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But step by step, large stars and stars like our sun will die out.
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Eventually, almost all the stars will be red dwarfs slowly dying.
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In a few trillion years, the cosmic gas will finally have run out.
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About 88% of the mass of every galaxy will be white dwarfs, 2% neutron stars and black holes, and about 10% gas giants, and sad brown dwarf losers.
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White dwarfs are the corpses of old stars, not much bigger than Earth, but on average as massive as half our sun, some even much more.
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This makes them the third densest objects in the universe, after neutron stars and black holes.
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Since they used to be active stars, their surface can be as hot as 150,000 degrees.
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White dwarfs are dim, hot, dense spheres, and they're the ones that don't do anything anymore.
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But eventually, even white dwarfs will die because they're slowly losing their heat.
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It takes at least 10 trillion years, more than 700 times longer than the current age of the universe.
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As they do their cooling down, the universe around them will irreversibly grow dark, as more and more white dwarfs burn out and turn into dead husks, black dwarfs.
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Over trillions and trillions of years, every object in every galaxy is eventually either ejected into the void, or its orbit decays and it will fall into the central black hole and be destroyed.
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In about a quintillion years, all galaxies have evaporated and every object is on its own,
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Still, there are things that will happen.
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Black holes are dying, slowly.
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They'll fizzle away by emitting Hawking radiation, until they're so small that they die in a final flash of light.
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This will take about a googol years, 10 to the power of 100 years, until the last supermassive black hole dies.
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Maybe some living beings could have survived around black holes, but even this science fiction option ends now.
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After this unsettling amount of time, we're not even close to the end.
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Now is the time of the black hole.
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It turns out there's some weird physics going on inside the dead husk of stars.
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A black dwarf is a sphere the size of Earth, as massive as a star, but almost as cold as absolute zero.
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Stars stay alive because of their intense heat in their cores.
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So why do black dwarfs not collapse into a black hole?
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What keeps them together?
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Deep inside a black dwarf, matter is squeezed to densities millions of times greater than anything we see on Earth.
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The pressure is so great that electrons can't combine with nuclei to form atoms.
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Instead, matter is weird, degenerate.
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The nuclei are compressed by the weight of the star, locked into a rigid lattice, while the electrons form a plasma between them.
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And these electrons hold the star together.
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We're simplifying, but imagine matter as a subway train and electrons as passengers.
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If there are empty seats, passengers spread out because they care a lot about their personal space.
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But as a black dwarf is so incredibly dense, this is like squishing more and more passengers into our train.
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Gravity is pushing in, trying to collapse it.
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The passengers are forced to sit and stand close together, which they hate.
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And so the passengers, our electrons, try to push out against gravity as hard as they can.
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This way, the electrons that are having a horrible time in the crowded train that's the black dwarf, hold up the star.
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Everything else in the universe may have crumbled already, but these tiny particles push against each other, until the end of time.
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Simplifying a lot, when particles get close enough, sometimes they can jump at each other and fuse together.
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This happens constantly in stars because of their intense heat.
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It's one of the key reasons stars can fuse elements into new ones.
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But it also happens at a temperature near absolute zero.
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This is the final step to creating the last interesting thing to ever happen in our universe.
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Here, in this lone black dwarf, something fantastic occurs.
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Nothing happens for a trillion years.
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Can you imagine that?
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Two carbon nuclei combined by quantum tunneling to become magnesium.
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Another 100 trillion years pass.
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It happens again.
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Oh, two oxygen nuclei combine into silicon.
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As eons pass, the nuclei in the frozen black dwarf slowly combine.
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And these take even longer to fuse, but given enough time, they eventually will.
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Remember the breathtaking amount of time it took for a supermassive black hole to evaporate?
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That's a brief moment in comparison to what's going on here.
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The difference between a second and trillions of years has lost its meaning.
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Over a time so absurd that it has no name, nuclei keep fusing into heavier elements.
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Until, when silicon nuclei fuse, they form nickel-56.
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Nickel-56 is radioactive, which means it's unstable.
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And when it eventually decays and turns into iron, it emits two positrons, antimatter electrons.
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And these two positrons find two electrons and annihilate them and themselves.
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Remember how the uncomfortable electrons produce the pressure to hold the star together?
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Destroying the electron means fewer friends to help them hold up the star.
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Losing an electron does not give them more space to scratch their butts, it just makes gravity squeeze harder, the walls closing in on those that remain.
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In the case of the most massive black dwarfs, this is catastrophic.
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Bit by bit, the black dwarf turns into a sphere of iron, and more electrons are annihilated.
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For at least 10 to the power of 1,000 years, almost but not quite forever, there's no visible change in the entire universe.
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And then, finally, the last thing to ever happen, happens.
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The black dwarf has lost one too many electrons.
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It can no longer support its immense mass and goes into an uncontrolled collapse, a supernova.
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It first implodes, and then explodes as bright as a galaxy and fills the empty universe with light again.
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A beautiful moment nobody will get to enjoy.
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And then, as quickly as it began, it's all over.
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That was the last thing that will ever happen.
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The universe may now be truly dead.
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But don't be bummed out about it.
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This is so far away in the future that forever hardly describes it.
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Today, the universe is the best place it could be for us.
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And you can sleep tight tonight, knowing the last interesting thing that will ever happen is forever long away.
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Imagine the excitement of a trip to the museum or an amazing theme park, but delivered to your doorstep with everything you need neatly packed inside.
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There are different lines designed for kids of all ages and interests, so there's something for everyone.
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Like us, KiwiCo spends a ridiculous amount of time on fine-tuning each crate.
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Every one of their 2,000 available projects took more than 1,000 hours to develop by experts and is tested by kids.
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We really liked the KiwiCo Tinker Crate line, which gives you a hands-on engineering project with all of the educational and instructional information you need to complete the project at home.
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We might also have decided to just keep some of them around the office and not hand the extras to any kids we know.
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If you want to try out KiwiCo and get the best deal, click on the link in the info box or use the code KURZFESAGT to get 50% off your first month.
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Or if you want to try it out first, they also offer individual crates in the KiwiCo store.
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At Kurzgesagt, we love to spark curiosity.
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And we love to work with companies that share this goal.
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The moons of Mars explained.
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Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos.
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They are really tiny.
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Although, tiny is a matter of opinion.
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Their surface areas are close to some of the smallest states on Earth, like Luxembourg and Malta.
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Although Phobos and Deimos are in no way lightweight, in reality their gravitational pull isn't even strong enough to bring them into spherical form,
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so they look more like huge potatoes than moons.
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The most popular theory of their origin is that they were once part of the asteroid belt until Jupiter's massive gravity kicked them out of it, so Mars could catch them.
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Phobos orbits Mars at an average distance of 9,400 km once every 7.5 hours.
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It's on a collision course and gets 2 meters closer to Mars every year.
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In 50 to 100 million years, it will either be ripped to pieces by Mars' gravity and be transformed into a beautiful ring, or it will crash into Mars.
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The energy released in this collision would kill everything on the small planet, so if there are humans on Mars by then, they should build very strong bunkers.
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