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* [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/howhigh.html ''How high can you count?''] by [[Landon Curt Noll]].
* [http://www.isthe.com/cgi-bin/chongo/number.cgi The English name of a number] An online tool that prints names of numbers of any size
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2016-10-06T06:23:35Z
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* [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/howhigh.html ''How high can you count?''] by [[Landon Curt Noll]], which describes a slightly different system from the one here
* [http://www.isthe.com/cgi-bin/chongo/number.cgi The English name of a number] An online tool that prints names of numbers of any size, using the system in the previous link
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2016-10-06T06:26:10Z
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{{reflist}}
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2016-10-25T17:09:58Z
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{{Reflist}}
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2016-10-25T17:11:19Z
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The school has 515 students in grades Pre-K through 12th grade, a record high number. The students come from more than 30 different school districts, 23% are minority, and 34% are on some level of financial aid. 95% of students take Advanced Placement tests. The school has 100% graduation and 100% gain college acceptance.<ref>"The Harley School ~ Facts." http://www.harleyschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=113568 (accessed 7/18/2009).</ref>
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2016-09-05T18:19:47Z
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It is sexiest aganst boys The school has 515 students in grades Pre-K through 12th grade, a record high number. The students come from more than 30 different school districts, 23% are minority, and 34% are on some level of financial aid. 95% of students take Advanced Placement tests. The school has 100% graduation and 100% gain college acceptance.<ref>"The Harley School ~ Facts." http://www.harleyschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=113568 (accessed 7/18/2009).</ref>
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2016-10-21T21:01:36Z
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'''Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.''' (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[United States Air Force]]. He is best known as the pilot who flew the ''[[Enola Gay]]'' (named after his mother) when it dropped [[Little Boy]], the first of two [[atomic bombs]] used in warfare, on the Japanese city of [[Hiroshima]], resulting in the deaths of over 100,000 people, making him one of the most prolific mass murderers in history.<ref>http://chicago.indymedia.org/archive/newswire/display/80046/index.php
</ref> <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/01/japan.usa</ref> <ref>https://www.quora.com/Deadliest-Person-Who-in-history-has-killed-the-most-people-singlehandedly</ref>
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2016-09-28T20:57:38Z
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'''Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.''' (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[United States Air Force]]. He is best known as the pilot who flew the ''[[Enola Gay]]'' (named after his mother) when it dropped [[Little Boy]], the first of two [[atomic bombs]] used in warfare, on the Japanese city of [[Hiroshima]].
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2016-09-29T00:14:00Z
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|{{flagIOC2medalist|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Richard Sam Bera]] || rowspan=2|24.46
|4×100 m freestyle relay
|4×200 m freestyle relay
|4×100 m medley relay
|4×100 m freestyle relay
|4×100 m medley relay
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2016-10-21T22:35:53Z
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|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Richard Sam Bera]] || rowspan=2|24.46
|4 × 100 m freestyle relay
|4 × 200 m freestyle relay
|4 × 100 m medley relay
|4 × 100 m freestyle relay
|4 × 100 m medley relay
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2016-10-22T00:26:08Z
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'''''Lovejoy''''' is a British TV [[comedy]]-[[crime]]-[[drama]] series based on the [[picaresque novel]]s by [[John Grant (Lovejoy)|John Grant]] under the pen name Jonathan Gash. The show, which ran to 71 episodes over six series, was originally broadcast by the [[BBC]] between 10 January 1986 and 4 December 1994, although there was a five-year gap between the first and second series. It was adapted for television by [[Ian La Frenais]].
The series concerns the adventures of the eponymous Lovejoy, played by [[Ian McShane]], a likeable but roguish [[antiques dealer]] based in [[East Anglia]]. Within the trade, he has a reputation as a "divvie", a person with almost supernatural powers for recognising exceptional items as well as distinguishing genuine antiques from clever fakes or forgeries.
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2016-09-21T14:23:26Z
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'''''Lovejoy''''' is a British TV [[comedy]] [[drama]] series based on the [[picaresque novel]]s by [[John Grant (Lovejoy)|John Grant]] under the pen name Jonathan Gash. The show, which ran to 71 episodes over six series, was originally broadcast by the [[BBC]] between 10 January 1986 and 4 December 1994, although there was a five year gap between the first and second series. It was adapted for television by [[Ian La Frenais]].
The series concerns the adventures of the eponymous Lovejoy, played by [[Ian McShane]], a roguish [[antiques dealer]] based in [[East Anglia]]. Within the trade, he has a reputation as a "divvie", a person with almost unnatural powers for recognising exceptional items as well as distinguishing genuine antiques from fakes or forgeries.
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2016-10-08T09:38:23Z
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Pearce made her return to the Australian stage in November 1914 as one of the stars of the ''Tivoli Follies'' revue, and remained with the show throughout its two and a half year tour around the country. Among the other productions she appeared in over the next seven years were ''The Beauty Shop'' (1917), ''My Lady Frayle'' (1919), ''The Officers' Mess'' (1919), ''His Little Widows'' (1920) and ''[[Chu Chin Chow]]'' (1920), in which she played Zahrat-al-Kulub opposite [[Charles Workman]] (as Ali Baba).<ref>Murphy, Lynne. "Vera Pearce." ''Companion to Theatre in Australia''. Sydney: Currency Press, 1995, p. 429</ref><ref>[[Kurt Gänzl|Gänzl, Kurt]]. [http://operetta-research-center.org/chu-chin-chow-musical-tale-east-3-acts-music-frederic-norton "''Chu Chin Chow'' Musical Tale of the East In 3 Acts, Music by Frederic Norton"], Operetta Research Center, 9 July 2016</ref>
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2016-09-30T16:36:14Z
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Pearce made her return to the Australian stage in November 1914 as one of the stars of the ''Tivoli Follies'' revue, and remained with the show throughout its two and a half year tour around the country. Among the other productions she appeared in over the next seven years were ''The Beauty Shop'' (1917), ''My Lady Frayle'' (1919), ''The Officers' Mess'' (1919), ''His Little Widows'' (1920) and ''[[Chu Chin Chow]]'' (1920), in which she played Zahrat-al-Kulub opposite [[Charles H. Workman]] (as Ali Baba).<ref>Murphy, Lynne. "Vera Pearce." ''Companion to Theatre in Australia''. Sydney: Currency Press, 1995, p. 429</ref><ref>[[Kurt Gänzl|Gänzl, Kurt]]. [http://operetta-research-center.org/chu-chin-chow-musical-tale-east-3-acts-music-frederic-norton "''Chu Chin Chow'' Musical Tale of the East In 3 Acts, Music by Frederic Norton"], Operetta Research Center, 9 July 2016</ref>
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A remarkable feature is, that the 400 kV line to Etzenricht is implemented from the busbar to the termination portal on the area of the substation as underground cable, which may be the only 400 kV underground cable in Czech.
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2016-09-29T15:22:29Z
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The 400 kV line to Etzenricht is implemented from the busbar to the termination portal on the area of the substation as underground cable, which may be the only 400 kV underground cable in Czech.
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2016-09-29T15:23:10Z
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====Crown Casino-Burswood services====
(Not a Transperth Service)
* 684 [[Swan View, Western Australia|Swan View]] to [[Burswood Complex]]
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2016-10-05T03:52:01Z
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====Crown Casino, Burswood services====
[[Crown Perth]] operates a "Crown Bus" service from various metropolitan destinations to the [[Burswood, Western Australia|Burswood]] casino complex. Most routes depart from or pass through bus stations, with a morning trip to the casino and a return trip in the afternoon.<ref name=CrownBus>{{cite web|title=Crown Bus|url=https://www.crownperth.com.au/getmedia/54becef9-7c75-40c7-9ace-57ecb3ae9df3/Crown-Perth-Bus-Timetable-Routes.pdf.aspx|publisher=Crown Perth|accessdate=7 October 2016|format=pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091535/https://www.crownperth.com.au/getmedia/54becef9-7c75-40c7-9ace-57ecb3ae9df3/Crown-Perth-Bus-Timetable-Routes.pdf.aspx|archivedate=9 September 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref>
* 684{{cn}} – [[Swan View, Western Australia|Swan View]] to Crown Casino<ref name=CrownBus/>
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2016-10-07T09:26:24Z
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There are two Raith Monuments erected in his memory, one in [[Fife]] and the other<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.johngraycentre.org/collections/getrecord/ELHER_MEL3297/|title=Haddington, West End, Fergusson Monument|website=John Gray Centre|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref> in [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]]. They were both designed by [[Robert Forrest]].
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2016-09-15T11:00:09Z
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There are two Raith Monuments erected in his memory, one in [[Fife]] and the other<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.johngraycentre.org/collections/getrecord/ELHER_MEL3297/|title=Haddington, West End, Fergusson Monument|website=John Gray Centre|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref> in [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]]. They were both designed by [[Robert Forrest (sculptor)|Robert Forrest]].
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2016-10-01T15:59:57Z
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==History==
On September 24, 2014, Andrew Penson, the owner of Grand Central Terminal, made an offer of $400 million in exchange for building One Vanderbilt. SL Green would spend $210 million to build transportation improvements for the subway and commuter rail stations below.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/09/24/grand-central-owner-offers-sl-green-400m-for-one-vanderbilt/ | title=Grand Central owner offers SL Green $400M for One Vanderbilt | work=The Real Deal | date=24 September 2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> Penson would sell 1.3 million square feet of [[air rights]], which came with the station when he bought it in 2006. The floor area, which he bought at $61 per {{convert|1|sqft|m2}}, would be nearly 10 times as much, at $600 per square foot, for the same amount of area in September 2014. SL Green rejected the offer as a "publicity stunt", because in its September 2014 proposal to the city, for $400 per square foot, SL Green wanted to build a tower twice as big as the zoning rules permitted.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/nyregion/owner-of-grand-central-vies-with-developer-over-skyscraper-on-an-adjacent-block.html | title=Owner of Grand Central Vies With Developer Over Skyscraper on an Adjacent Block | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=23 September 2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014 | author=Bagli, Charles V.}}</ref>
[[File:Demolition for 1 Vanderbilt at 43 & Vanderbilt jeh.jpg|thumb|left|Demolition underway, August 2016|alt=A machine moves demolition debris]]
{{as of|September 2014}}, few details were known about the construction timeline;<ref name="wsj 20140911"/> however, the projected completion date of 2020 was revealed December 2014.<ref name="skyscrapernews3498"/>
In February 2015, Vanderbilt Avenue, between 42nd and 47th Streets, was rezoned due to the Vanderbilt Corridor Rezoning Text Amendment, which allows redevelopment on the corridor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rew-online.com/2015/03/11/vanderbilt-rezoning-the-start-of-something-big/ | title=Vanderbilt rezoning the start of something big | work=Real Estate Weekly | date=11 March 2015 | accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
In September 2015, demolition at the site of One Vanderbilt began, starting the construction process of the skyscraper.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
==Architecture==
The base would include a {{convert|4500|sqft|m2}} lobby.<ref name="co 201407"/> It would also:
{{quote|...be set back seven feet from the property line, allowing pedestrians a new view of Grand Central Terminal via One Vanderbilt's southeast corner at 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue, which he said was the most frequent exit point from the terminal....The use of [[terra cotta]] in the building's design would counter the existing office buildings on Madison Avenue and make a connection—a "selective recall"—to Grand Central.<ref name="nycurbed 20140722"/>}}
The new building would also coincide with the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]]'s [[East Side Access]] project, and station improvements due to One Vanderbilt's construction would provide extra capacity for over 65,000 new passengers going into the [[New York City Subway]] at [[Grand Central – 42nd Street (New York City Subway)|Grand Central – 42nd Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nypost.com/2014/09/08/a-sneak-peek-at-one-vanderbilt-public-space/|title=A sneak peek at One Vanderbilt’s Grand Central plan - New York Post|date=8 September 2014|work=New York Post|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/2014/09/09/a-glimpse-at-the-200m-transit-plans-for-one-vanderbilt|title=A glimpse at the $200M transit plans for One Vanderbilt :: Second Ave. Sagas|work=Second Ave. Sagas|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> An underground connection between Grand Central Terminal and One Vanderbilt, new mezzanines and exits for the subway station, and a commuter waiting room in the building's lobby, are some of the proposed improvements to the station.<ref name="nytimes 20140530"/> These improvements would cost over $200 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/08/one_vanderbilt_comes_with_200m_of_subway_improvements.php|title=One Vanderbilt Comes with $200M of Subway Improvements - In Transit - Curbed NY|work=Curbed NY|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> Outside, Vanderbilt Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets would become pedestrian-only.<ref name="nytimes 20140530"/> The station improvements were necessary in exchange for the tower's construction to be allowed.<ref name="wsj 20140911">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/residents-try-to-get-details-on-new-midtown-east-plan-1410484574|title=Residents Try to Get Details on New Midtown East Plan|date=12 September 2014|work=WSJ|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>
The building is advocated for by the [[Landmarks Preservation Commission]] due to its proposed environmentally friendly, [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]-conforming model.<ref name="co 201407">{{cite web|url=http://commercialobserver.com/2014/07/one-vanderbilt-gets-advisory-nod-from-lpc/|title=One Vanderbilt Gets Nod from Landmarks Preservation Commission - Commercial Observer|date=23 July 2014|work=Commercial Observer|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==References==
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2016-10-18T14:39:27Z
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== History ==
On September 24, 2014, Andrew Penson, the owner of Grand Central Terminal, made an offer of $400 million in exchange for building One Vanderbilt. SL Green would spend $210 million to build transportation improvements for the subway and commuter rail stations below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/09/24/grand-central-owner-offers-sl-green-400m-for-one-vanderbilt/|title=Grand Central owner offers SL Green $400M for One Vanderbilt|date=24 September 2014|work=The Real Deal|accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> Penson would sell 1.3 million square feet of [[air rights]], which came with the station when he bought it in 2006. The floor area, which he bought at $61 per {{convert|1|sqft|m2}}, would be nearly 10 times as much, at $600 per square foot, for the same amount of area in September 2014. SL Green rejected the offer as a "publicity stunt", because in its September 2014 proposal to the city, for $400 per square foot, SL Green wanted to build a tower twice as big as the zoning rules permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/nyregion/owner-of-grand-central-vies-with-developer-over-skyscraper-on-an-adjacent-block.html|title=Owner of Grand Central Vies With Developer Over Skyscraper on an Adjacent Block|date=23 September 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=12 October 2014|author=Bagli, Charles V.}}</ref>
[[File:Demolition_for_1_Vanderbilt_at_43_&_Vanderbilt_jeh.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demolition_for_1_Vanderbilt_at_43_&_Vanderbilt_jeh.jpg|alt=A machine moves demolition debris|left|thumb|Demolition underway, August 2016]]
{{as of|September 2014}}, few details were known about the construction timeline;<ref name="wsj 201409112">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/residents-try-to-get-details-on-new-midtown-east-plan-1410484574|title=Residents Try to Get Details on New Midtown East Plan|date=12 September 2014|work=WSJ|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> however, the projected completion date of 2020 was revealed December 2014.<ref name="skyscrapernews34982">{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=3498|title=KPF Pen New York Supertall|date=7 December 2014|work=Skyscraper News|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref>
In February 2015, Vanderbilt Avenue, between 42nd and 47th Streets, was rezoned due to the Vanderbilt Corridor Rezoning Text Amendment, which allows redevelopment on the corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rew-online.com/2015/03/11/vanderbilt-rezoning-the-start-of-something-big/|title=Vanderbilt rezoning the start of something big|date=11 March 2015|work=Real Estate Weekly|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
In 2015, demolition at the site of One Vanderbilt began, starting the construction process of the skyscraper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nypost.com/2016/03/14/makeover-coming-to-one-vanderbilt-off-to-slow-start/|title=One Vanderbilt mega-office tower picking up steam|last=Cuozzo|first=Steve|date=2016-03-15|website=New York Post|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref> The buildings that were demolished were built around the same time as Grand Central, albeit unremarkable-looking and unimportant to the station's function.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/17/nyregion/tower-grand-central.html|title=Future Neighbor Will Tower Over Grand Central, but Allow It to Shine|last=Chaban|first=Matt A.|date=2016-10-16|work=|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-10-19|via=}}</ref> The 18-story Vanderbilt Avenue Building, a [[Warren and Wetmore]]-designed structure at 51 East 42nd Street, opened as a six-story office complex in 1902 and expanded in the 1920s. It had a two-story [[Modell's]] store that sold sport-related items.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Carrère and Hastings]]-designed Liggett Building, at Madison and 42nd, opened in 1922. One block north, the Prudence Bond & Mortgage Building at Madison and 43rd, where Governor [[Al Smith]] once had gubernatorial campaign headquarters, dates to 1923.<ref name=":0" /> Two small structures along 43rd Street respectively housed "an Irish pub and a [[T.G.I. Friday's]]."<ref name=":0" />
The official groundbreaking occurred on October 18, 2016.<ref name=":0" />
== Architecture ==
The base would include a {{convert|4500|sqft|m2}} lobby.<ref name="co 2014072">{{cite web|url=http://commercialobserver.com/2014/07/one-vanderbilt-gets-advisory-nod-from-lpc/|title=One Vanderbilt Gets Nod from Landmarks Preservation Commission - Commercial Observer|date=23 July 2014|work=Commercial Observer|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> It would also:{{quote|...be set back seven feet from the property line, allowing pedestrians a new view of Grand Central Terminal via One Vanderbilt's southeast corner at 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue, which he said was the most frequent exit point from the terminal....The use of [[terra cotta]] in the building's design would counter the existing office buildings on Madison Avenue and make a connection—a "selective recall"—to Grand Central.<ref name="nycurbed 20140722"/>}}The new building would also coincide with the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]]'s [[East Side Access]] project, and station improvements due to One Vanderbilt's construction would provide extra capacity for over 65,000 new passengers going into the [[New York City Subway]] at [[Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway)|Grand Central–42nd Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nypost.com/2014/09/08/a-sneak-peek-at-one-vanderbilt-public-space/|title=A sneak peek at One Vanderbilt’s Grand Central plan - New York Post|date=8 September 2014|work=New York Post|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/2014/09/09/a-glimpse-at-the-200m-transit-plans-for-one-vanderbilt|title=A glimpse at the $200M transit plans for One Vanderbilt :: Second Ave. Sagas|work=Second Ave. Sagas|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> An underground connection between Grand Central Terminal and One Vanderbilt, new mezzanines and exits for the subway station, and a commuter waiting room in the building's lobby, are some of the proposed improvements to the station.<ref name="nytimes 201405302">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/nyregion/65-story-tower-planned-near-grand-central-terminal.html|title=65-Story Tower Planned Near Grand Central Terminal|publisher=|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> These improvements would cost over $200 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/08/one_vanderbilt_comes_with_200m_of_subway_improvements.php|title=One Vanderbilt Comes with $200M of Subway Improvements - In Transit - Curbed NY|work=Curbed NY|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> Outside, Vanderbilt Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets would become pedestrian-only.<ref name="nytimes 201405302" /> The MTA mandated the station improvements in exchange for allowing the tower's construction.<ref name="wsj 201409112" /> In October 2016, SL Green gave $220 million toward the building's construction, of which two-thirds of the money would be used for station redesign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gothamist.com/2016/10/18/subway_grand_central_plan.php|title=Inside The $220 Million Plan To Improve The Subway At Grand Central|last=Whitford|first=Emma|website=Gothamist|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref>
The building is advocated for by the [[Landmarks Preservation Commission]] due to its proposed environmentally friendly, [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]-conforming model.<ref name="co 2014072" />{{clear}}
== References ==
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2016-10-19T14:04:09Z
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| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Phil Pead <small>(President & CEO)</small>|Chris Perkins <small>(Chief Financial Officer)</small>|Jerry Rulli <small>(Chief Operating Officer)</small>|Stephen Faberman <small>(Chief Legal Officer)</small>||Michael Benedict <small>(Chief Product Officer)</small>|Vassil Terziev <small>(Chief Innovation Officer)</small>|Svetozar Georgiev <small>(Senior Vice President, Application Platforms)</small>|Melissa Puls <small>(Chief Marketing Officer)</small>|Dimitre Taslakov <small>(Chief Talent Officer)</small>|}}
The company is composed of the following business units: Application Development & Deployment, OpenEdge, and Data Integration.
In October 2002, Progress Software acquired Boston based [[eXcelon Corporation]] ({{NASDAQ|EXLN}}, formerly Object Design, {{NASDAQ|ODIS}}) for approximately US$24 Million. eXcelon also created an [[XML]] [[Integrated development environment|IDE]], [[Stylus Studio]], which is now marketed by Progress Software.
In December 2003, Progress Software acquired DataDirect Technologies Ltd. for $88 million. DataDirect is a software provider of standards-based data access components for software developers.<ref>{{cite web | title=SEC Form 8-K: Progress Software Corporation | url=http://investors.progress.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=950135-03-5974 | publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission | date=December 5, 2003}}</ref>
In 2005, Progress acquired Apama and entered the Complex Event Processing Space.
In March 2006, Progress Software acquired Neon Systems ({{NASDAQ|NEON}}), which offers a set of capabilities for companies seeking to modernize existing [[IBM 3270|3270]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress Software Acquires NEON Systems |url=http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/progress_software_acquires_neon_systems/q/id/39158/t/2 |date=March 23, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223235343/http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/progress_software_acquires_neon_systems/q/id/39158/t/2 |archivedate=February 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=finz05/>
During the early-2000s, SonicMQ became a popular [[message broker]] made by Progress Software. It implements the [[Java Message Service]] 1.1 [[Application programming interface|API]]. The genesis of the term [[Enterprise service bus|Enterprise Service Bus]] (ESB) originated in Progress Software UK by Mark Gilliland who was looking for a better means to articulate capabilities of the newly launched SonicXQ product. 1999-2001, Gilliland worked extensively on the launch and adoption of Progress's ASP (application service provider) program (ASP being the predecessor to SaaS) and conceived the term Application Service Bus (ASB), as a means to represent to a non-technical business audience how SonicXQ presented a unique business integration layer in an application architecture to massively reduce complexity and cost. Gilliland's notion was that the term 'Bus,' being the fast communication layer in computer hardware architecture was analogous with the SonicXQ capabilities; further he felt the term more marketable generally. Gilliland reviewed his idea with Sonic marketing director Danny Goodall, they concluded 'Enterprise' over 'Application' and Goodall shared the thinking with US management. The idea was taken up by Greg O'Connor, Bill Cullen and Gordon Van Huizen of the Progress Sonic team, and subsequently adopted by IT analyst firm [[Gartner]] to become an industry accepted term.
In June 2008, Progress Software acquired Xcalia, a data integration company, and Mindreef, which developed SOAPscope products. In September 2008, Progress acquired [[IONA Technologies]]. IONA brought three product lines into the fold: [[FUSE (Certified Open Source SOA Solution)|FUSE]] (open source [[Service-oriented architecture|SOA]]), [[Artix ESB|Artix]] (commercially licensed SOA), and [[Orbix (software)|Orbix]] ([[CORBA]] infrastructure).
In early 2009, Richard D. Reidy succeeded Joseph Alsop as President and Chief Executive Officer. In August 2011 it was announced he would step down when a successor is named.<ref name=xcon11/>
In 2010, Progress Software acquired the [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]-based Savvion Inc., a provider of Business Process Management technology. Later that year, Progress announced the introduction of its Responsive Process Management (RPM) suite, including its Progress Control Tower.
In April 2011, Progress Software sold their [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication|SWIFT]] integration product "ADS" (formally Iona's "Artix Data Services") to C24 Technologies Ltd (UK). The product was re-branded to its former name "Integration Objects".
In December 2011, Jay Bhatt (erstwhile SVP of [[Autodesk|Autodesk, Inc.]]) joined Progress Software as the new President & CEO.
In April 2012, Progress announced strategy shift to become a much more narrowly focused, specialist vendor, looking to sell or decommission most of their existing products.<ref>http://www.progress.com/en/inthenews/progress-announces-s-58698.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.forrester.com/john_r_rymer/12-04-29-progress_software_lowers_its_sights</ref>
In June 2012, the company sold its subsidiary FuseSource, which was [[Corporate spin-off|spun out]] from Progress in October 2010, to [[Red Hat]].<ref name=reg12/> In October 2012, Progress Software sold the brands Sonic, Savvion, Actional and DataXtend (DXSI) to [[Trilogy (company)|Trilogy]] which created the company Aurea Software.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=714525</ref> The company also announced that Jay Bhatt planned to step down from the positions and as a director, effective December 7.
In June 2013, Progress Software acquired [[Rollbase|Rollbase Inc.]], a platform as a service ([[PaaS]]) for rapid development of cloud business applications.<ref name=passfront/> Rollbase was recognized by Gartner as a "2013 Cool Vendor in PaaS".<ref name=RBcoolvendor/>
In June 2013, [[Software AG]] acquired Apama activities from Progress Software.
In June 2014, Progress Software announced that it had acquired Cincinnati-based Modulus, a company providing a [[Node.js]] and [[MongoDB]] cloud platform.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=853083</ref>
In December 2014, Progress Software completed the acquisition of [[Telerik]], a leading provider of application development tools.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=885580</ref><ref name=TelerikAcq/>
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| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Yogesh Gupta <small>(President & CEO)</small>|Chris Perkins <small>(Chief Financial Officer)</small>|Jerry Rulli <small>(Chief Operating Officer)</small>|Stephen Faberman <small>(Chief Legal Officer)</small>||Michael Benedict <small>(Chief Product Officer)</small>|Vassil Terziev <small>(Chief Innovation Officer)</small>|Svetozar Georgiev <small>(Senior Vice President, Application Platforms)</small>|Melissa Puls <small>(Chief Marketing Officer)</small>|Dimitre Taslakov <small>(Chief Talent Officer)</small>|}}
The company is composed of the following business units: Application Development & Deployment, OpenEdge, and Data Integration. In September 2016, it was announced that Yogesh Gupta would be named president and CEO, replacing Phil Pead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2016/10/10/progress-software-names-gupta-as-new-ceo-replacing-pead/|title=Progress Software Names Gupta as New CEO Replacing Pead|last=Ray|first=Tiernan|newspaper=Barrons|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref>
In October 2002, Progress Software acquired Boston based [[eXcelon Corporation]] ({{NASDAQ|EXLN}}, formerly Object Design, {{NASDAQ|ODIS}}) for approximately US$24 Million. eXcelon created an [[XML]] [[Integrated development environment|IDE]], [[Stylus Studio]], which is now marketed by Progress Software.
In December 2003, Progress Software acquired DataDirect Technologies Ltd. for $88 million.<ref>{{cite web | title=SEC Form 8-K: Progress Software Corporation | url=http://investors.progress.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=950135-03-5974 | publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission | date=December 5, 2003}}</ref> In 2005, Progress acquired Apama and entered the Complex Event Processing Space.
In March 2006, Progress Software acquired Neon Systems ({{NASDAQ|NEON}}), which offers a set of capabilities for companies seeking to modernize existing [[IBM 3270|3270]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress Software Acquires NEON Systems |url=http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/progress_software_acquires_neon_systems/q/id/39158/t/2 |date=March 23, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223235343/http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/progress_software_acquires_neon_systems/q/id/39158/t/2 |archivedate=February 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=finz05/> In 2010, Progress Software acquired the [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]-based Savvion Inc., a provider of Business Process Management technology. Later that year, Progress announced the introduction of its Responsive Process Management (RPM) suite, including its Progress Control Tower.
In April 2011, Progress Software sold their [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication|SWIFT]] integration product "ADS" (formally Iona's "Artix Data Services") to C24 Technologies Ltd (UK). The product was re-branded to its former name "Integration Objects".
In April 2012, Progress announced strategy shift to become a much more narrowly focused, specialist vendor, looking to sell or decommission most of their existing products.<ref>http://www.progress.com/en/inthenews/progress-announces-s-58698.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.forrester.com/john_r_rymer/12-04-29-progress_software_lowers_its_sights</ref>
In June 2013, Progress Software acquired [[Rollbase|Rollbase Inc.]], a platform as a service ([[PaaS]]) for rapid development of cloud business applications.<ref name="passfront" /> Rollbase was recognized by Gartner as a "2013 Cool Vendor in PaaS".<ref name="RBcoolvendor" />
In June 2013, [[Software AG]] acquired Apama activities from Progress Software.
In June 2014, Progress Software announced that it had acquired Cincinnati-based Modulus, a company providing a [[Node.js]] and [[MongoDB]] cloud platform.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=853083</ref>
In December 2014, Progress Software completed the acquisition of [[Telerik]], a leading provider of application development tools.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=885580</ref><ref name="TelerikAcq" />
== Product ==
he Progress portfolio includes solutions for enterprise integration, data interoperability and application development, including [[Software as a service|Software as a Service]] (SaaS) enablement and delivery.
During the early-2000s, SonicMQ became a popular [[message broker]] made by Progress Software. It implements the [[Java Message Service]] 1.1 [[Application programming interface|API]]. Gilliland's notion was that the term 'Bus,' being the fast communication layer in computer hardware architecture was analogous with the SonicXQ capabilities; further he felt the term more marketable generally. Gilliland reviewed his idea with Sonic marketing director Danny Goodall, they concluded 'Enterprise' over 'Application' and Goodall shared the thinking with US management. The idea was taken up by Greg O'Connor, Bill Cullen and Gordon Van Huizen of the Progress Sonic team, and subsequently adopted by IT analyst firm [[Gartner]] to become an industry accepted term.
In June 2008, Progress Software acquired Xcalia, a data integration company, and Mindreef, which developed SOAPscope products. In September 2008, Progress acquired [[IONA Technologies]]. IONA brought three product lines into the fold: [[FUSE (Certified Open Source SOA Solution)|FUSE]] (open source [[Service-oriented architecture|SOA]]), [[Artix ESB|Artix]] (commercially licensed SOA), and [[Orbix (software)|Orbix]] ([[CORBA]] infrastructure).
In June 2012, the company sold its subsidiary FuseSource, which was [[Corporate spin-off|spun out]] from Progress in October 2010, to [[Red Hat]].<ref name=reg12/> In October 2012, Progress Software sold the brands Sonic, Savvion, Actional and DataXtend (DXSI) to [[Trilogy (company)|Trilogy]] which created the company Aurea Software.<ref>http://investors.progress.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=714525</ref> The company also announced that Jay Bhatt planned to step down from the positions and as a director, effective December 7.
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'''Sinforosa Nguema ''' (born 26 April 1989) is a Equatoguinean women's international footballer who plays as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]]. She is a member of the [[Equatorial Guinea women's national football team]]. She was part of the team at the [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. On club level she plays for [[Waiso Ipola]] in Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team=1888631/index.html|title=Official squad lists submitted|date=17 June 2011|work=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=17 June 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213611/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/newsid=1453840/index.html| archivedate= 12 July 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinforosa, Nguema }}
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'''Sinforosa Nguema ''' (born 26 April 1989) is an Equatoguinean women's international footballer who plays as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]]. She is a member of the [[Equatorial Guinea women's national football team]]. She was part of the team at the [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. On club level she plays for [[Waiso Ipola]] in Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/teams/team=1888631/index.html|title=Official squad lists submitted|date=17 June 2011|work=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=17 June 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213611/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/newsid=1453840/index.html| archivedate= 12 July 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinforosa, Nguema}}
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|ShortConference=CUSA
|DefCoach=Keith Patterson/Ron West
The '''2009 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team''' represented the [[University of Tulsa]] in the [[2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2009 NCAA Division I FBS college football season]]. The Golden Hurricane, led by 3rd year head coach [[Todd Graham]], played their home games at [[Skelly Field at H.A. Chapman Stadium]]. Tulsa finished the season 5–7, 3–5 in [[2009 Conference USA football season|CUSA]] play and failed to become bowl eligible for the first time since 2004.
==Game notes==
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2015-06-01T00:42:06Z
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|ShortConference=C-USA
|HCYear=3rd
|OCYear=3rd
|CoDefCoach1=[[Keith Patterson]]
|CoDC1Year=4th
|CoDefCoach2=Ron West
|CoDC2Year=1st
The '''2009 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team''' represented the [[University of Tulsa]] in the [[2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season]]. The Golden Hurricane, led by third-year head coach [[Todd Graham]], played their home games at [[Skelly Field at H. A. Chapman Stadium]]. Tulsa finished the season 5–7, 3–5 in [[2009 Conference USA football season|C-USA]] play and failed to become [[Bowl eligibility|bowl eligible]] for the first time since 2004.
==Game summaries==
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*[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer, DH]]. 1839. ''Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts''. Boston: Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. xii + 426 pp. (''"C[oluber]. occipito-maculatus"'', p. 230).
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*[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer, DH]]. 1839. ''Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts''. Boston: Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. xii + 426 pp. (''"C[oluber]. occipito-maculatus"'', new species, p. 230).
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The team's statistical leaders included Eric Wilkerson with 594 rushing yards, Steve Poth with 1,221 passing yards, and Jim Kilbane with 806 receiving yards.<ref>2016 Kent State Football Record Book, pp. D17–D19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1985 Kent State Golden Flashes Stats|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=SR/College Football|accessdate=October 5, 2016|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/kent-state/1985.html}}</ref>
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2016-10-05T19:40:15Z
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The team's statistical leaders included Eric Wilkerson with 594 rushing yards, Steve Poth with 1,221 passing yards, and Jim Kilbane with 806 receiving yards.<ref>2016 Kent State Football Record Book, pp. D17–D19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1985 Kent State Golden Flashes Stats|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=SR/College Football|accessdate=October 5, 2016|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/kent-state/1985.html}}</ref> Two Kent State players were selected as first-team All-MAC players: defensive lineman Lee Bullington and wide receiver Jim Kilbane.<ref>2016 Kent State Football Record Book, p. D42.</ref>
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|Visitor={{cfb link|year=1906|team=Case Western Reserve Spartans|school=Case Western Reserve University|title=Case}}
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|Visitor={{cfb link|year=1906|team=Case|title=Case}}
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|DefCoach=[[John Chavis (football coach)|John Chavis]]
The '''2004 Tennessee Volunteers''' (variously "Tennessee", "UT", or the "Vols") represented the [[University of Tennessee]] in the [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season]]. Playing as a member of the [[Southeastern Conference]] (SEC) Eastern Division, the team was led by head coach [[Phillip Fulmer]], in his twelfth full year, and played their home games at [[Neyland Stadium]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]]. They finished the season with a record of ten wins and three losses (10–3 overall, 7–1 in the SEC), as the SEC Eastern Division Champions and as champions of the [[2005 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] after they defeated [[2004 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]].
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2016-09-14T16:47:04Z
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|DefCoach=[[John Chavis (American football)|John Chavis]]
The '''2004 Tennessee Volunteers''' (variously "Tennessee", "UT", or the "Vols") represented the [[University of Tennessee]] in the [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season]]. Playing as a member of the [[Southeastern Conference]] (SEC) Eastern Division, the team was led by head coach [[Phillip Fulmer]], in his twelfth full year, and played their home games at [[Neyland Stadium]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]. They finished the season with a record of ten wins and three losses (10–3 overall, 7–1 in the SEC), as the SEC Eastern Division champions and as champions of the [[2005 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] after they defeated [[2004 Texas A&M Aggies football team|Texas A&M]].
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==Schoolmates==
===Yutaka's classmates===
===Main characters' classmates===
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Ayano Minegishi}}|峰岸 あやの|Minegishi Ayano}}
: {{anime voices|[[Yūko Gotō]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Mai Aizawa]] (anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Peggy O'Neal]] (English)
:Ayano is Kagami Hiiragi's classmate and has been in the same class with Kagami for the past five years, since middle school;<ref name="anime15"/> she is a childhood friend of Misao. She is passive and likes to take care of people, hence she is portrayed as a character that looks after Misao.<ref name="Ayano-BE">{{cite web|url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/ayano.php|title=Ayano's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> However, according to Misao, when Ayano does get angry, she is much more intimidating. Ayano holds back her long orange hair with a headband, but since her front hair is pulled back, she is looked at as having a large forehead. Also, she can make excellent cookies. She is the only ''Lucky Star'' girl who has a boyfriend (her boyfriend is actually Misao's older brother, according to volume 7). At one point, Kagami compared Ayano and Misao to Tsukasa and Konata respectively, saying that she apparently tends to attract the same kinds of friends.<ref name="anime16"/> She worries much with Tsukasa.
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Misao Kusakabe}}|日下部 みさお|Kusakabe Misao}}
: {{anime voice|[[Mikako Takahashi]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Kaoru Mizuhara]] (anime, radio, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Lara Jill Miller]] (English)
:Misao is a childhood friend of Ayano since middle school, along with Kagami, her classmate.<ref name="anime15"/> Misao tends to be quite lazy, simple-minded and an outdoor type of person. She is in the track and field club, hates studying,<ref name="anime16"/> and harbors a love for video games, despite not being particularly talented at them. She has tanned skin, dark hair, slightly slanted eyes, and a small fang in the side of her mouth.<ref name="Misao-BE">{{cite web |url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/misao.php|title= Misao's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref>
:Misao does not seem to be skilled at playing video games, yet plays them for purely for fun; she notes on having borrowed many games from various people. In fact, her concept of "play for fun" is so strong that she does not mind losing to Kagami, instead marveling at how well her friend plays and making a loud, congratulatory spectacle. This leaves Kagami with a sense of guilt and bewilderment. At one point, Kagami compared Ayano and Misao to Tsukasa and Konata respectively, saying that she apparently tends to attract the same kinds of friends.<ref name="anime16"/> Misao dislikes Konata for "stealing" Kagami away from her group, and often rants about Kagami leaving her group for Konata who she knew for only one to two years. She calls Konata by the name {{Nihongo|"Chibikko"|ちびっ子}} which is literally used as an equivalent for "midget" and can be literally translated to "shortie", and she is nicknamed {{Nihongo|"Misakichi"|みさきち}} by Konata in the manga.
;{{Nihongo|Minoru Shiraishi|白石 みのる|Shiraishi Minoru}}
{{see also|#Minoru Shiraishi|l1=Lucky Channel's Minoru Shiraishi}}
===Kō's classmates===
==Lucky Channel==
At the end of each anime episode of ''Lucky Star'', and various extras in the manga, there is a short [[omake]] segment called "Lucky Channel". One of the recurring jokes of this segment is the strained partnership between Akira Kogami and Minoru Shiraishi. While tenuous at best, Akira does show some affection for Minoru. Although most of the time the show discusses certain characters in ''Lucky Star'', events in the actual anime or other things relating to the hosts of the show, Lucky Channel also has its own chain of events which have tie-ins to ''Lucky Star'', making it a side-story.
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Akira Kogami}}|小神 あきら|Kogami Akira}}
: {{anime voice|[[Ai Nonaka]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Hiromi Konno]] (radio, anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)
:Akira is a fourteen-year-old junior high school student, who is also the captain of the ''Lucky Star'' informational ad section called "Lucky Channel" in the ''[[Comptiq]]'' magazine. Akira has short salmon pink hair and has an ahoge towards the right side of her head, and has golden yellow eyes. Her arms are so short that the sleeves of her winter school uniform easily cover her hands.<ref name="Akira-BE">{{cite web |url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/akira.php|title=Akira's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> Akira tends to be very energetic, and her chief form of greeting is "Hiya, Luckies!", and frequently ends each episode with "Bye-ni!". {{Nihongo|Ni|二}}, as in the Japanese number two, and can be written as "Bye<sup>2</sup>", resulting in a shorter and cuter form of Bye-Bye. The cute persona, however, is a facade; in reality, whenever she is annoyed or feels that her career or popularity is threatened (usually both by her assistant, Minoru Shiraishi), Akira's bright persona is instantaneously shed to reveal a deep voiced, violent, chain-smoking, selfish-cynic of a burnt out entertainer on the brink of becoming a has-been. However, her talents are undeniable; she has been in the entertainment business since the age of three. She can be quite cruel towards Minoru, both physically and emotionally. She has been known to throw all sorts of objects (such as her overflowing ashtray) into his face, particularly whenever he mentions that a girl in the ''Lucky Star'' cast is cute. Akira's disturbing and menacing persona may be a tongue in cheek and satirical look at the insecurities of Japanese [[Japanese idol|idol singers]], whose popularity is constantly threatened by the "next cutest thing on the block".
:She is the main character of the manga ''[[Akira no Ōkoku]]'' (Akira's Kingdom), which is still being serialized in magazine ''[[Comp Ace]]'' published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]]. She is called {{Nihongo|"Kiratchi"|きらっち}} by Rinko.
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Minoru Shiraishi}}|白石 みのる|Shiraishi Minoru}}
: {{anime voice|[[Minoru Shiraishi]]}} (radio, anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)
:Minoru appears in the "Lucky Channel" segment at the end of each ''Lucky Star'' episode, but is also a minor recurring character, as a member of Konata Izumi's class. He is the animated version of his voice actor, [[Minoru Shiraishi]], although it is likely that the animated version is only around eighteen years old, due to his being in class 3-B. In the karaoke end credits theme sequence after episode two of the anime, it was revealed that Minoru has a part-time position, working at the karaoke bar Konata and her friends sing at. In the "Lucky Channel" segment, Minoru is Akira Kogami's assistant, who repeatedly gets yelled at (and physically abused) by Akira, if he does or says something not to her liking. Usually, just when he attains enough confidence to speak out and enjoy himself, Akira stops in his tracks, usually insulting him for,"being full of himself." Minoru was nicknamed "Sebastian" by Konata one day, because of his likeness to a butler. Since then, the ''Lucky Star'' cast and Akira herself has called him this. After a trip to the forests around [[Mt. Fuji]] to get spring water for Akira, Minoru comes back a dirty and torn-up mess, and was more than likely mauled by a bear during his quest judging from the claw-marks on his back. Akira dubbed the water as too warm, spat it on the camera lens and then threw the rest in his face. This, after her cocktail of constant physical and mental abuse (not to mention being mauled by a bear for ''nothing''), was the straw that broke the camel's back, causing Minoru to go berserk and destroy the set for "Lucky Channel". During their confrontation in episode twenty-one of the anime, it seems that he has lost his fear of Akira, yelling right back at her and thwarting her desire to perform. In the final episode, with the stage wrecked, they do their last show, only to have yet another argument—she starts singing her song, but he, claiming this is merely a microphone check, cuts her off after only a few seconds. He appears briefly in ''Lucky Star: Ryōō Gakuen Ōtōsai'', the [[PlayStation 2]] game of ''Lucky Star'' in a secret scene, where he is shown to trying to find the spring water in [[Mt. Fuji]] before being mauled.
==Teachers==
==Families==
===Izumi family===
===Hiiragi family===
===Takara family===
===Iwasaki family===
==Akira no Ōkoku==
==Miyakawa-ke no Kūfuku==
==Guests==
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Meito Anizawa}}|[[:ja:兄沢命斗|兄沢 命斗]]|Anizawa Meito}}
: {{anime voice|[[Tomokazu Seki]]}} (anime, radio, PS2 and PSP video game), [[Lex Lang]] (English)
:Meito Anizawa, also known as ''Anime Tenchō'', is the manager of the [[Animate]] [[Ikebukuro]] shop (However, he appeared in the (old) [[Ōmiya-ku, Saitama|Ōmiya]] shop and the comic market booth in the anime and appeared in the [[Akihabara]] shop in the PS2 video game), he was originally the mascot of Animate and Hero of ''Anime Tenchō''.
:He and his staff consider Konata their most valued customer, known as {{nihongo|"Legendary Girl A"|伝説の少女A|Densetsu no Shōjo A}},<ref name="anime10"/> and go to great lengths to sell their merchandise to her, often to the point of using espionage and military-style strategies, and in episode thirteen, Meito himself uses "[[Code Geass|Geass]]" on Konata to persuade her to buy a DVD from him; however when she tries to pay it, she fell short only three yen.<ref name="anime13">''Lucky Star'' anime, episode 13.</ref> Their attempts usually fail miserably.<ref name="anime10"/><ref name="anime13"/> His appearance is heavily stylized, compared to the other characters, and he is known for his passionate yelling and highly energetic movements and poses. He appeared as a special guest during the ''Lucky Channel'' segment in episode seventeen, during which he and Minoru parody ''[[Mobile Fighter G Gundam|Mobile Fighter G Gundam's]]'' [[Domon Kasshu]], referencing the fact that Meito's voice actor also played the character. He also appeared in episode twelve, fighting against another sales manager (voiced by [[Tomokazu Sugita]] (Japanese) and [[Crispin Freeman]] (English)) in a very dramatic way about how valuable "so-called leftovers" can be after they ran out of rare and limited edition anime goods. Meito's colleagues at Animate are all similarly enthusiastic about selling their merchandise.
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Lamica Hoshii}}|[[:ja:星井ラミカ|星井 ラミカ]]|Hoshii Ramika}}
: {{anime voice|[[Miki Nagasawa]]}} (anime)
:Lamica Hoshii is the clerk (Laminate card and Boys Love commodity charge) of the Animate Ikebukuro shop (However, she appeared in the (old) Omiya shop in the anime<ref name="anime10"/>). She is the heroine of ''Anime Tenchō''.
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== Supporting characters ==
===Classmates===
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Ayano Minegishi}}|峰岸 あやの|Minegishi Ayano}}
: {{anime voices|[[Yūko Gotō]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Mai Aizawa]] (anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Peggy O'Neal]] (English)
:Ayano is Kagami Hiiragi's classmate and has been in the same class with Kagami for the past five years, since middle school;<ref name="anime15"/> she is a childhood friend of Misao. She is passive and likes to take care of people, hence she is portrayed as a character that looks after Misao.<ref name="Ayano-BE">{{cite web|url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/ayano.php|title=Ayano's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> However, according to Misao, when Ayano does get angry, she is much more intimidating. Ayano holds back her long orange hair with a headband, but since her front hair is pulled back, she is looked at as having a large forehead. Also, she can make excellent cookies. She is the only ''Lucky Star'' girl who has a boyfriend (her boyfriend is actually Misao's older brother, according to volume 7). At one point, Kagami compared Ayano and Misao to Tsukasa and Konata respectively, saying that she apparently tends to attract the same kinds of friends.<ref name="anime16"/> She worries much with Tsukasa.
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Misao Kusakabe}}|日下部 みさお|Kusakabe Misao}}
: {{anime voice|[[Mikako Takahashi]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Kaoru Mizuhara]] (anime, radio, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Lara Jill Miller]] (English)
:Misao is a childhood friend of Ayano since middle school, along with Kagami, her classmate.<ref name="anime15"/> Misao tends to be quite lazy, simple-minded and an outdoor type of person. She is in the track and field club, hates studying,<ref name="anime16"/> and harbors a love for video games, despite not being particularly talented at them. She has tanned skin, dark hair, slightly slanted eyes, and a small fang in the side of her mouth.<ref name="Misao-BE">{{cite web |url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/misao.php|title= Misao's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref>
:Misao does not seem to be skilled at playing video games, yet plays them for purely for fun; she notes on having borrowed many games from various people. In fact, her concept of "play for fun" is so strong that she does not mind losing to Kagami, instead marveling at how well her friend plays and making a loud, congratulatory spectacle. This leaves Kagami with a sense of guilt and bewilderment. At one point, Kagami compared Ayano and Misao to Tsukasa and Konata respectively, saying that she apparently tends to attract the same kinds of friends.<ref name="anime16"/> Misao dislikes Konata for "stealing" Kagami away from her group, and often rants about Kagami leaving her group for Konata who she knew for only one to two years. She calls Konata by the name {{Nihongo|"Chibikko"|ちびっ子}} which is literally used as an equivalent for "midget" and can be literally translated to "shortie", and she is nicknamed {{Nihongo|"Misakichi"|みさきち}} by Konata in the manga.
;{{Nihongo|Minoru Shiraishi|白石 みのる|Shiraishi Minoru}}
{{see also|#Minoru Shiraishi|l1=Lucky Channel's Minoru Shiraishi}}
====Yutaka's classmates====
====Kō's classmates====
===Teachers===
===Families===
====Izumi family====
====Hiiragi family====
====Takara family====
====Iwasaki family====
==Anime characters==
At the end of each anime episode of ''Lucky Star'', and various extras in the manga, there is a short [[omake]] segment called "Lucky Channel". One of the recurring jokes of this segment is the strained partnership between Akira Kogami and Minoru Shiraishi. While tenuous at best, Akira does show some affection for Minoru. Although most of the time the show discusses certain characters in ''Lucky Star'', events in the actual anime or other things relating to the hosts of the show, Lucky Channel also has its own chain of events which have tie-ins to ''Lucky Star'', making it a side-story.
====Akira Kogami====
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Akira Kogami}}|小神 あきら|Kogami Akira}}
: {{anime voice|[[Ai Nonaka]]}} (NDS video game and extra drama CD), [[Hiromi Konno]] (radio, anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)
:Akira is a fourteen-year-old junior high school student, who is also the captain of the ''Lucky Star'' informational ad section called "Lucky Channel" in the ''[[Comptiq]]'' magazine. Akira has short salmon pink hair and has an ahoge towards the right side of her head, and has golden yellow eyes. Her arms are so short that the sleeves of her winter school uniform easily cover her hands.<ref name="Akira-BE">{{cite web |url=http://lucky-star.bandai-ent.com/characters/akira.php|title=Akira's official English anime profile|publisher=[[Bandai Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> Akira tends to be very energetic, and her chief form of greeting is "Hiya, Luckies!", and frequently ends each episode with "Bye-ni!". {{Nihongo|Ni|二}}, as in the Japanese number two, and can be written as "Bye<sup>2</sup>", resulting in a shorter and cuter form of Bye-Bye. The cute persona, however, is a facade; in reality, whenever she is annoyed or feels that her career or popularity is threatened (usually both by her assistant, Minoru Shiraishi), Akira's bright persona is instantaneously shed to reveal a deep voiced, violent, chain-smoking, selfish-cynic of a burnt out entertainer on the brink of becoming a has-been. However, her talents are undeniable; she has been in the entertainment business since the age of three. She can be quite cruel towards Minoru, both physically and emotionally. She has been known to throw all sorts of objects (such as her overflowing ashtray) into his face, particularly whenever he mentions that a girl in the ''Lucky Star'' cast is cute. Akira's disturbing and menacing persona may be a tongue in cheek and satirical look at the insecurities of Japanese [[Japanese idol|idol singers]], whose popularity is constantly threatened by the "next cutest thing on the block".
:She is the main character of the manga ''[[Akira no Ōkoku]]'' (Akira's Kingdom), which is still being serialized in magazine ''[[Comp Ace]]'' published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]]. She is called {{Nihongo|"Kiratchi"|きらっち}} by Rinko.
====Minoru Shiraishi====
;{{Nihongo|{{visible anchor|Minoru Shiraishi}}|白石 みのる|Shiraishi Minoru}}
: {{anime voice|[[Minoru Shiraishi]]}} (radio, anime, PS2 and PSP video game, new drama CD), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)
:Minoru appears in the "Lucky Channel" segment at the end of each ''Lucky Star'' episode, but is also a minor recurring character, as a member of Konata Izumi's class. He is the animated version of his voice actor, [[Minoru Shiraishi]], although it is likely that the animated version is only around eighteen years old, due to his being in class 3-B. In the karaoke end credits theme sequence after episode two of the anime, it was revealed that Minoru has a part-time position, working at the karaoke bar Konata and her friends sing at. In the "Lucky Channel" segment, Minoru is Akira Kogami's assistant, who repeatedly gets yelled at (and physically abused) by Akira, if he does or says something not to her liking. Usually, just when he attains enough confidence to speak out and enjoy himself, Akira stops in his tracks, usually insulting him for,"being full of himself." Minoru was nicknamed "Sebastian" by Konata one day, because of his likeness to a butler. Since then, the ''Lucky Star'' cast and Akira herself has called him this. After a trip to the forests around [[Mt. Fuji]] to get spring water for Akira, Minoru comes back a dirty and torn-up mess, and was more than likely mauled by a bear during his quest judging from the claw-marks on his back. Akira dubbed the water as too warm, spat it on the camera lens and then threw the rest in his face. This, after her cocktail of constant physical and mental abuse (not to mention being mauled by a bear for ''nothing''), was the straw that broke the camel's back, causing Minoru to go berserk and destroy the set for "Lucky Channel". During their confrontation in episode twenty-one of the anime, it seems that he has lost his fear of Akira, yelling right back at her and thwarting her desire to perform. In the final episode, with the stage wrecked, they do their last show, only to have yet another argument—she starts singing her song, but he, claiming this is merely a microphone check, cuts her off after only a few seconds. He appears briefly in ''Lucky Star: Ryōō Gakuen Ōtōsai'', the [[PlayStation 2]] game of ''Lucky Star'' in a secret scene, where he is shown to trying to find the spring water in [[Mt. Fuji]] before being mauled.
==Video game characters==
===Akira no Ōkoku===
===Miyakawa-ke no Kūfuku===
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'''Tintri, Inc.''' is an American [[information technology]] company based in [[Mountain View, California]]. Tintri provides flash-based [[VM-aware storage]] (VAS) products designed for [[virtual machine]]s and [[cloud computing]]. The company’s core product line is the VMstore.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cohan|first=Peter|title=Tintri’s 110% growth grabs share from NetApp, EMC in $10 billion market|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2013/07/31/tintris-110-growth-grabs-share-from-netapp-emc-in-10-billion-market/|date=31 July 2013|work=Forbes|accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref>
Pete Sonsini, (son of Silicon Valley attorney [[Larry Sonsini]]) was an early board member.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Pete Sonsini Brings Tech Heritage To NEA |work= Venture Capital Dispatch |publisher= Wall Street Journal |date= October 17, 2011 |url= http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2011/10/17/pete-sonsini-brings-tech-heritage-to-nea/s |accessdate= October 6, 2016 }}</ref>
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2016-10-06T22:51:56Z
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'''Tintri, Inc.''' is an American [[information technology]] company based in [[Mountain View, California]]. Tintri provides flash-based [[VM-aware storage]] (VAS) products designed for [[virtual machine]]s and [[cloud computing]]. The company’s core product line is the VMstore.<ref>{{cite web |author= Peter Cohan |title= Tintri’s 110% growth grabs share from NetApp, EMC in $10 billion market |url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2013/07/31/tintris-110-growth-grabs-share-from-netapp-emc-in-10-billion-market/ |date= July 31, 2013 |work= Forbes |accessdate= October 6, 2016 }}</ref>
Pete Sonsini, (son of Silicon Valley attorney [[Larry Sonsini]]) was an early board member.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Pete Sonsini Brings Tech Heritage To NEA |work= Venture Capital Dispatch |publisher= Wall Street Journal |date= October 17, 2011 |author= Scott Denne |url= http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2011/10/17/pete-sonsini-brings-tech-heritage-to-nea/s |accessdate= October 6, 2016 }}</ref>
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2016-10-06T23:00:51Z
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Reddit entries are organized into areas of interest called "subreddits". Originally, the front page was the "main-reddit", and other areas were "subreddits". There is now no longer a single main-reddit. Instead, there are now 50 "default subreddits" dealing with topics such as books, television, and music, and thousands of additional non-default subreddits. The default subreddits are the 50 subreddits which are first recommended to new users to select from to appear on the top menu bar of their homepage. All new users are initially automatically "subscribed to" the default subreddits, but can then alter their "subscriptions" according to their own preferences.
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2016-10-24T05:29:17Z
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Reddit entries are organized into areas of interest called "subreddits". Originally, the front page was the "main-reddit", and other areas were "subreddits". There is now no longer a single main-reddit. Instead, there are now 50 "default subreddits" dealing with topics such as books, television, and music, and thousands of additional non-default subreddits. The default subreddits are the 50 subreddits which are first recommended to new users to select from to appear on, or via the top menu bar of their homepage. All new users are initially automatically "subscribed to" the default subreddits, but can then alter their "subscriptions" according to their own preferences.
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2016-10-24T05:31:40Z
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Bundy underwent multiple psychiatric examinations; the experts' conclusions varied. Dorothy Otnow Lewis, Professor of Psychiatry at the [[New York University School of Medicine]] and an authority on violent behavior, initially made a diagnosis of [[bipolar disorder]],{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=152}} but later changed her impression more than once.{{sfn|Rule|2009|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=331}} She also suggested the possibility of a [[dissociative identity disorder|multiple personality disorder]], based on behaviors described in interviews and court testimony: a great-aunt witnessed an episode during which Bundy "seemed to turn into another, unrecognizable person ... [she] suddenly, inexplicably found herself afraid of her favorite nephew as they waited together at a dusk-darkened train station. He had turned into a stranger."{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=154}} Lewis recounted a prison official in Tallahassee describing a similar transformation: "He said, 'He became weird on me.' He did a metamorphosis, a body and facial change, and he felt there was almost an odor emitting from him. He said, 'Almost a complete change of personality ... that was the day I was afraid of him.{{' "}}{{sfn|Nelson|1994|pp=231–232}} [[Narcissistic personality disorder]] (NPD) has also been proposed in at least one subsequent retrospective analysis.<ref>Describing Ted Bundy’s Personality and Working towards DSM-V. Douglas B. Samuel and Thomas A. Widiger. Department of Psychology at the University of Kentucky.Independent Practitioner (2007), 27 (1), pp. 20–22.</ref>
While experts found Bundy's precise diagnosis elusive, the majority of evidence pointed away from bipolar disorder or other [[Psychosis|psychoses]],<ref name="Mack1999" /> and toward [[antisocial personality disorder]] (ASPD).{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=13}}<ref name="ASPD diagnosis">{{cite book|last=Dobbert|first=Duane|title=Understanding Personality Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBAE1Z1xaeoC&pg=PA55|accessdate=2013-07-01 |year=2007|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-98960-6|page=55}}</ref> ASPD patients—frequently identified as "sociopaths" or "[[psychopathy|psychopaths]]"—are often outwardly charming, even charismatic; but beneath the facade there is little true personality or genuine insight.<ref name="Long" /> Most sociopaths are not demonstrably psychotic; they can readily distinguish right from wrong, but such ability has minimal effect on their behavior.<ref name="LilienfeldArkowitz2007-11-28" /> They are devoid of feelings of guilt or remorse,<ref name="Long" /> a point readily admitted by Bundy himself. "Guilt doesn't solve anything, really", he said in 1981. "It hurts you ... I guess I am in the enviable position of not having to deal with guilt."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=281}} Other hallmarks include narcissism, poor judgment and manipulative behavior. "Sociopaths", prosecutor [[George R. Dekle, Sr.|George Dekle]] wrote, "are egotistical manipulators who think they can con anybody."{{sfn|Dekle|2011|p=131}} "Sometimes he manipulates even me", admitted one psychiatrist.{{sfn|Von Drehle|1995|p=288}} In the end, Lewis agreed with the majority: "I always tell my graduate students that if they can find me a real, true psychopath, I'll buy them dinner", she told Nelson. "I never thought they existed ... but I think Ted may have been one, a true psychopath, without any remorse or empathy at all."{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=316}}
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2016-10-06T18:42:30Z
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Bundy underwent multiple psychiatric examinations; the experts' conclusions varied. Dorothy Otnow Lewis, Professor of Psychiatry at the [[New York University School of Medicine]] and an authority on violent behavior, initially made a diagnosis of [[bipolar disorder]],{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=152}} but later changed her impression more than once.{{sfn|Rule|2009|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=331}} She also suggested the possibility of a [[dissociative identity disorder|multiple personality disorder]], based on behaviors described in interviews and court testimony: a great-aunt witnessed an episode during which Bundy "seemed to turn into another, unrecognizable person ... [she] suddenly, inexplicably found herself afraid of her favorite nephew as they waited together at a dusk-darkened train station. He had turned into a stranger."{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=154}} Lewis recounted a prison official in Tallahassee describing a similar transformation: "He said, 'He became weird on me.' He did a metamorphosis, a body and facial change, and he felt there was almost an odor emitting from him. He said, 'Almost a complete change of personality ... that was the day I was afraid of him.{{' "}}{{sfn|Nelson|1994|pp=231–232}}
While experts found Bundy's precise diagnosis elusive, the majority of evidence pointed away from bipolar disorder or other [[Psychosis|psychoses]],<ref name="Mack1999" /> and toward [[antisocial personality disorder]] (ASPD).{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=13}} Bundy displayed many personality traits typically found in ASPD patients (who are often identified as "sociopaths" or "[[psychopathy|psychopaths]]"<ref name="ASPD diagnosis">{{cite book|last=Dobbert|first=Duane|title=Understanding Personality Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBAE1Z1xaeoC&pg=PA55|accessdate=2013-07-01 |year=2007|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-98960-6|page=55}}</ref>), such as outward charm and charisma with little true personality or genuine insight beneath the facade;<ref name="Long" /> the ability to distinguish right from wrong, but with minimal effect on behavior;<ref name="LilienfeldArkowitz2007-11-28" /> and an absence of guilt or remorse.<ref name="Long" /> "Guilt doesn't solve anything, really", Bundy said, in 1981. "It hurts you ... I guess I am in the enviable position of not having to deal with guilt."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=281}} There was also evidence of [[narcissism]], poor judgment, and manipulative behavior. "Sociopaths", prosecutor [[George R. Dekle, Sr.|George Dekle]] wrote, "are egotistical manipulators who think they can con anybody."{{sfn|Dekle|2011|p=131}} "Sometimes he manipulates even me", admitted one psychiatrist.{{sfn|Von Drehle|1995|p=288}} In the end, Lewis agreed with the majority: "I always tell my graduate students that if they can find me a real, true psychopath, I'll buy them dinner", she told Nelson. "I never thought they existed ... but I think Ted may have been one, a true psychopath, without any remorse or empathy at all."{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=316}} [[Narcissistic personality disorder]] (NPD) has been proposed as an alternative diagnosis in at least one subsequent retrospective analysis.<ref>Describing Ted Bundy’s Personality and Working towards DSM-V. Douglas B. Samuel and Thomas A. Widiger. Department of Psychology at the University of Kentucky.Independent Practitioner (2007), 27 (1), pp. 20–22.</ref>
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2016-10-06T19:11:30Z
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A CIA memorandum to CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] indicated that the documents seized “were of such topical nature and, in the main, of such low-level intelligence and propaganda interest, that they did not lend themselves to an impressive bound volume.” The PBHistory analyzed the documents and then handed the originals over to the ''Comité'' in order to index and file them. Ronald M. Schneider, an extra-Agency researcher who later examined the PBHISTORY documents, found no traces of Soviet control, finding instead substantial evidence that Guatemalan Communists acted alone, without support or guidance from outside the country.
The operation succeeded in forming an anti-Communist Guatemalan intelligence service, which now had access to information about groups like labor unions and indigenous organizations.{{sfn|Doyle|1997}}
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2016-10-13T06:01:14Z
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===Other uses===
A CIA memorandum to CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] indicated that the documents seized “were of such topical nature and, in the main, of such low-level intelligence and propaganda interest, that they did not lend themselves to an impressive bound volume.” The PBHistory analyzed the documents and then handed the originals over to the ''Comité'' in order to index and file them. Ronald M. Schneider, an extra-Agency researcher who later examined the PBHISTORY documents, found no traces of Soviet control, finding instead substantial evidence that Guatemalan Communists acted alone, without support or guidance from outside the country.
The operation succeeded in forming an anti-Communist Guatemalan intelligence service, which now had access to information about groups like labor unions and indigenous organizations.{{sfn|Doyle|1997}}
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2016-10-13T06:06:40Z
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He qualified for participiation in the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|men's road race]] and [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road time trial|men's road time trial]] at the [[Turkey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="gsb"/>
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2016-06-28T08:17:05Z
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He qualified for participation in the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|men's road race]] and [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road time trial|men's road time trial]] at the [[Turkey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="gsb"/>
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2016-10-03T19:55:50Z
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[[Rani]] (English: Queen) aka enga amma Rani is an upcoming Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by [[S.Bani]]. It features [[Dhansika]], in the lead roles. [[Ilayaraja]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. The film is scheduled for a worldwide release on November 2016.
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2016-10-06T02:34:42Z
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{{Infobox film
| name = Rani
| image =
| caption =
| director = K Ganeshan
| screenplay =
| producer = A.C.Gurunath Salsani
| writer =
| starring = [[Dhansika]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = A. Kumaran
| editing =
| art director =
| studio =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rani''''' (English: Queen) is an [[Upcoming]] [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil-language]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[feature film]] [[Film director|directed]] by S.Bani, starring [[Dhansika]] in the lead role. [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. The film is scheduled for a worldwide release on November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Subramanian|first1=Anupama|title=Dhanshika in a female centric film, Rani|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250616/dhanshika-in-a-female-centric-film-rani.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=13 October 2016|date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
==Cast==
*[[Dhansika]]
==References==
{{ref list}}
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2016-10-13T04:05:31Z
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==Links==[http://www.archivionuvolo.it Nuvolo Archive's site (ITA/ENG)]
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2016-10-20T19:25:51Z
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==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
[http://www.archivionuvolo.it Nuvolo Archive's site (ITA/ENG)]
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2016-10-20T19:26:36Z
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During the 2016 presidential campaign, numerous [[Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations|allegations of sexual misconduct by Trump]] surfaced, in the aftermath of the release of a [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording controversy|2005 video]] in which Trump described sexually assaulting women. In the most serious cases Trump has been accused of, though never legally convicted of, [[rape]] and [[sexual harassment]]. He denies the allegations, describing them as a [[smear campaign]].
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2016-10-15T05:30:07Z
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During the 2016 presidential campaign, numerous [[Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations|allegations of sexual misconduct by Trump]] surfaced, in the aftermath of the release of a [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording controversy|2005 video]] in which Trump described sexually assaulting women. In the most serious cases Trump has been accused of, though never legally convicted of nor charged with, [[rape]] or [[sexual harassment]]. He denies the allegations, describing them as a [[smear campaign]].
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2016-10-15T05:35:19Z
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Established in 1978 by long-standing [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] member, [[Maureen Dragone]], the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of [[film actor|film]], [[television actor|television]], [[stage actor|theater]] and [[Performing arts#Music|music]].<ref name="reelwinners"/><ref name="Young Artist Awards 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/presidents.html|title=Young Artist Awards - President's Message|accessdate=2011-03-31|work=YoungArtistAwards.org}}</ref><ref name="Golden Globes">{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2011/03/young-artist-foundation-recognizes-the-young-and-talented/|title=HFPA Golden Globes - Young Artist Foundation|accessdate=2011-03-31|work=GoldenGlobes.org}}</ref>
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2016-06-08T12:13:02Z
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Established in 1978 by long-standing [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] member, [[Maureen Dragone]], the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of [[film actor|film]], [[television actor|television]], [[stage actor|theater]] and [[Performing arts#Music|music]].<ref name="reelwinners"/><ref name="Young Artist Awards 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/presidents.html|title=Young Artist Awards - President's Message|accessdate=2011-03-31|work=YoungArtistAwards.org}}</ref><ref name="Golden Globes">{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2011/03/young-artist-foundation-recognizes-the-young-and-talented/ |title=HFPA Golden Globes - Young Artist Foundation |accessdate=2011-03-31 |work=GoldenGlobes.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317192954/http://www.goldenglobes.org:80/blog/2011/03/young-artist-foundation-recognizes-the-young-and-talented/ |archivedate=2011-03-17 |df= }}</ref>
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2016-09-30T04:30:08Z
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'''''Pryor's Place''''' is an American children's television series that aired on [[CBS]]. The live-action series starred comedian [[Richard Pryor]] as himself.
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2016-06-08T22:56:34Z
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'''''Pryor's Place''''' is an American children's television series that aired for one season 1n 1984 on [[CBS]]. The live-action series starred comedian [[Richard Pryor]] as himself.
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2016-10-11T23:12:53Z
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* [[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]] (Season 4 Episode 6 Card Convention at the [[Carson Community Center]])
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2016-10-24T02:26:59Z
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* [[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]] (Season 4 Episode 6 Card Convention at the [[Carson Community Center]])
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2016-10-24T03:43:54Z
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The [[Highway Code]] of Singapore Traffic Police is tested during the Basic Theory Test and Final Theory Test at either Ubi, [[Bukit Batok]] or Woodlands driving schools. The students are then to find either a school or private [[driving instructor]] to learn driving itself. Singaporean signs depict classical silhouetted persons.
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2016-09-02T07:35:57Z
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The [[Highway Code]] of Singapore Traffic Police is tested during the Basic Theory Test and Final Theory Test at either Ubi, [[Bukit Batok]] or Woodlands driving schools. The students are then to find either a school or private [[driving instructor]] to learn driving itself. Singaporean road signs depict people with realistic (as opposed to stylized) silhouettes.
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2016-10-06T06:03:08Z
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On 15 February 1977, Dramé was placed on the "black diet", which meant he had no access to food or water.
{{Guinea-politician-stub}}
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2016-10-22T03:55:49Z
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On 15 February 1977, Dramé was placed on the "black diet" while in Camp Boiro, which meant he was given no food or water until his death.{{cite book|last1=Camara|first1=Mohamed Saliou|last2=O'Toole|first2=Thomas|last3=Baker|first3=Janice|title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea|isbn=9780810878235|page=121|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=TfcKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|accessdate=22 October 2016}}
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2016-10-22T04:05:13Z
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{{distinguish|Ambush marketing}}
According to Marcel Saucet, 2013, the different types of guerrilla marketing are: Ambient, Ambush, Stealth, Viral and [[Street marketing|Street Marketing]].<ref>Marcel Saucet, Street Marketing™, Diatéino, Paris, 2013</ref>
Ambient communication is a complex form of corporate communication that uses elements of the environment, including nearly every available physical surface, to convey messages that elicit customer engagement.<ref name="Rossella Gambetti">{{cite web|title=Ambient Communication: How to Engage Consumers in Urban Touch-Points|author=Rossella Gambetti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259729300_Ambient_Communication_How_to_Engage_Consumers_in_Urban_Touch-Points|publisher=ResearchGate|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> It is a compilation of intelligence, flexibility, and effective use of the atmosphere.
Viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message’s exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions. Off the Internet, viral marketing has been referred to as "word-of-mouth", "creating a buzz", "leveraging the media", "network marketing", But on the Internet, for better or worse, it’s called "viral marketing".<ref>http://webmarketingtoday.com/articles/viral-principles/</ref>
Similarly, buzz marketing, uses high-profile media to encourage the public to discuss the brand or product.<ref name="Solomon, M. 2008"/> Buzz marketing works best when consumer’s responses to a product or service and subsequent endorsements are genuine, without the company paying them. Buzz generated from buzz marketing campaigns is referred to as "amplified WOM" (word-of-mouth), and "organic WOM" is when buzz occurs naturally by the consumer.<ref name="Solomon, M. 2008"/>
Grassroots campaigns aim to win customers over on an individual basis. A successful grassroots campaign is not about the dissemination of the marketing message in the hope that possible consumers are paying attention, but rather highlights a personal connection between the consumer and the brand and builds a lasting relationship with the brand.<ref>Baker, M. & Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref>
Wild postings (also referred to as flyposting or bill posting) is a fundamental guerrilla marketing campaign which uses cost-effective static poster campaigns where posters are adhered without permission to high traffic urban areas such as the side of buildings, walkways or alleys, shopping malls, lampposts, university campuses, on café bulletin boards or skate parks etc.<ref name="ReferenceC">Alt Terrain. (c2016). Wild Posting. Retrieved from http://www.altterrain.com/wild-postings-poster-outdoor-advertising-company-new-york-los-angeles-chicago/</ref> Wild posting marketing can encompass different varieties including paper posters, tear-away posters, guerrilla cling posters (statically charged plastic posters which can stick to most smooth surfaces), magnets, stickers and vinyl labels.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> There may be legal issues around wild posting, however, if the display is not posted on a paid advertising space as it is illegal to advertise on private property without prior consent.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
Street marketing uses unconventional means of advertising or promoting products and brands in public areas with the main goal to encourage consumers to remember and recall the brand or product marketed. As a division of guerrilla marketing, street marketing is specific to all marketing activities carried out in streets and public areas such as parks, streets, events etc. Street marketing is not limited to areas as it also encompasses advertising outdoors such as on shopping trollies, public toilets, sides of cars or public transport, manhole covers, footpaths, rubbish bins etc.<ref>Berman M. (c2007). Street-Smart Advertising: How to Win the Battle of the Buzz. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</ref>
|
2016-10-12T23:05:51Z
|
According to Marcel Saucet, 2013, the different types of guerrilla marketing are [[Ambient awareness|ambient]], [[ambush marketing|ambush]], [[stealth marketing|stealth]], [[viral marketing|viral]] and [[street marketing|street]] marketing.<ref>Marcel Saucet, Street Marketing™, Diatéino, Paris, 2013</ref>
[[Ambient awareness|Ambient communication]] is a complex form of corporate communication that uses elements of the environment, including nearly every available physical surface, to convey messages that elicit customer engagement.<ref name="Rossella Gambetti">{{cite web|title=Ambient Communication: How to Engage Consumers in Urban Touch-Points|author=Rossella Gambetti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259729300_Ambient_Communication_How_to_Engage_Consumers_in_Urban_Touch-Points|publisher=ResearchGate|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> It is a compilation of intelligence, flexibility, and effective use of the atmosphere.
[[Viral marketing]] describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message’s exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions. Off the Internet, viral marketing has been referred to as "word-of-mouth", "creating a buzz", "leveraging the media", "network marketing", But on the Internet, for better or worse, it’s called "viral marketing".<ref>http://webmarketingtoday.com/articles/viral-principles/</ref>
Similarly, [[marketing buzz|buzz marketing]] uses high-profile media to encourage the public to discuss the brand or product.<ref name="Solomon, M. 2008"/> Buzz marketing works best when consumer’s responses to a product or service and subsequent endorsements are genuine, without the company paying them. Buzz generated from buzz marketing campaigns is referred to as "amplified WOM" (word-of-mouth), and "organic WOM" is when buzz occurs naturally by the consumer.<ref name="Solomon, M. 2008"/>
[[Grassroots|grassroots campaigns]] aim to win customers over on an individual basis. A successful grassroots campaign is not about the dissemination of the marketing message in the hope that possible consumers are paying attention, but rather highlights a personal connection between the consumer and the brand and builds a lasting relationship with the brand.<ref>Baker, M. & Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref>
Wild postings (also referred to as [[flyposting]] or bill posting) is a fundamental guerrilla marketing campaign which uses cost-effective static poster campaigns where posters are adhered without permission to high traffic urban areas such as the side of buildings, walkways or alleys, shopping malls, lampposts, university campuses, on café bulletin boards or skate parks etc.<ref name="ReferenceC">Alt Terrain. (c2016). Wild Posting. Retrieved from http://www.altterrain.com/wild-postings-poster-outdoor-advertising-company-new-york-los-angeles-chicago/</ref> Wild posting marketing can encompass different varieties including paper posters, tear-away posters, guerrilla cling posters (statically charged plastic posters which can stick to most smooth surfaces), magnets, stickers and vinyl labels.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> There may be legal issues around wild posting, however, if the display is not posted on a paid advertising space as it is illegal to advertise on private property without prior consent.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
[[Street marketing]] uses unconventional means of advertising or promoting products and brands in public areas with the main goal to encourage consumers to remember and recall the brand or product marketed. As a division of guerrilla marketing, street marketing is specific to all marketing activities carried out in streets and public areas such as parks, streets, events etc. Street marketing is not limited to areas as it also encompasses advertising outdoors such as on shopping trollies, public toilets, sides of cars or public transport, manhole covers, footpaths, rubbish bins etc.<ref>Berman M. (c2007). Street-Smart Advertising: How to Win the Battle of the Buzz. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</ref>
{{main|Street marketing}}
|
2016-10-13T01:31:16Z
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=742018336
|
|-
|+Consonant phonemes
| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
|[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;"
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πήρα|'''π'''ήρα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''p'''ira/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'I took'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:μπύρα|'''μπ'''ύρα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''b'''ira/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'beer'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:φάση|'''φ'''άση]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''f'''asi/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'phase'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:βάση|'''β'''άση]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''v'''asi/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'base'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:μόνος|'''μ'''όνος]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''m'''onos/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'alone'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:τείνω|'''τ'''είνω]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''t'''ino/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'to tend'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ντύνω|'''ντ'''ύνω]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''d'''ino/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'to dress'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:θέμα|'''θ'''έμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''θ'''ema/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'topic'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:δέμα|'''δ'''έμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ð'''ema/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'parcel'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:σώα|'''σ'''ώα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''s'''oa/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'safe' fem.
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ζώα|'''ζ'''ώα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''z'''oa/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'animals'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:νόμος|'''ν'''όμος]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''n'''omos/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'law'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ρήμα|'''ρ'''ήμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''r'''ima/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'verb'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:λίμα|'''λ'''ίμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''l'''ima/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'nail file'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:κόμμα|'''κ'''όμμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''k'''oma/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'comma'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:γκάμα|'''γκ'''άμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ɡ'''ama/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'range'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:χώμα|'''χ'''ώμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''x'''oma/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'soil'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:γόμα|'''γ'''όμα]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ɣ'''oma/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'eraser'
The alveolar nasal {{IPA|/n/}} is [[Homorganic consonants|assimilated]] to following [[obstruent]]s; it can be labiodental (e.g. {{lang|grc|αμφιβολία}} {{IPA|[aɱfivoˈlia]}} 'doubt'), dental (e.g. {{lang|el|άνθος}} {{IPA|[ˈan̪θos]}} 'flower'), [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] alveolar (e.g. {{lang|el|πένσα}} {{IPA|[ˈpen̠sa]}} "pliers"), [[alveolo-palatal]] (e.g. {{lang|el|συγχύζω}} {{IPA|[siɲˈçizo]}} 'to annoy'), or velar (e.g. {{lang|el|άγχος}} {{IPA|[ˈaŋхos]}} 'stress').{{sfn|Arvaniti|2007|pp=14–15}}
Some [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilatory]] processes mentioned above also occur across word boundaries. In particular, this goes for a number of grammatical words ending in {{IPA|/n/}}, most notably the negation particles δεν and μην and the accusative forms of the personal pronoun and definite article τον and την. If these words are followed by a voiceless stop, {{IPA|/n/}} either assimilates for place of articulation to the stop, or is altogether deleted, and the stop becomes voiced. This results in pronunciations such as {{lang|el|τον πατέρα}} {{IPA|[to(m)baˈtera]}} ('the father') or {{lang|el|δεν πειράζει}} {{IPA|[ðe(m)biˈrazi]}} ('it doesn't matter'), instead of {{IPA|*[ton paˈtera]}} and {{IPA|*[ðen piˈrazi]}}. The precise extent of assimilation may vary according to dialect, speed and formality of speech.{{sfn|Joseph|Philippaki-Warburton|1987|p=246}}
{|class="wikitable"
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πας#Greek|π'''α'''ς]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/p'''a'''s/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'you go' subj.
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πες#Greek|π'''ε'''ς]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/p'''e'''s/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'say' imper.
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πεις#Greek|π'''ει'''ς]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/p'''i'''s/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'you say' subj.
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πως#Greek|π'''ω'''ς]]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/p'''o'''s/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'how'
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{lang|el|[[wikt:που#Greek|π'''ου''']]}}
|style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"| {{IPA|/p'''u'''/}}
|style="border-left: 0;"| 'where'
Unlike [[Ancient Greek]], which had a [[pitch accent]] system, Modern Greek has variable (phonologically unpredictable) [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]. Every multisyllabic word carries stress on one of its three final syllables. [[Clitic#Enclitic|Enclitics]] form a single [[phonological word]] together with the host word to which they attach, and count towards the three-syllable rule too. In these cases, primary stress shifts to the second-to-last syllable (e.g. {{lang|el|αυτοκίνητό μου}} {{IPA|[aftoˌciniˈto mu]}} 'my car'). Phonetically, stressed syllables are longer and/or carry higher amplitude.{{sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5}}
|
2016-09-25T12:30:00Z
|
|+ Consonant phonemes
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right;"
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:πήρα|'''π'''ήρα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''p'''ira/}}
| 'I took'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:μπύρα|'''μπ'''ύρα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''b'''ira/}}
| 'beer'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:φάση|'''φ'''άση]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''f'''asi/}}
| 'phase'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:βάση|'''β'''άση]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''v'''asi/}}
| 'base'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:μόνος|'''μ'''όνος]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''m'''onos/}}
| 'alone'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:τείνω|'''τ'''είνω]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''t'''ino/}}
| 'to tend'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ντύνω|'''ντ'''ύνω]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''d'''ino/}}
| 'to dress'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:θέμα|'''θ'''έμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''θ'''ema/}}
| 'topic'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:δέμα|'''δ'''έμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ð'''ema/}}
| 'parcel'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:σώα|'''σ'''ώα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''s'''oa/}}
| 'safe' fem.
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ζώα|'''ζ'''ώα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''z'''oa/}}
| 'animals'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:νόμος|'''ν'''όμος]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''n'''omos/}}
| 'law'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:ρήμα|'''ρ'''ήμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''r'''ima/}}
| 'verb'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:λίμα|'''λ'''ίμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''l'''ima/}}
| 'nail file'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:κόμμα|'''κ'''όμμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''k'''oma/}}
| 'comma'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:γκάμα|'''γκ'''άμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ɡ'''ama/}}
| 'range'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:χώμα|'''χ'''ώμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''x'''oma/}}
| 'soil'
| {{lang|el|[[wikt:γόμα|'''γ'''όμα]]}}
| {{IPA|/ˈ'''ɣ'''oma/}}
| 'eraser'
The alveolar nasal {{IPA|/n/}} is [[Homorganic consonants|assimilated]] to following [[obstruent]]s; it can be labiodental (e.g. {{lang|el|αμφιβολία}} {{IPA|[aɱfivoˈlia]}} 'doubt'), dental (e.g. {{lang|el|άνθος}} {{IPA|[ˈan̪θos]}} 'flower'), [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] alveolar (e.g. {{lang|el|πένσα}} {{IPA|[ˈpen̠sa]}} "pliers"), [[alveolo-palatal]] (e.g. {{lang|el|συγχύζω}} {{IPA|[siɲˈçizo]}} 'to annoy'), or velar (e.g. {{lang|el|άγχος}} {{IPA|[ˈaŋхos]}} 'stress').{{sfn|Arvaniti|2007|pp=14–15}}
Some [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilatory]] processes mentioned above also occur across word boundaries. In particular, this goes for a number of grammatical words ending in {{IPA|/n/}}, most notably the negation particles {{lang|el|δεν}} and μην and the accusative forms of the personal pronoun and definite article {{lang|el|τον}} and {{lang|el|την}}. If these words are followed by a voiceless stop, {{IPA|/n/}} either assimilates for place of articulation to the stop, or is altogether deleted, and the stop becomes voiced. This results in pronunciations such as {{lang|el|τον πατέρα}} {{IPA|[to(m)baˈtera]}} ('the father') or {{lang|el|δεν πειράζει}} {{IPA|[ðe(m)biˈrazi]}} ('it doesn't matter'), instead of {{IPA|*[ton paˈtera]}} and {{IPA|*[ðen piˈrazi]}}. The precise extent of assimilation may vary according to dialect, speed and formality of speech.{{sfn|Joseph|Philippaki-Warburton|1987|p=246}}
{| class="toccolours"
| {{wikt-lang|el|πας|π'''α'''ς}}
| {{IPA|/p'''a'''s/}}
| 'you go' subj.
| {{wikt-lang|el|πες|π'''ε'''ς}}
| {{IPA|/p'''e'''s/}}
| 'say' imper.
| {{wikt-lang|el|πεις|π'''ει'''ς}}
| {{IPA|/p'''i'''s/}}
| 'you say' subj.
| {{wikt-lang|el|πως|π'''ω'''ς}}
| {{IPA|/p'''o'''s/}}
| 'how'
| {{wikt-lang|el|που|π'''ου'''}}
| {{IPA|/p'''u'''/}}
| 'where'
Unlike [[Ancient Greek]], which had a [[pitch accent]] system, Modern Greek has variable (phonologically unpredictable) [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]. Every multisyllabic word carries stress on one of its three final syllables. [[Enclitic]]s form a single [[phonological word]] together with the host word to which they attach, and count towards the three-syllable rule too. In these cases, primary stress shifts to the second-to-last syllable (e.g. {{lang|el|αυτοκίνητό μου}} {{IPA|[aftoˌciniˈto mu]}} 'my car'). Phonetically, stressed syllables are longer and/or carry higher amplitude.{{sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5}}
|
2016-10-01T04:35:51Z
| 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=742655697
|
{{Distinguish|Great Choral Synagogue}}
|
2016-10-05T00:16:02Z
|
{{Distinguish|Great Choral Synagogue (Kiev)}}
|
2016-10-05T00:17:49Z
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=743502614
|
'''American Conservatism''' is a broad system of political beliefs in the [[United States]] that is characterized by respect for American traditions, support for [[Judeo-Christian ethics|Judeo-Christian values]], [[economic liberalism]], [[anti-communism]], advocacy of [[American exceptionalism]] and a defense of [[Western culture]] from what conservatives perceive as threats posed by "creeping" [[socialism]], [[moral relativism]], [[multiculturalism]], and [[liberal internationalism]]. American conservatives consider [[individualism|individual]] liberty, within the bounds of conformity to American values, as the fundamental trait of democracy, which contrasts with [[Modern Liberalism in the United States|modern American liberals]], who generally place a greater value on [[Social equality|equality]] and [[social justice]]. Conservatives, in particular emphasize strengthening the [[free market]], limiting the size and scope of government, and oppose high taxes and government or labor union encroaching on the entrepreneur.<ref>Gregory L. Schneider, ''The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution'' "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom.", (2009) pp 4-9, 136</ref><ref>Sherwood Thompson, ''Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice'' - page 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.</ref>
|
2016-10-09T23:14:51Z
|
'''American Conservatism''' is a broad system of political beliefs in the [[United States]] that is characterized by respect for what it sees as traditional American values, including [[Judeo-Christian ethics]], [[economic liberalism]], [[anti-communism]], and advocacy of [[American exceptionalism]], along with a defense of [[Western culture]] from what conservatives perceive as threats posed by "creeping" [[socialism]], [[moral relativism]], [[multiculturalism]], and [[liberal internationalism]]. American conservatives consider [[individualism|individual]] liberty, within the bounds of conformity to American values, as the fundamental trait of democracy, which contrasts with [[Modern Liberalism in the United States|modern American liberals]], who generally place a greater value on [[Social equality|equality]] and [[social justice]]. Conservatives, in particular emphasize strengthening the [[free market]], limiting the size and scope of government, and oppose high taxes and government or labor union encroaching on the entrepreneur.<ref>Gregory L. Schneider, ''The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution'' "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom.", (2009) pp 4-9, 136</ref><ref>Sherwood Thompson, ''Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice'' - page 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.</ref>
|
2016-10-09T23:23:34Z
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=742116976
|
Fulham during the 18th century had a reputation of debauchery, becoming a sort of "[[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] retreat" for the wealthy of London, where there was much gambling and prostitution.
|
2016-10-01T15:58:12Z
|
Fulham during the 18th century had a reputation of debauchery, becoming a playground for the wealthy of London, where there was much gambling and prostitution and breweries. The 19th-century roused the village and its surrounding hamlets from their rural slumber by the advent of transport development and rapid urbanisation which encouraged trade skills among the population. A principal recorder of these changes was a local man, Charles Feret, who conducted research of a period of decades before publishing his three volume history of Fulham in 1900.<ref>Féret, Charles (1900) ''Fulham Old and New'', vol.I-III. published by subscription and produced by the Leadenhall Press. Volume III is available online, https://ia802205.us.archive.org/30/items/fulhamoldandnew00frgoog/fulhamoldandnew00frgoog.pdf</ref>
|
2016-10-01T20:27:04Z
| 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=746014069
|
Faccio's second opera, ''[[Amleto]]'', one of the many operas based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'', was written for Genoa's [[Teatro Carlo Felice]] and was given its première on 30 May 1865. The cast included some of the finest singers of the day. As Ashbrook notes, while its "innovatory libretto" was written by Boito, there was "dismay at the score's paucity of melody".<ref name="ASH2"/> but he does add that Ophelia's funeral march, the "Marcia Funebre", "[won] general approval".<ref name="ASH2"/>
|
2016-08-12T17:56:24Z
|
Faccio's second opera, ''[[Amleto]]'', one of the many operas based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'', was written for Genoa's [[Teatro Carlo Felice]] and was given its première on 30 May 1865. The cast included some of the finest singers of the day. As Ashbrook notes, while its "innovatory libretto" was written by Boito, there was "dismay at the score's paucity of melody",<ref name="ASH2"/> but he does add that Ophelia's funeral march, the "Marcia Funebre", "[won] general approval".<ref name="ASH2"/>
|
2016-10-24T19:26:03Z
| 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=741517522
|
* Bow Chinook Hour (1996—2002; Replaced by the Calgary Dollar)
|
2016-09-10T17:22:27Z
|
* Bow Chinook Hour (1996—2002; Replaced by CalgaryDollars.ca - present)
|
2016-09-28T00:48:54Z
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=743369638
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Significant attention and expectations were given to the title in the months leading to its release, leading Murray and others journalists to recommend caution due the indie nature and niche appeal of the title, seeking to avoid the pitfalls that had previously occurred at the launch of ''[[Spore (2008 video game)|Spore]]'' in 2008. At release, the game received a wide range of mixed reviews, praising the technical achievements of the procedurally-generated universe, while considering the gameplay lackluster and repetitive. ''No Man's Sky'' also suffered several technical problems at launch, while also lacking several marketed features, including a multiplayer element, that further marred the players' experience with the game. Hello Games has committed to fixing technical issues with the release, while planning to expand features of the game in time.
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2016-10-07T17:58:53Z
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Significant attention and expectations were given to the title in the months leading to its release, leading Murray and others journalists to recommend caution due the indie nature and niche appeal of the title,{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} seeking to avoid the pitfalls that had previously occurred at the launch of ''[[Spore (2008 video game)|Spore]]'' in 2008. At release, the game received a wide range of mixed reviews, praising the technical achievements of the procedurally-generated universe, while considering the gameplay lackluster and repetitive. ''No Man's Sky'' also suffered several technical problems at launch, while also lacking several marketed features, including a multiplayer element, that further marred the players' experience with the game. Hello Games has committed to fixing technical issues with the release, while planning to expand features of the game in time.
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2016-10-09T10:23:22Z
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''Appearance and Reality'' comprises two volumes: "Appearance" and "Reality". Bradley argues in the first volume that most things, including objects and their qualities, time and space, causation, the self, and things-in-themselves, are appearances, while in the second volume he attempts to describe the reality these appearances misrepresent to us: the Absolute, a single cosmic experience of which people are components. Ordinary concepts provide a pragmatically useful way of thinking about the world, but being incoherent they cannot provide a satisfactory grasp of reality. Reality, as predicate, is a matter of degree: concepts are true or false of reality in different degrees. The concept of the Absolute is only a way of attempting to understand what the intellect cannot fully comprehend. Bradley tries to establish these conclusions by arguing that reality must have a unitary togetherness that cannot be captured by the ordinary conception of many distinct things in relation, and that all concrete reality must somehow be psychical in nature. Reality is one vast eternal self-experiencing many-in-one.<ref name="Sprigge" />
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2016-10-08T00:33:19Z
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''Appearance and Reality'' comprises two volumes: "Appearance" and "Reality". Bradley argues in the first volume that most things, including objects and their qualities, time and space, causation, the self, and things-in-themselves, are appearances, while in the second volume he attempts to describe the reality these appearances misrepresent to us: the Absolute, a single cosmic experience of which people are components. Ordinary concepts provide a pragmatically useful way of thinking about the world, but being incoherent they cannot provide a satisfactory grasp of reality. Reality, as predicate, is a matter of degree: concepts are true or false of reality in different degrees. The concept of the Absolute is only a way of attempting to understand something that cannot be fully comprehended. Bradley tries to establish these conclusions by arguing that reality must have a unitary togetherness that cannot be captured by the ordinary conception of many distinct things in relation, and that all concrete reality must somehow be psychical in nature. Reality is one vast eternal self-experiencing many-in-one.<ref name="Sprigge" />
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2016-10-08T00:34:02Z
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In [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy theories]], '''Majestic 12''' (or '''MJ-12''') is the [[code name]] of an alleged secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, formed in 1947 by an [[executive order]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry S. Truman]] to facilitate recovery and investigation of [[Flying saucer|alien spacecraft]]. The concept originated in a series of supposedly leaked secret government documents first circulated by [[List of ufologists|ufologists]] in 1984. Upon examination, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate [[hoax]].<ref name="Donovan2011">{{cite book|last=Donovan|first=Barna William|title=Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107|accessdate=17 September 2014|date=2011-07-20|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786486151|pages=107–}}</ref><ref name=FBI_bogus/> Majestic 12 remains popular among some [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy theorists]] and the concept has appeared in [[popular culture]] including television, film and literature.
==Alleged members==
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2016-10-24T20:28:37Z
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In [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy theories]], '''Majestic 12''' (or '''MJ-12''') is the [[code name]] of a secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, formed in 1947 by an [[executive order]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry S. Truman]] to facilitate recovery and investigation of [[Flying saucer|alien spacecraft]]. The concept originated in a series of supposedly leaked secret government documents first circulated by [[List of ufologists|ufologists]] in 1984. Upon examination, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate [[hoax]].<ref name="Donovan2011">{{cite book|last=Donovan|first=Barna William|title=Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107|accessdate=17 September 2014|date=2011-07-20|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786486151|pages=107–}}</ref><ref name=FBI_bogus/> Majestic 12 remains popular among some [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO conspiracy theorists]] and the concept has appeared in [[popular culture]] including television, film and literature.
==Members==
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[[South Australia]] about {{convert|39|km|abbr=0}} south by east of [[Streaky Bay, South Australia|Streaky Bay]]. It is notable as one of the largest Australian mainland breeding sites for [[Australian sea lion]]s. The land and the sea adjoining Point Labatt is part of three [[protected area]]s - the [[Point Labatt Conservation Park]], the Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve and the West Coast Bays Marine Park.
The point is associated with three protected areas. The first is the Point Labatt Conservation Park. The second is the Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve which protects the body of water immediately the south west of the conservation park’s coastal frontage.<ref name=PIRSA>PIRSA, 2007</ref> The third is the West Coast Bays Marine Park which consists of a restricted access zone immediately the point.<ref>DEWNR, 2012, page 24 of 26</ref>
===Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve===
The Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve was proclaimed under the ''Fisheries Act 1982'' in 1988 and was re-proclaimed in 2007 following the enactment of the ''Fisheries Management Act 2007''. The creation of the reserve was for the purpose of protection of a breeding colony of Australian sea lion, a species protected under the ''Fisheries Management Act 2007'' and scheduled as ‘rare’ under the ''[[National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972]]''. This purpose is achieved via the prohibition of public access as well as any activity involving fishing or the collection and removal of marine organisms. The reserve extends a distance of {{convert|1|nmi|km mi}} seaward from the coastline and covers an area of {{convert|280|ha|abbr=0}}.<ref name=page5>DENR. 1995, page 5</ref><ref name=PIRSA/><ref>{{cite web|title=Summary of SA Marine Protected Areas by Type (see 'SA Reserve List' tab)|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/59d8b000-6fc9-4470-b0ba-517ba3aeae44/files/sa-capad-2002-me.xls|publisher=Australian Government - Department of the Environment|accessdate=5 October 2014|date=10 February 2003}}</ref>
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2016-10-08T21:15:45Z
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[[South Australia]] about {{convert|39|km|abbr=0}} south by east of [[Streaky Bay, South Australia|Streaky Bay]]. It is notable as one of the largest Australian mainland breeding sites for [[Australian sea lion]]s. The land and the sea adjoining Point Labatt is part of three [[protected area]]s - the [[Point Labatt Conservation Park]], the [[Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve]] and the [[West Coast Bays Marine Park]].
The point is associated with three protected areas. The first is the Point Labatt Conservation Park. The second is the Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve which protects the body of water immediately the south west of the conservation park’s coastal frontage.<ref name=PIRSA>PIRSA, 2007</ref> The third is the West Coast Bays Marine Park which consists of a restricted access zone immediately the point.<ref>DEWNR, 2012, page 24 of 26</ref><ref name=page5>DENR. 1995, page 5</ref><ref name=PIRSA/><ref>{{cite web|title=Summary of SA Marine Protected Areas by Type (see 'SA Reserve List' tab)|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/59d8b000-6fc9-4470-b0ba-517ba3aeae44/files/sa-capad-2002-me.xls|publisher=Australian Government - Department of the Environment|accessdate=5 October 2014|date=10 February 2003}}</ref>
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There are four components of moral behavior. The first of these is moral sensitivity, which is "the ability to see an ethical dilemma, including how our actions will affect others."<ref name=Rest>Lynn E. Swaner, [http://www.simpson.edu/academicdean/committees/lpwg/EthicalMoralReason.pdf "Ethical and Moral Reasoning,"] Educating for Personal and Social Responsibility, Position Paper, American Council of Colleges and Universities, September 13, 2004 (pdf), citing [[James Rest]], "Morality," in ''Cognitive Development'', ed. John H. Flavell and Ellen M. Markman, ''Handbook of Child Psychology'' volume 3, 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1983, ISBN 978-0-471-09064-9, pp. 556–629.</ref> The second is moral judgment, which is "the ability to reason correctly about what 'ought' to be done in a specific situation."<ref name=Rest/> The third is moral motivation, which is "a personal commitment to moral action, accepting responsibility for the outcome."<ref name=Rest/> The fourth and final component of moral behavior is moral character, which is a "courageous persistence in spite of fatigue or temptations to take the easy way out."<ref name=Rest/>
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s view, moral development consists of the growth of less egocentric and more impartial modes of reasoning on more complicated matters. He believed that the objective of moral education is the reinforcement of children to grow from one stage to an upper stage. Dilemma was a critical tool that he emphasized that children should be presented with; yet also, the knowledge for children to cooperate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Musschenga|first=Albert W.|title=Moral Intuitions, Moral Expertise and Moral Reasoning|journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education|year=2009|volume=43|issue=4|pages=597–613|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9752.2009.00707.x|url=http://www.academia.edu/206236/Moral_intuitions_moral_expertise_and_moral_reasoning|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>
==Moral reasoning in philosophy==
==Moral reasoning and gender==
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2016-09-19T09:52:54Z
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There are four components of moral behavior. The first of these is moral sensitivity, which is "the ability to see an ethical dilemma, including how our actions will affect others".<ref name=Rest>Lynn E. Swaner, [http://www.simpson.edu/academicdean/committees/lpwg/EthicalMoralReason.pdf "Ethical and Moral Reasoning,"] Educating for Personal and Social Responsibility, Position Paper, American Council of Colleges and Universities, September 13, 2004 (pdf), citing [[James Rest]], "Morality," in ''Cognitive Development'', ed. John H. Flavell and Ellen M. Markman, ''Handbook of Child Psychology'' volume 3, 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1983, ISBN 978-0-471-09064-9, pp. 556–629.</ref> The second is moral judgment, which is "the ability to reason correctly about what 'ought' to be done in a specific situation".<ref name=Rest/> The third is moral motivation, which is "a personal commitment to moral action, accepting responsibility for the outcome".<ref name=Rest/> The fourth and final component of moral behavior is moral character, which is a "courageous persistence in spite of fatigue or temptations to take the easy way out".<ref name=Rest/>
In Lawrence Kohlberg's view, moral development consists of the growth of less egocentric and more impartial modes of reasoning on more complicated matters. He believed that the objective of moral education is the reinforcement of children to grow from one stage to an upper stage. Dilemma was a critical tool that he emphasized that children should be presented with; yet also, the knowledge for children to cooperate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Musschenga|first=Albert W.|title=Moral Intuitions, Moral Expertise and Moral Reasoning|journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education|year=2009|volume=43|issue=4|pages=597–613|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9752.2009.00707.x|url=http://www.academia.edu/206236/Moral_intuitions_moral_expertise_and_moral_reasoning|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>
==In philosophy==
==Gender==
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'''Virtue signalling''' is the expression or promotion of viewpoints that are especially valued within a social group, especially when this is done primarily to enhance the [[social standing]] of the speaker.<ref name="Awful">{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/04/hating-the-daily-mail-is-a-substitute-for-doing-good/|title=The awful rise of 'virtue signalling'|publisher=[[The Spectator|Spectator]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref name="Sell-By">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/20/virtue-signalling-putdown-passed-sell-by-date|title= Virtue-signalling – the putdown that has passed its sell-by date |publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref name="Platitudes">{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2015/12/24/virtue-signaling-and-other-inane-platitudes/YrJRcvxYMofMcCfgORUcFO/story.html|title= Virtue signaling and other inane platitudes|publisher=[[Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> For example, expressing a hatred of the conservative newspaper ''[[Daily Mail]]'' might be an example of virtue signalling on the British left.<ref name="Awful"/> The term is chiefly used by commentators to criticize the platitudinous and empty or superficial support of [[socially progressive]] views on [[social media]],<ref name="Sell-By"/><ref name="Platitudes"/> but has also been used to describe analogous behaviour in other groups, such as pro-gun rights grandstanding among the American right,<ref name="Platitudes"/> and by [[signalling theory|signalling theorists]] to discuss conspicuous [[piety]] among the religious faithful as well as agnostics and atheists.<ref name="Religious">{{cite-book|chapter=Religious Culture and Cooperative Prediction under Risk: Perspectives from Social Neuroscience|first1=Joseph|last1=Bulbulia|first2=Uffe|last2=Schjoedt|title=Religion, Economy, and Cooperation|pages=37–39|year=2010|isbn=3110246333}}</ref>
Reception of the phrase has been mixed:{{synthesis-inline|date=July 2016}} [[Zoe Williams]] has described the phrase as the "sequel insult to [[champagne socialist]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/10/labour-heartland-doesnt-exist-voters|title=Forget about Labour’s heartland – it doesn’t exist|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> while David Shariatmadari says that while the term serves a purpose, its overuse has rendered it a meaningless political [[buzzword]].<ref name="Sell-By"/> Some on the left have embraced the term: [[Helen Lewis (journalist)|Helen Lewis]], writing for the ''[[New Statesman]]'', blamed virtue signalling for [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party's]] surprise defeat in the [[United Kingdom general election, 2015|2015 general election]], suggesting that the desire to be seen as holding virtuous opinions leads political activists to focus on issues such as [[nuclear disarmament]] that are lofty and remote to common voters, resulting in an [[Echo chamber (media)|echo chamber]] effect that led Labour strategists to underestimate support for Conservative policies.<ref name="NS">{{cite news|title=The echo chamber of social media is luring the left into cosy delusion and dangerous insularity|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/helen-lewis/2015/07/echo-chamber-social-media-luring-left-cosy-delusion-and-dangerous-insularity|author=Helen Lewis|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=15 April 2016|newspaper=New Statesman}}</ref>
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2016-09-09T22:58:25Z
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'''Virtue signalling''' is the expression or promotion of viewpoints that are especially valued within a social group, especially when this is done primarily to enhance the [[social standing]] of the speaker.<ref name="Awful">{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/04/hating-the-daily-mail-is-a-substitute-for-doing-good/|title=The awful rise of 'virtue signalling'|publisher=[[The Spectator|Spectator]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref name="Sell-By">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/20/virtue-signalling-putdown-passed-sell-by-date|title= Virtue-signalling – the putdown that has passed its sell-by date |publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref name="Platitudes">{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2015/12/24/virtue-signaling-and-other-inane-platitudes/YrJRcvxYMofMcCfgORUcFO/story.html|title= Virtue signaling and other inane platitudes|publisher=[[Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> For example, expressing a hatred of the conservative newspaper ''[[Daily Mail]]'' might be an example of virtue signalling on the British left.<ref name="Awful"/> The term is chiefly used by commentators to criticize support of [[socially progressive]] views on [[social media]],<ref name="Sell-By"/><ref name="Platitudes"/> but has also been used to describe analogous behaviour in other groups, such as pro-gun rights support among the American right,<ref name="Platitudes"/> and by [[signalling theory|signalling theorists]] to discuss conspicuous [[piety]] among the religious faithful as well as agnostics and atheists.<ref name="Religious">{{cite-book|chapter=Religious Culture and Cooperative Prediction under Risk: Perspectives from Social Neuroscience|first1=Joseph|last1=Bulbulia|first2=Uffe|last2=Schjoedt|title=Religion, Economy, and Cooperation|pages=37–39|year=2010|isbn=3110246333}}</ref>
Reception of the phrase has been mixed:{{synthesis-inline|date=July 2016}} [[Zoe Williams]] has described the phrase as the "sequel insult to [[champagne socialist]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/10/labour-heartland-doesnt-exist-voters|title=Forget about Labour’s heartland – it doesn’t exist|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> while David Shariatmadari says that while the term serves a purpose, its overuse has rendered it a meaningless political [[buzzword]].<ref name="Sell-By"/> Some on the left have embraced the term: [[Helen Lewis (journalist)|Helen Lewis]], writing for the ''[[New Statesman]]'', blamed virtue signalling for [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party's]] defeat in the [[United Kingdom general election, 2015|2015 general election]], suggesting that the desire to be seen as holding virtuous opinions leads political activists to focus on issues such as [[nuclear disarmament]] that are lofty and remote to common voters, resulting in an [[Echo chamber (media)|echo chamber]] effect that led Labour strategists to underestimate support for Conservative policies.<ref name="NS">{{cite news|title=The echo chamber of social media is luring the left into cosy delusion and dangerous insularity|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/helen-lewis/2015/07/echo-chamber-social-media-luring-left-cosy-delusion-and-dangerous-insularity|author=Helen Lewis|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=15 April 2016|newspaper=New Statesman}}</ref>
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Gouverneur Health is [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] certified, and has a 295-bed nursing facility with 24-hour care.<ref name="villager2008">[http://thevillager.com/villager_283/mayormakeover.html “Major makeover for Gouverneur during next 4 years,”] ''[[The Villager]]'', Volume 78, Number 18, October 1–7, 2008.</ref><ref>"New Gouverneur Hospital Skilled Nursing Facility: Overview," ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. Accessed June 1, 2014.</ref> It is one of the largest institutions in Lower Manhattan,<ref>Ed Litvak, [http://www.thelodownny.com/leslog/2013/12/new-executive-director-named-at-gouverneur.html “New Executive Director Named at Gouverneur,”] The Lo-Down, December 30, 2013.</ref> and the largest freestanding ambulatory care center in New York State.<ref name="langone">[http://www.med.nyu.edu/patients-visitors/our-hospitals/gouverneur-healthcare-services “Gouverneur Healthcare Services,”] NYU Langone Medical Center. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</ref> It serves approximately 50,000 patients a year, predominantly Hispanic and Chinese New Yorkers.<ref name="langone"/> It also provides interpreter services for non-English speakers and immigrants.
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2016-09-06T03:37:40Z
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Gouverneur Health is [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] certified, and has a 295-bed nursing facility with 24-hour care.<ref name="villager2008">[http://thevillager.com/villager_283/mayormakeover.html “Major makeover for Gouverneur during next 4 years,”] ''[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]'', Volume 78, Number 18, October 1–7, 2008.</ref><ref>"New Gouverneur Hospital Skilled Nursing Facility: Overview," ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. Accessed June 1, 2014.</ref> It is one of the largest institutions in Lower Manhattan,<ref>Ed Litvak, [http://www.thelodownny.com/leslog/2013/12/new-executive-director-named-at-gouverneur.html “New Executive Director Named at Gouverneur,”] The Lo-Down, December 30, 2013.</ref> and the largest freestanding ambulatory care center in New York State.<ref name="langone">[http://www.med.nyu.edu/patients-visitors/our-hospitals/gouverneur-healthcare-services “Gouverneur Healthcare Services,”] NYU Langone Medical Center. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</ref> It serves approximately 50,000 patients a year, predominantly Hispanic and Chinese New Yorkers.<ref name="langone"/> It also provides interpreter services for non-English speakers and immigrants.
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The theory behind counterstrain states that tender points result from reflexive muscular spasm that correspond to dysfunctional motor segments. This is due to the compensation of an antagonist muscle responding to agonist muscle over-lengthening.<ref name="Rational MT">{{cite book|last1=Kusunose|first1=Randall|title=Rational Manual Therapies|date=1992|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0683004205|page=324-325}}</ref>
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2016-10-05T05:54:23Z
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The idea behind counterstrain states that tender points result from reflexive muscular spasm that correspond to dysfunctional motor segments, due to the compensation of an antagonist muscle responding to agonist muscle over-lengthening.<ref name="Rational MT">{{cite book|last1=Kusunose|first1=Randall|title=Rational Manual Therapies|date=1992|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0683004205|page=324-325}}</ref>
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On the morning of Saturday 18 January, as the [[Janaza]] left Saify Mahal en route to [[Raudat Tahera]] for burial, Khuzaima Qutbuddin sent out an email campaign to Dawoodi Bohra Community members attaching a [[PDF]] letter addressed to [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] stating his claim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qutbuddin|first=Khuzaima|date=18 Jan 2011|title=URGENT letter for Shz Mufaddal bs|url=|journal=|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> That evening, around 36 hours after Syedna's death, Qutbuddin posted a [[YouTube]] video of himself on his website claiming that he was the 53rd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], having been appointed in total secrecy in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118161428/http://fatemidawat.com|title=Fatemi Dawat – Dawat-e-Hadiyah Website {{!}} Website administered by the office of Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin TUS, leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community|date=2014-01-18|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref>
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2016-09-28T10:44:40Z
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On the morning of Saturday 18 January, as the [[Janaza]] left Saify Mahal en route to [[Raudat Tahera]] for burial, Khuzaima Qutbuddin sent out an email campaign to Dawoodi Bohra Community members attaching a [[PDF]] letter addressed to [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] stating his claim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qutbuddin|first=Khuzaima|date=18 Jan 2011|title=URGENT letter for Shz Mufaddal bs|url=|journal=|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> That evening, around 36 hours after Syedna's death, Qutbuddin posted a [[YouTube]] video of himself on his website claiming that he was the 53rd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], having been appointed in total secrecy in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fatemidawat.com |title=Fatemi Dawat – Dawat-e-Hadiyah Website {{!}} Website administered by the office of Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin TUS, leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community |date=2014-01-18 |access-date=2016-07-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118161428/http://fatemidawat.com |archivedate=18 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
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{{Citation style|date=April 2015|details=The source "Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin" is duplicated. See [[WP:REFNAME]]}}
<!-- #redirect [[Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name]] -->
<!--Format: {{anchor|Place name}}
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{{Compact ToC|short1}}
==A==
{{anchor|Aldburg}}
;Aldburg: ([[Old English language|O.E.]] 'old fortress') A [[hill fort]] and settlement in [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], in the region known as the [[Folde]], some miles to the southeast of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#Settlements|Edoras]]. Aldburg was initially the capital of the realm, where [[Eorl the Young]], the first King of Rohan, founded his hall in {{ME-date|TA|2510}}. Though his son, King [[Brego]], moved to Edoras early in Rohan's history ({{ME-date|TA|2569}}), Aldburg remained the residence of the descendants of Éofor, Brego's third son.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, ch.V appendix (i) p.367 & footnote, ISBN 0-04-823179-7. The name Éofor recalls [[Eofor]] of the epic ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was the home of King [[Théoden]]'s nephew [[Éomer]], who was the Third Marshal of the Mark and heir to the kingship.
{{anchor|All-welcome Inn}}
;All-welcome Inn: An inn located at the junction of the Northway and the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Great East Road|East Road]] on the Hobbiton side of Frogmorton. It was much used by travellers, especially [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] from the [[Ered Luin]].<ref>{{ME-ref|HH|p. 815}}</ref>
{{anchor|Amon Hen}}
;Amon Hen: A hill located on the western bank of the river [[Anduin]], at the southern end of the long lake [[Nen Hithoel]] above the Falls of Rauros. It was one of the three peaks at the [[Falls of Rauros]], the others being [[Amon Lhaw]], the Hill of the Ear, and [[Tol Brandir]], an island located between the two hills. The Seat of Seeing was built at the summit of Amon Hen, serving as a watchtower for the northern borders of Gondor. It was constructed in the early days of [[Gondor]].
:In ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', the Fellowship travelled down the Anduin from Lothlórien to [[Parth Galen]], the lake-side lawn at the feet of Amon Hen. But here the Fellowship was broken: Boromir attempted to take the One Ring by force from [[Frodo Baggins]], who fled; [[Boromir]] was shortly afterward killed defending [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] (Merry) and [[Peregrin Took]] (Pippin) from [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orcs]], who had been sent by [[Saruman]] to capture the Ring; and the Orcs absconded with Merry and Pippin. After Frodo escaped from Boromir, he sat upon the Seat of Seeing while still wearing the Ring, and was able to see events hundreds of miles distant. From [[Amon Hen]], [[Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] crossed the [[Anduin]] on their way east to Mordor, while Merry and Pippin were carried by Saruman's Orcs in the direction of his hold at [[Isengard]], and the rest of the Fellowship set out in pursuit of the [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
{{anchor|Amon Lhaw}}
;Amon Lhaw: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Hill of the Ear') One of the three peaks above the [[Falls of Rauros]] which drained the lake known as [[Nen Hithoel]], it towered amongst the [[Emyn Muil]] on the eastern banks of the [[Anduin]]. Its twin, Amon Hen (The Hill of Sight), lay upon the western bank. Between them, at the centre of the stream above Rauros, was the island peak [[Tol Brandir]] upon which none had ever set foot.
:Although at one time Amon Lhaw had been on the northern boundary of [[Gondor]] and a high seat was built there (probably called The Seat of Hearing), this was no longer the case at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]; by then, it had long since fallen under the influence of [[Mordor]]. Also called the '''Hill of Hearing''' and perhaps Hill of the Ear in [[Westron]].
{{anchor|Andrath}}
;Andrath: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Long Climb') A narrow pass, through which the [[North-South Road (Middle-earth)|North-South Road]] (later called the Greenway) passed between the [[Barrow-downs]] on the west and the [[Arnor#South Downs|South Downs]] on the east. To the north of Andrath the road met the [[East Road|Great East Road]], just west of the gates of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]].
:When the [[Nazgûl]] came north from [[Mordor]] to seek the Ring in the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]] at the end of the [[Third Age]], their leader, the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], camped in Andrath. It is mentioned in the appendices of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that it is likely that the Witch-king aroused the [[Barrow-wight]]s in the nearby Barrow-downs while camped at Andrath.
{{anchor|Argonath}}
;Argonath: A monument comprising two enormous pillars carved in the likenesses of [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], standing upon either side of the River [[Anduin]] at the northern approach to [[Nen Hithoel]].
:The figures were originally constructed about {{ME-date|TA|1240}} at the order of King [[Rómendacil II]]<ref name="AppA-Gondor">{{cite book | last = Tolkien | first = J. R. R. | title = [[The Lord of the Rings]] | chapter = Appendix A: Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion | isbn = 0-9741468-0-3}}</ref> to mark the northern border of [[Gondor]], although the realm was greatly diminished in size by the time the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] passed the Argonath in {{ME-date|TA|3019}}.
:Each of the two figures was shown wearing a crown and a helm, with an axe in its right hand and its left hand raised in a gesture of defiance to the enemies of Gondor.<ref>{{cite book | last = Tolkien | first = J. R. R. | title = The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring) | chapter = The Great River | isbn = 0-345-33208-3}}</ref>
:Also known as the '''Gate of Kings''' or the '''Pillars of the Kings'''.
;Azanulbizar: ''See [[#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Dale]]''
==B==
{{anchor|Bamfurlong}}
;Bamfurlong: The farmland of [[Farmer Maggot]] located in the [[Marish]] of the eastern part of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The boggy nature of the land makes for above-ground habitation rather than the traditional [[hobbit-hole]]. Tolkien himself suggested the name Bamfurlong comes from [[Old English language|Old English]] meaning roughly ''bean-field''.<ref name="Guide">Tolkien, ''Guide to the Names in the Lord of the Rings'', in ''The Tolkien Compass'', edited by Jared Lobdell, Open Court, 1975, ISBN 0-87548-303-8.</ref>
{{anchor|Barazinbar}}
;Barazinbar: The [[Khuzdul|Dwarvish]] name for [[Caradhras]], one of the largest mountains in the [[Misty Mountains]]. It lies in close proximity to [[Redhorn Pass]] and the [[Minor places in Middle-earth#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Stair]]. Dwarves sometimes shortened the name to '''Baraz'''.
{{anchor|Barrow-downs}}
;Barrow-downs: The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''Tyrn Gorthad''' were a series of hills east of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]]. Many of the hills were crowned with [[standing stones]] and [[Tumulus|barrow]]s, hence their name.
:The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]], together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled west as [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.<ref name=App>{{ME-ref|ROTK|Appendix A, iii, first section}}</ref>
:During the [[Second Age]] the inhabitants were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenórean]]s the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled. When [[Elendil]] returned to Middle-earth, the Barrow-downs were incorporated in the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<!--read the Arnor article--> The Downs were revered by the Númenóreans because they were rightly recognized as the first tombs of their ancestors, long before they had encountered the Elves of Beleriand.
:After the partition of Arnor the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]], the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but in {{ME-date|TA|1409}} the realm fell and the Great Plague in 1636 killed any remaining Dúnedain hiding in the Barrow-downs. The [[Barrow-wight]]s were now sent there by the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Witch-king]]. In the 1850s King Araval of [[Arthedain]] tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.<ref>{{ME-ref|PoME}}, See also [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/a/araval.html Araval] at the Encyclopedia of Arda</ref>
:Travelling from the Old Forest to Bree, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while travelling through the downs were ensnared by a [[barrow-wight]], probably in the same [[cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of Cardolan.<ref name=App/> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], and from the burial treasure received enchanted daggers — designed to slay the evil servants of Angmar.
:The daggers from the Barrow-downs had varying fates in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. When the [[Nazgûl]] attacked Aragorn and the hobbits on [[Weathertop]], Frodo slashed at one of them with his dagger but only damaged its cloak. Merry used his weapon to help destroy the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Lord]] of the Nazgûl in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], Sam left his beside Frodo in [[Cirith Ungol]] and later had it returned to him by [[Gandalf]], while Pippin made use of his dagger in the [[Battle of the Black Gate]] to slay a [[Troll (Middle-earth)|Troll]]-chief.
;Blue Mountains: ''See [[#Ered Luin|Ered Luin]]''
{{anchor|Bridge Inn}}
;Bridge Inn: An inn located on the west side the [[Brandywine Bridge]] in the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. It was likely used by travellers on the [[East Road]]. Its location would have put it near the point where the road north from Stock met the main East Road. When the Shire was occupied by [[Saruman]]'s men during the [[War of the Ring]], the Bridge Inn was demolished and replaced with a guard house, with gates erected on the Bridge.<ref name="SS">{{ME-ref|RotK|"The Scouring of the Shire"}}</ref>
{{anchor|Brown Lands}}
;Brown Lands: A region across the [[Anduin]] from [[Fangorn]] forest. In the [[First Age]] the [[Entwives]] settled there and began to make gardens, and they also taught the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] that already lived there to engage in [[agriculture]]. The Entwives' gardens, as the region was called at that time, lasted for a long time into the [[Second Age]], until [[Sauron]] later blasted the entire area at some time before the [[Battle of Dagorlad]], which was when it became known as the Brown Lands. [[Treebeard]] appeared convinced that the Entwives were not all destroyed but were "lost"; their ultimate fate remains a mystery.
:It is described as withered, as if by fire, without any living green thing. In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'',<ref>{{ME-ref|FotR|Book 2, Ch. IX: "The Great River"}}</ref> the Fellowship pass by the region in elven boats as they sail down the River Anduin. Interestingly, [[Aragorn]]'s notable knowledge of geography and family history lets him down as he ''"could not tell"'' what had ''"so blasted"'' the region.
;Bundushathûr: ''See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]''
==C==
{{anchor|Calenardhon}}
;Calenardhon: The province of [[Gondor]] which was renamed [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] when it was given to the folk of [[Eorl the Young]].
{{anchor|Carrock}}
;Carrock: A large and tall mid-river [[monolith]] in the upper reaches of the [[Anduin]], to the north of the [[Old Ford (Middle-earth)|Old Ford]]. In Chapter 7 of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Gandalf]] states that the steps from the base of the rock to the flat space at the top were made by [[Beorn]] and that "Carrock" is Beorn's name for it. This is somewhat of a linguistic joke on Tolkien's part, since ''car'' in Anglo-Saxon means "rock," the Irish for "rock" is "carraig", and the Welsh for rock is "Carreg." Specifically, "carrock" is Beorn's word for large rocks standing in the middle of rivers, and as this is the largest such rock in the river, he took to calling it "the" Carrock.
{{anchor|Celebdil}}
;Celebdil: Also called '''Zirakzigil''' in [[Khuzdul]] (or '''Zirak''' for short) and translated to English as '''Silver[[wikt:tine|tine]]'''. A peak in the [[Misty Mountains]], the westernmost<ref name="artistMtns">Hammond and Scull, ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator'', Figure 158: "Dimrill Dale and Mountains of Moria", p. 163.</ref> of the Mountains of Moria, the three peaks that stood above the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]' city of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]]. (The other two peaks were [[Caradhras]] and [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]].) [[#Durin's Tower|Durin's Tower]] was located at the peak of Zirakzigil. This was where [[Gandalf]] fought the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] in the [[Battle of the Peak]].
:In a 1968 letter, Tolkien identifies the Swiss [[Silberhorn]] as it appeared to him when camping near [[Mürren]] in 1911 as "the Silvertine (Celebdil) of my dreams".<ref>{{ME-ref|letters|#306}}</ref>
{{anchor|Cerin Amroth}}
;Cerin Amroth: The mound of [[Amroth (Middle-earth)|Amroth]], where [[elanor]] grows, that stood in the heart of [[Lothlórien]] where stood the house of Amroth before he was lost. It was here that [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] plighted their troth centuries later, and it was here where Arwen, after Aragorn's death, went to die.
{{anchor|Cirith Gorgor}}
;Cirith Gorgor: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Cleft of Terror'), called the '''Haunted Pass''' in [[Westron]]. The main passage into [[Mordor]] located at the point where the mountain ranges [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]] met. It was protected by the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] of Mordor and guarded by the two [[Teeth of Mordor|Towers of the Teeth]], Carchost and Narchost. The name is sometimes translated 'the Haunted Pass'.
{{anchor|Cirith Ungol}}
;Cirith Ungol (pronounced {{IPA-art|ˈkiriθ ˈuŋɡɔl|}})
:The Pass of Cirith Ungol was high above the Morgul Pass, on the northern side of the Morgul Vale. In Mordor, the road from Cirith Ungol came down to join the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]]. These routes were guarded by the Tower of Cirith Ungol, built by the Men of [[Gondor]] after the [[War of the Last Alliance]], but occupied by [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].
:During the Quest of the Ring [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] were led to this pass by [[Gollum]] to [[#Torech Ungol|Torech Ungol]], the lair of the giant spider-like creature [[Shelob]] who dwelt there, in order to get into Mordor.
{{anchor|Tower of Cirith Ungol}}
;The Tower of Cirith Ungol: A watchtower on the border of [[Mordor]]. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was located high in the [[Mountains of Shadow]] overlooking the pass that was called Cirith Ungol — the Pass of the Spider — because the Great Spider [[Shelob]] dwelled there. At the top of the pass was a cleft with two great horns of rock on either side. On the northern horn stood the Tower of Cirith Ungol, built up against the eastern face of the rock. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was made of black stone. It had three tiers, each set back from the next lower one like steps. The sheer sides faced northeast and southeast and formed a bastion pointing eastward. At the top of the Tower was a round turret that could be seen above the pass.
:A road ran down from the pass and skirted the Tower alongside a sheer precipice before turning southward to join the [[Roads of Middle-earth#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]]. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was surrounded by an outer wall that was {{convert|30|ft|m}} high. The sides of the wall were smooth. At the top was overhanging stonework that prevented anyone from climbing over it.
:The main gate was in the southeastern side of the wall. It was guarded by the Two Watchers — hideous statues seated on thrones. Each Watcher had three joined bodies facing inward, outward, and toward the other. The description in the Book is as follows:
::"They were like great figures seated upon thrones. Each had three joined bodies, and three heads facing outward, and inward, and across the gateway. The heads had vulture-faces, and on their great knees were laid clawlike hands. They seemed to be carved out of huge blocks of stone, immovable, and yet they were aware: some dreadful spirit of evil vigilance abode in them. They knew an enemy. Visible or invisible none could pass unheeded. They would forbid his entry, or his escape."
:They thus had a kind of "psychic barrier" that barred the gate. [[Sam Gamgee]] had to overcome this obstacle while searching for his master [[Frodo Baggins]]. Sam did so by using the [[phial of Galadriel]], which overcame their will and allowed him to pass. As soon as he was through, however, they sounded an alarm. It is not known if the Watchers were built by men of Gondor, as was the Tower itself, or if it had been added later by Sauron. Certainly, the spirit that dwelt within them must have come later, as it was clearly identified as being evil.
:Within the outer wall was a paved courtyard. There was a great door on the southeastern side of the Tower of Cirith Ungol. A passageway ran back through the Tower with rooms on either side. At the far end was the arched door of the Undergate — a back entrance to the Tower that opened onto a tunnel that joined with [[Shelob's Lair]].
:To the right of the Undergate was a winding stairway to the upper levels of the Tower. At the top of the stairs was a domed chamber with doors facing east and west leading out onto the roof of the third tier. The roof was about {{convert|20|yd}} across and was surrounded by a parapet. On the western side of the roof stood the turret of the Tower.
;Cloudyhead: ''See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]''
{{anchor|Coldfells}}
;Coldfells: The highlands west of the [[Misty Mountains]] and south of the [[Ettenmoors]], separated from them by the northern branch of the river [[Bruinen]].
==D==
{{anchor|Dagorlad}}
;Dagorlad: The great, treeless, open plain between the [[Emyn Muil]] and [[#Cirith Gorgor|Cirith Gorgor]]. The name means the '''Battle Plain''' in [[Sindarin]], and refers to the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] fought there between [[Sauron]]'s forces and the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the [[Second Age]]. The bodies of the dead decayed as normal, but over time part of the field became a wetland, the [[Dead Marshes]], where the images of the fallen could be seen.
{{anchor|Dale}}
;Dale: A city-state of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] on the [[Celduin#C|Celduin]] (the River Running) near the [[Lonely Mountain]] which also had a close association with the [[Long Lake (Middle-earth)|Long Lake]]. It appears have been an independent monarchy, whose ruler was styled "Lord" (and later "King"). It was ruled by [[Girion]] Lord of Dale until its destruction in {{ME-date|TA|2770}} by the [[Dragon (Middle-earth)|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the Dwarves restored their kingdom under the Lonely Mountain in {{ME-date|TA|2941}}, Men began to settle once more in Dale. [[Bard the Bowman]], a descendant of Girion, assumed the title King of Dale.
{{anchor|Deeping-coomb}}
;Deeping-coomb: The deep, well-defended valley in the northern [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. It was located in Westfold in the kingdom of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The gorge of [[Helm's Deep]] and the castle of the Hornburg were situated at the head of the Coomb, where the [[Deeping Stream|Deeping-stream]] issued from the gorge before it ran down through the valley. The Coomb was the site of an important battle, the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], during the [[War of the Ring]]. The word ''coomb'' is a rare [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] survival word, meaning a small deep dry valley, easily defended. It gives its name to many places in the British Isles.
{{anchor|Dimholt}}
;Dimholt: A forest of pine wood and fir situated at the base of the [[#Dwimorberg|Dwimorberg]] mountain, past [[Dunharrow]]. The name means literally 'dark wood'. An ancient road was visibly forged there, which led to a glen where a standing stone lay in front of the Dark Door, the entrance to the [[Paths of the Dead]]. The pathways led under the Dwimorberg and had been haunted by the spirits of the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]] in the Third Age until they fulfilled their oath to [[Aragorn]] and departed.
{{anchor|Dimrill Dale}}
;Dimrill Dale: A name in the tongue of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of the North for a great valley on the eastern side of the [[Misty Mountains]]. The valley, which was part of the ancient Dwarf-kingdom of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]], is also called '''''Nanduhirion''''' in [[Sindarin]] and '''''Azanulbizar''''' in [[Khuzdul]].
{{anchor|Dimrill Stair}}
;Dimrill Stair: The southeastern part of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]]. A waterfall flowed beside the Stair, which led down into the [[Dimrill Dale]] and past the mirror-like pool called [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zâram]].
{{anchor|Dol Baran}}
;Dol Baran: The southernmost foothill of the [[Misty Mountains]]. King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] and some of the surviving members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] camped here after their parley with [[Saruman]]. [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] stole away from this camp with the [[palantír]].
{{anchor|Dorwinion}}
;Dorwinion: A land which lay on the northwestern shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Known for its wine, Dorwinion was drawn at Tolkien's advice on [[Pauline Baynes]]' map of Middle-earth as lying at the end of the [[Carnen]] and [[Celduin]], at the northwest shore of the Sea of Rhûn, and in that position it has since appeared on other maps. It was possibly part of [[Gondor]] for several centuries in the early [[Third Age]].
{{anchor|Drúwaith Iaur}}
;Drúwaith Iaur: A region to the west of [[Gondor]]. It was not a part of the realm of Gondor, and therefore also not of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. It was the home to the remnants of the [[Drúedain]], the original inhabitants of the [[Ered Nimrais]], who were dispersed by the Númenóreans as they were hostile to them. The northern part of Drúwaith Iaur was also home to the [[Dunlending]]s, who feared the Drûgin because they used poisoned arrows.
{{anchor|Dunland}}
;Dunland: A place in north-west [[Middle-earth]], the land of the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] called Dunlendings. These Men were tall, somewhat swarthy and dark-haired, and were descended from the same ancient stock as the [[House of Haleth]], making them distantly related to the [[Dúnedain]]. They are the traditional enemies of the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] and are jealous of the wealth of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], themselves living on marginal land. During the [[War of the Ring]] they were persuaded by [[Saruman]] to invade Rohan in conjunction with the forces of [[Isengard]].
{{anchor|Durin's Stone}}
;Durin's Stone: A pillar that stood on the banks of [[Mirrormere]] near the East-gate of [[Khazad-dûm]]. According to the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]], it was built on the site where [[Durin the Deathless]] looked down in the lake and saw a crown above his head, and its purpose was to commemorate this. The stone was ornamented with runes, but by the later [[Third Age]] the stone was broken, cracked and heavily weathered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tolkien|first=J.R.R.|title=The Fellowship of the Ring|year=2005|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-261-10325-3|edition=50th Anniversary}}</ref>
{{anchor|Durin's Tower}}
;Durin's Tower: The tower that stood on the peak of [[Celebdil]] above Khazad-dûm, where Gandalf defeated [[Durin's Bane]]. It could be reached only by a long stairwell, the [[Endless Stair]], which began in the deep far below the mines.
{{anchor|Durthang}}
;Durthang: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'dark oppression') An old castle in northern [[Mordor]]. It stood in the northern [[Ephel Dúath]], on the slopes above the [[Isenmouthe]]. Possibly it was built by Gondorians after [[Sauron]]'s downfall at the end of the [[Second Age]], but later was captured by his forces and became an orc-hold.
{{anchor|Dwimorberg}}
;Dwimorberg: A peak in the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]; it was situated at the head of the valley of [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]]. [[Dunharrow]] stood above a cliff on the valley's eastern side, parallel to the Dwimorberg mountain itself. Beyond Dunharrow was a forest of pine wood and fir, known as the [[#Dimholt|Dimholt]].
==E==
{{anchor|East Bight}}
;East Bight: A vast indentation in the south-eastern edge of [[Mirkwood]] Forest, created by the clearing of trees by the [[Northmen (Middle-earth)|Northmen]].
{{anchor|Eastfold}}
;Eastfold: Part of the kingdom of Rohan that lay east of the [[Snowbourn]] River, and west of [[Anórien]] in [[Gondor]]. Located east of [[Edoras]].
{{anchor|Edhellond}}
;Edhellond: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'elf-haven') An ancient harbour and settlement of [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] origin in [[Gondor]], located just south of the junction of the rivers [[Morthond]] and [[Ringló]].
{{anchor|Elostirion}}
;Elostirion: (S. ????) The tallest of the three towers that stood on the [[Tower Hills]]. These towers were said to have been built by [[Gil-galad]], High King of the [[Noldor]] in Middle-earth, in honour of [[Elendil]] who came to Middle-earth in the aftermath of the fall of Númenor.
;Emyn Beraid: ''See [[#Tower Hills|Tower Hills]]''
{{anchor|Emyn Muil}}
;Emyn Muil: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'veiled hills'<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987), ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (volume 5 of ''The History of Middle-earth''), Unwin Hyman, part 3 '[[The Etymologies (Tolkien)|The Etymologies]]', p.374 MUY-, ISBN 0-04-823349-8.</ref>) A craggy, nearly impassable highland surrounding [[Nen Hithoel]]. The [[Anduin]] river cut through the Emyn Muil, entering the north at [[Sarn Gebir]] and passing the [[Argonath]] before flowing into Nen Hithoel.
{{anchor|Emyn Uial}}
;Emyn Uial: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'hills of dusk') The highlands in northern [[Eriador]], called also the '''Hills of Evendim'''. The hills began about a hundred [[Númenórean]] miles north of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]; at the southern end was the city of [[Annúminas]], the first capital of [[Arnor]], at [[Lake Evendim]]. The [[Baranduin]] or [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] River flowed out of this lake. A tributary of the river [[Lhûn]] also rose in the hills.
{{anchor|Enedwaith}}
;Enedwaith: Also spelt '''Enedhwaith''', '''Enedwâith''', originally referred to both a region of [[Middle-earth]] and the men that inhabited it, although the region Enedwaith retained that name even when the Enedwaith people were no more.
{{anchor|Ered Lithui}}
;Ered Lithui: ([[Sindarin|S]]. ''''Mountains of Ash'''') The mountain range forming the northern border of [[Mordor]]. From the [[Morannon]], where it met the [[Ephel Dúath]], the Ered Lithui ran generally eastward for hundreds of miles. The name "Mountains of Ash" suggests that the range is downwind of [[Mount Doom]] and collects its [[volcanic ash|ash fallout]].
{{anchor|Ered Luin}}
;Ered Luin: The '''Ered Luin''' or '''Blue Mountains''' was a large mountain range which formed the western boundary of the great region of [[Eriador]]. Originally [[Beleriand]], another great region, lay to the east of the mountains; but at the end of the [[First Age]] Beleriand was mostly destroyed and submerged, and the only mainland remaining east of the mountains was [[Lindon]]. Even before the end of the First Age, Lindon had given the mountains an alternative (but little-used) name: the '''Ered Lindon'''.
{{anchor|Ered Mithrin}}
;Ered Mithrin: The '''Ered Mithrin''' or '''Grey Mountains''' was a large mountain range to the north of [[Rhovanion]]. The Grey Mountains were the last remnants of the wall of the [[Ered Engrin]] or ''Iron Mountains'', which once stretched all over the north of [[Middle-earth]], but were broken at the end of the [[First Age]]. The eastern Grey Mountains branched into two spurs, between which lay the [[#Withered Heath|Withered Heath]].
{{anchor|Ered Wethrin}}
;Ered Wethrin: Ered Wethrin ({{IPA-art|ˈɛrɛd ˈ(ʔ)weθrin}}; archaically {{IPA-art|ˈœrœd ˈɣweθrin}}) ('''Mountains of Shadow''') was a [[mountain range]] in the north of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[First Age]]. In the south, it was an east-west range that divided [[Dor-lómin]] and [[Mithrim]] to the north from [[Beleriand]] to the south, then in the east it curved around to the northwest, forming the boundary of [[Hithlum]]. A line of hills to the southwest formed the southern boundary of [[Nevrast]], while the '''Mountains of Mithrim''' were a northwesterly spur that separated Dor-lómin from Mithrim.
{{anchor|Eryn Vorn}}
;Eryn Vorn: 'The Black Wood' was a densely forested peninsula in southern [[Eriador]]. Forming the western tip of what became known as [[Minhiriath]], it was originally part of the vast ancient treescape that covered most of north-western Middle-earth, and was named by the early [[Númenórean]] explorers of the [[Second Age]].
{{anchor|Ettenmoors}}
;Ettenmoors: These are highlands west of the [[Misty Mountains]] and north of the [[Coldfells]]. It was a location of warfare between the Free Peoples and [[Angmar]] in the Third Age when the Witch King fled after losing the battle of [[Fornost]].<ref>{{ME-ref|RotK|Appendix B: The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands), The Third Age}}</ref> It is also the place where the trolls live in ''The Hobbit'' (''ettin'' is the old English for giant).
{{anchor|Everholt}}
;Everholt: The name the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] gave to a section of the [[Firienholt]] woods.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), ''[[The Return of the King]]'', London: [[George Allen & Unwin]], Appendix A section II, under entry for [[Folca]], 13th King of Rohan</ref> It was notorious for its [[wild boar|boars]], after whom the forest was named;<ref>{{ME-ref|RotK|Appendix A (II)}}</ref> the first element is [[Old English]] ''eofor'', "boar". The last boar was hunted and killed by [[Folca]], 13th King of Rohan; in the encounter the king was gored by the boar, and also died in the woods.
==F==
{{anchor|Fanuidhol}}
;Fanuidhol: Also called '''Bundushathûr''' in [[Khuzdul]] ('''Shathûr''' for short) and translated into English as '''Cloudyhead'''. A peak in the [[Misty Mountains]], the eastern-most<ref name="artistMtns"/> of the three (with [[Caradhras]] and [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]) that stood above the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarven]] city of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]].
{{anchor|Field of Celebrant}}
;Field of Celebrant: A broad grassland in south-western [[Rhovanion]]. It lay west of the river [[Anduin]] between two tributaries: the [[Limlight]] in the south and the eponymous [[Silverlode|Celebrant]] in the north. The Field thus separated Calenardhon (later [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]) from the woods of [[Lothlórien]]. The south-eastern corner of these grasslands was the site of the decisive [[Field of Celebrant|Battle of the Field of Celebrant]] in {{ME-date|TA|2510}}, where [[Eorl the Young]] rode to the aid of [[Gondor]]'s northern army. In Gondor after this time, the ''Field of Celebrant'' generally meant the battle site, rather than the grasslands as a whole.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, part 2 ch.IV appendix C p.260, ISBN 0-04-823179-7.</ref>
{{anchor|Firienholt}}
;Firienholt: A forest through which a portion of the border between [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] lay, also called the 'Firien Wood'. The [[Mering Stream]], marking the border between the two lands, flowed through. The [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]] lay south of the forest; [[Elendil]]'s original tomb was on a tall peak named [[Gondor#Amon Anwar|Halifirien]] within the forest.<ref name="UT-CE3">{{Harvnb|Unfinished Tales|loc="Cirion and Eorl", (iii)|Ref=Unfinished Tales 1980}}</ref>
{{anchor|The Floating Log}}
;The Floating Log: A "good inn" located in the village of [[Frogmorton]] in the Shire. During the War of the Ring, the inn was closed, so that [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions were taken to a [[Shirriff (Middle-earth)|Shirriff]]-house instead while travelling through Frogmorton.<ref name="SS"/>
{{anchor|Folde}}
;Folde: An ancient and historic region of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], close to the [[Kings of Rohan]]'s courts in [[Edoras]], which indeed originally held the King's seat at the town of [[Aldburg]]. Its name comes from [[Old English language|Old English]], with the approximate meaning 'bosom of the Earth', which shows its importance in Rohan's early history.<ref>The word ''"Folde"'' is the genitive singular of the Old English word "Foldan", which in turn is a feminine noun. It meaning can be translated to "of the earth", or simply "earth" or "land".[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-8-X.html] and [http://www2.thphy.uni-duesseldorf.de/~ansgar/languages.shtml]</ref>
{{anchor|Forlond}}
;Forlond: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'north haven') A harbour on the northern side of the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] in [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]. It was built by [[Elves (Middle-earth)|Elves]] after the drowning of [[Beleriand]].
{{anchor|The Forsaken Inn}}
;The Forsaken Inn: An inn on the [[East Road]] east of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]], presumably constructed by [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]]. It was mentioned by [[Aragorn]] discussing with Frodo Baggins the further course of their journey: "None have measured the road between [[Rivendell]] and the Forsaken Inn, a day's ride east of Bree."<ref>{{ME-ref|FotR|"A Knife in the Dark"}}</ref>
==G==
{{anchor|Goblin-town}}
;Goblin-town: A [[goblin]] (or [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orc]]) settlement which lay under the [[High Pass (Middle-earth)|High Pass]] in the [[Misty Mountains]]. It was ruled by the [[Great Goblin]].
{{anchor|The Golden Perch}}
;The Golden Perch: An inn situated in the village of [[Stock (Middle-earth)|Stock]] in the [[Eastfarthing]] of the Shire. It was credited by [[Peregrin Took]] for having "the best beer in the Eastfarthing".<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954) ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, ch. III p. 97; ISBN 0 04 823045 6.</ref>
{{anchor|Gorgoroth}}
;Gorgoroth: An arid [[plateau]] in the north-west of [[Sauron]]'s realm of [[Mordor]], in the midst of which stood the volcanic [[Mount Doom]]. The plateau was covered in volcanic ash, and was effectively a [[desert]] with little to no plant growth.
;Gram: ''See [[#Mount Gram|Mount Gram]]''
{{anchor|The Green Dragon}}
;The Green Dragon: An inn at [[Bywater (Middle-earth)|Bywater]], the last building on the side of the village nearest to [[Hobbiton]].
{{anchor|Gulf of Lune}}
;Gulf of Lune: A [[sea loch|sea-arm]] that broke through the range of the [[Ered Luin]] into [[Eriador]]. The Gulf of Lune, named after the river [[Lhûn]] or "Lune", was created during the [[War of Wrath]] when [[Beleriand]] was broken. In the midst of [[Ossiriand]], [[Belegaer]] broke through the mountains, creating the Gulf of Lune.<ref>{{ME-ref|TOI|The Council of Elrond - 4th version, pg 124}}</ref> The remnant of Beleriand north of the gulf became known as '''Forlindon''', and the part south of it as '''Harlindon''' (North and South [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]).
==H==
{{anchor|Harad}}
;Harad: The lands south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]] that included the coastal city of [[Umbar]]. The Men of Harad, called the [[Haradrim]], were ancient enemies of the Gondorians whom they had been defeated by many times in the past, and allies of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]].
{{anchor|Harlond}}
;Harlond: (S. 'south haven') A harbour on the southern side of the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] in [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]. Like [[#Forlond|Forlond]], it was built after the drowning of [[Beleriand]].
{{anchor|Harrowdale}}
;Harrowdale: The deep north-south valley cut out of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]] by the [[Snowbourn]] River. At its southern end, beneath the mountain known as the [[#Starkhorn|Starkhorn]], stood [[Dunharrow]], a great refuge of the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]]. At its northern end, where the Snowbourn issued onto the plains of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], stood that kingdom's capital, [[Edoras]].
;Hills of Evendim: ''See [[#Emyn Uial|Emyn Uial]]''
{{anchor|Himring}}
;Himring: A hill in the north-east of [[Beleriand]] during the [[First Age]], it was the greatest hill for many leagues around. It was wide-shouldered and surrounded by many lesser hills, and after [[Beleriand]] sank beneath the sea the summit of the hill remained above the sea as an island which remained in the ages that came afterwards.
==I==
{{anchor|Irensaga}}
;Irensaga: One of the major peaks of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. It rose above [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]]. Its name is [[Old English]] ''Írensaga'', "iron-saw", a reference to the jagged appearance of its peak.
{{anchor|Isenmouthe}}
;Isenmouthe: The pass in the northwest of [[Mordor]], also called by the Mannish name of the Isenmouthe or '''Carach Angren''' (both versions of the name mean 'iron jaws'). It was formed where spurs reaching out from the ranges of the Ephel Dúath and the Ered Lithui met, leaving only a narrow passage between the Plateau of Gorgoroth and the smaller valley of [[Udûn]] to the north. As the passage to the Black Gate of the [[Morannon]], Carach Angren was heavily fortified, and both the rocky spurs that overlooked it carried fortresses and watchtowers. Across the passage itself, a wall of earth had been built, and a great ditch had been dug across the opening spanned by a single bridge.
{{anchor|The Ivy Bush}}
;The Ivy Bush: A "small inn on the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Bywater Road|Bywater road]]" near [[Hobbiton]] in the Shire. Here [[Gaffer Gamgee]] recounted to the other regulars his stories about [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], who were about to throw a magnificent joint birthday party.<ref>''The Fellowship of the Ring'', "A Long-expected Party".</ref>
==K==
{{anchor|Khand}}
;Khand: A land which lay to the south-east of [[Mordor]] and to the east of [[Harad|Near Harad]]. Tolkien says little about the land or its people. It was the home of the [[Variags of Khand]], warriors who appear tangentially in the text with little description. The index of Volumes VIII and XII of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', presumably due to Christopher Tolkien, glosses ''Variag'' as "the people of Khand".
==L==
{{anchor|Lake Evendim}}
;Lake Evendim: ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''Nenuial''') Lake in [[Eriador]]. Lake Evendim was in the [[Emyn Uial|Hills of Evendim]] north of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The lake was the source of the river [[Baranduin]] (the Brandywine).<ref>{{ME-ref|Silm|"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age," p. 360}}</ref>
{{anchor|Last Bridge}}
;Last Bridge: The crossing point of the river [[Mitheithel]] by the [[East Road|Great East Road]]. The stone bridge of three arches, the river's lowest crossing below its upper reaches in the Ettenmoors,<ref>''The Fellowship of the Ring'', "Flight to the Ford"</ref> served as an important landmark on the road from [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]] to [[Rivendell]], as it was just over halfway between these two points and at least a week's journey east of Bree.
{{anchor|Lithlad}}
;Lithlad: ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'ash-plain') A region of [[Mordor]] to the south of [[#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]], upon the outskirts of which the Tower of [[Barad-dûr]] stood.
{{anchor|Lond Daer Enedh}}
;Lond Daer Enedh: This place under the original name '''Vinyalondë''', or 'New Haven', was founded by [[Númenor]]'s crown prince [[Aldarion]] on the estuary of the river [[Gwathló]] in the early [[Second Age]]. It was the first permanent settlement of the Númenóreans in [[Middle-earth]]. From here Aldarion's "Guild Of Venturers" began harvesting the local timber for the shipbuilding industry of Númenor.
{{anchor|Long Lake}}
;Long Lake: A lake situated at the confluence of the [[Forest River (Middle-earth)|Forest River]] and the northern reaches of the [[Celduin]] south of the [[Lonely Mountain]]. The lake gets its name from being longer north-south than it was wide east-west (standing on the west shore where the Forest River emptied into the lake the east could barely be seen, but the north and south could not). The lake emptied out over waterfalls on the southern edge into the River Running that led all the way to the great [[Sea of Rhûn]]. The town of [[Esgaroth]] was built entirely upon the lake itself, which thus formed a natural [[moat]]. It was built very near to the Forest River outlet, but protected from the stream by a promontory of rock. The water in the Lake itself was calm.
==M==
{{anchor|Methedras}}
;Methedras: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'end-horn') The southernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]], that lay above [[Isengard]] in the valley of Nan Curunír.
{{anchor|Mindolluin}}
;Mindolluin: (S. 'towering blue head') The easternmost peak of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]], below and to the east of which stood the city of [[Minas Tirith]]. In ''[[The Return of the King (book)|The Return of the King]]'', shortly after [[Aragorn]]'s coronation as King Elessar, [[Gandalf]] took him by an ancient path into the foothills of Mindolluin far above the city. There he discovered, upon an otherwise barren slope, a sapling of Nimloth, the [[White Tree of Gondor]], which he planted in the [[Court of the Fountain]] as a sign of rebirth.
{{anchor|Minhiriath}}
;Minhiriath: ([[Sindarin]] for 'Between Rivers' and thus an [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] form of ''[[Mesopotamia]]'') was located in [[Eriador]], a name for all the lands between the [[Hithaeglir]] and the [[Ered Luin]]. Minhiriath had no clear border in the north, but to the south, and east and west it was bounded by river and sea : the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]], the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]] and [[Belegaer]],'The Great Sea'.
{{anchor|Mirrormere}}
;Mirrormere: The [[tarn (lake)|tarn (mountain-lake)]] located in [[Dimrill Dale]] below the doors of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]] (Moria). It was known as '''''Kheled-zâram''''' by the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]. According to the Dwarves of [[Durin's folk]], their ultimate forefather [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]] had awoken at [[Mount Gundabad]] in the north of the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] (Misty Mountains), and then travelled south until he came upon the Mirrormere. He looked down in it, and in the reflection saw a [[crown (headgear)|crown]] of stars above his head. Then he founded Khazad-dûm nearby; [[Minor places in Middle-earth#Durin's Stone|Durin's Stone]] was erected on the spot where the patriarch had his vision.
{{anchor|Morannon}}
;Morannon
{{anchor|Morgul Pass}}
;Morgul Pass: The Morgul Pass is the main pass from the Morgul Vale into [[Mordor]]. The Morgul Pass was at the far eastern end of the Morgul Vale. The [[Mountains of Shadow]] were relatively low at that point. The [[List of Middle-earth roads#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]] ran through the valley past [[Minas Morgul]] and over the Morgul Pass. This road then ran down into Mordor and crossed [[Gorgoroth (Middle-earth)|Gorgoroth]] to [[Mount Doom]] and [[Barad-dûr]]. The Morgul Pass was so called because it was located in the Morgul Vale. The word morgul means "black magic." The element ''mor'' means "black, dark." The element ''gûl'' means "sorcery, magic" from the stem ''ngol'' or ''nólë'' meaning "long study, lore, knowledge." This pass was also called the '''Nameless Pass''', presumably by those who did not wish to utter the evil name of Morgul.
{{anchor|Mount Gram}}
;Mount Gram: A mountain in north [[Eriador]]; its exact location is unknown but it probably was located either in the [[Ettenmoors]] or the [[#Mountains of Angmar|Mountains of Angmar]], or somewhere else in the northern [[Misty Mountains]]. It was inhabited by [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] whose army once attacked the [[Hobbit]]s of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]].
{{anchor|Mount Gundabad}}
;Mount Gundabad: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'stone<ref>John D. Rateliff (2007), ''[[The History of the Hobbit]]'', HarperCollins, part 2 'Return to Bag-End', ch. XVII p. 675 note 20, ISBN 0-00-725066-5.</ref>-judgement<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1987), ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' volume 5, Unwin Hyman, part 3 '[[The Etymologies (Tolkien)|The Etymologies]]', root BAD- "judgement", related to entry MBAD- "duress, prison, doom, hell"; ISBN 0-04-823349-8. The names derived from MBAD- are epic underground places of confinement ([[Angband]], [[Mandos]]); thus the name Gundabad alludes to [[Aulë#Aulë and the creation of the Dwarves|Aulë's creation of the Dwarves]], Durin's awakening, and the stone-bound fate of his people.</ref>': a translation of a [[Khuzdul]] name<ref name="R. Tolkien 1996 p. 301">J. R. R. Tolkien (1996), ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' volume 12, part 2 (Late Writings), ch. X p. 301, ISBN 0-395-82760-4.</ref>) A mountain in the northernmost section of the [[Misty Mountains]], close to the western extremity of the [[Ered Mithrin|Grey Mountains]]. It was a stronghold of [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] and later, [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
{{anchor|Mountains of Angmar}}
;Mountains of Angmar: The northernmost range of the [[Misty Mountains]];<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, fold-out map 'The West of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age', ISBN 0-04-823179-7.</ref> it ran north-west from [[Mount Gundabad]] to [[Carn Dûm]]. Carn Dûm was the capital of the evil kingdom of [[Angmar]], which straddled the mountains and gave its name to the range. The mountains were probably inhabited at various times both by [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] and [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
;Mountains of Ash: ''See [[#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]]''
{{anchor|Mountains of Moria}}
;Mountains of Moria: The three massive peaks at the midpoint of the [[Misty Mountains]]: [[Caradhras]], [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]] and [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]. The great Mines of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]] were delved by the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] beneath these three mountains; the main body of their realm lay under Celebdil. During the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Company of the Ring]] attempted to travel over Caradhras, but they were forced to enter the Mines due to a heavy snowfall.
==N==
;Nanduhirion: ''See [[#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Dale]]''
{{anchor|Nen Hithoel}}
;Nen Hithoel: A large lake upon the Great River [[Anduin]] amid the [[Emyn Muil]] to the east of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The lake is approximately {{convert|20|mi|km}} long from north to south, and {{convert|10|mi|km}} wide. Upon the lake's northern approach from Anduin the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of [[Gondor]] constructed the huge pillars of the [[Argonath]] in the reign of [[Rómendacil II]] to mark the northern boundary of their realm, although by the time of the [[War of the Ring]] that boundary has long since receded. At the southern end of the lake stand three hills. [[Amon Hen]], the Seat of Seeing, stands upon the western shore and [[Amon Lhaw]], the Seat of Hearing upon the east. The third hill forms an island in the lake itself, [[Tol Brandir]]. None has ever set foot upon the island due to the intense currents at the lake's south end, for the lake is drained by the [[Waterfall|falls]] of [[Rauros]].
{{anchor|Nindalf}}
;Nindalf: Also called '''Wetwang''', this swamp lay to the south of the [[Emyn Muil]] and east of the Great River [[Anduin]], fed by the great inland delta of the [[Entwash]]. The [[Dead Marshes]] lay further east and may have been an extension of the Nindalf.
==O==
{{anchor|Old Ford}}
;Old Ford: The point where the [[Old Forest Road]] crossed the River [[Anduin]], about forty [[mile]]s (sixty-four [[kilometre]]s) downriver from the [[#Carrock|Carrock]]. In older times, the river was crossed by a stone bridge here, but by the end of the [[Third Age]], the bridge had long since disappeared, and the crossing was no more than a simple ford.
;Old Púkel Land: ''See [[#Drúwaith Iaur|Drúwaith Iaur]]''
{{Anchor|Osgiliath}}
;Osgiliath: A city of [[Middle-earth]], the old [[Capital (political)|capital]] city of [[Gondor]]. Osgiliath is a [[Sindarin]] word that means ''Citadel of the Host of Stars''. Founded by [[Elendil]] and his sons [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] at the end of the [[Second Age]], Osgiliath was located on either side of the Great River [[Anduin]]. Osgiliath was burned during the [[Kin-strife]] and its ''[[palantír]]'' was lost in the Anduin. Later Osgiliath was badly affected by the [[Great Plague (Middle-earth)|Great Plague]] which wiped out a substantial part of the city's population. The capital was shifted to [[Minas Anor]] in {{ME-date|TA|1640}}, and Osgiliath began to fall into ruin. The half-ruined city was completely abandoned in T.A. 2475 when [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] from [[Mordor]] invaded [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city's great bridge. They were driven back by Boromir, son of [[Stewards of Gondor|Denethor I]].<ref name="AppA-Gondor"/>
==P==
{{anchor|Parth Galen}}
;Parth Galen: (S: 'Green Sward') A green lawn above the [[Falls of Rauros]] at the feet of [[Amon Hen]]. It was on the western shore of [[Nen Hithoel]] near the southern end — a fair, green sward, watered by a small spring. Sward means a large open expanse of lawn: ''parth'' means "field, enclosed grassland", related to "path", meaning "level space, sward"; ''galen'' (or calen) means "green." It was here that the breaking of the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] took place.
{{anchor|The Prancing Pony}}
;The Prancing Pony: An inn at the centre of the village of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]].
==R==
{{anchor|Ravenhill}}
;Ravenhill: An outlying hill beneath the height of [[Erebor]], the Lonely Mountain. It stood at the end of a ridge of high ground extending southwards from the mountain itself, overlooking the [[River Running]] and the valley of [[Dale (Middle-earth)|Dale]]. The [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] of Erebor built a guard-post on the hill.
==S==
{{anchor|Sarn Gebir}}
;Sarn Gebir: [[Rapids]] in the river [[Anduin]] where it entered the north of the [[Emyn Muil]].<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', London: [[George Allen & Unwin]], bk.2 ch IX. pp.401''fl.''</ref> An old portage-way existed on the western shore to enable light boat traffic to by-pass the rapids.
{{anchor|Nurnen}}
;Sea of Núrnen: An inland sea in [[Mordor]]. It held bitter water not suitable for drinking, but the area around it, [[Núrn]], watered by a river system coming from the [[Ephel Dúath]], was fertile enough to feed the entire armies of [[Sauron]] in Mordor.
{{anchor|Rhun|Sea of Rhûn}}
;Sea of Rhûn: An inland sea in [[Rhûn]]. The Sea of Rhûn, according to Tolkien's maps, covered roughly 17,000 square miles<ref>The Sea of Rhûn has an irregular shape about 170 miles wide from east to west and 100 miles from north to south, according to the scale on Tolkien's map of Middle-earth. If a rectangle of this size is centred on the Sea, then it can be seen that the Sea's protrusions beyond the rectangle are more or less equivalent to the indentations.</ref> (43,000 km²), or a little smaller than the area of the [[Aral Sea]] in Tolkien's lifetime. The [[Celduin]] (River Running) flowed from the northwest through [[Dorwinion]] into a northwestern arm of the sea, while several unnamed rivers flowed from the northeastern shore.
;Shathûr: See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]
;Silvertine: ''See [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]''
{{anchor|Stair Falls}}
;Stair Falls: A waterfall outside the [[Doors of Durin|West-gate]] of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]]. The falls were formed by the stream [[List of Middle-earth rivers#S|Sirannon]], which flowed from the valley in front of the West-gate and over a cliff about {{convert|30|ft|m}} high and then continued southwestward to join the [[Glanduin]]. There was a flight of stone steps carved into the cliff on the northern side of the falls, but the main path wound up the cliffside a bit north of the stairs. The Stair Falls were once strong and full, but by the time of the [[War of the Ring]] the waterfall was cut off when the Sirannon was dammed, forming a pool where the [[Watcher in the Water]] lurked.<ref>{{ME-ref|FOTR|"A Journey in the Dark," p. 314-16}}</ref><ref>{{ME-ref|FOTR|"The Bridge of Khazad-dûm," p. 336-37}}</ref>
{{anchor|Starkhorn}}
;Starkhorn: A snow-clad peak that rose in the inner regions of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. From its feet sprang the [[Snowbourn]] River, whose widening valley ran northwards through the mountains to emerge onto the plains of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] called that valley [[Harrowdale]], and built their courts of [[Edoras]] at its mouth, from where the lonely white peak of the Starkhorn could be seen along the straight length of the valley.
{{anchor|Swanfleet}}
;Swanfleet: (S. Nîn-in-Eilph) A marshy area in [[Eriador]]. Formed where the [[Glanduin]] (mistakenly labelled as "Swanfleet river" on some maps) joins the [[Gwathló]] (Greyflood), the Swanfleet is effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.
==T==
{{anchor|Tharbad}}
;Tharbad: A city on the southern edge of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. Tharbad, [[Sindarin]] for 'The Crossing Road',<ref>{{ME-ref|Silm|Appendix, p. 364}}</ref> was originally the name given to a fort where the old [[List of Middle-earth roads#North-South Road|North-South Road]] crossed the fenlands at the head of the [[Gwathló]]. The area around Tharbad was flat and marshy; the road approached the river from either side along miles of causeway. It was abandoned late in the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tolkien|first=J.R.R.|editor=Christopher Tolkien|title=Unfinished Tales|year=1980|publisher=George Allen and Unwin|isbn=0-395-29917-9|chapter=History of Galadriel and Celeborn|page=261–5}}</ref>
{{anchor|Tol Brandir}}
;Tol Brandir: An island crag set in the lake of [[Nen Hithoel]] which straddled the [[Falls of Rauros]]. The island was bordered by [[Amon Hen]] to the west and [[Amon Lhaw]] to the east. In days past, the hills near Tol Brandir had been important watchtowers for the Kingdom of [[Gondor]]. However, no man ever visited Tol Brandir, or so the legends state.
:Tol Brandir means "tall island" and was the name used by [[Elves (Middle-earth)|Elves]]. [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] called the island "Tindrock", derived from the [[Old English]] word "tind" meaning sharp point (literally, therefore, 'pointed rock').
{{anchor|Tomb of Elendil}}
;Tomb of Elendil: Was the tomb of the [[Elendil|first King]] of [[Arnor]] and of [[Gondor]]. Its location was a secret kept for many centuries, but it was later discovered to be atop the mountain known as the [[Halifirien]], on the borders of [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]].<ref>[http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Tomb_of_Elendil Tomb of Elendil - Tolkien Gateway<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{anchor|Torech Ungol}}
;Torech Ungol
:Torech Ungol or '''[[Shelob]]'s Lair''' was the home of the giant spider Shelob. It was located below [[#Cirith Ungol|Cirith Ungol]], a pass into [[Mordor]]. The [[orc (Middle-earth)|orc]]s were generally afraid of Shelob but had built extensive tunnels into the lair for their own purposes.<ref name="lair">{{ME-ref|ttt|"Shelob's Lair"}}</ref> When some of them were unruly or Shelob needed to be appeased, the orcs would throw some of their own kind into the lair without much concern for them.<ref name="sam">{{ME-ref|ttt|"The Choices of Master Samwise"}}</ref>
:In Peter Jackson's film adaptations to the books, the entire sequence in Shelob's Lair was moved to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''. Because ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' needed a new climax, a new sub-plot was created in which [[Faramir]] took [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] to [[Osgiliath]].<ref>''From Book to Script: Finding the Story'' [DVD]. New Line.</ref> This addition was criticized by some purists.<ref>[http://www.istad.org/tolkien/faramir.html What Happened to Gallant Captain Faramir?]</ref><ref>[http://herenistarion.org/tttreviews.html The Trouble With Frodo: Fragility in ''The Two Towers'']</ref>
:Jackson explained that he moved the scene from ''The Two Towers'' into his ''The Return of the King'' for the sake of the timeline of events as given in the books.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Although the episode with Shelob occurred in the ''Two Towers'' book, it was chronologically simultaneous with events in other parts of [[Middle-earth]] that took place during ''The Return of the King''. For example, even in the books, Frodo's capture at Shelob's Lair happened as [[Gandalf]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] were engaged in battle at the besieged [[Minas Tirith]], not at [[Helm's Deep]] or even [[Isengard]].
{{anchor|Tower Hills}}
;Tower Hills: A series of steep hills at the west end of [[Eriador]], called in [[Sindarin]] '''Emyn Beraid'''. They lay about 30 [[Númenórean]] miles east of the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]], and about {{convert|50|mi|km}} west of the [[White Downs]], of old the border of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. High upon the Tower Hills stood three tall [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elven]] towers, the highest of which was called [[Elostirion]] and held a ''[[palantír]]''.
:The Tower Hills formed the ancient border between the Elven realm of [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]] and the Kingdom of [[Arnor]], and the [[East Road|Great East Road]] which led all the way to Rivendell ran through them. In the early [[Fourth Age]], [[Elanor Gamgee]] and her husband [[Fastred Fairbairn]] moved to the Tower Hills, founding the town of ''Undertowers'' on the eastern slopes of the Hills, and becoming the ''Wardens of [[Shire (Middle-earth)#Westmarch|Westmarch]]'', when the Tower Hills became the new western border of the Shire by the issue of King [[Aragorn|Elessar]].
{{anchor|Towers of the Teeth}}
;Towers of the Teeth: Also called the Teeth of [[Mordor]]. Two towers situated on either side of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] of Mordor. The towers — known individually as '''Carchost''' and '''Narchost''' — were originally constructed by the men of [[Gondor]] after [[Sauron]]'s defeat in the [[Second Age]] to guard the entrance to Mordor, but were taken over by [[Sauron]] in the later [[Third Age]], having been abandoned sometime after the defeat of King [[Ondoher]] in 1944 to the [[Wainriders]], as the Towers are stated to have been manned before the Battle.
:Tolkien's writings leave it unclear which tower was located on which side of the Morannon. However, Carchost appears to have stood to the eastern side and Narchost on the western side. Carchost is a [[Sindarin]] name that means "Tooth Fort", a compound of ''carch'' (meaning 'tooth or fang') and ''ost'' (meaning 'fortress'). Narchost is a [[Sindarin]] name that means "Fire Fort". The towers were destroyed in the [[War of the Ring]] with the defeat of [[Sauron]] following the destruction of the [[One Ring]]. Their collapse is shown in [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|film interpretation]] of ''[[The Return of the King]]''.
{{anchor|Trollshaws}}
;Trollshaws: The upland woods, consisting at least partly of beech trees, that lay to the west of [[Rivendell]] between the rivers [[Hoarwell]] and [[Bruinen|Loudwater]]. They were the haunt of [[Troll (Middle-earth)|trolls]]. Three of these trolls waylaid [[Bilbo Baggins]] and his companions during ''[[The Hobbit]]''. Years later [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions found them on their way to Rivendell, but they were inert stone.
:There is a contradiction regarding the layout of the Trollshaws. In ''The Hobbit'', the company passes over a "stone bridge" and very soon after that spots the trolls' fire, an hour or two away. In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', however, [[Aragorn]] explicitly leads the Hobbits over the [[#Last Bridge|Last Bridge]] and takes six days to reach the site of the troll camp. This discrepancy was not noticed by J. R. R. Tolkien, but was discussed by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''.
==U==
{{anchor|Udûn}}
;Udûn:
:Udûn was pronounced “oo-doon.”<ref name="Udun Encyc Arda ref">{{cite web|title=Udûn|url=http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/u/udun.html|website=The Encyclopedia of Arda|accessdate=26 January 2015|date=14 December 2002}}</ref> In the Elvish language of [[Sindarin]], Udûn translates as ''hell'',<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), “Index: III Places,” ''The Return of the King'', London: George Allen and Unwin Publishers (1978 (Hardback) Impression), (p. 436), 0048230464</ref> and possibly as u+dûn = ''un-west'' (although this may be a pseudo-etymology, as it most likely is cognate to Quenya "Utumno").<ref name="An Introduction to Elvish Sindarin ref">{{cite book|last1=Allan|first1=J.|editor1-last=Allan J. (ed.)|title=An Introduction to Elvish|date=1978|publisher=Bran’s Head Books|location=Helios|isbn=0905220102|pages=76, 90|edition=reprinted 2002|chapter=Sindarin-English Dictionary}}</ref>
:Udûn was the name of a deep valley and region between the ends of the [[Mordor#Geography|Ephel Duath]] (Mountains of Shadow) and the [[List of Minor places in Middle-earth#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]] (Ash Mountains) in north-western Mordor. The two ends of the valley were closed by the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] (Morannon) and the [[List of Minor places in Middle-earth#Isenmouthe|Isenmouthe]]. The Isenmouthe (Carach Angren) was Udûn’s southern entrance, south of which lay [[List_of_minor_places_in_Middle-earth#Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]]. The Isenmouthe was built across the southern pass between a spur from the Ephel Duath and a spur from the Ered Lithui. There were towers and forts upon the ends of both these spurs.<ref name="RotK hardback page 205">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=J. R. R.|title=The Return of the King|date=1955|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Publishers|location=London|isbn=0048230464|page=205|edition=1978 (hardback) Impression|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref> Looking north, the valley opened out but then narrowed again where a spur from each mountain range again came close to the other. Each spur contained caves and there hordes of [[Orc_(Middle-earth)|Orcs]] could be stationed when needed.<ref name="TT hardback p244">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=J. R. R.|title=The Two Towers|date=1954|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Publishers|location=London|isbn=0048230464|page=244|edition=1978 (hardback) Impression|chapter=The Black Gate is Closed}}</ref> The Black Gate was built across the northern pass or gap between the spurs of the two mountain ranges. This pass was called ''Cirith Gorgor = the Haunted Pass''. Udûn contained underground armories and tunnels for the defence of the Morannon.
:A road passed through Udûn connecting the Black Gate to the Isenmouthe. The old castle of [[minor places in Middle-earth#Durthang|Durthang]] (later an orc-hold) was positioned high up on the south-western spur of the Ephel Duath and there were many other orc-holds clustered about the valley.<ref name="RotK hardback page 205" /> [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] developed his concept of north-west Mordor when he had the idea that the valley behind the Morannon was closed at the southern end by the spurs of the two mountain ranges.<ref name="End of the Third Age p32">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=C. R. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien: The End of the Third Age - The History of The Lord of the Rings Part Four|date=1992|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=9780618083565|page=32|edition=2000 (paperback edition)|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref> His original idea was that Gorgoroth would have extended right up to the mouth of the northern pass of Cirith Gorgor. Tolkien’s earlier name for the vale of Udûn was "The Narch" which was described as a “deep dark valley.”<ref name="End of the Third Age p33-34">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=C. R. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien: The End of the Third Age - The History of The Lord of the Rings Part Four|date=1992|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=9780618083565|pages=33-34|edition=2000 (paperback edition)|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref>
:The name ''Udûn'' recalled the name of [[Melkor]]'s ancient fortress, [[minor_places_in_Arda#Utumno|Utumno]] in [[Quenya]] or Udûn in Sindarin, located to the north of Beleriand. It was Melkor's fortress that Gandalf referred to when he addressed the [[Balrog]] in [[Moria_(Middle-earth)#Moria|Moria]] as "Flame of Udûn."
{{anchor|Upbourn}}
;Upbourn: A hamlet in [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] south of [[Edoras]], located on the banks of the [[Snowbourn]] river in the valley of [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]].
==W==
{{anchor|Withered Heath}}
;Withered Heath: A region at the eastern extreme of the [[Grey Mountains (Middle-earth)|Grey Mountains]] (Ered Mithrin). There, the Grey Mountains broke into two spurs, north and south. Between these spurs lay the Withered Heath. The burned, blackened valley was known as a breeding ground of the Great Worms. The Dragons nurtured around the Withered Heath terrorized the Dwarves of the Grey Mountains, forcing them to relocate to the [[Iron Hills]].
==Z==
;Zirakzigil: ''See [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]''
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== Aldburg ==
Aldburg ([[Old English language|O.E.]] 'old fortress') is a [[hill fort]] and settlement in [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], in the region known as the [[Folde]], some miles to the southeast of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#Settlements|Edoras]]. Aldburg was initially the capital of the realm, where [[Eorl the Young]], the first King of Rohan, founded his hall in {{ME-date|TA|2510}}. Though his son, King [[Brego]], moved to Edoras early in Rohan's history ({{ME-date|TA|2569}}), Aldburg remained the residence of the descendants of Éofor, Brego's third son.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, ch.V appendix (i) p.367 & footnote, ISBN 0-04-823179-7. The name Éofor recalls [[Eofor]] of the epic ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was the home of King [[Théoden]]'s nephew [[Éomer]], who was the Third Marshal of the Mark and heir to the kingship.
== All-welcome Inn ==
The All-welcome Inn was an inn located at the junction of the Northway and the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Great East Road|East Road]] on the Hobbiton side of Frogmorton. It was much used by travellers, especially [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] from the [[Ered Luin]].<ref>{{ME-ref|HH|p. 815}}</ref>
== Amon Hen ==
Amon Hen is a hill located on the western bank of the river [[Anduin]], at the southern end of the long lake [[Nen Hithoel]] above the Falls of Rauros. It was one of the three peaks at the [[Falls of Rauros]], the others being [[Amon Lhaw]], the Hill of the Ear, and [[Tol Brandir]], an island located between the two hills. The Seat of Seeing was built at the summit of Amon Hen, serving as a watchtower for the northern borders of Gondor. It was constructed in the early days of [[Gondor]].
In ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', the Fellowship travelled down the Anduin from Lothlórien to [[Parth Galen]], the lake-side lawn at the feet of Amon Hen. But here the Fellowship was broken: Boromir attempted to take the One Ring by force from [[Frodo Baggins]], who fled; [[Boromir]] was shortly afterward killed defending [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] (Merry) and [[Peregrin Took]] (Pippin) from [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orcs]], who had been sent by [[Saruman]] to capture the Ring; and the Orcs absconded with Merry and Pippin. After Frodo escaped from Boromir, he sat upon the Seat of Seeing while still wearing the Ring, and was able to see events hundreds of miles distant. From [[Amon Hen]], [[Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] crossed the [[Anduin]] on their way east to Mordor, while Merry and Pippin were carried by Saruman's Orcs in the direction of his hold at [[Isengard]], and the rest of the Fellowship set out in pursuit of the [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
== Amon Lhaw ==
Amon Lhaw ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Hill of the Ear') is one of the three peaks above the [[Falls of Rauros]] which drained the lake known as [[Nen Hithoel]], it towered amongst the [[Emyn Muil]] on the eastern banks of the [[Anduin]]. Its twin, Amon Hen (The Hill of Sight), lay upon the western bank. Between them, at the centre of the stream above Rauros, was the island peak [[Tol Brandir]] upon which none had ever set foot.
Although at one time Amon Lhaw had been on the northern boundary of [[Gondor]] and a high seat was built there (probably called The Seat of Hearing), this was no longer the case at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]; by then, it had long since fallen under the influence of [[Mordor]]. Also called the '''Hill of Hearing''' and perhaps Hill of the Ear in [[Westron]].
== Andrath ==
Andrath ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Long Climb') is a narrow pass through which the [[North-South Road (Middle-earth)|North-South Road]] (later called the Greenway) passed between the [[Barrow-downs]] on the west and the [[Arnor#South Downs|South Downs]] on the east. To the north of Andrath the road met the [[East Road|Great East Road]], just west of the gates of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]].
When the [[Nazgûl]] came north from [[Mordor]] to seek the Ring in the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]] at the end of the [[Third Age]], their leader, the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], camped in Andrath. It is mentioned in the appendices of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that it is likely that the Witch-king aroused the [[Barrow-wight]]s in the nearby Barrow-downs while camped at Andrath.
== Argonath ==
Argonath is a monument comprising two enormous pillars carved in the likenesses of [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], standing upon either side of the River [[Anduin]] at the northern approach to [[Nen Hithoel]].
The figures were originally constructed about {{ME-date|TA|1240}} at the order of King [[Rómendacil II]]<ref name="AppA-Gondor">{{cite book | last = Tolkien | first = J. R. R. | title = [[The Lord of the Rings]] | chapter = Appendix A: Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion | isbn = 0-9741468-0-3}}</ref> to mark the northern border of [[Gondor]], although the realm was greatly diminished in size by the time the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] passed the Argonath in {{ME-date|TA|3019}}.
Each of the two figures was shown wearing a crown and a helm, with an axe in its right hand and its left hand raised in a gesture of defiance to the enemies of Gondor.<ref>{{cite book | last = Tolkien | first = J. R. R. | title = The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring) | chapter = The Great River | isbn = 0-345-33208-3}}</ref>
Also known as the '''Gate of Kings''' or the '''Pillars of the Kings'''.
== Azanulbizar ==
: ''See [[#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Dale]]''
== Bamfurlong ==
Bamfurlong is the farmland of [[Farmer Maggot]], located in the [[Marish]] of the eastern part of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The boggy nature of the land makes for above-ground habitation rather than the traditional [[hobbit-hole]]. Tolkien himself suggested the name Bamfurlong comes from [[Old English language|Old English]] meaning roughly ''bean-field''.<ref name="Guide">Tolkien, ''Guide to the Names in the Lord of the Rings'', in ''The Tolkien Compass'', edited by Jared Lobdell, Open Court, 1975, ISBN 0-87548-303-8.</ref>
== Barazinbar ==
Barazinbar, the [[Khuzdul|Dwarvish]] name for [[Caradhras]], is one of the largest mountains in the [[Misty Mountains]]. It lies in close proximity to [[Redhorn Pass]] and the [[Minor places in Middle-earth#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Stair]]. Dwarves sometimes shortened the name to '''Baraz'''.
== Barrow-downs ==
The Barrow-downs, or Tyrn Gorthad, were a series of hills east of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]]. Many of the hills were crowned with [[standing stones]] and [[Tumulus|barrow]]s, hence their name.
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]], together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled west as [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.<ref name=App>{{ME-ref|ROTK|Appendix A, iii, first section}}</ref>
During the [[Second Age]] the inhabitants were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenórean]]s the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled. When [[Elendil]] returned to Middle-earth, the Barrow-downs were incorporated in the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<!--read the Arnor article--> The Downs were revered by the Númenóreans because they were rightly recognized as the first tombs of their ancestors, long before they had encountered the Elves of Beleriand.
After the partition of Arnor the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]], the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but in {{ME-date|TA|1409}} the realm fell and the Great Plague in 1636 killed any remaining Dúnedain hiding in the Barrow-downs. The [[Barrow-wight]]s were now sent there by the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Witch-king]]. In the 1850s King Araval of [[Arthedain]] tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.<ref>{{ME-ref|PoME}}, See also [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/a/araval.html Araval] at the Encyclopedia of Arda</ref>
Travelling from the Old Forest to Bree, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while travelling through the downs were ensnared by a [[barrow-wight]], probably in the same [[cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of Cardolan.<ref name=App/> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], and from the burial treasure received enchanted daggers — designed to slay the evil servants of Angmar.
The daggers from the Barrow-downs had varying fates in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. When the [[Nazgûl]] attacked Aragorn and the hobbits on [[Weathertop]], Frodo slashed at one of them with his dagger but only damaged its cloak. Merry used his weapon to help destroy the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Lord]] of the Nazgûl in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], Sam left his beside Frodo in [[Cirith Ungol]] and later had it returned to him by [[Gandalf]], while Pippin made use of his dagger in the [[Battle of the Black Gate]] to slay a [[Troll (Middle-earth)|Troll]]-chief.
== Blue Mountains ==
: ''See [[#Ered Luin|Ered Luin]]''
== Bridge Inn ==
The Bridge Inn was located on the west side of the [[Brandywine Bridge]] in the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. It was likely used by travellers on the [[East Road]]. Its location would have put it near the point where the road north from Stock met the main East Road. When the Shire was occupied by [[Saruman]]'s men during the [[War of the Ring]], the Bridge Inn was demolished and replaced with a guard house, with gates erected on the Bridge.<ref name="SS">{{ME-ref|RotK|"The Scouring of the Shire"}}</ref>
== Brown Lands ==
The Brown Lands comprise a region across the [[Anduin]] from [[Fangorn]] forest. In the [[First Age]] the [[Entwives]] settled there and began to make gardens, and they also taught the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] that already lived there to engage in [[agriculture]]. The Entwives' gardens, as the region was called at that time, lasted for a long time into the [[Second Age]], until [[Sauron]] later blasted the entire area at some time before the [[Battle of Dagorlad]], which was when it became known as the Brown Lands. [[Treebeard]] appeared convinced that the Entwives were not all destroyed but were "lost"; their ultimate fate remains a mystery.
The area is described as withered, as if by fire, without any living green thing. In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'',<ref>{{ME-ref|FotR|Book 2, Ch. IX: "The Great River"}}</ref> the Fellowship pass by the region in elven boats as they sail down the River Anduin. Interestingly, [[Aragorn]]'s notable knowledge of geography and family history lets him down as he ''"could not tell"'' what had ''"so blasted"'' the region.
== Bundushathûr ==
: ''See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]''
== Calenardhon ==
Calenardhon was the province of [[Gondor]] which was renamed [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] when it was given to the folk of [[Eorl the Young]].
== Carrock ==
Carrock is a large and tall mid-river [[monolith]] in the upper reaches of the [[Anduin]], to the north of the [[Old Ford (Middle-earth)|Old Ford]]. In Chapter 7 of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Gandalf]] states that the steps from the base of the rock to the flat space at the top were made by [[Beorn]] and that "Carrock" is Beorn's name for it. This is somewhat of a linguistic joke on Tolkien's part, since ''car'' in Anglo-Saxon means "rock," the Irish for "rock" is "carraig", and the Welsh for rock is "Carreg." Specifically, "carrock" is Beorn's word for large rocks standing in the middle of rivers, and as this is the largest such rock in the river, he took to calling it "the" Carrock.
== Celebdil ==
Celebdil (called Zirakzigil in [[Khuzdul]] (or '''Zirak''' for short) and translated to English as '''Silver[[wikt:tine|tine]]'''), is a peak in the [[Misty Mountains]], the westernmost<ref name="artistMtns">Hammond and Scull, ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator'', Figure 158: "Dimrill Dale and Mountains of Moria", p. 163.</ref> of the Mountains of Moria, the three peaks that stood above the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]' city of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]]. (The other two peaks were [[Caradhras]] and [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]].) [[#Durin's Tower|Durin's Tower]] was located at the peak of Zirakzigil. This was where [[Gandalf]] fought the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] in the [[Battle of the Peak]].
In a 1968 letter, Tolkien identifies the Swiss [[Silberhorn]] as it appeared to him when camping near [[Mürren]] in 1911 as "the Silvertine (Celebdil) of my dreams".<ref>{{ME-ref|letters|#306}}</ref>
== Cerin Amroth ==
Cerin Amroth: The mound of [[Amroth (Middle-earth)|Amroth]], where [[elanor]] grows, that stood in the heart of [[Lothlórien]] where stood the house of Amroth before he was lost. It was here that [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] plighted their troth centuries later, and it was here where Arwen, after Aragorn's death, went to die.
== Cirith Gorgor ==
Cirith Gorgor: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Cleft of Terror'), called the '''Haunted Pass''' in [[Westron]]. The main passage into [[Mordor]] located at the point where the mountain ranges [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]] met. It was protected by the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] of Mordor and guarded by the two [[Teeth of Mordor|Towers of the Teeth]], Carchost and Narchost. The name is sometimes translated 'the Haunted Pass'.
== Cirith Ungol ==
Cirith Ungol (pronounced {{IPA-art|ˈkiriθ ˈuŋɡɔl|}})
The Pass of Cirith Ungol was high above the Morgul Pass, on the northern side of the Morgul Vale. In Mordor, the road from Cirith Ungol came down to join the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]]. These routes were guarded by the Tower of Cirith Ungol, built by the Men of [[Gondor]] after the [[War of the Last Alliance]], but occupied by [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].
During the Quest of the Ring [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] were led to this pass by [[Gollum]] to [[#Torech Ungol|Torech Ungol]], the lair of the giant spider-like creature [[Shelob]] who dwelt there, in order to get into Mordor.
== Tower of Cirith Ungol ==
The Tower of Cirith Ungol: A watchtower on the border of [[Mordor]]. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was located high in the [[Mountains of Shadow]] overlooking the pass that was called Cirith Ungol — the Pass of the Spider — because the Great Spider [[Shelob]] dwelled there. At the top of the pass was a cleft with two great horns of rock on either side. On the northern horn stood the Tower of Cirith Ungol, built up against the eastern face of the rock. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was made of black stone. It had three tiers, each set back from the next lower one like steps. The sheer sides faced northeast and southeast and formed a bastion pointing eastward. At the top of the Tower was a round turret that could be seen above the pass.
A road ran down from the pass and skirted the Tower alongside a sheer precipice before turning southward to join the [[Roads of Middle-earth#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]]. The Tower of Cirith Ungol was surrounded by an outer wall that was {{convert|30|ft|m}} high. The sides of the wall were smooth. At the top was overhanging stonework that prevented anyone from climbing over it.
The main gate was in the southeastern side of the wall. It was guarded by the Two Watchers — hideous statues seated on thrones. Each Watcher had three joined bodies facing inward, outward, and toward the other. The description in the Book is as follows:
<blockquote>They were like great figures seated upon thrones. Each had three joined bodies, and three heads facing outward, and inward, and across the gateway. The heads had vulture-faces, and on their great knees were laid clawlike hands. They seemed to be carved out of huge blocks of stone, immovable, and yet they were aware: some dreadful spirit of evil vigilance abode in them. They knew an enemy. Visible or invisible none could pass unheeded. They would forbid his entry, or his escape.</blockquote>
They thus had a kind of "psychic barrier" that barred the gate. [[Sam Gamgee]] had to overcome this obstacle while searching for his master [[Frodo Baggins]]. Sam did so by using the [[phial of Galadriel]], which overcame their will and allowed him to pass. As soon as he was through, however, they sounded an alarm. It is not known if the Watchers were built by men of Gondor, as was the Tower itself, or if it had been added later by Sauron. Certainly, the spirit that dwelt within them must have come later, as it was clearly identified as being evil.
Within the outer wall was a paved courtyard. There was a great door on the southeastern side of the Tower of Cirith Ungol. A passageway ran back through the Tower with rooms on either side. At the far end was the arched door of the Undergate — a back entrance to the Tower that opened onto a tunnel that joined with [[Shelob's Lair]].
To the right of the Undergate was a winding stairway to the upper levels of the Tower. At the top of the stairs was a domed chamber with doors facing east and west leading out onto the roof of the third tier. The roof was about {{convert|20|yd}} across and was surrounded by a parapet. On the western side of the roof stood the turret of the Tower.
Cloudyhead: ''See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]''
== Coldfells ==
Coldfells: The highlands west of the [[Misty Mountains]] and south of the [[Ettenmoors]], separated from them by the northern branch of the river [[Bruinen]].
== Dagorlad ==
Dagorlad: The great, treeless, open plain between the [[Emyn Muil]] and [[#Cirith Gorgor|Cirith Gorgor]]. The name means the '''Battle Plain''' in [[Sindarin]], and refers to the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] fought there between [[Sauron]]'s forces and the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the [[Second Age]]. The bodies of the dead decayed as normal, but over time part of the field became a wetland, the [[Dead Marshes]], where the images of the fallen could be seen.
== Dale ==
Dale: A city-state of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] on the [[Celduin#C|Celduin]] (the River Running) near the [[Lonely Mountain]] which also had a close association with the [[Long Lake (Middle-earth)|Long Lake]]. It appears have been an independent monarchy, whose ruler was styled "Lord" (and later "King"). It was ruled by [[Girion]] Lord of Dale until its destruction in {{ME-date|TA|2770}} by the [[Dragon (Middle-earth)|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the Dwarves restored their kingdom under the Lonely Mountain in {{ME-date|TA|2941}}, Men began to settle once more in Dale. [[Bard the Bowman]], a descendant of Girion, assumed the title King of Dale.
== Deeping-coomb ==
Deeping-coomb: The deep, well-defended valley in the northern [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. It was located in Westfold in the kingdom of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The gorge of [[Helm's Deep]] and the castle of the Hornburg were situated at the head of the Coomb, where the [[Deeping Stream|Deeping-stream]] issued from the gorge before it ran down through the valley. The Coomb was the site of an important battle, the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], during the [[War of the Ring]]. The word ''coomb'' is a rare [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] survival word, meaning a small deep dry valley, easily defended. It gives its name to many places in the British Isles.
== Dimholt ==
Dimholt: A forest of pine wood and fir situated at the base of the [[#Dwimorberg|Dwimorberg]] mountain, past [[Dunharrow]]. The name means literally 'dark wood'. An ancient road was visibly forged there, which led to a glen where a standing stone lay in front of the Dark Door, the entrance to the [[Paths of the Dead]]. The pathways led under the Dwimorberg and had been haunted by the spirits of the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]] in the Third Age until they fulfilled their oath to [[Aragorn]] and departed.
== Dimrill Dale ==
Dimrill Dale: A name in the tongue of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of the North for a great valley on the eastern side of the [[Misty Mountains]]. The valley, which was part of the ancient Dwarf-kingdom of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]], is also called '''''Nanduhirion''''' in [[Sindarin]] and '''''Azanulbizar''''' in [[Khuzdul]].
== Dimrill Stair ==
Dimrill Stair: The southeastern part of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]]. A waterfall flowed beside the Stair, which led down into the [[Dimrill Dale]] and past the mirror-like pool called [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zâram]].
== Dol Baran ==
Dol Baran: The southernmost foothill of the [[Misty Mountains]]. King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] and some of the surviving members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] camped here after their parley with [[Saruman]]. [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] stole away from this camp with the [[palantír]].
== Dorwinion ==
Dorwinion: A land which lay on the northwestern shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Known for its wine, Dorwinion was drawn at Tolkien's advice on [[Pauline Baynes]]' map of Middle-earth as lying at the end of the [[Carnen]] and [[Celduin]], at the northwest shore of the Sea of Rhûn, and in that position it has since appeared on other maps. It was possibly part of [[Gondor]] for several centuries in the early [[Third Age]].
== Drúwaith Iaur ==
Drúwaith Iaur: A region to the west of [[Gondor]]. It was not a part of the realm of Gondor, and therefore also not of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. It was the home to the remnants of the [[Drúedain]], the original inhabitants of the [[Ered Nimrais]], who were dispersed by the Númenóreans as they were hostile to them. The northern part of Drúwaith Iaur was also home to the [[Dunlending]]s, who feared the Drûgin because they used poisoned arrows.
== Dunland ==
Dunland: A place in north-west [[Middle-earth]], the land of the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] called Dunlendings. These Men were tall, somewhat swarthy and dark-haired, and were descended from the same ancient stock as the [[House of Haleth]], making them distantly related to the [[Dúnedain]]. They are the traditional enemies of the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] and are jealous of the wealth of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], themselves living on marginal land. During the [[War of the Ring]] they were persuaded by [[Saruman]] to invade Rohan in conjunction with the forces of [[Isengard]].
== Durin's Stone ==
Durin's Stone: A pillar that stood on the banks of [[Mirrormere]] near the East-gate of [[Khazad-dûm]]. According to the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]], it was built on the site where [[Durin the Deathless]] looked down in the lake and saw a crown above his head, and its purpose was to commemorate this. The stone was ornamented with runes, but by the later [[Third Age]] the stone was broken, cracked and heavily weathered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tolkien|first=J.R.R.|title=The Fellowship of the Ring|year=2005|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-261-10325-3|edition=50th Anniversary}}</ref>
== Durin's Tower ==
Durin's Tower: The tower that stood on the peak of [[Celebdil]] above Khazad-dûm, where Gandalf defeated [[Durin's Bane]]. It could be reached only by a long stairwell, the [[Endless Stair]], which began in the deep far below the mines.
== Durthang ==
Durthang: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'dark oppression') An old castle in northern [[Mordor]]. It stood in the northern [[Ephel Dúath]], on the slopes above the [[Isenmouthe]]. Possibly it was built by Gondorians after [[Sauron]]'s downfall at the end of the [[Second Age]], but later was captured by his forces and became an orc-hold.
== Dwimorberg ==
Dwimorberg: A peak in the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]; it was situated at the head of the valley of [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]]. [[Dunharrow]] stood above a cliff on the valley's eastern side, parallel to the Dwimorberg mountain itself. Beyond Dunharrow was a forest of pine wood and fir, known as the [[#Dimholt|Dimholt]].
== East Bight ==
East Bight: A vast indentation in the south-eastern edge of [[Mirkwood]] Forest, created by the clearing of trees by the [[Northmen (Middle-earth)|Northmen]].
== Eastfold ==
Eastfold: Part of the kingdom of Rohan that lay east of the [[Snowbourn]] River, and west of [[Anórien]] in [[Gondor]]. Located east of [[Edoras]].
== Edhellond ==
Edhellond: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'elf-haven') An ancient harbour and settlement of [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] origin in [[Gondor]], located just south of the junction of the rivers [[Morthond]] and [[Ringló]].
== Elostirion ==
Elostirion: (S. ????) The tallest of the three towers that stood on the [[Tower Hills]]. These towers were said to have been built by [[Gil-galad]], High King of the [[Noldor]] in Middle-earth, in honour of [[Elendil]] who came to Middle-earth in the aftermath of the fall of Númenor.
Emyn Beraid: ''See [[#Tower Hills|Tower Hills]]''
== Emyn Muil ==
Emyn Muil: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'veiled hills'<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987), ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (volume 5 of ''The History of Middle-earth''), Unwin Hyman, part 3 '[[The Etymologies (Tolkien)|The Etymologies]]', p.374 MUY-, ISBN 0-04-823349-8.</ref>) A craggy, nearly impassable highland surrounding [[Nen Hithoel]]. The [[Anduin]] river cut through the Emyn Muil, entering the north at [[Sarn Gebir]] and passing the [[Argonath]] before flowing into Nen Hithoel.
== Emyn Uial ==
Emyn Uial: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'hills of dusk') The highlands in northern [[Eriador]], called also the '''Hills of Evendim'''. The hills began about a hundred [[Númenórean]] miles north of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]; at the southern end was the city of [[Annúminas]], the first capital of [[Arnor]], at [[Lake Evendim]]. The [[Baranduin]] or [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] River flowed out of this lake. A tributary of the river [[Lhûn]] also rose in the hills.
== Enedwaith ==
Enedwaith: Also spelt '''Enedhwaith''', '''Enedwâith''', originally referred to both a region of [[Middle-earth]] and the men that inhabited it, although the region Enedwaith retained that name even when the Enedwaith people were no more.
== Ered Lithui ==
Ered Lithui: ([[Sindarin|S]]. ''''Mountains of Ash'''') The mountain range forming the northern border of [[Mordor]]. From the [[Morannon]], where it met the [[Ephel Dúath]], the Ered Lithui ran generally eastward for hundreds of miles. The name "Mountains of Ash" suggests that the range is downwind of [[Mount Doom]] and collects its [[volcanic ash|ash fallout]].
== Ered Luin ==
Ered Luin: The '''Ered Luin''' or '''Blue Mountains''' was a large mountain range which formed the western boundary of the great region of [[Eriador]]. Originally [[Beleriand]], another great region, lay to the east of the mountains; but at the end of the [[First Age]] Beleriand was mostly destroyed and submerged, and the only mainland remaining east of the mountains was [[Lindon]]. Even before the end of the First Age, Lindon had given the mountains an alternative (but little-used) name: the '''Ered Lindon'''.
== Ered Mithrin ==
Ered Mithrin: The '''Ered Mithrin''' or '''Grey Mountains''' was a large mountain range to the north of [[Rhovanion]]. The Grey Mountains were the last remnants of the wall of the [[Ered Engrin]] or ''Iron Mountains'', which once stretched all over the north of [[Middle-earth]], but were broken at the end of the [[First Age]]. The eastern Grey Mountains branched into two spurs, between which lay the [[#Withered Heath|Withered Heath]].
== Ered Wethrin ==
Ered Wethrin: Ered Wethrin ({{IPA-art|ˈɛrɛd ˈ(ʔ)weθrin}}; archaically {{IPA-art|ˈœrœd ˈɣweθrin}}) ('''Mountains of Shadow''') was a [[mountain range]] in the north of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[First Age]]. In the south, it was an east-west range that divided [[Dor-lómin]] and [[Mithrim]] to the north from [[Beleriand]] to the south, then in the east it curved around to the northwest, forming the boundary of [[Hithlum]]. A line of hills to the southwest formed the southern boundary of [[Nevrast]], while the '''Mountains of Mithrim''' were a northwesterly spur that separated Dor-lómin from Mithrim.
== Eryn Vorn ==
Eryn Vorn: 'The Black Wood' was a densely forested peninsula in southern [[Eriador]]. Forming the western tip of what became known as [[Minhiriath]], it was originally part of the vast ancient treescape that covered most of north-western Middle-earth, and was named by the early [[Númenórean]] explorers of the [[Second Age]].
== Ettenmoors ==
Ettenmoors: These are highlands west of the [[Misty Mountains]] and north of the [[Coldfells]]. It was a location of warfare between the Free Peoples and [[Angmar]] in the Third Age when the Witch King fled after losing the battle of [[Fornost]].<ref>{{ME-ref|RotK|Appendix B: The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands), The Third Age}}</ref> It is also the place where the trolls live in ''The Hobbit'' (''ettin'' is the old English for giant).
== Everholt ==
Everholt: The name the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] gave to a section of the [[Firienholt]] woods.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), ''[[The Return of the King]]'', London: [[George Allen & Unwin]], Appendix A section II, under entry for [[Folca]], 13th King of Rohan</ref> It was notorious for its [[wild boar|boars]], after whom the forest was named;<ref>{{ME-ref|RotK|Appendix A (II)}}</ref> the first element is [[Old English]] ''eofor'', "boar". The last boar was hunted and killed by [[Folca]], 13th King of Rohan; in the encounter the king was gored by the boar, and also died in the woods.
== Fanuidhol ==
Fanuidhol: Also called '''Bundushathûr''' in [[Khuzdul]] ('''Shathûr''' for short) and translated into English as '''Cloudyhead'''. A peak in the [[Misty Mountains]], the eastern-most<ref name="artistMtns"/> of the three (with [[Caradhras]] and [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]) that stood above the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarven]] city of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]].
== Field of Celebrant ==
Field of Celebrant: A broad grassland in south-western [[Rhovanion]]. It lay west of the river [[Anduin]] between two tributaries: the [[Limlight]] in the south and the eponymous [[Silverlode|Celebrant]] in the north. The Field thus separated Calenardhon (later [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]) from the woods of [[Lothlórien]]. The south-eastern corner of these grasslands was the site of the decisive [[Field of Celebrant|Battle of the Field of Celebrant]] in {{ME-date|TA|2510}}, where [[Eorl the Young]] rode to the aid of [[Gondor]]'s northern army. In Gondor after this time, the ''Field of Celebrant'' generally meant the battle site, rather than the grasslands as a whole.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, part 2 ch.IV appendix C p.260, ISBN 0-04-823179-7.</ref>
== Firienholt ==
Firienholt: A forest through which a portion of the border between [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] lay, also called the 'Firien Wood'. The [[Mering Stream]], marking the border between the two lands, flowed through. The [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]] lay south of the forest; [[Elendil]]'s original tomb was on a tall peak named [[Gondor#Amon Anwar|Halifirien]] within the forest.<ref name="UT-CE3">{{Harvnb|Unfinished Tales|loc="Cirion and Eorl", (iii)|Ref=Unfinished Tales 1980}}</ref>
== The Floating Log ==
The Floating Log: A "good inn" located in the village of [[Frogmorton]] in the Shire. During the War of the Ring, the inn was closed, so that [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions were taken to a [[Shirriff (Middle-earth)|Shirriff]]-house instead while travelling through Frogmorton.<ref name="SS"/>
== Folde ==
Folde: An ancient and historic region of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], close to the [[Kings of Rohan]]'s courts in [[Edoras]], which indeed originally held the King's seat at the town of [[Aldburg]]. Its name comes from [[Old English language|Old English]], with the approximate meaning 'bosom of the Earth', which shows its importance in Rohan's early history.<ref>The word ''"Folde"'' is the genitive singular of the Old English word "Foldan", which in turn is a feminine noun. It meaning can be translated to "of the earth", or simply "earth" or "land".[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-8-X.html] and [http://www2.thphy.uni-duesseldorf.de/~ansgar/languages.shtml]</ref>
== Forlond ==
Forlond: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'north haven') A harbour on the northern side of the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] in [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]. It was built by [[Elves (Middle-earth)|Elves]] after the drowning of [[Beleriand]].
== The Forsaken Inn ==
The Forsaken Inn: An inn on the [[East Road]] east of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]], presumably constructed by [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]]. It was mentioned by [[Aragorn]] discussing with Frodo Baggins the further course of their journey: "None have measured the road between [[Rivendell]] and the Forsaken Inn, a day's ride east of Bree."<ref>{{ME-ref|FotR|"A Knife in the Dark"}}</ref>
== Goblin-town ==
Goblin-town: A [[goblin]] (or [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orc]]) settlement which lay under the [[High Pass (Middle-earth)|High Pass]] in the [[Misty Mountains]]. It was ruled by the [[Great Goblin]].
== The Golden Perch ==
The Golden Perch: An inn situated in the village of [[Stock (Middle-earth)|Stock]] in the [[Eastfarthing]] of the Shire. It was credited by [[Peregrin Took]] for having "the best beer in the Eastfarthing".<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954) ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, ch. III p. 97; ISBN 0 04 823045 6.</ref>
== Gorgoroth ==
Gorgoroth: An arid [[plateau]] in the north-west of [[Sauron]]'s realm of [[Mordor]], in the midst of which stood the volcanic [[Mount Doom]]. The plateau was covered in volcanic ash, and was effectively a [[desert]] with little to no plant growth.
Gram: ''See [[#Mount Gram|Mount Gram]]''
== The Green Dragon ==
The Green Dragon: An inn at [[Bywater (Middle-earth)|Bywater]], the last building on the side of the village nearest to [[Hobbiton]].
== Gulf of Lune ==
Gulf of Lune: A [[sea loch|sea-arm]] that broke through the range of the [[Ered Luin]] into [[Eriador]]. The Gulf of Lune, named after the river [[Lhûn]] or "Lune", was created during the [[War of Wrath]] when [[Beleriand]] was broken. In the midst of [[Ossiriand]], [[Belegaer]] broke through the mountains, creating the Gulf of Lune.<ref>{{ME-ref|TOI|The Council of Elrond - 4th version, pg 124}}</ref> The remnant of Beleriand north of the gulf became known as '''Forlindon''', and the part south of it as '''Harlindon''' (North and South [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]).
== Harad ==
Harad: The lands south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]] that included the coastal city of [[Umbar]]. The Men of Harad, called the [[Haradrim]], were ancient enemies of the Gondorians whom they had been defeated by many times in the past, and allies of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]].
== Harlond ==
Harlond: (S. 'south haven') A harbour on the southern side of the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] in [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]]. Like [[#Forlond|Forlond]], it was built after the drowning of [[Beleriand]].
== Harrowdale ==
Harrowdale: The deep north-south valley cut out of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]] by the [[Snowbourn]] River. At its southern end, beneath the mountain known as the [[#Starkhorn|Starkhorn]], stood [[Dunharrow]], a great refuge of the [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]]. At its northern end, where the Snowbourn issued onto the plains of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], stood that kingdom's capital, [[Edoras]].
Hills of Evendim: ''See [[#Emyn Uial|Emyn Uial]]''
== Himring ==
Himring: A hill in the north-east of [[Beleriand]] during the [[First Age]], it was the greatest hill for many leagues around. It was wide-shouldered and surrounded by many lesser hills, and after [[Beleriand]] sank beneath the sea the summit of the hill remained above the sea as an island which remained in the ages that came afterwards.
== Irensaga ==
Irensaga: One of the major peaks of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. It rose above [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]]. Its name is [[Old English]] ''Írensaga'', "iron-saw", a reference to the jagged appearance of its peak.
== Isenmouthe ==
Isenmouthe: The pass in the northwest of [[Mordor]], also called by the Mannish name of the Isenmouthe or '''Carach Angren''' (both versions of the name mean 'iron jaws'). It was formed where spurs reaching out from the ranges of the Ephel Dúath and the Ered Lithui met, leaving only a narrow passage between the Plateau of Gorgoroth and the smaller valley of [[Udûn]] to the north. As the passage to the Black Gate of the [[Morannon]], Carach Angren was heavily fortified, and both the rocky spurs that overlooked it carried fortresses and watchtowers. Across the passage itself, a wall of earth had been built, and a great ditch had been dug across the opening spanned by a single bridge.
== The Ivy Bush ==
The Ivy Bush: A "small inn on the [[List of Middle-earth roads#Bywater Road|Bywater road]]" near [[Hobbiton]] in the Shire. Here [[Gaffer Gamgee]] recounted to the other regulars his stories about [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], who were about to throw a magnificent joint birthday party.<ref>''The Fellowship of the Ring'', "A Long-expected Party".</ref>
== Khand ==
Khand: A land which lay to the south-east of [[Mordor]] and to the east of [[Harad|Near Harad]]. Tolkien says little about the land or its people. It was the home of the [[Variags of Khand]], warriors who appear tangentially in the text with little description. The index of Volumes VIII and XII of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', presumably due to Christopher Tolkien, glosses ''Variag'' as "the people of Khand".
== Lake Evendim ==
Lake Evendim: ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''Nenuial''') Lake in [[Eriador]]. Lake Evendim was in the [[Emyn Uial|Hills of Evendim]] north of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The lake was the source of the river [[Baranduin]] (the Brandywine).<ref>{{ME-ref|Silm|"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age," p. 360}}</ref>
== Last Bridge ==
Last Bridge: The crossing point of the river [[Mitheithel]] by the [[East Road|Great East Road]]. The stone bridge of three arches, the river's lowest crossing below its upper reaches in the Ettenmoors,<ref>''The Fellowship of the Ring'', "Flight to the Ford"</ref> served as an important landmark on the road from [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]] to [[Rivendell]], as it was just over halfway between these two points and at least a week's journey east of Bree.
== Lithlad ==
Lithlad: ([[Sindarin|S.]] 'ash-plain') A region of [[Mordor]] to the south of [[#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]], upon the outskirts of which the Tower of [[Barad-dûr]] stood.
== Lond Daer Enedh ==
Lond Daer Enedh: This place under the original name '''Vinyalondë''', or 'New Haven', was founded by [[Númenor]]'s crown prince [[Aldarion]] on the estuary of the river [[Gwathló]] in the early [[Second Age]]. It was the first permanent settlement of the Númenóreans in [[Middle-earth]]. From here Aldarion's "Guild Of Venturers" began harvesting the local timber for the shipbuilding industry of Númenor.
== Long Lake ==
Long Lake: A lake situated at the confluence of the [[Forest River (Middle-earth)|Forest River]] and the northern reaches of the [[Celduin]] south of the [[Lonely Mountain]]. The lake gets its name from being longer north-south than it was wide east-west (standing on the west shore where the Forest River emptied into the lake the east could barely be seen, but the north and south could not). The lake emptied out over waterfalls on the southern edge into the River Running that led all the way to the great [[Sea of Rhûn]]. The town of [[Esgaroth]] was built entirely upon the lake itself, which thus formed a natural [[moat]]. It was built very near to the Forest River outlet, but protected from the stream by a promontory of rock. The water in the Lake itself was calm.
== Methedras ==
Methedras: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'end-horn') The southernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]], that lay above [[Isengard]] in the valley of Nan Curunír.
== Mindolluin ==
Mindolluin: (S. 'towering blue head') The easternmost peak of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]], below and to the east of which stood the city of [[Minas Tirith]]. In ''[[The Return of the King (book)|The Return of the King]]'', shortly after [[Aragorn]]'s coronation as King Elessar, [[Gandalf]] took him by an ancient path into the foothills of Mindolluin far above the city. There he discovered, upon an otherwise barren slope, a sapling of Nimloth, the [[White Tree of Gondor]], which he planted in the [[Court of the Fountain]] as a sign of rebirth.
== Minhiriath ==
Minhiriath: ([[Sindarin]] for 'Between Rivers' and thus an [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] form of ''[[Mesopotamia]]'') was located in [[Eriador]], a name for all the lands between the [[Hithaeglir]] and the [[Ered Luin]]. Minhiriath had no clear border in the north, but to the south, and east and west it was bounded by river and sea : the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]], the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]] and [[Belegaer]],'The Great Sea'.
== Mirrormere ==
Mirrormere: The [[tarn (lake)|tarn (mountain-lake)]] located in [[Dimrill Dale]] below the doors of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Khazad-dûm]] (Moria). It was known as '''''Kheled-zâram''''' by the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]. According to the Dwarves of [[Durin's folk]], their ultimate forefather [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]] had awoken at [[Mount Gundabad]] in the north of the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] (Misty Mountains), and then travelled south until he came upon the Mirrormere. He looked down in it, and in the reflection saw a [[crown (headgear)|crown]] of stars above his head. Then he founded Khazad-dûm nearby; [[Minor places in Middle-earth#Durin's Stone|Durin's Stone]] was erected on the spot where the patriarch had his vision.
== Morannon ==
Morannon
== Morgul Pass ==
Morgul Pass: The Morgul Pass is the main pass from the Morgul Vale into [[Mordor]]. The Morgul Pass was at the far eastern end of the Morgul Vale. The [[Mountains of Shadow]] were relatively low at that point. The [[List of Middle-earth roads#Morgul-road|Morgul-road]] ran through the valley past [[Minas Morgul]] and over the Morgul Pass. This road then ran down into Mordor and crossed [[Gorgoroth (Middle-earth)|Gorgoroth]] to [[Mount Doom]] and [[Barad-dûr]]. The Morgul Pass was so called because it was located in the Morgul Vale. The word morgul means "black magic." The element ''mor'' means "black, dark." The element ''gûl'' means "sorcery, magic" from the stem ''ngol'' or ''nólë'' meaning "long study, lore, knowledge." This pass was also called the '''Nameless Pass''', presumably by those who did not wish to utter the evil name of Morgul.
== Mount Gram ==
Mount Gram: A mountain in north [[Eriador]]; its exact location is unknown but it probably was located either in the [[Ettenmoors]] or the [[#Mountains of Angmar|Mountains of Angmar]], or somewhere else in the northern [[Misty Mountains]]. It was inhabited by [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] whose army once attacked the [[Hobbit]]s of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]].
== Mount Gundabad ==
Mount Gundabad: ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'stone<ref>John D. Rateliff (2007), ''[[The History of the Hobbit]]'', HarperCollins, part 2 'Return to Bag-End', ch. XVII p. 675 note 20, ISBN 0-00-725066-5.</ref>-judgement<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1987), ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' volume 5, Unwin Hyman, part 3 '[[The Etymologies (Tolkien)|The Etymologies]]', root BAD- "judgement", related to entry MBAD- "duress, prison, doom, hell"; ISBN 0-04-823349-8. The names derived from MBAD- are epic underground places of confinement ([[Angband]], [[Mandos]]); thus the name Gundabad alludes to [[Aulë#Aulë and the creation of the Dwarves|Aulë's creation of the Dwarves]], Durin's awakening, and the stone-bound fate of his people.</ref>': a translation of a [[Khuzdul]] name<ref name="R. Tolkien 1996 p. 301">J. R. R. Tolkien (1996), ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' volume 12, part 2 (Late Writings), ch. X p. 301, ISBN 0-395-82760-4.</ref>) A mountain in the northernmost section of the [[Misty Mountains]], close to the western extremity of the [[Ered Mithrin|Grey Mountains]]. It was a stronghold of [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] and later, [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
== Mountains of Angmar ==
Mountains of Angmar: The northernmost range of the [[Misty Mountains]];<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', George Allen & Unwin, fold-out map 'The West of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age', ISBN 0-04-823179-7.</ref> it ran north-west from [[Mount Gundabad]] to [[Carn Dûm]]. Carn Dûm was the capital of the evil kingdom of [[Angmar]], which straddled the mountains and gave its name to the range. The mountains were probably inhabited at various times both by [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] and [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]].
Mountains of Ash: ''See [[#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]]''
== Mountains of Moria ==
Mountains of Moria: The three massive peaks at the midpoint of the [[Misty Mountains]]: [[Caradhras]], [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]] and [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]. The great Mines of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]] were delved by the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] beneath these three mountains; the main body of their realm lay under Celebdil. During the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Company of the Ring]] attempted to travel over Caradhras, but they were forced to enter the Mines due to a heavy snowfall.
Nanduhirion: ''See [[#Dimrill Dale|Dimrill Dale]]''
== Nen Hithoel ==
Nen Hithoel: A large lake upon the Great River [[Anduin]] amid the [[Emyn Muil]] to the east of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The lake is approximately {{convert|20|mi|km}} long from north to south, and {{convert|10|mi|km}} wide. Upon the lake's northern approach from Anduin the [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of [[Gondor]] constructed the huge pillars of the [[Argonath]] in the reign of [[Rómendacil II]] to mark the northern boundary of their realm, although by the time of the [[War of the Ring]] that boundary has long since receded. At the southern end of the lake stand three hills. [[Amon Hen]], the Seat of Seeing, stands upon the western shore and [[Amon Lhaw]], the Seat of Hearing upon the east. The third hill forms an island in the lake itself, [[Tol Brandir]]. None has ever set foot upon the island due to the intense currents at the lake's south end, for the lake is drained by the [[Waterfall|falls]] of [[Rauros]].
== Nindalf ==
Nindalf: Also called '''Wetwang''', this swamp lay to the south of the [[Emyn Muil]] and east of the Great River [[Anduin]], fed by the great inland delta of the [[Entwash]]. The [[Dead Marshes]] lay further east and may have been an extension of the Nindalf.
== Old Ford ==
Old Ford: The point where the [[Old Forest Road]] crossed the River [[Anduin]], about forty [[mile]]s (sixty-four [[kilometre]]s) downriver from the [[#Carrock|Carrock]]. In older times, the river was crossed by a stone bridge here, but by the end of the [[Third Age]], the bridge had long since disappeared, and the crossing was no more than a simple ford.
Old Púkel Land: ''See [[#Drúwaith Iaur|Drúwaith Iaur]]''
== Osgiliath ==
Osgiliath: A city of [[Middle-earth]], the old [[Capital (political)|capital]] city of [[Gondor]]. Osgiliath is a [[Sindarin]] word that means ''Citadel of the Host of Stars''. Founded by [[Elendil]] and his sons [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] at the end of the [[Second Age]], Osgiliath was located on either side of the Great River [[Anduin]]. Osgiliath was burned during the [[Kin-strife]] and its ''[[palantír]]'' was lost in the Anduin. Later Osgiliath was badly affected by the [[Great Plague (Middle-earth)|Great Plague]] which wiped out a substantial part of the city's population. The capital was shifted to [[Minas Anor]] in {{ME-date|TA|1640}}, and Osgiliath began to fall into ruin. The half-ruined city was completely abandoned in T.A. 2475 when [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]] from [[Mordor]] invaded [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city's great bridge. They were driven back by Boromir, son of [[Stewards of Gondor|Denethor I]].<ref name="AppA-Gondor"/>
== Parth Galen ==
Parth Galen: (S: 'Green Sward') A green lawn above the [[Falls of Rauros]] at the feet of [[Amon Hen]]. It was on the western shore of [[Nen Hithoel]] near the southern end — a fair, green sward, watered by a small spring. Sward means a large open expanse of lawn: ''parth'' means "field, enclosed grassland", related to "path", meaning "level space, sward"; ''galen'' (or calen) means "green." It was here that the breaking of the [[Fellowship of the Ring (characters)|Fellowship of the Ring]] took place.
== The Prancing Pony ==
The Prancing Pony: An inn at the centre of the village of [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]].
== Ravenhill ==
Ravenhill: An outlying hill beneath the height of [[Erebor]], the Lonely Mountain. It stood at the end of a ridge of high ground extending southwards from the mountain itself, overlooking the [[River Running]] and the valley of [[Dale (Middle-earth)|Dale]]. The [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] of Erebor built a guard-post on the hill.
== Sarn Gebir ==
Sarn Gebir: [[Rapids]] in the river [[Anduin]] where it entered the north of the [[Emyn Muil]].<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', London: [[George Allen & Unwin]], bk.2 ch IX. pp.401''fl.''</ref> An old portage-way existed on the western shore to enable light boat traffic to by-pass the rapids.
== Nurnen ==
Sea of Núrnen: An inland sea in [[Mordor]]. It held bitter water not suitable for drinking, but the area around it, [[Núrn]], watered by a river system coming from the [[Ephel Dúath]], was fertile enough to feed the entire armies of [[Sauron]] in Mordor.
== Rhun|Sea of Rhûn ==
Sea of Rhûn: An inland sea in [[Rhûn]]. The Sea of Rhûn, according to Tolkien's maps, covered roughly 17,000 square miles<ref>The Sea of Rhûn has an irregular shape about 170 miles wide from east to west and 100 miles from north to south, according to the scale on Tolkien's map of Middle-earth. If a rectangle of this size is centred on the Sea, then it can be seen that the Sea's protrusions beyond the rectangle are more or less equivalent to the indentations.</ref> (43,000 km²), or a little smaller than the area of the [[Aral Sea]] in Tolkien's lifetime. The [[Celduin]] (River Running) flowed from the northwest through [[Dorwinion]] into a northwestern arm of the sea, while several unnamed rivers flowed from the northeastern shore.
Shathûr: See [[#Fanuidhol|Fanuidhol]]
Silvertine: ''See [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]''
== Stair Falls ==
Stair Falls: A waterfall outside the [[Doors of Durin|West-gate]] of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]]. The falls were formed by the stream [[List of Middle-earth rivers#S|Sirannon]], which flowed from the valley in front of the West-gate and over a cliff about {{convert|30|ft|m}} high and then continued southwestward to join the [[Glanduin]]. There was a flight of stone steps carved into the cliff on the northern side of the falls, but the main path wound up the cliffside a bit north of the stairs. The Stair Falls were once strong and full, but by the time of the [[War of the Ring]] the waterfall was cut off when the Sirannon was dammed, forming a pool where the [[Watcher in the Water]] lurked.<ref>{{ME-ref|FOTR|"A Journey in the Dark," p. 314-16}}</ref><ref>{{ME-ref|FOTR|"The Bridge of Khazad-dûm," p. 336-37}}</ref>
== Starkhorn ==
Starkhorn: A snow-clad peak that rose in the inner regions of the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains]]. From its feet sprang the [[Snowbourn]] River, whose widening valley ran northwards through the mountains to emerge onto the plains of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. The [[Rohan (Middle-earth)#People|Rohirrim]] called that valley [[Harrowdale]], and built their courts of [[Edoras]] at its mouth, from where the lonely white peak of the Starkhorn could be seen along the straight length of the valley.
== Swanfleet ==
Swanfleet: (S. Nîn-in-Eilph) A marshy area in [[Eriador]]. Formed where the [[Glanduin]] (mistakenly labelled as "Swanfleet river" on some maps) joins the [[Gwathló]] (Greyflood), the Swanfleet is effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.
== Tharbad ==
Tharbad: A city on the southern edge of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. Tharbad, [[Sindarin]] for 'The Crossing Road',<ref>{{ME-ref|Silm|Appendix, p. 364}}</ref> was originally the name given to a fort where the old [[List of Middle-earth roads#North-South Road|North-South Road]] crossed the fenlands at the head of the [[Gwathló]]. The area around Tharbad was flat and marshy; the road approached the river from either side along miles of causeway. It was abandoned late in the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tolkien|first=J.R.R.|editor=Christopher Tolkien|title=Unfinished Tales|year=1980|publisher=George Allen and Unwin|isbn=0-395-29917-9|chapter=History of Galadriel and Celeborn|page=261–5}}</ref>
== Tol Brandir ==
Tol Brandir: An island crag set in the lake of [[Nen Hithoel]] which straddled the [[Falls of Rauros]]. The island was bordered by [[Amon Hen]] to the west and [[Amon Lhaw]] to the east. In days past, the hills near Tol Brandir had been important watchtowers for the Kingdom of [[Gondor]]. However, no man ever visited Tol Brandir, or so the legends state.
Tol Brandir means "tall island" and was the name used by [[Elves (Middle-earth)|Elves]]. [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] called the island "Tindrock", derived from the [[Old English]] word "tind" meaning sharp point (literally, therefore, 'pointed rock').
== Tomb of Elendil ==
Tomb of Elendil: Was the tomb of the [[Elendil|first King]] of [[Arnor]] and of [[Gondor]]. Its location was a secret kept for many centuries, but it was later discovered to be atop the mountain known as the [[Halifirien]], on the borders of [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]].<ref>[http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Tomb_of_Elendil Tomb of Elendil - Tolkien Gateway<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Torech Ungol ==
Torech Ungol or '''[[Shelob]]'s Lair''' was the home of the giant spider Shelob. It was located below [[#Cirith Ungol|Cirith Ungol]], a pass into [[Mordor]]. The [[orc (Middle-earth)|orc]]s were generally afraid of Shelob but had built extensive tunnels into the lair for their own purposes.<ref name="lair">{{ME-ref|ttt|"Shelob's Lair"}}</ref> When some of them were unruly or Shelob needed to be appeased, the orcs would throw some of their own kind into the lair without much concern for them.<ref name="sam">{{ME-ref|ttt|"The Choices of Master Samwise"}}</ref>
In Peter Jackson's film adaptations to the books, the entire sequence in Shelob's Lair was moved to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''. Because ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' needed a new climax, a new sub-plot was created in which [[Faramir]] took [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] to [[Osgiliath]].<ref>''From Book to Script: Finding the Story'' [DVD]. New Line.</ref> This addition was criticized by some purists.<ref>[http://www.istad.org/tolkien/faramir.html What Happened to Gallant Captain Faramir?]</ref><ref>[http://herenistarion.org/tttreviews.html The Trouble With Frodo: Fragility in ''The Two Towers'']</ref>
Jackson explained that he moved the scene from ''The Two Towers'' into his ''The Return of the King'' for the sake of the timeline of events as given in the books.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Although the episode with Shelob occurred in the ''Two Towers'' book, it was chronologically simultaneous with events in other parts of [[Middle-earth]] that took place during ''The Return of the King''. For example, even in the books, Frodo's capture at Shelob's Lair happened as [[Gandalf]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] were engaged in battle at the besieged [[Minas Tirith]], not at [[Helm's Deep]] or even [[Isengard]].
== Tower Hills ==
Tower Hills: A series of steep hills at the west end of [[Eriador]], called in [[Sindarin]] '''Emyn Beraid'''. They lay about 30 [[Númenórean]] miles east of the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]], and about {{convert|50|mi|km}} west of the [[White Downs]], of old the border of [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. High upon the Tower Hills stood three tall [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elven]] towers, the highest of which was called [[Elostirion]] and held a ''[[palantír]]''.
The Tower Hills formed the ancient border between the Elven realm of [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]] and the Kingdom of [[Arnor]], and the [[East Road|Great East Road]] which led all the way to Rivendell ran through them. In the early [[Fourth Age]], [[Elanor Gamgee]] and her husband [[Fastred Fairbairn]] moved to the Tower Hills, founding the town of ''Undertowers'' on the eastern slopes of the Hills, and becoming the ''Wardens of [[Shire (Middle-earth)#Westmarch|Westmarch]]'', when the Tower Hills became the new western border of the Shire by the issue of King [[Aragorn|Elessar]].
== Towers of the Teeth ==
Towers of the Teeth: Also called the Teeth of [[Mordor]]. Two towers situated on either side of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] of Mordor. The towers — known individually as '''Carchost''' and '''Narchost''' — were originally constructed by the men of [[Gondor]] after [[Sauron]]'s defeat in the [[Second Age]] to guard the entrance to Mordor, but were taken over by [[Sauron]] in the later [[Third Age]], having been abandoned sometime after the defeat of King [[Ondoher]] in 1944 to the [[Wainriders]], as the Towers are stated to have been manned before the Battle.
Tolkien's writings leave it unclear which tower was located on which side of the Morannon. However, Carchost appears to have stood to the eastern side and Narchost on the western side. Carchost is a [[Sindarin]] name that means "Tooth Fort", a compound of ''carch'' (meaning 'tooth or fang') and ''ost'' (meaning 'fortress'). Narchost is a [[Sindarin]] name that means "Fire Fort". The towers were destroyed in the [[War of the Ring]] with the defeat of [[Sauron]] following the destruction of the [[One Ring]]. Their collapse is shown in [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|film interpretation]] of ''[[The Return of the King]]''.
== Trollshaws ==
Trollshaws: The upland woods, consisting at least partly of beech trees, that lay to the west of [[Rivendell]] between the rivers [[Hoarwell]] and [[Bruinen|Loudwater]]. They were the haunt of [[Troll (Middle-earth)|trolls]]. Three of these trolls waylaid [[Bilbo Baggins]] and his companions during ''[[The Hobbit]]''. Years later [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions found them on their way to Rivendell, but they were inert stone.
There is a contradiction regarding the layout of the Trollshaws. In ''The Hobbit'', the company passes over a "stone bridge" and very soon after that spots the trolls' fire, an hour or two away. In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', however, [[Aragorn]] explicitly leads the Hobbits over the [[#Last Bridge|Last Bridge]] and takes six days to reach the site of the troll camp. This discrepancy was not noticed by J. R. R. Tolkien, but was discussed by [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''.
== Udûn ==
Udûn was pronounced “oo-doon.”<ref name="Udun Encyc Arda ref">{{cite web|title=Udûn|url=http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/u/udun.html|website=The Encyclopedia of Arda|accessdate=26 January 2015|date=14 December 2002}}</ref> In the Elvish language of [[Sindarin]], Udûn translates as ''hell'',<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), “Index: III Places,” ''The Return of the King'', London: George Allen and Unwin Publishers (1978 (Hardback) Impression), (p. 436), 0048230464</ref> and possibly as u+dûn = ''un-west'' (although this may be a pseudo-etymology, as it most likely is cognate to Quenya "Utumno").<ref name="An Introduction to Elvish Sindarin ref">{{cite book|last1=Allan|first1=J.|editor1-last=Allan J. (ed.)|title=An Introduction to Elvish|date=1978|publisher=Bran’s Head Books|location=Helios|isbn=0905220102|pages=76, 90|edition=reprinted 2002|chapter=Sindarin-English Dictionary}}</ref>
Udûn was the name of a deep valley and region between the ends of the [[Mordor#Geography|Ephel Duath]] (Mountains of Shadow) and the [[List of Minor places in Middle-earth#Ered Lithui|Ered Lithui]] (Ash Mountains) in north-western Mordor. The two ends of the valley were closed by the [[Morannon|Black Gate]] (Morannon) and the [[List of Minor places in Middle-earth#Isenmouthe|Isenmouthe]]. The Isenmouthe (Carach Angren) was Udûn’s southern entrance, south of which lay [[List_of_minor_places_in_Middle-earth#Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]]. The Isenmouthe was built across the southern pass between a spur from the Ephel Duath and a spur from the Ered Lithui. There were towers and forts upon the ends of both these spurs.<ref name="RotK hardback page 205">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=J. R. R.|title=The Return of the King|date=1955|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Publishers|location=London|isbn=0048230464|page=205|edition=1978 (hardback) Impression|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref> Looking north, the valley opened out but then narrowed again where a spur from each mountain range again came close to the other. Each spur contained caves and there hordes of [[Orc_(Middle-earth)|Orcs]] could be stationed when needed.<ref name="TT hardback p244">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=J. R. R.|title=The Two Towers|date=1954|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Publishers|location=London|isbn=0048230464|page=244|edition=1978 (hardback) Impression|chapter=The Black Gate is Closed}}</ref> The Black Gate was built across the northern pass or gap between the spurs of the two mountain ranges. This pass was called ''Cirith Gorgor = the Haunted Pass''. Udûn contained underground armories and tunnels for the defence of the Morannon.
A road passed through Udûn connecting the Black Gate to the Isenmouthe. The old castle of [[minor places in Middle-earth#Durthang|Durthang]] (later an orc-hold) was positioned high up on the south-western spur of the Ephel Duath and there were many other orc-holds clustered about the valley.<ref name="RotK hardback page 205" /> [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] developed his concept of north-west Mordor when he had the idea that the valley behind the Morannon was closed at the southern end by the spurs of the two mountain ranges.<ref name="End of the Third Age p32">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=C. R. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien: The End of the Third Age - The History of The Lord of the Rings Part Four|date=1992|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=9780618083565|page=32|edition=2000 (paperback edition)|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref> His original idea was that Gorgoroth would have extended right up to the mouth of the northern pass of Cirith Gorgor. Tolkien’s earlier name for the vale of Udûn was "The Narch" which was described as a “deep dark valley.”<ref name="End of the Third Age p33-34">{{cite book|last1=Tolkien|first1=C. R. |title=J.R.R. Tolkien: The End of the Third Age - The History of The Lord of the Rings Part Four|date=1992|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=9780618083565|pages=33-34|edition=2000 (paperback edition)|chapter=The Land of Shadow}}</ref>
The name ''Udûn'' recalled the name of [[Melkor]]'s ancient fortress, [[minor_places_in_Arda#Utumno|Utumno]] in [[Quenya]] or Udûn in Sindarin, located to the north of Beleriand. It was Melkor's fortress that Gandalf referred to when he addressed the [[Balrog]] in [[Moria_(Middle-earth)#Moria|Moria]] as "Flame of Udûn."
== Upbourn ==
Upbourn: A hamlet in [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] south of [[Edoras]], located on the banks of the [[Snowbourn]] river in the valley of [[#Harrowdale|Harrowdale]].
== Withered Heath ==
Withered Heath: A region at the eastern extreme of the [[Grey Mountains (Middle-earth)|Grey Mountains]] (Ered Mithrin). There, the Grey Mountains broke into two spurs, north and south. Between these spurs lay the Withered Heath. The burned, blackened valley was known as a breeding ground of the Great Worms. The Dragons nurtured around the Withered Heath terrorized the Dwarves of the Grey Mountains, forcing them to relocate to the [[Iron Hills]].
== Zirakzigil ==
: ''See [[#Celebdil|Celebdil]]''
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Narwhals can live up to at least 50 years.<ref name= Macdonald/> Almost all modern predation of narwhals is by humans; other predators are [[polar bears]], which attempt to swipe narwhals at breathing holes and mainly target young whales, and [[killer whale]]s (orcas) which can group together to overwhelm narwhals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2012/01/killer-whale-menu-finally-revealed|title=Killer whale menu finally revealed|author=Morell V|date=30 January 2012|publisher=Science|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> [[Greenland shark]]s and [[walrus]]es may take a few small young or weak and wounded adults, though this is likely quite rare.<ref name= Macdonald/> When it comes to escaping predators such as orcas, narwhals typically use prolonged submergence to hide under the ice rather than relying on speed.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Mortality often occurs when the narwhals suffocate after they fail to leave before the surface of the Arctic waters freeze over in the late autumn.<ref name= Macdonald/><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite journal|author1=Laidre K., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P. |author2=Stern, H. |author3=Richard, P. |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8 |url=http://staff.washington.edu/klaidre/docs/Laidreetal_2012.pdf |title=Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed autumn freeze-up trends |year=2011 |journal=Polar Biology |volume=35 |pages=149}}</ref> Open water is formed in ice-covered water by fracturing events induced by strong winds, but when these conditions are absent ice can quickly form. The last major entrapment events occurred when there was little to no wind. Narwhals are mammals and need air to breathe, so when open water is no longer accessible and the ice is too thick for them to break through, they can drown. Maximum [[Oxygen|aerobic]] swimming distance between breathing holes in ice is less than {{convert|1,450|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=uk}} which limits the use of foraging grounds and these holes must be at least {{convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=uk}} wide to allow an adult whale to breathe.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal|title=Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate-change sensitivity in the narwhal, ''Mondon monceros''|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00408.x|year=2011|last1=Williams|first1=Terrie M.|last2=Noren|first2=Shawn R.|last3=Glenn|first3=Mike|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=27|issue=2|pages=334}}</ref> The events can trap groups as large as 600 individuals. Most entrapment events occur in narwhal wintering areas such as [[Disko Bay]]. In the largest entrapment in 1915 in [[West Greenland]], over 1,000 narwhals were trapped under the ice.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Porsild, M. |year=1918|title=On 'Savssat': A crowding of Arctic animals at holes in the sea ice|journal= Geogr Rev |volume=6|pages=215–228|jstor=207815|doi=10.2307/207815|issue=3}}</ref>
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Narwhals can live up to at least 50 years.<ref name= Macdonald/> Mortality often occurs when the narwhals suffocate after they fail to leave before the surface of the Arctic waters freeze over in the late autumn.<ref name= Macdonald/><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite journal|author1=Laidre K., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P. |author2=Stern, H. |author3=Richard, P. |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8 |url=http://staff.washington.edu/klaidre/docs/Laidreetal_2012.pdf |title=Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed autumn freeze-up trends |year=2011 |journal=Polar Biology |volume=35 |pages=149}}</ref> Open water is formed in ice-covered water by fracturing events induced by strong winds, but when these conditions are absent ice can quickly form. The last major entrapment events occurred when there was little to no wind. Narwhals are mammals and need air to breathe, so when open water is no longer accessible and the ice is too thick for them to break through, they can drown. Maximum [[Oxygen|aerobic]] swimming distance between breathing holes in ice is less than {{convert|1,450|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=uk}} which limits the use of foraging grounds and these holes must be at least {{convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=uk}} wide to allow an adult whale to breathe.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal|title=Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate-change sensitivity in the narwhal, ''Mondon monceros''|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00408.x|year=2011|last1=Williams|first1=Terrie M.|last2=Noren|first2=Shawn R.|last3=Glenn|first3=Mike|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=27|issue=2|pages=334}}</ref> The events can trap groups as large as 600 individuals. Most entrapment events occur in narwhal wintering areas such as [[Disko Bay]]. In the largest entrapment in 1915 in [[West Greenland]], over 1,000 narwhals were trapped under the ice.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Porsild, M. |year=1918|title=On 'Savssat': A crowding of Arctic animals at holes in the sea ice|journal= Geogr Rev |volume=6|pages=215–228|jstor=207815|doi=10.2307/207815|issue=3}}</ref>
===As prey===
Almost all modern predation of narwhals is by humans; other predators are [[polar bears]], which attempt to swipe narwhals at breathing holes and mainly target young whales. [[Greenland shark]]s and [[walrus]]es may take a few small young or weak and wounded adults, though this is likely quite rare.<ref name= Macdonald/>
[[Killer whale]]s (orcas) group together to overwhelm narwhal pods in the shallow water of enclosed bays,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2012/01/killer-whale-menu-finally-revealed|title=Killer whale menu finally revealed|author=Morell V|date=30 January 2012|publisher=Science|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> in one case killing dozens of nawhals in a single attack.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/invasion-killer-whales-killer-whales-attack-pod-narwhals/11165/ | title=Invasion of the Killer Whales: Killer Whales Attack Pod of Narwhal | publisher=Public Broadcasting System | date=19 November 2014 | accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> To escape predators such as orcas, narwhals may use prolonged submergence to hide under ice flows rather than relying on speed.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
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2016-10-24T03:31:05Z
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At the end of 2006, Worcester's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/article/1007/ Leipold, J.D. "Veterans' Cemeteries Across America Receive Wreaths." Army.mil News. December 15, 2006.] Accessed 2013-07-29.</ref> Assisted by veterans and truckers, Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named "Wreaths Across America".<ref name=Wreaths/> In December 2008, the [[United States Senate]] agreed to a resolution that designated December 13, 2008, as “Wreaths Across America Day”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110sres726ats/pdf/BILLS-110sres726ats.pdf|title=110th Congress, 2nd Session: S. Res. 726|date=9 December 2008|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>
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2016-09-29T20:11:37Z
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At the end of 2006, Worcester's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/1007/|last=Leipold|first=J.D.|title=Veterans' Cemeteries Across America Receive Wreaths|date= 15 December 2006|publisher=United States Army|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref> Assisted by veterans and truckers, Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named "Wreaths Across America".<ref name=Wreaths/> In December 2008, the [[United States Senate]] agreed to a resolution that designated December 13, 2008, as “Wreaths Across America Day”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110sres726ats/pdf/BILLS-110sres726ats.pdf|title=110th Congress, 2nd Session: S. Res. 726|date=9 December 2008|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>
===Security increase===
In September 2016, the cemetery's executive director, Patrick K. Hallinan, announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors. In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place, the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points: the main entrance on Memorial Avenue, the Ord and Weitzel gate, and the [[Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall]] Old Post Chapel gate. Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance, all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery's Welcome Center. All vehicle access will require presenting valid, government-issued photo identification, such as a driver’s license or passport, when entering the cemetery. Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections. Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery.<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941736/arlington-national-cemetery-announces-enhanced-visitor-security-measures|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913170109/http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941736/arlington-national-cemetery-announces-enhanced-visitor-security-measures|archivedate=13 September 2016|date=12 September 2016|title=Arlington National Cemetery Announces Enhanced Visitor Security Measures|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]|accessdate=29 September 2016}}<br>(2) {{cite web|first=Victoria|last=St. Martin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/arlington-national-cemetery-increases-security-measures/2016/09/12/0ceb7448-7926-11e6-bd86-b7bbd53d2b5d_story.html|title=Arlington National Cemetery increases security measures|date=12 September 2016|work=Metro|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=29 September 2016}} </ref>
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2016-09-29T20:54:06Z
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Sugerman married [[Fawn Hall]] of the [[Iran–Contra affair]] fame in 1991 and they remained married until his death.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} They briefly met [[MP3.com]] co-founder [[Rod Underhill]] while Hall was employed there. Underhill later stated that "Sugerman was very interesting. He had appeared to go out of his way to appear visually like Jim Morrison. Same type of haircut, similar clothing. The similarity was uncanny."{{citation needed|ate=January 2013|date=January 2013}} Sugerman discussed his idolisation of Morrison in detail, in part of one of his books ''[[Wonderland Avenue]]''.
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2016-08-31T03:14:04Z
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Sugerman married [[Fawn Hall]] of the [[Iran–Contra affair]] fame in 1991 and they remained married until his death.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} They briefly met [[MP3.com]] co-founder [[Rod Underhill]] while Hall was employed there. Underhill later stated that "Sugerman was very interesting. He had appeared to go out of his way to appear visually like Jim Morrison. Same type of haircut, similar clothing. The similarity was uncanny."{{citation needed|ate=January 2013|date=January 2013}} Sugerman discussed his idolization of Morrison in detail, in part of his book ''[[Wonderland Avenue]]''.
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2016-10-03T20:52:42Z
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=746236118
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The prison was opened at the southern end of Terminal Island, adjacent to a [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] base, on June 1, 1938, with 610 male, and 40 female prisoners. It consisted of a central quadrangle surrounded by three cell block and cost $2 million to construct. In 1942, the [[U.S. Navy]] took control of the prison for use as a receiving station and later as a barracks for court-martialed prisoners. The facility was deactivated by the Navy in 1950 and turned over to the state of California for use as a medical and psychiatric institution.<ref name=Daily>{{cite news |last1=Gnerre|first1=Sam|title=Terminal Island's 'Big House'|url=http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2010/08/25/the-terminal-island-federal/|website=South Bay Daily Breeze|date=August 25, 2010}}</ref>
The state returned control to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons in 1955 for conversion back to a low-to-medium security federal prison. The prison was coed, with female prisoners housed separately, until 1977, when overcrowding led to the transfer of the women to the federal prison in [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]]. The prison was given increased barbed wire and armed guards in the early 1980s in an effort to dispel the facility's "Club Fed" image. A corruption scandal rocked the prison in the early 1980s, resulting in the indictment of six employees on charges of bribes, cover-ups, marijuana sales to inmates, and other corruption. Those indicted included Charles DeSordi, the prison's chief investigator of crimes, the highest-ranking federal prison official ever to be indicted<ref name=Daily/>
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2016-10-09T22:36:39Z
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The prison was opened at the southern end of Terminal Island, adjacent to a [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] base, on June 1, 1938, with 610 male, and 40 female prisoners. It consisted of a central quadrangle surrounded by three cell blocks and cost $2 million to construct. In 1942, the [[U.S. Navy]] took control of the prison for use as a receiving station and later as a barracks for court-martialed prisoners. The facility was deactivated by the Navy in 1950 and turned over to the state of California for use as a medical and psychiatric institution.<ref name=Daily>{{cite news |last1=Gnerre|first1=Sam|title=Terminal Island's 'Big House'|url=http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2010/08/25/the-terminal-island-federal/|website=[[South Bay Daily Breeze]] |date=August 25, 2010}}</ref>
The state returned control to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons in 1955 for conversion back to a low-to-medium security federal prison. The prison was coed, with female prisoners housed separately, until 1977, when overcrowding led to the transfer of the women to the federal prison in [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]]. The prison was given increased barbed wire and armed guards in the early 1980s in an effort to dispel the facility's "Club Fed" image. A corruption scandal rocked the prison in the early 1980s, resulting in the indictment of six employees on charges of bribes, cover-ups, marijuana sales to inmates, and other corruption. Those indicted included Charles DeSordi, the prison's chief investigator of crimes, the highest-ranking federal prison official ever to be indicted.<ref name=Daily/>
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2016-10-26T03:32:22Z
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=745901456
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In September 2013, [[Luke Burbank]] became the show's official host, after filling in as guest host when Hameister was recuperating from minor surgery.<ref name="PortMonI"/><ref name="Oregonian"/> With his podcast audience and appearances on ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]'', producers hoped Burbank would bring ''Live Wire'' a higher national profile. Hameister stayed with the show as head writer.<ref name="Oregonian"/>
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2016-09-14T19:05:49Z
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In September 2013, [[Luke Burbank]] became the show's official host, after filling in as guest host after Hameister stepped down in March of that year. With his podcast audience and appearances on ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]'', producers hoped Burbank would bring ''Live Wire'' a higher national profile. Hameister stayed with the show as head writer.<ref name="Oregonian"/>
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2016-10-24T01:48:45Z
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* '''MoD''' – [[Ministry of Defence (disambiguation)|Ministry of Defence]]
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2016-10-07T12:43:28Z
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* '''MoD''' – [[Ministry of Defence]]
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2016-10-07T13:20:55Z
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=742080655
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An amateur radio operator, [[Grote Reber]], was one of the pioneers of what became known as [[radio astronomy]]. He built the first parabolic "dish" radio telescope, a {{convert|9|m|ft|0}} in diameter) in his back yard in Wheaton, Illinois in 1937. He repeated Jansky's pioneering work, identifying the Milky Way as the first off-world radio source, and he went on to conduct the first sky survey at [[VHF|very high]] radio frequencies, discovering other radio sources. The rapid [[History of radar|development of radar]] during [[World War II]] created technology which was applied to radio astronomy after the war, and radio astronomy became a branch of astronomy, with universities and research institutes constructing large radio telescopes.<ref>Sullivan, W.T. (1984). ''The Early Years of Radio Astronomy''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25485-X </ref>
The range of frequencies in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] that makes up the [[Radio frequency|radio spectrum]] is very large. This means that the types of antennas that are used as radio telescopes vary widely in design, size, and configuration. At wavelengths of 30 meters to 3 meters (10 MHz - 100 MHz), they are generally either [[directional antenna]] arrays similar to "TV antennas" or large stationary reflectors with moveable focal points. Since the wavelengths being observed with these types of antennas are so long, the "reflector" surfaces can be constructed from coarse wire [[mesh]] such as [[chicken wire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pbhq.rtf |accessdate=October 16, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824003225/http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pbhq.rtf |archivedate=August 24, 2008 }}</ref> At shorter wavelengths [[parabolic antenna|parabolic "dish" antennas]] predominate. The [[angular resolution]] of a dish antenna is determined by the ratio of the diameter of the dish to the [[wavelength]] of the radio waves being observed. This dictates the dish size a radio telescope needs for a useful resolution. Radio telescopes that operate at wavelengths of 3 meters to 30 cm (100 MHz to 1 GHz) are usually well over 100 meters in diameter. Telescopes working at wavelengths shorter than 30 cm (above 1 GHz) range in size from 3 to 90 meters in diameter.{{cn|date=August 2016}}<!-- unclear if this is orginal research or not; how many radio telescopes are there that are >90m in diameter? If only one, or a few, then the prose statement here does not make sense. "usually"? -->
The world's largest filled-aperture (i.e. full dish) radio telescope is the recently-completed [[Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope]] (FAST) built by [[Peoples Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90881/6562884.html |title=China Exclusive: China starts building world's largest radio telescope - People's Daily Online |website=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=2008-12-26 |accessdate=2016-02-24}}</ref> The {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us|adj=mid|-diameter}} dish with an area as large as 30 football fields is built into a natural Karst depression in the landscape in [[Guizhou province]] and cannot move; the [[Antenna feed|feed antenna]] is in a cabin suspended above the dish on cables. The active dish is composed of 4450 moveable panels controlled by a computer. By changing the shape of the dish and moving the feed cabin on its cables, the telescope can be steered to point to any region of the sky up to 40° from the zenith. Construction was begun in 2007 and completed July 2016<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.space.com/33357-china-largest-radio-telescope-alien-life.html |title=China Finishes Building World's Largest Radio Telescope |date=2016-07-06 |accessdate=2016-07-06}}</ref> and the telescope became operational September 25, 2016.<ref>Wong, Gillian. "China Begins Operating World's Largest Radio Telescope" ABC News. 25 September 2016. Date Accessed 25 September 2016. URL: http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/china-begins-operating-worlds-largest-radio-telescope-42339475</ref>
A high quality image requires a large number of different separations between telescopes. Projected separation between any two telescopes, as seen from the radio source, is called a baseline. For example, the [[Very Large Array]] (VLA) near [[Socorro, New Mexico]] has 27 telescopes with 351 independent baselines at once, which achieves a resolution of 0.2 [[arc seconds]] at 3 cm wavelengths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/faculty/muhleman/muhleman.html |accessdate=June 13, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831223606/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/faculty/muhleman/muhleman.html |archivedate=August 31, 2007 }}</ref> [[Martin Ryle]]'s [[Cavendish Astrophysics Group|group in Cambridge]] obtained a [[Nobel Prize]] for interferometry and aperture synthesis.<ref>''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' vol.158, p. 339, 1946</ref> The [[Lloyd's mirror]] interferometer was also developed independently in 1946 by [[Joseph Pawsey]]'s group at the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' vol.157, p.158, 1946</ref> In the early 1950s, the [[Cambridge Interferometer]] mapped the radio sky to produce the famous [[Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|2C]] and [[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|3C]] surveys of radio sources. An example of a large physically connected radio telescope array is the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]], located in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The largest array, [[LOFAR]] (the 'LOw Frequency ARray'), is currently being constructed in western Europe, consisting of about 20,000 small antennas in 48 stations distributed over an area several hundreds of kilometers in diameter, and operates between 1.25 and 30 m wavelengths. VLBI systems using post-observation processing have been constructed with antennas thousands of miles apart. Radio interferometers have also been used to obtain detailed images of the anisotropies and the polarization of the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]], like the [[Cosmic Background Imager|CBI]] interferometer in 2004.
*[[SETI]] Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence using radio telescopes (among others)
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2016-09-29T18:59:21Z
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An amateur radio operator, [[Grote Reber]], was one of the pioneers of what became known as [[radio astronomy]]. He built the first parabolic "dish" radio telescope, a {{convert|9|m|ft|0}} in diameter) in his back yard in Wheaton, Illinois in 1937. He repeated Jansky's pioneering work, identifying the Milky Way as the first off-world radio source, and he went on to conduct the first sky survey at [[VHF|very high]] radio frequencies, discovering other radio sources. The rapid [[History of radar|development of radar]] during [[World War II]] created technology which was applied to radio astronomy after the war, and radio astronomy became a branch of astronomy, with universities and research institutes constructing large radio telescopes.<ref>Sullivan, W.T. (1984). ''The Early Years of Radio Astronomy''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25485-X</ref>
The range of frequencies in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] that makes up the [[Radio frequency|radio spectrum]] is very large. This means that the types of antennas that are used as radio telescopes vary widely in design, size, and configuration. At wavelengths of 30 meters to 3 meters (10 MHz - 100 MHz), they are generally either [[directional antenna]] arrays similar to "TV antennas" or large stationary reflectors with moveable focal points. Since the wavelengths being observed with these types of antennas are so long, the "reflector" surfaces can be constructed from coarse wire [[mesh]] such as [[chicken wire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dish turns 45|url=http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pbhq.rtf|author=CSIRO|accessdate=October 16, 2008|publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]]|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824003225/http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pbhq.rtf |archivedate=August 24, 2008 }}</ref> At shorter wavelengths [[parabolic antenna|parabolic "dish" antennas]] predominate. The [[angular resolution]] of a dish antenna is determined by the ratio of the diameter of the dish to the [[wavelength]] of the radio waves being observed. This dictates the dish size a radio telescope needs for a useful resolution. Radio telescopes that operate at wavelengths of 3 meters to 30 cm (100 MHz to 1 GHz) are usually well over 100 meters in diameter. Telescopes working at wavelengths shorter than 30 cm (above 1 GHz) range in size from 3 to 90 meters in diameter.{{cn|date=August 2016}}<!-- unclear if this is orginal research or not; how many radio telescopes are there that are >90m in diameter? If only one, or a few, then the prose statement here does not make sense. "usually"? -->
The world's largest filled-aperture (i.e. full dish) radio telescope is the recently completed [[Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope]] (FAST) built by [[Peoples Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90881/6562884.html |title=China Exclusive: China starts building world's largest radio telescope - People's Daily Online |website=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=2008-12-26 |accessdate=2016-02-24}}</ref> The {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us|adj=mid|-diameter}} dish with an area as large as 30 football fields is built into a natural Karst depression in the landscape in [[Guizhou province]] and cannot move; the [[Antenna feed|feed antenna]] is in a cabin suspended above the dish on cables. The active dish is composed of 4450 moveable panels controlled by a computer. By changing the shape of the dish and moving the feed cabin on its cables, the telescope can be steered to point to any region of the sky up to 40° from the zenith. Construction was begun in 2007 and completed July 2016<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.space.com/33357-china-largest-radio-telescope-alien-life.html |title=China Finishes Building World's Largest Radio Telescope |date=2016-07-06 |accessdate=2016-07-06}}</ref> and the telescope became operational September 25, 2016.<ref>{{citation|last=Wong|first=Gillian|title=China Begins Operating World's Largest Radio Telescope|publisher=ABC News|date=25 September 2016|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/china-begins-operating-worlds-largest-radio-telescope-42339475}}</ref>
A high quality image requires a large number of different separations between telescopes. Projected separation between any two telescopes, as seen from the radio source, is called a baseline. For example, the [[Very Large Array]] (VLA) near [[Socorro, New Mexico]] has 27 telescopes with 351 independent baselines at once, which achieves a resolution of 0.2 [[arc seconds]] at 3 cm wavelengths.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microwave Probing of the Invisible|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/faculty/muhleman/muhleman.html |accessdate=June 13, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831223606/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/faculty/muhleman/muhleman.html |archivedate=August 31, 2007 }}</ref> [[Martin Ryle]]'s [[Cavendish Astrophysics Group|group in Cambridge]] obtained a [[Nobel Prize]] for interferometry and aperture synthesis.<ref>''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' vol.158, p. 339, 1946</ref> The [[Lloyd's mirror]] interferometer was also developed independently in 1946 by [[Joseph Pawsey]]'s group at the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' vol.157, p.158, 1946</ref> In the early 1950s, the [[Cambridge Interferometer]] mapped the radio sky to produce the famous [[Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|2C]] and [[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|3C]] surveys of radio sources. An example of a large physically connected radio telescope array is the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]], located in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The largest array, [[LOFAR]] (the 'LOw Frequency ARray'), is currently being constructed in western Europe, consisting of about 20,000 small antennas in 48 stations distributed over an area several hundreds of kilometers in diameter, and operates between 1.25 and 30 m wavelengths. VLBI systems using post-observation processing have been constructed with antennas thousands of miles apart. Radio interferometers have also been used to obtain detailed images of the anisotropies and the polarization of the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]], like the [[Cosmic Background Imager|CBI]] interferometer in 2004.
*[[Search for extraterrestrial intelligence]]
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2016-10-01T15:56:11Z
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Accidents are rare during the construction of a castell; however, as in [[Running of the Bulls|bull run]]s, ambulances are stationed nearby in case a person needs immediate attention.<ref>{{cite web|last=Broili |first=S. |title=Some Full Frame offerings |url=http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-836582.cfm |date=6 April 2007 |publisher=Heraldsun.com |accessdate=15 August 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Fatal accidents do occur, such as on July 23, 2006, in [[Mataró]] a young casteller fell off the formation of a castell and died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/una-nina-de-12-anos-muere-al-caerse-de-un-castell-de-nueve-pisos-en-mataro-1276285054/|title=A 12 year old girl dies after falling off a "castell"|date=August 4, 2006}}</ref> Prior to this, the previous death of a participant was in 1983 in [[Torredembarra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/spain.gilestremlett|title = Young girl dies after fall from nine-storey human tower|last = Tremlett|first = Giles|date = 6 August 2006|work = The Guardian|access-date = 15 January 2016|via = }}</ref>
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2016-09-22T23:57:07Z
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Accidents are rare during the construction of a castell; however, as in every other crowded cultural event, ambulances are stationed nearby in case a person needs immediate attention.<ref>{{cite web|last=Broili |first=S. |title=Some Full Frame offerings |url=http://www.heraldsun.com/durham/4-836582.cfm |date=6 April 2007 |publisher=Heraldsun.com |accessdate=15 August 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Fatal accidents do occur, such as on July 23, 2006, in [[Mataró]] a young casteller fell off the formation of a castell and died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/sociedad/una-nina-de-12-anos-muere-al-caerse-de-un-castell-de-nueve-pisos-en-mataro-1276285054/|title=A 12 year old girl dies after falling off a "castell"|date=August 4, 2006}}</ref> Prior to this, the previous death of a participant was in 1983 in [[Torredembarra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/spain.gilestremlett|title = Young girl dies after fall from nine-storey human tower|last = Tremlett|first = Giles|date = 6 August 2006|work = The Guardian|access-date = 15 January 2016|via = }}</ref>
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2016-10-08T09:49:43Z
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|birth_date=6 September 1757
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2016-10-13T21:26:29Z
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|birth_date=6 Septum ber 1757
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2016-10-13T23:37:16Z
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On 14 October 1939, Prien risked shallow water, unknown shoals, tricky currents and detection by defenders to penetrate the [[Royal Navy]]'s primary base, [[Scapa Flow]]. Although most of the [[Home Fleet]] was at sea, Prien sank the battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|2}} and returned home to instant fame. He was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], personally by [[Adolf Hitler]], and was the first sailor of the U-boat service and the second member of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' to receive this award. The mission into Scapa Flow called for volunteers only; Prien had no hesitation in accepting the mission. In a token to the voluntary nature of the mission, Prien spoke to his crew while ''U-47'' was lying off Scapa Flow, and having briefed them, he announced that anyone not wishing to volunteer could leave the boat immediately. Unsurprisingly, no one accepted the offer to disembark in the middle of the North Sea. Prien received the nickname ''Der Stier von Scapa Flow'' (''"The Bull of Scapa Flow"''); the emblem of a snorting bull was painted on the conning tower of ''U-47'' and soon became the emblem of the entire [[7th U-boat Flotilla]]. Two members of the Scapa Flow crew earned the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II: the chief engineer (''[[Leitender Ingenieur]]'') [[Johann-Friedrich Wessels]] and 1st watch officer (''I. Wachoffizier'') [[Engelbert Endrass]].
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2016-10-03T05:32:07Z
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On 14 October 1939, Prien's boat penetrated the [[Royal Navy]]'s primary base, [[Scapa Flow]] and sank the battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|2}}. He returned to Germany to instant fame. He was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], personally by [[Adolf Hitler]], the first sailor of the U-boat service and the second member of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' to receive this award. Prien received the nickname ''Der Stier von Scapa Flow'' (''"The Bull of Scapa Flow"''); the emblem of a snorting bull was painted on the conning tower of ''U-47'' and soon became the emblem of the entire [[7th U-boat Flotilla]]. Two members of the Scapa Flow crew earned the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II: the chief engineer (''[[Leitender Ingenieur]]'') [[Johann-Friedrich Wessels]] and 1st watch officer (''I. Wachoffizier'') [[Engelbert Endrass]].
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2016-10-03T05:39:04Z
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He has also played with [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Tina Turner]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], [[Annie Lennox]], [[Edgar Winter]], [[Aaron Neville]], and [[Elton John]]. He most recently produced and co-wrote songs for aspiring singer Julie Anne, who boasts a five-octave range.
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2016-10-09T18:17:42Z
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He has also played with [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Tina Turner]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], [[Annie Lennox]], [[Edgar Winter]], [[Aaron Neville]], and [[Elton John]]. He most recently produced and co-wrote songs for aspiring singer Julie Anne.
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2016-10-18T15:06:49Z
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{{Stack|{{NCAATeamFootballSeason
|OffCoach=Blake Anderson
|OScheme=Spread
|DScheme=4–3
|StadiumArena= [[M. M. Roberts Stadium|M.M. Roberts Stadium]]<br>(Capacity: 36,000)
|BowlTourney=[[2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl|Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl St. Petersburg]] vs [[2010 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]]
|BowlTourneyResult=L 28–31
{{2010 Conference USA football standings}}}}
The '''2010 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team''' represented [[University of Southern Mississippi]] in the [[college football]] [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|season of 2010–2011]]. The team's [[head coach]] was [[Larry Fedora]], who was in his third year at Southern Miss. They played their home games at [[M.M. Roberts Stadium]] in [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]] and competed in the East Division of [[Conference USA]]. They finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in C-USA play and were invited to the [[2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl|Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl St. Petersburg]] where they were defeated by [[2010 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]] 28–31.
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2016-09-13T09:32:53Z
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{{NCAATeamFootballSeason
|OffCoach=[[Blake Anderson (American football)|Blake Anderson]]
|OScheme=[[Spread offense|Spread]]
|DScheme=[[4–3 defense|4–3]]
|StadiumArena= [[M. M. Roberts Stadium]]<br>(Capacity: 36,000)
|BowlTourney=[[2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl|Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl]]
|BowlTourneyResult=L 28–31 vs [[2010 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]]
{{2010 Conference USA football standings}}
The '''2010 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team''' represented [[University of Southern Mississippi]] in the [[college football]] [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|season of 2010–2011]]. The team's head coach was [[Larry Fedora]], who was in his third year at Southern Miss. They played their home games at [[M. M. Roberts Stadium]] in [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi]] and competed in the East Division of [[Conference USA]]. They finished the season 8–5, 5–3 in C-USA play and were invited to the [[2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl|Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl]], where they were defeated by [[2010 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]], 31–28.
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2016-09-30T01:24:13Z
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The Moon Agreement (1979-1984) is often treated as though it is not a part of the body of international space law, and there has been extensive debate on whether or not the Moon Agreement is a valid part of international law. It entered into force in 1984, because of a five state ratification consensus procedure, agreed upon by the members of the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). Still today very few nations have signed and/or ratified the Moon Agreement. In recent years this figure has crept up to a few more than a dozen nations who have signed and ratified the treaty. The other three outer space treaties experienced a high level of international cooperation in terms of signage and ratification, but the Moon Treaty went further than them, by defining the Common Heritage concept in more detail and by imposing specific obligations on the parties engaged in the exploration and/or exploitation of outer space. The Moon Treaty explicitly designates the Moon and its natural resources as part of the Common Heritage of Mankind.
After The Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1973, and the Registration Convention of 1976 (734) were enacted, key actors involved in space law negotiations, set out to establish and confirm a few more legal norms which were to be embodied in the Moon Agreement, since important issues such as the environment, public health and sharing to benefit all mankind were left open. Many of the terms written into the Moon Treaty were sticking points during early negotiations.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
The Moon Agreement allows space mining, specifically the extraction of natural resources. The treaty specifically provides in Article 11, paragraph 3 that:
This provision was negotiated into the Moon Agreement by the United States in order to make sure that natural resources extracted from the Moon were legally permissible to take.{{according to whom|date=February 2016}} Taking natural resources out of their location, from the surface or subsurface, has been interpreted by space law authorities{{who|date=February 2016}} as meaning that those resources are no longer tied to the “in place” restrictions against ownership.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
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2016-10-05T11:07:24Z
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The Moon Agreement (1979-1984) is often treated{{by whom}} as though it is not a part of the body of international space law, and there has been extensive debate on whether or not the Moon Agreement is a valid part of international law. It entered into force in 1984, because of a five state ratification consensus procedure, agreed upon by the members of the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). Still today very few nations have signed and/or ratified the Moon Agreement. In recent years this figure has crept up to a few more than a dozen nations who have signed and ratified the treaty. The other three outer space treaties experienced a high level of international cooperation in terms of signage and ratification, but the Moon Treaty went further than them, by defining the Common Heritage concept in more detail and by imposing specific obligations on the parties engaged in the exploration and/or exploitation of outer space. The Moon Treaty explicitly designates the Moon and its natural resources as part of the Common Heritage of Mankind.{{cn}}
The Moon Agreement allows space mining, specifically the extraction of natural resources. The treaty specifically provides in Article 11, paragraph 3 that:{{cn}}
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2016-10-05T11:09:52Z
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The plan envisioned a nuclear attack on the [[Soviet Union]] with 20 to 30 atomic bombs. It earmarked 20 Soviet cities for obliteration in a first strike: [[Moscow]], [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]], [[Samara, Russia|Kuybyshev]], [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Omsk]], [[Saratov]], [[Kazan]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Baku]], [[Tashkent]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Nizhny Tagil]], [[Magnitogorsk]], [[Perm|Molotov]], [[Tbilisi]], [[Novokuznetsk|Stalinsk]], [[Grozny]], [[Irkutsk]], and [[Yaroslavl]].<ref> Michio Kaku and Daniel Axelrod, "To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans", Boston, South End Press, 1987, pp. 30-31.</ref> However this plan was actually a [[Disinformation|disinformation ploy]]; it was only in 1946 the [[United States]] could boast even nine atomic bombs in its inventory, along with twenty-seven [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] capable at any one time of delivering them.<ref name=Rosenberg>{{cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=David A |date=June 1979 |title=American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1894674 |journal=The Journal of American History |number=66.1 |pages=62–87}}</ref> Plan Totality was part of Truman's 'giant atomic bluff' aimed primarily (and unsuccessfully) at the Soviet Union.
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2016-09-23T12:23:11Z
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The plan envisioned a nuclear attack on the [[Soviet Union]] with 20 to 30 atomic bombs. It earmarked 20 Soviet cities for obliteration in a first strike: [[Moscow]], [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]], [[Samara, Russia|Kuybyshev]], [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Omsk]], [[Saratov]], [[Kazan]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Baku]], [[Tashkent]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Nizhny Tagil]], [[Magnitogorsk]], [[Perm|Molotov]], [[Tbilisi]], [[Novokuznetsk|Stalinsk]], [[Grozny]], [[Irkutsk]], and [[Yaroslavl]].<ref> Michio Kaku and Daniel Axelrod, "To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans", Boston, South End Press, 1987, pp. 30-31.</ref> However this plan was actually a [[Disinformation|disinformation ploy]]; it was only in 1946 the [[United States]] could boast even nine atomic bombs in its inventory, along with twenty-seven [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] capable of delivering them.<ref name=Rosenberg>{{cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=David A |date=June 1979 |title=American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1894674 |journal=The Journal of American History |number=66.1 |pages=62–87}}</ref> Plan Totality was part of Truman's 'giant atomic bluff' aimed primarily (and unsuccessfully) at the Soviet Union.
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2016-09-28T07:37:47Z
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In May 1865 the Regiment moved to Hart's Island, New York, where they finished out the remainder of their service. It was during this time that several men from the 140th, 185th, and 189th Infantry Regiments whose terms had not expired were transferred to the Regiment to finish out their terms of service. On August 21, 1865, the Regiment was mustered out of United States service at Hart's Island, New York.<ref>Phisterer, Frederick. ''New York in the War of the Rebellion.'' 3rd Edition. Albany, New York: J.B. Lyon Company, 1912.</ref>
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2016-09-01T05:04:14Z
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In May 1865 the Regiment moved to Hart's Island, New York, where they finished out the remainder of their service. It was during this time that several men from the 140th, [[185th New York Volunteer Infantry|185th]], and 189th Infantry Regiments whose terms had not expired were transferred to the Regiment to finish out their terms of service. On August 21, 1865, the Regiment was mustered out of United States service at Hart's Island, New York.<ref>Phisterer, Frederick. ''New York in the War of the Rebellion.'' 3rd Edition. Albany, New York: J.B. Lyon Company, 1912.</ref>
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2016-09-29T20:54:46Z
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On October 19, 2011, [[Abbott Laboratories]] announced its plan to separate into two publicly traded companies. The "new" Abbott Laboratories would specialize in diversified products including medical devices, diagnostic equipment and nutrition products, while AbbVie would operate as a research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web |url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/abbott-to-split-into-two/?_r=0 |title=Abbott Labs to Split Into 2 Companies |publisher=The New York Times |date=October 19, 2011 |accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> The separation was effective January 1, 2013, and AbbVie was officially listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (ABBV) on January 2, 2013.<ref name="AbbVie Press Release">{{cite web |url=http://abbvie.mediaroom.com/2013-01-02-AbbVie-Celebrates-Launch-as-New-Biopharmaceutical-Company-with-Employees-Patients |title=Abbott Completes Separation of Research-Based Pharmaceuticals Business |publisher=AbbVie Inc. |date=January 2, 2013 |accessdate=January 2, 2013}}</ref> As of December 2015, the company employed in excess of 28,000 globally, and provided products to individuals in more than 170 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abbvie.com/about-us/home.html|title=AbbVie - About Us|author=|date=|work=abbvie.com|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>
On June 3, 2015, AbbVie and [[Halozyme Therapeutics]] announced that they had entered into a global collaboration and licensing agreement to develop and commercialize products that combine AbbVie’s treatments and Halozyme’s ENHANZE drug-delivery technology.
On March 4, 2015, AbbVie announced its agreement to acquire the [[oncology]] firm [[Pharmacyclics]] and its treatment for blood cancers, [[ibrutinib]]; [[AstraZeneca]] had also been bidding to acquire Pharmacyclics.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nisen, Max | year=2015 |title=AstraZeneca Chases AbbVie, Cheaply |url= http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20151217/NEWS03/151219843/astrazeneca-chases-abbvie-cheaply | journal= Chicago Business | edition = online, December 17 | publisher= Crain's |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= 31 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Staff|date=1 April 2015|title=AbVie Acquires Oncology Drug Firm Pharmacyclics for $21B|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/abbvie-acquires-oncology-drug-firm-pharmacyclics-for-21b/81250997/|department=News: Industry Watch|journal=[[Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News|Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]]|type=Paper|volume=35|issue=5|page=10}}</ref> Under the terms of the transaction, AbbVie agreed to pay $261.25 per share as a mix of cash and AbbVie equity. The acquisition valued at approximately $21 billion was completed on May 26, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/abbvie-to-buy-pharmacyclics-in-21-billion-deal-1425528086|title=AbbVie to Buy Pharmacyclics in $21 Billion Deal|last=Rockoff|first=Jonathan D.|date=5 March 2015|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Loftus|first2=Peter|access-date=4 June 2015|via=}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> The Pharmacyclics name was retained, and it operates as a subsidiary of AbbVie from its previous [[Sunnyvale, California]], headquarters.<ref name="StreetInsider.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/AbbVie+(ABBV)+Announces+Completion+of+Pharmacyclics+Acquisition/10594347.html |title=AbbVie (ABBV) Announces Completion of Pharmacyclics Acquisition |publisher=StreetInsider.com |date=May 26, 2015 |accessdate=June 5, 2015}}</ref> According to the [[Wall Street Journal]] as of January 2016 ibrutinib, a [[specialty drug]], cost US$116,600 to $155,400 a year wholesale in the United States. In spite of discounts and medical insurance, the prohibitive price causes some patients to not fill their prescriptions.<ref name="WSJ_2016_jan">{{cite news | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/patients-struggle-with-high-drug-prices-1451557981 | title=Patients Struggle With High Drug Prices | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=1 January 2016 | accessdate=1 January 2016 | author=Walker, Joseph }}</ref> AbbVie estimates global sales of the drug at $1 billion in 2016 and $5 billion in 2020.<ref name="WSJ_2016_jan" />
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2016-10-23T01:07:14Z
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On October 19, 2011, [[Abbott Laboratories]] announced its plan to separate into two publicly traded companies. The "new" Abbott Laboratories would specialize in diversified products including medical devices, diagnostic equipment and nutrition products, while AbbVie would operate as a research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web |url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/abbott-to-split-into-two/?_r=0 |title=Abbott Labs to Split Into 2 Companies |publisher=The New York Times |date=October 19, 2011 |accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> The separation was effective January 1, 2013, and AbbVie was officially listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (ABBV) on January 2, 2013.<ref name="AbbVie Press Release">{{cite web |url=http://abbvie.mediaroom.com/2013-01-02-AbbVie-Celebrates-Launch-as-New-Biopharmaceutical-Company-with-Employees-Patients |title=Abbott Completes Separation of Research-Based Pharmaceuticals Business |publisher=AbbVie Inc. |date=January 2, 2013 |accessdate=January 2, 2013}}</ref>
The purpose of the split was to "enable investors to better value the two divisions, which have grown into distinct business lines… [investors will] benefit from two fundamentally different investment opportunities with distinct strategic profiles and business priorities." Investors, meanwhile, initially raised concerns that the spinoff was a way to separate Abbott from the looming liability presented by the 2016 U.S. patent expiration of Humira, which represented about half of the drug division's sales. <ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-30/business/ct-biz-1230-bf-abbott-spin-20121230_1_longtime-abbott-executive-abbvie-abbott-laboratories |title=More than splitting pills: Health care giant Abbott Laboratories ready to spin off AbbVie |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=December 30, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2016}}</ref>
As of December 2015, the company employed in excess of 28,000 globally, and provided products to individuals in more than 170 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abbvie.com/about-us/home.html|title=AbbVie - About Us|author=|date=|work=abbvie.com|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>
On March 4, 2015, AbbVie announced its agreement to acquire the [[oncology]] firm [[Pharmacyclics]] and its treatment for blood cancers, [[ibrutinib]]; [[AstraZeneca]] had also been bidding to acquire Pharmacyclics.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nisen, Max | year=2015 |title=AstraZeneca Chases AbbVie, Cheaply |url= http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20151217/NEWS03/151219843/astrazeneca-chases-abbvie-cheaply | journal= Chicago Business | edition = online, December 17 | publisher= Crain's |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= 31 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Staff|date=1 April 2015|title=AbVie Acquires Oncology Drug Firm Pharmacyclics for $21B|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/abbvie-acquires-oncology-drug-firm-pharmacyclics-for-21b/81250997/|department=News: Industry Watch|journal=[[Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News|Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]]|type=Paper|volume=35|issue=5|page=10}}</ref> Under the terms of the transaction, AbbVie agreed to pay $261.25 per share as a mix of cash and AbbVie equity. The acquisition valued at approximately $21 billion was completed on May 26, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/abbvie-to-buy-pharmacyclics-in-21-billion-deal-1425528086|title=AbbVie to Buy Pharmacyclics in $21 Billion Deal|last=Rockoff|first=Jonathan D.|date=5 March 2015|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Loftus|first2=Peter|access-date=4 June 2015|via=}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> The Pharmacyclics name was retained, and it operates as a subsidiary of AbbVie from its previous [[Sunnyvale, California]], headquarters.<ref name="StreetInsider.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/AbbVie+(ABBV)+Announces+Completion+of+Pharmacyclics+Acquisition/10594347.html |title=AbbVie (ABBV) Announces Completion of Pharmacyclics Acquisition |publisher=StreetInsider.com |date=May 26, 2015 |accessdate=June 5, 2015}}</ref> On June 3, 2015, AbbVie and [[Halozyme Therapeutics]] announced that they had entered into a global collaboration and licensing agreement to develop and commercialize products that combine AbbVie’s treatments and Halozyme’s ENHANZE drug-delivery technology.
According to the [[Wall Street Journal]] as of January 2016 ibrutinib, a [[specialty drug]], cost US$116,600 to $155,400 a year wholesale in the United States. In spite of discounts and medical insurance, the prohibitive price causes some patients to not fill their prescriptions.<ref name="WSJ_2016_jan">{{cite news | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/patients-struggle-with-high-drug-prices-1451557981 | title=Patients Struggle With High Drug Prices | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=1 January 2016 | accessdate=1 January 2016 | author=Walker, Joseph }}</ref> AbbVie estimates global sales of the drug at $1 billion in 2016 and $5 billion in 2020.<ref name="WSJ_2016_jan" />
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2016-10-26T02:20:26Z
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In order to determine the inverse square root, an approximation for <math>x^{-1/2}</math> would be determined by the software, then some numerical method would revise that approximation until it came within an acceptable error range of the actual result. [[Methods of computing square roots|Common software methods]] in the early 1990s drew a first approximation from a [[lookup table]].{{sfntag|Eberly|2001|p=504}} This bit of code proved faster than table lookups and approximately four times faster than regular floating point division.{{sfntag|Lomont|2003|p=1}} Some loss of precision occurred, but was offset by the significant gains in performance.{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|p=1}} The algorithm was designed with the [[IEEE 754-1985]] 32-bit floating point specification in mind, but investigation from Chris Lomont and later Charles McEniry showed that it could be implemented in other floating point specifications.
The advantages in speed offered by the fast inverse square root [[Hack (computer science)|kludge]] came from treating the longword<ref group=note>Use of the type <code>long</code> reduces the portability of this code on modern systems. For the code to execute properly, <code>sizeof(long)</code> must be 4 bytes, otherwise negative outputs may result. Under many modern 64-bit systems, <code>sizeof(long)</code> is 8 bytes.</ref> containing the floating point number as an integer then subtracting it from a specific constant, '''0x5f3759df'''. The purpose of the constant is not immediately clear to someone viewing the code, so, like other such constants found in code, it is often called a [[Magic number (programming)#Unnamed numerical constants|magic number]].<ref name="Beyond3D" />{{sfntag|Lomont|2003|p=3}}{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|p=2, 16}}{{sfntag|Eberly|2001|p=2}} This integer subtraction and bit shift results in a longword which when treated as a floating point number is a rough approximation for the inverse square root of the input number. One iteration of Newton's method is performed to gain some accuracy, and the code is finished. The algorithm generates reasonably accurate results using a unique first approximation for [[Newton's method]]; however, it is much slower and less accurate than using the [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] instruction <code>rsqrtss</code> on x86 processors also released in 1999.<ref name="ruskin" />
but since {{math|''m<sub>x</sub>'' ∈ [0, 1)}}, the logarithm on the right hand side can be approximated by{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|p=3}}
The first approximation is generated above through the integer operations and input into the last two lines of the function. Repeated iterations of the algorithm, using the output of the function (<math>y_{n+1}</math>) as the input of the next iteration, cause the algorithm to [[Rate of convergence|converge]] on the root with increasing precision.{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|p=6}} For the purposes of the [[id Tech 3|''Quake III'' engine]], only one iteration was used. A second iteration remained in the code but was [[Comment out|commented out]].{{sfntag|Eberly|2001|p=2}}
The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in calculating a [[Unit vector|normalized vector]].{{sfntag|Blinn|2003|p=130}} Programs can use normalized vectors to determine angles of incidence and [[Lambert's cosine law|reflection]]. [[3D graphics]] programs must perform millions of these calculations every second to simulate lighting. When the code was developed in the early 1990s, most floating-point processing power lagged behind the speed of integer processing.<ref name="Beyond3D" /> This was troublesome for 3D graphics programs before the advent of specialized hardware to handle [[Transform, clipping, and lighting|transform and lighting]].
At the time, floating-point division was generally expensive compared to multiplication; the fast inverse square root algorithm bypassed the division step, giving it its performance advantage. ''Quake III Arena'', a [[first-person shooter]] video game, used the fast inverse square root algorithm to accelerate graphics computation, but the algorithm has since been implemented in some dedicated hardware [[vertex shader]]s using [[field-programmable gate array]]s (FPGA).{{sfntag|Middendorf|2007|pp=155-164}}
The source code for ''Quake III'' was not released until [[QuakeCon 2005]], but copies of the fast inverse square root code appeared on [[Usenet]] and other forums as early as 2002 or 2003.<ref name="Beyond3D" /> Initial speculation pointed to John Carmack as the probable author of the code, but he demurred and suggested it was written by Terje Mathisen, an accomplished assembly programmer who had previously helped id Software with ''Quake'' optimization. Mathisen had written an implementation of a similar bit of code in the late 1990s, but the original authors proved to be much further back in the history of 3D computer graphics with Gary Tarolli's implementation for the [[SGI Indigo]] as a possible earliest known use. Rys Sommefeldt concluded that the original algorithm was devised by Greg Walsh at [[Ardent Computer]] in consultation with [[Cleve Moler]], the creator of [[MATLAB]].<ref name="Beyond3Dp2" /> [[Cleve Moler]] learned about this trick from code written by [[William Kahan]] and K.C. Ng at Berkeley around 1986 (see the comment section at the end of fdlibm code for sqrt<ref name="fdlibm" />).<ref name="MolerResp" /> [[Jim Blinn]] also demonstrated a simple approximation of the inverse square root in a 1997 column for ''[[List of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers publications|IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications]]''.{{sfntag|Blinn|1997|pp=80–84}}
It is not known precisely how the exact value for the magic number was determined. Chris Lomont developed a function to minimize [[approximation error]] by choosing the magic number ''R'' over a range. He first computed the optimal constant for the linear approximation step as '''0x5f37642f''', close to '''0x5f3759df''', but this new constant gave slightly less accuracy after one iteration of Newton's method.{{sfntag|Lomont|2003|p=10}} Lomont then searched for a constant optimal even after one and two Newton iterations and found '''0x5f375a86''', which is more accurate than the original at every iteration stage.{{sfntag|Lomont|2003|p=10}} He concluded by asking whether the exact value of the original constant was chosen through derivation or [[trial and error]].{{sfntag|Lomont|2003|pp=10–11}} Lomont pointed out that the magic number for 64 bit IEEE754 size type double is '''0x5fe6ec85e7de30da''', but it was later shown by Matthew Robertson to be exactly '''0x5fe6eb50c7b537a9'''.<ref name="robertson" /> Charles McEniry performed a similar but more sophisticated optimization over likely values for R. His initial [[Brute-force search|brute force]] search resulted in the same constant that Lomont determined.{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|pp=11–12}} When he attempted to find the constant through [[Bisection method|weighted bisection]], the specific value of ''R'' used in the function occurred, leading McEniry to believe that the constant may have originally been derived through "bisecting to a given tolerance".{{sfntag|McEniry|2007|p=16}}
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2016-10-16T00:42:58Z
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At the time, the general method to compute the inverse square root was to calculate an approximation for {{math|1/{{radical|''x''}}}}, then revise that approximation via another method until it came within an acceptable error range of the actual result. [[Methods of computing square roots|Common software methods]] in the early 1990s drew approximations from a [[lookup table]].{{Sfn|Eberly|2001|p=504}} The key of the fast inverse square root was to directly compute an approximation by exploiting the structure of floating-point numbers, proving faster than table lookups. The algorithm was approximately four times faster than computing the square root with another method and calculating the reciprocal via floating point division.{{Sfn|Lomont|2003|p=1}} Some loss of precision occurred, but was offset by the significant gains in performance.{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|p=1}} The algorithm was designed with the [[IEEE 754-1985]] 32-bit floating point specification in mind, but investigation from Chris Lomont and later Charles McEniry showed that it could be implemented in other floating point specifications.
The advantages in speed offered by the fast inverse square root [[Hack (computer science)|kludge]] came from treating the longword<ref group=note>Use of the type <code>long</code> reduces the portability of this code on modern systems. For the code to execute properly, <code>sizeof(long)</code> must be 4 bytes, otherwise negative outputs may result. Under many modern 64-bit systems, <code>sizeof(long)</code> is 8 bytes.</ref> containing the floating point number as an integer then subtracting it from a specific constant, '''0x5f3759df'''. The purpose of the constant is not immediately clear to someone viewing the code, so, like other such constants found in code, it is often called a [[Magic number (programming)#Unnamed numerical constants|magic number]].<ref name="Beyond3D" />{{Sfn|Lomont|2003|p=3}}{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|p=2, 16}}{{Sfn|Eberly|2001|p=2}} This integer subtraction and bit shift results in a longword which when treated as a floating point number is a rough approximation for the inverse square root of the input number. One iteration of Newton's method is performed to gain some accuracy, and the code is finished. The algorithm generates reasonably accurate results using a unique first approximation for [[Newton's method]]; however, it is much slower and less accurate than using the [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] instruction <code>rsqrtss</code> on x86 processors also released in 1999.<ref name="ruskin" />
but since {{math|''m<sub>x</sub>'' ∈ [0, 1)}}, the logarithm on the right hand side can be approximated by{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|p=3}}
The first approximation is generated above through the integer operations and input into the last two lines of the function. Repeated iterations of the algorithm, using the output of the function (<math>y_{n+1}</math>) as the input of the next iteration, cause the algorithm to [[Rate of convergence|converge]] on the root with increasing precision.{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|p=6}} For the purposes of the [[id Tech 3|''Quake III'' engine]], only one iteration was used. A second iteration remained in the code but was [[Comment out|commented out]].{{Sfn|Eberly|2001|p=2}}
The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in calculating a [[Unit vector|normalized vector]].{{Sfn|Blinn|2003|p=130}} Programs can use normalized vectors to determine angles of incidence and [[Lambert's cosine law|reflection]]. [[3D graphics]] programs must perform millions of these calculations every second to simulate lighting. When the code was developed in the early 1990s, most floating-point processing power lagged behind the speed of integer processing.<ref name="Beyond3D" /> This was troublesome for 3D graphics programs before the advent of specialized hardware to handle [[Transform, clipping, and lighting|transform and lighting]].
At the time, floating-point division was generally expensive compared to multiplication; the fast inverse square root algorithm bypassed the division step, giving it its performance advantage. ''Quake III Arena'', a [[first-person shooter]] video game, used the fast inverse square root algorithm to accelerate graphics computation, but the algorithm has since been implemented in some dedicated hardware [[vertex shader]]s using [[field-programmable gate array]]s (FPGA).{{Sfn|Middendorf|2007|pp=155-164}}
The source code for ''Quake III'' was not released until [[QuakeCon 2005]], but copies of the fast inverse square root code appeared on [[Usenet]] and other forums as early as 2002 or 2003.<ref name="Beyond3D" /> Initial speculation pointed to John Carmack as the probable author of the code, but he demurred and suggested it was written by Terje Mathisen, an accomplished assembly programmer who had previously helped id Software with ''Quake'' optimization. Mathisen had written an implementation of a similar bit of code in the late 1990s, but the original authors proved to be much further back in the history of 3D computer graphics with Gary Tarolli's implementation for the [[SGI Indigo]] as a possible earliest known use. Rys Sommefeldt concluded that the original algorithm was devised by Greg Walsh at [[Ardent Computer]] in consultation with [[Cleve Moler]], the creator of [[MATLAB]].<ref name="Beyond3Dp2" /> [[Cleve Moler]] learned about this trick from code written by [[William Kahan]] and K.C. Ng at Berkeley around 1986 (see the comment section at the end of fdlibm code for sqrt<ref name="fdlibm" />).<ref name="MolerResp" /> [[Jim Blinn]] also demonstrated a simple approximation of the inverse square root in a 1997 column for ''[[List of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers publications|IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications]]''.{{Sfn|Blinn|1997|pp=80–84}}
It is not known precisely how the exact value for the magic number was determined. Chris Lomont developed a function to minimize [[approximation error]] by choosing the magic number ''R'' over a range. He first computed the optimal constant for the linear approximation step as '''0x5f37642f''', close to '''0x5f3759df''', but this new constant gave slightly less accuracy after one iteration of Newton's method.{{Sfn|Lomont|2003|p=10}} Lomont then searched for a constant optimal even after one and two Newton iterations and found '''0x5f375a86''', which is more accurate than the original at every iteration stage.{{Sfn|Lomont|2003|p=10}} He concluded by asking whether the exact value of the original constant was chosen through derivation or [[trial and error]].{{Sfn|Lomont|2003|pp=10–11}} Lomont pointed out that the magic number for 64 bit IEEE754 size type double is '''0x5fe6ec85e7de30da''', but it was later shown by Matthew Robertson to be exactly '''0x5fe6eb50c7b537a9'''.<ref name="robertson" /> Charles McEniry performed a similar but more sophisticated optimization over likely values for R. His initial [[Brute-force search|brute force]] search resulted in the same constant that Lomont determined.{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|pp=11–12}} When he attempted to find the constant through [[Bisection method|weighted bisection]], the specific value of ''R'' used in the function occurred, leading McEniry to believe that the constant may have originally been derived through "bisecting to a given tolerance".{{Sfn|McEniry|2007|p=16}}
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2016-10-16T04:45:22Z
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The roadbed in the tunnel climbs at a 6% grade, and the original lighting was insufficient to allow motorists good depth perception. The original lighting was improved in the 1960s.{{r|BR}}
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2016-10-08T18:07:47Z
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The roadbed in the tunnel climbs at a 6% grade, and the original lighting was insufficient to allow motorists good depth perception. The original lighting was improved with the installation of [[fluorescent]] lights in the 1960s.{{r|BR}}. Assistance in design of the new lighting was given by [[Arizona Public Service]] and the [[California Division of Highways]].{{r|TE}}
<ref name="TE">{{cite journal|title=Traffic Engineering|journal=Traffic Engineering|date=1960|volume=30|page=46,52|publisher=Institue of Traffic Engineers}}</ref>
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2016-10-08T18:13:04Z
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| population = {{Circa|75.8 million|lk=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam |title=Tamil population figure worldwide|date=August 2008 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=}}</ref>
| pop1 = 60,793,814 (2001)<ref name="Census 2001">{{cite web|title=Census of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html |accessdate=2008-01-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100513190952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in:80/2011-common/censusdataonline.html |archivedate=13 May 2010 }}</ref>
| pop3 = 1,800,000<ref name="ethnologue.com">[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam.] www.ethnologue.com</ref>
| pop4 = 189,000<ref name="ethnologue.com">[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam.] www.ethnologue.com</ref>
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2016-10-21T14:34:55Z
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| population = {{Circa|75.8 million|lk=yes}}<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Ethnologue19|tam|Tamil}}</ref>
| pop1 = 60,700,000 (2001)<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>
| pop3 = 1,800,000<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>
| pop4 = 189,000<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>
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2016-10-25T09:39:07Z
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'''Prince Lee Boo''' (1764-27 December 1784) was the son of Ibedul, the ruler of [[Koror]] in the Pelew Islands, now called [[Palau]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Prince Lee Boo : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London
| accessdate = 2014-03-27
| url = http://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/prince-lee-boo?memorial_id=3919
}}</ref> Prince Lee Boo was one of the first people from the Pacific Islands to visit [[Great Britain]]. He came to [[London]] with Captain [[Henry Wilson (sailor)|Henry Wilson]], who he met in 1783, when Captain Wilson's ship, the ''[[Antelope (1781 EIC packet ship)|Antelope]]'', was wrecked on the island of [[Ulong Island|Oroolong]] in Western Palau.
Unfortunately, just five months after he arrived in London, Prince Lee Boo died on 27 December 1784, aged 20 years.
He was buried at [[St. Mary's Church, Rotherhithe|St Mary the Virgin Rotherhithe]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Prince Lee Boo's tomb : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London
| accessdate = 2014-03-27
| url = http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/prince-lee-boo-s-tomb
}}</ref>
Prince Lee Boo's story appeared in a book by [[George Keate]] (1729–97), titled: ''An Account of the Pelew Islands, Situated in the Western Part of the Pacific Ocean. Composed from the Journals and Communications of Captain Henry Wilson, and some of his Officers, who, in August 1783, were there Shipwrecked, in the Antelope, a Packet belonging to the Hon. East India Company.''<ref name = "wdltheinterestingstory">{{Cite book
| last = Keate
| first = George
| title = The Interesting History of Prince Lee Boo, Brought to England from the Pelew Islands
| publisher = [[World Digital Library]]
| accessdate = 2014-03-27
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/456
}}</ref> The author's daughter, Georgiana Jane Keate (1770–1850, later Mrs. Georgiana Henderson), painted the portrait of Prince Lee Boo in the book. It was painted from memory, fifteen months after Prince Lee Boo's death.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Keate, George}}</ref>
[[Category:Expatriates in the Kingdom of Great Britain]]
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2016-08-18T06:12:23Z
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'''Prince Lee Boo''' (1764-27 December 1784) was the son of Ibedul, the ruler of [[Koror]] in the Pelew Islands, now called [[Palau]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Prince Lee Boo : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London| accessdate = 2014-03-27| url = http://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/prince-lee-boo?memorial_id=3919}}</ref> Prince Lee Boo was one of the first people from the Pacific Islands to visit [[Great Britain]]. When the China trader ''[[Antelope (1781 EIC packet ship)|Antelope]]'', was wrecked on the island of [[Ulong Island|Oroolong]] in Western Palau in 1783, its survivors, including Captain [[Henry Wilson (sailor)|Henry Wilson]] spent three months on Palau. When the survivors were finally rescued, Captain Wilson agreed to take the second son of Ibedul to [[London]] to acquire more knowledge about Europe. He arrived around a decade after the Tahitian [[Omai]], and was quickly dubbed "The Black Prince" by London society, who were charmed by his poise and intelligence. He attended church ceremonies, dinner parties and European school; however, he died of [[smallpox]] in May 1784<ref name=Quanchi>{{cite book | last = Quanchi | first = Max|authorlink=| year = 2005 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands | publisher = The Scarecrow Press | location = |page=94| isbn = 0810853957}}</ref>, some six months after his arrival in London on 27 December 1784, aged 20 years.
He was buried at [[St. Mary's Church, Rotherhithe|St Mary the Virgin Rotherhithe]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Prince Lee Boo's tomb : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London| accessdate = 2014-03-27| url = http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/prince-lee-boo-s-tomb}}</ref>
Prince Lee Boo's story appeared in a book by [[George Keate]] (1729–97), titled: ''An Account of the Pelew Islands, Situated in the Western Part of the Pacific Ocean. Composed from the Journals and Communications of Captain Henry Wilson, and some of his Officers, who, in August 1783, were there Shipwrecked, in the Antelope, a Packet belonging to the Hon. East India Company.''<ref name = "wdltheinterestingstory">{{Cite book| last = Keate| first = George| title = The Interesting History of Prince Lee Boo, Brought to England from the Pelew Islands| publisher = [[World Digital Library]]| accessdate = 2014-03-27| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/456}}</ref> The author's daughter, Georgiana Jane Keate (1770–1850, later Mrs. Georgiana Henderson), painted the portrait of Prince Lee Boo in the book. It was painted from memory, fifteen months after Prince Lee Boo's death.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Keate, George}}</ref>
[[Category:People from Koror]]
[[Category:Deaths from smallpox]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in England]]
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2016-10-08T14:40:02Z
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In March 1960, Hirsch was signed to a three-year contract as the general manager of the [[Los Angeles Rams]]; he replaced [[Pete Rozelle]] as the Rams' general manager after Rozelle was hired as NFL commissioner.<ref name=GM>{{cite news|title=Hirsch Named Ram General Manager|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=Mal Florence|date=March 23, 1960|page=IV1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7072019/hirsch_named_ram_general_manager/}}</ref> The Rams began the 1960s in the lower tier of the NFL, compiling a losing record each year from 1959 to 1965.<ref name=Rams>{{cite web|title=Cleveland/St. Louis/LA Rams Franchise Encyclopedia|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com|accessdate=October 19, 2016|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/ram/}}</ref> However, during Hirsch's tenure as general manger, the team acquired numerous talented players, including quarterback [[Roman Gabriel]] (first round pick in 1961), [[Deacon Jones]] (14th round pick in 1961), and [[Merlin Olsen]] (first round pick in 1962), and hired [[George Allen (American football coach)|George Allen]] as the head coach in 1966. The team improved to 11-1-2 in 1967 and 10-3-1 in 1968.<ref name=Rams/> Hirsch remained an executive with the Rams through the 1968 season.
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2016-10-19T19:35:44Z
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In March 1960, Hirsch signed a three-year contract to serve as the general manager of the [[Los Angeles Rams]]; he replaced [[Pete Rozelle]] as the Rams' general manager after Rozelle was hired as NFL commissioner.<ref name=GM>{{cite news|title=Hirsch Named Ram General Manager|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=Mal Florence|date=March 23, 1960|page=IV1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7072019/hirsch_named_ram_general_manager/}}</ref> The Rams began the 1960s in the lower tier of the NFL, compiling a losing record each year from 1959 to 1965.<ref name=Rams>{{cite web|title=Cleveland/St. Louis/LA Rams Franchise Encyclopedia|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com|accessdate=October 19, 2016|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/ram/}}</ref> However, during Hirsch's tenure as general manger, the team acquired numerous talented players, including quarterback [[Roman Gabriel]] (first round pick in 1961), [[Deacon Jones]] (14th round pick in 1961), and [[Merlin Olsen]] (first round pick in 1962), and hired [[George Allen (American football coach)|George Allen]] as the head coach in 1966. The team improved to 11-1-2 in 1967 and 10-3-1 in 1968.<ref name=Rams/> Hirsch remained an executive with the Rams through the 1968 season.
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2016-10-19T19:36:19Z
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In 2007, Berlin was an advising scholar for the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary ''[[Prince Among Slaves]]'', produced by [http://www.upf.tv/ Unity Productions Foundation].
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2016-06-27T11:46:10Z
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In 2007, Berlin was an advising scholar for the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary ''[[Prince Among Slaves (film)|Prince Among Slaves]]'', produced by [http://www.upf.tv/ Unity Productions Foundation].
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2016-10-15T19:17:27Z
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[[Urban Meyer]] was hired to replace Ron McBride. Under Meyer, Utah players were not allowed to use the name BYU and began referring rather to the Team Down South or TDS (BYU being about 50 miles south of the University of Utah), imitating Ohio State coach Woody Hayes practice of referring to Michigan as "that team up north." This reference has become a tradition among some Utah fans<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/mwest/2004-10-18-utah-meyer_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Meyer puts Utah on fast track|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com|access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}
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2016-10-03T22:47:57Z
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[[Urban Meyer]] was hired to replace Ron McBride. Under Meyer, Utah players were not allowed to use the name BYU and began referring rather to the Team Down South or TDS (BYU being about 50 miles south of the University of Utah), imitating Ohio State coach Woody Hayes practice of referring to Michigan as "that team up north." This reference has become a tradition among some Utah fans<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/mwest/2004-10-18-utah-meyer_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Meyer puts Utah on fast track|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com|access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>.
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2016-10-04T02:54:36Z
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'''BOROLINE sx and BOROLINE ultrasmooth''' is an [[Over-the-counter drug|over the counter]] [[antiseptic]] [[perfumed]] cream sold in [[India]]. The brand was launched in 1929 in [[Kolkata]] by [[Gourmohan Dutta]], a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] merchant. Over the years, the brand's popularity soared, and it became an icon of national economic [[self-sufficiency]] in a nation that was still under the [[British India|British]] rule. It is still one of the most popular brands in India.
It is a combination of the antiseptic [[boric acid]], the astringent and sunscreen [[zinc oxide]], and the emollient [[lanolin]] [http://www.boroline.com/boroline.php] and is meant to be used for cuts, cracked lips, rough skin, and to treat [[infections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boroline.com/boroline.php|title=GD Pharmaceuticals Private Limited : Boroline|work=boroline.com}}</ref> It is manufactured by G D Pharmaceuticals Private Limited and was created in 1929.
==Other products==
G D Pharmaceuticals over the years introduced and successfully marketed three more popular and effective products in India:
# '''Suthol antiseptic skin liquid''' - an antiseptic liquid which takes care of all summer related skin problems, particularly ones caused by heat such as rashes, itches, bumps and other skin irritations.
# '''Eleen light hair oil''' - a perfumed light hair oil in two variants - Active Amla (with amla ([[Emblica officinalis]]) extracts & vitamin-E) & Active Joba (with natural extracts of Joba and Vitamin E).
# '''Glosoft Face wash''' in two variants - Turmeric Glow (For Normal to Dry Skin) & Ocean Fresh (For Normal to Oily skin)
# '''Penorub liquid pain releiver''' - a medicated liquid with unique Roll-on Apllicator to treat all sorts of aches, sprains, cramps and attain relief from arthritis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lupICYa3BiIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=boroline+cream+1929&source=web&ots=-Gi2eFMrcU&sig=IEdTF155gxuqML3qEBMVTzRP9d0|title=Contemporary Marketing|work=google.com}}</ref>
<references />
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2016-02-05T11:00:30Z
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{{Infobox brand
| name = Boroline
| logo = Boroline Antiseptic Cream.jpg
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype =
| currentowner =
| producedby =
| country = India
| introduced = 1929
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = <!-- or: misc -->
| module1 = <!-- or: misc1 -->
}}
'''Boroline''' is an [[Over-the-counter drug|over the counter]] [[antiseptic]] [[perfumed]] cream sold in [[India]]. The product was launched in 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lupICYa3BiIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=boroline+cream+1929&source=web&ots=-Gi2eFMrcU&sig=IEdTF155gxuqML3qEBMVTzRP9d0|title=Contemporary Marketing|work=google.com}}</ref> in [[Kolkata]] by Gourmohan Dutta<ref>http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/consumer_3rd_edition/Boroline.pdf</ref>, a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] merchant. Over the years, the brand's popularity soared, and it became an icon of national economic [[self-sufficiency]] in a nation that was still under the [[British India|British]] rule. It is still one of the most popular brands in India.
It is a combination of the antiseptic [[boric acid]], the astringent and sunscreen [[zinc oxide]], and the emollient [[lanolin]] and is meant to be used for cuts, cracked lips, rough skin, and to treat [[infections]]. It is manufactured by G D Pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boroline.com/boroline.php|title=GD Pharmaceuticals Private Limited : Boroline|work=boroline.com}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
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2016-10-14T07:24:13Z
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{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=March 2011}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2011}}
{{essay-like|date=March 2011}}
}}
| Lifts/elevators = 22, Installed my [[Westinghouse Electric|Westinghouse]], modernized by [[Schindler Elevator Corporation|Schindler]]
| website = http://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/nycmq-new-york-marriott-marquis/
'''New York Marriott Marquis''' is a [[Marriott International]] hotel at 1535 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] opened in 1985 and was designed by [[architect]] [[John Portman]]. It is located on [[Times Square]] at [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and 45th Street. The hotel is famous for its high-tech elevators and [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium lobby]] rising 45 stories to "The View", New York's only rooftop [[revolving restaurant]] and lounge. The View is the third highest restaurant in [[New York City]] behind ONE Dine on the 101st floor of [[One World Trade Center]], and the [[Rainbow Room]] on the 65th floor of [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]]. 1,949 rooms and over {{convert|100000|sqft|abbr=on}} of meeting space, it is one of the largest hotels in the city. The [[Marquis Theatre]] is located within the hotel at the 3rd floor.
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2016-08-23T20:20:32Z
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| website = {{official website|http://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/nycmq-new-york-marriott-marquis/}}
The '''New York Marriott Marquis''' is a [[Marriott International]] hotel at opened in 1985. It was designed by [[architect]] [[John Portman]]. It is located on [[Times Square]] at 1535 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] at the corner of 45th Street. The hotel is famous for its high-tech elevators and [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium lobby]] rising 45 stories to "The View", New York's only rooftop [[revolving restaurant]] and lounge. The View is the third highest restaurant in [[New York City]] behind ONE Dine on the 101st floor of [[One World Trade Center]], and the [[Rainbow Room]] on the 65th floor of [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]]. 1,949 rooms and over {{convert|100000|sqft|abbr=on}} of meeting space, it is one of the largest hotels in the city.
Five historic theaters—the [[Fulton Theatre|original Helen Hayes]], [[Morosco Theatre|Morosco]], [[Bijou Theatre (Manhattan)|Bijou]], and the remnants of the [[Astor Theatre|Astor]] and [[Gaiety Theatre, New York|Gaiety]]—were demolished to clear the site. As a partial replacement, the [[Marquis Theatre]] was built as part of the approval for the building of the hotel. It is located within the hotel on the third floor.<ref>{{Cite news | issn = 0362-4331 | last = Freedman | first = Samuel G. | title = NEDERLANDER IS OFFERED HOTEL THEATER RIGHTS | work = The New York Times | accessdate = 2014-12-26 | date = 1984-11-10 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/10/theater/nederlander-is-offered-hotel-theater-rights.html }}</ref>
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2016-10-13T01:17:53Z
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Mount Nelson was originally named 'Nelson's Hill' by Captain William Bligh (of Mutiny on the Bounty fame) in 1792 in honour of David Nelson, the botanist of the Bounty mission, as "he was the first white man on it" when the Bounty visited 'Van Diemens Land' on its way to Tahiti. Nelson was one of the Bounty crew who was loyal to Bligh during the mutiny. He died in Timor on 20 July 1789 of an 'inflammatory fever' caused by the long open-boat voyage following the mutiny. His funeral was attended by the Governor and officers from every ship in the harbour. The name 'Nelson's Hill' was later changed to Mount Nelson.
[[Image:Tasman Bridge.jpg|270px|thumb|right|View of Tasman Bridge from Mount Nelson]]
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2016-10-03T03:36:58Z
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Mount Nelson was originally named 'Nelson's Hill' by Captain [[William Bligh]] (of [[Mutiny on the Bounty]] fame) in 1792 in honour of [[David Nelson (botanical collector)|David Nelson]], the botanist of the Bounty mission, as "he was the first white man on it" when the Bounty visited '[[Van Diemens Land]]' on its way to [[Tahiti]]. Nelson was one of the Bounty crew who was loyal to Bligh during the mutiny. He died at [[Kupang]] in [[Timor]] on 20 July 1789 of an 'inflammatory fever' caused by the long open-boat voyage following the mutiny. His funeral was attended by the Governor and officers from every ship in the harbour. The name 'Nelson's Hill' was later changed to Mount Nelson.
[[file:Tasman Bridge.jpg|270px|thumb|right|View of Tasman Bridge from Mount Nelson]]
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2016-10-06T16:25:45Z
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Four contestants compete to give a list of items that fit into a specific category announced at the beginning of each round. The bank for each game starts at $100. Each contestant gives one answer at a time, proceeding left to right, and $25 is added to the bank for each valid answer.
If a contestant repeats a previous response, fails to respond within the allotted time, or gives a response that the judges deem invalid, the next contestant in line can eliminate him/her by giving an acceptable answer. If consecutive contestants miss, an acceptable response by the next contestant in line eliminates all of them. However, if all the contestants give invalid responses, the category is thrown out and a new one is announced to begin the next round. A new category is also given whenever one or more contestants are eliminated.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Passthebuck fastbucks.png|thumb|right|A contestant preparing to play the Fast Bucks bonus round.]] -->
In Fast Bucks, the surviving contestant faced a game board with four rows, with one box on the top row and each row below it containing one more box. For each row, a specific category was given (e.g., people from ''[[Happy Days]]'', U.S. States) and the contestant was given 15 seconds to give as many answers as possible that fit the category, starting on the bottom and working up, the object being to match the answers hidden behind the boxes. The three eliminated contestants stayed onstage to observe the round, as the winner's performance dictated whether or not they could continue playing.
As long as the winning contestant matched an answer on a row, he/she could continue playing. The round ended if the contestant could not give a matching answer, with $100 given for each match made to that point. If this happened, the other three contestants would return to play the next game.
To win the round, the contestant had to either match all of the answers on any one row or match at least one for each of the four rows. Doing this won the contestant $5,000 and his/her three opponents would be removed from the game with any money won being theirs to keep.
CBS tried to make amends with packager Stewart for prematurely canceling his ''[[Pyramid (game show)|The $10,000 Pyramid]]'' four years earlier (with the top prize having increased to $20,000 on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] version since then) by taking ''Pass the Buck'' to replace [[Goodson-Todman Productions|Goodson-Todman's]] ''[[Tattletales]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
The original (unaired) pilots of ''Pass The Buck'' were videotaped at the [[CBS Broadcast Center]] on West 57th Street in Manhattan during the weekend of May 7–8, 1977; its tapes were then placed on the network's shelves for almost a year until it finally decided to put the show on the daytime schedule.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
At the start of its run, ''Pass The Buck'' looked to easily dominate ''[[Sanford and Son]]'' reruns on [[NBC]] (the program had already ended in primetime) at 10:00 AM (9:00 Central) and become a stable companion to ''[[The Price Is Right]]'', the original version of which Cullen had finished hosting almost 13 years earlier.
However, NBC sprang a surprise three weeks later in the form of its first Goodson-Todman game since 1969, ''[[Card Sharks]]'', whose winsome host [[Jim Perry (television personality)|Jim Perry]] and thrilling gameplay rendered ''Pass The Buck'' tame to many viewers by comparison. ''Card Sharks'' doomed Stewart's high hopes when ''Pass The Buck'' was canceled and simply ended after 13 weeks on June 30.
In what transpired as a trial run for its eventual syndicated success, ''[[Tic-Tac-Dough]]'' replaced it the next Monday, but ran only two months; the syndicated version continued until 1986.
The show videotaped during its brief run at the [[Ed Sullivan Theater]] in [[New York City]], now the home of the ''[[Late Show (CBS TV series)|
Late Show]]''.
==Episode status==
The series is believed to be intact.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} [[Game Show Network]] aired episodes of the series between October 11, 1997 and April 18, 1998.
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Four contestants competed to give a list of items that fit into a specific category announced at the beginning of each round. The bank for each game started at $100. Each contestant gave one answer at a time, proceeding left to right, and $25 was added to the bank for each valid answer.
If a contestant repeated a previous response, failed to respond within the allotted time, or gave a response that the judges deemed invalid, the next contestant in line could eliminate him/her by giving an acceptable answer. If consecutive contestants missed, an acceptable response by the next contestant in line eliminated all of them. However, if all the contestants gave invalid responses, the category was thrown out and a new one was announced to begin the next round. A new category was also given whenever one or more contestants were eliminated.
In Fast Bucks, the surviving contestant faced a game board with four rows, with one box on the top row and each row below it containing one more box. Starting on the bottom and working up, a specific category was given (e.g., people from ''[[Happy Days]]'', U.S. States) and the contestant was given 15 seconds to give as many answers as possible that fit the category. The object was to match the answers hidden behind the boxes on any single row. The three eliminated contestants stayed onstage to observe the round, as the winner's performance dictated whether or not they could continue playing.
As long as the winning contestant matched at least one answer on a row, he/she continued playing. The round ended if the contestant could not give a matching answer, with $100 given for each match made to that point. If this happened, the other three contestants would return to play the next game.
To win the round, the contestant had to either match all of the answers on any one row or match at least one answer on each of the four rows. Doing this won the contestant $5,000 and his/her three opponents were removed from the game with any money won being theirs to keep.
''Pass The Buck'' aired on [[CBS]] at 10:00 AM (9:00 Central). Following its last episode which aired June 30, 1978, the program was replaced by ''[[Tic-Tac-Dough]]''.
The show videotaped during its brief run at the [[Ed Sullivan Theater]] in [[New York City]], now the home of the ''[[Late Show (CBS TV series)|The Late Show]]''.
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
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The team's statistical leaders included Tom Delaney with 440 rushing yards, Tom Delaney with 400 passing yards, and Mike Moore with 250 receiving yards.<ref>2016 Record Book, p. D17-D19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1978 Kent State Golden Flashes Stats|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=SR/College Football|accessdate=October 4, 2016|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/kent-state/1978.html}}</ref>
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2016-10-05T17:07:05Z
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The team's statistical leaders included Tom Delaney with 440 rushing yards, Tom Delaney with 400 passing yards, and Mike Moore with 250 receiving yards.<ref>2016 Record Book, p. D17-D19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1978 Kent State Golden Flashes Stats|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|work=SR/College Football|accessdate=October 4, 2016|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/kent-state/1978.html}}</ref> Three Kent State players were selected as first-team All-MAC players: linebacker Jack Lazor and defensive linemen Mike McKibben and Mike Zele.<ref>2016 Kent State Football Record Book, p. D42.</ref>
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{{fieldhockeybox|date=5 February 2012 |time=15:00 |team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}} |score=3 – 4 |aet=yes |team2={{fhw|Japan}} |report=[http://www.fih.ch/files/competitions/2012/CT%20Women/Day%207/Match%2022%20-%20NZL%20v%20JPN.pdf Report] |goals1=[[Katie Glynn|Glynn]] {{fhgoal|FG|41|PC|69}} <br />[[Stacey Michelsen|Michelsen]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}} |goals2=[[Akane Shibata|Shibata]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} <br />[[Izuki Tanaka|Tanaka]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}} <br />[[Kaori Fujio|Fujio]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}} <br />[[Rika Komazawa|Komazawa]] {{fhgoal|FG|78}} |umpires=[[Julie Ashton-Lucy]] (AUS) <br />Michelle Meister (GER)}}
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2016-10-02T05:06:15Z
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{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 February 2012
|time=15:00
|team1={{fhw-rt|New Zealand}}
|score=3–4
|aet=yes
|team2={{fhw|Japan}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/3877/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Katie Glynn|Glynn]] {{fhgoal|FG|41|PC|69}}<br />[[Stacey Michelsen|Michelsen]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}}
|goals2=[[Akane Shibata|Shibata]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}}<br />[[Izuki Tanaka|Tanaka]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}}<br />[[Kaori Fujio|Fujio]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}<br />[[Rika Komazawa|Komazawa]] {{fhgoal|FG|78}}
|umpires=[[Julie Ashton-Lucy]] (AUS)<br />Michelle Meister (GER)}}
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* {{cite web |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/19/ace.html |title=Ace in the Hole |last=Armstrong |first=Richard |date=February 2002 |work=Senses of Cinema |accessdate=2010-01-05}} Freely accessible essay by Richard Armstrong, who published a biography of Wilder in 2000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Billy Wilder, An American Film Realist |last=Armstrong |first=Richard |date=May 2000 |isbn=978-0-7864-0821-4 |publisher=McFarland & Co. |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DkxX8hbYpksC}}</ref>
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2016-09-09T07:37:55Z
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* {{cite web |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/19/ace.html |title=Ace in the Hole |last=Armstrong |first=Richard |date=February 2002 |work=Senses of Cinema |accessdate=2010-01-05}} Freely accessible essay by Richard Armstrong, who published a biography of Wilder in 2000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Billy Wilder, An American Film Realist |last=Armstrong |first=Richard |date=May 2000 |isbn=978-0-7864-0821-4 |publisher=McFarland & Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkxX8hbYpksC}}</ref>
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The embedded technology sold to vendors and service providers includes [[software development kit]] (SDK)-based solutions for inbound anti-spam, [[anti-virus]], Internet Protocol (IP) reputation, URL Filtering and Outbound anti-spam. IP reputation indexes known bad IP addresses that have been used in spam and other Internet attacks. The IP Reputation check on the CYREN website allows anyone to enter an [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) address to check the address' reputation and validity.
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2016-10-07T13:14:45Z
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The embedded technology sold to vendors and service providers includes [[software development kit]] (SDK)-based solutions for inbound anti-spam, [[anti-virus]], Internet Protocol (IP) reputation, URL Filtering and Outbound anti-spam. IP Reputation indexes known bad IP addresses that have been used in spam and other Internet attacks. The IP Reputation check on the CYREN website allows anyone to enter an [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) address to check the address' reputation and validity.
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2016-10-07T13:15:11Z
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Ukrainians in the Russian Federation represent a sizable minority in the country and the third largest ethnic group after [[Russians]] and [[Tatars]]. In spite of their relatively high numbers, some Ukrainians in Russia complain of the unfair treatment and the prevailing anti-Ukrainian sentiment in the Russian Federation.<ref name="Letter3">{{cite web|url=http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/600/36/|script-title=uk:Володимир Полохало: "Ймовірність дострокових виборів президента – 50%" (укр.)|trans-title=Vladimir Polokhalo: "The probability of early presidential elections - 50%" (Ukraine)|publisher=Ukrainians of Russia - Kobza|date=6 August 2002|accessdate=28 September 2016|postscript=: Open letter to the Commissar of the OSCE from the Union of Ukrainians in the Urals.}}</ref><ref name="Letter">[Letter to President Putin from the Union of Ukrainians in Bashkiria [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20080321232710/http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1681/48/ 11.20.07]</ref> In November 2010, the [[High Court of Russia]] cancelled registration of one of the biggest civic communities of the Ukrainian minority, the “[[Federal nation-cultural autonomy of the Ukrainians in Russia]]” (FNCAUR).<ref>{{cite web|first=Valentyn|last=Nalyvaichenko|author-link=Valentyn Nalyvaichenko|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689/|title=Nalyvaichenko to OSCE: Rights of Ukrainians in Russia systematically violated|publisher=KyivPost|date=26 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20110914153452/https://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689/|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
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2016-09-28T03:29:05Z
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Ukrainians in the Russian Federation represent a sizable minority in the country and the third largest ethnic group after [[Russians]] and [[Tatars]]. In spite of their relatively high numbers, some Ukrainians in Russia complain of the unfair treatment and the prevailing anti-Ukrainian sentiment in the Russian Federation.<ref name="Letter3">{{cite web|url=http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/600/36/|script-title=uk:Володимир Полохало: "Ймовірність дострокових виборів президента – 50%" (укр.)|trans-title=Vladimir Polokhalo: "The probability of early presidential elections - 50%" (Ukraine)|publisher=Ukrainians of Russia - Kobza|date=6 August 2002|accessdate=28 September 2016|postscript=: Open letter to the Commissar of the OSCE from the Union of Ukrainians in the Urals.}}</ref><ref name="Letter">[Letter to President Putin from the Union of Ukrainians in Bashkiria [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20080321232710/http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1681/48/ 11.20.07]</ref> In November 2010, the [[High Court of Russia]] cancelled registration of one of the biggest civic communities of the Ukrainian minority, the "[[Federal nation-cultural autonomy of the Ukrainians in Russia]]" (FNCAUR).<ref>{{cite web|first=Valentyn|last=Nalyvaichenko|author-link=Valentyn Nalyvaichenko|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689/|title=Nalyvaichenko to OSCE: Rights of Ukrainians in Russia systematically violated|publisher=KyivPost|date=26 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20110914153452/https://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/letters/detail/95689/|archivedate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
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The '''Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs''' are composed of 18 teams representing [[Old Dominion University]] in intercollegiate athletics, including men's and women's basketball, golf, soccer, sailing, swimming & diving, and tennis. Men's sports include baseball, football, and [[Collegiate wrestling|wrestling]]. Women's sports include field hockey, lacrosse, and rowing. The Monarchs compete in the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)]] and are members of [[Conference USA]].<ref name="odusports">{{cite web
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2016-10-09T09:41:43Z
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The '''Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs''' are composed of 18 teams representing [[Old Dominion University]] in intercollegiate athletics, including men's and women's basketball, golf, soccer, sailing, swimming & diving, and tennis. Men's sports include baseball, football, and [[Collegiate wrestling|wrestling]]. Women's sports include field hockey, lacrosse, and rowing. The Monarchs compete in the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS) and are members of [[Conference USA]].<ref name="odusports">{{cite web
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The '''National Rail Conditions of Carriage''' (NRCoC) are a contractual document setting out the consumer's rights and responsibilities when travelling on the [[National Rail]] [[Rail transport in Great Britain#Passenger services|railway network in Great Britain]]. {{As of|2015|7}} a new version of the document was issued dated 19 July 2015.
On October 1st, 2016 the '''National Rail Conditions of Travel''' replaced the NRCoC.<ref>http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/times_fares/ticket_types.aspx#National%20Rail%20Conditions</ref>
* For certain ticket types (such as those purchased at discount in advance),the TOCs concerned apply additional terms and conditions on top of the NRCoC. However, Condition 19 makes it the passenger's responsibility to ensure that their ticket is valid, and so any such additional terms must be available for examination when buying a ticket.
*The NRCoC cover the entitlement and restrictions of travellers, however they are not the only document to do so. Under the Transport Act 2000 (section 219), the [[Great Britain railway technical manuals|Railway Bylaws]] also apply, though more generally.
The NRCoC are arranged into four sections plus three appendices; the 19 July 2015 edition has 30 numbered pages. The first section deals with passenger tickets and the other sections deal with luggage, [[lost property]] and other matters.
Whilst the NRCoC are referred to on all train tickets, at stations, and on internet sites selling tickets for rail travel, very few travellers ever bother to read the document, unless they find themselves in dispute with a rail company on some matter. They are, however, of use to the consumer, because they afford considerable rights to the traveller with regards ticket validity. This has become a matter of significant public interest recently, in view of the complex and convoluted pricing structure of rail tickets in Great Britain.
==July 2015 Update==
According to the [http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/times_fares/46427.aspx National Rail] website the latest July 2015 updates included:
* A rewrite to be more explicit about passenger rights and obligations when buying and using tickets.
* Updating the circumstances when tickets may be transferred (condition 6).
* Updating the scope of Electronic Tickets (condition 9).
* More specific clarification on your right to a refund if your train is cancelled or delayed.
* Updated and simplified rules applying to carriage of luggage and other articles.
=={{Anchor|NRCoCDelay_Repay}}Delay Repay==
The latest version of the National Rail Conditions of Carriage also updated the minimum compensation levels for travellers and claimants can now require that compensation to be paid in cash.
If you arrive more than 60 minutes late at your destination station, due to the fault of the railway, you will be entitled to a minimum of 50% of the price paid for the relevant portion of the journey (Condition 42). Season tickets have their own special compensation arrangements attached to them.
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2016-10-10T11:26:35Z
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The '''National Rail Conditions of Travel''' (NRCoT) are a contractual document setting out the consumer's rights and responsibilities when travelling on the [[National Rail]] [[Rail transport in Great Britain#Passenger services|railway network in Great Britain]]. These replaced the National Rail Conditions of Carriage (NRCoC) as of October 1st 2016.<ref>http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/times_fares/ticket_types.aspx#National%20Rail%20Conditions</ref>
* For certain ticket types (such as those purchased at discount in advance),the TOCs concerned apply additional terms and conditions on top of the NRCoT.
*The NRCoT cover the entitlement and restrictions of travellers, however they are not the only document to do so. Under the Transport Act 2000 (section 219), the [[Great Britain railway technical manuals|Railway Bylaws]] also apply, though more generally.
Whilst the NRCoT are referred to on all train tickets, at stations, and on internet sites selling tickets for rail travel, very few travellers ever bother to read the document, unless they find themselves in dispute with a rail company on some matter. They are, however, of use to the consumer, because they afford considerable rights to the traveller with regards ticket validity. This has become a matter of significant public interest recently, in view of the complex and convoluted pricing structure of rail tickets in Great Britain.
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The division was disbanded during the war but was reformed in the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] in 1947 after the Second World War. Beckett 2008 says that TA units that were in suspended animation were formally reactivated on 1 January 1947, although no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947.<ref>Beckett 2008, 169.</ref> From December 1955, the division was placed on a lower establishment, for home defence purposes only.<ref>Beckett 2008, 180.</ref> On 1 May 1961 the division was merged with North West District to become 42nd Lancashire Division/[[North West District (British Army)|North West District]].<ref>Beckett 2008, 183, 185, and regiments.org (archive), [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612030817/http://www.regiments.org/formations/uk-cmdarmy/uk-d-la.htm Lancashire District and North West District], 1905–1995.</ref>
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2016-09-01T01:49:56Z
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The division was disbanded during the war but was reformed in the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] in 1947 after the Second World War. Beckett 2008 says that TA units that were in suspended animation were formally reactivated on 1 January 1947, although no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947.<ref>Beckett 2008, 169.</ref> From December 1955, the division was placed on a lower establishment, for home defence purposes only.<ref>Beckett 2008, 180.</ref> On 1 May 1961 the division was merged with North West District to become 42nd Lancashire Division/[[North West District (British Army)|North West District]].<ref>Beckett 2008, 183, 185, and regiments.org (archive), [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612030817/http://www.regiments.org/formations/uk-cmdarmy/uk-d-la.htm Lancashire District and North West District], 1905–1995.</ref>
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2016-09-30T01:32:56Z
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Manning was arrested in May 2010 in Iraq, where he had been stationed since October 2009, after [[Adrian Lamo]], a computer hacker in the United States, provided information to [[United States Army Counterintelligence|Army Counterintelligence]] that Manning had acknowledged passing classified material to the whistleblower website, [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>Dishneau, David. [http://www.armytimes.com/article/20100804/NEWS/8040312/Ex-agent-says-he-alerted-DoD-WikiLeaks-case "Ex-agent says he alerted DoD in WikiLeaks case"], Associated Press, 4 August 2010.</ref><ref>Denver Nicks, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', September 23, 2010.</ref> Manning was ultimately charged with 22 specified offenses, including communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source, and the most serious of the charges, [[Uniform Code of Military Justice#Punitive articles|aiding the enemy]].<ref name=Rizzo/> Other charges included violations of the [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]], stealing U.S. government property, charges under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and charges related to the failure to obey lawful general orders under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. He entered guilty pleas to 10 of 22 specified offenses in February 2013.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/?tag=nl.e879&s_cid=e879&ttag=e879 "Bradley Manning enters guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case"], CBS News, February 28, 2013.</ref>
The trial began on June 3, 2013.<ref name=TateJune32013>Julie Tate and Ellen Nakashima, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bradley-manning-court-martial-opens/2013/06/03/9c65ea48-cc51-11e2-8f6b-67f40e176f03_story.html "Bradley Manning court-martial opens"], ''The Washington Post'', June 3, 2013.</ref> It went to the judge on July 26, 2013, and findings were rendered on July 30.<ref>{{cite news|title=Closing arguments conclude; Manning's fate now with judge|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/25/justice/manning-court-martial/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=July 26, 2013|date=July 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|title=Verdict in Manning trial to be read Tuesday|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/29/justice/manning-court-martial/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=July 29, 2013|date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> Manning was acquitted of the most serious charge, that of [[Uniform Code of Military Justice|aiding the enemy]], for giving secrets to WikiLeaks. In addition to five<ref>{{cite news| author=Matt Sledge|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/bradley-manning-guilty_n_3677096.html |title=Bradley Manning Found Guilty of 19 Counts, Not Guilty of Aiding The Enemy |publisher=huffingtonpost.com |date=July 30, 2013 |accessdate=July 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="atlanticverdict">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/07/bradley-manning-verdict/67780/|title=Bradley Manning Found Not Guilty of Aiding the Enemy|author=Dashiell Bennett|date=July 30, 2013|publisher=theatlanticwire.com}}</ref><ref name="epochverdict">{{cite web|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/217167-bradley-manning-acquitted-of-aiding-the-enemy-found-guilty-of-violating-espionage-act/|title=Bradley Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy, Found Guilty of Violating Espionage Act|author= Zachary Stieber|publisher=Epoch Times|date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> or six<ref name="nydailynews">{{cite news|title=Army Pfc. Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy, convicted of six counts of espionage|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/bradley-manning-acquitted-aiding-enemy-article-1.1412787|publisher=NY Daily News|accessdate=July 30, 2013|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2013-07-31/><ref name="cbsnews">{{cite news|title=Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy for giving secrets to WikiLeaks|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57596093/bradley-manning-acquitted-of-aiding-the-enemy-for-giving-secrets-to-wikileaks/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=July 30, 2013}}</ref> espionage counts, Manning was also found guilty of five theft specifications, two computer fraud specifications and multiple military infractions. Manning had previously admitted guilt on some of the specified charges before the trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23506213 |title=BBC News – Bradley Manning guilty of espionage in Wikileaks case |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=July 30, 2013}}</ref>
On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment, reduction in [[pay grade]] to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dishneau|first=David|title=Manning Gets 35 years for wikileaks disclosures|url=http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/manning-gets-35-years-for-wikileaks-disclosures|work=MSN.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> He may be eligible for parole after serving one third of the sentence, and together with credits for time served and good behavior could be released after eight years.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013>Sledge, Matt. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/21/bradley-manning-sentenced_n_3787492.html "Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures "], ''Huffington Post'', 21 August 2013.</ref><ref name=GuardianLive35y>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/bradley-manning-sentencing-wikileaks-live|title=Bradley Manning sentenced to 35 years in prison – live updates|accessdate=August 21, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=August 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name=WaPo21Aug2013>{{cite news|title=Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html|accessdate=August 21, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 21, 2013|first=Julie|last=Tate}}</ref>
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2016-10-21T01:59:40Z
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After serving in Iraq since October 2009, Manning was arrested in May 2010 after [[Adrian Lamo]], a computer hacker in the United States, provided information to [[United States Army Counterintelligence|Army Counterintelligence]] reporting that Manning had acknowledged passing classified material to the whistleblower website, [[WikiLeaks]].<ref>Dishneau, David. [http://www.armytimes.com/article/20100804/NEWS/8040312/Ex-agent-says-he-alerted-DoD-WikiLeaks-case "Ex-agent says he alerted DoD in WikiLeaks case"], Associated Press, 4 August 2010.</ref><ref>Denver Nicks, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"], ''This Land'', September 23, 2010.</ref> Manning was ultimately charged with 22 specified offenses, including communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source, and the most serious of the charges, [[Uniform Code of Military Justice#Punitive articles|aiding the enemy]].<ref name=Rizzo/> Other charges included violations of the [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]], stealing U.S. government property, charges under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and charges related to the failure to obey lawful general orders under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Manning entered guilty pleas to 10 of 22 specified offenses in February 2013.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/?tag=nl.e879&s_cid=e879&ttag=e879 "Bradley Manning enters guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case"], CBS News, February 28, 2013.</ref>
The trial on the 12 remaining charges began on June 3, 2013.<ref name=TateJune32013>Julie Tate and Ellen Nakashima, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bradley-manning-court-martial-opens/2013/06/03/9c65ea48-cc51-11e2-8f6b-67f40e176f03_story.html "Bradley Manning court-martial opens"], ''The Washington Post'', June 3, 2013.</ref> It went to the judge on July 26, 2013, and findings were rendered on July 30.<ref>{{cite news|title=Closing arguments conclude; Manning's fate now with judge|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/25/justice/manning-court-martial/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=July 26, 2013|date=July 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|title=Verdict in Manning trial to be read Tuesday|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/29/justice/manning-court-martial/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=July 29, 2013|date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> Manning was acquitted of the most serious charge, that of [[Uniform Code of Military Justice|aiding the enemy]], for giving secrets to WikiLeaks. In addition to five<ref>{{cite news| author=Matt Sledge|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/bradley-manning-guilty_n_3677096.html |title=Bradley Manning Found Guilty of 19 Counts, Not Guilty of Aiding The Enemy |publisher=huffingtonpost.com |date=July 30, 2013 |accessdate=July 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="atlanticverdict">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/07/bradley-manning-verdict/67780/|title=Bradley Manning Found Not Guilty of Aiding the Enemy|author=Dashiell Bennett|date=July 30, 2013|publisher=theatlanticwire.com}}</ref><ref name="epochverdict">{{cite web|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/217167-bradley-manning-acquitted-of-aiding-the-enemy-found-guilty-of-violating-espionage-act/|title=Bradley Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy, Found Guilty of Violating Espionage Act|author= Zachary Stieber|publisher=Epoch Times|date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> or six<ref name="nydailynews">{{cite news|title=Army Pfc. Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy, convicted of six counts of espionage|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/bradley-manning-acquitted-aiding-enemy-article-1.1412787|publisher=NY Daily News|accessdate=July 30, 2013|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2013-07-31/><ref name="cbsnews">{{cite news|title=Bradley Manning acquitted of aiding the enemy for giving secrets to WikiLeaks|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57596093/bradley-manning-acquitted-of-aiding-the-enemy-for-giving-secrets-to-wikileaks/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=July 30, 2013}}</ref> espionage counts, Manning was also found guilty of five theft specifications, two computer fraud specifications and multiple military infractions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23506213 |title=BBC News – Bradley Manning guilty of espionage in Wikileaks case |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=July 30, 2013}}</ref>
On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment, reduction in [[pay grade]] to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dishneau|first=David|title=Manning Gets 35 years for wikileaks disclosures|url=http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/manning-gets-35-years-for-wikileaks-disclosures|work=MSN.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> Manning may be eligible for parole after serving one third of the sentence, and together with credits for time served and good behavior could be released after eight years.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013>Sledge, Matt. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/21/bradley-manning-sentenced_n_3787492.html "Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures "], ''Huffington Post'', 21 August 2013.</ref><ref name=GuardianLive35y>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/bradley-manning-sentencing-wikileaks-live|title=Bradley Manning sentenced to 35 years in prison – live updates|accessdate=August 21, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=August 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name=WaPo21Aug2013>{{cite news|title=Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html|accessdate=August 21, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 21, 2013|first=Julie|last=Tate}}</ref>
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2016-10-25T02:55:45Z
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| albedo = 0.1189 ± 0.009 <ref name="SIMPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |author=Tedesco |title=Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |work=IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] |year=2004 |display-authors=etal }}</ref>
| abs_magnitude = 11.5,<ref name="Tholen">{{cite web|url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/astermag.html |author=Tholen |title=Asteroid Absolute Magnitudes |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |work=EAR-A-5-DDR-ASTERMAG-V11.0. |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] |year=2007 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081201191739/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/astermag.html |archivedate=December 1, 2008 }} </ref> 11.8<ref name="jpldata"/>
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2016-09-10T04:25:51Z
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| albedo = 0.1189 ± 0.009 <ref name="SIMPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |author=Tedesco |title=Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |work=IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] |year=2004 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mqp8r4gD?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.edu%2Fpds%2Fresource%2Fimps.html |archivedate=January 17, 2010 |df= }}</ref>
| abs_magnitude = 11.5,<ref name="Tholen">{{cite web|url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/astermag.html |author=Tholen |title=Asteroid Absolute Magnitudes |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |work=EAR-A-5-DDR-ASTERMAG-V11.0. |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] |year=2007 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201191739/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/astermag.html |archivedate=December 1, 2008 |df= }} </ref> 11.8<ref name="jpldata"/>
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2016-09-29T21:16:10Z
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In July 1846 Stokes was promoted to captain and commanded the steam ship {{HMS|Acheron|1838|6}} surveying [[New Zealand]] for four years. This was one of 26 [[Hydrography |hydrography survey]]s conducted by the British Hydrography Office around the world, and was also tasked with investigating natural resources and negotiating between British settles and the [[Māori people|Maori inhabitants]] of New Zealand. Due to budget cuts, ''Acheron'' was replaced by a smaller vessel, the {{HMS|Pandora|1833|6}} from 1851-1856. The charts produced by Stokes remain in use to this day.<ref>{{cite book | last = Quanchi | first = Max|authorlink=| year = 2005 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands | publisher = The Scarecrow Press | location = | isbn = 0810853957}}</ref>
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2016-10-02T01:10:52Z
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In July 1846 Stokes was promoted to captain and commanded the steam ship {{HMS|Acheron|1838|6}} surveying [[New Zealand]] for four years. This was one of 26 [[hydrography]] surveys conducted by the British Hydrography Office around the world, and was also tasked with investigating natural resources and negotiating between British settles and the [[Māori people|Maori inhabitants]] of New Zealand. Due to budget cuts, ''Acheron'' was replaced by a smaller vessel, the {{HMS|Pandora|1833|6}} from 1851-1856. The charts produced by Stokes remain in use to this day.<ref>{{cite book | last = Quanchi | first = Max|authorlink=| year = 2005 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands | publisher = The Scarecrow Press | location = | isbn = 0810853957}}</ref>
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2016-10-02T07:14:13Z
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| birth_date = 29 April 1933
| birth_place = Warsaw, Poland
| death_date = 2 July 2001
| death_place = Jerusalem, Israel
| occupation = Professor of chemistry, political scientist, civil rights activist, author
'''Israel Shahak''' ({{lang-he|ישראל שחק}}; B. '''Israel Himmelstaub''', 28 April 1933 – 2 July 2001) was an Israeli professor of chemistry, at [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], a [[Holocaust]] survivor, a public intellectual of Liberal bent, and a civil rights activist in behalf of Jew and gentile. From 1970 to 1990, he headed the [[Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights]], and was a public critic of the policies of the Israeli government. As a public intellectual, Shahak’s works about [[Judaism]] proved controversial, especially the book ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'' (1994).<ref name=JQuarterly>Warschawski (2001).</ref>
'''Israel Shahak''' was born Israel Himmelstaub in 1933, in Warsaw, Poland, as the youngest child of a cultured, Zionist family of [[Ashkenazi Jew]]s.<ref>Adams (2001). "Born in 1933 into a cultured Jewish family in Warsaw,".</ref><ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4892 "'The Life of Death': An Exchange" By Israel Shahak, (with a) Reply by Timothy Garton Ash], ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 34, Number 1, 29 January 1987. Quote from Shahak: "I was born in Warsaw and was in the Warsaw Ghetto almost till the end;"</ref> During the Nazi [[Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)]], the Shahak family were interned to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]; his elder brother escaped to Britain, where he joined the [[Royal Air Force]]. Meanwhile, in occupied Poland, Shahak's mother paid a Roman Catholic family to hide Israel, whom they later returned when she was unable to continue paying for his safe-keeping from the Nazis.
In 1943, when Israel was a ten-year-old boy, the Nazis sent the Shahak family to the [[Poniatowa concentration camp]], to the west of Lublin, where his father died. Israel and his mother escaped the Poniatowa concentration camp, and returned to Warsaw. yet, within a year, the Nazis had recaptured and imprisoned them to the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]]. In 1945, the British Army liberated the prisoners of Bergen-Belsen; as [[Displaced persons camp|displaced persons]] Israel and his mother managed to emigrate to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], where his application to join a [[kibbutz]] was denied, because he was physically too-slender.<ref>Pallis (2001). “After setbacks — he was rejected as 'too weedy' when he volunteered for a kibbutz — he became a model citizen.”</ref>
From the age of twelve years, the boy Israel cared for and supported his sickly mother; surviving the Bergen-Belsen Nazi camp broke her health. After attending a religious boarding school in the village of [[Kfar Hassidim]], Israel and his mother moved to [[Tel Aviv]]. Upon graduation from secondary school, Shahak soldiered in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF).<ref name=Pallis>Pallis (2001).</ref> After military service, Shaka earned a [[doctorate]] in chemistry, at [[Hebrew University]]. In the course of his professional career, the scientist Israel Shahak was an assistant to the nuclear physicist [[Ernst David Bergmann]], the chairman of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC).<ref name=Independent>Adams (2001).</ref>
In 1961, Shahak pursued post-doctoral studies at [[Stanford University]] in the U.S., and, in 1963, returned to Israel, where he became a popular [[lecturer]] and researcher in chemistry, at Hebrew University; and, by 1965, he also had become active in the Israeli politics of the day.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> As a chemist, Shahak’s work produced science about organic compounds of [[fluorine]], and contributed to cancer research.<ref>Science Citation Index</ref> In 1990, Shahak retired from the faculty of Hebrew University, because of poor health ([[diabetes mellitus]]) and the pursuit of intellectual research work in other fields.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001>Mezvinsky (2001), p. 11.</ref> For most of his adult life, Prof. Israel Shahak, Ph.D., resided in the [[Rehavia]] neighborhood of [[West Jerusalem]]; he died at age 68, of diabetic complications, and was buried in the Givat Shaul cemetery.<ref name=Pallis/>
==Politics==
;Public intellectual
In the late 1950s, as a citizen of Israel, Prof. Shahak became politically engaged in response to the imperialist comment of [[David Ben-Gurion]] that, with the [[Suez War]] (29 October 1956 – 7 November 1956), the State of Israel was fighting to achieve “the kingdom of David and Solomon”.<ref name=Hitchens/>
In the 1960s he joined the Israeli League Against Religious Coercion.<ref name=JQuarterly/> In 1965, he began political activism against “Classical Judaism” and Zionism;<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> and wrote a letter to the ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper about having witnessed an Orthodox Jew “refusing to let his phone be used on the Sabbath to help a non-Jew who had collapsed nearby”; in Israel, Shahk's letter-to-the-editor complaint began a continual debate about the attitudes (religious and cultural) of [[Orthodox Judaism]] towards gentiles.<ref name=Rickman>Rickman (2009).</ref>
In 1967, after the [[Six-Day War]] (5–10 June 1967), Shahak ended his membership to the League Against Religious Coercion, because they were “fake liberals” who used the principles of [[Liberalism]] to combat coercive religious influence in Israeli society — but did not apply such protections to the Israeli Palestinians living in the IDF-occupied [[West Bank]] and in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=JQuarterly/> In the event, Shahak joined the [[Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights]], and became its president in 1970.<ref name=Independent/> The League for Human and Civil Rights, composed of Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel, protested and publicized Israel's restrictive policies against Palestinians, and provided legal aid to them.
In 1969, Shahak and another member of the faculty of Hebrew University, realised a sit-down protest against the Israeli government's policy of jailing polically active Palestinian students, by way of [[administrative detention]] authorised by state-of-emergency laws; likewise, Shahak supported the political efforts of the Palestinian students to achieve equal rights, like those granted to Jewish Israelis, at Hebrew University.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> In 1970, Shahak established the Committee Against Administrative Detentions to formally oppose such legalised political repression.<ref name=JQuarterly/>
To make public the anti-Arab and anti-Palestinian legalised discrimination, Shahak published English translations of Hebrew-language reportage about illegal and unjust actions of the Israeli government against the gentile citizens of Israel; Shahak's English reports were principally for the Jewish community of the U.S.<ref name=Independent/><ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> The translated reports featured headlines such as “Torture in Israel,” and “Collective Punishment in the West Bank”, which Shahak sent to journalists, academics, and human rights activists, and so ensure that the mainstream population of the U.S. would be informed of the religious discrimination practised by the government of Israel.<ref name=Rickman/>
;Civil rights advocate
As a [[Intellectual|public intellectual]], Shahak wrote about the Israeli government's actions against the non-Jewish citizens of the State of Israel, such as the suppression of freedom of speech and general political activity; land ordinances and the confiscation of lands from the gentiles; living restrictions upon non-Jews (ghettoes); the destruction of houses; legally-sanctioned unequal pay and work restrictions; emergency-defence regulations allowing the summary arrest, detention, and torture of prisoners (civil and military); the collective punishment of communities; the assassinations of leaders (religious, political, academic); racial discrimination in access to education; and the deprivation of Israeli citizenship.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> Such political activities earned Shahak much hostility and death threats; after the [[1982 Lebanon War]] (June 1982 – June 1985), Shahak also reported Israeli abuses of the populations of Lebanon.<ref name=Independent/>
In effort to explain the behaviour of the State of Israel towards their Arab neighbours, Prof. Shahak proposed that the Israeli interpretation of Jewish history produced a society who disregard the human rights of the Arab peoples, within Israel and around Israel.<ref name=Rickman/> That Zionism was a “régime based on structural discrimination and racism.” In the book review of ''Anti-Zionism: Analytical Reflections'' (1988), Sheldon Richman countered Shahak's description of Judaism, by personally characterising Shahak as a Jew for whom Zionism was a reflection of, and a capitulation to, European anti-Semitism, “since it [Zionism], like the anti-Semites, holds that Jews are everywhere aliens who would best be isolated from the rest of the world.”<ref>Richman, Sheldon L. “Anti-Zionism: Analytical Reflections”. Roselle Tekiner, Samir Abed-Rabbo, and Norton Mezvinsky, eds. Amana Books, Brattleboro, Vermont, 1988; Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs, June, 1989. </ref>
In letters published in the ''Haaretz'' and ''[[Kol Ha'ir]]'' newspapers, Shahak criticized the political hypocrisy demonstrated by the radical Left in their uncritical support of the Palestinian nationalist movements.<ref name=JQuarterly/> In his obituary of Prof. Israel Shahak, [[Christopher Hitchens]] said that Shahak's house was “a library of information about the human rights of the oppressed”, and that:
<blockquote>The families of prisoners, the staff of closed and censored publications, the victims of eviction and confiscation — none were ever turned away. I have met influential “civil society” Palestinians alive today who were protected as students when Israel was a professor of chemistry at the Hebrew University; from him they learned never to generalize about Jews. And they respected him, not just for his consistent stand against discrimination, but also because — he never condescended to them. He detested nationalism and religion, and made no secret of his contempt for the grasping Arafat entourage. But, as he once put it to me, “I will now only meet with Palestinian spokesmen when we are out of the country. I have some severe criticisms to present to them. But I cannot do this while they are living under occupation, and I can ‘visit’ them as a privileged citizen.”<ref name=Hitchens>Hitchens (2001).</ref></blockquote>
;Author
Among the books publish by Israel Shahak are ''Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel'' (1994), co-authored by [[Norton Mezvinsky]], ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'' (1994), and ''Open Secrets: Israel’s Nuclear and Foreign Policies'' (1997). In the introduction to the 2004 edition of ''Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel'', the historian Mezvinsky said, “We realize that, by criticizing Jewish fundamentalism, we are criticizing a part of the past that we love. We wish that members of every human grouping would criticize their own past, even before criticizing others.”<ref>Shahak, Israel and Norton Mezvinsky ''Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel'' (2004 ed.), p. xxi.</ref>
==The telephone incident==
In 1965, Shahak wrote a letter to the ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper, about an injustice he witnessed; that letter originated “the current major debate within and outside Israel about Orthodox Jewish attitudes to non-Jews.”<ref name=Rickman/> In the letter, Shahak said he witnessed an Orthodox Jew refuse the use of his telephone to call for an ambulance for a non-Jew, because it was the [[Shabbat]].<ref>Rickman, Dan. '[The Guardian'' (2009) </ref><ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Segev>[[Tom Segev]], ''1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East'', Macmillan Publishers, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA99&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2eWpT56vCMn66QGtyNC6BA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20telephone%20incident&f=false pp. 99-100], ISBN 1429911670, 9781429911672 .</ref><ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20telephone%20incident&f=false p. 121].</ref><ref name=Boteach>Boteach (2008).</ref> That the [[Beth din]], the rabbinical court of Jerusalem, had confirmed that the Orthodox Jew correctly understood ''[[Halakha]]'' law regarding non-Jews and the Sabbath, and quoted passages from a recent legal compilation.
Consequently, the cultural matter of a religiously-denied telephone became public political discussion in the Israeli press and in ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', all of which directed attention to Shahak as a [[Intellectual|public intellectual]] in the cultural politics of Israel.<ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Segev/><ref name=Boteach/> In the ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'' newspaper, the minister of religious affairs, Dr. [[Zerach Warhaftig]] said that the Orthodox rabbinical ruling was correct, but quoted Traditional Jewish passages that allowed a Jewish physician to save the life of a non-Jew on the Sabbath, despite not being religiously required to do so.<ref name=Segev/>
In 1966, Rabbi [[Immanuel Jakobovits]] disputed the veracity of Shahak's story; that Prof. Israel Shahak had been compelled to admit that the Orthodox Jew of the incident he witnessed “simply did not exist . . . [that] the whole incident had been fabricated, in true ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols]]'' style.”<ref>[http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/br-jakobovits/index.html "In memory of Lord Jakobovits - A Sage in the Tradition of the Prophets"], ''The Times'', 1 November 1999.</ref><ref>Jakobovits, Immanuel. [http://www.edah.org/backend/document/jakobovits1.html A Modern Blood Libel--L'Affaire Shahak], ''Tradition'', Volume 8, Number 2, Summer 1966.</ref> He cited a lengthy ''[[responsa|responsum]]'', by [[Isser Yehuda Unterman]], the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel, who said that “the Sabbath must be violated to save non-Jewish life no less than Jewish lives”, and cited a ruling by Rabbi [[Menachem Meiri]] that Jews ''should'' desecrate the Sabbath to save a gentile’s life.<ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Boteach/><ref name=Schwartz>Schwartz (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7raS2sHgjO8C&pg=PA19&dq=Judaism+and+Global+Survival+Israel+Shahak&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0vMnUcyjJuHU0gHq_4CAAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Judaism%20and%20Global%20Survival%20Israel%20Shahak&f=false p. 19].</ref><ref name=Tradition59>Jakobovits (1966), p. 59.</ref> The opinions of the rabbis derived from the book ''Noda B’Yehuda'' (''Known in Judah''), in which the 18th-century religious authority [[Yechezkel Landau]] said: “I emphatically declare that in all laws contained in the Jewish writings concerning theft, fraud, etc. no distinction is made between Jew and Gentile; that the (Talmudic) legal categories [[goy]], ''akum'' (idolater) etc., in no way apply to the people among whom we live.”<ref>Schwartz, Richard H. https://books.google.com/books?id=7raS2sHgjO8C&pg=PA19 ''Judaism and Global Survival,'' Lantern Books rev.ed. 2001 pp.19-20.</ref>
In 1967, Prof. Ze'ev Falk said he had disproved the claims of Shahak: “While I dissociate myself from the methods of action of Dr. Israel Shahak, who invented the case of a Gentile who was not given treatment on the Sabbath, it was this fiction that led Chief Rabbi Unterman to issue a ruling permitting the violation of the Sabbath in order to save the life of a Gentile.”<ref>Falk (1967), pp. 47–53.</ref>
Despite the religious controversy, Shahak published his account of the religiously-denied telephone in the first chapter of ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'' (1994), and said that “neither the Israeli, nor the [[diaspora]] rabbinical authorities ever reversed their ruling that a Jew should not violate the Sabbath in order to save the life of a Gentile. They added much sanctimonious twaddle to the effect that, if the consequence of such an act puts Jews in danger, the violation of the Sabbath is permitted, for their sake.”<ref>Shahak (1994), pp. 4-5.</ref>
In 2008, seven years after Shahak’s death, the controversy of religious interpretation continued when Rabbi [[Shmuley Boteach]] doubted the veracity of Shahak’s report of Jewish injustice against a non-Jew: “From the beginning, the story was curious. What prohibition could there possibly be, in allowing someone else to use one’s phone on the Sabbath?” In support, he cited Eli Beer, the chief coordinator of Israel’s volunteer ambulance service (1,100 medical personnel, 60 per cent Orthodox), who said, “If someone would say we won’t save a non-Jewish life on the Sabbath, he is a liar. If he is Jewish, Christian, or Muslim we save everyone’s life on any day of the year, including the Sabbath and Yom Kippur, and I have done so myself. Indeed, as an Orthodox Jew it is my greatest honor to save the life of a non-Jew, and I would violate any of the Jewish holy days to do so.<ref name=Boteach/>
==''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years''==
In 1994, Shahak published ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'', about Jewish fundamentalism; as described by history professor [[Norton Mezvinsky]], at Central Connecticut State University, ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'' is a:
<blockquote>Scathing attack upon Classical Judaism and its more modern outgrowth, Orthodox Judaism. . . . As a lover of prophetic Judaism and as a disciple of Spinoza, Shahak, in a learned and rational manner, condemned the parochialism, racism, and hatred of non-Jews, which too often appeared in the Judaism that developed during and after the Talmudic period, and which, to a goodly extent, still exists.<ref>[http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/228-washington-report-archives-2000-2005/august-september-2001/3840-in-memoriam-israel-shahak-1933-2001.html In Memoriam: Israel Shahak (1933-2001)] By Norton Mezvinsky, [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], August/September 2001, page 11</ref></blockquote>
The American intellectuals [[Gore Vidal]] and [[Edward Said]] each wrote an Introduction to an edition of ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion''.<ref>[[Werner Cohn]]: [http://www.wernercohn.com/Said.html What Edward Said knows] accessed 15 June 2012.</ref> Shahak proposes that the history of most nations initially is [[ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]], but that, in time, they evolve socially, through a period of critical self-analysis, to incorporate other social perspectives. Moreover, that, by the [[Age of Enlightenment]], Jewish emancipation was a dual liberation, from Christian [[anti-Semitism]] and from a traditional Jewish rabbinate, and their “imposed scriptural control”.<ref>Hitchens (1997), p. xi.</ref> The journalist [[Robert Fisk]] said that Shahak's examination of fundamentalist Jewish religious tradition was invaluable:
<blockquote>[Shahak] concludes that “there can no longer be any doubt that the most horrifying acts of oppression in the West Bank are motivated by Jewish religious fanaticism.” He quotes from an official exhortation to religious Jewish soldiers about Gentiles, published by the Israeli army's Central Region Command, in which the chief chaplain writes: “When our forces come across civilians during a war, or in hot pursuit, or a raid, so long as there is no certainty that those civilians are incapable of harming our forces, then, according to the ''[[Halakhah]]'' (the legal system of Classical Judaism) they may and even should be killed . . . In no circumstances should an Arab be trusted, even if he makes an impression of being civilised. . . . In war, when our forces storm the enemy, they are allowed, and even enjoined, by the Halakhah to kill even good civilians, that is, civilians who are ostensibly good.”<ref>Fisk (1997).</ref></blockquote>
Moreover, [[Werner Cohn]], of the University of British Columbia, said that Shahak was making “grotesque charges” and that specific passages in ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'' are without foundation: <ref name=JHJR>Cohn (1994), pp. 28–29.</ref>
<blockquote>Dr. Shahak is full of startling revelations, if that is the word, about Jewish history and the Jewish religion. None of those [revelations] I was able to check had any foundation . . . some are just funny. He says (pp. 23–24) that “Jewish children are actually taught” to utter a ritual curse when passing a non–Jewish cemetery.<ref> “So now, one can read quite freely — and Jewish children are actually taught — passages such as that, which commands every Jew, whenever passing near a cemetery, to utter a blessing if the cemetery is Jewish, but to curse the mothers of the dead if it is non—Jewish.” ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'' (1994), pp. 23–24.</ref> He also tells us (p. 34) that “both before and after a meal, a pious Jew ritually washes his hands . . . On one of these two occasions he is worshiping God . . . but on the other he is worshiping Satan. . . .”<ref name=JHJR/><ref>“Other prayers or religious acts, as interpreted by the Cabbalists, are designed to deceive various angels (imagined as minor deities with a measure of independence) or to propitiate Satan . . . both before and after a meal, a pious Jew ritually washes his hands, uttering a special blessing. On one of these two occasions he is worshiping God, by promoting the divine union of Son and Daughter; but on the other he is worshiping Satan, who likes Jewish prayers and ritual acts so much that, when he is offered a few of them, it keeps him busy for a while, and he forgets to pester the divine Daughter.” ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'' (1994), p. 34.</ref></blockquote>
==Reception==
As a public intellectual, Israel Shahak was accused of fabricating the incidents he reported, of [[Victim blaming|blaming the victim]], of distorting the [[normative]] meaning of Jewish religious texts, and of misrepresenting Jewish belief and law.<ref name=JHJR/><ref name=Tradition>Jakobovits (1966).</ref> Paul Bogdanor, said that Shahak “regaled his audience with a stream of outrageous libels, ludicrous fabrications, and transparent hoaxes. As each successive allegation was exposed and discredited, he would simply proceed to a new invention.”<ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20regaled&f=false p. 119].</ref> Nonetheless, Ari Alexander, co-founder of the Children of Abraham Organization for Jewish–Islamic dialogue, said that, despite the use Shahak’s works by neo-Nazis and anti-Israel organisations in Arab countries:
<blockquote>The texts that Shahak cites are real (though Shahak’s sporadic use of footnotes makes it difficult to check all of them). Often-times, the interpretation [by Shahak] of these texts is debatable, and their prominence in Judaism negligible, but, nonetheless, they are part of Jewish tradition, and, therefore, cannot be ignored.<ref>Alexander, Ari. [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Jews_and_Non-Jews/Attitudes_Toward_Non-Jews/Biblical_and_Rabbinic/Anti-Gentile_Traditions.shtml "Israel and Anti-Gentile Traditions"], ''MyJewishLearning.com''. Accessed 13 June 2010.</ref></blockquote>
Accusations of being an anti-Semite were among the responses to Shahak’s works about [[Judaism]] and the [[Talmud]].<ref name=JHJR/> In that vein, in ''The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics'', the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) listed Prof. Israel Shahak as one of four authors of anti-Semitic polemics, and Bogdanor said that in his works, Shahak was “recycling Soviet anti-Semitic propaganda.”<ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Israel%20Shahak%20recycling&f=false p. 122].</ref> [[Werner Cohn]] said, “without question, he is the world’s most conspicuous Jewish anti-Semite. . . . Like the Nazis before him, Shahak specialized in defaming the Talmud. In fact, he has made it his life’s work to popularize the anti–Talmud ruminations of the eighteenth-century German anti-Semite, [[Johann Andreas Eisenmenger|Johann Eisenmenger]].<ref>Cohn (1995), p. 18.</ref>
Moreover, [[Emanuele Ottolenghi]] said that Jews, such as Prof. Israel Shahak argues act as enablers for anti-Semites, because the rhetoric of anti-semitic Jews plays a “crucial role . . . in excusing, condoning, and — in effect — abetting anti-Semitism.” In his opinion, “Anti-Semites rely on Jews to confirm their prejudice: If Jews recur to such language, and advocate such policies, how can anyone be accused of anti-Semitism, for making the same arguments? . . . The mechanism through which an anti-Semitic accusation becomes respectable once a Jew endorses it is not limited to Israel’s new historians. . . . Israel Shahak made the comparison between Israel and Nazism respectable — all the while describing Judaism according to the medieval canons of the [[blood libel]].<ref>Ottolenghi (2006).</ref>
Likewise, in agreement with Ottolenghi, the journalist Dan Rickman said that “Shahak ignores [the dialectical nature and humanist] aspects of the sources. Further, through overstating his case, his analysis fits into anti-Semitic traditions of such accusations against the Talmud. Copies of the Talmud have been burned, and the text of the Talmud that is studied today is still heavily censored. Shahak's view that chauvinism in these sources in any way ‘justifies’ anti-Semitism is also very troubling. However, I do believe that his trenchant critique of Judaism is, tragically, not without some force. The contemporary situation is that we do see some modern Orthodox rabbis utilise xenophobic sources in modern rulings. Orthodox rabbis in organisations such as [[Rabbis for Human Rights]] are sadly the exception rather than the rule.<ref name=Rickman/></blockquote>
==Death==
At his death in 2001, Israel Shahak was the subject of tribute and criticism; the history lecturer, Prof. Haim Genizi, said that “Shahak’s extreme anti–Israeli statements were welcomed by the [[PLO]], and [were] widely circulated in pro–Arab circles”, in detriment to the interests of the State of Israel.<ref>Genizi (2002), p. 94.</ref> In the memoir, ''To Be an Arab in Israel'' (1975), the Palestinian poet Fouzi El-Asmar said that Shahak was a “remarkable and outstanding individual.”<ref name="El-Asmar">El-Asmar (1975), p. 138.</ref> [[Gore Vidal]], author of a Foreword to the 2005 edition of ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'', said Shahak was “the latest, if not the last, of the great prophets”, regarding the influence of religion upon the [[civil law]] of society. [[Norton Mezvinsky]], said that his friend and collaborator was a “a rare intellectual giant and a superior humanist”; in that vein, [[Edward Said]] said that Shahak was “a very brave man who should be honored for his services to humanity.”<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/>
[[Christopher Hitchens]] considered Shahak a “dear friend and comrade . . . [who was] a brilliant and devoted student of the archaeology of Jerusalem and Palestine”, who, “during his chairmanship of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights, set a personal example that would be very difficult to emulate.”<ref name=Hitchens/> [[Alexander Cockburn]] described Shahak the intellectual, the “tireless translator and erudite foot-noter . . . a singular man, an original.”<ref>Cockburn (2001).</ref> Allan C. Brownfeld, of the [[American Council for Judaism]], recalled the [[Humanism|humanist]] who actively opposed “racism and oppression in any form and in any country”; that Shahak possessed a “genuinely prophetic Jewish voice, one which ardently advocated democracy and human rights.”<ref name=Brownfeld>Brownfeld (2001), p. 71.</ref> In obituary, the journalist Elfi Pallis recalled Shahak the political activist, as essentially “an old-fashioned [[Liberalism|liberal]]” in priciple, thought, and action.<ref name=Pallis/> Moreover, [[Michel Warschawski]] said that Israel Shahak was “the last Israeli liberal”, who was “above all, one of the last philosophers of the eighteenth-century school of enlightenment, rationalism, and liberalism, in the American meaning of the concept.”<ref name=JQuarterly/>
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2016-10-09T20:52:48Z
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|04|28}}
| birth_place = [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|06|02|1933|04|28}}
| death_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| occupation = Professor, political thinker, author, and civil rights activist
'''Israel Shahak''' ({{lang-he|ישראל שחק}}; born Himmelstaub, April 28, 1933 – July 2, 2001) was a Polish [[Holocaust]] survivor and Israeli professor of [[chemistry]] at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], known especially as a liberal<ref name=JQuarterly>Warschawski (2001).</ref> secular political thinker, author, and civil rights activist. Between 1970 and 1990, he was president of the [[Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights]] and was an outspoken critic of the Israeli government. Shahak's writings on [[Judaism]] have been a source of widespread controversy.
Born in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]],<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4892 "'The Life of Death': An Exchange" By Israel Shahak, (with a) Reply by Timothy Garton Ash], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', Volume 34, Number 1, January 29, 1987. Quote from Shahak: "I was born in Warsaw (the subject of a large part of the essay) and was in the Warsaw Ghetto almost till the end;"</ref> Shahak was the youngest child of a cultured, religious, pro-Zionist, [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish family.<ref>Adams (2001). "Born in 1933 into a cultured Jewish family in Warsaw,".</ref> During [[Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)|German occupation of Poland]], his family was forced into the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]. His brother escaped and joined the [[Royal Air Force]]. His mother paid a poor [[Catholic]] family to hide him, but when her money ran out he was returned. In 1943 he and his family were sent to the [[Poniatowa]] concentration camp, near Lublin, where his father died. Israel and his mother managed to escape and returned to Warsaw, but within the year, they were both sent to [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]]. Shahak was liberated from the camp in 1945, and shortly thereafter emigrated to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], where he wanted to join a [[kibbutz]], but was turned down as "too weedy".<ref>Pallis (2001). "After setbacks - he was rejected as 'too weedy' when he volunteered for a kibbutz - he became a model citizen."</ref>
From age 12, Shahak cared for and provided economic support for his mother who survived the Nazi camp in very poor physical condition. After a period of learning in a religious boarding school in [[Kfar Hassidim]], he moved with his mother to [[Tel Aviv]]. After graduating from high school, Shahak served in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) in an elite regiment.<ref name=Pallis>Pallis (2001).</ref> After completing service with the IDF, he attended [[Hebrew University]] where he received his [[doctorate]] in [[chemistry]]. He became an assistant to [[Ernst David Bergmann]], the chair of Israel's Atomic Energy Commission.<ref name=Independent>Adams (2001).</ref>
In 1961, Shahak left Israel for the [[United States]] to study as a postdoctoral student at [[Stanford University]]. He returned two years later to become a popular teacher and researcher in chemistry at Hebrew University, and also became politically active.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> He published many scientific papers, mostly on organic [[fluorine]] compounds<ref>Science Citation Index</ref> and contributed to cancer research. He remained at Hebrew University until he retired in 1990 because of concerns about his [[diabetes]] and desire to do other work.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001>Mezvinsky (2001), p. 11.</ref>
For most of his adult life, Shahak lived in the [[Rehavia]] neighborhood of [[West Jerusalem]]. He died in [[Jerusalem]] at age 68 due to complications from [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] and was buried in the Givat Shaul cemetery.<ref name=Pallis/>
==Politics and works==
Shahak first became concerned about Israel’s direction because of [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s statement during the 1956 [[Suez War]] that Israel was fighting for "the kingdom of David and Solomon."<ref name=Hitchens/>
In the 1960s he became involved in the [[Israeli League Against Religious Coercion]].<ref name=JQuarterly/> In 1965, he began his political activism against “classical Judaism” and Zionism.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> That year he wrote a controversial letter to ''[[Haaretz]]'' alleging he had witnessed an Orthodox Jew “refusing to let his phone be used on the Sabbath to help a non-Jew who had collapsed nearby,” beginning a still continuing debate on [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] attitudes towards non-Jews.<ref name=Rickman>Rickman (2009).</ref>
Following the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Shahak disavowed his affiliation with the League Against Religious Coercion, stating they were "fake liberals" who used liberal principles to fight religious influence in Israeli society, but failed to apply them to Israeli treatment of Palestinians in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref name=JQuarterly/> Shahak then became active with the [[Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights]] and was elected its president in 1970. He remained a “moving spirit” of the organization for many years.<ref name=Independent/> The League for Human and Civil Rights, composed of Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel, protested and publicized Israeli policies towards Palestinians and provided some legal and other aid to them. In 1969 Shahak and another Hebrew University faculty member staged a sit-down protest against the Israeli government jailing Palestinian students under emergency [[administrative detention]] regulations. In the following years, he supported Palestinian students' efforts to achieve equal rights at Hebrew University.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> In 1970 he established the [[Committee Against Administrative Detentions]].<ref name=JQuarterly/>
Shahak began publishing translations into English of Hebrew press accounts of Israeli activities he considered unjust or illegal, in order to publicize them to the wider world,<ref name=Independent/> and especially the United States.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> He sent his reports to journalists, academics and human rights campaigners, drawing attention with titles like “Torture in Israel,” and “Collective Punishment in the West Bank.”<ref name=Rickman/> During the 1970s and ensuing decades he went on a number of speaking tours to universities, churches and other institutions in the United States and met privately with members of Congress and officials of the State Department. He became a well-known activist in international circles, co-authoring papers and giving joint speaking engagements with American [[political dissident]] [[Noam Chomsky]], and winning plaudits from [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Gore Vidal]], [[Christopher Hitchens]] and [[Edward Said]].
Topics on which Shahak wrote included suppression of freedom of speech and political activity, land ordinances and confiscation, living restrictions, home destruction, unequal pay and work restrictions, emergency defense regulations, torture of prisoners, collective punishment, assassinations, discrimination in education and deprivation of citizenship.<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> These activities earned Shahak great hostility in Israel and he even received death threats. After the [[1982 Lebanon War]] he also wrote of Israeli abuses in Lebanon.<ref name=Independent/> Shahak promoted the theory that Israel's religious interpretation of Jewish history led it to disregard Arab human rights.<ref name=Rickman/> He also began to argue that Zionism was a "regime based on structural discrimination and racism." Reviewer [[Sheldon Richman]] explains that for Shahak, Zionism was both a reflection of, and capitulation to, European antisemitism, "since it, like the anti-Semites, holds that Jews are everywhere aliens who would best be isolated from the rest of the world."<ref name=Richman>Richman (1989).</ref> In 1994 he published ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'', in 1997 he published ''Open Secrets: Israel's Nuclear and Foreign Policies'', and in 1994 he published ''Jewish Fundamentalism In Israel'', co-authored with [[Norton Mezvinsky]]. In the introduction to the 2004 version of the book, Mezvinsky wrote that "We realize that by criticizing Jewish fundamentalism we are criticizing a part of the past that we love. We wish that members of every human grouping would criticize their own past, even before criticizing others."<ref>Shahak, Mezvinsky (2004), p. xxi.</ref>
In his last years, Shahak criticized hypocrisy in the Palestinian national movement, and the radical left for its uncritical support of the movement, publishing letters in ''Ha'aretz'' and ''[[Kol Ha'ir]]''.<ref name=JQuarterly/> In an obituary published in [[The Nation]], [[Christopher Hitchens]] wrote that Shahak's home was "a library of information about the human rights of the oppressed", and that <blockquote>The families of prisoners, the staff of closed and censored publications, the victims of eviction and confiscation--none were ever turned away. I have met influential "civil society" Palestinians alive today who were protected as students when Israel was a professor of chemistry at the Hebrew University; from him they learned never to generalize about Jews. And they respected him not just for his consistent stand against discrimination but also because--he never condescended to them. He detested nationalism and religion and made no secret of his contempt for the grasping Arafat entourage. But, as he once put it to me, "I will now only meet with Palestinian spokesmen when we are out of the country. I have some severe criticisms to present to them. But I cannot do this while they are living under occupation and I can 'visit' them as a privileged citizen."<ref name=Hitchens>Hitchens (2001).</ref></blockquote>
==Alleged telephone incident==
In 1965, Shahak wrote a letter to ''[[Ha'aretz]]'' which, according to Dan Rickman, writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2009, was the genesis for "[t]he currently major debate within and outside Israel about Orthodox Jewish attitudes to non-Jews".<ref name=Rickman/> In this letter Shahak wrote he had witnessed an Orthodox Jewish man refusing to allow his telephone to be used to call an ambulance for a non-Jew because it was the Jewish [[Shabbat|Sabbath]].<ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Segev>[[Tom Segev]], ''1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East'', [[Macmillan Publishers]], 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C&pg=PA99&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2eWpT56vCMn66QGtyNC6BA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20telephone%20incident&f=false pp. 99-100], ISBN 1429911670, 9781429911672 .</ref><ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20telephone%20incident&f=false p. 121].</ref><ref name=Boteach>Boteach (2008).</ref> He also wrote that members of the [[Beth din|rabbinical court of Jerusalem]] confirmed that the man was correct in his understanding of [[Halakha|Jewish law]], and that they backed this assertion by quoting from a passage from a recent compilation of law. The issue was subsequently taken up in Israeli newspapers and ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', leading to significant publicity.<ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Segev/><ref name=Boteach/> According to Israeli historian [[Tom Segev]], ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'' asked for the opinion of the minister of religious affairs, Dr. [[Zerach Warhaftig|Zerah Warhaftig]], who did not refute the rabbinical ruling, but quoted from traditional Jewish sources according to which Jewish doctors had saved the lives of non-Jews on the Sabbath, although they were not required to do so."<ref name=Segev/>
In 1966, [[Immanuel Jakobovits]], who later became [[Chief Rabbi]] of the United Hebrew Congregations of [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[Commonwealth]],<ref>[http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/br-jakobovits/index.html "In memory of Lord Jakobovits - A Sage in the Tradition of the Prophets"], ''[[The Times]]'', November 1, 1999.</ref> disputed the veracity of Shahak's story. Jakobovits alleged that Shahak eventually had been forced to admit that the Orthodox Jew he wrote he had witnessed, in Jakobovits words, "simply did not exist." Jakobovits wrote that "The whole incident had been fabricated in true ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols]]'' style".<ref>[[Immanuel Jakobovits|Jakobovits, Immanuel]]. [http://www.edah.org/backend/document/jakobovits1.html A Modern Blood Libel--L'Affaire Shahak], ''Tradition'', Volume 8, Number 2, Summer 1966.</ref> He cited a lengthy ''[[responsa|responsum]]'' by [[Isser Yehuda Unterman]], the [[Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbi]] of Israel at the time, who stated that, "the Sabbath must be violated to save non-Jewish life no less than Jewish lives," citing a ruling by [[Menachem Meiri]] that Jews ''should'' desecrate the Sabbath to save a gentile’s life.<ref name=Rickman/><ref name=Boteach/><ref name=Schwartz>Schwartz (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7raS2sHgjO8C&pg=PA19&dq=Judaism+and+Global+Survival+Israel+Shahak&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0vMnUcyjJuHU0gHq_4CAAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Judaism%20and%20Global%20Survival%20Israel%20Shahak&f=false p. 19].</ref><ref name=Tradition59>Jakobovits (1966), p. 59.</ref> [[Yechezkel Landau]] in his ''Noda B’Yehuda'' wrote:
<blockquote>I emphatically declare that in all laws contained in the Jewish writings concerning theft, fraud, etc. no distinction is made between Jew and Gentile; that the (Talmudic) legal categories [[goy]], ''akum'' (idolater) etc., in no way apply to the people among whom we live.’<ref>Richard H. Schwartz https://books.google.com/books?id=7raS2sHgjO8C&pg=PA19 ''Judaism and Global Survival,'' Lantern Books rev.ed. 2001 pp.19-20.</ref></blockquote>
The following year Zeev Falk wrote that though he disapproved of Shahak's allegedly "invented [] case", it had a positive outcome. "While I dissociate myself from the methods of action of Dr. Israel Shahak, who invented the case of a Gentile who was not given treatment on the Sabbath, it was this fiction that led Chief Rabbi Unterman to issue a ruling permitting the violation of the Sabbath in order to save the life of a Gentile".<ref>Falk (1967), pp. 47–53.</ref>
Shahak repeated his account in the opening chapter of his 1994 book, ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'', stating that "Neither the Israeli, nor the [[diaspora]], rabbinical authorities ever reversed their ruling that a Jew should not violate the Sabbath in order to save the life of a Gentile. They added much sanctimonious twaddle to the effect that if the consequence of such an act puts Jews in danger, the violation of the Sabbath is permitted, for their sake."<ref>Shahak (1994), pp. 4-5.</ref>
Writing in 2008, Rabbi [[Shmuley Boteach]] stated "From the beginning the story was curious. What prohibition could there possibly be in allowing someone else to use one's phone on the Sabbath?" He cited Eli Beer, chief coordinator of Israel's volunteer ambulance service, who "oversees 1,100 medical volunteers, approximately 60 percent of whom are Orthodox," as stating:
<blockquote>If someone would say we won't save a non-Jewish life on the Sabbath, he is a liar. If he is Jewish, Christian, or Muslim we save everyone's life on any day of the year, including the Sabbath and Yom Kippur, and I have done so myself. Indeed, as an orthodox Jew it is my greatest honor to save the life of a non-Jew, and I would violate any of the Jewish holy days to do so.<ref name=Boteach/></blockquote>
==''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years''==
In 1994, Shahak published ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'', about Jewish fundamentalism; as described by history professor [[Norton Mezvinsky]], at Central Connecticut State University, the work is a:
<blockquote>scathing attack upon Classical Judaism and its more modern outgrowth, Orthodox Judaism. . . . As a lover of prophetic Judaism and as a disciple of Spinoza, Shahak, in a learned and rational manner, condemned the parochialism, racism, and hatred of non-Jews, which too often appeared in the Judaism that developed during and after the Talmudic period, and which, to a goodly extent, still exists.<ref>[http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/228-washington-report-archives-2000-2005/august-september-2001/3840-in-memoriam-israel-shahak-1933-2001.html In Memoriam: Israel Shahak (1933-2001)] By Norton Mezvinsky, [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], August/September 2001, page 11</ref></blockquote>
The American intellectuals [[Gore Vidal]] and [[Edward Said]] praised the book, and each wrote an Introduction to an edition of ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion''.<ref>[[Werner Cohn]]: [http://www.wernercohn.com/Said.html What Edward Said knows] Page accessed 15 June 2012.</ref> Shahak proposes that the history of most nations initially is [[ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]], but that, in time, they evolve socially, through a period of critical self-analysis, to incorporate other social perspectives. Moreover, by the [[Age of Enlightenment]], Jewish emancipation was a dual liberation, from Christian [[anti-Semitism]] and from a traditional Jewish rabbinate, and its ‘imposed scriptural control.<ref>Hitchens (1997), p.xi.</ref> [[Robert Fisk]] said that Shahak's examination of a fundamentalist Jewish religious tradition was invaluable:
<blockquote>[Shahak] concludes that “there can no longer be any doubt that the most horrifying acts of oppression in the West Bank are motivated by Jewish religious fanaticism.” He quotes from an official exhortation to religious Jewish soldiers about Gentiles, published by the Israeli army's Central Region Command in which the chief chaplain writes: “When our forces come across civilians during a war or in hot pursuit or a raid, so long as there is no certainty that those civilians are incapable of harming our forces, then according to the Halakhah (the legal system of classical Judaism) they may and even should be killed . . . In no circumstances should an Arab be trusted, even if he makes an impression of being civilised . . . In war, when our forces storm the enemy, they are allowed, and even enjoined, by the Halakhah to kill even good civilians, that is, civilians who are ostensibly good.”<ref>Fisk (1997).</ref></blockquote>
Moreover, the academic [[Werner Cohn]], Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of British Columbia, criticizes specific passages in ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion'' as being without “any foundation”, that Shahak was making “grotesque charges”: <ref name=JHJR>Cohn (1994), pp. 28-9.</ref>
<blockquote>Dr. Shahak is full of startling revelations, if that is the word, about Jewish history and the Jewish religion. None of those I was able to check had any foundation . . . Some are just funny. He says (pp. 23-4) that “Jewish children are actually taught” to utter a ritual curse when passing a non–Jewish cemetery.<ref> “So now, one can read quite freely — and Jewish children are actually taught — passages such as that, which commands every Jew, whenever passing near a cemetery, to utter a blessing if the cemetery is Jewish, but to curse the mothers of the dead if it is non—Jewish.” Shahak (1994), pp. 23-24.</ref> He also tells us (p. 34) that “both before and after a meal, a pious Jew ritually washes his hands . . . On one of these two occasions he is worshiping God . . . but on the other he is worshiping Satan. . . .”<ref name=JHJR/><ref>“Other prayers or religious acts, as interpreted by the Cabbalists, are designed to deceive various angels (imagined as minor deities with a measure of independence) or to propitiate Satan . . . both before and after a meal, a pious Jew ritually washes his hands, uttering a special blessing. On one of these two occasions he is worshiping God, by promoting the divine union of Son and Daughter; but on the other he is worshiping Satan, who likes Jewish prayers and ritual acts so much that, when he is offered a few of them, it keeps him busy for a while, and he forgets to pester the divine Daughter.” Shahak (1994), p. 34.</ref></blockquote>
==Reception==
In his memoirs, ''To Be an Arab in Israel'', Palestinian poet [[Fouzi El-Asmar]] described Shahak as a "remarkable and outstanding individual",<ref name="El-Asmar">El-Asmar (1975), p. 138.</ref> and [[Gore Vidal]], who wrote the introduction to Shahak's ''Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years'', described him there as 'the latest, if not the last, of the great prophets.'" According to Haim Genizi, "Shahak's extreme anti-Israeli statements were welcomed by the PLO and widely circulated in pro-Arab circles".<ref>Genizi (2002), p. 94.</ref>
After his death, Shahak received tributes from a number of sources. His friend and co-author the historian [[Norton Mezvinsky]] stated he was "a rare intellectual giant and a superior humanist", and [[Edward Said]] described him as "a very brave man who should be honored for his services to humanity."<ref name=Mezvinsky2001/> [[Christopher Hitchens]], who considered Shahak a "dear friend and comrade", said he was "a brilliant and devoted student of the archaeology of Jerusalem and Palestine", and that "during his chairmanship of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights, [he] set a personal example that would be very difficult to emulate."<ref name=Hitchens/> On [[Antiwar.com]] [[Alexander Cockburn]] described him as a "tireless translator and erudite footnoter" and "a singular man, an original",<ref>Cockburn (2001).</ref> while Allan C. Brownfeld, of the [[American Council for Judaism]], writing in the [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], said he opposed "racism and oppression in any form and in any country", and had a "genuinely prophetic Jewish voice, one which ardently advocated democracy and human rights."<ref name=Brownfeld>Brownfeld (2001), p. 71.</ref> In his obituary in ''[[The Guardian]]'' Elfi Pallis described him as "an old-fashioned [[Liberalism|liberal]]",<ref name=Pallis/> while [[Michel Warschawski]] described him as "the last Israeli liberal", and stated that he was "above all one of the last philosophers of the 18th century school of enlightenment, rationalism, and liberalism, in the American meaning of the concept."<ref name=JQuarterly/>
Shahak has been accused of fabricating incidents, "[[Victim blaming|blaming the victim]]", distorting the normative meaning of Jewish texts, and misrepresenting Jewish belief and law.<ref name=JHJR/><ref name=Tradition>Jakobovits (1966).</ref> According to Paul Bogdanor, Shahak "regaled his audience with a stream of outrageous libels, ludicrous fabrications, and transparent hoaxes. As each successive allegation was exposed and discredited, he would simply proceed to a new invention."<ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Israel%20Shahak%20regaled&f=false p. 119].</ref> Ari Alexander, co-founder of the Children of Abraham Organization for Jewish-Islamic dialogue, while noting the widespread use of Shahak's works by neo-Nazis and in Arab countries, concludes that:
<blockquote>the texts that Shahak cites are real (though Shahak's sporadic use of footnotes makes it difficult to check all of them). Oftentimes, the interpretation of these texts is debatable and their prominence in Judaism negligible, but nonetheless, they are part of Jewish tradition and, therefore, cannot be ignored.<ref>Alexander, Ari. [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Jews_and_Non-Jews/Attitudes_Toward_Non-Jews/Biblical_and_Rabbinic/Anti-Gentile_Traditions.shtml "Israel and Anti-Gentile Traditions"], ''MyJewishLearning.com''. Accessed June 13, 2010.</ref></blockquote>
In reaction to his writings about [[Judaism]] and the [[Talmud]], Shahak has been accused of antisemitism.<ref name=JHJR/> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] listed Shahak as one of four authors of polemics in its paper ''The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics'', while Bogdanor accused Shahak of "recycling Soviet antisemitic propaganda".<ref>Bogdanor (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9J3_buWUL0C&pg=PA121&dq=Israel+Shahak+telephone+incident&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwFWUb-PN4XJ4AOD04GgBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Israel%20Shahak%20recycling&f=false p. 122].</ref>
In 1995 [[Werner Cohn]] wrote of Shahak:
<blockquote>Without question, he is the world's most conspicuous Jewish antisemite... Like the Nazis before him, Shahak specialized in defaming the Talmud. In fact, he has made it his life's work to popularize the anti-Talmud ruminations of the 18th century German antisemite, [[Johann Andreas Eisenmenger|Johann Eisenmenger]].<ref>Cohn (1995), p. 18.</ref></blockquote>
[[Emanuele Ottolenghi]] argues that Jews like Shahak act as enablers for antisemites, stating that their rhetoric plays a "crucial role... in excusing, condoning, and — in effect — abetting anti-Semitism." In his view:
<blockquote>Anti-Semites rely on Jews to confirm their prejudice: If Jews recur to such language and advocate such policies, how can anyone be accused of anti-Semitism for making the same arguments? [...] The mechanism through which an anti-Semitic accusation becomes respectable once a Jew endorses it is not limited to Israel’s new historians... Israel Shahak made the comparison between Israel and Nazism respectable — all the while describing Judaism according to the medieval canons of the [[blood libel]].<ref>Ottolenghi (2006).</ref></blockquote>
While agreeing that Shahak's works contribute to antisemitism, Dan Rickman, writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'', is not completely dismissive:
<blockquote>Shahak ignores [the [[dialectic]]al nature and [[humanism|humanist]]] aspects of the sources. Further, through overstating his case, his analysis fits into antisemitic traditions of such accusations against the Talmud. Copies of the Talmud have been burned and the text of the Talmud that is studied today is still heavily censored. Shahak's view that chauvinism in these sources in any way "justifies" antisemitism is also very troubling.
However, I do believe that his trenchant critique of Judaism is, tragically, not without some force.
The contemporary situation is that we do see some modern Orthodox rabbis utilise xenophobic sources in modern rulings. Orthodox rabbis in organisations such as [[Rabbis for Human Rights]] are sadly the exception rather than the rule.<ref name=Rickman/></blockquote>
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The [[Missouri Territory|territory known as Missouri]] was included in the [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803. Soon after, the Delaware [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] received treaty land where Springfield's Sequiota Park and the antique stores of its Galloway Village stand today. To the west, 500 [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] Native Americans built [[wigwams|wickiups]] on the prairie that still bears their name. Missouri became a state on August 10, 1821, and in 1833 the legislature designated most of the southern portion as Greene County. It was named for [[American Revolutionary War]] General [[Nathanael Greene]], largely through a campaign by Springfield's founder, John Polk Campbell, to honor a man he admired. A [[Tennessee]] [[Homestead Act|homesteader]], Campbell announced his claim in 1829. Springfield was officially founded in 1830 and was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1838.<ref>[http://www.springfieldmo.org/discover/springfield-history Springfield History]</ref>
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The [[Missouri Territory|territory known as Missouri]] was included in the [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803. Soon after, the Delaware [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] received treaty land where Springfield's Sequiota Park and the antique stores of its Galloway Village stand today. To the west, 500 [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] Native Americans built [[wigwams|wickiups]] on the prairie that still bears their name. Missouri became a state on August 10, 1821, and in 1833 the legislature designated most of the southern portion as Greene County. The county was named in honor of [[American Revolutionary War]] General [[Nathanael Greene]], largely through a campaign, started in 1829, by Springfield's founder, John Polk Campbell, a [[Tennessee]] [[Homestead Act|homesteader]]. Officially, Springfield was founded in 1830 and was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1838.<ref>[http://www.springfieldmo.org/discover/springfield-history Springfield History]</ref>
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In addition to being the [[UNESCO]] Chair of Complex Thought, he is known as a founder of [[transdisciplinarity]] and is the holder of a diverse array of honorary doctorates in a variety of social science fields from no fewer than 21 universities (Messina, Geneva, Milan, Bergamo, Thessaloniki, La Paz, Odense, Perugia, Cosenza, Palermo, Nuevo León, Université de Laval à Québec, Brussels, Barcelona, Guadalajara, Valencia, Vera Cruz, Santiago, the Catholic University of Porto Alegre, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Candido Mendes University (Rio de Janeiro))<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Montuori|first1=Alfonso|title=COMPLEX THOUGHT An Overview of Edgar Morin’s Intellectual Journey|journal=MetaIntegral Foundation|date=June 2013|volume=Resource Paper}}</ref>
The [[University of Messina]] in Sicily, Ricardo Palma University in Lima, and the [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)]], the prestigious French National Research Center in Paris, have established research centers based on his transdisciplinary methods and philosophy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Montuori|first1=Alfonso|title=COMPLEX THOUGHT An Overview of Edgar Morin’s Intellectual Journey|journal=MetaIntegral Foundation|date=June 2013|volume=Resource Paper}}</ref> In addition, a university was established recently in Mexico based on his work, [[Multiversidad Mundo Real Edgar Morin]].
== Works ==
* 2006, ''Le Monde Moderne et La Question Juive''
* 2007, ''Vers l'abîme ?''
* 2007, ''L'An I de l'ère écologique : la Terre dépend de l'homme qui dépend de la Terre, Paris, Éditions Tallandier ?''
* 2008, ''La Méthode, Seuil, Collection Opus (2 vol.) ?''
* 2008, ''Pour une politique de civilisation, Paris, éditions Arléa ?''
* 2011, ''La Voie. Pour l'avenir de l'humanité, Paris, Fayard''
* 2005, [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0610049v1 ''Restricted complexity, general complexity''].<ref>Gershenson, C., D. Aerts, and B. Edmonds (Eds.). (2007). Worldviews, Science, and Us: Philosophy and Complexity. World Scientific, Singapore.</ref>
{{Reflist}}
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In addition to being the [[UNESCO]] Chair of Complex Thought, he is known as a founder of [[transdisciplinarity]] and is the holder of a diverse array of honorary doctorates in a variety of social science fields from no fewer than 21 universities (Messina, Geneva, Milan, Bergamo, Thessaloniki, La Paz, Odense, Perugia, Cosenza, Palermo, Nuevo León, Université de Laval à Québec, Brussels, Barcelona, Guadalajara, Valencia, Vera Cruz, Santiago, the Catholic University of Porto Alegre, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Candido Mendes University (Rio de Janeiro))<ref name=Montuori>{{cite journal|last1=Montuori|first1=Alfonso|title=COMPLEX THOUGHT An Overview of Edgar Morin’s Intellectual Journey|journal=MetaIntegral Foundation|date=June 2013|volume=Resource Paper}}</ref>
The [[University of Messina]] in Sicily, Ricardo Palma University in Lima, and the [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)]], the prestigious French National Research Center in Paris, have established research centers based on his transdisciplinary methods and philosophy.<ref name=Montuori/> In addition, a university was established recently in Mexico based on his work, [[Multiversidad Mundo Real Edgar Morin]].
== Works (selection) ==
* 2006, ''Le Monde moderne et la question juive''
* 2007, ''Vers l'abîme''
* 2007, ''L'An I de l'ère écologique : la Terre dépend de l'homme qui dépend de la Terre'', Paris, Éditions Tallandier
* 2008, ''La Méthode'', Seuil, ''Collection Opus'' (2 vol.)
* 2008, ''Pour une politique de civilisation'', Paris, Éditions Arléa
* 2011, ''La Voie. Pour l'avenir de l'humanité'', Paris, Fayard
* 2005, [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0610049v1 ''Restricted complexity, general complexity''].<ref>Gershenson, C., D. Aerts, and B. Edmonds (Eds.). (2007). ''Worldviews, Science, and Us: Philosophy and Complexity''. World Scientific, Singapore.</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}
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<noinclude><!--don't place any text above this line-->
(1) Please do not move or remove the <noinclude> tags; they are used to transclude this state's "Commercial Service – Primary" airports in the [[List of airports in the United States]]. Also please do not add columns to the table since all the U.S. state lists are using the same format so that they can be transcluded into a single sortable table.
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'''Footnotes:'''
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(1) Please do not move or remove the onlyinclude tags; they are used to transclude this state's "Commercial Service – Primary" airports in the [[List of airports in the United States]]. Also please do not add columns to the table since all the U.S. state lists are using the same format so that they can be transcluded into a single sortable table.
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!KDiff3
![[Mailto:joachim.eibl@ NO SPAM gmx.de|Joachim Eibl]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kdiff3.sourceforge.net/|title=KDiff3 - Homepage|website=kdiff3.sourceforge.net|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>
!Yes; GPL
!Yes
!2002
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!"In theory any platform for which Qt-libs work (Qt4 or Qt5)"
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| Joachim Eibl<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kdiff3.sourceforge.net/|title=KDiff3 - Homepage|website=kdiff3.sourceforge.net|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>
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{{Orphan|date=March 2013}}
'''Solomon G. Brown''' was born on February 14, 1829 in [[Washington D.C.]] He was the first African American employee of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. He was also a poet, lecturer, and scientific technician. He joined the Smithsonian in 1852 and remained there for fifty-four years until he retired in 1906. During his career at the Smithsonian, he worked for the National Museum, the International Exchange Service, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]]. He had many duties within the Smithsonian, which include: working as a general laborer who built exhibit cases, moved and cleaned furniture, assisted in preparing maps, and drew for Smithsonian lectures. He worked under the first three Smithsonian secretaries, [[Joseph Henry]], [[Spencer Fullerton Baird]], and [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]].<ref name="Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man" /><ref name="Biography of Solomon G. Brown">{{cite web | url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/brown2.htm | title=Solomon G. Brown: First African American Employee at the Smithsonian Institution | accessdate=May 25, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Solomon Info">{{cite newsgroup | title=Solomon G. Brown | date=March 6, 1996 | accessdate=May 29, 2012 | author=Gibson, Terrica}}</ref>
Solomon G. Brown was the fourth of six children to his parents Isaac and Rachel Brown. His parents were former [[slaves]], but he was born a free man. His father died in 1832 and his family was left homeless with heavy debt. Brown was unable to be formally educated because he had to work in order to support his family. When he was fifteen he worked at the Washington D.C. [[Post Office]] as a [[postmaster]] assistant. At that same time he assisted [[Joseph Henry]] and [[Samuel F.B. Morse]] with the installation of the first Morse [[telegraph]]. For the next seven years he continued to work for [[Samuel F.B. Morse]].<ref name="Biography 2: Solomon G. Brown">{{cite web | url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/brown-solomon-g-1829-1906 | title=Brown, Solomon G. (1829-1906) | accessdate=May 25, 2012}}</ref>
[[Joseph Henry]] first hired Brown as a general laborer. In 1864, he became a museum assistant and by 1869 he was the registrar in charge of transportation, registry, and the storage of animal specimens and materials received by the institution. Out of all the three secretaries that he worked with, he worked closely with [[Spencer Baird]]. [[Spencer Baird]] was a successful ornithologist and Brown spent a lot of time assisting him. When Baird was out of town, he trusted Brown to be the "eyes and ears" of the Smithsonian. Brown would do clerical duties for Baird, for example, he entertained visitors, opened and forward mail, made the Baird family's travel arrangements, and gave out wages to the workers of the Baird household.<ref name="Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man">{{cite web | url=http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/solomon-g-brown-renaissance-man | title=Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man | accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Biography of Solomon G. Brown" /><ref name="Solomon Info" />
Brown was an activist who volunteered in civic and educational programs to help the African American community. He was the founder of the Pioneer Sabbath School in [[Washington D.C.]] and was also the superintendent of the North Washington Mission Sunday School. He was elected as president of the National Union League in 1866, which was a political organization in the south of the United States for African Americans. Another accomplishment Brown had was that he served three terms as a member of the House of Delegates for [[Washington D.C.]] from 1871-1874. He represented all the people who lived in [[Anacostia]]. He was the first member to be certified by the governor of [[Washington D.C.]], [[Henry D. Cooke]]. Brown was also part of the National Black Leadership Committee that arranged for the unveiling of [[Thomas Ball (artist)|Thomas Ball]]'s sculptor [[Emancipation Memorial]] Monument in Washington's Lincoln Park. There was a large group of people who attended the unveiling, such as, President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], and [[Frederick Douglass]]. In his personal life, he was married to Lucinda. They did not have children themselves, but they did have a large family of nieces (some they adopted) and boarders. Together they would have picnics for their local community. Brown spent some time writing poetry, in which some appeared in the local African American newspapers, such as, "The Washington Bee." Brown only had a little time after he retired from the Smithsonian. He retired on February 14, 1906 and died June 26, 1906 at his home. He is still remembered today, and in 2004 a few trees were planted around the National Museum of Natural History in his honor.<ref name="Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man" /><ref name="Solomon Info" /><ref name="Biography 2: Solomon G. Brown" /><ref name="Kind Regards of S.G. Brown">{{cite book | title=Kind Regards of S.G. Brown: Selected Poems of Solomon G. Brown | publisher=Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Press | author=Louise Daniel Hutchinson and Gail Sylvia Lowe | year=1983 | location=Washington D.C. | pages=3–5}}</ref>
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{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Solomon G. Brown
| image = Solomon G Brown.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1829|2|14}}
| birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1906|6|26|1829|2|14}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[scientist]]
| religion = [[Presbyterian]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| signature = SG Brown sig.png
}}
'''Solomon G. Brown''' (February 14, 1829 - June 26, 1906) was the first African American employee of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. He was also a poet, lecturer, and scientific technician. He joined the Smithsonian in 1852 and remained there for fifty-four years until he retired in 1906. He was also a local civic leader, organizing and leading many educational and community organizations. He was a district legislator from 1871-1874.
Solomon Galleon Brown was born on February 14, 1829 in [[Washington D.C.]] the fourth of six children to his parents Isaac and Rachel Brown. His parents were former [[slaves]], but he was born a free man. His father died in 1832 and his family was left homeless with heavy debt. Brown was unable to be formally educated because he had to work in order to support his family. When he was fifteen he worked at the Washington D.C. [[Post Office]] as a [[postmaster]] assistant, recieving his appointment from then assistant postmaster [[Lambert Tree]]. Part of his duties in 1844 and 1845 were to assist [[Joseph Henry]], [[Samuel F.B. Morse]]<ref name="Simmons1887">Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p291-295</ref>, and [[Alfred Vail]]<ref name="Renaissance">{{cite book | title=Kind Regards of S.G. Brown: Selected Poems of Solomon G. Brown | publisher=Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Press | author=Louise Daniel Hutchinson and Gail Sylvia Lowe | chapter=Solomon G. Brown:A Renaissance Man | year=1983 | location=Washington D.C. | pages=3–5 | url=https://siarchives.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/Kind_Regards_Poetry_Book.pdf }}</ref> with the installation of the first Morse [[telegraph]]. When the Morse Telegraph Company was formed, Brown left the post office and for the next seven years he continued to work for [[Samuel F.B. Morse]] as battery tender. He then took a position as assistant packer at Gillman & Brothers manufacturing company in their chemical laboratory. His work at this time included working for the general land office and in bookbinding<ref name="Simmons1887"/>.
In 1852 he was appointed to the foreign exchange division of the new Smithsonian Institute<ref name="Simmons1887"/> by his former boss at the Morse Telegraph Company, [[Joseph Henry]], where he was hired as a general laborer. In 1864, he became a museum assistant and by 1869 he was the registrar in charge of transportation, registry, and the storage of animal specimens and materials received by the institution. Out of all the three secretaries that he worked with, he worked closely with [[Spencer Baird]]. Spencer Baird was a successful ornithologist and Brown spent a lot of time assisting him. When Baird was out of town, he trusted Brown to be the "eyes and ears" of the Smithsonian. Brown would do clerical duties for Baird, for example, he entertained visitors, opened and forward mail, made the Baird family's travel arrangements, and gave out wages to the workers of the Baird household<ref name="Renaissance"/>.
During his career at the Smithsonian, he worked for the National Museum, the International Exchange Service, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]]. He had many duties within the Smithsonian, which include: working as a general laborer who built exhibit cases, moved and cleaned furniture, assisted in preparing maps, and drew for Smithsonian lectures. He worked under the first three Smithsonian secretaries, [[Joseph Henry]], [[Spencer Fullerton Baird]], and [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]]<ref name="Renaissance"/>.
Brown was an activist who volunteered in civic and educational programs to help the African American community. He was the founder of the Pioneer Sabbath School in [[Washington D.C.]] and was also the superintendent of the North Washington Mission Sunday School. He helped organize the Pioneer Sunday School association in the Hillsdale neighhborhood and was superintendent of the association from 1868 to 1888. He was a trustee of [[Wilberforce University]], of the 15th Street Presbyterian church, and of the D.C. public schools. He was the superintendent of the North Washington Mission Sunday School and an active member of the Freedmen's Relief association. He was also commissioner of the poor in the County of Washington<ref name="Simmons1887"/>.
He was elected as president of the National Union League in 1866, which was a political organization in the south of the United States for African Americans. He served three terms as a Republican member of the House of Delegates for [[Washington D.C.]] from 1871-1874<ref name="Simmons1887"/><ref>First District, Evening Star (Washington, DC) November 22, 1871, page 1, accessed September 29, 2016 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6822477/first_district_evening_star/</ref>. He represented all the people who lived in [[Anacostia]]. He was the first member to be certified by the governor of [[Washington D.C.]], [[Henry D. Cooke]]<ref name="Renaissance"/>.
He was a member of numerous lyceum's, including the Galbraith in D.C, and the St. Paul Lyceum in Baltimore, and gave frequent lectures on scientific questions in [[Baltimore]], [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], and Washington, D.C. His first lectures were in January 1855 and presided by Enoch Ambush, who later promoted Brown as a speaker, and Brown gave lectures over subjects from insects to geology to the telegraph. Brown created the diagrams used in the lectures, and in connection with these, he prepared or assisted in preparing nearly all the important diagrams for scientific lecturs given at the Smithsonian during his tenure there<ref name="Simmons1887"/>.
He was an officer in the District Grand Lodge of [[Masonry|Masons]], and was an assistant honorary commissioner of the colored department of the [[World Cotton Centennial |1884 New Orleans Exposition World's Fair]] for D.C. He was director of the Industrial Saving and Building Association of Washington, D.C. and the Washington correspondent of the ''Anglo-African Christian Recorder'' when it was edited by Bishop [[Henry McNeal Turner]]. He also edited the column, "Sunday school Circle" of the ''Christian Index'', a publication from [[Jackson, Tennessee]]<ref name="Simmons1887"/>.
Brown was also part of the National Black Leadership Committee that arranged for the unveiling of [[Thomas Ball (artist)|Thomas Ball]]'s sculptor [[Emancipation Memorial]] Monument in Washington's Lincoln Park. There was a large group of people who attended the unveiling, such as, President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], and [[Frederick Douglass]]. Brown spent some time writing poetry, in which some appeared in the local African American newspapers, such as, "The Washington Bee"<ref name="Renaissance"/>.
==Personal life==
In his personal life, he was married to Lucinda<ref name="Renaissance"/> on June 16, 1864. They did not have children themselves, but they did have a large family of nieces (some they adopted) and boarders, which included [[William J. Simmons]]. Together they would have picnics for their local community<ref name="Renaissance"/>.
==Death and Legacy==
He retired on February 14, 1906 and died June 26, 1906 at his home<ref name="Renaissance"/>. His funeral was officiated by [[Francis James Grimke]], the pastor at the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, where he was a member. His berial was at [[Columbian Harmony Cemetery|Harmony Cemetary]]<ref name="obit">Solomon G. Brown Dead, Evening Star (Washington, DC) June 26, 1906, page 3, accessed September 29, 2016 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6822564/solomon_g_brown_dead_evening_star/</ref>.
In 2004 a few trees were planted around the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in his honor<ref name="Bellizzi2011">Bellizzi, Courtney. "Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man." The Bigger Picture (blog), Smithsonian Institution Archives, February 1, 2011, accessed September 29, 2016 at http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/solomon-g-brown-renaissance-man</ref>.
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==Elements of beneficence==
Ordinary moral discourse and most philosophical systems state that a prohibition on doing harm to others as in #1 is more compelling than any duty to benefit others as in #2-4. This makes the concept of "first do no harm" different from the other aspects of beneficence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=W.D.|title=The Right and the Good|year=1988|publisher=Hackett Pub. Co.|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87220-058-6|page=21}}</ref> One example illustrating this concept is the [[trolley problem]].
Morality and ethical theory allows for judging relative costs, so in the case when a harm to be inflicted in violating #1 is negligible and the harm prevented or benefit gained in #2-4 is substantial, then it may be acceptable to cause one harm to gain another benefit. Academic literature discusses different variations of such scenarios. There is no objective evidence which dictates the best course of action when health professionals and researchers disagree about the best course of action for participants except that most people agree that the discussions about ethics should happen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Robert J.|title=Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-04288-7|edition=2nd}}</ref>
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2015-01-28T01:43:15Z
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==Elements==
Ordinary moral discourse and most philosophical systems state that a prohibition on doing harm to others as in #1 is more compelling than any duty to benefit others as in #2–4. This makes the concept of "first do no harm" different from the other aspects of beneficence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=W.D.|title=The Right and the Good|year=1988|publisher=Hackett Pub. Co.|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87220-058-6|page=21}}</ref> One example illustrating this concept is the [[trolley problem]].
Morality and ethical theory allows for judging relative costs, so in the case when a harm to be inflicted in violating #1 is negligible and the harm prevented or benefit gained in #2–4 is substantial, then it may be acceptable to cause one harm to gain another benefit. Academic literature discusses different variations of such scenarios. There is no objective evidence which dictates the best course of action when health professionals and researchers disagree about the best course of action for participants except that most people agree that the discussions about ethics should happen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Robert J.|title=Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-04288-7|edition=2nd}}</ref>
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2016-10-23T23:12:35Z
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Brand was born in [[Longmont, Colorado]], May 9, 1931, and is the son of Rudolph William and Donna Mae Brand.<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/brand.html|title=Biographical Data: Vance DeVoe Brand |date=April 2008|work=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> He was active in Troop 64 of the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in Longmont, where he achieved its second highest rank, [[Life Scout]]. Graduated from [[Longmont High School]] in 1949, he received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Business]] from the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] in 1953, a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Aeronautical Engineering]] from there in 1960, and a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[Business Administration]] from [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] in 1964.
He was a member of [[Sigma Nu]] Fraternity while at University of Colorado at Boulder. He was active in the [[DeMolay International|International Order of DeMolay]]. Enjoys [[running]] to stay in condition, [[hiking]], [[skiing]], and [[camping]].
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2016-08-21T01:58:43Z
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Brand was born in [[Longmont, Colorado]], May 9, 1931, and is the son of Rudolph William and Donna Mae Brand.<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/brand.html|title=Biographical Data: Vance DeVoe Brand |date=April 2008|work=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> He was active in Troop 64 of the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in Longmont, where he achieved its second highest rank, [[Life Scout]]. Brand graduated at [[Longmont High School]] in 1949, and at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] he received a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[business]] in 1953 and a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[aeronautical engineering]] in 1960. He was a member of the [[Sigma Nu]] fraternity and of the [[DeMolay International|International Order of DeMolay]]. In 1964 he completed an [[Master of Science|M.S.]] in [[Business Administration|business administration]] at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]].
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2016-10-06T21:47:12Z
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San Antonio was awarded the thirty-first USL franchise on January 7, 2016. The establishment of the club, along with the concurrent purchase of [[Toyota Field]] by the [[San Antonio|City of San Antonio]] and [[Bexar County, Texas|Bexar County]], was part of a plan by local officials to obtain an expansion franchise in [[Major League Soccer]].<ref name="USL-SA">{{cite press release|author=Staff|title=Spurs Sports & Entertainment reaches agreement with Bexar County and City of San Antonio to play soccer at Toyota Field in 2016|url=http://uslsanantonio.com/2015/12/spurs-sports-entertainment-reaches-agreement-with-bexar-county-and-city-of-san-antonio-to-play-soccer-at-toyota-field-in-2016/|date=December 22, 2015|location=San Antonio|publisher=Spurs Sports & Entertainment|accessdate=January 7, 2016}}</ref> As a result, the [[San Antonio Scorpions]] franchise of the [[North American Soccer League]] was shut down. The club's first head coach, announced on January 7, 2016, was former [[Elon Phoenix men's soccer|Elon University]] men's soccer coach and [[Orlando City SC]] ProAcademy Director, Darren Powell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/01/meet-darren-powell/|title=Meet Darren Powell|publisher=uslsanantonio.com|date=January 7, 2016|accessdate=January 7, 2016}}</ref> On February 2, 2016, Carlos Alvarez became the club's first player signing.<ref name="ReferenceA">http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/02/usl-san-antonio-signs-midfielder-carlos-alvarez/</ref>
| align=center| <ref name="ReferenceB">http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/02/san-antonio-fc-signs-fejiro-okiomah-and-milton-palacios/</ref>
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2016-09-26T13:59:54Z
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San Antonio was awarded the thirty-first USL franchise on January 7, 2016. The establishment of the club, along with the concurrent purchase of [[Toyota Field]] by the [[San Antonio|City of San Antonio]] and [[Bexar County, Texas|Bexar County]], was part of a plan by local officials to obtain an expansion franchise in [[Major League Soccer]].<ref name="USL-SA">{{cite press release|author=Staff |title=Spurs Sports & Entertainment reaches agreement with Bexar County and City of San Antonio to play soccer at Toyota Field in 2016 |url=http://uslsanantonio.com/2015/12/spurs-sports-entertainment-reaches-agreement-with-bexar-county-and-city-of-san-antonio-to-play-soccer-at-toyota-field-in-2016/ |date=December 22, 2015 |location=San Antonio |publisher=Spurs Sports & Entertainment |accessdate=January 7, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110002636/http://uslsanantonio.com:80/2015/12/spurs-sports-entertainment-reaches-agreement-with-bexar-county-and-city-of-san-antonio-to-play-soccer-at-toyota-field-in-2016/ |archivedate=January 10, 2016 |df= }}</ref> As a result, the [[San Antonio Scorpions]] franchise of the [[North American Soccer League]] was shut down. The club's first head coach, announced on January 7, 2016, was former [[Elon Phoenix men's soccer|Elon University]] men's soccer coach and [[Orlando City SC]] ProAcademy Director, Darren Powell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/01/meet-darren-powell/ |title=Meet Darren Powell |publisher=uslsanantonio.com |date=January 7, 2016 |accessdate=January 7, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110002701/http://uslsanantonio.com:80/2016/01/meet-darren-powell/ |archivedate=January 10, 2016 |df= }}</ref> On February 2, 2016, Carlos Alvarez became the club's first player signing.<ref name="ReferenceA">http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/02/usl-san-antonio-signs-midfielder-carlos-alvarez/</ref>
| align=center| <ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/02/san-antonio-fc-signs-fejiro-okiomah-and-milton-palacios/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216064849/http://uslsanantonio.com/2016/02/san-antonio-fc-signs-fejiro-okiomah-and-milton-palacios/ |archivedate=2016-02-16 |df= }}</ref>
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2016-09-29T00:55:04Z
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== Recordings and broadcasts ==
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2016-10-25T09:30:50Z
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== Recordings and radio broadcasts ==
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2016-10-25T10:07:47Z
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By July, it was clear that the Chindits were exhausted by continuous marching and fighting under heavy monsoon rains, and were withdrawn. By the end of the campaign the Chindits had lost 1,396 killed and 2,434 wounded. Over half the remainder had to be hospitalised with a special diet afterwards. The [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 36th Division]] was transferred to Stilwell's command to replace the Chindits.
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2016-09-28T12:49:53Z
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By July, it was clear that the Chindits were exhausted by continuous marching and fighting under heavy monsoon rains, and were withdrawn. By the end of the campaign the Chindits had lost 1,396 killed and 2,434 wounded. Over half the remainder had to be hospitalised with a special diet afterwards. The [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 36th Division]] was transferred from the Arakan to Stilwell's command to replace the Chindits.
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2016-09-28T12:51:52Z
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