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{
"accepted_answer_id": "43823",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Last time I noticed that I am misusing the phrase \"ため\". For example in next\nphrase:\n\n> 管理職｛かんりしょく｝のための雇用契約書｛こようけいやくしょ｝\n\nDo you think I could say it better? For example using \"向け\" or \"用\" as in next\nexample?\n\n> 管理職｛かんりしょく｝向け｛むけ｝雇用契約書\n>\n> 管理職｛かんりしょく｝用｛よう｝雇用契約書\n\nThank you in advance for your comments!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T00:06:47.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43817",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T02:57:00.820",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "Better way of expressing without using ”のための”？",
"view_count": 131
} | [
{
"body": "You already have the answer there.\n\nDon't use 向け in this situation though, since it's more about being \"geared\ntowards\" rather than \"for\".\n\nYou could also completely do without it and just go straight forward with\n「管理職雇用契約書」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T01:06:58.477",
"id": "43818",
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},
{
"body": "> 管理職{かんりしょく}のための雇用契約書{こようけいやくしょ}\n\nActually, this is one of the normal expressions. \nI guess that you take the word \"ため\" only as positive meaning, and you\nunderstand \"管理職のための雇用契約書\" as \"管理職の利益ための雇用契約書,\" don't you?\n\nHowever, \"のため\" of \"管理職のための雇用契約書\" means just \"for.\" \n\"管理職のための雇用契約書\" describes both of rights and responsibirities for \"管理職.\"\n\nThe followings are normal.\n\n> 1) 管理職{かんりしょく}のための雇用契約書{こようけいやくしょ} \n> 2) 管理職向け雇用契約書 \n> 3) 管理職用雇用契約書 \n> 4) 管理職雇用契約書（In this expression, \"のための,\" \"向け\" or \"用\" is ommitted.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T01:07:44.417",
"id": "43819",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T01:07:44.417",
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{
"body": "These three phrases roughly mean the same thing, but のための looks less formal\nand it does not usually form a set phrase. 向け sounds more formal, and 用\nappears commonly in a serious technical set phrase.\n\nFor example, there is nothing wrong if you say 管理職のための雇用契約書があれば送ってください in a\nbusiness email. But if you are instructed to download it from an internal\nwebpage, the link would probably say \"管理職用雇用契約書\", \"雇用契約書(管理職用)\", etc.,\nbecause these would look more like one phrase as a whole.\n\nOn the other hand, [a book like this](https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B007U5P0IU/)\ndoes not usually use 用 because the title is intended to look more like a\nfriendly, ordinary sentence that contains both kana and kanji. Using 用 would\nlook too stiff.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T02:57:00.820",
"id": "43823",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T02:57:00.820",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43817",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 43817 | 43823 | 43819 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43826",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "そんな態度は慣れっこだ\n\nそんな難しいことはできっこない\n\nFrom my exposure so far it seems っこ is along the lines of having been able to\ndo something, and っこない is not being able to do something. What's the precise\nmeaning?\n\nAlso, where does it come from - is it dialectical or regional? Is it a new\nusage uncommon in older speakers? Is it considered slang?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T05:18:11.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43825",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T06:48:00.373",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3221",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What's the precise meaning and usage of the っこ construction?",
"view_count": 982
} | [
{
"body": "Etymologically, っこ can be considered as one of the Japanese suffixes that work\nas an [diminutive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive), like `-ie` as in\ndoggie. It can attach to some nouns and the masu-stem of certain verbs. It may\nor may not mean the same thing as the original word. It can have many unique\nmeanings derived from the original word, especially when it's used with a\nverb.\n\n> * 端っこ ≒ 端\n> * すみっこ ≒ すみ\n> * 根っこ ≒ 根\n> * 慣れっこ ≠ 慣れ\n> * かけっこ ≠ かけ\n> * にらめっこ (from 睨む)\n> * とりかえっこ\n>\n\nPerhaps other common words like ごっこ and おしっこ are etymologically related to\nthis. These words sound more or less cute or childlike. Basically you have to\nmemorize each word with its meaning. It's not necessarily dialectal (the words\nlisted above are not dialectal), but [some dialects such as Tohoku-ben use it\na lot](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10111215510).\nWords like 嫁っこ or 飴っこ sound dialectal to me.\n\nIt does not mean \"able\" by itself, but `masu-stem of verb + っこ + ない` is a\ncolloquial pattern that means \"cannot / no way\".\n\n> * 泳げっこない。 No way I can swim.\n> * 見えっこないって。 No way we can see it.\n> * 受かりっこありませんよ。 There is no way you will pass (the exam).\n>\n\nThere is another っこ (っ子), which is a suffix that means \"child\".\n\n> * ひとりっ子 an only child\n> * 博多っ子 children in Hakata (city)\n> * [おばあちゃんっ子](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43207/5010)\n> * ぶりっこ\n> * テレビっ子\n>",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T06:48:00.373",
"id": "43826",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 43825 | 43826 | 43826 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For reference, there's an entry in 実用日本語表現辞典:\n[褒められたものではない](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A4%92%E3%82%81%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T06:55:12.520",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43827",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-10T01:56:19.320",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-24T07:51:22.080",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "19060",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense",
"potential-form",
"aspect"
],
"title": "In the phrase 「褒められたものではない」, why is 「褒められた」 in past tense (as opposed to present tense 「褒められる」)?",
"view_count": 376
} | [
{
"body": "As is mentioned in the related post linked in the comments above by @broken\nheadphones, this「た」isn't being used to imply past tense.\n\nPast tense is a common reason for using 「た」, but in this case I think the\nfollowing definition from デジタル大辞泉 applies:\n\n[３] 実現していない動作・状態を仮に実現したと考えていう意を表す。\n\nSo,\n\n * 「褒められ **た** ものではない」 \n\nis establishing the hypothetical circumstance of something being\npraiseworthy,「褒められたもの」, and then negating that with ではない.\n\nThis た might be the same as the た in「～したら」and seems similar to the way the\nEnglish Subjunctive Tense often ends up looking like the past tense, like \"If\nhe _was_ taller\", etc.\n\nHere are some other ways of using the same construct:\n\n * その値段では **払えた** ものではない - There's no way (anyone) **would pay** that price\n * 歩いていたら **帰れた** ものではない - There's no way (you) **could walk** back\n\nThis grammar is used in giving a very strong and unquestionable opinion in a\n_matter-of-fact_ way that whatever it is _could not possibly_ be done.\n\nIn both cases the form of the verb used is\n\n> 可能（払{はら} **え** ）+ 完了・仮定（ **た** ）+ ものではない\n\nThis is a strong phrase indicating something like 払{はら}うことは到底{とうてい}できない,\nemphasizing that there is \" _no way_ \" that payment is possible.\n\nUsing 褒められ **る** ・払え **る** ・帰れ **る** instead of「た」would break the structure\nabove and the meaning would be difficult to understand.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T07:18:32.590",
"id": "43852",
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}
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| 43827 | null | 43852 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43829",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I wish to say the next phrase:\n\n> Employers can take part in English lessons on the costs of the employer's\n> budget.\n\nDo you think I could express this idea with \"生かす｛いかす｝\" or it is not\nappropriate here?\n\n> 従業員｛じゅうぎょういん｝は英語｛えいご｝の授業｛じゅぎょう｝に雇用者｛こようしゃ｝の予算｛よさん｝を生かして｛いかして｝参加｛さんか｝できる。\n\nThank you so much in advance !",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T11:07:01.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43828",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T05:57:41.640",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-24T14:56:46.640",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Can I say \"...の予算を生かして...する\"?",
"view_count": 112
} | [
{
"body": "No, 生かす in this sentence is unnatural. 使う would be natural. And 雇用者の予算 is\nunnatural. 会社のお金(経費) would be appropriate in the sentence.\n\nSo 従業員は、英語の授業に会社のお金(経費)を使って参加できる would be natural.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T12:13:40.957",
"id": "43829",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T14:55:33.993",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-24T14:55:33.993",
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},
{
"body": "This type of 生かす (lit. \"to liven up\", also often written as 活かす) means \"to use\nwisely\", \"to make effective use of something\", etc. The antonym is 死なせる which\ncan figuratively mean \"to leave unused.\"\n\nYou can use 生かす if you are at a loss how to spend the budget and want to imply\nthat spending it for English lessons is a good idea. Otherwise, it's probably\ninappropriate, and you should use simpler words like 使う, 使用する and 利用する. An\nemployee himself should not use 生かす because it would sound arrogant (it would\nimply \"the wise way to use the company's money is to use it for my English\nlessons\").",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T05:57:41.640",
"id": "43851",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T05:57:41.640",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "43828",
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]
| 43828 | 43829 | 43829 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43850",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There was already [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2526/rules-or-criteria-\nfor-%E9%80%A3%E6%BF%81-voiced-or-unvoiced-syllables-in-compound-words)\nregarding the basic rules of rendaku. However, it seems that these rules do\nnot apply at all to proper nouns, especially toponyms. Examples include\n秋葉原｛あきはばら｝ (no rendaku) vs 千葉｛ちば｝ (rendaku), 川崎｛かわさき｝(no rendaku) vs 宮崎｛みやざき｝\n(rendaku), and 石川｛いしかわ｝ (no rendaku) vs 神奈川｛かながわ｝ (rendaku), etc. I find no\npatterns in those pairs. 秋葉原｛あきはばら｝ is especially confusing, since it\ncompletely reverses the general rendaku rules, and I'd expect it to be\npronounced as あきばはら instead of あきはばら.\n\nTherefore, is it the case that 連濁 in proper nouns (basically toponyms and\nsurnames) are pretty much random and doesn't really follow any pattern? Or are\nthere special rendaku rules for proper nouns?\n\nBy the way, it would be also welcome if anyone could explain why 秋葉原 in\nparticular has this eccentric voicing pattern.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T12:36:41.780",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43830",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T05:25:34.773",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"phonology",
"phonetics",
"rendaku"
],
"title": "連濁 in proper nouns",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "Rendaku in proper nouns are basically random and unpredictable. Native\nspeakers read new proper nouns purely based on their previous experiences, and\nordinary people are not explicitly aware of any rules. Native speakers make\nmistakes often when it comes to rendaku. I don't know why 千葉 is ちば but 石川 is\nいしかわ. A correct reading can vary depending on what/who it refers to. See: [Is\nit correct to read 黒川 as くろかわ or is くろがわ\ncorrect?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42989/5010) I personally know\nboth あかはね-san and あかばね-san (赤羽), both たかた-san and たかだ-san (高田), and so on.\nSometimes local people may call a place with rendaku although its official\nname is without rendaku, or vice versa.\n\n* * *\n\nThe history of 秋葉原 is described on Wikipedia (emphasis mine):\n\n>\n> 明治に入り火除地になることで「あきはっぱら/あきばっぱら(秋葉ツ原)」「あきはのはら/あきばのはら(秋葉ノ原)」「あきはがはら/あきばがはら(秋葉ケ原/秋葉ガ原)」などと呼ばれ始め、\n> **呼称は統一されていなかった** 。\n>\n>\n> 当地区の呼称が「あきはばら」として定着するのは、鉄道駅の開設以降とするのが定説である。後に地名の読み自体も「あきはばら」となる。なお、1890年（明治23年）に開業した時点では「あきはのはらえき(Akihanohara\n> Station)」であり、旅客は扱わない貨物専用駅であった。ちなみに、「あきはばら」の読みは秋葉原駅の駅名をつける際、\n> **秋葉原の読み方を知らない鉄道官僚が勘違いして付けた** ことで生まれたとする説もある。\n>\n>\n> いずれにせよ、「あきはばら」が本来だという説も「あきばはら」が本来だという説も、どちらかのみが正しいという論旨を支える歴史的資料は無く、両者とも正しくも有り間違いと言える。\n\nSo historically many readings existed (many other sources say あきばはら was\ndominant in the early days). It was after the station named あきはばら opened that\nmost people started to use あきはばら. It is even rumored that this apparently\nillogical station name was originally a mistake made by someone who did not\nknow this place. Anyway, the nickname of 秋葉原 is still アキバ, not アキハ.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T05:25:34.773",
"id": "43850",
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}
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| 43830 | 43850 | 43850 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Would 佑里子は私にを教えてくれました mean \"Yuriko taught me\"? Am I saying it correctly and\nusing correct grammar? Otherwise, how would it be best to say \"Yuriko taught\nme. She's a good teacher\"\n\nWould it make sense if I said \"I am Yuriko's student\", could I use\n私は佑里子のかくせいです?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T15:37:35.040",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43834",
"last_activity_date": "2021-09-20T02:34:27.633",
"last_edit_date": "2021-09-20T02:34:27.633",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20022",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese",
"sentence"
],
"title": "「佑里子は私にを教えてくれました」and「私は佑里子のかくせいです」",
"view_count": 124
} | [
{
"body": "I understand what you wrote, but it's not using correct grammar.\n\n * You should have an honorific (such as \"san\" or \"sensei\").\n * _ni_ and _wo_ don't go together\n * The verb _oshieru_ takes an object (to teach _something_ ). Out of context, it feels weird.\n * I think _ga_ is better than _ha_ for this sentence\n\nRegarding the second sentence, the word for student is \"gakusei\", not\n\"kakusei\". You still need the honorific.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T20:35:43.890",
"id": "43836",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-24T20:35:43.890",
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"owner_user_id": "356",
"parent_id": "43834",
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"score": 2
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| 43834 | null | 43836 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43842",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am very confused about the meaning of the expressions 'ていく' and 'てくる' and\nseems that every website I look has a different explanation.\n\nTranslations that I think are good: \n_'Go in order to buy wine'; \n'Going to buy wine'; \n'Buy a bottle of wine and then go'._ \nWhich one is right and why?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T22:45:38.373",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43837",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T01:14:46.607",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-06T01:14:46.607",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "19916",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"て-form",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "What does ワインを買っていくよ mean?",
"view_count": 573
} | [
{
"body": "The ていく and てくる forms can express many different things. If you can imagine a\ntimeline from past -> present -> future, てくる (てきた can be considered present\nperfect tense) will usually describe actions that have occurred prior to the\npresent moment, whereas ていく will describe actions that will occur moving\nforward.\n\nAlso, whether you use ていく or てくる will depend on whether the thing/person that\nis moving is approaching or leaving the speaker.\n\nAnother concept that is expressed by てくる・ていく, is to, according to my grammar\ndictionary, \"Do something and then move on.\" Without knowing the larger\ncontext around the sentence you provided, it's hard to say for sure, but\nワインを買っていく could imply that the speaker is going to buy wine, and then go\nsomewhere else or do something else. Whereas if they said ワインを買ってくる, it would\nmean that they were going out to buy wine and then return.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T01:00:00.683",
"id": "43841",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T01:00:00.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "> ワインを買っていく\n\nliterally means \"I'll buy wine and go\". You'd say this to mean \"I'll buy wine\non my way to the place where you are (≂ I'll buy wine and bring it to the\nplace where you are)\", \"I'll buy wine on my way to somewhere (away from the\nhearer) (≂ I'll buy wine and bring it to somewhere (away from the hearer))\",\nor \"I'll buy wine here(, and leave this place).\"\n\nCompare:\n\n> ワインを買いに行く \"I'll go (somewhere) to buy wine.\"\n>\n> ワインを買ってくる \"I'll buy wine (somewhere) and come back (here; to the place where\n> the speaker is now).\"",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T01:02:13.177",
"id": "43842",
"last_activity_date": "2020-07-30T14:45:49.163",
"last_edit_date": "2020-07-30T14:45:49.163",
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"parent_id": "43837",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 43837 | 43842 | 43842 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43847",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is a small supplement to [my previous\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43790/is-it-always-\nnecessary-to-ask-how-someones-name-is-pronounced-if-you-encounter) about the\njinmeiyō kanji. Are they also used regularly in place names, like cities and\ntowns, or only for people? And are place names similarly difficult to guess\nthe pronunciation of without asking? Are furigana typically used on signs and\ndocuments for place names?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-24T23:44:34.653",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43839",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T05:58:43.747",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "1515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"names"
],
"title": "Do place names often use jinmeiyō kanji and furigana?",
"view_count": 593
} | [
{
"body": "Place names, and surnames use whatever kanji they're supposed to, however\nunusual they are. Japanese kanji policy has no regulation for existing proper\nnames (though they do for given names of newborns). The preface of\n[常用漢字表](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf)\nhas a line:\n\n> ３ この表は，都道府県名に用いる漢字及びそれに準じる漢字を除き，固有名詞を対象とするものではない。 \n> _This chart does not affect proper names except kanji used in prefecture\n> names and their equivalents._\n\nThat's why Japanese government maintains a huge number of variants for\nresident registration.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vgbjl.jpg)\n\nIt's simply like we can't change the spelling of\n[_Featherstonhaugh_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstonhaugh) or\n[_Woolfardisworthy_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolfardisworthy,_Torridge)\nbecause they don't pronounce like that.\n\nOf course the same applies to reading. For some reason, English WP has a list\nfor [Japanese unreadable place\nnames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Japan/Place_names_with_unusual_readings)\nwhose great portion is unimaginable without pronunciation aid except for local\nresidents.\n\nThus, documents targeting locals isn't likely to put furigana on them, but\nthose expect public to read, such as newspapers, may well have furigana. I\nhave never seen road signs have furigana though, probably because they always\nhave romaji instead.\n\nAlso see: [What does it mean when newspapers give furigana for 常用\nkanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/20913/7810)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T02:49:32.540",
"id": "43847",
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},
{
"body": "All reasonably sized JR stations (and AFAIK, all JR East stations) and many\nprivate railway (non-JR) stations have Furigana on their 駅名標｛えきめいひょう｝, or\nstation name signs. For example, this is the sign for Tokyo Station in\nChiyoda, Tokyo:\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tjVgr.jpg).\nSource:\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%85%E5%90%8D%E6%A8%99#/media/File:JR_Tokyo_Keihintouhoku_Line.jpg)\n(public domain image).\n\nThere isn't a big need for furigana on road signs, though. Not only because\nthe road signs can't really fit them, but also because road signs have Romaji,\nwhich pretty much everyone could read. There indeed are a lot of surprises in\ntoponyms, such as 不忍｛しのばず｝, but even if one is new to Tokyo (where Shinobazu\nis in), he/she could know the pronunciation from the Romaji.\n\nRegarding kanji usage - not only jinmeiyō kanji are common, rare kanji in\nneither the jōyō nor the jinmeiyō tables are not a rare scene as well. For\nexample, in Tokyo Metropolis 東京都, there is a city called 狛江｛こまえ｝市, where 狛 is\nan example of a kanji that's neither jōyō nor jinmeiyō.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T03:18:09.337",
"id": "43848",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T05:58:43.747",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-25T05:58:43.747",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 43839 | 43847 | 43847 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43843",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In this sentence:\n\n> ずっと落ち続けていれば固い石にも穴があく\n\nDoes it mean:\n\n> \"Even with a force as weak as of raindrops, by constant dripping a hard\n> stone can also have a hole\"\n\nor does it mean:\n\n> \"Even with a force as weak as of raindrops, constant dripping can make a\n> hole even on a hard stone\"\n\nI'm not sure how to interpret 穴があく. shouldn't it be 穴をあく?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T00:10:47.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43840",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T01:45:22.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Is が marking an object in this sentence?",
"view_count": 205
} | [
{
"body": "「あく」 is intransitive. A hole forms by itself.\n\n「あける」 is transitive. A person/thing makes a hole.\n\nSo, it is incorrect to say 「穴{あな} **を** あく」; It simply makes no sense.\n\nIt is only correct to say the two following forms:\n\n> 「穴 **が** あく」(\"a hole forms\") 「穴」 is the **subject**.\n>\n> 「穴 **を** あける」 (\"to make a hole\"). 「穴」 is the **object**.\n\nYou must, however, be careful in telling what the subject or object is when\nthe Japanese sentence has already been translated and presented to you. Many\nJ-learners, for some reason, tend to tell what the subject or object is by\nlooking at the translated sentence rather than by analyzing the original\nJapanese. SE is no exception regarding this. I know that for sure as I do\nanswer quite a few questions.\n\nIn the phrase 「穴があく」, the subject is none other than 「穴」, which is why it is\nfollowed by 「が」. To translate this, however, some might use \" **(it) makes a\nhole** \", involuntarily making 「穴」 look like the object. _**It is the object\nonly in that translation, not in the original**_.\n\n> 「ずっと落{お}ち続{つづ}けていれば固{かた}い石{いし}にも穴{あな}があく。」,\n\nthus means:\n\n> \"If (rain drops) keep falling for a very long time, **holes will form** even\n> in the hard stones.\"\n\nNeedless to say, while 「あく」 is the dictionary form, it is used like the future\ntense here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T01:18:47.930",
"id": "43843",
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"parent_id": "43840",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 43840 | 43843 | 43843 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43845",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was reading the sentence: \n'大勢でレストランへ行く時は、前もって予約を **しておいたほうがいい** と思う。' , \nbut I have not understood what this expression means.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T01:25:01.530",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43844",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T19:33:37.817",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19916",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "What does しておいたほうがいい mean?",
"view_count": 1286
} | [
{
"body": "〜しておく means to do something in advance.\n\nEDIT: So the sentence can be translated as \"When going to a restaurant with a\nlarge group of people, you should make a reservation ahead of time.\"",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T02:03:49.483",
"id": "43845",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T19:33:37.817",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-25T19:33:37.817",
"last_editor_user_id": "19784",
"owner_user_id": "19784",
"parent_id": "43844",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "In your sentence 「～しておく」 means to do something in preparation for another\npurpose. \"Do\" it and \"put\" it aside for later use. Therefore often used in the\nphrase[「準備しておく」](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E6%BA%96%E5%82%99%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F)\nmeaning \"get ready in advance；prepare in advance\". As for\n[「ほうがいい」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41435/7810) - broken headphones\nreference.\n\nTogether - \"you had better make a reservation (first, in advance)\"\n\nNote: 「しておく」 is to also used in the continous sense to mean \"to keep, to\nmaintain\" as in 「清潔にしておく」→ \"to keep clean, to maintain clean condition\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T02:11:26.113",
"id": "43846",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T02:21:44.833",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "14250",
"parent_id": "43844",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43844 | 43845 | 43845 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43854",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have two questions regarding this sentence:\n\n> 今になってもまだ実現していないさま。\n\n 1. The meaning / grammar of ~も in 今になっても.\n 2. The meaning / grammar of ~さま part at the end of the sentence. As I know ~さま is added to the names at the end when you addressing to someone in official language.\n\nI found this sentence at goo\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/14919/meaning/m0u/) explaining the 未だ.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T08:28:26.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43853",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-06T14:25:13.407",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-25T08:43:29.167",
"last_editor_user_id": "7045",
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Explaining the sentence 今になってもまだ実現していないさま",
"view_count": 756
} | [
{
"body": "> 「今{いま}になってもまだ実現{じつげん}していない **さま** 」\n\nFirst, this is not a sentence; It is only a noun phrase (a relative clause).\nEverything that is in front of 「さま」 modifies 「さま」. It is 「様」 in kanji.\n\n> 1) The meaning / grammar of ~も in 今になっても.\n\nHere, 「も」 means \"even\". 「今になっても」 means \"even now\", \"even at this point\", etc.\n\n> 2) The meaning / grammar of ~さま part at the end of the sentence. As I know\n> ~さま is added to the names at the end when you addressing to someone in\n> official language.\n\nThis 「さま」 has nothing to do with the honorific 「様{さま}」 as in 「田中和夫{たなかかずお}\n**様** 」 and that should be clear from the context this time.\n\n「さま」 here means the \"state\", \"situation\", etc. More specifically, it refers to\n\" **the way something/someone is or someone does something (and how it\nlooks)** \".\n\nThus, the phrase means:\n\n> \"the state/situation where something has not become a reality even now (as\n> of now)\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T09:51:16.980",
"id": "43854",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-06T14:25:13.407",
"last_edit_date": "2017-10-06T14:25:13.407",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "43853",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43853 | 43854 | 43854 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43859",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm learning a bit of Japanese with Memrise. They translate しあわせです with \"is\nhappy\" and かなしんでいます with \"is sad\". From what I understand, adjectives are\nending with です and verbs with ます. I see both expressions as opposites\n(happy<->sad), why do they have a different ending?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T10:18:15.937",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43855",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T11:56:12.353",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why does しあわせです end with です, but かなしんでいます with ます?",
"view_count": 271
} | [
{
"body": "The key factor here is the difference in **parts of speech** between 「しあわせ」\nand 「かなしむ」.\n\n「しあわせ」 is a noun and also a na-adjective.\n\n「かなしむ」 is a verb.\n\nThis cold fact alone makes huge differences as to what words can surround each\nof the two words.\n\nYou can simply attach 「です」 to noun/na-adjectives as in 「しあわせです」, 「きれいです」, etc.\n\nIt is, however, utterly incorrect to just attach 「です」 to verbs. You cannot say\n「かなし **む** です」. If you had the i-adjective 「かなし **い** 」, however, you could\njust add 「です」 to it to form 「かなし **い** です」.\n\n「かなしんでいます」 is formed from the verb 「かなし **む** 」 and not the i-adjective 「かなし\n**い** 」.\n\nTo form it, you first turn 「かなしむ」 into its te-form 「かなしんで」. Then attach the\npresent-progressive verb 「いる/います」 to finally form 「かなしんでいる」 or 「かなしんでいます」. The\nlatter is politer than the former.\n\nWhat caused the confusion in your understanding this time? I think it is none\nother than the fact that you \"looked\" at the translations too hard. The\ntranslations were \" **is happy** \" and \" **is sad** \", respectively. They both\nuse the same word \" **is** \" so why not in Japanese? Right? Unintentionally,\nyou sort of allowed the translations to fool you even though those are good\nand valid translations. Please tell me if my analysis is off here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T11:56:12.353",
"id": "43859",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 43855 | 43859 | 43859 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43858",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "に気をつける is a much more popular expression, from what I see, compared to を気をつける.\nBut the latter is still not that rare.\n\nIs there any significant difference between these two and something to be wary\nof upon choosing to use either?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T10:18:55.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43856",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T10:59:37.343",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-25T10:59:37.343",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18280",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "How do we use に気をつける vs を気をつける？",
"view_count": 533
} | [
{
"body": "を気をつける is much rarer. The BCCWJ gives the following numbers:\n\n```\n\n に気を（つ・付） 1363 results\n には気を（つ・付） 181 results \n は気を（つ・付） 155 results\n を気を（つ・付） 26 results\n \n```\n\ngiving\n\n```\n\n に（は） 89.5%\n は 9.0%\n を 1.5%\n \n```\n\nFirst of all, I think that this shows that に or は are much more common.\nMoreover, I think that in most of the cases, you can replace を by に without\nmuch trouble.\n\nHowever, in examples such as\n\n> その辺を気をつける\n>\n> ここのところを気をつける\n\nに may be misinterpreted as a location marker, because the preceding word can\nalso describe a location, even if it used differently in these sentences. (The\nに in ～に気をつける is rather the \"direction\" marker (used in a figurative sense).)\n\nAlso, を can be used as a last resort, because に（は） has been used already, as\nin\n\n> コバエ防止には、エサを気をつけています。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T10:58:02.853",
"id": "43858",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43856",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43856 | 43858 | 43858 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43862",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Regarding the Tokyo olympics:\n\n> この大会では、新しく会場を建てるだけではなくて、 **東京都と埼玉県、北海道などにある会場も** 客の席を増やすなどの工事をして使う予定です。 \n> In this competition, rather than just build new venues, there is a plan to\n> use and increase the visitor seating at **venues in Tokyo and Saitama and\n> places like Hokkaido**.\n\nI'm not convinced by my translation of the bold part. It seems weird.\n\nI think I should parse it like this:\n\n> AとBとCも \n> A = 東京都 \n> B = 埼玉県 \n> C = 北海道などにある会場\n\n1) Since there is no で particle would I be correct in thinking that these\nplaces (A, B and C) are the **subject** of 増やす, i.e. も replaces が? So, \"A, B\nand C will increase seating ...\" rather than \"increase seating **in** A, B and\nC\". Otherwise I would have expected AとBとC **で** も. I'm not convinced by this\nthough. How can a 会場 have a will to do something.\n\n2) The use of など confuses me. It list two very specific areas and then says\n'oh, and also venues in places like this enormous island that occupies a large\nfraction of Japan's land mass'.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T10:56:26.363",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43857",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-25T15:50:55.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"parsing",
"particle-など"
],
"title": "How to parse 東京都と埼玉県、北海道などにある会場も",
"view_count": 89
} | [
{
"body": ">\n> 「この大会{たいかい}では、新{あたら}しく会場{かいじょう}を建{た}てるだけではなくて、東京都{とうきょうと}と埼玉県{さいたまけん}、北海道{ほっかいどう}などにある会場も客{きゃく}の席{せき}を増{ふ}やすなどの工事{こうじ}をして使{つか}う予定{よてい}です。」\n\nThe first thing I must say (just in case you have not noticed it) is the fact\nthat this writing is fairly **informal**. Why I say that? I do because of the\ninformal (and easy) word choices -- 建てる、なくて、客の席、増やす and 使う. In fact, I am\nwondering if this was written for children.\n\nIn more conventional news reporting, those words would be replaced by\n建設{けんせつ}する、なく、観客席{かんきゃくせき}、増加{ぞうか}させる and 使用{しよう}する (with possible\nvariations).\n\nThe point of what I am trying to convey here is that I would **not** expect\nvery strict grammar-like grammar from this writing. I would only expect a\nconversational style of writing. I would like you to know that my answer will\nbe based on these observations of mine.\n\n> 1) Since there is no で particle would I be correct in thinking that these\n> places (A, B and C) are the subject of 増やす, i.e. も replaces が? So, \"A, B and\n> C will increase seating ...\" rather than \"increase seating in A, B and C\".\n> Otherwise I would have expected AとBとCでも. I'm not convinced by this though.\n> How can a 会場 have a will to do something.\n\nNo, the three places mentioned are **not** the subject of 「増やす」. The subject\nis unmentioned **as usual**. It would be the implied \" **people directly\ninvolved in the Olympics** \".\n\nThe 「も」 is used because the sentence mainly talks about two different\n\"actions\". One is to build brand-new facilities. The other is to renovate\nexisting facilities. 「も」 was used because the word 「会場」 was used a second\ntime.\n\nYou mentioned 「AとBとCでも」, but using 「と」 or 「や」 multiple times in a short list\nis considered fairly wordy and awkward.\n\n> 2) The use of など confuses me. It list two very specific areas and then says\n> 'oh, and also venues in places like this enormous island that occupies a\n> large fraction of Japan's land mass'.\n\n「東京都と埼玉県、北海道など」 is actually a good way to phrase an unexhaustive list. 「など」 is\nused because there are a couple of more prefectures (besides the three\nmentioned) in which existing facilities will be renovated for the Olympics.\nThe author could have also used:\n\n・「東京、埼玉、北海道など」\n\n・「東京、埼玉、そして北海道など」\n\nI did not get the \"oh, and also\" kind of feeling from the phrasing at all.\n「など」 is needed unless you mention **all** of the prefectures where facilities\nwill be renovated.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T15:13:58.950",
"id": "43862",
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}
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| 43857 | 43862 | 43862 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I always considered the form て＋いる as the expression of an ongoing action, but\nrecently I read an article that it can be read as succession of the て form\nverb and the verb いる. Then, 'もう、家に帰っている。' would not mean 'I am already coming\nback to my house'. It would mean 'I am already home (I've gone home and I am\nwaiting there now)'. Is it true? When do I know which translation should I\nuse? Are there any possible translations? How I use them?\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T12:25:23.373",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "19916",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What does 'もう、家に帰っている。' mean?",
"view_count": 107
} | []
| 43860 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43873",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm wondering which one would be the correct way to use こらえる in a sentence,\nand - if both are, is there perhaps any difference in meaning?\n\nTwo examples I had in mind are:\n\n> 涙をこらえて、話していた。\n>\n> 涙をこらえながら、話していた。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T13:23:48.403",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43861",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-02-26T11:26:52.010",
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"owner_user_id": "20036",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Usage of こらえる 【堪える】",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "Both are OK. One example of each, both talking about death of a loved one.\n\n * [涙をこらえて、話していた。](http://blog.goo.ne.jp/emp007062/e/88376ca544c078c4953dbc0c0e75fa1d) (a beloved rabbit)\n * [涙をこらえながら、話していた。](http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/12078868/) (a beloved brother)\n\nUpdate in response to comment:\n\n * Question 1) \"which would be ... correct ...?\" \n\n * Answer 1) They are both correct (as shown by examples) \n * Question 2) \"any difference in meaning?\" \n\n * Answer 2) The closest answer is no. But do people choose slightly more flowery language when they want to transmit dramatic emotion? Yes. So for an expression like \"涙をこらえ～\" when talking about death of a loved one, it is not surprising to find \"ながら\" often used. Conversely, the of use \"て\" to talk about the death of the rabbit _might_ have been intentional on the part of the nursery school teacher, deliberately downplaying the seriousness. Human languages can carry imprecise fuzzy emotional information. Therefore the interpretation must also be fuzzy.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-26T06:16:23.887",
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| 43861 | 43873 | 43873 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43869",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Hi I have a question which I am a bit unsure about from my textbook that I am\nlearning Japanese from.\n\nIn my book it says\n\n> Verbs like もらいます、かります and ならいます express actions from the receiving side. The\n> persons from whom you receive those actions are marked with に. から is\n> sometimes used instead of に in this sentence pattern. When you receive\n> something from an organization like a school or a company only から is used.\n\nSo this brings me to my question, I know we can say something like\n\n木村さんは山田さんから（に）花をもらいました.\n\nSo does this mean 銀行にお金を借りました is incorrect? we should use から here instead?\n\nFurthermore my book says to use から when we receive something from an\norganization like a school or a company. Do they mean physically receiving\nsomething, such as money? what if we learn a language at a school? or receive\na phone call from the school? For example:\n\n語学校 **から** 英語を習います ( can we use に after 学校 here?)\n\nThanks for any answers.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T18:32:34.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43863",
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"owner_user_id": "20040",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "N(person)にもらいます",
"view_count": 95
} | [
{
"body": "It's ok to mark institutes with に as long as you recognize them as an agent,\nrather than a place where the act of giving is done. In that sense, it doesn't\nmake sense to me that they say you can't use に while から is available, even if\nthere's preference in terms of frequency. So, 銀行に借りた is just fine.\n\nThat said, 語 **学** 学校に習う is not that natural than 語学学校で習う because people\nusually recognize 学校 as a place unless it's a party in contract or something.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T02:45:44.503",
"id": "43869",
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| 43863 | 43869 | 43869 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43944",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the sentence\n\n> オノマトペとは、ものの様子や音を表したことばです。\n\nwhy is it 音を表し **た** ことば rather than 音を表し **ている** ことば?\n\nI'm reading <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/11976> but I'm not sure if\nthis sentence produces a resultative state (like the answer suggests). I've\nalso read that た can also indicate a continuative state/action like ている does,\nand the justification is that in relative clauses the past tense can be\nneutralized, but I don't seem to understand this correctly. I've found this\nexample (from <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3362>)\n\n> ワイシャツを着ている人 \n> A person wearing (in-progress) a white-collar shirt\n>\n> ワイシャツを着た人 \n> A person who \"wore\"/put-on (and still has on) a white-collar shirt.\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> 太っている猫 \n> A cat who is currently fat\n>\n> 太った猫 \n> A cat who got/become (and still is) fat\n\nbut I'm not sure if this applies to every verb or just some verbs (maybe 表す?).\nAlso, does the verb being transitive/intransitive affect the meaning of た as\nnon-past?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T18:54:01.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43864",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "17515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"tense",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Why does 音を表したことば use the past tense?",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "## Does this apply to every verb or just some verbs (maybe 表す?)\n\nWhen [verb] + 「た」is modifying a noun like in the examples above it almost\nalways means that the action happened and it's effect on the modified noun\nstill holds true within the context of the utterance.\n\n## Does the verb being transitive/intransitive affect the meaning?\n\nI don't think there is any special difference between transitive and\nintransitive usages.\n\nIntransitive Examples:\n\n * 間違った答え \n * 結婚した男性 \n\nTransitive Examples:\n\n * ビールを飲んだ男 \n * 料金所を通過した車",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T09:08:29.343",
"id": "43875",
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{
"body": "シャツを着た人 can be interpreted either as \"a person who (then) put on a shirt\" or\n\"a person wearing a shirt\". On the other hand, シャツを着ている人 can also mean either\n\"a person who is putting on a shirt\" or \"a person wearing a shirt\". So, they\nare a paraphrase when they are used in the latter usage respectively.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T08:00:14.073",
"id": "43944",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 43864 | 43944 | 43944 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43874",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "念のため述べておきますが、この質問は太平洋戦争に関係するものであり、気分を害するつもりは一切ありませんが、その可能性のある内容が含まれています。\n\nとある日本のロックバンド、「9mm Parabellum Bullet」が2007年に「Sundome」という曲を出しましたが、歌詞は以下のとおりです：\n\n```\n\n 頭ごなしに叱らないで\n 黒い朝日を描いたこと\n 手付かずのままで残されてしまった\n 真っ白い絵の具\n \n こんなはずではなかったのと\n 声が聞こえたら近未来\n 利き腕が昨日と違うから\n 上手に握手出来ない\n \n あぁ それでもここに戻るだろう\n あぁ 光に引き寄せられるよ\n 一秒を奪われたままの この場所に\n \n 飛んで火に入れ 真夏の虫\n 見向きもされない希望には\n 生きてるだけで素晴らしいと\n 毎日 言って聞かせてる\n \n あぁ それでもここに戻るだろう\n あぁ 炎に引き寄せられるよ\n 一秒を奪われたままの この場所に\n \n あぁ ガラスが石に戻る頃\n あぁ 奈落に引き寄せられるよ\n 一秒が永遠になったままの この場所に\n \n```\n\n聞いた話では、歌詞は紛れもなく原爆の描写だそうです。言われてみれば、確かにイメージは一致すると思いますが、自分が日本人ではないので、その確信の根拠、つまり、他の解釈を除外できる内容とその捉え方がわかりません。また、それが歌詞の全体的な概念とどう関係しているかもわからないので、そこで何かご意見があれば、と思いまして。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T20:20:00.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43865",
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"owner_user_id": "3131",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"history",
"song-lyrics",
"music"
],
"title": "この曲の意味を暗示する歌詞の特定性について",
"view_count": 1745
} | [
{
"body": "「利き腕が昨日と違うから 上手に握手出来ない」と「一秒を奪われた（永遠になった）」でわかります。\n\n[このYAHOO知恵袋](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1029274335)で語られてる通り、原爆によって壁などが人の陰になった部分を残して黒く焼け焦げることで鏡像の人影ができます。これが「利き腕が昨日とちがう…」とか「一秒を奪われた」ということになります。\n\n歌詞の全体的な概念は私にはわかりません。\n\n（あと、「気に障るつもりはない」とはどういうことでしょうか？「気に障ったら申し訳ないが…」ということでしょうか？）",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T01:45:29.287",
"id": "43868",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-26T01:45:29.287",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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{
"body": "まず第一に、「紛れもなく原爆」と言えるほどのはっきりとした描写ではないと思います。言われないとほとんど誰も気づかないと思います。原爆の歌だと言われても、まだ解釈が難しいです。\n\n * Sundomeは恐らく[原爆ドーム](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial)のことでしょう。\n * 「黒い朝日を描く」「白い絵の具」とは、[人影の石](https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/u/0/asset/%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%B1%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%B3/OwFsAVq69btaIw?hl=ja)や[はしごと監視兵の写真](http://hero1945.livedoor.biz/archives/50505303.html)の黒い部分と白い部分を指しているのかもしれません。「利き腕が昨日と違う」も関係していそうですが、よくわかりません。\n * あるいは「黒い朝日」は原爆の爆発自体を指しているのかもしれません。原爆のfalloutが混じった雨を、俗称で[黒い雨](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E3%81%84%E9%9B%A8)と呼ぶので、原爆というと「黒」というイメージはあります。\n * 「1秒を奪われた」は、上記の写真の人々が、死ぬことに気づく時間もなく死んでしまったことを指しているのだと思います。教科書に載っている、有名な[ヒロシマ神話](http://hb4.seikyou.ne.jp/home/okinawasennokioku/okinawasentoheiwakyouiku/kokugonojugyou.htm)という詩があり、「\"普通の死\"の瞬間を奪われた」というのは比較的よく知られている考え方です。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T06:39:40.317",
"id": "43874",
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| 43865 | 43874 | 43874 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43872",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When a security threat is detected by Windows Defender, the two of four\navailable actions are: 取り除く and 削除. Both of these terms are translated as\n\"remove\" and it is confusing when deciding which to use. I understand that\n取り除く is used in the sense of \"clean the threat\", but I wonder if there is a\nbetter Japanese term to express the meaning of \"cleaning file from the\ndetected threat\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-25T23:06:02.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43866",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-02-26T12:41:38.193",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"semantics"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 取り除く and 削除?",
"view_count": 190
} | [
{
"body": "In computer contexts, 削除 is a very common word that means \"to delete\"\nsomething from a disk, a cell, a text box, etc. So 削除 should mean deleting the\nmalware or the infected file forever.\n\n取り除く is less common, and I think it's closer to \"to get rid of\" here. A common\nreaction to the detected malware is to move it to another special directory,\nso it probably refers to this. This action is often referred to as 隔離(する) (\"to\nquarantine\") in Japanese. Or 取り除く may refer to removing the virus from the\ninfected file thus making the file uninfected again (although I doubt this is\npossible).\n\nAnyway I agree these are confusing, and even a native speaker may feel like\nconsulting the official documentation.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-26T05:52:57.107",
"id": "43872",
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| 43866 | 43872 | 43872 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43871",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to translate a children's book myself, ハルとカナ. I got stuck on this\nsentence:\n\n> ハルはリビングで、父さんと笑えない話をしていた。\n\nWhich Google translates to:\n\n> Haru was in the living room, talking funny with his father.\n\nThe translation makes sense in context, but I can't figure out why 笑えない話\nbecomes \"talking funny.\" Is it a colloquialism?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T01:40:37.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43867",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-02-26T02:17:35.927",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "20045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "How does 笑えない話をしていた translate to this?",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "Google Translate made a mistake. 笑えない話 literally means \"talk you can't laugh\nat\", as you might have already guessed.\n\nThis set phrase usually refers to a scary and/or dreadful conversation, rather\nthan just a non-comedic one.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T05:31:24.883",
"id": "43871",
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| 43867 | 43871 | 43871 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43880",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm learning Japanese online and recently just learnt about making comparisons\nusing 方 and より. However, all of the examples I've come across are in the form\n\n> A より B の方が C です。\n\nwhich to me appears to be limited to basic sentences making direct comparisons\nbetween two objects. How would I express a sentence like \"I want a bigger car\"\ninstead? Does the adjective still come before the main verb? Is\n\n> 車の方が大きい欲しいです。\n\nthe correct translation?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T11:39:35.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43879",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-26T12:19:13.817",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20049",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Comparisons without using です",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "Yes adjectives always come before the modified noun, and verbs come at the end\nof the sentence (as long as you're dealing with simple sentences that don't\nhave subordinate clauses).\n\nLet's remember these patterns:\n\n> * もっと大きい車が欲しいです。 \n> I want a bigger car. (than the car I have / than the car I'm seeing)\n> * 大きい方が欲しいです。 \n> I want the bigger one. (between the two cars I'm seeing now)\n> * 大きい方の車が欲しいです。 \n> I want the bigger car. (between the two cars I'm seeing now)\n>\n\nSo when you're comparing two cars, you can use either of the last two\nsentences. That's how 方 works -- selecting one from two options.\n\nHowever, when you are not comparing two things but want to say \"a bigger one\",\n\"a cheaper one\", etc., you should use もっと, which is an adverb that corresponds\nto \"more\".\n\nExamples:\n\n> * もっと安い車を見せてください。 Please show me cheaper cars.\n> * もっと高く飛びたい。 I want to jump higher.\n> * もっとたくさん食べなさい。 Eat more.\n>\n\n* * *\n\nBonus (I hope the following additions won't confuse you):\n\n * もっと can be used in combination of 方 and mean \"even (more)\". \n\n> この車の方がもっと大きい。 This car is even bigger.\n\n * より can be used similarly to もっと in formal sentences. \n\n> より小さい車が見たかった。 I wanted to see smaller cars.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-26T12:02:36.133",
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}
]
| 43879 | 43880 | 43880 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The verb 見える ( _mieru_ ) appears to be able to conjugate to 見えられる (\n_mierareru_ ) (potential form).\n\nIf it is so, what is the meaning of _mierareru_ and how is it different from\n_mieru_?\n\nTo my knowledge _mieru_ = \"can see\". So what would the potential form\n_mierareru_ mean then?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T12:05:03.543",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43881",
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"last_edit_date": "2022-02-03T07:36:16.753",
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"owner_user_id": "20048",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjugations",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "Is 見えられる the potential form of 見える?",
"view_count": 1384
} | [
{
"body": "見える is already a potential form of 見る, so 見えられる doesn't make sense.\n\n見られる is a potential, passive, respect, spontaneous form of 見る.\n\nAnd 見える is a respect form of 来る. Some people may use 見えられる for this meaning\nbut this is grammatically incorrect because it is redundant keigo.\n\nThe other usages of 見える.\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/210883/meaning/m0u/%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B/>",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-26T14:20:11.663",
"id": "43883",
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{
"body": "The most literal translation of 見える is \"to be visible\". As this is a verb, you\ncan _theoretically_ put -られる to it, and られる has four interpretations:\npotential, passive, respectful, and spontaneous.\n\n * **potential** : \"be able to be visible\" (?)\n * **passive** : \"be been visible\" (???)\n\nIf you find any situation these forms are usable, then they are.\n\n * **respectful** : 見える is not a intentional action, so honorific form using -られる is inapplicable. But as 見える itself can be used as a respectful form of 来る, some people use 見えられる by analogy with 来られる. However, the usage is considered incorrect since 見える as honorific is already equivalent to 来られる.\n\n * **spontaneous** : not applicable outside verbs of thinking.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-27T03:01:49.093",
"id": "43898",
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| 43881 | null | 43883 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44020",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "According to [this page](http://www.book-seishindo.jp/kana/onjun_1.html#a) ,\nthere are multiple Hentaigana express あ. How do I decide which to use?\n\n* * *\n\n[このページ](http://www.book-\nseishindo.jp/kana/onjun_1.html#a)によると、'あ'を表す変体仮名は複数あるそうです。これらをどうやって使い分けるのでしょうか。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T13:23:56.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43882",
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"owner_user_id": "14627",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"hentaigana"
],
"title": "How do I decide which Hentaigana to use?",
"view_count": 1028
} | [
{
"body": "I hope I can recognize correctly what you asked.\n\nHentaigana are not used normally in contemporary Japanese. Instead, they use\nstandard Kana (Hiragana and Katakana) and Kanji. Calligraphers often use\nHentaigana in their production which is just for art and not intended for\npractical use.\n\nLong long ago, men in Japan learned Kanji from China and there had not yet\nbeen Kana at that time. Kanji was so difficult for them that they made Kana\nfrom Kanji as phonogram which has no meanings but sounds. a Kana character is\nmatched at a specific Kanji character (1:1). Thus Kana is specified by a\ncharacter, but there are many Kanji of a same pronunciation therefore someone\nbegan to venture to use other characters for art (e.g. 'The Anthology of\nMyriad Leaves') who was women mainly. So Hentaigana has born.\n\nModern people don't use Hentaigana, but artists or trickers.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T05:47:41.577",
"id": "44011",
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{
"body": "As far as I am aware no-one has attempted to study usage patterns of\nhentaigana in classical texts, and from what I have been told by my professor\nit appears to be mainly an aesthetic choice on the part of the author. I think\nyou can freely use whichever one you think looks the best in any given\nconstruction, without worrying about whether it is \"correct\" in that\nsituation.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T16:40:16.193",
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]
| 43882 | 44020 | 44011 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "この自動車はあなたの自動車と同じです。(Kono jidōsha wa anata no jidōsha to onajidesu.)\n\nIs it used as \"and\" ? Or is it comparison like the one provided in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/34283/what-does-\nthis-%E3%81%A8-do-here).\n\nIf yes, then would someone please provide few alternative translations to\nprovide some perspective?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T15:29:17.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43884",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "14267",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "What does と do in the sentence provided below?",
"view_count": 35
} | []
| 43884 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43886",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My correspondent wrote me this:\n\n> (...) 日本の気候をしっかり体験していってくださいね\n\nThe dictionary isn't helping much here... \"Please\nsteadily/firmly/properly/wisely experience Japan's climate\"? There are so many\nmeanings of しっかり it is difficult to tell what is meant here. Context was\ndifficult weather like rainstorms and typhoons.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-26T15:29:40.830",
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"owner_user_id": "13634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"しっかり体験して\"?",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "In that context, 「しっかり」 would mean something like \"to the fullest\".\n\n> \"Please experience the Japanese climate to the fullest (before you return\n> home)!\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T15:39:53.677",
"id": "43886",
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{
"body": "The fact that the writer said this in connection with storms and typhoons\nmakes this clear. It means, literally,'please experience the Japanese weather\nwith fortitude'. What the writer is saying is 'You'll find the weather pretty\nrough, but I hope you'll bear it with fortitude and regard it as an\n[interesting/instructive] experience.' Since the tone of the Japanese is\ninformal I'd translate this, if asked, as 'The Japanese weather can be quite\nharsh, so just grin and bear it - it'll be an experience!'",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T13:10:03.350",
"id": "43915",
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]
| 43885 | 43886 | 43886 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43891",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference between `ni` and `ni wa`, when talking about a person?\n\n`Ni` has [many meanings](http://jisho.org/search/ni), but it is often used as\n[a marker for direction](http://www.punipunijapan.com/japanese-particle-\nni-e/). `Wa` is often used as a [topic\nmarker](http://www.punipunijapan.com/japanese-particles-wa-ga/).\n\nIn my textbook, it has the following example:\n\n```\n\n Kanojo ni wa takusan no keiken ga arimasu.\n She has plenty of experience\n \n```\n\nWhy is `ni wa`, used for `Kanojo` (she). How can you have a person as a\ndirection?\n\nThere is also this:\n\n```\n\n Kouhosha erabi ni wa motto sentakushi ga aru beki dato omoimasu.\n I think there should be more choice in candidates\n \n```\n\nAgain, ni wa is used for `Kouhosha erabi` (Candidate selection). Again, how\ncan you have people as direction?\n\n[This answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1096/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-%E3%81%AB-and-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF) for a similar question,\nsays that `ni wa` helps to indicate an embedded subject, but I don’t\nunderstand how that differs from plain `wa` on it’s own, and what is gained by\nusing `ni wa`.\n\nWould the above examples sentences be wrong if they omitted ni? If not, then\nwhat does ni add to the meaning? What is the rule for when to use `ni wa` in\nplace of `wa`?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T18:06:00.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43887",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between ni and ni wa, when talking about a person?",
"view_count": 22769
} | [
{
"body": "Why do you try to stick to only one definition of _ni_ when you already know\n[it has many meanings](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%AB)?\n\n> Kanojo ni wa takusan no keiken ga arimasu. \n> 彼女にはたくさんの経験があります。\n>\n> (lit.) In her, there is much experience. \n> → She has a lot of experience.\n\nHere に is used as a place marker. Think of it as \"within her\" or \"in her\", and\nit's actually no different from the 図書館 example you linked. It's the first\ndefinition of jisho.org.\n\n> Kouhosha erabi ni wa motto sentakushi ga aru beki dato omoimasu. \n> 候補者選びにはもっと選択肢があるべきだと思います。\n>\n> For choosing a candidate, I think there should be more choices.\n\nHere に is used to mark a purpose, and it's the third definition of jisho.org.\n候補者選び is a noun phrase which literally means \"candidate-choosing\". A simpler\nexample for this に is 買い物 **に** 出かける (=\"go out _for_ shopping\").\n\nAnd these は after に are topic markers, which indicate what they are talking\nabout. I don't know how I can explain this better when you are already seeing\ngood explanations.\n\nCan we omit に or は in these sentences? Without these は, these sentences will\nlook fairly awkward. Presenting a topic is important.\n\nWhether you can drop に before は depends on the sentence. You can safely drop\nthe に without changing the meaning in your second example:\n\n> 候補者選びはもっと選択肢があるべきだと思います。\n\nThis would be closer to \"Regarding candidate-choosing, ...\" than \"For\ncandidate-choosing, ...\" but it still makes sense. You can drop に in your\nfirst example, too, but it would make the sentence slightly awkward.\n\nSometimes dropping に can drastically change the meaning of the sentence:\n\n> * 彼には感謝しています。 I am grateful to him.\n> * 彼は感謝しています。 He is grateful (to someone).\n>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T19:59:16.800",
"id": "43891",
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},
{
"body": "I like to think of ni as an all purpose location marker, location of\ninformation, location of destination, location of existence, location of\nreceiver, even location of intent, (kaimono o shi ni iku・買い物をしにいく)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-03-05T02:23:14.730",
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| 43887 | 43891 | 43891 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43897",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 彼は生徒に人気がある\n\nI have done a quick search and I have found in cases where 人気のある and 人気がある are\nused that に marks who something is popular with most of the time. Why is に\nused here and could we use some alternative to mark 生徒?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T19:44:44.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43888",
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"owner_user_id": "19357",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Why is に used here and are there any possible replacements for it here?",
"view_count": 93
} | [
{
"body": "It basically means \"He is popular with the students. set expression \"に人気がある\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T19:56:38.353",
"id": "43890",
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{
"body": "It's [almost impossible to explain\nwhy](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16270/5010) when it comes to\nparticle choice. I don't know why English speakers say \"be popular with ～\",\nbut not \"be popular to ～\", but perhaps that's something you have to memorize\nrather than wondering why. It's the sixth (or eighth?) definition of [this\ndictionary\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/166083/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%AB/), if it\nhelps. English is equally \"illogical\"; also see\n[this](https://ell.stackexchange.com/a/42912/8629).\n\nSo you should memorize ～は～に人気がある / ～は～に人気だ as a set phrase. You may see の used\ninstead of が in a relative clause ([that's a universal grammatical\nrule](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)).\n\nUsing と will not make sense at all. Occasionally へ is used in a relative\nclause, but I would say using に is always the safest.\n\n> * 生徒に人気がある先生 a teacher who is popular with students\n> * 生徒へ人気がある先生 (less common)\n> * [x] 生徒と人気がある先生 (plain wrong)\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T02:51:11.860",
"id": "43897",
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"score": 2
}
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| 43888 | 43897 | 43897 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43893",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I bought an alarm clock (good clocks with AA batteries instead of button-like)\nwith Japanese characters and found it difficult to understand, even with a\ndictionary. Could someone explain what is written on my alarm clock?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/10Hjm.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/T8fGv.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T19:49:18.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43889",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T08:04:40.047",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T08:04:40.047",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20053",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words",
"culture"
],
"title": "What does it say on my Japanese alarm clock?",
"view_count": 2164
} | [
{
"body": "I think this is all you need.\n\n * 午前 AM ・ 午後 PM\n * 日 SUN ・ 月 MON ・ 火 TUE ・ 水 WED ・ 木 THU ・ 金 FRI ・ 土 SAT\n * 先勝 _senshō_ ・ 友引 _tomobiki_ / _yūin_ ・ 先負 _senbu_ ・ 仏滅 _butsumetsu_ ・ 大安 _taian_ / _daian_ ・ 赤口 _shakkō_ ¹\n\n * モニター display\n\n * 時刻合わせ sync\n * リセット reset\n * 戻る back\n * 進む forward\n\n * アラーム alarm\n\n* * *\n\n¹ six-day cycle of auspicious/inauspicious days. More info\n[here](http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/rokuyo-about.html#days) or on [Japanese\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%9B%9C).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-26T20:31:42.227",
"id": "43893",
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"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "43889",
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"score": 12
}
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| 43889 | 43893 | 43893 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43901",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "わたし、かずさのことを愛してる。\n\nI think it means \"I love Kazusa\". を愛してる would be the love part but I'd like to\nknow if I'm missing something relevant.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T06:10:55.353",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43900",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T06:17:33.160",
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"owner_user_id": "20064",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Understanding the meaning of a sentence",
"view_count": 66
} | [
{
"body": "This is what it means and you are not missing anything relevant. \nI don't know why you thought you might be missing something relevant, but\nconsidering this is a sentence that only contains 3-4 words, there is not\nplace for much misunderstanding.\n\nわたし、-> I\n\nかずさのこと -> About Kazusa\n\nを愛してる -> Love",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T06:17:33.160",
"id": "43901",
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| 43900 | 43901 | 43901 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43903",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "An amanuensis is a person you dictate to and he/she writes down what you\ndictate. An amanuensis might also copy manuscripts.\n\nWhat's the Japanese word for amanuensis?\n\nSome translation tools are giving me \"アマヌンシス\" as a translation. Isn't there\nsome better word?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T07:27:04.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43902",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T12:38:10.703",
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"owner_user_id": "15986",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What's the Japanese word for amanuensis?",
"view_count": 206
} | [
{
"body": "「筆記者{ひっきしゃ}」 and 「書記{しょき}」 would be good choices.\n\n<http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/amanuensis>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T07:32:08.233",
"id": "43903",
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},
{
"body": "I think that the following might be appropriate.\n\n 1. 「筆生{ひっせい}」\n 2. 「筆記者{ひっきしゃ}」\n 3. 「右筆」 or 「祐筆」(ゆうひつ)\n 4. 「写字生{しゃじせい}」\n 5. 「代筆者{だいひつしゃ}」\n 6. 「書記{しょき}」\n\n* * *\n\nSource Used: 新和英大辞典 第5版 ― 並装",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T12:25:39.737",
"id": "43912",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T12:38:10.703",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T12:38:10.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "19357",
"parent_id": "43902",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43902 | 43903 | 43903 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43921",
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "Can we use 学生 to represent a person who learns martial arts such as 合気道?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T08:40:33.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43906",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-03T02:54:42.740",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T11:34:34.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Can we use 学生 to represent a person who learns martial arts?",
"view_count": 1700
} | [
{
"body": "Normally, I would say no, but there are always exceptions I suppose. \n学 is mostly about learning and knowledge which is usually used in the context\nof school.\n\nMartial arts is more about training than \"school learning\".\n\nThe term 弟子 is usually more adequate than 学生 when it comes to martial arts.\n\nBut I suppose if you go to that kind of place : \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Budo_University>\n\nYou might be considered a 学生.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T09:00:23.253",
"id": "43907",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T09:00:23.253",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "If one is learning _about_ 合気道 (in the academic sense) I think 学生 is\nappropriate. However, if one is learning (i.e., training in) 合気道 it's better\nto use something like 研修生。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T14:05:34.970",
"id": "43916",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T14:05:34.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11288",
"parent_id": "43906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "I depends on a particular dojo, but other possible callings for member\nstudents (who are not designated as deshi) include:\n\n * 生徒{せいと} - the most casual, and probably most widely used\n\n * 門人{もんじん} - more traditional, especially if dojo is affiliated to a temple or shrine",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T14:31:24.687",
"id": "43918",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T14:31:24.687",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "43906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "If you're thinking of relatively casual karate/aikido classes mainly for\nchildren and hobbyists, the most common word for their students is **生徒**. 生徒\nis the most natural choice for private classrooms for cooking, Yoga, abacus,\npiano, swimming, baseball, and almost everything.\n\n * **弟子** (=\"disciple\") is a more serious and bigger word. Some schools may unconditionally call their students 弟子, but this word can often imply a strong relationship with their master, almost like that of a family member. One master can have one hundred 生徒, but typically takes on only a few true 弟子. Think of Goku and Master Roshi (Kame-sennin) in _Dragon Ball_.\n * **徒弟** is another uncommon synonym for 弟子.\n * **門下生** is another good word for those who belong to a certain faction and train martial arts or other skills seriously (professionally or semi-professionally). Here 門 means faction.\n * **門人** and **門弟** are synonym for 門下生, but are much rarer.\n * **学生** is, as others pointed out, an academic-sounding word. This usually refers to students who belong to universities, colleges and sometimes high schools.\n * **研修生** (lit. \"trainee\") doesn't have a strict definition, but it tends to mean someone who wants to be a professional but is still below professional level. Eight-year-old karate kids and hobbyists are usually not called 研修生.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T15:18:45.303",
"id": "43921",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T15:26:53.317",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T15:26:53.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "Trainees and apprentices of classic manners and techniques such as martial\narts, flower arts, tea ceremony, calligraphy, and Japanese dancing are called\n門人、門弟、門下生(of xx 師範)、弟子, or 練習生 with a modern tonality.\n\n学生 refers to students of educational institutes such as universities,\ncolleges, and vocational schools.\n\nStudents of high schools and Junior highs are called 生徒. Schoolchildren are\ncalled 生徒 or 学童.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T02:54:42.740",
"id": "44038",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-03T02:54:42.740",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "43906",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43906 | 43921 | 43921 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43909",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'd like to know with which name an exchange student will be called (first\nname or last name), when he/she joins a class at an average Japanese school.\nOn the one hand, it may be the case the \"Japanese behavior\" is adapted and the\nstudent is called by his/her last name, or the student decides themself how to\nget called.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T09:46:38.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43908",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-07T23:17:28.770",
"last_edit_date": "2018-09-07T23:17:28.770",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20066",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"names",
"culture"
],
"title": "How to introduce yourself as an Exchange Student?",
"view_count": 812
} | [
{
"body": "The majority of them will call you whatever you want them to call you.\nEspecially since you are a foreigner.\n\nIf you were Japanese, they would call you by your family name unless you were\nvery good friends or had a very common name like Sato or Takahashi which was\nshared with someone else in the class.\n\nAlso, unless you got an obvious name like John or Bob, they will probably not\nbe able to tell which one is your family name.\n\nMy coworkers almost had a heart attack from the surprise during the last group\nmeeting when they realized they had been calling me by my first name for the\npast 2 years. They were all sure it was my family name.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T10:12:09.087",
"id": "43909",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T10:12:09.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18142",
"parent_id": "43908",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43908 | 43909 | 43909 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43955",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "**So I have two problems that are difficult to explain about the ～たらいい and\n～といい pattern, the first problem is as follows:**\n\nI have been reading Susumu Kuno's “The Structure of the Japanese Language”, a\nbook probably too advanced for someone of my reading level. In chapter 15, the\nbook covers the conditional 「と」 particle and the differences between it and\n「たら」 and 「なら」. One of the examples (with formatting edits) given is:\n\n> (5) “It is pleasant when/if it rains”\n>\n\n>> a. 雨が降ると気持ちがいい。 ○\n\n>>\n\n>> b. 雨が降ったら気持ちがいい。 ×\n\n>>\n\n>> c. 雨が降るなら気持ちがいい。 ×\n\nIt then goes on it say:\n\n> “Sentence (5a) represents a habitual antecedent-consequent relationship 'I\n> feel refreshed whenever it rains'. Example (5b) is ungrammatical because the\n> time referred to by 「気持ちがいい」 “It is pleasant” syntactically precedes that\n> referred to by 「雨が降ったら」 'If it rains', while in reality it will become\n> pleasant _after_ it has rained. Example (5c) is ungrammatical for the same\n> reason.”\n\nWhat is meant here is that stative verbals, such as いい, refer to present time\nwhilst non-stative verbals, such as 降る, typically refer to future time.\n\nSo I'll take a phrase that I just read a short while ago:\n\n「見つかるといい」 (I hope you find [it]). → 「見つかったらいい」\n\n[This website](https://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%84-taraiitoii/)\nstates that ～たらいい is the same as ~といい, but technically this does not make\nsense according to Kuno's temporal syntactic observation. Is this phrase\nspecial for some reason?\n\n**My second problem just bugs me, is more of an English language question and\ncomes from literally translating stuff in my head** :\n\n「見つかるといい」\n\nIf I translate this less literally and then adapt it, I get following phrase\n“It will be good if you find it” → “It would be good if you find it” →”I hope\nyou find it”. However, If I try to infer the meaning while keeping the word\norder:\n\n“If you find it, it will be good”\n\nThis sentence is grammatical, albeit a little awkward. More importantly, to\nme, the meaning of “hope that” seems to be lost when this ordering is kept, Is\nthere a reason that, in this case, the meaning is lost in English?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T14:18:14.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43917",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T02:45:20.610",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14607",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"particle-と",
"time"
],
"title": "~たらいい、~といい, hope, temporal syntax and over-literal readings",
"view_count": 489
} | [
{
"body": "> 見つかるといい\n\nis conditional and causal just as 5a). (Antecedent-consequent in that the\nobject being found causes いい.)\n\nFor\n\n> 見つかったらいい\n\nthe relationship is condition fulfillment, not direct causation.\n\n**More details**\n\nThe nuance of\n\n> 雨が降ったら気持ちがいい\n\nis that it's not the rain falling that caused 気持ちがいい.\n\n〜たら here just indicates sequence of conditional events rather than direct\ncausal conditional events.\n\nLikewise 見つかったらいい is also conditional. The act of finding [it] does not\ndirectly cause a natural consequence.\n\n**More Examples**\n\n> 見つかったらいいな！\n\n見つかる is prerequisite to いいな, but not directly causal.\n\n> 暇だったら行く\n\nIf [I] have time I will go\n\n> 友達に会えたら、買い物に行きます。\n\nIf I can meet my friend we'll go shopping.\n\n> 友達に会うと、買い物に行きます。\n\nWhen I meet my friend, we go shopping.\n\n* * *\n\n(Some example sentences borrowed/modified from\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals> )",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T04:25:57.463",
"id": "43941",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T02:45:20.610",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-01T02:45:20.610",
"last_editor_user_id": "19790",
"owner_user_id": "19790",
"parent_id": "43917",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "First, 雨が降ったら気持ちいい is no problem in terms of syntax. However, it could be, in\na sense, strange when it stands for a future tense, not a situation where it\nactually is raining or has just rained, because it means that you find\nyourself feeling pleasant once it happens to rain.\n\nPractically, …たら is versatile and you can use it instead of …と or …ば, apart\nfrom minor nuance.\n\n(Incidentally, it's no problem if it's an assumption like 気持ちいいはず or an\nexpression to persuade other people e.g. 雨降ったら気持ちいいって or …気持ちいいよ？)\n\n雨が降るなら気持ちいい is parallel to the above. It means that you sense physically\npleasant if it's supposed to rain, which is somewhat odd. Maybe it could,\ndepending on situations. If it was 気分がいい, it would be fine.\n\nIf you find \"hope that\" more or less off, you can quit thinking so. They are\ntwo different things, if close.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T15:39:05.147",
"id": "43955",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T15:39:05.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "43917",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 43917 | 43955 | 43941 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43920",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "この写真みたいなヘアースタイルにしてください。\n\nWhy in this sentence I cant't use みたいに instead of みたいな? And how this sentence\nshould be changed to make usage of みたいに relevant?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T14:51:30.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43919",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T14:59:01.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19672",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between みたいに and みたいな in this sentence",
"view_count": 737
} | [
{
"body": "> 「この写真{しゃしん}みたい **な** ヘアースタイルにしてください。」\n\nIn this sentence, 「この写真みたい **な** 」 is an **adjectival** phrase that modifies\nthe noun 「ヘアースタイル」.\n\n「みたい **に** 」 with a 「に」 is an **adveribial** phrase; therefore, it cannot\nmodify a noun.\n\nTo use 「みたい **に** 」 correctly in that sentence, you would need to change the\nsentence structure so that 「～～みたい **に** 」 can correctly modify the verb phrase\n「してください」. To do that, you could say:\n\n> 「ヘアースタイル **を** 、この写真みたい **に** してください。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T14:59:01.380",
"id": "43920",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T14:59:01.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "43919",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 43919 | 43920 | 43920 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43927",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a query about how to say \"there is no enough space for it?\" and \"it's\nin the way.\"\n\nUnfortunately my japanese is not good enough to create a natural sentence, and\nall I come out with is\n\n> それのために場所がありません。\n\nwhich I believe doesn't really explain what I'm trying to say and might be\nactually wrong. (I apologize in advance for it).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T16:25:31.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43922",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T19:53:59.563",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T16:39:56.337",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "18847",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"phrases"
],
"title": "There is not enough space",
"view_count": 1072
} | [
{
"body": "The only mistake you made is that you said ために instead of ための. The correct\nsentence is:\n\n> それのため **の** 場所がありません。\n\nために is adverbial (modifies a verb) and ための is adjectival (modifies a noun).\nObviously you want それのため to modify 場所 (noun) right after it, so you should use\nの.\n\nSee:\n\n * [Why can we use の after へ and から?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27363/5010)\n * [using の with と,で, から, まで](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33605/5010)\n\nIn addition, それのため is a bit wordy; you can simply say そのため.\n\n> そのための場所がありません。\n\nIf you want to explicitly say \"enough\", use 十分 (na-adjective):\n\n> そのための十分な場所がありません。\n\n* * *\n\nP.S. You don't have to apologize for making an incorrect sentence, but [we\ndon't do general\nproofreading](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/796/what-\nquestions-are-not-allowed-on-japanese-language-se/799#799). Next time please\nspecify the grammatical point you are most concerned about.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T17:52:02.487",
"id": "43927",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T19:53:59.563",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43922",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43922 | 43927 | 43927 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "While reading the first manga of 「3月のライオン」, I came across an interesting usage\nof kanji for eggs. Until then, I've only seen 卵 used for eggs, or its readings\nusing hiragana or katakana. The protagonist of the story received a text\nmessage on his phone, that asked him to drop-by the convenience story on the\nway to the sender's home, in order to buy some groceries. 「あと、 **玉子** も！！」was\nat the end of it.\n\nI'm wondering why these kanji were used and if there are general guidelines\nwhen to use one or the other.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T16:46:04.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43924",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T23:41:22.170",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11369",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "Usage of 卵 vs. 玉子 when talking about eggs",
"view_count": 4337
} | [
{
"body": "The short of it is that 卵 is used for the general concept of eggs (usually in\na scientific context) ー like animals laying eggs ([産卵]{さん・らん}), an ovum\n([卵子]{らん・し}), an ovary ([卵巣]{らん・そう}), ovulation ([排卵]{はい・らん}), etc.\n\n玉子 is used to talk about eggs in the context of food/eating. That is why 玉子\nwas used by the character when speaking of groceries to purchase.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T17:04:20.267",
"id": "43925",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T17:04:20.267",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "43924",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "Well, if you're talking about food, chicken/bird eggs (and any egg you could\nmake scrambled eggs with) are 玉子｛たまご｝. All other eggs, e.g. salmon roe, are\n卵｛らん｝ (e.g. fish eggs are 魚卵).\n\nAnd, as the other answer says, all other usages of \"egg\", e.g. the human egg,\ntranslate to 卵｛らん｝.\n\n卵 could also be read たまご, but it means strictly chicken/bird eggs only when\nusing this reading. e.g. 卵｛たまご｝焼｛や｝き is made only with chicken eggs, never\nfish eggs.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T23:41:22.170",
"id": "43934",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T23:41:22.170",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19346",
"parent_id": "43924",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 43924 | null | 43925 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What size of type is commonly used in Japanese books, magazines, or in blocks\nof online text? Since there is unlikely to one single size, I'd welcome an\nanswer that either gave a rough range or listed a couple specific examples\nfrom major presses, newspapers, or websites.\n\n(I am asking because I'm curious about whether the complexity of kanji leads\nto larger type than the type sizes that are standard for works produced with\nroman letters.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T17:51:54.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43926",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T11:11:18.190",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19849",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"typesetting"
],
"title": "What is a typical font size for Japanese text?",
"view_count": 5009
} | [
{
"body": "Typical main text of a paperback targeted to adults uses a font size between 8\nand 9 pt. Most newspapers use 8.6 pt (≒3 mm). In footnotes or such, as small\nas 5 pt is possible.\n\nWebsites use larger fonts. Condensed pages like [Yahoo!\nhome](http://www.yahoo.co.jp/) use 12px (9pt), but most recent sites prefer\n16px (12pt) or so for main text. From what I understand, most global websites\n(like Twitter) use the same `font-size` setting for their Japanese and English\nversions.\n\nThe smallest font size which is practically readable is 9 pixels (this was\ncommon in the Windows 3.1 / Mac OS 6 era), but [there is even a 7 pixel\nfont](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36423/5010).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-27T18:24:32.900",
"id": "43928",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T18:24:32.900",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "43926",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Ordinary publications use fonts around 11Q to 16Q big for main text. The unit\nQ (級) is the standard measure in Japanese typesetting industry, being 1/4\nlength of a millimeter (Q is from **Q** uarter). Thus 11Q = 2.75mm ~ 7.8pt,\n16Q = 4mm ~ 11.4pt. The default font size of MS Word is set to 10.5pt in\nJapan.\n\nActually, since Japanese characters don't have ascenders and descenders like\nEuropean letters, each letter is designed to cover up almost full body height,\nso that they usually look one or two sizes larger than European ones with the\nsame nominal size. In exchange, we tend to need taller line spacing than\nEuropean books. Optimal line height is 166% (12⁄3) to 200% of the font size.\nCompare page layouts of a Japanese and an American paperback.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gzWgu.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/igdzB.jpg)\n\nThe websites usually prefer slightly larger fonts than Western average if\npossible, because of the pixel density matter. For example, current text font-\nsize and line-height of [Japanese\nWP](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3D.C.)\nare set to 15.1px/24.2px while [the English\nversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) is 14px/22.4px.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T11:11:18.190",
"id": "43949",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T11:11:18.190",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "43926",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 43926 | null | 43928 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43931",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> この中の４９０万人ぐらいは、近くの国に逃げて難民になりました。\n> **ヨーロッパで難民の申請をしている人は１２０万人ぐらい、国の中で逃げている人は６３０万人います** 。 \n> Around 4.9 million of these (people) have escaped to nearby countries and\n> become refugees. **As for the people who have applied for refugee status in\n> Europe, approximately 1.2 million, there are 6.3 million people escaping to\n> these countries**.\n\nPlease help me to parse the sentence in bold. My translation doesn't make\nsense. This is my understanding so far:\n\n1) So the topic is ヨーロッパで難民の申請をしている人 people who have applied for refugee\nstatus in Europe\n\n2) ６３０万人います there are 6.3 million (people who have applied)\n\nBut I can't make １２０万人ぐらい、国の中で逃げている人は fit into this structure.\n\nThen I thought maybe it is two separate sentences:\n\n> ヨーロッパで難民の申請をしている人は１２０万人ぐらい \n> (there are) approximately 1.2 million people who have applied for refugee\n> status in Europe\n\nand\n\n> 国の中で逃げている人は６３０万人います \n> There are 6.3 million people who are escaping to these countries.\n\nBut that first sentence isn't a sentence. There's no predicate. Maybe it\nassumes the predicate at the end (いる)?\n\nAlso I think I'm mistranslating 国の中で because I thought that should be 'among\nthese countries' but that translation doesn't seem to fit.\n\nI'm very confused.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-27T20:02:53.217",
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"id": "43929",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"parsing",
"reading-comprehension",
"coordination"
],
"title": "Parsing problem -- can two clauses share a single predicate?",
"view_count": 97
} | [
{
"body": "[Here](http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10010887021000/k10010887021000.html)\nis the original article.\n\n>\n> 戦争が始まった２０１１年から、全部で１２４０万人が自分の家に住むことができなくなりました。これはシリアの人口の半分以上です。この中の４９０万人ぐらいは、近くの国に逃げて難民になりました。ヨーロッパで難民の申請をしている人は１２０万人ぐらい、国の中で逃げている人は６３０万人います。\n\nSo among the 12.4 million Syrian people who were driven out of their home,\n\n * 4.9M people went to nearby countries: 近くの国に逃げて難民になった\n * 1.2M people went to European countries: ヨーロッパで難民の申請をしている\n * The remaining 6.3M people are still in Syria: 国の中で逃げている\n\n国の中で逃げている here means \"to evacuate inside the country = Syria\". 国の中で means \"in\nthe country.\" Why did you see \"to\"? で is a plain old place marker (=\"in/at\")\nhere.\n\nIn the last sentence, one main verb います is shared by both two topics marked\nwith は. (「Aは120万人、Bは630万人います。」 ≒ 「Aは120万人いて、Bは630万人います。」）\n\nMy translation would be:\n\n> There are approximately 1.2 million people who are applying for refugee\n> status in Europe, and (there are) 6.3 million people who are evacuating\n> inside their country.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 43929 | 43931 | 43931 |
{
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"body": "I was trying to translate these song lyrics:\n\nいつか気づくかもしれないけど 間違いだらけの 僕だから\n\nI was thinking that this meant either \"Someday, you might notice me, who is\nprone to mistakes/whose life is full of mistakes.\" Or, possibly, \"Someday, I\nmight notice that my life is full of mistakes.\" I can't decide which pronoun\nfits better. But either way, I can't get the because (だから) to fit. \"Someday,\nI/you might notice, because my life is full of mistakes\" doesn't make sense to\nme, but I don't know any other meaning for だから.\n\nPlease help! Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T00:42:01.867",
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"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Unspecified Pronouns, use of だから in a sentence",
"view_count": 112
} | [
{
"body": "だから means because. \nAnd it implies that the fact that \"you are full of mistakes\" is the cause of\nsomething. \nHaving more context/previous sentence/next sentence would be needed for an\naccurate understanding.\n\nAs it stands, all that can be understood is : \n**[you/I] might someday notice [...] but, because I am full of mistakes\n[...]**",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T01:53:11.950",
"id": "43939",
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"body": "Here, the function of だから is the same as you would expect.\n\nSo 「いつか気づくかもしれないけど」← The reason for this is 「僕」\n\nThat is why it is written as 「僕だから」\n\n間違いだらけ here describes 僕.\n\n> [I?] might notice it someday, I who am full of mistakes...\n\n--\n\nP.S. It might be better to not ask the question in context of translation.",
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| 43935 | null | 43939 |
{
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"body": "Someone on another website (reddit) was arguing that \"から\" should not be used\nin written Japanese (which this person then clarified to mean formal, literary\nwritten Japanese), and there are some websites that more or less seem to\nadvocate this view.\n\nHowever, my feeling was that this can't possibly be true; while formal writing\nwill almost certainly not use \"だから\" to begin a sentence, it is easy to find\nnumerous of examples of \"から\" (meaning specifically \"because\", rather than\n\"from\", etc.) used in formal writing in forms or contexts like \"であるから\",\n\"...があるから...\", etc., and I doubt I could find a single book (or even article\nof reasonable length) that doesn't use \"から\" at all.\n\nIs it a commonly accepted view that \"から\" should never be used in formal\nwriting? Is this an example of hypercorrection by language mavens?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T01:24:29.130",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Use of \"kara\" in written Japanese",
"view_count": 883
} | [
{
"body": "For dissertations and such, you pretty much have to use ので instead of から. \nI would tend to say it is the same for every written documents, but I am sure\nthere could be a few exceptions.\n\nから Is mostly just for speaking. \nので Is for polite speaking and for writing.\n\nThis is only for the meaning of \"because\" though. \nYou can still use から for intervals (から～まで) and for any other \"time\" or\n\"location\" related use like 「東京駅から出発する」or「食べてからいく」etc.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T01:39:37.417",
"id": "43938",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T02:20:05.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-28T02:20:05.273",
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{
"body": "As counterexamples prove, it's obviously oversimplification to affirm that から\nis not cut out for formal writings.\n\nFor example, if you were to claim that \"you don't get it because you want to,\nbut you get desirous of it because you see it\" in some article, you would use\nから and write 人は欲しいから手にするのではない。見るから欲しくなるのだ.\n\nAccording to [this page](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/karanode/), you can find\nit say, at the bottom, 話し言葉。論文には使えない (colloquialism, not applicable to\narticles), but at the same time, it says, just before that,\n「～から」と「～ので」は、多くの場合、置き換えができます。 この比較は、絶対的なものではなく、こういう傾向がある、といった、大きなくくりです。(\"kara\"\nand \"node\" are in most cases interchangeable to each other. This comparison is\nnot absolute but a rough grouping that indicates tendency.), which is actually\nthe most important.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T06:47:51.463",
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| 43936 | null | 43938 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43940",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> やり場のない怒りを、一番愛してる人に向けてしまう、嫌な女をやらせて\n\nMy translation:\n\n> Anger without outlet pointed toward the person I loved most made me a\n> hateful woman\n\nI'm particularly interested in the second part (there are 3) of the sentence.\nAs I see it 一番愛してる人 is unambiguously referring to a single person. 人 is one of\nthe few words in Japanese that are always accompanied by a pluralizing suffix\nwhen referring to more than one person, and 一番 literally means \"one most,\nbest, number 1\".\n\nWas my translation accurate or did I miss something? Also, does it mean he/she\nloves that person more than anyone else?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T01:26:52.327",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43937",
"last_activity_date": "2022-08-10T00:08:25.243",
"last_edit_date": "2022-08-10T00:08:25.243",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "20064",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "やり場のない怒りを、一番愛してる人に向けてしまう、嫌な女をやらせて",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "> やり場のない怒りを、 一番愛してる人に向けてしまう、 嫌な女をやらせて\n\n * やり場のない怒りを -- the direct object of the verb 向ける. \"anger with no outlet; anger that [she] doesn't know how to deal with.\" \n * 一番愛してる人に -- the indirect object of 向ける. You're right that 一番愛してる人 means \"the person whom [she] loves most; the one that [she] loves more than anyone else\".\n * やり場のない怒りを一番愛している人に向けてしまう is a relative clause modifying 嫌な女. \n * 嫌な女をやらせて -- やらせて is used as a command here. やらせる is the causative form of やる. やる means \"act the role; pretend to be\" (≂ 演じる). \"Let me act the role of a hateful woman.\"\n\nWithout context I read it as \"Let me act the role of (or, Let me pretend to\nbe) a hateful woman, who directs her bottled-up anger toward someone she loves\nmost.\"",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T03:59:58.510",
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| 43937 | 43940 | 43940 |
{
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"body": "I was wondering about **__ていました** and its use. By this I mean, is it possible\nto turn a て form verb into ていました? For example, would you ever use 食べていました\ninstead of 食べました?\n\nJust wondering if it is possible or necessary to use the past tense of ています\ninstead of the typical ました.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T09:24:22.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43946",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-02-28T09:56:09.107",
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"owner_user_id": "20089",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "食べていました and its use",
"view_count": 1571
} | [
{
"body": "You usually learn about いる with other subsidiary verbs such as\nみる、おく、いく、くる、しまう、…\n\nThey all follow the _te_ -form of a verb, are usually written in _kana_ and\nslightly change the meaning of the verb.\n\n～ている is often translated with the progressive in English\n\n> りんごを食べている \n> I am eating an apple\n\nYou can think of combination of [ _te_ -form of a verb] + [subsidiary verb] as\na new verb. Conjugation is done on the subsidiary verb. For example\n\n> past tense of _masu_ -form of いる = いました \n> past tense of _masu_ -form of 食べて **いる** = 食べて **いました** \"I was eating\"\n>\n> past tense of _masu_ -form of 食べる = 食べ ました \"I ate\"\n\nLiterally いる means \"to be/exist/stay\", so literally, 食べて居る【いる】 means \"to eat\nand stay [that way]\".\n\nThe fact that this literal meaning is lost makes いる a subsidiary verb. That\nthe literal meaning is lost is also a good reason to write いる without _kanji_.\n\n(This is the same with other subsidiary verbs. For example, ～てみる is often\ntranslated \"to try to [verb]\". Literally, 食べて見る means \"to eat and see [what\nhappens]\". This literal meaning is lost and みる as subsidiary verb is written\nin _kana_.)\n\n* * *\n\n_N.B._ in ～ている the い is often omitted in colloquial speech/writing, e.g.\n\n> 食べてた = 食べて **い** た \"I was eating\"",
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| 43946 | null | 43947 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43954",
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"body": "While playing a Japanese mobile horror game, a girl appears with a knife in\nhand and says the following:\n\n> 「おとなしくしてなきゃダメじゃない」\n\nI can guess this probably means something like _It's a problem if you don't\nstay quiet, isn't it?_ but I have problem parsing the てなきゃ: is it from してある\n(state), as in ドアをあけてあった?\n\nIs the \"transitive verb\"てある grammar at work here?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-02-28T12:59:41.277",
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"id": "43951",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Meaning of てなきゃ in this sentence?",
"view_count": 760
} | [
{
"body": "してなきゃ is していなければ, and it's the result of these three contractions:\n\n 1. していなければ → してなければ (`-inai` to `-nai` / `-iru` to `-ru` / `-imasu` to `-masu`, discussed [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18159/5010) and [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12802/5010))\n 2. してなければ → してなけりゃ (`-eba` to `-ya` contraction, discussed [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12525/5010) and [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12580/5010))\n 3. してなけりゃ → してなきゃ (`-erya` to `-ya` contraction, discussed [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12580/5010))\n\n～なければだめ, ～ないとだめ, ～なければいけない and so on are very common double-negative\nconstruction. These literally mean \"if not then it's not good\", but usually\nyou can translate them just as \"must\" or \"have to\".\n\n * [What does 辞書形＋といけない mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33384/5010)\n * [Help me to understand やらなきゃいけない and やらなきゃならない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42861/5010)\n\nじゃない at the end adds \"..., okay?\", \"..., right?\" or \"..., you know?\" feeling\nto the sentence.\n\n * [「～たじゃない」 expression in spoken Japanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/453/5010)\n\nSo the whole sentence means \"You have to stay calm, okay?\", \"You must keep\nquiet, you know?\", etc.",
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| 43951 | 43954 | 43954 |
{
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"body": "If I form a group of people who plan to study photography together, and I want\nto name that group \"Photography Study\" or call it a \"photography study group,\"\nwhat word should I use for \"study\" in both of those contexts?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T15:49:01.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43956",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-02-28T16:08:05.997",
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"owner_user_id": "20097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"usage",
"word-requests",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Proper term for \"study\"",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "_Study_ can be translated as either of the followings.\n\n * 勉強【べんきょう】: Refers to learning how to take (good) photos.\n * 研究【けんきゅう】: Refers to more academic study/research, seeking to discover new facts.\n\nAs a group name, you can add 会【かい】, which is a general suffix for \"group (of\npeople)\", \"club.\"\n\n * 写真勉強会【しゃしんべんきょうかい】\n * 写真研究会【しゃしんけんきゅうかい】\n\nBoth are common, but 研究会 sounds closer to \"research group\". Depending on who\nwill belong to your group, it might be a bit overkill.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T17:14:06.010",
"id": "43958",
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| 43956 | null | 43958 |
{
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"body": "In Japanese the mashita ending is the past form of polite verbs.\n\n[For\nexample](http://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?txtVerb=%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%86):\n\n```\n\n To buy (root form) - Kau\n To buy (polite form) - kaimasu \n To buy (polite form, past) - kaimashita\n \n```\n\nIn my Japanese text book it has the following example\n\n```\n\n Where did you buy it?\n Doko de kattan desu ka?\n \n```\n\nWhy is the speaker using `kattan` instead of `kaimashita` (especially as\n`kattan` is defined as [coal](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%A4%90%E7%82%AD))?\nCould `kattan` be substituted with `kaimashita`? How does the meaning change\nwhen using `kattan` or `kaimashita`?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T16:32:10.573",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43957",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T02:17:38.857",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between kattan and kaimashita?",
"view_count": 3320
} | [
{
"body": "> To buy (root form) - Kau \n> To buy (polite form) - kaimasu, (casual form) - kau \n> To buy (polite form, past) - kaimashita, (casual form, past) - katta\n>\n> Where did you buy it? \n> Doko de kattan desu ka? = Doko de katta no desu ka?\n\n\"Katta\" is a casual and past form, but \"katta no desu ka?\" is a polit form\nbecause it has \"desu.\"\n\n\"Kattan desu (ka?)\" is a short form of \"Katta no desu (ka?)\"\n\n> Doko de kattan desu ka? = Doko de kai mashita ka?\n\nBoth are polite. The latter is more polite. The former is a spoken vocabulary.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T02:17:38.857",
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| 43957 | null | 43966 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43961",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This would be probably more common when writing personal names, but can happen\nin a regular writing as well. Is there a Japanese word or expression for a\nkanji “typo” – a situation, when you use a wrong kanji character? Not\nnecessarily from a technical reason such as misspelling, but because of a\nmistaken recall or bad guessing as well.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T18:30:21.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"word-requests",
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "Is there a word for “using a wrong kanji”?",
"view_count": 1551
} | [
{
"body": "If it's text on a computer, the most common term is 変換{へんかん}ミス, literally\n\"conversion mistake\", in reference to the not-uncommon situation where someone\nis typing in Japanese and doesn't notice that the input method editor (IME)\nhas offered up the wrong kanji for the context.\n\nFor handwriting or simply using the wrong kanji, I am less certain of any\nfixed phrase. One might just say 間違{まちが}った漢字{かんじ}, \"mistaken kanji\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T19:57:59.657",
"id": "43960",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-28T19:57:59.657",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "You can simply use [誤字]{ご・じ} to mean the wrong letter. I believe it's\napplicable to both kanji and kana.\n\nIf you ever take the [漢検]{かん・けん}, starting in level 4 there is a section\ncalled [誤字訂正]{ご・じ・てい・せい} where you have to read a sentence with a purposefully\nmisspelled word. You have to identify the word, which kanji is wrong, and then\nfigure out (and write) the correct kanji based on the sentence context. Here's\nan example:\n\n> 犯人は沈目を守っているが、確定的な科学的証拠の前に否認は無意味だ。\n\nThe answer is\n\n> 沈目 contains the mistake. It should be 沈黙. The sentence would translate as\n> \"The criminal is remaining silent (沈黙), but denial is useless in the face of\n> definite scientific proof\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T20:09:47.223",
"id": "43961",
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"score": 10
}
]
| 43959 | 43961 | 43961 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43967",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm new to Japanese. I have learned that 帰らなかった is the past negative of 帰る.\nLater, I found 帰ってなかった which I don't know what is it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-02-28T20:12:35.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43962",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T23:32:45.450",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-01T10:35:51.047",
"last_editor_user_id": "19813",
"owner_user_id": "19813",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"godan-verbs"
],
"title": "What are differences between 帰ってなかった and 帰らなかった",
"view_count": 1667
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure what you are seeking for, but I show you the difference between\nthe two epressions.\n\n> 帰らなかった (action) \n> ex:「娘は昨晩家に帰らなかった」My daughter stayed out all night. \n> 帰ってなかった (status) \n> ex: 「今朝ベッドを見ると、娘は帰ってなかった」I found my daughter's bed empty this morning. (She\n> has not returned yet.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T01:22:00.757",
"id": "43963",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "The progressive forms, such as 「～ている」「～ていない」「～ていた」「～ていなかった」, can be used to\nindicate an ongoing/continuous action, eg:\n\n> 書いている (present progressive) \"I am writing\" \n> 書いていない (present progressive negative) \"I am not writing\" \n> 書いていた (past progressive) \"I was writing\" \n> 書いていなかった (past progressive negative) \"I was not writing\"\n\nThe い after the te-form verb often gets dropped in casual speech, as in 書いてる,\n書いてない, 書いてた, 書いてなかった.\n\n* * *\n\nThese progressive forms can also be used to indicate a completed action or\nresultant state.\n\n帰っている is the progressive form of 帰る. 帰っている, often contracted to 帰ってる, is\nusually used to mean \"have (already) returned\". 帰っていない, often contracted to\n帰ってない, is the negative form of 帰っている.\n\n> * 帰っている (present progressive) \"have (already) returned / have (already)\n> come back\"\n> * 帰っていない* (present progressive negative) \"have not returned / have not\n> come back (yet)\"\n>\n\nExample:\n\n> 「もしもし。太郎さん(は)いらっしゃいますか。」 _Hello. May I speak to Taro?_ \n> -- 「まだ帰って(い)ません。」 _He has not come home yet._\n\n* * *\n\nNow back to your question, 帰ってなかった is a contraction of 帰って **い** なかった, and is\nthe negative form of 帰っていた, which is also often contracted to 帰ってた. In other\nwords, 帰っていなかった is the past form of 帰っていない.\n\n> * 帰っていた (past progressive) \"had (already) returned / had (already) come\n> back (at/by some point in the past)\"\n> * 帰っていなかった (past progressive negative) \"had not returned / had not come\n> back (yet) (at/by some point in the past)\"\n>\n\nExample:\n\n> 「花子さんから電話があったとき、太郎さんはまだ帰っていなかった。」 \n> _When Hanako called, Taro had not come home yet._\n\n* * *\n\n*～～ていない can also mean \"didn't do~~\". For more, see [this thread](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42242/9831).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T02:45:27.393",
"id": "43967",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 43962 | 43967 | 43963 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43975",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How would someone say, someone just wants something from me/you/him/her with a\nnegative nuance. For example, \"No one speaks to me unless they want something\nfrom me.\" Or, \"I thought she liked me, but she was just using me.\" I believe I\ncan explain this in Japanese, but I guess I am looking for specific words or\nword phrases that more clearly express this kind of meaning. Thanks in\nadvance.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T03:53:14.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43969",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T05:59:49.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19788",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "How to say, want something from someone or to use someone (negative meaning)",
"view_count": 479
} | [
{
"body": "How about using [目的]{もくてき}, eg:\n\n> 「みんな、なにか **目的** があって私に近づいてくるのよ。」\n\n[利用]{りよう}する, eg:\n\n> 「友達だと思ってたのに、実は私のこと **利用し** てただけだったのね。」\n\n[企]{たくら}む, eg:\n\n> 「私と仲良くなろうとする人なんて、なにか **企ん** でるに決まってる。」\n\nor ～～(が)[目当]{めあ}て, eg:\n\n> 「みんな俺の[金]{かね}(が) **目当て** で、俺に話しかけてくるんだ。」 \n> 「私に近づいてきたのは、最初から私の[体]{からだ}(が) **目当て** だったのね！」\n\nor maybe [下心]{したごころ}がある, eg:\n\n> 「彼は、 **下心があって** 私に近づいてきたのよ。」(usually with sexual connotation)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T05:59:49.850",
"id": "43975",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 43969 | 43975 | 43975 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43992",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have two questions that I think are quite related regarding the\ninterpretation of comparatives.\n\n**1. Is it necessary to include a より or a 方 expression to convey a\ncomparative?**\n\nSuppose you are having a conversation about how the book you just read was too\nlong. You are then asked what you want to do later. You respond:\n\n> 昨日読んだ本より短いのが買いたい。\n>\n> I want to buy a shorter book than the one I read yesterday. \n> (Please bear in mind that I constructed the Japanese sentence above, so it\n> could be wrong in any number of ways. I'd appreciate a correction if\n> required.)\n\nMy question is, if you responded with simply:\n\n> 短い本が買いたい。\n\nwould it be interpreted as implying \"shorter\" (where \"shorter\" is drawing a\ncomparison to the book previously mentioned in context), or \"short\" (where\n\"short\" is not explicitly compared to anything), or perhaps it is unclear?\n\nFurthermore, is there an alternate way to express the comparison without\nexplicitly stating 「昨日読んだ本」?\n\n**2. Do なる expressions imply comparison or must it be explicitly stated?**\n\nI'd like to compare the following English sentences:\n\n> 1. The road became wide.\n>\n> 2. The road became wider.\n>\n>\n\nSentence 1 states that something changed and now the road is wide (as opposed\nto narrow). Sentence 2 states that something changed and now the road is wider\nthan it used to be. It does not actually state that the road is wide.\n\nAs far as I know, both of these sentences would be translated to:\n\n> 道が広くなった\n\nIs my translation correct for both cases and if so, how could it be altered to\ndifferentiate between the two English meanings?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T05:09:41.833",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43972",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "Questions about comparatives",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "About question 1: Yes, より is necessary to compare with other things. 短い本が買いたい\nmeans \"I want to buy a short book\" and it doesn't compare with other books.\nAnd 短い本 is unnatural. 薄い本 would be natural as the meaning.\n\nAbout questions 2: 道が広くなった means \"The road is wider than it used to be\", we\ncan't know that the road is actually wide or not by only this sentence. If you\nwant to say the road isn't actually wide, you should add the sentence\n\"実際は広くない\" or you can say \"前よりは広くなった\". 道が前よりは広くなった can imply \"The road only\nbecame wider than it used to be.\" and the road isn't necessary to be actually\nwide.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T06:39:16.900",
"id": "43978",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T09:07:16.417",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-01T09:07:16.417",
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "43972",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> \"Is it necessary to include a より or a 方{ほう} expression to convey a\n> comparative?\"\n\nIn many cases, yes, but certainly not in all cases.\n\nThe **key factor** here is whether or not the comparison is made against a\nconcrete example as the standard. That is to say, one needs to consider\nwhether the comparison is **absolute or relative**. In other words, is it\n**objective or subjective**?\n\n> 「昨日読{きのうよ}んだ本{ほん} **より** 短{みじか}いのが買{か}いたい。」\n\nIn this sentence, the comparison being made is basically objective. Why so?\nBecause the speaker knows exactly how long the book he read yesterday was.\nToday, he wants to buy a shorter one.\n\n(For those wondering, the use of 「が」 there is completely natural.)\n\n> 「短い本が買いたい。」 (\"I want to buy a short book.\")\n\nThis sentence, when uttered all by itself, can only mean \" **I want to buy a\nshort book**.\" It does **not** mean \"I want to buy a short **er** book.\"\n\nThere is, however, an easy way to express \"a shorter book\" without comparing\nit to another actually existing book. In other words, the book only needs to\nbe \"kind of short\" by the speaker's own standards. That phrase would be:\n\n> 「短 **め** の本が買いたい。」 (\"I want to buy a short **er** book.\")\n\nHow short is 短め, only the speaker knows because that is a subjective\njudgement. Important thing is that the sentence makes **perfect** sense to the\nspeaker while it might sound ambiguous to some others.\n\n> \"Do なる expressions imply comparison or must it be explicitly stated?\"\n\nGreat question. **They do generally imply comparison**. Otherwise, what is the\nuse of our magic verb 「なる」, which is used to express \" **change of state** \"?\nYou cannot talk about \"change\" without making some kind of comparison, can\nyou?\n\n> 「道{みち}が広{ひろ}くなった。」\n\nundoubtedly means \"The road became wid **er** (than it was at an unmentioned\ntime).\" You simply cannot say that sentence if the road width has not changed.\nUsing 「なる」 means there has been a change.\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「以前{いぜん}より道が広くなった。」\n\nto state the standard of comparison by adding \" **than before** \", but the\npoint of the matter is that \"than before\" is already implied in the sentence\nwithout 「以前より」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T17:24:18.473",
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}
]
| 43972 | 43992 | 43992 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43977",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is only a simple correcting problem I encountered in a book.\n\n社長さんは工場＿をご覧になりたがっています。＿\n\nThe part between \"_\" is the part that need to be corrected.\n\nI've looked up some pages and saw multiple opinions about 尊敬語 of 欲しがる.\n\nThe one I agree to is that 欲しがる doesn't have a 尊敬語.\n\nBut how can I correct this sentence then..?(´･_･`)\n\nI know that 欲しがる is rude in here but have no idea what word can I change it\nto.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T05:31:32.170",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43973",
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"owner_user_id": "20104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"keigo",
"sonkeigo"
],
"title": "Correct a sentence which used 欲しがる",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "ご覧になりたいそうです。(Thanks @Shoko) \nWould be ever polite enough.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T06:10:22.010",
"id": "43976",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-01T06:19:26.897",
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},
{
"body": "[Weblio辞書](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%AC%B2%E3%81%97%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B)\nsays it means either ほしいと思う or ほしそうなようすをする. Now, the latter definition can be\nfurther divided into either one that you really want something or one that you\ndon't really want it but just pretend so.\n\nIn short, ほしがる is synonymous to either 1. ほしいと思う (to want), 2. 手に入れようとする (to\ntry to obtain) or 3. ほしいふりをする (to pretend to want). However, the third one is\nso rare in practice that you usually use other words to express it.\n\nSo, you can make those paraphrases into each honorific form. i.e. 1.\n見たいと思ってらっしる (or 工場の視察{しさつ}をご所望{しょもう}だ), 2. ご覧になろうとしている or 3. ご覧になるふりをなさっている.\n\nThis is parallel to how もらう's honorific form is not おもらいになる but お受け取りになる.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T06:20:33.660",
"id": "43977",
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| 43973 | 43977 | 43976 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Perhaps this question is completely unimportant, but I do not know if it is.\n\nThere is a very influential mathematical paper by Alexander Grothendieck often\ncalled his Tôhoku paper, because of the journal that published it in 1957.\n\nWhen I look online now, the only people who use the accent ô are\nmathematicians referring to this paper. Everybody who is just writing about\nthe place 東北地方 uses the accent ō and writes Tōhoku.\n\nWikipedia suggests the spelling Tôhoku is the Kunrei-shiki or Nihon-shiki\nversion, while Tōhoku is the Hepburn or Revised Hepburn version. Is that true?\n\nDo Japanese speakers today make any distinction between ô and ō in\nromanization? Or is it just a trivial choice between notations?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T05:58:20.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43974",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-01T07:43:07.700",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "20105",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"rōmaji",
"mathematics"
],
"title": "The use of ô versus ō in rōmaji",
"view_count": 1310
} | [
{
"body": "> Do Japanese speakers today make any distinction between ô and ō in\n> romanization?\n\nNo.\n\n> Or is it just a trivial choice between notations?\n\nYes.\n\n* * *\n\n**Long answer:** As explained on Wikipedia, elementary school children firstly\nlearn romaji using the Kunrei system, which is simpler than the Hepburn\nsystem. And the Kunrei system taught at elementary school usually uses ô for\nsome reason.\n\nAfter they graduate elementary school and are exposed to more and more English\nwords, they gradually realize that the Hepburn/passport system look more\nnatural to the eyes of English speakers, and that ô is rarely used to describe\nlong vowels in actual business scenes. Anyway, ô is just another notation for\nlong vowels, and there is no important difference. I don't know why you see\nonly Tôhoku that often. Perhaps someone happened to use Tôhoku, and everyone\nfollowed without thinking much about it.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T07:00:40.037",
"id": "43979",
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{
"body": "As @naruto notes, the difference between _Tôhoku_ and _Tōhoku_ is only a\ndifference of romanization systems. (Both are correct transliterations of 東北\nin their respective systems.) A number of romanization systems are used in\nJapan, so Japanese speakers will probably not give it a second thought.\n\nPresumably the reason that the paper is referred to as the _Tôhoku_ paper is\nthat at the time of publication (1957) the official name of the journal was\n_Tôhoku Mathematical Journal_. Only in 1999 was [the name of the journal\nchanged to _Tohoku Mathematical\nJournal_](https://www.math.tohoku.ac.jp/tmj/Eabout.html) (unfortunately\nobscuring the long vowel by not using any standard romanization):\n\n> First, we redesigned the cover from Volume 51 in 1999, and adopted \"Tohoku\n> Mathematical Journal\" instead of \"Tôhoku Mathematical Journal\" as the\n> offical name.\n\nThe journal appears to have a Japanese name 東北数學雑誌 _Tōhoku Sūgaku Zasshi_ (in\nHepburn) on the cover.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se3z6.png)\n\nBut if the official name was _Tôhoku Mathematical Journal_ (now _Tohoku\nMathematical Journal_ ), then this is the name one should probably use to\nrefer to it.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T07:42:16.823",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 43974 | null | 43980 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43982",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There are a lot of topics on forums in what case Japanese people use 24-hour\nclock format. But I have never seen how it should be pronounced. It's not hard\nto say something like 8:05. This is common and sounds like 「はちじ ごふん」, but how\nwill it be if I want to read 15:40 or 19:20 etc. I didn't hear anything like\n「じゅうごじ よんじゅっぷん」 and I'm confused how it should be read.\n\nIs it usual for Japanese people to translate 24 format into 12, or are there\nany edge cases they would use 24 strictly?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T09:45:06.997",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43981",
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"last_edit_date": "2019-08-22T07:41:05.097",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "19672",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"usage",
"counters",
"numbers",
"time",
"daily-life"
],
"title": "How to read 24-hour clock format",
"view_count": 3528
} | [
{
"body": "You can read the time of day in 24-hour format using the pronunciation for the\nnumbers 13–24 as for the numbers 1–10 followed by 時【じ】, e.g.\n\n> 15:40 = 15時40分 = じゅうごじ よんじゅっぷん \n> 19:20 = 19時20分 = じゅう **く** じ にじゅっぷん\n\nIn particular, exceptions to the usual readings are the same\n\n> 4時 = **よ** じ → 14時 = じゅう **よ** じ, 24時 = にじゅう **よ** じ \n> 7時 = **しち** じ → 17時 = じゅう **しち** じ \n> 9時 = **く** じ → 19時 = じゅう **く** じ\n\nThe same applies for higher numbers, e.g.\n\n> 34時間 = さんじゅうよじかん.\n\nFor 0 you use 零【れい】, so\n\n> 0:15 = 0時15分 = れいじじゅうごふん",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T10:21:11.503",
"id": "43982",
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| 43981 | 43982 | 43982 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "77819",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am editing a text in English that doesn’t really have anything to do with\nJapan, but with India. In it, there is a letter from 1798 (translated from the\noriginal Danish) which contains the following:\n\n> The bearer of this [letter] is Madam Gauttier, the widow of a French\n> Lieutenant Colonel Gauttier, a man whom I held in the greatest esteem. My\n> dear Brother has formerly known her as Madam Clausman. The lady has shown\n> the goodness to bring to my dear Brother **a Japanese mandarin’s cambay,\n> which is the winter gown of a distinguished Japanese**. I have been promised\n> the undergarment for this dress and will send it as soon as I get it. It\n> deserves to be preserved because of its rarity.\n\nI’ve never heard of anything that may be termed a _cambay_ before, so\nnaturally I took to Google—with dismal results.\n\nCambay is of course the name of an erstwhile [Indian\nstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambay_State), indeed one that had a\nthriving textile sector, but the letter specifically says that a cambay is a\nJapanese type of garment, so textile from Cambay in India doesn’t seem to be\nwhat is referred to here.\n\nSadly, I can find absolutely no hints or references to any kind of Japanese\ngarment called any variation of _cambay_ that I can come up with ( _cambey_ ,\n_kambai_ , _kanbai_ , _kambei_ , _cambi_ , etc.—the last one is apparently a\nfashion designer), so I’m no further.\n\nA rather wild guess on my part is that the first part of _cambay_ may be\n寒{かん}, since it is described as being a **winter** gown (and if _cambay_ is\nsome ad-hoc transliteration of a Japanese word, it does look like _onyomi_ ).\nOr perhaps, if it is important that it is specifically a mandarin’s garment,\n官{かん}.\n\nBut what is _bay_ , then? Some old word for ‘clothes’? Perhaps something like\n被{ひ} or 披{ひ} ‘cover’ (in somewhat bizarre transliteration)?\n\nIn short: **what is a _cambay_?** Is it any kind of Japanese anything, or was\nthe writer of the letter (who was, after all, a Dane stationed in India, and\nprobably knew little or nothing about Japan) simply mistaken?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T10:22:21.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43983",
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"owner_user_id": "9993",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What exactly is a ‘cambay’?",
"view_count": 716
} | [
{
"body": "I guess it may refer to [合羽 (かっぱ;\nkappa)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%BE%BD)?\n\nIt was originally a loanword borrowed from _capa_ (=\"cape\") in Portuguese.\nAccording to Wikipedia and [this\narticle](http://www.ishinotent.co.jp/Kappa/kappa.html), _kappa_ in those days\nwas actually considered as a status symbol for rich people. They say that many\npeople wore so gorgeous _kappa_ to show them off that the government had to\nprohibit wearing _kappa_. Try Google Image Search with `江戸時代 合羽`.\n\nToday, [かっぱ](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%90%88%E7%BE%BD) is just a mundane and\nold-fashioned word for (レイン)コート.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T10:57:21.667",
"id": "43984",
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{
"body": "The first thing that comes up my mind is 甚平(じんべい; jinbei).\n\nIt is a traditional inexpensive clothing for summer but not for winter and the\nkanji 甚 doesn't sound _kan_ or _cam_ anyway. But its radical is 甘( _kan_ ) and\nalso, as a reminder, there are some kanji, which sounds _kan_ and are partly\ncomposed of 甚, such as 堪 and 勘.\n\nIf you only focus on a Japanese gown during winter, I suggest 褞袍(どてら; dotera),\nwhich is also known as 丹前(たんぜん; tanzen).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-08-01T19:37:34.587",
"id": "51939",
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{
"body": "Looking at your original question summary:\n\n> In short: **what is a _cambay_?** Is it any kind of Japanese anything, or\n> was the writer of the letter (who was, after all, a Dane stationed in India,\n> and probably knew little or nothing about Japan) simply mistaken?\n\n * A \"cambay\" is a kimono.\n * The term does indeed come from the name of an Indian place where textiles were a major industry.\n\nDigging around, I stumbled across an explanation in Google Books, in the 2018\ntitle [_Fashion, Identity, and Power in Modern\nAsia_](https://books.google.com/books?id=ivZ0DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA311&ots=frIn5khoEA&dq=japanese%20cambay&pg=PA311#v=onepage&q=cambay&f=false).\nThat link should take you right to the relevant page 311, with this text\n(emphasis mine):\n\n> In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, **the kimono, taken to Europe by\n> the Dutch, became a favored garment of the new elites** and these robes were\n> made with Indian textiles in the Western Indian port of Khambhat or Cambay.\n> **Variously called \"the Japan\", Cambay robe,** or banyan (a word originally\n> used in the mid-fifteenth century to designate all Hindu traders and\n> brokers, that is men of substance), it became a marker of status and\n> distinction, and **India became the source of the Japanese robe.**\n\n* * *\n\nPlease post if the above does not address your question and I can edit to\nupdate.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-06-05T05:27:10.100",
"id": "77819",
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]
| 43983 | 77819 | 77819 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I've tried scouring through various Japanese dictionaries with no luck.\n\nFor some context: Person A has just heard person B and C have gotten married:\n\n> いんやぁ~おめでたいよねぇ~！",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T15:39:50.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43985",
"last_activity_date": "2019-01-08T21:27:38.183",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-02T02:55:13.233",
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"owner_user_id": "20109",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"colloquial-language",
"interjections"
],
"title": "What does \"いんやぁ\" mean?",
"view_count": 290
} | [
{
"body": "Judging from the context you provided, 「いんやぁ」 would have to be the informal\npronunciation of 「いやあ」, which is an exclamation of surprise.\n\n「ん」 quite often appears in a similar fashion for emphasis in colloquial\nspeech.\n\n「すんごい」 for 「すごい」,\n\n「うんめえ」 for 「うめえ」, etc.\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T16:11:37.613",
"id": "43986",
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},
{
"body": "It's a dialect called 尾道弁, which is being widely used by people who live\naround 尾道市（広島県南東部）.\n\n```\n\n いんやぁ 嫌だ。(例1.いんやぁ、しとうないわぁ)/ \n 言いなさい。(例2.あの人に、いんやぁ)\n \n```\n\nResource quoted:\n<https://bisan.co.jp/%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%8C%E5%B0%BE%E9%81%93%E5%BC%81%E3%81%98%E3%82%83-p-onoken005/>\n_(これが尾道弁じゃ)_\n\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E9%81%93%E5%B8%82> (WikiPedia尾道市)",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T16:13:25.513",
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]
| 43985 | null | 43986 |
{
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"body": "I thought the use of this suffix was restricted to obligations, but the\nsentence below has left me confused.\n\n> この会に来たインドの人は「日本にいろいろ教えてもらって、早く空気をきれいにしなければなりません」と話していました。\n\nSource: <http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10010874151000/k10010874151000.html>",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T16:40:48.307",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43988",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-01T23:21:47.083",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "19916",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"modality",
"obligations"
],
"title": "Can 'なければなりません' be used for possibility?",
"view_count": 380
} | [
{
"body": "This しなければなりません just means \"must\", \"need to\", \"have to\". And that's the only\nmeaning of しなければなりません.\n\n> この会に来たインドの人は「日本にいろいろ教えてもらって、早く空気をきれいにしなければなりません」と話していました。\n>\n> * An Indian person who came to the meeting said, \"[I] have to make the air\n> (of India) clean after Japan taught a lot of things to [me].\"\n> * An Indian person who came to the meeting said, \"[We Indian people] have\n> to make the air (of India) clean after Japan taught a lot of things to\n> [us].\"\n>\n\nThis person is probably someone in charge of the air pollution problem of\nIndia, but since the subject is omitted, the second interpretation is\npossible.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T20:21:24.710",
"id": "43998",
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| 43988 | null | 43998 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43993",
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"body": "Let me describe the scenario first. The lever of the following faucet can only\nbe turned 180 degrees until the tip of the lever touches the base. However,\nbecause the lever can be detached, I can turn the valve up to 900 degrees (= 5\nx 180 degrees).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yOYcG.jpg)\n\nToday my coworker borrowed a hose that I also wanted to use. He had to fill\nseveral buckets. Because I did want to wait too long for him to fill all of\nthe buckets, I turned the valve 900 degrees such that the water flowed faster,\nwhich in turn reducing the time taken to fill of all the buckets.\n\nOnce I turned the valve, I leaved it and resumed my own job. Several minutes\nlater, he called me and said something like this:\n\n> 一覧止めらないから、決してそれをするな！\n\nNote that my listening comprehension is not good enough.\n\nI looked up the dictionary, [一覧](http://tangorin.com/general/ichiran) means\n\"at a glance\". So does the sentence above means \"I cannot close the valve\nquickly, don't turn the valve 900 degrees!\"?\n\n# Question\n\nGenerally, how to use the word 一覧?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T16:51:30.973",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "The usage of 一覧",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "一覧 usually means a (full) list, a catalog.\n\n> * 日本語の助詞の一覧 \n> (full) list of Japanese particles\n> * 質問一覧 (link) \n> (all) questions\n>\n\n一覧する exists as a verb, and it means \"to take a brief look (from start to\nend)\", \"to give a glance,\" or sometimes \"to have a full view.\" But it's\nuncommon and literary, and you will hardly hear this in everyday\nconversations. 一覧して can mean \"at a glance,\" but 一覧 on its own do not work as\nan adverb.\n\n> * 書類を一覧した。 (uncommon) \n> I briefly went over the document.\n> * 一覧してそれが彼だと解った。 (literary and rare) \n> I noticed it was him at a glance.\n> * この山からは東京が一覧できます。 \n> From this mountain you can have a full view of Tokyo.\n>\n\nIn conversations people usually say 一目見て, 見た瞬間に or 見てすぐに instead of 一覧して.\n\nSo... you must have misheard something. I'm pretty certain that your coworker\ndid **not** say 一覧, although I have no idea what he actually said. One\nsimilar-sounding word is\n[一旦](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A6&ref=sa) (=\"once\").\n一旦止められない doesn't make sense, but you can say something like this:\n\n> * 一旦開けたら止められない。 \n> Once you open it, you can't stop it.\n>",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T17:55:39.973",
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| 43989 | 43993 | 43993 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "43991",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am having trouble to understand this sentence. Why is どのように here? I looked\nit up on some dictionaries, but I couldn't get it. I have the same problem\nwith か. Why are those words in the sentence below?\n\n> 会社で **どのように** 働く **か** しっかり考える学生が増えているようです。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-01T17:08:47.480",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "43990",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-02T09:50:22.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "17380",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Help to understand a sentence: どのように and か",
"view_count": 139
} | [
{
"body": "We call 会社でどのように働くか as an embedded question (EQ).\n\n会社でどのように働くか is an embedded question that becomes an object of the verb 考える and\nを is usually dropped.\n\n * 会社でどのように働くか考える学生 means students who think of how to work in a company.\n\n * 会社でどのように働くか考える学生が増えている means the number of students who think of how to work in a company is increasing.\n\n * 会社でどのように働くか考える学生が増えているようだ means it seems that the number of students who think of how to work in a company is increasing.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T17:20:55.260",
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| 43990 | 43991 | 43991 |
{
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"body": "I was practicing katakana reading\n[here](http://www.textfugu.com/season-3/learn-katakana/2-4/), and noticed at\nthe very bottom of the page that the \"forward\" and \"back\" buttons have the\ncharacters I understand to mean \"after\" and \"before,\" except that \"before\"\npoints to the next page and \"after\" points to the previous.\n\nShouldn't it be the other way around? If not, why not?\n\nEdit: I guess they also mean \"front\" and \"behind,\" which does make\nsense....but aren't the dual meanings kind of contradictory in this context\nthen? It's like the buttons are indicating that _you_ , the reader, are before\nwhat is to come, but after what is behind you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T19:26:39.243",
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"owner_user_id": "1515",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning",
"website"
],
"title": "Why are 前 and 後 used backwards from how I would expect on this site?",
"view_count": 314
} | [
{
"body": "前 refers to the \"front\" of tangible objects (eg, a car) or the \"forward\"\ndirection, but when it refer to time, 前 means \"～ ago\" or \"previous(ly)\".\n\n> * 10年前 ten years ago\n> * 前に聞いた話 a story I heard a while back\n> * 前の記事 previous article\n> * もっと前の出来事 an event that happened even before it\n>\n\nSo when I see a button saying 前 on a tutorial site like TextFugu, I would\nexpect it's the link for the previous (older) post/chapter/lesson. Apparently\nthe 前 button in your page links to the next (newer) item, which I think is\nstrange.\n\nHowever 前 can be a bit tricky because it refers to newer items on a page where\nnew items come first (e.g., blogs, search results, ...). On the [question list\nof Japanese Stack\nOverflow](https://ja.stackoverflow.com/questions?sort=newest) (sorted by\nnewest to oldest), the `次へ` button corresponds to older questions, and `前へ`\ncorresponds to newer questions. Well, you can say `prev` corresponds to 前\nanyway.\n\n後 means \"rear\" (spatially) or \"later\" (temporally). I don't see it often on\nnavigation links, but it should be a link for the newer item (the item created\n_later_ than the current one).\n\nHere are other common and unambiguous phrases found on typical \"old/new\"\nlinks.\n\n * older \n * 古い○○\n * 以前\n * 過去\n * 昔\n * newer, recent \n * 新しい○○\n * 最近の○○\n * 新着\n\nIn addition, 戻る (\"back\") and 進む (\"forward\") can be used on a tutorial- or\nnovel-type site. Perhaps TextFugu have clumsily translated \"back/forward\" to\n\"後/前\" instead of \"戻る/進む\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-01T20:07:33.560",
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},
{
"body": "I suspect that the site is wrong in the usage. Usually its something like <-前\n次->\n\nHere are examples from yahoo japan and rakuten:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zgQm4.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BLgGT.png)",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T01:39:23.580",
"id": "44004",
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}
]
| 43994 | 43997 | 43997 |
{
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"body": "① What is the difference between 決算書{けっさんしょ}, 財務諸表{ざいむしょひょう} and\n決算書類{けっさんしょるい}? I have a table and they are named there one by one, as if each\nof them would have different meaning :\n\n> 決算書｛けっさんしょ｝, 財務諸表｛ざいむしょひょう｝ and 決算書類｛けっさんしょるい｝\n\n➁ Do you think I could also translate these 3 terms as below?\n\n> \"any financial statements\"\n\nThank you so much in advance for your ideas.",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between 決算書, 財務諸表 and 決算書類",
"view_count": 324
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{
"body": "① I believe you have the knowledge of accounting. If so, you can look up the\nJapanese words in Japanese-English dictionary. If you don't have the adequet\nknowledge, firstly you have to get it.\n\n② I can't understand why you'd like to have one name of three documents.\n\nAnyway \"any financial statements\" in Japanese is just \"全ての財務諸表.\" If you'd like\nto indicate clearly three documents, say \"決算書、財務諸表、決算（付属）書類\"",
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"body": "> What is the difference between 決算書{けっさんしょ}, [財務]{ざいむ}[諸表]{しょひょう} and\n> [決算]{けっさん}[書類]{しょるい}?\n\n決算書{けっさんしょ} and [財務]{ざいむ}[諸表]{しょひょう} are both technical terms with the same\nmeaning.\n\n> 原文 (Wikipedia): \n> **財務｛ざいむ｝諸表｛しょひょう｝** （financial\n> statements）は、企業｛きぎょう｝が利害｛りがい｝関係者｛かんけいしゃ｝に対｛たい｝して一定｛いってい｝期間｛きかん｝の経営｛けいえい｝成績｛せいせき｝や財務｛ざいむ｝状態｛じょうたい｝等｛とう｝を明｛あき｝らかにするために複式｛ふくしき｝簿記｛ぼき｝に基｛もと｝づき作成｛さくせい｝される書類｛しょるい｝である。\n> **一般的｛いっぱんてき｝には決算書｛けっさんしょ｝と呼｛よ｝ばれることが多｛おお｝い。** \n> <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E8%AB%B8%E8%A1%A8>\n>\n> Translation: \n> **[財務]{ざいむ}[諸表]{しょひょう}** is the document which is made based on double-\n> entry bookkeeping because a company clarifies business showings of a fixed\n> period of time or a financing state for interested party. **Generally, it is\n> often called 決算書{けっさんしょ}.**\n\nThe following infomation is from <https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/2674653.html>\n\n**[決算]{けっさん}[書類]{しょるい}** is not a technical term but a popular name which\nrefers to documents of settlement of accounts-related accounts and the tax\npractice generally, and the range of documents is not necessarily clear.\nGenerally it includes following documents:\n\n・貸借対照表 \n・損益計算書（製造原価明細書、販売費・一般管理費明細書） \n・貸借対照表と損益計算書の勘定科目の内訳書 \n・利益処分案又は株主資本等変動計算書 \n・法人税確定申告書と付表 \n・法人住民税、法人事業税、事業所税、消費税の確定申告書と付表 \n\n\" **財務｛ざいむ｝諸表｛しょひょう｝** （証券｛しょうけん｝取引法｛とりひきほう｝関係｛かんけい｝）\" includes: \n・貸借対照表 \n・損益計算書 \n・株主資本等変動計算書 \n・キャッシュ・フロー計算書 \n・附属明細表",
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| 43996 | null | 46988 |
{
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"body": "I know there is an adjective 「関係ない」 which is basically a noun + ない, but I\nrecently came across 「なしに」 in this sentence :\n\n> 準備なしに発表した。\n\nAnd I noticed that the に in なしに was making it act like an adverb. So I just\nwanted to know if I can say :\n\n> 準備なく発表した。\n\nAnd if yes, what is the difference between なしに and なく?",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 「なく」 and 「なしに」?",
"view_count": 787
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{
"body": "> 準備なく発表した。 \n> is equal to \n> \"準備なしに発表した。\"\n\nThe difference is so subtle that I can't explain it.\n\nExamples\n\n> 許可{きょか}なく出発{しゅっぱつ}した＝許可なしに出発した (without permission) \n> 十分なデータなく判断{はんだん}した＝十分なデータなしに判断した (without adequate data) \n> 誰にも知られることなく立ち去った＝誰にも知られることなしに立ち去った (without someone knowing about ...)\n\nThus \"名詞+なく\" is equal to \"名詞+なしに,\" but there are exceptions.\n\nThere is an idiom \"お構{かま}いなしに(without any regard to ...),\" but we don't say\n\"お構{かま}いなく\" as the same meaning.\n\nActually \"お構いなく\" has a different meaning.\n\n> \"How can I help you? (何かお困{こま}りですか？)\" \n> \"Thank you, but no thank you. (いえ、大丈夫です。お構{かま}いなく)\"",
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| 43999 | 44002 | 44002 |
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"body": "貝獣\n\nDoes this work out of context? Do these kanji even go together? Would it need\nfurigana to make the pun apparent? Does it have any unfortunate implications?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T01:27:11.380",
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"owner_user_id": "20114",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"puns"
],
"title": "Is 貝獣 an actual pun?",
"view_count": 296
} | [
{
"body": "It should work as a pun for most native speakers (though not many would think\nit was funny). They would not have any problems reading 「貝獣」 as 「かいじゅう」 even\nthough it is a kun-on combo and they would think it was a shell-related\nmonster.\n\nI myself was one of those native speakers described above until I googled upon\nreading this question today to find out there is already a game named\n[貝獣物語{かいじゅうものがたり}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaij%C5%AB_Monogatari).\n\nThus, for those familiar with the game, 「貝獣」 might not work as a pun as they\nare accustomed to seeing the name.\n\n",
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| 44003 | null | 44005 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I think more or less everything is in the title, say I'd like to buy 1000 yen\nof carrots, would:\n\n> 人参の1000円分お願いします\n\nBe correct ?",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T02:05:18.273",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"counters"
],
"title": "How to ask for X yen worth of something?",
"view_count": 917
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{
"body": "Almost! It would be:\n\n> 「人参{にんじん} **を** 1000円分{えんぶん}お願{ねが}いします。」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T02:10:08.800",
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"body": "unnatural: 人参の1000円分お願いします。 \nnatural: 1000円分の人参（を）お願いします。(You can ommit を, put pause before お願いします） \nacceptable: 人参(を)1000円分お願いします。(You can ommit を、put pause before お願いします）",
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| 44006 | 44007 | 44007 |
{
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"body": "I'm learning to use ～んです and according to my class notes, when used with a\nnoun it should be conjugated like \" noun + な + んです\".\n\nThis is just a random example but I want to make sure I'm using this properly.\n\nLet's say someone asked: \"それは どうですか。\" \nIs this a correct response: \"これは ねこなんです。\"\n\nAlso, if you have a more realistic example of when you would use ～んです with a\nnoun, I'd love to see it.\n\nLastly, I would like to see an explanation on how to conjugate verbs with ～んです\nas well. I'm still a bit confused about it and my textbook is not clearing it\nup for me.\n\nThanks in advance!! :)",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T04:22:56.523",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "how do I use ～んです with a noun?",
"view_count": 3198
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{
"body": "Usually Japanese uses \"これは ねこです。\". When you would like to emphasize it, you\nshould say \"これは ねこなんです。\". Perhaps it did look like a dog, but it is a cat\nindeed.",
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"body": "Yes, ん is an abbreviation of の, which is not the particle の (despite what some\ntexts may tell you), but the generic pronoun の. So what comes before it is\nessentially a relative clause that describes the pronoun. This is just a layer\nof indirection that softens the sentence and can be thought of as saying\nsomething like \"The fact is that...\" although it's more common in Japanese\nthan that phrase is in English.\n\nSo you have それは ねこだ as your relative clause, but だ cannot be used in a\nrelative clause (this is because だ is a predicative form, so can't be used in\nan attributive position), so you should use the attributive particle な\ninstead.\n\nAnother example would be something like:-\n\n> はなせば ながい こと なのです\n>\n> It's a long story. (Literally something like \"The fact is, if I tell it,\n> it'll be a long thing.\")\n\nFor verbs it's quite simple. Verbs in the plain form are already attributive\n(strictly speaking the attributive and predicative forms are identical), which\nmeans they can be used in a relative clause without any alteration, so you can\nsimply attach のです or んです after any final verb conjugated in the plain form\n(i.e. not the ～ます polite form or the ～おう volitional form).",
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"body": "> 「～～な（の/ん）です/だ」 (More informal with 「ん」)\n\nis an _**explanatory**_ expression. It is different from (and more nuanced\nthan) a simple declarative statement describing what/how something is, which\ntakes the form:\n\n> 「～～です/だ」\n\n**If there is a cat in front of you that looks unmistakably like a cat, you\nwill say** :\n\n> 「これはネコです。」\n\nIn fact, (unless you want to practice speaking Japanese,) you might not even\nsay that because it is so obviously a cat. It could not be anything else (any\nother kind of animal). The point is that it would still make sense to say\nthat.\n\nWhat you will _**never**_ say, however, in this situation is:\n\n> 「これはネコなんです。」 ≒ \"Actually, this is a cat.\", \"Believe it or not, this is a\n> cat.\", etc.\n\nThat will sound nonsensical, won't it?. I hear this misuse among J-learners on\nJapanese TV and Youtube **all the time**. In fact, I had been waiting for\nsomeone to ask about this here for quite some time.\n\nSo, **when can we say 「これはネコなんです。」, the explanatory version**?\n\nYou can say it when you have a cat that does not look like a cat -- most\nlikely, it looks like another kind of animal.\n\n> Guy: 「それ、何{なん}の動物{どうぶつ}？キツネ？」 \"What's that animal? A fox?\"\n\n> You: 「これ、ネコなんです（よ）。そう見{み}えないけど。」 \"It's a cat! Doesn't look like one,\n> though.\"\n\nHope my explanation was clear enough.\n\nWith verbs, you can just add 「のです/んです」 to the dictionary form or the past\ntense form. No other forms will work.\n\nBelow is the image of Japan's first disposable camera named 「写{うつ}ルンです」 (see\nlower left corner for name). The name implies something like \"It actually\ntakes (good) pictures despite its cheap look.\" In other words, it is\n**explanatory**.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ju9B0.jpg) \n(source:\n[naver.jp](https://rr.img.naver.jp/mig?src=http%3A%2F%2Fimgcc.naver.jp%2Fkaze%2Fmission%2FUSER%2F20150320%2F25%2F2592725%2F8%2F300x233x12ee3d853677a1c2604eddd3.jpg%2F300%2F600&twidth=300&theight=600&qlt=80&res_format=jpg&op=r))",
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| 44009 | null | 44014 |
{
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"body": "It's possible to turn a verb into an adjective meaning 'want to...' したい, 食べたい\nor 飲みたい, but is there any situation where it makes sense to conjugate it as an\nadverb for words other than ～たくない?\n\nFor example:\n\n * 食べたくなる — He suddenly wanted to eat, he became hungry, etc\n\n * 死にたく行く — He went there with a desire to die, he went there wanting to die, etc\n\n * 出たくする — He did so wanting to leave, he did it to leave, etc\n\nor are all these grammatically incorrect or make no sense? I'm aware there are\nalternative ways of saying all of these phrases but I assume in these\nsituations the nuance would be very different, emphasizing some sort of intent\nor motive",
"comment_count": 4,
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"id": "44013",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"adverbs",
"i-adjectives"
],
"title": "Turning ～たい into an adverb (～たく)",
"view_count": 1321
} | [
{
"body": "adjective? (I'm not sure these words are formally adjectives or not.)\n\n> したい \n> \"休みが取れたら、したいこと何？\" \"If you can spare some time off, what do you want to do?\"\n>\n> 食べたい \n> \"夏に食べたい果物と言えば、スイカかな\" \"Speaking of my favorite fruit in summer, it's the\n> watermelon!\"\n>\n> 飲みたい \n> \"夏に飲みたいものと言えば、ビールだね\"\n\nadjective (I'm not sure the following words are adjective or not.)\n\n> 食べたくなる — He suddenly wanted to eat, he became hungry, etc \n> We can see \"食べたくなる\" as \"食べたい＋状態に＋なる\" \n> In this sentence, \"なる\" corresponds to \"became,\" then we can't say \"食べたく\" as\n> the adjective to \"なる.\"\n>\n> •死にたく行く — He went there with a desire to die, he went there wanting to die,\n> etc \n> \"死にたく行く\" is unnatural. \n> \"死にたい＋行く\" → \"死にたくて行く\" \n> ex: \"こんなひどい嵐の中を行くなんて、死にたくて行くようなものだ\"\n>\n> •出たくする — He did so wanting to leave, he did it to leave, etc \n> \"出たくする\" is also unnatural. \n> I can't understand the original idea. I guess \"出たくなった.\"\n>\n> \"隣{となり}の客{きゃく}が、たばこを吸{す}い始{はじ}めたので、その店を出たくなった\" \n> The person next to my table in the restaurant begun to smoke, and I did\n> want to leave there.",
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| 44013 | 44037 | 44037 |
{
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"body": "While using Rikaichan, one invariably notices all the words just consisting of\none kanji character with its onyomi reading. However, most of these words seem\nto be barely used (at least in real conversations). It seems to me that most\nare only used in scientific papers as abbreviations for the respective jukugo\nof the same sense.\n\nOne character kanji words that are actually usable in conversation (and that\ndon't make you sound super scientific) seem to be 敵, 詩、毒 and 罰, for example. I\nthink I've also heard 地, but there are other synonyms whose usage is\ndefinitely preferred. Furthermore there are some kanji that only seem to be\nused in fixed expressions like 気 in its various idioms and 念 in 念のために(so they\ndon't really count here).\n\nSo, how should I think about these words? Are they just newspaper\nabbreviations (much like 独 for Germany, etc.) that shouldn't even be\nconsidered as real words? Are there any general guidelines which words one\nindeed can use in conversations (Or maybe even an explicit list of all such\nwords which are common 話言葉、since there seem not to be too many)?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T12:24:08.893",
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"tags": [
"words",
"usage",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Onyomi words consisting of just one kanji (and nothing else)",
"view_count": 1944
} | [
{
"body": "As I commented above, there are **so many** on-yomi words consisting of\nnothing else but single kanji. Let us start with those that even small\nchildren could use actively in their conversations.\n\n・円{えん} = circle, yen\n\n・駅{えき} = train station\n\n・肉{にく} = meat\n\n・服{ふく} = clothes\n\n・本{ほん} = book\n\n・変{へん} = strange\n\n・列{れつ} = line (of people, objects, etc.)\n\n・礼{れい} = bow, etiquette\n\n・番{ばん} = turn (as in \"It's my turn.\")\n\n・席{せき} = seat\n\n・曲{きょく} = song, tune\n\n・県{けん} = prefecture\n\n・行{ぎょう} = line(s) in writing\n\n・会{かい} = gathering, event\n\nTrust me, there should be many more.\n\nMoving on to the ones it might take adult speakers to use actively..\n\n・愛{あい} = love\n\n・死{し} = death\n\n・法{ほう} = law\n\n・具{ぐ} = ingredient\n\n・悪{あく} = evil\n\n・軍{ぐん} = army\n\n・恩{おん} = favor, moral indebtedness\n\n・案{あん} = idea\n\nGotta stop here; It's past midnight.\n\nSeriously, if I had the time and energy, I could make this list 10 times as\nlong without much difficulty.",
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"body": "The fact that the overwhelming majority of on'yomi words is compound does\n_not_ imply single-on'yomi-kanji words are rare.\n\nLet's think about it in English. English has imported a huge number of Latin\nand Greek words, most of which is compound (though they aren't necessarily\ndisassemblable in the scope of English). Picking up from your question:\n_invariably_ (in-vari-abl-y), _character_ (charac-ter), _conversation_ (con-\nvers(-a)-tion) etc. Meanwhile, there are also many words that is likewise\nsingle words in original languages, and some among such shorter words are so\nbasic and heavily used that hard to find replacement in present-day English,\nsuch as _use_ , or _sense_ , or _sound_ , or _fix_ , or _just_ (all from your\ntext too).\n\nThe situation is same in Japanese. Replace Latin with Chinese (on'yomi) and\nyou'll get many basic words only take single kanji. The number is finite, but\nnot sure if it's pointful to make a full catalog of them (though I don't know\nif you closely printed them on an A4 sheet with 6pt font...) Besides\n@l'électeur's great collection, I can easily think of any random word as much\nas you want:\n\n> 客（きゃく） \"guest; customer\" \n> 便（べん・びん） \"a transport of car/train/plane/ship; convenience; feces\" \n> 図（ず） \"figure; chart\" \n> 表（ひょう） \"table; list\" \n> 文（ぶん） \"sentence; passage\" \n> 塔（とう） \"tower\" \n> 金（きん）・銀（ぎん）・銅（どう）・鉄（てつ） \"gold, silver, copper, iron\" \n> as well as 一, 二, 三, ... 十, 百, 千, 万, 億 etc. etc.\n\n**PS** \n気 and 念 you mentioned are not useless words alone. These words are merely\nbeing cast out from modern material life. If you read some fantasy or science\nfictions, you'll soon find 気 (\"aura, energy, qi/chi\") and 念 (\"psychic,\nspiritual power\") used all by their own.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T04:12:47.020",
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| 44015 | null | 44043 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44036",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The mother of pianist, Nobuyuki Tsujii, sings him [this\nsong](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKDdK7LucXA). What is the name of the\nsong? A link to the lyrics, or perhaps a better video of it being sung, would\nbe so appreciated.\n\nIt's purpose is to train your singing voice to consistently hit different\noctaves? Similar to \"do re mi fa sol la si do\", but is she actually singing\nlyrics? Is this a lullaby?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T15:53:20.927",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44017",
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"owner_user_id": "19942",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What is the name of this song? Is it for voice tone practicing?",
"view_count": 280
} | [
{
"body": "The first one is a Japanese original song \"おもちゃのチャチャチャ.\" \nThe second one is a song of \"Sound of music,\" \"Do-Re-Mi.\" Japanese version is\n\"ドレミの歌\"\n\nYou can find several web sites about them by their names.",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T01:53:32.140",
"id": "44036",
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| 44017 | 44036 | 44036 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44021",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm having some trouble with the following sentence:\n\n> 一部屋一部屋が大きいのだろう、部屋のドアの間隔が広かった。\n\nWhat's the meaning of the double \"一部屋\"? I think it's supposed to be each/every\nroom, but I'm not sure. Also, is it read as \"ひとへやひとへや\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T16:00:11.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44018",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-02T17:03:03.183",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "19819",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"readings",
"counters"
],
"title": "一部屋一部屋 Meaning and reading",
"view_count": 496
} | [
{
"body": "一部屋一部屋 is read as ひとへやひとへや, and means \"each one of the rooms\". Here 部屋 is used\nas the counter for rooms (一部屋【ひとへや】, 二部屋【ふたへや】, 三部屋【さんへや】/三部屋【みへや】, ...).\n\nGenerally, yes, this is a pattern that means \"each ～\" or \"every ～\".\n\n> * このプロジェクトではひとりひとりが重要だ。 \n> In this project, each one of us is important.\n> * 彼の一言一言【ひとことひとこと】が気に障る。 \n> Every word of his annoys me.\n> * ひとつひとつ見ていきましょう。 \n> Let's take a look at them one by one.\n> * 一回一回【いっかいいっかい】説明しないと彼女は理解しない。 \n> She doesn't understand it unless I explain every time.\n>",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T17:03:03.183",
"id": "44021",
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| 44018 | 44021 | 44021 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "To be honest this has been pretty confusing, via a grammar book im reading it\nsays\n\n> When it indicates an interval of time, aida refers to the 'time space'\n> between two points, i.e the beginning and the end. In other wide aida can be\n> measured in clock time, uchi however simply means 'time space within'.\n\nThen in the following examples\n\n子供が学校にいっているうちに（間に）本を読みます\n\n雨が降らないうちに(間に here is wrong) テニスをします\n\n冷たいうちに(間に here is wrong)ビルを飲んでください\n\nI really dont understand why the last two sentences are incorrect with 間に and\nnot sure how this really relates to `clock time`, any help or even more\nexamples would be appreciated.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T16:15:31.643",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44019",
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"owner_user_id": "20040",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "間vsうちに and some examples",
"view_count": 406
} | []
| 44019 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44035",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the lyrics for Galileo Galilei's 嵐のあとで, there is a line:\n\n> バイバイって言{い}った、バイバイって返{かえ}した\n\nwhich a translation online says \"You said 'Goodbye', I replied, 'Goodbye'\".\nCould this be also read as \"I said 'Goodbye', you replied, 'Goodbye'\"? How do\nyou determine who is the speaker and who is spoken to?\n\nThe lines up to this point are, if you'd like them for context:\n\n> あの日{ひ}歩{ある}いた道{みち}を、 君{きみ}は覚{おぼ}えている?\n>\n> 砂{じゃ}利{り}っぽいアスファルトと、 頬{ほお}撫{な}でていく風{かぜ}\n\nPlease correct the lyrics if need be, especially the kanji: if I could written\nsomething in kanji or something should not be written in kanji etc.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T18:06:55.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44022",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-04T07:38:19.650",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18852",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"song-lyrics",
"subjects"
],
"title": "Inferring subject/person spoken to from 嵐のあとで lyrics",
"view_count": 106
} | [
{
"body": "I've read carefully the lyrics. \n<http://www.uta-net.com/song/187561/>\n\nI couldn't find the phrase that clearly tells who is the speaker of\n\"バイバイって言った.\" Needless to say, this is a song of unrequited love, and the\nperson who tells this story must be a boy, because he calls his lover as\n\"君{きみ}.\" \n(Girls usually call their lovers as \"あなた\" in lyrics.)\n\n> バイバイって言った、バイバイって返した \n> 遠{とお}くなった君{きみ}は 振{ふ}り返{かえ}らなかった\n\nEven though the speaker of this song is a boy, we can have two explications.\n\nCase-1:\n\n> （僕は）バイバイって言った、（君は）バイバイって返した \n> 遠{とお}くなった君{きみ}は 振{ふ}り返{かえ}らなかった\n\nCase-2:\n\n> （君は）バイバイって言った、（僕は）バイバイって返した \n> 遠{とお}くなった君{きみ}は 振{ふ}り返{かえ}らなかった\n\nAs far as the above phrases, I feel Case-1 is natural, because the speaker of\nthis story is the boy. In case-2, the subject is abruptly changed to she,\nwhich is somewhat unnatural.\n\nHowever, the last phrases of these lyrics,\n\n> それから君に 伝{つた}えるはずだった \n> それも 忘{わす}れて\"もう行こう\"って手{て}を引{ひ}いた\n\nThis means the boy didn't tell his lover something important. It might have\nmade her say \"good-bye.\"\n\nHTH",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T01:41:11.800",
"id": "44035",
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{
"body": "Unless I slept through 16 years of schooling in the only Japanese-speaking\ncountry in the world, I would have to say that it was **_not_** this\nsongwriter's intention to make clear who said good-bye first.\n\nI would even go so far as to say that it is of little to no importance who\nsaid it first when both persons said it anyway. It is not that person A said\n\"X\" and Person B replied \"Y\".\n\nSo, my answer would be that it is left up to you to decide who said it first.\nI highly doubt that many Japanese-speakers would even think of this as a\n\"problem\" if they just happened to hear this song on the radio. I know I would\nnot.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T13:27:14.257",
"id": "44042",
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| 44022 | 44035 | 44042 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44029",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "予期{よき}する (to expect) is a nominal verb with two negative forms: 予期せぬ and\n予期しない. Why the せぬ form is more common than the more familiar しない?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T19:00:06.077",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44023",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"morphology"
],
"title": "Why 予期せぬ is more common than 予期しない?",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "That's simply because It's a _fixed expression_ originated from classical\nJapanese.\n\nWe have a number of such expressions. See: [Nuance and conversational use of\nなきにしもあらず](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42718/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-02T23:14:45.897",
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| 44023 | 44029 | 44029 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44028",
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"body": "Regarding an American missile system in Korea:\n\n> 韓国の国防省は２月２８日、ＴＨＡＡＤを置くために韓国の南にあるゴルフ場を **国の土地にした** と発表しました。 \n> On the 28th of February South Korea's defence department announced that\n> they had made a golf course, located in the south of the country, into ???\n> in order to install THAAD.\n\nI'm not sure I understand ゴルフ場を国の土地にした, particularly the 国の土地 part. Literally\nI think this means \"made the golf course into the country's land\". Does this\nmean that the golf course is now owned by the government, or have I\nmisunderstood?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T22:02:58.623",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44027",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Meaning of ゴルフ場を国の土地にした",
"view_count": 82
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, this 国の土地 means 国が所有する土地, or 国有地.\n\nYou have read the sentence correctly.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T23:07:05.643",
"id": "44028",
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| 44027 | 44028 | 44028 |
{
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"body": "I just started learning and I was wondering what is the difference between the\nkanji 聲 and 声. They both mean voice when I looked it up in the dictionary and\nare said the same way too. When would you use each one or are they\ninterchangeable?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-02T23:53:40.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44030",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"kyūjitai-and-shinjitai"
],
"title": "What's the difference between the kanji 聲 and 声?",
"view_count": 2512
} | [
{
"body": "聲 is the traditional version of 声, that was in common use (and indeed the sole\ncharacter) prior to language reforms that took place after WW2. It is now used\nvery uncommonly, although you might see it occasionally in art or literature\nfor aesthetic purposes (for example there is a recent animated film that uses\nit).\n\nFunctionally (ie, in meaning and reading), there is no difference; it is\nessentially the same character. However, you should stick to using 声 as it is\nwhat will be used 99% of the time by native Japanese speakers, and using 聲\nwill probably make you seem pretentious, as it is entirely unnecessary, unless\nyou are trying to replicate an archaic style of Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T00:04:23.640",
"id": "44031",
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{
"body": "「 聲{こえ} 」 is the old form of 「声{こえ}」, so the former is currently not taught in\nschool.\n\n「 聲 」 can be found in creative writing such as poetry if the author's sense of\naesthetics calls for it, but it is not a kanji people use in their daily lives\n**at all**.\n\nThe two kanji have the same meaning but they are hardly \"interchangeable\" for\nthe reason discussed above. Frankly, I wonder how you even encounter old kanji\nlike that if you have just started learning kanji.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T00:09:06.237",
"id": "44032",
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},
{
"body": "聲 ( _on-yomi: sei/shou, kun-yomi: koe_ ) is part of collectively-called \"旧字体\"\n(kyujitai) form, in other words it is pre-simplified version of 声 (see\ncomplete list [here](http://jgrammar.life.coocan.jp/ja/kanji001.htm#ryakuji),\nsome even originated from 略字 or abbreviated form commonly used in\nhandwriting).\n\nSince currently there was no rule to ban former characters due to historical\nreasons, they're still continue to use in archaical sense of literature and\ninterchangeable in certain situations (e.g. to make emphasis). However as\nCiaran said, kyujitai forms are rarely in use for modern Japanese texts, hence\n声 become most common to be used nowadays.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T05:17:09.383",
"id": "44041",
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{
"body": "Strictly speaking, 「聲」 is 「こえ」, while 「声」 was originally a depiction of stone\nchimes*** that is now written 「磬」. Since 「声」 was no longer used for its\noriginal meaning, Kanji simplification efforts have redefined 「声」 as 「こえ」 and\n「聲」 is no longer used as the standard form of 「こえ」.\n\n* * *\n\n***「聲」 means _sound_ as a compounded character comprised of 「声」 ( _stone\nchimes_ ), 「殳」 ( _a striking motion_ ), and 「耳」 ( _an ear_ ), indicating the\nmeaning _the sound made from hitting stone chimes_.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2018-01-06T22:53:28.367",
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| 44030 | null | 44031 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44034",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example, let's say someone says\n\n> いつでもいいよ！\n\nIn English I would just simply say, \"okay, sure, alright\" just to tell the\nspeaker I heard what they said.\n\nI initially thought to reply with はい but that doesn't feel right, it feels\nlike はい is more of a confirmation than simple acknowledgement.\n\nIs はい the proper term to use to acknowledge this kind of statement? What other\nways can I acknowledge someone said something?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T00:22:55.537",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44033",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-03T03:00:48.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9857",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"usage",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Is it correct to say はい in this situation?",
"view_count": 1167
} | [
{
"body": "「はい」 would **not** be an improper or unnatural reply for that at all. Of\ncourse, it might sound more natural if you elongated the first syllable and\nsaid 「はーい」.\n\nUnlike what bilingual dictionaries might say, 「はい」 does not always mean \"yes\".\nInstead, it is very often used to mean \" **Sure, I heard ya** \", and when it\nis used for that meaning, the person saying 「はい」 may not be in agreement with\nthe other person at all.\n\nOther phrase choices would include:\n\n・「わかった」\n\n・「オッケー」\n\n・「ほーい」\n\n・「了解{りょうかい}」\n\n・「よーし」\n\n・「よっしゃ」 ← slightly dialectal",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T00:45:12.733",
"id": "44034",
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{
"body": "I think it depends on the context. Let's say if you are talking about a\nmeeting with him/her, and you asked \"When should we meet?\"\n\nShe says \"itudemo ii yo!\"\n\nThen you might say, \"ok! ato de renraku suru yo\"\n\nThis means \"ok 後で連絡するよ！\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T05:04:13.233",
"id": "44040",
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| 44033 | 44034 | 44034 |
{
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"body": "I'm currently studying more about とうとう、やっと、ついに、ようやく。Beside the same meaning\n'finally', how about kind of words that can be used together with them? How\nabout their structure?\n\nLike ます形、る形、られる、い形容詞、な形容詞、or something like that. If you know something about\nit please help me, thank you :)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"syntax",
"adverbs",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What kind of words can be used with とうとう、ついに、やっと、ようやく、いよいよ？",
"view_count": 304
} | [
{
"body": "They can be used together with verbs like ついに来た and some nouns. However in the\ncase of nouns, a verb is generally omitted like やっと夏だ(it means やっと夏が来た or\nやっと夏になった).\n\nI feel they, which are used together with an adjective, are unnatural but they\ncan be used with an adjective + なる like やっと静かになる.",
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| 44039 | null | 44044 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44047",
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"body": "Can I re-write this sentence:\n\n> このクレジットカードは国内、国外を問わず、いろいろな場所で使える。\n\nas\n\n> このクレジットカードは国内 **も** 国外 **もを** 問わず、使える。\n\nA good reason to have replaced the first \"も\" with \"、\" is to avoid the\nunfortunate, (but grammatically correct?), \"もを\" string of particles?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-を",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "\"もを\" is too unnatural, so use a comma instead of \"も\" in this list?",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "The correct sentence is:\n\n> このクレジットカードは国内 **か** 国外 **か** を問わず使える。\n\nThis か is the question marker and forms [an embedded\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/5010).\n\nThis should be straightforward because, in English, you should say \"regardless\nof whether it's A or B\", not \"regardless of both A and B\".\n\nOf course you can also say it without 問わず at all:\n\n> このクレジットカードは国内 **でも** 国外 **でも** 使える。\n\nBut note that 国外でもを is ungrammatical because ～でも (=\"also in ～\") is an\nadverbial phrase which never serves as an object marked with を.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T19:38:30.137",
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| 44045 | 44047 | 44047 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44061",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If its original meaning is \"that kind of\", which is what I think it is, why is\nit used to say \"it can't be\"? Is that the same word or is it just a\ncoincidence?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T19:32:42.527",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is the etymology of the expression 「そんな」?",
"view_count": 3181
} | [
{
"body": "It is the same word used differently.\n\nThe \"dictionary\" meaning of 「そんな」 is \" **that kind of** \", \" **such (a)** \",\netc. as you stated.\n\nWhen 「そんな」 (very often pronounced 「そんなあ」 for this) is used as an expression on\nits own as in a reply or reaction to a statement, it can correctly be\ntranslated as \" **It can't be!** \", \" **I don't believe this!** \", \" **Oh,\nno!** \", etc.\n\nBut why, you wonder. That is because when we say 「そんなあ」 as a reaction, what we\nactually mean is \" **It can't be like that!** \", \" **I don't believe something\nlike that!** \", etc.\n\nIn other words, you could say that the expression is the extremely shortened\nform of sentences such as:\n\n> 「 **そんな** こと、信{しん}じられない！」 (\"I can't believe something like that!\")\n>\n> 「 **そんな** こと言{い}われても困{こま}る。」 (\"I'm troubled by a statement like that.\")\n>\n> 「 **そんな** こと言わないでよ。」 (\"Please don't say something like that!\")\n\nBy not saying the rest of the sentence, we can maintain our national obsession\nfor ambiguity. Just kiddin'. Among us, 「そんなあ」 is a long enough sentence. It\nconveys exactly what we mean to say. We do not need to add the words when the\nnative speaker listener/reader is already actually \"hearing or seeing\" them\nquite clearly.",
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| 44046 | 44061 | 44061 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44051",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When was this rule to prolong short vowels added to Japanese? \nAnd is there any formally accepted reason for using う and い instead of お and\nえ? (which would seem like a more natural option, in my opinion)\n\nThere are examples where お is used after a syllable ending in ~O, are these\nphonetically equivalent? とお(遠) and とう(塔)?\n\nEdit: My question, specifically is why is う used to make syllables ending in O\nlong, when a more intuitive and natural option would have been using お (And\nthis premise is totally subjective and my opinion, if someone disagrees,\nplease explain)",
"comment_count": 5,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"long-vowels"
],
"title": "Why are う and い used to prolong ~O and ~E, instead of お and え?",
"view_count": 411
} | [
{
"body": "Historically えい and おう were pronounced differently from ええ and おお, the first\ntwo as diphthongs and the second as long vowels. Sound changes resulted in a\nmerger, but despite spelling reforms, the spellings remained separate.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T20:17:48.013",
"id": "44051",
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| 44050 | 44051 | 44051 |
{
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"body": "There are some adjectives in Japanese that work as an English or Spanish\nverbs, and they use the particle \"が\". But sometimes I see them with the\nparticle \"の\". Can I always use it, or there is a specific word?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T20:33:03.890",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44052",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"particles",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "When can I use \"の\" instead of \"が\" with adjectives like \"好き\"?",
"view_count": 40
} | []
| 44052 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44057",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Today, in my Japanese class, my sensei presented a conversation which went as\nthe following:\n\n> Person A: Bさんのせんこうはなんですか。 \n> Person B: コンピューターかがくです。 \n> Person A: わたしもコンピューターかがくです。\n\nMy confusion comes on the placement of **も**. Since the question is about the\nperson's major, shouldn't Person A respond with \"わたしのせんこうもコンピューターかがくです。\" or\neven \"せんこうもコンピューターかがくです\" Otherwise, to my understanding, it assumes as if\nPerson A is stating, \" _I am also computer science! \"_\n\nThus, this brings up my question: is the possessive (せんこう) obviously implied\nin this conversation?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T20:36:50.760",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-の",
"questions",
"conversations"
],
"title": "Are possessive particles implied in a conversation?",
"view_count": 447
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, that's the literal translation and is an excellent example of very common\n省{しょう}略{りゃく} (\"omission\", in this case, of parts of speech) in Japanese. In\nJapanese the subject and/or object is often omitted if it is obvious from\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-03T20:52:50.423",
"id": "44055",
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{
"body": "To answer your question, let's forget about も for a while. も is a particle\nthat can replace は, and this question is actually more about the usage of は.\n\nConsider the following conversations:\n\n> **A** : Bさんのせんこうはなんですか。 \n> **B** : コンピューターかがくです。 \n> **A** : わたしはロボットこうがくです。 As for me, (it's) robotics. (× I am robotics.)\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> **A** : Bさんのめんせつはいつですか。 When is your (job) interview? \n> **B** : きょうです。 Today. \n> **A** : わたしはあしたです。 As for me, (it's) tomorrow. (× I am tomorrow.)\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> **A** : Bさんはどうやっておおさかにいきますか。わたしはバスです。 \n> How do you go to Osaka? As for me, (by) bus. (× I am a bus.)\n\nTo understand A's statements, you have to keep in mind that は is a\n**topic/contrast** marker, not a subject marker. In Japanese, there is nothing\nwrong if you say わたしはコンピューターかがくです (when talking about one's major), わたしはライオンです\n(when talking about your favorite animal), わたしはピザです (when talking about the\nfood you ordered), and so on. See: [What's the difference between wa (は) and\nga (が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010)\n\nNow, let's go back to your original example. When A's major is robotics, there\nare two options to say that (in contrast to B's major) without any omission:\n\n * **(1)** : わたし **の** せんこう **は** ロボットこうがくです。 \n(lit. As for my major, it is robotics.)\n\n * **(2)** : わたし **は** せんこう **は** ロボットこうがくです。 \n(lit. As for me, the major is robotics.)\n\nYou may be surprised to see Sentence (2) has two は's, but that's okay because\nthe first は after わたし is used as a contrast marker. No possessive marker の is\nused in Sentence (2).\n\nWhat if A's major is also computer science and you want to use も? Replace は\nwith も:\n\n * **(3)** : わたし **の** せんこう **も** コンピューターかがくです。 \n(As for my major, too, it's computer science.)\n\n * **(4)** : わたし **も** せんこう **は** コンピューターかがくです。§ \n(As for me, too, the major is computer science.)\n\nBut せんこうは is redundant in the Sentence (4) and can be dropped:\n\n * **(4-2)** : わたし **も** コンピュータかがくです。 \n(As for me, too, computer science.)\n\nSo, in your example, no _possessive_ particle is omitted nor implied, because\nthere was no の in the first place!\n\n* * *\n\n§ （わたし **は** ）せんこう **も** コンピューターかがくです is grammatically valid but means\nsomething totally different: \"(Not only my hobby but) also my major is\ncomputer science.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 44053 | 44057 | 44057 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44058",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to understand the nuanced differences between 伴う and 同伴する.\n\nMy research ([Weblio:伴う](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E4%BC%B4%E3%81%86),\n[Weblio:同伴](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%90%8C%E4%BC%B4)) has led me to\nbelieve that:\n\n**同伴{どうはん}する** means \"a person accompanies another person\", and not much\noutside that scope.\n\n**伴{ともな}う** is the more general \"to accompany, to follow along with\" which may\nbe used to talk about anything, such as wind accompanying a storm, or one\nproblem accompanying another.\n\nSo, my questions are as follows:\n\n 1. Are the above assumptions correct? Are there any other nuances worth pointing out?\n 2. Does 同伴する refer to one person accompanying another exclusively, or can it be anything that accompanies a person? (ex: An aura of depression follows him wherever he goes.) \n 3. Is there any case where 伴う can not be used to mean \"to accompany\"? (Note: I'm asking for patently wrong cases here, not cases where 同伴する or some other word might be better.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-03T21:31:46.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44056",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "Differences of 伴う and 同伴する",
"view_count": 226
} | [
{
"body": "1. > _Are the above assumptions correct? Are there any other nuances worth pointing out?_\n\nAlmost correct, but one important thing is that the verbs are two-faceted\nwords.\n\n * A が B **に** 同伴する／伴う → _A accompanies B_\n * A が B **を** 同伴する／伴う → _A is accompanied by B_\n 2. > _Does 同伴する refer to one person accompanying another exclusively, or can it be anything that accompanies a person? (ex: An aura of depression follows him wherever he goes.)_\n\nYes, people only, accompany **ing** or accompani **ed** by another. However,\ncompounds such as 同伴者 usually only mean \"accompany **ing** person\".\n\n 3. > _Is there any case where 伴う can not be used to mean \"to accompany\"? (Note: I'm asking for patently wrong cases here, not cases where 同伴する or some other word might be better.)_\n\nFirst, _accompany_ in music context (\"to perform another part\") is another\nword in Japanese: 伴奏【ばんそう】する (cf. 伴奏 _accompaniment_ ).\n\nSecond, 伴う is not usable when you put A and B together.\n\n> _accompanied their advice with a warning_ ([Merriam-\n> Webster](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/accompany)) \n> → 警告に助言を **添える** 、助言 **とともに** 警告する (though I think this situation can be\n> handled by a single word, 忠告する)\n\nThe word is also inappropriate when the subject doesn't change or make any\nmove.\n\n> _the pictures that accompany the text_ (again Merriam-Webster) \n> → 文章に **添えられた** 絵／写真、文章に **付随する** 絵／写真\n>\n> cf. _the replacement of pictures that accompanies the text revision_ \n> → 本文の改訂に **伴う** 絵／写真の差し替え、本文の改訂に **付随する** 絵／写真の差し替え",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T01:19:21.847",
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| 44056 | 44058 | 44058 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44060",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found it in 吾輩は猫である in the sentence\n\n> この間おさんの三馬を偸んでこの返報をしてやってから、やっと胸の痞{つかえ}が下りた.\n\nAfter the cat has tried for several times to climb into the kitchen. Is that\n`三馬{さんま}を偸んで{ぬすんで}` (3 horses stolen?) a fixed phrase? But I didn't find it on\nGoogle.\n\nMy own interpretation would be: During this, the response osan (the kitchen\nmaid) gave me was as if (someone) has stolen her 3 horses, after that,\n(however) finally my worries were relieved.\n\nThough, even so, I still don't get the proper meaning of the \"から、\" here.\nThanks for your help!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-04T01:40:38.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44059",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-04T03:28:44.187",
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"owner_user_id": "18895",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"parsing"
],
"title": "What does 三馬を偸んで mean?",
"view_count": 243
} | [
{
"body": "「三馬{さんま}」 here means \"a saury\", which is a popular kind of fish. Cats are\nnotorious for stealing sauries in Japan and they don't even say saury for\nstealing stuff from us humans.\n\nIn modern Japanese, it is written 「さんま」, 「サンマ」 or 「秋刀魚{さんま}」. So, 「三馬」 should\nbe considered a sort of artistic ateji.\n\n> \"I stole the maid's saury\"\n\nPlease forget \"three horses\" altogether. We **_never, ever_** say 「三馬」 to mean\n\"three horses\" or 「三バナナ」 to mean \"three bananas\". You would need to use\ncounters to say those things. Besides, **how does a cat steal three horses in\nthe first place?**\n\n「から」here means \"since\".\n\n> \"Since I retaliated against the maid by stealing her saury the other day, I\n> feel like I am relieved of the pressure on the chest.\"\n\nThis is a サンマ.\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-04T01:57:54.863",
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| 44059 | 44060 | 44060 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44064",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was studying grammar from [this\nsite](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njlpt-n4-grammar-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F-ni-ki-ga-\ntsuku/). I figured what き meant through the kanji, but I couldn't pinpoint\nwhat verb つく _tsuku_ was.\n\nThen I googled it and found a site where it says that 「に 気 が つく」 means \"to\nhave _ki_ put onto you\".\n\nBut I can't figure out the dictionary entry for つく.\n\nWould anyone give me the dictionary definition along with the kanji for the\nsame?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T05:35:55.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44062",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-04T08:11:49.193",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "14267",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"expressions",
"definitions",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "What verb is 「つく」 in 「～に気がつく」?",
"view_count": 305
} | [
{
"body": "つく is just 付く \"to stick/adhere/be attached [to]\".\n\n〇〇に気が付く can literally be interpreted as \"to have one's attention be attached\nto (or focussed on) 〇〇\". (Of course 気 is more profound than \"attention\".)\n\nI think \"to have _ki_ put onto you\" does not work as a literal translation.\nThe thing that _ki_ is \"put onto\" is not \"you\", but the thing that was\nnoticed.\n\nBy the way, there is also a shortened version, written 気づく or 気付く.\n\n(See [Do 気が付く{つく} and 気[付く]{づく} have the same\nmeaning?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3856/1628))\n\n* * *\n\n### _Kanji_ vs _kana_\n\nIn both 気がつく and 気づく, the verb 付く is usually written in _kana_ , but the\n_kanji_ version is still quite common: In the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary\nWritten Japanese about one in five instances appears in _kanji_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T06:40:24.457",
"id": "44064",
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}
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| 44062 | 44064 | 44064 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The speaker says the following:\n\n> 二人ともオメデトさん！コイツ久々に着物新調する言うてエライはしゃいどったで？\n\nHe points to his colleague standing behind him who responds with:\n\n> 今あたしの話はいいでしょう…！？\n\nI find the speaker's line very confusing. Though I've tried to look online I\nstill can't figure out what しゃいどったで means. Can someone explain this to me, I'd\nreally like to know what he's saying here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T14:49:03.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44066",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"dialects",
"contractions",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Meaning of しゃいどったで?",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "It is 「 **は** しゃいどったで」 and not 「しゃいどったで」.\n\n> 「はしゃいどったで」\n\nis a Kansai way of saying:\n\n> 「はしゃいでいたよ」\n\n「はしゃぐ/燥{はしゃ}ぐ」 means \"to make merry\", \"to be in high spirits\", etc. The word\nshould be in your dictionary; Do try looking it up. It is a common word.\n\nThe sentence-ender 「で」 in Kansai means 「よ」 in Kanto.\n\nSo, 「はしゃいどったで」 means \"(she) was in high spirits\".\n\n「エライ」 means \"greatly\", \"really\", etc. in Kansai.\n\n> \"Congratulations, both of you! She/This Girl was in such high spirits,\n> saying she was going to buy a new kimono for the first time in ages!\"\n>\n> \"Do you have to talk about me now?\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T15:01:21.137",
"id": "44067",
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}
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| 44066 | null | 44067 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44080",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there any difference in meaning? When would you use 「~として」 instead of 「~と」?\n\nI have already looked\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/24943/what-is-the-purpose-\nof-adding-%E3%81%A8/24947#24947) for usage regarding「~と」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T16:56:23.027",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44068",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"particle-と",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 「ゆっくりと...」and 「ゆっくりとして...」?",
"view_count": 1336
} | [
{
"body": "The difference is actually **huge** as far as I am concerned. That is unless\nyou are looking at this question from a totally different angle than I am.\n\n「ゆっくりと」 simply describes the manner in which an action is performed. \"Someone\ndoes something **_slowly_**.\" What that something is not mentioned or implied\nin 「ゆっくりと」, is it? Basically, we only have an adverb here. A verb or verb\nphrase would normally follow it.\n\n「ゆっくりとして」 already contains a verb in it. 「し」 is the 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative\nform) of the verb 「する」.\n\n「ゆっくり（と）する」 means \" **to take one's time** \", \" **to spend time leisurely** \",\netc. It is a full verb phrase on its own; 「ゆっくりと」 is not.\n\nNeedless to say, 「ゆっくりと **して** 」 is the te-form of 「ゆっくりと **する** 」; therefore,\nanother verb (phrase) would naturally follow it. You will hear/read sentences\nlike:\n\n「シカゴで[2-3日]{にさんにち}ゆっくりとして、それからカナダに入{はい}りたいと思{おも}っています。」\n\n\"I am thinking about spending a couple of days leisurely in Chicago and then\nentering Canada.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T02:08:21.887",
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| 44068 | 44080 | 44080 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44071",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "\n\nI've encountered the negative contraction several times since I started to\nstudy japanese, and I understand the logic behind the transformation from\n開かない/開かぬ to 開かん in the first picture.\n\nA similar transformation seems to occur in the following two sentences, とならん\nand ならん. However, when I check the translation the form of the verbs are\npositive.\n\nThere is something I'm missing and I can't find the key to know the difference\nbetween this similar sounding contractions.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T17:53:39.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44070",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-10T09:42:44.517",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "20143",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"contractions"
],
"title": "Contracted verb: Negative, positive, which one is it and why?",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "「ならん」has two distinct meanings. The current common meaning is an abbreviation\nof ならない・ならぬ with an emphatic nuance. The other is an abbreviation of\n「[ならむ](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/165308/meaning/m0u/)」which is an\nobsolete equivalent to だろう・であろう - now mostly found in 時代劇。(Your example is the\nlatter - ならむ)\n\n「あらん」is used in\n[religious](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1052862080)\nand other [profound\ncircumstances](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%81%A8%E5%85%B1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%82%E3%82%89%E3%82%93%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%92)\nto pray/wish for something good. Also more likely to find あらん in 時代劇",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-04T18:31:50.673",
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]
| 44070 | 44071 | 44071 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44081",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Besides obvious フェークニュース, is there a natural Japanese expression to express\nthe idea of **fake**?\n\nOn the same topic, how to say **fake or shallow person**? Is there an\nequivalent to [plastic\npeople](http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=plastic+people) in\nJapanese?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T20:11:20.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44073",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-06T00:43:54.987",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"slang",
"colloquial-language",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What is a typical Japanese term for \"fake\", like in \"Fake News\"?",
"view_count": 2928
} | [
{
"body": "There is a single word that means \"fake news\".\n\n> 虚報【きょほう】\n\nBesides, if you want the adjective only, you can use:\n\n> 偽（の）、偽物の、嘘（の）\n\n[虚構新聞](http://kyoko-np.net/), a counterpart of [The\nOnion](http://www.theonion.com/) in Japan says in the disclaimer:\n\n> これは **嘘ニュース** です\n\n* * *\n\nFor other phrases, I don't know much because I'm not familiar with colloquial\nEnglish, but if I can put credit in Urban Dictionary's definitions ([fake\npeople](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fake%20people),\n[plastic\npeople](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=plastic%20people),\nread [shallow\nperson](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Shallow%20person) too\nbut I didn't get what it is), I'd say:\n\n> 嘘（だらけ／まみれ）の人間、インチキな人間、信義のない人間、軽薄な人間",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T02:24:11.083",
"id": "44081",
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},
{
"body": "for false rumor or fake news you can also say \"dema\" デマ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-06T00:43:54.987",
"id": "44103",
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| 44073 | 44081 | 44081 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44076",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I can't find the word for what these sliding doors are called. I seem to\nremember shoji. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T20:12:53.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44074",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-05T00:57:52.173",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-04T22:29:35.430",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What is the name for the sliding doors made of a wood frame with paper?",
"view_count": 1107
} | [
{
"body": "From Wikipedia\n\n> In traditional Japanese architecture, a shōji (障子) is a door, window or room\n> divider consisting of translucent paper over a frame of wood which holds\n> together a lattice of wood or bamboo. While washi is the traditional paper,\n> shōji may be made of paper made by modern manufacturing processes; plastic\n> is also in use.\n\nI will just include the picture from the page while I am at it.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uJFk0.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T23:27:42.230",
"id": "44076",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-04T23:27:42.230",
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{
"body": "I think you want to know a name of a Japanese-style room's door:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsu5W.jpg)\n\nThis is a free picture. You can download from\n[here](https://www.pakutaso.com/20150232044post-5173.html). \nThe name is [障子]{しょうじ}.\n\n* * *\n\n[Wikipedia (Japanese)](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C%E5%AD%90)\n\n> 障子{しょうじ}は、日本家屋における扉、窓に用いる建具の一つで、明かりを通すように木枠に紙張りになっているものは明障子{あかりしょうじ}ともいう。\n\nShoji is used in doors and widows in Japanese-house. Shoji that's put papers\non wood frame in such a way as to allow light to pass through is called\n[明障子]{あかりしょうじ}.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 44074 | 44076 | 44076 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44079",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should I use this \"particle\" with nouns, な adjectives, い adjectives and\nverbs? In a web I saw something like this:\n\nFor nouns just add \"かな\" after the noun. For な adjectives you must put の and,\nif you want, な, between the adjective and \"かな\" (but in the examples all of\nthem were with なの). For い adjectives just add \"かな\". For verbs you can add の\nbetween the verb and \"かな\", but it's optional.\n\nThese instructions don't sound so trustworthy. What's the real way to\nconjugate that words before \"かな\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-04T23:48:14.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44078",
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"owner_user_id": "20130",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "What's the grammar structure for \"かな\"?",
"view_count": 377
} | [
{
"body": "> For nouns just add \"かな\" after the noun.\n\nCorrect, but it is also correct to add 「なの」 between the noun and 「かな」. Adding\nit would help draw more attention to the question from the listener (because\nit makes the speaker sound like he is more interested in his own question than\nwhen he does not add 「なの」).\n\n> For な adjectives you must put の and, if you want, な, between the adjective\n> and \"かな\" (but in the examples all of them were with なの).\n\nMakes no sense. You cannot say 「きれい **の** かな」 or 「きれい **のな** かな」.\n\nYou must say 「きれいかな」 or 「きれい **なの** かな」.\n\nNote: 「きれい（な）」 is a na-adjective. In my own experience, some learners seem to\nlet that 「い」 fool them into thinking it is an i-adjective.\n\n> For い adjectives just add \"かな\".\n\nCorrect and it is also correct to add 「の」 betwee the i-adjective and 「かな」.\n\nYou can say both 「あついかな」 and 「あつい **の** かな」. The 「の」 has the same effect as\n「なの」 does, which I have discussed above.\n\n> For verbs you can add の between the verb and \"かな\", but it's optional.\n\nCorrect.\n\nYou can say both 「来{く}るかな」 and 「来る **の** かな」. Again, the same の/なの effect.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T01:07:41.597",
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| 44078 | 44079 | 44079 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44251",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Are words like 何、いつ、どう、どこ、どれ、どの、exclusively used to request confirmation for a\nunknown? Or can they also be used to say the Japanese equivalent of things\nlike \"This is HOW you do it\", or \"This is WHEN and WHERE the party's at\", like\ntheir English counterparts can?\n\nIf so, could you provide a few examples of how to use them in this manner.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T04:05:33.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Are どう、どこ、どれ、どの、等、exclusively question words?",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "They are exclusively used in questions and do not quite act like their English\ncounterparts. I tried plugging these words into the examples you provided and\nfound them pretty weird.\n\nWith that being said, they can be used in declarative sentences and form\nclauses that act like nouns, just not after a be-verb (aka, not after \"this\nis\"/\"you are\", etc).\n\nExample: I do not know **when I am making a presentation**.\n\n**いつ発表するか** わからない。 which is equivalent to **発表の時間** がわからない。(I do not know the\ntime of the presentation.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-09T19:13:35.210",
"id": "44251",
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"score": 2
}
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| 44082 | 44251 | 44251 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44085",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Here's the first sentence from the song Reincarnation from Kenji Kawai, part\nof the OST of Ghost in the Shell\n(<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z64HCi2rQkE>)\n\n> A ga maeba, kuwashime yoinikeri\n\nAccording to [this site](http://ghostintheshell.wikia.com/wiki/M01_Chant_I_-\n_Making_of_Cyborg) and [this\none](https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090125114924AAxP4Fy), this\nwrites in Kanji\n\n> 吾が舞へば、麗し女、酔ひにけり\n\nand in (old) hiragana:\n\n> あがまへば、くはしめ、ゑひにけり\n\nand (poorly) means\n\n> Because I had danced, the beautiful lady was enchanted\n\nI understand this is old Japanese, but I have no idea what is grammar behind\nthat, especially:\n\n * 舞へば: what is this \"へ\"? an old verb form ? (I guess the \"ば\" is the same as in modern Japanese, e.g. \"踊れば\")\n * 酔ひにけり: is that \"酔ひ\" (\"酔い\"?) + \"に\" + \"けり\". What does that mean ?\n\nWould someone give me some tracks to understand this grammar ? (I am fluent in\nmodern Japanese) How old is this Japanese ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T06:33:36.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44084",
"last_activity_date": "2018-03-23T06:19:30.013",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20150",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "What is the grammar behind this sentence in old Japanese",
"view_count": 1933
} | [
{
"body": "> 「吾{あ}が舞{ま}へば、麗{くは}し女{め}、酔{ゑ}ひにけり」\n>\n> 舞へば: what is this \"へ\"? an old verb form ? (I guess the \"ば\" is the same as in\n> modern Japanese, e.g. \"踊れば\")\n\nThe classical verb is 「舞{ま} **ふ** 」 (\"to dance\"), so it conjugates to 「舞 **へ**\nば」. Those were actually pronounced 「まふ」 and 「まへば」, respectively.\n\nIn modern Japanese, as you know because you are fluent, the verb conjugation\nis 「舞 **う** 」⇒「舞 **え** ば」.\n\nThis should NOT seem strange because even in modern Japanese, the particle 「へ」\nis still used even though its pronunciation has long changed to 「え」. In many\nlanguages, pronunciation changes faster than spelling. We still write the word\n\"knight\" that way even though we only pronounce half the letters used in it.\nEvery letter in \"knight\" was pronounced in the old days.\n\n> 酔ひにけり: is that \"酔ひ\" (\"酔い\"?) + \"に\" + \"けり\". What does that mean ?\n\nYes, as we discussed above, 「酔ひ」 later became 「酔い」.\n\nRegarding 「にけり」, 「に」 is the 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) of the\n\"completion\" subsidiary verb 「ぬ」. 「けり」 is the \"past tense\" subsidiary verb.\n\n「～～にけり」 in classical Japanese is the equivalent of 「～～てしまった」、「～～たことだ」 in\nmodern Japanese.\n\nMy modern Japanese TL of the line in question would be along the line of:\n\n> 「私{わたし}が舞{ま}うと、（その）美{うつく}しい女{おんな}は酔{よ}ってしまった。」\n\nAn English TL would be something like:\n\n> \"When I danced, the beautiful lady became intoxicated.\"\n\nFinally..\n\n> How old is this Japanese?\n\nThe style itself is from as early as 7th and 8th centuries, but it was written\nin _**our**_ time.",
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},
{
"body": "Further to l'electeur's excellent explanation (my apologies for the missing\naccent), a good way to pick up some elements of bungo (文語) is to study film\nand book titles, which are often in classical language. A few examples from\nmemory:\n\n 1. 風と共に去りぬ\n\nGone With the Wind\n\nGrammar point: 連用形 + suffix ぬ is past tense, like modern た form\n\n 2. 素晴らしき飛行機やろう \"Splendid Aeroplane Fellows\"\n\nThose Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines\n\nGrammar point: Noun-modifying form of adjectives ends in き . ( い in Modern\nJapanese)\n\n 3. 西部戦線異状なし \"Nothing Out of the Ordinary on the Western Front\"\n\nAll Quiet on the Western Front\n\nGrammar point: Sentence-ending form of adjectives ends in し. ( い in MJ)\n\n 4. 嵐が丘 \"Storm-hill\" Wuthering Heights\n\nGrammar point: Particle が = の\n\n 5. されどわれらが日々 \"Farewell Our Days\" (i.e. \"Days of our Youth\" - it's a novel about life in Waseda University in the 60s)\n\nGrammar point: が = の\n\n 6. 終わりよければすべてよし \"Because the End is Good, Everything is Good\"\n\nAll's Well that Ends Well\n\nGrammar points: 已然形 + ば = \"because\"; sentence-ending form of adjective ends in\nし\n\n 7. 大いなる遺産 \"A Great Inheritance\"\n\nGreat Expectations\n\nGrammar Point: Noun-modifying form of な adjective uses なる . (Cf. 華麗なるギャツビー :\nThe Great Gatsby)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-24T12:00:28.480",
"id": "44824",
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{
"body": "> Those were actually pronounced 「まふ」 and 「まへば」, respectively.\n\nUnless I'm mistaken, there were not. The \"h\" was only pronounced \"h\" at the\nbeginning of a word, hence the modern writing「う」or「え」of the pronunciation,\nbecause it was the same. So it would actually read 「まう」and 「まえば」.\n\nSource : I studied bungo.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2018-03-23T06:19:30.013",
"id": "57485",
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| 44084 | 44085 | 44085 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm confused about this because i've read both, which one is correct?\n\nthanks",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T11:37:00.793",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44089",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "かっこいくない vs かっこよくない",
"view_count": 3792
} | [
{
"body": "かっこ by itself means something like \"appearance\". The word かっこいい is an union of\nかっこ and いい (the adjective to say \"good\"), which is irregular and cojugate as\nよい. Because of this, the negative form of かっこいい is かっこよくない. You can also say\nかっこわるい.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T11:43:38.293",
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| 44089 | null | 44090 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44092",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Suppose I'm at a bank and all the service counters are numbered. How can you\nsay something like:\n\n> Please come to counter number 2.\n\nIf all the counters were active and numbered in order then I guess I could\nsay:\n\n> 2番目のカウンタに来てください。\n\nIs this natural?\n\nBut if counter number 2 is closed then the second counter would be counter\nnumber 3. So how can I refer to the counter by it's labelled number rather\nthan it's position in a sequence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T11:45:23.367",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"numbers"
],
"title": "How to refer to a place by number",
"view_count": 198
} | [
{
"body": "> 「2番窓口{ばんまどぐち}」\n\nwould be the most common way to refer to it. In banks, 「窓口」 would be far more\ncommon than 「カウンター」.\n\nIt would sound pretty wordy if you added 「目{め}」 and 「の」. Using 「の」 is still\npossible, but using「目」 is not when the counters are already numbered.\n\n「来{き}てください」 is not as polite as it might look. A clerk/teller would use\n「お越{こ}しください」 or 「お願{ねが}いいたします」.\n\n> 「2番窓口 **まで** お願いいたします。」\n\nwithout using the verb \"to come\" would be the common announcement.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T11:57:00.893",
"id": "44092",
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| 44091 | 44092 | 44092 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44117",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Japanese restaurants serve time limited meals when they are busy with lunch\nand dinner customers.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T17:10:20.420",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What is the term for a time limited meal at a restaurant?",
"view_count": 164
} | [
{
"body": "I believe it is 時間制限｛じかんせいげん｝, which is usually used with regards to all-you-\ncan-eat meals but can be used for other types of restaurants.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-06T02:21:48.353",
"id": "44108",
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{
"body": "There are mainly two phrases: 時間{じかん}限定{げんてい} and 期間{きかん}限定{げんてい}.\n\n**How different**\n\nAt restaurants and hotels, time limited meal usually offered within several\nhours per day. This is when the first phrase 時間限定 is used.\n\nFrom [Hotel Monterey Kyoto time limited plan at its cafe and\nbar](https://www.hotelmonterey.co.jp/kyoto/restaurant/plan/11887.html), the\nphrase is used likewise (see text in bold):\n\n> 【バータイム限定】ハッピーアワー／17時～19時までの **時間限定** プラン\n\nAt fast food restaurants and food products stores, time limited meal or\nproduct may be offered for weeks, months or unspecified period. This is when\nthe second phrase 期間限定 is used.\n\nFrom [McDonald's Japan news on 2 March 2017](http://www.mcd-\nholdings.co.jp/news/2017/promotion/promo0302a.html), the phrase is used\nlikewise (see text in bold):\n\n> 2017.03.02\n>\n> 春の「てりたま」に“史上最長”と“史上初”で元気いっぱいになる商品勢揃い！ マック史上最長の「ギガベーコンてりたま」\n> てりたま史上初朝マックに「てりたまマフィン」 3月8日（水）から **期間限定** 販売\n\n**Phrase variations**\n\nIn Japan, \"time limited meal\" sometimes seems to be offerred by amount of\nquantity or location of store at the time. For such offers, 数量{すうりょう}限定{げんてい}\nand 店舗{てんぽ}限定{げんてい} are used respectively.\n\nFrom McDonald's Japan news on [17 October 2016](http://www.mcd-\nholdings.co.jp/news/2016/promotion/promo1017a.html) and [8 August\n2016](http://www.mcd-holdings.co.jp/news/2016/promotion/promo0808a.html),\nthese phrases are used likewise (see text in bold):\n\n> 2016.10.17\n>\n> 45周年記念復活メニュー第二弾「ベーコンポテトパイ」 予想を上回る販売数による、 **数量限定** 販売のお知らせ ～ **数量限定**\n> 販売は、10月18日（火）より～\n>\n> 2016.08.08\n>\n> マクドナルド89 **店舗限定** の“McCafé by Barista”で、丸ごと食べられる\n> 葡萄（ぶどう）をトッピングした秋先取りのリッチなスムージーが初登場！ 「葡萄（ぶどう）のスムージー」 8月10日（水）から期間限定販売\n\nNotice that the word 限定{げんてい}, which means \"limited\", is used in any of the\nphrases mentioned in this answer. There may be other phrases that make use of\nthis word.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 44093 | 44117 | 44108 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44096",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is 用 the kanji used for よう in these phrases?:\n\n> 1) 事故のようですね。\n>\n> 2) もう帰ったようです。\n>\n> 3) 私のようにして下さい。\n>\n> 4) 試験にごうかくしますように。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T17:29:16.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44094",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-05T17:36:51.867",
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"owner_user_id": "20130",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"phrases"
],
"title": "Is 「用」the kanji for 「よう」in the listed phrases?",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "In all these expressions, よう, _if_ written in Kanji, would be 様 (though it's\nkind of uncommon). In the first two phrases, it means 'it seems'. They mean\n'It seems to be an accident' and 'It seems he/she/they have already gone\nhome'. In the third phrase, it means 'like': 'Make it like me' (?). In the\nlast phrase, it's part of the set phrase ～ますように, expressing a wish, desire, or\nhope: 'I hope I/you/he/she/they pass the test'.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T18:01:21.707",
"id": "44096",
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| 44094 | 44096 | 44096 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44099",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 娘の気持ちも知らずに、いや、知っていて、平気でそんな風に言えるのがヒロシだ。 \n> The one speaking with indifference like that, without understanding his\n> daughter's feelings, is Hiroshi.\n\nMy translation doesn't include the いや、知っていて part. I'm struggling to even guess\nwhat this means. Maybe \"knowing he's being unpleasant\"?\n\nI suspect there are a few words/particles missing here, but I can't fill in\nthe gaps.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T19:47:06.170",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44097",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-05T21:19:01.063",
"last_editor_user_id": "19357",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"reading-comprehension",
"ellipsis"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 「いや、知っていて」 in this sentence?",
"view_count": 401
} | [
{
"body": "To me it reads as though いや、知っていて is the author changing his mind mid-\nsentence:\n\n\"Even without knowing his daughter's feelings.. **no, even knowing them...**\nthis is a Hiroshi who has no problem saying something like that.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T21:44:07.310",
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| 44097 | 44099 | 44099 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44105",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Attendants yell out a greeting when customers get gasoline for their cars.\nPlease provide me with some phrases and meanings.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-05T21:03:17.737",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44098",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-06T15:59:26.933",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the most common greeting phrase, used by service attendants, when a customer pulls into a gas station for fuel?",
"view_count": 186
} | [
{
"body": "At least here in Kansai I usually hear them say something like:\n\n> はーい、オーライオーライオーライ... はいっ、オッケーでーす！ \n> いらっしゃい（ませ）、現金レギュラー満タンで！？\n\nor\n\n> こちらへどうぞー、オーライオーライオーライ... はいっ、オッケーでーす！ \n> いらっしゃい（ませ）、カード・現金？レギュラー満タンで！？\n\n* * *\n\nPhrases and meanings:\n\n * はーい -- It's like \"Here\" or \"This way\". Drawing the customer's attention and guiding them to the right direction. \n * こちらへどうぞ -- \"(Move your car) this way, please.\" \n * オーライオーライオーライ... -- \"Alright, alright...\" Telling them to move the car forward. \n * はいっ -- \"Now\" or \"Here\", indicating that the car has now come to the right position. \n * オッケーです -- Literally \"It is OK\". Telling them to stop the car. \n * いらっしゃい(ませ) -- \"Welcome (to the store)\" or \"Hello\". General greeting for welcoming customers. \n * 現金レギュラー満タンで --- Common phrase heard at gas stations. \"By cash, fill it up with regular?\" \n * カード、現金 -- \"(Are you paying) by cash or credit card?\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 44098 | 44105 | 44105 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "44104",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have this sentence from a friend:\n\n> あなたが選ぶ女の子の趣味は格別です。\n\nMeaning: Your taste in women is exceptional.\n\nMy guess is that the direct translation would be:\n\n> Speaking of the taste of choosing women, you are exceptional.\n\nI would have thought that the は and が would be reversed since I was taught to\nuse が with adjectives. I might have said something like this:\n\n> あなたは選ぶ女の子の趣味が格別です。\n\nbut perhaps for this sentence, the meaning is more:\n\n> Speaking of you, the taste of choosing women is exceptional.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-05T23:51:50.597",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is は here used but not が？",
"view_count": 102
} | [
{
"body": "> あなたが選ぶ女の子の趣味は格別です。 \n> Speaking of the taste of choosing women, you are exceptional.\n\nYou don't seem to be parsing it correctly, I'm afraid. あなたが選ぶ is a relative\nclause modifying 女の子.\n\n> （あなたが選ぶ）女の子の趣味は格別です。\n\nIts direct translation would be like:\n\n> The taste of girls (that you choose) is exceptional.\n\nYou can also say it as:\n\n> あなた **の** 選ぶ女の子の趣味は格別です。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-06T00:45:20.657",
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| 44101 | 44104 | 44104 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I came across the following expression and I cannot understand how to\ntranslate it 使えるようになりました。\n\nAccording to Google Translate: \"You can now use it\". I was wondering how this\ntranslation fits. Where is \"now\" coming from? If I translate literally then it\nsounds like \"Became in a manner of being able to use.\" Is ようになる part of a set\nphrase?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-06T00:31:09.637",
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"id": "44102",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 使えるようになりました",
"view_count": 761
} | [
{
"body": "> 使えるようになりました。\n\nLiterally\n\n> It has come to be usable/in use.\n\n'使えるようになりました' implies that you could not use 'it' before.\n\nSo I think the google's translation 'now you can use it.' sounds natural to\nme.\n\nIf they want to say that you can use something without connoting that you\ncouldn't use it in the past, they say/write '使用可能です' or 'ご利用ください' and so on\nand on. -without using past tense in the sentence.\n\nI have to add that 'ようになる' is a set phrase.\n\n> e.g. その事故のあと、彼はその薬を欠かさないようになった。\n>\n> After the accident, the drug became indispensable to him.\n\nようになる emphasizes that there is a change in comparison to the past.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-06T01:09:47.507",
"id": "44106",
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{
"body": "It might be easier to see it as a set phrase, but it's not really one.\n\n使えるようになりました means \"I have become able to use it\".\n\n使える is \"able to use\". \nWhich is from the verb 使う -> To use.\n\nなりました is \"have become\".\n\nYou just need something to connect those 2 together and \"ように\" is it. \nよう can be used in many ways, but it basically means, \"looks like, appearing,\nsimilar, etc...\".\n\nFor example, \n楽しいように見える \nThis looks like fun.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-06T01:16:36.840",
"id": "44107",
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| 44102 | null | 44106 |
{
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"body": "My friend and I are talking on Facebook and he said 「日本語かんぺき！今度会おうねアメリカで^_^ 」.\nJust curious, but would a response like 「うん！そうしよう！」make sense in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-06T02:29:07.643",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "44109",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Would this be an okay response in Japanese?",
"view_count": 231
} | [
{
"body": "Yeah that sounds perfectly fine. Repeating the verb back is also an\nappropriate response and sometimes sounds more natural.\n\n> A: 今度寿司食べに行こうね\n>\n> B: 行こう！",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-03-06T04:36:50.120",
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"last_activity_date": "2017-03-06T04:36:50.120",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10300",
"parent_id": "44109",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Yeah. _It sounds fine!_ I have nothing more to say.\n\nOther ways of responding:\n\n> * そうだね、今度会おう！ Yeah, let's meet next time!\n> * そうする！ I will!\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-03-06T11:32:24.513",
"id": "44124",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-06T12:47:11.707",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-06T12:47:11.707",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "14627",
"parent_id": "44109",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 44109 | null | 44110 |
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