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67. 工作组依照其工作方法第 33 段(a)项，将本案移交促进和保护意见和表达自由权特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
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67. In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group refers the relevant information to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
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(c) 第三类
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(c) Category III
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68. 工作组关于属于第二类的肯定结论意味着所有诉讼都是不正当的。然而，由于在本案中已经进行了诉讼，工作组将在本节处理有关这批学生的公正审判权受到侵犯的指控。
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68. The Working Group’s finding that the detention is arbitrary under category II means that no trial should have been held. However, since trials were held in this case, the Working Group proceeds to consider the alleged violations of the right of the group of students to a fair trial.
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69. 据来文方报告指称，这批学生在被逮捕和随后被关押期间遭受虐待、身体暴力、酷刑行为和强奸威胁。来文方还称，他们通过这种方式被迫签署了事先准备好的警方报告，并且无法阅读其内容。工作组注意到，政府没有反驳这些指控。工作组回顾，《公约》第七条等规定禁止酷刑，而且，根据《公约》第十四条第三款(午)项，刑事案件不得接受被迫作出的供词。在本案中，法官没有对这些指控采取措施，而且使用了据这批学生称并非自愿作出的供词，工作组因此得出结论认为，诉讼是不公正的。70. 此外，工作组注意到，来文方指称，这批学生在被逮捕和被带见法官时没有获得法律援助。随后，他们不准提交无罪证据以供纳入案卷，也不准完整陈述案情。他们的律师在诉讼期间也被多次打断。工作组回顾指出，所有被告均有权
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69. The source alleges that the members of the group of students were subjected to ill-treatment, physical violence, torture and threats of rape when they were arrested and then while they were in police custody. The source also reports that they were forced by these means to sign police reports that had been prepared in advance, without having had the opportunity to read them. The Working Group notes that the Government has not contested these allegations. The Working Group recalls that torture is prohibited, under article 7 of the Covenant in particular, and that forced confessions cannot be used as criminal evidence, under article 14 (3) (g) of the Covenant. In the present case, the Working Group concludes that the trial was not fair, in view of the judges’ failure to respond to the above allegations and the use of confessions that had, according to the members of the group of students, been obtained against their will.
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9 人权事务委员会关于人身自由和安全的第 35 号一般性意见(2014 年)，第 33 段。
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9 Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 35 (2014) on liberty and security of person, para. 33.
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10 第 23/2019 号意见，第 77 和第 78 段；第 60/2018 号意见，第 70 至第 72 段；第 58/2018 号意见，第 44 和第 45 段；第 31/2018 号意见，第 43 至第 46 段；第 11/2017 号意见，第 47 和第 48段。
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10 Opinion No. 23/2019, paras. 77–78; opinion No. 60/2018, paras. 70–72; opinion No. 58/2018, paras. 44–45; opinion No. 31/2018, paras. 43–46; and opinion No. 11/2017, paras. 47–48.
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在被拘留期间尽快和随时获得法律援助，包括在被逮捕后立即获得法律援助。11被告选择认罪时，律师在场对于保护其权利尤其必要。在本案中，工作组认为，由于未能遵守公正审判规则，这批学生的辩护无效，这违反了《世界人权宣言》第十条和《公约》第十四条第一款。
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70. The Working Group notes the source’s allegations that the members of the group of students were not assisted by counsel when they were arrested or when they were brought before the investigating judge. They were allegedly then prevented from submitting exonerating evidence for inclusion in the case file and were not allowed to present their case in full. It is also alleged that their lawyers were repeatedly interrupted during the proceedings. The Working Group recalls that all accused persons have the right to be assisted by counsel as soon as possible and at any time during detention, including immediately after their arrest.11 It is particularly important for a lawyer to be present in order to protect the rights of the accused in the event that he or she chooses to confess. In the present case, the Working Group considers that the members of the group of students were deprived of a proper defence as a result of the failure to comply with fair trial requirements, in violation of article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 14 (1) of the Covenant.
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71. 最后，来文方称，国际观察员和人权活动者被多次阻止进入法庭，此外，在 14 次审判中，仅准许被告的家人进入法庭 3 次，并且仅准许一名家人入内。政府未对这一指称做出回应。工作组因此得出结论认为，《公约》第十四条第一款规定的接受公开审判的权利受到侵犯。
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71. Lastly, the source maintains that international observers and human rights activists were repeatedly prevented from entering the courtroom, while the families of the accused were granted access to only 3 of the 14 trials and only one person per family was allowed to enter the courtroom each time. The Government has not responded to this allegation. The Working Group therefore concludes that the right to a public hearing, enshrined in article 14 (1) of the Covenant, has been violated.
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72. 工作组作出结论认为，这些侵犯公正审判权的行为特别严重，使逮捕和拘留这批学生具有任意性，属于第三类。
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72. The Working Group concludes that these infringements of the right to a fair trial are particularly serious and render the arrest and detention arbitrary under category III.
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73. 工作组依照其工作方法第 33 段(a)项，认为应当将关于酷刑以及其他不人道和有辱人格的待遇的指控转交给酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚特别报告员。
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73. In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group considers it appropriate to refer the allegations of torture and other inhuman and degrading treatment to the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
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(d) 第五类
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(d) Category V
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74. 工作组回顾其此前有关撒哈拉人的决定以及有关这些决定所涉人员受到歧视的结论。12 在本案中，事实与这样的结论相符。首先存在两项犯罪事实：一名撒哈拉学生受伤和一名摩洛哥学生死亡。来文方认为，当局仅对针对摩洛哥人的行为进行了调查，没有对针对撒哈拉人的行为启动这类程序。政府本可以提供证据表明这两种情况受到同等对待，但它选择保持沉默。
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74. The Working Group recalls its previous decisions in cases involving Saharans and its finding of discrimination against the persons concerned.12 In the present case, the facts support such a finding. First, two criminal offences were committed, resulting in the injury of a Saharan student and then the death of a Moroccan student. According to the source, only the acts committed against the Moroccan student were investigated and no such proceedings were initiated by the authorities in respect of the acts committed against the Saharan student. The Government could have sought to demonstrate that the two situations were dealt with in the same way, but it chose to remain silent.
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75. 此外，工作组注意到这批学生与西撒哈拉政治局势之间的联系。来文方明确指出，所有这批学生均为撒哈拉活动者，并申明他们与西撒哈拉独立政治运动有关联。工作组还注意到，来文方指称，执法当局的审讯涉及他们的政治活动和他们与波利萨里奥阵线的联系。政府没有反驳这些指控。工作组回顾其此前的观点，即如果剥夺自由的目的在于惩罚政治团体成员，以禁止他们为呼吁自决发声，则具有任意性。13
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75. The Working Group notes the links between the group of students and the political situation in Western Sahara. The source states that all the members of the group are Saharan activists and affirm their links with the political movement for the independence of Western Sahara. The Working Group also notes the source’s allegation that the questioning conducted by law enforcement officers was focused on the group members’ political activism and links with the Frente POLISARIO. These allegations have not been contested by the Government. The Working Group recalls that it has previously considered deprivation of liberty to be arbitrary in cases where it was used to repress members of political groups in order to silence their calls for self-determination.13
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76. 工作组认为，这批学生确实由于其支持西撒哈拉人民自决的政治活动而成为攻击目标。在这种情况下，工作组得出结论认为，目前的情况是违反国际法，
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76. The Working Group considers that the members of the group of students were indeed targeted because of their political activism in support of the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara. In these circumstances, it concludes that the current situation has arisen as a result of discrimination in violation of international law, in 11 Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 32 (2007) on the right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial, para. 34, and United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court, principle 9 and guideline 8.
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特别是违反《世界人权宣言》第七条以及《公约》第一、第二和第二十七条的歧视造成的。因此，逮捕和拘留这批学生具有任意性，属于第五类。
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particular article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 1, 2 and 27 of the Covenant. The arrest and detention of the members of the group of students are therefore arbitrary under category V.
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处理意见
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Disposition
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77. 鉴于上述情况，工作组提出以下意见：剥夺 Brahim Moussayih、Mustapha Burgaa、Hamza Errami、SalekBaber、Mohamed Rguibi、Elkantawi Elbeur、Ali Charki、Aomar Ajna、Nasser Amenkour、Ahmed Baalli、Aziz El Ouahidi、Mohammed Dadda、Omar Baihna 和 Abdelmoula El Hafidi 的自由违反《世界人权宣言》第七、11 人权事务委员会关于在法庭和裁判所前一律平等和获得公正审判的权利的第 32 号一般性意见(2007 年)，第 34 段；《联合国与任何被剥夺自由者向法院提起诉讼的权利有关的补救措施和程序的基本原则和准则》，原则 9 和准则 8。12 参见，除其他外，第23/2019 号、第60/2018 号、第58/2018 号、第31/2018 号和第11/2017 号意见。13 同上。第九、第十和第十九条和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第一、第二、第七、第九、第十四、第十九和第二十七条，为任意剥夺自由，属第一、第二、第三和第五类。
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77. In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group renders the following opinion: The deprivation of liberty of Brahim Moussayih, Mustapha Burgaa, Hamza Errami, Salek Baber, Mohamed Rguibi, Elkantawi Elbeur, Ali Charki, Aomar Ajna, Nasser Amenkour, Ahmed Baalli, Aziz El Ouahidi, Mohammed Dadda, Omar Baihna and Abdelmoula El Hafidi, being in contravention of articles 7, 9, 10 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 1, 2, 7, 9, 14, 19 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is arbitrary and falls within categories I, II, III and V.
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78. 工作组请摩洛哥政府采取必要措施，立即对 Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Elbeur 先生、Charki 先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生、Baalli 先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生、Baihna 先生和El Hafidi 先生的情况给予补救，使之符合相关国际规范，包括《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》规定的国际规范。
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78. The Working Group requests the Government of Morocco to take the steps necessary to remedy the situation of Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Elbeur, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour, Mr. Baalli, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda, Mr. Baihna and Mr. El Hafidi without delay and bring it into conformity with the relevant international norms, including those set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
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79. 工作组认为，考虑到本案的所有情节，适当的补救办法是根据国际法立即释放 Elbeur 先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生和 El Hafidi 先生，并赋予他们以及 Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Charki先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生、Baalli 先生和 Baihna 先生可强制执行的获得赔偿和其他补偿的权利。
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79. The Working Group considers that, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, the appropriate remedy would be to release Mr. Elbeur, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda and Mr. El Hafidi immediately and accord them, as well as Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour, Mr. Baalli and Mr. Baihna, who have already been released, an enforceable right to compensation and other reparations, in accordance with international law.
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80. 工作组促请政府确保对任意剥夺Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Elbeur 先生、Charki 先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生、Baalli 先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生、Baihna 先生和 El Hafidi 先生自由的相关情节进行全面和独立的调查，并对侵犯他们权利的责任人采取适当措施。
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80. The Working Group urges the Government to ensure a full and independent investigation of the circumstances surrounding the arbitrary deprivation of liberty of Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Elbeur, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour, Mr. Baalli, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda, Mr. Baihna and Mr. El Hafidi and to take appropriate measures against those responsible for the violation of their rights.
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81. 工作组依照其工作方法第 33 段(a)项，将本案移交促进和保护意见和表达自由权特别报告员以及酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
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81. In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group refers the present case to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and to the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, for appropriate action.
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82. 工作组请政府利用现有的一切手段尽可能广泛地传播本意见。
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82. The Working Group requests the Government to disseminate the present opinion through all available means and as widely as possible.
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后续程序
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Follow-up procedure
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83. 工作组依照其工作方法第 20 段，请来文方和该国政府提供资料，说明就本意见所作建议采取的后续行动，包括：
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83. In accordance with paragraph 20 of its methods of work, the Working Group requests the source and the Government to provide it with information on action taken in follow-up to the recommendations made in the present opinion, including:
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(a) Elbeur 先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生和 El Hafidi 先生是否已被释放；如果是，何日获释；
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(a) Whether Mr. Elbeur, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda and Mr. El Hafidi have been released and, if so, on what date;
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(b) 是否已向 Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Elbeur 先生、Charki 先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生、Baalli 先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生、Baihna 先生和 El Hafidi 先生作出赔偿或其他补偿；
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(b) Whether compensation or other reparations have been made to Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Elbeur, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour, Mr. Baalli, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda, Mr. Baihna and Mr. El Hafidi;
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(c) 是否已对侵犯 Moussayih 先生、Burgaa 先生、Errami 先生、Baber 先生、Rguibi 先生、Elbeur 先生、Charki 先生、Ajna 先生、Amenkour 先生、Baalli先生、El Ouahidi 先生、Dadda 先生、Baihna 先生和 El Hafidi 先生权利的行为开展调查；如果是，调查结果如何；
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(c) Whether an investigation has been conducted into the violation of the rights of Mr. Moussayih, Mr. Burgaa, Mr. Errami, Mr. Baber, Mr. Rguibi, Mr. Elbeur, Mr. Charki, Mr. Ajna, Mr. Amenkour, Mr. Baalli, Mr. El Ouahidi, Mr. Dadda, Mr. Baihna and Mr. El Hafidi and, if so, the outcome of the investigation;
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(d) 是否已按照本意见修订法律或改变做法，使摩洛哥的法律和实践符合其国际义务；
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(d) Whether any legislative amendments or changes in practice have been made to harmonize the laws and practices of Morocco with its international obligations in line with the present opinion;
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(e) 是否已采取其他任何行动落实本意见。
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(e) Whether any other action has been taken to implement the present opinion.
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84. 请该国政府向工作组通报在落实本意见所作建议时可能遇到的任何困难，以及是否需要进一步的技术援助，例如是否需要工作组来访。
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84. The Government is invited to inform the Working Group of any difficulties it may have encountered in implementing the recommendations made in the present opinion and whether further technical assistance is required, for example through a visit by the Working Group.
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85. 工作组请来文方和该国政府在本意见转交之日起六个月内提供上述资料。然而，若有与案件有关的新情况引起工作组的注意，工作组保留自行采取后续行动的权利。工作组可通过此种行动，让人权理事会了解工作组建议的落实进展情况，以及任何未采取行动的情况。
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85. The Working Group requests the source and the Government to provide the above-mentioned information within six months of the date of transmission of the present opinion. However, the Working Group reserves the right to take its own action in follow-up to the opinion if new concerns in relation to the case are brought to its attention. Such action would enable the Working Group to inform the Human Rights Council of progress made in implementing its recommendations, as well as any failure to take action.
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人权理事会第四十三届会议
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Forty-third session
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2020 年 2 月 24 日至 3 月 20 日
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24 February–20 March 2020
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议程项目 10
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Agenda item 10
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阿尔巴尼亚*、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时*、保加利亚、克罗地亚*、捷克、丹麦、爱沙尼亚*、芬兰*、法国*、格鲁吉亚*、希腊*、匈牙利*、冰岛*、爱尔兰*、意大利、拉脱维亚*、列支敦士登*、立陶宛*、卢森堡*、马耳他*、马绍尔群岛、黑山*、荷兰、挪威*、波兰、葡萄牙*、摩尔多瓦共和国*、罗马尼亚*、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚*、西班牙、瑞典*、土耳其*、乌克兰和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国*：决议草案43/…与格鲁吉亚的合作人权理事会，遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，重申《世界人权宣言》和其他有关国际人权文书，铭记有关区域性文书，尤其是《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约》，回顾其 2017 年 3 月 24 日第 34/37 号、2018 年 3 月 23 日第 37/40 号和 2019年 3 月 22 日第 40/28 号决议，表示严重关切上述决议关于格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的规定没有得到执行，重申对格鲁吉亚在其国际公认边界内的主权、独立和领土完整的承诺，又重申各国对促进和保护人权和基本自由负有主要责任，认识到根据 2008 年 8 月 12 日停火协定在日内瓦进行的国际讨论，是处理当地安全、稳定、人权和人道主义问题的一种重要手段，* 非人权理事会成员国。联 合 国 A/HRC/43/L.7大 会 Distr.: Limited17 March 2020ChineseOriginal: English着重指出加利和埃尔格涅蒂事件预防和应对机制对寻找持久解决办法，以满足当地受冲突影响民众的安全和人道主义需求的作用，欢迎格鲁吉亚政府与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处及其第比利斯办事处以及其他有关国际和区域人权机制和行为方进行合作，又欢迎高级专员办事处通过其第比利斯办事处不断提供技术援助，
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Technical assistance and capacity-building Albania,* Australia, Austria, Belgium,* Bulgaria, Croatia,* Czechia, Denmark, Estonia,* Finland,* France,* Georgia,* Greece,* Hungary,* Iceland,* Ireland,* Italy, Latvia,* Liechtenstein,* Lithuania,* Luxembourg,* Malta,* Marshall Islands, Montenegro,* Netherlands, Norway,* Poland, Portugal,* Republic of Moldova,* Romania,* Slovakia, Slovenia,* Spain, Sweden,* Turkey,* Ukraine and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland*: draft resolution 43/… Cooperation with Georgia The Human Rights Council, Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Reaffirming the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments, Bearing in mind relevant regional instruments, in particular the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Recalling its resolutions 34/37 of 24 March 2017, 37/40 of 23 March 2018 and 40/28 of 22 March 2019, Expressing serious concern that the provisions of the above resolutions with regard to Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia have not been implemented, Reaffirming its commitment to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognized borders, Reaffirming also the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, Recognizing the importance of the Geneva International Discussions established on the basis of the ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008 as an instrument for addressing security, stability, human rights and humanitarian issues on the ground, Underlining the role of the Incident Prevention and Response Mechanisms in Gali and Ergneti in finding durable solutions for the safety and humanitarian needs of conflict-affected persons on the ground, * State not a member of the Human Rights Council. United Nations A/HRC/43/L.7 General Assembly Distr.: Limited 17 March 2020 Original: English Welcoming the cooperation of the Government of Georgia with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, its office in Tbilisi, and other relevant international and regional human rights mechanisms and actors, Welcoming also the continuous technical assistance provided by the Office of the High Commissioner through its office in Tbilisi,
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认识到高级专员报告的重要意义，1
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Recognizing the significance of the reports of the High Commissioner,1
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强调高级专员报告中的调查结果，高级专员在其中特别指出，控制格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的当局有责任维护在当地生活的所有民众的基本自由和人权，还对格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的控制方拒不允许高级专员办事处工作人员和联合国人权机制不受阻碍地进入这两个地区表示遗憾，
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Stressing the findings of the High Commissioner in the reports, in which the High Commissioner underscored the responsibility of the authorities in control in Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia to uphold the fundamental freedoms and human rights of all people living therein and expressed regret at the refusal of those in control of Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia to grant unimpeded access to staff members of the Office of the High Commissioner and to the United Nations human rights mechanisms to both regions,
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表示严重关切格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯及邻近地区沿行政边界线不断安装和推进带刺铁丝网围栏和各种人工屏障，
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Expressing serious concern at the continuous process of installation and advancement of barbed wire fences and different artificial barriers along the administrative boundary line in Abkhazia, Georgia and Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia and adjacent areas,
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又表示严重关切据报告在格鲁吉亚这两个地区对格鲁吉亚族人的各种形式歧视、侵犯生命权、剥夺自由、任意拘留和绑架、侵犯财产权、侵犯健康权、限制以母语接受教育的行为，以及不断拆毁格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯境内流离失所者废弃房屋的做法，
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Expressing serious concern also at various forms of reported discrimination against ethnic Georgians, violations of the right to life, deprivation of liberty, arbitrary detentions and kidnappings, infringements of the right to property, violations of the right to health, restrictions on education in one’s native language in both Georgian regions, and the continued practice of demolition of the ruins of houses belonging to internally displaced persons in the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia,
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进一步表示严重关切 2016 至 2019 年期间发生的以族裔为目标侵犯格鲁吉亚人生命权的事件缺乏问责，这继续助长着格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的有罪不罚现象，
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Expressing serious concern further at the lack of accountability for incidents of ethnically targeted violations of the right to life of Georgians committed in the period from 2016 to 2019, which continues to contribute to impunity in both Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia,
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关切地注意到这两个区域的人权状况恶化，特别是由于行动自由受到越来越多的限制，
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Noting with concern that the situation of human rights has deteriorated in both regions, particularly due to growing restrictions on freedom of movement,
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铭记格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯管制当局关闭过境点的负面后果及其对这两个地区及其周边受影响人口的严重影响，这恶化了其社会经济状况和与世隔绝状态，
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Bearing in mind the negative consequences of the closure of the crossing points by the authorities in control in Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia and their severe impact on the affected population in and around both regions, which aggravates its socioeconomic situation and isolation,
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(C) 060619 130619
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GE.19-07818(E)
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关于西班牙第二次和第三次合并定期报告的结论性意见*
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Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Concluding observations on the combined second and third periodic reports of Spain*
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一. 导言
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I. Introduction
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1. 委员会在 2019 年 3 月 18 日和 19 日举行的第 445 次和第 446 次会议(见CRPD/C/SR.445 和 446)上审议了西班牙的第二次和第三次合并定期报告(CRPD/C/ESP/2-3)。委员会在 2019 年 3 月 29 日举行的第 463 次会议上通过了本结论性意见。
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1. The Committee considered the combined second and third periodic reports of Spain (CRPD/C/ESP/2-3) at its 445th and 446th meetings (see CRPD/C/SR.445 and 446), held on 18 and 19 March 2019. It adopted the present concluding observations at its 463rd meeting, held on 29 March 2019.
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2. 委员会欢迎西班牙根据委员会报告准则和报告前问题单(CRPD/C/ESP/QPR/2-3)编写的第二次和第三次合并定期报告。
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2. The Committee welcomes the combined second and third periodic reports of Spain, which were prepared in accordance with the Committee’s reporting guidelines and in response to its list of issues prior to reporting (CRPD/C/ESP/QPR/2-3).
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3. 委员会赞赏与缔约国高级别代表团举行的富有成果的对话，并赞扬缔约国代表团的强大组成，其中包括许多相关政府部委的代表。
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3. The Committee appreciates the fruitful dialogue held with the State party’s high-level delegation and commends the State party for the strength of its delegation, which included many representatives of relevant government ministries.
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二. 积极方面
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II. Positive aspects
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4. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取以下立法措施：
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4. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the following legislative measures:
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(a) 第 2/2018 号组织法修改了第 5/1985 号组织法的一般选举制度，作为确保所有残疾人都有权不受歧视地进行表决的第一步；
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(a) Organic Act No. 2/2018, which modifies Organic Act No. 5/1985 on the general electoral system, as a first step to guaranteeing the right of all persons with disabilities to vote without discrimination;
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(b) 关于残疾人权利和社会融入的法律(经第 1/2013 号皇家法令批准)的目标是提高残疾人的参与、就业和社会融入水平，特别是通过改善体面工作的机会和
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(b) The law on the rights and social inclusion of persons with disabilities (approved by Royal Legislative Decree No. 1/2013), which is aimed at increasing the level of participation, employment and social insertion of persons with disabilities, by, inter alia, improving the availability of decent work opportunities and combating discrimination;
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(c) 对第 9/2017 号公共部门合同法修订案的修正，其中规定了为残疾人设定就业配额的法律义务；
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(c) The amendments to the revised text of Act No. 9/2017 on public sector contracts, which establish a legal obligation to set employment quotas for persons with disabilities;
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(d) 第 13/2015 号《组织法》修正了《刑事诉讼法》，以期为被指控犯有刑事罪或被逮捕的残疾人加强程序保障，监管技术调查方法和加强权利；
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(d) Organic Act No. 13/2015 amending the Criminal Procedure Act, with a view to reinforcing procedural safeguards, regulating technological investigative methods and strengthening the rights of persons with disabilities who have been charged with or arrested for a criminal offence;
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(e) 第 1/2015 号《组织法》修订了《刑法》以将《公约》纳入考虑；(f) 第 1/2017 号《组织法》确保残疾人不被排除在法院陪审团之外。
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(e) Organic Act No. 1/2015, which amends the Criminal Code to take into consideration the Convention;
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* 委员会第二十一届会议(2019 年 3 月 11 日至 4 月 5 日)通过。
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* Adopted by the Committee at its twenty-first session (11 March–5 April 2019).
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联 合 国 CRPD/C/ESP/CO/2-3
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United Nations CRPD/C/ESP/CO/2-3
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残疾人权利公约 Distr.: General
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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5. 委员会赞扬缔约国在国家一级通过了《2014-2020 年西班牙残疾问题战略行动计划》和不同自治区制定的其他相关计划。
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5. The Committee commends the State party’s adoption of the Action Plan of the Spanish Strategy on Disability 2014–2020 at the national level and other related plans developed by the different autonomous communities.
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三. 主要关切领域和建议
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III. Principal areas of concern and recommendations
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A. 一般原则和义务(第一至四条)
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A. General principles and obligations (arts. 1–4)
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6. 委员会感到关切的是，国家、区域和城市的一些法律和政策，特别是关于残疾人权利和融入社会(2013 年)和《个人自主促进法》(2006 年)的一般法修订案文，不符合《公约》或残疾人人权模式。委员会感到关切的是，这种不符导致依赖医学的残疾模式，按照诊断将人为分为三六九等和排除在《公约》所规定的广泛范围之外，因此，在社会环境中对残疾人的承认与缺陷和障碍相联系，对心理残疾者尤其如此。委员会还感到关切的是：
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6. The Committee is concerned that several national, regional and municipal laws and policies, particularly the revised text of the general act on the rights of persons with disabilities and their social inclusion (2013) and the Personal Autonomy Promotion Act (2006), are not compliant with the Convention or the human rights model of disability. It is concerned that this lack of compliance results in reliance on the medical model of disability, through which persons are categorized on the basis of diagnosis and excluded from the broad scope provided in the Convention, according to which disabilities are recognized in relation to impairments and barriers in the social environment, especially with regard to psychosocial disabilities. The Committee is also concerned about:
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(a) 精神卫生系统中家长式做法占主导地位，缺乏基于人权的规定，缺乏旨在确保残疾人不受歧视和虐待的明确战略；
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(a) The predominance of a paternalistic approach and the lack of human rights-based provisions within mental health systems, and the lack of explicit strategies aimed at ensuring that persons with disabilities are protected from discrimination and ill-treatment;
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(b) 在执行委员会先前结论性意见中提出的建议(CRPD/C/ESP/CO/1，第 18段)方面缺乏进展，其中提出应废除允许因胎儿残疾而晚期终止妊娠从而强化对残疾的负面看法的法律规定，而且在废除旨在允许残疾情况下实施安乐死的立法举措方面也缺乏进展；
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(b) The lack of progress to implement the recommendation made by the Committee in its previous concluding observations (CRPD/C/ESP/CO/1, para. 18) to abolish legal provisions that reinforce a negative perception of disability by allowing the late termination of pregnancy based on fetal impairment, and the lack of progress to abolish legislative initiatives aimed at allowing euthanasia in cases of disability;
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(c) 在确保残疾人通过其代表组织平等和充分参与与其有关的所有事项，包括制定公共政策和法律方面进展有限；
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(c) The limited progress in ensuring the equal and full involvement and participation of persons with disabilities through their representative organizations in all matters that concern them, including the formulation of public policies and laws;
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(d) 在教育、卫生和司法等领域缺乏对专业人员的培训，以提高对残疾人权利和《公约》所载标准的认识。
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(d) The lack of training for professionals in fields such as education, health and the judiciary to raise awareness about the rights of persons with disabilities and the standards enshrined in the Convention.
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7. 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》所载的原则并参照残疾人人权模式，审查和修订所有各级和各自治区有关提供残疾人服务的法律、政策和做法。委员会还
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7. The Committee recommends that the State party review and amend all laws, policies and practices relating to the provision of services for persons with disabilities at all levels and across all autonomous communities, in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Convention and in line with the human rights model of disability. The Committee also recommends that the State party:
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(a) 制定和实施一项政策，重点是确保充分尊重残疾人，特别是心理社会残疾的权利，包括确保在精神卫生系统中实施基于人权的规定；
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(a) Design and implement a policy with a focus on ensuring full respect for the rights of persons with disabilities, particularly psychosocial disabilities, including by ensuring that human rights-based provisions are applied in mental health systems;
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(b) 废除法律对基于潜在的胎儿残疾终止妊娠的期限的任何区别，并确保没有任何规定允许基于残疾的安乐死，因为此类规定有助于残疾的污名化，可能导致歧视；
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(b) Abolish any distinction made in law to the period within which a pregnancy can be terminated based on a potential fetal impairment, and ensure that there are no provisions in place to allow euthanasia on the grounds of disability, as such provisions contribute to the stigmatization of disability, which can lead to discrimination;
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(c) 确保与各种残疾人组织继续进行有意义的协商，包括但不限于代表妇女、儿童、难民和寻求庇护者、女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、变性人和双性人、心理社会残疾人或有知识、听力或视力障碍的人、生活在农村地区的人和需要高度支持的人，在设计和修订新的和现行的法律、政策和方案以确保其符合《公约》时，遵守委员会关于残疾人包括残疾儿童通过其代表组织参与执行和监测《公约》的第 7 号一般性意见(2018 年)；(d) 继续为专业人员，包括法官和执法官员、保健专业人员、教师和所有
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(c) Ensure the continued involvement of and meaningful consultation with various organizations of persons with disabilities, including but not limited to those representing women, children, refugees and asylum seekers, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons, persons with psychosocial disabilities or with intellectual, hearing or visual impairments, persons living in rural areas and persons in need of high levels of support, in the designing and amending of new and current laws, policies and programmes to ensure their compliance with the Convention, in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 7 (2018) on the participation of persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organizations, in the implementation and monitoring of the Convention;
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(d) 继续为专业人员，包括法官和执法官员、保健专业人员、教师和所有残疾人工作人员提供培训，提高他们对《公约》所载权利的认识。
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(d) Continue to provide professionals, including judges and law enforcement officials, health-care professionals, teachers and all personnel working with persons with disabilities, with training to raise their awareness of the rights enshrined in the Convention.
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B. 具体权利(第五至三十条)
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B. Specific rights (arts. 5–30)
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平等和不歧视(第五条)
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Equality and non-discrimination (art. 5)
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8. 委员会感到关切的是，在生活的各个方面，都没有明确承认和禁止基于残疾、性别、年龄、种族、性别认同、性取向和任何其他身份的多重和交叉歧视。令人遗憾的是，根据西班牙法律，一些精神健康状况不被视为残疾。委员会还担心，拒绝合理便利并没有在生活的所有领域被视为一种歧视形式。
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8. The Committee is concerned about the lack of explicit recognition and prohibition of multiple and intersectional discrimination on the grounds of disability, sex, age, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation and any other status, in all areas of life. It regrets that a number of mental health conditions are not considered to be disabilities under Spanish law. It is also concerned that the denial of reasonable accommodation is not recognized as a form of discrimination in all areas of life.
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9. 委员会建议缔约国参考委员会关于平等和不歧视的第 6 号一般性意见(2018年)和可持续发展目标的具体目标 10.2 和 10.3，修订其反歧视立法、政策和战略，包括《平等法》，以遵守《公约》，并在生活的各个方面明确承认和禁止基于残疾、性别、年龄、种族、性别认同、性取向和任何其他身份的多重和交叉歧视。在这方面，委员会提醒缔约国，《公约》的范围包括所有精神健康状况的人，将其视为社会心理残疾者。委员会建议缔约国承认拒绝提供合理便利是一种歧视形式，并确保有效的机制提供法律补救和赔偿。
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9. The Committee recommends that the State party refer to the Committee’s general comment No. 6 (2018) on equality and non-discrimination and targets 10.2 and 10.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals, to revise its anti-discrimination legislation, policies and strategies, including the Equality Act, to adhere to the Convention and to explicitly recognize and prohibit multiple and intersectional discrimination on the grounds of disability, sex, age, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation and any other status, in all areas of life. In that regard, the Committee reminds the State party that the scope of the Convention includes all persons with mental health conditions as persons with psychosocial disabilities. The Committee recommends that the State party recognize the denial of reasonable accommodation as a form of discrimination and ensure effective mechanisms to provide legal redress and reparation.
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残疾妇女(第六条)
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Women with disabilities (art. 6)
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10. 委员会关切的是：
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10. The Committee is concerned that:
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(a) 残疾妇女因性别和残疾而面临多种形式的歧视，也可能面临基于性别的暴力风险；
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(a) Women with disabilities face multiple forms of discrimination due to their gender and disabilities, and may also be at risk of gender-based violence;
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(b) 关于残疾和性别平等的公共政策不包括打击对残疾妇女的多重和交叉歧视的措施。
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(b) Public policies on disability and gender equality do not include measures to combat multiple and intersectional discrimination against women with disabilities.
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11. 参照委员会关于残疾妇女和女孩的第 3 号(2016 年)一般性意见，并考虑到可持续发展目标的具体目标 5.1、5.2 和 5.5 以及欧洲委员会《防止和打击暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭暴力公约》，委员会建议缔约国：
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11. With reference to the Committee’s general comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities and in view of targets 5.1, 5.2 and 5.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, the Committee recommends that the State party:
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(a) 作为紧急事项采取有效措施，查明对残疾妇女和残疾女孩，特别是有智力或社会心理残疾的妇女和女孩的多重歧视并加以预防和保护，并拨出足够的资源支持这些措施；
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(a) Take, as a matter of urgency, effective measures to identify, prevent and provide protection from multiple discrimination against women and girls with disabilities, in particular women and girls with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities, and allocate adequate resources to support those measures;
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(b) 采取有效和具体措施，确保在两性平等政策中实现平等，防止对残疾妇女和女孩的多重和交叉形式的歧视，并将性别观点纳入与残疾有关的立法和政策的主流。
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(b) Adopt effective and specific measures to ensure equality and prevent multiple and intersectional forms of discrimination against women and girls with disabilities in its gender equality policies, and mainstream a gender perspective into its disability-related legislation and policies.
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残疾儿童(第七条)
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Children with disabilities (art. 7)
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12. 委员会关注的是：
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12. The Committee is concerned about:
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(a) 在缔约国残疾儿童被送入机构，确保为所有残疾儿童全面去机构化所采取的措施仍然不足；
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(a) The fact that children with disabilities are institutionalized in the State party and that measures taken to ensure the comprehensive deinstitutionalization of all children with disabilities are still insufficient;
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(b) 残疾儿童无法获得普及和无障碍的保健服务，特别是在农村地区；
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(b) The lack of access to universal and accessible health-care services for children with disabilities, particularly in rural areas;
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(c) 缺乏旨在使残疾儿童能够在与其他儿童平等的基础上对影响他们的所有事项自由发表意见的措施。
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(c) The lack of measures aimed at enabling children with disabilities to freely express their views on all matters affecting them on an equal basis with other children.
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13. 委员会建议缔约国：(a) 立即采取措施，通过制定和实施一项战略在社区内促进安全和受支持
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13. The Committee recommends that the State party:
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13. 委员会建议缔约国：(a) 立即采取措施，通过制定和实施一项战略在社区内促进安全和受支持的家庭环境，定出具体的时限和配置充足的预算，以结束残疾儿童的机构收养；
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(a) Take immediate measures to end the institutionalization of children with disabilities by, inter alia, developing and implementing a strategy to promote safe and supported family settings in the community, with specific time frames and an adequate budget;
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(b) 确保所有残疾儿童普遍获得初级保健服务，包括早期干预服务；
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(b) Ensure universal access to primary health-care services, including early intervention services, for all children with disabilities;
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(c) 确保所有残疾儿童能够在所有影响他们的事项上自由发表意见，除其他外，确保为这些儿童提供残疾和适龄的援助。
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(c) Ensure that all children with disabilities can express their views freely on all matters affecting them by, inter alia, ensuring disability- and age-appropriate assistance for those children.
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提高认识(第八条)
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Awareness-raising (art. 8)
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14. 委员会关注的是：
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14. The Committee is concerned about:
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(a) 通过提高认识方案改变社会对残疾人的看法进展有限，此类方案对残疾人的尊严和权利缺乏重视；
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(a) The limited change in the social perception of persons with disabilities achieved through awareness-raising programmes and the lack of focus of those programmes on the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities;
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(b) 媒体和制药业对社会心理残疾者的污名化持续存在，对社会构成危险；
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(b) The continued stigmatization of persons with psychosocial disabilities in the media and by the pharmaceutical industry, which is dangerous to society;
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(c) 对残疾人持续存在负面陈规定型观念和有辱人格的描绘，例如在主流媒体渠道的喜剧节目中描绘斗牛的侏儒人。
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(c) The continued negative stereotyping and degrading portrayal of persons with disabilities, such as the portrayal of persons with dwarfism bullfighting in comedy programmes on mainstream media channels.
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15. 委员会建议缔约国与残疾人自我宣传组织合作，采取措施，设计、发起和维持公众意识和媒体宣传活动，旨在消除对残疾人的负面陈规定型观念，促进对残疾人的认可。尊重他们的权利，鼓励他们积极了解并提高社会对这些人的认识。
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15. The Committee recommends that the State party take measures, in partnership with self-advocacy organizations of persons with disabilities, to design, launch and maintain public awareness and media campaigns aimed at eliminating negative stereotypes towards persons with disabilities, promoting the recognition of and respect for their rights and encouraging a positive perception of and improved social awareness about those persons in society.
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无障碍(第九条)
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Accessibility (art. 9)
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16. 委员会感到关切的是，尽管缔约国承诺到 2017 年底实现普遍无障碍，但缔约国目前只有 0.6%的建筑物是无障碍的。委员会还关注，为确保普遍无障碍而采取的措施，特别是对于私人建筑而言，是不足或无效的。委员会尤其关切的是：
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16. The Committee is concerned that currently only 0.6 per cent of buildings in the State party are accessible, despite the State party’s commitment to achieve universal accessibility by the end of 2017. The Committee is also concerned that measures taken to ensure universal accessibility, particularly for private buildings, have been insufficient or ineffective. In particular, the Committee is concerned about:
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(a) 关于公共办公无障碍的政策无效，缺乏足够的预算拨款以及各级公共采购缺乏强制性无障碍标准；
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(a) The ineffectiveness of policies regarding accessibility in public administration, the lack of sufficient budgetary allocations and the lack of mandatory accessibility criteria in public procurement at all levels;
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