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注意到裁军谈判会议及其保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排特设委员会为就这个问题达成协议进行的深入谈判，6
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Noting the in-depth negotiations undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons, 6 with a view to reaching agreement on this question,
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表示注意到裁军谈判会议在这个项目下提出的各项提案，包括一项国际公约的草案，
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Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item in the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,
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又表示注意到 2003 年 2 月 24 日和 25 日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议7 作出并经 2016 年 9 月 13 至 18 日在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国玛格丽塔岛举行的第十七次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议重申的有关决定以及伊斯兰合作组织的有关建议，
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Taking note also of the relevant decision of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,7 which was reiterated at the Seventeenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held on Margarita Island, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, from 13 to 18 September 2016, as well as the relevant recommendations of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation,
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还表示注意到所有核武器国家就不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的政策发表的单方面声明，
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Taking note further of the unilateral declarations made by all the nuclear-weapon States on their policies of non-use or non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear-weapon States,
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注意到在裁军谈判会议和大会均有国家表示支持拟订一项保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的国际公约，并注意到在形成一项各方可以接受的共同办法方面指出的各种困难，
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Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties pointed out in evolving a common approach acceptable to all, use or threat of use of nuclear weapons A/RES/77/39 22-28106 3/3
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表示注意到安全理事会 1995 年 4 月 11 日第 984(1995)号决议和对这项决议发表的意见，
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Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed on it,
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回顾大会历年通过的有关决议，特别是 1990 年 12 月 4 日第 45/54 号、1991年 12 月 6 日第 46/32 号、1992 年 12 月 9 日第 47/50 号、1993 年 12 月 16 日第48/73 号、1994 年 12 月 15 日第 49/73 号、1995 年12 月 12 日第 50/68 号、1996年 12 月 10 日第 51/43 号、1997 年 12 月 9 日第 52/36 号、1998 年 12 月 4 日第53/75 号、1999 年 12 月 1 日第 54/52 号、2000 年 11 月 20 日第 55/31 号、2001 年11 月 29 日第 56/22 号、2002 年 11 月 22 日第 57/56 号、2003 年 12 月 8 日第 58/35号、2004 年 12 月 3 日第 59/64 号、2005 年 12 月 8 日第 60/53 号、2006 年 12 月6 日第 61/57 号、2007 年 12 月 5 日第 62/19 号、2008 年 12 月 2 日第 63/39 号、2009 年 12 月 2 日第 64/27 号、2010 年 12 月 8 日第 65/43 号、2011 年 12 月 2 日第 66/26 号、2012 年 12 月 3 日第 67/29 号、2013 年 12 月 5 日第 68/28 号、2014年 12 月 2 日第 69/30 号、2015 年 12 月 7 日第 70/25 号、2016 年 12 月 5 日第71/30 号、2017 年 12 月 4 日第 72/25 号、2018 年 12 月 5 日第 73/29 号、2019 年12 月 12 日第 74/31 号、2020 年 12 月 7 日第 75/34 号和 2021 年 12 月 6 日第 76/21号决议，
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Recalling its relevant resolutions adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997, 53/75 of 4 December 1998, 54/52 of 1 December 1999, 55/31 of 20 November 2000, 56/22 of 29 November 2001, 57/56 of 22 November 2002, 58/35 of 8 December 2003, 59/64 of 3 December 2004, 60/53 of 8 December 2005, 61/57 of 6 December 2006, 62/19 of 5 December 2007, 63/39 of 2 December 2008, 64/27 of 2 December 2009, 65/43 of 8 December 2010, 66/26 of 2 December 2011, 67/29 of 3 December 2012, 68/28 of 5 December 2013, 69/30 of 2 December 2014, 70/25 of 7 December 2015, 71/30 of 5 December 2016, 72/25 of 4 December 2017, 73/29 of 5 December 2018, 74/31 of 12 December 2019, 75/34 of 7 December 2020 and 76/21 of 6 December 2021,
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1. 重申迫切需要尽早就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议；
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1. Reaffirms the urgent need to reach an early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;
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2. 满意地注意到在裁军谈判会议内对缔结一项国际公约以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的设想原则上无反对意见，尽管也有国家指出在形成各方可以接受的共同办法方面存在各种困难；
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2. Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is no objection, in principle, to the idea of an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although the difficulties with regard to evolving a common approach acceptable to all have also been pointed out;
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3. 呼吁所有国家，特别是核武器国家积极努力，争取及早就一项共同办法，特别是可载入具有法律约束力的国际文书的共同方案达成协议；
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3. Appeals to all States, especially the nuclear-weapon States, to work actively towards an early agreement on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in an international instrument of a legally binding character;
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4. 建议进一步加紧努力，寻求这种共同办法或共同方案，并建议进一步探讨各种不同的备选办法，特别包括裁军谈判会议审议的办法，以克服各种困难；
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4. Recommends that further intensive efforts be devoted to the search for such a common approach or common formula and that the various alternative approaches, including, in particular, those considered in the Conference on Disarmament, be further explored in order to overcome the difficulties;
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5. 又建议裁军谈判会议继续积极加紧谈判，以求早日达成协议，缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际协定，同时考虑到对缔结一项国际公约的广泛支持以及为达成这一目标提出的任何其他提案；
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5. Also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the widespread support for the conclusion of an international convention and giving consideration to any other proposals designed to secure the same objective;
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6. 决定将题为“缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的项目列入大会第七十八届会议临时议程。
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6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its seventy-eighth session the item entitled “Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.
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(C) 200420 280420
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(E) 310320 010420
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任意拘留问题工作组
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Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
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任意拘留问题工作组第八十六届会议(2019 年 11 月 18 日至22 日)通过的意见
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Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its eighty-sixth session, 18–22 November 2019
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1. 任意拘留问题工作组系根据人权委员会第 1991/42 号决议设立。人权委员会第 1997/50 号决议延长了工作组的任期并对其任务作出了明确说明。根据大会第 60/251 号决议和人权理事会第 1/102 号决定，人权理事会接管了人权委员会的任务。人权理事会最近一次在第 42/22 号决议中将工作组的任期延长三年。
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1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the Commission on Human Rights. In its resolution 1997/50, the Commission extended and clarified the mandate of the Working Group. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council decision 1/102, the Council assumed the mandate of the Commission. The Council most recently extended the mandate of the Working Group for a three-year period in its resolution 42/22.
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2. 工作组依照其工作方法(A/HRC/36/38)，于 2019 年 7 月 5 日向摩洛哥政府转交了关于 Brahim Moussayih、Mustapha Burgaa、Hamza Errami、Salek Baber、Mohamed Rguibi 、 Elkantawi Elbeur 、 Ali Charki 、 Aomar Ajna 、 NasserAmenkour、Ahmed Baalli、Aziz El Ouahidi、Mohammed Dadda、Omar Baihna 和Abdelmoula El Hafidi 的来文。该国政府于 2019 年 11 月 13 日逾期提交对来文的答复。该国已加入《公民及政治权利国际公约》。
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2. In accordance with its methods of work (A/HRC/36/38), on 5 July 2019 the Working Group transmitted to the Government of Morocco a communication concerning Brahim Moussayih, Mustapha Burgaa, Hamza Errami, Salek Baber, Mohamed Rguibi, Elkantawi Elbeur, Ali Charki, Aomar Ajna, Nasser Amenkour, Ahmed Baalli, Aziz El Ouahidi, Mohammed Dadda, Omar Baihna and Abdelmoula El Hafidi. The Government submitted a late response to the communication on 13 November 2019. The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
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3. 工作组视下列情形下的剥夺自由为任意剥夺自由：
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3. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases:
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(a) 显然提不出任何法律依据证明剥夺自由是正当的(如某人刑期已满或大赦法对其适用，却仍被关押)(第一类)；(b) 剥夺自由系因某人行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、
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(a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to him or her) (category I);
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(b) 剥夺自由系因某人行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、第十八、第十九、第二十和第二十一条以及(对缔约国而言)《公约》第十二、第十八、第十九、第二十一、第二十二、第二十五、第二十六和第二十七条所保障的权利或自由(第二类)；(c) 完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文
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(b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the Covenant (category II);
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(c) 完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文书所确立的关于公正审判权的国际规范，情节严重，致使剥夺自由具有任意性(第三类)；联 合 国 A/HRC/WGAD/2019/67大 会 Distr.: General7 February 2020ChineseOriginal: French(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法
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(c) When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);
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(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复议或补救(第四类)；
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(d) When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV);
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(e) 剥夺自由违反国际法，因为存在基于出生、民族、族裔或社会出身、语言、宗教、经济状况、政治或其他见解、性别、性取向、残疾或任何其他状况的歧视，目的在于或可能导致无视人人平等(第五类)。
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(e) When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law on the grounds of discrimination based on birth, national, ethnic or social origin, language, religion, economic condition, political or other opinion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or any other status, that aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human beings (category V).
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提交的材料
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Submissions
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来文方的来文
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Communication from the source
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(a) 背景
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(a) Background
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4. Brahim Moussayih 生于 1993 年。Moussayih 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，与阿加迪尔的一个撒哈拉学生委员会有关联。
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4. Brahim Moussayih was born in 1993. Mr. Moussayih is a Saharan student activist linked to a Saharan student committee in Agadir.
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5. Mustapha Burgaa 生于 1994 年。Burgaa 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，与阿加迪尔的一个撒哈拉学生委员会有关联。
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5. Mustapha Burgaa was born in 1994. Mr. Burgaa is a Saharan student activist linked to a Saharan student committee in Agadir.
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6. Hamza Errami 生于 1992 年。Errami 先生是一名撒哈拉活动者，也是阿加迪尔的伊本佐尔大学理学院的一个撒哈拉学生委员会的发言人。
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6. Hamza Errami was born in 1992. Mr. Errami is a Saharan activist and spokesperson for a Saharan student committee of the faculty of sciences of Ibn Zohr University in Agadir.
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7. Salek Baber 生于 1993 年。Baber 先生是一名撒哈拉学生，也是阿加迪尔的伊本佐尔大学理学院的一个撒哈拉学生委员会的发言人。
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7. Salek Baber was born in 1993. Mr. Baber is a Saharan student and spokesperson for a Saharan student committee of the faculty of sciences of Ibn Zohr University in Agadir.
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8. Mohamed Rguibi 生于 1993 年。Rguibi 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，与阿加迪尔的一个撒哈拉学生委员会有关联。
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8. Mohamed Rguibi was born in 1993. Mr. Rguibi is a Saharan student activist linked to a Saharan student committee in Agadir.
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9. Elkantawi Elbeur 生于 1992 年。Elbeur 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，与阿加迪尔的一个撒哈拉学生委员会有关联。
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9. Elkantawi Elbeur was born in 1992. Mr. Elbeur is a Saharan student activist linked to a Saharan student committee in Agadir.
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10. Ali Charki 生于 1994 年。Charki 先生是一名撒哈拉学生，也是摩洛哥大学撒哈拉学生联合会的代表。
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10. Ali Charki was born in 1994. Mr. Charki is a Saharan student and a representative of the Union of Saharan Students in Moroccan Universities.
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11. Aomar Ajna 生于 1993 年。Ajna 先生是一名撒哈拉学生，也是马拉喀什撒哈拉学生协会的成员。
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11. Aomar Ajna was born in 1993. Mr. Ajna is a Saharan student and a member of the Marrakech Association of Saharan Students.
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12. Nasser Amenkour 生于 1992 年。Amenkour 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，正在马拉喀什寻找工作。
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12. Nasser Amenkour was born in 1992. Mr. Amenkour is a Saharan student activist seeking employment in Marrakech.
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13. Ahmed Baalli 生于 1991 年。Baalli 先生是阿加迪尔的伊本佐尔大学的学生。他积极参与在阿加迪尔成立一个撒哈拉学生委员会以及在撒哈拉学生会和摩洛哥学生会之间寻求合作。Baalli 先生是知名的撒哈拉活动者，公开倡导西撒哈拉人民的自决权。
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13. Ahmed Baalli was born in 1991. Mr. Baalli is a student at Ibn Zohr University in Agadir. He was actively involved in the establishment of a Saharan student committee in Agadir and in cooperation between Saharan and Moroccan student unions. Mr. Baalli is a well-known Saharan activist who openly campaigns for the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara.
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14. Aziz El Ouahidi 生于 1993 年。El Ouahidi 先生是撒哈拉学生和活动者，也是阿加迪尔学生协会的成员。
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14. Aziz El Ouahidi was born in 1993. Mr. El Ouahidi is a Saharan student activist and a member of the Agadir Students’ Association.
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15. Mohammed Dadda 生于 1993 年。Dadda 先生是撒哈拉学生和活动者，也是马拉喀什学生协会的成员。
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15. Mohammed Dadda was born in 1993. Mr. Dadda is a Saharan student activist and a member of the Marrakech Students’ Association.
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16. Omar Baihna 生于 1991 年。Baihna 先生是一名撒哈拉学生和活动者，与马拉喀什学生协会有关联。
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16. Omar Baihna was born in 1991. Mr. Baihna is a Saharan student activist linked to the Marrakech Students’ Association.
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17. Abdelmoula El Hafidi 生于 1986 年。El Hafidi 先生是马拉喀什的一名学生，也是人权活动者，与布支杜尔新闻媒体委员会和撒哈拉捍卫人权协会有关联。他曾由于关于西撒哈拉人民自决权的意见作为政治犯被拘留。
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17. Abdelmoula El Hafidi was born in 1986. Mr. El Hafidi is a student in Marrakech and a human rights activist linked to the Boujdour Press media committee and the Association sahraouie pour la défense des droits de l’homme (Saharan Association for the Defence of Human Rights). He was previously detained as a political prisoner because of his views on the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara.
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18. 这些人在下文中被称为“这批学生”。
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18. These persons are hereinafter referred to as “the group of students”.
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(b) 逮捕和拘留
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(b) Arrest and detention
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19. 来文方报告称，逮捕这批学生与 2016 年 1 月 23 日在马拉喀什的卡迪伊亚德大学举行的示威活动中导致一名摩洛哥学生死亡的事件有关。事实上，举行这次示威活动的起因是一名撒哈拉学生 2015 年 12 月受到持刀袭击造成重伤。摩洛哥当局没有采取行动为他伸张正义和起诉肇事者，撒哈拉学生因此于 2016 年 1月 23 日举行了这次示威活动，并在活动期间遇到数名试图驱散他们的摩洛哥学生。在双方冲突的过程中，一名学生死亡。据来文方称，无法确定他是如何死亡的，也无法确定肇事者是谁。
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19. The source reports that the group of students were arrested in connection with an incident that resulted in the death of a Moroccan student during a demonstration held at Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakech on 23 January 2016. The demonstration had in fact been organized after a Saharan student was seriously injured in a knife attack in December 2015. When the Moroccan authorities made no attempt to prosecute the perpetrators and to ensure that justice was done, the Saharan students organized the demonstration of 23 January 2016, during which the demonstrators were met by several Moroccan students who tried to disperse them. One student died in the clash between the two groups. According to the source, it was not possible to ascertain how he died or who was responsible for his death.
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20. 来文方称，Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生和Rguibi 先生于 2016 年 1 月 24 日 15 时左右在马拉喀什 Al Bustan Alal Fassi 街的马来西亚咖啡馆附近被警方逮捕。2016 年 1 月 26 日，他们被带见检察官，检察官下令进行彻底调查。2016 年 1 月 27 日，他们被带见预审法官，预审法官向他们告知了逮捕他们的理由，并下令将他们关押在 Oudaya 监狱。1
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20. The source states that Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber and Mr. Rguibi were arrested by police officers near the Malaysia Café on Al Bustan Alal Fassi Street in Marrakech at around 3 p.m. on 24 January 2016. On 26 January 2016, they were brought before the prosecutor, who ordered a thorough investigation. On 27 January 2016, they were brought before the investigating judge, who informed them of the reason for their arrest and ordered that they be detained in Oudaïa prison.1
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21. 随后，来文方称，Elbeur 先生、Charki 先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生和 Baalli 先生于 2016 年 1 月 24 日 18 时左右在 Madame Plaza 街区附近的一栋房屋内被警方逮捕，他们受到警察的殴打和辱骂。2016 年 1 月 26 日，这五人被带见检察官，检察官下令继续调查，并将他们送回警察局。2016 年 1 月 27 日，他们被带见预审法官，预审法官向他们告知了逮捕他们的理由，并下令将他们关押在 Oudaya 监狱。2
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21. The source then explains that Mr. Elbeur, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour and Mr. Baalli were arrested at a house in the Madame Plaza district at around 6 p.m. on 24 January 2016 by police officers who beat them and insulted them. On 26 January 2016, the five men were brought before the prosecutor, who ordered that the investigation should continue and sent them back to the police station. On 27 January 2016, they were brought before the investigating judge, who informed them of the reason for their arrest and ordered that they be detained in Oudaïa prison.2
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22. 关于 El Ouahidi 先生，来文方报告称，摩洛哥情报人员两次闯入他家，他的多名家庭成员受到严重殴打，此后，他于 2016 年 2 月 5 日 22 时左右向M’Hamid El Ghizlane 宪兵队自首。据称，他弟弟也受到威胁说，如果 El Ouahidi先生不向当局自首，他弟弟也将被逮捕。据来文方称，El Ouahidi 先生向当局自首时并不清楚当局追查他的原因，也没有被宪兵队告知逮捕他的理由。随后，他于 2016 年 2 月 6 日被转移到马拉喀什并被隔离关押，直至 2016 年 2 月 7 日，
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22. As for Mr. El Ouahidi, the source reports that he handed himself in at Mhamid el Rhozlane gendarmerie station at around 10 p.m. on 5 February 2016, after Moroccan intelligence officers broke into his home twice and some members of his family were severely assaulted. His younger brother was reportedly also threatened with arrest if Mr. El Ouahidi did not turn himself in to the authorities. According to the source, Mr. El Ouahidi did not know why he was wanted by the authorities and was not informed of the reason for his arrest by the gendarmerie when he handed himself in. He was transferred to Marrakech on 6 February 2016 and held incommunicado until 7 February 2016, when he was brought before the investigating judge, who informed him of the reasons for his arrest. After his arrest, he was placed in detention at Oudaïa prison.3
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1 关于拘留地点，据来文方称，2018 年 7 月 14 日，Moussayih 先生和 Baber 先生被转移到 AïtMelloul 监狱。2018 年 7 月 4 日，Burgaa 先生和 Rguibi 先生被转移到 Tiznit 监狱，Errami 先生被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱。
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1 As regards the places of detention, according to the source, Mr. Moussayih and Mr. Baber were transferred to Ait Melloul prison on 14 July 2018. On 4 July 2018, Mr. Burgaa and Mr. Rguibi were transferred to Tiznit prison and Mr. Errami to Ait Melloul prison.
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2 来文方称，2018 年 7 月 4 日，Elbeur 先生和 Amenkour 先生被转移到 Bouizarkarne 监狱，Charki先生被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱。Ajna 先生首先于 2018 年 7 月 4 日被转移到 Tiznit 监狱，随后于 2018 年 7 月 29 日被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，最后于 2018 年 11 月 17 日被转移到卡萨布兰卡的 Oukacha 监狱。Baalli 先生于 2018 年 7 月 4 日被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，随后于 2018 年 7 月14 日被转移到 Tiznit 监狱，最后于 2019 年 1 月 18 日被转移到 Bouizarkarne 监狱。
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2 The source states that on 4 July 2018, Mr. Elbeur and Mr. Amenkour were transferred to Bouizakarne prison and Mr. Charki to Ait Melloul prison. Mr. Ajna was transferred first to Tiznit prison on 4 July 2018, then to Ait Melloul prison on 29 July 2018, and finally to Oukacha prison in Casablanca on 17 November 2018. Mr. Baalli was transferred to Ait Melloul prison on 4 July 2018, then to Tiznit prison on 14 July 2018, and finally to Bouizakarne prison on 18 January 2019.
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3 El Ouahidi 先生于 2018 年 7 月 15 日被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，随后于 2018 年 7 月 17 日被转移到 Bouizarkarne 监狱。
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3 Mr. El Ouahidi was transferred to Ait Melloul prison on 15 July 2018, then to Bouizakarne prison on 17 July 2018.
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23. 来文方还解释说，Dadda 先生于 2016 年 2 月 29 日 17 时在西撒哈拉阿尤恩被逮捕。他于当天被转往阿加迪尔，2016 年 3 月 1 日到达后被关押在一个警察局内。2016 年 3 月 2 日 4 时，他被转往马拉喀什。他于 7 时左右到达马拉喀什警察局，并在那里受到审讯。Dadda 先生被隔离关押，直至 2016 年 3 月 5 日被带见预审法官，预审法官向他告知了逮捕他的理由。他被逮捕后被关押在 Oudaya 监狱。424. 关于 Baihna 先生，来文方称，他于 2016 年 3 月 15 日在阿尤恩警察局领取行政文件时被捕。他以公共交通方式被转往阿加迪尔警察局，于 2016 年 3 月 16日到达。Baihna 先生在阿加迪尔警察局的地下室被关押了两天，没有食物和水。Baihna 先生于 2016 年 3 月 18 日用大巴被转往马拉喀什。到达警察局后，他立即被带到一个小房间，受到关于其政治活动的审讯，随后被隔离关押。2016 年 3
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4 Mr. Dadda was transferred to Ait Melloul prison on 15 July 2018, then to Oukacha prison in Casablanca on 17 November 2018.
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即被带到一个小房间，受到关于其政治活动的审讯，随后被隔离关押。2016 年 3月 20 日，他被带见马拉喀什预审法官，预审法官向他告知了逮捕他的理由。他被逮捕后被关押在 Oudaya 监狱。5
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political activism; he was then detained incommunicado. On 20 March 2016, he was brought before the Marrakech investigating judge, who informed him of the reasons for his arrest. After his arrest, he was placed in detention at Oudaïa prison.5
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25. 最后，来文方称，El Hafidi 先生于 2016 年 4 月 16 日在西撒哈拉布支杜尔的一家商店内被逮捕。El Hafidi 先生被带到警察局，随后被送至阿加迪尔，他在那里被关押了四十八小时，没有食物和水。2016 年 4 月 18 日，他被带到马拉喀什。有关人员向他出示了其他人权活动者的照片和在研讨会上拍摄的照片，并讯问他与照片中的人有何联系，从事什么政治活动和人权活动。他于 2016 年 4 月20 日被带见预审法官，预审法官向他告知了逮捕理由。他被逮捕后被关押在Oudaya 监狱。6
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25. Lastly, the source reports that Mr. El Hafidi was arrested in a shop in Cabo Bojador, Western Sahara, on 16 April 2016. He was taken to the police station before being transported to Agadir, where he was detained for 48 hours without food or water. On 18 April 2016, he was taken to Marrakech. He was shown photographs of other human rights activists and photographs taken at seminars, and he was asked about his links with the people in the photographs, his political activism and his human rights activities. On 20 April 2016, he was brought before the investigating judge, who informed him of the reason for his arrest. After his arrest, he was placed in detention at Oudaïa prison.6
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26. 来文方称，尽管这批学生是在不同的地点和时间被逮捕的，但逮捕情形存在相似之处。所有这批学生都是在没有逮捕证的情况下被逮捕的，而且他们都没有被告知逮捕理由。他们被捕后，在被带见预审法官前都被隔离关押了二至五天不等。直至带见预审法官时，他们才得知逮捕他们的理由。所有这批学生都声称曾受到酷刑、殴打和强奸威胁。他们还被迫签署了事先准备好的警方报告，并且没有机会阅读其内容。来文方特别报告称，Baalli 先生的头部受到金属管殴打，致使他晕倒三次。警察还威胁要强奸他，并扯破了他的裤子。所有这批学生都声称曾受到审讯，审讯内容涉及他们的政治活动以及他们与萨基亚阿姆拉和里奥德奥罗人民解放阵线(波利萨里奥阵线)的联系。
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26. The source asserts that although the various members of the group of students were arrested in different places and at different times, there are similarities between the arrests. All the members of the group of students were arrested without a warrant and without being informed of the reasons for their arrest. After their arrest, they were held incommunicado for a period ranging from two to five days before being brought before an investigating judge. Only then were they informed of the reasons for their arrest. All the members of the group of students claim to have been tortured, beaten and threatened with rape. They were also forced to sign police reports that had been prepared in advance, without having had the opportunity to read them. In particular, the source reports that Mr. Baalli was beaten around the head with a metal tube and fainted three times. He was also allegedly threatened with rape by officers who ripped his trousers. All the members of the group of students claim that they were questioned about their political activism and their links with the Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguía el-Hamra y de Río de Oro (Frente POLISARIO).
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27. 来文方报告称，这批学生最初被指控的罪名是谋杀，但一审法院于2017年7 月 6 日根据摩洛哥《刑法》第 392、第 393、第 400、第 401 和第 403 条修改了指控，将其行为定性为故意致死的暴力罪。
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27. The source reports that the members of the group of students were initially charged with murder but that, on 6 July 2017, the court of first instance amended the charges and classified the acts as violence intentionally causing death, under articles 392, 393, 400, 401 and 403 of the Moroccan Criminal Code.
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28. 据来文方称，马拉喀什一审法院的诉讼程序于 2016 年 7 月 14 日启动，但在当天被推迟。随后，这一诉讼程序被推迟 9 次，最终于 2017 年 5 月启动。4 Dadda 先生于 2018 年 7 月 15 日被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，随后于 2018 年 11 月 17 日被转移到卡萨布兰卡的 Oukacha 监狱。5 Baihna 先生于 2018 年 7 月 15 日被转移到转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，随后于 2018 年 7 月 17 日被转移到 Bouizarkarne 监狱。6 El Hafidi 先生于 2018 年 7 月 15 日被转移到 El Arjat 监狱，2018 年 7 月 17 日被送回 Oudaya 监狱。随后，他于 2018 年 7 月 20 日被转移到 Aït Melloul 监狱，随后又被转移到卡萨布兰卡的Oukacha 监狱。2017 年 5 月进行这一诉讼程序期间，这批学生宣称，他们是因为关于撒哈拉人民自决权的政治意见被拘留的，并告知法官，他们受到酷刑，并且被迫签署了供词，这些供词是唯一的有罪证据。此外，他们还告知法庭，他们在最初审讯期间受到酷刑，而且审讯内容只涉及他们的政治信仰。他们还补充说，他们在被警方逮捕时并不清楚对他们提出的指控的内容，因为他们直至被带见预审法官时才得知受到何种指控。他们还要求按照《酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的有效调查和文件记录手册》(《伊斯坦布尔规程》)进行体检。最后，这批学生坚称，他们在 2016 年 1 月 23 日示威活动造成的暴力冲突期间不在场，并宣称对他们提出的指控全部不成立。诉讼程序被推迟至 2017 年 6 月 21 日，随后又推迟至 2017 年 7 月 6 日。目前，其中 4 人被判处 10 年监禁，另外 10 人被判处 3 年监禁。
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28. According to the source, the trial before the Marrakech Court of First Instance was opened on 14 July 2016 but was postponed the same day. The trial was subsequently postponed nine times; in the end, it began in May 2017. During the proceedings of May 2017, the members of the group of students declared that they were being detained on account of their political views on the right to self-determination of the Saharan people and informed the judge that they had been subjected to torture and forced to sign the confessions that had been put forward as the only evidence against them. They further informed the court that, during their initial questioning, they had been tortured and had been asked only about their political beliefs. They added that they had not known what they were being charged with while they were in police custody because they had not been informed of the charges until they were brought before the investigating judge. They also demanded to undergo a medical examination in accordance with the Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol). Lastly, the members of the group of students insisted that they had not been present during the violent clashes that had followed the demonstration on 23 January 2016 and declared themselves innocent of all the charges against them. The proceedings were postponed to 21 June and then to 6 July 2017. On that date, 4 members of the group were sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment and 10 members of the group were sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment.
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29. 来文方称，在 2017 年 12 月 12 日开始的上诉听证会上，这批学生作了与一审法院审理时相同的陈述。来文方明确指出，辩方希望纳入案卷的所有证
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29. The source notes that during the appeal hearings that began on 12 December 2017, the members of the group of students made the same statements they had made before the court of first instance. The source notes that all the evidence submitted by the defence was
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据都被驳回。听证会被推迟了 3 次，上诉法院于 2018 年 4 月 10 日维持定罪判决。
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rejected. The hearings were postponed three times and then the court of appeal upheld the convictions on 10 April 2018.
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30. 被判处 10 年监禁的 4 人是被监禁在马拉喀什的 Oudaya 监狱的 El Ouahidi先生和 Dadda 先生，被监禁在卡萨布兰卡的 Oukacha 监狱的 El Hafidi 先生，以及被监禁在 Bouizarkarne 监狱的 Elbeur 先生。7
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30. The four persons sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment are Mr. El Ouahidi and Mr. Dadda, who are being detained in Oudaïa prison in Marrakech; Mr. El Hafidi, who is being detained in Oukacha prison in Casablanca; and Mr. Elbeur, who is being detained in Bouizakarne prison.7
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31. 其他学生被判处 3 年监禁。因此，Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Charki 先生、Baalli 先生、Ajna 先生和Amenkour 先生已于 2019 年 1 月 25 日刑满获释。Baihna 先生于 2019 年 3 月 17日获释。
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31. The other students were sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment. After serving their sentences, Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Charki, Mr. Baalli, Mr. Ajna and Mr. Amenkour were released on 25 January 2019. Mr. Baihna was released on 17 March 2019.
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32. 来文方还描述了仍被剥夺自由者的拘留条件。据称，在其中数人获释后，其余人员的拘留条件有所恶化。他们受到监狱看守的密切监视和反复骚扰，而且无法使用监狱电话与家人联系。他们被剥夺了接受家人探视的权利，这违反了《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》(《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》)。Dadda 先生和 El Ouahidi 先生于 2019 年 2 月 18 日开始绝食，以此对其拘留条件以及监狱当局拒绝与他们沟通表示抗议。随后，由于监狱当局拒绝向 Dadda 先生提供必要医疗，他于 2019 年 5 月 2 日开始另一次绝食抗议。事实上，Dadda先生于 2019 年 5 月 2 日要求获得皮疹治疗，监狱当局拒绝了这一要求。此后，皮疹扩散并恶化。Dadda 先生告知监狱当局他打算绝食抗议，但他的要求被驳回，Aït Melloul 监狱的一名工作人员殴打并辱骂了他。随后，Dadda 先生被单独监禁至今。截至 2019 年 5 月 14 日，Dadda 先生仍处于绝食抗议和单独监禁中。
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32. The source also describes the conditions in which those who are still deprived of their liberty are being held. Apparently, in the period since the release of some members of the group of students, the other members’ conditions of detention have deteriorated. The detainees are kept under close watch and are repeatedly harassed by prison guards, and they cannot use the prison telephone to contact their families. They have been denied the right to receive visits from their families, in violation of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). Mr. Dadda and Mr. El Ouahidi reportedly went on hunger strike on 18 February 2019 to protest against their conditions of detention and the refusal of the prison administration to communicate with them. Mr. Dadda went on hunger strike for a second time on 2 May 2019 in response to the prison administration’s refusal to provide him with the medical care that he needed. That day, he had requested medical treatment for a skin rash but the prison administration had refused to grant his request. Since then, the skin rash has reportedly spread and grown worse. When Mr. Dadda informed the prison administration of his intention to go on hunger strike, his request was denied and he was beaten and denigrated by an officer at Ait Melloul prison. He was then placed in solitary confinement, where he remains. As at 14 May 2019, Mr. Dadda was still on hunger strike and in solitary confinement.
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33. 来文方还强调了 El Hafidi 先生的拘留条件，由于他是在大学注册的学生，并要求允许他在拘留期间参加考试，他受到单独监禁。据来文方称，限制学习和参加考试是针对撒哈拉政治犯的惯用报复手段。El Hafidi 先生的考试被多次推迟。El Hafidi 先生与监狱当局的一名工作人员接触时，他被指控侮辱了这7 来文方在 2019 年 5 月 14 日提交的资料中指出，Elbeur 先生和 El Ouahidi 先生目前被监禁在Bouizarkarne 监狱，El Hafidi 先生被监禁在卡萨布兰卡的 Oukacha 监狱，Dadda 先生被监禁在阿加迪尔的 Aït Melloul 监狱。名工作人员，并被判处 45 天单独拘留，自 2019 年 3 月 12 日起开始执行。对此，El Hafidi 先生于 2019 年 3 月 9 日开始绝食抗议。此后，他的家人被禁止与他联络，他与外界没有任何联系。El Ouahidi 先生和 Dadda 先生宣布，他们将从 2019 年 3 月 28 日起开始绝食抗议，以声援 El Hafidi 先生。
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33. The source also draws attention to the conditions of detention faced by Mr. El Hafidi, who was placed in solitary confinement because he had registered as a university student and had requested permission to sit his examinations while in detention. According to the source, restrictions on studying and on access to examinations are a common form of retaliation against Saharan political prisoners. Mr. El Hafidi’s examinations were postponed several times. When Mr. El Hafidi contacted a prison officer, he was accused of insulting the officer and sentenced to 45 days of solitary confinement, starting on 12 March 2019. In response, Mr. El Hafidi went on hunger strike on 9 March 2019. Since then, his family has been prevented from communicating with him and he has had no contact with the outside world. Mr. El Ouahidi and Mr. Dadda announced that they would go on hunger strike in solidarity with Mr. El Hafidi, starting on 28 March 2019.
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(c) 法律分析
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(c) Legal analysis
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34. 来文方称，对这批学生的拘留是任意拘留，属于工作组工作方法规定的第一、第二、第三和第五类情况。来文方补充说，对这批学生实施的侵权行为还构成违反国际人道法的情况，因为西撒哈拉是被占领土，这批学生属于受《陆战法规和惯例公约》、《关于保护国际性武装冲突受难者的日内瓦四公约》(1949 年日内瓦四公约)，特别是《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》(《日内瓦第四公约》)和习惯国际法保护的人员。
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34. The source asserts that the detention of the group of students is arbitrary under categories I, II, III and V as defined in the Working Group’s methods of work. The source adds that the violations committed against the group of students also constitute violations of international humanitarian law, since Western Sahara is an occupied territory and the group of students are among the persons protected by the Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, the Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims (Geneva Conventions of 1949), in particular the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), and customary international law.
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(一) 第一类
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(i) Category I
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35. 来文方称，对这批学生的逮捕和拘留没有法律依据，违反了《世界人权宣言》第九条、《公民及政治权利国际公约》第九条和摩洛哥法律，构成第一类侵权行为。这批学生是在没有逮捕证的情况下被逮捕的，当时也没有被告知对他们提出的指控，这违反了《公约》第九条第二款。此外，来文方报告称，这批学生直至被带见预审法官时才得知对他们提出的指控。他们被带到警察局，并被隔离关押二至五天不等，在此期间得不到法律保护，这违反了《公约》第九条第三款。来文方称，摩洛哥《刑事诉讼法》第 140 条规定，被拘留者应在被逮捕后 24 小时内被带见法官，并应在 24 小时内获得律师。此外，这批学生在审讯期间遭受酷刑。随后，他们被迫签署了事先写好的警方报告，并且无法阅读其内容。
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35. The source claims that the arrest and detention of the group of students have no legal basis, contrary to article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Moroccan law; they therefore constitute a violation under category I. The members of the group of students were arrested without a warrant and without being informed of the charges against them, in violation of article 9 (2) of the Covenant. The source also reports that the members of the group of students were not informed of the charges against them before they were brought before the investigating judge. They were taken to the police station and held incommunicado for between two and five days, outside the protection of the law, in violation of article 9 (3) of the Covenant. The source points out that under article 140 of the Moroccan Code of Criminal Procedure, detainees must be brought before a judge within 24 hours of their arrest and they must have access to a lawyer within the same period. In addition, the members of the group of students were subjected to acts of torture while they were being questioned. They were then forced to sign police reports that had been prepared in advance, without having had the opportunity to read them.
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(二) 第二类
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(ii) Category II
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36. 来文方称，这批学生被逮捕和拘留是他们行使其基本权利的结果，因此构成第二类侵权行为。
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36. The source maintains that the arrest and detention of the members of the group of students resulted from the exercise of their fundamental rights and therefore constitute a violation under category II.
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37. 来文方指出，其中一些学生是知名人权活动人士，而且其中一人，即 El Hafidi先生曾经是政治犯。在摩洛哥学习的撒哈拉学生受到同学、教师和当局的歧视和骚扰。摩洛哥警察经常搜查他们的宿舍，毁坏他们的财产，在撒哈拉学生当中制造恐惧气氛。因此，学生们成立了学生组织或学生委员会来举行示威活动。在其中一次示威活动中，一人死亡，这批学生都被认定犯有故意致死的暴力罪。
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37. The source notes that some members of the group of students are well-known human rights activists and that one of them, Mr. El Hafidi, is a former political prisoner. Saharans who study in Morocco are subjected to discrimination and harassment by fellow students, professors and the administration. The Moroccan police often raid their rooms and destroy their property, creating a climate of fear among Saharan students. The students therefore set up student organizations and committees that hold demonstrations. During one such demonstration, one person died and the members of the group of students were all found guilty of violence intentionally causing death.
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38. 来文方称，所有这批学生都在法庭上宣称，他们在事件发生时不在马拉喀什的卡迪伊亚德大学前，也没有参加 2016 年 1 月 23 日举行的示威活动。唯一不利于这批学生的证据是他们在酷刑之下签署的警方报告。来文方还指出，他们在审讯时被问及其政治意见和活动，特别是与波利萨里奥阵线和其他撒哈拉活动人士的联系，以及他们参加各种人权会议的情况。
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38. The source notes that all the members of the group of students told the court that they had not been present in front of Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakech at the time of the incident and that they had not attended the demonstration held on 23 January 2016. There was no evidence against the group of students aside from the police reports that they had signed under torture. The source also notes that they were questioned about their political views and activities, especially their links with the Frente POLISARIO and with other Saharan activists, and about their participation in various human rights conferences.
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39. 因此，来文方称，这批学生被监禁的原因是他们公开支持西撒哈拉人民自决权并开展人权活动，主要是有关撒哈拉学生在摩洛哥大学的待遇的人权活动。因此，来文方认为，剥夺自由是因为这批学生作为撒哈拉学生人权活动者行使了《公约》第十九条和第二十一条保障的表达自由权和结社自由权，因此，对他们的拘留具有任意性，属于第二类情况。
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39. The source maintains that the group of students were imprisoned in response to their open advocacy of the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara and their human rights activism, particularly with regard to the treatment of Saharan students in Moroccan universities. Consequently, the source argues that the detention of the group of students resulted from the exercise of their rights to freedom of expression and association, enshrined in articles 19 and 21 of the Covenant, as Saharan student human rights activists and that their detention is therefore arbitrary under category II.
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(三) 第三类
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(iii) Category III
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40. 来文方指出，剥夺这批学生的自由是任意的，因为摩洛哥政府对他们的拘留和起诉不符合国际准则。
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40. The source asserts that the deprivation of liberty of the group of students is arbitrary because their detention and the proceedings instituted by the Government of Morocco failed to meet international standards.
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41.来文方称，将在酷刑下签署的警方报告作为证据构成侵犯《公约》第十四条和摩洛哥法律保障的不自证其罪的权利，而且，这项证据不应被接受，因为它是以非法手段获得的。此外，使用酷刑获得供词违反了习惯国际法和《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》。
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41. The source maintains that the use of police reports signed under torture as evidence was a violation of the right not to be compelled to testify against oneself, which is protected by article 14 of the Covenant and by Moroccan law, and that the reports should not have been admissible, as they constituted evidence obtained by illegal means. The use of torture to obtain a confession is also a violation of customary international law and of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
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42. 来文方称，这些学生告知预审法官和审判法官，警方报告是事先写好的，他们是在酷刑下签署的报告。此外，学生在受到酷刑待遇后留有明显痕迹，他们要求按照《伊斯坦布尔规程》进行体检。预审法官和审判法官没有考虑这些酷刑指控，也没有下令进行体检或调查。
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42. The source notes that the members of the group of students informed the investigating judge and the trial judge that the police reports had been prepared in advance and that they had signed the reports under torture. Moreover, after the treatment that they had suffered, they bore obvious signs of torture and they demanded to undergo a medical examination in accordance with the Istanbul Protocol. Neither the investigating judge nor the trial judge took these allegations of torture into account, nor did they order a medical examination or an investigation.
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43. 来文方辩称，以来自这种虐待的证据为依据的刑事诉讼从根本上是腐败的，不可逆转地损害了公正审判原则。因此，来文方认为，摩洛哥政府的行为违反了《公约》第七条和第十四条第三款(午)项。
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43. The source argues that the criminal proceedings were fundamentally corrupted, as they were based on evidence obtained through such abuses, and that the principle of a fair trial was irrevocably undermined. Consequently, the source submits that the Government of Morocco acted in violation of articles 7 and 14 (3) (g) of the Covenant.
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44. 来文方还称，这批学生没有得到充分的法律援助，也没有机会按照《公约》第十四条第三款(丑)项和(卯)项的规定准备辩护。然而，获得法律援助的权利和辩护权是公正审判权和在法院和法庭前一律平等原则的核心。
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44. The source also notes that the group of students did not receive adequate legal assistance and were not given the opportunity to prepare a defence, as required by article 14 (3) (b) and (d) of the Covenant. Yet the right to legal assistance and the right of defence are central to the right to a fair trial and the principle of equality before courts and tribunals.
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45. 来文方报告称，这批学生在被逮捕和被带见预审法官时都没有获得法律援助。在对这批学生提起的最近一次诉讼中，辩方被禁止向法院提交无罪证据以供纳入案卷，包括证人陈述和证明他们不在犯罪现场的证据。Dadda 先生没有获准提交关于他在示威活动期间正在参加考试的文件。El Ouahidi 先生示威当天在阿加迪尔，他敦促法院下令公开汽车站的监视录像，以证明他的清白。但法庭驳回了他的请求。此外，这批学生和他们的律师被多次打断，使他们无法充分辩护。
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45. The source reports that the members of the group of students did not receive legal assistance either when they were arrested or when they were brought before the investigating judge. During the most recent proceedings against members of the group, the defence were prohibited from submitting exonerating evidence to the court for inclusion in the case file, such as witness statements and evidence that the defendants had not been present at the scene of the crime. Mr. Dadda was not allowed to submit documents proving that he had been sitting an examination at the time of the demonstration. Mr. El Ouahidi, meanwhile, had been in Agadir on the day of the demonstration, and he urged the court to order the disclosure of bus station surveillance recordings in order to prove his innocence. The court denied his request, however. The members of the group of students and their lawyers were also repeatedly interrupted, which prevented them from making a proper defence.
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46. 来文方还称，这批学生根据《公约》第十四条第一款规定享有的接受公开审判的权利没有得到尊重。事实上，来文方报告称，在诉讼期间，国际观察员和人权活动者多次被阻止进入法庭。此外，被告的家人只准进入法庭三次，而且只准一名家人入内。
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46. The source maintains that the right of the group of students to a public hearing, under article 14 (1) of the Covenant, was not respected. The source reports that international observers and human rights activists were repeatedly prevented from entering the courtroom during the trials. Furthermore, access to the courtroom was granted to the families of the accused only three times and to just one person per family each time.
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47. 最后，来文方指出：(a) 对这批学生提起的诉讼不符合《公约》第九条和第十四条规定的关于公正审判权的国际法要求；(b) 根据《公约》第九条第二款，对他们的逮捕是非法的；(c) 他们根据《公约》第十四条第三款(子)项享有的被告知对其提出的指控的权利受到侵犯；(d) 将在酷刑下和/或被迫签署的供词作为刑事证据违反了《公约》第十四条第三款(午)项；(e) 他们根据《公约》第十四条第一款和第三款(丑)项享有的获得法律援助和充分辩护的权利受到侵犯；(f) 他们根据《公约》第十四条第一款享有的接受公开审判的权利没有得到尊重。据来文方称，所有这些侵权行为使剥夺这批学生的自由具有任意性，属于第三类情况。
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47. In conclusion, the source asserts that: (a) the proceedings brought against the members of the group of students did not meet the requirements of international law on the right to a fair trial, as set out in articles 9 and 14 of the Covenant; (b) their arrest was unlawful under article 9 (2) of the Covenant; (c) their right to be informed of the charges against them, under article 14 (3) (a) of the Covenant, was violated; (d) the use of confessions signed under torture and/or duress as criminal evidence was a violation of article 14 (3) (g) of the Covenant; (e) their right to legal counsel and to a proper defence, under article 14 (1) and (3) (b) of the Covenant, was violated; and (f) their right to a public hearing, under article 14 (1) of the Covenant, was not respected. According to the source, all these violations render the detention of the members of the group of students arbitrary under category III.
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48. 来文方还辩称，违反关于公正审判和禁止酷刑的要求还违反了国际人道法。此外，摩洛哥法院对这批学生定罪并将他们拘留在摩洛哥监狱构成违反 1949 年日内瓦四公约，特别是《日内瓦第四公约》第四十八、第六十六、第六十七和第七十六条。
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48. The source argues that the breaches of fair trial requirements and of the prohibition of torture are also violations of international humanitarian law. Furthermore, the conviction of the members of the group of students by the Moroccan courts and their detention in Moroccan prisons constitute violations of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, in particular articles 48, 66, 67 and 76 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
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(四) 第五类
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(iv) Category V
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49. 最后，来文方指出，对这批学生的拘留是任意的，因为这是他们的撒哈拉人身份所导致的，因此构成第五类侵权行为。
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49. Lastly, the source asserts that the detention of the group of students is arbitrary because it is based on their Saharan identity and therefore constitutes a violation under category V.
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50. 来文方称，这批学生是撒哈拉人，他们根据大会第 1514 (XV)号、第1541 (XV)号和第 2625 (XXV)号决议规定的原则享有自决权。
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50. The source maintains that the members of the group of students are Saharans and, as such, they have the right to self-determination, in accordance with the principles set out in General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV), 1541 (XV) and 2625 (XXV).
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51. 来文方称，在本案中，这批学生由于关于撒哈拉人民自决权的政治意见被逮捕和监禁。如果这批学生不是撒哈拉人，没有对西撒哈拉的政治危机发表意见，有关诉讼就不会发生。
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51. The source notes that in the present case, the members of the group of students were arrested and imprisoned because of their political views on the right to self-determination of the Saharan people. If the members of the group of students had not been Saharans and had not expressed their opinion on the political crisis in Western Sahara, the trials in question would not have taken place.
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52. 来文方重申，这批学生是人权活动者，关注撒哈拉学生的权利和他们受到的镇压。来文方回顾说，正如此前所强调的，撒哈拉学生在摩洛哥大学学习期间受到歧视和骚扰。这批学生一直站在保护撒哈拉学生权利的最前线。非法逮捕他们和他们在此期间受到的待遇，包括酷刑和关于其政治活动的审讯表明，对他们的拘留无视权利平等原则，构成违反国际法的歧视。
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52. The source reiterates that the members of the group of students are all human rights defenders who are concerned about the rights and repression of Saharan students. The source draws attention once again to the fact that Saharans who study at Moroccan universities are subjected to discrimination and harassment. The members of the group of students have been at the forefront of efforts to protect the rights of Saharan students. Their unlawful arrest and subsequent treatment, which included torture and questioning about their political activism, show that their detention constitutes discrimination in violation of international law, insofar as the equality of human beings is being ignored.
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53. 因此，这批学生由于关于撒哈拉人民自决权的政治意见成为攻击目标并受到歧视，这使他们的拘留具有任意性，构成第五类情况，因为这构成违反国际法，特别是《公约》第一、第二、第二十六和第二十七条的歧视。
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53. The members of the group of students were therefore targeted and subjected to discrimination because of their political views on the right to self-determination of the Saharan people; this renders their detention arbitrary under category V, as it constitutes discrimination in violation of international law, specifically articles 1, 2, 26 and 27 of the Covenant.
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54. 来文方补充称，《日内瓦第四公约》第四十七条禁止通过将被占领土内的人员与占领方人口同化来剥夺《公约》对他们的保护，否则即构成第五类侵权行为。此外，来文方认为，这批学生是由于其支持自决权的活动而被逮捕和监禁的。他们都受到了酷刑，对他们的审讯仅限于他们的活动和他们对西撒哈拉冲突的意见。对他们施行酷刑的官员称他们为分离主义者、叛徒和摩洛哥王国的敌人，这表明所使用的做法，包括任意逮捕、酷刑和任意拘留的目的是强迫这些学生效忠占领国。据来文方称，这些做法违反了《关于陆战法规和习惯的章程》第四十五条，根据《日内瓦第四公约》第一四七条构成严重违反国际人道法的情况。
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54. The source adds that article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits depriving persons who are in occupied territory of the protection of the Convention by assimilating them into the population of the occupying Power and that doing so constitutes a violation under category V. The source claims that the members of the group of students were arrested and imprisoned because of their activism in support of the right to self-determination. They were all tortured and questioned solely about their activism and their views on the Western Sahara conflict. The officer who tortured them called them separatists, traitors and enemies of the Kingdom of Morocco; this shows that the aim of the practices used against the students, which included arbitrary arrest, torture and arbitrary detention, was to force them to swear allegiance to the occupying country. According to the source, these practices contravene article 45 of the Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and constitute grave violations of international humanitarian law, as defined in article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
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政府的回复
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Response from the Government
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55. 2019 年 7 月 5 日，工作组根据其常规程序，向该国政府转交了来文方的指控。工作组请政府在 2019 年 9 月 4 日之前提供进一步资料，说明这批学生被捕以来的状况，并确保列入它希望就来文所述指控作出的评论。工作组特别要求政府说明剥夺这批学生自由所依据的事实和法律规定，以及剥夺他们的自由是否符合摩洛哥根据国际人权法承担的义务。此外，工作组呼吁政府确保相关个人的身心健康。
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55. On 5 July 2019, the Working Group transmitted the allegations from the source to the Government through its regular procedure. The Working Group requested the Government to provide further information by 4 September 2019 on the situation of the members of the group of students since their arrest, including any comments it might wish to make on the allegations set forth in the communication. In particular, the Working Group requested the Government to clarify the facts and legal provisions justifying the detention of the group of students and the compatibility of their detention with the obligations of Morocco under international human rights law. The Working Group also called on the Government to safeguard the physical and mental integrity of the persons concerned.
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56. 2019 年 8 月 30 日，摩洛哥政府要求将回复期限延长一个月，工作组批准了这一要求，将截止日期延长至 2019 年 10 月 4 日。
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56. On 30 August 2019, the Government of Morocco requested a one-month extension of the deadline for its response; the Working Group granted this request and extended the deadline to 4 October 2019.
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57. 2019 年 11 月 1 日，政府再次要求延长期限。这一要求没有得到批准，因为工作组的工作方法中没有这种规定。2019 年 11 月 13 日，政府提交了回复。由于回复是在延长的期限后提交的，工作组不能将其视为按时提交的回复。
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57. On 1 November 2019, the Government requested a second extension. This request was not granted because there is no provision for such an extension in the Working Group’s methods of work. On 13 November 2019, the Government submitted its response. Since the response was sent after the extended deadline, the Working Group cannot consider it to have been submitted on time.
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58. 由于政府没有按时提交回复，工作组决定依照其工作方法第 15 段提出本意见。工作组指出，根据其工作方法第 16 段，工作组根据收到的所有资料提出意见。59. 工作组已在判例中确立了处理证据问题的方式。在来文方有初步证据证明缔约国违反国际规定构成任意拘留时，政府如要反驳指控，则应承担举证责任(见 A/HRC/19/57，第 68 段)。8 在本案中，政府没有对来文方提出的初步认定可信的指控提出异议。60. 工作组注意到，Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Charki 先生、Baalli 先生、Ajna 先生和 Amenkour 先生于 2019 年 1月 25 日获释，Baihna 先生于 2019 年 3 月 17 日获释。在这种情况下，工作组可依照其工作方法第 17 段(a)项选择将案件存档或对他们的拘留的任意性发表意见。工作组注意到，相关人员是在其刑罚执行结束时获释的。此外，ElOuahidi 先生、Dadda 先生、El Hafidi 先生和 Elbeur 先生仍然处于拘留中，他们尚未服满各自的刑期。考虑到这些情况，工作组决定继续审议案件，以期提出意见。61. 来文方在其申诉中提出了有关四类任意拘留的论据。(a) 第一类62. 来文方指称，这批学生是在 2016 年 1 月 24 日至 4 月 16 日之间被逮捕的，当时没有出示逮捕证，也没有向他们告知逮捕理由或所受指控。工作组回顾，根
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Discussion 58. In the absence of a timely response from the Government, the Working Group has decided to render the present opinion, in conformity with paragraph 15 of its methods of work. The Working Group notes that pursuant to paragraph 16 of its methods of work, it renders opinions on the basis of all the information it has received. 59. The Working Group has in its jurisprudence established the ways in which it deals with evidentiary issues. If the source has established a prima facie case for breach of international requirements constituting arbitrary detention, the burden of proof should be understood to rest upon the Government if it wishes to refute the allegations (see A/HRC/19/57, para. 68).8 In the present case, the Government has chosen not to challenge the prima facie credible allegations made by the source. 60. The Working Group notes that Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Charki, Mr. Baalli, Mr. Ajna and Mr. Amenkour were released on 25 January 2019, while Mr. Baihna was released on 17 March 2019. In such circumstances, the Working Group has the option of filing the case or rendering an opinion as to the arbitrariness of the detention, in conformity with paragraph 17 (a) of its methods of work. The Working Group notes that the releases occurred at the end of the prison terms imposed on the persons concerned. Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda, Mr. El Hafidi and Mr. Elbeur are still in detention, as they have not yet served their sentences in full. Bearing in mind these circumstances, the Working Group has decided to continue considering the case with a view to rendering an opinion. 61. In the complaint, the source presents arguments relating to four categories of arbitrary detention. (a) Category I 62. The source alleges that the arrests of the members of the group of students, which occurred between 24 January and 16 April 2016, were carried out without a warrant and without their being informed of the reasons for their arrest or the charges against them. The
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当时没有出示逮捕证，也没有向他们告知逮捕理由或所受指控。工作组回顾，根据《公约》第九条第一款，除非依照法律所确定的根据和程序，任何人不得被剥夺自由。为使剥夺自由具有法律依据，仅仅存在能够证明剥夺自由正当的法律是不够的。当局必须援引这项法律依据，并通过逮捕证将其适用于案件的情况，现行犯罪的情况除外，因为情况足以证明逮捕是正当的。《公约》第九条第二款
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Working Group recalls that under article 9 (1) of the Covenant, no one may be deprived of liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. In order for deprivation of liberty to have a legal basis, the mere existence of a law that may be used to justify it is insufficient. The authorities must invoke this legal basis and apply it to the circumstances of the case by means of an arrest warrant, except in the case of arrests in flagrante delicto where the circumstances are sufficient to justify the arrest.
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行犯罪的情况除外，因为情况足以证明逮捕是正当的。《公约》第九条第二款则规定，任何被逮捕的人在被逮捕时应被告知逮捕他的理由。在本案中，工作组注意到，所有相关个人都否认参加了 2016 年 1 月 23 日的示威活动。工作组还注意到，逮捕日期之间存在时间间隔，而且，根据来文方转交并且政府没有反驳的资料，现行犯罪程序似乎并不适用，工作组因此得出结论认为，逮捕这批学生时应有逮捕证。工作组还得出结论认为，没有告知逮捕理由违反了《世界人权宣言》第九条和《公约》第九条。
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Article 9 (2) of the Covenant, meanwhile, stipulates that anyone who is arrested must be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for the arrest. In the present case, the Working Group notes that all the persons concerned deny that they were present at the demonstration on 23 January 2016. The Working Group also notes that the arrests were spaced out in time and considers that, in view of the information transmitted by the source, which has not been contested by the Government, the procedure that applies in the case of arrests in flagrante delicto does not seem to be applicable. It therefore concludes that the arrests of the members of the group of students should have been accompanied by an arrest warrant. It further concludes that the failure to inform the persons concerned of the reasons for their arrest constitutes a violation of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 9 of the Covenant.
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63. 此外，来文方称，被逮捕者被隔离关押了三至五天不等。鉴于政府选择不反驳这一指控，工作组认为这一指控是可信的。关于隔离关押本身，工作组回顾指出，这意味着被逮捕者与外界，包括其家人和律师没有联系，无法获得援助。因此，被拘留的学生无法行使权利质疑其逮捕的合法性、适当性和必要性，这违反了《公约》第九条第四款。
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63. The source maintains that the arrested persons were held incommunicado for a period ranging from three to five days. The Government has chosen not to refute this allegation, which the Working Group considers to be credible. The Working Group notes that the use of incommunicado detention means that the arrested persons had no contact with the outside world, including with persons such as family members or lawyers, who could have assisted them. They were therefore unable to exercise their right to challenge the lawfulness, appropriateness and necessity of their arrest and detention, in violation of article 9 (4) of the Covenant.
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64. 最后，被拘留的这批学生据称直至被逮捕 48 小时后才被带见法官，除Dadda 先生外，他在被逮捕 72 小时后才被带见法官。然而，来文方称，摩洛哥《刑事诉讼法》第 140 条规定，任何被逮捕者都应在被逮捕后 24 小时内被带见8 另见第 27/2016 号意见，第 36 段。法官。工作组回顾，工作组通常无权确定程序是否遵守国家法律。然而，工作组注意到，国家标准执行的是《公约》第九条第三款，其中规定，任何被逮捕者都应被迅速带见法官。工作组指出，人权事务委员会解释说，这种情况下应当在48 小时内带见法官，9 并注意到，摩洛哥法律规定的时限较短，为 24 小时。工作组认为，根据人权事务委员会的解释，违反这一较为严格的标准也构成违反国际准则，因此，这一问题属于工作组的管辖范围。工作组得出结论认为，政府没有按照该国法律规定将被拘留的学生在 24 小时内带见法官，因此没有履行该国根据《公约》第九条第三款承担的义务。
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64. Lastly, once in detention, the members of the group of students were allegedly not brought before a judge until 48 hours after their arrest, with the exception of Mr. Dadda, who was not brought before a judge until 72 hours after his arrest. Yet, according to the source, article 140 of the Moroccan Code of Criminal Procedure stipulates that anyone who is arrested must be brought before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest. The Working Group recalls that, as a general rule, the question of whether proceedings were conducted in accordance with national law is outside its jurisdiction. However, it notes that the national standard is consistent with article 9 (3) of the Covenant, which stipulates that anyone who is arrested must be brought promptly before a judge. The Working Group notes that the Human Rights Committee has explained that the time frame in such cases should not exceed 48 hours;9 it further notes that Moroccan law imposes a shorter time limit of 24 hours. In the light of the Committee’s interpretation, the Working Group considers that the violation of this stricter standard also constitutes a violation of the international standard and that the issue therefore falls within its jurisdiction. The Working Group concludes that, by failing to bring the detainees before a judge within the 24-hour time limit established by Moroccan law, the Government failed to meet its obligation under article 9 (3) of the Covenant.
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65. 工作组作出结论认为，逮捕和拘留这批学生没有法律依据，因此具有任意性，属于第一类。
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65. The Working Group concludes that the arrest and detention of the group of students had no legal basis and were therefore arbitrary under category I.
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(b) 第二类
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(b) Category II
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66. 来文方称，这批学生是撒哈拉人，支持西撒哈拉人民自决，他们自被捕之时起即被迫回答有关其政治活动的问题。由于政府选择不反驳这些指控，工作组回顾其此前在类似情况下的决定，10 得出结论认为这些事实成立。因此，逮捕和拘留这批学生似乎与他们表达政治意见有关，而表达政治意见这一行为受到《世界人权宣言》第十九条和《公约》第十九条的保护。工作组得出结论认为，逮捕和拘留这批学生具有任意性，属于第二类。
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66. The source maintains that the members of the group of students are Saharans who support the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara and that, as soon as they were arrested, they had to answer questions about their political activism. Recalling its previous decisions involving similar situations,10 the Working Group concludes that these are established facts, since the Government has chosen not to contest the allegations. Consequently, the arrest and detention of the group of students appear to be linked to the expression of a political opinion, an act that is protected by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the Covenant. The Working Group therefore concludes that the arrest and detention of the group of students are arbitrary under category II.
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