n 5. If the subject of the main clause (A) is equal to the subject of the conditional clause (B), the sentence is unnatural, wrong.\n\n> 彼女(B)が希望すれば(the observer of this conditional clause is\n> 私(A))、私(A)は彼女と結婚するつもりです。 \n> This sentence is OK.\n\n> 彼女(B)が希望すれば(the observer of this conditional clause is\n> A)、彼女(B)は私（A)と結婚するつもりです。 \n> This sentence is unnatural and terrible!\n\nExample No.5\n\n> 5 \"山下さんが来られれば(山下さんが)知らせてください\" is unnatural or wrong.\n\n\"山下さんが来られれば\" The subject of this conditional clause is 山下さん, and the observer\nof this conditional clause is 田中 (not 山下さん who is the terget of this\nobservation.)、 \n\"来られれば\" is somewhat ambiguous, but if a reader feels that it means \"come into\nthe picture\" or \"appear on the scene,\" then it is semantically the state verb.\nThen here the target of A's observation (or the subject of condition clause\nwith state verb) is the subject of main clause, it's unnatural (or wrong).\n\n\"(山下さんが)知らせてください。\" =\"Hey Mr.Yamashita! Let me know it!\" The (semantical)\nsubject of main clause is 山下さん.\n\nThen totally No.5 is unnatural.\n\n* * *\n\nEXAMPLE NO.6\n\n> 6 田中: 山下さんが来られれば(竹内さんが)知らせてください \n> 竹内: はい \n> For me, this one is OK.\n\nIt can be improved as the following.\n\n> 6-improved 田中：山下さんが会場に来られたら、（竹内さんが私に）知らせてください。 \n> 竹内: はい",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T05:32:28.660",
"id": "43536",
"last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T22:15:21.630",
"last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T22:15:21.630",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43518",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Because there are intentional actions and states, we get 4 possible\ncombinations to make a sentence:\n\n * **(unvolitional)(unvolitional)** describes some natural occurrence. For example, \"when spring comes, sakura blooms\". There is no intentional element in neither of these two.\n * **(volitional)(unvolitional)** describes how our intentional action brings some result. For example, \"If you go now, you will be in time\".\n * **(unvolitional)(volitional)** is the same, but in reverse. Some state results in intentional action. For example, \"If you want, do it\". Wanting something is not intentional action, it's a natural reaction on something. For example, if I'm hungry and see an apple, I can get a desire to eat it.\n * **(volitional)(volitional)** describes our planning, general regulations and so on. For example, \"If/when you drink, do not drive\".\n\nYou can notice these combinations describe different types of situations\nstarting from something that happens naturally into our involvement with\nreaction on that and finally into completely controllable actions.\n\nと connects 2 units and it's most natural in general conditions which always\nhappen. In other situations it becomes a little bit weird like A(it's tasty),\nB(eat it). It's not always like that, we shouldn't eat everything just because\nit's tasty and even if it's not tasty, we might eat it due to some reasons\nlike hunger or politeness. Such direct connection with と looks weird and thus\nsuch situations involving volition don't fit it. Only the first combination\nworks with it.\n\nOn the other hand, ば is a true conditional form, which fits many situations.\nHowever, if we look at two intentional actions, then it's quite specific\nsituation. 2nd and 3rd combinations are based on some natural chance out of\nour control. The difference between 2-3 and 4 lays in the placement of\nprobability. Such sentence like \"if you want, I will buy apples\" splits\nsentence itself into \"you want - I will buy\", \"you don't want - I won't buy\".\nThe only part we do is buying and it's based on some factor, in this case on a\nwish of other person. On the other hand, sentence like \"If I will go to a\nmarket, I will buy apples\" has probability on the occurrence in the future\nitself. We can rephrase it into something like \"Probably/maybe/surely I will\ngo to a market and buy apples\". We can also push it to the extreme and make it\n100% chance like \"When it's 8AM, I will go\". There is no any \"if\" here. Such\nway we can clearly see using two intentional actions shifts it from\nrequirements (condition) to more factual probability of occurrence. It's quite\nhard to say if it's still a condition, it probably is. But it's definitely not\na requirement and ば doesn't involve such usage. Thus ば is used with 1-3, but\nnot 4. And たら is the most universal form, which is used in all 4 combinations.\n\nThat's why your teacher said №1 is wrong. Both graduation and intention to\nmarry are controllable and thus condition lays in our volition to do it.\nBecause we are willing, we most probably will do so in the future. On the\nother hand sentence №2 is absolutely fine, because her wish is a requirement\nfor us to do it. We do not want to do it if she isn't willing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-03-05T11:27:49.310",
"id": "84460",
"last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T11:27:49.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "41989",
"parent_id": "43518",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43518 | 43536 | 43536 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "while working on some translations I ran across the phrase: 輝く鎧の騎士. A\ncharacter was refered to as this. Google tells me it translates to \"knight in\nshining armor\". My question is thus: Is that the idiomatic equivalent of the\nphrase in English, and if not what is?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T16:09:32.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43521",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T03:40:48.073",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19865",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "Knight in Shining Armor - Idioms",
"view_count": 556
} | [
{
"body": "In Japan, you often hear 「白馬{はくば}の王子様{おうじさま}」or「白馬{はくば}に乗{の}った王子様{おうじさま}」to\nrepresent a gallant prince saving a damsel in distress.\n\nYour example seems more of a literal translation of the English idiom but I'm\nuncertain.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T17:24:18.803",
"id": "43522",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T17:24:18.803",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6823",
"parent_id": "43521",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43521 | null | 43522 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This a name of a traveler name from Tokaido board game. I figure out that 光\nliterally means, light or shine but I can't found what means or how 圀 it's\ntranslate literally to English.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T19:31:24.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43523",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T07:50:02.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19868",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"kanji",
"names"
],
"title": "Meaning of the kanji 圀 in 光圀",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "It's just an old or alternate form of 國 or 国( country).\n\nVirtually, only used in 徳川(水戸)光圀 he is popular as 水戸黄門 in Japan.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T07:50:02.440",
"id": "43540",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T07:50:02.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43523",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43523 | null | 43540 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm trying to translate this song, and there is a sentence I really don't\nunderstand:\n\n> 手術台から･･･噛みました\n\nHere's the line in context, if that helps anyone:\n\n> 金持ちあいつの恋煩い (the lovesickness of the rich guy) \n> 手術台から･･･噛みました (from the operating table, he chews?) \n> 口から這い出た愛してる (from his mouth, love creeps out)\n\nI think (maybe) that that line means something like he's chewing his\nfingernails or grinding his teeth, like he's nervous, but it doesn't really\nsay anything like that directly.\n\nAnyways, I'm really confused!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T21:14:38.560",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43525",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T08:30:56.010",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T08:15:15.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"song-lyrics",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "Please help me with this sentence: 手術台から...噛みました",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "First, here are the whole lyrics for anyone curious.\n\n<https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/25195.html>\n\nHaving read the whole song, I think I have an answer here. The whole lyrics\nare just full of plays on words, unusually twisted humor and all the other\nnonsense by the \"normal\" song lyric standards.\n\nTo me, 「噛{か}む」 here is used for its other \"colloquial\" meaning \" **to fluff a\nline** \" rather than for its \"dictionary\" meaning of \"to bite, chew\".\n\nThe **_ellipsis_** used in the line would strongly suggest the stumbling.\nBesides, I just do not see what is there to bite or chew.\n\n\" **On the operating table ... oops, I fluffed**.\" would be my take.\n\nThis would explain the polite verb form 「噛みました」 which would imply an apology\nas well as the ellipsis I mentioned above.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T23:36:34.560",
"id": "43527",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-14T23:36:34.560",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43525",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "I'll add to l'électeur's answer. As mentioned in the answer, it means \"to\nfluff a line\". It cannot be interpreted as any other type of mistake outside\nof verbally messing up a line. When I see an unfinished line, followed by\n噛{か}んだ or 噛{か}みました in a script (or in this case, a song) my initial instinct\nis that the speaker has messed up the unfinished line. And I see that\n手術台{しゅじゅつだい} is there, and I know that 手術{しゅじゅつ} is a word that is often\nfluffed. There's even a tongue-twister for that.\n\n> 魔術師{まじゅつし}手術中｛しゅじゅつちゅう｝\n\nI have searched an listened to the song, found\n[here](http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm20657613), and that has confirmed my\nbelief. The singer fluffs the pronunciation, saying しゅじゅちゅだい instead.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T06:29:53.627",
"id": "43538",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T08:30:56.010",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T08:30:56.010",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9508",
"parent_id": "43525",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43525 | null | 43527 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43529",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "な-adjectives are derived from nouns. This is similar to how の can be used to\n'Adjective-ize' a noun. But while it's clear how の-adjectives work, and why\nthe の is appended, what is the story for な-adjectives? How are they derived?\nWhy is the な appended?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-14T23:17:31.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43526",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:35:24.320",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T21:02:31.123",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"etymology",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "Where does the な used in な-adjectives come from?",
"view_count": 249
} | [
{
"body": "_(I was surprised to see that I cannot find another thread that discusses\nthis. Perhaps my search-fu is weak...)_\n\nThe な used for adjectives has a clear historical derivation. This started as\nに, the adverbial particle, + あり, the classical terminal (sentence-ending) form\nof modern ある. に + あり then contracted to なり for the terminal form. If a な\nadjective came at the end of a sentence, in classical Japanese, it would end\nwith なり, as in 山は静かなり。 You might still encounter this form from time to time\nin poetry.\n\nClassical terminal あり had an attributive form (when modifying another noun) of\nある. So に + ある contracted to なる, as in 静かなる山. Again, this form still appears in\npoetry, especially if the author is trying to evoke an old-fashioned or\ntraditional feel.\n\nAs time passed, the なり terminal form disappeared, replaced with the modern\nだ・です, and the なる attributive form contracted even further into just な.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T00:10:32.490",
"id": "43529",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:35:24.320",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T08:35:24.320",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 43526 | 43529 | 43529 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43549",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "残り僅かな命をご堪能\n\nAccording to a dictionary, _tannou_ can be used as an adjective or a verb (to\nenjoy, be satisfied, to be skilled, ect.) But I don't understand it here.\n\n> ►残り僅かな命をご堪能 \n> 手元に残す切り札のカード \n> I know ここで引くなどご法度 \n> ギリギリで生きるのがスタンダード\n\nThis is the full line, which might help you with the context. It’s from a song\nI was translating. I don’t need help with the lines below it, and I just\ndidn’t want to get deleted if someone thought I was asking for a bulk\ntranslation (because I'm not).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T02:56:07.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43530",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T16:11:22.733",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T14:42:04.550",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19824",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "ご堪能 usage and meaning",
"view_count": 220
} | [
{
"body": "The 「を」 particle is used to indicate the object of the verb.\n\nNoun + を + Verb = Verb + the Noun\n\n残り僅かな命 + を + (ご)堪能 = Enjoy + the little remaining life\n\nThere isn't enough context to give a precise translation that matches the\nintent, but the gist here is to \"Enjoy the little bit of life one still has\nleft.\" (Sounds like something we'd read about when speaking of patients with\nterminal illnesses.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T03:12:01.077",
"id": "43531",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T03:12:01.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18608",
"parent_id": "43530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "No, it doesn't make any sense. And 堪能 itsself means' to be fully satisfied\nwith' something especially like luxury foods, trips, or performances of\neminent artists. So technically you can say 残りわずかな命を堪能する but this sounds\nreally strange. I would substitute 享受する kyouju-suru (accept and enjoy) for\n堪能する in this context. 残り僅かな命を享受する is more natural expression.\n\nI'd like to add one thing concerning 堪能. If you see 堪能 in other contexts like\n彼は英語に堪能である。 Here 堪能 serve as a na-adjective meaning 'He is very good at\nEnglish.'",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T10:24:54.317",
"id": "43543",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T10:24:54.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "堪能 here is clearly used as a suru-verb because it has a direct object\n(残り少ない命). Its meaning here is \"to enjoy to one's heart's content.\" する is\nomitted because it's from lyrics, and it's intended to rhyme with ご法度 two\nlines after it.\n\nJudging from the [whole lyrics](https://lyricsjpop.blogspot.jp/2016/12/sky-hi-\ndouble-down.html), this is a song about [double down of\nblackjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack#Player_decisions), which is\na symbol of a make-or-break, sink-or-swim situation. So this 残り少ない命を堪能する\nfiguratively refers to the excitement of a person placed in such a situation.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T15:13:38.903",
"id": "43549",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T16:11:22.733",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T16:11:22.733",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43530 | 43549 | 43549 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43541",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "There are several words I've found that end in っぱち. **Does the suffix have any\nspecial meaning, like がち?**\n\n[「やけっぱち」](http://zokugo-dict.com/36ya/yakeppachi.htm) \n[「うそっぱち」](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/19014/meaning/m0u/) \n[「でこっぱち」](http://zokugo-dict.com/19te/dekoppachi.htm)\n\nIt also seems that these are na-adjectives, and [it is possible to add さ (for\nat least some of them) to turn them into\nnouns](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%87%AA%E6%A3%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1%E3%81%A1%E3%81%95).\n**Is this addition possible for all っぱち adjectives?**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T05:30:19.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43535",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T09:41:59.517",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "っぱち suffix - meaning and addition of さ suffix",
"view_count": 319
} | [
{
"body": "There is no special meaning. As one of the linked entries says:\n\n> ※「～ぱち」は語感に勢いをつけたり、意味を強調するもので、これ自体に意味はない。また、これを付けることで、特に意味が変わるものでもない。\n\nI guess these might be originally coined as a wordplay so that it sounds like\na person's name. ～はち/～ぱち (八) was a typical male name-suffix in the Edo period\n(eg 甚八, 新八). Since ancient times Japanese people often created meaningless\nphrases just because they sound nice\n([examples](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A3)).\n\nI don't think でこっぱち (\"forehead\") can serve as a na-adjective. For やけっぱち and\nうそっぱち, it's technically possible to add さ, but it's not common because they\nalready have intense meanings (you don't hear 最高さ often, either).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T09:38:01.403",
"id": "43541",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T09:38:01.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43535",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "They are all used as intensifiers for noun there. Therefore っぱち itself doesn't\nhave special meanings like がち(serious?)\n\nSince やけ, うそ and でこ are nouns not adjectivals(na-adjective), You can't add さ\nto nominalize them.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T09:41:59.517",
"id": "43542",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T09:41:59.517",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43535",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43535 | 43541 | 43541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43539",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The following statement seems like an imperative but does not have the\nstructure of the imperative:\n\n> 是非{ぜひ}この機会{きかい}お見逃{みのが}し **なく** ！ Make sure not to miss this opportunity!\n\n 1. Is **なく** 連用形 of **ない**? If yes, how can a sentence end on 連用形?\n 2. Is **て** implied after **なく**?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T06:19:20.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43537",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T18:48:53.663",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T18:48:53.663",
"last_editor_user_id": "3371",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"negation",
"imperatives",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What form of imperative is this? 是非この機会お見逃しなく！",
"view_count": 425
} | [
{
"body": "> 「お/ご + Verb in 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) + なく 」\n\nshould be learned as a set phrase meaning \" ** _Please do not (verb)._** \" The\ngrammar used here is sort of special. One might say a phrase like\n「お願{ねが}いいたします」 is implied or left unsaid at the end.\n\nThis is an **honorific form of a polite request rather than a plain\nimperative**. The honorific お/ご at the beginning alone should already suggest\nthat.\n\nIf you translated 「お見逃しなく」 into \" **Don't miss it!** \" (, which is a\nreasonable translation) , it might look like an imperative. However, it is\njust the translation that is an imperative, not the original Japanese. \"Don't\nmiss it!\" is not honorific speech by any standard, is it?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T06:49:26.640",
"id": "43539",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T07:11:44.427",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T07:11:44.427",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43537",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 43537 | 43539 | 43539 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm having problem translating this sentence\n\n> 正直な人が損をするようなことは、あってはいけない.\n\nand more importantly I want to know what ”ような” means exactly in this context,\nplease give me a short example of ”ような” if possible. I'm also curious what\n\"あって\" means too.\n\nSorry to bother and thanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T11:36:22.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43545",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T18:12:01.580",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T12:07:36.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "19874",
"owner_user_id": "19874",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "ような in the sentence and how to use?",
"view_count": 565
} | [
{
"body": "I'll try to translate the sentence just literally into English.\n\n'There should not be things like an honest person suffer a loss.'\n\nような in this context means 'like' as a preposition. Hence 'ようなこと' would be\ntranslated to 'things like~ あって is continuous form of the verb ある(to be or to\nexist) As opposed to the e.g. below あって sounds very natural.\n\n正直な人が損をするようなことは、'ある'はいけない。 Here in this example'ある' , I intentionally remained\nin infinitive form. I can completely understand but conveys a feeling that the\nspeaker is a novice Japanese learner.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T13:45:20.673",
"id": "43547",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T13:45:20.673",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43545",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The structure is ような ＋ Noun Yo na literally means like, similar to,such as,\netc So a person like this = ような人 A thing like this = ようなもの\n\nIn the context,it means 'such as like making a loss' The sentence means 'for\nan honest person, it is not possible he had things like loosing money.'",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T18:12:01.580",
"id": "43556",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T18:12:01.580",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19878",
"parent_id": "43545",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43545 | null | 43547 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "日本人は 旅行に＿＿＿時 たくさん お土産 を買います。\n\n１・ 行く ２・ 行った\n\nWhat is the correct answer?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T15:00:59.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43548",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T20:18:41.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19877",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Subjunctive. Why 2 is correct",
"view_count": 314
} | [
{
"body": "日本人は 旅行に「行く」時たくさんおみやげを買います。\n\nJapanese buy lots of souvenirs before going to trip.\n\n日本人は 旅行に「行った」時たくさんおみやげを買います。\n\nJapanese buy lots of souvenirs when they goes to trip.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T20:18:41.317",
"id": "43563",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T20:18:41.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19880",
"parent_id": "43548",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43548 | null | 43563 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Recently, in the US the word 'alternative facts' have prompted a lot of\ndiscussion. I wonder what this phase is known in Japanese. Thanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T15:28:15.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43550",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T15:44:37.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Alternative facts in Japanese",
"view_count": 768
} | [
{
"body": "It is most commonly known as 「もう一{ひと}つの真実{しんじつ}」.\n\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%82%E3%81%86%E4%B8%80%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9F>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T15:44:37.260",
"id": "43551",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T15:44:37.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43550",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43550 | null | 43551 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43555",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am learning hiragana and I've encountered a minor problem. The thing is that\nmy book did mention how to deal with a long \"O\": just by adding another \"O\" or\n\"U\". However it doesn't explain in which cases I should use which.\n\nAs you can see I've made a mistake trying to put \"O\" in 7th case. In which\ncases of double \"O\" should I use \"O\" or \"U\"?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hF242.jpg)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T17:10:35.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43552",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-22T22:57:27.727",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-15T22:55:56.093",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18520",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"spelling",
"rōmaji",
"long-vowels"
],
"title": "Long O — when is it OU and when OO?",
"view_count": 27504
} | [
{
"body": "Really, all I can say is 'it depends on the word'. Generally on'yomi (Chinese-\nderived) readings use おう, while kun'yomi (native Japanese) readings use おお,\nbut there may be exceptions. A note: if う is a verb ending, おう will not be\npronounced おお but as お and う separately, as in 追う and 思う. A lot of what I've\nsaid also applies to えい and ええ.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T17:44:26.593",
"id": "43555",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-22T22:57:27.727",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-22T22:57:27.727",
"last_editor_user_id": "9971",
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "43552",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
},
{
"body": "Most of the time it is おう In rare cases, it is おお examples 遠く、通る おお also used\nfor the kanji 大 or 多 , so 大きい、多い",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T18:16:10.250",
"id": "43557",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T18:16:10.250",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19878",
"parent_id": "43552",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "As @Nothing at all notes, this depends on the word.\n\n_On'yomi_ always use _-OU_ for long O sound and _kun'yomi_ almost always\n_-OO_.1\n\nHowever, the real problem here is that you are being asked to reconstruct\n_hiragana_ from Hepburn romanization. In general this is impossible, because\nHepburn romanization conflates certain _hiragana_ spellings. (There are\nromanization systems that don't.)\n\nThe fact that there are many homophones is probably one of the reasons that\n_kanji_ still exist in Japanese. Without _kanji_ and only _hiragana_ , we\nwould have that 糖衣、東夷、当為、等位、… would all be とうい.\n\nHepburn romanization goes even further, and also conflates とうい (e.g.\n糖衣、東夷、当為、等位、…) and とおい (e.g. 遠い) to _tōi_.\n\nSo, you would need a lot of information to know that there is no word しょおゆ, so\nthat _shōyu_ would have to be しょうゆ. However, there would be no way for you to\nknow (without context) whether _tōi_ should be とうい or とおい.\n\nThe only way to solve this type of question is to know the _hiragana_ spelling\nof the words that come up. (Well, it suffices to know the words in a\nromanization system that does not conflate _hiragana_ spellings.)\n\nAll of that said, a long O (in Hepburn _-ō_ ) is more likely to be _-OU_ , so\nthe most economical approach would be to default to _-OU_ for _-ō_ and learn\nwords with _-OO_ such as とおい、とおる、おおい、おおきい、… as exceptions.\n\n* * *\n\n1 For _kun'yomi_ there are rare exceptions that arise from a sound shift as in\n妹【いもうと】 from いも+ひと which also occurs as a long O sound in 弟【おとうと】, 素人【しろうと】,\n客人【まろうど】, 若人【わこうど】, 蔵人【くろうど】. Across \"word boundaries\" Hepburn romanization\nalso uses _-ou-_ ; the above exceptions used to be word boundaries, but now\nthey are not anymore, so they have a long O sound, romanized as _-ō-_ in\nHepburn.)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T21:10:59.783",
"id": "43564",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-22T20:02:50.980",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-22T20:02:50.980",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43552",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 43552 | 43555 | 43555 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I've seen many questions asked about the ん sound, both on this site and\nothers, but I'm still uncertain about how it should be produced before a\nfricative (e.g. さ, し, ひ, ふ). So I'm hoping someone can give a good, thorough\nanswer if I ask about it specifically.\n\nDifferent sources seem to give different pronunciations. Some sources say it\nis similar to the English n or ng sound, but with the same place of\narticulation as the following sound. So if it is followed by s it would be a\nlamino-alveolar nasal. Some sources say it is like a nasalized う. Other\nsources simply say it is a nasalized vowel.\n\nSo is one of these correct and the others incorrect. Are none of them correct.\nOr does it vary by speaker. If it varies, is any pronunciation commonly\nregarded as standard and/or more neutral. The opinions of native speakers or\nthose familiar with Japanese linguistics would be especially appreciated.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T17:25:41.917",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43553",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-05T07:56:37.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonology",
"phonetics"
],
"title": "Pronunciation of ん before a fricative",
"view_count": 487
} | [
{
"body": "Before さ and し it is weakened or incomplete. When ひ or ふ come after ん in a\nword (or compound word), they are transformed to the non-fricatives ぴ and ぷ .\nE.g.\n\n * [反比例]{はん・ぴ・れい} \n * [染筆]{せんぴつ} \n * [選評]{せんぴょう} \n * [認否]{にん・ぴ}\n\nwhich at least doesn't conflict with your implicit assertion that ん followed\nby a non-fricative is, or historically was, more pleasurable to utter than ん\nfollowed by a fricative. Of course changing fricatives to non-fricative occurs\nfrequently in second syllables anyway, e.g. the older pronunciation\n[日本]{にっぽん}, so that could be coincidental.\n\nNotably, relatively new compounds like [計算表]{けい・さん・ひょう} and [新福島]{しん・ふく・しま}駅\ndon't replace the fricative. Also, the modern pronunciation [日本]{に・ほん} doesn't\nreplace the fricative.\n\nI personally find it is more emotive to say [日本]{にっぽん} than [日本]{に・ほん}, but\nchoose according to TPO.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T17:34:35.937",
"id": "43554",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T19:19:14.113",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T19:19:14.113",
"last_editor_user_id": "14250",
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Although, I know there so much diputes on Japanese ん sounds, as a native\nspeaker, I would like to say 'Don't care too much about sounds of ん' because\nwe have never learnt about sounds of ん. ん is ん to me. Nobody cares, if u can\npronounce n,m, and ng in English. All those sounds will work as ん sound in\nJapanese.\n\nAs for nasalised sound, people from Chugoku district like me never pronounce\nnasalised vowels. Tohoku dialects and Miyabi-go (mainly spoken among those\nfrom nobility) still remain those sounds to a considerable extent. However, in\nany case, most Japanese believe there is only one sound for ん.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T18:20:15.307",
"id": "43558",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T02:06:48.807",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T02:06:48.807",
"last_editor_user_id": "19858",
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "It's basically nasalized vowel ~~and it naturally turns into the nasal sound\nin the position of alveolar fricative (さすせそ) or ひ/ふ's counterpart as a result\nof motion of your tongue~~. (I don't think alveolar nasal is really sounding)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T15:00:10.750",
"id": "43597",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T15:00:10.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The reason why you get different answers is, I guess, partly because personal\ndifference among speakers. The finest details are often varying from person to\nperson, situation to situation. Like if you pronounce somewhat like _imput_\ninstead of _input_ by accident in conversation, actually few people would\nnotice.\n\nWhat is sure is that nasals with [release\nburst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_audible_release) are unacceptable with\nunvoiced fricative. Release burst is the kind of sound you make when you\nuntouch the tongue from palate, and that usually heard as stops (p, t, k...)\nitself. At the beginning of syllable everyone pronounces it, but at the end of\nit some do while other don't (in English). For example, in [this page where\npeople pronounce _cat_](https://forvo.com/word/cat/), the user called Slick\nholds the last _t_ unreleased, while FrazJam releases it. [When it comes to\n_can_](https://forvo.com/word/cat/), the same guy Slick releases the final _n_\nto make it sound like _n_ in _nat_ , as with most English speakers (in that\npage, griffeblanche represents the unreleased _n_ best). This phenomenon also\ntriggers that _chance_ sounds like _chants_ , and sounds unnatural as\nJapanese.\n\nSo your options are basically, a independent unreleased nasal stop or a\nnasalized vowel:\n\n * [[-n̚s-]], [[-z̃s-]]†, [[-Ṽs-]] for [[s]] (サ・ス・セ・ソ)\n * [[-n~ɲ̚ɕ-]], [[-j̃ɕ-]]†, [[-Ṽɕ-]] for [[ɕ]] (シ・シャ・シュ・シェ・ショ)\n * [[-ŋ~ɴ̚h-]], [[-ɰ̃h-]]†, [[-Ṽh-]] for [[h]] (often is [[x~χ]] in Kanto) (ハ・ヘ・ホ)\n * [[-n~ɲ̚ç-]], [[-j̃ç-]]†, [[-Ṽç-]] for [[ç]] (ヒ・ヒャ・ヒュ・ヒェ・ヒョ)\n * [[-n̚ɸ-]], [[-ŋ~ɴ̚ɸ-]], [[-β̃ɸ-]]†, [[-Ṽ(ʷ)ɸ-]] for [[ɸ]] (フ・ファ・フィ・フェ・フォ)\n * for [[z]] and [[ʑ]] you can simply use [[n]]; doesn't matter if it sounds like [[-ndz-]] etc. since Standard Japanese has no distinction between [[z]] and [[dz]], [[ʑ]] and [[dʑ]].\n\n† means that incomplete blocking of the stops listed before them would sound\nlike these ways.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T07:56:37.730",
"id": "44086",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-05T07:56:37.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43553 | null | 43554 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43561",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference between the following fragments?\n\n> A: 終わらなさそうだ\n>\n> B: 終わりそうもない\n\nIt seems to me, both means \"it does not look like it will finish\".\n\nIf they are different, how to use each?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T18:43:47.110",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43560",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T01:33:51.847",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "終わらなさそうだ versus 終わりそうもない",
"view_count": 613
} | [
{
"body": "Sentence A is closer to your translation. Sentence B is more emphatic and it\nsounds like you will be nowhere near the goal by the deadline.\n\n`も + ない` indicates a strong negation (≒\"never\", \"even\"). See: [function of the\nparticle も in 「~も辞さない」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40969/5010)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T18:53:42.537",
"id": "43561",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T01:33:51.847",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43560",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "A:終わらなそうだ connotes objectivity. The speaker isn't involved in or part of the\ndeed.\n\nB:終わりそうもない connotes subjectivity. The speaker is involved in or part of the\ndeed.\n\nBoth are grammatically correct. Hinges on speakers view on the deed.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T19:03:59.970",
"id": "43562",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T19:03:59.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43560",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43560 | 43561 | 43561 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Background situation: In a drama I'm watching, the main character is a women\nwho wants to marry, quit her job and become a housewife. The guy she's\ninterested in doesn't want to get married. Another guy WANTS his wife to be a\nhousewife and asks her to marry him - although they haven't even dated. Main\ngirl is at a bar telling her friends about guy #2's proposal.\n\nHer friends point out that guy #2 meets all her criteria, including the \"high\nbar\" of being okay with her housewife dreams. She's hesitating because she\ndoesn't love guy #2. One friend says that \"仕事早いくせに そういうとこ全然 はっきりしないよね,\" and\ncomments that main girl is only hesitating because of guy #1. Her other friend\nsays to her \"営業しなさい｡ 営業｡\"\n\nObviously, 営業 usually means sales or management, but in this case (even though\nher working ability was just mentioned) it seems to be referencing more to her\nlove life. Is her friend telling her to \"manage\" her love life? If so, is more\nof a \"be practical/ business-like in your love life\" or a \"manage the men in\nyour love life\" kind of statement?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T21:14:22.557",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43565",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T07:18:32.403",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T07:18:32.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "19853",
"owner_user_id": "19853",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"slang"
],
"title": "営業 used in a conversation about love",
"view_count": 272
} | [
{
"body": "I can't specify in which meaning the friend is referring from the dialogue.\nHowever, not specifically in this context, by 営業 usually can mean 'sales\npromotion/promoters', so I guess she means like 'advertise yourself as a\nwoman' by 営業 there.\n\nIn more slangish context, especially 営業 referring ones love life can remind\none of 枕営業 (literally translation: pillow sales) this means to get laid/ sleep\naround for buisiness. Sorry my Chinese.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-15T23:50:34.390",
"id": "43566",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-15T23:50:34.390",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43565",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43565 | null | 43566 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43569",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both of grammar are the same meaning: something has “just” finished/done?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T01:18:38.340",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43567",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T04:19:08.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between V-あげる and V-たて",
"view_count": 703
} | [
{
"body": "`-たて` attaches to some verbs and forms so-called a no-adjective (noun).\n\n> * 焼きたてのピザと揚げたてのフレンチフライ\n> * ドーナツはできたてがおいしい。\n> * 私は大学を卒業したてです。\n>\n\nNote that this refers to the quality of the described object; the object\nitself has to be new or fresh. You can say 印刷したての本 but usually not 読みたての本,\nbecause the book itself does not have to be new in the latter case.\n\n* * *\n\n`-あげる` that appears in many compound verbs means either _thoroughly_ or _to\nupper direction_ , both of which roughly correspond to \"up\". But it does not\nmean _just_ per se, while it tends to be used with another phrase that means\n_just_.\n\n> * 小説を書き上げた。 I finished writing a novel.\n> * たった今小説を書き上げた。 I just finished writing the novel.\n> * 太陽を見上げた。 I looked up to the sun.\n>\n\n* * *\n\nThere are other expressions that enable you to say \"I have just [verb].\" See:\n[Verbs + ところ / Verbs + とこ / Verbs +\nばかり](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2681/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T02:04:28.670",
"id": "43569",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T04:19:08.790",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43567",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43567 | 43569 | 43569 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43570",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Apparently の can be used as a de-facto が particle. Now this sorta makes sense\nas in Japanese the line between something defining scope (A は/が B), and some\ndefining association (A の B), is vary thin.\n\nThat said, could someone explain to me when exactly you can use の in place of\nが, like it explains on [Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AE), as I'm\nfar to curious.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T01:21:08.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43568",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T02:55:09.800",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "How do you use の as a de-facto が particle?",
"view_count": 105
} | [
{
"body": "の and が are interchangeable at least in the following two cases:\n\n * In a relative clause, の works as a subject marker just like が. This is fairly common and we hear this every day. See: [How does the の work in 「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n * In archaic Japanese, が worked like の that describes possession/belonging. There are still some fixed expressions and place names (such as [鬼が島](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D)) that still use が for this purpose. You may hear が used in this way in samurai dramas, too. You should not freely construct a phrase using this が. See: [「が」vs「の」 with possessives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39264/5010)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T02:14:29.590",
"id": "43570",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T02:55:09.800",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43568",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43568 | 43570 | 43570 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43585",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been looking a way to introduce a topic when I think of something without\njust blurting out a new subject.\n\nSay you're having a conversation about Oreos and how there used to be\ngingerbread Oreos (a real conversation topic I just had) and you wanted to say\n\"speaking of things that are made with gingerbread, have you ever heard of X /\nthere's this other thing.\"\n\nMaybe \"speaking of X\" is a little different (I'm not entirely sure) like\nsomeone having a conversation about Donald Trump and you want to say \"speaking\nof Donald Trump, have you heard about his scandal?\" But maybe they're\nfunctionally the same.\n\nEither way, is there an expression for this? `Xを言えば`?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T03:51:10.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43571",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T09:09:10.050",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T03:58:22.983",
"last_editor_user_id": "10300",
"owner_user_id": "10300",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "An expression that means \"speaking of X\" or \"while we're on this topic...\"",
"view_count": 2251
} | [
{
"body": "I think you're looking for \"そう言えば\" - I have definitely heard it used in\nsituations like you mentioned, it it is usually translated as \"Speaking of\" or\nsomething similar. The most recent time I saw it, a women was talking about\nhow the guy she liked was dragged to her house by her dad. Her friend jokingly\nasked if that meant she had parental approval, and then the first girl said\n\"Speaking of, I was proposed to by (a different guy).\" The phrase she used was\nそう言えば",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T09:09:10.050",
"id": "43585",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T09:09:10.050",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19853",
"parent_id": "43571",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43571 | 43585 | 43585 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43575",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is my first question on this site, so excuse me if I make any mistake.\n\nI found this phrase in a text which uses pre-WW2 grammar (so I'm not entirely\nsure if it's [生き乍らへて]{いきながらへて} or 生き乍ら **え** て due to historical kana usage).\nI've searched in dictionaries but I haven't been able to find anything with\nthese specific kanji. I found 生き長らえて (to live long) though, but I don't know\nwhether it's the same thing (and it doesn't seem to fit in this text either).\n\n生き obviously means \"to live\", and 乍ら is just the old ながら used to mean that\nsomething is being done at the same time another action is being performed.\nBut it doesn't seem to make sense here. I provide the original and a version\nwith modern kana usage (only those lines that actually use the historical\nusage).\n\nI will be very thankful if somebody could shine some light about the meaning\nof this word in the text.\n\n```\n\n 私は滅びゆく村を見た\n I saw the village being destroyed\n \n 吸ひ込むやうな月に濡れ -> 吸い込むような月に濡れ\n It looked completely soaked up, wet due to the moon\n Alt (less literal): \"It looked bathed in light, wet with the moonlight\".\n \n 私は其れを潰れた箱らに入れてゐた -> 私は其れを潰れた箱らに入れていた\n I put that inside the crushed boxes\n \n 生き乍らへて、\n While [they] were alive???\n \n 今に其れを知る私はばかり\n Although I've came to know that only now\n \n 私は壊れゆく村を見た\n I saw the village breaking\n \n 重く赤い露に浸り\n Soaked in heavy red dew\n \n 朽ちぬと共に探してゐた -> 朽ちないと共に探していた\n I looked for him along those that weren't rotten\n \n 其れでも、其れでも見つからぬ -> 其れでも、其れでも見つからない\n But so, even so I couldn't find [him].\n \n 私は死にゆく村を見た\n I saw the village die\n \n 片時も未だ、心を離れず\n It still hasn't left my mind not even once\n \n 未だ、疼いてゐる -> 未だ、疼いている\n It still hurts me.\n \n 燃え盡くした\n It has burned completely\n \n 私の指が、私の箱が煙の中を\n My fingers, my box, inside the smoke\n \n あぁ、あの方に\n Ah, that person\n \n もう一度\n Once more\n \n 会はねば\n I ought to meet.\n \n```",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T03:58:34.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43573",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T05:10:38.080",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19871",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"orthography"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of 生き乍らへて / 生き乍らえて?",
"view_count": 205
} | [
{
"body": "It must be just\n[生きながらえる](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E6%B0%B8%E3%82%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B)\nwhich means to survive (e.g. a disaster) and live for a long time. Kanji\nusages were not very standardized pre-war, so you may find odd kanji usages by\ntoday's standards in old documents.\n\n> 生き乍らへて、今に其れを知るは私ばかり \n> -> 生きながらえて、今それを知っているのは私ばかりだ \n> I am the only one who has survived and still knows that.\n\n(I'm assuming 其れを知る私はばかり is a typo for 其れを知るは私ばかり because 憚る doesn't make\nsense here. In classical Japanese, so-called nominalizers were not necessary\nand the attributive form (連体形) of a verb worked just like nouns.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T04:59:33.283",
"id": "43575",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T05:10:38.080",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T05:10:38.080",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43573",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43573 | 43575 | 43575 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43580",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here are the two sentences:\n\n> あなたの友達に私の本で書かないでと言ってください\n>\n> あなたの友達に私の本で書かないように言ってください\n\nMy guess is that the first is\n\n> Please say to your friend \"Do not write in my book\"\n\nand the second is\n\n> Please tell your friend to not write in my book.\n\nThe second is more asking the person to explain it in their own words. The\nfirst is asking them to just say that quote.\n\nIs this guess correct?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T05:18:09.340",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43576",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T06:06:13.077",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11827",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What's the difference between these two sentences?",
"view_count": 108
} | [
{
"body": "Your guess is mostly correct.\n\n> あなたの友達に私の本で書かないでと言ってください\n\nThis sentence sounds like you are reporting direct speech, because 書かないで is a\nrather casual way to say _don’t write_. To convey what your friend should be\ntold without actually quoting anyone, you may use the negative imperative Vる+な\nform (which is not rude in this construction) or いけない.\n\n> あなたの友達に私の本で書くなと言ってください\n>\n> Please tell your friend not to write in my book.\n>\n> あなたの友達に私の本で書いてはいけないと言ってください\n>\n> Please tell your friend he is not allowed to write in my book.\n\nYour second sentence is also acceptable. An extreme literal translation of\nthis sentence could be ‘tell your friend what you should tell him so that he\ndoes not write in my book’.\n\nBy the way, あなたの友達に doesn’t seem very natural to me (but it is gramatically\ncorrect for sure).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T05:59:50.397",
"id": "43580",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T06:06:13.077",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43576",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43576 | 43580 | 43580 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43582",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Does one write:\n\nSmith toshokan or Toshokan no Smith\n\nApologies for not using kana, the Windows' Japanese keyboard is taking forever\nto install.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T05:24:01.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43577",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:59:52.653",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19886",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "Writing a named building/place",
"view_count": 68
} | [
{
"body": "When I lived in Japan, all the libraries I came across were Name+Library. For\ninstance, 京都府立図書館 or \"Kyoto Prefecture Library.\"\n\n\"no\" indicates possession. Toshokan no Smith would mean \"The Library's Smith.\"\nSmith no toshokan would be awkward (and I think incorrect, at least based on\nmy experience) but would mean Smith's Library, which at least makes sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T06:31:31.837",
"id": "43582",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:59:52.653",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T08:59:52.653",
"last_editor_user_id": "19853",
"owner_user_id": "19853",
"parent_id": "43577",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43577 | 43582 | 43582 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43581",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The idea of superlative is easy to convey with 一番, 最も or even 最強, 最高, etc. But\nI have been wondering for a long time how to express the opposite idea: _the\nleast_ something. I often lack in ways to express this when I’m talking in\nJapanese.\n\nFor instance, how would one translate things like _the least risky agreement_\n, _the least bad option_ , _the least important clue_?\n\nObviously it is possible to replace _least bad_ with _best_ in most cases but\nthe meaning is not really the same. So translating _least bad_ by 最良and _least\nrisky_ by 一番安全, while it’s basically what I’m doing right now, would not be\nthe kind of answer I expect.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T05:42:59.107",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43578",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:58:40.273",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "How to translate ‘the least + adjective’",
"view_count": 1142
} | [
{
"body": "Unfortunately the Japanese language lacks this feature. Even if you don't\nlike, you have to rephrase it. For example, to say _the least risky agreement_\n,\n\n * もっとも危険性が低い合意\n * いちばん[まし](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/40225/5010)な合意\n * 可能な中ではもっとも安全な合意 (using 可能な中では to express reluctance)\n * [?]もっとも危険でない合意 (clumsy and ambiguous)\n * [x]もっとも危険で **は** ない合意 (this usually means \"not the most dangerous\", i.e., not necessarily the safest but at least not the worst)\n\nAs you can see, using ない can result in ambiguous expressions and should be\navoided IMHO.\n\nThe same thing can be said for `less + (adjective)`. For example _less\nimportant clue_ would be:\n\n * 重要性がより低い手がかり\n * 比較的重要でない手がかり\n * それほど重要でない手がかり\n * 相対的にはどうでもよい手がかり\n * ○○ほどには重要でない手がかり\n\nFWIW, [this page](http://www.ravco.jp/cat/view.php?cat_id=5346) describes this\nEnglish construction (`less/least + (adjective)`) for Japanese people who\nlearn English. (Note that some Japanese translations in this page are\n\"literal\" in a sense, but ambiguous. 彼は最も重要ではない usually means \"He's not the\nmost important\" rather than \"He's the least important\".)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T06:12:42.583",
"id": "43581",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T08:58:40.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43578",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43578 | 43581 | 43581 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43590",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have been watching some anime recently and I often hear people say にげよ (逃げよ\nin kanji maybe?) and it is usually translated as \"(Let's) escape!\".\n\nI want to know why it is translated this way. According to my knowledge, 逃げ is\nthe 連用形 of 逃げる, to escape. And よ is a sentence ending particle that adds\nlittle meaning to the sentence. IMO, \"(Let's) escape!\" should be something\nlike 逃げろ. Does this mean that 連用形 can sometimes replace the imperative form? I\nhave never heard anyone say 書き！ or 食べ！ to give commands.\n\nOr did my ears not work properly and mistook the ろ as a よ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T11:41:21.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43587",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T06:48:15.893",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T14:03:04.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"renyōkei",
"imperatives",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "Why does 逃げよ mean 'Escape!\"?",
"view_count": 590
} | [
{
"body": "In Japanese Grammar,We have a Volitional Pattern. 逃げます is a Group 2 Verb. So\nas a rule we conjugate as 逃げよう(add) よう means Let's Escape. Other Verb is 食べよう\nlet's eat.\n\nforms Group 1\n\n買います － 買おう let's buy\n\nGroup 2\n\n浴びよう let's take shower\n\nGroup 3\n\n勉強しよう let's study\n\nTry to Search Volitional Pattern",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T11:58:16.347",
"id": "43589",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T11:58:16.347",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19877",
"parent_id": "43587",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Wasn't it 逃げよ **う** (with the last vowel elongated) that you actually heard?\n\nThen that's what's called the [**volitional-\nform**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#Volitional_.28Presumptive.2C_Hortative.29)\nof a verb. You can create it by replacing the last る with よう for vowel-stem\n(aka ichidan or ru-) verbs, or by replacing the last u-vowel with the o-vowel\nequivalent and adding う for consonant-stem (aka godan or u-) verbs. Its\nprimary meaning is \"Let's ～\" and \"I'm going to ～\".\n\n * [What Does the \"Volitional\" Really Mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36505/5010)\n * [Questions tagged with `volitional-form`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/volitional-form)\n * [Desire and Suggestions](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/desire.html)\n\nThe sentence-end particle よ (as in そうだよ, 楽しいよ) has nothing to do with the\nvolitional-form. (It doesn't end with よ in the first place.)\n\n* * *\n\nIn fact there is also 逃げよ (without the elongated vowel), which is the\n[**archaic imperative\nform**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language#Conjugation_table)\nof 逃げる (which was [逃ぐ](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E9%80%83%E3%81%90) in\nclassical Japanese, strictly speaking). The meaning is \"(You must) escape!\"\nThis is much more rarer and never heard in today's ordinary conversations. But\nyou may occasionally hear 逃げよ from a stereotyped pompous noble person, a\nninja, a samurai, or a 1000-year-old demon in various fictional works.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** @kroki's comment reminded me that 逃げよう can be sometimes shortened to\n逃げよ in very casual conversations. Casual/colloquial (\"let's\") 逃げよ is\npronounced as にげよ{LHH}, whereas the archaic/pompous/literary 逃げよ is pronounced\nas にげよ{LHL} (like にげろ{LHL}).",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T13:53:36.373",
"id": "43590",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T06:48:15.893",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43587",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43587 | 43590 | 43590 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43601",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "a few days ago I find out that the term \"子役の闇\" exist, but I can't quite\nunderstand its meaning. I have seen it used on places like twitter and 2ch but\nit seems there's no English equivalent for this. I guess a literal translation\nwould be something like \"The desperation of the child actor\" or something\nalong those lines but I'm not sure about it and I don't think it makes much\nsense in English.\n\nCan someone help me out?\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:08:06.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43591",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T18:56:10.023",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19894",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "What does \"子役の闇\" mean?",
"view_count": 469
} | [
{
"body": "'Child actors' very negative sides.' I would translate like above.\n\n闇 (darkness) in internet contexts often means very negative sides of something\nin contrast to its very positive sides.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:28:01.747",
"id": "43592",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T14:28:01.747",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43591",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "闇{やみ} is often colloquially used to mean \"deep, dark secrets\".\"unknown, unseen\nside (negative)\" or \"the dark side\".\n\nSo in your example, 子役{こやく}の闇{やみ} means the \"the dark side of child actors\".\nPeople would use that when discussing bad things happening in the child actor\nindustry.\n\nThere is also a term [N]の闇{やみ}が深{ふか}い, meaning [N] has some dark secret, or\nsometimes just that there is something doesn't seems quite right (and\ntherefore there must be some deep, dark secret somewhere).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T18:56:10.023",
"id": "43601",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T18:56:10.023",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9508",
"parent_id": "43591",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 43591 | 43601 | 43601 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does うえ mean in this case：\n\n実行委員会によりますと、この冬は極端に気温が上がる日がなかった **うえ** 、十分な量の雪も確保できたことで、雪像作りは順調に進んだということです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:39:25.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43593",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T14:52:24.990",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19511",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does うえ mean in this case？",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "It means \"in addition to\" in that context.\n\n> 「Phrase A + 上{うえ}（or 上に） + Phrase B」\n\n=\n\n> \"Phrase B in addition to Phrase A\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:52:24.990",
"id": "43596",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T14:52:24.990",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43593",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43593 | null | 43596 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm doing a speech & want to say \"I don't often get given a platform like\nthis\"\n\nI've been trying to find the word 'platform', but they only thing that comes\nup is the term 'platform' in terms of a train station. (i.e. the noun)\n\nIs there a Japanese equivalent to the 'platform' we use in the metaphorical\nsense in English?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:41:13.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43594",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T19:36:02.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18922",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrases"
],
"title": "How do you say 'platform' in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1504
} | [
{
"body": "「舞台{ぶたい}」 would be a fairly good word choice if you are referring to the\nopportunity to give a speech someplace.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T14:47:47.420",
"id": "43595",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T14:47:47.420",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43594",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
},
{
"body": "Metaphors don't always translate well. You might just be more specific about\nwhat you mean by \"platform\". For example, is it the opportunity to talk to so\nmany people already working in your planned career field? Or the chance to\nspeak directly to potential or current customers? If you just mean, \"it's an\nhonor/pleasure to be here\" you could say something like 今日は、会場の皆様にお呼び頂いて、光栄です",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T17:11:44.650",
"id": "43599",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-16T17:11:44.650",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19896",
"parent_id": "43594",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43594 | null | 43595 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43600",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should I use _ohayō_ , _konbanwa_ and _oyasumi_? As a greeting or as a\ngoodbye?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T16:25:54.867",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43598",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T07:42:29.633",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-16T18:08:27.997",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage",
"culture",
"greetings"
],
"title": "The uses of おはよう, こんばんわ and おやすみ",
"view_count": 2314
} | [
{
"body": "* おはよう（ございます） _ohayō (gozaimasu)_ is used like \"Good morning\" as a greeting\n * こんばんは _konbanwa_ is used like \"Good evening\", also as a greeting\n * おやすみ（なさい） _oyasumi(nasai)_ is used like \"Good night\", said when parting with someone and either party is heading for bed (or back home)\n\nIt is completely parallel to the standard usage of the phrases in English. (It\nis not possible to use _konbanwa_ like the \"old-fashioned\" \"Good day (to you,\nsir!)\" or \"Good evening\" as a form of saying goodbye.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-16T18:15:52.220",
"id": "43600",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T07:42:29.633",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T07:42:29.633",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43598",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43598 | 43600 | 43600 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43605",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is my translation correct in the following examples?\n\n> If (when) I build a house I will buy furniture.\n>\n> 家を建てたら、家具を買う。\n>\n> If I built a house I would buy furniture.\n>\n> 家を建てたなら、家具を買った。\n>\n> If I build a house I will have a place to live.\n>\n> 家を建てると住む場所がある。\n>\n> If I build a house I will buy good furniture. 家を建てれば、良い家具を買う。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T00:27:43.980",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43604",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T02:49:46.547",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10476",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"conditionals"
],
"title": "What is the correct usage of conditional and hypothetical?",
"view_count": 256
} | [
{
"body": "> If (when) I build a house I will buy furniture.\n>\n> 家{いえ}を建{た}て **たら** 、家具{かぐ}を買{か}う。\n\nCorrect. That is an exemplary use of 「たら」 for a **specific and/or one-time-\nonly** condition-consequence relationship.\n\nIn a real-life setting, however, the 「買う」 ending would sound quite blunt. It\nwould be more natural to say 「買うつもりです」、「買うと思{おも}います」, etc.\n\n> If I built a house I would buy furniture.\n>\n> 家を建てた **なら** 、家具を買った。\n\nUngrammatical and unnatural. Why use the past tense 「買った」 here? You have not\nbought the furniture yet. Moreover, you have not even built/bought a house yet\nas you utter this line.\n\nIn a proper and natural use of 「なら」, the second half (the consequence part)\nwould express some kind of opinion, judgement, wish, etc. of the speaker. A\nverb phrase in the simple past tense (as 「家具を買った」) would generally not fit\nthere.\n\nA natural-sounding second half would be along the lines of:\n\n「素敵{すてき}な家具をたくさん買いたいです」,\n\n「イタリアまで家具を買いに行くつもりです」, etc.\n\n> If I build a house I will have a place to live.\n>\n> 家を建てる **と** 住{す}む場所{ばしょ}がある。\n\nNice try but sounds unnatural on the native level. When native speakers\nsee/hear the condition 「家を建てると」, we will naturally expect to see/hear that\nsomething will _**happen**_ as a result of it.\n\nThe problem here is your verb choice of 「ある」, which is _**stative**_. It is\ntoo weak to make something sound like an \"action\". Change it to 「できる」 and it\nwill instantly satisfy the reader/listener's expectation of seeing/hearing\nabout what would **happen** then.\n\n> If I build a house I will buy good furniture.\n>\n> 家を建て **れば** 、良{い}い家具を買う。\n\nGrammatical but unnatural. (Again, I am speaking on the native level because\nthat is the ONLY level on which I can judge these things. For all I know, your\nsentences might be graded as A+ in a Japanese-as-a-foreign-language class.)\n\n「れば」 should be used to express a **constant and/or permanent** kind of\ncondition-consequence relationship.\n\nIt might certainly be somewhat universal to buy furniture if you build a\nhouse, but buying \"good\" furniture is not, is it? Buying \"good\" furniture is\nbasically this particular speaker's desire.\n\nAs I stated in the beginning, 「たら」 would be a far better and more natural word\nchoice here.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T02:15:27.833",
"id": "43605",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T02:49:46.547",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43604",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43604 | 43605 | 43605 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43608",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out the proper interpretation for a line within a story.\nHere is the line:\n\n> 偶像としての彼女の姿の揺らぎと、僕自身が生々しい二人の間に入ってしまったからだ\n\nI think properly understanding this will require context, so here is the\nparagraph this line is embedded in, as well as the previous one:\n\n>\n> 何はともあれ、もう来ない、ということはなさそうだ。事の詳細はよくわからないが、落木部さんに入れ込んでいるようだし、マネージャーさんとの不仲はともかく、それはそれ、これはこれと区別するような人だろう。爽快なほどサバサバしている。\n>\n> ただ、それは本人の中の話であって、一連の話を聞いた僕の頭の中はどうにもすっきりしない。\n> **偶像としての彼女の姿の揺らぎと、僕自身が生々しい二人の間に入ってしまったからだ**\n> 。もう知らないふりはできないだろうし、お客さんというイニシアチブを取られている以上、綺羅めくるに加担するしかない。\n\nHowever, I still think this may not be enough context, so let me explain the\nsituation.\n\n落木部さん: girl who works at a cafe where the main character has just started\nworking a few weeks ago.\n\n綺羅めくる: was previously a pop idol, but lost popularity several years ago.\nSister to 落木部さん. She is the subject of the first paragraph.\n\nマネージャー: manager to 綺羅めくる, who doublecrossed her by secretly working with a new\ngirl who became the new pop star, just as 綺羅めくる lost popularity.\n\nNow, taking apart the phrase in question:\n\n偶像としての彼女の姿の揺らぎと: This seems to be the changing (literally 'flickering') of\nmain character's image/impression of 綺羅めくる, as he has learned more about her\nstruggles to obtain and maintain fame.\n\n生々しい: Says 'vivid' in the dictionary, but not sure how this is used here.\nMaybe the sense of 'in the flesh'?\n\n二人: This is one of my biggest problems with this sentence. There are three\npeople discussed in the previous paragraph and I don't know which two are\ninvolved.\n\nの間に入ってしまった: I think this literally means 'to come between', but I think the\nusage is actually psychological.\n\nFinally, in addition to the confusion with the above parts, I am not sure how\nthis sentence connects to the previous one, where the main character seems to\nbe bothered by the situation (\"...すっきりしない\")\n\nMy guess at interpretation is that the sentence in question means that the\nmain character somehow is now \"involved\" in a \"real\" sense, and due to his\ninvolvement he cannot stand by without helping 綺羅めくる. But I am not very\ncertain about this.\n\n[Here](http://ncode.syosetu.com/n6899db/6/) is the entire chapter for context.\nThe phrase is near the end.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T02:28:19.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43606",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T05:22:43.180",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Interpretation of a difficult sentence involving \"二人の間に入ってしまった\"",
"view_count": 177
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence in question is not really well-organized, but at least\nunderstandable without ambiguity. First, the と after 揺らぎ is connecting two\nreasons. The sentence can be rephrased as:\n\n> （僕がすっきりしない原因は、）ひとつには偶像としての彼女の姿が揺らいでしまったからであり、もうひとつには僕自身が生々しい二人の間に入ってしまったからだ。\n\nAs for the first reason, 揺らぐ has a negative connotation (lose stability,\nstumble. See [my previous\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19270/5010)). The good image of\n綺羅めくる which the main character held has been _negatively_ affected during the\nconversation.\n\nAs for the second reason, obviously he's referring to the complicated\nrelationship between めくる and her manager (都). 落木部さん doesn't play an important\nrole in this chapter. ～の間に入ってしまった in this context means to end up being\ninvolved. 生々しい here has a bit of negative nuance like \"(too) realistic\",\n\"overly uncovered\". For example one can say\n「夢を語っているときに、お金の話は生々しいからやめて！」「生々しい芸能界の[闇](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43591/5010)」「生々しい話をすると、ディズニーランドのミッキーマウスの中には人間が入っている」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T04:03:37.703",
"id": "43608",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T05:22:43.180",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43606",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43606 | 43608 | 43608 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43615",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "Consider the following mathematics question,\n\n> Each of integers from 1 to N is written on a separate piece of card.\n\nIt means that there are N cards, each with a distinct number.\n\nIs it understandable if I say as follows in Japanese?\n\n> 一からNまでの整数のめいめいはそれぞれ別のカードの一枚に書かれた。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T04:17:29.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43609",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T12:53:21.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to say 1-to-1 correspondence without causing any ambiguities?",
"view_count": 312
} | [
{
"body": "「カード一枚ずつに一つの整数」 means \"one integer for each card\" or \"one integer per card\".\nThe key you are looking for is \"ずつに\".\n\n「1からNまで、カード一枚ずつに一つの整数 ...」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T05:13:53.523",
"id": "43612",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T05:13:53.523",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> Each of（各々{おのおの}の） integers（整数（は or が）） from 1 to N（１からＮまでの） is\n> written（書かれています） on a separate piece of card（それぞれ一枚のカードに）.\n\nThen the following is the best translation.\n\n> １からＮまでの各々{おのおの}の整数は、それぞれ一枚のカードに書かれています。\n\nYour translation\n\n> 一からNまでの整数のめいめいはそれぞれ別のカードの一枚に書かれた。\n\n\"整数のめいめい\" is just acceptable as a translation by non-native Japanese speaker,\nat least you should use \"めいめいの整数.\" \"それぞれの整数\" is far better.\n\n* * *\n\nIf the N numbers (from 1 to N) are written in a card, it should be traslated\ninto \"１からＮまでの整数が、一枚のカードに書かれています。\" \nThere is no need to use \"各々,\" \"それぞれ\" or \"めいめい\" to describe this picture. There\nare two substances, one is a group of Numbers and the other is a card.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T06:05:41.393",
"id": "43613",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T06:05:41.393",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "In math questions, you would usually say like this:\n\n> 「N枚のカードに、それぞれ１からNまでの異なる整数が書かれています。」 \n> 「N枚のカードに、それぞれ１からNまでの整数が１つずつ書かれています。」 \n> or 「N枚のカードに、それぞれ１からNまでの異なる整数が１つずつ書かれています。」\n\nIt's also common to say like this:\n\n> 「１からNまでの異なる整数が書かれたN枚のカードがあります。」 \n> 「１からNまでの整数が１つずつ書かれたN枚のカードがあります。」 \n> or 「１からNまでの異なる整数が１つずつ書かれたN枚のカードがあります。」\n\nI think you could also say like this:\n\n> 「N枚のカードがあり、それぞれに１からNまでの異なる整数が書かれています。」 \n> 「N枚のカードがあり、それぞれに１からNまでの整数が１つずつ書かれています。」 \n> or 「N枚のカードがあり、それぞれに１からNまでの異なる整数が１つずつ書かれています。」\n\nor maybe like this, but this might be a bit wordy:\n\n> 「N枚のカードがあり、それぞれに１からNまでのうちいずれかの整数が１つずつ書かれています。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T09:23:35.100",
"id": "43615",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T14:48:52.267",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T14:48:52.267",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "43609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "I think \"めいめい\" is usually used for people to mean each person.\n\nSo, your sentence \"一からNまでの整数のめいめいはそれぞれ別のカードの一枚に書かれた。\" can be rephrased to read\nas follows:\n\n\"1からNまでの整数がそれぞれ別々のカードに書かれています\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T12:53:21.750",
"id": "43641",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T12:53:21.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18667",
"parent_id": "43609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43609 | 43615 | 43615 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43611",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is a line of Ghost in the Shell´s dialogue:\n\n> より存在する為に複雑、多様化しつつ時にはそれを捨てる。\n\nhow it is interpreted the comma with \"複雑\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T04:51:56.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43610",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T04:57:47.843",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13859",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "How to interpret the comma in this sentece?",
"view_count": 86
} | [
{
"body": "> 「複雑{ふくざつ}、多様化{たようか}しつつ」\n\nis to avoid the wordiness and redundancy of\n\n> 「複雑 **化** 、(かつ/および) 多様 **化** しつつ」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T04:57:47.843",
"id": "43611",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T04:57:47.843",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43610",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43610 | 43611 | 43611 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I wonder what is the difference between the words **文書{ぶんしょ}** and\n**文書化{ぶんしょか}**. Both of them have meaning of **_\"documentation\"_** or\n**_\"documents\"_** , but I am not capable to distinguish them. Could you please\nshare your ideas? Thank you a lot in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T10:58:26.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43616",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T11:25:24.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "The difference between 文書 and 文書化",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "文書 is a noun. The meaning is 'a document'.\n\n文書化 is a verb. The meaning is 'documenting'. So it means 'To record in\ndocuments'. If a noun attached `化`, it almost mean 'making (something) (a\nnoun)'. In this pattern, 'making (something) a document'.\n\nExample:\n\n> * この文書は説得力がなさそうだ。\n> * This document looks to make no sense.\n> * そうだ、これを文書化しよう。\n> * Oh yeah. Let's document this.\n>\n\nRelated:\n[http://www.weblio.jp/content/文書化](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E5%8C%96)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T11:25:24.917",
"id": "43617",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T11:25:24.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14627",
"parent_id": "43616",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43616 | null | 43617 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43619",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 寝太郎{ねたろう}はのんきに空{そら}をながめ **ては** 暮{く}らしておりました。\n\nMy translation: Netarou was living by heedlessly looking the sky.\n\nWhat does ては mean in this sentence?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T11:47:28.430",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43618",
"last_activity_date": "2020-01-06T13:37:31.580",
"last_edit_date": "2020-01-03T00:44:27.640",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "What does ては mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 546
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Verb A in **て/で** -form + **は** + Verb B」\n\nmeans:\n\n> \"to do A and B repeatedly as in a pair\"\n\nSo, your translation looks good.\n\nBy far the most common and \"famous\" phrase using this structure would be\n「食{く}っちゃ寝{ね}」, which is the colloquial pronunciation of 「食っては寝(て or る)」. That\nmeans \"someone just eats and sleeps all day\".\n\n",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T11:58:56.413",
"id": "43619",
"last_activity_date": "2020-01-06T13:37:31.580",
"last_edit_date": "2020-01-06T13:37:31.580",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43618",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43618 | 43619 | 43619 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43632",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that the て form can be used to connect verbs together, like the English\n\"and\":\n\n> 毎日私は食べて寝る。\n>\n> I eat and sleep every day.\n\nAnd I know the 連用形 can be used to connect verbs as well, but it kind of\ncombines the meanings of the two verbs, like 飲み込む.\n\nBut I am confused by this sentence which appears a lot in TV shows and anime:\n\n> この番組はフィクションであり、登場する人物、団体、場所、法律および名称等は実在のものとは一切関係ありません\n\nWhy is ある conjugated to 連用形 here? I can understand everything else but this. I\nhave never seen a 連用形 not followed by any other word at the end of a sentence.\nIt is clearly saying that 'This show is a fiction _and_ characters,\norganization and other stuff is not related to things IRL whatsoever\".\n\nWhy isn't the て form used here?\n\n> この番組はフィクションであって、登場する人物、団体、場所、法律および名称等は実在のものとは一切関係ありません\n\nCan 連用形s be used as て forms, like this?\n\n> 毎日私は食べ寝る。\n\nSurely not, right?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T12:33:32.977",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43620",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T04:29:11.997",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"renyōkei"
],
"title": "Why do they use the 連用形 instead of the て form here?",
"view_count": 1875
} | [
{
"body": "> この番組はフィクション **であり** 、登場する人物、団体、場所、法律および名称等は実在のものとは一切関係ありません\n\n**Since** this story is a fiction, the people who in the story, ..... are not\nrelated with others in real existence.\n\n> この番組はフィクション **であって** 、登場する人物、団体、場所、法律および名称等は実在のものとは一切関係ありません\n\nThis story is a fiction, **and** the people who in the story, .... are not\nrelated with others in real existence.\n\n* * *\n\n**Update:**\n\nWhich one prefer:\n\n> Since I studied Japanese a lot, I can speak Japanese very well.\n>\n> I studied Japanese a lot, and I can speak Japanese very well.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T18:40:21.253",
"id": "43628",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T18:59:42.493",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19880",
"parent_id": "43620",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Your logic is actually upside down. It's 連用形 that connects clauses, so it's\njust natural that …食べ、寝る means \"eat and sleep\". And the point is, te forms are\nanother 連用形 (of 食べつ or 寝つ etc). That's why te forms can connect clauses.\n\nIncidentally, there's no semantic difference between normal 連用形 and te forms\nin modern grammar.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T04:03:08.467",
"id": "43632",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T04:03:08.467",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43620",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43620 | 43632 | 43632 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43633",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Japanese: Omae o tadashi katta (to) ukeireteita.\n\nEnglish: I did admit that you was right.\n\nIt's correct without \"to\"? Omae o tadashi katta ukeireteita.\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T14:32:06.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43621",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T07:20:34.860",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-18T04:32:54.293",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "19910",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words",
"particles",
"focus-particles"
],
"title": "Is \"to\" optional in this line?",
"view_count": 122
} | [
{
"body": "> お前を正しかった **と** 受け入れていた。 \n> Omae o tadashi katta (to) ukeireteita.\n\nThis と ( _to_ ) is a quotative particle, and is mandatory. Even in the most\ncasual and hasty conversations, people do not drop the quotative particle\naltogether. But と can be replaced with って in casual conversations.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T15:05:38.007",
"id": "43623",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T18:29:37.163",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T18:29:37.163",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Syntactically, without the と this sentence wouldn't be correct. Without the と,\nthis sentence would have two predicates (正｛ただ｝しかった and 受｛う｝け入｛い｝れていた), and is\nclearly not syntactical. A sentence should has exactly one predicate.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T07:20:34.860",
"id": "43633",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T07:20:34.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43621 | 43633 | 43623 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43626",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why <開こうとしない> can't be used in the second option?\n\nIs it so because the cap is inanimate object?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/25x0x.png)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T17:01:13.983",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43624",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T18:04:12.413",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19672",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Usage of ようとしない",
"view_count": 220
} | [
{
"body": "A) このジャムのふたは、いくら開け「よう」としても「開かない」\n\nB) このジャムのふたは、いくら開け「よう」としても「開こうとしない」\n\nC) このジャムのふたは、いくら開け「ろう」としても「開かない」\n\nD) このジャムのふたは、いくら開け「ろう」としても「開こうとしない」\n\n* * *\n\nFirst of all, there is no usage as 「開けろう」in Japanese. The choices C & D are\nincorrect.\n\nSecond, the lid is no human (or even it does not have a life, just a object).\nSo the lid does not have own consciousness. 「開こうとしない」 means \"someone does not\nwant to open\". But object does not have own consciousness. That's why\n「開こうとしない」is incorrect.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T18:04:12.413",
"id": "43626",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T18:04:12.413",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19880",
"parent_id": "43624",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43624 | 43626 | 43626 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43629",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Calling someone a \"nationalist\" is a very serious indictment. How well does\n\"国家主義\" translate as \"nationalism\"?\n\nFor example, is this sentence so extreme as to imply something like: \n\"田中さんは国家主義のある人です。\" \n\" _Mr. Tanaka wants to re-build the Imperial Japanese Empire._ \"?\n\nWhat about the difference between 国家主義 and ナショナリズム? The latter is not easily\nsaid nor \"spelled\" in Japanese. What is the difference between the two?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T18:16:24.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43627",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T03:29:39.290",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T23:19:10.037",
"last_editor_user_id": "15778",
"owner_user_id": "15778",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Is 国家主義 considered as abhorrent as \"nationalism\" is?",
"view_count": 245
} | [
{
"body": "Even for me (as native Japanese), it's very difficult question. But I also\nfind this kind of interesting, so I will try to answer your question.\n\nIn regular conversation, we (at least I) don't mind if you translate \"国家主義 =\nnationalism\".\n\nRegarding of Wikipedia,\n[国家主義](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9)\nconsiders the country (or the government) is the first in everything, but\n[ナショナリズム](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0)\nis the word for activities of concert, freedom, and departure...etc.\n\nWikipedia binds the\n[国家主義](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9)\npage to the [statism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statism) page, not the\n[nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism) page.\n\nIt's my understanding that 国家主義 (statism) is part of nationalism.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T19:37:15.537",
"id": "43629",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T19:53:35.570",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T19:53:35.570",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "19880",
"parent_id": "43627",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "The root of this answer lies in the word \"nation,\" which has several\ntranslations into Japanese. When you look up \"nation\" in a J-E dictionary,\nseveral words come up: 国家 (state), 国民 (citizen[s]), 民族 (slightly outdated\ntranslation: ethnic group, e.g. \"Hebrew nation\"). On Wikipedia, \"nation\"\ncorresponds to 国民. There is no word for \"citizen-ism\" based on this 国民 because\nthat doesn't really make sense logically.\n\nStatism 国家主義 implies mostly the belief that the state being the supreme force\nfor order, so it's somewhat akin to the \"statism\" which you hear libertarians\nand separatists complain about. It doesn't have the implication of\n\"nationalism\" in the sense of imperialism and supremacism, but it does include\ncriticizing political activities which would subordinate local identities to\ncitizen identity.\n\nThe old translation of \"nation\" is 民族 \"ethnic group\", and a word exists 民族主義\nfor \"ethnicism\" (e.g. Zionism, pan-Slavism), but this was never a major\npartisan force in Japan so it is not used in a critical sense.\n\nThe word \"nationalism\" as used in a left-critical sense doesn't seem to\ncorrespond to anything in the Japanese language, so it is best to use the\nforeign loan word, ナショナリズム. This is the proper translation of \"nationalism\"\naccording to Wikipedia etc. Now, whether this foreign loanword actually\ncorresponds to anything a politician actually believes in real life is another\nquestion.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-17T22:03:54.083",
"id": "43630",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-17T23:23:48.560",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-17T23:23:48.560",
"last_editor_user_id": "583",
"owner_user_id": "583",
"parent_id": "43627",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "How can we be asking whether \"国家主義\" means \"nationalism\", when the meaning of\nnationalism itself is very fluid? You have provided one context sentence to\nfix your particular meaning of nationalism: \"wanting to re-build the Imperial\nJapanese Empire\". But that can surely be described specifically as as\n\"imperialism\" and \"militarism\". Is \"nationalism\" equivalent to \"imperialism\"\nand \"militarism\"? It is true that in times of large scale political change, we\nare likely to see \"nationalism\" and \"imperialism\" and \"militarism\" appearing\nmore often (along with several other ism's as well). So there is correlation,\nbut correlation does not imply causation.\n\nWe are now living in the age of Globalism, a term that includes a range of\nphenomena extending from higher ideals such as global cooperation on climate\nchange, global peace, elimination of disease and hunger, all the way down to\nthe race to the bottom in workers wages and working conditions, sweeping of\nindustrial pollution under foreign carpets, and under-utilization of human\npotential in advanced nations.\n\nWe now see Nationalism rising in response to the darker side of Globalism.\nMaybe, instead of reacting violently against either, we need to find a way to\nlet the better parts of Nationalism and Globalism coexist, while leaving the\nworst of both behind.\n\nWe shouldn't be in any rush to define \"国家主義\" as something a priori bad. It's\none the many natural ～主義 in our social gut which when holistically well\nbalanced keeps us healthy, but when not makes us sick.\n\nEdit: According to Wikipedia, \"nationalism can be positive or negative\".\n\n_Nationalism is a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared\ncommunal identification with one's nation. It is a political ideology oriented\ntowards gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, over a\nterritory of historical significance to the group (such as its homeland).\nNationalism therefore holds that a nation should govern itself, free from\nunwanted outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-\ndetermination. Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and\nmaintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as\nculture, language, race, religion, political goals and/or a belief in a common\nancestry. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nation's culture. It\noften also involves a sense of pride in the nation's achievements, and is\nclosely linked to the concept of patriotism. In these terms, nationalism can\nbe positive or negative._",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T02:25:55.973",
"id": "43631",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T03:29:39.290",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-18T03:29:39.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "14250",
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43627",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43627 | 43629 | 43629 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43638",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "こんにちは I searched about the meaning of \"たものですか\" and I found out it means \" used\nto \" but in my example \"used to \" is not logic\n\nhere's my example (snippet from a conversation in a book)\n\nA:この絵はすごいですね.いつごろかかれたものですか\n\nＢ：ええっと.14せいきにかかれたそうです.\n\nhere in A's sentence \" when it's used to be drawn \" is not logic for me ! can\nany one help me translate the sentence of A and tell me the meaning of\n\"\"たものですか\" here what ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T07:43:04.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43634",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T08:51:15.763",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17788",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "\"たものですか\" \"used to\" is not convincing in my example",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "> いつごろ かかれた もの ですか \n> When was it drawn?\n\nThe sentence could probably be interpreted more awkwardly as\n\n> What period of time is this drawn thing [the drawing/painting]?\n\nwhich might explain how you get the above translation.\n\n \n\nもの refers to \"thing\", so\n\n> いつごろ の もの ですか \n> When was this?\n\ncould be interpreted more literally as\n\n> This thing is of what time?\n\nwhich because your questions are around some work of art (painting, statue):\n\n> What time period did this work originate from?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T08:51:15.763",
"id": "43638",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T08:51:15.763",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6783",
"parent_id": "43634",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43634 | 43638 | 43638 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43637",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "If I ask a flight attendant\n\nいつ、とうちゃくしますか？\n\nversus\n\nとうちゃくは何時ですか？\n\nIs there any difference in nuance if I want to know _how much time is left_\nuntil we land? Meaning, I want to know how many hours and minutes we are\nairborne, not at what local time we are expected to land (figuring out the\naircraft's timezone while in the air is not always easy).\n\n_I noticed that there already is a similar, more general question posted here,\nbut mine is more specific._",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T08:15:46.547",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43636",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T06:45:11.210",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12018",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference in nuance between いつ and 何時",
"view_count": 591
} | [
{
"body": "いつ means \"When\"\n\n何時 means \"What time\"\n\nTo the first, she might answer \"In an hour\" \"At 4pm\" \"Very soon\" ect - just\nlike in English. To the second, she would almost certainly answer \"At 4pm\"\n\nNeither one will necessarily give time remaining in the air.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T08:22:44.630",
"id": "43637",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T08:22:44.630",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19853",
"parent_id": "43636",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "If we pronounce \"何時\" as \"何時{いつ},\" it is the same meaning of \"いつ.\"\n\nIf we pronounce \"何時\" as \"何時{なんどき},\" it has the same meaning of \"いつ,\" but it is\nthe old-fashioned word.\n\n「いつ、とうちゃくしますか？」 = 「とうちゃくは何時{いつ}ですか？」 \nThis Japanese sentence doesn't tell what time in your mind, local time of\ndeparture area or local time of arrival.\n\nYou can clearly tell, 「現地{げんち}時間{じかん}でいつ、とうちゃくしますか？」 =\n「とうちゃくは、現地{げんち}時間{じかん}の何時{いつ}ですか？」 or 「出発{しゅっぱつ}地{ち}時間{じかん}のいつ、とうちゃくしますか？」 =\n「とうちゃくは、出発{しゅっぱつ}地{ち}時間{じかん}の何時{いつ}ですか？」\n\nIn general, we use the local time of the destination when we need the arrival\ntime.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T01:33:53.807",
"id": "43650",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T06:45:11.210",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-21T06:45:11.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "19790",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43636",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43636 | 43637 | 43637 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading a conversation and I found the word \"こばれた\" and I searched in\ndictionaries online and I didn't find it !\n\nsomeone was asking the other person \"why the Persian carpet came to japan ? \"\n\nand he answered\n\n16せいきにポルトガルのふねではこばれたそうです.\n\nso what's \"こばれた” here ?\n\nI found \"こばれたこと” means \"spill\" but it doesn't suit the conversation !",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T10:04:23.337",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43639",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T10:59:38.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17788",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "こばれた means what?",
"view_count": 282
} | [
{
"body": "> 16せいきにポルトガルのふねで **はこばれた** そうです。 \n> Appears that it was carried on a Portuguese ship in the 16th century.\n\nIt's 運{はこ}ばれた you needed to look for, and not こばれた.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T10:59:38.757",
"id": "43640",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T10:59:38.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6783",
"parent_id": "43639",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 43639 | null | 43640 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43652",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I read this sentence and got confused:\n\n> この曲には「昔のほうがよかったと言っても何の意味もありません。今を大切にしましょう」と、市民を元気にするような歌詞がついていました \n> The song had lyrics to cheer up the people which said \"Even though we say\n> the old days were better it's meaningless, let's embrace the now\".\n\nI'm familiar with ている expressing change of state. My problem lies with the\nverb itself.\n\n付く means 'to be attached' rather than 'to attach' doesn't it. So the extra ている\nseems unnecessary.\n\nMy example sentence is in past tense so I can make a distinction between\n\n> 付いた = was attached but is no longer attached; and \n> 付いていた = was attached and remains attached\n\nIs this distinction correct?\n\nBut if I wanted to write in the present tense, what is the difference between:\n\n> この曲には歌詞が付く; and \n> この曲には歌詞が付いている\n\nThey seem the same to me.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T15:36:35.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43643",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T02:37:59.700",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-18T21:59:55.253",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Difference between 付く and 付いている",
"view_count": 449
} | [
{
"body": "付いた = It shows the action in the past tense. It donesn't tell the situaion\nafter the action.\n\n> \"昨日{きのう}服{ふく}に汚{よご}れがついた\" My clothes got dirty yesterdy. This doesn't tell\n> the clothes are still dirty or not.\n\n付いていた = It tells something had been attached for certain time of period in the\npast, but doesn't tell the thing is still attached or not.\n\n* * *\n\nSuppose there are two songs. one(A) is a song with lyrics and the other(B) is\na song without lyrics. We can describe the situation.\n\n「曲{きょく}Aには歌詞{かし}が付{つ}いているが、曲{きょく}Bには歌詞{かし}は付{つ}いていない。」\n\nSuppose two electric musics(C and D) just have come, and we know that almost\nof electric musics don't have their lyrics.\n\n> A: CもDもいい曲だね。歌詞{かし}はどうするの？ \n> B: CはCM(commercial message on TV) でBGM(backgrand\n> music)として使われる予定{よてい}で、歌詞{かし}は付かない。Dには歌詞がつく。今{いま}、作詞{さくし}中{ちゅう}だ。\n\nThus, 「この曲には歌詞が付く」 shows the action in the (near) future.（Someone will write\nthe lyrics for the song.）\n\n「この曲には歌詞が付いている」 shows the current state about the music(song) with lyrics.\n(This song has its lyrics.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T02:16:49.517",
"id": "43652",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T02:37:59.700",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T02:37:59.700",
"last_editor_user_id": "19219",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43643",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43643 | 43652 | 43652 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43646",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "everyone,\n\nRan across this line ㊙︎DVD, with the 秘 encircled. Do any of you know what this\nmight mean?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T20:49:35.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43644",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T06:25:20.280",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-18T22:39:27.557",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "14496",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"slang",
"abbreviations",
"symbols"
],
"title": "What does ㊙︎DVD mean?",
"view_count": 893
} | [
{
"body": "This is a common abbreviation style to suggest a certain phrase by enclosing a\nsingle kanji in the word. Some frequently used symbols are now officially\navailable on the computer (see\n[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months),\n[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement)) due to\ntypographical needs.\n\nIn this case,\n\n> ㊙︎ = 秘密【ひみつ】 = \"secret, confidential, classified\" (often in ads or catch\n> lines)\n\nIt can be read aloud\n[丸秘【まるひ】](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/210118/meaning/m0u/) \"circle(d) ひ\".\nThe formal typographical name is 丸囲み【まるかこみ】秘. This character can also be used\nas an emoji (㊙️).\n\nOthers include:\n\n * ㊐㊊㊋㊌㊍㊎㊏: days of week (Sun, Mon, ... Sat)\n * ㊤㊥㊦: part I, II and III of trilogy works\n\nThere are unencoded but famous ones including マル暴, which is originally a\npolice jargon associated with 暴力団【ぼうりょくだん】 or yakuza.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Nt1ax.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T22:38:22.743",
"id": "43646",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-18T22:38:22.743",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43644",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "The ㊙︎DVD actually means **Secret DVD** or **confidential DVD**.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T06:25:20.280",
"id": "43666",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T06:25:20.280",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19829",
"parent_id": "43644",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43644 | 43646 | 43646 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Does anyone have any tips on how to pronounce 体{からだ}. I can do ら and だ fine by\nthemselves/in different words, but when they're right next to each other I\nreally struggle to make both sounds consecutively and quickly . Also, does\nanyone know of any other common words that have an \"r\" and \"d\" sound right\nnext to each other?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-18T20:53:51.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43645",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-04T09:20:14.377",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19921",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "How to pronounce 体?",
"view_count": 432
} | [
{
"body": "The conjunction けれど and the loanword サラダ (salad) also have adjacent r and d\nsounds. To practice pronouncing this, simply begin by pronouncing it a bit\nmore slowly but clearly, and then faster. Also, try repeating after native\nspeakers (in anime/TV drama/etc). Practice makes perfect, after all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T00:52:35.250",
"id": "43649",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-04T09:20:14.377",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-04T09:20:14.377",
"last_editor_user_id": "19346",
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43645",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Try pronouncing the \"r\" in ら with the tip of your tongue barely touching your\npalate near your front teeth (but without actually touching the teeth\nthemselves.. kind of like a soft だ but with the tongue even further back away\nfrom the teeth). This will get you closer to a natural Japanese \"r\" sound, and\nI think you will find it is much easier to do.\n\nThe (American) English \"r\" has the back of one's tongue just barely touching\ntowards the back of the palate. It's difficult to segue to and from this sound\nwhen adjacent to a sound like だ where the tip of the tongue has move to the\nfront of the mouth.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T20:38:19.330",
"id": "44054",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-03T20:38:19.330",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "275",
"parent_id": "43645",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43645 | null | 43649 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Which interjection is more common to express Oops! 仕舞った or おっと? Are there any\nother exclamations for Oops that are commonly used?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T00:10:45.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43647",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T02:42:19.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10476",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"interjections"
],
"title": "Oops! 仕舞った vs. おっと",
"view_count": 1151
} | [
{
"body": "**TL;DR** If I made a big mistake, I'd say しまった! If not so, I'd say おっと. If\nit's hard to distinguish to you, say 'おっと'.\n\n* * *\n\nWe separate the words depending on a situation. Let's take 2 situations.\n\n 1. If I'm fighting\n\nI say しまった！ (We write it in Hiragana commonly) when a opponent caught me off\nguard. \nI say おっと when a opponent did something unexpected, but I dodged.\n\n 2. Talking with my friends \n\n> A: (After talked something) However, you left your umbrella at your house,\n> don't you? \n> B: **Oops**! I forgot.\n\nIf B made a big mistake, B will say, \"しまった！\". If not so, B will say, \"おっと\".\n\nHowever, we don't use しまった in daily life, so if you want to say \"oops!\" in\nJapanese, please say おっと.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T02:42:19.017",
"id": "43655",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T02:42:19.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14627",
"parent_id": "43647",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43647 | null | 43655 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Why is 建てる in the result clause in the past tense? The answer from [What is\nthe correct usage of conditional and\nhypothetical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43604/what-is-the-\ncorrect-usage-of-conditional-and-hypothetical) indicates that it should not be\nin the past.\n\n> もしも 私が家を建てたなら\n>\n> 小さな家を建てたでしょう",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T00:52:34.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43648",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-21T10:47:33.823",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10476",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Usage of conditional なら",
"view_count": 272
} | [
{
"body": "> Conditional clause: もしも 私が家を建てたなら\n>\n> Result clause: 小さな家を建てた(でしょう)\n\nThese Japanese sentences are natural, and we understand that the speaker\ndidin't (has not) build the small house (or house itself), from the phrae\n\"建てたでしょう\"\n\nYes \"建{た}てた\" is the past form of the verb \"建{た}てる.\" The past form of a verb is\nused for the situation went unrealized in Japanese.\n\n「もし僕が君だったら、そんなことはしなかった(でしょう)。」= If I were you, I would not do such a thing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T02:35:38.860",
"id": "43654",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T02:35:38.860",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43648",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "This is not \"past tense\" usage, it is rather more related to **aspect** ( _in\nthis case whether the speaker considers the action to be complete or\nincomplete_ ).\n\nThe difference between 建て **た** なら as compared to 建て **る** なら in your example\ncould be conveyed through the English subjunctive mood like this:\n\n> もしも私が家を建て **た** なら、小さな家を建て **た** でしょう\n\nIf I **were to build** a house, I **would build** a small house.\n\n> 私が家を建て **る** なら、小さな家を建て **る** でしょう\n\nIf I **build** a house, I' **ll build** a small one.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T04:39:12.220",
"id": "43696",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T04:39:12.220",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7055",
"parent_id": "43648",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "An easy way to understand that usage of なら would be to see it as an imaginary\nsituation.\n\n> 建てたなら -> If I was in a situation where I built a house. \n> 小さな家を建てたでしょう -> That house would probably be a small one.\n\nIt is a way to convey your thoughts/likes/dislikes. \nIt basically means that \"If I was in situation A, B would be as such because\nknowing what kind of person I am, I know I wouldn't have had it any other\nway.\"\n\nThis can be used when reflecting on the decision of someone else. \nFor your example, it could be that your friend just built a big house, and\nthen you tell him that if you were in his situation(just built a big house),\nit would be a small one.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:04:46.347",
"id": "43705",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T09:04:46.347",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43648",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43648 | null | 43696 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "61407",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "Is it a coincidence that element 至 is in both 屋 and 室? How is 至 related to the\nconcept of \"room\" or \"house\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T02:03:42.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43651",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-09T11:20:58.333",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Relationship between 屋, 室 and 至",
"view_count": 637
} | [
{
"body": "I'm afraid but \"至\" is not related to the concept of \"屋\" or \"室.\"\n\n\"至\" is often use as averb \"至{いた}る = reach,\" and the phrases like as\n\"至{いた}る所{ところ} = everwhere, wall-to-wall, \"至急 = as soon as possible.\"\n\nAnyway I don't know the word \"至\" relating the concept of \"屋\" or \"室.\"\n\nIf you can show us the examples of \"至\" relating the concept of \"屋\" or \"室,\" I'd\nlike to read them carefully.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T03:24:39.310",
"id": "43657",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T03:24:39.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43651",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Below I cut and paste 3 different pages of info from\n[okjiten.jp](https://okjiten.jp) so that you can see them all together. 「至」is\na representation of an arrow which flown and landed head down in the ground.\nFor「屋」and 「室」, imagine a person launched from a bow and falling head first\nthrough the roof into their home. Makes sense, right?\n\n**至**\n\n * 指事文字です。「矢が地面につきささった」象形から、「いたる」を意味する「至」という漢字が成り立ちました。 \n * <https://okjiten.jp/kanji975.html>\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/l4Vpn.gif)\n\n**屋**\n\n * 会意文字です(尸+至)。「屋根」の象形(「家屋」の意味)と「矢が地面に突き刺さった」象形(「至(いた)る」の意味)から、人がいたる「いえ・すみか」を意味する「屋」という漢字が成り立ちました。 \n * <https://okjiten.jp/kanji464.html>\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ecpvJ.gif)\n\n**室**\n\n * 会意兼形声文字です(宀+至)。「屋根・家屋」の象形と「矢が地面につきささった」象形(「至る」の意味)から人が留まる「へや」を意味する「室」という漢字が成り立ちました。 \n * <https://okjiten.jp/kanji268.html>\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yx36X.gif)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T04:16:17.283",
"id": "43660",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T04:58:19.933",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T04:58:19.933",
"last_editor_user_id": "14250",
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43651",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Is it a coincidence that element 至 is in both 屋 and 室? How is 至 related to the\nconcept of \"room\" or \"house\"?\n\n至 is indeed [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bhRLS.png)\n, representing an arrow \"arriving\" to its target.\n\nIn 屋 and 室 we have the radicals 尸 and 宀.\n\n尸, originally [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/v5ykW.png)\n, represents a \"sitting person\", while 宀, originally [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MtAQ3.png)\n, represents a \"shelter\".\n\nIn the case of 屋 you can think about a person that has _arrived_ at a place\nwhere he can _sit_ comfortably, so to say, a \"house\".\n\nWith 室 you can go with the same concept: A _shelter_ where one _arrives_ and\nis able to stay comfortably.\n\n_For more information about these etymologies check the next\nlink:[therealkanjiworld.com](http://www.therealkanjiworld.com)_",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T10:43:50.210",
"id": "43948",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T10:43:50.210",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19543",
"parent_id": "43651",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "* 「室」means _room_ , containing semantic「宀」( _picture of a building_ ).\n * 「至」(Baxter-Sagart OC: **/*ti[t]-s/** ) is a phonetic component in「室」(Baxter-Sagart OC: **/*s.ti[t]/** ).\n * 「屋」(generically meaning _building_ ) contains an abbreviated「室」in the shape of「至」as a semantic component. We can view this as the structure of「尸」taking place of the structure of「宀」in「室」. \n * Several other parts of「屋」got corrupted or omitted as well;「尸」( _squatting person_ > _body_ ) is not the original shape in「屋」.\n\n> The original shape of「屋」did not contain「至」, as part of other\n> characters.「屋」was a picture of a tent, and this word is now written as「幄」.\n>\n> # ` \n> [篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hrBcT.png) \n> 說文古文「屋」 \n> `` \n> 篆 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/sOiaA.png) \n> [說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi)「至」 \n> `\n>\n> The tent shape was subject to gradual corruption into「尸」:\n>\n> # `[西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) \n> [金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions)ㆍ隸定 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4zXG0.png)[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2PjKC.png) \n> 訓匜 \n> [集成10285](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=10285)`` \n> 篆 \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UbCfT.png) \n> 說文[籀文](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizhoupian)「屋」 \n> ``現代 \n> [楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2xEkk.png) \n> 「屋」 \n> `\n\n* * *\n\n**References:**\n\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)\n * [國學大師](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-09-09T11:02:29.363",
"id": "61407",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-09T11:20:58.333",
"last_edit_date": "2018-09-09T11:20:58.333",
"last_editor_user_id": "26510",
"owner_user_id": "26510",
"parent_id": "43651",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43651 | 61407 | 43660 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43656",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am a little bit nonplussed about the meaning of a certain sentence in\nAkutagawa Ryuunosuke's \"藪の中\" where the robber is telling his version of the\nevents. The sentence is:\n\n> わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、これほど都合の良い場所はありません.\n\nI understand this as: \n\"To the extent (これほど) of carrying out/doing (しとげるのに) my deed わたしの仕事を, this\nplace (場所) is not (ありません) suitable (都合の良い)\".\n\nHowever, the translation, which I have in the book of \"Breaking into Japanese\nLiterature\" by Giles Murray this sentence is translated as:\n\n> \"It was the ideal spot for me to do the business.\"\n\nFrankly speaking, from the overall context, Giles Murray's translation makes\nmuch more sense than my interpretation, however, I don't see where I'm going\nwrong in the sentence. I could comprehend something where it would be\ncomparing this place to other places and stating that other places don't suit\nas well as this one, but I don't detect any \"pointers\" here that would give at\nleast a slight hint toward the meaning of Giles Murray.\n\nIs it probably a literal error, as it should be あります instead of ありません?\n\nThanks for your help!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T02:21:02.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43653",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T07:23:12.183",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T03:19:11.733",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "18895",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"parsing",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Use of 都合の良い (tsugounoii) in text of Akutagawa Ryuunosuke \"藪の中\"",
"view_count": 129
} | [
{
"body": "「わたしの仕事をしとげるのには,これほど都合の良い場所はありません。」could be derived the following way.\n\n> 1) わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、ここが最も都合の良い場所です。\n>\n> 2) わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、ここ以上に都合の良い場所は、他{ほか}にはない（ありません）。\n>\n> 3) わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、ここほど都合の良い場所は、他にはありません。\n\n※ 此処{ここ=here}＝この場所(this plase)=これ(this)\n\n> 4) わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、これほど都合の良い場所は、他にはありません。\n>\n> 5) わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、これほど都合の良い場所はありません。\n\n「これほど都合の良い」is almost a common phraae, so 「これ」in the sentence can naturally\nindicate 「この場所.」\n\n> これほど都合の良い機会はない。I'v never have a convenient opportunity than ever.\n\nThe word「これほど」is also used variou ways.\n\n> これほどの美人{びじん}には会{あ}ったことがない。I've never met such a beautiful lady. 「これほど＝この人ほど」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T03:10:26.927",
"id": "43656",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T03:10:26.927",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43653",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> Is it probably a literal error, as it should be あります instead of ありません?\n\nNo, it's not an error.\n\n> To the extent (これほど) of carrying out/doing (しとげるのに) my deed わたしの仕事を, this\n> place (場所) is not (ありません) suitable (都合の良い)\".\n\nI'm afraid you're not parsing it correctly. これほど (\"as this\") adverbially\nmodifies 都合の良い (\"suitable\"), meaning \"so suitable as this\". \nありません here is the negative form of the verb ある, meaning \"doesn't exist\". (It\nis not ではありません which is the negative form of the copula です.)\n\n> ［Noun phrase1］ほど［Adjectival phrase］+［Noun phrase2］はありません。 \n> = \"There is no [Noun phrase2] so [Adjectival phrase] as [Noun phrase1].\"\n\nExample:\n\n> 「チョコレートほどおいしいものはありません。」 \n> _There is nothing so delicious as chocolate. / Nothing is so delicious as\n> chocolate._\n\nSo your sentence is literally saying:\n\n> わたしの仕事をしとげるのには、 \n> _For accomplishing my work,_\n>\n> これほど都合の良い場所はありません。 \n> _there is no place so suitable as this._\n\nHence the translation \"It was the ideal spot for me to do the business.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T03:32:24.713",
"id": "43658",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T07:23:12.183",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T07:23:12.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "43653",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43653 | 43656 | 43656 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43669",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It can be found on page 124 of the edition I own and it goes as follows:\n\n> The abstract idea of a number (independent of what is counted) is not\n> evident, and abstract numbers do not exist in some languages. For example,\n> in Japanese there are certain numerals which depend on whether a counted\n> object is reclining or standing, or whether the object is edible or not, and\n> so on. Several years ago the Japanese faced a problem in their legislation\n> connected with various numerals. Once there were debates in their Parliament\n> on the food problem, and one of the deputies drew attention to the fact that\n> there are many hares in the mountains--excellent food but unused. The point\n> [was] that hares were counted by numerals used for inedible objects and for\n> this reason people did not eat them.\n>\n> A special committee was arranged to solve the problem. After some time the\n> committe proposed a new law. The law passed, and the problem was solved;\n> according to this law \"a hare is a bird\"...\n\nI would greatly appreciate any comments or answers as to the accuracy of this\nstory (especially of what is mentioned in the second paragraph) that you may\nwant to leave for me below...",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T03:58:34.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43659",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T07:46:16.233",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T04:05:52.373",
"last_editor_user_id": "19925",
"owner_user_id": "19925",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"history",
"numbers"
],
"title": "Can anybody here substantiate this anecdote in V. I. Arnold's book \"Yesterday and long ago\"?",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "Through the history from time to time, it has been prohibited to eat meat of\nanimals that walk on the ground with 4 feet by influence of Buddhism. Then,\none day, someone who somehow wanted to eat hare claimed that hares are a kind\nof birds so you can eat them. (That's why you count them with 羽 now.)\n\nI believe that story was transmitted wrongly.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T07:46:16.233",
"id": "43669",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T07:46:16.233",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43659",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43659 | 43669 | 43669 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43670",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "来る and する are two irregular and most commonly used verbs. From my\nobservations, 来る is spelled with kanji. Even though there is a kanji version\nof する 為る it is usually not used and I wonder why. Are there any cases where\nthe kanji version of する is used in modern Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T04:28:47.017",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43661",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T13:52:23.070",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T09:27:32.563",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10476",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"verbs",
"etymology",
"subsidiary-verbs",
"irregularities-exceptions"
],
"title": "Why is 来る spelled with kanji and する is not?",
"view_count": 2025
} | [
{
"body": "Working in Japan I have never seen (or even heard) about the kanji version of\nする. Now that you mention it I would guess that the reason is practical.\n\nFor one, you use する so much that it would be tedious to write out the kanji\nevery time.\n\nAlso, there are other words that sound like する like 擦る and 磨る and the non-\nkanji one is just a way to distinguish that word from the others.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T04:36:43.003",
"id": "43662",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T04:36:43.003",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10274",
"parent_id": "43661",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The reading 為る【する】 is not a reading contained in the _jōyō kanji_ , which is\nyet another reason it is not commonly used. (You don't learn about it in\nschool, you will have trouble publishing work with all instances of する\nreplaced by 為る, etc.)\n\nThe why has to be speculation, but to me it makes sense to drop the _kanji_\nfor the second-most used verb in the language; after いる, which derives from\n居る, but is usually written in _kana_.\n\nOf course, there is already the general convention to use only _kana_ for\nsubsidiary verbs, so that ～ている and also ～てくる will usually be written in\n_kana_.\n\nSomething deserving a mention on the topic of する and _kanji_ is that there\nexists an _ateji_ for the _renyōkei_ (し) of the verb する, namely 仕, which\nappears in many common words such as\n\n> 仕事、仕方、仕様、仕切る、仕業、仕入れ、仕上げ、仕送り、仕返し、…\n\nIn compounds, which are usually formed with the _renyōkei_ of a verb, the\n_renyōkei_ of する is written in _kanji_. In that sense, one could say that する\ndoes have a commonly associated _kanji_ , even if it is **not** used as\n*`仕る【する】`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T09:26:38.107",
"id": "43670",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T13:52:23.070",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T13:52:23.070",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43661",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "する is \"to do\" and is essentially an auxiliary verb. Auxiliary words are\ngenerally not usually written in kanji. However, 来る can be a substantial verb\nmeaning \"to come\" and is often written in kanji for this usage. When used as\nan auxiliary verb, though, it is usually written as くる and almost never as 来る.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T12:47:55.067",
"id": "43678",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T12:47:55.067",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43661",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43661 | 43670 | 43670 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43665",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have this feeling that 若い大人 is too much of a direct translation and kind of\nunnatural but I have no idea.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T04:40:31.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43663",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T12:37:16.877",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Is there a better way to say \"young adult\" than 若い大人？",
"view_count": 1271
} | [
{
"body": "Well, if you don't want to use 若い大人... you can also use the following:\n\n[男子]{だんし}[大人]{おとな}, [少年]{しょうねん}[大人]{おとな}, [青年]{せいねん}[大人]{おとな} which all means\nyoung adult man/boy.\n\n[少女]{しょうじょ}[成人]{せいじん} which means young adult woman/girl.\n\nI hope this help answer your question. (^^)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T05:46:16.790",
"id": "43664",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T05:46:16.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19829",
"parent_id": "43663",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "How about 「[若年]{じゃくねん}[成人]{せいじん}」, though this sounds a bit more literary.\n\nAccording to\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88),\nit looks like 「ヤングアダルト」 is also used, but I think it's usually used in the\ncontext of literary genres.\n\nI think you could also use [青年]{せいねん}, depending on the context.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T06:00:19.813",
"id": "43665",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T08:20:13.000",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T08:20:13.000",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "43663",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43663 | 43665 | 43665 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43695",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "When asking about what particular thing is made of, this may be asked like\nthis:\n\n> [材質]{ざいしつ}は何ですか。\n>\n> What's the material? —\n> [Tatoeba](http://tatoeba.org/eng/sentences/show/170236)\n>\n> What's the material? — Tanaka Corpus (Source: [from weblio page\n> 1](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E6%9D%90%E8%B3%AA))\n\nThen, the answer may be given like this:\n\n> [材質]{ざいしつ}は、紙・木・布等である/です。\n>\n> They are made of materials such as paper, wood or cloth. -\n> Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス (Source: [from weblio page\n> 2](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E6%9D%90%E8%B3%AA/2))\n\n**Different word choice**\n\nWhen asking similar question about a dish or food, ざいりょう is used instead:\n\n> すき焼きはどんな[材料]{ざいりょう}を使うのですか。\n>\n> What is [sukiyaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukiyaki) made of? —\n> [Tatoeba](http://tatoeba.org/eng/sentences/show/214994)\n\nThen, the answer has word choice that is certain:\n\n> [材料]{ざいりょう}は、肉・野菜・[出汁]{だし}です。 ○\n>\n> [材質]{ざいしつ}は、肉・野菜・[出汁]{だし}です。 ✕\n\nI am aware that the word ざいりょう is used to mean materials or ingredients in\ncooking. But earlier examples are hinting that ざいしつ is used to mean\nmaterials... other than cooking?\n\nBased on the kanji used in each words, [質]{しつ} means quality and [料]{りょう}\nmeans quantity. Could it be that 材質 is used for uncountable things, and 材料 is\nused for countable things?\n\nThen again, first example has mentioned \"paper, wood or cloth\"; Those are\ncountable things but seems to be _not_ counted on purpose, or for some reason\nthat I may not aware.\n\n**Question 質問**\n\nHence my question: When asking \"what is the material\", which word to use\n([材質]{ざいしつ} or [材料]{ざいりょう}) and when should either be used?\n\nここで質問です:「この物は、何でできていますか」と尋ねるとき、どの言葉（材質・材料）をどんなときに使いますか？",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T10:24:27.320",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43672",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T08:24:00.933",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T13:06:16.537",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What is the material: ざいしつ or ざいりょう?",
"view_count": 1271
} | [
{
"body": "I think you might be looking for 素材 \"(raw) materials\".\n\n> どんな素材でできていますか？ \n> What material(s) is it made of?\n\n* * *\n\n材質 is about the _properties_ (or _quality_ ) (質) of a material (材), cf.\n気質、音質、…. For example, when specifying on what type of material you can use a\nglue or paint. It can be used when asking about the _type_ of material\n\n> 材質は何ですか？ \n> What type of material(s) is (are) used?\n\n* * *\n\n材料 is \"ingredients\" and is used for things that come with a recipe, especially\nfood, but could also be used for fertilizer, etc.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T12:56:47.943",
"id": "43679",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T13:53:12.197",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T13:53:12.197",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43672",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Actually there are more words qualified.\n\n * **材料** \nThe stuff used to make something as a part of it. The word tends to be used\nfrom makers' standpoint. In other word, 材料は何ですか？ is effectively \"What _can I_\nmake it of?\". Also it has a figurative meaning to mean information or data for\nmental activity.\n\n> もっと判断材料が欲しい。 _I need more food for thought._\n\n * **材質** \nMainly suggests the look, touch, feel, or other properties of the material, or\nwhat the material _is like_. Indeed it's often synonymous with what the\nmaterial _is_ , but for example, asking 材質は何ですか？ right in front of a product\ncan be a nonsense, because you already know when you see it.\n\n * **素材** \nThe original stuff before processing into something. Unlike 材料 meant to serve\nthe product by their general nature, this word expects the material has some\nspecific characteristics (a certain type of paper, meat bred in a certain\nregion...) responsible for the product's certain feature. We have many 写真素材\n\"stock photos\" on the internet, but we don't call them × 写真材料, because there\nare no two identical photos usable in the same way.\n\n * **原料** \nThe stuff used to transform into something. Unlike 材料, the word suggests that\nthe material no longer retains its form when they make product from it, like\npetroleum for plastics, or soybeans for tofu etc. When the distinction of 原料\nand 材料 doesn't matter, we call them 原材料 (as the term _ingredients_ on food\nlabeling).\n\n * **マテリアル** \nIn some cases you want to directly translate English _material_ , or for\nvirtual material in the computer graphics field.\n\nAlso, if you just want to say \"what is the material\", you don't always have to\nuse any of words above.\n\n> 何（で／から）できていますか？ -- suitable for 原料-type materials \n> 何を使っていますか？ -- suitable for 材料-type materials",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T02:17:25.847",
"id": "43695",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T02:17:25.847",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43672",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "＜材{ざい}質{しつ}＞\n\n> この刺{さし}身{み}包{ほう}丁{ちょう}はどんな材質で出{で}来{き}ていますか？＝材質は何ですか？ \n> What is this fish slicer made of? \n> 鉄で出来ています。（＝材質は鉄です。） \n> This fish slicer is made of steel.\n>\n> あちらの（あの）刺身包丁は何で出来ていますか？（＝材質は何ですか？） \n> What is that fish slicer made of? \n> ステンレスです。 \n> That fish slicer is made of stainless steel. \n> 刺身包丁の材質は何が良{よ}いのですか？ \n> What is the best material for the fish slicer? \n> 鉄です。 \n> Steel is the best.\n\n＜原{げん}材{ざい}料{りょう}、原{げん}料{りょう}＞ used in industrial field.\n\n>\n> 製{せい}鉄{てつ}では、多量の鉄{てっ}鉱{こう}石{せき}が、原{げん}材{ざい}料{りょう}として用いられますし、精{せい}錬{れん}プロセスでは、石{せき}炭{たん}が欠{か}かせない原{げん}料{りょう}となります。 \n> The iron manufacturing requires large amount of iron ore, and coal is vital\n> ingredient in the steel making process.\n\n＜材{ざい}料{りょう}、食{しょく}材{ざい}＞料{りょう}理{り}のための材{ざい}料{りょう}は\"食{しょく}材{ざい}\"と言うことが多い\n\n>\n> HelloFreshは、レシピと新{しん}鮮{せん}な食{しょく}材{ざい}を、毎{まい}週{しゅう}、直｛ちょく｝接{せつ}玄｛げん｝関{かん}まで配{はい}達{たつ}いたしますので、おいしく健{けん}康｛こう｝的{てき}な食{しょく}事｛じ｝が手｛て｝軽｛がる｝にご自｛じ｝宅{たく}で楽｛たの｝しめます。 \n> HelloFresh delivers weekly recipes and fresh ingredients straight to your\n> doorstep, so you can cook delicious, quick, and healthy meals at home.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T08:10:44.890",
"id": "43701",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T08:24:00.933",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-21T08:24:00.933",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43672",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43672 | 43695 | 43695 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43700",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've encountered a measuring cup which has units of カップ, 水mℓ (水ml), 米[unknown\nkanji]g and [three unknown kanji]g. 1 カップ corresponds exactly to 200 水mℓ.\n\nAccording to\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_\\(unit\\)#Japanese_cup), there's\na Japanese cup that corresponds to 200 ml. By contrast, the US customary cup\nis approximately 237 mL, and an imperial cup (as in the British empire) is 284\nmillilitres.\n\nHow did Japanese obtain a unit of measure called a カップ which corresponds to\nneither the British or US unit of measurement?\n\n[This post](https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/33015/whats-the-size-\nof-the-plastic-cup-that-came-with-my-rice-cooker) on cooking.SE is about 合,\nwhich is 180 mL.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T11:06:46.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43673",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T07:47:48.440",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:33:38.723",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"loanwords",
"food"
],
"title": "How did Japanese obtain a unit of measure called a カップ that's 200 mL?",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "The metric cup is `250mL`, which is exactly `1/4 of a Litre`, so I'd imagine\nthey just decided to define a cup as `1/5 of a Litre` instead.\n\nThis could be to make it closer to the `Gou` unit, which is `180mL`, or\nperhaps it's a more appropriate serving size for Japanese beverages.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T07:26:43.717",
"id": "43699",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T07:31:55.340",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T07:31:55.340",
"last_editor_user_id": "19936",
"owner_user_id": "19936",
"parent_id": "43673",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -2
},
{
"body": "In Japanese recipe books, 1カップ is 200 mL, 大さじ1杯 (\"large spoon\") is 15 mL,\n小さじ1杯 (\"small spoon\") is 5 mL. Aya Kagawa, a Japanese nutritionist, defined it\nin 1948.\n\n[香川綾](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E5%B7%9D%E7%B6%BE)\n\n>\n> 香川は家庭料理で使われる調味料の量を研究し、15cc、10cc、5ccの3種類のスプーンを用意しておけば家庭内でも調味料の使用量が判りやすいことを発見した。また同時に、200ccのカップの内側に50cc毎のメモリをつけた計量カップも考案した。実際には、明治時代に日本初の料理学校を開設した赤堀峰吉が同様のものを既に考案していたとの記録もあるが、香川は独自に考案したものであり、また、一般家庭に計量スプーン・計量カップが普及することになったのも香川の活動によるものである。\n\n[大さじ1杯15ミリリットルって誰が決めたの？](https://zexy-kitchen.net/columns/520)\n\n>\n> 香川さんは家庭料理で使われる調味料の量を研究し、戦後間もない1948年に現在使われているものと同じ分量の計量スプーン、50ミリリットルごとに目盛りが入っている計量カップを作り出しました。香川さんはこれらを使うことで料理の手順を文章にして、誰でも同じような味つけができるレシピを初めて作ったのです。これがテレビの料理番組や料理雑誌、家庭科の授業で使われるようになって一般家庭に広く普及していきました。私たちが日常的に使っているあらゆるレシピは、香川さんの発明が元になっているのです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T07:42:29.070",
"id": "43700",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T07:47:48.440",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T07:47:48.440",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43673",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43673 | 43700 | 43700 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43680",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "A famous Napoleon quote is sometimes written like this:\n\n> 余の辞書に不可能の文字はない。\n>\n> The word impossible is not in my dictionary.\n\nDoes 文字 actually mean \"word\" in this sentence? I thought it always means\n\"character\". Or is it used as a plural that refers to all three symbols? Would\nthe \"feel\" of this quote change if I put 言葉 (or maybe even 単語) there instead?\nAre there other situations where I can replace these words with 文字?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T11:22:22.173",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43674",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T13:15:33.707",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "12271",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Using 文字 instead of 言葉",
"view_count": 293
} | [
{
"body": "文字, as you said, means 'character'. It's not interchangeable with 'word',\nhowever the direct translation of 'The characters for impossible are not in my\ndictionary' sounds unnatural. The translation above covers the meaning, while\nkeeping the translation sounding like natural English.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T12:42:45.687",
"id": "43677",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T12:42:45.687",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43674",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The word 「文字」 is still for \"character(s)\" and it makes us feel that it is\nreferring to each character printed on a dictionary. Thus it is still natural\n(though often in fictions) to say 「余の辞書に不可能の **三文字** はない」.\n\nIf we are to use 「言葉」, then it would be 「余の辞書に不可能 _という_ 言葉はない。」, which is\nslightly closer to the English sentence.\n\nThese two practically have the same meaning, though the nuance has such a\nslight difference.\n\nTo clarify the difference of the nuance:\n\n> 余の辞書に不可能の文字はない。 \n> One cannot find the characters 「不可能」 printed on my dictionary. \n> 余の辞書に不可能という言葉はない。 \n> One cannot find the word 「不可能」 listed on my dictionary.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T13:15:33.707",
"id": "43680",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T13:15:33.707",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17890",
"parent_id": "43674",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43674 | 43680 | 43680 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I'm trying to translate this song (full lyrics at\n<https://www5.atwiki.jp/hmiku/pages/35243.html>, if anyone's interested), and\nI came across these lines which I'm not sure about: 恋と飾って 静かな方へ 汚れきった言葉を Now I\nthink the first phrase would mean \"decorate with love,\" \"with\" as in, love and\nanother person are decorating together? I couldn't find any other use of と\nwith 飾る besides, \"together with\", though that doesn't make much sense to me.\nAs for the second phrase, \"Towards quietness\" is all I can get out of it, and\nI would think to translate it, combining it with the last phrase, as \"In a\nrather quiet way, the words had become dirty.\" But I feel like that leaves a\nlot out, especially because it doesn't get the へ in there, but I'm lost as to\nhow to include that. \nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T14:59:47.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43682",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T20:05:42.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T08:49:56.830",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-と",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Please help with translation: 静かな方へ",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "Translating lyrics or poetry in general is a pretty nontrivial task,\nespecially with a highly context-sensitive language like Japanese. However, I\nalso did it when I was just starting out and while my translations weren't\ngreat, in the process I did learn quite a few things, so keep at it.\n\nTo translate the line properly, you should take into account the full song or\nat least the surrounding stanza. Line by line translation rarely works with\nJapanese lyrics.\n\nEven after reading the whole song I'm not sure about the meaning of the quoted\nline but here's a few thoughts (which could be completely wrong ;):\n\nTo start with, the verb applied to 言葉を is probably 混ざって used later. As for 方へ,\nthe verb seems to be missing completely but usually へ implies movement towards\nsomething/someplace so you can try to use a fitting movement verb\n(go/fly/arrive/etc.). And 方 itself is probably used in the literal meaning of\n\"direction\" but you can try to substitute it with things like \"place\" or\n\"somewhere\".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T23:11:20.117",
"id": "43692",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T20:05:42.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T20:05:42.273",
"last_editor_user_id": "3295",
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "43682",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "恋 **と** 飾って is literally closer to \"decorate something _as if it were_ love.\"\nNote that it is not 恋 **で** 飾って (\"decorate with love\"). In this context it\nperhaps means \"(We) pretend as if there was love (although there is actually\nnot)\", \"(We) disguise ourselves as (being in) love\".\n\n静かな方【ほう】へ is \"to the more quiet place\". This 方 is not \"way/method\" but it's\nsomething you find when you make a comparison in Japanese.\n\nAs for 汚れきった言葉を, I doubt it's grammatically related to the previous phrase.\nThe omitted verb is either 聞く or 言う, but probably you can translate it simply\nas \"A dirty word.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T08:49:41.970",
"id": "43704",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T08:49:41.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43682",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43682 | null | 43704 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43702",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Someone must join military service for 1 year of unremitting pain, exertion\nand tears. At graduation ceremony, he speaks on the stage and says that this\nduty is like a hell but he will miss it to the extent he wants to do it again\nin the future.\n\n# Question\n\nWhat is the phrase for \"a hell that makes you miss it\"? Is 懐かしくさせる地獄 natural?\n\nFor example, I want to use the phrase as follows.\n\n> まるで懐かしくさせる地獄のような会社で働きたいです。\n>\n> I want to work in a company that looks like a hell that makes me miss it.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T15:26:39.617",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43683",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T01:08:58.607",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Is 懐かしくさせる地獄 natural?",
"view_count": 181
} | [
{
"body": "懐かしくさせる地獄 is not natural. In Japanese, an inanimate object doesn't tend to be\na subject of such a verb. See: [In Japanese, can we say an object asks a\nquestion?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/32436/5010)\n\nSo in order to make yourself understood, at least you have to rephrase it and\nsay いつか懐かしく思うであろう地獄, いつか懐かしくなる地獄, 恋しく思ってしまうような地獄, or something like that. But\nit's still not something we usually say. Normally people say\n[ブラック](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD)すぎてむしろ[やりがい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22914/5010)がある会社,\n地獄のようでも好きになれる会社 or such.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T08:30:36.480",
"id": "43702",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T01:08:58.607",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43683",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "My free translation is,\n\n> \"a hell that makes me(you) miss it\" \n>\n> 「まるで地{じ}獄{ごく}のような過{か}酷{こく}な経{けい}験{けん}でしたが、同{どう}時{じ}に決{けっ}して忘{わす}れることのできない貴{き}重{ちょう}な経{けい}験{けん}でもありました」 \n> It was the terrible experience as if I were in the hell, but at the same\n> time it was the valuable experience I'll never forget.\n\n* * *\n\n> まるで懐かしくさせる地獄のような会社で働きたいです。 \n> I want to work in a company that looks like a hell that makes me miss it. \n> とても地獄のように大変だけど、一生忘れることが出{で}来{き}ない、そんな会社で働きたいです。\n\nWe don't use \"地獄\" in this context. I recommend you should express your will\nwithout \"地獄.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T08:39:49.317",
"id": "43703",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T08:39:49.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43683",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43683 | 43702 | 43702 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43693",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This question might be too basic but up to now I am still in doubt whether my\nunderstanding is correct.\n\n**Example 1**\n\n> A:僕は彼女が懐かしい。I miss her.\n>\n> B:僕は彼女を懐かしくした。I miss her.\n\n**Example 2**\n\n> A:僕は彼女が好きだ。I like her.\n>\n> B:僕は彼女を好きにした。I like her.\n\n# Question\n\nIs there any difference between A and B for both examples given above?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T16:08:50.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43684",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T09:42:49.580",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is 彼女が懐かしい equal to 彼女を懐かしくした?",
"view_count": 204
} | [
{
"body": "Totally different. 懐かしい isn't the grammatical counterpart of the verb \"miss\".\nThe literal translation would be \"be nostalgic\".\n\nThe construction in your example #1 is:\n\n> 僕は彼女が懐かしい。 _As for me, she is nostalgic._ = _She is nostalgic to me._ ≈ _I\n> miss her._\n\nThus,\n\n> 僕は彼女を懐かしくした。 _I made her (felt) nostalgic._\n\nI have no idea what it stands for, but that's what it means anyway.\n\nLikewise,\n\n> 僕は彼女が好きだ。 _As for me, she is desirable/pleasant._ = _She is pleasant to me._\n> ≈ _I like her._\n\nAnd your second sentence has a more serious problem, as\n[好きにする](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A5%BD%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-301913)\nis an idiom that means \"do as one likes\".\n\n> 僕は彼女を好きにした。 _I treated her as I liked._",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T23:49:46.823",
"id": "43693",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T09:42:49.580",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T09:42:49.580",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43684",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "Yes, they are quite different.\n\nFirst, remember that \"NounがAdjective\" and \"NounをVerb\" are two very different\nanimals. 「が」 sentences are pretty straight forward, but 「を」 means that when\ntranslating to English, you are \"verb\"ing the \"noun\" so you need to remember\nto mentally flip the order.\n\nSecond, keep in mind that the \"adjective + する\" format can generally be\ninterpreted in two ways: \"Cause the Noun to become Adjective\", or \"Verb in an\nAdjective way.\"\n\nNow for your sentences.\n\n**First Sentence**\n\n「彼女が懐かしい」 itself is already somewhat awkward, as 「懐かしい」 isn't typically used\nto say \"I miss her\". It's more of a nostalgic feeling. I suppose it could be\nused in a fashion such as 「今と違っていつも明るかった彼女が懐かしい」. But for the sake of this\nquestion let's let it simply mean \"I miss her\". By saying 「彼女を懐かしくした」, you are\nsaying either \"I caused her to become nostalgic\" or \"I did (something) to her\nin a nostalgic way\". Since there's no verb in the middle, the second\ninterpretation can be eliminated, leaving only the first.\n\n> 彼女が懐かしい：I miss her/I feel nostalgic about her \n> 彼女を懐かしくした：I caused her to become nostalgic/I made her feel nostalgic\n\n**Second Sentence**\n\n「好きだ」 simply states that you like something, so that’s pretty straightforward.\n「～を好きにする」, on the other hand, means to do something as you like, or to do\nwhatever you like to something. There is no other alternative interpretation.\n\n> 彼女が好きだ： I like her 彼女を好きにした： I did whatever I wanted to her\n\nIf you must change a \"が+adjective\" sentence using an を particle, try using\n\"を+Verbている\".\n\n> 彼女がすきだ to 彼女を愛している",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T01:53:00.620",
"id": "43694",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T02:59:46.253",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T02:59:46.253",
"last_editor_user_id": "18608",
"owner_user_id": "18608",
"parent_id": "43684",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43684 | 43693 | 43693 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43687",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 首都のワシントンでは、移民が **多く** 働いているレストランなどがたくさん休みになりました。 In the capital --\n> Washington -- many restaurants where immigrants work took a break.\n\nI'm not sure how to parse 移民が **多く** 働いているレストラン.\n\nIs 多く modifying 働く adverbially: \"restaurants where immigrants work a lot\".\n\nOr is it two separate clauses i.e. 移民が多くて働いているレストラン: \"In washington there are\na lot of immigrants, and the restaurants where they work ...\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T17:06:32.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43685",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T05:43:00.003",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-19T23:21:31.017",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"parsing",
"quantifiers"
],
"title": "How to parse 移民が多く働いているレストラン",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "移民が多く働いているレストラン can be rephrased as 多くの移民が働いているレストラン. That is to say, it means\n\"Restaurants where many immigrants work\".",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T17:27:26.090",
"id": "43687",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-19T17:27:26.090",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "43685",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "This 多く働く only means \"many people work\", not \"work a lot.\" People usually\ndon't say 多く働く to mean \"work a lot\", so it's not even ambiguous. Numbers can\nbe expressed adverbially in Japanese. Just as you can say 移民が5人働く or りんごが5個ある,\nyou can say 移民が多く働く or りんごがいっぱいある. It's far more common than English \"in\nabundance,\" etc.\n\nIf it were 移民がたくさん働く, it's theoretically ambiguous since it can also safely\nmean \"work a lot,\" but the meaning is clear fro the context, anyway.\n\n一生懸命働く, 頑張って働く, etc., only mean \"work hard\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T05:43:00.003",
"id": "43698",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T05:43:00.003",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43685",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43685 | 43687 | 43687 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Many times I have interchanged the English phrase \"in frames of\" into Japanese\n\"~の一環｛いっかん}として\" or \"~の一環で\". Although not so long ago I have noticed, that it\nis not as natural expression in Japanese... could you please tell some better\nway, in which I should express this English phrase? I will also write some\nexamples:\n\n> 入社手続き{にゅうしゃてつづき}の一環として\n>\n> **within** / **in the context of** / **as a part of** formalities related to\n> entering the company\n>\n> 是正措置｛ぜせいそち}の一環として :\n>\n> **within** / **in the context of** / **as a part of** corrective measures\n>\n> 日系企業｛にっけいきぎょう}での実習｛じっしゅう}の一環として\n>\n> **within** / **in the context of** / **as a part of** practice in Japanese\n> company\n\nSorry for any confusion and thank you for your kind support.",
"comment_count": 12,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-19T17:09:31.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43686",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T14:03:43.960",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage",
"expressions"
],
"title": "How to say \"within\" / \"in the context of\"/ \"as a part of\"?",
"view_count": 2013
} | [
{
"body": "The three _Japanese_ phrases you posted are perfectly natural on their own.\nThey mean \"as part of ～\". It's a bit stiff expression, but can be used in\ncasual conversations, too. 一環として is preferred over 一部として when it refers to a\nproject, procedure, event, etc., that may take a long time. [Lots of examples\non ALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=as%20part%20of&ref=sa).\n\nIf you mean something different by \"in frames of\", please let me know.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T05:15:30.680",
"id": "43697",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T05:15:30.680",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43686",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43686 | null | 43697 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43710",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across many situations where the word 'sumimasen' was used:\n\n 1. Apology\n 2. Thanks and apology\n 3. Making a request\n 4. Getting attention\n 5. Taking leave\n\nAbove are most common I could find, however, take following examples:\n\n 1. Imagine that you are at the bank, sitting with a group of people waiting to be served at the counter. Suddenly, the man next to you is called. “Ieda-san! Omataseitashimashita (thank you for waiting)!” the clerk shouts, and the man responds with “sumimasen.”\n 2. A woman goes to the department store to buy a new bicycle which requires her to fill out a registration card. After she fills it out, and the clerk assisting her checks it, the clerk returns it saying “sumimasen,” and of course, she replies, “sumimasen.”\n\nAt these two situations, I was very much confused as why 'Sumimasen' was used.\nCould you please enlighten me up?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:10:58.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43706",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T11:37:57.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19641",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"politeness"
],
"title": "Uses of 'すみません'",
"view_count": 390
} | [
{
"body": "In the end it all boils down to \"sorry\".\n\nClerk feels sorry to bother you with his request to fill the form. \nThe client feels sorry to bother the clerk by having him review her form and\nassisting her.\n\nWhen you use it to say thank you, it is still essentially saying sorry for\nhaving you do such a thing for me.\n\nWhen you use it to take a leave, it is basically saying sorry to everyone else\nfor being so rude as to leave before everyone else.\n\nWhen the old man responds to the clerk, it was probably meant as, sorry for\nhaving you go through the trouble of calling me, or sorry for having to deal\nwith the request I am about to make.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:23:44.663",
"id": "43707",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T10:38:43.510",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T10:38:43.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43706",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Using すみません is very important in Japanese and as you've noted, it is used in a\nlot of **contexts**. (There have also been many questions here about it).\n\nA few of the relevant ones to look at as references:\n\n[What is the difference between すみません and\nすみませんでした?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/20966/what-is-the-\ndifference-\nbetween-%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-and-%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F)\n\n[Using すみません instead of\nありがとう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1690/using-%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-instead-\nof-%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A8%E3%81%86)\n\n[Usage of すみません (sumimasen) versus ごめんなさい\n(gomen'nasai)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/317/usage-\nof-%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-sumimasen-\nversus-%E3%81%94%E3%82%81%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%81%84-gomennasai)\n\n[Is there a difference between すみません (sumimasen) and すいません\n(suimasen?)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1268/is-there-a-\ndifference-between-%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-sumimasen-\nand-%E3%81%99%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-suimasen)\n\n# Etymological Definition\n\nすみません is the polite negated form of すむ (済む). 済む means to \"complete or end\nsomething.\" At least to me it was helpful to learn this, because\netymologically what すみません or すまない (it's less polite cousin) mean is \"I was\ninadequate\" or \"I was unable to complete [x] / do [x]\"\n\n# Functional Definition\n\n[JDICT](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93)\ntranslates it as\n\n> excuse me, pardon me, I'm sorry.\n\n[Goo's dictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/120120/meaning/m0u/) defines\nit as\n\n```\n\n The etymology of being the polite negation of 済む *plus* a phrase \n that is employed to express thanks, imposition of a task, or that \n I've done something wrong.\n \n```\n\nThis is not exactly identical to the English (or may be just my American\nEnglish?) \"I'm sorry\" as in \"I feel emotionally terrible for having done this\"\nand \"I **regret** having done this\" in that in Japanese this phrase is used\nall over the place for all sorts of things for which I have _zero_ feelings at\nall.\n\n# Application\n\nThe two examples you picked don't seem like the clearest ways to understand\nすみません but the phrase is used a lot every day.\n\nFor the bank example, my sense as to what's happening is Ieda-san is\napologizing that he's about to make the clerk do work for him (or\nalternatively that he's so blandly unidentifiable that the clerk has to yell\nfor his name rather than knowing who he is). Alternately, he is apologizing\nfor not having been able to take care of the matter himself and thus forcing\nother customers to wait.\n\nFor the department store example, I would imagine the clerk is apologizing for\nmaking her do something, and she in turn is apologizing for making him do\nsomething.\n\n 1. Apology - I am sorry I could not accomplish this.\n 2. Thanks and apology - I am sorry I could not accomplish this [if you want to be thankful add ありがとうございます]\n 3. Making a request - \"I can't accomplish this on my own so ...\"\n 4. Getting attention - \"I am sorry that I can't do this on my own and have had to get your attention\"\n 5. Taking leave - \"due to my inadequacy, I can't stay until the end of what is going on\"",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:45:10.960",
"id": "43710",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T11:37:57.290",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "43706",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43706 | 43710 | 43710 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the sentence\n\n> あなたは1つのリンゴを食べます\n\non the English for Japanese speakers duolingo course. (I'm mainly doing it as\ndogfooding before suggesting it to a Japanese speaker learning English)\n\nIs it normal in a context of talking about a foodstuff to use the katakana\nform?\n\nJisho.org doesn't indicate whether to use hiragana or katakana, and Wiktionary\nsays\n\n> As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in\n> katakana in biological contexts, as リンゴ.\n\nWhich I assume doesn't apply here. The Japanese edition of Wikipedia uses\nkatakana, but it talks about it at least partially in a biological context.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:28:07.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43708",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T06:36:04.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"food"
],
"title": "Is apple usually spelt as リンゴ in a culinary context?",
"view_count": 194
} | [
{
"body": "Katakana tends to be used for any words that is a 品種(kind/type). \nLike animals, vegetables or fruits.\n\nAlso, it is mostly(but not exclusively) used for words like 林檎 where the kanji\nis too hard to read for some people. Writing them in katakana is useful to\nmake it easier to read by delimiting the beginning and ending of the words\nwhich is usually done by kanji.\n\nHere is a list of common examples :\n\n> 米→コメ \n> 麦→ムギ \n> 苺→イチゴ \n> 鳥肉→トリ肉 \n> 豚肉→ブタ肉 \n> 茄子→ナス \n> 猫→ネコ \n> 犬→イヌ \n> 駝鳥→ダチョウ \n> 甲虫→カブトムシ \n> 蜘蛛→クモ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T09:39:17.150",
"id": "43709",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T09:39:17.150",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43708",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43708 | null | 43709 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43714",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm learning days of the week and things like that.\n\nI've read that 曜日 means \"day of the week\" which includes Saturday and Sunday,\nwhen 曜 means \"weekday\" which is from Monday to Friday because related to work\ndays in many countries.\n\nBut I've read that days of the week can be written with both forms, for\nexample 日曜日 and 日曜 for Sunday ([What is the difference between 日曜日【にちようび】and\n日曜【にちよう】?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6368/what-is-the-\ndifference-\nbetween-%E6%97%A5%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A1%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%B3-and-%E6%97%A5%E6%9B%9C-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A1%E3%82%88%E3%81%86)).\n\nIt seems that in Chinese, 曜 means \"day of the week\", and 曜日 is an obsolete\nword meaning \"shining, bright\"\n(<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5#Chinese>), and writing\ndays like 日曜日 is obsolete, archaic.\n\nCan you confirm that 曜日 and 曜 are used as \"day of the week\" and \"weekday\"\nrespectively, but makes no difference when prefixed with another kanji to say\nthe name of a day?\n\nPlus if you have more information about this topic, I'd be glad to read you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T11:09:27.910",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43711",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T12:09:08.663",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19507",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"chinese"
],
"title": "曜日 and 曜 don't mean the same but xx曜日 and xx曜 are synonyms?",
"view_count": 913
} | [
{
"body": "No, 曜 on its own does **not** mean weekday. Where did you read that it refers\nto weekdays? The Japanese word for _weekday_ as opposed to _weekend/holiday_\nis [平日](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%B9%B3%E6%97%A5).\n\nI don't speak Chinese, but both ～曜日 and ～曜 are very common in modern Japanese.\nThere is another question with a good answer regarding the difference and the\netymology of 曜: [Difference between 月曜 and\n月曜日](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26004/5010)\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** Here's the definition of the [kanji 曜 on **Japanese**\nWiktionary](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%9C):\n\n> 1. 光が目立って輝くこと。 \n> Shininess and distinctness of light.\n> 2. 光り輝く天体。 \n> A shining celestial body.\n> 3. 天体を、日時のある周期に当てはめたもの。特に七曜に関するもの。 \n> Celestial bodies assigned to a certain cycle of day and time, especially,\n> the ones related to [Seven\n> Luminaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet).\n>\n\nSo 曜 doesn't mean _weekday_. The first two definitions are obsolete and all\nthe words containing 曜 in these senses are far over JLPT N1 level. You can\nsafely assume 曜 is a kanji related to the seven days of a week, but is not\nused alone.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T12:37:09.700",
"id": "43714",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T12:09:08.663",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43711",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43711 | 43714 | 43714 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am teaching\"In A Grove\" from Feedbooks\n<http://www.scribd.com/doc/3682435/In-a-Grove-by-Ryunosuke-Akutagawa> and have\nfound that the same man, the samurai Kanazawa no Takehiko, as he is named by\nin mother in law, is referred to inside the story by his wife, Masago, as\nTakejiro.\n\nA student pointed out the difference in names and has put forth that the wife\ndidn't even refer to her husband with his proper name and using this for proof\nof her role in the husband's death. I do not know Japanese and am teaching\nthis story as a lesson in critical reading and argumentation, so I was\nunprepared for this question. Before I posit an answer to the class, I am\nwondering if this could be a diminutive? Like Jimmy for Johnny or James and\nJohn, but I am not sure.\n\nShort of this being a mis-translation, which it could be, is there another\nreason for this shift in names?\n\nThe quote from \"The Old Woman's Testimony\" aka mother in law is on page six\nwith the samurai's full name is \"His name was Kanazawa no Takehiko, and his\nage was twenty-six.\" from the link above.\n\nThe quote from the Masago, the wife, is from \"The Repentance of a Woman\" is on\npage 10 and is \"\"Takejiro,\" I said to him, \"since things have come to this\npass, I cannot live with you. I'm determined to die … but you must die, too.\nYou saw my shame. I can't leave you alive as you are.\"\"\n\nI look forward to any help you can povide.\n\nSue",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T14:43:05.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43715",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-15T21:41:43.297",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19940",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"names"
],
"title": "Takehiko to Takejiro different name or diminutive?",
"view_count": 819
} | [
{
"body": "1) The name of Samurai murdered is not Kanazawa no \"Takehiko\" but\n\"Takehiro、武{たけ}弘{ひろ}.\" \nThere is no \"武{たけ}彦{ひこ}\" in the story. If the name TakeHiko in your text, it\nshould be a mistranslation.\n\n2) I've read the original story of \"In A Grove(藪{やぶ}の中{なか})\" carefully, but I\ncouldn't find the name \"Takejiro.\" His wife reffers his husband as not his\nname but just \"(my) husband.\" So I believe \"takejiro\" is also a\nmistranslation.\n\nHTH",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T03:44:21.743",
"id": "43798",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T03:44:21.743",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43715",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43715 | null | 43798 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43717",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The word 蜘【くも】蛛 consists of two kanji, 蜘【くも】 and 蛛, but in only 蜘【くも】 has the\nfurigana くも. \nDoes this make the 蜘 part silent? \nIf this is the case, are there rules for silent kanji?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T16:55:37.097",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43716",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T19:09:59.063",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T19:09:59.063",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "11117",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Is 蛛 from the word 蜘蛛? Is it a silent kanji?",
"view_count": 224
} | [
{
"body": "No, the reading くも is [a special\nreading](http://www16.atpages.jp/kanjikentei/jukujikun.html) assigned to the\nentire compound 蜘蛛, not to the first kanji. You might see the furigana for the\ncompound printed over the first kanji sometimes, depending on how it's\naligned, but if so you should interpret it as the reading for the entire\ncompound.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T17:18:16.233",
"id": "43717",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T17:18:16.233",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43716",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43716 | 43717 | 43717 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43719",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I wrote this sentence:\n\n> エルヤはほんと上手戦士です、彼女は矢印を半分に切れます！\n\nBut it got corrected to this sentence:\n\n> エルヤはほんとうに凄腕の戦士で、彼女は矢を真っ二つに切れます！\n\nI'm pretty sure that the first half of my original sentence is correct. So I\nhave two questions about this correction:\n\n * Was the first half (before the comma) of my sentence correct? Does the correction make it sound more natural?\n\n * In the second half of the sentence, can someone explain how it works?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T17:26:09.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43718",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T19:22:05.220",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12543",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"syntax"
],
"title": "What does this correction mean?",
"view_count": 110
} | [
{
"body": "In the first half, you are missing an **うに** from ほんと. 「ほんと」 is more used in\nslang/informal writing, but you'd still need the に in this case.\n\nYou _could_ say 上手 **な** 戦士 (note the necessary な), but [凄腕]{すご・うで} more\ngreatly emphasizes her skill; 上手 works, but sounds a little \"plain\".\n\n* * *\n\nFor the second half, 矢印 means an arrow that is a symbol (印), such as one you\nmight be on a street sign, food packaging\n\n> (on a cup noodle) ふたを矢印まで[剥]{は}がして、水をいれる → Peel lid back to the arrow mark,\n> fill with water\n\n, or even this very typed character ➡.\n\n矢 is what you use to talk about the weapon fired from a bow.\n\n* * *\n\n半分 means \"half\" in the sense of a portion size.\n\n> 水を飲みかけて、半分を残す。 → Drink (some) water, leaving half of it.\n\n真っ二つ means \"half\" in the sense of \"(exactly) in two\" or \"both halves\". So this\nis a case where the more common (IMO) English expression can screw up your\ntranslation/thinking: エルヤ doesn't split the arrow in \"half\", she splits it \"in\ntwo\". Now, if you were to find only one half of an arrow that had previously\nbeen split in two, you could probably use 半分.\n\n> 真っ二つに切った矢の半分を見つける",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T19:01:04.223",
"id": "43719",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T19:22:05.220",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T19:22:05.220",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "43718",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43718 | 43719 | 43719 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is [written here](http://viewer.comic-\nearthstar.jp/viewer.html?cid=19b650660b253761af189682e03501dd&cty=1&lin=0) on\npage 4, after 「それと一緒に」? I searched in WWWJDIC and Google, but I can't\nunderstand the meaning of 「こつぐってなる」. For the 「語彙が…」 comment, I understand that\nthis word sounds strange for the characters too. But strange is different from\nnonsense.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pL9F9.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T19:02:02.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43720",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T09:00:04.947",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T19:50:39.533",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "17798",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"manga",
"hiragana",
"onomatopoeia",
"writing-identification"
],
"title": "What does こつぐってなる mean?",
"view_count": 824
} | [
{
"body": "You've misparsed the phrase. It's こう + ぐって + なる. The う in this font looks very\nclose to the つ, but note the dash on top.\n\nAs for what the ぐって is supposed to mean, I'm not sure. I'm not aware of any\nverb ぐう or ぐる that would conjugate to ぐって. I suspect that this is one of the\nwords that the other character is referring to with their comment, 「語彙が。。。」\n\n**UPDATE:** See Earthliŋ's post re: the ぐって portion.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T19:49:44.523",
"id": "43722",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T20:15:54.163",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T20:15:54.163",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "You misread one _hiragana_. It says\n\n> こ **う** ぐってなる\n\n(So, not つ but う.)\n\nThe comment 「語彙が…」 refers to the fact that the girl is using a lot of\nonomatopoeic expressions (instead of proper vocabulary) to describe the first\nbite of the cake.\n\nHere こう (sibling of そう、ああ、どう) means \"like this\". ぐっ **て** なる can also be\nwritten ぐっ **と** なる and refers to some tight/cuddly/... feeling.\n\n> この白い \n> ふわっとしたやつが \n> 口の中でふぁーって\n>\n> それと一緒にこう \n> ぐってなるやつが \n> なんか混ざり合って \n> ぎゅーんって\n>\n> This fluffy white thing is in the mouth like _*phwaaah*_ \n> Blending together with this _*uhnnn*_ and going _*mmm*_\n\nNot an award winning translation, but I trust you get the point =)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T19:49:53.793",
"id": "43723",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T09:00:04.947",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-21T09:00:04.947",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 43720 | null | 43723 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43724",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have something similar to figurine that looks a Russian doll. It has kanji\nthat I cannot recognize. This probably is a drinking game? I would be so happy\nto know these kanji and the official name of this: \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dffCv.jpg)\n\nThis looks like **方**. After that I can't read.\n\nOne of the other sides just has the hiragana **ろ**. \nThe bottom is blank. \nThe 4th sides has these characters: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lNlaF.jpg)\n\nThe cube that fits in the middle has these 6 sides: \n(1) blank \n(2) 踊 \n(3) 唄 \n(4) 五合 \n(5) 壹合 \n(6) ＿升 // <-- I have zero reputation so I cannot write the kanji I can't\nrecognize here\n\nThis is so much to ask. So, any bits of information will help so much to\nidentify this.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T19:17:12.390",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43721",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T00:40:16.443",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T20:44:36.553",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19942",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting",
"writing-identification",
"calligraphy"
],
"title": "What does it say on this drinking game?",
"view_count": 1075
} | [
{
"body": "It seems to say (thanks to @brokenheadphones & @Shoko)\n\n> 手のなる方へ ＝ 手の鳴る方【ほう】へ\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/06pql.png)\n\nalluding to 『鬼さんこちら、手のなる方へ』, a phrase used in tag-like game with a blindfolded\n鬼 (the person who is \"it\"). (See 目隠し鬼 on\n[kotobank.jp](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9B%AE%E9%9A%A0%E3%81%97%E9%AC%BC-141206).)\n\nI suppose you roll the die and depending on what comes up you should\n\n * [blank]\n * dance (踊)\n * sing (唄)\n * drink from the small cup (壹合【いちごう】)\n * drink from the middle cup (五合【ごごう】)\n * drink from the large cup (壹升【いっしょう】)\n\nHere 壹 is an alternative _kanji_ for 一 \"one\".\n\n合【ごう】 is a measuring unit, about 180 ml. 10合 = 1升【しょう】, so about 1.8 l.\n(Judging from the size, the actual size of the cups is probably not what it\nsays, which would have to be roughly 180 ml, 902 ml, 1804 ml.)",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T20:32:10.047",
"id": "43724",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T00:40:16.443",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-21T00:40:16.443",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43721",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "For the bottom picture, the writing indicates the sizes. From small to large:\n\n * 壹{いち}合{ごう} \nArchaic form of modern 壱合, itself the fancy form of 一合. This means \"one _gō_\n\", where a _gō_ is an old unit of volume, equivalent to 180.39ml. Apparently\nin Chinese, this traditional unit of measure has been rejiggered (pun\nintended) to equal 100ml. By comparison, the traditional UK cup is equivalent\nto 236.59ml.\n\n * 五{ご}合{ごう} \n\"Go, go, Gadget!\" In this case, the ceramic cup is labeled \"five _gō_ \", or\nabout 901.95ml. That's nearly a liter -- quite large, really. I can't tell\nanything clear about scale from your photo.\n\n * 壹{いっ}升{しょう} \nArchaic form of modern 壱升, again the fancy form of 一升. This means \"one _shō_\n\", where a _shō_ is equal to 10 _gō_ , or about 1.8 liters.\n\nThe smallest cube to the right in the top picture appears to have writing on\nall sides. I can only make out two sides:\n\n * 壹{いち}合{ごう} \nOn the left-hand face, turned 90° counterclockwise.\n\n * 壹{いっ}升{しょう} \nOn the right-hand face.\n\nThis smallest cube might be used as a die in a drinking game, as you guess.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T20:34:33.550",
"id": "43725",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T20:39:21.647",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-20T20:39:21.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43721",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43721 | 43724 | 43724 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43729",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was surprised by this sentence:\n\n> 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか発表がありました。 \n> There was an announcement saying approximately when the cherry blossom will\n> come out this year.\n\nWe seem to have a question 桜の花がいつ咲くか directly modifying a noun 発表.\n\nIf I'd been asked to say this I'd probably have said:\n\n> 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか **という** 発表がありました\n\nAre either/both of these grammatically correct? What about formality etc?\n\n**Edit:** Just read [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30434/modifying-nouns-\nwith-question-phrases?rq=1) which seems to suggest that my modified sentence\nis correct and that the original is wrong. But the original is from the NHK\nnews website, so I'd be surprised if it was wrong.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T20:52:44.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43726",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T06:15:35.073",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"questions",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Can a question directly modify a noun?",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "Consider the sentence 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか発表がありました as being the conjunction of two\nsentences:\n\n * 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲く\n * 発表がありました\n\n~~「か」is being used as a conjunctive particle in the particular case where the\nfirst sentence indicates a question.~~\n\nReference: <http://www.japaneseammo.com/all-about-%E3%81%8B-its-not-only-a-\nquestion-marker/>\n\nNote: I have searched extensively for a reference listing か as a conjunctive\nparticle. However, I could not find any such grammatical explanation. I could\nfind one where it _wasn't_ listed:\n\n * <http://japanese-lessons.net/Japanese/grammar/Japanese-conjunctive-particles.html>\n\nHowever, in all cases where か is serving as a conjunctive particle, it could\nbe replaced by かについて、and について is a conjunctive particle. E.g.\n\n * いついくか計画を作ろう → いついくかについて計画を作ろう\n * 答えるかどうか決定せよ → 答えるかどうかについて決定せよ\n\n~~I suppose you could say that after か the real conjunctive について is just being\nomitted, but even in that case then functionally speaking, か has come to serve\nas a conjunctive particle.~~\n\n**Post decision edit:**\n\nbroken headphones answer gives the correct functional role, which is\n\"adverbial clause\", of 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか which modifies the predicate 発表がありました。I\nalso recommend his explanation of \"adverbial clause\" vs. \"adverb\" found\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38769/%E3%81%A6-form-and-\nadverbial-meaning).\n\nA separate, but related, issue is the form used to \"conjoin\" the adverbial\nclause and the predicate, which also plays a role in expressing their\nrelation. \nFor example, verb conjunctive form 「～て」、or conditional conjunctive form「～ば」.\n\n**Do questions ending in ～か comprise a conjunctive form in their own right? **",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T22:03:40.817",
"id": "43728",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T06:15:35.073",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "No, this 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか doesn't modify 発表 but the predicate.\n\nか-ending clause has not only function as nominal clause, but as adverbial too.\nThus,\n\n> 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くか発表がありました。 \n> _An announcement was made on approximately when the cherry blossom will\n> come out this year._\n\nOf course, your rephrased version works too, but 桜の花が今年いつごろ咲くかという発表 could be\nambiguous whether it tells when they bloom or it literally says \"when do they\nbloom\".",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T23:23:06.397",
"id": "43729",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-20T23:23:06.397",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43726 | 43729 | 43729 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43740",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does という stand for in this sentence:\n\n春から介護の専門学校に通う **という**\n女子生徒は「列車に乗るのは久しぶりですが、最後にみんなで乗ることができ、いい思い出になりました」と話していました。\n\nIs it modifying 専門学校 meaning 'the so called...' or is it a different\ngrammatical stucture?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-20T21:56:00.867",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43727",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T05:56:35.293",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19511",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is という after a verb?",
"view_count": 978
} | [
{
"body": "> 春から介護の専門学校に通うという女子生徒は「列車に乗るのは久しぶりですが、最後にみんなで乗ることができ、いい思い出になりました」と話していました。\n\nと is a quotative particle, and いう is \"to say\" (言う). So it literally means\n\"saying that\", but as a set phrase, という has various idiomatic usages\n(including \"called\" as in \"a tablet _called_ iPad\"). In this case, it is used\nto indicate hearsay.\n\n * [what is the difference between である ＆ という](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33563/5010)\n\nIt implies that 春から介護の専門学校に通う is not a confirmed fact from the author's point\nof view. It's just a piece of information the writer heard from the student\nherself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T05:56:35.293",
"id": "43740",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T05:56:35.293",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43727",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43727 | 43740 | 43740 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43737",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the meaning of 「さいってー」 in the following dialogue?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/roMNJ.jpg)\n\nContext: before this scene, the character on the left has just explained to\nhis accomplice on the right why he decided to betray and kill some of their\nfriends, the scene ends after the dialogue above. I know that さ means\nsomething like \"well\" when used alone, but I've never heard of さいってー. Is it a\nsynonym of さて?. Thank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T02:08:38.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43731",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T14:36:55.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17797",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"interjections"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「さいってー」 as an interjection",
"view_count": 511
} | [
{
"body": "I believe that it's a form of 最{さい}低{てい} - the lowest. Which means something\nalong the lines of 'that sucks' or 'you suck'",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T05:11:26.893",
"id": "43737",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T05:11:26.893",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43731",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "It definitely means 最低, pronounced さいてい. Writing it this way emphasis on the\nslang way of speaking of the character, especially with the っ. The author\ncould have written it 最低, which is the proper way of writing it this word, but\nit would have less power. Remember as well that in Japanese the えい is exactly\npronounced the same way as えー.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T14:36:55.853",
"id": "43749",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T14:36:55.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19728",
"parent_id": "43731",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43731 | 43737 | 43737 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Progressive tense verbs are usually simple and straight forward.\n\n> 食べる -> 食べている \n> Eat -> Eating\n\nBut in some cases, when translated into English, it can be interpreted as an\n\"adjective\" rather than the progressive tense.\n\nFor example,\n\n> 死んでいる \n> Dead (instead of dying) \n> 太っている \n> Fat (instead of getting fat)\n\nIs there a way to obtain the normal progressive meaning without using\ndifferent words or explanations like 瀕死 and そろそろ死にそう. \nMaybe something like 太ってきている or 死んできている?\n\nI have gotten used to these cases a long time ago but to this day, I still\nhave to resist the urge of saying 死んでいる when I see some one dying in a movie\nfor example.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T03:00:49.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43733",
"last_activity_date": "2018-04-13T02:39:23.697",
"last_edit_date": "2018-04-09T09:50:12.817",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Progressive tense used as adjective",
"view_count": 354
} | [
{
"body": "With both dying and fat, it's a state you're either in, or not. In English we\nsay 'getting fat', or 'he's dying', but those are not used in Japanese, as\nthere is no transition point for these states. They are essentially on or off.\nYou are either dead (死んでる) or you aren't, and you you are fat (太ってる) or you\naren't. Where we would say 'he is dying' in English, they would say something\nlike 死{し}にそうになってきた (He's come to appear as if he will die) or 死{し}ぬところ (he's\nabout to die). For getting fat they would say ちょっと太{ふと}ってきた (I have become a\nlittle fat).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T04:59:06.233",
"id": "43736",
"last_activity_date": "2018-04-13T02:39:23.697",
"last_edit_date": "2018-04-13T02:39:23.697",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43733",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43733 | null | 43736 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I was watching an anime where one of the characters was making food for\nanother. The person cooking food for the other person said that some of his\nsnot dripped into the food, and the guy responded with きたね！ The subtitles\ntranslated it as, \"That's gross!\" But I don't how it could be translated like\nthat...can anyone help me out? Is きた the past tense of a verb, or is it just a\nnoun or something like that?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T03:01:26.757",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43734",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T03:02:59.523",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19950",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does きた mean in this context?",
"view_count": 744
} | [
{
"body": "きたね is the vulgar/rude/cool way of saying きたない(汚い). \nWhich means dirty.\n\nMost of the i adjective can converted as such. It is usually used by boys.\n\nすごい -> すげ(cool) \nたかい -> たけ(tall) \nない -> ね(none)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T03:02:59.523",
"id": "43735",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T03:02:59.523",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43734",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43734 | null | 43735 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43743",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "First time posting here.\n\nI have a question that have been bothering me for quite a while. I wonder how\nto use the personal pronouns (僕/俺 & お前/きみ/あなた) in a conversation with\ndifferent \"ranked\" people. In the same conversation.\n\nLet me put it in a made up example, and let's just say I am talking to my best\nfriend (which to whom I would use 俺 for myself and お前 to my friend) and a\nteacher that we both respect (which to whom I would use 僕 for myself and\nあなた[or his/her name] to the teacher). Can the japanese pronouns be mixed\ndepending on who you are talking to in the one conversation or should I just\nstick to the formal pronouns?\n\nI know that you can skip the formal verb and sentence endings when talking to\nthe friend but should I also stick to one pronoun instead of changing back and\nforth?\n\nHope I didn't make the question too complicated and thanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T05:36:21.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43739",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T07:49:29.900",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"formality",
"pronouns",
"first-person-pronouns",
"second-person-pronouns"
],
"title": "Use of personal pronouns when talking to different \"ranked\" people. (In the same conversation)",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "I believe it is never wrong to be too respectful. Thus, if it was me I would\nstick to the more humble first-person pronouns to both your friend and your\nteacher, i.e. I'd address myself as 僕 or 自分. I think it is fine to call your\nfriend 君｛きみ｝ if you are obviously talking to your friend in a sentence, and\naddress your teacher by 〇〇先生, but I'd avoid using お前 at all if a teacher is\npresent (might sound a bit too rude). I'm not totally sure about this, and\nthis is just what I think what I would do in this situation.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T07:49:29.900",
"id": "43743",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T07:49:29.900",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43739",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43739 | 43743 | 43743 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43766",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am reading Yotsuba&! manga Ch.82, Pg.12\n([source](http://raw.senmanga.com/Yotsubato!/82/12)) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DPHDu.jpg)\n\nWhat does the last bubble on the lower left side (おまえすがすがしいな) mean? What does\nすがすがしいな mean in this context?\n\nDictionary meaning is\n\n> refreshing; brisk; bracing; fresh; refreshed\n> ([source](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%99%E3%81%8C%E3%81%99%E3%81%8C%E3%81%97%E3%81%84))\n\nHow is the dictionary meaning used in the above context? Is there some other\nmeaning to すがすがしい?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T12:30:45.123",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43744",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T03:20:35.160",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T01:50:04.693",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "18021",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"usage",
"manga"
],
"title": "What does すがすがしいな mean?",
"view_count": 493
} | [
{
"body": "「すがすがしい」, in this context, is used just a little bit sarcastically to refer to\nthe girl's unreserved manner of speech.\n\nMy best TL for 「おまえすがすがしいな」 would be:\n\n> \"You don't beat around the bush, do you?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T12:58:06.240",
"id": "43745",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T12:58:06.240",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43744",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "I've just found this site and I agree to the first noter.\n\nすがすがしい has at least two meanings - one is what you wrote and the other is\n\"without hesitation when you change their mind in the way that people normally\nhesitate to do, thinking about people's reaction.\"\n\nI hope this will help.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T13:18:21.040",
"id": "43746",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T03:20:35.160",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T03:20:35.160",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19959",
"parent_id": "43744",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "(却って/むしろ)すがすがしい(ほどの) is often used sarcastically, preceding a bad expression.\nIt means something is so typically bad that it almost feels good.\n\n * すがすがしい(ほどの)嘘: an obvious lie which almost sounds like a joke\n * すがすがしい(ほどの)変態: a 100% pervert without reservation who is even almost admirable\n * すがすがしい(ほどの)馬鹿: a \"perfect\" idiot\n\nThe guy said お前すがすがしいな because Yotsuba's line was so typically selfish that it\neven sounded funny instead of irritating.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T06:30:11.640",
"id": "43766",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T06:30:11.640",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43744",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43744 | 43766 | 43745 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So actually rather often in Japanese music, I see phrases like this:\n\n汚れきった言葉を\n\nwith some sort of verb modifying the noun, and with the noun having the direct\nobject particle, but no verb. I always assumed this was more of a sentence out\nof order than a noun with an attributive phrase, as in \"The words were\ndirtied.\" But is it more of a noun with an attributive phrase, as in, \"The\ndirty word?\" Is it a sentence out of order, or simply a noun with a modifier\nand perhaps and inferred word?\n\nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T14:03:26.790",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43747",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T16:00:19.430",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"particle-を",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Strangely-Ordered Sentences vs. Attributive Phrases",
"view_count": 240
} | [
{
"body": "I would say that this is a phrase where the final verb is omitted. We could\nexpect the complete phrase to be something like 汚れきった言葉を言う. But here, the\nfinal verb is omitted, because the context of the previous sentences is clear\nenough, I guess.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T14:42:45.970",
"id": "43750",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T14:42:45.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19728",
"parent_id": "43747",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "First, 汚れきる is an intransitive verb, and thus 言葉を汚れきる is ungrammatical and\ndoesn't make sense in the first place. 言葉を汚しきる would make sense.\n\nThere is also [hyperbaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaton) in\nJapanese. In creative writings, you may say\n\n> 汚しきった 言葉を \n> _I dirtied the words._\n>\n> ずっと見ている 私を \n> _You keep an eye on me._\n\nBut note that there is a space (or a comma, a period, a sentence-end particle,\nor whatever) separating the two phrases. If it were not for such a separator,\nthe phrase would be interpreted as a simple relative clause modifying the\nfollowing noun. And it's also very common to make a final predicate left\nunsaid in Japanese. So:\n\n> 汚しきった言葉を \n> _.... the words which I dirtied_ (a noun phrase with an object marker,\n> without a verb)\n>\n> 汚れきった言葉を \n> _... the words that have dirtied_ (i.e., _dirty words_ )\n>\n> ずっと見ている私を \n> _... I, the person who keeps watching [you]_\n\nMany sentence that ends with を has an omitted verb related to desire/wanting\n(see: [Does the particle \"を\" (wo) have a special use when at the end of a\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1209/5010)). Apparently this\nis not the case in your example.\n\n* * *\n\nTo translate such a sentences in lyrics, you have some options. If the omitted\nverb is clear from the context, go ahead and use it:\n\n> お金を! \n> _Gimme money! / I need money!_\n>\n> いつまでも君を \n> _I love you forever_\n\nAnother option is to forget the verb and translate it as a noun phrase without\na corresponding verb (like \"Twinkle twinkle little star.\") Yet another option\nis to rephrase it as a \"normal\" sentence, just as you have done so far:\n\n> 私だけをただ見つめて微笑んでるあなた \n> (lit. \"You who is gazing me and smiling at me\") \n> _You are merely gazing me and smiling at me._\n>\n> 心まで鋼鉄に武装する乙女 \n> _We are maidens with our hearts armed with steel._\n\nKeep in mind that these are merely noun phrases without corresponding verbs,\ngrammatically.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T15:40:32.343",
"id": "43751",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-21T16:00:19.430",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43747",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43747 | null | 43750 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am setting up a new company. Is the name 岩圭 a good choice or does it make\nsense as a name ? What is the meaning of 岩圭? I found somebody with that name\nin the internet. Is that a common or popular name.\n\nFor your information, my company is selling live fish.\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T17:45:29.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43752",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T18:23:10.770",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19961",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 岩圭?",
"view_count": 239
} | [
{
"body": "\"岩圭(Iwa kei)\" isn't in a Japanese dictionary. Japanese understand that \"岩{いわ}\"\nmeans rock. There is a name \"圭{けい}子{こ},\" and I guess the Kanji \"圭\" has\npositive image, but I don't know the Kanji \"圭{けい}\" itself as something\nmeaningfull.\n\nYou can name your company \"岩{いわ}圭{けい},\" but we Japanese don't understand it.\nSome Japanese might ask you \"What does it mean?\"\n\nYour business is seling live fresh, so it might be better to find the name\nusing \"魚,\" \"鮮 (this comes from \"新鮮(fresh)\",\" or \"清(pure, clear).\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T02:04:23.860",
"id": "43760",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T02:04:23.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43752",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I'm also very curious how come you came up with 岩圭, but well, the reason can\nbe anything. There was even a person who wanted to use a rare Japanese word\nbecause [she saw it in a\ndream](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36347/5010) :) Maybe you saw 岩圭 in\na book written by your favorite novelist?\n\n * 岩圭 is not common nor popular as a person name. I don't know anyone whose name is 岩圭.\n * 岩圭 is not in this [list of top 4500 Japanese surnames](https://myoji-yurai.net/prefectureRanking.htm?pref=0).\n * That being said, both 岩 and 圭 are commonly-used kanji in names, so 岩圭 doesn't look that weird to me. I won't be surprised if I saw a real traditional Japanese company with this name. It's at least far better than [these ridiculous tattoos](https://www.buzzfeed.com/ellievhall/ridiculous-chinese-character-tattoos-translated?utm_term=.bymrnyr9D#.ss5jmXj7d).\n * As for the meaning, very few would ever care because it's a proper noun. 岩圭 is 岩圭 -- just as Smith is Smith and not a metal craftsman, Johnson is Johnson and not a son of John. But if you insist, 岩 means _rock_. 圭 is a kanji which was used to refer to a _gemstone_ or _orb_ , but it is now recognized as just another kanji used in names. Semantically it has nothing to do with live fish, but that doesn't matter.\n * The most likely reading of 岩圭 is いわけい (Iwakei), but other readings are possible. See: [Is it correct to read 黒川 as くろかわ or is くろがわ correct?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42989/5010)\n\nIn conclusion, if you have a good reason, it's possible to name a company 岩圭.\nI can't tell if it's a good choice or not, though.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T03:40:02.710",
"id": "43764",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T04:31:52.670",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43752",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43752 | null | 43764 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am playing a Japanese game and I accidentally joined a team. In the chat the\nother players welcomed me, but how do I answer them and how can I ask them if\nthey are bothered by the fact that I only know a tiny bit Japanese?\n\nI tried to write a comment myself and this is what I ended up with: 字が読めません \n初ぬまして 私はオランダ人です. But I don't know if this is correct ^^;\n\n(I also couldn't find a translation for my question if they are bothered by\nthe fact that I only know a tiny bit Japanese. Does anyone know how I could\nsay that?)",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T19:04:57.137",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43753",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-14T12:25:37.000",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-21T20:34:21.273",
"last_editor_user_id": "19962",
"owner_user_id": "19962",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"questions"
],
"title": "How can I ask if they are bothered by me not being japanese?",
"view_count": 254
} | [
{
"body": "There's a pretty strong chance that whoever it is will have studied more\nEnglish than you've studied Japanese, so your best bet is to simply say. \"I\ndon't speak Japanese. Can I still play?\" or similar.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-13T23:31:00.667",
"id": "44404",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-13T23:31:00.667",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4179",
"parent_id": "43753",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Almost all Japanese can't talk in English, but can read English sentences if\nthey are simple. I hope you can communicate with the game members in English\nand you could learn more Japanese phrases automatically.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-14T08:33:32.947",
"id": "44414",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-14T08:33:32.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20111",
"parent_id": "43753",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Never mind! It's a game. Game itself can't kill you nor devastate your life\neven if you can't speak in Japanese. Wat zijn moet, dat zal zo zijn.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-14T12:25:37.000",
"id": "44419",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-14T12:25:37.000",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19858",
"parent_id": "43753",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43753 | null | 44404 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Now I am asking myself, what could be the difference between 労働契約｛ろうどうけいやく｝and\n雇用契約｛こようけいやく｝... Is it possible, that 労働契約 could be used for general meaning\nof any kind of employment contract? And if 雇用契約, meaning a normal standard\nemployment contract, could represent just one of several types of 労働契約\nemployment contracts? Thank you so much fo",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T22:20:48.770",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43754",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T00:20:47.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 労働契約 and 雇用契約？",
"view_count": 189
} | [
{
"body": "Doing some research I found a few articles regarding the same question and\nthey all seem to say more or less the same thing:\n\nBasically the two types of contract are \"quite\" the same thing but have few\nimportant differences. According to an article I will reference below, we\ncould sum up with these three main differences:\n\n 1. The 労働条件通知書 is just a notification, while the 雇用契約書 is a contract in the sense of an agreement (both parties have to affix a seal on it).\n 2. The two types are based on different set of laws (codes).\n 3. The 労働条件通知書 may have a fine is violated, while the 雇用契約書 has not.\n\nLet me expand a bit more point number 2. Being based on two different codes\nmeans that:\n\n * The 雇用契約 has its roots in the civil code (民法).\n\n * The 労働契約 has its roots in its own code called 労働契約法, which I'm not sure how to translate in English.\n\nEach type of contract is defined in the respective code. More specifically,\naccording to the civil code article 623 employment (雇用) is defined as:\n\n_The act in which one concerned person undertakes to perform work for the\nother party, and such party undertakes to provide remuneration in exchange for\nsuch work_\n\nOn the other hand, in article 4 of the 労働契約法, there is a more distinct\ndefinition of the duties/roles of employer and laborer:\n\n 1. _The employer will make help the employee to deepen (fully comprehend) the terms of the contract that he is presented with as well as the employee's duties._\n 2. _The laborer as well as the employer, will make their best effort to fully acknowledge and confirm the contents of the contract._\n\n(The above are maybe a bit loose translations but should be adequate).\n\nAccording to the above, we could say that 雇用契約 > 労働契約, in the sense that the\nfirst one has a broader/more generic target.\n\nHowever, being 労働契約法 a special law it has a higher priority than the more\ngeneral civil code (although I'm not sure priority in what sense, I'm just\ntranslating the source below). So in the sense of priority, 雇用契約 < 労働契約.\n\nAnyway, in general the difference with the two is so subtle that they can\nconsidered to be equal.\n\nI hope the above is enough to answer your question. You can find much more\ninfo [here](http://worklifefun.net/difference-of-labor-documents/).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T00:20:47.343",
"id": "43757",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T00:20:47.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14205",
"parent_id": "43754",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43754 | null | 43757 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I understand that to say ちっちゃなハート doesn't mean \"little heart\" in the\n\"romantic\" context, it actually means someone who is not brave or courageous.\nWould like a native speaker to shed some further light/context (or let me know\nif I am totally wrong). Also consider ちっちゃな心 context and meaning?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-21T23:18:11.863",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43755",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T17:38:39.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19964",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of ちっちゃなハート",
"view_count": 359
} | [
{
"body": "What you are saying is neither totally correct nor totally incorrect. It is at\nleast partially correct.\n\nThe problem here is your use of the term \" **romantic context** \" because that\nis not a very specific context. All kinds of topics could be covered in a\nromantic context, could it not? Romance could happen to all types of people,\ntoo.\n\n「ちっちゃなハート」 can certainly mean \"little heart\". A young girl once said to me,\n「アタシのちっちゃなハート、全部{ぜんぶ}〇〇[君]{くん}にあげる！♡」. 〇〇, of course, is my family name.\n\n「ちっちゃなハート」 can also mean \" **cowardly heart** \".\n\nSame goes for 「ちっちゃな心」. What it means would entirely depend on the context. As\na general tendency, however, it is often used to refer to a \"little heart\" and\na \" ** _narrow mind_** \". It would rarely, if ever, be used to mean a\n\"cowardly heart\".",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T01:29:15.343",
"id": "43759",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T17:38:39.103",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T17:38:39.103",
"last_editor_user_id": "9971",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43755",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The usage and context of ハート vs 心 tends to be different.\n\n * ハート → more figurative, romantic nuance, emotion, the \"heart shape\"\n * 心 → mind, feeling, strength etc. (you wouldn't refer to the \"heart shape\" with this word; it'd be unnatural)\n * 心臓 → literally the muscle in your body we know as the \"heart\"\n\nIt might make sense to interchange ハート with 心 in some instances, but not the\nother way around.\n\nハート is less \"serious,\" if you will, and more innocent in its figurativeness. 心\nloses that nuance. Perhaps this is the biggest differentiator in your\npresented situation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T06:58:46.893",
"id": "43801",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T06:58:46.893",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19790",
"parent_id": "43755",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43755 | null | 43759 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can you give me some examples to explain it? Thanks so much.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T00:18:29.370",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43756",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T02:52:01.767",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19965",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "(question word)-でも (何でも、誰でも、いつでも) can also be used in a negative sentence?",
"view_count": 671
} | [
{
"body": "何でも, 誰でも and so on are usually associated with non-negative predicates,\nwhereas 何も, 誰も and so on are usually associated with negative predicates.\n\n * 誰でもできる。 Everyone can do it.\n * 誰もできない。 No one can do it.\n * 何でもよい。 Everything is fine.\n * 何もない。 There is nothing.\n\nYou can use safely ～でも with some apparently-negative-but-semantically-positive\nexpressions such as:\n\n * 私はいつでも構わない。 Whenever is fine for me.\n * 誰でも問題ない。 There is no problem whoever it is.\n * どこでも気にしない。 I don't care wherever it is.\n\nIn complex sentences involving more than one clause (i.e., there are more than\none verb/predicate), ～でも and a negative expression can coexist in one\nsentence, of course.\n\n * 誰でもできるわけではない。 It's not that everyone can do it.\n * いつでもよいとは言わなかった。 I didn't say whenever is fine.\n\nAnd you can say something like these.\n\n * 何でもない。 It's nothing. / Don't worry. / Never mind. (lit. \"It's not something\")\n * ほかの誰でもなくて、あなたが必要だ。 I need no one but you. (lit. \"Not someone but you are necessary\") \n\nThe last one may seem confusing. But the difference is similar to the\ndifference between ペンはない (\"There is no pen\") and ペンではない (\"This is not a pen\"),\nso you can guess the meaning. See: [Difference Between \"何も\" and\n\"何でも\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30451/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T02:52:01.767",
"id": "43762",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T02:52:01.767",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43756",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43756 | null | 43762 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have come across this line in a book:\n\n> それは秘密にしといてくれてもよかったんだぜ…？\n\nHowever I am unsure what しといてくれて is supposed to mean and what the above would\ntherefore translate to, I've tried looking online but I couldn't find an\nexplanation.\n\nI have read about くれて and I understand that carries the meaning of having\nsomething done for you/to give etc. but I have to understand しといて as well to\napply that knowledge.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T02:07:36.627",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43761",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T02:55:11.080",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19966",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What does しといてくれて mean here?",
"view_count": 991
} | [
{
"body": "それは秘密にしといてくれてもよかったんだぜ…？\n\n1) 私は、『あなたが、それを秘密にしておく』、あるいは『あなたが、告白する』いずれでもよかった。 I didn't care whether you\nkept hidden about it or confessed it.\n\n2) あなたは、告白した。 You confessed it.\n\n3) 私は、『あなたが、それを秘密にしておく』でもよかった。 I could accept to have you keep hidden about\nit.\n\n\"（あなたが）秘密にしといてくれてもよかった\" \n= \"秘密にしといてくれる + でもよかった\" \n= \"秘密にしておいてくれる + でもよかった\" \n= \"秘密にして + おいてくれる + でもよかった\" \n= \"秘密にする + おいてくれる + でもよかった\" \n= \"秘密にする(have it hidden) + おいて(leave the situation as is) + くれる((you) can) +\nでもよかった(I could accept that...)\"\n\n* * *\n\n\"それは秘密にしといてくれてもよかったんだぜ\" without \"？\" is rather normal expression. I guess this\n\"？\" suggests that \"You didn't realize my intention?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T02:55:11.080",
"id": "43763",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T02:55:11.080",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43761",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43761 | null | 43763 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43768",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 思うがままの人生を送れたら、どんなに幸せだろう。\n\nIf X can send man as what Y imagine, how happy it will be.\n\nDo you know the subject X and Y in the sentence above?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T07:45:34.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43767",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T08:16:59.067",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Who is the subject in 思うがままの人生を送れたら、どんなに幸せだろう?",
"view_count": 86
} | [
{
"body": "> 思うがままの人生【じんせい】を送れたら、どんなに幸せだろう。 \n> How happy I will be if I could live a life as I wish.\n\nThe omitted subject should be \"I\" throughout the sentence. 人生 is \"(human)\nlife\", and\n[人生を送る](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E3%82%92%E9%80%81%E3%82%8B&ref=sa)\nis a very common set phrase that means \"to live a life\". The sentence does not\nsay 人を送る (\"to send a person\").\n\nOne of the meanings of 送る is \"to spend (time)\", \"to live.\"\n\n> * 楽しい学校生活を送る\n> * 希望に溢れた日々を送る\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T08:11:53.630",
"id": "43768",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T08:16:59.067",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T08:16:59.067",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43767",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43767 | 43768 | 43768 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I very often see なんてね or some similar phrase being translated to \"Just\nkidding\"? but why does it mean this and how does the grammar behind it work?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T08:22:47.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43769",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-23T04:58:02.523",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13743",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Why does なんてね mean \"Just kidding\"?",
"view_count": 7826
} | [
{
"body": "なんて is an informal word that is used after some phrase and implies it is not\nimportant.\n\n * [Usage of なんて and なんか as emphasis](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/421/5010)\n\n> Basically when you're kind of ignoring the importance of, or even slightly\n> putting down, the topic of the sentence. 愛なんか要らない。(I don't need love!)\n\n * [など; なんか; なんて](https://web.archive.org/web/20190311201757/http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=nado%3B%20nanka%3B%20nante)\n\nSo when なんて is used like a standalone interjection, it means you said the\nprevious sentence not seriously.\n\nね is a sentence-end particle and thus optional. You can say なんて! (\"kidding!\")\nwithout largely changing the meaning. なんてな is the same (sounds a bit more\nmasculine).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T08:35:41.053",
"id": "43770",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-23T04:49:55.443",
"last_edit_date": "2021-02-23T04:49:55.443",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43769",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 16
},
{
"body": "The verb 言う is omitted after なんて. So you can translate it \"saying (something)\nlike that\", or virtually as a subjunctive: \"(as if) it be/were like that\".\nThat's why it comes to have \"I'm kidding\" sense.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZBF5j.jpg)\n(Left: screen capture of\n[逆転裁判5](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BB%A2%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4#.E9.80.86.E8.BB.A2.E8.A3.81.E5.88.A45),\nRight: the same cut on its English version, [Dual\nDestinies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Wright:_Ace_Attorney_%E2%88%92_Dual_Destinies).)\n\nA synonymous expression is なんちゃって (< なんて言っちゃって). This one also works as a\nslangy adjective \"pretend\", as in なんちゃって家族 \"a pretend family\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T16:08:00.730",
"id": "43776",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T23:35:14.973",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T23:35:14.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43769",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
},
{
"body": "\"ｘｘｘなんてね\"\n\n> 『あんた（あんたは、あなたは）死んだ方がいいよ。』なんてね。 \n> I'd rather you were dead, just kidding. \n> 『あんたは、死んだ方がいいよ。』なんて言ったりしてね。 \n> 『あんたは、死んだ方がいいよ』と、本気で言ったりしてね。 \n> 『あんたは、死んだ方がいいよ』(Once you said it cleary, then) って本気で言ったと思う？本気じゃないよ、冗談だよ。 \n> \"I'd rather you were dead. (Once you said it cleary, then) Can I say it in\n> earnest? NOWAY! I'm just saying it in fun.\" \n> → I'd rather you were dead, just kidding.\n\nもし、この説明で分かってもらえなかったら、もう僕はこのサイトに回答を投稿しないよ。なんてね。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T01:54:05.153",
"id": "43796",
"last_activity_date": "2021-02-23T04:58:02.523",
"last_edit_date": "2021-02-23T04:58:02.523",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43769",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43769 | null | 43770 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43811",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know that 私, while being used by both men and women, is relatively formal or\nat least polite and so wouldn't necessarily be used when talking to a close\nfriend, etc. On the other hand, 俺、僕、and あたし are all gendered pronouns. Is\nthere a first-person pronoun that is gender neutral but still casual that\nsomeone who is non-binary or otherwise not wanting to express their gender\ncould use?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T15:01:57.900",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43773",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T14:31:16.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14209",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"first-person-pronouns",
"gender"
],
"title": "Is there a casual gender-neutral first-person pronoun?",
"view_count": 4381
} | [
{
"body": "I think こちら・こっち are commonly used for this purpose.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T16:13:43.080",
"id": "43777",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T16:13:43.080",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "43773",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "As @user4092 stated in the comment above, there exists no such first-person\npronoun in the so-called Standard Japanese. If there existed one, someone\nwould have answered this question as soon as you posted it.\n\nI could think of two such pronouns used in other dialects. One of them is 「\n**わ** 」 used in Tsugaru dialect (Aomori Prefecture). This dialect is known for\nits numerous extremely short words as 「わ」 might already suggest.\n\nThe other is 「 **わし** 」 used widely in the western half of Japan, but I must\nalso mention that it is not used by \"everyone\" in Western Japan at least the\nway \"I/me\" is used by English-speakers. The socioeconomic and other factors\nmay well prevent people from using it. To be also noted is that 「わし」 is\ngenerally used by older people.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T16:25:18.970",
"id": "43811",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T16:25:18.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43773",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "The short answer, as others have pointed out, is 'no'.\n\nBut people switch first-person pronouns depending on context all the time. In\na formal situation I'll use わたし, and otherwise usually おれ or maybe ぼく if I'm\ntalking to small children, for example.\n\nNot speaking from personal experience here, but if you (or the person you're\nasking for) don't identify as unambiguously male/female then I think you have\nthree options.\n\n1) Use the more formal わたし in casual situations.\n\nA lot of non-native Japanese speakers do this anyway, so it won't come across\nas too strange. Where you stand on the formal/casual continuum depends on a\nlot more than just choice of first-person pronoun, so you can fine tune that\nwith body language and other linguistic choices (to です or not to です, for\nexample).\n\n2) Use a pronoun that clashes with the gender people might otherwise\nautomatically assign you to.\n\nThat is, use おれ or ぼく if people are likely to assume that you are female, or\nあたし in the converse case. The former is actually reasonably common (although\nnot the norm), at least when close female friends talk among themselves, while\nthe latter is more likely to raise eyebrows.\n\n3) Use your name as a kind of pronoun.\n\nSay things like ジョンもカラオケに行｛い｝きたいなぁ。Instead of saying (the quite odd)\nわたしの名前｛なまえ｝はジョンです just say ジョンです。You get the picture.\n\nOption 1) is probably the better option for keeping things ambiguous, might\nwork better in what I think of as 'faux casual' situations, where there is no\nformal hierarchy but people aren't really soulmates yet. On the other hand\noption 2) challenges assumptions a bit and may be best reserved for people who\nknow and understand you, unless you like challenging assumptions (or happen to\nfeel like it in a given situation). If you really want to keep people on their\ntoes you could switch randomly, although this will probably come across as a\nbit odd. Option 3) sounds quite childish to me. My four year old speaks like\nthis, but my seven year old has switched to ぼく. A lot of adults (particularly\nwomen?) do it (sometimes), but it strikes me as quite \"cute\" which is probably\nthe intention in most cases, but may not be what you are trying to convey. On\nthe other hand, if you do it enough your friends will probably get used to it\nand sometimes it doesn't hurt to adopt a few childish mannerisms when you are\nlearning because people are more likely to speak to you using clear, simple\nlanguage. Also, \"cute\" is a package -- if the rest your presentation is not\n\"cute\" then the net result won't be \"cute\".\n\nWhat I'm trying to emphasize is that this is a question of choice, rather than\ntrying to find the 'right' answer. Unfortunately a prepackaged choice with the\nnuances you would like is not available, so you'll have to work with the\nresources that the language provides. Feel free to experiment and make\n\"mistakes\" - it is part of the learning process. But as you do, bear in mind\nthat these choices are not just a statement about you, they also reflect your\nrelationship with the person that you are speaking with or - more accurately -\nyour interpretation of that relationship. So, as with so many other things in\nJapanese, context is everything and you might make different choices in\ndifferent situations.\n\nAlso note that according to careful observational studies, students of\nJapanese tend to use first person pronouns about 3247 times more than is\nactually necessary. Nothing says 'ambiguous' like not saying it at all and\nthere are very, very few situations where the first person pronoun is actually\n_necessary_.\n\nFinally, if you can, seek out other people in a similar situation -- on TV or\nYouTube if you can't find them in real life -- and see how they present\nthemselves in different situations.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T12:53:49.170",
"id": "43832",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T14:31:16.810",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-24T14:31:16.810",
"last_editor_user_id": "20016",
"owner_user_id": "20016",
"parent_id": "43773",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43773 | 43811 | 43811 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Here is a line from a story:\n\n> でもまぁ結局この着物 **も** 、隣を歩く美咲が恥ずかしくねぇように、ってことだろ？\n\nI'm quite familiar with the use of the も particle, but I am puzzled by what\nit's doing in this line. If I break it down:\n\nでもまぁ - correct me if I'm wrong but I was told that this doesn't have any\nparticular meaning, though you could translate it to 'well'\n\n結局 - after all/in the end\n\nこの着物 - this kimono\n\nも - also/too/even if\n\n隣を歩く - walk next to\n\n美咲が恥ずかしくねぇ - Misaki won't feel embarrassed\n\nように - in order to/so that\n\nってこと - I read that this = 'you/I/it mean(s)'\n\nだろ - you know?/isn't it?\n\nNow putting this all together I got:\n\n> \"well, it means that in the end it's this kimono so that Misaki won't feel\n> embarrassed walking next to me isn't it?\"\n\nAs you can see I haven't incorporated the も particle in the translation at\nall, I just don't understand how it would fit here? If the も was referring to\nits 'too/also' definition then wouldn't it come afterように instead?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T15:56:59.783",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43774",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T07:32:48.887",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T18:54:34.147",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "19977",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of も here?",
"view_count": 215
} | [
{
"body": "I imagine there is another/other things like \"this kimono\". For example, it\nlooks too flashy though he took into careful consideration what he should wear\nto go out with her. And he had his hair cut, but it is eccentric and doesn't\nlook good on him. He doesn't have good taste and they both actually make her\nfeel embarrassed against his will. this kind of situation let me use も in\nconversations.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T19:51:54.710",
"id": "43786",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T19:51:54.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19984",
"parent_id": "43774",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I would say that you might translate も in this sentence as \"even\", as in \"Even\nin this kimono, ...\". It's kind of an extension of the idea that も means \"too\"\nor \"also\", and also relates to the similar meaning of にも or でも.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T04:17:45.350",
"id": "43799",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T04:17:45.350",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16022",
"parent_id": "43774",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "> でもまぁ結局この着物も、隣を歩く美咲が恥ずかしくねぇように、ってことだろ？\n\nHere 「も」 implies that this kimono is a measure taken so 美咲 won't feel\nembarrassed by [the speaker].\n\n(Elaboration: This could be in addition to other things...\n\nWhat those \"other things\" could be:\n\n * Something known from context about the speaker\n * other things that the speaker could do that 美咲 could possibly be embarrassed about (past events, or things that could go wrong in the speaker's imagination, etc.)\n\n... but the real-world usage doesn't necessitate this as a pre-requisite. As\n@user4092 has pointed out this can show contrastive nuance or exclamation as\nwell.)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T06:43:48.070",
"id": "43800",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T07:32:48.887",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T07:32:48.887",
"last_editor_user_id": "19790",
"owner_user_id": "19790",
"parent_id": "43774",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43774 | null | 43786 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43782",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know Okinawan is usually (nowadays) written in katakana. However, katakana\nonly has a limited number of different syllables, fewer than can be produced\nin, say, English (e.g. th). Does Okinawan have any syllables that don't fit in\nstandard katakana? If so, how are they written?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T15:57:00.373",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43775",
"last_activity_date": "2017-09-09T06:28:36.660",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14209",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"written-language",
"ryukyuan-languages"
],
"title": "Does Okinawan have syllables Japanese doesn't?",
"view_count": 512
} | [
{
"body": "Seek, and ye shall find. :)\n\nThis is a decent English-language description:\n\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_scripts>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T17:27:03.430",
"id": "43781",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T17:27:03.430",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43775",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "(Disclaimer: my knowledge on phonology and Okinawan is _very_ limited)\n\nThe glottal stop (/ʔ/) is a distinguishing feature in most Okinawan dialects.\n/ʔa/ and /a/ are different sounds in most Okinawan dialects, although they are\nboth ア in katakana. The /ʔ/ sound is important in no dialects found in\nmainland (non-Okinawa) Japan.\n\n[沖縄語の音韻講座（1）【ア行】《新沖縄文字へのいくつかの提案》](http://lince.jp/hito/okinawamap/kouza/hretuon/)\n\n> 沖縄語の「あ・い・う・え・お」には声門破裂音とそうではないのと2通りあるということは、10ヶ月前の記事で書きました。 (snip)\n> この[ʔ]の有無が「弁別的な機能を果たしている」ということが、沖縄語の特色なのだということも書きました。\n>\n> 沖縄語の場合は、声門破裂音かそうでないかによって、意味が変わってしまう単語があります。 \n> 「ʔうとぅ」：音、「’うとぅ」：夫 \n> 「ʔいん」：犬、「’いん」：縁 \n> 「ʔおーじ」：扇、「’おーじ」：王子\n\nTo distinguish in writing:\n\n * Professional researchers seem to simply stick to IPA notations.\n * 沖縄語辞典 issued by 国立国語研究所 uses `'あ` for /a/ and `ʔあ` for /ʔa/, and so on. This rule is also used in the article above.\n * 船津好明 invented some new hiragana characters (!) to represent vowels without glottal stops, which are also briefly introduced in the article above.\n\nThere are also some sounds which are no longer used in modern (mainland)\nJapanese, but the writing system using kana doesn't seem to be very\nstandardized. 船津 uses [these new\nhiragana](http://www.wwq.jp/q/mojiichiran.pdf), and other groups use various\ncombinations of existing kana to represent such sounds. See [this\nchart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_scripts). [This article by 船津\n(PDF, in Japanese)](http://www.wwq.jp/p/funatsupapers/okiken7.pdf) compares\nthree proposed orthography systems using kana (including his own system).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T18:04:53.600",
"id": "43782",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T18:11:02.767",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43775",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "Yes, many sounds from Okinawan languages do not fit kana, but everyone sort of\nmakes do with hiragana, katakana and kanji.\n\nOn that note, it is only common to write Ryukyu words in katakana when the\nmain sentence is Japanese and mainlanders are going to read it -- in\nparticular if mainland Japanese are the ones doing the writing. Locally we\noften don't think about the difference, sort of like how people in Texas often\nmix Spanish in with their English without bothering to italicize it.\n\nHere are some pictures I took from one of my kid's picture books written in\nウチナー口. You'll notice that hiragana is used normally, with katakana only being\nthe onomatopoeia type words. Very often we use small character sizes to\nrepresent certain characteristics of pronunciation, but this is not an easy\nthing to do when typing (like here) because I don't know how to input, for\nexample, a small わ (but a small い like ぃ is normal). Also notice that there is\na word starting with ん here, which isn't entirely accurate to the way the word\nreally sounds, but again -- people mostly just make do with kana.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xkTsY.jpg)\n\nYou'll notice that the story pages have an inset in Japanese in addition to\nthe main text in ウチナー口.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GcAlM.jpg)\n\n**EDIT:** After writing this answer the book was on the table and one of my\nkids read the title. I then realized that 「えんそうくゎぃ」 is a good example of a\nsound everyone knows to say correctly but we don't actually write with the\ncorrect letter. The first character, え should really be a (now very rarely\nused) ゑ which is one of the now \"missing\" two letters in the やゆよ line of kana,\nthis one corresponding to a sound like \"ye\". In daily life we only ever see\nthis character in katakana for the beer brand\n[ヱビス](http://www.sapporobeer.jp/yebisu/). This letter and sound is not\nspecific to Ryukyu languages, it has mostly fallen out of use in most of\nJapanese as well (ヱビス is produced by Sapporo -- about as far from Okinawa as\npossible).\n\nAs a weird side note, older Okinawans often pronounce \"English\"/「えいご」 as 「ゑいご」\nout of habit.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-09-09T02:41:35.613",
"id": "53147",
"last_activity_date": "2017-09-09T06:28:36.660",
"last_edit_date": "2017-09-09T06:28:36.660",
"last_editor_user_id": "7545",
"owner_user_id": "7545",
"parent_id": "43775",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43775 | 43782 | 43782 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43784",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I asked the apartment agent about the procedure to have internet access in my\nroom. The agent wrote in his reply as follows.\n\n> インターネットの手続きはお客様のほうで取って頂く形になります。\n\nI can understand this roughly:\n\n> I must process the application (to get internet access) by myself.\n\nI am not satisfied enough with my translation without knowing the underlying\ngrammar in details because I believe that I will see this kind of expression\nagain in the future.\n\n# Question\n\n 1. What is the subject of the above sentence?\n 2. Is で in お客様のほうで identical to で in 手で食べます?\n 3. How to decompose the sentence into smaller grammatical parts?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T16:25:01.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43778",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T11:58:51.603",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T06:39:52.137",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"parsing"
],
"title": "How to parse インターネットの手続きはお客様のほうで取って頂く形になります?",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "Your understanding is correct. Note that your understanding is not a\ntranslation of the source text.\n\n## Your questions\n\n 1. What is the subject of the above sentence? \n\n\"Subject\" implies the subject of the verb. For the main verb on the end, なります,\nthe grammatical subject matches the topic of the sentence: インターネットの手続き, or\n\"the procedure for getting an internet connection\".\n\n 2. Is で in お客様のほうで identical to で in 手で食べます? \n\nBroadly speaking, yes. In お客様のほうで...とって頂く, the _toru_ -ing is being done\n**by** the side of the guest, to torture the English grammar a bit. In 手で食べます,\nthe _taberu_ -ing is being done **by** hand.\n\n 3. How to decompose the sentence into smaller grammatical parts? \n\nFor that, read the next section.\n\n## Full analysis\n\nLet's break it down.\n\n### Taking it apart\n\n> インターネットの手{て}続{つづ}きはお客{きゃく}様{さま}のほうで取{と}って頂{いただ}く形{かたち}になります。\n\nFirst off, what are we talking **about**? What is the **topic** of this\nsentence? Well, in simplified terms, we look for the は:\n\n> インターネットの手{て}続{つづ}き **は**\n\nSo we know we're talking **about** the the internet (インターネット) procedure (手続き),\nor in this context, the procedure for getting an internet connection.\n\nNow let's look at the rest of the sentence:\n\n> お客{きゃく}様{さま}のほうで取{と}って頂{いただ}く形{かたち}になります。\n\nThis gets a bit more complicated.\n\nFirst off, we have お客{きゃく}様{さま}, a quite polite way of saying \"guest\". The お\nand 様{さま} are social register (kind of like politeness) cues that tell us that\nthis whole sentence is probably spoken by someone in a host or service\nposition, talking to or about the guests.\n\nThe のほうで here tells us that whatever is happening is something that happens\nliterally \"on the side of\" the guest, or \"on the part of\" the guest -- or more\nidiomatically, something that the guest takes care of.\n\nとって頂く breaks down to とって or \"take\", here more like \"take care of\" or \"handle\",\nplus 頂{いただ}く, humble for \"receive\", here used to mean that the speaker is\ngetting someone to do something for them. So the speaker is getting someone\nelse to do the \"taking [care of]\".\n\n形{かたち} is literally \"shape\" or \"form\". The になります on the end literally means\n\"becomes [whatever came before]\". As a set phrase, 形{かたち}になります means \"this is\nthe way things become\", and this is often used idiomatically to describe a\npolicy or rule, but in a slightly indirect and oblique way -- thereby making\nit a bit more polite than simply saying \"you must do XXX...\"\n\nContextually, this sentence is all from the point of view of the speaker, who\nis your apartment agent in this case.\n\n### Putting it back together\n\nA word-for-word annotation:\n\n> [インターネット]{internet}[の]{[possessive] }[手続き]{procedure }[は]{[topic]\n> }[お]{[honorific] }[客]{guest }[様]{[as explicit outsider] }[の]{\n> [possessive] }[ほう]{side }[で]{[locative]: \"on\" }[取って]{take, take care of\n> }[頂く]{humbly receive }[形]{shape, form }[に]{[directional]: \"to, into\"\n> }[なります]{become}。\n\nA literal translation:\n\n> → Talking about the internet procedure, it is the usual way that [the\n> speaker] humbly gets it taken care of on the side of the honored guest.\n\nAn idiomatic translation:\n\n> → Our policy is for guests to take care of the procedure for getting an\n> internet connection.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T18:55:57.057",
"id": "43784",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T11:58:51.603",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T11:58:51.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43778",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 43778 | 43784 | 43784 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "i have a doubt. In the lesson 3 practice A 5:\n\n[x] wa [ y ] desu\n\nx= something \ny= place\n\nThat mean the X is in the place Y. Like in \" The CAR ( x ) is in the GARAGE (\ny ) \"\n\nBUT the exemples are confusing:\n\n * Kuni wa France desu ( nani )\n * kuni wa IMC desu ( nani )\n * kuni wa Sakura University desu ( nani )\n * kuni wa dochira desu ka ( that ask for the name of the country )\n\nOr if you choose the daigaku\n\n * daigaku wa France desu ( this make sense, the univeristy is in France )\n * daigaku wa IMC desu ( nani )\n * daigaku wa sakura daigaku desu (make sense if \" Y \" is a name not a place )\n * daigaku wa dochira desu ka ( again, ask for the name of the university )\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8kAk.jpg)\n\nFor me this make sense if you use other things in the X like:\n\n * denwa wa France desu ( the telephone is in France )\n * denwa wa IMC desu ( the telephone is in the IMC )\n * denwa wa sakura daigaku desu ( the telephone is in the Sakura University )\n\nor Albert:\n\n * Albert-san wa France desu ( Albert-san is in France )\n * Albert-san wa IMC desu ( Albert-san is in the IMC )\n * Albert-san wa sakura daigaku desu ( Albert-san is in the Sakura University )\n\nAny idea ?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T19:45:15.867",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43785",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T20:49:43.510",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19982",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "dai 3 ka renshuu A 5 ( minna no nihongo 1 )",
"view_count": 1492
} | [
{
"body": "First, this picture says you can say 「だいがく は さくらだいがく です。」 but probably not 「くに\nは さくらだいがく です」. You should see only three sentences here, not nine (3×3).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mNBi5.png)\n\nSecond, in this picture, `X は Y です` means `X is Y`, not `X is in Y`. The \"Y\"\ndoesn't have to be a place name. These three sentences literally mean:\n\n * くにはフランスです。 \n(My) birthplace is France. (i.e., \"I was born in France.\")\n\n * かいしゃはIMCです。 \n(My) company is IMC. (i.e., \"I work at IMC.\")\n\n * だいがくはさくらだいがくです。 \n(My) college is Sakura College. (i.e., \"I'm a student of Sakura College.\" or\n\"I graduated from Sakura College.\")\n\nNote that [this くに means one's\nbirthplace](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30315/5010).\n\nThird, `X は Y です` can colloquially mean `X is currently at/in Y`, too.\n\n * わたしはさくらだいがくです。 I am (currently) at Sakura College. (maybe as a mere visitor) \n(Of course this doesn't mean \"I am a college.\")\n\n * かれはフランスです。 He is (currently) in France.\n * かいしゃはフランスです。 My company (office) is in France.\n * でんわはフランスです。 My phone is in France. (I left it there.)\n * くるまはガレージです。 The car is (currently) in the garage.\n\nYou are confused perhaps because you already know this usage, but this usage\nis colloquial and rather exceptional. Keep in mind that the basic meaning of\n`X は Y です` is simply `X is Y.`",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T20:43:36.950",
"id": "43789",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T20:49:43.510",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43785",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43785 | null | 43789 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43795",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In this sentence:\n\n> おもしろさなどが、時間の経過とともにじわじわと **感じられる** という意味です。\n\nIs 感じられる in the potential form or in the passive form? The context is the word\nじわじわ being defined. The whole paragraph is:\n\n> 「じわる」は、副詞の「じわじわ」に動詞の辞書形「る」をつけて、グループ１の動詞になります。 おもしろさなどが、時間の経過とともにじわじわと\n> **感じられる** という意味です。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T20:03:06.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43787",
"last_activity_date": "2023-08-29T04:28:24.133",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T20:43:42.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Help differentiating passive from potential form",
"view_count": 222
} | [
{
"body": "I believe that this is passive, referring to how 「おもしろさ」 _is felt_.\n\n> おもしろさなど **が** 、時間の経過とともにじわじわと **感じられる**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T23:39:14.577",
"id": "43794",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T00:28:59.103",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T00:28:59.103",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "7055",
"parent_id": "43787",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "## Short Answer:\n\nIt is neither potential nor passive voice. It is, as @Shoko points out in the\ncomment above, used to indicate **spontaneous** occurrence.\n\nSo, that dictionary definition in question is along the lines of:\n\n> \"One (spontaneously) feels the appeal (and such) more and more as time\n> passes.\"\n\n## Long Answer:\n\nLearn the **four** functions of 「れる・られる」 today if you have not done so because\nit is very important and useful. Quite frankly, there is no such thing as\nfluent Japanese without being able to use all four of them both actively and\ncorrectly.\n\n**1) Passive Voice** :\n\n> 「犬{いぬ}に噛{か}ま **れる** 。」 \"(Someone) is bitten by a dog.\"\n>\n> 「よく女性{じょせい}に声{こえ}をかけ **られる** 。」 \"(I) am often approached by women.\"\n\n**2) Potential** :\n\n> 「来｛こ｝ **られる** 人｛ひと｝は来｛き｝てください。」 \"Those who can come, please come.\"\n>\n> 「[4L]{よんエル}でないと着{き} **られない** 。」 \"I could not wear it unless it is in size\n> 4L.\"\n\n**3) Respect** :\n\n> 「エリザベス女王{じょおう}が来日{らいにち}さ **れる** 。」 \"Queen Elizabeth visits Japan.\"\n>\n> 「先生{せんせい}が来{こ} **られる** 。」 \"The teacher comes/is coming.\"\n\n**4) Spontaneous** :\n\n> 「故郷{ふるさと}のことが思{おも}い出{だ}さ **れる** 。」 \"I am missing my hometown.\"\n>\n> 「このピッチャーには将来性{しょうらいせい}が感{かん}じ **られる** 。」 \"I can see/feel a bright future for\n> this pitcher.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T01:50:53.173",
"id": "43795",
"last_activity_date": "2023-08-29T04:28:24.133",
"last_edit_date": "2023-08-29T04:28:24.133",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43787",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 43787 | 43795 | 43795 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43792",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the sentence \"Mr. Yamada goes to work at eight thirty.\" where would the に\nbe placed? Would it be\n\n> a) やまださんははちじはんしごと **に** いきます。 \n> b) やまださんははちじはん **に** しごといきます。\n\nWhy?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T20:34:17.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43788",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T02:15:20.987",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T02:15:20.987",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19796",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Where would に be in this sentence?",
"view_count": 58
} | [
{
"body": "Technically, you need to use に after both the time phrase (where it indicates\n\"at\") and after \"job\" (where it indicates \"to\"). So the correct sentence would\nbe:\n\nやまださんははちじはんにしごとにいきます。\n\nWhile particles are often omitted in casual speech, omitting them in written\nJapanese would be grammatically incorrect.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T23:11:54.443",
"id": "43792",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-22T23:11:54.443",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19784",
"parent_id": "43788",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43788 | 43792 | 43792 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43793",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "This question is similar to \"how many kanji do Japanese natives know?\" but a\nbit more specific, because I'm particularly interested in the jinmeiyō kanji.\n\nMy understanding is that they are the kanji commonly used for people's names.\nI am not clear whether the jōyō kanji are also used for names, or only the\njinmeiyō kanji. That's part A of the question.\n\nPart B is whether Japanese natives generally know the readings for all the\njinmeiyō kanji, such that when they see someone's name in writing they\nautomatically know how to pronounce it without furigana. Is it common practice\nto have to ask what the name's reading is? Do people ever use furigana for\nnames, like in books where you obviously can't ask the characters how to\npronounce their names?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T22:23:03.647",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43790",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T21:53:37.493",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-22T23:24:37.327",
"last_editor_user_id": "1515",
"owner_user_id": "1515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"names"
],
"title": "Is it always necessary to ask how someone's name is pronounced if you encounter it first in writing?",
"view_count": 2903
} | [
{
"body": "Regarding whether you should ask people about the pronunciation of their\nnames, pretty much yes. With only the kanji, it could actually be very hard to\nread names correctly. Many names have multiple readings. For example, the\nsurname 高城 could be pronounced either as たかじょう or たかぎ. The name 陽菜 could be\npronounced either as はるな or ひな. The common female name 玲奈 could be pronounced\nas either れな or れいな, and outrightly mispronouncing one's name could offend\nsome. Of course, if the person's surname is rather regular, such as 高橋｛たかはし｝\nor 田中｛たなか｝, there is usually no need to ask. But, in general, only the person\nhim/herself knows the pronunciation of their name for sure and others should\nalways follow him/her i.e., even if someone is named 一二三 and want you to read\nhis name as ドレミ, トランプ or even バカ (although I don't know why one would do so),\nyou should call him so.\n\nSo,\n\n**Part A:**\n\n人名用漢字｛じんめいようかんじ｝ refers to kanji that could be used in names **which are not\n_jōyō_ -kanji**. 常用漢字｛じょうようかんじ｝ are also valid kanji for names: otherwise,\nsimple & common kanji characters such as 花 and 子 would not be valid in names,\nwhich is absurd. The Japanese Wikipedia page on\n[人名用漢字](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97)\nis a rather good place to learn more about 人名用漢字.\n\nIn fact, however, 人名用漢字 consists of many quite common kanji that aren't part\nof 常用漢字 for some reason. One example would be the character 遥, which is very\ncommon in female names, but also in the word 遥｛はる｝か \"distant\". Also, many of\nthe 人名用漢字 are simply variants of common _jōyō_ -kanji. For example, the\nunsimplified form of 桜, i.e. 櫻, is part of 人名用漢字 (partly because the character\n桜 is considered misfortunate for names due to its number of strokes). 嶋, a\nvariant of 島, is seen in surnames.\n\nHowever, note that sometimes kanji that are neither 常用 nor 人名用 CAN appear in\nsurnames. For example, the common surname Watanabe 渡辺 has two old-fashioned\nvariants, 渡邉 and 渡邊, which are still common. However, neither 邉 nor 邊 is in\n人名用漢字.\n\n**Part B:**\n\nThe answer is, NO. Many 人名用漢字 are actually rather rare even in names, and\npeople generally don't know how to read them. However, even if the characters\nare rather common, they might have special readings in names. For example, the\nsurnames 五十嵐｛いがらし｝ and 我孫子｛あびこ｝ contain no rare characters, but their readings\nin these surnames are quite eccentric.\n\nIn Japanese TV drama, anime and manga, it is common to present characters'\nnames with furigana when they first appear. So, no, it is very common to give\nfurigana with names. When you register for accounts on Japanese websites (go\nto Amazon Japan and see!) or fill in forms such as customs declarations in\nJapan, there will always be a space for フリガナ of your name. Thus, it is never\nstrange, and kind of actually mandatory, to provide furigana for names.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T22:28:31.433",
"id": "43791",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T21:53:37.493",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T21:53:37.493",
"last_editor_user_id": "19346",
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43790",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "## Part A\n\n常用漢字{じょうようかんじ} (Jōyō Kanji) and 人名用漢字{じんめいようかんじ} (Jinmeiyō Kanji) are two\nseparate and non-overlapping lists, but Kanji used in a person's name can be\nfrom either list. 常用漢字 are the most common in names as well as in general, but\nbecause Kanji used in many names are more unique and diverse than these more\ncommon Kanji, the 人名用漢字 list was created so that people could use these more\nunique and diverse Kanji as their legal names.\n\nFor instance the 人名用漢字 list contains \"alternate forms\" for Kanji that are also\non the 常用漢字 list. But it also contains Kanji that are not on the 常用漢字 list at\nall.\n\n> For instance, 「櫻{さくら}」is an alternate (in this case the un-simplified) form\n> of「桜{さくら}」which is included on the 人名用漢字 list. So you are free to use either\n> character in your legal name. But you should not write the _word_ \"sakura\"\n> with the alternate form in a public records or communication context.\n\nThe point of the 常用漢字 list is to restrict the number of Kanji that are used in\npublic records and communication, like driver's licenses, television,\nnewspapers and so on.\n\nThe point of the 人名用漢字 list is to accommodate people whose names include\ncertain Kanji that are somewhat common, but only in the context of people's\nnames.\n\nThat being said, most of the 人名用漢字 are not common at all and are not studied\nin school as a requirement the way that 常用漢字 are. However, in the context of\nhistorical figures whose names include Kanji outside of the 常用漢字, 人名用漢字 would\nbe used.\n\n## Part B\n\nGenerally speaking a Japanese person would only be familiar with Kanji on the\n人名用漢字 list if they know people or characters who have names that include Kanji\nfrom that list.\n\nNames in books can use any Kanji from either list. However, even with very\ncommon 常用漢字, names can be difficult enough to read to warrant the use of\nfurigana.\n\nFor instance you may see a character with the last name 東雲{しののめ}, where both\nof the Kanji for this name are very common (\"east\" and \"cloud\"), but the\npronunciation would be unfamiliar to many people.\n\nAlso, it bears noting that regardless of which Kanji are used in a name,\nultimately the pronunciation can be almost anything. The way this works is\nthat when a name is registered (like for a new-born baby) there are two\nseparate fields, one for the Kanji used in the name and one for the Kana that\nis used to pronounce it.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lHTiX.png)\n\nAnd yes, it is very common and polite to ask how to pronounce a person's name\nwhen you see it only in writing, even if it is a common one.\n\n * If you see a common name like 山本, you may say 「ヤマモトさんですね？」or more politely, 「ヤマモトさんとお読みしてよろしいでしょうか？」\n * If you see a name which may have more than one common pronunciation like 林, you may say 「ハヤシさんでしょうか？」or more politely, 「ハヤシさんとお読みしてよろしいでしょうか？」 \n * If you see an unusual name like 劉, you can say「何と読みますか？」or more politely, 「何とお読みすればよろしいでしょうか？」",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-22T23:23:37.973",
"id": "43793",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T01:29:37.727",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T01:29:37.727",
"last_editor_user_id": "7055",
"owner_user_id": "7055",
"parent_id": "43790",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 15
},
{
"body": "**Part A** : Jinmei-yo kanji is the list of kanji that can be used _in\naddition to_ Joyo kanji when you name a baby. See the other answers.\n\n**Part B** : No, we don't ask the readings of people's names often. Most kanji\nnames have only one reading, and native speakers know the reading of lots of\nkanji names. For example, as far as I know, 田中 is always たなか and nothing else.\nGenerally speaking, in 95% of the cases or so, it is possible for a native\nspeaker to correctly guess the reading when they encounter a new name without\nfurigana. Even [jukuji-kun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24513/5010)\nnames such as 東雲, 東海林 and 五十嵐 are not really difficult to me.\n\nHowever, some names do have rare alternative readings. While 中島 is almost\nalways なかじま and you don't usually have to ask how to read this, you may\nencounter a person called なかしま (with unvoiced し), say, less than once in a\ndecade. Instead of always asking \"Can I call you なかじま?\", people would usually\njust call him なかじま without hesitation. Most なかしま-san must be used to being\nmistakenly called なかじまさん, and they usually politely say \"なか **し** まです。\" (\"I'm\nNaka **shi** ma\").\n\nOf course there are rare times when we encounter really difficult names, and\nit's perfectly fine to directly ask what the reading is in such cases.\n\nIn a book, the romanized or hiragana name of the author is often available in\nthe profile or copyright section of the book. If the reading is really unique\nand the editor is kind enough, the reading is often available on the book\ncover as part of the design. For example, the reading of the author of _Attack\non Titan_ is rather difficult (諫山創 = いさやまはじめ), and here's the cover of his\nbook.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KbntU.png)\n\nOther examples:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8gXP7.png)\n(冲方丁 = うぶかた とう)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MZPRX.png)\n(虚淵玄 = うろぶち げん)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0F3zV.png)\n(日日日 = あきら)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T03:19:17.270",
"id": "43797",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T03:37:48.750",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43790",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43790 | 43793 | 43793 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "So I was under the impression that で/に mostly depends on the final verb of the\nphrase, and that いる/ある requires に because it doesn't signify an action\nhappening at a location.\n\nTobira's 10th chapter has this sentence in the reading:\n\n> アメリカでは自動販売機はたいてい建物の中にあって、外に置かれていることはほとんどないが、日本ではどこにでも自動販売機がある。\n\nAs we can see here, ～では〜あって、～では〜ある. I tried asking a native friend about it\nand she was unable to provide me a definitive answer why, other than that\nusing には twice sounds repetitive in a way では doesn't. She also mentioned that\nyou could switch the second では to には and it still sounds fine?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T08:13:34.630",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43802",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T02:34:56.573",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T09:52:48.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18832",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-で",
"に-and-で"
],
"title": "Difference between では and には when the final verb is still ある?",
"view_count": 2102
} | [
{
"body": "I think the crucial point here is that both では and には have a meaning and life\non their own, independent of what verb the phrase contains. \"xでは\" conveys \"as\nfor x\", and \"xには\" conveys \"in x\":\n\n\"アメリカではA、日本ではB\": \"As for the U.S., A; (however,) as for Japan, B.\"\n\n\"アメリカにはA、日本にはB\": \"In the U.S., A; (whereas) in Japan, B.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T09:36:51.053",
"id": "43803",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T09:36:51.053",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19992",
"parent_id": "43802",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "You use に for a locative case that modifies some kinds of verbs including ある,\nas you say, so the example sentence goes \"…の中 **に** あって\" and \"どこ **に** でも…ある.\n\nHowever, [you basically use で for locative\ncase](http://lang-8.com/1258954/journals/147490799689691682343232488847258190894)\nin general. Now, suppose you are trying to modify the whole closes of 建物の中にあって\nand どこにでも…ある instead of mere あって and ある with some locative case, you'd use で\naccording to the general principle. So, the sentence shall be as they are.\n\nOn the other hand, it's not absolutely impossible to say 日本では自販機がある if you\nmean something like \"vending machines are available in Japan\", not just \"there\nare vending machines\".\n\nEdit: As for her claim that you can also say 日本にはどこにでも…ある, there's a room to\nconsider if どこにでも is really a word that indicates a location.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T11:32:46.353",
"id": "43809",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T00:09:02.590",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43802",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "1-1)銃を自由に持てる国がある。 \nFirstly, you focus on the fact (situation) that people freely own their guns.\n\n1-2)そんな国はどこだ？ \nSecondly, you'd like to know where.\n\n1-3)アメリカだ。 \nThe full sentence should be the following, and the answer in Japanese you can\nexpress it with \"では\". \nアメリカでは銃が自由に持てる。 It's US. People freely own their guns in the US.\n\n* * *\n\n2-1)ニューヨークに興味がある。 \nFirstly, you focus on the place(New York).\n\n2-2)ニューヨークには何がある？ \nYou don't know what is in New York(Manhattan), but now you'd like to know what\nis in Manhattan.\n\n2-3)ニューヨークには自由の女神がある。 \nThere is the Statue of Liberty in Manhattan. You can answer the question with\n\"には\" in Japanese.\n\n* * *\n\nJ) あなたの国の自動販売機について話そう。 \nLet's talk about the vending machines in your country.(Not the vending machine\nin general, but the vending machine in someplace is the center of our\ninterest.) \nA) アメリカでは、ほとんどの自動販売機が建物の中にある。 \nJ-1) 日本では、ほとんどの自動販売機は（が）どこにでもある。 \nJ-2) 日本には、ほとんどの自動販売機は（が）どこにでもある。 \nJ-1 is natural in this context. It's somewhat confusing, but J-2 is also ok. \nJ-2 focuses not on the difference between US and Japan, but on Japan itself.\n\n* * *\n\nJ) おたがいの国にについて話そう。 \nLet's talk about our countries. \nF) フランスには、どの道にもしっかりした歩道{ほどう}がある。 \nJ) 日本には、白い線を引いただけの、簡単{かんたん}な歩道もある。 \nF) フランスでは、歩道に必ず犬の糞{ふん}がある。 \nJ) 日本では、たまに見かけるだけだ。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T02:34:56.573",
"id": "43821",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T02:34:56.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19219",
"parent_id": "43802",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43802 | null | 43803 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was taught to use 未来 and 将来 to reference the future but after actually\ninteracting with native speakers I've noticed that these words are not often\nused.\n\nI'd like to know how to express the following future time phrases as I don't\nbelieve that they would use either 未来 or 将来. I'll give my best guess as to how\nI think that the sentence might be expressed.\n\nI'll see you in a bit.（もうちょっとで会う）\n\nIn the future, I'd like you to email me instead of call me.\n(今後、電話じゃなくてメールをしてください)\n\nNo one knows what the future holds for us.(この先に何があるかが誰でもわかりません)\n\nThis was merely a proof of concept and future projects will be at a much\nlarger scale. (これはただの概念実証(?)なので次のプロジェクトは遥かに大きな規模になります）\n\nIn addition are there any other useful/common time phrases for talking about\nthe future?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T09:55:26.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43804",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-15T16:25:24.207",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-23T13:50:42.583",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "1806",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests",
"future"
],
"title": "Phrases indicating time in the future",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "I (can) see you in a bit.\n\n> もうちょっとしてから会える。\n\nI (will go) see you in a bit.\n\n> もうちょっとしてから会いに行く。\n\nThis seems fine to me.\n\n> 今後、電話じゃなくてメールをしてください\n\nNote that\n\n> 誰でも = anyone\n\nand\n\n> 誰も = no one\n\nUsing この先 is fine. (If you really wanted to use 将来 or 未来 here would probably\nhave been the most suitable so far)\n\n次のプロジェクト is also fine. You could also say 今度、今後、今から、etc",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T10:20:31.893",
"id": "43806",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T10:20:31.893",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43804",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I would think that もうちょっとで is better/more natural than もうちょっとしてから\n\nWhat about しばらくしてから会いに行く？But this is for longer term usage(maybe more than 1\nweek).\n\nI would think that 未来 and 将来 are used to express things that would happen much\nfurther in the future(at least 10 years-ish?).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T16:25:24.207",
"id": "47452",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-15T16:25:24.207",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22134",
"parent_id": "43804",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43804 | null | 43806 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43807",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "> 食べたいものを好きなだけ食べる\n\nseems to be weird for me because in my understanding this sentence mean\n\n> I just eat the food I like from the food that I want to eat\n\nThe complete sentence is as follows.\n\n> 糖尿病の人は美味しい食品があったとしても、制限があるため **食べたいものを好きなだけ食べることができない** 。\n\nCould you explain how this sentence must be parsed?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T10:19:18.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43805",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T20:32:58.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does 食べたいものを好きなだけ食べる mean?",
"view_count": 2945
} | [
{
"body": "食べたいもの = Things that I want to eat\n\n好きなだけ食べる = eat as much as I want(like)\n\nYou might already know the expression 「好きにする」 which mean to do as one please. \nThis follows the same idea.\n\nIt means to eat the things that you want as much as you like.\n\nThis expression is usually used to express(complain) about how some people can\neat all they want and not get fat while some are not that lucky.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T10:33:40.603",
"id": "43807",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T10:33:40.603",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43805",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 16
},
{
"body": "I somehow understand that non-native could (mis)interpret the phrase `好きなだけ`\nas \"only things I like\", which is _not_ the actual meaning.\n\n> 食べたいものを好きなだけ食べる\n\nFor the first sentence, the actual meaning is \"to eat as much food as [I] want\nto eat\".\n\nIn particular, `好きなだけ` refers to \"as much as one like\" and doesn't mean \"only\nthings I like\". The latter may be translated from other similar sentence i.e.\n好きな物だけ食べる that is more certain to mean a noun rather than an adjective/adverb\nin the former.\n\nThen, the complete sentence shall be parsed as below.\n\n> 糖尿病の人は美味しい食品があったとしても、制限があるため食べたいものを好きなだけ食べることができない。\n\nFor diabetic patients, even delicious food is made available, [the patients]\ncannot eat as much as [they] want (like) because of the [diabetic diet]\nrestriction.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T10:58:37.423",
"id": "43808",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T10:58:37.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43805",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "As a foreigner learning Japanese, I was told that 好きなだけ means \"as much as you\nlike.\" So the literal translation would be \"Eat as much as you want of the\nthings you want to eat.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T18:13:11.997",
"id": "43812",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T18:13:11.997",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19998",
"parent_id": "43805",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "''People with diabetes can not eat anything they want to eat as much as they\nlike, because there are restrictions, even if there are delicious foods.''\n\n-Google translate",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T20:32:58.290",
"id": "43814",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T20:32:58.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20002",
"parent_id": "43805",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
]
| 43805 | 43807 | 43807 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43815",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> ＫＤＤＩは、いろいろな会社のビルやデパートなどでこのサービスを利用してほしいと考えています \n> KDDI want to use this service in various companies and department stores.\n\nWhat nuance does adding 考えています bring to this sentence? Why not just say:\n\n> ＫＤＤＩは、いろいろな会社のビルやデパートなどでこのサービスを利用してほしいです。\n\nThe literal translation of \"considering that they want to ...\" is obviously\nclumsy.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T20:01:30.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43813",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T17:33:33.063",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Meaning of してほしいと考えています",
"view_count": 781
} | [
{
"body": "> 「ＫＤＤＩは、いろいろな会社{かいしゃ}のビルやデパートなどでこのサービスを利用{りよう}してほしいと考{かんが}えています。」\n\nYour (it is your own, is it not?) translation is:\n\n> \"KDDI want to use this service in various companies and department stores.\"\n\nBefore getting to the main part of your question, I must first say that you\nare **_not_** reading the grammar structure of this sentence correctly. To me,\nthis is far more important than the main part of your question.\n\nThis is **_not_** about a service that KDDI wants to use. Rather, it is a\nservice that KDDI **offers**.\n\nIt says 「（KDDIは）利用 **してほしい** 」 and not 「（KDDIは）利用 **したい** 」. The difference is\nhuge. Are you following me?\n\nWho does KDDI want to use the service? It is the people at いろいろな会社のビルやデパートなど.\n\nMoving on to your question... Your question actually is a good one.\n\nAdding 「と考えています」 at the end is necessary. That is because ending this sentence\nwith 「ほしいです」 would make KDDI sound really greedy, unrefined, too\nstraightforward, etc. 「考えています」 helps reduce all that in nuance; It balances\nthings out nicely. It does not matter if \"thinking\" is already included in\n\"wanting\".\n\nYou will frequently see/hear sentences ending in:\n\n「～～たいと考えています。」 and\n\n「～～たいと思っています。」\n\nBeing indirect is a key to well-spoken/written Japanese. (It only makes direct\ntranslation somewhat difficult as a drawback.)\n\n「考えています」 could simply be ignored in the translation. You could just say \"KDDI\nwould like ~~ to use this service.\" without using \"is thinking\" or \"thinks\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T21:30:45.963",
"id": "43815",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T21:30:45.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43813",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "There are two parts to this phrase, and each must be considered separately.\n\n## ～てほしい\n\nThe verb ending ～たい means that the speaker themselves **wants to do** the\naction of the verb.\n\nThe verb ending ～てほしい means that the speaker **wants someone _else_ to do**\nthe action of the verb, usually in some way that is for the speaker, or to the\nadvantage of the speaker.\n\nSo in your sample sentence, KDDI _doesn't_ want to use the service themselves\n-- instead, KDDI wants _other people_ to use the service. This service is\nprobably something that KDDI offers, and management is hoping to get customers\nfrom corporate offices and department stores.\n\n## ～考えています\n\nThis is literally \"is thinking about ~\". In this context, it's a softener.\nIt's a bit like the difference in English between saying, _\"I want you to do\nXX\"_ versus _\"I was thinking, it'd be nice if you did XX.\"_\n\nDepending on the context, a more idiomatic translation might be:\n\n> KDDI management **is hoping that** people in various locations like\n> corporate office buildings or department stores might use this service.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T21:40:20.047",
"id": "43816",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-23T21:40:20.047",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "43813",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "There are two major problems in your understanding:\n\n 1. **してほしい ≠ \"want to do\"**\n\nTo tell your own wish to do something, you can just use [verb] + たい (食べたい,\n行きたい, 利用したい etc.) してほしい is \"want _somebody_ to do\", used when who does it is\nnot who wants. Therefore, the original sentence should be translated \"KDDI\nwants them/people to use...\" or \"KDDI wishes the service to be used...\"\n\n 2. **ほしい for non-first-person subject**\n\n> ＫＤＤＩは、いろいろな会社のビルやデパートなどでこのサービスを利用してほしいです。\n\nThis sentence doesn't only differ from the first sentence, but is also\nungrammatical.\n\nThere's a rule: **_mental adjectives** cannot be used as assertive, indicative\npredicate when the subject is other than I/we_. In other words, you can't\ndeclare somebody other than you is 眠い (\"sleepy\"), うれしい (\"happy\"), かゆい\n(\"itchy\") etc. because those are their internal feelings you can't touch\n(unless you're a telepath).\n\nThe word ほしい, despite the English translation \"want\", is an adjective, that is\nno exception of this rule. So is たい, maybe you've learned elsewhere that [you\nmust reword たい to たがる when it's not your\ndesire](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2524/7810). So, if I had to\ninterpret the sentence above, I'd say it means \"I want KDDI to use...\"\n\n> × 彼は……利用してほしいです \n> × 彼は……利用してほしくないです \n> ○ 彼は……利用してほし **がって** います (\"acts like..., apparently...\") \n> ○ 彼は……利用してほし **そう** です (\"looks like...\") \n> ○ 彼は……利用してほしい **そう** です (\"says that..., reportedly...\") \n> ○ 彼は……利用を **望んで** います (verbs are OK) \n> ○ 彼は……利用してほしいです **か** ？ (OK if uncertain) \n> ○ 彼は……利用してほしいと（ **願って／思って／考えて** etc.）います\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3daGI.jpg)",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T02:54:33.993",
"id": "43822",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T17:33:33.063",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43813",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43813 | 43815 | 43815 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.