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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

like 2

[ { "body": "(2) is incomplete and doesn't sound right. (1) probably makes sense, but the\nsimplest and most standard way of saying this would be:\n\n私が悪い点を取ったのは、勉強しなかったからです。The reason I got a bad grade is that I didn't study.\n\nThe underlying grammatical form here is 「〜のは〜からです」. You can see more on that\nin [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6903/what-\nis-%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-and-when-is-it-used-how-does-it-\ndiffer-\nfrom-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89-and-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99),\nwhich gives the following example:\n\nお菓子を食べたのは、おなかがすいていたからです。The reason I ate snacks is because I was hungry.\n\nということです is one of those quite versatile and enigmatic phrases in Japanese that\nis hard to pin down when trying to dissect the parts of a sentence. My\nimpression is that it's often used just due to the speaker's force of habit\nwithout any real effect on meaning. When translating from Japanese into\nEnglish, there will often be no equivalent of it in the English\ntranslation—i.e. it is often valid to translate the sentence as if it were not\nthere.\n\nAs a learner, if you are looking to be understood it's probably simplest to\nstick to standard forms like 「〜のは〜からです」 for your own writing/speech, and learn\nfrom examples like this that there are always often ways of saying the same\nthings in Japanese. 「ということ」 is a useful phrase to throw in here and there but\ngetting an instinct for when it can be used comes with time.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-27T06:18:39.080", "id": "96012", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-27T06:18:39.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50250", "parent_id": "96010", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "We say\n\n成績をつける (evaluate by grades 1 to 5, A, B, C, etc. formally it is also said as\n評価する)\n\n点数をつける (give points out of 100%)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-27T09:00:53.777", "id": "96015", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-27T09:08:31.493", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-27T09:08:31.493", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "There are more than one way to say \"to grade\" but if I had to choose I think\n採点する is the most common one in the school context.\n\nSee also <https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=grade>", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-27T12:28:46.433", "id": "96018", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-27T12:28:46.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It’s a variation of [ほら](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BB%E3%82%89), an\ninterjection used to draw someone’s attention to something or urge someone to\ndo something.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-27T23:38:45.087", "id": "96021", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-27T23:38:45.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The sentence is probably easier if there was a comma:\n\nベルノルトが振り返って「、」ほれとばかりに片手を出してきた\n\nThen you can see that the second part is: 「ほれ」 **とばかりに** 片手を出してきた\n\nWhere you can see ほれ is used quotatively. ほれ means the same as\n[ほら](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BB%E3%82%8C)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-27T23:48:18.870", "id": "96022", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-27T23:48:18.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "96019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "The difference is that うまい (I'm using Hiragana intentionally here as that is\nhow it is usually written and you'll only really find the Kanji form in\nliterature) is used for skill, whereas 良い is usually used for the personal\npreference of the subject.\n\n\"運転がとても良い\" sounds odd as とても is not usually used with 良い in this sense. A\nquick search of Google confirms that it is unidiomatic: there are only 2 hits.\nIf we remove the とても and search for \"運転が良い\" we get 3,100,000 hits, but\nskimming through we can see that the ones about driving a car are about a\npreference, for example for one style of driving over another.\n\n 1. 運転が良い，またはゲームとは違う楽しさがあると考えるのは The reason that people prefer driving, or think that they offer a different type of \"fun\" to games, is...\n\n 2. では、どのような運転が良いのでしょうか。So, how should we drive?\n\n 3. 下手な運転よりは上手な運転が良いに越したことはありません Good (skillful) driving is better than bad driving wherever possible.\n\nOn the other hand, the hits for \"運転がうまい\" are all about driving skill:\n\n 1. 運転がうまい人ほど高く、苦手な人に足りない High in people that are good at driving, lacking in those that aren't\n\n 2. 運転がうまい人と下手な人の見分け方 How to tell the difference between someone who's good at driving and someone who sucks at it.\n\nSentence (2) is not really idiomatic due to the presence of とても, but if we\nremove that the meaning of your two sentences would be:\n\n> 父は車の運転がとても上手い My dad's really good at driving cars\n\n> 父は車の運転が良い My dad prefers driving cars (e.g. to playing games, sports,\n> driving tractors, or something else stated in the context)\n\nAnother example which may be clearer:\n\n> 彼は日本語がうまい He's good at Japanese.\n\n> 彼は日本語が良い He \"prefers\" Japanese (might be used e.g. if someone is telling you\n> his English is not good so you should speak to him in Japanese)\n\nA synonym for うまい is 上手（じょうず）, which is a na-adjective.\n\ne.g.\n\n> 父は車の運転がとても上手（だ/です）\n\n> 彼は日本語が上手（だ/です）", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T05:43:46.127", "id": "96024", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-28T05:43:46.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50250", "parent_id": "96023", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct. こともあるが and こともあって are roughly interchangeable\n(except that the former can sound fairly blunt in speech because of が). You\nwould also see ～こともありますけど, ～こともあるけれど, ～こともあるだろうが, ～こともなくはないでしょうが, and so on.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T23:11:46.120", "id": "96036", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-28T23:11:46.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96026", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes it's roughly the same as 今更憤ることでもないだろう. まい is an auxiliary for negative\ninference (=ないだろう) and negative volition (=ないつもりだ). It attaches to the\ndictionary (終止) form of verbs, but it can attach also to す and the pre-nai\n(未然) form of ichidan verbs. まい sounds fairly stilted, and it's no longer used\nin real-life conversations.\n\n * 行くまい = 行かないだろう\n * しまい = すまい = するまい = しないだろう\n * 見まい = 見るまい = 見ないだろう\n * 食べまい = 食べるまい = 食べないだろう\n\n(Some dictionaries including\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%84/) do not allow\n見るまい/食べるまい for ichidan verbs, but in my opinion, 見るまい/食べるまい is more natural\nthan 見まい/食べまい in modern Japanese. See [this\narticle](https://japanknowledge.com/articles/blognihongo/entry.html?entryid=334)\nand [this article](https://www.ytv.co.jp/michiura/time/2012/10/post-1346.html)\nfor details.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T22:46:23.377", "id": "96035", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-29T02:45:31.857", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-29T02:45:31.857", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96027", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The role of this も has been discussed in this site several times. Basically\nit's a softener.\n\n * [Meaning of く も in this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65646/5010)\n * [Usage of も in そんなこともないけど](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/51841/5010)\n * [What is the difference between 「とは限らない」and 「とも限らない」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55266/5010)\n * [も in 「Vのもアレなんだけど」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55970/5010)\n\nThen what's the difference between ないではない and なくはない (or the difference between\nないでもない and なくもない)? The difference is very small, but ないではない /ないでもない sounds a\nlittle more formal or literary to me. なくはない/なくもない is more common in casual\nconversations (especially among children).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T22:34:48.307", "id": "96034", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-28T22:34:48.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96028", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This し is the masu-stem (or continuative-form) of する. `masu-stem + 始める` means\n\"to start V-ing\". For example, 食べ始める means \"to start eating\", 見始める means \"to\nstart watching\", and 運転し始める means \"to start driving\".\n\n日本語を勉強始めたきっかけ is simply ungrammatical because 勉強 is not marked with a\nparticle, and を cannot be an omitted particle because を is already used before\n勉強 (日本語を勉強をする is wrong).\n\n * [Difference Between べんきょう する and べんきょうを する](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4006/5010)\n * [Jlpt/n5q5: 弟は部屋◯掃除をしました。◯: の versus に option](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26120/5010)\n * [の or を？ What is the correct answer and why is it correct?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44972/5010)\n\nSo here's the summary:\n\n| without 始める | with 始める \n---|---|--- \n勉強 as a suru-verb | 日本語を勉強する \nto study Japanese | 日本語を勉強し始める \nto start studying Japanese \n勉強 as a noun | 日本語の勉強をする \nto do study of Japanese | 日本語の勉強を始める \nto start study of Japanese", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T21:46:09.263", "id": "96033", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-28T21:46:09.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You are both hearing and reading it wrong.\n\nIt is not 日本語{にほんご} **の** 学校{がっこう}, it is 日本語{にほんご}学校{がっこう}.\n\nThe latter is a compound noun, which causes it to get a compound accent,\nにほんごが＼っこう. This is how most (but not all) noun compounds behave.\n\nIf it was 日本語の学校 it would be just be the juxtaposition of the underlying\naccents, にほんごの￣・がっこう￣", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-28T20:20:21.943", "id": "96031", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-28T20:20:21.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "96030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. 同居している modifies the noun phrase 25歳の女性 (\"a 25-year-old woman\") as a whole. You need to use your common sense; a human cannot live with \"twenty-five\" or \"years old\" (see [Are Japanese modifiers \"greedy\", \"anti-greedy\", or do they mean whatever people choose them to mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46817/5010)).\n 2. 暴行を is the object of only 加え. 暴行を加える is a common set phrase, but 暴行を殺害する (\"to murder an act of violence\") does not make sense.\n 3. 加え here is used as a [中止法](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/5010) of a verb. The sentence is roughly the same as 女性に加え **て** 殺害したとして. See also: [Removal of て in Japanese novels](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70321/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-29T03:56:53.537", "id": "96038", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-29T05:20:27.273", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-29T05:20:27.273", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "* Here, 容疑者 is used as a name suffix similar to ◯◯先生, ◯◯社長, ◯◯さん, ◯◯様, etc. Many words representing a social status can work as name suffixes in Japanese.\n * The relationship between 35歳の男 and 兎富士直樹容疑者 is called apposition (同格 in Japanese). English has a similar construction, too (e.g., \"My friend Peter\", \"Jack the Ripper\"). You can see patterns for expressing apposition in [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/80484/5010). If you listen to the news carefully, you can notice there is a pause between 35歳の男 and 兎富士直樹容疑者 whereas 兎富士直樹容疑者 is pronounced in one breath. This \"comma-like\" pause indicates the apposition. Using の twice and saying 35歳の男 **の** 兎富士直樹容疑者 is not incorrect, but it's often considered unsophisticated to use の in a row like this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-29T05:08:01.520", "id": "96041", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-29T05:18:08.820", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-29T05:18:08.820", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, nearly all Japanese sentences are naturally gender-agnostic, so\nyou never have to be \"stubbornly gender-neutral\" when speaking Japanese. In\nEnglish, it is very challenging to talk about a certain person for a long time\nwithout using either \"he/his/him\" or \"she/her\" at all. You have to be\n\"stubbornly gender-neutral\" to do so. In Japanese, however, we don't indicate\nsomeone's gender unless it's necessary. Our way of speaking does not have to\nchange at all depending on whether the person being discussed is male, female\nor nonbinary. All those issues we recently see around English personal\npronouns do not occur in Japanese. For instance, compare [this \"stubbornly\ngender-neutral\" English\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyoharu_Gotouge) and [this perfectly\nnatural Japanese\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E5%B3%A0%E5%91%BC%E4%B8%96%E6%99%B4)\nabout the same manga artist.\n\n> 1. Is there a gender-neutral way to refer to your elder/older sibling like\n> if someone were so stubbornly gender-neutral and wanted to say\n>\n\nWhen you want to ask \"Do you have any siblings?\" in Japanese, you can just say\n兄弟はいますか. No one would think you are specifically asking about male siblings.\nIf you want to ask only about elder siblings for some reason, 年上の兄弟はいますか or\n上の兄弟はいますか is perfectly natural (though お兄さんかお姉さんはいますか is equally fine). See:\n[When is 兄弟 interpreted as \"siblings\" and when is it interpreted as\n\"brothers\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14198/5010)\n\nYou seem to be aware of this, but\n[兄弟](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F) is a word that means both\n\"sibling\" and \"brother\". 姉妹 specifically refers to sisters (it's used only\nwhen gender is emphasized). Visually, it's like this:\n\n```\n\n 兄弟\n ／＼\n 兄弟 姉妹\n \n```\n\nYou can find similar patterns in god/goddess, actor/actress, 王/女王, etc. See:\n[If 'little girl' is 「少女」, then why is 'little boy'\n「少年」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28038/5010)\n\nIt's true that 兄弟 is made of 兄 and 弟, so it does not appear to be very gender-\nneutral. People who worry about this sometimes write this word intentionally\nin all-hiragana when used gender-neutrally (年上のきょうだいはいますか), but this is not a\nhard rule. The last resort is\n[兄弟姉妹](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9) (\"brothers\nand sisters\"), but you rarely need this in speech.\n\n> 2. Is there a gender-neutral way to address your older sibling?\n>\n\nNo. 兄弟さん is extremely strange. Simply, you can use their real name or\nnickname, or stick to ねえ/なあ/etc (\"hey/yo\"). The same for parents; there are\nwords for \"Dad\" and words for \"Mom\", but there is no word that can be used to\naddress both of them. Some people address their parents by name, as if they\nwere talking to a friend, so that would be an alternative.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-29T18:12:57.463", "id": "96044", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-29T18:18:01.877", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-29T18:18:01.877", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96042", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "そうな is the pre-noun form (連体形) of そうだ. It is an instance of\n[連体形終止](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E#%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2),\nwhich (according to the linked Wikipedia entry) became common in 14-16C.\n\nUsing そうな at the end should be an (pseudo) archaism that is commonly seen in\nstarting folklores.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-30T00:28:14.733", "id": "96047", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-30T00:28:14.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1 is a cannibalism, as you say.\n\n2 is the so-called 迷惑の受け身 (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/50432/45489) for example). In\nEnglish, it is usually rendered as _I had my cake eaten by my sister_.\n\nPractically 3 means the same, but due to its meaning (and because it is\nclearly a 迷惑の受け身 here), it is obvious that it is MY cake, which makes 私の sound\nredundant. What is more natural about 3 than 2 is that it has the subject\nomitted. So all in all お姉ちゃんにケーキを食べられた is the most natural.\n\nAs for 4, the subject is 私のケーキ and the sentence literally corresponds to _My\ncake was eaten by my sister_. It is fine, but perhaps less natural because\ninanimate subjects are less frequent in Japanese (I believe). Also, it does\nnot have the connotation of being harmed (or at least less than 2 and 3).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-30T12:28:03.877", "id": "96052", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-30T12:28:03.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The third sentence is fine.\n\n> 3. お姉ちゃんに私のケーキを食べられた。\n>\n\nI would say it’s more natural than the second as a standalone sentence.\n\n> 2. 私はお姉ちゃんにケーキを食べられた。\n>\n\n私は stands out in this sentence as if you are contrasting your situation with\nsomeone else’s.\n\n> 弟はお兄ちゃんに殴られて、私はお姉ちゃんにケーキを食べられた。\n\nIf no such contrast is intended, you should remove 私 altogether.\n\n> お姉ちゃんにケーキを食べられた。\n\nUnless context suggests otherwise, you, as the speaker, are still understood\nas the “sufferer.”\n\nThe difference from #3 is simply that this sentence is less specific about the\ncake belonging to you. It could be that your sister ate a cake you had kept\naside for your mother.\n\nThe following sentence is also perfectly fine.\n\n> お姉ちゃんにお母さんのケーキを食べられた。\n\nThe cake belonged to your mother, but you are the one “suffering” from your\nsister eating it.\n\nThe fourth sentence is also correct.\n\n> 4. 私のケーキはお姉ちゃんに食べられた。\n>\n\nHowever, it is a statement about your cake (私のケーキ) the way #2 is a statement\nabout yourself (私). It sounds like you are contrasting your cake with\nsomething else.\n\n> 弟のケーキはまだあるけど、私のケーキはお姉ちゃんに食べられた。\n\nIn any case, you are the \"sufferer.\"", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-30T13:13:29.237", "id": "96053", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-30T13:13:29.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First, I would like to point out that \"male and female language\" is a rather\ntunnel-visioned way of understanding the richness of Japanese role languages.\nJapanese is a language where five different members of the same family may\nhave five different ways of saying \"Hey I'm hungry\" or \"I know that!\".\nAlthough there are \"samurai speech\", \"tough guy speech\", \"wise old man\nspeech\", \"[charao](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5094/5010) speech\" and\nso on, there is no such thing as \"male language\" used by all males. The\nspeaker's gender is only one of the many contributing factors.\n\n> Whether there are job title variations with the same sexus used differently\n> by men and women\n\nDo you mean something like \"This job has to be called A by males but B by\nfemales\"? I don't think there is such a job. Maybe you have some\nmisconceptions about \"male and female language\". Still, some jobs are referred\nto in several different ways, and some are preferred by certain social groups.\nFor example, a medical doctor may be called 医師, 医者, お医者, お医者さん or お医者様. All of\nthese sound differently, and the frequency of their use varies with age,\nregion, social status as well as sex—of course, something like this is very\ncommon in any language!\n\n> variations with different sexus used the same way by both genders (like in\n> English)\n\nThe vast majority of job names/titles in Japanese are fundamentally gender-\nneutral, and has no gender-specific forms. But there are exceptions.\n\n 1. The \"main\" noun has always been gender-neutral, but a gender-specific version is also widely used whenever necessary (医師⚥/女医♀️; 魔法使い⚥/魔女♀️; 忍者⚥/くノ一♀️; 神⚥/女神♀️; 皇帝⚥/女帝♀️; 警官⚥/婦警♀️)\n 2. The main noun is technically gender-neutral, but is strongly associated with a certain gender, so gender-specific version has to be used appropriately (王(♂️)/女王♀️; 俳優(♂️)/女優♀️)\n 3. The job was normally called with a clearly gender-specific name in the past, but a gender-neutral version has become a norm (看護婦♀️→看護師⚥; 保母♀️→保育士⚥; 家政婦♀️→家事手伝い⚥; スチュワーデス♀️→客室乗務員⚥; 鉱夫♂️→鉱山労働者⚥)\n 4. The job is only for one gender for cultural/religious reasons, so no gender-neutral version is available (巫女♀️; 力士♂️)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T15:44:58.130", "id": "96083", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T15:44:58.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96049", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This 確認 is not a noun but a verb with する(の) omitted. Here, 手早く確認 is working as\nsomething like a slogan that could have been in quotes. So you can read it\nlike:\n\n> 「手早く確認！」が仕事の基本だよ。 \n> \"Check it right away!\" is the basic part of working.\n\nNote that a suru-verb can work as a short imperative without する or しろ (e.g.,\n\"起立!\" = \"Stand up!\", \"整列!\" = \"Fall in!\"). You can even use しろ explicitly and\nsay 手早く確認しろが仕事の基本だよ. This can safely be parsed without visible quotation\nmarks.\n\n手早く確認するのが仕事の基本だよ and 手早い確認が仕事の基本だよ are also perfectly correct, but the\noriginal sentence would sound a little more impressive because the 手早く確認 part\nsounds like it's urging you to take an action.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-30T12:18:28.663", "id": "96051", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-30T15:43:02.423", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-30T15:43:02.423", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96050", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "There are some issues with [the post you link\nto](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5160/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-these-two-transitive-verb-forms/5161#5161), which I won't delve into\ntoo deeply here.\n\nYour question suggests a misunderstanding of the main point that other post\nwas making -- comparing a transitive verb (終【お】える, \"to finish something\") with\nthe causative form (終【お】わらせる, \"to make something be finished\") of the\nintransitive counterpart (終【お】わる, \"something finishes, something ends [on its\nown]\").\n\nIf you start with a transitive verb like 習【なら】う or 学【まな】ぶ (\"to learn\"), and\nthe verb has no intransitive counterpart, then you cannot use the causative of\nthe transitive verb to express anything other than making someone or something\ndo the action of the verb: 習【なら】わせる or 学【まな】ばせる just means \"make someone learn\nsomething\".\n\nYou _could_ use the potential form of these verbs to express a sense of\naccomplishment: 習【なら】えた or 学【まな】べた (\"was able to learn\") implies that there\nwas some difficulty that might have prevented accomplishment, which you\novercame.\n\n_(In fact, that's what the 済【す】ませる verb often is in the linked post -- the\npotential of the transitive verb 済【す】ます. Confusingly, it can_ also _be an\nalternative form of 済【す】ます as the regular_ -aseru _causative ending added to\nroot verb stem_ sum- _; as with many things in language, context helps\nclarify.)_\n\n* * *\n\nIn answer to your question:\n\n> Is it common for Japanese students to use the causative form of the verb \"to\n> learn\", when talking about the fact that they learnt something in school?\n\nNo, it is not common, nor would it be understandable.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-30T18:31:39.750", "id": "96056", "last_activity_date": "2022-08-31T05:09:31.580", "last_edit_date": "2022-08-31T05:09:31.580", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "One word that I've seen used some is 類似【るいじ】漢字【かんじ】. [Googling for this phrase\nin\nJapanese](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22%E9%A1%9E%E4%BC%BC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%22+%22%E3%81%AF%22)\nyields around 8.5K hits (adding \"は\" to the search string to filter\nspecifically for Japanese). The second hit in that list (for me, anyway) is\n[this page](https://kanji-database.sourceforge.net/variants/similar-\nchars.html) from a section of the SourceForge website, listing visually\nsimilar characters. For some reason the Machigai-Sagashi website in\n@[Angelos](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/9971/)'s comment isn't\nloading for me, so apologies if this other site is a dupe or similar.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-03T19:52:22.357", "id": "97929", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-04T20:46:18.403", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-04T20:46:18.403", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Not exactly but [類字](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%97-660317) is a\nclose and established term for that and is found in dictionaries, although it\ndoesn't exclude non-kanji writing systems. In practice, 類字 is mostly applied\nto kanji (and perhaps kana), like 同字 and 別字 are.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-06-04T10:00:52.360", "id": "99836", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-04T11:18:01.943", "last_edit_date": "2023-06-04T11:18:01.943", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This なる is fundamentally the same なる as in ～てはならない. For details, see [Origin\nof ~なければ ならない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11788/5010)\n\nものか is a rhetorical question version of\n[ものだ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43083/5010).\n\n * くたばってはならない。 \nI must not drop dead.\n\n * くたばってはなるものか。 = くたばってなるものか。 \nHow should I drop dead?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T02:56:44.387", "id": "96065", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T02:56:44.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96058", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, `2弱体` looks like \"two 弱体's\" or \"two units of 弱体\", whereas `弱体2`\nlooks like \"弱体 type 2\", \"弱体 level 2\", \"弱体 II\", etc.\n\nWhen a word comes after a number, it describes the **unit/counter** of the\nnumber. When a word comes before a number, it describes the **type** of the\nnumber. Common examples:\n\n * 秒速5メートル: 5 meters per second (lit., \"5 meters in per-second speed\")\n * 摂氏30度: 30 degrees in celsius\n * 地上5000メートル: 5000 meters above ground\n * 震度5強: Intensity 5+ in [JMA Seismic Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale)\n\nNote that 秒速 and so on are not technically counters (it's not \"5 speeds\", \"30\ncelsiuses\", \"5000 grounds\", \"5 scales\").\n\nSome words work as both. For example, バージョン3 means \"Version 3\", whereas 3バージョン\nmeans \"3 versions\". バージョン is a counter only in the latter.\n\nIn your example, 弱体2 is unit-less, so you first need to refer to the rule book\nto see what it means. It's probably a stronger version of 弱体, but 弱体2 is not\nnecessarily twice as strong as 弱体. If 弱体 is clearly defined as a \"stackable\"\nstatus that works additively, 弱体2 and 2弱体 might refer to the same thing (\"two\nlevels/layers of 弱体\").", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-08-31T23:36:15.873", "id": "96062", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T00:04:32.827", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-01T00:04:32.827", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "See how it's surrounded by commas. It's probably \"what can I say?\" or \"how\nshould I put this?\" added as a [parenthetical\naside/interjection](https://www.dailywritingtips.com/8-types-of-parenthetical-\nphrases/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T02:43:03.013", "id": "96064", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T02:43:03.013", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Something like \"木+キ\" is an outdated convention used before 1970 when no one\nhad a computer (the tweet clearly says how retro it looks). \"广+マ\" and\n\"simplified 門\" are still sometimes seen in manga, but I feel even these have\nstarted to look a bit old-fashioned now. As for others, you should not use\nthem unless you are making an early-Showa film or something. It is not\nrecommended to create such abbreviations simply because some kanji are hard to\nremember. If you use \"艹+カ\", young readers probably can't even understand what\nyou are trying to do. In most cases, you should [simply use\nkana](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19491/5010) (or if you're feeling\nadventurous, [invent a KY語](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/69906/5010)).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T00:41:28.193", "id": "96063", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T02:07:19.523", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-01T02:07:19.523", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> So can you just make up and use something that would be easily recognizable?\n\nTheoretically you can, but practically that sort of creating kanji is not\nproductive (like other ways of creating kanji). That is, it is unlikely to be\nunderstood.\n\nMore precisely, there is nothing official about the kanjis of that sort, so\nyou could create a kanji like 艹+カ, but it is a different matter whether people\nunderstand it (which should have been the case in China thousands of years ago\nwhen original kanjis were made anyway).\n\n* * *\n\nAs [this](https://anond.hatelabo.jp/20180513144030) says, those kanjis were\nmostly used/understood in specific circles.\n\n> 薬の略字で草冠にヤ\n>\n> 機の略字で木偏にキ\n>\n> 議の略字で言偏にギ\n>\n> 館の略字で食偏にK\n>\n> 厩の略字で雁垂にQ\n>\n> 図書館の略字で国構えにト\n\nSome others I found by googling include : ⼫＋ソ = 層；⼴＋K ⼴＋O = 慶應 (a major\nuniversity).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T13:10:09.670", "id": "96069", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T13:10:09.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "“What’s up with upper case and lower case? We have two different forms for\neach letter, sometimes similar, sometimes completely different. Why weren’t\nthese merged to make it easier to learn to write?”\n\nNot poking fun at all—rather, recasting your post to point out that we English\nspeakers deal with two different glyph forms for a single letter every single\ntime we read or write—and we don’t blink an eye at that. So when learning\nhiragana and katakana, hearken back to your childhood days of learning the\nalphabet, and learning two different forms for each letter.\n\nIt’s really not that different.\n\n* * *\n\nAnd, come to think of it, some letters have more than just two glyph\nforms—consider alternative lower-case forms of **A** , such as the book form\n**a** with the loopy bit on top, or the usually handwritten form **ɑ** without\nthe top. Or for **G** , such as the book form\n with a closed loop for the bottom,\nand the handwritten form **ɡ** with the bottom as just a hook. Come to think\nof it, kana are actually a bit simpler—while there are more letters in total,\neach letter only has the two forms (hiragana and katakana), at least in modern\nusage.\n\n_(For those interested in multiple historical variants for each kana, see also\nthe[\"Hentaigana\" article on\nWikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentaigana), and [this PDF from\nUnicode.org listing different hentaigana\nforms](https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf).)_", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T06:32:03.587", "id": "96068", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T16:46:40.557", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-01T16:46:40.557", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 25 }, { "body": "Eiríkr Útlendi's answer covers one key aspect of why the systems weren't\nmerged (it's just a quirk of writing systems). But there's another answer\nthat's actually already in your question itself: Hiragana and Katakana serve\ndifferent grammatical functions in writing. If they were merged, Japanese\nwriting would lose that method to distinguish loan words and onomatopoeia from\nother words.\n\nWhether the gains of this grammatical function outweighs the cost of having to\nlearn a whole second set of characters is subjective, but I'd argue that it's\nonly marginally more difficult to learn Katakana in addition to Hiragana\n(especially once you compare it to the time cost of learning Kanji).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T13:21:36.593", "id": "96077", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T13:22:35.037", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-02T13:22:35.037", "last_editor_user_id": "54390", "owner_user_id": "54390", "parent_id": "96067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "The distinction between Katakana and Hiragana helps with reading. Not because\nyou can distinguish loan words from other words, but rather because you can\neasier break the sentence apart.\n\nUsually, the parts of a Japanese sentence written in Hiragana are particles,\nmodal verbs, inflectional endings, etc., which usually follow parts written in\nKanji or Katakana. So every time the system switches back to Kanji/Katakana,\nthere is usually a semantic break.\n\nTo illustrate this: While\n\n> すもももももももものうち\n\nseems unparsable, adding katakana and kanji breaks it up nicely:\n\n> スモモも 桃も 桃のうち\n\n(Spaces mark the switch back to kanji/katakana)\n\nWhile most originally Japanese words have kanji, most (Western) foreign words\ndon't, but especially for foreign words readers may need some aid to detect\nthe word boundaries. it also helps differentiating function words from the\nnames. In\n\n> カインがアベルを殺害した\n\nwe can see clearly that there are two names, and が and を are not part of them.\n(There are better examples)\n\nSince learning additional <50 chars on top of the >2000 (essential) kanji is\nnot too big a burden, the benefits outweigh the costs.\n\nWell, most of this could also be achieved with spaces...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T21:01:58.997", "id": "96086", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T21:01:58.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54393", "parent_id": "96067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "～め after a counter makes an ordinal number, like 2人目の店員 'the second clerk' or\n1本目のビール 'the first beer'. ～度 is a counter and works just as well with it, so\n何度目 will be 'what number time' (as awkward as that sounds in English).\n\nI believe ～になる is optional here but it sounds a little better with it.\nもう何度目だろう and もう何度目になるだろう are basically a difference of 'How many times is it\nnow?' and 'How many times will it be now?'\n\nSo yes, you've basically got the right idea.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T16:51:20.037", "id": "96071", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T16:51:20.037", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "96070", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "so I think the point confused you are: からといって. Before that is reason, after is\nthe fact, \"just because of the reason, the fact will happen? \"is a doubt about\nthis inevitability.\n\nSimply, you can understand it as: \"So these people, despite they were heroes,\n(despite)they have became Demon King, will suddenly thinking about world\ndomination?\"\n\nYou can find more details here: [enter link description\nhere](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=13340)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-01T19:55:10.400", "id": "96073", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-01T19:55:10.400", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54316", "parent_id": "96072", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here potential form 置ける (can put) of 置く (put) is used. Therefore \"you may\nplace\". Besides, if you want to say \"Place your card etc\" you have to use\nimperative form - 置いてください or similar. Although, I don't know whether in rules'\nexplanation imperative is really used.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T13:52:46.773", "id": "96079", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T13:52:46.773", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39017", "parent_id": "96075", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no regular way of doing this. While the suffixes ～人｛びと｝, ～者｛もの｝\n(generally used with kun'yomi), and ～者｛しゃ｝ (generally used with on'yomi) are\ncommon, often you simply need to use a relative clause.\n\n裏切り｛うらぎり｝者｛もの｝ - traitor (from 裏切る｛うらぎる｝, 'betray')\n\n旅人｛たびびと｝ - traveller (though this actually uses a noun)\n\n目撃者｛もくげきしゃ｝ - witness (somebody who witnesses something, and again 目撃 is\nactually a noun)\n\n切｛き｝る人｛ひと｝ - cutter, 'person that cuts' literally\n\nEven the first example technically uses a noun form of the verb, too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T13:26:01.097", "id": "96078", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T13:26:01.097", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "96076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There is no one-size-fits-all solution, and you have to be familiar with many\npatterns. To add to what Angelos have already mentioned, one important pattern\nis [masu-stem as a\nnoun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/32299/conjunctive-form-\ne-g-%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D-vs-conj-mono-\ne-g-%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D%E7%89%A9/32311#32311).\n\n * のぞく to peek / のぞき peeper\n * 魔法を使う to use magic / 魔法使い magic user → wizard\n * 相撲を取る to play sumō / 相撲取り sumō wrestler\n * 羊を飼う to raise sheep / 羊飼い sheep raiser → shepherd\n\n\"Jack the Ripper\" is 切り裂きジャック in Japanese, and 切り裂き is the masu-stem of the\nverb 切り裂く (\"to rip/tear\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-02T13:54:32.433", "id": "96080", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-02T13:54:32.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I will start from afar to explain in slightly more details about という\nexpression. It's not completely alien for English speakers, but it's a bit\ntricky, because usually we don't pay much attention to it.\n\nIn any language there are more concrete items and more general concepts about\nwhat it represents. For example, word flowers in \"Take care of these flowers\"\nrepresent something factual, very specific in front of our eyes. But flowers\nin \"One of the most expensive spices are flowers called Saffron\" represent the\nkind. The reason why it's even used here is because speaker isn't completely\nsure that all listeners would understand what Saffron is, especially when\npeople were talking about spices to begin with. So we mention the kind, what\ngenerally it is, and more specific unit on which we want to focus. There are\nmany similar situations when we want to talk more abstract ideas, what\nsomething represent. For example, when we say \"the fact that X happened\nmeans...\", we want to shift from factual occurrence to more abstract idea that\nsuch thing can mean generally. For example, \"The fact that she remembers your\nbirthday or your preferences means that she's paying attention to you (she\nlikes you or she cares about you)\".\n\nIn Japanese という is essential for it. It can be used in several slightly\ndistinctive situations:\n\n 1. Xと言った \"(Someone) said X\"\n 2. 姫という酒場 \"Bar called Princess\"\n 3. サフランという花 \"Flowers called Saffron\"\n 4. 自分の娘と会わないということは考えられない \"I can't imagine not seeing my daughter\"\n\nIt's not inclusive, there might be other usages, but it has a gradient to show\nthe idea. In the first example いう is used directly, so there are no nuances.\nBut in the second example people have a small problem. If we say \"Let's go to\nthe bar\", then it might be not obvious which exactly bar we mean. Similarly if\npeople aren't aware about such bar, then \"Let's go to the Princess\" doesn't\neven make any sense. We need some tool to combine both, specific name and what\nit represents and such tool in Japanese is という. Third example is very similar\nto it, but in my opinion it has slightly different flavor. While giving names\nfor places, books, movies and other things can be informative, sometimes\npeople want to explain something or give their interpretation of it. Similarly\nwe can try to find out such explanation or confirmation, if such thing exist\nand it's what we think. Very often it's used in pair with こと, so we get ということ\nfor different kinds of explanations and interpretations. I decided to mention\nthe forth example, because it's the peak. It's so abstract that it exist only\ntheoretically, person can't believe that such thing is even possible and it's\nalways going to be used with という.\n\nということでしょう from your example is very simple, because it's purely №3. Person\ntries to explain what it is and gives his own interpretation. But I'm not sure\nabout 3秒という時間. It might be similar to №2, but it's different. In 姫という酒場 we\ncan't change it, something like 姫の酒場 would produce completely different\nmeaning, but 3秒の時間 is possible. There are many different wordings too, we can\nuse 3秒間 or 3秒間の, so there should be a reason why person wants to use という\nvariation. My guess is that sometimes people use という by feeling, the idea of\nという is that we can think about some broader unit being split on different\ncategories. When we say 姫という酒場, we understand that there are many different 酒場\nand we want to focus on one of these. Therefore if people feel that it's not\nsimply a time of some activity, but a category instead, they would tend to use\nという for it. For example, if we are talking about breathing techniques, then\nholding your breath for 3 seconds could be a variation of it. But it's purely\nmy speculation and can be completely wrong.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-03T21:06:47.643", "id": "96096", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-03T21:06:47.643", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41989", "parent_id": "96082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> \"I don't have the patience lately to read a long novel.\"\n\nI'm not very proficient at English connotation, but based on the context\nbelow:\n\n> what I'm looking for is not really about \"will power,\" in the usual sense of\n> completing an unpleasant task, or refraining from an act of immediate\n> pleasure. It's more of being in a state of mental equanimity that permits\n> leisurely pursuits like reading a long book, or even putting together\n> furniture from Ikea.\n\nthere might be several strategies to form Japanese expression.\n\n * > 最近長い小説を読む気が起きない \n> 最近長い小説を読む気にならない \n> 最近長い小説を読むやる気が（わかない／出ない）\n\n[verb] + 気 roughly means \"feeling like [verb]-ing\" and やる気 means \"will to do\",\nso they can be used in the situation where you cannot bring yourself to do\nsomething.\n\n * > 最近長い小説を読む気力が（続か）ない \n> 最近長い小説を読む根気が続かない\n\nThey would sound like you become \"short-winded\" and cannot make it to the end\nif you try. 根気 may be closest to translate \"patience\" but it usually describes\none's character that is not thought to fluctuate much, so 最近根気がない sounds a\nlittle off.\n\n * > 最近長い小説を読んでいられない\n\n～ていられる has a nuance \"able to keep an action (or non-action) for a longer\nwhile\" that sometimes might be suitable for the word \"patient\". e.g. 待っていられない\n\"can't wait (anymore)\", \"be impatient\"\n\n * > 最近長い小説を読む集中力がない\n\nIt is a freer translation where 集中力 literally means \"ability of concentration\"\nthus implies you cannot exclude other things from your mind and absorb\nyourself in the activity.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T13:33:42.277", "id": "96109", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T13:33:42.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "96084", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "One word that came to mind was 余裕, which can be used to talk about \"having\nroom to\" in a lot of senses - in your case, having the 'mental room' to do\nsomething that requires some higher level of thinking.\n\nFrom a quick google search, it seems like 精神的余裕 is a pretty common phrase used\nto talk about things like mental fatigue.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-05T09:15:48.023", "id": "96125", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-05T09:15:48.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51276", "parent_id": "96084", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In the attributive usage, the が/の are generally interchangeable.\n\n * それは学生にとって興味のある問題だと思う。\n * それは学生にとって興味 **が** ある問題だと思う。\n\nBoth are fine.\n\nAs a predicate 興味のある is not acceptable.\n\n * 私はその問題に興味 **が** ある。\n * ×私はその問題に興味 **の** ある。\n\nPractically it would be better to remember 興味のある is a phrase meaning _of\ninterest_.\n\n* * *\n\n興味のある looks more common to me than 興味がある (as a modifier).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T01:03:47.687", "id": "96100", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T01:03:47.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96087", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This する means \"(for time) to pass\". You should be able to find this definition\nin any dictionary.\n\n * しばらくしてからやります。 \nI'll do it later (after a while).\n\n * ちょっとしたら彼は来るはずです。 \nHe should come in no time.\n\n * 5時間はしないと終わらない。 \nWe can't finish this at least in 5 hours.\n\nNote that this is used **only in a subordinate clause** , usually with a\nconditional expression (すれば, したら, すると, しないと, etc) or まで/から. In a main clause,\n5時間した never means \"Five hours passed\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-03T08:06:59.497", "id": "96090", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-03T08:06:59.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "翔鶴 - it's apparently the name of a Japanese battleship. The meaning is soaring\nand crane.\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku>\n\nI think the writing style is called\n[楷書](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script). This is a broad category,\nso experts might be able to identify something narrower.\n\nIt could be a borrowed word from Chinese, but I don't know much about that.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-03T09:20:40.343", "id": "96092", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-03T09:20:40.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96091", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The basic meaning of とかく by itself is \"at any rate\" or \"anyhow\". It's cognate\nwith とにかく. Etymologically, とにかく/とかく means \"this and/or that\".\n\nとかく is commonly used with ～がちだ, ～くなりやすい, etc., and in such cases, とかく by\nitself is a _guiding adverb_ that indicates the expression corresponding to\n\"apt to\" is upcoming (and perhaps adds a small emphasis). とかく by itself does\nnot mean \"apt to\", but it works as a hint that the writer will talk about a\n(usually bad) habit, tendency or something. You may have heard [もし on its own\ndoesn't mean \"if ～\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62037/5010) or [あたかも\non its own doesn't mean \"just like\n～\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62491/5010). It's the same here.\n\nHowever, the guiding function of とかく is strong enough that it is sometimes\nused without explicit ～がちだ, etc. In such cases, you may choose to think the\nmeaning of \"apt to\" is built into とかく itself. Still, since とかく is usually used\nwith a bad habit/tendency, in my opinion, it's better not to forget the basic\nsense of \"at any rate\" or \"whatever\" even in such cases. For example, とかく in\nとかく世の中は金がかかる sounds to me like \"no matter what you want to do\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T00:43:30.820", "id": "96099", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-05T00:36:00.027", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-05T00:36:00.027", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[うはうは](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%86%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%E3%81%AF-441183)\nmeans _lucky/happy_ , typically associated with making a lot of money as seen\nin examples in the linked entry.\n\nIn the sentences of the questions, it describes 'having a girl friend'. So the\nfirst part means something like\n\n * Ah, this summer I'm gonna get a pretty girl friend and have a gorgeous life!\n * 'gorgeous', huh?\n\nAs for the second phrase, そういうこと refers to 大和's phrase, so\nそういうこと言ってる奴に限ってできないんだよな means _guy who say things like these are exactly those\nwho won't have girlfriends._ できる here means 彼女ができる = _have a girlfriend_.\n\n世の中、うまく出来てるというか、何というか means literally _This world is well made, or what to\nsay..._. It expresses the speaker's feeling ironical about the reality (those\nwho are very willing to have girlfriends won't have them). 世の中 can also be\nunderstood as a part of the main structure as you did.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T00:15:07.270", "id": "96098", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T00:15:07.270", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96094", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "I can see why this construction is difficult to understand, as there are\nmultiple different meanings that can result from both ～て form and ～くる and\nthere's no easy way to work out which one is being used in each case. I'll\ndescribe the most common/likely interpretation below but if there's a\nparticular example you're struggling to understand please post it together\nwith the context it came from.\n\nThe first て here is just linking the two events 言われた ⇒ やってきた in successive\ntemporal order, with the nuance that the second was a result of the first.\n\n言われる: to be told something (passive form of 言う)\n\nやってくる: Think of this as a single verb. It basically means the same as 来る in\nits literal, physical sense - i.e. to come (to a place). The やって adds a sense\nof having come with the purpose of doing something in particular. We don't\nreally have a concise way to express this in English, so it will often be\ntranslated simply as \"come\", but for the purpose of understanding the\nexpression you can think \"come on a mission\". I might sometimes translate this\nas \"come down\" or \"come along\" to inject the extra nuance in a subtle way\ndepending on the context/style of the speaker etc.\n\nThe above is counter-intuitive because it does not really correspond to what\nyou would expect given the standard meaning of やる and behaviour of verbs in て\nform before くる. So you really have to just remember it as a single set phrase,\ni.e. a complete verb in itself.\n\nAlso, please use sparingly in daily conversation. My feeling is it's used more\nto talk about others, and especially when describing fictional characters.\nUsing it about one's self could give off an air of self-importance, so if used\nabout one's self will often have a tone of irony. It could also sound a bit\ndisrespectful when talking about others, which is why it is mostly seen\ntalking about third parties outside of a given situation such as fictional\ncharacters.\n\nPutting it all together, you have (in the translation below I assume the\nsubject is \"I\" but it could just as easily be \"he\", \"she\", \"they\", etc.):\n\nXと言われてやってきた。 I came because somebody told me X.\n\nTo give a more concrete example, here's a sentence I found in a movie review\nfor the movie バナナ・パラダイス on [this\npage](http://www.cinenouveau.com/sakuhin/future/future.html) after searching\nGoogle for \"言われてやってきた\":\n\n台湾はバナナがたくさん食べられて天国のようなところだと言われてやってきた２人だった These two came to Taiwan after\nhearing that it was like a paradise where one could eat loads of bananas.\n\nThe nuance conveyed by the やって part here is that they came to eat lots of\nbananas. As you can see it's not really necessary in the English as it's\nunderstood from context, but if one wanted to reflect it in the English and\nmaybe add some flair to the translation one could write \"These two came to\nTaiwan hoping to fill their bellies after hearing...\" or something like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T06:00:47.430", "id": "96103", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T19:33:35.283", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-04T19:33:35.283", "last_editor_user_id": "50250", "owner_user_id": "50250", "parent_id": "96102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "**X かのよう** is just like saying \"can almost make us believe that X\", being\nfaithful to its connotation. It is used to introduce a 100% counterfactual\nfigure of speech, where the speaker is fully aware that X is not actually\nhappening.\n\n**ほど** tells equivalence. 「A ほど B」 can be usually translated \"so B that A\":\n天に届くほど高い \"so high that (it) reaches to the heavens\". However, of course people\nsometimes use hyperbole. My 天に届くほど高い, in the literal sense, can be only\napplied to the tower of Babel (or space elevators?), but they may employ it\nfor Tokyo Skytree or Burj Khalifa, which are not remotely true.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T15:07:23.307", "id": "96112", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T15:38:35.920", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-04T15:38:35.920", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "96104", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Ending an extended phrase with a noun like this means the phrase modifies the\nnoun. So, in means \"thing\" in English, therefore:\n\n\"It happened at a workplace drinking thing.\"\n\nThis is informal in English but is completely acceptable in Japanese.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T13:21:46.410", "id": "96107", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T13:21:46.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96105", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "You can refer to your parents as chichi and haha. They probably most closely\ntranslate to \"daddy\" and \"mommy\", so you can get some feeling on how this\nwould make people think about your relationship with your parents if they\noverheard this.\n\nSo, compare \"Mother, can I have money [e.g. for my education]?\"\n\n\"Mommy, can I have money [e.g. for toys]?\"\n\nSomeone could even say that \"mommy\" would be disrespectful to your parents\nafter a certain age, but that would need debated.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T13:28:13.137", "id": "96108", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T13:28:13.137", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96106", "post_type": "answer", "score": -4 }, { "body": "Q1：No, chichi/haha won't be used when talking to siblings, generally speaking.\nThe basic rule is that honorifics are not used when talking about people\n\"inside\" to people \"outside\". In this case, inside/outside border is whether\nor not one is a family member. So, assuming the case of talking to siblings in\nan ordinary family, all are \"inside\"; as such the rule does not apply and\notou-san/oka-san (or whatever is used for calling father/mother by the\nspeaker) are used when talking about father/mother to siblings. For\ncomparison, if talking about father/mother to your teacher, say, you will\nrefer to father/mother by chichi/haha.\n\nQ2 : Yes, oyaji/otou-san/okaa-san can be used in theory. But whether \"oyaji\"\nsounds natural depends on many factors, e.g., the age of the speaker.\n\nQ3 : It is ofukuro.\n\nQ4 : I briefly checked the anime. The second part uses 'hahaoya', not haha,\nand is talking about generic 'mother', not about their particular mother. So\nit is not directly relevant to the current question.\n\n* * *\n\nRe Q1. Another example. Suppose you have a colleague named Tanaka. Normally\nyou talk to him as Tanaka-san. But when talking to a third person from another\ncompany, you refer to him as Tanaka because Tanaka is 'inside' and the third\nperson is 'outside'.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T14:06:04.820", "id": "96110", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T14:52:36.033", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-04T14:52:36.033", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96106", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "The division of days into seven day weeks is relatively recent historically. I\nthink in the past the Japanese used 10 day periods, called decameron in\nEnglish or more easily 旬.\n\nSo, the Japanese must have nore or less adopted the Western week system, which\nis why we see so many similarities.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T17:16:26.877", "id": "96116", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-04T17:16:26.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The real meaning of wakenai is \"no understanding\" or \"no reason\", so I'd\ntranslate your sentences as:\n\n> 「この問題できる？」「こんなのわけないよ」 \n> Can you do this question? You asking me makes no sense, of course.\n\nWith the \"yo\" translating as \"of course\".\n\nThe second sentence:\n\n> 「N2の試験に合格したんだって？」「そんなわけないだろう」 \n> Did you pass the N2 exam? That thing makes no sense to me.\n\nSo the meaning of \"wakenai\" differs based on context.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-04T16:38:57.693", "id": "96115", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-05T07:21:28.653", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-05T07:21:28.653", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96114", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "What you see is a result of two subtle (but basic) grammar points combined.\n\n 1. こんなの/そんなの vs こんな/そんな\n\nこんな/そんな… are (technically not adjectives, but) a kind of single function\nadjectives, that are only allowed to qualify a noun.\n\nの has tons of meanings, among which is nominalization. When の comes after 連体形\n(form used to qualify a noun) of adjectives or verbs, it can make a noun\nphrase e.g. きれいなの \"beautiful one\", 走るの \"something that runs\". Thus こんなの/そんなの…\nare nouns as a whole.\n\n 2. わけ (noun) vs わけ (形式名詞 \"formal noun\")\n\nわけ has multiple meanings as a noun, but aside from that, it is most often used\nas a 形式名詞, which grammatically behaves as if a noun, but always needs a\nqualifier and serves as a function word in meaning.\n\nNow, わけ + ない creates two idiomatic expressions:\n\n * **わけ (noun)** (+ optional particles) + **ない** \n\"no reasoning needed\" = \"is no-brainer\"\n\n * **X わけ (形式名詞)** (+ optional particles) + **ない** \n\"there is no way X\", \"it cannot be X\"\n\n> こんなのわけないよ \n> そんなわけないだろう\n\nThe first sentence starts from こんなの, which is a noun, impossible to qualify\nthe next わけ. So this sentence can be only parsed as \"こんなの [omitted topic\nparticle] わけない\".\n\nThe second sentence starts from そんな, and it **must** qualify the next わけ, thus\nthis わけ is a 形式名詞. The sentence is parsed as \"そんなわけ [omitted particle] ないだろう\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-05T04:44:00.630", "id": "96123", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-05T07:49:48.910", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-05T07:49:48.910", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "96114", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> 1. 世の中はこれ全て、人とのえにし、 **分けても** 男女のえにしで成り立っていると聞いたでおす\n>\n\n「分けても」 means 「特に」「とりわけ」「中でも」 \"especially\" \"particularly\" \"among other things\".\nFrom 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> わけても【分けても】 \n> 〘副〙特に。とりわけ。「総じて子供はかわいがったが、 **わけても** 末娘は[溺愛]{できあい}していた」\n\n* * *\n\n> 2. 導いたのはわちきなれど、二人が出会うたのも運命というものじゃろ\n>\n\nIt roughly means: \"Though I guided [the main character], (I suppose) you two\nwere destined to meet.\"\n\nI think your translation is good.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-05T04:44:05.393", "id": "96124", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-05T07:36:00.543", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-05T07:36:00.543", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "The sentence connects two clauses, ドアノブをまわすと鍵は掛かっていなかった and 彼女はそのまま中に入っていった,\nwith ので. If you have to split ので into の and で (which I wouldn’t particularly\nrecommend), this の is not a nominalizer. Rather, it is what is called the\nexplanatory-の. If you have already learned `〜のです` or `〜んです`, ので is best\nunderstood as the conjunctive form of that.\n\nThe part that precedes ので describes a situation or circumstance of which what\nis stated in the main clause (which follows ので) is a consequence. It’s like\n“since” in English, except, of course, the part that would follow “since”\nneeds to put before ので, not after. If you don’t want to swap the word order in\nyour head, you could see ので as “so” or “therefore”.\n\n> 鍵は掛かっていなかったので、彼女はそのまま中に入っていった。 \n> Since the door was unlocked, she proceeded inside. \n> (The door was unlocked, and therefore, she proceeded inside.)\n\nドアノブをまわすと follows the pattern of `[V present affirmative plain form]-と`. The\ntense before と in this construction is always the present. If the main clause\n(which follows と) is also in the present tense, the sentence indicates that\nperforming the action of `V` (i.e. the verb before と) automatically or\nnaturally leads to the situation described in the main clause.\n\n> ドアノブをまわすとドアが開く。 \n> Turn the knob, and the door will open (as a natural result of it). \n> (If you turn the knob, the door will open.)\n\nWhen the main clause is in the past tense, as in your sentence (with\n掛かっていなかった), the sentence indicates that performing the action of `V` led to\nthe finding out, by the subject of `V`, of the situation described in the main\nclause, as an immediate consequence.\n\n> ドアノブをまわすと鍵は掛かっていなかった。 \n> She turned the knob and (found out as a result) the door was unlocked.\n\nThe whole sentence may be translated this way.\n\n> ドアノブをまわすと鍵は掛かっていなかったので、彼女はそのまま中に入っていった。 \n> Since the door was unlocked when she tried turning the knob, she proceeded\n> inside.\n\nAs for the difference between ので and て, the former is explicit about the\ncausal relationship while the latter may only imply it. Your rephrased\nsentence with て sounds awkward. She was able to proceed precisely because the\ndoor was unlocked. The sentence sounds more natural with ので making this causal\nrelationship clear.\n\nて would sound more natural if the main clause simply provided an additional\ndescription of the situation, rather than stating what it permitted her to do\nas a result.\n\n> ドアノブをまわすと鍵は掛かっていなくて、ドアはすぐに開いた。 \n> The door was unlocked when she tried turning the knob, and it opened with\n> no difficulty.\n\nActually, this sounds a bit colloquial. In written language, I might say\n掛かっておらず. But this is a totally different topic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T09:23:45.023", "id": "96146", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T09:45:53.687", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-07T09:45:53.687", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96129", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The structure of 日本銀行 is not different from that of Chicago Stadium, Brooklyn\nBridge, etc. It's a proper noun, so no の is usually used.\n\n日本の銀行 usually means \"bank(s) in Japan\". See also: [Why isn't 日本料理 written as\n日本の料理?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27485/5010)\n\n日本 and 銀行 are **not** in apposition. Japan (日本) is not a bank but a country.\n\n> 2 and 3 would mean that \"Bank Japan\" would be the correct translation.\n\nWhy? It's simply \"Japan Bank\", not \"Bank Japan\".\n\n\"Bank of X\" and \"X Bank\" are two equally valid ways of naming the same thing\nin English, but there is basically only one way to name a bank in Japanese,\nwhich is \"X銀行\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-06T04:30:00.097", "id": "96132", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-06T05:54:59.417", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-06T05:54:59.417", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "What dictionary are you using? Does the dictionary not list other English\ntranslations?\n\nI have two suggestions:\n\n * Look at all the translations all together. That will often give you a general sense of what the word means.\n * Look at the example sentences. Online dictionaries like jisho.org provide example sentences that illustrate how the words are used.\n\nI have a preference for the written word and trust online sources less than\nwhat's printed. If you have a print dictionary, the two points above will not\nlikely lead you astray. The editors of print dictionaries (particularly the\ndictionaries for native Japanese speakers) put considerable time into writing\nup the entries and providing illustrative example sentences of usage. The\nthing is you don't have to be a native speaker to find these dictionaries\nuseful. I used these dictionaries from the get-go when I barely knew much\nJapanese at all.\n\nOnline dictionaries sometime cull their example sentences in ways that are\nless than helpful. Generally, it appears, no thought was put into the example\nsentences (after all that's resource intense work). That said, jisho seems to\ndo generally a good job.\n\nOf course, if you look up くらい you'll discover it has quite a variety of\nmeanings: from _dark_ to _position/rank_ to _approximately_. As always with\nJapanese, context will drive this.\n\nAlso, keep in mind that _about_ itself has very broad applications and its\nmeaning in English is not very precise but more or less determined by context.\n\nLook at these entries in jisho and their associated example sentences:\n\n * [くらい](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%84) and [a collection of example sentences](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%20%23sentences)\n\n * [だいたい](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%93) and [a collection of example sentences](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%93%20%23sentences)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-06T12:27:57.263", "id": "96135", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-06T12:35:18.307", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-06T12:35:18.307", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "96134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Nothing special is going on. Don't try to overanalyze it. This is a word that\nare commonly written in both ways, and most people do not have any opinion\nabout which to use. Perhaps the author adopted whichever IME showed first\nwithout thinking anything. I can hardly imagine the author had some concrete\nintention for this, but even if he did, it would be impossible for anyone\nother than the author himself to explain it.\n\nIf you insist, hiragana tends to look slightly feminine, cuter or childish,\nbut I don't think that works as a strong reason here.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T14:36:11.320", "id": "96151", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T14:36:11.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96137", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> how and why the verb ひたす became びたし\n\nThe ひ → び sound change is [連濁]{れんだく}.\n\nみず + ひたし → みず **び** たし (水浸し) \nあさ + かお → あさ **が** お (朝顔) \nひら + かな → ひら **が** な (平仮名) \nさん + ひき → さん **び** き (３匹)\n\nFor more on 連濁, see:\n\n * [Why does this unvoiced ほ sound become a voiced ぼ sound?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44775/9831)\n * [What is the difference between tori vs. dori?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/816/9831)\n\n* * *\n\nびた **し** (or ひた **し** ) is the noun form of the verb [浸]{ひた} **す**. It's\noriginally the continuative form (連用形) of the verb. For more on the noun form\nof verbs, see:\n\n * [Conjunctive form (e.g. 書き) vs Conj + mono (e.g. 書き物)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/32299/9831)\n * [入り and 付き in these sentences](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40835/9831)\n\n* * *\n\n> The subsidiary verb しまう [...] somehow became しまい.\n\nThe しまい is the continuative form (連用形) of しまう. This form can be used as a\nconjunction. 「水浸しになってしま **って** 、村人はこまりました。」 means the same thing as 「水浸しになってしま\n**い** 、村人はこまりました。」 The latter sounds a bit more literary.\n\nThis form is called [中止形]{ちゅうしけい} and this usage, [中止法]{ちゅうしほう}. See:\n\n * [Is there a term for using conjugating verbs such that the sentence continues with another clause?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/9831)\n * [Use of く-form over くて in an い-adjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12642/9831)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-06T16:22:16.373", "id": "96139", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-06T18:23:19.063", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-06T18:23:19.063", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96138", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it depends, but using ご愁傷さまでした (in the past tense) would be possible.\n\nAs for your example, if you know the coworker well enough, then ご愁傷様でした is not\nthat weird. But if you just know her/him recently, ご愁傷様でした is definitely odd.\n\nIn either case, it may be safer to use something like それは大変でしたね/だったね or to say\nsomething to the effect that you are sorry you didn't know.\n\n* * *\n\nご愁傷さまです in the present tense sounds more normal when talking about a death of\nthe near past, as you guess. But there is no clear limit on how near it should\nbe.\n\nAlso note that the phrase can be used for teasing. (See\n[#2](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BE%A1%E6%84%81%E5%82%B7%E6%A7%98/#jn-78913).)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T00:05:02.960", "id": "96141", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T00:05:02.960", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "Question 1: (\"I like to X and Y\", in one sentence)\n\n> 私は料理することと泳ぐことが好きだ。 \n> 私は料理と水泳が好きだ。\n\nYou might not want nominalization, but I don't think you can get around it in\nthis case. If you want to make it shorter, you can use nouns instead of\nnominalized verbs. 私は料理して泳ぐことが好きだ would not be what you want to say - it\nsounds more like you like to cook while swimming.\n\nQuestion 2: (\"I did X and Y\", in two sentences)\n\n> 私は今朝公園に行った。図書館に **も** 行った。 \n> 私は今朝公園に行った。 **そして** 図書館に行った。 \n> 私は今朝公園に行った。 **それから** 図書館に行った。\n\nThe first option seems closest to \"additionally\", although the word you need\nto use doesn't come at the beginning of the second sentence. The last two\noptions imply chronological order.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T08:30:01.117", "id": "96145", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T08:38:30.317", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-07T08:38:30.317", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Question 1: \"gari\" translates as \"self-interest (我利)\" so ガリ勉くん translates as\n\"self-interested striving chap\" which seems to be along the lines of \"nerd\".\n\nQuestion 2: Let's look of the meaning of each part of the word monster,\nobakemono, which is like \"great-transformed-thing\". From that, we can probably\nderive 勉強オバケ to mean something like \"someone who transforms when studying.\"\nThe nuance here is that the person becomes something different, something...\nunhuman, when exposed to studying. Maybe grouchy, grumpy, intense? But\nprobably not a nice friendly personality. Therefore, \"nerd\" maybe one way to\ntake it but also \"freak\" ,\"monster\", \"beast\", too.\n\nQuestion 3: What translates as nerd? There really isn't a simple answer for\nthis, nerd is a realitively recent slang term, prolly shouldn't expect this\ntype of word to translate 1-to-1 in other languages.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T12:45:21.427", "id": "96148", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T22:14:42.687", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-07T22:14:42.687", "last_editor_user_id": "34142", "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96147", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "ガリ勉 is a relatively old slang word that has been used since the mid-Showa era.\nIt refers to someone who studies very hard and pays little attention to other\nthings such as club activities and love. A ガリ勉 studies hard but their grades\nare not necessarily good. It is usually associated with a negative\nconnotation. Both \"nerd\" and \"book-smart\" have slightly different meanings\nfrom ガリ勉, but these can be possible translations as long as the translator\nknows the character well and wants to emphasize the negative aspect of ガリ勉. A\nstereotypical ガリ勉くん looks like [this](https://www.irasutoya.com/2017/04/blog-\npost_437.html).\n\n-おばけ in this context is a relatively new humorous suffix meaning \"◯◯ monster\", \"Mr. ◯◯\" or something. It can attach to many words (e.g., 体力おばけ is someone who is very tough physically, メンタルおばけ is someone who is very tough mentally, 野球おばけ is someone who is extremely good at baseball, etc). ◯◯おばけ tends to be used positively, but it may be used negatively. 勉強おばけ has little to do with nerd.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T14:16:02.310", "id": "96149", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T00:27:41.123", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-08T00:27:41.123", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, in the context of verb conjugation in Japanese, it seems _base_ (語基)\nis the right word.\n\n* * *\n\n_Note that this is just the result of googling and may contain errors._\n\nAccording to [this](https://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/323/323%20/323-Roots-\nBases-Stems.fm6.htm), the following is the general definitions (some\ncontroversies aside).\n\n * Roots are monomorphemic and have no lexical meaning. (\"lexical meaning\" should be the same as \"meaning\" in the ordinary sense, see comment.)\n * A stem must have lexical meaning and may contain derivational affixes.\n * A base is a form to which an affix may be adjoined. As such, it has no lexical meaning.\n * All roots are bases, but not all bases are roots.\n\nJust taking an example from\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%A0%B9), 横切る's non-\nconjugating part contains 横切, which is not monomorphemic and can't be regarded\nas a root. Also, at the same time 横切 does not have a lexical meaning, it is\nnot a stem either.\n\nNow at this point already it is easy to see that there are some ambiguities\naround what is regarded as 'having a lexical meaning' - it should be possible\nto argue 横切 has a lexical meaning.\n\nBut anyway as long as one follows the definitions above, stem/root are\nmisnomers in referring to non-conjugating parts in Japanese verbs because they\nare generally non-monomorphemic and don't have lexical meanings.\n\n* * *\n\nI think there are a few source of confusion. (The root cause may be applying\nlinguistic notions from Western languages to Japanese.\n\n**(1) what is regarded as \"non-conjugating\" in Japanese verbs.**\n\nAccording to [this pdf](https://researchmap.jp/miyaokah/misc/31849988), there\nare two theories on what constitutes a 語幹 in Japanese verbs. One says it has\nmultiple forms (1) and the other say there is only one (2). Taking an example\nfrom the pdf, the following is difference. Consider 貸す:\n\n 1. Kas-u, Kasi-masu, Kasa-naide ...\n 2. Kas-u, Kas-i-masu, Kas-a-nai\n\nFollowing theory 1, _kas/kasi/.._ are all 語幹/語基. Theory 2 says it is _kas_.\n(What is more confusing, I believe school grammar teaches 語幹 of 貸す is _ka_.)\n\n**(2) the term 語幹.**\n\nIt should correspond to stem, but literally speaking it means _word trunk_. I\ndon't know the history, but it may have been in use before all those\nlinguistic terms became common.\n\nEither way, it looks plausible to me that 語幹 was and is used just because it\nis common. 語基 is a technical term and not understood outside linguistic\ncircles. And because of these authors of Japanese text book tend to use stem,\npossibly unaware of difference among those terms (I have no evidence for this,\nof course).", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T08:06:53.663", "id": "96158", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-11T02:12:09.510", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-11T02:12:09.510", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Yes. The first part could be translate as, \"Like, at the beginning of the game\", with the quotive emphasizing the earlier part.\n\n 2. No. A translation could be \"what way - was - that being the case - to have done.\" With the phrase you highlighted being the last two parts.\n\n 3. Yes, ke is an ending that indicates a question, similar to the sentence ending phrase \"idk\" in English.\n\nSo, tying it together: \"Like, at the beginning of the game, I only kinda\nremember what was going on.\"\n\nBut based on context you might also get: \"I only kinda remember what to do.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-07T22:46:28.860", "id": "96153", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-07T22:46:28.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96152", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "って is often used in casual speech to start commenting on or asking about\nsomething. It plays a similar function to は but doesn’t have the contrastive\nsense of は.\n\nIn plain style, the following are both possible.\n\n> どうなったんだっけ\n\n> どうなったんだったっけ\n\nThough they are practically interchangeable, there is a slight nuance. The\nsecond sounds like the speaker is simply wondering or trying to remember a\nconclusion that was already made in the past, whereas the first could be used,\ndepending on context, to ask about, or ask for, a pending decision, as when\nspoken by a boss to demand reporting from a subordinate.\n\nIn polite style, however, only the past tense sounds natural.\n\n> x どうなったんですっけ\n\n> どうなったんでしたっけ\n\nどうなったの is the plain version of どうなったんですか and is a direct question to the\nlistener. っけ makes it sound like the speaker is half wondering to his/herself\nand half expecting an answer from the listener.\n\n> 完のゲームって、どうなったんでしたっけ。 \n> I wonder what(ever) happened to the game of Kan. (Do you know?)\n\nIn this context, it is not necessarily the case that the speaker forgot\nsomething he/she once learned about the game. It could as well be that he/she\nsimply doesn’t know.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-09T02:48:34.333", "id": "96171", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-09T02:48:34.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96152", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The plain dictionary form is used, but する is commonly omitted when the verb is\na suru-verb. Simple noun phrases can be used, too. Examples:\n\n * デイブにメール(する)\n * 部屋に掃除機をかける\n * 卵を買う\n * ホテルの予約 or ホテルを予約(する)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T00:52:24.630", "id": "96155", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T00:52:24.630", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96154", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 } ]

[ { "body": "**としては** ：「Nounの立場から言えば、・・・。」という意味です。 \nIt attaches to nouns that describe a person or organisation and state what it\nis like for that position.\n\n> 例1) 私個人としては、納得できません。 \n> I personally can't agree.\n\n> 例2) 学校としては、アルバイトをしていいと言うことができません。 \n> As a school, we can't say that it's okay to have a part-time job.\n\n**にしては** ：Aにしては、B。＝ 「Aから考えると、Bは予想外だ。」という意味を表します。\n\nIt's used to evaluate or criticise something. It’s used when you want to say\nthat what you expected about A was different from the actual B. There is a\nfeeling that it's unexpected.\n\n> 例1) あの子は、子供にしては難しい言葉をよく知っている。 \n> That child knows difficult words well for a child.\n\n> 例2) このおすし、100円にしてはおいしい！ \n> This sushi is delicious for 100 yen!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-13T02:44:29.390", "id": "96210", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-13T16:27:58.067", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-13T16:27:58.067", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "54458", "parent_id": "96156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I feel like there is no set phrase in Japanese that fits. Instead, you can say\ndifferent things that show you are caring depending on the situation.\n\n気を付けて（ね） can be said in many situations but not too versatile. It's a bit\nstrange to say that to someone obviously not going anywhere (like someone\nstaying in hospital).\n\n元気でね can be said before departing or ending a phone call, but I feel like it\nexpects an extended period of absence. I think you are less likely to say that\nto someone you meet or talk to everyday.\n\nAlso, you tend to explicitly mark \"I'm ending this conversation\" by saying\nsomething like それじゃ first.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T10:35:58.640", "id": "96160", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T10:35:58.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96157", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "It means:\n\n> 『あとは勝手に注文してくれ **れば** 、できるものなら作る **よ』という** のが俺の営業方針さ。 \"Other than these\n> (things/dishes), if you just order what you want, I will make/cook what I\n> can\" is my business policy.\n\nりゃあ is a colloquial contracted pronunciation of れば.\n\nRelated thread: [What is the meaning of りゃ in this\nphrase?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12524/9831)\n\n* * *\n\nThe よって is 「～よ。」って = 「～よ。」という. The よ is a sentence ending particle, and the って\nis a colloquial version of という. From\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/#jn-147762):\n\n> って \n> 1⃣［格助詞］ \n> ２ 上の語または文が、次に来る語の内容説明であることを表す。… **という** 。「山田様 **って** 方ご存じですか」「用 **って**\n> ほどじゃない」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T13:39:10.003", "id": "96163", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T15:33:16.977", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-08T15:33:16.977", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it's just a hedging word, a lot like the ね at the end of the sentence.\nSo it's used to make the sentence sound softer. I'd translate it as \"Kinda\nsurprising how late it is, huh?\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T14:47:50.677", "id": "96165", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T14:47:50.677", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "96164", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "くらい (= [位]{くらい}) has the meanings \"degree\" \"extent\" \"amount\".\n\n(It can be rephrased as びっくりするほど (= [程]{ほど}).)\n\n「XXくらいYY」/「XXほどYY」 means \"YY to the extent/degree that XX\"\n\nSo びっくりするくらい遅い means _lit._ \"late/slow to the extent that I get surprised\" →\n\"It's so slow/late that I'm surprised\", \"It's surprisingly late/slow.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-08T15:07:20.990", "id": "96166", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-08T15:07:20.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96164", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "That is a reason for\n\n先ず模範的なサラリー・マン、[...]当時の私は大方そんな風だったでしょう。\n\nI was a 模範的なサラリーマン to the extent that 会社の中でも君子という評判があった.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-09T05:00:42.530", "id": "96173", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-09T05:00:42.530", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "96172", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "やらかし側 is made up of やらかします and 側. やらかします is slang and means to do/do something\nby accident that other people don't want or shouldn't do.\n\n側 means \"side/side of\" as you mentioned.\n\nSo やらかし側 means she is a side of the people who does/does something by accident\nthat other people don't want or shouldn't do. I don't know this character but\nis she a bit of a trouble maker/messes up sometime...?\n\nFinally, 割と引きます is coming from two parts which are 割と and 引きます。 割と can be\ntranslated to \"relatively\" as you mentioned, but also it's an expression that\nexpresses the degree of ambiguity, so you can translate as まあまあ/fairy.\n\n引きます in this context is used as slang and means cringe.\n\nSo in summary, even for her, the fact 藤原先輩 is going to do 応援演説 makes her\ncringe.\n\nI hope this would be helpful :)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T02:48:31.110", "id": "96195", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T02:48:31.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54458", "parent_id": "96178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "As you mentioned, the 2nd example 「おすわりになってください（おかけになってください）」 is slightly more\npolite since 「お〜になってください」is a request expression.\n\n「お〜になってください」is very polite (almost too polite for daily life) so 「お〜ください」is\nmore commonly used in every day life situation. For example,\"Please wait\nhere.\"\n\n * a) こちらで お待ちになってください。\n * b) こちらで お待ちください。\n\nb) is more likely used.\n\n「こちらにお掛けになって、少々お待ちください。」is a definitely everyday life sentence example.\nBecause 「お〜になってください」has been used at the first part (お掛けになって), so you wouldn't\nsay お掛けになって、少々お待ちになってください。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-11T03:29:45.377", "id": "96189", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-11T03:29:45.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54458", "parent_id": "96180", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm sure the one you saw is それって何。 って is a colloquial version of the particle\nは or the quoting particle と. So, それって何 is the vernacular version of それは何。\n\nOther examples where って replaces と or は in speech:\n\n> あのラーメン屋 **は** めっちゃ美味しかったね \n> あのラーメン屋 **って** めっちゃ美味しかったね\n\n> 彼が「だめ」 **と** 答えた \n> 彼が「だめ」 **って** 答えた", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-10T20:30:21.147", "id": "96185", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-10T20:30:21.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "96181", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammatically both are the same and should be considered as a set phrase.\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/#jn-165275)\nhas an entry for this:\n\n> １ （「てならない」の形で）その事について抑えようのない気持ちを表す。「話の続きが気になって―◦ない」「おかしくて―◦ない」\n>\n> ２ （多く「てはならない」の形で）禁止を表す。「絶対に忘れては―◦ない」「許可なしに入室しては―◦ない」\n\n#1 corresponds to your second example and #2 the first.\n\nIn terms of how to determine the usage, as stated in\n[this](https://tanosuke.com/tenaranai) and should be clear from the\ndefinition, \"can't help\" meaning is preceded by a word expressing feelings\n(emphasis mine).\n\n> **感情や感覚の形容詞を使う。** \n> 一人称に使う。三人称の場合、文末が推量の形になる。 \n> 少し古い言い方。 \n> **動詞は自然にそうなる自発動詞が多い: 思える・思い出される・思われる・感じられる・泣ける・見える・気になる・悔やまれるなどです。**\n\nAs such, your second example is not quite idiomatic.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-11T02:10:13.930", "id": "96188", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-11T02:10:13.930", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes I believe they are cognates. It wouldn't be too much to say they are the\nsame word. This (っ)と is a suffix that follows an onomatopoeia and forms an\nadverb. [This と is often\noptional](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24943/5010), but for some short\nwords, と is mandatory when the word is used adverbially.\n\nYou can find the same pattern between しんと and しーん, さっと and さっ, がつんと and がつん,\nしれっと and しれーっ, and so on.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-11T00:31:07.040", "id": "96186", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-11T00:31:07.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is the same たら as in\n\n * [テレビをつけたら、昔見た映画をやっていた。](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/90247/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%92%E3%81%A4%E3%81%91%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E6%98%94%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%9F%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E3%82%92%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F)\n * [Other uses of the たら conditional](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30516/45489)\n\nIt expresses temporal vicinity rather than condition-consequence (though there\nis still a feel for it). From [here](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/to-ba-tara-\nnara/tara/):\n\n> (「～たら」の様々な用法） **３、動作が完了した後（動作の連続）** \n> ＊前件の動詞が動作の継続状態を表していると、後件の出来事が、その動作の最中に起こったことを表します。\n>\n> ●家でテレビを見ていたら、宅配便が届いた。 _When I was watching TV, a parcel arrived_.\n\nSo 歩いていたら means _when I was walking_.\n\n* * *\n\nBONUS: There is a similar usage of と.\n\n * [S1 と S2 conditional S2 being in past tense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15836/45489)\n\nThe reference in the answer says that sentences before and after と can have\nthe same subject whereas it is not possible with たら. But this is not\ncompletely true: 歩いていたら昔の水道を見つけました is fine. So the difference may be even more\nsubtle.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-11T23:13:28.363", "id": "96192", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-11T23:13:28.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96190", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "可能な表現は以下の通りです。\n\n 1. 今の状態が続くと\n 2. 今のままが続くと\n 3. 今のままの状態が続くと\n 4. 今の状態のまま続くと\n 5. 今の状態のままが続くと\n 6. 今のまま続くと\n\n意味はほぼ変わりません。\n\n「まま」はそのまま副詞として使われるので、「今のまま **に**\n続くと」は誤りです。（[「ままに」は違う意味](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AB-mama-ni-meaning/)になります。）\n\n「1 や 2 のように言えるのなら、わざわざ 3 や 4\nのように言うのは冗長ではないのか」という質問だと思います。実際には「(連体形)ままの状態」「(連体形)状態のまま」は、いずれも非常によく使われる表現であり、特に冗長さは感じません。せいぜい、少し強調されて感じる程度です。\n\n * まだ空は暗いままの状態だ。 / まだ空は暗い状態のままだ。\n * 立ったままの状態で相談した。 / 立った状態のままで相談した。\n\n「まま」には「状態」の意味を含む場合もあれば含まない場合もある、と考えるしかないと思います。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T02:21:55.727", "id": "96194", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T02:27:05.980", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-12T02:27:05.980", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "「まま」は確かに「状態」の意味を含みますが、統語（シンタックス）上の機能は少し違います。「状態」が使える位置でいつも「まま」が使える訳ではありません。「状態」ほど名詞として自立していないと言うことができると思います。必ず他の言葉によって修飾されるという意味では「ため」のような形式名詞に近いです。\n\n個人的には「今のままが続くと」は少し不自然だと思います。（もちろん、「今のまま」を標語のようなものだと理解して、「『今のまま』が続くと」と読むことはできますが。）\n\n「今のままの状態」は、どのような「状態」であるかを「今のまま」で説明する構造と見ることができます。\n\n> ［今のまま］の状態\n\nもちろん「今の状態」と言うこともできますが、「今のままの状態」の方が「継続する」という意味が強調されます。ただし、今回の文では動詞の「続く」があるので、「まま」がなくても「継続する」という意味は表現できています。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T04:56:45.743", "id": "96197", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T04:56:45.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "泳ぐ has [various figurative\nmeanings](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%B3%B3%E3%81%90), one of which is \"to\ntotter\". 目が泳ぐ (also 視線が泳ぐ) is a common set phrase that describes one's eyes\nbeing shifty (due to embarrassment, anxiety, a sense of guilt, etc.). 視線を泳がせる\nis a causative form of it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T03:45:22.070", "id": "96196", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T03:45:22.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically, 送信 is used with intangible objects (signal, data, information,\netc.), whereas 送付 is used with tangible objects (paper letters, books, goods,\nproducts, etc.).\n\nWhen you send something electronically as emails or downloadable files, 送信 and\n送付 are both used. Whether to use 送付 depends on how strongly the speaker feels\nit is a \"thing\" — perhaps IT professionals tend to prefer 送信, and elderly\nconservative businesspeople tend to prefer 送付.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T09:37:56.193", "id": "96202", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T09:37:56.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96198", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"AどころかB\" has two different usages:\n\n 1. Quite contrary to A, (the fact is) B; Far from A, (it's) B \n(B is the opposite of A)\n\n> * その本は安いどころか、3万円もした。\n> * 彼は英語が苦手どころか、英語の弁論大会で優勝経験がある。\n> * 詳しく知っているどころか、名前を聞いたことすらない。\n\n 2. Not (just) A but even B; Even A is an understatement, (the fact is) B \n(B is an extreme version of A)\n\n> * その本は安いどころか、たったの1円だった。\n> * 彼は英語が苦手どころか、アルファベットすら書けない。\n> * 詳しく知らないどころか、名前を聞いたことすらない。\n> * 詳しく知っているどころか、その人は私の妻ですよ。\n\nEither way, B has to be something surprising.\n\nAs you can see in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3153/5010), the \"traditional\"\nusage is 1. Some learning resources mention only the first usage. However, the\nsecond usage is not uncommon, and at least [this page](https://nihongokyoshi-\nnet.com/2019/05/28/jlptn2-grammar-dokoroka/) and [this page](https://hedgehog-\njapanese.com/grammar/jlpt-n2/dokoroka/) explain both usages.\n\nIn your example, the second usage is intended. Being 少数派 is already bad, but\nthe fact (学説扱いされていない) is even worse.\n\n> 少数派どころか、学説扱いされていない。 \n> Calling it a minority opinion is not enough; it's not even recognized as a\n> theory.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T18:21:55.873", "id": "96206", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-13T01:56:50.617", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-13T01:56:50.617", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96203", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You cannot tell the meaning of そうですね based on this alone. It depends on the\ncontext.\n\n> A: これは何 **でしょうか。** \n> B: **そうですね** 、何か料理に使う道具ですかね。\n\nThis そうですね is clearly \"Well\" or \"Let's see\".\n\n> A: これはペン **でしょうか。** \n> B: **そうですね** 、どう見てもペンですね。\n\nThis そうですね is clearly \"Yes\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T16:42:43.980", "id": "96205", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T17:03:44.123", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-12T17:03:44.123", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "For Determiner-Quantifiers you can follow one of these patterns (D-Quantifier\nexamples: two students, a sailor, many sailors):\n\n> 1. QE + no + NP + CM\n> 2. NP + QE + CM\n> 3. NP + CM + QE\n>\n\nWhere QE means Quantity Expression, NP means Noun Phrase and CM means Case\nMarker (postposition).\n\nAdd to that that you can shift quantifiers around (they float) to some degree,\nthen you see that there really is not only _one_ way to express quantities.\n\nSo in your case, it's construction 2.\n\n> NP + QE + CM\n>\n> Nurse + 8 person + OBJ Marker\n\nBe aware that **you can't just swap any construction for the other** at all\ntimes! For example, phrases describing amount like \"takusan 'many', syoosuu\n'small number', tasuu 'large number'\" are not usable with construction 2\n(NP+QE+CM).\n\n 1. John wa takusan no hon wo yonda.\n 2. *John wa hon takusan wo yonda.\n 3. John wa hon wo takusan yonda. \n_'John read many books.'_\n\nIn this example, takusan (\"many\") is not compatible. An indicator is that\nthose words not fitting for construction 2 **can't be the argument of a verb\nindependently** :\n\n*Takusan wo suisensita. ( _[someone] recommended small number/many_ ) \nSan-nin wo suisensita. ( _[someone] recommended three_ )", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-12T19:22:44.663", "id": "96208", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-12T22:31:47.027", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-12T22:31:47.027", "last_editor_user_id": "54233", "owner_user_id": "54233", "parent_id": "96207", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "1. Yes, it is generally flavorless, cheaper oil sold in large bottles.\n\n 2. In terms of cooking, it should be close to vegetable oil (if what you mean by that fits the description of 1). I think people use 植物油 (literally vegetable oil) and サラダ油 casually in the same sense/almost interchangeably.\n\nTechnically, [vegetable\noil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils) is a collective\nterm for edible oils from vegetables and サラダ油 is a vegetable oil refined in a\ncertain way so as to meet some standard set by\n[JAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Agricultural_Standard). So\ncomparing them may be a category mistake.\n\n* * *\n\nI suppose mustard oil is made from something similar to [this\nplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed). If this is the case, it is\ncalled [菜種]{なたね}油, which is used also as a general-purpose oil in Japan, like\nmaking tempura (deep-fried vegetables or seafood).\n\n* * *\n\nAdded:\n\n * So サラダ油 is a certain type of vegetable oil, including 菜種油, キャノーラ油, 大豆油 etc.\n * Technically 菜種油 etc do not have to be サラダ油, but virtually it is the case that 菜種油 etc. on the market are サラダ油. That is, 菜種油 etc are サラダ油 that clarifies their ingredients.\n * 植物油 means simply \"vegetable oil\", which does not necessarily meet the condition for サラダ油. This includes オリーブオイル(olive oil), ごま油(sesame oil) among others, which usually are NOT (considered as) サラダ油.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-13T23:30:48.760", "id": "96216", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-14T04:47:35.267", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-14T04:47:35.267", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96211", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "This -っぽい is merely a hedge used to decrease the level of certainty. The\nauthor avoided saying \"that's true\" definitively.\n\n * 本当です。 That's true.\n * 本当っぽいです。 Looks like that's true.\n * ダメです。 It doesn't work.\n * ダメっぽいです。 Looks like it doesn't work.\n\nNote that っぽい does not sound negative or sarcastic by itself. 子供っぽい can be\nused with a real child in a positive way. っぽい sounds relatively more informal\nand colloquial than のよう or みたい, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-14T00:00:04.137", "id": "96217", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-14T00:00:04.137", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In such a case you put the first (I guess all but last, actually) adjective in\nthe て form. For なadjectives this means replacing な by で, for い adjectives -\nreplacing い by くて.\n\nThat is, in your example\n\n。。。きれいで静かな国\n\n<https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/japanese-adjectives-2.html>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-14T19:30:02.807", "id": "96222", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-14T19:30:02.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39017", "parent_id": "96219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The first adjective has to be in て-form. \nな for na-adjectives turns into で. \nい for i-adjectives turns into くて. \nの for no-adjectives turns into で.\n\nTo connect the two to the noun that follows it, use the copula of the last\nadjective in the adjectival phrase. For example, if the second adjective you\nlist is a no-adjective, then use the no-copula to connect to the noun.\n\nTherefore, to answer your question, you would just have to swap 綺麗な for 綺麗で,\nsince it's a na-adjective. The second na stays.\n\nMore things to look out for:\n\n * 連体詞{れんたいし}(rentaishi). \nThey _can be_ forms of some number of i-adjectives which have an integrated\nattributive な. These forms are not inflectable. The rentaishi of 大きい is 大きな.\nOther interesting examples of rentaishi are the kosoado kotoba その,あの,どの etc. \nSince the copula is \"part of their word\", you cannot swap な for で in a list of\nadjectives. 大きな is never 大きで, since it's not a na-adjective. There are some\nguidelines (or even rules?) on when to use rentaishi over i-adjectives. You\ncan read more\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6675/adjectives-\nfunctioning-both-as-%E3%82%A4-and-%E3%83%8A-adjective/6694#6694).\n\n * Flat adverb modifying adjective. \nTwo adjectives can follow each other directly without change: すごいでかい. Sugoi is\nan intensifying adjective: \"'Extremely' big\". すごい is used like an _adverb_\nhere, modifying でかい, despite not being in adverbial form (すごく). Because this\nis odd, it's called 'Flat Adverb'. This mostly (or exclusively?) happens with\nintensifying adjectives.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-14T23:01:48.000", "id": "96225", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T23:53:29.270", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T23:53:29.270", "last_editor_user_id": "54233", "owner_user_id": "54233", "parent_id": "96219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammatically [の](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AE/#jn-171157) here\nis a question marker, #2 (I included #1 as reference):\n\n> １ （下降調のイントネーションを伴って）断定の言い方を和らげる意を表す。多く、女性が使用する。「伺いたいことがある―」「あいにく母は留守です―」\n>\n> ２ （上昇調のイントネーションを伴って）質問または疑問の意を表す。「君は行かない―」「そんなに悲しい―」「なぜな―」\n\nand [よ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%88/#jn-226011) is\n\n> ３ （疑問を表す語に付いて）相手をなじる意を表す。「しゃべったのはだれ―」「何―、この子は」\n\nSo, 何見てるの is neutral _what are you looking at_ and よ adds a blaming tone to\nit; 何見てるよ is not correct.\n\n* * *\n\nYou can search のよ on this site to see other examples. The ending is generally\nfeminine. A masculine version of the sentence is 何見てんだ(よ).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-14T22:22:53.703", "id": "96223", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-14T22:33:41.207", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-14T22:33:41.207", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Technically, this の is **not a particle** but a special noun known as\n**explanatory-の**. If you aren't familiar with this yet, you have to learn it\nfirst. Although there is no direct equivalent in English, this is very\nimportant when you want to speak Japanese naturally.\n\n * [What is the meaning of ～んです/～のだ/etc?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010)\n * [Explanatory のだ （んだ）](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/explanatory-noda/)\n\nWhen this type of の appears in a question, it seeks clarification (or\nexplanation, excuse, etc). You need to use this type of の every time you make\na question about what's already going on now.\n\n * [Question Markers: か and の](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/question-markers/)\n\n> The connotation that the の has is to seek clarification based on background\n> contexts, while the か doesn’t require any context.\n\n何見てるよ is incorrect because it doesn't even look like a question.\n\nIn speech, の is very often used with various sentence-end particles, so you'll\nsee variations like のさ, んだぜ, のよ, んだわ, and so on. It is true that \"bare の\" is\nrelatively specific to feminine or childlike speakers in fiction, but other\ntypes of speakers do use explanatory-の as part of more complex sentence\nendings. For example, in a situation where a small girl might say 犬が好きなの,\nother characters might say 犬が好きな **の** よ, 犬が好きな **ん** だ, 犬が好きな **ん** です, 犬が好きな\n**の** さ, and so on. These all translate to \"(It's that) I like dogs\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T01:44:01.777", "id": "96228", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T02:23:02.767", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T02:23:02.767", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. I think you know [というと](https://hedgehog-japanese.com/grammar/jlpt-n2/toieba/) \"if we talk about\"\n\n> 【意味】 \n> ～と聞いてイメージするのは \n> ～と聞いて思い付くのは\n\n 2. 思われる: 思う + [自発のられる](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B) \"it is thought that\"\n\n> （自発） 動作がはっきりと意図しないで、自然に起きていることを表す。\n\n 3. [回る](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B):\n\n> 物事が進む。はかどる。 \n> 仕事がうまく回る\n\nTherefore, a rough rendering would be:\n\n> では、能力者だけ集めようとしてうまく回るかというと、うまくいかないと思われる。 \n> So, if we try to gather only capable people, can we successfully pull it\n> off? It seems like it won't go smoothly.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-14T22:23:34.427", "id": "96224", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-14T22:23:34.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "96221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "At least when 何にも is used as a [negative polarity\nitem](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16060/5010) (which is almost always\nthe case), it is always pronounced as heiban (なんにも【LHHH】/なににも【LHHH】). That\nresult from OJAC seems confusing to me.\n\nSee also: [The pitch accent of\nなんの意味もない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94884/5010)\n\nBut なににも【HLLL】 may appear in rare cases where it is used as an equivalent of\n何にでも/何に対しても (e.g., なににも【HLLL】使えるソース \"sauce you can use for\nwhatever/everything\").", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T02:02:18.613", "id": "96229", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T02:08:23.423", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T02:08:23.423", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The first だと is actually two words, だ (\"is\", the copula) and a conditional-と.\nThat is, ～だと means \"if [something] is ～...\". See [Differences among -たら, なら,\n-と, -んだったら, -ば, etc](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/393/5010) and [How\nConditionals Work in Japanese: …と, …ば, …たら, and …なら](https://www.wasabi-\njpn.com/japanese-grammar/how-conditionals-work/).\n\nThe first half of the sentence can be broken down like this:\n\n * 興味がある \nto be interested (more literally, \"you have an interest\" or \"there is an\ninterest\")\n\n * 興味のある **事** \n**something** you are interested in \n(a relative clause with [ga-no\nconversion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010))\n\n * 興味のある事 **だ** \n(That) **is** something you are interested in.\n\n * 興味のある事だ **と** 、... \n**If** that is something you are interested in, ...\n\n* * *\n\nThe second と is part of the ～ようと(する) construction, which means \"to try to ～\".\nSee [Volitional + と + Verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9688/5010)\nand [What is the difference between \"verb＋て＋みる\" and\n\"verb＋(よ)う+とする\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19038/5010). (と by\nitself is a [marker for the content of an\naction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/68132/5010), but you have to\nmemorize -ようと as a set phrase first.) Thus the last half of the sentence\nmeans:\n\n * ...あなたは一生懸命に理解 **しようと** 努めるでしょう。 \n...you will strive hard **trying to understand** it. \n...you will strive hard **in order to understand** it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T03:08:26.540", "id": "96231", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T03:28:44.420", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T03:28:44.420", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96230", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "して is the te-form of する, and きた is the past form of くる. Here, くる is one of the\nJapanese [subsidiary verbs](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010)\nthat adds a feeling of \"over a period of time (up until now)\". See:\n\n * [Difference between -ていく and -てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010)\n * [What's the difference between 歩んでいった and 歩んできた?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25505/5010)\n\nTechnically speaking, subsidiary verbs like (-て)いく, (-て)しまう and (-て)みる are not\npart of verb conjugations. They are different verbs, as the name suggests. The\nconjugation list you linked does not show every possible combination of a verb\nand a subsidiary verb because they are not conjugations in the first place.\n(As an exception, the so-called \"-teiru form\" is on the list even though いる is\na subsidiary verb. This is only for the convenience of beginners whose first\nlanguage is English.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T09:06:36.083", "id": "96233", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T09:23:07.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T09:23:07.117", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96232", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Mostly it is a matter of collocations and difficult to give a comprehensive\nanswer, but generally\n\n * 方向・方角・方位 are 1-dimensional; the specificity increases in this order.\n * 向き is mostly 0-dimensional (which way something is facing).\n * 方面 is rather like _around_ and 2-dimensional; 方 is similar but its usage is much more diverse.\n\n* * *\n\nSome random samples:\n\n * 方位 is used only when you determine a precise direction. {北方向,北の方角}に向かう are fine, but 方位 cannot be used here. (It may be possible for ships or planes though.)\n * When the verb is static, 方 may be better. スーパーが北方向にある is less natural than スーパーが北のほうにある＝ There is a supermarket to the north.\n * For maps, 新宿方面 may be more common because the direction is usually just _towards_ , not necessarily _leading to_. 新宿方向 is fine if you are on a line where 新宿 is on it (e.g. [Chuo-Sobu Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D%E2%80%93S%C5%8Dbu_Line)).\n * 向き usually talks about which way the subject is facing. 北向き＝facing to the north.\n * For a figurative _area_ meaning, 方面 is most regular, but 方 can be used and even 方向 to a lesser extent. E.g., 医学{方面, の方, ?方向}に進んだ；医学{方面, の方, ×方向}に興味がある.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI. There is a known confusion when talking about directions of winds. If one\nsays 北向きの風, logically it is a wind facing to the north, so coming from the\nsouth. But it does not give a warm impression at all. Some people on the web\nclaim that 北風 is the only option, but at least I believe 北向きの風 does NOT sound\noutright wrong to most speakers and sounds like cold wind.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-17T03:24:14.347", "id": "96255", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-17T04:49:19.183", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-17T04:49:19.183", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96235", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Each has multiple nuances. I will write typical meanings and example sentences\nthat are often used.\n\n## すっぱり\n\n 1. Cutting things sharply.\n\n> えだをすっぱり切り落とした。\n>\n> I hacked off a branch.\n\n 2. The act of doing something decisively.\n\n> 旅行の計画をすっぱりとあきらめた。\n>\n> I gave up the travel plan. (just like that).\n\n## すっぽり\n\n 1. How things fit in and out.\n\n> 子供がすっぽり入るくらいの大きさです。\n>\n> It's big enough to completely fit a child inside.\n\n 2. The state of covering the whole.\n\n> 街全体が雪ですっぽりとおおわれた。\n>\n> The whole city was completely covered with snow.\n\n## さっぱり\n\n 1. Discomfort and feeling of discontent are completely gone and you feel good about the situation.\n\n> 友達と仲直りして、さっぱりした気持ちになった。\n>\n> I made up with my friend and felt refreshed.\n\n> シャワーしてさっぱりした！\n>\n> I took shower and (now) I feel refreshed!\n\n 2. Personality, taste, smell is not persistent.\n\n> 友達はさっぱりした性格で、一緒にいて気が楽だ。\n>\n> My friends are easy-going and easy to be with.\n\n> このドレッシングは、さっぱりしていておいしい。\n>\n> This dressing is refreshing and delicious.\n\n 3. さっぱり + negative form, \"not at all\".\n\n> さっぱり思い出せない。\n>\n> I can't remember at all.\n\n## すっかり\n\n 1. A situation where nothing is left.\n\n> れいぞうこの中の食べ物がすっかりなくなってしまった。\n>\n> The food in the refrigerator is completely gone.\n\n 2. Being in a certain state completely.\n\n> テストがあることをすっかり忘れていた。\n>\n> I completely forgot there was a test.\n\n> もうすっかり秋だ。\n>\n> It's already completely autumn.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-16T11:49:40.320", "id": "96245", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-16T11:49:40.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54458", "parent_id": "96236", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, you cannot do this. 簡単じゃないに or (more grammatically correct) 簡単じゃなく\nis odd in your sentence.\n\nYou would have to use antonyms: 簡単に説明した → 詳細に説明した.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T20:30:09.900", "id": "96242", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T20:30:09.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96237", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "飽きた can take both に and は. E.g.,\n\n * カレーに飽きた\n * カレーは飽きた\n\nmean mostly the same _I'm fed up with curry (e.g. due to having had it three\ndays in a row)_. Possibly は adds contrastive nuance.\n\nFor your question, ことも is a version where も replaced は, and ことにも is a version\nwhere も is appended to ことに. も is the usual \"too, also\" particle, suggesting\nthe speaker is bored with the expected things happening over and over again as\nwell as other things.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-15T20:16:33.300", "id": "96241", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-15T23:23:35.103", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-15T23:23:35.103", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96238", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Of those listed, I would recognize only the following as valid nouns in their\nown right (with 書き slightly off the borderline in my judgment).\n\n> 殺す [ころす]{LHH} → 殺し [ころし□]{LHHH} \n> 泳ぐ [およぐ]{LHL} → 泳ぎ [およぎ□]{LHHL} \n> 読む [よむ]{HL} → 読み [よみ□]{LHL} \n> 走る [はしる]{LHL} → 走り [はしり□]{LHHL} \n> 待つ [まつ]{HL} → 待ち [まち□]{LHL} \n> 使う [つかう]{LHH} → 使い [つかい□]{LHHH} \n> 行く [いく]{LH} → 行き [いき□]{LHH}\n\nFrom these limited samples, it seems that:\n\nThey all end high, and:\n\n * stays high on the particle that follows (if it does), if the verb ends high (in its dictionary form)\n * goes down on the particle that follows (if it does), if the verb ends low (in its dictionary form)\n\nThose listed above are all Group-I verbs (or u-verbs). I checked some Group-II\nverbs (or ru-verbs) and found that many follow this pattern.\n\n> 教える [おしえる]{LHHH} → 教え [おしえ□]{LHHH} \n> 届ける [とどける]{LHHL} → 届け [とどけ□]{LHHL} \n> 借りる [かりる]{LHH} → 借り [かり□]{LHH}\n\nHowever, I also found a few exceptions (in both Group-I and II).\n\n> 頑張る [がんばる]{LHHL} → 頑張り [がんばり□]{LHHHH} \n> 着替える [きがえる]{LHHL} → 着替え [きがえ□]{LHHH}\n\n[NHK](https://sakura-\nparis.org/dict/NHK%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BA%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8/prefix/%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E3%81%B0%E3%82%8A)\nlists [がんばり□]{LHHHL} and [がんばり□]{LHHLL}, too, but [がんばり□]{LHHHL}, which would\nconform to the pattern, seems the least common.\n\n着替える is a compound verb if this matters. 替える has a different accent.\n([きがえる]{LHHH} doesn’t sound too bad, either.)\n\n> 替える [かえる]{LHH} → 替え [かえ□]{LHHH}\n\nWhen these nouns are combined with other words, they may take on different\naccents.\n\n> 平泳ぎ [ひらおよぎ□]{LHHLLL} \n> 立ち読み [たちよみ□]{LHHHH}\n\nConclusion: There seems to be no definite rule, but the above might serve as a\nguideline.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-17T02:23:02.637", "id": "96254", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-17T02:23:02.637", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96240", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is how I pronounce:\n\n * みている【HLLL】 / ねている【LHHH】\n * みてる【HLL】/ ねてる【LHH】\n * みていない【HLLHH】/ ねていない【LHHHH】 (Also: みていない【HLLHL】 / ねていない【LHHHL】)\n * みてない【HLHL】 / ねてない【LHHL】\n\nSo ている/てる works like a continuation of the verb, but ない works like an\nindependent word with its own pitch accent.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Pitch Accent for ~ない and ~たい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/66753/5010)\n * [ない pitch accent](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94823/5010)\n * [Pitch accent for ないで and なくて](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/73475/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-19T23:54:56.813", "id": "96283", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-19T23:59:57.693", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-19T23:59:57.693", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "No, に doesn’t usually work with 散歩する. The first and third sentences sound\nequally awkward to me, if not incorrect. If some think they are acceptable, it\nwould be because they feel the sense of either （散歩しに）行く or （散歩しながらそこに）いる. If\nyou find the third sentence less bad than the first, that could be because you\nfeel a stronger sense of 行く in it. In this case, it would be more like “go\naway” than just “go.”\n\nThe particle should be either を or で. The latter sounds like you perform the\naction of strolling within the boundaries of the place marked with it, or in\nother words, under the circumstance of you being in that place. を, on the\nother hand, puts greater focus on the traversing movement through the\nspecified place.\n\n海 in 海を散歩する or 海で散歩する is normally understood as referring to the beach or\nshore. It doesn’t mean you walk through or on the water. However, we are\ntalking about a typhoon here, and this changes the meaning of 海 a little. Your\nfriend was probably referring to the state of the typhoon loitering over the\nocean. Then, で seems to work at least as well as を.\n\nHaving said that, though, I would think most people would say 海でも. Even some\nof the people who would choose で over を might not say 海ででも. It sounds clumsy.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nIf you want to keep で, you could say 海で散歩でもしてほしい.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit2]\n\nThe sentence in my first edit would sound odd in the dialog added in the\nquestion later. See the comments below.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-16T11:55:30.240", "id": "96246", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-17T00:33:50.610", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-17T00:33:50.610", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96244", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [日本語アクセント入門](https://www.sanseido-\npubl.co.jp/publ/gen/gen2lang/jgoacc_prm/), for non-Heiban (起伏型) words, there\nis a second downstep at な. That is, there is not a rise before な, it just goes\ndown. In this sense, both are not exactly correct (OJAD doesn't show the down\nstep (clearly) and the video shows a non/hardly-existent rise).\n\n> p37. (adapted) 起伏型のナル形(ヨワクナル)は、....\n> 語句の頭のヨのところで下がり目が生じた後、接尾辞ナルの第１拍目の後ろで2度目の下降が生じている。このようなピッチパターンを図にしてみると、次のようになる。\n```\n\n> ヨ' \n> >\n> 　　　ワク ナ' \n> >\n> 　　　　　　　ル\n```\n\n>\n> １つのアクセント単位の中に２つ以上の下降が生じた場合は、このテキストでは、1回の下降ごとに ]\n> という記号をつけ、例えば[ヨ]ワクナ]ルのように示すことがある（[は急激な上昇を示す）。\n\nThis applies to other suffixes. The same book (p39) has\n\n> 辛い [カ]ラクナ]イ \n> 怖い [コ]ワクナ]イ \n> 弱い [ヨ]ワクナ]イ \n> 強い [ツ]ヨクナ]イ\n\n* * *\n\nI guess it depends on how much 'independence' is felt before ない (or other\nprefixes). If there is a complete rise before な, it does not sound like a\nsuffix, but still ない IS perceived as independent to some extent, hence the\ndown stepping.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-21T03:12:09.690", "id": "96291", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-21T03:17:46.170", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-21T03:17:46.170", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a casual speaking version of Aのでは、B\n\n## Conjugation rule\n\n * Verb plain form/いadj（〜い） + のでは/んじゃ\n * なadj（〜な）/ Noun + なのでは/なんじゃ\n\n## Meaning\n\nIf A, B\n\nUnder those circumstances (A), B\n\n**B includes expressions that express **a negative attitude**** , such as \"I'm\nin trouble\" and \"I will be having a hard time.\" etc.\n\n## Example sentences\n\n> こんなに仕事がいそがしいんじゃ、週末は休めないね。\n>\n> I can't take the weekend off, can I? when I'm this busy with work.\n\n> 雨なんじゃ、しかたない。明日でかけよう。\n>\n> It can't be helped if it's raining. Let's go out tomorrow.\n\n今から行ったんじゃ means \"If we go there now,...\"\n\n## Note\n\nYou can use a verb plain form which means, you can use either present tense or\npast tense. たform is often used in Japanese conditional forms. You can think\nthe meaning is the same in most cases regardless of the tense of a verb. 今から\n**行った** んじゃ、and 今から **行く** んじゃ、 I would translate to “If I go there now,…” for\nboth of them.\n\nFor some specific verbs, there is a slight nuance difference, such as “じゅんびする\n(to prepare)”.\n\n> 今からじゅんびするんじゃ、まにあわない。\n>\n> If I start preparing now, I won’t make it.\n\n> 今からじゅんびしたんじゃ、まにあわない。\n>\n> If I prepare now (subtly implies that \"even if I finish preparation), I\n> won’t make it.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-17T03:44:31.813", "id": "96256", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-18T02:50:55.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-18T02:50:55.583", "last_editor_user_id": "54458", "owner_user_id": "54458", "parent_id": "96248", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "男性側 implies that there is someone or a team working for or representing \"him\".\nYou can tell something to a lawyer working for the man and say 男性側に伝えた. Even\nif you have talked to the man directly, if you expect he will consult someone\nelse (so you are indirectly telling them too), you can say 男性側に伝えた.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-16T22:33:08.313", "id": "96251", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-16T22:33:08.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96249", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a typical pattern for dictionary definitions.\n\nIt omits である at the end, so Xの義＝Xの義である＝Means X. Or even more literally Xの義＝The\nsense of X. So in this case, _the sense of protecting by wrapping by\nfeathers_.\n\n* * *\n\nI think Xの意 is more usual.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-17T00:01:15.893", "id": "96252", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-17T00:01:15.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I suggest you think of rewriting this in a different word order as:\n\n```\n\n 雪の明かりが町を照らす\n \n```\n\nDoes that help?\n\nBut 雪明かり is already a word meaning \"light of the snow\" or \"the illumination\nfrom the snow\".\n\nThe idea is that this is a town _which the snow illuminates._", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-17T03:45:30.997", "id": "96257", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-17T03:45:30.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "96253", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]