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This is the Great Filter, a challenge or danger so hard to overcome, that it eliminates almost every species that encounters it. | [
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There are two scenarios. | [
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One means we are incredibly special and lucky. | [
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It depends on where the filter is on our staircase. | [
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Scenario 1. The filter is behind us. | [
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We are the first. | [
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If the filter is behind us, that means that one of the steps we passed is almost impossible to take. | [
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Is life itself extremely rare? | [
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It's very hard to make predictions about how likely it is for life to emerge from dead things. | [
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Some scientists think it develops everywhere where the conditions are right. | [
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Others think that Earth might be the only living place in the universe. | [
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Another candidate is the step of complex animal cells. | [
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A very specific thing happened on this step, and as far as we know, it happened exactly once. | [
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A primitive hunter cell swallowed another cell. | [
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But instead of devouring it, the two cells formed a union. | [
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The bigger cell provided shelter, took care of interacting with the environment and providing resources, | [
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while the smaller one used its new home and free stuff to focus on providing a lot of extra energy for its host. | [
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With the abundant energy, the host cell could grow more than before and build new and expensive things to improve itself, | [
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while the guest became the powerhouse of the cell. | [
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We humans feel very smart and sophisticated with our crossword puzzles and romantic novels, but a big brain is, first and foremost, a very expensive evolutionary investment. | [
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A great filter before us is orders of magnitude more dangerous than anything we encountered so far. | [
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If a great filter really lies before us, it has to be so dangerous, so purely devastating and powerful, | [
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that it has destroyed most, if not all, advanced civilizations in our galaxy over billions of years. | [
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Well, that depends on how many planets there are out there in their star's Goldilocks zone, the area around a star where water can be liquid. | [
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Because stars come in all sizes and configurations, this zone is different for every star system and requires a little bit of physics to figure out. | [
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If that sounds like fun to you, this quiz from Brilliant helps to break down the maths for exactly how this is calculated. | [
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They take concepts like these, break them up into bite-sized bits, present clear thinking in each part and then build back up to an interesting conclusion. | [
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If you visit brilliant.org/nutshell or click the link in the description, you can sign up for free and learn all kinds of things. | [
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And as a bonus for Kurzgesagt viewers, the first 688 people will also get 20% off their annual membership. | [
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The universe is magnificent and vast. | [
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Also, passing one step does not mean the next one is guaranteed. | [
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We don't know how many steps life needs to pass and how long they take to give rise to a technological civilization, but there are probably many and it's likely that on trillions of planets life has been trying for billions of years. | [
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Since we don't see any other technological civilizations out there, it might well be that we are a rare exception. | [
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We might be among the first or even the first technological civilization in the Milky Way. | [
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But this is just one piece of the puzzle. | [
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On top of that, we may have just hit the perfect time window. | [
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Why does humanity exist now? | [
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The universe is already 13.8 billion years old, but it's unlikely that many other technological civilizations had a chance to appear before us. | [
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Because in the earlier universe, life would have had a pretty hard time to emerge, let alone thrive, because it was such a hostile environment. | [
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Early stars constantly blew up, galaxies crashed into each other, and supermassive black holes vomited massive amounts of radiation, enough to sterilize galaxies over and over again. | [
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Our sun was born right at the end of this cosmic death show. | [
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