semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Study Reveals the Crazy Lengths We Go to Avoid Other People While trying to avoid the forced socializing that sometimes comes when traveling with strangers might not seem like a difficult task, new research reveals that it actually takes a lot of work to be anti-social. Yale University researcher Esther Kim spent three years riding coach across the great American roadways in order to observe the obsessive quirks and bizarre behavior of those people being transported across the country in the company of strangers. “We live in a world of strangers, where life in public spaces feels increasingly anonymous,” said Kim. “However, avoiding other people actually requires quite a lot of effort and this is especially true in confined spaces like public transport.” During her journey, Kim says she discovered that the greatest unspoken rule of bus travel is that if other seats are available you shouldn’t sit next to someone else because most passengers claim it makes a person look weird. However, it is when the bus starts filling up and more passengers are still getting on that things start to get interesting. Kim says that she found that most people will go out of their way to avoid others. Pretending to be busy, checking cell phones, looking past people or falling asleep are just some of the many ways people avoid fraternizing with the unknown. • Avoiding eye contact with other people • Leaning against the window and stretching out your legs • Placing a large bag on the empty seat • Sitting on the aisle seat and turning on your iPod so you can pretend you cannot hear people asking for the window seat. • Placing several items on the spare seat so it is not worth the passenger’s time waiting for you to move them. • Looking out the window with a blank stare to look crazy • Pretending to be asleep • Putting your coat on the seat to make it appear already taken • If all else fails, lying and saying the seat has been taken by someone else While all of this sounds like such painstaking efforts just to keep from sitting next to a stranger, Kim says the good news is that race, class, gender and other background characteristics were of no concern to travelers — everyone just wants 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Radiation Levels Along the West Coast Not A Concern The unprecedented earthquake occurring in Japan on Friday, March 11, 2011 and subsequent tsunami that devastated Japan’s western seaboard also affected a nuclear power plant in Fukushima. Despite valiant on-going containment efforts, radioactive materials have escaped into the air, elevating radiation levels in surrounding areas. As of March 16, emergency evacuation has been ordered for people who live withing 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from the troubled nuclear power plant. While these events are occurring more than 4500 miles from the West Coast of the United States, there is growing public concern regarding radiation. However, authorities from the Departments of Health in Washington, Oregon and Alaska (the three states in NN/LM PNR along the coast), state that there is no public health risk from the damaged nuclear reactor. Visit the Washington State Department of Health website for more information about the nuclear reactor in Japan and any associated health risks. Oregonians can visit the Oregon Health Authority’s web site. Alaskans can go to the State of Alaska Health and Social Services site to read about radiological preparedness. Lastly, the journal Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness has published an open-access supplement on nuclear preparedness: http://www.dmphp.org/content/vol5/Supplement_1/index.dtl Articles from this and other publications of the Nuclear Detonation Scarce Resources Project Working Group can be accessed through the Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM) tool at http://www.remm.nlm.gov/triagetool_intro.htm . REMM is a source of evidence-based, online and downloadable guidance about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury for health care providers. And, for resources for disaster planning and response, remember to visit the NN/LM Emergency Preparedness Toolkit – http://nnlm.gov/ep/	[ 15546, 3920, 28248, 17159, 262, 2688, 8545, 1892, 317, 32265, 198, 464, 13029, 16295, 14963, 287, 2869, 319, 3217, 11, 2805, 1367, 11, 2813, 290, 8840, 31019, 326, 25074, 2869, 447, 247, 82, 8830, 384, 397, 11953, 635, 5676, 257, 4523, 1176, 4618, 287, 34170, 13, 7945, 46258, 319, 12, 5146, 37149, 4040, 11, 25521, 5696, 423, 13537, 656, 262, 1633, 11, 7662, 803, 11881, 2974, 287, 7346, 3006, 13, 1081, 286, 2805, 1467, 11, 6334, 24663, 468, 587, 6149, 329, 661, 508, 2107, 351, 278, 1160, 18212, 357, 1065, 13, 19, 4608, 8, 422, 262, 17840, 4523, 1176, 4618, 13, 2893, 777, 2995, 389, 14963, 517, 621, 604, 4059, 4608, 422, 262, 2688, 8545, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 612, 318, 3957, 1171, 2328, 5115, 11881, 13, 2102, 11, 4773, 422, 262, 2129, 32514, 286, 3893, 287, 2669, 11, 8819, 290, 12926, 357, 1169, 1115, 2585, 287, 399, 45, 14, 31288, 350, 24723, 1863, 262, 7051, 828, 1181, 326, 612, 318, 645, 1171, 1535, 2526, 422, 262, 9694, 4523, 21905, 13, 198, 31141, 262, 2669, 1812, 2732, 286, 3893, 3052, 329, 517, 1321, 546, 262, 4523, 21905, 287, 2869, 290, 597, 3917, 1535, 7476, 13, 198, 41243, 1547, 460, 3187, 262, 8819, 3893, 11416, 447, 247, 82, 3992, 2524, 13, 198, 2348, 2093, 504, 460, 467, 284, 262, 1812, 286, 12926, 3893, 290, 5483, 6168, 2524, 284, 1100, 546, 2511, 15071, 5597, 1108, 13, 198, 37511, 11, 262, 3989, 35213, 11558, 290, 5094, 3893, 19141, 1144, 1108, 468, 3199, 281, 1280, 12, 15526, 10327, 319, 4523, 5597, 1108, 25, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 36020, 10121, 13, 2398, 14, 11299, 14, 10396, 20, 14, 42615, 62, 16, 14, 9630, 13, 28664, 75, 198, 8001, 2983, 422, 428, 290, 584, 16125, 286, 262, 19229, 4614, 261, 341, 12089, 344, 13864, 4935, 14594, 4912, 460, 307, 17535, 832, 262, 47532, 18154, 8366, 8549, 357, 2200, 12038, 8, 2891, 379, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 2787, 76, 13, 21283, 76, 13, 9567, 14, 28461, 363, 316, 970, 62, 600, 305, 13, 19211, 764, 22657, 44, 318, 257, 2723, 286, 2370, 12, 3106, 11, 2691, 290, 41496, 11154, 546, 8668, 13669, 290, 3513, 286, 11881, 5095, 329, 1535, 1337, 9549, 13, 198, 1870, 11, 329, 4133, 329, 9336, 5410, 290, 2882, 11, 3505, 284, 3187, 262, 399, 45, 14, 31288, 18154, 19141, 1144, 1108, 16984, 15813, 784, 2638, 1378, 20471, 75, 76, 13, 9567, 14, 538, 14, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	403
Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993 Chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the Summit area of Greenland, 1989-1993 includes major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, SO4), oxygen isotopes (18O) and H2O2. Four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two in 1991, one in 1992 and one in 1993. All snow pits had a 3 cm sampling interval except the snow pits in 1990, which had either a 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval. Chemistry and isotope information were obtained from each of the snow pits. The pits and surface snow samples were collected by the Glacier Research Group (GRG), using established protocols to prevent contamination. The samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the GISP2 drilling camp. All data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the University of Washington, were generated by GRG at the University of New Hampshire. The following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. For more information, see our Use and Copyright Web page. Paul A. Mayewski and Sallie Whitlow. 1999. Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993. [indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.	[ 28974, 16889, 6060, 422, 30155, 20014, 11, 11104, 284, 9656, 198, 41829, 4592, 290, 31624, 3008, 1321, 422, 6729, 29699, 18735, 379, 262, 20014, 1989, 286, 30155, 11, 11104, 12, 24465, 3407, 1688, 39270, 357, 26705, 11, 509, 11, 337, 70, 11, 6488, 11, 1012, 11, 8005, 18, 11, 12809, 19, 828, 11863, 31624, 13920, 357, 1507, 46, 8, 290, 367, 17, 46, 17, 13, 6675, 6729, 29699, 547, 18735, 290, 35846, 287, 11104, 11, 1115, 6729, 29699, 287, 6303, 11, 734, 287, 10249, 11, 530, 287, 9768, 290, 530, 287, 9656, 13, 1439, 6729, 29699, 550, 257, 513, 12067, 19232, 16654, 2845, 262, 6729, 29699, 287, 6303, 11, 543, 550, 2035, 257, 513, 12067, 393, 642, 12067, 19232, 16654, 13, 27867, 290, 31624, 3008, 1321, 547, 6492, 422, 1123, 286, 262, 6729, 29699, 13, 198, 464, 29699, 290, 4417, 6729, 8405, 547, 7723, 416, 262, 49120, 4992, 4912, 357, 10761, 38, 828, 1262, 4920, 19565, 284, 2948, 22733, 13, 383, 8405, 7723, 287, 10249, 547, 15475, 379, 262, 402, 1797, 47, 17, 19747, 1413, 13, 1439, 1366, 2845, 262, 11863, 31624, 3008, 1366, 11, 543, 318, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 2669, 11, 547, 7560, 416, 10863, 38, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 968, 13910, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 1672, 2523, 703, 284, 21729, 262, 779, 286, 428, 1366, 900, 287, 257, 9207, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 11, 766, 674, 5765, 290, 15069, 5313, 2443, 13, 198, 12041, 317, 13, 1737, 46151, 290, 311, 439, 494, 13183, 9319, 13, 7358, 13, 7967, 16889, 6060, 422, 30155, 20014, 11, 11104, 284, 9656, 13, 685, 521, 5344, 24637, 973, 4083, 27437, 11, 7492, 4916, 25, 2351, 7967, 290, 6663, 6060, 3337, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	280
The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four-year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. The results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. Survey items on The National Survey of Student Engagement represent empirically confirmed "good practices" in undergraduate education. That is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college. Institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. This information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences. More than 1300 different colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada have participated in NSSE since it was first administered in 2000. NSSE's widespread use has spawned several other nationally-used instruments including the Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement, the Community College Survey of Student Engagement, the Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, and the Law School Survey of Student Engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees.	[ 464, 2351, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 357, 8035, 5188, 8, 909, 12143, 11, 319, 281, 5079, 4308, 11, 1321, 422, 5179, 286, 1440, 12, 1941, 15273, 290, 11155, 13673, 546, 3710, 10270, 287, 4056, 290, 4568, 326, 6712, 2148, 329, 511, 4673, 290, 2614, 2478, 13, 383, 2482, 2148, 281, 8636, 286, 703, 43485, 12632, 4341, 511, 640, 290, 644, 484, 4461, 422, 11969, 4152, 13, 13084, 3709, 319, 383, 2351, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 2380, 18097, 1146, 4999, 366, 11274, 6593, 1, 287, 22952, 3707, 13, 1320, 318, 11, 484, 4079, 14301, 416, 2444, 290, 6712, 326, 389, 3917, 351, 10348, 10906, 286, 4152, 13, 198, 6310, 270, 3508, 779, 511, 1366, 284, 5911, 7612, 286, 262, 22952, 1998, 2641, 290, 2354, 262, 15806, 326, 460, 307, 6596, 832, 2458, 287, 4788, 290, 6593, 517, 6414, 351, 922, 6593, 287, 22952, 3707, 13, 770, 1321, 318, 635, 973, 416, 17530, 4152, 2444, 11, 511, 3397, 11, 4152, 44135, 11, 8233, 20409, 11, 15855, 2267, 3790, 11, 290, 4837, 287, 4673, 517, 546, 703, 2444, 4341, 511, 640, 379, 1180, 15273, 290, 11155, 290, 644, 484, 4461, 422, 511, 6461, 13, 198, 5167, 621, 36058, 1180, 15273, 290, 11155, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 290, 3340, 423, 14888, 287, 10896, 5188, 1201, 340, 373, 717, 17169, 287, 4751, 13, 10896, 5188, 338, 10095, 779, 468, 29013, 1811, 584, 18845, 12, 1484, 12834, 1390, 262, 25976, 5535, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 11, 262, 8108, 5535, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 11, 262, 35262, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 11, 290, 262, 3854, 3961, 13084, 286, 13613, 1985, 5082, 11, 477, 286, 543, 389, 4855, 832, 15855, 10270, 6642, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	283
The Digital Library is a database of articles about successful VoiceThread projects. Our hope is to create a resource that offers guidance and inspiration for people undertaking new projects. Please contribute a VoiceThread to help the Digital Library grow. Using VoiceThread in an online course from Professor Russ Meade VoiceThread "humanizes" the on-line classroom experience. As a college Professor, I teach all over the US exclusively asynchronously. One of the drawbacks of online learning has always been that the student feels isolated and unconnected with either his or her classmates... Higher Ed from Della Curtis An engaging discussion between graduate students looking to earn a master's degree in education. This example showcases the collaboration that can be captured in a VoiceThread between colleagues... 7th grade radio advertisements from Terry Casey We explored the power of radio advertising and then students created their own advertisements. VoiceThread allowed us to host our ads and the other students are then able to listen and leave their opinions. Book Review: A Single Shard by Linda Sue Park from C Vidor This VoiceThread aims to make these elements a bit more familiar to students with brief explanations and interesting images. The VoiceThread also suggests ways in which some themes of the book are evident in the story's imagery. 2nd graders play I-Spy The project incorporates many tech skills as well as many literacy skills into a fun project they children loved. The parents and teachers also loved sharing their students work. Higher Ed analysis of Tim O'Brien's "The Things They Carried" This VoiceThread encouraged my students to critically examine the story and post their insights for the entire world to see. I saw them go from being reluctant and nervous students to enthusiastic and totally engaged teachers of one another. 8th grade Historical Fiction from Shirley Scamardella This picture book was written, illustrated and told by students. It was entered into the Scholastic Books, Kids are Authors Contest and it won Honorable Mention. I feel this is a good VoiceThread because this is the finished product of a two month project. Poetry and Illustration from Constance Vidor The Poetry and Illustration VoiceThread shows how illustration can be used to interpret and illuminate poetry written for young readers. It begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of Edward Lear's The Owl and the Pussycat. Comparing J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney, Constance Vidor The J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney VoiceThread introduces young learners to the great baroque composer by way of a comparison/contrast with a musician with whom they are more familiar. 1st grade - Reading Analysis from Leanne Windsor This VoiceThread was a culmination of a project we did in library to get the children thinking about the books they were choosing to read and why they liked them. They were also learning about story structure... Kindergarten Storybook from Leanne Windsor This VoiceThread displays the illustrations that the children drew with author Alison Lester when she visited our school. We followed the pattern of her picture book series about children and what they are doing day to day. 4th Grade - Where I'm From Poems from Tara McCartney Students shared personally significant poetry against a backdrop of their own self portrait. This VoiceThread gave students a chance to share their work orally, as well as to explore the cultural differences between our students in a safe environment. 12th Grade - A Day in the Life from Joanie Batts These High-School seniors used VoiceThread to create the final segment to a school wide literacy project, "A Day in the Life of Dunnellon High School." 4th Grade - I Am Poems from Jackie Gerstein The "I am" feedback project demonstrates a method for providing qualitative feedback to students' poetry: students began with a hands-on activity: the magnetic poetry, and later put it into a VoiceThread. 4th Grade English from Ms. Naugle VoiceThread enabled my students to put their poems out in an audio format to be shared with others. They eagerly practiced their speaking fluency to get it "just right" because they wanted to impress their "audience". 4th Grade book-reading discussion from Krystina Kelly This VoiceThread shows how a wide number of students from different classes and grades can use VoiceThread to have an asynchronous conversation about books. Kindergarten reading from Heather Taylor I think that this is a good project because the children are able to share some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb This is a great example of what a VoiceThread can do when embedded in a blog: foster global conversation. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb 2 In place of a written assessment the students were asked to take all the information they gathered from their study on Edgar Allan Poe and put it all into the "What do you know about Poe?" VoiceThread. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb 3 This is a powerful reflection of a young girl's seventh grade experience. It tells a story using six photos that defined her middle school year. 3rd Grade from Alice Mercer This VoiceThread demonstrates the use of features that are unique to the application. The creator has used both voice and text to "teach" the lesson. 10th grade Chinese language practice from Lilia Hurteau VoiceThread can be used to teach Chinese in a high school setting. Students have to repeat the words and then make sentences with the new vocabulary. They record themselves and they have to be creative. 9th grade Chinese language lesson from James Rolle VoiceThread provides a medium for this character-by-character explanation of a commonly used phrase in Chinese that students can listen to and learn on their own time. Language learners use VoiceThread to practice speaking This is a great example of how an ESL student can practice her computer skills and her language skills to talk about everyday activities. Students can practice speaking as many times as they like before they can show it to their teachers/classmates. 11th grade - French fluency and history from Hassina Taylor Students found that responding to my questions orally via the Internet was a great way to improve on their fluency, and they found it very challenging to use the visual cues to find answers. They concentrated much better and retained information because it is a "hands-on"... 3rd grade language "Les Trois Petits Cochons" from Mme Smith Using VoiceThread, students realized the power of voice as a tool of expression. All students in the class were able to contribute to this VoiceThread presentation of a play they had learned. Higher-Ed, Studying Abroad in Ecuador, David Thompson This VoiceThread is a good example of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th Grade Spanish from Eve Millard Learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. Higher Ed blogs in teaching from Kristen Kozloski, Ph.D. We used blogging as a reflective practice in my course on Designing Multimedia for Learning. This is an example of our final reflection, as a class, of that blogging process. Higher Ed online technologies from Jen Hegna The goal of this project was to have each team member reflect upon tools we utilized to collaborate and complete our online project entitled - Disrupting TCS 702. 7th graders practice Math in Action from Ms Redd VoiceThread showcases this great example of Math in Action. My students love the idea that they can comment on a video featuring one of their teachers and it feels like they aren't even doing math!! 7th Grade - Exploring Probability from Britt Gow Students from two countries were able to comment on the slides which show images of probability problems. My students enjoyed this exercise and another teacher has used it in her class to extend each of the problems. 7th Grade - Measurement from Britt Gow Year 7 students from Hawkesdale P12 college were able to share their knowledge with Grade 5/6 students from a Ballarat Primary School about measurement and ratio. Students were required to articulate their thinking... 6th Grade math from Jackie Ionno This VoiceThread was created by the student and shows that he really got the intent of the assignment. It shows effort, creativity, organization, and a mathematical knowledge of the the real world. 4th Grade problem-solving from Krystina Kelly This is a great VoiceThread example because it shows how an entire 4th grade class can work together to develop problem-solving strategies. Higher Ed teaching with technology from Ellen Dobson This VoiceThread, entitled "Surfometry," was created by a student-teacher as an assignment for a "Computers in Education" course. The creator incorporated images, video and graphics into an engaging geometry lesson. Language from Carla Arena This VoiceThread shows current and new educators how VoiceThread can be used in English/Language Arts courses by asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks: poetry, personification... Language from Carla Arena 2 This professional-development instructor used VoiceThread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th graders write Children's stories about astronomy, Mrs. Edenstrom I had all of my 9th grade science students do a Children's story about astronomy. They had to have facts, but tell it in a creative way that could be read and understood by elementary aged students! I had great success with this. 4th graders study plants in collaboration with Pakistani students Students from the US collaborate with Pakistani students to learn about a common interest! This project can be used by teachers of any grade level, can be shown to parents, can be a model for showing kids the possibilities of the medium. 7th Grade - The Water Cycle from Britt Gow Year 7 Science students did a unit of work on water and the water cycle. They were asked to draw a picture containing mountains, clouds, the sea, a lake, a forest and an underground water reservoir (aquifer). 7th graders Go Green from Mrs. Beatrice Reiser This VoiceThread is an excellent example because it is interactive and promotes environmental issues. 1st Grade Science from Michele Green First grade students researched fish in the library, used Paint to draw pictures of them, and then recorded their voices. The Silk Road - from Constance Vidor This VoiceThread provides a scaffolding for research and active engagement with an important topic of world history. Digital storytelling - Abraham Lincoln's dog, Fido, from Clare Caddell VoiceThread brought a little-known story about Lincoln to life, with images as well as voice. It was created in response to my second and third graders, who wanted to know more about Lincoln's dog, Fido. History Podcast with secondary-ed students from Laurie Cohen This project gives students an opportunity to be creative while demonstrating their content knowledge and technological skills. After developing the Lesson Plan and creating this sample, our US History teacher loved it for his class. He is using it in the 10th grade class. 5th Grade - Ellis Is. Narratives from Barbara De Santis I wanted this project to enable the students to truly feel the immigrant experience. While primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd Grade - School Community from Trish Harrison The objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities. They practiced discussion; brainstorming; writing down ideas; using ideas in small-group talk as conversations. 11th Grade - Reconstruction from Molly Lynde This is a great VoiceThread foremost because my students were actively engaged and finished with a clearer understanding of what the post Civil War era was really about... they no longer thought of a "universal freed slave" dancing in the street. 4th Grade - Letters from the Internment Camps In this VoiceThread, students explore an historical event that is relevant to their physical community, the removal of Japanese-Americans to internment camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. 8th Grade - Colors of the Night from Mrs. Brosnan My goal was to further enhance their Art History knowledge that by using VoiceThread enabled me to extend my teaching "outside of the class room". K-12 art, poetry, and music from Erin Berg This VT is an example of the power of collaboration using technology. This encompasses art through words, visuals, and music. 5th grade music/video project from Elissa Reichstein I believe (this VoiceThread) shows an interesting way to use VoiceThread to motivate learning and celebrate student interests and accomplishments. 2nd Grade from Donna Lubin A great example of how a PowerPoint presentation can be uploaded easily and used as an archive of a PowerPoint-assisted lecture... Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock An engaging and dynamic lecture delivered within an interactive environment engages in a way no 'downloadable' lecture can. Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock 2 By engaging in discussions, students explore and engage in course material more deeply while practicing critical-thinking and discourse. 5th and 6th-grade Digital literacy project from Julienne Hogarth I gave the learners the images and they researched and posted information and comments about Dale Chihuly's life and art. The learners were thrilled to use Voicethread as a tool in their learning as well as becoming very excited about the art work. 5th Grade - Digital portfolios for student-led parent confs. As we're an international school, I was looking for a seamless way that relatives in other countries (Grandparents, parents away working etc) could view, comment, give feedback on the digital portfolio. 8th Grade - Refugee stories from Creative Technology VoiceThread has enabled refugee communities to share stories about what it means to come to a new country to live. 6th Grade Class trip from Jennifer Bamsberger We used VoiceThread to document our class trip to the Maker Faire 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area as part of our study of the Spirit of Creativity. For some of our sixth graders, this was the first long trip away from home without family. 10th Grade Child Development from Andrea Holtry This project was a collaboration of the high school students in four Child Development classes, illustrating many of the problems facing children today.	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Lamp Shell Terebratulina septentrionalis It would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. Lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. The shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. Lamp shells attach their pear-shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. With the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. Taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. The beating of the cilia creates the water current. Lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, Terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of North America, it commonly occurs in shallow water. This species is very similar to Terebratulina retusa.	[ 43, 696, 17537, 309, 567, 1671, 265, 377, 1437, 384, 457, 298, 81, 1538, 271, 198, 1026, 561, 307, 2562, 284, 7457, 257, 20450, 7582, 329, 257, 1402, 275, 2473, 303, 285, 692, 17990, 11, 355, 1111, 423, 257, 289, 24431, 7582, 287, 734, 3354, 290, 2107, 7223, 284, 262, 5417, 4314, 13, 28607, 19679, 11, 2158, 11, 423, 257, 845, 7888, 11, 1657, 7582, 290, 262, 734, 3354, 389, 1180, 10620, 11, 351, 262, 4833, 530, 15830, 656, 262, 4025, 13, 383, 7582, 41843, 3002, 262, 45254, 290, 7435, 1373, 16649, 286, 262, 5044, 9472, 287, 275, 2473, 303, 285, 692, 385, 591, 484, 389, 319, 262, 1364, 290, 826, 1735, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 28607, 19679, 10199, 511, 25286, 12, 16760, 7582, 284, 1327, 16649, 416, 1724, 286, 257, 11222, 88, 31297, 326, 25457, 422, 257, 7604, 287, 262, 7435, 1373, 7582, 22580, 13, 2080, 262, 7582, 41843, 46529, 1280, 11, 262, 5044, 14293, 287, 257, 1459, 286, 1660, 326, 6774, 39599, 1122, 351, 340, 13, 20879, 510, 749, 286, 262, 2272, 2641, 262, 7582, 318, 257, 13017, 4645, 1444, 262, 300, 2522, 2522, 382, 11, 543, 10874, 286, 734, 25653, 6804, 274, 290, 257, 4318, 763, 3902, 49918, 5017, 287, 890, 269, 31705, 41192, 13, 383, 11226, 286, 262, 269, 17517, 8075, 262, 1660, 1459, 13, 28607, 19679, 389, 1043, 8688, 11, 475, 484, 389, 2592, 23263, 287, 38427, 10150, 13, 554, 262, 38131, 10596, 11, 309, 567, 1671, 265, 377, 1437, 384, 457, 298, 81, 1538, 271, 318, 4632, 1043, 287, 2769, 1660, 11, 981, 1863, 262, 7627, 7051, 286, 2258, 2253, 11, 340, 8811, 8833, 287, 19337, 1660, 13, 770, 4693, 318, 845, 2092, 284, 309, 567, 1671, 265, 377, 1437, 1005, 22064, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	290
Tuesday, April 24, 2012 Ed White Space Walk We continue to look at important "firsts" in the American space program today. This picture is an important one . . . it shows Ed White on the first American Space Walk. You can see earth in the background. The metallic cylinders in his hand are are propellant system to allow him to maneuver in vacuum of space. The spacewalk occurred on June 3, 1965. Ed died about two years later in the Apollo capsule accident.	[ 26133, 11, 3035, 1987, 11, 2321, 198, 7407, 2635, 4687, 6857, 198, 1135, 2555, 284, 804, 379, 1593, 366, 11085, 82, 1, 287, 262, 1605, 2272, 1430, 1909, 13, 770, 4286, 318, 281, 1593, 530, 764, 764, 764, 340, 2523, 1717, 2635, 319, 262, 717, 1605, 4687, 6857, 13, 921, 460, 766, 4534, 287, 262, 4469, 13, 383, 27306, 43386, 287, 465, 1021, 389, 389, 46059, 415, 1080, 284, 1249, 683, 284, 20186, 287, 17076, 286, 2272, 13, 383, 34752, 413, 971, 5091, 319, 2795, 513, 11, 17672, 13, 1717, 3724, 546, 734, 812, 1568, 287, 262, 17508, 27855, 5778, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	102
Southern Louisiana fisherman battle cold weather and drastic changes in barometric pressure as they fight to successfully catch fish. Southern Louisiana is home to some of the coldest and most frantic weather changes in the United States. This leads to chaos and confusion not just on land but in the water as well. It has been recently discovered that the constant increase and decrease in weather climate creates a high level of pressure through out the bodies of water in the area. This contributes to, as stated by Jerald Horst, a retired Louisiana State University fisheries biologist, "the quelling effect on the feeding activity of speckled trout and redfish. There's no scientific proof that barometric pressure causes fish to feed less, but we can definitely show a cause and effect." Horst continues in explaining that while there is no proof that barometric pressure is the direct result of a change in the eating habits of fish it does seem to correlate. Fish tend to be exceptionally sensitive to a change of environment and it would be fairly reasonable to assume that a change in barometric pressure would cause an alteration in their behavior. Additionally effective is the relationship that fish have to cold water. As water temperatures decrease it is known that cold-blooded creatures have a hard time feeling energize. As water looses warmth it reaches a level that matches the same temperature as the bodies of cold-blooded creatures. This causes these animals to go into a lethargic "comatose state." As soon as the cold front drifts in it is overtly noticeable that the fish stop biting the lures of fisherman. It has become a routine known to this area so often that fisherman now recognize the change and stay home for a day or two avoiding the sport all together until temperatures rise again. Anglers of Southeast Louisiana have even learned to cancel a whole fishing trip due to a drop in barometric pressure. Don't wait for the weather report to guess where the fish will be biting, log on to fishtrack.com and have all of your fishing forecasts, fishing maps and more at your fingertips. Avoid educated guessing and turn to professionals who know fishing best. At Fishtrack a user can properly plan a fishing trip well in advance by knowing where the fish are before stepping off the dock. Whether an amateur with a passion for fishing or a professional who lives on the water, by subscribing to Fishtrack any fishing enthusiast can avoid mother natures set backs with accurate updates of weather conditions and more. For more information: 300 Pacific Coast Highway, Suite #310 Huntington Beach, CA 92648	[ 44993, 13340, 48750, 3344, 4692, 6193, 290, 27069, 2458, 287, 2318, 16996, 3833, 355, 484, 1907, 284, 7675, 4929, 5916, 13, 198, 44993, 13340, 318, 1363, 284, 617, 286, 262, 4692, 395, 290, 749, 37644, 6193, 2458, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 770, 5983, 284, 11918, 290, 10802, 407, 655, 319, 1956, 475, 287, 262, 1660, 355, 880, 13, 632, 468, 587, 2904, 5071, 326, 262, 6937, 2620, 290, 10070, 287, 6193, 4258, 8075, 257, 1029, 1241, 286, 3833, 832, 503, 262, 5920, 286, 1660, 287, 262, 1989, 13, 770, 22625, 284, 11, 355, 5081, 416, 449, 12573, 6075, 301, 11, 257, 9880, 13340, 1812, 2059, 41440, 35261, 11, 366, 1169, 627, 9417, 1245, 319, 262, 13017, 3842, 286, 693, 694, 992, 49411, 290, 2266, 11084, 13, 1318, 338, 645, 5654, 6617, 326, 2318, 16996, 3833, 5640, 5916, 284, 3745, 1342, 11, 475, 356, 460, 4753, 905, 257, 2728, 290, 1245, 526, 198, 27991, 301, 4477, 287, 11170, 326, 981, 612, 318, 645, 6617, 326, 2318, 16996, 3833, 318, 262, 1277, 1255, 286, 257, 1487, 287, 262, 6600, 13870, 286, 5916, 340, 857, 1283, 284, 39684, 13, 13388, 4327, 284, 307, 24822, 8564, 284, 257, 1487, 286, 2858, 290, 340, 561, 307, 6547, 6397, 284, 7048, 326, 257, 1487, 287, 2318, 16996, 3833, 561, 2728, 281, 35635, 287, 511, 4069, 13, 198, 23216, 4050, 318, 262, 2776, 326, 5916, 423, 284, 4692, 1660, 13, 1081, 1660, 10101, 10070, 340, 318, 1900, 326, 4692, 12, 50132, 8109, 423, 257, 1327, 640, 4203, 19647, 1096, 13, 1081, 1660, 2376, 4629, 23125, 340, 12229, 257, 1241, 326, 7466, 262, 976, 5951, 355, 262, 5920, 286, 4692, 12, 50132, 8109, 13, 770, 5640, 777, 4695, 284, 467, 656, 257, 45481, 853, 291, 366, 785, 265, 577, 1181, 526, 198, 1722, 2582, 355, 262, 4692, 2166, 1553, 19265, 287, 340, 318, 45118, 19787, 326, 262, 5916, 2245, 30791, 262, 300, 942, 286, 48750, 13, 632, 468, 1716, 257, 8027, 1900, 284, 428, 1989, 523, 1690, 326, 48750, 783, 7564, 262, 1487, 290, 2652, 1363, 329, 257, 1110, 393, 734, 14928, 262, 6332, 477, 1978, 1566, 10101, 4485, 757, 13, 2895, 8116, 286, 21199, 13340, 423, 772, 4499, 284, 14241, 257, 2187, 12478, 5296, 2233, 284, 257, 4268, 287, 2318, 16996, 3833, 13, 198, 3987, 470, 4043, 329, 262, 6193, 989, 284, 4724, 810, 262, 5916, 481, 307, 30791, 11, 2604, 319, 284, 5916, 11659, 13, 785, 290, 423, 477, 286, 534, 12478, 26119, 11, 12478, 8739, 290, 517, 379, 534, 40142, 13, 24390, 15657, 25260, 290, 1210, 284, 11153, 508, 760, 12478, 1266, 13, 1629, 13388, 11659, 257, 2836, 460, 6105, 1410, 257, 12478, 5296, 880, 287, 5963, 416, 6970, 810, 262, 5916, 389, 878, 17413, 572, 262, 23423, 13, 10127, 281, 18585, 351, 257, 7506, 329, 12478, 393, 257, 4708, 508, 3160, 319, 262, 1660, 11, 416, 18412, 284, 13388, 11659, 597, 12478, 33471, 460, 3368, 2802, 299, 6691, 900, 12983, 351, 7187, 5992, 286, 6193, 3403, 290, 517, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 25, 198, 6200, 8211, 8545, 14914, 11, 26264, 1303, 26717, 198, 25117, 889, 1122, 8511, 11, 7257, 860, 2075, 2780, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	521
Right after I finished mulching my rose garden with free wood chips I got from a tree service, I read that wood chips suck all the nitrogen out of the soil. Should I fertilize now? As soon as you spread mulch, there’s a population boom of bacteria, fungi, and other soil microbes that work to decompose organic matter. These beneficial organisms consume some of the nitrogen present in the soil. The nitrogen loss is temporary, however, because the nitrogen is once again available to plants when the microbes die. But in the meantime, the thin layer of soil that is in direct contact with the mulch will relinquish some of its fertility. The depletion of nutrients does not extend deep into the soil, so it won’t likely affect anything other than the shallowest-rooted annuals. The benefits of organic mulch outweigh the possibility of a temporary nitrogen shortage. Mulch conserves moisture and contributes to a healthy root zone. It also helps to suppress weeds. As mulch decomposes, the nutrients held within it—including a small amount of nitrogen—are released. For roses and other plants with high nutrient needs, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for nitrogen deficiency, whether you’ve mulched with wood chips or not. Plants lacking nitrogen grow slowly and exhibit pale or yellow-green leaves; in extreme cases, growth may be stunted. To preclude the chance of nitrogen deficiency, many gardeners make a habit of distributing a small dose of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer every spring to roses, perennials, edible crops, and other heavy feeders. Good organic sources include alfalfa meal (about 5 percent nitrogen by weight), fish meal or fish emulsion (5 percent), blood meal (12 percent), and feather meal (15 percent). Compost and worm castings also contain small amounts of nitrogen. —Doug Hall Someone told me that sugar is good for plants. I sprinkled some around my vegetable garden this year but didn’t notice anything different. How much should I apply? Plants don’t need you to add sugar to their soil; they make their own. Through the process of photosynthesis, which is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Plants use their self-made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. Sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. These naturally occurring microbes are nature’s recyclers; they help to nourish plants by breaking down the bits of organic debris in soil into their nutrient components—including the potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, and other elements that are essential for plant life. In this sense, sugar could benefit the plants in your garden by boosting the microbial population, thereby speeding up the rate at which nutrients become available. But plants already have a process for encouraging microbial life. Soil scientists have discovered that plant roots exude sugars—sugars produced by photosynthesis—as a way of developing mutually beneficial relationships with microbes. By controlling the types and amounts of sugars they release, plants can select which kinds of microorganisms will colonize the soil around their roots. Not coincidentally, plants choose to feed the microbes that will provide them with the nutrients they need most. Compared to this sophisticated à la carte system, a sprinkle of processed sugar from your pantry is just junk food for bacteria. By the way, there’s another reason some gardeners haul the sugar canister out to the garden. Sugar added to the planting holes of vegetable transplants is said to discourage root knot nematodes, a destructive soil-dwelling parasite that plagues many Southern gardens. —Doug Hall	[ 11028, 706, 314, 5201, 35971, 10813, 616, 8278, 11376, 351, 1479, 4898, 12014, 314, 1392, 422, 257, 5509, 2139, 11, 314, 1100, 326, 4898, 12014, 10110, 477, 262, 23417, 503, 286, 262, 9260, 13, 10358, 314, 19078, 1096, 783, 30, 198, 1722, 2582, 355, 345, 4104, 35971, 354, 11, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 3265, 14166, 286, 11492, 11, 38467, 11, 290, 584, 9260, 33712, 326, 670, 284, 26969, 3455, 10469, 2300, 13, 2312, 13205, 20296, 15000, 617, 286, 262, 23417, 1944, 287, 262, 9260, 13, 383, 23417, 2994, 318, 8584, 11, 2158, 11, 780, 262, 23417, 318, 1752, 757, 1695, 284, 6134, 618, 262, 33712, 4656, 13, 198, 1537, 287, 262, 14324, 11, 262, 7888, 7679, 286, 9260, 326, 318, 287, 1277, 2800, 351, 262, 35971, 354, 481, 36610, 680, 617, 286, 663, 21573, 13, 383, 42435, 286, 20901, 857, 407, 9117, 2769, 656, 262, 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Nourishable Places grow a significant portion of their food within a few miles of where it is eaten, and could grow more in a long emergency. Today, the ingredients of an average meal in the US travel over 1,300 miles to get to your table, and that number is growing every day. The data for meals in the EU is probably fairly similar. Currently, very few places in the United States are Nourishable Places, but as the industrializations of China and India continue, resulting in a billion new cars competing for gas over the next several years, the cost of food transportation will become much more significant. Nourishable Places are found almost nowhere in the First World today because of the shallow inflections in real estate value. Because we can drive for miles in a short period of time, we tend to value farmland similar to developable land in town a few miles away. This means that the farmland is easily gobbled up for new development. In order to be able to look from a town to the fields where your food is raised, conditions must be developed that allow for sharp inflections in real estate value at the edge of town. There is much work to do in this regard. The most promising development leading to Nourishable Places is work over recent decades to make agriculture more compact. Large-scale agriculture is very man-hour efficient, allowing huge quantities of food to be raised using very few laborers, but it does not use land area so efficiently. But bio-intensive methods, some of which have existed for centuries, allow all of the food needs of one person to be met on as little as one quarter of an acre. Nourishable Places usually incorporate the following principles: Nourishable Places Resources Nourishable Places Bookshelf contains a growing collection of books that contribute to various aspects of Nourishable Places. Lovable Edible Gardens is a list of gardens designed to be ornamental as well as nourishing. Nourishable Places Links Slow Food USA is the epicenter of the Slow Food movement, which celebrates the enjoyment of food, rather than the speed of food Nourishable Places Blog Posts the Chael-Dover Cottage - What the Original Green Looks Like paints a picture of a highly sustainable house using the Original Green standard. The Coming Golden Age of Great Necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. The Green Academy - Or Not is a report card on today's architectural education measured by Original Green foundations. The Gizmo Green Conundrum pits an icon of Gizmo Green (a Chicago parking deck promoting itself as being green) against the eight foundations of the Original Green. Earth Day - A Symptom of Our Disease? takes a critical look at our habit of pledging allegiance to sustainability one day out of the year, but for getting the basics (like Nourishable Places) for the rest of the year. LEED for Homes Awards - or - How To Shoot Yourself in the Foot measures award-winning homes against the foundation principles of the Original Green. Original Green Places - South Main examines a Colorado community through the lenses of Original Green foundations. Hydroponics - Miracle or Threat? takes a critical look at this increasingly popular way of growing vegetables. Local Places - Aurea in San Francisco tells the story of a restaurant that makes a big deal of its use of local ingredients. SmartDwelling I - The Kitchen Garden describes the bio-intensive vegetable garden in SmartDwelling I SmartDwelling I - Green Walls details the harvestable walls of this design. Michael Pollan - In Defense of Food - and the Original Green recounts the In Defense of Food author's lecture, and the striking similarities between it and several Original Green principles. After Earth Day - What Next? What Can I Do? is the top ten things we each can do to be more sustainable, and includes planting a victory garden to help make your place more nourishable. Tiny Places - Mike & Patty's takes a look at why tiny restaurants are more likely to serve locally-grown food. Diagramming the Original Green shows the relationship between the foundations of sustainable places and sustainable buildings. Serenbe - A Nourishing Place begins with a story on Serenbe and steps through several recent advances in the move toward Nourishable Places. Towards Sustainable Architecture describes the foundation of principles of the New Urban Guild’s Project:SmartDwelling, and is based firmly on allowing onsite gardening. Green Sheds can be the centerpiece of gardening on your lot. Nourishable Places on OGTV Andrés Duany on Garden Cities is Duany's pecha kucha presentation on his new book at CNU19 in Madison. Nourishable Places Albums The SmartDwelling I poster illustrates several features of this home design that help to nourish its inhabitants. Nourishable Places Presentations All presentations entitled "Original Green" on the Presentations page deal with all eight foundations of sustainability, including Nourishable Places. Urban Agriculture Design Elements describe numerous techniques and patterns for creating a nourishable place.	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Mark of Ephesus Our father among the saints Mark of Ephesus (Evgenikos; Greek: Μάρκος Ευγενικός), Archbishop of Ephesus, was famous for his courageous defense of Orthodoxy at the Council of Florence (1439 A.D.) in spite of the Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus and the pope of Rome Eugenius IV. He held Rome to be in schism and heresy for its acceptance of the Filioque clause added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and for the claims of the papacy to universal jurisdiction over the Church, and was thus the only Eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council. Sometimes he is called "the conscience of Orthodoxy." He died peacefully in the year 1444 A.D. On his deathbed, Mark implored Gregory, his disciple, and later Patriarch Gennadius II of Constantinople, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy. For his efforts at the Council of Florence and his defense against: the addition of the Filioque, the primacy of the Pope, and purgatorial fire purification, the Orthodox Church considers him a saint, calling him a Pillar of Orthodoxy. His feast day is January 19. "It is impossible to recall peace without dissolving the cause of the schism—the primacy of the Pope exalting himself equal to God." "The Latins are not only schismatics but heretics... we did not separate from them for any other reason other than the fact that they are heretics. This is precisely why we must not unite with them unless they dismiss the addition from the Creed filioque and confess the Creed as we do." "Our Head, Christ our God... does not tolerate that the bond of love be taken from us entirely." "We seek and we pray for our return to that time when, being united, we spoke the same things and there was no schism between us." "The Symbol of the Faith must be preserved inviolate, as at its origin. Since all the holy doctors of the Church, all the Councils and all the Scriptures put us on our guard against heterodoxy, how dare I, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union—those who have corrupted the holy and divine Symbol of Faith and brought in the Son as second cause of the Holy Spirit" (s.v. Jan 19th in The Synaxarion, ed. Hieromonk Makarios of Simonas Petra, and trans. Christopher Hookway; Ormylia: Holy Convent of The Annunciation of Our Lady, 2001). "The souls of the departed can indeed benefit to their 'advancement,' and even the damned to a relative 'relief' of their lot, thanks to the prayers of the Church and through the infinite mercy of God; but the notion of a punishment prior to the Last Judgment and of a purification through a material fire is altogether foreign to the tradition of the Church" (ibid.). Death, Miracle and Canonization He died peacefully at the age of 52 on June 23, 1444, after an excruciating two-week battle with intestinal illness. On his death bed, Mark implored Georgios Scholarios, his former pupil, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy. According to his brother John, his last words were "Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, into Thy hands I commit my spirit." Mark was buried in the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople. There is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by St. Mark of Ephesus. Doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of Demetrios Zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. After losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. She related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, "Return now; you no longer have any illness." She asked him who he was and he informed her, "I am the Metropolitan of Ephesus, Mark Eugenikos." After being miraculously healed, she made an icon of St. Mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years. - "All of us of the holy Eastern Church of Christ acknowledge the holy Mark Evgenikos of Ephesus. We honor and receive this saintly, God-bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all our sacred dogmas and correct piety. He is an emulator and equal to the holy theologians, and those that adorned the Church of ancient times." (The Lives of the Pillars of Orthodoxy, p. 500, via ) Troparion (Tone 4) - By your profession of faith, O all-praised Mark - The Church has found you to be a zealot for truth. - You fought for the teaching of the Fathers; - You cast down the darkness of boastful pride. - Intercede with Christ God to grant forgiveness to those who honor you! Kontakion (Tone 3) - Clothed with invincible armor, O blessed one, - You cast down rebellious pride, - You served as the instrument of the Comforter, - And shone forth as the champion of Orthodoxy. - Therefore we cry to you: "Rejoice, Mark, the boast of the Orthodox!" Mark of Ephesus \|Archbishop of Ephesus - St. Mark of Ephesus and the False Union of Florence - St. Mark of Ephesus: A True Ecumenist - Address of St. Mark of Ephesus on the Day of His Death - Icon and Story of St. Mark of Ephesus - St. Mark of Ephesus - Mark, Bishop of Ephesus (GOARCH) - St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus (OCA) - Ο Άγιος Μάρκος ο Ευγενικός Center of Patristic Studies - St. Markos Eugenikos (Greek)	[ 9704, 286, 4551, 956, 385, 198, 5122, 2988, 1871, 262, 31728, 2940, 286, 4551, 956, 385, 357, 15200, 5235, 1134, 418, 26, 8312, 25, 7377, 250, 138, 105, 33643, 43000, 26517, 35558, 7377, 243, 139, 227, 42063, 30950, 26180, 29945, 43000, 139, 234, 35558, 828, 36746, 286, 4551, 956, 385, 11, 373, 5863, 329, 465, 34010, 3761, 286, 17650, 88, 379, 262, 4281, 286, 28537, 357, 1415, 2670, 317, 13, 35, 2014, 287, 15275, 286, 262, 45772, 23129, 1757, 25197, 3175, 3609, 928, 385, 290, 262, 26850, 286, 10598, 20665, 268, 3754, 8363, 13, 679, 2714, 10598, 284, 307, 287, 5513, 1042, 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Collective Action Federalism: A General Theory of Article I, Section 8 Robert D. Cooter University of California, Berkeley - School of Law Duke University - School of Law December 15, 2010 Stanford Law Review, Vol 63, p. 115, 2010 UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 1692835 The Framers of the United States Constitution wrote Article I, Section 8 in order to address some daunting collective action problems facing the young nation. They especially wanted to protect the states from military warfare by foreigners and from commercial warfare against one another. The states acted individually when they needed to act collectively, and Congress lacked power under the Articles of Confederation to address these problems. Section 8 thus authorized Congress to promote the “general Welfare” of the United States by tackling many collective action problems that the states could not solve on their own. Subsequent interpretations of Section 8, both outside and inside the courts, often have focused on the presence or absence of collective action problems involving multiple states - but not always. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States, in trying to distinguish the “truly national” from the “truly local” in the context of the Commerce Clause, United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 617–18 (2000), has differentiated “economic” activity, which Congress may regulate, from “noneconomic” activity, which Congress may not regulate. A federal constitution ideally gives the central and state governments the power to do what each does best. Economic activity does not generally cause collective action problems among the states, and noneconomic activity is not generally free from collective action problems. Consequently, Congress is not generally better at regulating economic activity, and the states are not generally better at regulating noneconomic activity. The distinction between economic and noneconomic activity seems mostly irrelevant to the problems of federalism. We propose a better foundation for American federalism in Section 8. Our theory distinguishes activities that pose collective action problems from those that do not. This approach flows directly from the relative advantages of the federal government and the states. We show that Section 8 mostly concerns collective action problems created by interstate externalities and national markets. We conclude that Section 8 authorizes Congress to tax, spend, and regulate to solve these collective action problems. Collective action federalism finds that the limits and expanse of congressional power in Section 8 turn on the difference between individual and collective action by the states. The theory uses this distinction to differentiate interstate commerce from intrastate commerce, not the economic/noneconomic distinction. Our distinction best explains why Congress may not ordinarily use its commerce power to regulate such crimes as assault or gun possession in schools. Collective action federalism also identifies a constitutional “hook” for Congress to regulate multi-state problems of collective action that may not involve commerce: Clause 1 of Section 8 authorizes some forms of regulation of noneconomic harms that spill over state boundaries, such as contagious diseases and certain kinds of environmental pollution. Number of Pages in PDF File: 72 Keywords: General Welfare Clause, Commerce Clause, FederalismAccepted Paper Series Date posted: October 16, 2010 ; Last revised: January 6, 2011 © 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 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Surrounded just by the constant murmur of the Patagonian wind, open the Pinturas River Canyon. There, among the folds of its high walls, rock art is found in the Cueva de las Manos, where people from 9,000 years ago sealed their art and their life testimony. Its fame is not for nothing. Those hands, guanacos and geometric patterns in the stone of the cave are the oldest expression of South American peoples are aware. Unesco understood this when in 1999 it was appointed Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Its location, alone, in the middle of the desert northwest of Santa Cruz, lets kept intact. The nearest town, Perito Moreno, is 163 kilometers away. And beyond, and near the mountain range, there is Los Antiguos, which was the resting place of the elders of the tribes that disappeared. This whole area and not just the cave, including the Perito Moreno National Park, is a rich archaeological and paleontological site. The valleys, canyons, lakes and rivers that make it up jealously shelter paintings and different types of archaeological sites in which men walked 14,000 years before Christ. And between the weeds there are fossils that testify the existence of a sea in this region long before man inhabited. In fact, the town of Perito Moreno is called the Archaeological Capital of the Province of Santa Cruz. Caves of Pinturas river saved works done by the Indians and their ancestors tehuelches. Its age is 9300 years, according to research. There are, besides negative handprints, pictures of guanacos, geometric patterns, clusters of lines, dots and solar figure. The largest congregation is in the actual cave, Cueva de las Manos, which is 24 meters deep, 15 meters wide at the entrance and about 10 meters high up to the beginning of the visor. On both sides of the entrance, there are small spaces in the light, but partially protected by the projection of the Visors. The eaves are formed by protrusions that protect the paintings from the wind and sun. It includes three levels of culture, with an estimated range from 7370 BC to 1000 AD. Although this assessment is relative, since the realization of the paintings may have taken place in short time, in an almost synchronous or far apart in time. The color of the negative imprints of hands depended on obtaining raw materials close to each site, but most are in red (hematite), white (limestone), black (manganese or charcoal) and yellow (limonite or yellow ocher).	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Pronounced: Gas-tro-ee-sof-a-geal re-flux diseaseEn Español (Spanish Version) Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the back up of acid or food from the stomach to the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects your mouth and stomach. GER is common in infants. It may cause them to spit up. Most infants outgrow GER within 12 months. GER that progresses to esophageal injury and other symptoms is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The backed-up acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. It causes heartburn, a pain in the stomach and chest. GERD can occur at any age. Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. GERD is caused by acid or food from the stomach that regularly backs up into the esophagus. It is not always clear why the acid backs up. The reasons may vary from person to person. There may also be a genetic link in some GERD. Acid is kept in the stomach by a valve at the top of the stomach. The valve opens when food comes in. It should close to keep in the food and acid. If this valve does not close properly, the acid can flow out of the stomach. In addition to GERD, the valve may not close because of: The following factors increase the chances of developing GERD: Symptoms of GERD include: Your doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your child may need to see a pediatric gastroenterologist. This type of doctor focuses on diseases of the stomach and intestines. Tests may include: Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. Treatment options include the following: Medications options include: Many of these are over-the-counter medications. Surgery or endoscopy may be recommended for more severe cases. It may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications do not work. The most common surgery is called fundoplication . During this procedure, a part of the stomach will be wrapped around the stomach valve. This makes the valve stronger. It should prevent stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus. This surgery is often done through small incisions in the skin. Last reviewed May 2013 by Michael Woods Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.	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\|Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson\| General Jackson's "Chancellorsville" Portrait, taken at a Spotsylvania County farm on April 26, 1863, seven days before he was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville. \|Nickname\|\|Stonewall, Old Jack, Old Blue Light, Tom Fool\| \|Born\|\|)January 21, 1824 Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia) \|Died\|\|May 10, 1863) (aged 39) \|Place of burial\|\|Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery \|Years of service\|\| Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. The general survived with the loss of an arm to amputation, but died of complications from pneumonia eight days later. His death was a severe setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and of the general public. Jackson in death became an icon of Southern heroism and commitment, joining Lee in the pantheon of the "Lost Cause". Military historians consider Jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history . His Valley Campaign and his envelopment of the Union Army right wing at Chancellorsville are studied worldwide even today as examples of innovative and bold leadership. He excelled as well in other battles; the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) where he received his famous nickname "Stonewall", Second Bull Run (Second Manassas), Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Jackson was not universally successful as a commander, however, as displayed by his weak and confused efforts during the Seven Days Battles around Richmond in 1862. Early life Paternal ancestry Thomas Jonathan Jackson was the great-grandson of John Jackson (1715 or 1719 – 1801) and Elizabeth Cummins (also known as Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723 – 1828). John Jackson was a Protestant from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland. While living in London, England, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing £170; the judge at the Old Bailey sentenced him to a seven-year indenture in America. Elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, born in London, England was also convicted of larceny in an unrelated case for stealing 19 pieces of silver, jewelry, and fine lace, and received a similar sentence. They both were transported on the prison ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts. John and Elizabeth met on board and were in love by the time the ship arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Maryland for their indentures, the couple married in July 1755. The family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to settle near Moorefield, Virginia, (now West Virginia) in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to the Tygart Valley. They began to acquire large parcels of virgin farmland near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) in Elizabeth's name. John and his two teenage sons were early recruits for the American Revolutionary War, fighting in the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780; John finished the war as captain and served as a lieutenant of the Virginia Militia after 1787. While the men were in the Army, Elizabeth converted their home to a haven, "Jackson's Fort," for refugees from Indian attacks. John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second son was Edward Jackson (March 1, 1759 – December 25, 1828), and Edward's third son was Jonathan Jackson, Thomas's father. Early childhood Thomas Jackson was the third child of Julia Beckwith (née Neale) Jackson (1798–1831) and Jonathan Jackson (1790–1826), an attorney. Both of Jackson's parents were natives of Virginia. The family already had two young children and were living in Clarksburg, in what is now West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named for his maternal grandfather. Thomas's sister Elizabeth (age six) died of typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas at her bedside. His father also died of a typhoid fever on March 26. Jackson's mother gave birth to Thomas's sister Laura Ann the day after Jackson's father died. Julia Jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with much debt and three young children (including the newborn). She sold the family's possessions to pay the debts. She declined family charity and moved into a small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing and taught school to support herself and her three young children for about four years. In 1830, Julia Neale Jackson remarried. Her new husband, Blake Woodson, an attorney, did not like his stepchildren. There were continuing financial problems. The following year, after giving birth to Thomas's half-brother, Julia died of complications, leaving her three older children orphaned. Julia was buried in an unmarked grave in a homemade coffin in Westlake Cemetery along the New River and Kanawha Turnpike in Fayette County within the corporate limits of present-day Ansted, West Virginia. Working and teaching at Jackson's Mill As their mother's health continued to fail, Jackson and his sister Laura Ann were sent to live with their uncle, Cummins Jackson, who owned a grist mill in Jackson's Mill (near present-day Weston in Lewis County in central West Virginia). Their older brother, Warren, went to live with other relatives on his mother's side of the family, but he later died of tuberculosis in 1841 at the age of 20. Thomas and Laura Ann returned from Jackson's Mill in November 1831 to be at their dying mother's bedside. They spent four years together at the Mill before being separated—Laura Ann was sent to live with her mother's family, Thomas to live with his Aunt Polly (his father's sister) and her husband, Isaac Brake, on a farm 4 miles from Clarksburg. Thomas was treated by Brake as an outsider and, having suffered verbal abuse for over a year, ran away from the family. When his cousin in Clarksburg besought him to return to Aunt Polly's, he replied, "Maybe I ought to, ma'am, but I am not going to." He walked 18 miles through mountain wilderness to Jackson's Mill, where he was welcomed by his uncles and he remained there for the following seven years. Cummins Jackson was strict with Thomas, who looked up to Cummins as a schoolteacher. Jackson helped around the farm, tending sheep with the assistance of a sheepdog, driving teams of oxen and helping harvest wheat and corn. Formal education was not easily obtained, but he attended school when and where he could. Much of Jackson's education was self-taught. He once made a deal with one of his uncle's slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons; Thomas would stay up at night reading borrowed books by the light of those burning pine knots. Virginia law forbade teaching a slave, free black or mulatto to read or write, as enacted following Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion in Southampton County in 1831. Nevertheless, Jackson secretly taught the slave to write, as he had promised. Once literate, the young slave fled to Canada via the underground railroad. In his later years at Jackson's Mill, Thomas was a school teacher. Early military career West Point In 1842, Jackson was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Because of his inadequate schooling, he had difficulty with the entrance examinations and began his studies at the bottom of his class. As a student, he had to work harder than most cadets to absorb lessons. Displaying a dogged determination that was to characterize his life, however, he became one of the hardest working cadets in the academy, and moved steadily up the academic rankings. Jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the Class of 1846. It was said by his peers that if he had stayed there another year, he would have graduated first. His roommate in his junior year at West Point was George Stoneman, who later served as a Union cavalry general and became the Governor of California. U.S. Army and the Mexican War Jackson began his United States Army career as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery Regiment and was sent to fight in the Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848. He served at the Siege of Veracruz and the battles of Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City, eventually earning two brevet promotions, and the regular army rank of first lieutenant. It was in Mexico that Thomas Jackson first met Robert E. Lee. During the assault on Chapultepec Castle, he refused what he felt was a "bad order" to withdraw his troops. Confronted by his superior, he explained his rationale, claiming withdrawal was more hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. His judgment proved correct, and a relieving brigade was able to exploit the advantage Jackson had broached. In contrast to this display of strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was a "bad order" when he raked a civilian throng with artillery fire after the Mexican authorities failed to surrender Mexico City at the hour demanded by the U.S. forces. The former episode, and later aggressive action against the retreating Mexican army, earned him field promotion to the brevet rank of major. Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute In the spring of 1851, Jackson accepted a newly created teaching position at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), in Lexington, Virginia. He became Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Instructor of Artillery. Parts of Jackson's curriculum are still taught at VMI, regarded as timeless military essentials: discipline, mobility, assessing the enemy's strength and intentions while attempting to conceal your own, and the efficiency of artillery combined with an infantry assault. However, despite the high quality of his work, he was not popular as a teacher, and the students called him "Tom Fool." He memorized his lectures and then recited them to the class; any students who came to ask for help were only given the same explanation as before. And if students came to ask again, Jackson viewed this as insubordination and likewise punished them. The students mocked his apparently stern, religious nature and his eccentric traits. In 1856, a group of alumni attempted to have Jackson removed from his position. Little as he was known to the white inhabitants of Lexington, Jackson was revered by many of the African-Americans in town, both slaves and free blacks. He was instrumental in the organization in 1855 of Sunday School classes for blacks at the Presbyterian Church. His second wife, Mary Anna Jackson, taught with Jackson, as "he preferred that my labors should be given to the colored children, believing that it was more important and useful to put the strong hand of the Gospel under the ignorant African race, to lift them up." The pastor, Dr. William Spottswood White, described the relationship between Jackson and his Sunday afternoon students: "In their religious instruction he succeeded wonderfully. His discipline was systematic and firm, but very kind. ... His servants reverenced and loved him, as they would have done a brother or father. ... He was emphatically the black man's friend." He addressed his students by name and they in turn referred to him affectionately as "Marse Major." Jackson's family owned six slaves in the late 1850s. Three (Hetty, Cyrus, and George, a mother and two teenage sons) were received as a wedding present. Another, Albert, requested that Jackson purchase him and allow him to work for his freedom; he was employed as a waiter in one of the Lexington hotels and Jackson rented him to VMI. Amy also requested that Jackson purchase her from a public auction and she served the family as a cook and housekeeper. The sixth, Emma, was a four-year-old orphan with a learning disability, accepted by Jackson from an aged widow and presented to his second wife, Mary Anna, as a welcome-home gift. After the American Civil War began he appears to have hired out or sold his slaves. Mary Anna Jackson, in her 1895 memoir, said, "our servants ... without the firm guidance and restraint of their master, the excitement of the times proved so demoralizing to them that he deemed it best for me to provide them with good homes among the permanent residents." James Robertson wrote about Jackson's view on slavery: Jackson neither apologized for nor spoke in favor of the practice of slavery. He probably opposed the institution. Yet in his mind the Creator had sanctioned slavery, and man had no moral right to challenge its existence. The good Christian slaveholder was one who treated his servants fairly and humanely at all times. While an instructor at VMI in 1853, Thomas Jackson married Elinor "Ellie" Junkin, whose father, George Junkin, was president of Washington College (later named Washington and Lee University) in Lexington. An addition was built onto the president's residence for the Jacksons, and when Robert E. Lee became president of Washington College he lived in the same home, now known as the Lee-Jackson House. Ellie gave birth to a stillborn son on October 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage an hour later that proved fatal. After a tour of Europe, Jackson married again, in 1857. Mary Anna Morrison was from North Carolina, where her father was the first president of Davidson College. They had a daughter named Mary Graham on April 30, 1858, but the baby died less than a month later. Another daughter was born in 1862, shortly before her father's death. The Jacksons named her Julia Laura, after his mother and sister. Jackson purchased the only house he ever owned while in Lexington. Built in 1801, the brick town house at 8 East Washington Street was purchased by Jackson in 1859. He lived in it for two years before being called to serve in the Confederacy. Jackson never returned to his home. In November 1859, at the request of the governor of Virginia, Major William Gilham led a contingent of the VMI Cadet Corps to Charles Town to provide an additional military presence at the hanging of militant abolitionist John Brown on December 2, following his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry on October 16. Major Jackson was placed in command of the artillery, consisting of two howitzers manned by 21 cadets. Civil War In 1861, as the American Civil War broke out, Jackson became a drill master for some of the many new recruits in the Confederate Army. On April 27, 1861, Virginia Governor John Letcher ordered Colonel Jackson to take command at Harpers Ferry, where he would assemble and command the famous "Stonewall Brigade", consisting of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments. All of these units were from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia, where Jackson located his headquarters throughout the first two years of the war. Jackson became known for his relentless drilling of his troops; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battlefield. Following raids on the B&O Railroad on May 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 17. First Bull Run Jackson rose to prominence and earned his most famous nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on July 21, 1861. As the Confederate lines began to crumble under heavy Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided crucial reinforcements on Henry House Hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in his men. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr., exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!" There is some controversy over Bee's statement and intent, which could not be clarified because he was killed almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle. Major Burnett Rhett, chief of staff to General Joseph E. Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee's and Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee's statement was meant to be pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing there like a damned stone wall!" Regardless of the controversy and the delay in relieving Bee, Jackson's brigade, which would thenceforth be known as the Stonewall Brigade, stopped the Union assault and suffered more casualties than any other Southern brigade that day; Jackson has since then been generally known as Stonewall Jackson. During the battle, Jackson displayed a gesture common to him and held his left arm skyward with the palm facing forward—interpreted by his soldiers variously as an eccentricity or an entreaty to God for success in combat. His hand was struck by a bullet or a piece of shrapnel and he suffered a small loss of bone in his middle finger. He refused medical advice to have the finger amputated. After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general (October 7, 1861) and given command of the Valley District, with headquarters in Winchester. Valley Campaign In the spring of 1862, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac approached Richmond from the southeast in the Peninsula Campaign, Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large corps were poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army threatened the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson was ordered by Richmond to operate in the Valley to defeat Banks' threat and prevent McDowell's troops from reinforcing McClellan. Jackson possessed the attributes to succeed against his poorly coordinated and sometimes timid opponents: a combination of great audacity, excellent knowledge and shrewd use of the terrain, and the ability to inspire his troops to great feats of marching and fighting. The campaign started with a tactical defeat at Kernstown on March 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence led him to believe he was attacking a small detachment. But it became a strategic victory for the Confederacy, because his aggressiveness suggested that he possessed a much larger force, convincing President Abraham Lincoln to keep Banks' troops in the Valley and McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting about 50,000 soldiers from McClellan's invasion force. As it transpired, it was Jackson's only defeat in the Valley. By adding Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's large division and Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's small division, Jackson increased his army to 17,000 men. He was still significantly outnumbered, but attacked portions of his divided enemy individually at McDowell, defeating both Brig. Gens. Robert H. Milroy and Robert C. Schenck. He defeated Banks at Front Royal and Winchester, ejecting him from the Valley. Lincoln decided that the defeat of Jackson was an immediate priority (though Jackson's orders were solely to keep Union forces occupied away from Richmond). He ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men to Front Royal and Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont to move to Harrisonburg. If both forces could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up the Valley would be cut. It was a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver. Jackson pressed his army to travel 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against a combined force of 60,000. Stonewall Jackson's reputation for moving his troops so rapidly earned them the oxymoronic nickname "foot cavalry". He became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until he was eventually eclipsed by Lee) and lifted the morale of the Southern public. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign toward Richmond stalled at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1. After the Valley Campaign ended in mid-June, Jackson and his troops were called to join Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in defense of the capital. By utilizing a railroad tunnel under the Blue Ridge Mountains and then transporting troops to Hanover County on the Virginia Central Railroad, Jackson and his forces made a surprise appearance in front of McClellan at Mechanicsville. Reports had last placed Jackson's forces in the Shenandoah Valley; their presence near Richmond added greatly to the Union commander's overestimation of the strength and numbers of the forces before him. This proved a crucial factor in McClellan's decision to re-establish his base at a point many miles downstream from Richmond on the James River at Harrison's Landing, essentially a retreat that ended the Peninsula Campaign and prolonged the war almost three more years. Jackson's troops served well under Lee in the series of battles known as the Seven Days Battles, but Jackson's own performance in those battles is generally considered to be poor. He arrived late at Mechanicsville and inexplicably ordered his men to bivouac for the night within clear earshot of the battle. He was late and disoriented at Gaines' Mill. He was late again at Savage's Station and at White Oak Swamp he failed to employ fording places to cross White Oak Swamp Creek, attempting for hours to rebuild a bridge, which limited his involvement to an ineffectual artillery duel and a missed opportunity. At Malvern Hill Jackson participated in the futile, piecemeal frontal assaults against entrenched Union infantry and massed artillery, and suffered heavy casualties (but this was a problem for all of Lee's army in that ill-considered battle). The reasons for Jackson's sluggish and poorly-coordinated actions during the Seven Days are disputed, although a severe lack of sleep after the grueling march and railroad trip from the Shenandoah Valley was probably a significant factor. Both Jackson and his troops were completely exhausted. It has also been said by Longstreet that, "General Jackson never showed his genius when under the immediate command of General Lee." Second Bull Run to Fredericksburg The military reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized as Stonewall Jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of Lee's army, whereas his counterpart, James Longstreet, more typically advocated and executed defensive strategies and tactics. Jackson has been described as the army's hammer, Longstreet its anvil. In the Northern Virginia Campaign of August 1862 this stereotype did not hold true. Longstreet commanded the Right Wing (later to become known as the First Corps) and Jackson commanded the Left Wing. Jackson started the campaign under Lee's orders with a sweeping flanking maneuver that placed his corps into the rear of Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia. At Manassas Junction, Jackson was able to capture all of the supplies of the Union Army depot. Then he had his troops destroy all of it, for it was the main depot for the Union Army. Jackson then retreated and then took up a defensive position and effectively invited Pope to assault him. On August 28–29, the start of the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas), Pope launched repeated assaults against Jackson as Longstreet and the remainder of the army marched north to reach the battlefield. On August 30, Pope came to believe that Jackson was starting to retreat, and Longstreet took advantage of this by launching a massive assault on the Union army's left with over 25,000 men. Although the Union troops put up a furious defense, Pope's army was forced to retreat in a manner similar to the embarrassing Union defeat at First Bull Run, fought on roughly the same battleground. When Lee decided to invade the North in the Maryland Campaign, Jackson took Harpers Ferry, then hastened to join the rest of the army at Sharpsburg, Maryland, where they fought McClellan in the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Antietam was primarily a defensive battle against superior odds, although McClellan failed to exploit his advantage. Jackson's men bore the brunt of the initial attacks on the northern end of the battlefield and, at the end of the day, successfully resisted a breakthrough on the southern end when Jackson's subordinate, Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill, arrived at the last minute from Harpers Ferry. The Confederate forces held their position, but the battle was extremely bloody for both sides, and Lee withdrew the Army of Northern Virginia back across the Potomac River, ending the invasion. Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general. On October 10 his command was redesignated the Second Corps. Before the armies camped for winter, Jackson's Second Corps held off a strong Union assault against the right flank of the Confederate line at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in what became a decisive Confederate victory. Just before the battle, Jackson was delighted to receive a letter about the birth of his daughter, Julia Laura Jackson, on November 23. Also before the battle, Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, Lee's dashing and well-dressed cavalry commander, presented to Jackson a fine general's frock that he had ordered from one of the best tailors in Richmond. Jackson's previous coat was threadbare and colorless from exposure to the elements, its buttons removed by admiring ladies. Jackson asked his staff to thank Stuart, saying that although the coat was too handsome for him, he would cherish it as a souvenir. His staff insisted that he wear it to dinner, which caused scores of soldiers to rush to see him in uncharacteristic garb. So embarrassed was Jackson with the attention that he did not wear the new uniform for months. During the night at Fredericksburg, a medic asked would could be done after observing the destruction and looting done to the city. Jackson venomously replied, "Kill 'em, sir. Kill 'em all." At the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Army of Northern Virginia was faced with a serious threat by the Army of the Potomac and its new commanding general, Major General Joseph Hooker. General Lee decided to employ a risky tactic to take the initiative and offensive away from Hooker's new southern thrust—he decided to divide his forces. Jackson and his entire corps were sent on an aggressive flanking maneuver to the right of the Union lines. This flanking movement would be one of the most successful and dramatic of the war. While riding with his infantry in a wide berth well south and west of the Federal line of battle, Jackson employed Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry to provide for better reconnaissance in regards to the exact location of the Union right and rear. The results were far better than even Jackson could have hoped. Lee found the entire right side of the Federal lines in the middle of open field, guarded merely by two guns that faced westward, as well as the supplies and rear encampments. The men were eating and playing games in carefree fashion, completely unaware that an entire Confederate corps was less than a mile away. What happened next is given in Fitzhugh Lee's own words: So impressed was I with my discovery, that I rode rapidly back to the point on the Plank road where I had left my cavalry, and back down the road Jackson was moving, until I met "Stonewall" himself. "General," said I, "if you will ride with me, halting your column here, out of sight, I will show you the enemy's right, and you will perceive the great advantage of attacking down the Old turnpike instead of the Plank road, the enemy's lines being taken in reverse. Bring only one courier, as you will be in view from the top of the hill." Jackson assented, and I rapidly conducted him to the point of observation. There had been no change in the picture. I only knew Jackson slightly. I watched him closely as he gazed upon Howard's troops. It was then about 2 P.M. His eyes burned with a brilliant glow, lighting up a sad face. His expression was one of intense interest, his face was colored slightly with the paint of approaching battle, and radiant at the success of his flank movement. To the remarks made to him while the unconscious line of blue was pointed out, he did not reply once during the five minutes he was on the hill, and yet his lips were moving. From what I have read and heard of Jackson since that day, I know now what he was doing then. Oh! "beware of rashness," General Hooker. Stonewall Jackson is praying in full view and in rear of your right flank! While talking to the Great God of Battles, how could he hear what a poor cavalryman was saying. "Tell General Rodes," said he, suddenly whirling his horse towards the courier, "to move across the Old plank road; halt when he gets to the Old turnpike, and I will join him there." One more look upon the Federal lines, and then he rode rapidly down the hill, his arms flapping to the motion of his horse, over whose head it seemed, good rider as he was, he would certainly go. I expected to be told I had made a valuable personal reconnaissance—saving the lives of many soldiers, and that Jackson was indebted to me to that amount at least. Perhaps I might have been a little chagrined at Jackson's silence, and hence commented inwardly and adversely upon his horsemanship. Alas! I had looked upon him for the last time. — Fitzhugh Lee, address to the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1879 Jackson immediately returned to his corps and arranged his divisions into a line of battle to charge directly into the oblivious Federal right. The Confederates marched silently until they were merely several hundred feet from the Union position, then released a bloodthirsty cry and full charge. Many of the Federals were captured without a shot fired, the rest were driven into a full rout. Jackson pursued relentlessly back toward the center of the Federal line until dusk. Darkness ended the assault. As Jackson and his staff were returning to camp on May 2, they were mistaken for a Union cavalry force by the 18th North Carolina Infantry regiment who shouted, "Halt, who goes there?", but fired before evaluating the reply. Frantic shouts by Jackson's staff identifying the party were replied to by Major John D. Barry with the retort, "It's a damned Yankee trick! Fire!" A second volley was fired in response; in all, Jackson was hit by three bullets, two in the left arm and one in the right hand. Several other men in his staff were killed, in addition to many horses. Darkness and confusion prevented Jackson from getting immediate care. He was dropped from his stretcher while being evacuated because of incoming artillery rounds. Because of his injuries, Jackson's left arm had to be amputated by Dr. Hunter McGuire. Jackson was moved to Thomas C. Chandler's 740 acres (3.0 km2) plantation named Fairfield. He was offered Chandler's home for recovery, but Jackson refused and suggested using Chandler's plantation office building instead. He was thought to be out of harm's way; but unknown to the doctors, he already had classic symptoms of pneumonia, complaining of a sore chest. This soreness was mistakenly thought to be the result of his rough handling in the battlefield evacuation. Lee wrote to Jackson after learning of his injuries, stating "Could I have directed events, I would have chosen for the good of the country to be disabled in your stead." Jackson died of complications from pneumonia on May 10, 1863. On his death bed, though he became weaker, he remained spiritually strong, saying towards the end "It is the Lord's Day; my wish is fulfilled. I have always desired to die on Sunday." Dr. McGuire wrote an account of his final hours and his last words: A few moments before he died he cried out in his delirium, "Order A.P. Hill to prepare for action! Pass the infantry to the front rapidly! Tell Major Hawks"—then stopped, leaving the sentence unfinished. Presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he said quietly, and with an expression, as if of relief, "Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees." His body was moved to the Governor's Mansion in Richmond for the public to mourn, and he was then moved to be buried in the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia. However, the arm that was amputated on May 2 was buried separately by Jackson's chaplain, at the J. Horace Lacy house, "Ellwood", in the Wilderness of Orange County, near the field hospital. Upon hearing of Jackson's death, Robert E. Lee mourned the loss of both a friend and a trusted commander. As Jackson lay dying, Lee sent a message through Chaplain Lacy, saying "Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right." The night Lee learned of Jackson's death, he told his cook, "William, I have lost my right arm" and "I'm bleeding at the heart." Harpers Weekly reported Jackson's death on May 23, 1863, as follows: DEATH OF STONEWALL JACKSON. - General "Stonewall" Jackson was badly wounded in the arm at the battles of Chancellorsville, and had his arm amputated. The operation did not succeed, and pneumonia setting in, he died on the 10th inst., near Richmond, Virginia. Jackson's sometimes unusual command style and personality traits, combined with his frequent success in battle, contribute to his legacy as one of the most remarkable characters of the Civil War. Although martial, stern in attitude, he was profoundly religious and a deacon in the Presbyterian Church. One of his many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights," a term applied to a military man whose evangelical zeal burned with the intensity of the blue light used for night-time display. He disliked fighting on Sunday, although that did not stop him from doing so after much personal debate. He loved his wife very much and sent her tender letters. In direct contrast to Lee, Jackson was not a striking figure, often wearing old, worn-out clothes rather than a fancy uniform. Physical ailments Jackson held a lifelong belief that one of his arms was longer than the other, and thus usually held the "longer" arm up to equalize his circulation. He was described as a "champion sleeper", even falling asleep with food in his mouth occasionally. A paper delivered to the Society of Clinical Psychologists hypothesized that Jackson had Asperger syndrome, although other possible explanations, such as a herniated diaphragm, exist. Indeed Jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief via contemporary practices of his day including hydrotherapy, popular in America at that time, visiting establishments at Oswego, New York (1850) and Round Hill, Massachusetts (1860) although with little evidence of success. Jackson also suffered a significant hearing loss in both of his ears as a result of his prior service in the U.S. Army as an artillery officer. A recurring story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole to alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia. General Richard Taylor, son of President Zachary Taylor, wrote a passage in his war memoirs about Jackson eating lemons: "Where Jackson got his lemons 'no fellow could find out,' but he was rarely without one." However, recent research by his biographer, James I. Robertson, Jr., has found that none of his contemporaries, including members of his staff, friends, or his wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons and Jackson thought of a lemon as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained from the enemy's camp". Jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly peaches, "but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available." Jackson's religion has often been discussed. His biographer, Robert Lewis Dabney, suggested that "It was the fear of God which made him so fearless of all else." Jackson himself had said, "My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed." Stephen W. Sears suggests that "Jackson was fanatical in his Presbyterian faith, and it energized his military thought and character. Theology was the only subject he genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches invariably credited an ever-kind Providence." However, according to Sears, "this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. It warped Jackson's judgment of men, leading to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians to good soldiers." James I. Robertson, Jr. suggests that Jackson was "a Christian soldier in every sense of the word." According to Robertson, Jackson "thought of the war as a religious crusade," and "viewed himself as an Old Testament warrior - like David or Joshua - who went into battle to slay the Philistines." Jackson encouraged the Confederate States Army revival that occurred in 1863, although it was probably more of a grass-roots movement than a top-down revival. Jackson strictly observed the Sunday Sabbath. James I. Robertson, Jr. notes that "no place existed in his Sunday schedule for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation." Command style In command, Jackson was extremely secretive about his plans and extremely meticulous about military discipline. This secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions. Robert E. Lee could trust Jackson with deliberately non-detailed orders that conveyed Lee's overall objectives, what modern doctrine calls the "end state". This was because Jackson had a talent for understanding Lee's sometimes unstated goals and Lee trusted Jackson with the ability to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had this ability. At Gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities. Thus, after the Federals retreated to the heights south of town, Lee sent one of his new corps commanders, Richard S. Ewell, discretionary orders that the heights (Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill) be taken "if practicable". Without Jackson's intuitive grasp of Lee's orders or the instinct to take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault, and this failure is considered by historians to be the greatest missed opportunity of the battle. Jackson had a poor reputation as a horseman. One of his soldiers, Georgia volunteer William Andrews, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man of medium size, his uniform badly soiled as though it had seen hard service. He wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse that did not look much like a charger, unless it would be on hay or clover. He certainly made a poor figure on a horseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse's back, and his heels turned out with his toes sticking behind his horse's foreshoulder. A sorry description of our most famous general, but a correct one." His horse was named "Little Sorrel" (also known as "Old Sorrel"), a small chestnut gelding. He rode Little Sorrel throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville. Little Sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a statue of Jackson on the parade grounds of VMI. (His mounted hide is on display in the VMI Museum.) Mourning his death Jackson was greatly admired and respected throughout the South, and his death had a profound effect there on civilians and soldiers alike. A poem penned by one of his soldiers soon became a very popular song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way". Many theorists through the years have postulated that if Jackson had lived, Lee might have prevailed at Gettysburg. Certainly Jackson's discipline and tactical sense were sorely missed, and might well have carried an extremely close-fought battle. Many Southerners tried to put up a brave front following Jackson's death. As Margaret Mitchell noted in her historical novel, Gone with the Wind, "[t]rue, the South had suffered a sickening loss when Stonewall Jackson had been fatally wounded at Chancellorsville. True, Georgia had lost one of her bravest and most brilliant sons when General T. R. R. Cobb had been killed at Fredericksburg. But the Yankees just couldn't stand any more defeats like Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. They'd have to give in, and then this cruel war would be over." Remembering Jackson After the war, Jackson's wife and young daughter Julia moved from Lexington to North Carolina. Mary Anna Jackson wrote two books about her husband's life, including some of his letters. She never remarried, and was known as the "Widow of the Confederacy", living until 1915. His daughter Julia married, and bore children, but she died of typhoid fever at the age of 26 years. A former Confederate soldier who admired Jackson, Captain Thomas R. Ranson of Staunton, Virginia, also remembered the tragic life of Jackson's mother. Years after the War, he went to the tiny mountain hamlet of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia, and had a marble marker placed over the unmarked grave of Julia Neale Jackson in Westlake Cemetery, to make sure that the site was not lost forever. West Virginia's Stonewall Jackson State Park is named in his honor. Nearby, at Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood home, his uncle's grist mill is the centerpiece of a historical site at the Jackson's Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp. The facility, located near Weston, serves as a special campus for West Virginia University and the WVU Extension Service. He is memorialized on historic Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia; on the grounds of the state capitol in his native West Virginia; and in many other places. At VMI, a bronze statue of Jackson stands outside the main entrance to the cadet barracks; first-year cadets exiting the barracks through that archway are required to honor Jackson's memory by saluting the statue. The lineage of Jackson's Confederate Army unit, the Stonewall Brigade, continues to the present day in form of the 116th Infantry Brigade of the U.S. Army, currently part of the Virginia National Guard. The unit's shoulder sleeve insignia worn until 2008 depicted Stonewall Jackson mounted on horseback. The United States Navy submarine U.S.S. Stonewall Jackson (SSBN 634), commissioned in 1964, was named for him. The words "Strength—Mobility" are emblazoned on the ship's banner, words taken from letters written by General Jackson. It was the third U.S. Navy ship named for him. The submarine was decommissioned in 1995. During World War II, the Navy named a Liberty ship the SS T.J. Jackson in his honor. The Commonwealth of Virginia honors Jackson's birthday on Lee-Jackson Day, a state holiday observed as such since 1904. It is currently observed on the Friday preceding the third Monday in January. Jackson also appears prominently in the enormous bas-relief carving on the face of Stone Mountain riding with Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee. The carving depicts the three on horseback, appearing to ride in a group from right to left across the mountainside. The lower parts of the horses' bodies merge into the mountainside at the foot of the carving. The three riders are shown bare-headed and holding their hats to their chests. It is the largest such carving in the world. "Stonewall" Jackson appeared on the CSA $500 bill (7th Issue, February 17, 1864). The towns of Stonewall in Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Kentucky are named in his honor as is Stonewall County in Texas. During a training exercise in Virginia by U.S. Marines in 1921, the Marine commander, General Smedley Butler was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong!" Butler found the arm in a box under the marker. He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one, and reburied the arm. He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield visitor's center . In popular media - Jackson is featured prominently in the novel and film Gods and Generals. In the film, he is portrayed by Stephen Lang. - The Theater at Lime Kiln, a local outdoor theater company in Lexington, Virginia, has performed a country-style musical about the life and times of Stonewall Jackson entitled Stonewall Country since 1984. - In the 2012 film Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies, Jackson is portrayed by Don McGraw as one of the heroes of the story, giving his life to save Lincoln and the rest of the surviving team. - John Dwyer's historical novel Stonewall covers Jackson's entire life, from childhood to death, with particular attention paid to the role his Presbyterian faith played in his life. - Stonewall Jackson has appeared in a number of alternative history novels. He is the subject of Douglas Lee Gibboney's short novel Stonewall Jackson at Gettsyburg, which dwells on Jackson's presence on the outcome of the Gettysburg Campaign. Jackson also appears in Harry Turtledove's How Few Remain, where Jackson leads the main army of an independent Confederacy in an 1881 war against the United States. Stonewall Jackson is the protagonist of Stonewall Goes West by R.E. Thomas, where Jackson survives his wounding at Chancellorsville to replace Braxton Bragg at the head of the Army of Tennessee. - In popular culture, the phrase "Stone Wall" has come to mean individuals whose combat styles are defensive, rather than offensive. Always mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy, if possible; and when you strike and overcome him, never let up in the pursuit so long as your men have strength to follow; for an army routed, if hotly pursued, becomes panic-stricken, and can then be destroyed by half their number. The other rule is, never fight against heavy odds, if by any possible maneuvering you can hurl your own force on only a part, and that the weakest part, of your enemy and crush it. Such tactics will win every time, and a small army may thus destroy a large one in detail, and repeated victory will make it invincible. —Jackson to General Imboden To move swiftly, strike vigorously, and secure all the fruits of victory, is the secret of successful war. The only true rule for cavalry is to follow the enemy as long as he retreats. —Jackson to Colonel Munford on June 13, 1862 War means fighting. The business of the soldier is to fight. Armies are not called out to dig trenches, to live in camps, but to find the enemy and strike him; to invade his country, and do him all possible damage in the shortest possible time. This will involve great destruction of life and property while it lasts; but such a war will of necessity be of brief continuance, and so would be an economy of life and property in the end. Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees. —Jackson, last words The time for war has not yet come, but it will come, and that soon; and when it does come, my advice is to draw the sword and throw away the scabbard. My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. God has fixed the time for my death. I do not concern myself about that, but to be always ready, no matter when it may overtake me. ... That is the way all men should live, and then all would be equally brave. See also - List of American Civil War generals - George Francis Robert Henderson (biographer) and his work Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War - William B. Ebbert, 1st Lt., W. Virginia Infantry, Union Army. (1923 quote recalling battle of Winchester, March 1862) - Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum - Farwell, p. xi, states that the overwhelmingly common usage of the middle name Jonathan was never documented and that Jackson did not acknowledge it, instead using the signature form "T. J. Jackson." Robertson, p. 19, states that a county document on February 28, 1841, was the first recorded instance of Jackson using a middle initial, although "whether it stood for his father Jonathan's name is not known." All of the other references to this article cite his full name as Thomas Jonathan Jackson. - Eicher, High Commands, p. 316; Robertson, p. 7. The physician, Dr. James McCally, recalls delivering baby Thomas just before midnight on January 20, but the family has insisted since then that he was born in the first minutes of January 21. The later date is the one generally acknowledged in biographies. - Jackson biography at Civil War Home. - Wallace Hettle, Inventing Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Hero in History and Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2011) - Robertson, pp. 1-2. - Robertson, pp. 2-3. - VMI Jackson genealogy site; Robertson, p. 4. - Robertson, p. 7. - Robertson, p. 8. - Robertson, p. 10. - Robertson, pp. 9-16. Robertson refers to multiple bachelor uncles in residence at the mill, but does not name them. - Robertson, p. 17. - Robertson, p. 40. - Robertson, p. 69. - Robertson, pp. 108-10. He left the Army on March 21, 1851, but stayed on the rolls, officially on furlough, for nine months. His resignation took effect formally on February 2, 1852, and he joined the VMI faculty in August 1851. - Virginia Military Institute Archives: Stonewall Jackson FAQ - Jackson, Mary Anna, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, by His Widow (Louisville, Ky, 1895), 78. - Robertson, p. 169. - Robertson, pp. 191-92. - Jackson, 152. - Robertson, p. 191. - Isbell, Sherman. "Archibald Alexander Travelogue". Archived from the original on September 14, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-17. "After 1844, the presidents resided in the neighboring brick house, known as the Lee-Jackson House. While Presbyterian minister George Junkin was president, the appendage on the right side of the Lee-Jackson house was from 1853 the residence of Junkin's daughter and her husband, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. After Jackson's wife died the next year, Jackson remained in the house for another three years. Robert E. Lee, president of the college from 1865 to 1870, resided in the brick house until 1869..." - Robertson, p. 157. - Eicher, High Commands, p. 316. - Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 82; Robertson, p. 264. McPherson, p. 342, reports the quotation after "stone wall" as being "Rally around the Virginians!" - See, for instance, Goldfield, David, et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States, Prentice Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-088243-7 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all. See Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants, vol. 1, pp. 733–34. - McPherson, p. 342. - Robertson, pp. 263, 268. - See, for instance, Freeman, R.E. Lee, vol. 2, p. 247: "... by every test, Jackson had failed throughout the Seven Days. This is in part to being unfamiliar with the area and to following orders which stated he was to wait until he had communicated with the others before starting a battle." Confederate politician Robert Toombs wrote that "Stonewall Jackson and his troops did little or nothing in these battles of the Chickahominy" (Robertson, p. 504). - Wert, p. 206. - Robertson, p. 645. - Robertson, p. 630. - Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. 2 - Apperson, p. 430. - Robertson, p. 739 - McGuire, pp. 162-63. - Sorensen, James. "Stonewall Jackson's Arm" American Heritage, April/May 2005. - Robertson, p. 746. - Hall, Kenneth. Stonewall Jackson and religious faith in military command. McFarland, 2005. - Harpers Weekly, May 23, 1863 - "Stonewall Jackson: Popular Questions". Virginia Military Institute. Retrieved 2009-05-06. - "Stonewall Jackson's Way". Retrieved December 24, 2011. - Gareth Atkins, review of Evangelicals in the Royal Navy, 1775-1815: Blue Lights and Psalm-Singers by Richard Blake (review no. 799) accessed Dec. 24, 2011 at www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/799 - Fitzgerald, Michael, Society of Clinical Psychologists paper. - Schildkrout, Enid (1997). Medical Diagnosis in Psychotherapy Patients: Identifying Medical Conditions Manifesting as Psychiatric Disorders. Canada: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-16872-6 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Cartmell, Donald (2001). "The Legend of Stonewall". The Civil War Book of Lists. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: The Career Press Inc. pp. 187–192. ISBN 1-56414-504-2 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Samaritan Medical Center (September 2008). "Stonewall Jackson and the Henderson Hydropath". in Samaritan Medical Center Newsletter. No.42. Retrieved 13 December 2009. - Taylor, p. 50 - Robertson, p. xi. - Dabney, Robert L.. "True Courage: A Memorial Sermon for General Thomas J. "Stone-wall Jackson". Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Selby, John Millin (2000). Stonewall Jackson As Military Commander. p. 25. - Sears, Stephen W. (16 March 1997). "Onward, Christian Soldier". New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2013. Unknown parameter - White, Davin (15 October 2010). "Stonewall Jackson biographer says religion drove Civil War general". The Charleston Gazette. Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Duewel, Wesley L. (2010). Revival Fire. Zondervan. p. 128. - Summers, Mark. "The Great Harvest: Revival in the Confederate Army during the Civil War". Religion & Liberty 21 (3). Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Robertson, James I.. ""Stonewall" Jackson": Christian Soldier". Virginia Center for Civil War Studies. Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Robertson, p. xiv. - Pfanz, p. 344; Eicher, Longest Night, p. 517; Sears, p. 228; Trudeau, p. 253. Both Sears and Trudeau record "if possible". - Robertson, p. 499. - Robertson, p. 230. - "Little Sorrel Buried at VMI July 20, 1997"; Robertson, p. 922, n. 16. - See, for instance, Sears, Gettysburg, pp. 233-34. Alternative theories about Gettysburg are prominent ideas in the literature about the Lost Cause. - Jackson, Mary Anna (1895). Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson by His Widow. Louisville, KY: The Prentice Press. - VMI article about Jackson - Farwell, 1993, p. 513 - Horwitz, 1999, p. 232 - BroadwayWorld.com article - "Stone Wall". Television Tropes & Idioms. Retrieved October 22, 2012. - Underwood and Buel, Vol.2, p. 297. - Henderson, Vol. 2, chapter XXV, p. 481. - Henderson, Vol. 1, chapter XI, S. 392. - "Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Bull's Run", New York Times, May 3, 1885, citing the recollections of John D. Imboden. - Alexander, Bevin. Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson. New York: Holt, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8050-1830-1 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Apperson, John Samuel. Repairing the "March of Mars": The Civil War diaries of John Samuel Apperson, hospital steward in the Stonewall Brigade, 1861-1865. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-86554-779-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Bryson, Bill. A Walk in the Woods. New York: Broadway Books, 1998. ISBN 0-7679-0251-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Farwell, Byron. Stonewall: A Biography of General Thomas J. Jackson. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1993. ISBN 978-0-393-31086-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. ISBN 0-684-85979-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. OCLC 166632575. - Henderson, G. F. R. Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War. New York: Smithmark, 1995. ISBN 0-8317-3288-1 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. First published in 1898 by Longman, Greens, and Co. (The 1900 version has an introduction by Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley.) - Hettle, Wallace. Inventing Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Hero in History and Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2011) - Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. OCLC 2048818. - McGuire, Dr. Hunter. "Death of Stonewall Jackson". Southern Historical Society Papers 14 (1886). - McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – The First Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8078-2624-3 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-02-864685-1 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0-395-86761-4 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Sharlet, Jeff. "Through a Glass, Darkly: How the Christian Right is Reimagining U.S. History." Harpers, December 2006. - Taylor, Richard. Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. Nashville, TN: J.S. Sanders & Co., 2001. ISBN 1-879941-21-X [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. First published 1879 by D. Appleton. - Trudeau, Noah Andre. Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-019363-8 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Wert, Jeffry D. General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. ISBN 0-671-70921-6 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Jackson genealogy site at Virginia Military Institute Further reading - Chambers, Lenoir. Stonewall Jackson. New York: Morrow, 1959. OCLC 186539122. - Cooke, John Esten, Moses Drury Hoge, and John William Jones. http://books.google.com/books?id=DKHFaHBX2isC Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography]. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876. OCLC 299589. - Cozzens, Peter. Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8078-3200-4 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Dabney, R. L. Life of Lieut.-Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall Jackson). London: James Nisbet and Co., 1866. OCLC 457442354. - Douglas, Henry Kyd. I Rode with Stonewall: The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson's Staff. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940. ISBN 0-8078-0337-5 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson's Book of Maxims. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2002. ISBN 1-58182-296-0 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Shackel, Paul A. Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. ISBN 978-0-306-46177-4 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - White, Henry A. Stonewall Jackson. Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs and Co., 1909. OCLC 3911913. - Wilkins, J. Steven. All Things for Good: The Steadfast Fidelity of Stonewall Jackson. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-58182-225-1 [Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. Macmillan Pub.; 1 edition (February 18, 1997). # ISBN-10: 0028646851 - ISBN-13: 978-0028646855 - Virginia Military Institute Archives Stonewall Jackson Resources - Jackson genealogy site - "Death of 'Stonewall' Jackson, Southern Confederacy, May 12, 1863. Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive. Digital Library of Georgia. - Find-a-Grave entry for Jackson - Find-a-Grave entry for Jackson's arm - Fitzhugh Lee's 1879 address on Chancellorsville - The Stonewall Jackson House - Animated history of the campaigns of Stonewall Jackson - Details on John Jackson's larceny trial in the Court Records of the Old Bailey - Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters, Winchester VA - Guinea Station, the place where Thomas Jackson died \|Commander of the Stonewall Brigade April 27, 1861 – October 28, 1861 Richard B. 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Many of us live in older homes, and we may have lead in our OLD pipes. We are buying fruit juices from the grocery store with arsenic in it. Go to this website to find out more information about Safe Drinking Water: cfpub.epa.gov/savewater/ccr Young children should not be drinking lots of fruit juice, as it can be full of sugar, causes obesity and even tooth decay. Besides some of it has too much arsenic in it. For many years or until the 1980′s pesticides were banned. Crops were sprayed with pesticides that leaked into the crops, the soil, and the ground water. Consequently, arsenic ended up contaminating the water, fertilizer and the soil. Even bottled water can have arsenic in it. Is that scary or what? All the bottled water we drink in this country could be borderline unsafe. The federal government limits arsenic in bottled water to 10 parts per billion. There are no limits in food and in fruit juices. I remember last year some media about arsenic in apple juice, so I stopped drinking it for awhile. I switched to eating an apple a day. (Thinking an apple a day kept the doctor away. Thought I would get you to laugh this morning.) Parents need to think twice about what they have their young children drink. Diluting juices could be helpful. Don’t you feel some days like you are darned if you do and darned if you don’t. I know that sounds like a clique but it is true.	[ 7085, 286, 514, 2107, 287, 4697, 5682, 11, 290, 356, 743, 423, 1085, 287, 674, 440, 11163, 19860, 13, 775, 389, 7067, 8234, 35919, 422, 262, 16918, 3650, 351, 48884, 287, 340, 13, 1514, 284, 428, 3052, 284, 1064, 503, 517, 1321, 546, 19978, 43963, 5638, 25, 30218, 12984, 13, 538, 64, 13, 9567, 14, 21928, 7050, 14, 535, 81, 198, 20917, 1751, 815, 407, 307, 7722, 6041, 286, 8234, 13135, 11, 355, 340, 460, 307, 1336, 286, 7543, 11, 5640, 13825, 290, 772, 16162, 22119, 13, 16238, 617, 286, 340, 468, 1165, 881, 48884, 287, 340, 13, 198, 1890, 867, 812, 393, 1566, 262, 7169, 17478, 82, 27482, 547, 9301, 13, 9325, 862, 547, 35729, 351, 27482, 326, 14109, 656, 262, 14450, 11, 262, 9260, 11, 290, 262, 2323, 1660, 13, 24982, 11, 48884, 4444, 510, 33554, 803, 262, 1660, 11, 37113, 290, 262, 9260, 13, 198, 6104, 34123, 1660, 460, 423, 48884, 287, 340, 13, 1148, 326, 14343, 393, 644, 30, 1439, 262, 34123, 1660, 356, 4144, 287, 428, 1499, 714, 307, 38422, 21596, 13, 198, 464, 2717, 1230, 7095, 48884, 287, 34123, 1660, 284, 838, 3354, 583, 2997, 13, 1318, 389, 645, 7095, 287, 2057, 290, 287, 8234, 35919, 13, 314, 3505, 938, 614, 617, 2056, 546, 48884, 287, 17180, 13135, 11, 523, 314, 5025, 7722, 340, 329, 27416, 13, 314, 15293, 284, 6600, 281, 17180, 257, 1110, 13, 357, 817, 8040, 281, 17180, 257, 1110, 4030, 262, 6253, 1497, 13, 27522, 314, 561, 651, 345, 284, 6487, 428, 3329, 2014, 198, 42969, 761, 284, 892, 5403, 546, 644, 484, 423, 511, 1862, 1751, 4144, 13, 29328, 15129, 35919, 714, 307, 7613, 13, 198, 3987, 447, 247, 83, 345, 1254, 617, 1528, 588, 345, 389, 39189, 276, 611, 345, 466, 290, 39189, 276, 611, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 13, 314, 760, 326, 5238, 588, 257, 537, 2350, 475, 340, 318, 2081, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	317
Image Size is the size of your original digital photo file, measured in pixels and DPI (Dots Per Inch, sometimes referred to as PPI, Pixels Per Inch). What is a pixel? A pixel is a small square dot. DPI refers to the number of dots (pixels) per inch. Why is this important? Well, if an image is too small, you might not be able to order a large size print or other photo product. A general rule of thumb for image size versus print size is: the image size should be at least the size of the print you want multiplied by 300, at 300 DPI. For example, if you want to order a 4x6 print, the image size should be 1200 pixels (4 x 300) by 1800 pixels (6 x 300) at 300 DPI. If the image size was half of that (600 by 900), then the 4x6 print would likely come out distorted or pixilated if you were to order a print. Camera Settings Decide in advance what is more important: image quality or room on your memory card. You can set your camera to take photos that are larger or smaller in size. If you know you will only be printing 4x6 photos, then you can reduce the image quality, which allows you to store more photos on your memory card. If you will be printing enlargements or other photo products like photo books, then keep the setting on "high" for higher quality images. The image sizes will be larger and you will not be able to store as many on your memory card at one time. Also, set the file type as "jpeg" if your camera allows you to control that detail. You might have a "tiff" option, but it is not necessary to save the photos as "tiff" files, and it will only take up more room on your memory card. If you have a point and shoot camera, open your main menu, and find the setting for "image quality" (or something similar). Usually, the options are "low," "medium," and "high." Choose "high" for higher quality (larger) photos. If you have an SLR camera, you probably have additional options. Just stick to high quality jpeg images, unless you know you will be doing extensive image editing and post-production. In that case, you might want to shoot RAW files. Resolution The resolution of your photo is directly impacted by the image size. The more pixels your photos have, the higher their resolution is. When you upload photos to your online account, you are given three upload options: "Regular," "Fast," and "Fastest." When you choose "Fast" or "Fastest," the photos are compressed, so the resolution will be less than the original photo file. So, if you are just uploading to order 4x6 prints, "Fastest" will be fine. But, if you wish to order enlargements, photo books, calendars, and other photo products, choose the "Regular" speed, which uploads the photos at their original resolution. Once the photos are uploaded, you will notice three bars for each photo in your account. If all three bars are green, that means that the resolution of the photo that is in the account is sufficient enough to order just about anything on the site. If the bars are all red, you have uploaded a low resolution photo. Try to find the original photo file and check the size. If the size is sufficient enough to order prints (based on the rule we mentioned above about multiplying the desired print size by 300 and comparing to the actual image size), re-upload the photo at "Regular" upload speed. Photos with two or three red bars will generate poor quality prints, especially if you are trying to order anything larger than 4x6 prints. We also will double check the resolution on our end. If we catch a low res file when printing, we always stop and notify you. We want you to be happy with your prints. Now that you understand image size and resolution a bit more, and understand why they are important when working in your online photo account, here are a few more extra tips about image size and resolution: - Most computer screens display photos at 72 DPI. That means the printed photo will look different than how it appears on your computer screen. - If you crop a photo too much (zoom in too much), it will always look pixilated and distorted, no matter how large the image size is. - Once you take the photo, you cannot increase the size or resolution by increasing the number of pixels in any photo editing program. If you wish to increase the resolution or file size, you must do so by adjusting your camera settings before you take any more photos.	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Indian and Himalayan Art Mahakala/Bhairava with Buddhas, Ganesha, Karttikeya, Achala, and DevoteesMade in Nepal, Asia Malla Dynasty (1200-1769), Late 16th century Artist/maker unknown, Nepalese Colors on cloth Currently not on view 1963-141-1Gift of Stella Kramrisch, 1963 LabelNewar religious practice employs a unique mix of Buddhist and Hindu elements. The five transcendental buddhas at the top of this painting and Achala (the blue-skinned Buddhist protector at the bottom center) are joined by deities more often affiliated with Hinduism. These include the elephant-headed Ganesha and dancing Karttikeya, who flank their father, Shiva, in his form as Mahakala/Bhairava. Another important feature of Newar art and practice is the depiction and participation of both men and women devotees. In the lower two registers seventeen men (in white-and-red-striped outfits) and seven women (in Malla period red skirts with white-and-blue stripes) offer flowers. Also typical of the Malla period are the shapes of Mahakala's triangular eyebrows, his neatly trimmed moustache and beard, and his round, full eyes.	[ 30821, 290, 42438, 22931, 3683, 198, 40936, 461, 6081, 14, 33, 27108, 4170, 351, 8578, 10134, 11, 402, 7305, 3099, 11, 32872, 83, 522, 3972, 11, 26219, 6081, 11, 290, 6245, 1258, 274, 24616, 287, 27026, 11, 7229, 198, 44, 30315, 30908, 357, 27550, 12, 1558, 3388, 828, 18319, 1467, 400, 4289, 198, 43020, 14, 10297, 6439, 11, 15310, 2040, 68, 198, 5216, 669, 319, 16270, 198, 21327, 407, 319, 1570, 198, 45192, 12, 23756, 12, 16, 38, 2135, 286, 45856, 509, 859, 2442, 354, 11, 19342, 198, 33986, 3791, 283, 4158, 3357, 24803, 257, 3748, 5022, 286, 20838, 290, 16397, 4847, 13, 383, 1936, 26231, 2470, 3600, 67, 10134, 379, 262, 1353, 286, 428, 12036, 290, 26219, 6081, 357, 1169, 4171, 12, 41412, 20838, 36784, 379, 262, 4220, 3641, 8, 389, 5399, 416, 43844, 517, 1690, 18552, 351, 16397, 1042, 13, 2312, 2291, 262, 20950, 12, 15353, 402, 7305, 3099, 290, 15360, 32872, 83, 522, 3972, 11, 508, 30172, 511, 2988, 11, 33995, 11, 287, 465, 1296, 355, 8882, 461, 6081, 14, 33, 27108, 4170, 13, 6023, 1593, 3895, 286, 968, 283, 1242, 290, 3357, 318, 262, 33016, 290, 10270, 286, 1111, 1450, 290, 1466, 24103, 274, 13, 554, 262, 2793, 734, 28441, 38741, 1450, 357, 259, 2330, 12, 392, 12, 445, 12, 36311, 276, 27655, 8, 290, 3598, 1466, 357, 259, 16618, 64, 2278, 2266, 42370, 351, 2330, 12, 392, 12, 17585, 28806, 8, 2897, 12734, 13, 4418, 7226, 286, 262, 16618, 64, 2278, 389, 262, 15268, 286, 8882, 461, 6081, 338, 46963, 26928, 11, 465, 29776, 40325, 285, 23968, 4891, 290, 21213, 11, 290, 465, 2835, 11, 1336, 2951, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	274
The interplay between indigenous Indian painting traditions and imported Persianate influences invigorated painting on the Indian subcontinent for over three hundred years. Primary Colors, featuring some thirty works from the Museum's collection, juxtaposes two intriguingly similar groups of paintings, one from seventeenth-century Central India and another from eighteenth-century Nepal. These works reflect indigenous painting traditions, characterized by expanses of intense red, blue, and yellow as well as figures seen in sharp profile, but they also include imagery of costume and architecture drawn from Islamic prototypes. Dynamic painting traditions flourished in Central India under Hindu, Jain, and Muslim patronage even before Mughal rulers imported Persian painters in the early sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, the Hindu rulers of Malwa (an area of Central India) developed active workshops that re-emphasized pre-Mughal forms. In the eighteenth century, Nepalese painting took a surprising turn, leading to forms closely related to those produced in seventeenth-century Malwa. The installation explores why patrons and painters, separated by distance and time, chose a closely related aesthetic. Among the highlights of the installation are two recently acquired Nepalese paintings that will be seen in Philadelphia for the first time. The Celestial Abode of Shiva and Devi is a great sunburst-like representation of a divine palace surrounded by courtly and ascetic devotees, while Pilgrimage to Gosainkund—a fourteen-foot-long scroll—illuminates a meandering path through cities and towns, peppered by pilgrims and animals, ultimately leading to a sacred lake in the high Himalayas. CuratorsDarielle Mason • The Stella Kramrisch Curator of Indian and Himalayan Art Katherine Anne Paul • Assistant Curator, Indian and Himalayan Art	[ 464, 987, 1759, 1022, 17673, 3942, 12036, 15421, 290, 17392, 22035, 378, 16717, 800, 36274, 515, 12036, 319, 262, 3942, 850, 3642, 7233, 329, 625, 1115, 3470, 812, 13, 21087, 29792, 11, 9593, 617, 12277, 2499, 422, 262, 9594, 338, 4947, 11, 45273, 4629, 734, 19827, 306, 2092, 2628, 286, 21641, 11, 530, 422, 10037, 28117, 12, 14792, 5694, 3794, 290, 1194, 422, 45592, 12, 14792, 27026, 13, 2312, 2499, 4079, 17673, 12036, 15421, 11, 16264, 416, 20628, 274, 286, 8157, 2266, 11, 4171, 11, 290, 7872, 355, 880, 355, 5538, 1775, 287, 7786, 7034, 11, 475, 484, 635, 2291, 19506, 286, 16569, 290, 10959, 7428, 422, 5533, 32338, 13, 198, 44090, 12036, 15421, 45671, 287, 5694, 3794, 739, 16397, 11, 449, 391, 11, 290, 3765, 49753, 772, 878, 337, 6724, 282, 24925, 17392, 22035, 2356, 1010, 287, 262, 1903, 2237, 20283, 4289, 13, 554, 262, 10037, 28117, 4289, 11, 262, 16397, 24925, 286, 4434, 10247, 357, 272, 1989, 286, 5694, 3794, 8, 4166, 4075, 25982, 326, 302, 12, 368, 5902, 1143, 662, 12, 44, 6724, 282, 5107, 13, 554, 262, 45592, 4289, 11, 15310, 2040, 68, 12036, 1718, 257, 6452, 1210, 11, 3756, 284, 5107, 7173, 3519, 284, 883, 4635, 287, 10037, 28117, 12, 14792, 4434, 10247, 13, 383, 9988, 25409, 1521, 25720, 290, 2356, 1010, 11, 11266, 416, 5253, 290, 640, 11, 7690, 257, 7173, 3519, 19713, 13, 198, 14311, 262, 11330, 286, 262, 9988, 389, 734, 2904, 9477, 15310, 2040, 68, 21641, 326, 481, 307, 1775, 287, 8857, 329, 262, 717, 640, 13, 383, 37231, 2275, 1098, 286, 33995, 290, 47509, 318, 257, 1049, 4252, 31961, 12, 2339, 10552, 286, 257, 11871, 20562, 11191, 416, 2184, 306, 290, 10570, 5139, 24103, 274, 11, 981, 12693, 2164, 9060, 284, 30007, 391, 74, 917, 960, 64, 29167, 12, 5898, 12, 6511, 10743, 960, 359, 7230, 689, 257, 502, 42454, 3108, 832, 4736, 290, 11684, 11, 49038, 1068, 416, 42408, 290, 4695, 11, 6165, 3756, 284, 257, 13626, 13546, 287, 262, 1029, 42438, 323, 292, 13, 198, 26628, 2024, 35, 2743, 13485, 14737, 5595, 383, 45856, 509, 859, 2442, 354, 4424, 1352, 286, 3942, 290, 42438, 22931, 3683, 198, 42, 15289, 15397, 3362, 5595, 15286, 4424, 1352, 11, 3942, 290, 42438, 22931, 3683, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	374
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011) \|Abstract\|\|Laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. Laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. Traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual claims. But, although this claim about laws might be true with respect to physics, laws in the special sciences (such as biology, psychology, economics etc.) appear to have—maybe not surprisingly—different features than the laws of physics. Special science laws—for instance, the economic law “Under the condition of perfect competition, an increase of demand of a commodity leads to an increase of price, given that the quantity of the supplied commodity remains constant” and, in biology, Mendel's Laws—are usually taken to “have exceptions”, to be “non-universal” or “to be ceteris paribus laws”. How and whether the laws of physics and the laws of the special sciences differ is one of the crucial questions motivating the debate on ceteris paribus laws. Another major, controversial question concerns the determination of the precise meaning of “ceteris paribus”. Philosophers have attempted to explicate the meaning of ceteris paribus clauses in different ways. The question of meaning is connected to the problem of empirical content, i.e., the question whether ceteris paribus laws have non-trivial and empirically testable content. Since many philosophers have argued that ceteris paribus laws lack empirically testable content, this problem constitutes a major challenge to a theory of ceteris paribus laws.\| \|Through your library\|\|Configure\| Similar books and articles Markus Schrenk (2007). Can Capacities Rescue Us From Ceteris Paribus Laws? In B. Gnassounou & M. Kistler (eds.), Dispositions in Philosophy and Science. Ashgate. John Earman & John Roberts (1999). C Eteris Paribus , There is No Problem of Provisos. Synthese 118 (3):439--478. Nancy Cartwright (2002). In Favor of Laws That Are Not Ceteris Paribus After All. Erkenntnis 57 (3):425Ð439. Marc Lange (2002). Who's Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws? Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Them. Erkenntnis 57 (3):281Ð301. James Woodward (2002). There is No Such Thing as a Ceteris Paribus Law. Erkenntnis 57 (3):303Ð328. Charles Wallis (1994). Ceteris Paribus Laws and Psychological Explanations. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994:388 - 397. Paul M. Pietroski & Georges Rey (1995). When Other Things Aren't Equal: Saving Ceteris Paribus Laws From Vacuity. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46 (1):81-110. Marcello Guarini (2000). Horgan and Tienson on Ceteris Paribus Laws. Philosophy of Science 67 (2):301-315. Markus Schrenk (2003). Real Ceteris Paribus Laws. In R. Bluhm & C. Nimtz (eds.), Proceedings of GAP.5, Bielefeld 2003. mentis. Barry Ward (2009). Cartwright, Forces, and Ceteris Paribus Laws. Southwest Philosophy Review 25 (1):55-62. Gerhard Schurz (2002). Ceteris Paribus Laws: Classification and Deconstruction. Erkenntnis 57 (3):351Ð372. Alice Drewery (2001). Dispositions and Ceteris Paribus Laws. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52 (4):723-733. Stephen R. Schiffer (1991). Ceteris Paribus Laws. Mind 100 (397):1-17. Robert Klee (1992). Anomalous Monism, Ceteris Paribus, and Psychological Explanation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 43 (3):389-403. Added to index2011-07-24 Total downloads59 ( #16,371 of 548,972 ) Recent downloads (6 months)4 ( #19,222 of 548,972 ) How can I increase my downloads?	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A wolverine first photographed by a remote-controlled camera on the Tahoe National Forest in February 2008 is most closely related to Rocky Mountain populations, according to a team of 10 federal, state and university scientists. Their findings are published in the latest edition of Northwest Science and focus on genetic analysis of hair collected from the first scientifically verified California wolverine in 86 years. The U.S. Forest Service funded the study, which demonstrated the first evidence of connectivity between wolverine populations living in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains. Determining where the male wolverine originated is important because it is a state-threatened species, and California wolverines are genetically unique from other North American populations. Last year, scientists collected hair and fecal samples from the photographed animal so that its DNA could be examined to help determine whether the wolverine had somehow survived as part of a historic population, escaped or was released from captivity, or dispersed on its own from outside of California. Scientists at the agency's Wildlife Genetics Laboratory in Missoula, Mont., later found the animal was not part of a historic population by comparing its genetic samples with specimens found in California museums. These scientists previously used the specimens to learn California wolverines are a distinct North American genotype. Further genetic analysis suggested the California wolverine most resembled a population comprised mostly of wolverines from Idaho, with a 73 percent confidence level. By comparison, the California wolverine had less than a five percent probability of belonging to most of the other North American wolverine populations evaluated. The scientists also used carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses to support the genetic results in the study, which is titled "Wolverine Confirmation in California after Nearly a Century: Native or Long-Distance Immigrant?" "We still can't be sure how this animal came to the Tahoe National Forest," said Bill Zielinski, one of the study's authors and a research ecologist at the Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station. "But, this peer-reviewed study shows that other scientists agreed with our interpretation that it likely traveled here from the Rockies." Zielinski said the photographed animal would have traveled more than 400 miles to reach the national forest if it naturally dispersed from the nearest Rocky Mountain population. He said if the wolverine was accidentally or deliberately transplanted, it would have more likely originated from an area where wolverines are more common and legally trapped, such as Alaska or the Yukon Territory. Sierra Pacific Industries wildlife biologists also photographed the wolverine this winter using remote-controlled cameras on land it manages in California. Wildlife Genetics Laboratory scientists determined it to be the same wolverine photographed last year. More information: The published study is available online at www.bioone.org/toc/nwsc/83/2 . 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The European Society of Cardiology welcomes new research published in the New England Journal of Medicine which quantifies for the first time the annual number of new cases of coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarction that could be prevented by populations reducing daily intakes of salt. The data, says the ESC, underline the urgent need for European Union public health measures to substantially reduce the population's salt intake across Europe. "This study provides excellent ammunition both to convince patients about the benefits of reducing their individual salt intakes and also to persuade the EU of the urgent need to introduce legislation to restrict the salt content of processed foods," said ESC spokesman Professor Frank Ruschitzka, a cardiologist and hypertension specialist from the University of Zurich, Switzerland. "This study represents the evidence that a reduction of salt intake not only lowers blood pressure but also prevents cardiovascular events. The case for population-wide salt reduction is now compelling," he added. In the paper, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues, from the University of California, San Francisco, USA, undertook a computer simulation showing the effects of population wide reductions of dietary salt intakes in all adults aged 35 to 85 years in the USA. Reducing dietary salt intake by 3 g per day (1200mg less sodium per day) could result in 60,000 to 120,000 fewer cases of heart disease , 32,000 to 66,000 fewer strokes and 54,000 to 100,000 fewer heart attacks. A reduction in dietary salt of 3g per day, the authors went on to say, would have approximately the same effect on reducing cardiac events as a 50 % reduction in tobacco use, a 5% reduction in body mass index among obese adults or the use of statins to treat people at low or intermediate risk for CHD events. Furthermore, reducing dietary salt intakes by 3g per day would save $10 billion to $ 24 billion in annual health care costs. ESC spokesperson Professor Giuseppe Mancia, from the University of Milano-Bicocca, St. Gerardo Hospital (Milan, Italy), said the annual health cost savings outlined in the study would be likely to prove a persuasive argument for both the EU and individual European governments. Recent studies clearly show that salt reduction reduces cardiovascular deaths.4 Epidemiological studies have also firmly established that increased intakes of salt directly increase blood pressure. High salt intakes are believed to exert their detrimental effects by influencing fluid retention, which in turn increases blood pressure. "But it's important for patients to appreciate that not all cardiovascular problems relating to salt are mediated through hypertension. Salt can have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health, even among people with normal blood pressure," said Ruschitzka. Salt intakes across Europe are known to vary widely, ranging from 8.6 g of salt per day in the UK, to around 12 g salt in Croatia. Even the best intakes, however, are falling widely short of the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension(2), based on WHO data, that recommend that only 5g of salt should be consumed per day. This amounts to just one teaspoonful. While individuals may use salt sparingly at home, around 75 % of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy. This, says the ESC, underlines the need for legislation to lay down guidelines. "The reality of international food production in Europe means that such public health initiatives need to be tackled on a European wide basis, rather than an individual country basis," said Ruschitzka. Furthermore, added Mancia, concerted action is usually more effective. "It has the advantage of preventing country to country inequalities and furthermore prevents the reinvention of the wheel in each individual country," he said. But calls for legislation do not mean that physicians should stop their efforts to persuade patients to introduce individual changes in lifestyle. Patients, they stress, need to be taught about the importance of reducing salt in their cooking and also for the need to check food labels. People need to learn to appreciate that the salt contents can vary widely even in the same product. Take bread, for example. Recent research from Consensus Action on Salt and Health (a charity lobbying food manufacturers in the UK) has shown that the highest salt content was 3g salt per 100 g of bread, while the lowest was 0.7 g salt per 100g. To improve cardiovascular health, salt reduction cannot be undertaken in isolation. "It needs to be remembered that lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical exercise, and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables are also important for reducing cardiovascular disease," said Mancia. Salt will again be on the agenda with World Salt Awareness Week 2010 , which runs from February 1- 7 (3). The week is being run by World Action on Salt and Health (WASH), a global group that works with governments to highlight the need for widespread introduction of population based salt reduction strategies. Much can be done to reduce salt intakes through public health policy, say WASH. They cite the success of Consensus Action on Salt and Health (CASH), launched in 1996 to encourage food manufacturing companies in the UK to make voluntary reductions in their salt content. Since the start of the policy salt intakes among UK adults (calculated from 24-hour urine samples) have fallen from 9.5 to 8.6 g per day. In July 2009, WASH surveyed over 260 food products available around the world from food manufacturers such as KFC, McDonalds, Kellogg's, Nestle, Burger King and Subway, finding surprisingly wide spread variations. For example, Kellogg's All Bran for sale in France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands contains 1.30 g salt per 100 g compared to salt levels of 0.65 g per 100g for the product in the US. Such data underlines the urgent need to eradicate country to country inequalities, and bring everyone up to the highest possible standards. "The paper by Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues is an urgent call to action. Policy makers in the European Community need to implement public health interventions that result in reductions in salt intake now. Reducing the salt content of our unneccesarily oversalted ,processed food is an inexpensive, yet highly effective public health intervention that we can't afford to miss," concluded Ruschitzka. Explore further: New research identifies risks, interventions for children's GI health 1. Bibbins-Domingo K, Glenn CC, Coxson PG et al. Projected Effect of Dietary Salt Reductions on Future Cardiovascular Disease. New Engl J Med. 2010. Published on-line January 20. 4. Pasquale Strazzullo, Lanfranco D'Elia, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, and Francesco P Cappuccio. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009;339:b4567, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4567 (Published 24 November 2009)	[ 464, 3427, 7023, 286, 5172, 12371, 35481, 649, 2267, 3199, 287, 262, 968, 4492, 4913, 286, 11558, 543, 5554, 6945, 329, 262, 717, 640, 262, 5079, 1271, 286, 649, 2663, 286, 37151, 2612, 4369, 11, 14000, 290, 616, 44412, 498, 1167, 283, 596, 326, 714, 307, 13351, 416, 9684, 8868, 4445, 42219, 286, 8268, 13, 383, 1366, 11, 1139, 262, 40251, 11, 739, 1370, 262, 18039, 761, 329, 3427, 4479, 1171, 1535, 5260, 284, 13788, 4646, 262, 3265, 338, 8268, 10337, 1973, 2031, 13, 198, 1, 1212, 2050, 3769, 6275, 14271, 1111, 284, 11508, 3871, 546, 262, 4034, 286, 8868, 511, 1981, 8268, 42219, 290, 635, 284, 20999, 262, 4576, 286, 262, 18039, 761, 284, 10400, 5520, 284, 4239, 262, 8268, 2695, 286, 13686, 9013, 553, 531, 40251, 6523, 8129, 5278, 9223, 354, 4224, 4914, 11, 257, 2657, 31599, 290, 37454, 15670, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 43412, 11, 14679, 13, 198, 1, 1212, 2050, 6870, 262, 2370, 326, 257, 7741, 286, 8268, 10337, 407, 691, 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Eliminating diabetes and depression, as well as increasing education and fruit and vegetable consumption, are likely to have the biggest impact on reducing levels of dementia in the coming years, should no effective treatment be found, concludes a study published in the British Medical Journal today. These findings suggest priorities for future public health interventions. While the exact cause of dementia is still unknown, several modifiable risk factors have already been identified. These include vascular risk factors (heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol), a history of depression, diet, alcohol consumption, and education level. Based on this knowledge, a team of researchers based in France and the UK estimated which of these risk factors might be most effective in reducing the future burden of dementia, should no effective treatment be found. Their analysis involved 1,433 healthy people aged over 65 years living in the south of France and recruited between 1999 and 2001. Participants underwent cognitive testing at the start of the study and again at two, four and seven years. A reading test (the Neale score) was also used as an indicator of lifetime intelligence. Medical history and information on measures such as height, weight, education level, monthly income, mobility, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use was obtained. An individual's genetic risk of dementia was also measured: although it's not a factor that can be changed it served as a useful benchmark for dementia risk. Results showed that eliminating depression and diabetes and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption were estimated to lead to an overall 21% reduction in new cases of dementia, with depression making the greatest contribution (just over 10%). However, the researchers point out that the direct (causal) relationship between depression and dementia remains unclear. Increasing education would also lead to an estimated 18% reduction in new cases of dementia across the general population over the next seven years. By contrast, eliminating the principal known genetic risk factor from the general population would lead only to a 7% reduction in the number of new cases over the next seven years. Given these findings, the authors suggest that public health initiatives should focus on encouraging literacy at all ages irrespective of ability, prompt treatment of depressive symptoms, and early screening for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (early stages in the development of diabetes). While these calculations can only provide a crude estimate of impact on incidence, they do make a significant statement about public health priorities in disease prevention in the face of current knowledge, conclude the authors. Further studies including younger adults are clearly needed to test the impact of intervention measures. A second study, also published in the British Medical Journal today, finds that death rates are more than three times higher in people with dementia than in those without dementia in the first year after diagnosis. The study also says that earlier and better detection of dementia in primary care is needed. An accompanying editorial suggests that key areas to focus on include better education and training in primary care, developing more integrated systems of care, and ensuring that policy makers and commissioners plan services that reflect the effects of dementia on primary care and other services. Explore further: New case of SARS-like virus in Saudi: ministry	[ 36, 2475, 6010, 12593, 290, 8862, 11, 355, 880, 355, 3649, 3707, 290, 8234, 290, 20236, 7327, 11, 389, 1884, 284, 423, 262, 4094, 2928, 319, 8868, 2974, 286, 27886, 287, 262, 2406, 812, 11, 815, 645, 4050, 3513, 307, 1043, 11, 18978, 257, 2050, 3199, 287, 262, 3517, 8366, 4913, 1909, 13, 198, 4711, 6373, 1950, 15369, 329, 2003, 1171, 1535, 19901, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 2748, 2728, 286, 27886, 318, 991, 6439, 11, 1811, 953, 16823, 2526, 5087, 423, 1541, 587, 5174, 13, 2312, 2291, 39495, 2526, 5087, 357, 11499, 4369, 11, 14000, 11, 1029, 2910, 3833, 11, 13825, 11, 12593, 11, 290, 1029, 18759, 828, 257, 2106, 286, 8862, 11, 5496, 11, 5548, 7327, 11, 290, 3707, 1241, 13, 198, 15001, 319, 428, 3725, 11, 257, 1074, 286, 4837, 1912, 287, 4881, 290, 262, 3482, 6108, 543, 286, 777, 2526, 5087, 1244, 307, 749, 4050, 287, 8868, 262, 2003, 10538, 286, 27886, 11, 815, 645, 4050, 3513, 307, 1043, 13, 198, 14574, 3781, 2950, 352, 11, 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As a result of the historic election of Barack Obama in the U.S., other countries have started wondering whether a similar occurrence would be possible in their nations — none more so than the Obama-worshiping United Kingdom. Its press, race industry, and political classes are all aflutter about whether or not it would be possible for a minority to become prime minister of the country. Britain has, unlike the U.S., already had a female prime minister: Margaret Thatcher in the ’80s. While Bejamin Disreali, a conservative prime minister of the late 19th century, was Jewish, the debate is whether or not a non-European minority would make it to Number 10 Downing Street in the near future. The head of the Commission for Racial Equality, Trevor Philips, has clearly stated that he thinks “institutional racism” will prevent a non-white from ever being prime minister of the United Kingdom. Much navel gazing and self-examination resulted from his comments. Philips believes Britain’s governing Labor Party would not let someone like Obama rise to the top. If Barack Obama had lived here I would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the Labor Party,” said the head of the Equality and Human Rights Commission. He said that there was an “institutional resistance” to selecting black and Asian candidates. “The parties and unions and think-tanks are all very happy to sign up to the general idea of advancing the cause of minorities but in practice they would like somebody else to do the business. It’s institutional racism.	[ 1722, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 9566, 3071, 286, 8732, 2486, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 584, 2678, 423, 2067, 11263, 1771, 257, 2092, 19810, 561, 307, 1744, 287, 511, 7027, 851, 4844, 517, 523, 621, 262, 2486, 12, 86, 11094, 278, 1578, 7526, 13, 6363, 1803, 11, 3234, 2831, 11, 290, 1964, 6097, 389, 477, 257, 2704, 10381, 546, 1771, 393, 407, 340, 561, 307, 1744, 329, 257, 9137, 284, 1716, 6994, 5342, 286, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 37114, 468, 11, 5023, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 1541, 550, 257, 4048, 6994, 5342, 25, 19579, 31706, 287, 262, 564, 247, 1795, 82, 13, 2893, 1355, 13337, 3167, 5305, 72, 11, 257, 5940, 6994, 5342, 286, 262, 2739, 678, 400, 4289, 11, 373, 5582, 11, 262, 4384, 318, 1771, 393, 407, 257, 1729, 12, 22030, 9137, 561, 787, 340, 284, 7913, 838, 31355, 3530, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 198, 464, 1182, 286, 262, 4513, 329, 42318, 31428, 11, 25389, 46905, 11, 468, 4084, 5081, 326, 339, 6834, 564, 250, 8625, 5677, 10713, 447, 251, 481, 2948, 257, 1729, 12, 11186, 422, 1683, 852, 6994, 5342, 286, 262, 1578, 7526, 13, 13111, 12385, 626, 50234, 290, 2116, 12, 47779, 8724, 422, 465, 3651, 13, 46905, 5804, 5491, 447, 247, 82, 15030, 7882, 3615, 561, 407, 1309, 2130, 588, 2486, 4485, 284, 262, 1353, 13, 198, 1532, 8732, 2486, 550, 5615, 994, 314, 561, 307, 845, 6655, 611, 772, 8276, 355, 10457, 355, 683, 561, 423, 587, 1498, 284, 2270, 832, 262, 15855, 965, 9248, 2946, 326, 612, 318, 319, 1176, 1626, 262, 7882, 3615, 11, 447, 251, 531, 262, 1182, 286, 262, 31428, 290, 5524, 6923, 4513, 13, 679, 531, 326, 612, 373, 281, 564, 250, 8625, 5677, 6625, 447, 251, 284, 17246, 2042, 290, 7740, 5871, 13, 564, 250, 464, 4671, 290, 11936, 290, 892, 12, 83, 2283, 389, 477, 845, 3772, 284, 1051, 510, 284, 262, 2276, 2126, 286, 19988, 262, 2728, 286, 15557, 475, 287, 3357, 484, 561, 588, 8276, 2073, 284, 466, 262, 1597, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 15855, 10713, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	347
This is the first is a 3 part series. Part 1: Pagan origins of Christmas, Part 2: Christian origins of Christmas, and Part 3: Santa Claus and his Ilk. In part 1, I discussed the pagan origins of Christmas. However, that is not the whole story. Christmas, in its current form, did not simply spring up or evolve from just one source, Christian, pagan or otherwise. Therefore, in the interest of fairness, here are the Christian origins of Christmas. In the last post, I mentioned how Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was the reason that Christmas is celebrated on December 25. Well, that isn’t the whole story. While it is true that the celebration of the Sun (or Sun God) was celebrated on this day, and that some early Church Fathers commented on how appropriate it would be to celebrate Jesus’ birth on the day of the unconquered Sun, it is also true that the idea of Jesus’ birth being on December 25, predated those decisions. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd century theologian, makes it clear that he believes Jesus’ birth to have happened on December 25, not because of the Sun celebration, but because he believes that Jesus’ conception took place during the traditional date of the creation of the world on March 25 (which also happened to line up with the vernal equinox and often with the Jewish Passover), although he also put forth April 2nd as a date of conception in some writings. Regardless, Hippolytus felt that this proved a date of Jesus’ birth at December 25th. Still, it could have been an attempt of a Christian apologist to retroactively prove Jesus’ birth after other’s had connected the date already to Saturnalia or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti. Except… that Saturnalia was not celebrated on December 25. It was celebrated on December 17, and was lengthened over time to December 23, but never the 25. Sorry Mythicists. Further, while Dies Natalis Solis Invicti WAS indeed celebrated on December 25, there is no mention of this celebration being held on December 25 prior to AD 354, since before this, the celebration was held every 4 years, and not on the 25th of December, and often not in December at all. This is relevant because Hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was practiced on December 25. In fact, around 200 AD, Clement of Alexandria gives us an even better clue (through his consternation), complaining in frustration that some Egyption theologians are celebrating Jesus’ birth on December 25 (Stromata 1:21). So it seems that the December 25 date for Christmas IS actually a Christian tradition, not a lender from a pagan source. Note: this does not actually make it true that Jesus’ was born on December 25. He almost surely wasn’t. But it does mean that Christians have honored Jesus’ birth on that day by our own (often flawed) resources, and not as a direct result of other holidays. I did make a mention last time about Romans bringing in trees during this time, and even decorating them with 12 candles. However, no Christians are ever mentioned as taking on this tradition during the time of the Roman Empire. While this practice does seem similar to our Christmas tree tradition, the practice of bringing trees into homes to celebrate Saturnalia (or other mid-winter holidays) was long dead (by a millennium) by the time Christians began to celebrate it during Christmas time. While it is also true that many different cultures brought greenery and trees into the home during winter (from Egypt to Norway), it appears that the 16th century German Christians were the first to bring Evergreen trees into their homes and decorate them for Christmas. There is little chance that 16th century Germans relied on long forgotten Roman practice to initiate theirs. As the story goes, Martin Luther, the 16th Century German reformer, was the first to use candles and light up a Christmas tree. And while the tree has not always been accepted as a good thing in all Christian circles, it can certainly be said however, that it too, is of Christian origin. The Name “Christmas” Of course, it doesn’t really take a genius to realize that the actual word “Christmas” is of Christian origin. Cristes Maesse in old English, it appeared around 1038. Christes – Christ, Maesse meaning dismissal, or colloquially, the way to refer to a church service, as in “we are dismissed to be about the mission of God.” It came to refer to the service on Dec. 25. Not much pagan there. The first nativity scene is said to be the work of St. Francis of Assisi. He was attempting to reverse the tide of materialism encroaching in on Christmastime around 1223 CE. Imagine if he had been around today…. mercy. He made it up in a cave near Greccio and had live animals and people. Soon, it spread all around Italy, and was soon common practice in most churches. Statues soon replaced live people and eventually, homes adopted smaller versions. Clearly Christian in origin. St. Francis is hard to be for sheer Christianity. Early in the 20th century, electric lights became available for use on Christmas trees (don’t believe me? Watch Downton Abby). Soon after in the mid-2oth Century, folks began using Christmas tree light on the outside of their homes. Hmmm…. since this took place mostly in America, i don’t think we can call this one Christian origin…. but it is derivative of a Christian practice. Well, i don’t want to spoil next week’s addition to the conversation on Santa Claus, so it will have to suffice to say that this practice of hanging stockings on Christmas Eve is particular to his legend, and not anywhere beforehand. But I won’t give anymore away, next week’s will be awesome. So to summarize: December 25 date: Of Christian origin Trees in the house: Of Christian Origin (and yet attested to in many other cultures in parallel, not dependence) The word “Christmas:” of Christian origin Nativity Scenes: of Christian origin Christmas Lights: of Christian origin Stockings: of Christian origin	[ 1212, 318, 262, 717, 318, 257, 513, 636, 2168, 13, 2142, 352, 25, 46856, 15587, 286, 6786, 11, 2142, 362, 25, 4302, 15587, 286, 6786, 11, 290, 2142, 513, 25, 8909, 33989, 290, 465, 13778, 74, 13, 198, 818, 636, 352, 11, 314, 6693, 262, 36164, 15587, 286, 6786, 13, 2102, 11, 326, 318, 407, 262, 2187, 1621, 13, 6786, 11, 287, 663, 1459, 1296, 11, 750, 407, 2391, 6076, 510, 393, 18101, 422, 655, 530, 2723, 11, 4302, 11, 36164, 393, 4306, 13, 8447, 11, 287, 262, 1393, 286, 22692, 11, 994, 389, 262, 4302, 15587, 286, 6786, 13, 198, 818, 262, 938, 1281, 11, 314, 4750, 703, 360, 444, 399, 10254, 271, 4294, 271, 10001, 713, 72, 373, 262, 1738, 326, 6786, 318, 13943, 319, 3426, 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If left untreated, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can seriously affect your daily functioning, relationships, success in school, ability to work, and mental health. OCD is usually treated with a combination of behavioral therapy (counseling) and medications. Behavioral therapy can help you gradually confront feared objects or ideas, either directly or by imagination. Medications are used to treat the obsessions, anxiety, distress, and other associated brain disorders. Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specially trained primary care providers are trained to treat OCD. If your doctor doesn't have special training, ask for the name of a doctor or counselor who does. Treatment involves the following:MedicationsOther treatments—therapy Surgical procedures are not a treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 11/2012 - - Update Date: 11/26/2012 -	[ 1532, 1364, 41539, 11, 36681, 12, 5589, 22220, 8967, 357, 4503, 35, 8, 460, 6411, 2689, 534, 4445, 15025, 11, 6958, 11, 1943, 287, 1524, 11, 2694, 284, 670, 11, 290, 5110, 1535, 13, 43699, 318, 3221, 5716, 351, 257, 6087, 286, 17211, 9102, 357, 66, 977, 741, 278, 8, 290, 17638, 13, 38483, 9102, 460, 1037, 345, 11835, 7239, 15240, 5563, 393, 4213, 11, 2035, 3264, 393, 416, 13843, 13, 2019, 3736, 389, 973, 284, 2190, 262, 10201, 6202, 11, 9751, 11, 17087, 11, 290, 584, 3917, 3632, 11916, 13, 198, 31923, 5375, 37326, 11, 30842, 11, 1919, 3259, 11, 290, 20905, 8776, 4165, 1337, 9549, 389, 8776, 284, 2190, 43699, 13, 1002, 534, 6253, 1595, 470, 423, 2041, 3047, 11, 1265, 329, 262, 1438, 286, 257, 6253, 393, 31928, 508, 857, 13, 198, 51, 21731, 9018, 262, 1708, 25, 9921, 3736, 6395, 13820, 960, 490, 12826, 198, 50, 31839, 9021, 389, 407, 257, 3513, 3038, 329, 36681, 12, 5589, 22220, 8967, 13, 198, 12, 6602, 263, 25, 3899, 16483, 11, 10670, 198, 12, 6602, 7536, 25, 1367, 14, 6999, 532, 198, 12, 10133, 7536, 25, 1367, 14, 2075, 14, 6999, 532, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	194
PILOT STORIES: Pilot's The early U.S. Air Mail pilots who flew in open cockpits needed protection from the elements. Fur-lined leather flying suits and boots helped keep pilots warm as they flew through blizzards and rain at 8,000 feet in the sky. Leather helmets and even masks helped pilots keep their faces and ears from freezing on long, cold flights.	[ 47, 4146, 2394, 46366, 11015, 25, 21697, 338, 198, 464, 1903, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3701, 11099, 14982, 508, 13112, 287, 1280, 198, 21517, 79, 896, 2622, 4800, 422, 262, 4847, 13, 22384, 12, 10837, 11620, 198, 45928, 14803, 290, 14412, 4193, 1394, 14982, 5814, 355, 484, 13112, 198, 9579, 698, 6457, 1371, 290, 6290, 379, 807, 11, 830, 3625, 287, 262, 6766, 13, 27715, 198, 33485, 1039, 290, 772, 20680, 4193, 14982, 1394, 511, 6698, 290, 198, 4127, 422, 20884, 319, 890, 11, 4692, 13956, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	88
This section of the website provides tips and information on how to conserve water inside and outside your home and/or office. You can help the program achieve a 10% reduction in water use per person within 10 years by saving 10 gallons of water per day or start by saving 1 gallon of water per day every year for 10 years. Here are some ways you can accomplish that: - Reduce shower time ~ 2.5 gallons/minute - Turn off water while brushing teeth ~ 2 gallons/minute Why Should We Conserve Water? Water is constantly being recycled through the earth’s water cycle. However, humans can consume fresh water faster than it is naturally replenished. We all use water, so we should do our part to protect and preserve it. Approximately 3% of the earth’s water supply is fresh but less than one third of 1% is available for human use! As water users, we must preserve our water supply so it will be available today and for generations to come. Water conservation allows us to use water more efficiently and reduce water waste. Making a habit of conservation makes sense. Conserving water is beneficial to our community, because it: - Helps protect our water supply for the future - Protects the environment and natural ecosystems - Saves energy - Saves money For more information about the water cycle, visit the US Geological Survey’s website Where Does Our Water Come From? The Great Lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on earth, containing roughly 18% of the world fresh water supply. Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes. Nearly 750,000 people in DuPage County get their water from Lake Michigan, provided to them by their local water utility. The DWC buys water from the City of Chicago and sells it to the local water utilities in DuPage County. The people in DuPage County who do not get their water from Lake Michigan are served by ground water sources. The Great Lakes Compact limits how much water can be taken from Lake Michigan and requires all water utilities to have a water conservation program. Source: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. USEPA For more information on the Great Lakes Compact visit the websites for the Great Lakes Commission , Council of Great Lakes Governors , or Great Lakes and Saint Laurence Cities Initiative DuPage County Water Usage Summary Before we can start to preserve every drop, we must first understand how much water we use and for what purposes. Water usage in DuPage County can be divided up into four main categories as shown in the figure below. Did you know? - The average daily water use for Lake Michigan water users in DuPage County is 106 gallons/person/day. - Over 71% of total water use is for residential customers.	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User Interface design is not a pure science, primarily because people's preferences are different. However, there are a few principles that we've learned over the years: - The eye naturally gravitates to "power points". i.e. in art it is the golden rule, and photography it is simplified to "the rule of thirds". In essence if you drew a grid on your screen three cells across and three cells down, the points where the lines intersect are the power points. These are very important real estate, and it also explains why the 1/3-2/3 split works so well. - We've learned that there is an order of importance when we learn to read. In short, the most important column on a the screen is the one that comes first in reading order. For us western hemisphere folks, that means the left (left-to-right reading order). For folks in the middle east and some far eastern countries that means the right (right-to-left reading order). For other folks in other far eastern countries that means the top (top-to-bottom, typically right-to-left reading order). Using these two principles, we can organize the screen in a way that users can get the most out of it. The MS Visual Studio developers surmised that the source code is the most important element, and the other panels support that content. Now, if you have a preference to have the navigation on the left, it is because you place a different value on the importance of the navigation than the VS developers. Neither position is right or wrong. If you find yourself jumping from file to file often, it can be handy to have the navigation on the left. You'll notice that even in this site, the content is on the left and the navigation and support information is on the right. This echoes what the designers felt were the most important aspects of the site.	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Wan Ali, Wan Zah and Mohd Ayub, Ahmad Fauzi and Wong, Su Luan and King, Hasnah Yee Tang and Wan Jaafar, Wan Marzuki (2008) Students teacher attitudes towards computer and online learning : are they a factor in students' usage? The International Journal of Learning, 15 (6). pp. 35-41. ISSN 1447-9494 Full text not available from this repository. Computers and online learning are rapidly becoming important components in fundamental curriculum of Malaysian educational systems. In Malaysia, the computer and online learning curriculum have been incorporated into all levels of the educational systems. However, the instructional effectiveness of computer and online learning are related to many factors including students’ attitudes towardsthese technologies. Hence, positive attitudes towards computers and online learning are important variables to be studied among pre-service teachers. The main purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of pre-service teachers at Universiti Putra Malaysia toward computer and online learning and its relationships. In addition, the relationship between this attitudes and the usage of computer and online learning is also studied. The findings indicate that pre-service teachers have positive attitudes towards computers and online learning. The correlation between students’ attitude towards computers and online learning was significant. \|Keyword:\|\|Online Learning; Attitudes toward Computer; Attitudes towards Online Learning\| \|Subject:\|\|Computer-assisted instruction - Malaysia\| \|Subject:\|\|College teachers - In-service training\| \|Faculty or Institute:\|\|Faculty of Educational Studies\| \|Publisher:\|\|Common Ground Publishing\| \|Deposited By:\|\|Emelda Mohd Hamid\| \|Deposited On:\|\|25 May 2012 15:08\| \|Last Modified:\|\|12 Nov 2012 14:41\| Repository Staff Only: item control page	[ 45681, 12104, 11, 33242, 49063, 290, 9719, 67, 13709, 549, 11, 24152, 376, 559, 17027, 290, 27247, 11, 1778, 6026, 272, 290, 2677, 11, 7875, 40909, 575, 1453, 18816, 290, 33242, 13790, 1878, 283, 11, 33242, 1526, 89, 11308, 357, 11528, 8, 14882, 4701, 14479, 3371, 3644, 290, 2691, 4673, 1058, 389, 484, 257, 5766, 287, 2444, 6, 8748, 30, 383, 4037, 4913, 286, 18252, 11, 1315, 357, 21, 737, 9788, 13, 3439, 12, 3901, 13, 3180, 15571, 1478, 2857, 12, 24, 39449, 198, 13295, 2420, 407, 1695, 422, 428, 16099, 13, 198, 5377, 41510, 290, 2691, 4673, 389, 8902, 5033, 1593, 6805, 287, 7531, 20583, 286, 30031, 9856, 3341, 13, 554, 15336, 11, 262, 3644, 290, 2691, 4673, 20583, 423, 587, 16560, 656, 477, 2974, 286, 262, 9856, 3341, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 48211, 13530, 286, 3644, 290, 2691, 4673, 389, 3519, 284, 867, 5087, 1390, 2444, 447, 247, 14479, 3812, 301, 258, 325, 8514, 13, 16227, 11, 3967, 14479, 3371, 9061, 290, 2691, 4673, 389, 1593, 9633, 284, 307, 9713, 1871, 662, 12, 15271, 7799, 13, 383, 1388, 4007, 286, 428, 2050, 318, 284, 10716, 262, 14479, 286, 662, 12, 15271, 7799, 379, 26986, 8846, 5930, 430, 15336, 3812, 3644, 290, 2691, 4673, 290, 663, 6958, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 262, 2776, 1022, 428, 14479, 290, 262, 8748, 286, 3644, 290, 2691, 4673, 318, 635, 9713, 13, 383, 6373, 7603, 326, 662, 12, 15271, 7799, 423, 3967, 14479, 3371, 9061, 290, 2691, 4673, 13, 383, 16096, 1022, 2444, 447, 247, 9408, 3371, 9061, 290, 2691, 4673, 373, 2383, 13, 198, 91, 9218, 4775, 25, 15886, 14439, 18252, 26, 3460, 10455, 3812, 13851, 26, 3460, 10455, 3371, 7467, 18252, 91, 198, 91, 19776, 25, 15886, 34556, 12, 42191, 12064, 532, 15336, 91, 198, 91, 19776, 25, 15886, 38951, 7799, 532, 554, 12, 15271, 3047, 91, 198, 91, 47522, 10672, 393, 5136, 25, 15886, 47522, 10672, 286, 30038, 10422, 91, 198, 91, 46471, 25, 15886, 17227, 13706, 23499, 91, 198, 91, 12156, 418, 863, 2750, 25, 15886, 36, 1326, 18986, 9719, 67, 4345, 312, 91, 198, 91, 12156, 418, 863, 1550, 25, 15886, 1495, 1737, 2321, 1315, 25, 2919, 91, 198, 91, 5956, 40499, 25, 15886, 1065, 5267, 2321, 1478, 25, 3901, 91, 198, 6207, 13264, 9983, 5514, 25, 2378, 1630, 2443, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	383
Table of Contents "Modeling" techniques are used when anxiety is related to lack of confidence and the patient looks to the therapist as a model of how to handle anxiety-provoking situations. The relaxation techniques used by hypnotists and behavior therapists may prove helpful to many patients, especially those who are suggestible. In the initial stages, after therapists have instructed their patients in the various methods of relaxation, they should allow the patients to practice the methods in the office. In that way, therapists may add their encouragement and positive suggestion to their patients' efforts. The ultimate goal is to enable patients to employ the techniques alone in the course of their daily lives. Patients should not only follow a regular daily schedule of exercises, but should be encouraged to employ those exercises at any time when they are facing an anxiety-provoking situation or feel their inner tension rising. For those patients with a capacity for hypnotic trance, instruction in the techniques of self-hypnosis may potentiate the effect of the relaxation exercises. Simple forms of meditation that do not have religious implications, by reversing the processes that lead to autonomic arousal, may be effective in combating the symptoms arising from autonomic nervous system discharge. A recent study suggests that the symptoms of those individuals who have a capacity for hypnotic trance induction are particularly responsive to the use of meditative techniques. Patients can be encouraged to try out new coping skills and emotion regulation with people they meet within support groups. They can be an important part of expanding the individual's skill set and develop new, healthier social relationships. Copyright 1998-2006 Psych Central. All Rights Reserved. This text may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written permission from Psych Central. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 1 Jun 2010 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.	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MRSA rates have been increasing worldwide over the past decades write Hajo Grundman (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands) and colleagues. Even in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, where MRSA rates have been fairly low and stable for many years, the frequency is beginning to rise. "Of the expected 2 billion individuals carrying S aureus worldwide, conservative estimates based on either Dutch or US prevalence figures would predict that between 2 million and 52 million carry MRSA," states Professor Grundmann. In their Review the authors also warn of the threat of community acquired MRSA. Genetic changes in strains of community acquired MRSA have led to the evolution of 'fitter' strains that can combine antimicrobial resistance with transmissibility and virulence. If these strains are sufficiently fit to maintain a high prevalence in the community, the MRSA situation in hospitals could potentially become explosive, write the authors. They conclude: "The onus is therefore on health-care authorities to develop not only surveillance systems that are able to monitor the clonal dynamics of MRSA over wide geographical areas but also to provide the resources for early recognition of MRSA carriers through rapid screening. Hospital staff have a responsibility to implement, maintain, and adhere to strict contact precautions, should hospitals remain places where citizens can aspire to positive health-care outcomes with confidence." Contact: Dr Hajo Grundmann, Project Leader, Scientific Coordinator, European Antimircrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Institute for Public Health, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, PO BOX 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. T) 31 30 274 4239 [email protected] / [email protected] Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.	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(Washington, DC • 11/6/06) – The second of five Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) remote sensing instruments, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, was launched on November 4, 2006 on board the DMSP F-17 satellite. SSULI is the first operational instrument of its kind and provides a new technique for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere from space. SSULI's measurements will provide scientific data supporting military and civil systems and will assist in predicting atmospheric drag effects on satellites and reentry vehicles. A Boeing Delta 4 vehicle launched the Air Force's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-17 satellite and the SSULI sensor into low earth orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. SSULI will be powered on and start initial sensor checkout 30 days after launch. "Characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere is a critical goal for Department of Defense (DoD) and civilian users," said Andrew Nicholas, the SSULI Principal Investigator at NRL. He discussed the significance of the planned SSULI observations, saying, "The upper atmosphere affects many systems from global to tactical scales. These systems include GPS positioning, HF radio communications, satellite drag and orbit determination, and over-the-horizon radar. Both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere are driven by solar and geomagnetic forcing that occur on many timescales ranging from short (minute, hours) to medium (days to months) to long (years). Real-time global observations that yield altitude profiles of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, over an extended period of time (DMSP through the year 2016) will fill a critical need." SSULI measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules, and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere from low earth orbit aboard the DMSP satellite. It builds on the successes of the NRL High Resolution Airglow/Aurora Spectroscopy (HIRAAS) experiment recently flown aboard the Space Test Program (STP) Advanced Research and Global Observations Satellite (ARGOS). SSULI makes measurements from the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the far ultraviolet (FUV) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm with 2.4 nm resolution. SSULI also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. SSULI uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds. These observations represent a vertical slice of the Earth's atmosphere from 750 km to 50 km in depth. Use of these data enables the development of new techniques for global ionospheric remote sensing and new models of global electron density variation. Commenting on the practical application of the instrument, Mr. Ken Weldy, the Program Manager at NRL said, "Since natural atmospheric phenomena can disrupt day-to-day operations in the military use of space, we look forward to providing SSULI operational products to feed into the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model. This will provide an important piece of the characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere." An extensive data processing suite was developed to support on-orbit observations and flight operations. It includes data reduction software using unique science algorithms developed at NRL, comprehensive data validation techniques, and graphical interfaces for the user community. After launch, the SSULI sensor, software, and derived atmospheric specification will under go an extensive validation. After validation, SSULI products will be distributed by the Air Force Weather Agency to support operational DoD systems. Additional information about the SSULI instrument and its data processing software is available at http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains several near-polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Additional information is available at the DMSP web site (http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html). NRL is the Department of the Navy's corporate laboratory. NRL conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology, and advanced development. The Laboratory, with a total complement of approximately 2,500 personnel, is located in southwest Washington, DC, with other major sites at the Stennis Space Center, MS; and Monterey, CA. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.	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Individual differences \| Methods \| Statistics \| Clinical \| Educational \| Industrial \| Professional items \| World psychology \| Philosophy Index: Aesthetics · Epistemology · Ethics · Logic · Metaphysics · Consciousness · Philosophy of Language · Philosophy of Mind · Philosophy of Science · Social and Political philosophy · Philosophies · Philosophers · List of lists Skepticism (or scepticism) has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude of knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. The word may characterise a position on a single matter, as in the case of religious skepticism, which is "doubt concerning basic religious principles (such as immortality, providence, and revelation)", but philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all new information to be well supported by evidence. Skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own senses. Classical philosophical skepticism derives from the 'Skeptikoi', a school who "asserted nothing". Adherents of Pyrrhonism, for instance, suspend judgment in investigations. - (a) an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; - (b) the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain; or - (c) the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster). In philosophy, skepticism refers more specifically to any one of several propositions. These include propositions about: - (a) an inquiry, - (b) a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual testing, - (c) the arbitrariness, relativity, or subjectivity of moral values, - (d) the limitations of knowledge, - (e) a method of intellectual caution and suspended judgment. - Main article: Scientific skepticism A scientific (or empirical) skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation using some form of the scientific method. As a result, a number of claims are considered "pseudoscience" if they are found to improperly apply or ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method. Scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing/knowledge. - Main article: Philosophical skepticism In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible (which would be a truth claim). The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as "radical empiricism." Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. The Greek Sophists of the 5th century BC were for the most part skeptics. Pyrrhonism was a school of skepticism founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BC and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century AD. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled and studied as far as India and propounded the adoption of "practical" skepticism. Subsequently, in the "New Academy" Arcesilaus (c. 315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted as uncertain. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus (c. A.D. 200), the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge. Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity (see the five tropes of Agrippa the Sceptic). In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument (as p implies q and q implies p). For the skeptics, such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth and could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth. In Islamic philosophy, skepticism was established by Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), known in the West as "Algazel", as part of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, whose method of skepticism shares many similarities with Descartes' method. René Descartes is credited for developing a global skepticism as a thought experiment in his attempt to find absolute certainty on which to base the foundation of his philosophy. Descartes discussed skeptical arguments from dreaming and radical deception. David Hume has also been described as a global skeptic. However, Descartes was not ostensibly a skeptic and developed his theory of an absolute certainty to disprove other skeptics who argued that there is no certainty. - ↑ See R. H. Popkin, The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (rev. ed. 1968); C. L. Stough, Greek Skepticism (1969); M. Burnyeat, ed., The Skeptical Tradition (1983); B. Stroud, The Significance of Philosophical Skepticism (1984). Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com - ↑ "Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted." URM.edu - ↑ Merriam–Webster - ↑ "Philosophical skepticism should be distinguished from ordinary skepticism, where doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking..." Skepdic.com - ↑ "...the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably, been the radical epistemological skepticism of the classical Pyrrhonian skeptics and the Cartesian form of radical epistemological skepticism" UTM.edu - ↑ Liddell and Scott - ↑ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines Of Pyrrhonism, Translated by R. G. Bury, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1933, p. 21 - ↑ Skeptoid.com: What is skepticism? - ↑ Scepticism – History of Scepticism - ↑ Najm, Sami M. (July–October 1966), "The Place and Function of Doubt in the Philosophies of Descartes and Al-Ghazali", Philosophy East and West (Philosophy East and West, Vol. 16, No. 3/4) 16 (3–4): 133–141, doi:10.2307/1397536 - A Greek-English Lexicon, Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1940. Online, perseus.tufts.edu. - Richard Hönigswald, Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft, 1914, new edition (ed. and introduction by Christian Benne and Thomas Schirren), Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-7675-3056-0 - Keeton, Morris T., "skepticism", pp. 277–278 in Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962. - Runes, D.D. (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962. - Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, Unabridged, W.A. Neilson, T.A. Knott, P.W. Carhart (eds.), G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1950. - Butchvarov, Panayot, Skepticism About the External World (Oxford University Press, 1998). - Daniels, M.D., D.; Price, PhD, V. (2000), The Essential Enneagram, New York: HarperCollins - Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, R.G. Bury (trans.), Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1990. - Richard Wilson, Don't Get Fooled Again - The skeptic's guide to life, Icon Books, London, 2008. ISBN 978-184831014-8 - Skeptical Inquiry at the Open Directory Project - "Most Scientific Papers are Probably Wrong", NewScientist, 30 August 2005 - "In the Name of Skepticism: Martin Gardner's Misrepresentations of General Semantics", by Bruce I. Kodish, appeared in General Semantics Bulletin, Number 71, 2004. - Classical Skepticism by Peter Suber - "Outstanding skeptics of the 20th century" – Skeptical Inquirer magazine - "CSICOP and the Skeptics" – critical essay by paranormal believer George P. Hansen - "Nonsense (And Why It's So Popular)" – course syllabus from The College of Wooster. - Template:CathEncy – A Christian (Catholic) account of scepticism Template:Template group Template:Use dmy datesar:شكوكية an:Scepticismo az:Skeptisizm br:Amgredoni bg:Скептицизъм ca:Escepticisme cs:Skepticismus da:Skepticisme de:Skeptizismus et:Skeptitsism es:Escepticismo eo:Metodologia Dubo eu:Eszeptizismo fa:شکگرایی fr:Scepticisme (philosophie) gl:Escepticismo ko:회의주의 hi:संशयवाद hr:Skepticizam id:Skeptisisme ia:Scepticismo is:Efahyggjahe:ספקנות kk:Скептицизм la:Scepticismus hu:Szkepticizmus nl:Scepticismeno:Skeptisisme uz:Skeptitsizmpt:Ceticismo ro:Scepticism ru:Скептицизм sq:Skepticizmi simple:Skepticism sk:Skepticizmus (filozofia) sl:Skepticizem sr:Скептицизам sh:Skepticizam fi:Skeptismi sv:Skepticism ta:ஐயுறவியல் te:సంశయవాదంuk:Скептицизм ur:ارتیابیت vi:Chủ nghĩa hoài nghi zh:怀疑论 \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	[ 35392, 5400, 930, 198, 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In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. Large furrows (sulci) that divide the brain into lobes are often called fissures. The large furrow that divides the two hemispheres—the interhemispheric fissure—is very rarely called a "sulcus". The sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by Ono, Kubick and Abernathey: Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci. Some of the larger sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - so it is possible to establish a nomenclature. The variation in the amount of fissures in the brain (gyrification) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. Mammals that have smooth-surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics. The division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3–4 cm3. Large rodents such as beavers (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) and capybaras (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic. In humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop. It has been found that the width of cortical sulci not only increases with age , but also with cognitive decline in the elderly. ↑ 2.02.1Hofman MA. (1985). Size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. I. The cortical surface. Brain Behav Evol. 27(1):28-40. PMID 3836731 ↑ 3.03.1Hofman MA. (1989).On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Prog Neurobiol.32(2):137-58. PMID 2645619 ↑Martin I. Sereno, Roger B. H. Tootell, "From Monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies," Current Opinion in Neurobiology15:135-144, (2005). Caviness VS Jr. (1975). Mechanical model of brain convolutional development. Science. 189(4196):18-21. PMID 1135626 Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Julian Trollor, Simone Reppermund, John Crawford, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev (2010) The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. Neuroimage 51:1. 19-27 May. PMID 20156569 ↑ Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Nicole A Kochan, Julian N Trollor, Simone Reppermund, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder S Sachdev (2011) The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. Neuroimage 56:3. 865-873 Jun. 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In order for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to respond to evolving national and global priorities, it must periodically reflect on, and optimize, its strategic directions. This report is the first comprehensive science strategy since the early 1990s to examine critically major USGS science goals and priorities. The development of this science strategy comes at a time of global trends and rapidly evolving societal needs that pose important natural-science challenges. The emergence of a global economy affects the demand for all resources. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new model for managing Federal lands—ecosystem-based management. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program predicts that the next few decades will see rapid changes in the Nation’s and the Earth’s environment. Finally, the natural environment continues to pose risks to society in the form of volcanoes, earthquakes, wildland fires, floods, droughts, invasive species, variable and changing climate, and natural and anthropogenic toxins, as well as animal-borne diseases that affect humans. The use of, and competition for, natural resources on the global scale, and natural threats to those resources, has the potential to impact the Nation’s ability to sustain its economy, national security, quality of life, and natural environment. Responding to these national priorities and global trends requires a science strategy that not only builds on existing USGS strengths and partnerships but also demands the innovation made possible by integrating the full breadth and depth of USGS capabilities. The USGS chooses to go forward in the science directions proposed here because the societal issues addressed by these science directions represent major challenges for the Nation’s future and for the stewards of Federal lands, both onshore and offshore. The six science directions proposed in this science strategy are listed as follows. The ecosystems strategy is listed first because it has a dual nature. It is itself an essential direction for the USGS to pursue to meet a pressing national and global need, but ecosystem-based approaches are also an underpinning of the other five directions, which all require ecosystem perspectives and tools for their execution. The remaining strategic directions are listed in alphabetical order. Posted April 2007 U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Facing tomorrow’s challenges—U.S. Geological Survey science in the decade 2007–2017: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1309, x + 70 p.	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To start this off, I wound up with The Dangerous Book for Boys which is a lovely compendium of knowledge targeting young boys (there is now a similar book for girls).The page I flipped to was in a section called “7 poems every boy should know”, and the poem I found on that page was Robert Frost’s famous The Road Not Taken. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Interestingly, as often as the last three lines of this poem are quoted, it is seldom in the intended context. Frost wrote this piece about a friend who was in the army, and was deciding between two roads in the field of battle, fully expecting whichever choice he made would be the wrong one and lead to his demise. If you think about that, it really changes the entire meaning of those oft spoken words. Today’s connotative meaning is usually the exact opposite of Frost’s intent for the passage. When people use the phrase today, they are talking about how they are “being their own person”. In this case, the “misuse” is probably a good thing. Many an inspiring speech, has been punctuated by these words. Their simple (despite being out of context) message conveying a strong call to independent adventurous action. But even with its original meaning, the words convey strength and courage. The young trooper could, of course, opted to shrink from the challenge, to cower from the unknown and make no progress at all. However this was not the course or content of our representatives character, nor shall it be ours. I say embrace the adventure of the unknown, be frontiersmen, even within our your community, be dangerous (whether or not you are a boy!). Whether you take the road less traveled by, or not… strike out… and make your life your own adventure story!	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BOY, born May 1, 2007 This handsome young man, with dark hair and dark eyes, was born with a rare genetic condition called Stickler Syndrome. His medical records also indicate microcephaly, a common symptom of SS. Individuals with Stickler syndrome experience a range of signs and symptoms. Some people have no signs and symptoms; others have some or all of the features described below. In addition, each feature of this syndrome may vary from subtle to severe. A characteristic feature of Stickler syndrome is a somewhat flattened facial appearance. This is caused by underdeveloped bones in the middle of the face, including the cheekbones and the bridge of the nose. A particular group of physical features, called the Pierre Robin sequence, is common in children with Stickler syndrome. Robin sequence includes a U-shaped or sometimes V-shaped cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth) with a tongue that is too large for the space formed by the small lower jaw. Children with a cleft palate are also prone to ear infections and occasionally swallowing difficulties. Many people with Stickler syndrome are very nearsighted (described as having high myopia) because of the shape of the eye. People with eye involvement are prone to increased pressure within the eye (ocular hypertension) which could lead to glaucoma and tearing or detachment of the light-sensitive retina of the eye (retinal detachment). Cataract may also present as an ocular complication associated with Stickler’s Syndrome. The jelly-like substance within the eye (the vitreous humour) has a distinctive appearance in the types of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL2A1 and COL11A1 genes. As a result regular appointments to a specialist ophthalmologist are advised. The type of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL11A2 gene does not affect the eye. People with this syndrome have problems that affect things other than the eyes and ears. Arthritis, abnormality to ends of long bones, vertebrae abnormality, curvature of the spine, scoliosis, joint pain, and double jointedness are all problems that can occur in the bones and joints. Physical characteristics of people with Stickler can include flat cheeks, flat nasal bridge, small upper jaw, pronounced upper lip groove, small lower jaw, and palate abnormalities, these tend to lessen with age and normal growth and palate abnormalities can be treated with routine surgery. Another sign of Stickler syndrome is mild to severe hearing loss that, for some people, may be progressive (see hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes). The joints of affected children and young adults may be very flexible (hypermobile). Arthritis often appears at an early age and worsens as a person gets older. Learning difficulties, not intelligence, can also occur because of hearing and sight impairments if the school is not informed and the student is not assisted within the learning environment. Stickler syndrome is thought to be associated with an increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse of the heart, although no definitive research supports this.	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Maria Teresa Tula Photo by Eddie Adams "We held a press conference telling the public about the work .… As a result, a death threat appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one." Maria Teresa Tula is a leader of the Co-Madres (Mothers of the Disappeared) of El Salvador, a group of impoverished, mostly illiterate women whose husbands or children were kidnapped or killed by death squads and government security forces during El Salvador’s bloody civil war. The 1980s conflict pitted leftist organizations and campesino farmer-based guerrillas against an entrenched alliance of landowners and the military, with each side aided by different Cold War backers. In 1992, when a peace accord was signed by the government and the Farabundo Martí Liberation Front, the reign of terror that had ruled El Salvador for over a decade finally ended. After Tula was threatened, abducted, and tortured, she returned to Co-Madres to continue her work for justice and for women’s empowerment. A self-described feminist, Tula escaped to the United States, crossing the border as an illegal alien. She spent the next several years running the Co-Madres office in Washington, D.C., and fighting deportation for herself and all Salvadorans. She now lives in the U.S., fulfilling her dream of providing her children with a safe environment and a good education. I was born on April 23, 1951, in the village of Izalco, in the Department of Sonsonate in El Salvador. My father was a bus dispatcher and my mother worked in a factory in Santa Ana nearby. I had eight brothers and sisters. Like most people in the village, we were poor. I received only a first-grade education. After that I began helping my mother in the house until the day I was married. My husband, José Rafael Canales Guevarra, was killed by the Salvadoran military in June 1980. We had five children together. I also have a sixth child, Oscar Feliciano Tula, born on July 5, 1986, while I was being held in prison without charges. Until 1978 I was never involved in politics in any way. My husband was working in the Central Azucarrero de Izalco (Izalco Sugar Company), owned by one of the richest families in El Salvador—and I was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing. Conditions at the company were very bad. There was no job safety, wages were low, and there were no health benefits. The seventeen hundred workers decided to go on strike and refused to leave the plantation. Some stayed inside the processing plant. Others guarded the gates of the hacienda to make sure no trucks could get in. My husband was very active in the strike. On the second day I went to bring him medicine and food at 10:00 a.m., just as the security forces arrived and arrested everyone. Many ran into the sugar cane fields to escape. The police beat those who were caught, tied their hands behind their backs and told them to lie face down. All of us family members were there watching and waiting to see what they were going to do with our husbands and sons. They separated twenty-two people and let the rest go. My husband was one of those they kept. He was taken to the National Guard headquarters in San Salvador and held incommunicado for three days. On the fourth day, a military tribunal sentenced him to six months in prison. The only witnesses were Guard members. At first they wouldn’t even tell me where he was, but I finally found out and visited him in Santa Tecla Prison. He told me how he had been tortured—beaten in the testicles, then hung from the ceiling and beaten all over, a torture described as "the airplane." Then I started working with the Co-Madres—an organization of women formed in 1977 to fight for the release of husbands and other family members jailed or disappeared or assassinated and to demand that the government respect human rights. In June 1978, my husband was released from prison. We decided to move to Santa Ana, since it would have been dangerous for us to remain in Izalco. Once a person has been in prison they are in even greater danger of being assassinated or disappeared by the security forces or death squads. In Santa Ana my husband got work as a bricklayer. He was not involved in politics. He worked and spent time at home with our children. I kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with Co-Madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. During this time there were continual assassinations and disappearances. On the highway from Santa Ana to San Salvador you could see fifteen corpses in different places on any given day: students, workers, peasants, old people, women. The Co-Madres would call press conferences when people were disappeared, or place ads in the newspaper announcing that someone was being charged and tried. I worked mostly with governmental organizations, international officials, and institutions and churches. I also distributed food to people who visited the office, visited political prisoners in jail and brought them supplies, and solicited food and other donations from international and domestic organizations. Like other independent human rights organizations, we came under attack from the right wing. In October 1979 I was in San Salvador with a group when we learned that the body of one of these mothers’ sons had been found on the streets; he had been disappeared. It was 7 p.m. and we were returning with the body in a minibus, when we were stopped by the police. They accused us of carrying arms and made all ten of us, including a child, lie face down with our arms stretched above our heads. The six policemen walked in single file around us, beating us on our backs with rifle butts and stepping on us. We were lying about three hours, while more police arrived, including a commander. Meanwhile it kept getting closer to the curfew time—midnight—when everyone had to be off the street. If anyone was on the street after midnight they could be machinegunned. So they were detained until then—many people died this way. Around 11:40 p.m. they started to let us go. Six women were released, but four of us—including me—they kept. They asked us questions—where were we from, our names, the names of our parents, what were we doing. Meanwhile, they kept on saying we were carrying arms, a complete lie, and joking that the boy whose corpse we were carrying had died of mosquito bites. Finally, at ten minutes to twelve, they told us to put our hands behind our head and start walking. Then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. They kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our stomachs. They asked us if we wanted to die. We were silent. I felt complete terror and thought they were surely going to kill me. Finally, they told us we could leave. It was two minutes to twelve, which meant we had only two minutes to get off the street. They brought back the chauffeur, who had been taken a short distance away; he had been badly beaten. We all got into the bus with the corpse. Fortunately there was a funeral home nearby and we arrived there before the curfew began. This was my first personal experience of torture and the kind of tactics used by the security forces. I had heard many stories but this was the first time I had experienced it myself. In 1980 I moved with my family to Sonsonate, where my husband had gotten a job building big houses. Barely a month later he was assassinated. On June 19 four men in civilian clothes, heavily armed, came to our house. They asked for my husband and said they were taking him to the municipal police station because he had been witness to a robbery. When he didn’t return I inquired at the police station, but he wasn’t registered there. The following day the newspaper had a picture of him saying he was a guerrilla who died in a confrontation with the armed forces in a clandestine house full of arms. This was a complete lie since he hadn’t been involved with anything since the strike. When I went to get my husband’s body, the judge who had identified it told me that it was the armed forces who had killed my husband, that his hands and feet had been bound and there was a bullet hole through his head. At the cemetery in Sonsonate, I saw his tied hands and feet and the bullet hole through his head. My neighbors warned me that my house was "militarizado," with soldiers surrounding it and going through all our things. Once they kill one member of a family, they often kill others. So I never went back. Instead I went to San Salvador. I was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. I continued to be very active with Co-Madres, which was under intense pressure from the right-wing death squads and security forces. In 1980 the Co-Madres office, which we shared with the nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDH), was bombed twice. The first bombing took place on March 13, 1980. Afterward the National Guard came, supposedly to investigate, but did nothing. The second bombing occurred in September 1980, and several unknown decapitated bodies were left at the front of the office, as a further warning of what would happen to us. Several members of the Human Rights Commission were also assassinated during this period. In the beginning of 1982, Archbishop Rivera y Damas recognized the work that we at Co-Madres were doing and he gave us office space along with the Human Rights Commission, Socorro Juridico, and Tutela Legal—the Archdiocese’s own human rights and legal offices. To announce our move, we held a press conference, telling the public about the work we were doing and where they should come for help. As a result, a death threat from the death squad leader Maximiliano Hernandez appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. Fifteen days after this, a member of Co-Madres, Ophelia, was captured by members of the security forces dressed as civilians, and then taken to the National Police Station. We started paid advertising to get her released and to force a tribunal to investigate why she had been captured. The police confirmed that she was being held, "for investigation." We later learned that during those days she had been tortured and raped, and eighteen days after she had been captured, she was dumped near the Santa Ana–San Salvador Highway, about fifty kilometers outside of San Salvador, early in the morning. Some workers called us to say a woman had been found. Her hands were still tied behind her and her mouth was gagged. She was so disfigured that we didn’t even recognize her. Her whole face was inflamed; she couldn’t talk because her teeth had been broken inside her mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. When we asked her who she was, and she managed to say "Ophelia," we couldn’t believe it. We took her to a doctor, and after she had recovered she testified about what had happened to her. She said there were photos of all of us at the National Police Station, but they were asking her about a few people in particular. I was one of the people they were asking about. It was shortly after this that men dressed as civilians started coming to my house, asking questions. Others were constantly watching the house and whenever I left they would come and talk to the children. The children were nervous about what would happen to me. Around this time in the street the army and the security forces were also stepping up their street searches. They would make people get off buses and show their registration and they would physically search you and everything you were carrying, including diapers. The terrorization of Co-Madres continued. In 1982, Elena Gonzalez was shot and killed by death squads in her home in Cuzcatancingo. Three Co-Madres mothers, Haydee Moran, Blanca Alvarado, and Carmen Sorto Ruano and her nineteen-year-old daughter, were taken one by one by National Police to the famous body dump, "Puerta del Diablo," where they laid their heads on a stone and told them their heads would be cut off with a machete if they didn’t talk about Co-Madres. Haydee and Blanca were released; Carmen and her daughter were imprisoned until 1983. It was clear to me that my life was in danger. I decided to flee El Salvador for Mexico. I left on August 4, 1982, taking four of my children, and leaving the eldest in San Salvador with my mother. I stayed in Mexico until 1984, and worked there with the Co-Madres office. Then my visa expired so I was afraid of being deported back. The United Nations Committee on Refugees recognized me as a refugee and they gave me papers to apply for political asylum in Mexico, and though I had a number of interviews I never received any response. This made me even more nervous since I knew other Salvadorans whose applications were granted; I might be on some kind of blacklist. In 1984, after the Co-Madres received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award I decided to return to El Salvador as I believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, I would now be safer. Also, Napoleon Duarte had recently been elected president after a campaign in which he promised to respect human rights and initiate investigations into disappearances and assassinations. But when the four of us applied for our visas to travel to the United States for the RFK award, they were denied. An article appeared in La Prensa Grafica quoting a U.S. State Department declaration saying they were denied since we had Communist connections. To have our names printed in the newspaper linked to Communists was very dangerous. It was like giving permission for the death squads to come in and assassinate us. A few days after, the U.S. Embassy told the public, the Kennedy Memorial, and a human rights delegation that the visas were denied because we were dangerous and terrorists and we had direct connections to guerrillas. We asked for an audience with the ambassador so he could provide proof, but he wouldn’t see us. A visiting U.S. delegation also asked for proof, but nothing was forthcoming. From that moment we noticed an increase in surveillance, but luckily, around this same time, three of the four of us were invited for a European tour. We left on January 20, 1985, and spent three months touring Spain, Holland, Switzerland, England, Greece, West Germany, France, Italy, Norway, and Sweden. We met with Mrs. Mitterand, Mrs. Papandreou, and other prominent women; also with Willy Brandt in West Germany and with United Nations representatives in Geneva. We hoped this kind of international exposure would give us more protection, and on our return on April 20, 1985, we were accompanied by European parliamentarians. Meanwhile, the assassinated body of a Co-Madres member, Isabel, who had disappeared some eleven months earlier, was found in her home. Only a few months later, Maria Ester Grande was detained by the Treasury Police and threatened; they picked up her son and tortured and interrogated him for fifteen days to get information about his mother and where she lived. (During this time, those of us who were active in Co-Madres never lived in one place. We moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces). Finally, he told them and the Treasury Police went and picked her up; then they returned four times to her house, treated her children brutally and threatened to kill their mother and brother if they didn’t tell where arms were hidden. They never found any arms. But they presented her with her son tied up and beaten, and said if she wanted her son to live she would have to go back to Co-Madres and get the names of all who worked there and their addresses. Then she was dropped off at our office. Instead of cooperating with them, she told us what happened. We immediately went to the Red Cross and finally her son was transferred to Mariona Prison until 1987. Shortly after this, there was a break-in of the Co-Madres office and everything was taken—documents, testimony, tapes, photos, and money. As a result they had those lists of everyone involved with Co-Madres. From this point on, there was constant surveillance and repression. In November 1985, Joaquin Antonio Caceres, of the Human Rights Commission, with whom we worked closely, was captured and held for forty-five days and later brought to prison and accused of being a guerrilla. Around the same time, Co-Madres was awarded the Bruno Krisky Human Rights Award. I traveled to Austria to receive it, visiting other European countries as well. I was away until March, and when I returned, all my movements were monitored by the police. I lived in constant fear. On May 6, 1986, I was grabbed suddenly by a man at a bus stop, a pistol was pressed in my side and I was told to walk and not make any noise. Then I was pushed into a white car that was waiting with its doors open. They forced me to lie on the floor with my head down, so that I couldn’t see outside, and then the car drove around in circles so I wouldn’t know where I was being taken. Finally I was taken to a house with the three men who captured me. They blindfolded me and put me in a chair with my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who I was, what was I doing in the neighborhood, and whether I knew people from Co-Madres. I was held for three days, during which time I was beaten and raped by the three men, all while blindfolded. I was seven months pregnant at the time. There was no way for me to know if it was day or night. They gave me no food and only a little water. Later they started carving my belly with a knife. They didn’t make deep wounds but scrapes which left blood. They questioned me about Co-Madres and when I continued to tell them I knew nothing, they told me I would die. Then they left me for the night, blindfolded, with my hands tied to the chair. The next day they asked me the same questions and again wounded me with the sharp object, but this time the wounds were deeper—I still have scars. Finally, they blindfolded me again, put me in a car, and told me not to look where we were going or they would shoot me in the head. Then they dropped me in the Cucatlan Park. It was nine in the morning. I was bleeding, disoriented, and my clothes were torn since they had sliced them with the sharp, pointed object. I was holding my wound to stop the bleeding. I had no money; they had taken everything from me. I asked a woman at a bus stop to help me, telling her that I had been robbed. She gave me some money. I didn’t know if I should go first to the hospital, my home, or the office. I decided the office and told them everything that had happened. Several days later we published a "denuncia" (an accusation). The security forces’ arrests of people connected with human rights organizations intensified. And on Friday, May 26, I was arrested again. They were dressed as civilians, heavily armed, but I later learned that they were members of the Treasury Police. I was tortured for four days, beaten all over, on my head, my back. At one point a towel was put over my head and one of my torturers sat on my head and neck. Ten days later I was visited by the International Red Cross and the Human Rights Commission who told me that I was accused of being a terrorist. Though I was never tried or sentenced, I was held in Ilopango Women’s Prison until late 1986. I was able to find homes for four of my children. But my six-year-old daughter stayed with me in prison, along with my son, who was born there. On September 22, I was ordered released by President Duarte, in a public ceremony. At that ceremony I pointed to a man there who had been one of my torturers. Following my release I was terrified to go to the Co-Madres office, I was scared at bus stops, and if any vehicle stopped, I was afraid someone would jump out and grab me. I was frightened that I would be machine-gunned on the street. My house continued under surveillance and attacks against the Human Rights Commission also continued. I knew that there was no way I could remain in El Salvador. I began planning my escape. I learned that I was being invited to the United States in January to talk to members of Congress and other groups: this would be a good opportunity to find temporary safety. I was no longer safe in El Salvador or Mexico, which was no longer accepting Salvadorans for asylum. I was forced to leave three of my children in Mexico, living with different families. My two youngest children came with me. There is another story to tell about my efforts to get asylum in the United States in the 1980s, when many in the U.S. government were supporting the regime in power, but that is for another time. I rejoice that peace has come to my country at last and that the human rights we fought for during those dark years now seem within our reach, not just in our dreams. 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Before the glory that was Greece and Rome, even before the first cities of Mesopotamia or temples along the Nile, there lived in the Lower Danube Valley and the Balkan and Carpathian foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long-distance trade. http://www.tkinter.smig.net/News/images/NYT2009-11-30a.jpg Rumyana Kostadinova Ivanova and Marius Amarie Harsova, (Gumelnita Culture) The Chalcolitic Village- 6,000 yers old whistle in working condition at: Spondylus artifacts in the Carpathian land at: The Institute for the Study of the Ancient World will present a series of public programs, accompanying The Lost World of Old Europe exhibition with the goal of furthering the understanding and appreciation of Romanian, Bulgarian and Moldovan culture. Public programs will include a Romanian Film Series, music nights, a scholarly lecture series, which will further elucidate topics explored in the exhibition and public tours. For 1,500 years, starting earlier than 5000 B.C., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2,000 dwellings. They mastered large-scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. Their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world. The striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture’s visual language. Until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta “goddess” figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society. New research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of “civilization” status. Writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. To some scholars, the people and the region are simply Old Europe. The little-known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, “The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500 B.C.,” which opened last month at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. More than 250 artifacts from museums in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania are on display for the first time in the United States. The show will run through April 25. At its peak, around 4500 B.C., said David W. Anthony, the exhibition’s guest curator, “Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world” and was developing “many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization.” Dr. Anthony is a professor of anthropology at Hartwick College in Oneonta, N.Y., and author of “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.” Historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern Europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the Old Europe culture by 3500 B.C. At the exhibition preview, Roger S. Bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now “a great many archaeologists had not heard of these Old Europe cultures.” Admiring the colorful ceramics, Dr. Bagnall, a specialist in Egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time “Egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this.” A show catalog, published by Princeton University Press, is the first compendium in English of research on Old Europe discoveries. The book, edited by Dr. Anthony, with Jennifer Y. Chi, the institute’s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from Britain, France, Germany, the United States and the countries where the culture existed. Dr. Chi said the exhibition reflected the institute’s interest in studying the relationships of well-known cultures and the “underappreciated ones.” Although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth-millennium B.C. cemetery at Varna, Bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. Even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the Iron Curtain, Bulgarians and Romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the West. The story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 B.C. moving north into Old Europe from Greece and Macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. They established colonies along the Black Sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct cultures, archaeologists have learned. The settlements maintained close contact through networks of trade in copper and gold and also shared patterns of ceramics. The Spondylus shell from the Aegean Sea was a special item of trade. Perhaps the shells, used in pendants and bracelets, were symbols of their Aegean ancestors. Other scholars view such long-distance acquisitions as being motivated in part by ideology in which goods are not commodities in the modern sense but rather “valuables,” symbols of status and recognition. Noting the diffusion of these shells at this time, Michel Louis Seferiades, an anthropologist at the National Center for Scientific Research in France, suspects “the objects were part of a halo of mysteries, an ensemble of beliefs and myths.” Page 2 of 2) In any event, Dr. Seferiades wrote in the exhibition catalog that the prevalence of the shells suggested the culture had links to “a network of access routes and a social framework of elaborate exchange systems — including bartering, gift exchange and reciprocity.” At first, the absence of elite architecture led scholars to assume that Old Europe had little or no hierarchical power structure. This was dispelled by the graves in the Varna cemetery. For two decades after 1972, archaeologists found 310 graves dated to about 4500 B.C. Dr. Anthony said this was “the best evidence for the existence of a clearly distinct upper social and political rank.” Vladimir Slavchev, a curator at the Varna Regional Museum of History, said the “richness and variety of the Varna grave gifts was a surprise,” even to the Bulgarian archaeologist Ivan Ivanov, who directed the discoveries. “Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with golden ornaments,” Dr. Slavchev said. More than 3,000 pieces of gold were found in 62 of the graves, along with copper weapons and tools, and ornaments, necklaces and bracelets of the prized Aegean shells. “The concentration of imported prestige objects in a distinct minority of graves suggest that institutionalized higher ranks did exist,” exhibition curators noted in a text panel accompanying the Varna gold. Yet it is puzzling that the elite seemed not to indulge in private lives of excess. “The people who donned gold costumes for public events while they were alive,” Dr. Anthony wrote, “went home to fairly ordinary houses.” Copper, not gold, may have been the main source of Old Europe’s economic success, Dr. Anthony said. As copper smelting developed about 5400 B.C., the Old Europe cultures tapped abundant ores in Bulgaria and what is now Serbia and learned the high-heat technique of extracting pure metallic copper.Smelted copper, cast as axes, hammered into knife blades and coiled in bracelets, became valuable exports. Old Europe copper pieces have been found in graves along the Volga River, 1,200 miles east of Bulgaria. Archaeologists have recovered more than five tons of pieces from Old Europe sites. An entire gallery is devoted to the figurines, the more familiar and provocative of the culture’s treasures. They have been found in virtually every Old Europe culture and in several contexts: in graves, house shrines and other possibly “religious spaces.” One of the best known is the fired clay figure of a seated man, his shoulders bent and hands to his face in apparent contemplation. Called the “Thinker,” the piece and a comparable female figurine were found in a cemetery of the Hamangia culture, in Romania. Were they thinking, or mourning? Many of the figurines represent women in stylized abstraction, with truncated or elongated bodies and heaping breasts and expansive hips. The explicit sexuality of these figurines invites interpretations relating to earthly and human fertility. An arresting set of 21 small female figurines, seated in a circle, was found at a pre-Cucuteni village site in northeastern Romania. “It is not difficult to imagine,” said Douglass W. Bailey of San Francisco State University, the Old Europe people “arranging sets of seated figurines into one or several groups of miniature activities, perhaps with the smaller figurines at the feet or even on the laps of the larger, seated ones.” Others imagined the figurines as the “Council of Goddesses.” In her influential books three decades ago, Marija Gimbutas, an anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, offered these and other so-called Venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a Mother Goddess that reigned in prehistoric Europe. Although the late Dr. Gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. The power of the objects, Dr. Bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in “a shared understanding of group identity.” As Dr. Bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance: miniature, representational depictions of the human form. He thus “assumed (as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, Neolithic men, women and children, and the Paleolithic painters in caves.” Or else the “Thinker,” for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a “lost” culture in southeastern Europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned. Before the establishment of the first cities in Mesopotamia ca. 4500 BC, highly sophisticated societies with advanced technology and complex systems of symbolic representation had emerged in the southeastern part of Europe. The Neolithic people of the Balkans were the first in Europe to adopt of a new type of economy, based on agriculture and animal breeding. This happened in the 7th millennium BC and marked a radical shift in the way humans interacted with their environment. After a million of years of nomadic life – during which little had changed – people settled in permanent habitations and started developing new skills and modes of social interaction. Houses became foci of settled life and people started exploring previously unaddressed material and spiritual needs. They replaced their flimsy basket containers with sturdy vases made of clay. They understood the properties of metals creating new, more effective types of tools. They expressed their beliefs through the manufacture of figurines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. And they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. By the 5th millennium BC, the thriving cultures of the Balkans were among the most advanced in the Old World – featuring densely populated settlements, a sophisticated system of social hierarchy, highly symbolic cult rituals, complex long-distance exchange networks, and an amazing copper- and gold-working industry. By the mid-4th millennium, however, this brilliant world came to an abrupt end. The reasons are not clear: Invasions? Climatic changes? Overexploitation of natural resources? International Tour of the exhibit: The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology Oxford University, England May 20 - August 15, 2010 Museum of Cycladic Art September 30, 2010 - January 11, 2011 (dates to be confirmed) Please note, the dates are subject to change without notice. For more information on the venues please click on the link and you will be navigated to the exhibiting museum's website.In the media: "Dr. Jennifer Chi," television broadcast: Sunday Arts, WNET, January 27, 2010. "The Lost World of Old Europe," radio broadcast: The Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC, January 14, 2010. mp3 and slideshow of objects from the exhibition. "Ancient Artifacts," television broadcast: Eye on New York, WCBS, 6 December, 2009. Andrew Moseman, “Advanced, Overlooked Ancient European Culture Arrives in America,” 80beats \| Discover Magazine, December 1, 2009. John Noble Wilford, “A Lost European Culture, Pulled from Obscurity” The New York Times, November 30, 2009. Michael Balter, “The Lost World of Old Europe: See It in New York” Origins: A History of Beginnings (ScienceMag.org), November 25, 2009. Christine Lin, “Lost Artifacts of Old Europe Arrive in New York.” Epoch Times, November 13, 2009.	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But for the parents of that teenager, even the most trusting among them, anxiety is often the emotion that clouds all others. Warnings are plastered in plain view from fliers on school bulletin boards to public service announcements on TV urging new drivers to make the best decisions regarding their safety on the road. Parents and members of the Rome and Floyd County community are encouraged to attend a free presentation on safe teen driving at Darlington School on Jan. 22. Lauren Winborne, founder of the nonprofit organization SteerSmart, will speak to students in grades 8-12 about the topic of teen driving at 2 p.m. in the Huffman Athletic Center. “Because teen driving fatalities are usually caused by inexperience and unsafe driving habits, SteerSmart seeks to educate parents as well as teens. We hope those parents who are able to will join us for this presentation,” said Jill Pate, director of personal counseling. “Car crashes are the number one cause of fatality among teenage drivers, and this program walks through and dissects the anatomy of specific crashes that resulted in fatalities or severely injured youth.” Pate said the program will depict examples of severe crashes that happened as a result of speeding, texting, driving with too many passengers, alcohol and drugs, driving without wearing seatbelts, intersection awareness, over correcting, weather related problems and more. The program will offer safe driving tips and solutions for teens who are ready to take on the road. Winborne, a mother of six, founded SteerSmart to encourage schools, associations and communities to help prevent wrecks that take lives and leave survivors impaired for life. The programs she developed arose out of research and interviews with parents who had lost their children to wrecks. According to the organization’s website, presentations focus on decisions and consequences of decisions made by young drivers. Whether a youth is a driver or a passenger, he or she will learn that there are ramifications for every decision made behind the wheel. Students learn from their peers in the program who have been killed by making just one fatal decision. They also learn from victims who survived crashes but are wheelchair bound because of decisions made just before their crashes. “The program emphasizes that all students start their day virtually in the same way,” Winborne said. “No one begins their day by thinking, ‘I could die this afternoon.’ The myth that all kids who get killed or injured in these crashes are wasted kids at 1 a.m. is also dispelled. “The program shows victims from all walks of life, types of towns, socioeconomic statuses, public and private schools as well as married, divorced and troubled homes,” she continued. “We talk about athletes, musicians, artists, actors and scholars, encompassing the eclectic background of those affected by crashes. Car crashes do not discriminate.” The SteerSmart program has been delivered in all types of venues to all kinds of audiences. For more information about the program, visit www.steersmart.org. For information about the driving expo, contact Tannika Wester at [email protected].	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How the Short-Sword was the easier known when sought for by reason of the notch in the blade. THORSTEIN Dromund was a mighty man, and of the greatest account; and now he heard that Thorbiorn Angle had got him gone from the land out to Micklegarth; speedy were his doings thereon, he gave over his lands into his kinsmen's hands, and betook himself to journeying and to search for Angle; and ever he followed after whereas Angle had gone afore, nor was Angle ware of his goings. So Thorstein Dromund came out to Micklegarth a little after Angle, and was fain above all things. to slay him, but neither knew the other. Now had they will to be taken into the company of the Varangians, and the matter went well as soon as the Varangians knew that they were Northmen; and in those days was Michael Katalak king over Micklegarth. Thorstein Dromund watched for Angle, if in some wise be might know him, but won not the game because of the many people there; and ever would he lie awake, ill content with his lot, and thinking how great was his loss. Now hereupon it befell that the Varangians were to go on certain warfare, and free the land from harrying; and their manner and law it was before they went from home to hold a weapon-show, and so it was now done; and when the weapon-show was established, then were all Varangians to come there, and those withal who were minded to fall into their company, and they were to show forth their weapons. Thither came both Thorstein and Angle; but Thorbiorn Angle showed forth his weapons first; and he had the shorts-word, Grettir's-loom; but when he showed it many praised it and said that it was an exceeding good weapon, but that it was a great blemish, that notch in the edge thereof; and asked him withal what had brought that to pass. Angle said it was a thing worthy to be told of, "For this is the next thing to be said," says he, "that out in Iceland I slew that champion who was called Grettir the Strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest-hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till I came forth for that end; and whereas I had the good hap to win him, I took his life; though indeed he had my strength many times over; then I drave this short-sword into his head, and thereby was a shard broken from out its edge." So those who stood nigh said, that he must have been hard of head then, and each showed the short-sword to the other; but hereby Thorstein deemed he knew now who this man was, and he prayed withal to see the short-sword even as the others; then Angle gave it up with good will, for all were praising his bravery and that daring onset, and even in such wise did he think this one would do; and in no Wise did he misdoubt him that Thorstein was there, or that the man was akin to Grettir. Then Dromund took the short-sword, and raised it aloft, and hewed at Angle and smote him on the head, and so great was the stroke that it stayed but at the jaw-teeth, and Thorbiorn Angle fell to earth dead and dishonoured. Thereat all men became hushed; but the Chancellor of the town seized Thorstein straightway, and asked for what cause he did such an ill-deed there at the hallowed Thing. Thorstein said that he was the brother of Grettir the Strong, and that withal he had never been able to bring vengeance to pass till then; so thereupon many put in their word, and said that the strong man must needs have been of great might and nobleness, in that Thorstein had fared so far forth into the world to avenge him: the rulers of the city deemed that like enough; but whereas there was none there to bear witness in aught to Thorstein's word, that law of theirs prevailed, that whosoever slew a man should lose nought but his life. So then speedy doom and hard enow did Thorstein get; for in a dark chamber of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. But when Thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death's door from misery; and both foul and cold was that abode; Thorstein spake to that man and said, "How deemest thou of thy life?" He answered, "As of a right evil life, for of nought can I be holpen, nor have I kinsmen to redeem me." Thorstein said, "Nought is of less avail in such matters than lack of good rede; let us be merry then, and do somewhat that will be glee and game to us." The man said that he might have no glee of aught. "Nay, then, but let us try it," said Thorstein. And therewithal he fell to singing; and he was a man of such goodly voice that scarcely might his like be found therefor, nor did he now spare himself. Now the highway was but a little way from the dungeon, and Thorstein sang so loud and clear that the walls resounded therewith, and great game this seemed to him who had been half-dead erst; and in such wise did Thorstein keep it going till the evening.	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ideo Byte: Jacana Class: Aves (Birds) Length: males—6 to 15 inches (15 to 39 centimeters); females—6 to 23 inches (15 to 58 centimeters) Weight: males—1.4 to 4.8 ounces (41 to 137 grams); females—1.4 to 9 ounces (41 to 261 grams) Life span: unknown Number of eggs laid: 4 eggs Incubation: 20 to 26 days Age of maturity: 1 year Status in the wild: Stable When spread out, a jacana’s toes and claws can cover an area up to 5 by 8 inches (12 by 20 centimeters). • Pheasant-tailed and northern jacana males will pick up the empty shell of their newly hatched chick and fly several yards (meters) away before dropping it. This may keep predators away from the nest. • Female jacanas can be almost twice as big as the males. Jacanas are colorful birds with long legs and incredibly long toes and claws. The super-long toes spread the bird’s weight over a large area. This allows them to walk across floating vegetation, especially lily pads. Jacanas often appear to be walking on the water itself! They are also very good swimmers and divers, and they can swim through open water from one area of vegetation to another while searching for food or to avoid danger. At home on the pad Lily pads and other floating vegetation in swamps and marshes are home to jacanas. They live out much of their lives on these floating islands, foraging for fish and insects to eat and building their nests. Jacanas are carnivores that use their bills to turn over lily pads or other aquatic vegetation. They can also grasp the edges of these plants with their toes to partially turn them over in search of food. These waterbirds often send out noisy alarms when they think predators are near. If threatened, young chicks, as well as adults, stay underwater for long periods of time with only the tips of their bills above water. They can also swim underwater to avoid predators. It is not known what types of animals prey on jacanas, as predation has not actually been observed. Researchers believe that jacana predators may be other birds, as well as fish or other aquatic life. Jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. Some species, such as the African jacana Actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time and are unable to fly until their new feathers grow in. Some jacana species, such as the northern jacana Jacana spinosa and the wattled jacana Jacana jacana, have chestnut- to cinnamon-colored bodies, with yellow to greenish yellow flight feathers, dark brown to black neck and head, and a yellow bill. The African jacana also has a chestnut body, but its neck and head are white in front and black in back, with a golden yellow breast. The Madagascar jacana Actophilornis albinucha has the same colors as the African jacana, but with the neck and head colors exactly reversed. There is even a pheasant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus with (what else!) a long tail like a pheasant. Most jacana species also have what is called a frontal shield, which is a bare, fleshy area that extends from the bill to as far as the top of the head. Most of these shields are red, but the African and Madagascar jacanas have a bright blue shield. It is thought that the blue color reflects light, or that it allows the bird to blend in with the water, allowing it to escape being seen by predators. Jacana eggs are true works of art. They are a deep tan color, with very dark markings that look like dribbled lines of paint, crisscrossing the entire egg in an abstract design that is different on each egg. The eggs are very glossy and shiny and look as though they have been highly polished. This “wet” appearance is nature’s camouflage, helping the eggs resemble the glossy surface of surrounding vegetation. Male jacanas do most of the nest building. After the female has laid a clutch of four eggs, the male takes over the parenting responsibilities. He incubates the eggs and protects them from danger. Jacana nests are built on mostly submerged plants. If the nest starts to sink, or the eggs are otherwise endangered, the male may pick them up and carry them under his wings to a new site. Meanwhile, the female has left the male to find more males to breed with. She does not participate in raising chicks. If, however, the eggs or chicks are lost, she will return to breed and produce a replacement clutch with the first male. Only one species, the lesser jacana Microparra capensis, is known to be monogamous. Jacana chicks are precocial, so the male quickly teaches them how to forage for the insects, snails, worms, small crabs, fish, mollusks, and seeds that make up their diet. Jacana species at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park are fed mealworm larvae, crickets, a special zoo carnivore food, and commercial flamingo food. Chicks stay with the male for their first 40 to 70 days. The father will even carry his young chicks under his wings if they are in danger.	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Roland Piquepaille points out a news release from the University of Michigan where researchers are looking to birds and bats for insights into aerospace engineering. Wei Shyy and his colleagues are learning from solutions developed by nature and applying them to the technology of flight. A presentation on this topic was also given at the 2005 TED conference. From the news release: "The roll rate of the aerobatic A-4 Skyhawk plane is about 720 degrees per second. The roll rate of a barn swallow exceeds 5,000 degrees per second. Select military aircraft can withstand gravitational forces of 8-10 G. Many birds routinely experience positive G-forces greater than 10 G and up to 14 G. Flapping flight is inherently unsteady, but that's why it works so well. Birds, bats and insects fly in a messy environment full of gusts traveling at speeds similar to their own. Yet they can react almost instantaneously and adapt with their flexible wings."	[ 49, 23573, 350, 1557, 538, 603, 293, 2173, 503, 257, 1705, 2650, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 7055, 810, 4837, 389, 2045, 284, 10087, 290, 19553, 329, 17218, 656, 40439, 8705, 13, 29341, 911, 22556, 290, 465, 7810, 389, 4673, 422, 8136, 4166, 416, 3450, 290, 11524, 606, 284, 262, 3037, 286, 5474, 13, 317, 10470, 319, 428, 7243, 373, 635, 1813, 379, 262, 5075, 38436, 4495, 13, 3574, 262, 1705, 2650, 25, 366, 464, 4836, 2494, 286, 262, 9551, 672, 1512, 317, 12, 19, 5274, 40624, 6614, 318, 546, 26250, 7370, 583, 1218, 13, 383, 4836, 2494, 286, 257, 25203, 26633, 21695, 642, 11, 830, 7370, 583, 1218, 13, 9683, 2422, 6215, 460, 25073, 29973, 3386, 286, 807, 12, 940, 402, 13, 4650, 10087, 16231, 1998, 3967, 402, 12, 27087, 3744, 621, 838, 402, 290, 510, 284, 1478, 402, 13, 1610, 5912, 5474, 318, 20108, 15014, 1329, 88, 11, 475, 326, 338, 1521, 340, 2499, 523, 880, 13, 27124, 11, 19553, 290, 19435, 6129, 287, 257, 24097, 2858, 1336, 286, 35253, 82, 11300, 379, 12055, 2092, 284, 511, 898, 13, 6430, 484, 460, 6324, 2048, 9113, 27683, 290, 6068, 351, 511, 12846, 12098, 526, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	195
Table o contents Chai Nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central Thailand's Chao Phraya River valley. In the sooth o the province the Chao Phraya (umwhile Chai Nat) Dam impunds the Chao Phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra's lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. The dam, pairt o the Greater Chao Phraya Project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in Thailand. Oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at Sankhaburi. In the reign o Keeng Mongkut (Rama IV) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present-day location. Durin the wars wi the Burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the Burmese Airmy. As aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name Chai Nat, which means place o victory. The slogan o the province is Venerable Luangpu Suk, Renouned Chao Phraya Dam, Famous Bird Park an Tasty Khao Taengkwa Pomelo. Admeenistrative diveesions Straw Bird Fair, Chai Nat’s Product Fair and Red Cross Fair (งานมหกรรมหุ่นฟางนกนานาชาติ งานของดี และงานกาชาดจังหวัดชัยนาท) This annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi-product in rice farmin. Various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall. The event is held annually durin Cheenese New Year in Februar. Chai Nat Pomelo Fair (งานส้มโอชัยนาท) Chai Nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. The best kent are o the Khao Taengkwa variety haein a well-roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet-crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. The fair is held durin late August - early September in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales.	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This depends very much on the type of application you run. If you've got applications which are very trigger-happy WRT syscalls you can expect to see high amounts of context switching. If most of your applications idle around and only wake up when there's stuff happening on a socket, you can expect to see low context switch rates. System calls cause context switches by their very own nature. When a process does a system call, it basically tells the kernel to take over from it's current point in time and memory to do stuff the process isn't privileged to do, and return to the same spot when it's done. When we look at the definition of the write(2) syscall from Linux, this becomes very clear: write - write to a file descriptor ssize_t write(int fd, const void buf, size_t count); write() writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the file referred to by the file descriptor fd. [..] On success, the number of bytes written is returned (zero indicates nothing was written). On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set This basically tells the kernel to take over operation from the process, move up to count bytes, starting from the memory address pointed at by buf to file descriptor fd of the current process and then return back to the process and tell him how it went. A nice example to show this is the dedicated game server for Valve Source based games, hlds. http://nopaste.narf.at/f1b22dbc9 shows one second worth of syscalls done by a single instance of a game server which had no players on it. This process takes about 3% CPU time on a Xeon X3220 (2.4Ghz), just to give you a feeling for how expensive this is. Another source of context switching might be processes which don't do syscalls, but need to get moved off a given CPU to make room for other processes. A nice way to visualize this is cpuburn. cpuburn doesn't do any syscalls itself, it just iterates over it's own memory, so it shouldn't cause any context switching. Take an idle machine, start vmstat and then run a burnMMX (or any different test from the cpuburn package) for every CPU core the system has. You should have full system utilization by then but hardly any increased context switching. Then try to start a few more processes. You'll see that the context switching rate increases as the processes begin to compete over CPU cores. The amount of switching depends on the processes/core ratio and the multitasking resolution of your kernel. linfo.org has a nice writeup on what context switches and system calls are. Wikipedia has generic information and a nice link collection on System calls.	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We live in the age of information. It pours upon us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, radio loudspeakers, tv and computer screens. The main part of this information has the form of natural language texts. Even in the area of computers, a larger part of the information they manipulate nowadays has the form of a text. It looks as if a personal computer has mainly turned into a tool to create, proofread, store, manage, and search for text documents. Our ancestors invented natural language many thousands of years ago for the needs of a developing human society. Modern natural languages are developing according to their own laws, in each epoch being an adequate tool for human communication, for expressing human feelings, thoughts, and actions. For the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully serve people in their everyday life. In the second half of the twentieth century, human attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. People now want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts. The most-used language on the Internet according to Wikipedia is English. Although the total number of native English speakers in the world is about 322 millions, which is only around one fifth of the total internet users; the amount of English web content approaches 80%. Generally speaking, when a language has got the position of a universal language, the position tends to be affirmed and extended by itself. Since "everyone" knows and uses English, people are almost forced to learn English and use it, and learn it better. Besides the importance of the Internet grows rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and education but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. This implies that it becomes more and more important to know how to use Internet services and, as a part of this, to read and write English. But English is changing fast too. There is no area of the culture that collision's more intensely than that, for the web has changed English more radically than any invention since paper, and much faster. According to Paul Payack, who runs the Global Language Monitor, "there are currently 988,974 words in the English language, with thousands more emerging every month". By his calculation, English will adopt its one millionth word in late November. To put that statistic another way, for every French word, there are now ten in English. So far from debasing the language, the rapid expansion of English on the web may be enriching the mother tongue. Like Latin, it has developed different forms that bear little relation to one another: a speaker of Hinglish (Hindi-English) would have little to say to a Chinglish speaker. But while the root of Latin took centuries to grow its linguistic branches, modern non-standard English is evolving at fabulous speed. The language of the internet itself, the cyberisms that were once the preserve of a few web boffins, has simultaneous expanded into a new argot of words and idioms: Ancient or Classic Geek has given way to Modern Geek.	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Greenhouse Effect Basics: Warm Earth, Cold Atmosphere Posted on 29 February 2012 by Tom Curtis Heating and Heat Flow Some physics, everyone knows. In our daily lives we encounter the effects of physics all the time, and as a result, we know what physics predicts in those circumstances at a gut level. We may not be able to put it into numbers. We may not be able to apply it in novel situations. But we know it all the same. One example is as simple as putting on a blanket. We know that if we want warm something up, we can increase the supply of heat - or we can reduce the escape of heat. Either is effective. If you have a pot that is simmering and you want to bring it to the boil, you can turn the heat up, or you can put on the lid. If we put on the lid, the pot will go nicely from simmering to boiling, and we don't need to turn up the heat even slightly. Indeed, if we are not careful to turn down the heat, the pot may well boil over. Likewise, if you have two identical motors running with an identical load and speed (Revolutions Per Minute), one with the water pump working and one without, we are all physicist enough to say that the second one will run hotter. It does not matter that the energy supplied as fuel is identical in both cases. The fact that heat escapes more easilly with water circulating through the radiator will keep the first cooler. The consequence is that stopping the the water from circulating will lead second motor to disaster. Nor do we find people who doubt this. Suppose somebody told us their water pump was broken, but that the Second Law of Thermodynamics prohibited transfer of heat from a cooler place (the water) to a hotter place (the engine block), so they'ld be fine so long as they didn't rev any faster than normal, we'ld look at them in complete disbelief. Or we would if we were too polite to burst out laughing. And if they set out cross country confident in their belief, it doesn't matter what destination they claim they're heading for. Rather, as we all know, they're really heading for a breakdown! (Image copyright to iStock, and not to be reproduced without their permission.) Heat Flow to Space This physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. It is true of the Earth as well. The Earth is warmed by our remarkably stable Sun. As a result, the Earth's surface radiates energy to space, and over time the incoming energy balances the outgoing energy. The process is made more complicated, however, by the existence of Infra Red (IR) absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. Without those molecules, Infra Red radiation from the Earth's surface would travel directly to space, cooling the Earth quickly and efficiently. At certain wavelengths of Infra Red radiation, however, those molecules absorb many, or all, of the photons emitted from the Earth's surface. That energy is often redistributed among other molecules by collision, but eventually some of the redistributed energy will be reradiated by the Infra Red absorbing molecules. This process absorption, redistribution and then re-emission may occur many times before the energy escapes the atmosphere, but eventually it will either by being emitted to space, or back to the surface. Intuitively, the energy that goes through multiple stages of absorption, redistribution and re-emission will not escape to space as fast that which is emitted directly to space from the surface. This intuition is sound, but it depends essentially on one factor, the temperature of the atmosphere. We can see this by considering a fundamental law that governs the radiation of energy, the Stefan-Boltzmann Law: In words, that is J-star equals epsilon sigma T to the fourth power, but we don't need to worry about that. What we need to notice is that J-star, which is the energy radiated over a given time from a given area, is proportional to the fourth power of T, ie, temperature. If the temperature doubles, the energy radiated increases sixteen-fold. If it triples, it increases eighty-one- fold. And so on. So, if the temperature of the atmosphere is different from that of the surface, the absorption, redistribution and re-emission of IR radiation by molecules in the atmosphere will certainly change the rate at which heat escapes to space. Higher is Colder There is another piece of physics everyone knows. It is that as you go higher in the atmosphere, the atmosphere gets colder. That is the reason why some mountain peaks are snow covered while their bases are still warm. This is not a universal law. It is not true, for example, in the stratosphere where the absorption of UltraViolet radiation from the Sun causes temperatures to rise with increased height. But eighty percent of the Earth's atmosphere is in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere), and most radiation leaving the top of the troposphere escapes to space. And in the troposphere, as you get higher, the temperature gets lower. On average, the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees C for every thousand meters of altitude you climb. That means, for example, that the temperatures fall by about 24.5 degrees C as you climb to the summit of Mount Fuji, and by 50 to 100 degrees as you rise to the top of the troposphere. We have already seen that temperature significantly effects the radiation of heat. Colder objects radiate less energy, and the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere are colder than the surface. Therefore it is no surprise that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the warmer surface. That difference is the essence of the greenhouse effect. No More Arm Waving It would be helpfull to recapitulate at this point. So far we have noted four simple facts: - That if you reduce the escape of heat, but do not reduce the incoming heat, things warm up; - That the atmosphere contains molecules that absorb Infra-Red radiation; - That radiated energy depends on the temperature of the radiating object; and - That the atmosphere gets cooler as you get higher, so that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the surface. These four facts imply the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect, ie, that the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere results in the surface being warmer than it otherwise would be. In science, however, purely verbal reasoning like this is considered suspect. The reason is that sometimes odd effects occur that render verbal reasoning moot. So in science, there is no substitute for putting the theory into a mathematical form. It gets rid of the arm waving. Fortunately for us, scientists have already put this theory into mathematical form, at a very detailed level. We can access this work, free of charge, by using the Modtran Model. The Modtran Model shows the radiation up or down over a column of atmosphere under particular conditions. By changing the conditions, you can explore the predicted effects of those changes on upward or downward radiation at any level of the atmosphere from 0 to 70 kilometers altitude. Setting the altitude to 70 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward to space from the top of the atmosphere, or downward from space at the top of the atmosphere. Setting the altituded to 0 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward, or downward at the surface. Using Modtran, I determined the energy output looking downwards from an altitutude of 70 kilometers using the US Standard Atmosphere (1). The result can be seen on the following graph as the green shaded area. I repeated the model run, but this time with the altitude set at 0 km. The result is shown by the outer curve defining the red area in the graph below. That means that the red area itself, which is the upwards radiation from the surface minus the upward radiation to space, is the reduction in energy radiated to space because of the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. That is, it is the greenhouse effect. We have all heard how inaccurate models can be. Therefore the fact that a particular model predicts this difference in radiation only shows what the theory predicts. It does not show what is actually happening. Scientists are not happy with theories whose only support is a model. So in 1969, Conrath and associates compared the results of model calculations of radiation to space with the actually observed radiation using the IRIS instrument on the Nimbus 3 Satellite. The following graph shows the result of their comparison. The dotted line shows the modelled values, while the solid line shows the observed values: The effect of a particular Infra-Red absorbing molecule, Carbon Dioxide, is clearly visible. With the publication of this data in 1970, the greenhouse effect ceased to be theoretical. It was an observed fact. (1) Default settings except for adjusting surface temperatures (Ground T offset, c) to approximately match the Earths Global Mean Surface Temperature (about -10 degrees C offset).	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In 1863 Bill Fairweather and his party discovered gold in southwestern Montana. They were on their way to Yellowstone Country from Bannack but were waylaid by a band of Crows. While hiding from the Indians in a gulch they found gold. They named the gulch after the alder trees lining the gulch. Alder was one of the great gold producers of all time. The site of the largest placer gold strike in world history. It produced $10,000,000.00 during the first year. A year later the boom town of Virginia City had a population of 10,000. People lived in makeshift tents and shacks and every third construction was a saloon. The site gave birth to two of Montana's most famous towns: Virginia City and Nevada City. The discoveries at Alder Gulch drew people away from Bannack, reducing the population, making Virginia City the territorial capital from 1865 to 1875. - American Heritage - Art Gallery - Art Show - Childrens Activities - Folk Art Alder Gulch is located west of Virginia City, in the southwestern area of Montana, on US Highway 287. Season / Hours Of Operation - Memorial Day - Labor Day	[ 818, 47072, 3941, 7011, 23563, 290, 465, 2151, 5071, 3869, 287, 46065, 18311, 13, 1119, 547, 319, 511, 835, 284, 47257, 12946, 422, 347, 1236, 441, 475, 547, 835, 75, 1698, 416, 257, 4097, 286, 327, 8516, 13, 2893, 11816, 422, 262, 12746, 287, 257, 47161, 354, 484, 1043, 3869, 13, 1119, 3706, 262, 47161, 354, 706, 262, 257, 6499, 7150, 20883, 262, 47161, 354, 13, 317, 6499, 373, 530, 286, 262, 1049, 3869, 11408, 286, 477, 640, 13, 383, 2524, 286, 262, 4387, 458, 11736, 3869, 5587, 287, 995, 2106, 13, 632, 4635, 720, 940, 11, 830, 11, 830, 13, 405, 1141, 262, 717, 614, 13, 198, 32, 614, 1568, 262, 14166, 3240, 286, 6025, 2254, 550, 257, 3265, 286, 838, 11, 830, 13, 4380, 5615, 287, 34064, 29804, 290, 427, 4595, 290, 790, 2368, 5103, 373, 257, 3664, 2049, 13, 383, 2524, 2921, 4082, 284, 734, 286, 18311, 338, 749, 5863, 11684, 25, 6025, 2254, 290, 12087, 2254, 13, 198, 464, 24362, 379, 317, 6499, 23472, 354, 9859, 661, 1497, 422, 347, 1236, 441, 11, 8868, 262, 3265, 11, 1642, 6025, 2254, 262, 22414, 3139, 422, 47801, 284, 1248, 2425, 13, 198, 12, 1605, 18518, 198, 12, 3683, 12917, 198, 12, 3683, 5438, 198, 12, 8990, 82, 36270, 198, 12, 36111, 3683, 198, 32, 6499, 23472, 354, 318, 5140, 7421, 286, 6025, 2254, 11, 287, 262, 46065, 1989, 286, 18311, 11, 319, 1294, 14914, 38721, 13, 198, 18960, 1220, 19347, 3226, 14680, 198, 12, 14861, 3596, 532, 7882, 3596, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	252
I am working up a new media literacy unit for next semester. A colleague at SSU showed me a really fantastic Introduction to Media Literacy resource from the Media Literacy Project. What I like about the article is the clear delineation between beginning, intermediate and advanced literacy techniques. The 16 page document covers media literacy (in general terms) and then gives examples of different persuasion techniques media uses to influence viewers. There are concrete questions at the end of the document students can use to evaluate images and videos. Once I develop a lesson plan, I will decide if I want students to evaluate a particular image, or if part of the unit will be them finding AND evaluating their own image from a normal daily activity (bus add, tv commercial, etc.). I highly recommend the resource.	[ 40, 716, 1762, 510, 257, 649, 2056, 31231, 4326, 329, 1306, 24878, 13, 317, 16008, 379, 6723, 52, 3751, 502, 257, 1107, 9623, 22395, 284, 6343, 17667, 1590, 8271, 422, 262, 6343, 17667, 1590, 4935, 13, 1867, 314, 588, 546, 262, 2708, 318, 262, 1598, 46925, 341, 1022, 3726, 11, 19898, 290, 6190, 31231, 7605, 13, 383, 1467, 2443, 3188, 8698, 2056, 31231, 357, 259, 2276, 2846, 8, 290, 788, 3607, 6096, 286, 1180, 41784, 7605, 2056, 3544, 284, 4588, 10209, 13, 1318, 389, 10017, 2683, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 3188, 2444, 460, 779, 284, 13446, 4263, 290, 5861, 13, 198, 7454, 314, 1205, 257, 11483, 1410, 11, 314, 481, 5409, 611, 314, 765, 2444, 284, 13446, 257, 1948, 2939, 11, 393, 611, 636, 286, 262, 4326, 481, 307, 606, 4917, 5357, 22232, 511, 898, 2939, 422, 257, 3487, 4445, 3842, 357, 10885, 751, 11, 31557, 5068, 11, 3503, 15729, 314, 4047, 4313, 262, 8271, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	158
To the people of the ancient world, every bright star had a personality. Some stars were welcomed into the dawn sky like a lost child, while some were treated more like a mother-in-law packing a month's worth of luggage. And sometimes, a single star could bring both responses. A prime example is Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. It's lost in the twilight now, but it'll start popping into view before sunrise within a few days or weeks, depending on your location. Thousands of years ago, the star made its first morning appearance a little earlier in the year. From ancient Greece and Rome, it showed up at the start of summer's heat -- a time that could bring disease and famine. Since Sirius is known as the Dog Star, this time of year was known as the Dog Days -- a time that hardly brought rejoicing. Even earlier, though, the star did bring rejoicing to the people of Egypt. Sirius first appeared around the time of the annual Nile floods, which deposited fertile soil on the fields. This time was so important that the first appearance of Sirius marked the beginning of the Egyptian year. Because of its role in resurrecting the land, the star itself represented the goddess Isis. In Egyptian lore, she resurrected her husband Osiris, and bore their son, Horus, who united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom. So Sirius was a welcome presence in the morning sky -- a star with a pleasant personality. Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2008 For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine.	[ 2514, 262, 661, 286, 262, 6156, 995, 11, 790, 6016, 3491, 550, 257, 8806, 13, 2773, 5788, 547, 15846, 656, 262, 17577, 6766, 588, 257, 2626, 1200, 11, 981, 617, 547, 5716, 517, 588, 257, 2802, 12, 259, 12, 6270, 24157, 257, 1227, 338, 2861, 286, 31488, 13, 843, 3360, 11, 257, 2060, 3491, 714, 2222, 1111, 9109, 13, 198, 32, 6994, 1672, 318, 21795, 11, 262, 33871, 3491, 287, 262, 1755, 6766, 13, 632, 338, 2626, 287, 262, 45493, 783, 11, 475, 340, 1183, 923, 26324, 656, 1570, 878, 40048, 1626, 257, 1178, 1528, 393, 2745, 11, 6906, 319, 534, 4067, 13, 198, 37482, 286, 812, 2084, 11, 262, 3491, 925, 663, 717, 3329, 5585, 257, 1310, 2961, 287, 262, 614, 13, 3574, 6156, 10315, 290, 10598, 11, 340, 3751, 510, 379, 262, 923, 286, 3931, 338, 4894, 1377, 257, 640, 326, 714, 2222, 4369, 290, 31261, 13, 4619, 21795, 318, 1900, 355, 262, 8532, 2907, 11, 428, 640, 286, 614, 373, 1900, 355, 262, 8532, 12579, 1377, 257, 640, 326, 8941, 3181, 30668, 6345, 13, 198, 6104, 2961, 11, 996, 11, 262, 3491, 750, 2222, 30668, 6345, 284, 262, 661, 286, 6365, 13, 21795, 717, 4120, 1088, 262, 640, 286, 262, 5079, 38063, 27283, 11, 543, 27163, 31192, 9260, 319, 262, 7032, 13, 770, 640, 373, 523, 1593, 326, 262, 717, 5585, 286, 21795, 7498, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 14075, 614, 13, 198, 8128, 286, 663, 2597, 287, 27603, 278, 262, 1956, 11, 262, 3491, 2346, 7997, 262, 22215, 16530, 13, 554, 14075, 24044, 11, 673, 41914, 607, 5229, 40925, 11, 290, 18631, 511, 3367, 11, 29698, 11, 508, 16503, 20390, 290, 16048, 6365, 656, 257, 2060, 13239, 13, 1406, 21795, 373, 257, 7062, 4931, 287, 262, 3329, 6766, 1377, 257, 3491, 351, 257, 15497, 8806, 13, 198, 7391, 416, 5245, 623, 3932, 768, 3245, 11, 15069, 3648, 198, 1890, 517, 6766, 50042, 9040, 11, 37145, 1705, 11, 290, 881, 517, 11, 1100, 2907, 10430, 7093, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	330
This fascinating documentary presents the details of Eric’s life, who was perhaps best known as an athlete in the 1924 Olympics, as depicted in the Academy Award-winning film, Chariots of Fire. His story is told by David McCasland, author of Eric Liddell: Pure Gold, Eric’s daughter Patricia, and Rev. John Keddie, consultant on Chariots of Fire, along with fellow prisoners form the internment camp in China. Growing up, Eric was a gifted athlete, excelling in rugby and later in track. He entered the 1924 Olympics in Paris and was favored to win the 100-meter race. But when he learned that he would have to race on Sunday, he refused. Instead, he competed in other races and still brought home gold for Scotland. Now a national hero, Eric announced his intentions to go to China as a missionary. There he taught Chemistry and oversaw the school’s sports programs, sharing his faith at sporting events. He later married, then left teaching to become an evangelist By 1941, China was becoming more unstable and Japan was increasing its control. Concerned for his family’s safety, he sent them off to Canada while he remained in China. It wasn’t long until the Japanese began moving people into internment camps. There, Eric became friend and mentor to 300 children, many of whom were separated from their missionary parents. Fellow prisoners observed as he rose early each day to read and pray. He continued living out his faith in the camp and was admired and respected by all. In 1944, however, he began showing signs of a possible brain tumor and died the following year. Eric Liddell was a humble man with a simple and personal faith whose life’s purpose was to glorify God. His life and legacy continue to impact people’s lives around the world. Studio: Christian History Institutue Time: 100 minutes Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction (DVD): - Item Price: $12.95 - Listed On: March 14, 2012	[ 1212, 13899, 11648, 10969, 262, 3307, 286, 7651, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 11, 508, 373, 3737, 1266, 1900, 355, 281, 16076, 287, 262, 37547, 14935, 11, 355, 18904, 287, 262, 8581, 11289, 12, 14463, 2646, 11, 609, 2743, 1747, 286, 3764, 13, 2399, 1621, 318, 1297, 416, 3271, 5108, 292, 1044, 11, 1772, 286, 7651, 406, 1638, 695, 25, 17129, 3561, 11, 7651, 447, 247, 82, 4957, 30223, 11, 290, 5416, 13, 1757, 509, 6048, 494, 11, 17028, 319, 609, 2743, 1747, 286, 3764, 11, 1863, 351, 5891, 10577, 1296, 262, 1788, 434, 1413, 287, 2807, 13, 198, 43964, 510, 11, 7651, 373, 257, 22527, 16076, 11, 43748, 2680, 287, 22948, 290, 1568, 287, 2610, 13, 679, 5982, 262, 37547, 14935, 287, 6342, 290, 373, 19344, 284, 1592, 262, 1802, 12, 27231, 3234, 13, 887, 618, 339, 4499, 326, 339, 561, 423, 284, 3234, 319, 3502, 11, 339, 6520, 13, 5455, 11, 339, 32440, 287, 584, 9558, 290, 991, 3181, 1363, 3869, 329, 8838, 13, 198, 3844, 257, 2260, 4293, 11, 7651, 3414, 465, 14953, 284, 467, 284, 2807, 355, 257, 34692, 13, 1318, 339, 7817, 27867, 290, 40394, 262, 1524, 447, 247, 82, 5701, 4056, 11, 7373, 465, 4562, 379, 17702, 2995, 13, 679, 1568, 6405, 11, 788, 1364, 7743, 284, 1716, 281, 17138, 396, 2750, 23234, 11, 2807, 373, 5033, 517, 21354, 290, 2869, 373, 3649, 663, 1630, 13, 32265, 276, 329, 465, 1641, 447, 247, 82, 3747, 11, 339, 1908, 606, 572, 284, 3340, 981, 339, 6150, 287, 2807, 13, 632, 2492, 447, 247, 83, 890, 1566, 262, 4960, 2540, 3867, 661, 656, 1788, 434, 11665, 13, 1318, 11, 7651, 2627, 1545, 290, 22387, 284, 5867, 1751, 11, 867, 286, 4150, 547, 11266, 422, 511, 34692, 3397, 13, 29764, 10577, 6515, 355, 339, 8278, 1903, 1123, 1110, 284, 1100, 290, 12472, 13, 679, 3767, 2877, 503, 465, 4562, 287, 262, 1413, 290, 373, 29382, 290, 14462, 416, 477, 13, 554, 16994, 11, 2158, 11, 339, 2540, 4478, 5895, 286, 257, 1744, 3632, 22359, 290, 3724, 262, 1708, 614, 13, 198, 25004, 406, 1638, 695, 373, 257, 19695, 582, 351, 257, 2829, 290, 2614, 4562, 3025, 1204, 447, 247, 82, 4007, 373, 284, 26996, 1958, 1793, 13, 2399, 1204, 290, 10655, 2555, 284, 2928, 661, 447, 247, 82, 3160, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 198, 41501, 25, 4302, 7443, 37931, 315, 518, 198, 7575, 25, 1802, 2431, 198, 25004, 406, 1638, 695, 25, 15869, 286, 34872, 2867, 357, 39218, 2599, 198, 12, 9097, 7886, 25, 720, 1065, 13, 3865, 198, 12, 406, 6347, 1550, 25, 2805, 1478, 11, 2321, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	431
(This post was prepared in collaboration with Dan Drinkard) Congress now speaks at almost a full grade level lower than it did just seven years ago, with the most conservative members of Congress speaking on average at the lowest grade level, according to a new Sunlight Foundation analysis of the Congressional Record using Capitol Words. Of course, what some might interpret as a dumbing down of Congress, others will see as more effective communications. And lawmakers of both parties still speak above the heads of the average American, who reads at between an 8th and 9th grade level. Today’s Congress speaks at about a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005. By comparison, the U.S. Constitution is written at a 17.8 grade level, the Federalist Papers at a 17.1 grade level, and the Declaration of Independence at a 15.1 grade level. The Gettysburg Address comes in at an 11.2 grade level and Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is at a 9.4 grade level. Most major newspapers are written at between an 11th and 14th grade level. (You can find more comparisons here) All these analyses use the Flesch-Kincaid test, which produces the 'reads at a n-th grade level' terminology that is likely familiar to many readers. At its core, Flesch-Kincaid equates higher grade levels with longer words and longer sentences. It is important to understand the limitations of this metric: it tells us nothing about the clarity or correctness of a passage of text. But although an admittedly crude tool, Flesch-Kincaid can nonetheless provide insights into how different legislators speak, and how Congressional speech has been changing. To see how different legislators rank, click here for a full database of all current members of Congress. To see how many top SAT words lawmakers speak, click here. Overall, the complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has declined steadily since 2005, with the drop among Republicans slightly outpacing that for Democrats (see Figure 1). Through April 25, 2012, this year's Congressional Record clocks in at a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005. Between 1996 and 2005, Republicans overall spoke at consistently 2/10ths of a grade level higher than Democrats, except for 2001, when a rare moment of national unity also seems to have extended to speaking at the same grade level. But following 2005, something happened, and Congressional speech has been on the decline since. For Republicans as a whole, the decline was from an 11.6 grade level to a 10.3 grade level in 2011 (up slightly to 10.4 in 2012 so far). For Democrats, it was a decline from 11.4 to 10.6 in 2011 (also up slightly to 10.8 in 2012 so far.) Figure 1. Congressional speech grade level by year Ideology and speech complexity To analyze the relationship between ideology and speech level, we took the first dimension DW-Nominate scores (DW1) for the current Congress, as of April 25, 2012. For the non-political scientists in the audience, DW1 scores take roll call voting data to place members of Congress on a liberal-conservative scale. On this scale, -1 is most liberal and 1 is most conservative. A negative value on the scale implies that the member votes most often with Democrats; a positive value implies that the member votes most often with Republicans. Turning to Figure 2, we can immediately notice that grade level of Congressional Record speeches declines among Republicans as the voting record becomes more conservative. Among Republicans, the drop from the most moderate to most conservative is, on average, almost three whole grade levels, from 13th to 10th grade. Among Democrats, the scatterplot does not reveal any relationship between grade level and ideology. However, when we hold all other factors constant in the regression analysis (see further below), we find that being on the far left is associated with lower speech grade levels. There is also a clearer correlation between further left voting score and lower grade level among more junior members. Figure 2. The relationship of ideology to speech grade level Changing members and members’ changes It’s hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the decline. Perhaps it reflects lawmakers speaking more in talking points, and increasingly packaging their floor speeches for YouTube. Gone, perhaps, are the golden days when legislators spoke to persuade each other, thoughtfully wrestled with complex policy trade-offs, and regularly quoted Shakespeare. The data indicate that part of the decline has to do with new junior members speaking at a lower grade level than more senior members, and some of it has to do with individual senior members simplifying their speech over time. Figure 3 (below) breaks Congress into four seniority cohorts and details the relationship between ideology and grade level for speeches in the 112th Congress. Here, a telling pattern emerges. Among the newest members (those with 1-3 years in their seat), there is drop off in speech level as we move from the center out to either extreme of the political spectrum, though the pattern is more pronounced on the far right. For the next cohort (4-10 years of experience), the same pattern continues on both the political right and left, though the relationship is much stronger among Republicans. For the next cohort (11-20 years in their seat), the pattern on the right (more conservative, simpler speech) remains, but the pattern on the left reverses (there is a slight correlation between more liberalism and higher speech grade level). In the most senior cohort (more than 20 years in their seat), Republicans speak, on average, at a higher level than Democrats, with only the slightest relationship between conservatism and more simple speech. Figure 3. Ideology and Seniority At the individual level, prior to the 109th Congress (2005-2006), both individual Democrats and Republicans on average grew more sophisticated in their speech with each passing session of Congress. Individual Democrats gained on average 0.06 grade levels per session, and Republicans gained on average 0.12 grade levels per session. Then, starting with the 109th Congress, the trends reversed. Individual Democrats began dropping 0.07 grade levels of speech per session and individual Republicans began dropping 0.12 grade levels per session. Table 1. Average estimated effect of each passing Congress on individual member grade level (results from regression analysis estimating annual member change with member fixed effects) The top and bottom lawmakers by grade level Table 2 (below) shows the 20 members of Congress with the lowest grade level score for their Congressional record corpus dating back to 1996. Of them, 85% (17 of 20) are Republicans; 65% (13/20) are freshmen, and another 15% (3/20) are sophomores. Additionally, 90% (18/20) are House members. The two Senators to make the bottom 20 are Rand Paul (R-KY) and Ron Johnson (R-WI), both Tea Party-supported freshmen. Table 2. Bottom 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996) Republicans also outnumber Democrats among the members who speak at the highest grade levels. Among the top 20, 12 are Republicans, 7 are Democrats, and one (Joe Lieberman) is an Independent. And eight of the top ten are Republicans. There are also 14 House members and six Senators. And perhaps most notably, there are only two freshmen and three sophomores. More than half of the members have been in their seat for at least 15 years, which is well above the median of nine years across all members of the 112th Congress. Table 3. Top 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996) To estimate the effects of all the different factors (holding all the other factors constant), we estimated two ordinary least squared regression models. Model 1 uses the different factors to explain the variation in the grade level of individual members’ combined speeches since 1996. Model 2 uses the same factors to explain the grade level of member speeches just in the 112th Congress. (The correlation between all speeches since 1996 and just 112th Congress speeches for non-freshmen members is 0.74. For freshmen, these two measures will obviously be the same.) For Democrats, moving from most moderate (DW1 score of 0) to most liberal (DW1 score of -1) is associated with a decrease in 1.59 grade levels for all speeches since 1996 combined, and an decrease of 1.35 grade levels for speeches from just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. This estimate is statistically significant. For Republicans, moving from most moderate (0) to most conservative (1) is associated with a decrease in 2.07 grade levels in speech for all speeches since 1996 combined, and 2.06 grade levels for just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. Both are statistically significant. That the estimates for the relationship between ideology and grade level are consistent across the two models shows that this is both a current and a historic phenomenon. Another takeaway point from the regression analysis is that the more a member speaks overall, the more simply that member is likely to speak, all else being equal. For just the 112th Congress, going from least to most talkative is associated with a decrease in almost a grade level and a half. For the historic corpus, going from the least talkative to most talkative member is associated with a decrease in a full grade level. Socioeconomic status of member district does not play much of a role, so there is no story to tell of members speaking to their constituents. If anything, the reverse is true. Having a higher percentage of high school graduates in the district or state is associated with members speaking at a slightly lower grade level (though since half of the districts have high school graduation levels between 82% and 90%, this doesn’t add up to all that much). District median income (which is closely correlated with education generally) has no relationship to speech grade level. There is also no statistically significant difference between chambers. Members of Congress from the Northeast speak at a slightly higher grade level than their colleagues from the rest of the country. Of course, a fair amount of variation remains unexplained. There are many reasons why members speak at different levels, and these explanations only tell part of the story. Table 4. OLS Regression explaining member speech level (standard errors in parenthesis, significant variables bolded) Does it matter? Earlier this year, the University of Minnesota’s Smart Politics noted that Obama’s 2012 State of the Union address clocked in at an eighth-grade level for the third year in a row, and that Obama’s average grade level of 8.4 was well below the average of 10.7 for the previous 67 addresses. Fox News ran the story alongside the image of a child in a dunce cap, and right-wing blogs mocked the President’s intelligence. Others pointed out that maybe speaking clearly was a good thing. After all, the SOTU speech was pretty much right at the level of the average American’s reading level. And writing gurus like George Orwell (“If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out”) and Strunk & White (“omit needless words”) famously advise simplicity. But whether you see it as plain speak or you see it as a dumbing down, the data are clear: The overall complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has dropped almost a full grade level since 2005. And those on the political extremes, especially those on the far right, tend to be associated with the most simple speech patterns. Methodology for generating grade level scores (by Dan Drinkard) Grade levels were calculated using Flesch-Kincaid readability tests applied to various facets of text queries against the Capitol Words API. For example, Barbara Lee's entire corpus of words spoken can be retrieved by paging through the following url: http://capitolwords.org/api/text.json?bioguide_id=L000551&apikey=####. Flesch-Kincaid scores can be determined as: 0.39 * (Words/Sentences) + 11.8 * (Syllables/Words) - 15.59. To derive counts: The python Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)'s sentence tokenizer was used to count sentences, the Capitol Words ngram tokenizer was used to count words, and the Carnegie Mellon pronouncing dictionary was used to count syllables. For fallback syllable counting when a word wasn't present in the dictionary, three different sets of calculations employing different methods were tried—discarding unknown words, treating unknown words as the average word of 1.66 syllables, and using a trained fallback syllable counter from NLTK_Contrib. We found the results of each method to be nearly indistinguishable from the others. An example F-K calculator (this one using the aforementioned 'padding with averages' method) can be found at https://gist.github.com/2483508.	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See here for an explanation of the bengali transliteration scheme used Before discussing bengali history, it is useful to define the scope of the investigation. In these pages, Bengal, as a historical entity, refers to the land bounded on the north by himAlaya and the lands of nepAla, sikima, and bhoTAna; on the north east by the brahmaputra river and its highlands; extending to the northwest along the northern plains of bhAgirathi upto dvArbhAGga; bounded on the east by the gAro, khAsia, jaintiA, tripurA, and caTTagrAma ranges; and on the west by mountaineous forests of rAjamahala, sA~otAla parganA, choTanAgpura, mAnabhUma, dhalabhUma, keoJjar and mayUrabhaJja. It thus extends beyond the combined region comprising the present state of West Bengal in India and the country of Bangladesha; and is a people united by a common language, Bengali, a common social structure, a common religious mixture of Hindus and Muslims, and a largely shared history. Little is known about the prehistory of Bengal, or the origin of the name itself. The name may be of Austrasiatic or Dravidian origin, which form a substratum to the predominantly Indoeuropean Bengali language. Archaelogy shows that parts of this land supported an agricultural culture since at least 1250 B.C. However, the identity of these people can only be guessed from anthropological and linguistic evidence. The historic period of Bengal is usually classified into the Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods: as opposed to the custom in Indian history, the customary beginning of the medieval period in bengal starts with the period of muslim domination. You are visitor number since I started counting. For other pages discussing Bengali history, you can also look at NOVO's page and Bongoz' page about the history of bengal. Palash Biswas's blog often cuts and pastes information about Bengal: see this as an example. The official pages of the West Bengal government also have a short history section. Finally, there is a site giving a timeline of Indian history in general. Among the various sources, I should especially acknowledge extensive help from the classic work by nIhAraraJjana rAYa, a book by Irfan Habib, and the textbooks by ramezacandra majumadAra. Research by various individuals and/or their views have often been consolidated into my understanding, and that understanding or lack thereof is represented in these pages. At this stage of this project, I do not provide references to the original articles as I am concentrating more on finishing an overview. This lack of verifiable references to the original sources means one should not take these pags as serious historical writing, just my musings on the origins and development of a culture and a people. It would probably be remiss of me to not mention my views about the epistemology of historical truth, and my views about history in general. So, I state my views in brief here.	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" A hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a three-dimensional image. A hologram may also project a three-dimensional image into the air—a lifelike image that can be photographed although it cannot be touched. Because they cannot be copied by ordinary means, holograms are widely used to prevent counterfeiting of documents such as credit cards, driver's licenses, and admission tickets. The word hologram comes from the Greek roots holos meaning whole and gramma meaning message. The process of making a hologram is called holography. When a hologram is made, light from a laser records an image of the desired object on film or a photographic plate." Each cell of a hologram contains the whole message--the entire picture. When light is shined on it, it reaches into a new dimension (e.g. a two dimensional picture becomes three dimensional). In a normal photograph, each cell contains a portion of the picture. In a hologram, each cell contains 'the whole message.' Sheep follow the leader. They go unthinkingly where the leader goes. If the leader is bad, the sheep will follow him to their destruction. My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their resting place. Only the good shepherd leads the sheep in the paths of righteousness. 1The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 2He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. 3He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. Yet, the object is not to remain sheep but to grow up into the head of Christ. The object is for each cell(person) to become a complete image of Christ, as in a hologram. The object is for each part of the body (each person) to become complete and perfected. 2 Corinthians 3:18 But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. It is my hope that when this happens to enough people (a critical mass?) , the light of Christ will shine on the hologram, showing a picture of Christ that will fill the whole earth, and our prayer will be answered--on earth as it is in heaven. It is my hope that truth will fill the whole earth, bringing down the kings of satan whose feet of clay (lies) is their fatal flaw. The sons of God will stand for truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. 34Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. 35Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth. 44And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. 45Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.	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Islam is everywhere in the news these days, from reports of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims battling each other in Iraq to violent protests against cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. Extremist factions are in the spotlight, but the real Islam remains largely a mystery to non-Muslims. What is this religion, practiced by 1.3 billion people and the second-largest faith in the world? The Beliefnet® Guide to Islam demystifies everything about Islamic beliefs and practices, from the famous “five pillars” to views of the afterlife to the real meaning of jihad. The book features important insights on issues facing Islam today, such as violence, the status of women, and relations with other faiths—and dispels numerous myths along the way. Written by Beliefnet columnist Dr. Hesham A. Hassaballa and Sufi poet Kabir Helminski, the book also features a foreword by Ambassador Akbar Ahmed, a noted scholar. Whether you’re curious about the basics or searching for deeper understanding of Qur’anic verses and sayings of the Prophet, this book is an invaluable resource.	[ 16991, 318, 8347, 287, 262, 1705, 777, 1528, 11, 422, 3136, 286, 18592, 290, 16380, 447, 247, 64, 7045, 20581, 1123, 584, 287, 3908, 284, 6590, 8536, 1028, 30070, 286, 262, 13583, 15870, 13, 47871, 396, 18783, 389, 287, 262, 17838, 11, 475, 262, 1103, 3449, 3793, 5688, 257, 10715, 284, 1729, 12, 36452, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 428, 5737, 11, 19893, 416, 352, 13, 18, 2997, 661, 290, 262, 1218, 12, 28209, 4562, 287, 262, 995, 30, 383, 49728, 3262, 7461, 10005, 284, 3449, 1357, 88, 301, 6945, 2279, 546, 5533, 9056, 290, 6593, 11, 422, 262, 5863, 564, 250, 13261, 30485, 447, 251, 284, 5009, 286, 262, 45076, 284, 262, 1103, 3616, 286, 14647, 13, 383, 1492, 3033, 1593, 17218, 319, 2428, 6476, 3449, 1909, 11, 884, 355, 3685, 11, 262, 3722, 286, 1466, 11, 290, 2316, 351, 584, 43028, 960, 392, 4596, 1424, 6409, 22886, 1863, 262, 835, 13, 198, 25354, 416, 49728, 3262, 22309, 1583, 13, 44773, 2763, 317, 13, 20300, 397, 30315, 290, 1778, 12463, 21810, 28793, 343, 28351, 21141, 11, 262, 1492, 635, 3033, 257, 1674, 4775, 416, 20656, 9084, 5657, 21157, 11, 257, 4367, 15606, 13, 10127, 345, 447, 247, 260, 11040, 546, 262, 19165, 393, 10342, 329, 9211, 4547, 286, 17599, 447, 247, 26277, 24752, 290, 910, 654, 286, 262, 13583, 11, 428, 1492, 318, 281, 30438, 8271, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	228
Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. The snow looks pretty, but winter can be a scary season due to increased chances of falling on snow or ice. But there are a few things you can do to help prevent falls besides being homebound or packing up and moving to warmer climate. Take a moment to look at your shoes and boots. Are they worn smooth? If you can answer "yes" to this question, then it is time to purchase a new pair. Shoes with better traction will grip the ground better; you might want to avoid dress shoes as they tend to be quite slippery. Remember to wear proper foot wear for the winter, which should include winter boots or similar winter shoes. If you have stairs with a railing leading up to the entrance of your home, have your railing checked to make sure it is sturdy. You may ask yourself this question would it hold you if you were to slip? Could the railing catch you? Shovel and Salt Keep your shovel and salt in your home so it is available for you to use. What good is your shovel and salt when it is in your garage away from your home and you have to walk through the snow and ice to get to them? Cellphone or Emergency Response System Yes, the older population should have and carry a cellphone. If you do not have a cellphone you may want to consider getting an emergency response system installed. One may slip and fall; it can sometimes be difficult in getting back up. Carrying your cellphone or wearing an emergency response system personal help button, can give you peace of mind, knowing that you can call for assistance. Modification of Cane If you need a cane to assist you with walking, you can modify your cane by adding a metal grip to the bottom of your cane. The metal grip will help increase stability. In addition, you may want to take a look at the handle grip. If it is worn, take a moment to replace it, this will help you maintain your balance especially if you walk on patches of snow or ice. The weather can change in a matter of a few minutes. If you are walking out of a restaurant, shopping mall, church, etc. and the parking lot has turned into an ice rink, you should ask for a steady arm to help guide you. This could be a friend, a family member, employee or even a passerby walking in your direction. Don't be afraid to ask for help. What's your plan? During the winter months you need to think about where you are going and ask yourself, "If I were to fall, what would I do? Did I remember my cellphone? If I'm close to my home, do I have my personal emergency response help button on me?" When running behind scheduled you may end up hurrying and sometimes pushing the limits of what you can handle. Allow extra time getting to your appointments, especially in inclement weather. If you are a little late it's better than rushing and causing a fall and a potentially serious injury. What can you do to help strengthen your leg muscles so you can catch yourself before you hit the ground? Exercising your leg muscles regularly should be done to keep them strong. A few simple exercises you can do help strengthen your leg muscles would be to walk up and down the stairs repeatedly and/or getting up out of a chair. The best thing to strengthen your legs is use them other wise you will loose them. Remember falls can affect seniors in many ways. If a senior falls and is injured, this can limit their confidence and ability to live independently. My hope for each senior after reviewing these winter safety tips is that they are able to reduce if not avoid their chances of any falls. Wayne L. Shepard is director of the Delaware County Office for the Aging. 'Senior Scene' columns can be found at www.thedailystar.com/seniorscene. Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. Why did you serve? Numerous local residents have spent time in service to our country in the military. Some joined out of a duty to our county, others were pressed into service through the draft, still others wanted to take advantage of the G.I. Bill. In honor of their service and Armed Forces Day on Saturday, we asked our readers why they served and what they took away from their service.Continued ... Fitness key during pregnancy Women have been having babies since well before time has been recorded by humans.Continued ... Beyond the stacks: Local libraries offer everything from history to technology The local libraries within the Four County Library System still make information available to their patrons in the traditional way -- books. They are also storehouses of local history: old photos, newspapers, genealogy records, diaries and letters.Continued ... Romantic times at Fenimore When one thinks of the romantic, usually one ponders wistfully the early days of a courtship and marriage.Continued ... Prom fashions bright, blingy, different Prom night can be one of the biggest events of a high school student's life. It is the last bash before college for many, and the memories are often recorded. That is why prom fashion is so important to high school seniors.Continued ... - Why did you serve? - Around The Arts Local programs help children's creativity grow I am not a stage mom. But, the other day I ended up in the middle of a discussion with a stage dad who, for many years, has designated a great deal of his time and resources to support his teenage sonâ€™s performing career. The cry of the stage parent: chauffeuring from one rehearsal to the next, scouting costumes, building sets, selling tickets and program ads, and, of course, sitting in the audience for the entire production run. Then, without a breath, off to the next one!Continued ... An artist label can be placed on many types of people "You are such an artist."Continued ... Dip your toe in the art world through Pinterest I am a magazine ripper. I always have been. I have shoesboxes and file folders filled with decorating ideas, recipes and other miscellaneous projects. No matter how hard I've tried, I can never seem to organize or tame the scraps of inspiration floating around my house.Continued ... Arts encompasses so much more than visual, performing, musical things This column was due when I was in the throes of our season at The Glimmerglass Festival, when all we are thinking about is the arts -- how to make people more aware of the arts, to engage in the arts. And -- what exactly do "the arts" entail?Continued ... School may be out, but there's lots to do to keep kids busy By June Dzialo Now that school's out for the summer, my daughter is proclaiming that we are, "the most boring family on Earth."Continued ... - Local programs help children's creativity grow - Music Beat Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians Musicians know that every performance they play is an audition for their next engagement.Continued ... Practice really does make perfect for professionals Shortly after I was hired at the age of 25 to work in the Music Department at State University College at Oneonta, I played a concert for members of this community. At the end of the concert, a young audience member said to me, â€œHow many years have you been playing the cello and do you still have to practice?â€�Continued ... Stepping on the flag, and other memories If we are to be defined all our lives by our high school mascots, then I suppose I am a Viking. But I'm also a Panther, having transferred schools after my freshman year.Continued ... From SUNY Oneonta to CBS Sports Some people say the music business is failing, but I don’t agree with that point of view. Neither does Joseph Miller.Continued ... - 12 Music Industry Tips from Joseph Miller - Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians - Parenting Imperfect I'm relieved it's not just me For the last few years, I've been convinced that I'm just harder on things than other people are.Continued ... A tactical error in the handoff My kids are lucky enough to have half of their grandparents within a three-hour drive.Continued ... A potentially quiet afternoon interrupted by a dog and a balloon The kids spent most of Martin Luther King Jr. Day bickering.Continued ... The dog is a getting to be an expert at training This sentence took 20 minutes to type.Continued ... Bad things can happen when trends are no longer trendy When I was a kid, it used to drive me bonkers that my mom didn't know anything about the most important things in my world. She had no idea what a friendship pin was or how you'd make one. She couldn't name any good band, i.e., the ones a pre-teen would listen to like Duran Duran or Wham. And she didn't find Robert Downey Jr. nearly as dreamy as I did.Continued ... - I'm relieved it's not just me - Senior scene Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes Another unwanted drop-off? Yes and so I must write this.Continued ... As Time Goes By: Dealing with side effect of pills can really be a pain At age 76, I find myself incontinent. Actually the problem started well before that date but now it has gone beyond "a problem," to "holy smoke the dam broke."Continued ... - From the Office: Try spring cleaning, organizing for stress release Looking Back: Take your time, think ahead before making decisions A lifetime may seem forever for some, especially when we were young and couldn't wait to grow up and get to do all things we saw the adults do. Come to think of it, perhaps that wasn't too good.Continued ... As Time Goes By: Getting sick in the southern sun I went and did it - I have heard about southern hospitality so much that I thought I would see if it extended to the hospitals as well.Continued ... - Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes - Tech, GP Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings Well, I'm almost ready to let out a cheer.Continued ... Businesses need backups for their computer people, systems In the interest of full disclosure, I want to let you know that I have taken a new position, professionally. I recently joined Eastman Associates, a local general contractor, to do its IT work, as well as taking care of some other functions of the business.Continued ... Windows 8 seems to be made for the good of Microsoft, not the user By Bruce Endries The software company everybody loves to hate, Microsoft, recently released what it calls a "consumer preview" of their next operating system, Windows 8.Continued ... The Granite State got it right on software purchases Believe it or not, I have found a bright spot in the political landscape, amid all the vitriolic partisan fighting.Continued ... Visit a construction site and you'll probably find an iPad It was just about two years ago now, that the iPad came out, and I wrote a column about it. At that time, I went out on a limb and said that thought it was a product which would fill certain niches very well, but that it wasn't very likely to fill in for what is normally considered a computer.Continued ... - Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings - Teen Talk On the Go: Patriotism doesn't mean keeping status quo I've been labeled many things, but when anti-American and unpatriotic came into the picture recently I was surprised. I know I have some controversial opinions, but since when does that equate to not loving America? I'm a born and raised American kid, and I love America.Continued ... Luhrmann brings Gatsby new life Sure, you would think that being a college student and having finals rapidly approaching would equate to my growing anticipation for the summer and being done with my first year of college.Continued ... Teenhood Today: Only you can determine your impact The question I am most often asked is, "What do you want to do with your life?"Continued ... A Word of Advice: Just do something If you're not going upward, the only direction you can go is down. To stagnate is to surrender; to do nothing for yourself; to give up on a better day completely. If we sit around feeling good enough in all aspects of life, or just too lazy to fix them, well, as Albert Einstein put it, "Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results."Continued ... On the Go: Life is like the Cliff Walk Over spring break, my family and I spent time in Newport, R.I. While we were there, we walked a path known as the Cliff Walk. This walk is nestled between some Newport mansions and some cliffs overlooking the ocean. 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By Begüm Burak In the contemporary world, the relations between nations have become much more as borders have become less important in a globalizing world. On the other hand today, people around the world share some common values such as the importance of democracy, human rights, rule of law and freedom in a much more challenging way compared to yesterday. However, despite the existence of such hopeful developments, world politics also witnesses inhumane practices that cause global reactions but cannot be ended immediately, like the Esad terror in Syria. What is obvious is that global problems today – be they political, environmental, economic or related to scarce resources such as poverty and hunger – need the establishment of a global cooperation in order to get solved. That is why charity organizations organize worldwide programs with the aim of helping the needy in different parts of the world, regardless of their nation or ethnic origin. It can be argued that in today’s world, non-state units such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society associations, all play an undisputedly major role in the management of global crises and the establishment of global order and stability. The Gulen movement is the most reputable and widespread civil society movement in Turkey. Despite having its roots in Anatolia, the movement (which is also called as the ‘Hizmet Movement’ – Service Movement: Service for humanity) has succeeded to have a global outreach thanks to the education activities it has been performing for several decades. The Gulen movement and millions of supporters of this movement follow and treasure Mr. Fethullah Gulen’s principles and values. Fethullah Gulen is an authoritative mainstream Turkish Muslim scholar, author, thinker, poet, opinion leader and educational activist who supports interfaith and intercultural dialogue, science, democracy and spirituality while opposing violence and turning religion into a political ideology. The movement is a faith-based movement and it embraces all nations, races, colors, etc. The reason why this is so is that this movement is engaged in education activities all over the world from Africa to Asia and it inevitably has got an embracing character. Some other features of the Hizmet movement can be summarized as follows: “First of all, Hizmet is a voluntary movement without neatly defined borders, a hierarchy, central organization or membership. It is based on hearts, minds, volunteer work and donations by people from all walks of life. There are of course several organizations, schools, charities and media outlets that are affiliated with the movement, and they employ professional staff, who are salaried. But they can only represent their own institutions if they are in managerial positions. Writers, columnists, journalists and academics working in these institutions are not engaged in social, intellectual and political life on behalf of the movement. They only represent themselves. Sometimes they may agree on certain points so that one can faintly deduce the stand of the movement, but this is not definitive and binding for the movement as a whole.” On the other hand, the education activities of the movement have been betting stronger and stronger every year. Every year Turkish Olympiads are organized and the number of the participants has been increasing. It is so obvious that the movement treasures education. According to the philosophy of the Gulen movement, education is the key to the solution of our main problems which are ignorance, division, and poverty. The educational activities of the movement can be described as follows: “Around half of Gulen schools are located abroad, and of those the majority are found in Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan, where there are also half a dozen Gulen-sponsored universities and numerous other educational, welfare, and economic institutions and activities. Indeed, the movement’s focus is on Turkic communities, including those of the Russian Federation such as Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan, and Bashkotorstan, and other former Soviet states containing Turkic or formerly Ottoman Muslim minorities such as Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova, and in the Balkans. One can readily see why the movement targeted Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan for the main thrust of its activities. After all, many in Turkey’s political class made a similar assessment of Turkish prospects in the region in the immediate aftermath of the Soviet collapse. It shares a linguistic and ethnic root with Turkey, and a “folk Islam” that, as in Turkey, incorporates numerous Sufisects and has absorbed pre-Islamic traditions, beliefs, and rituals. Furthermore, the Soviet era left behind a legacy of secular education and a commitment to science and modernity that broadly corresponds with the Gulen movement’s aspirations.” It can be said that the Gulen movement contributes to global peace through building interfaith dialogue on the basis of education and this contribution is supposed to go ahead in a much more vibrant way in the following years. * I use “the” not “a” in the title. That is because I see the Gulen movement as the only real actor in promoting global tolerance and peace. In terms of politics, Gulen advises his movement to remain non-partisan and apolitical.Unlike other Islamic groups, Gulen argues that there is no such as thing as a puritan Islamic State, and that therefore there can be no ultimate goal to work for its fulfillment. Instead, Gulen argues that states and governments should follow certain fundamental principles as espoused by Islam, see Ozcan Keles, “Promoting Human Rights Values in the Muslim World: the Case of the Gülen Movement”, Gulen Conference, House of Lords, SOAS, LSE, October 2007, at http://gulenmovement.info/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Keles,%20O.pdf, [Last access, june 22, 2012]. An analysis about M. Fethullah Gulen and his understanding of tolerance : Jane B. Schlubach, “Tolerance Is Love: Gülen, Ghazali, and Rûmî”, Rumi Forum, November 12, 2005, at http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/tolerance-is-love-guelen-ghazali-and-rumi.html [Last access, June 22, 2012]. A piece about interfaith dialogue and peace-building: Fr. Thomas Michel, “The Contribution of Interfaith Dialogue to Peace Building”, at http://www.thomasmichel.us/interfaith-dialogue.html. Fethullah Gulen Official Website, “Introducing Fethullah Gülen”, at http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/introducing-fethullah-gulen, June 22, 2012. For an overview of the movement, see Yuksel A. Aslandogan, “The Gulen Movement”, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, June 17, 2009, at http://csis.org/files/attachments/090617_overview_gulen_movement.pdf, [Last access, June 22, 2012]. Ihsan Yilmaz, “Hizmet, forming a party and capturing the state”, Today’s Zaman, February 15, 2012, at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-271536-hizmet-forming-a-party-and-capturing-the-state.html, [Last access, June 22, 2012]. Turkish Language Olympiads, Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Language_Olympiads, [Last access, 22, 2012]. Bill Park, “The Fethullah Gulen Movement”, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol.12, No.3, September, 2008, at http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/documents/Movement.pdf. This contribution is highly respected by different groups too: http://www.interfaithdialog.org/press-room-main2menu-29/898-texas-senate-honors-mr-fethullah-gulen-and-the-gulen-movement, June 22, 2012.	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The lion’s mane season has arrived, bringing white, cascading icicles from the forest to my plate! I conveniently use the common name “lion’s mane” to refer to a constellation of fungi of the genus Hericium, including the native northeastern representatives H. americanum and H. coralloides, as well as the commonly cultivated H. erinaceus. Most mycology texts call these three mushrooms bear’s-head tooth, comb tooth, and bearded tooth, respectively. Distinguishing amongst Hericium species can be difficult at first, but this is irrelevant to the forager interested in a good meal. Lion’s mane has no look-a-likes, edible or poisonous, and all forms are edible and delicious in the kitchen. With that said, Jenna does prefer the texture of H. erinaceus, which looks like a faceless hedgehog or a truffula tree out of Dr. Seuss’ The Lorax. Instead of H. erinaceus’ tight, pom-pom shaped clusters, H. americanum forms looser, interconnected clumps that look like the tufted form of a weeping willow tree. H. coralloides resembles H. americanum, but reminds me of branched brain coral with its shorter teeth. Fruiting occasionally in the spring but typically in the fall in the Northeast, lion’s mane is fairly common and easy to spot. This saprophytic fungus is not very discriminating when it comes to log selection, growing on many dead or dying hardwood trees including maple, beech, oak, birch, walnut, and sycamore. It can be cultivated indoors on sawdust or outdoors on logs or totems, though H. erinaceus is the only lion’s mane species you can readily buy spawn for on the Internet. However, Jeanne Grace, a recent Masters student of Dr. Ken Mudge in Horticulture at Cornell University, cloned several strains of wild H. americanum growing near Ithaca and has had great success cultivating it on hardwood totems in its native habitat. The totems, which are created by sandwiching spawn between two large log butts, produced bumper crops both this summer and last, forming much bigger fruits than I have ever seen with H. erinaceus. The wild Hericium strains did not perform as well in her indoor experiments on sawdust in “The Mushroom,” a grow room in the Cornell Department of Horticulture’s Plant Science building. In this environment they “pinned,” but were unable to find their way out of the plastic bag to grow as their cultivated relative does. You usually have to wait a year from the inoculation date to enjoy cultivated lion’s mane, but the impatient mycophile can find lion’s mane in the woods right now! Last fall I stumbled upon a large, rotting log covered in frozen waterfalls of lion’s mane. I was so transfixed by the sight that it took me a few minutes to notice a hidden pocket in the log, harboring the biggest lion’s mane I have seen to date. The mushroom was bigger and heavier than a soccer ball! Today I returned to the spot, expecting either nothing or another jackpot. I got something in between; four medium sized lion’s mane clusters had fruited in the hollowed out portion of the log, all perfectly ripe. Two were covered in debris from the eroding ceiling of the log cavity in which they had formed, so I took the cleaner two and walked out of the forest a satisfied man. When not overripe, lion’s mane has a delicate seafoody flavor and sublime texture that reminds me of scallops. Cooking it perfectly takes practice, however. I like it best sautéed in butter and garlic on a medium heat, until it gets just slightly brown and crispy on the tips. Today’s lion’s mane I sautéed with sliced local apples in ginger, garlic, and butter. Yum! All lion’s mane species are very absorbent, so specimens should be squeezed out like a sponge after washing (or not washed at all if fairly clean when found). The mushroom holds up to a good wringing out surprisingly well, whereas sautéing wet lion’s mane spoils the texture. If you are fairly new to mushroom foraging, lion’s mane is a great species to start with. 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The fifth saying of Jesus as He hung on the Cross, living up to His Name, which was to save His people from their sins was a request in which Jesus expressed a need. His saying was ‘I thirst’ (John 19:28). Though cursorily it may seem like an expression of his physical condition, is there more to this than what is evident. One of the dictionary definitions of the word, ‘thirst’ is an ardent desire, craving or longing. Interestingly, one can go without food for days, but not without water. Thirst is a physical condition that can bring the strongest of the strong to their knees, some even to the point of death. Samson the strong after killing a thousand warriors in battle cried to the Lord when he felt thirsty, questioning, now shall I die of thirst? (Judges 15:18-20). The grumbling Israelite pilgrims questioned Moses, if he had led them out of Egypt to kill them and their children and cattle with thirst (Exodus 17:3). When no water in the desert of Beersheba was found, Hagar, unable to bear the possibility of her son, Ishmael dying of thirst, goes a bow shot length away until God miraculous opens her eyes and she sees a well (Genesis 21:14-16). So thirst can make the strong weak, and the living dead. And here we hear Jesus saying that He thirsted. Why did Jesus say that he thirsted? The logical human explanation was that He experienced a human physical condition and that is certainly plausible. Jesus hungered (Matthew 4:2), slept (Mark 4:38), grew (Luke 2:42), groaned (John 11:33), wept (John 11:35) and so in his Humanity also thirsted (John 19:28). Now if this was merely a personal physical need to be satisfied, isn’t it interesting that Jesus only asks for being quenched after he accomplished all the things He knew He had to fulfill (John 19:28). Jesus’ personal needs came only after doing what God wanted Him to do. He satisfied God before He prayed to be satisfied himself. We must have the same attitude as well. But the scripture gives us evidence that there is more. Jesus said, ‘I thirst’ so that the scripture may be fulfilled (John 19:28). Jesus came to fulfill the scripture and fulfilled it (Psalm 69:21). Jesus, who knew no sin was made sin for us (2 Corinthians 5:21) and the imputation of our sins on Him made him experience a separation from God the Holy Father as expressed by the prophet Isaiah who said “… your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear” (Isaiah 59:2) . So Jesus’ relationship with God the Father had been broken because of our sins. This is further substantiated by the fact that Jesus addressed God, in His previous saying as My God, my God (Eloi, Eloi) and not as Father (which is how He addressed God in the first saying from the Cross). Jesus very well could have thirsted for the oneness He had with God the Father (John 10:30). Another explanation as to why Jesus thirsted is that he experienced the thirst of hell. Acts 2:27 and 31 are very explicit that God would not let soul of his Holy One (Jesus) in hell. In Matthew 12:40, we hear Jesus saying that “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly: so shall the Son of man (Jesus) be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ” Revelation refers to hell as the bottomless pit or abyss (Revelation 9:1-2). Ephesians 4:9 tells us that Jesus ascended into heavens, but that he also first descended into the lower parts (heart) of the earth. So Jesus descended down to hell on our account, but what is the state of affairs in hell? An overbearing need to be quenched. We see this in the parable that Jesus told about Lazarus and the rich man. The rich man died and was buried and in hell he was tormented by thirst. (Luke 16:19-31). So it is not implausible that when Jesus’ soul descended to hell, he thirsted as well. But in hell, the thirst that is to be quenched is not physical as the rich man describes but more in the spiritual realms. Jesus spiritually thirsted that his desire to bring many sons unto glory be quenched (Hebrews 2:10); that all are saved and none perish (2 Peter 3:9); that God’s eternal wrath would now be quenched as he accomplishes his task of saving all men and women in totality and that all will drink of Him (Jesus) and receive from Him living water (the Holy Spirit – John 7:38-39) so that they will no longer be thirsty. Finally, when the curtain falls, we can find ourselves in only one of two states – eternally thirsty or eternally quenched and this depends on whether we agree to drink of (believe) Him, Jesus Christ, who with a craving, a longing and an ardent desire said, ‘I thirst’ [for you]. Filed under: Christian, Seven Sayings \| Tagged: I thirst, Jesus in hell, Living Water, Seven last words of Jesus Christ, Seven Sayings of Jesus from the Cross, The power of thirst, The source of Living Water, The state of affairs in hell, The two states when we die, What did Jesus thirst for?, Who is the living water?, Why did Jesus say I thirst? \| 2 Comments »	[ 464, 8150, 2282, 286, 5803, 355, 679, 9174, 319, 262, 6372, 11, 2877, 510, 284, 2399, 6530, 11, 543, 373, 284, 3613, 2399, 661, 422, 511, 18377, 373, 257, 2581, 287, 543, 5803, 6241, 257, 761, 13, 2399, 2282, 373, 564, 246, 40, 24613, 447, 247, 357, 7554, 678, 25, 2078, 737, 7486, 23493, 813, 340, 743, 1283, 588, 281, 5408, 286, 465, 3518, 4006, 11, 318, 612, 517, 284, 428, 621, 644, 318, 10678, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 22155, 17336, 286, 262, 1573, 11, 564, 246, 48832, 447, 247, 318, 281, 43033, 6227, 11, 34357, 393, 40314, 13, 25044, 11, 530, 460, 467, 1231, 2057, 329, 1528, 11, 475, 407, 1231, 1660, 13, 536, 667, 318, 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The Art of Ancient Civilizations Reproduced by Thomas Baker Thomas Baker Paintings Home Page Reproduction of a Theran wall mural "Woman With a Necklace" (approx. 3600 years old) by Thomas Baker 48 X 48 inches, oil on plaster-textured wood panel This painting is available for purchase; price $6500.00 (U.S.) Contact Thomas Baker Prints of this painting are available--click here for info The Minoan dress shown in the above fresco was replicated and worn by a model to create a new painting, "Ariadne" (see thumbnail below; click to enlarge) Prints of this painting are available--click here for prices and ordering info Contact Thomas Baker The Theran Frescoes: A Tantalizing Glimpse of Atlantis Thera was an island colony of the Minoan civilization of seafarers that was centered on the island of Crete , off the southern coast of Greece, and was the forerunner of classical Greek culture. Located on the island known today as Santorini, Thera was destroyed and buried when the island exploded in a catastrophic volcanic eruption around 1630 BC., an event that may have ultimately doomed the entire Minoan world, and which many scholars now believe gave rise to the legend of Atlantis. The buried city of Akrotiri was discovered on Thera in the early 1970's, and the Greek government began excavation. The work continues today, made difficult by overlaying volcanic ash as much as fifty feet deep in places. Fragments of beautiful wall murals such as this one, that I have named "Woman With a Necklace," have been found in many of the houses, and are being painstakingly reassembled in archaeological laboratories like large jigsaw puzzles (although, as this reconstruction shows, sometimes not all the pieces can be found). I have recreated some of these murals as they appear today in the Athens Museum of Archaeology. (For more information on Thera, see this website, and there are more links in the text beneath my Girl Gathering Crocus Flowers reproduction). As noted above, I also replicated the clothing shown in this and other Theran paintings and used it as the basis of my modern painting "Ariadne." Unlike Egyptian, Hittite, and similar art of the time, which usually featured stiff, symbolic representations of humans and military themes, the Minoans painted light, natural, airy scenes of everyday life, showing flowers, birds, monkeys, and sea life such as octopi and leaping dolphins. In these paintings Minoan women wear elaborate jewelry and and colorful costumes that bare their breasts, as seen here. This girl wore a blouse of transparent fabric thousands of years before women of the Edwardian era put on similar garments (though not quite as revealing) to have their portraits painted by John Singer Sargent (see my reproductions of Sargent's paintings). In an interesting exercise in practical archaeology, I used modern sheer fabrics to recreate this blouse, along with an authentic Minoan skirt, and used the costume on a model to paint my illustration of the Greek legend of Ariadne. Return to Ancient Civilizations painting reproductions Thomas Baker Paintings Home Page Original paintings by Thomas Baker: Group 1 \| Group 2 \| Group 3 \| Group 4 Portraits \| Old Masters copies \| Ancient civilizations reproductions \| Prehistoric reproductions Art lessons \| Tutorial DVDs About the Artist \| Contact Thomas Baker	[ 464, 3683, 286, 13406, 7511, 4582, 198, 6207, 2076, 771, 416, 5658, 14372, 198, 22405, 14372, 23467, 654, 5995, 7873, 198, 6207, 2076, 596, 286, 257, 12634, 272, 3355, 36192, 198, 1, 48081, 2080, 257, 34726, 27077, 1, 198, 7, 1324, 13907, 13, 4570, 405, 812, 1468, 8, 416, 5658, 14372, 198, 2780, 1395, 4764, 8331, 11, 3056, 319, 46376, 12, 5239, 1522, 4898, 6103, 198, 1212, 12036, 318, 1695, 329, 5001, 26, 2756, 720, 2996, 405, 13, 405, 357, 52, 13, 50, 2014, 14039, 5658, 14372, 198, 18557, 82, 286, 428, 12036, 389, 1695, 438, 12976, 994, 329, 7508, 198, 464, 1855, 24611, 6576, 3402, 287, 262, 2029, 34093, 1073, 373, 35108, 290, 12666, 416, 257, 2746, 284, 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- The Flight of Moses to Midian. Moses made the first effort to Emancipate his enslaved brethren. At the age of forty he forsook the Court of Pharaoh and attempted to ally himself with the chosen people (Exodus 2:11,12; Acts 7:22-25; Hebrews 11:23-27). His brethren understood him not; his efforts on their behalf were futile, and he was compelled to flee For Midian for his life (Exodus 2:11-15). - Sojourn in Midian. Moses spent forty years in Midian (Acts 7:29,30). He married Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, a descendant of Abraham by his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-3; Exodus 2:16-25), and became the father of two sons (Exodus 2:22; Exodus 4:20; Exodus 18:1-4). - Moses Commission'. While in the land of Midian, Moses led the Quiet and peaceful life of a shepherd (Exodus 3:1). The angel of the Lord appeared to him in the burning bush and commanded him to return to Egypt and lead his brethren out of their bitter bondage (Exodus 3:2-10 Acts 7:30-35). Moses declined to go because of - his insignificance, (Exodus 3:11,12), - the fear that his brethren would not believe him (Exodus 4:1), - and his inability to speak with fluency (Exodus 4:10-12). - Aaron Chosen. The Lord met every objection urged by Moses, but Still he persisted in his desire to shrink from the task (Exodus 3:2-22; Exodus 4:1-13). Aaron was therefore selected to assist him and to be the Spokesman (Exodus 4:14-16). - The Return to Egypt. Moses departed from Midian, taking his wife And two sons with him. On the way the Lord met him and was about to Take his life, but this calamity was averted by Zipporah, who took a Sharp stone and circumcised her son (Exodus 4:18-26). - Brothers Meet. Moses and Aaron met at the mount of God. After an Affectionate greeting Moses communicated to him the word of the Lord And showed him the signs that had been given him (Exodus 4:27,28). - Arrival in Egypt. They arrived in Egypt and informed the elders Of Israel of the revelation from God, and the people believed and bowed Their heads in worship (Exodus 4:30,31). - Demand on Pharaoh. Moses and Aaron approached the king and in The name of God demanded the release of his children. Pharaoh Insolently and rebelliously refused the request, and the great contest Between the King of Heaven and the mighty earthly potentate began (Exodus 5:1-6). - Ten Plagues. The Lord plagued the Egyptians in order to multiply His signs and wonders, and that they might known that He is God (Exodus 7:1-5). The first nine plagues were - the waters turned to blood (Exodus 7:15-25), - frogs filled the land (Exodus 8:1-14), - lice afflicted people and beasts (Exodus 8:16-19), - flies filled the land (Exodus 8:20-24), - murrain destroyed the cattle (Exodus 9:1-7), - people afflicted with boils and blains (Exodus 9:8-14), - hail smote the growing crops (Exodus 9:13-35), - locusts filled the land (Exodus 10:13-15), - and darkness covered Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23). - Special Command to Moses. The Lord commanded Moses to tell the People to borrow of their Egyptian neighbors jewels of silver and gold (Exodus 11:1,2). The justice of this command can be seen in the fact that they had served the Egyptians many years without remuneration (Exodus 1:6-14; Exodus 5:1-19). - Harmony of Exodus 9:6,19,25. It is asserted that all the cattle of Egypt died. But is is plain that only the cattle died that remained (Exodus 9:3) in the field during the murrain. The cattle that were destroyed by the hail-storm were those that were saved from the murrain (Exodus 9:17-25). - Explanation of Exodus 9:16; Romans 9:17. The Egyptians were idolaters (Exodus 5:1-3; Exodus 9:30; Exodus 14:18). Pharaoh was "raised up" in order that God might manifest His power and glory. "Raised up" has no Reference to his birth or his elevation to the throne of Egypt. It Means "roused up" or "made to stand." When Moses and Aaron demanded the Release of the Hebrews he wickedly, rebelliously, and insolently denied The true God and refused to let them go (Exodus 5:1-3). He had already made himself a vessel of wrath fitted for destruction (Romans 9:22). God listened to the cries of his people and endured for a while this vessel fitted for destruction, and at last, when the time Came, unloosed the burning fires of judgment, roused Pharaoh up from His infidelity, and proclaimed his name throughout Egypt, and in the Ears of Israel (Exodus 7:5; Exodus 14:17,18,31). - The Passover. The Lord commanded Moses to speak unto the Children of Israel and command them to select a lamb for each household On the tenth day of the month, assuring them that this should be to Them the first month of the year (Exodus 12:1-5). They were to keep the lamb until the fourteenth day of the month and kill it at the going Down of the sun. They were to strike the posts of the doors of their Dwellings with the blood. They were to roast the flesh and eat it in Haste, with bitter herbs and unleavened bread (Exodus 12:6-20). On that night the Lord passed through the land and smote the firstborn of Man and beast (Exodus 12:21-29). - The Emancipation Proclamation. When Pharaoh heard the mighty Cry he called for Moses and Aaron and gave them permission to depart And take their property with them (Exodus 12:30-33). - The Departure. The children of Israel departed from Rameses 2513 Years after the creation of Adam (Genesis 5:3-32; Genesis 7:6; Genesis 11:10-32; Genesis 12:4,5 Genesis 21:5; Genesis 25:26; Genesis 41:46,53,54; Genesis 45:4-6; Genesis 47:9; Genesis 50:26; Exodus 7:7; Exodus 12:40,41; Galatians 3:17). There were six hundred thousand men. Allowing one woman to each man, And two children to each family, the population was at least two Million four hundred thousand (Exodus 12:37). - Sanctification of the Firstborn. In memory of the preservation Of the children of Israel during the last night in Egypt, the Lord took Unto himself the first born of man and beast (Exodus 13:1-16). - The Precious Burden. The triumphant host of Israel carried the Remains of their great benefactor Joseph with them (Genesis 50:24-26 Exodus 13:19). - The Great Leader. As they departed from Egypt the Lord went Before them in a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exodus 13:20-22). - At the Red Sea. Moses and his mighty host encamped by the Red Sea. Pharaoh and his army drew near. The people were afraid, but Moses Commanded them to stand still and see the salvation of the Lord, Assuring them that they would see the Egyptians no more, for the Lord Would fight for them, and they should hold their peace (Exodus 14:1-18). The angel of the Lord took his position between the two camps, Appearing as darkness to the Egyptians and light to the children of God. The Lord opened the sea, and the children of Israel went forward On dry ground, but the Egyptians following were drowned (Exodus 14:19-31). - Apostolic Endorsement. This mighty historical event was Endorsed by the apostle Paul (1 1 1 Corinthians 10:1-12). - Salvation of Israel. - The Lord saved the children of Israel by opening up the way for them; - and they saved themselves by using the means placed within their reach; God opened the way, and they passed through! of the Israelites from Egypt. the common chronology places the date of this event at B.C. 1491, deriving it in this way: --In (1 Kings 6:1) it is stated that the building of the temple, in the forth year of Solomon, was in the 480th year after the exodus. The fourth year of Solomon was bout B.C. 1012. Add the 480 years (leaving off one years because neither the fourth nor the 480th was a full year), and we have B.C. 1491 as the date of the exodus. This is probably very nearly correct; but many Egyptologists place it at 215 years later, --about B.C. 1300. Which date is right depends chiefly on the interpretation of the Scripture period of 430 years, as denoting the duration of the bondage of the Israelites. The period of bondage given in (Genesis 15:13,14; Exodus 12:40,41) and Gala 3:17 As 430 years has been interpreted to cover different periods. The common chronology makes it extend from the call of Abraham to the exodus, one-half of it, or 215 years, being spend in Egypt. Others make it to cover only the period of bondage spend in Egypt. St. Paul says in (Galatians 3:17) that from the covenant with (or call of) Abraham the giving of the law (less than a year after the exodus) was 430 years. But in (Genesis 15:13,14) it is said that they should be strangers in a strange land,a nd be afflicted 400 years, and nearly the same is said in (Exodus 12:40) But, in very truth, the children of Israel were strangers in a strange land from the time that Abraham left his home for the promised land, and during that whole period of 430 years to the exodus they were nowhere rulers in the land. So in (Exodus 12:40) it is said that the sojourning of the children of Israel who dwelt in Egypt was 430 years. But it does not say that the sojourning was all in Egypt, but this people who lived in Egypt had been sojourners for 430 years. (a) This is the simplest way of making the various statements harmonize. (b) The chief difficulty is the great increase of the children of Israel from 70 to 2,000,000 in so short a period as 215 years, while it is very easy in 430 years. But under the circumstances it is perfectly possible in the shorter period. See on ver. 7 (C) If we make the 430 years to include only the bondage in Egypt, we must place the whole chronology of Abraham and the immigration of Jacob into Egypt some 200 years earlier, or else the exodus 200 years later, or B.C. 1300. in either case special difficulty is brought into the reckoning. (d) Therefore, on the whole, it is well to retain the common chronology, though the later dates may yet prove to be correct. The history of the exodus itself commences with the close of that of the ten plagues. [PLAGUES, THE TEN, THE TEN COMMANDMENTS] In the night in which, at midnight, the firstborn were slain, (Exodus 12:29) Pharaoh urged the departure of the Israelites. vs. (Exodus 12:31,32) They at once set forth from Rameses, vs. (Exodus 12:37,39) apparently during the night v. (Exodus 12:42) but towards morning on the 15th day of the first month. (Numbers 33:3) They made three journeys, and encamped by the Red Sea. Here Pharaoh overtook them, and the great miracle occurred by which they were saved, while the pursuer and his army were destroyed. [RED SEA SEA, PASSAGE OF] 1841. exodos -- a departure ... Phonetic Spelling: (ex'-od-os) Short Definition: an exit, departure, death Definition: (a) an exit, going out, departure from a place; the exodus, (b) death. ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/1841.htm - 6k ... EXODUS. ... i.19). It may therefore originally have stood after Exodus 34:9 or before Numbers 10:29.] [Footnote 2: Or rather, the ten words. ... //christianbookshelf.org/mcfadyen/introduction to the old testament/exodus.htm ... The Exodus. A Sermon (No.55). Delivered on Sabbath Morning, December 9, 1855, by the. REV. CH SPURGEON. At New Park Street Chapel, Southwark. ... /...//christianbookshelf.org/spurgeon/spurgeons sermons volume 2 1856/the exodus.htm Exodus iii. 6 ... LECTURE XXVIII. EXODUS iii. 6. EXODUS iii.6. And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look upon God. Luke 23:30. Then shall ... /.../arnold/the christian life/lecture xxviii exodus iii 6.htm ... Book I. Chapter XXXV."The Exodus. "After this, Moses, by the command of God, whose providence is over all, led out the people ... /.../unknown/recognitions of clement /chapter xxxv the exodus.htm Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26. ... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. The question was addressed by Moses to the professed people of God, immediately after their ... /.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords.htm Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26. ... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. Last Friday evening, you will remember, that in discoursing from this text, I mentioned ... /.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords 2.htm Lii. Manna. Exodus xvi. 4. ... LII. MANNA. EXODUS xvi. 4. I."Manna like salvation, because undeserved. The people murmured at the very first difficulty. If they ... //christianbookshelf.org/champness/broken bread/lii manna exodus xvi 4.htm ... For the Outline Study of the Bible by Books. * * * * Chapter II. Exodus. Chapter 2. Exodus. Name. The name Exodus means a going out or departure. ... /.../gerberding/the way of salvation in the lutheran church/chapter ii exodus.htm It is Proved that Jesus was the Name of God in the Book of Exodus. ... Chapter LXXV."It is proved that Jesus was the name of God in the book of Exodus. ... Footnotes: Exodus 23:20, 21. [Numbers 13:16.]. ... /.../chapter lxxv it is proved that.htm Of the Old Testament, Therefore, First of all There have Been ... ... Of the Old Testament, therefore, first of all there have been handed down five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Then Jesus Nave ... /.../37 of the old testament.htm The After Life The Age of Accountability The Age of Earth The Alabaster Box the Amorites Amorite The Angel of Death The Angel of Light The Appearance of Evil The Ark of Covenant The Armor of God The Babylonish Captivity the Baptize John The Battle is the Lords The Bermuda Triangle The Big Bang Theory The Birth of Christ The Blood Covenant The Blood of Jesus The Body of Christ The Body of the Church The Book Of the Book Of Daniel the Book Of Enoch the Book Of Esther the Book Of Jeremiah the Book Of Judith the Book Of Micah the Book Of Nehemiah the Book Of Numbers the Book Of Proverb the Book Of Psalms The Book of the Secrets Of the Book Of Zechariah The Bride of Christ the Brook Besor the Brook Cherith the Brook of The Willows The Canon of Scripture The Christian Family The Christmas Tree The City Underwater the Cliff Of Ziz The Color Blue The Color Purple The Color Yellow The Consequences of Sin The Cost of Discipleship The Cost to Follow Jesus The Daniel Fast the Day Of Atonement The Day of Judgement The Day of Pentecost The Earth Orbiting the Sun The End of Days the Epistle Of James the Epistle of Paul To Philemon the Epistle To The Colossians the Epistle To The Ephesians the Epistle To The Galatians The Ethiopian Eunuch the Feast Of Tabernacles the First Epistle General Of John The First Resurrection The Five Senses The Fivefold Ministry The Four Seasons The Fruit of the Spirit The Fullers Field the Garden Of Uzza the General Epistle Of James The Great Commission the Great Synagogue The Great Tribulation The Greek Language The Hebrew Monarchy the Hill Gareb the Hill Hachilah The Holy Land The Holy Spirit The Holy Trinity the House Of Millo The Ice Age the Jews of The Dispersion The Kingdom or Church of Christ the Land Of Benjamin the Land Of Canaan the Land Of Shalim 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The United States Supreme Court's decision to review Grutter v. Bollinger could have long-term consequences in how our society approaches issues of race, affirmative action, quotas and diversity as we enter this new millennium. The case began when Barbara Grutter, a 43-year-old white woman, sued the University of Michigan law school for racial discrimination when it denied her admission while accepting many other applicants with objectively inferior academic credentials. The school admitted that it considered the applicant's race as one of many factors in its admissions decisions but denied that it used quotas. It sought to justify its consideration of race to promote diversity, which it contended created a better educational environment. The United States District Court didn't buy the school's arguments. While the Court didn't find that the school was using quotas per se, it did reject the school's attempt to downplay race as a factor in its admission decisions. The Court found "the evidence indisputably demonstrates that the law school places a very heavy emphasis on an applicant's race in deciding whether to accept or reject." Such "racial classifications," by a state-funded institution, according to the Court, can only be justified under the law if they serve the "compelling state interest" of remedying past discrimination committed specifically by that institution. Promoting diversity, in other words, was not a "compelling state interest" to warrant this "reverse" discrimination. Since there was no proof that the law school had ever discriminated against the favored groups: African-Americans, Native-Americans or Hispanics, the Court ruled that the school's admissions policy was unconstitutional and in violation of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals reversed the District Court, holding that a race-conscious admissions program could be justified for reasons other than to remedy past discrimination and promoting diversity is one of those reasons. The United States Supreme Court, presumably, will tell us which court is correct. How will the Supremes rule? Well, there seems to be a consensus that the 1978 Bakke case (Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke) outlawed quotas. But what about the use of racial classifications that don't quite rise to the level of quotas? Can such classifications ever be justified in the absence of evidence of past discrimination by the specific institution involved? The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment has been interpreted to mean that the "Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." But the actual decision in this case will turn on the exceptions to that principle. The Supreme Court will have to decide whether the goal of promoting diversity will become another exception (along with the goal of remedying past discrimination) to the rule against racial discrimination. When it's all said and done, the Court's decision will likely be based more on policy than legal considerations. It will involve value judgments having little to do with the law. Sure, the decision will be couched in esoteric legalese, but it will ultimately be a question of whether the Court determines that diversity is an essential policy. The Supreme Court in these types of issues, like it or not, often becomes a super legislature. If it were merely an interpreter of the law -- strictly a judicial body as I believe it was intended to be -- it would be hard pressed to carve out exceptions to the constitutional and statutory prescriptions against racial discrimination. It is clearly the Court's prerogative to decide whether racial classifications violate the Equal Protection Clause in the first place. But once that decision is made, the Court crosses the line when it invents exceptions, no matter how socially desirable it deems them to be. But while we're talking about these value judgments, I remain firmly convinced that our society is thinking way too much in terms of groups and classes than individuals. This is not only foreign to the American ideal of equal opportunity, but is insulting and destructive to the individuals comprising these favored groups and classes, as well as damaging to race relations overall. America will be a better place in the long run if it resists the temptation to yield to societal pressure to impose politically correct value judgments and musters the courage to adhere to colorblindness.	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April 12, 2011 5:43 AM Kathryn Hobgood Ray Imagine a future where buildings are smart enough to “talk” — at least to tell you when you are wasting precious natural resources and need to adjust temperature, water consumption, power or lighting. The Tulane University School of Architecture has teamed up with IBM to launch a pilot program to do just that, by uniting computer technology with green building practices. Richardson Memorial Hall, the home of the School of Architecture, will be the first Tulane building to go online in the pilot program, officially called “Smart Building Solutions.” Technology is being installed in the building now, with an eye toward a future renovation project. “Richardson Memorial will undergo a major renovation starting in a few years,” says architecture dean Kenneth Schwartz. “The challenge for us is to take a structure that’s over 100 years old and make it smarter, more efficient and effective in the way it operates.” According to Schwartz, Tulane’s opportunity to participate in the program came about thanks to Randall Dalia, an IBM executive who is an alumnus of the architecture school and the A. B. Freeman School of Business. Two Tulane departments are involved in the project — technology services will oversee the computer programming and databases, while facilities services will manage the building. “We’re operating under the mantra, ‘If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it,”’ says Charlie McMahon, Tulane’s chief technology officer. “We’ll be able to collect data about usage and incorporate what we learn into the renovation project so we can have a more energy efficient building when we are done.” McMahon says that Richardson Memorial will serve as a “living laboratory” for the architecture faculty and students to see firsthand the impact of building energy management techniques into a historic structure. 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One hundred years ago, at the beginning of the history of the National Art Museum of Ukraine, which was first called the City Museum of Antiques and Art, there was hardly any concept of Ukrainian professional art. Ukraine was always famous for its national ethnographical applied art. The founders of the museum’s collections decided to prove that this opinion was wrong and defined the list of main representatives of Ukrainian fine art. These scientists have included in the list not only those who were born and worked in Ukraine, but also those national-conscious artists who lived abroad. They thought that foreigners who worked in Ukraine have enriched a national culture too. These principles were the basis of their collective work. So works of T. Shevchenko, I. Repin, V. Borovikovskiy, V. Tropinin, N. Pimonenko, M. Vrubel, N. Ge, G. Narbut, A. Murashko and V. Krichevskiy became a part of the museum’s collection. The collectors have found even some older works ranging from medieval icons to Cossacks times portraits of military and church leaders and humorous comic pictures “Cossack Mamay”. Things came to collection from different areas ranging from far western Galitsia to eastern Tchernigovshina areas. They looked for masterpieces of Ukrainian art in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and even wrote correspondence to Ukrainian artists living in Europe and America. Though this activity was stopped during the Stalin’s repressions, and a big part of collection was dispersed or hidden, the tradition is still alive. Today there are a lot of new works of art coming to museum’s collections. Among these new comings are: unique icon relief “St. George in His Lifetime” dating to the 12th century; works of the founder of international abstractionism Kazimir Malevitch, who was native Ukrainian; masterpiece of Ukrainian rococo “The Great Martyr” icon, graphics of world famous Ukrainian living in the USA, Y. Gnizdovskiy. Now there are thousands of exhibits presented in the museum’s collection. The 1990s, the first decade of Ukrainian independence, were the time when museum came to an international level. For the first time in the museum’s history its collections were exhibited in famous museums of Canada, France, Denmark, Croatia. The world discovered an advanced culture of the country with 10,000 years of history. As a result, some previously infamous artists became a part of international art elite. For example, A. Petritskiy is considered to be one of the best set designers of the 20th century, V. Yermilov is known as the most laconic constructivist of the 20s, and O. Bogomazov is ranked as one of the best futurists of Europe. Those exhibitions also have discovered the Ukrainian side of some famous Russian artists as O. Exter, A. Arkhipenko, D. Burluk. The items from museum’s collections often become the sensations on international exhibitions. In 1997 on “The Fame of Byzantium” exhibition the 12th century icon “St. Geroge in His Lifetime” gained the steadfast attention of the specialists. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is of course not the oldest in the list of most famous museums of the world. But its prestige is constantly becoming higher. And the belief of museum founders that Ukrainian culture is valuable on international level today has spread around the world.	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The obvious answer to drought stress on lawns is to apply water. Deep, infrequent watering to the depth of the root system is the ideal situation. This should be done when lawns show the first signs of drought stress, such as wilting, darkening color, and footprints remaining after walking across the lawn. A variety of factors, including budgets, site factors, and watering restrictions all might make this impossible. When an organic lawn care program is in place, the organic matter used to topdress and the resulting improved soil structure will likely extend the greening period farther into the summer before the lawn goes dormant. This improved soil structure will also allow the grass plant to take full advantage of the moisture present and food uptake into the grass plant. Good soil structure will allow the lawn to return to active growth and recover quickly. Once cool-season turfgrasses have gone dormant (stopped active growth, turned off-color) it's best to leave them in that condition rather than watering heavily to cause the grass to green-up again. Breaking dormancy actually drains reserves within the plant, and if conditions remain dry and the weather is hot, the plant is not likely to replace those reserves. In a 'typical' summer, lawns go dormant and resume active growth when conditions improve. The downside of dormancy is the appearance of the lawn and the risk of problems arising on the inactive lawn, such as weed invasions. The common question is how much water is enough to keep the turf alive? Applying 1/4 to 1/2 inch every two to four weeks should be enough to maintain moisture in the crown and roots so the turf can survive and resume growing when conditions improve. Mow lawns higher for the summer. A range of 2.5 to 3 inches would be suggested for most turf stands where Kentucky bluegrass is the primary species. As always, mowing should be on a frequent basis so that no more than one-third of the leaf blade is removed in any one cutting. Taller turf allows more shading of the soil, conserving what moisture is in the soil. Avoid applying excess nitrogen fertilizer during hot, dry conditions. Lawn grasses will respond by putting out excessive growth when they should be going dormant. Wait until the early September period for fertilizing most lawns, rather than summer. Use fertilizers providing adequate potassium, in addition to nitrogen. When growing using organic materials, nitrogen will be available as needed but never in excess. Whenever possible, limit traffic of any type on the lawn. Drought stress will occur faster on turf stands with poor soil conditions underneath. Soil compaction, clay fill, high pH, and general poor conditions for root growth becomes very evident under stress conditions such as drought. Although immediate corrections may not be possible, make notes of problem areas that will need to be addressed later. Work on improving rooting of the lawn grasses. Lawns with problem thatch layers will experience drought stress sooner. Many of the same soil factors just mentioned are likely to be the cause. In addition, take a close look at management practices that may contribute to thatch, such as overfertilizing or overwatering.	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Enlistment Data on Soldier from the 27th US Colored Infantry Source: Military Service Record, Pvt. Jacob Thomas, National Archives Publication M1824 As one who has researched their ancestors' involvement in the Civil War, I have come to understand something about the myths and the realities of who did and did not serve in the Civil War. The reasons why some stories are not refuted even when they are purely nonsensical, and downright untrue, is because many of us who descend from enslaved people, have never studied the Civil War. For example---in a recent genealogy chat, the involvement of black men who enlisted in the Union Army came up. One member described information about her ancestor who served in a unit from Mississippi. Another member of the same group---a regular to the chat for over 10 years, remarked that it was amazing to him, to hear that her Mississippi Ancestor enlisted in the Union Army. Soldier is buried in Dripping Springs Cemetery in Crawford County Arkansas. (Cemetery was documented by Tonia Holleman) I asked him why that was so unusual. and he replied that "well, her ancestor was not from the North, but he lived in the South." I wanted to make sure that I understood what he meant, and I wondered if he was going to start talking about the infamous mythical confederate issue, but he did not. He then innocently and sincerely asked the question, "well----weren't most black soldiers in the Union Army from places in the north, like Massachusetts?" I pointed out to him that a majority of the United States Colored Troops were units that were organized in the South. He was surprised, amazed and confused! He was truly trying to understand---- "But how could that be? " he asked. I was stunned by his word. But then I got it----I realized that other than what he had learned from the movie "Glory!" his knowledge of the role of African American soldiers from the south, in the Civil War, was non-existent! He knew nothing! And this is a man in his 60s, who has been dabbling in family history for more than a decade! He was curious and asked honest and innocent questions---how could they get up north to enlist? The impression that he had, was that black men had to escape to the north to enlist in the Union Army. His sense was that all black Civil War soldiers were organized in the north like the soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry. Famous Image of the 54th Massachusetts at Ft. Wagner. Source: Library of Congress There was no sense of time, nor place----and I pointed out to him that the war was fought in the south, on southern soil, and as federal soldiers came into an area, THAT provided the opportunity for them to enlist! This was foreign to him. Now I must point out, this is a gentleman whom I have respected as being a long lasting researcher, but I was so surprised at how there was almost no concept of how black men entered the Civil War, and where and under what circumstances. He did ask good questions-----how did they get a chance when they were still held as slaves? Wouldn't the slave masters have prevented their leaving to fight? Another member then reminded him----this was wartime! The slave masters and the overseers were not there----they had entered the confederate army to fight! When Union soldiers came--they could raid area farms both large estates and small farms, and so many times the white men folk were not present, and slaves had access to the Union lines for the first time! Recruitment Handbill, for soldiers to join Union Army This small concept had never occurred to him, and he had never read anything about the recruitment of black soldiers---and up until that time----he always thought that a majority of black soldiers came from New England!!! It was pointed out that the 130 + regiments of United States Colored Troops, were organized in the south and he was truly amazed! I too was amazed, but for another reason---I had to ask, how many of our own elders in our communities were also under the impression that either we had no role in the War, or that only a few blacks from New England enlisted in the Union Army to fight? Was he alone in his misconception of black participation? Is this why the black confederate myth went unchallenged for so long? Could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the Fight for Freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? After all, the story was created by hobbyists, reenactors and not by historians. But as we who descend from US Colored Troops have had so few Civil War enthusiasts in our own midst, until recent years, and there was no one for a long time to refute this revised history and newly created myths. I realized that until the past 20 years----there were no monuments to the USCTs. African American Civil War Memorial Monument But---almost every town large and small in the south has confederate monuments in the town square or on the ground of the local courthouse. And they have had them for decades! Monuments such as this one in Arkansas are found in hundreds of towns throughout the south. The local and state histories show the photos of the confederate reunions well into the 20th century. But no textbooks or state histories show images of USCT reunions. Though many GAR chapters were integrated, the reunions of black regiments were rare----if any occurred at all. And in the south----did any occur ever? What are the results of this lack of knowledge? Did the actions of Andrew Johnson to restore the secessionists to their status of "first class" status over an oppressed second class, lead to a silencing of the soldiers, denying those men who fought and died, who were of African descent no chance to spread honor and pride to their descendants. Were they thus prevented in their expressions of pride and dignity from passing this knowledge to the next generations? Did the use of the confederate flag----a flag of the enemy for the US Colored Troops---- did the use of the flag officially flown in front of courthouses and as well as the flag use in terrorist acts, such as lynchings, force these honorable men, into a silence, requiring them to never speak to the next generation about their fight for freedom? Is this how and why our stories got lost in our own families? And what was the result of this forced silence? Shame? Poor self-esteem, powerlessness? The better question----what comes from knowing one's history? I can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from Tennessee who served in the 111th US Colored Infantry, were captured, escaped and re-enlisted----I can only say that I saw with my own eyes----the changes in body language as the young males heard this story of our Uncle Sephus, Uncle Braxton, Cousins Henry and Emmanuel Bass. I was asked to tell this story again to a new generation only this past year and once again----the effect was amazing. Did they hear it and understand it? I don't know----but I know that in order for us to get to the story----we have to learn the Facts. * There were 138 regiments of the US Colored Troops who were volunteers in the Union Army. * Most of these regiments were organized in the South. * There were 7 additional units part of the regular army. They were from Mass, Conn, and La. * All of these units served and/or saw action in the south. * The US Colored Troops saw action in 268 different battles/skirmishes between 1863-1866. Memorize these few facts and pass them on!!! Many stories lie untold in the unread pages of the official records of the Civil War. As we speak of honoring our ancestors----we have to tell their stories and in order to get to the story----we must learn the facts! 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Everybody knows cats don't have nine lives and black cats aren't a cover for witches. But these types of tall tales have contributed to people's incorrect notions about cats. Here are often-heard feline health yarns, and what to say to clients to unravel 1. Cats are aloof, unsocial creatures Dogs wag their tails and bark in delight when you come home. Cats show affection by nuzzling your leg. Even though they're not boisterous, they still want—and need—attention. Some cats do shun human affection, but these introverts don't represent the whole feline species. In fact, lack of interaction can be an early sign of illness. 2. Indoor cats don't need preventive medicine A cat doesn't have to go outside to get sick, especially if it lives with other pets that do head out. Animals that go from the outdoors in might harbor—and pass on—all sorts of infections, from respiratory viruses to internal parasites. And fleas and mosquitoes can easily make their way into the house then jump onto or bite an unsuspecting indoor cat. 3. Cats are independent and don't need care Cats don't need to be let out to go to the bathroom, but they can't open a can of food. Even though putting out extra food might satisfy their physical needs for a weekend alone, it doesn't cover their emotional needs. What's more, if a cat gets sick—say from ingesting a foreign object—while home by itself, it can be very sick by Sunday night. 4. Cats go outside the litter box to be spiteful Behavior problems aren't at the root of inappropriate elimination. Instead, missing the box often signals an underlying medical condition, such as urinary tract disease or infection, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. It can also be a sign of arthritis, which makes getting into the litter box difficult. Teach clients that when they notice their cats "going" in the wrong place, they should contact you immediately. 5. Cats don't get heartworms Heartworms affect dogs and cats differently, but they do affect cats. Cases of feline heartworm disease have been reported in all 50 states. Unlike dogs, cats are troubled by heartworm larvae (juvenile adult heartworms) rather than mature adult heartworms. When the larvae die in cats' lungs, they cause lesions that may lead to airway and arterial disease referred to as heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD). Cats that exhibit asthma-like symptoms may in fact be suffering from HARD. The disease can't be cured, but it's totally preventable with the proper use of preventive medication.	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Find Out Which Foods That Promote Sleep Will Give You a Good Night’s Rest We all know that sleep and diet are both key to good overall health, but what is less well known is the strong link between the two. Good sleep promotes a healthy appetite and foods that promote sleep can make it all happen. Those who do not eat well may be causing themselves a bad night of rest, and lack of sleep can cause poor eating habits. This can become a self-perpetuating cycle, with bad habits in one leading to bad habits in the other. The good news is that there are foods that are not only good for you, but that will also actually help you sleep as well. These foods that promote sleep do double duty on the health front, and thus you would do well to consider adding them to your diet. What and when you eat has a great effect on your sleep. Beyond the obvious effects of things like caffeine and alcohol on your sleep, regular foods can have great effects as well. Eating spicy foods such as peppers before bed is a bad idea because you could be kept up by indigestion or heartburn. Eating a full meal close to bed time is also not a good idea as it can cause these same issues as well. Drinking lots of fluids before bed is could also affect your sleep by causing you to wake in the middle of the night to take a trip to the bathroom. But besides the foods and eating habits that effect your sleep in obvious ways, what about foods that affect the brain in a more basic way? There are foods that can have effects on the brain at a chemical level that can help promote sleep. Foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid, when eaten along with foods contain simple sugars known as carbohydrates can have a powerful sleep inducing effect on the brain. Eating foods that contain calcium along with these other two further improves the effect. Tryptophan is a precursor to both melatonin and serotonin Serotonin and melatonin are both hormones manufactured in the brain that help it sleep. Tryptophan is a building block the brain uses to create these two sleep hormones. There are two ways to increase serotonin and melatonin production in the brain, the first is to eat foods that contain Tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. This is where carbohydrates come in. Carbohydrates make tryptophan more available to the brain by stimulating the release of insulin into the blood stream. The insulin clears the blood of other amino acids which would otherwise compete with the Tryptophan, thus making it more available to the brain. Calcium also aids the brain in using Tryptophan in producing melatonin. So now that the basics of how these foods promote sleep has been covered, it is important to know which foods and combinations of foods best produce this effect. Dairy is a good choice because dairy products contain both tryptophan and calcium. Below are some foods that contain tryptophan, calcium, protein, or a mixture of them. Oatmeal with Milk and Walnuts Carbohydrates and protein make this combination a great snack to eat before bed. These contain melatonin; just make sure it is the tart variety, the kind used for making pie. This is a perfect sleep inducing food because it contains half carbohydrates and half protein. Bananas are a triple treat as they contain tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin. Add a piece of bread for a carbohydrate. These have both tryptophan and carbohydrates, so they make a good sleep inducing food. So if you are having trouble falling asleep, try someof these foods that promote sleep. You will likely find that you are falling asleep faster and easier.	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Since 2010, schools across America have been taking part in Michelle Obama's 'Let's Move' initiative to help fight childhood obesity in America — with parents, principals and teachers trying to promote healthy living in and out of the classroom. So, how well is it working? Have schools in Walnut Creek found ways to keep local children fit and healthy? The Mount Diablo School District adheres to USDA nutrition standards for its school meals, offering unlimited fruits and vegetables and using whole grains. The district hired a chef for the 2012-13 school year to "introduce some exciting new healthy recipes" on school menus. The Walnut Creek School District has a wellness policy that provides nutrition guidelines for school meals and stipulates that students get an hour a day of exercise. But "Let's Move" wants schools to do more than ditch junk food and give P.E. lessons. Teachers are encouraged to incorporate nutrition education and physical activity into the curriculum, by making such concepts part of the daily routine. For example, the Active Schools Acceleration Program is currently offering grants for schools to take more innovative steps toward getting the kids active. Programs include "an academically integrated curriculum of in-class movement breaks," a before-school group aerobic work-out program, and a "100-mile club" where the kids work throughout the school year to run 100 miles. How is your child's school helping students stay fit and healthy? What do you think are the most effective methods to fight childhood obesity in school? Share your experience in the comments.	[ 6385, 3050, 11, 4266, 1973, 2253, 423, 587, 2263, 636, 287, 16738, 2486, 338, 705, 5756, 338, 10028, 6, 10219, 284, 1037, 1907, 9963, 13825, 287, 2253, 851, 351, 3397, 11, 44998, 290, 7799, 2111, 284, 7719, 5448, 2877, 287, 290, 503, 286, 262, 15806, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 703, 880, 318, 340, 1762, 30, 8192, 4266, 287, 6445, 14930, 13509, 1043, 2842, 284, 1394, 1957, 1751, 4197, 290, 5448, 30, 198, 464, 5628, 31452, 3961, 5665, 512, 19079, 284, 29986, 16633, 5423, 329, 663, 1524, 13840, 11, 6011, 15822, 15921, 290, 13701, 290, 1262, 2187, 21824, 13, 383, 4783, 9657, 257, 21221, 329, 262, 2321, 12, 1485, 1524, 614, 284, 366, 27427, 344, 617, 7895, 649, 5448, 14296, 1, 319, 1524, 26798, 13, 383, 6445, 14930, 13509, 3961, 5665, 468, 257, 42506, 2450, 326, 3769, 16633, 9949, 329, 1524, 13840, 290, 22111, 15968, 326, 2444, 651, 281, 1711, 257, 1110, 286, 5517, 13, 198, 1537, 366, 5756, 338, 10028, 1, 3382, 4266, 284, 466, 517, 621, 30115, 18556, 2057, 290, 1577, 350, 13, 36, 13, 11658, 13, 32426, 389, 10085, 284, 19330, 16633, 3707, 290, 3518, 3842, 656, 262, 20583, 11, 416, 1642, 884, 10838, 636, 286, 262, 4445, 8027, 13, 198, 1890, 1672, 11, 262, 14199, 20357, 29805, 341, 6118, 318, 3058, 6011, 11455, 329, 4266, 284, 1011, 517, 13097, 4831, 3812, 1972, 262, 3988, 4075, 13, 26179, 2291, 366, 272, 15574, 1146, 11521, 20583, 286, 287, 12, 4871, 3356, 9457, 553, 257, 878, 12, 14347, 1448, 43294, 670, 12, 448, 1430, 11, 290, 257, 366, 3064, 12, 18085, 3430, 1, 810, 262, 3988, 670, 3690, 262, 1524, 614, 284, 1057, 1802, 4608, 13, 198, 2437, 318, 534, 1200, 338, 1524, 5742, 2444, 2652, 4197, 290, 5448, 30, 1867, 466, 345, 892, 389, 262, 749, 4050, 5050, 284, 1907, 9963, 13825, 287, 1524, 30, 8734, 534, 1998, 287, 262, 3651, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	314
Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea The drone of cicadas is one of Sydney's most recognisable sounds of summer. Cicadas are the loudest insects in the world and there are more than 200 species in Australia. It is thought that the sound produced by some communal species can act as a defence against predatory birds and some are even loud enough (120 decibels) to be painful to the human ear. Cicadas also often sing in chorus, which makes it more difficult for a predator to locate an individual. Cicadas are so conspicuous that many of their common names were initially given to them by children. As a result cicadas probably have the most colourful common names in the insect world. Some of these include: Black Prince (Psaltoda plaga), Double Drummer, Floury Baker, and the Green Grocer or Yellow Monday, Cyclochila australasiae. - Only male cicadas sing. They do this in an attempt to find a mate. - Different species have different songs to attract only their own kind. - Adult cicadas have short lives, usually only a few weeks. - Most of their lives are spent as nymphs underground. For some species this can be up to several years. - Cicadas feed only on plant sap using their piercing, sucking mouthparts. - Cicadas feed on a huge range of plants, including eucalypts and grasses. - Birds, bats, spiders, wasps, ants, mantids and tree crickets all prey on cicadas. What are cicadas? They are classified in the order Hemiptera, which includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth-parts. (Other insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects). There are more than 200 Australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the one large family, the Cicadidae. Cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in Australia, but that term is more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper. What do cicadas look like? Adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings. The wing spans of the different species range from about 2.5 cm - 15 cm. When not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. The longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. The fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a few species it is dull and opaque. The wings are strengthened by a number of thin, firm veins. Adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length. The femur (thigh joint) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other legs. Cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the head They also have three very small glistening simple eyes (ocelli) on the top of the head. The cicada's antennae (feelers) are quite small and bristle-like. The mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak-like sheath. The sheath (labium) passes backwards from the lower surface of the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. It contains four fine, needle-like stylets used in feeding. Cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth stylets. They then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave surfaces of two of the stylets. This piercing and sucking kind of feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars. Cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable. They do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws when handled. They are considered harmless to people, despite the fact that their high-pitched call may annoy some people. The adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or branches of trees in summer. They are often wary and fly away when approached. Smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long grass. Cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. They are also carried off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for many other animals Even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by the larvae of Feather-horned Beetles (family Rhipiceridae). Cicadas are notorious singers. The song is a mating call produced by the males only. Each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may co-exist. Cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and specialised means of producing sound. Some large species such as the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday and the Double Drummer produce a noise intensity in excess of 120 dB at close range (this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear). In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing. The apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is still continuing on the mechanisms involved. The organs which produce sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen. Contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound. By relaxing these muscles, the tymbals pop back to their original position. In some cicada species, a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles. Both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing. A pair of large, mirror-like membranes, the tympana, receive the sound. The tympana are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon. When a male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won't be deafened by its own noise. Many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day. The loud noise produced by some day-singing cicadas actually repels birds, probably because the noise is painful to the birds' ears and interferes with their normal communication. The males of many cicada species, including the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday, and the Double Drummer, tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of bird predation. Some cicada species only sing at dusk. Often these species are weak fliers (as in the case of the Bladder Cicada). They gain some protection from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk. Cicadas spend most of their life underground. It has been suggested that some of the large, common Australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6-7 years. This would explain why adult cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons that others, with peaks occurring every few years. The periodical cicadas of North America spend 13 or 17 years underground. In contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very short, lasting only a few weeks. After mating, the adult female cicada lays its eggs. It does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor (egg-laying spike at the tip of the abdomen) and inserting the eggs into the slits it has made. The eggs hatch into small wingless cicadas which are known as nymphs. They fall to the ground and burrow below the surface. Here they live on the sap from plant roots for a period which may last several years. They shed their skin at intervals as they grow. When the nymph reaches full size it digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially adapted for digging. It generally surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. The nymph then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin for the last time. The fully-winged adult cicada which emerges leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind. For enquiries relating to these insects in the Australian Museum collection please contact the Collection Manager - Moulds, M.S. 1990. Australian Cicadas. New South Wales University Press. 217 pp., 24 pls. 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\|Family XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES. GENUS XII. CORYTHUS, Cuv. PINE-FINCH. \|Genus\|\|CORYTHUS ENUCLEATOR, Linn. In WILSON'S time, this beautiful bird was rare in Pennsylvania; but since then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of 1836, my young friend J. TRUDEAU, M. D., procured several in the vicinity of Philadelphia. That season also they were abundant in the States of New York and Massachusetts. Some have been procured near the mouth of the Big Guyandotte on the Ohio; and Mr. NUTTALL has observed it on the lower parts of the Missouri. I have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the State of Maine, and have met with it on several islands in the Bay of Fundy, as well as in Newfoundland and Labrador. Dr. RICHARDSON mentions it as having been observed by the Expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at Hudson's Bay. It is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in North America, where even the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, though found during summer in Newfoundland and Labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the Texas, where as late as the middle of May I saw many in their richest plumage. The Pine Grosbeak is a charming songster. Well do I remember how delighted I felt, while lying on the moss-clad rocks of Newfoundland, near St. George's Bay, I listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of August, particularly about sunset. I was reminded of the pleasure I had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear Mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another Grosbeak. But, reader, at Newfoundland I was still farther removed from my beloved family; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. The stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as I thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. The glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great Gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer I gazed, the more I wished to remain; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. Silently I groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the Ripley. The young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son JOHN WOODHOUSE, and a Newfoundland Indian, had gone into the interior in search of Rein Deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. My son brought a number of Pine Grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. It was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. These sores or excrescences are, I believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir-trees on which they obtain their food. Some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and I was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. One of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores. I was assured that during mild winters, the Pine Grosbeak is found in the forests of Newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. A lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. I have observed the same to happen to the Cardinal and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. The flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. They alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. At such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. I have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little Hawks, they gazed upon me as if I were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. They are easily caught under snow-shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood-cutters' camps in the State of Maine, and are said to afford good eating. Their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. Occasionally also they seize a passing insect. I once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew. My kind friend THOMAS M'CULLOCH Of Pictou in Nova Scotia, has sent me the following notice, which I trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. Last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. The Pine Grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of Pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. A pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that I almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. Being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, I determined to make the attempt; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. Shortly after, I received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. By more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. To reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing I did was to give him a small quantity of seed. But three mornings in succession I happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning I was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. The third morning, I allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until I arose. As the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. About the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. During the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, I was awakened by him dashing against the glass. The desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days I could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. Unable to resist his appeals, I give him his release; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. Having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. He then alighted by the door, and I was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him. "These birds are subject to a curious disease, which I have never seen in any other. Irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. To the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey-comb. Sometimes, though rarely, I have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. An acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. It became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. By this person I was informed that his Grosbeak usually sang during a thunder-storm, or when rain was falling on the house." While in the State of Maine, I observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. They alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. But, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. They then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees. Male, 8 1/2, 14. Female, 8 1/4, 13 1/2. From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory. PINE GROSBEAK, Loxia Enucleator, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. i. p. 80. PYRRHULA ENUCLEATOR, Bonap. Syn., p. 119. PYRRHULA (CORYTHUS) ENUCLEATOR, Pine Bullfinch, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer. vol. ii. p. 262. PINE GROSBEAK or BULLFINCH, Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 535. PINE GROSBEAK, Pyrrhula Enucleator, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. iv. p. 414. Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower; the gap-line deflected at the base. Head rather large, ovate, flattened above; neck short; body full. Legs short, of moderate strength; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute. Plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. At the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. The wings of moderate length; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers. Bill reddish-brown. Iris hazel. Feet blackish-brown, claws black. The general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. Wings blackish-brown; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish-white, the secondaries more broadly with white; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white, the smaller coverts edged with red. Length to end of tail 8 1/2 inches, the end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 14; wing from flexure 4 3/4; tail 4; bill along the ridge (7 1/2)/12, along the edge of lower mandible 7/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; first toe (4 1/2)/12, its claw 5/12; middle toe 8/12, its claw 5/12. The female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. The bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. The upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish-brown, each feather with a central dusky streak; the rump brownish-yellow; the rest of the upper parts light brownish-grey. Wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey; the cheeks and throat greyish-white or yellowish; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash-grey, as are the lower tail-coverts. Length to end of tail 8 1/4 inches, to end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 13 1/2; wing from flexure 4 1/2; tail 3 10/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; middle toe and claw 1 1/12. Young fully fledged. The young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown. An adult male from Boston examined. The roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges; the lower mandible deeply concave. Tongue 4 1/2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. This remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill between the scales of a strobilus, to lay hold of the seed by pressing it against the roof of the mandible. In the Crossbills, the tongue is nearly of the same form, but more slender, and these birds feed in the same manner, in so far as regards the prehension of the food. In the present species, the tongue is much strengthened by the peculiar form of the basi-hyoid bone, to which there is appended as it were above a thin longitudinal crest, giving it great firmness in the perpendicular movements of the organ. The oesophagus [a b c d], Fig. 1, is two inches 11 twelfths long, dilated on the middle of the neck so as to form a kind of elongated dimidiate crop, 4 twelfths of an inch in diameter, projecting to the right side, and with the trachea passing along that side of the vertebrae. The proventriculus [c], is 8 twelfths long, somewhat bulbiform, with numerous oblong glandules, its greatest diameter 4 1/2 twelfths. A very curious peculiarity of the stomach [e], is, that in place of having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 8 1/2 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles 1/4 inch thick, the lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish colour. The duodenum, [f, g], first curves backward to the length of 1 1/4 inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the liver; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 11 twelfths long. The coeca are 1 1/4 twelfths in length and 1/4 twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1/2 inches (in another male 31); its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1/2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1/4 twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. The oesophagus [a b c]; the gizzard [d], turned forwards; the duodenum, [e f]; the rest of the intestine, [g h]; the coeca, [i]; the rectum, [i j], which is much dilated at the end. The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1/2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings; its muscles like those of all the other species of the Passerinae or Fringillidae. In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long; the intestine 31 inches long. In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire. Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird.	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Bereans Honor MLK, Jr. 1/17/2007 Author(s): Jay The Berea College community celebrated the life and vision of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during several public events beginning January 14. Bereans march to city hall during during Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Following a street march to City Hall, Bereans gathered in Phelps Stokes Chapel to hear activist Carl Ray recount witnessing his fatherís brutal 1962 murder by a white supremacist. Ray is a former engineer and stand-up comedian. Later that evening, Ray performed ďA Killing in Choctaw," a one-man, two-act play he wrote that depicts his life growing up in Alabama and the hate killing of his father. Through the end of January Hutchins Library will feature a timeline exhibit showing scenes from the struggle for civil rights.	[ 33, 567, 504, 21071, 10373, 42, 11, 7504, 13, 352, 14, 1558, 14, 12726, 6434, 7, 82, 2599, 9180, 198, 464, 37951, 64, 5535, 2055, 13943, 262, 1204, 290, 5761, 286, 1583, 13, 5780, 17461, 2677, 11, 7504, 13, 1141, 1811, 1171, 2995, 3726, 3269, 1478, 13, 198, 33, 567, 504, 9960, 284, 1748, 6899, 1141, 1141, 5780, 17461, 2677, 11, 7504, 13, 3596, 198, 14291, 257, 4675, 9960, 284, 2254, 4789, 11, 37951, 504, 9272, 287, 40587, 520, 3369, 32939, 284, 3285, 11276, 8124, 7760, 16369, 31121, 465, 2988, 41200, 12399, 20033, 5123, 416, 257, 2330, 31352, 13, 7760, 318, 257, 1966, 11949, 290, 1302, 12, 929, 23139, 13, 198, 18602, 326, 6180, 11, 7760, 6157, 34754, 237, 32, 25536, 287, 10031, 310, 707, 553, 257, 530, 12, 805, 11, 734, 12, 529, 711, 339, 2630, 326, 28539, 465, 1204, 3957, 510, 287, 9266, 290, 262, 5465, 5170, 286, 465, 2988, 13, 198, 15046, 262, 886, 286, 3269, 30492, 1040, 10074, 481, 3895, 257, 15264, 15866, 4478, 8188, 422, 262, 6531, 329, 3026, 2489, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	177
Fundoplication is a surgery on the stomach and esophagus. It is done to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is also called acid reflux, or heartburn. This occurs when acid from the stomach goes up the esophagus. A hiatal hernia may also be fixed during this procedure. This type of hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pokes into the chest cavity. This hernia increases the chance and severity of GERD. Reasons for Procedure The surgery is most often done for the following reasons: - Eliminate persistent GERD symptoms that are not relieved by medicine - Correct acid reflux that is contributing to asthma symptoms - Repair a hiatal hernia, which may be responsible for making GERD symptoms worse - Eliminate the source of serious, long-term complications resulting from too much acid in the esophagus If you are planning to have fundoplication, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include: - Anesthesia-related problems - Difficulty swallowing - Return of reflux symptoms - Limited ability to burp or vomit - Gas pains - Damage to other organs In rare cases, the procedure may need to be repeated. This may happen if the wrap was too tight, the wrap slips, or if a new hernia forms. Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include: What to Expect Prior to Procedure Your doctor may do the following: - Physical exam - X-ray —a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones - Endoscopy —use of a tube attached to a viewing device (an endoscope) to examine the inside of the lining of the esophagus and stomach; a biopsy may also be taken - Manometry—a test to measure the muscular contractions inside the esophagus and its response to swallowing Leading up to the surgery: Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like: - Anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin ) - Blood thinners, like warfarin (Coumadin) - Clopidogrel (Plavix) - Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. Also, arrange for help at home. - The night before, eat a light meal. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight. General anesthesia will be used. It will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery. Description of the Procedure The doctor will make a small incision. The laparoscope (a small tool with a camera on the end) will be inserted into the abdomen. It will allow the doctor to view the inside of the body on a video screen. Gas will be pumped into the abdomen to improve the view. The doctor will make other, small incisions in the skin. Small surgical instruments will be inserted. The stomach will then be wrapped around the esophagus. If needed, the hernia will be repaired. In some cases, the doctor may need to switch to an open surgery . He will make a wide incision in the abdomen to do the surgery. How Long Will It Take? How Much Will It Hurt? You will have discomfort during recovery. Ask your doctor about medicine to help with the pain. Average Hospital Stay Two days or more (depending on your condition) - Walk with assistance the day after surgery. - Keep the incision area clean and dry. - Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - You will start by eating a liquid diet. You will slowly be able to eat more solid foods. - After a successful fundoplication, you may no longer need to take medicines for GERD. - Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions . It will take about two weeks to recover. Call Your Doctor After you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs: - Signs of infection, including fever and chills - Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - Nausea and/or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital - Increased swelling or pain in the abdomen - Difficulty swallowing that does not improve - Pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given - Pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine - Cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - Any other new symptoms	[ 24553, 404, 10142, 318, 257, 8185, 319, 262, 11384, 290, 1658, 2522, 31111, 13, 632, 318, 1760, 284, 2190, 33131, 274, 2522, 496, 282, 1006, 22564, 4369, 357, 30373, 35, 737, 44186, 35, 318, 635, 1444, 7408, 1006, 22564, 11, 393, 2612, 10899, 13, 770, 8833, 618, 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DE-01 Historical Mining District Altenberg N 50°45'51", E 13°45'39" DE-02 Historical Mining District Freiberg N 50°55'12", E 13°20'32" DE-03 Historical Mining District Marienberg N 50°39'3", E 13°9'53" DE-04 Historical Mining District Annaberg N 50°34'46", E 13°0'11" DE-05 Historical Mining District Schneeberg N 50°35'15", E 12°38'2" DE-06 Historical Mining District Schwarzenberg N 50°32'14", E 12°47'14" DE-07 Uranium Mining N 50°48'33", E 12°50'32" DE-08 Coal Mining N 50°43'29“, E 12°43'46" CZ-KA-01 Mining Landscape Jáchymov N 50°22'23", E 12°53'55" CZ-KA-02 Mining Landscape Abertamy – Horní Blatná – Boží Dar N 50°25'18", E 12°49'57" CZ-KA-03 The Red Tower of Death N 50°19'44", E 12°57'12" CZ-US-01 Mining Landscape Krupka N 50°41'50", E 13°50'50" CZ-US-02 Mining Landscape Měděnec – Kovářská N 50°25'43", E 13°4'8" The transboundary serial nomination of 13 component parts is a large-scale example of a decentralised mining landscape in a Central European mountain region that lies in the southeast of Germany and extends to the Czech Republic – the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains). The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří illustrates the formative influence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture in an exceptional way. For more than 800 years, from the 12th to the 21th century, the region was actively shaped by mining activities. First silver and tin ores and later other ores such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. Based on mining and metallurgy, the “industrialization” of the region took place in different historical stages. The component parts of the serial nomination are composed of carefully selected historical witnesses including protected mines and associated over- and underground ensembles, historically distinct landscape features such as pits, heaps, dewatering channels and reservoirs, mining towns and settlements, and other important social buildings related to mining towns and settlements. These witnesses are not limited to work process related issues but particularly include witnesses of the economic, scientific, cultural, and social influences of mining and metallurgy. Together the component parts provide a lively comprehensive insight into all aspects of miner’s world.The component parts reflect also the transboundary nature of the Bohemian and Saxon Erzgebirge. The serial property has to be understood as a geographical, historical and cultural unit illustrating both the mining activities and the interaction between two communities which shared a long common history. Mining and metallurgy had formed an important and worldwide recognised trade and economic region which is still today strongly influenced by its mining traditions. Especially the developments in the field of mining sciences and technologies contributed to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the World. Description of the component part(s): In accordance with the spatial distribution of the numerous significant historic mining districts and their specific features, the serial property Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is represented by a selection of 13 significant separate component parts. The Saxon part will be represented by 8 individual component parts which are representing the layout of the six historical mining districts of the 19th century and the two historically important districts of uranium and coal mining of the 20th century. The Czech Republic is represented by 4 large-scale mining landscapes and a single monument. The component parts cover a wide temporal and spatial range to fully illustrate the whole development process of the mining landscape and its culture. Each component part features a distinctive character that is composed of three attributes: time depth, diversity of mineral resources, and cultural facets. The cultural facets do not only include work process related issues but also the far-reaching influence of mining activities on seemingly distant areas of life. The individual component parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. Each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. The individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its global importance and its formative influence from the 12th to the 21st century. They are of exceptional quality and diversity. Viewed as a whole, the components bear witness to the extent of the economic, social and cultural development of the entire mining region and its culture. For example: The very beginning of the development of the mining landscape is illustrated by the mining district of Freiberg with the mining cities of Freiberg and Brand-Erbisdorf and the surrounding mining landscape. Here in 1168, the silver ore was found for the first time in the Ore Mountains, and the transformation process of the landscape started. The search for silver and other kinds of ore in the rich deposits of the Ore Mountains led to the colonization of the cross border mountain region from both the Saxon and the Bohemian side. During the 15th and 16th century this process reached the upper parts of the Ore Mountains and led to the foundation of a large number of mining cities like Schneeberg, Marienberg and Annaberg in Saxony or Jáchymov in Bohemia with their specific buildings and highly valuable architecture. These cities became centres of unique cultural, economic, technological and scientific development of the mining region in the following centuries. Many of these developments influenced other mining regions worldwide. The temporarily last mining period of the Erzgebirge in the late 20th century – represented by the nominated properties of the mining district Altenberg in the eastern part and in Chemnitz, Schlema, Hartenstein and Jáchymov in the western part of the region – was characterized by tin and uranium mining. Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionelle The transboundary serial nomination Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an exceptional testimony of a unique landscape and culture which was influenced and shaped by mining activities and their environmental, economic and social impacts. The nominated series represents a Central European economic and cultural unit that has continuously developed since the early Middle Ages. The outstanding universal value particularly results from the unique combination of three determining attributes: an unprecedented diversity of mineral resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. A coherent series of well-preserved monuments, ensembles and landscapes demonstrating different periods of mining, different technological levels as well as different cultural periods represents the development of this Central European mining region of worldwide importance. They do not only illustrate the tangible attributes but also the intangible values which together constitute the distinctive character of the landscape. The almost exclusive formation of the entire region by mining and metallurgy led to worldwide important scientific discoveries and subsequent introduction of many technical and technological innovations, which substantially influenced the worldwide development of mining sciences and contributed significantly to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the rest of the world. Of particular importance and so far unique on the world’s scale is the transboundary nature of the nominated property. The mining landscape allows a comprehensive insight into cross-border relations between two states since the 12th century and the visible effects of this interrelation. As a whole, the nominated serial property provides comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of a globally significant mining region and its culture. Criterion (ii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří exhibits an important interchange of human values in the field of mining. As a consequence of more than 800-years of mining activities, a cross-border cultural area between Saxony and Bohemia was created, which is characterized by a unprecedented density of systematically established mining cities and their special architecture, by the development of advanced mining and ore processing technologies, by its great influence on the development of mining- and geo-sciences as well as mining education worldwide, and by its contribution to the development of minting as well as of the currency systems in Europe and in the whole world. The serial property proves interchange and knowledge transfer from the Middle Ages till the 21th century. The influence of mining in the Ore Mountains is provable in a large number of mining centres worldwide. Criterion (iii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an outstanding witness of the development of a society which was crucially formed by mining industries. The component parts provide a comprehensive insight into the cultural traditions of a more than 800-year-old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. They do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the continuous development of mining and the resulting impacts on society till today. Criterion (iv): The Ore Mountains are characterized by a multitude of ore and other deposits containing a wide spectrum of mineral resources. Their extraction and processing led in the course of time to the emergence of different mining landscapes with specific types of buildings. These characteristic mining infrastructures illustrate the different ways of exploitation of diverse resources, as well as the development of distinctive technologies and the resulting change of the mining intensity. The technological ensembles and mining landscapes are testimonies of the worldwide important technical and scientific achievements made by mining experts in the Ore Mountains in different mining periods. Criterion (v): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is the result of a long-term formation of a spacious area by human activities, which were focused on ore mining and ore processing, closely connected with social, economic and administrative factors of mining and the way of dealing with the natural conditions of the region. The geological characteristics of the ore deposits have crucially determined the way of dealing with the nature in the work processes of mining and metallurgy. Depending on the level of development of mining technologies in specific time periods, the landscape has changed several times. The traces of these changes can be seen in the landscape till today and represent a source of our present-day knowledge of past mining periods. The component parts reflect the successive stages of the development of mining techniques as well as characteristic forms of mining towns and settlements, the specific land-use shaped by mining, and the evidence of human settlement in specific conditions of upland locations with its direct impacts on landscape and culture. Criterion (vi): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří represents a region which is directly associated with the culture of an old mining territory as it is not only perceived in Europe but also elsewhere in the world. The serial property represents a mining region which is in a unique way tied to an identity shaped by long lasting and still ongoing mining. Over centuries these mining activities have generated specific artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. The history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. The global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in the development of mining and geosciences which are tangibly linked to the founding of the first major international and still existing mining academy in the world – the Bergakademie Freiberg (1765). This university has for long served as a worldwide center of training of mining experts, which substantially increased the international scientific prestige of the region in the field of mining. The early scientific examinations made by scholars of the Freiberg Bergakademie led to a series of discoveries and developments in mining and metallurgy which were crucial for the development of modern mining sciences and geosciences. The Erzgebirge is worldwide considered as the cradle of mineralogy and geology as well as temporarily the leading training place for international mining experts. This is extraordinary illustrated by the work “De re metallica” (1556) of the Renaissance scholar Georgius Agricola whose work was mainly inspired by the mining culture of the Ore Mountains. Satements of authenticity and/or integrity The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is a continuing cultural landscape in which exceptional evidence of past mining activities has survived in a comprehensive way. It is composed of a series of component parts linked together by a common historical narrative. The component parts of the series including well-preserved remains of mining and mining-related activities were carefully selected so that they bear witness to all important milestones in the history of the nominated serial property and to its outstanding universal value. Each part illustrates a different combination of characteristic attributes and thus contributes to the understanding of the whole property. As a living landscape, some areas have experienced new developments, some buildings have been adapted for continued use and some buildings have disappeared in the course of time but the intactness of the landscape and the authenticity of the remaining structures are still outstanding. The areal extent and number of preserved historical mining infrastructure with authentic traces from medieval time onwards is exceptional. The serial property preserved a completely unique and authentic character with clearly evident remains of mining activities. The nominated properties of the series benefit from legal protection. Comparison with other similar properties The comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property – time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets – and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. It also takes into consideration the specific thematic features of the region like its transboundary nature, which is so far unique in the context of mining world heritage as well as the global influence of the region in the field of mining and geosciences. Although there are some sites on the World Heritage and National Tentative lists directly associated with mining, most of these sites are not comparable with the nominated property because of their completely different time horizon and their belonging to a different geo-cultural area without any correlation to the Central European mining landscapes. The majority of the compared sites do not document the transformation of a landscape and the evolution of a culture strongly influenced by mining in such a coherent way like the nominated property. Although they document important aspects of mining, they hardly have a comparable range of attributes. The main attribute of most sites is based on a single aspect. Only a small selection of sites such as the network of mining installations in Goslar, Rammelsberg and the Upper Harz region has an almost similar complex approach with differing components. But they differ either in time-scale or in completeness still allowing only a limited insight into the complexity of a mining region. To summarize, there is no comparable World Heritage Site or otherwise known property providing such a comprehensive insight into a miner´s world like the Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří. The nominated serial property is not limited to the technological aspects but also covers social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects. The transformation process of a landscape exclusively formed by mining and its impacts on the environment can be traced here from the very beginning in the 12th up to the 21st century. Justification of the selection of the component part(s) in relation to the future nomination as a whole: The spatial arrangement of deposits and historically significant mining areas in the Ore Mountains requires a serial approach. The 13 separate component parts are necessary to illustrate all important characteristics of the mining and cultural landscape in space and time. The nominated properties of the component parts reflect a distinctive combination of specific attributes. Their selection was made in such a way that they cover all a distinctive combination of these attributes and fulfil the criteria of authenticity and integrity. Each component part is telling a peculiar chapter of the origin and development of a coherent mining region. All component parts are culturally, historically, socially and functionally linked. The boundaries of the components were chosen so that the individual objects and ensembles which constitute the component parts display completely and sufficiently all values necessary for the justification of the outstanding universal value. The Mining Culture Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří thus represents a series of several carefully selected unique locations that cover historically the most significant landscape units and most valuable monuments.	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Chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal. Chemical safety has many scientific and technical components. Among these are toxicology, ecotoxicology and the process of chemical risk assessment which requires a detailed knowledge of exposure and of biological effects. WHO programmes and activities Mechanisms of fibre carcinogenesis and assessment of chrysotile asbestos alternatives - WHO Policy paper: mercury in health care EHC 237 Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children - Guidelines on the prevention of toxic exposures	[ 41829, 605, 11233, 318, 8793, 416, 25971, 477, 4568, 7411, 12910, 287, 884, 257, 835, 355, 284, 4155, 262, 3747, 286, 1692, 1535, 290, 262, 2858, 13, 632, 8698, 477, 12910, 11, 3288, 290, 15943, 11, 290, 262, 1336, 2837, 286, 7111, 7445, 422, 262, 3288, 4931, 286, 12910, 287, 262, 2858, 284, 511, 22236, 393, 21263, 11, 7593, 3227, 11, 4839, 779, 290, 18264, 13, 198, 41829, 605, 3747, 468, 867, 5654, 290, 6276, 6805, 13, 9754, 777, 389, 11422, 1435, 11, 9940, 313, 18047, 1435, 290, 262, 1429, 286, 5931, 2526, 8922, 543, 4433, 257, 6496, 3725, 286, 7111, 290, 286, 10685, 3048, 13, 198, 41856, 23698, 290, 4568, 198, 28452, 272, 6583, 286, 33073, 28164, 25908, 290, 8922, 286, 442, 19753, 313, 576, 45450, 14693, 198, 12, 19494, 7820, 3348, 25, 27394, 287, 1535, 1337, 198, 36, 16045, 34385, 34200, 329, 26439, 11927, 3893, 371, 36730, 287, 8990, 198, 12, 31072, 319, 262, 14196, 286, 11422, 32185, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	161
This is a brief guide, designed to help you get familiar with using a terminal in Linux. By including very detailed instructions here, they should not be necessary in the main body of the wiki. Once you have worked through this tutorial, you may find LinuxCommand.org a useful next step. In Easy mode (the out-of-the-factory default Linux), press and hold the Control (Ctrl) and Alt keys at the same, and then press “T”, then release all keys. This is often written as Ctrl+Alt+t or Ctl+Alt+t. This will open up a simple terminal application. Also in Easy mode you can go Work > File Manager > Tools > Open Console Window (or Work > File Manager and Ctl+T). This gives you a more fully featured terminal application. If you already went ahead and installed Advanced mode, you can access the run command, but pressing Alt and F2 at the same time (Alt+F2), and then typing the name of a terminal: and then press “Enter” Type the command you want to run, along with any options, and finish by pressing “Enter” at the end of the line. For example, to check your TCP/IP settings, you would use the command ifconfig. To do so, type: and then press “Enter”. You should see an output similar to: ath0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) inet addr: 192.168.1.XXX Bcast: 192.168.1.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAT RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets: 33 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 125 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 3402 (3.3 KiB) TX Bytes: 14208 (13.8KiB) collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 69453 (67.8 KiB) TX Bytes: 69453 (67.8KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU: 16436 Metric: 1 RX packets:607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 wifi0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets 88602 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 29523 TX packets 513 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 199 RX Bytes: 8468525 (8.0 MiB) TX Bytes: 36584 (35.7KiB) Interrupt: 10 Memory: e0460000- e0470000 This section is for information only. You will not be able to run the commands set out below unless you have the build-essential package installed, and are running the commands in a directory containing source files. When people are writing a series of commands to be performed at a terminal, they are unlikely to include the 'and now press “Enter”' parts. They are more likely to write something like: ./configure make make install What this means is type and then press “Enter”. When the command has executed (which may or may not print text into the terminal window, and the terminal shows a prompt again, type and then press “Enter”. And so on, for each command in the list. You can save yourself an awful lot of typing by selecting the text of the commands (for example, in this wiki) and putting the text in the clipboard (using the menu “Edit –> Copy”). In the terminal window you can paste the text by pressing Shift+Insert. You can either click the “X” in the top right hand corner, or else type: and press “Enter” Alternatively, you can exit from a terminal session by typing <Ctrl><D> nano is a console-based text editor, which loads very quickly. To use it, type nano, and the path of the file you wish to edit. (If there is no file in the specified location, nano will create one. As such, you must be accurate in what you type, otherwise you will create unnecessary blank files, rather than opening existing files.) For the purposes of this tutorial, we will create a new text file in the /home/user directory, add a line of text, save the file, and exit nano. First, create the new text file, named “text” in the /home/user directory: nano will open, with a blank document. Type a line of text. Press “Enter” to start a new line. When you have typed your line of text, you need to save your changes, by writing the file. To do this, press Ctl+O together (that's “O” as in “MNOP” and not “0” as in “0123”). If you want to change the file name, you can change it here. Then, once you are happy with the file name, or if you wish to overwrite an existing file which you have opened, press “Enter” When you have saved your file, exit nano by pressing Ctl+X together. When you have done this, you can open the file to check that your changes have been saved: You should see whatever text you typed. If you wanted to create or open a file with a space in the name, you would need to include the whole path in quotation marks. It is advisable that you do not use spaces in names. nano "/home/user/text/name with spaces" If you need to open a text file in nano with root privileges, preface the usual nano command with sudo: sudo nano /home/user/text This is necessary when editing certain restricted system files. For example, to edit the list of repositories available to apt-get / Synaptic, you would need to use sudo: sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list Similarly, to edit the configuration of network interfaces on your EEE, you would need to use sudo: sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces Created by Neil. Reference to LinuxCommand.org thanks to deicidist and marduk.	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Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Loughmiller, Campbell and Lynn Phlox stolonifera Sims USDA Symbol: PHST3 USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. Creeping phlox is a mat-forming perennial with loose mats of semi-evergreen foliage and erect clusters of large flowers. The showy blossoms are lavender, blue or white with an eye of purple-red tinged in white. The leaves of this 6-10 in. plant are round or spoon-shaped. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Herb Fruit: Size Class: Bloom InformationBloom Color: White , Blue , Purple Bloom Time: Apr , May AL , GA , KY , MD , ME , NC , NY , OH , PA , SC , TN , VA , VT , WV Canada: QC Native Distribution: Chiefly mts., also Piedmont areas from PA & s. OH, to GA & TN Native Habitat: Woods & wooded stream banks USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(I) Growing ConditionsLight Requirement: Sun , Part Shade , Shade Soil Moisture: Moist Soil Description: Humus-rich soil. Conditions Comments: Creeping phlox will do poorly in full sun, and slugs can be troublesome in very moist soils. In congenial conditions, however, this is a vigorous plant that can become weedy. Ground Cover BenefitConspicuous Flowers: yes PropagationDescription: Propagated by seed, by softwood cuttings taken in late spring and stuck in sand, or by spring division. Seed Collection: Not Available Seed Treatment: Seeds should be planted fresh. Commercially Avail: yes From the National Organizations Directory According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following: Texas Discovery Gardens - Dallas, TXDelaware Nature Society - Hockessin, DE Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. 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Viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region. UC Davis Magazine Highlights Students Magic happens when food science and culinary art mix at UC Davis. They’ve followed different paths, but each journey has led to the same destination — UC Davis. Here, these foodies hope to marry their love for food, flavor and cooking with a fascination for the science that lies behind it all. No additional headlines available	[ 53, 270, 47428, 532, 299, 13, 1058, 262, 23089, 393, 3968, 286, 36656, 198, 4834, 1435, 532, 299, 13, 1058, 64, 3783, 326, 7529, 351, 8237, 290, 8237, 1642, 198, 464, 569, 5, 36, 2732, 21001, 262, 19838, 286, 9090, 47428, 290, 551, 1435, 287, 257, 2060, 2267, 290, 7743, 4326, 326, 38932, 477, 286, 262, 5654, 29861, 326, 2928, 30777, 3957, 290, 1592, 368, 868, 13, 1114, 625, 530, 3470, 812, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 468, 9456, 281, 4075, 290, 12973, 1430, 287, 2267, 290, 3707, 287, 9090, 47428, 290, 551, 1435, 13, 383, 8282, 25230, 286, 262, 2732, 468, 9343, 3442, 33527, 290, 410, 600, 2741, 284, 1205, 6593, 326, 423, 3142, 262, 8407, 1812, 284, 4620, 663, 2785, 290, 1716, 257, 18256, 8237, 12, 36866, 3814, 13, 198, 9598, 7802, 11175, 30776, 14882, 198, 22975, 4325, 618, 2057, 3783, 290, 35956, 1242, 5022, 379, 14417, 7802, 13, 198, 2990, 447, 247, 303, 3940, 1180, 13532, 11, 475, 1123, 7002, 468, 2957, 284, 262, 976, 10965, 851, 14417, 7802, 13, 3423, 11, 777, 2057, 444, 2911, 284, 12479, 511, 1842, 329, 2057, 11, 9565, 290, 10801, 351, 257, 35556, 329, 262, 3783, 326, 7363, 2157, 340, 477, 13, 198, 2949, 3224, 14408, 1695, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	206
Locating thermophiles in other parts of the universe could very well aid in the search for extraterrestrial life. Most people have agreed that if life is found among the stars, it will be microbial (at least in the near-term future). Many individuals have also suggested that intelligent life forms might very well be extinct in other parts of the universe. If scientists could locate thermophile microbes, they could piece together an archaeological picture of once powerful civilizations. Taiwan is well known for its hot springs. Most tourists that visit the island end up visiting at least one. Many people like to take relaxing baths in them. Hot springs can be great for people with arthritis. New research is proving that they can also be a great place to find astrobiological data. Photosynthetic thermophiles that live in hot springs may potentially be removing significant amounts of industrially produced carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They’ve thrived because of fundamental changes to the atmosphere caused by humanity. In fact, there are some scientists who feel that these microbes could play a vital role in regulating the planet’s climate. That role might become increasingly important in the future. Planets that were once inhabited by industrially developed civilizations that have since passed might be teeming with life similar to these. If a planet was sufficiently changed by another race of beings, it could have ultimately favored the development of these tiny beings. They could indicate that intelligent lifeforms once inhabited a planet, and that planet could be different today than it was in the past. While discovering a planet full of microbes would be initially interesting, in the future it could be a relatively common occurrence. Therefore, news services of the future might very well pass by such stories after a few weeks – much like they do today with the discovery of new exoplanets. Finding sufficient numbers of photosynthetic thermophiles would be telling about the history of a world, but it would also require a great deal of geological activity. Then again, there’s nothing to say that other civilizations wouldn’t also have the ability to increase the amount of geological activity on other planets. They might even do it on purpose, as a way of terraforming for instance. For that matter, humans might want to give that a try. Venus is superheated because of thermal runaway as a result of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If water were transported to that very hot world, colonists could use the resulting geysers to grow bacteria that would absorb the atmospheric gas. Leu, J., Lin, T., Selvamani, M., Chen, H., Liang, J., & Pan, K. (2012). Characterization of a novel thermophilic cyanobacterial strain from Taian hot springs in Taiwan for high CO2 mitigation and C-phycocyanin extraction Process Biochemistry DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.019	[ 43, 27123, 21969, 2522, 2915, 287, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 6881, 714, 845, 880, 6133, 287, 262, 2989, 329, 42024, 23522, 1204, 13, 4042, 661, 423, 4987, 326, 611, 1204, 318, 1043, 1871, 262, 5788, 11, 340, 481, 307, 36603, 357, 265, 1551, 287, 262, 1474, 12, 4354, 2003, 737, 4650, 3925, 423, 635, 5220, 326, 12661, 1204, 5107, 1244, 845, 880, 307, 28881, 287, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 6881, 13, 1002, 5519, 714, 17276, 21969, 37161, 33712, 11, 484, 714, 3704, 1978, 281, 30971, 4286, 286, 1752, 3665, 35928, 13, 198, 47976, 8149, 318, 880, 1900, 329, 663, 3024, 24747, 13, 4042, 15930, 326, 3187, 262, 7022, 886, 510, 10013, 379, 1551, 530, 13, 4650, 661, 588, 284, 1011, 28175, 49076, 287, 606, 13, 6964, 24747, 460, 307, 1049, 329, 661, 351, 37954, 13, 968, 2267, 318, 17742, 326, 484, 460, 635, 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Today we ask that you take time to ground yourself. There is an enormous amount of energy moving through your reality. And your bodies conduct and absorb it — particularly your nervous system. The human brain generates and absorbs a vast amount of energy. Human brains are a lot like nuclear reactors. In order to function properly, they must be cooled down. Otherwise they overheat, and when this happens, things can get quite toxic. What heats the brain? Any kind of cogitative thought. Strategizing, planning, calculating. Imagination heats the brain even more — visualizing, fantasizing. Worry is a negative use of the imagination that heats the brain. All creative work heats the brain. Watching TV, or looking at information on a screen heats the brain. Computers are very heating for the brain and nervous system. What cools the brain? Being outdoors. Bathing in water. Engaging in activities that minimize cogitative or creative thought and require that you “be in your body.” Exercise, yoga, dance, many forms of martial arts. Meditation. Deep breathing is very cooling for the brain. Being around animals or small children cools the brain. Caffeine and sugar heat the brain. Water and green vegetables cool the brain. It is very important to cool the nervous system. Many forms of mental and physical imbalance and illness are really just side effects of nervous system “burnout.” Insomnia, anxiety, depression, fatigue and many other stress-related symptoms are a result of nervous overheating and burnout. Truly, it is wise to think of your brain as a nuclear reactor. It harnesses a vast amount of energy. It is a great engine of creation and cogitation. But you must keep it cool. Do not let it overheat — or you may well experience a meltdown.	[ 8888, 356, 1265, 326, 345, 1011, 640, 284, 2323, 3511, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 281, 9812, 2033, 286, 2568, 3867, 832, 534, 3950, 13, 843, 534, 5920, 3189, 290, 17565, 340, 851, 3573, 534, 10927, 1080, 13, 383, 1692, 3632, 18616, 290, 42909, 257, 5909, 2033, 286, 2568, 13, 198, 20490, 14290, 389, 257, 1256, 588, 4523, 28502, 13, 554, 1502, 284, 2163, 6105, 11, 484, 1276, 307, 32162, 866, 13, 15323, 484, 625, 25080, 11, 290, 618, 428, 4325, 11, 1243, 460, 651, 2407, 11422, 13, 198, 2061, 37876, 262, 3632, 30, 4377, 1611, 286, 43072, 12464, 1807, 13, 17611, 2890, 11, 5410, 11, 26019, 13, 39440, 1883, 37876, 262, 3632, 772, 517, 851, 5874, 2890, 11, 23857, 2890, 13, 370, 5152, 318, 257, 4633, 779, 286, 262, 13843, 326, 37876, 262, 3632, 13, 1439, 7325, 670, 37876, 262, 3632, 13, 36110, 3195, 11, 393, 2045, 379, 1321, 319, 257, 3159, 37876, 262, 3632, 13, 22476, 364, 389, 845, 16930, 329, 262, 3632, 290, 10927, 1080, 13, 198, 2061, 3608, 82, 262, 3632, 30, 11204, 24349, 13, 6577, 722, 287, 1660, 13, 1985, 3039, 287, 4568, 326, 17775, 43072, 12464, 393, 7325, 1807, 290, 2421, 326, 345, 564, 250, 1350, 287, 534, 1767, 13, 447, 251, 32900, 11, 20351, 11, 9280, 11, 867, 5107, 286, 15618, 10848, 13, 41616, 13, 10766, 12704, 318, 845, 15134, 329, 262, 3632, 13, 11204, 1088, 4695, 393, 1402, 1751, 3608, 82, 262, 3632, 13, 198, 34, 21223, 500, 290, 7543, 4894, 262, 3632, 13, 5638, 290, 4077, 13701, 3608, 262, 3632, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 845, 1593, 284, 3608, 262, 10927, 1080, 13, 4650, 5107, 286, 5110, 290, 3518, 32556, 290, 8526, 389, 1107, 655, 1735, 3048, 286, 10927, 1080, 564, 250, 10899, 448, 13, 447, 251, 7088, 37340, 11, 9751, 11, 8862, 11, 18787, 290, 867, 584, 5503, 12, 5363, 7460, 389, 257, 1255, 286, 10927, 34789, 803, 290, 4245, 448, 13, 198, 51, 34715, 11, 340, 318, 10787, 284, 892, 286, 534, 3632, 355, 257, 4523, 21905, 13, 632, 19356, 274, 257, 5909, 2033, 286, 2568, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1049, 3113, 286, 6282, 290, 43072, 3780, 13, 887, 345, 1276, 1394, 340, 3608, 13, 2141, 407, 1309, 340, 625, 25080, 851, 393, 345, 743, 880, 1998, 257, 37824, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	380
WASHINGTON - Maryland health officials reported the first hypothermia-related death of the winter Thursday. The man died in Frederick County and was at least 65 years old. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner confirmed the cause of his death during the past week. State health officials released no other details. Fifteen hypothermia-related deaths were reported last winter. One death had been reported by this time in December 2011, according to the medical examiner's office. With winds gusting Thursday and another round of snow headed for the region this weekend, health officials remind Marylanders to bundle up before heading outside. "A few extra moments to prepare could keep you safe as we head into the coldest months," said Laura Herrera, a deputy secretary with the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops below 95 degrees. Frostbite destroys frozen body tissue. Areas most likely to freeze are toes, fingers, ears, cheeks and the tip of the nose, the health department says. Those with poor circulation, the elderly, very young children and anyone who stays outside for prolonged periods of time are at greater risk for these conditions. Staying outside while wet increases the danger, the health department says. The health department offers these tips to stay warm in cold weather: - Cover your head to retain body heat. - Wear several layers of lightweight, loose-fitting clothing. The air between the layers help insulate you from the cold. - Cover your mouth with a scarf. Also cover your ears and the lower part of your face. - Wear mittens instead of gloves as the close contact of fingers keeps your hands warmer. - Wear warm leg coverings and heavy socks or two pairs of lightweight socks. - Wear waterproof boots or study shoes to keep your feet warm and dry. Follow @WTOP on Twitter. (Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.) How did a photographer get an inside view of a bear's mouth? (Video) Conn. zoo officials don't know how this baby came to be born. More cursing happens in Maryland than across the Potomac River. How much did a painting of a topless "Golden Girl" fetch?	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General Article Categories Special Article Categories The How To's... Mu'aadh ibn Jabal on Knowledge Excerpted from works by Ibn Taymiyyah and Abu Nu`aim The Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam said about Mu`aadh ibn Jabal: "Verily, when the people of knowledge will be present before their Lord, the Mighty and Sublime, Mu`aadh will be one step ahead of them." [Saheeh, Ibn Sa`d, Aboo Nu`aim, at-Tabaraanee] He, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said about Mu`aadh: "…the most knowledgeable of them [my Ummah] about the lawful and the prohibited is Mu`aadh bin Jabal…" [At-Tirmidhee, Ibn Hibbaan, ibn Maajah, al-Baihaqee, al-Haakim, who declared it Saheeh, and adh-Dhahabee and al-Albaanee agreed with him.] Ibn Taymeeyah writes in al-Wasiyyah: "Part of Mu`aadh’s excellence further is that the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, sent him to the people of Yemen as a preacher on his behalf, a caller, a teacher of understanding in the Deen, a giver of religious verdicts, and a judge." This is Mu`aadh, radhiallaahu ta`aalaa `anhu, to whom the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said: "O Mu`aadh! By Allaah, truly I love you." [Aboo Daawood, an-Nasaa’ee, ibn Hibbaa, Aboo Nu`aim, Ibn Khuzaimah and al-Haakim, who declared its isnaad to be saheeh, and adh-Dhaabee agreed] Aboo Nu`aim reports some sayings of Mu`aadh himself about the excellence of knowledge, among which we find the following: "Knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness, it is the best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. Knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of comfort, as well as those of hardships. Knowledge is your most powerful sword against your enemy, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close companions." "Through knowledge, Allah, blessed be His Name, raises some people in rank, and He makes them leaders in righteousness and models in morality. The vestige of their faith is avidly sought, their deeds are emulated perceptively, and people will seek and sanction their opinions solicitously and unequivocally. The heavenly angels seek their company and anoint them with their wings, every fresh or withered life they pass by implore Almighty Allah to forgive them their sins, even the fish in the oceans, the beasts of the lands and every bird of prey and migratory bird pray and solicit the mercy of Almighty Allah on their behalf. This is because knowledge revives the dead hearts and drives them out of darkness into light, and because knowledge is the light of the inner eyes that cures one’s blindness and restores his inner sight." author: Yaser Birjas total reads: 1855 author: Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid category: Soul Purification total reads: 7915	[ 12218, 10172, 45486, 198, 13409, 10172, 45486, 198, 464, 1374, 1675, 338, 986, 198, 33239, 6, 64, 24411, 47160, 24404, 282, 319, 20414, 198, 3109, 17040, 276, 422, 2499, 416, 29375, 25569, 76, 7745, 46848, 290, 13098, 21733, 63, 1385, 198, 464, 13583, 264, 439, 30315, 12196, 4600, 282, 323, 5303, 2082, 264, 439, 321, 531, 546, 8252, 63, 64, 24411, 47160, 24404, 282, 25, 366, 13414, 813, 11, 618, 262, 661, 286, 3725, 481, 307, 1944, 878, 511, 4453, 11, 262, 25532, 290, 3834, 27299, 11, 8252, 63, 64, 24411, 481, 307, 530, 2239, 4058, 286, 606, 526, 685, 33890, 258, 17231, 11, 29375, 10318, 63, 67, 11, 317, 2127, 78, 21733, 63, 1385, 11, 379, 12, 33349, 3301, 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A FightBac!® Focus on Cook Cook to proper temperatures. Cooking times vary for meats, poultry and fish. After cooking, keep foods out of the "danger zone" (4°C to 60°C or 40°F to 140°F) by preparing them quickly and serving them immediately. Keep it hot, hot, hot! When serving hot food buffet-style, keep it hot (at 60°C or 140°F) with chafing dishes, crock pots and warming trays. When eating out, return any undercooked food for additional cooking. Cook it Right: Foods are properly cooked when they are heated for a period of time at a high enough temperature to kill harmful bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. Keep all soups, chili and hot dips piping hot before serving. If you're travelling to a party or to work, keep hot foods hot in an insulated thermal container. Sizzling Cooking Tips: When cooking in a microwave oven, make sure the food is cooked thoroughly. For best results, cover food, stir and rotate for even cooking and follow suggested standing times. Use a clean thermometer, which measures the internal temperature of cooked foods, to make sure meat, poultry, egg dishes, casseroles and other foods are cooked all the way through. Insert the thermometer in different spots to ensure even cooking. Wash your food thermometer with hot, soapy water before using it again. Sanitize it for the safest results. Cook to Safe Temperatures: Look at the temperature chart or contact your local health authority for safe internal temperatures.	[ 32, 10480, 33, 330, 0, 7461, 17061, 319, 8261, 198, 28937, 284, 1774, 10101, 13, 198, 28937, 278, 1661, 7565, 329, 32219, 11, 34101, 290, 5916, 13, 2293, 10801, 11, 1394, 9013, 503, 286, 262, 366, 38537, 6516, 1, 357, 19, 7200, 34, 284, 3126, 7200, 34, 393, 2319, 7200, 37, 284, 12713, 7200, 37, 8, 416, 10629, 606, 2952, 290, 7351, 606, 3393, 13, 198, 15597, 340, 3024, 11, 3024, 11, 3024, 0, 198, 2215, 7351, 3024, 2057, 44703, 12, 7635, 11, 1394, 340, 3024, 357, 265, 3126, 7200, 34, 393, 12713, 7200, 37, 8, 351, 442, 1878, 278, 16759, 11, 6763, 694, 32195, 290, 9917, 491, 592, 13, 198, 2215, 6600, 503, 11, 1441, 597, 739, 46591, 2057, 329, 3224, 10801, 13, 198, 28937, 340, 6498, 25, 198, 24602, 82, 389, 6105, 15847, 618, 484, 389, 16968, 329, 257, 2278, 286, 640, 379, 257, 1029, 1576, 5951, 284, 1494, 13568, 11492, 326, 460, 2728, 2057, 13555, 8526, 13, 198, 15597, 477, 24049, 862, 11, 32728, 290, 3024, 48904, 48426, 3024, 878, 7351, 13, 1002, 345, 821, 16574, 284, 257, 2151, 393, 284, 670, 11, 1394, 3024, 9013, 3024, 287, 281, 47869, 18411, 9290, 13, 198, 50, 6457, 1359, 33774, 27558, 25, 198, 2215, 10801, 287, 257, 27000, 14361, 11, 787, 1654, 262, 2057, 318, 15847, 13770, 13, 1114, 1266, 2482, 11, 3002, 2057, 11, 11240, 290, 23064, 329, 772, 10801, 290, 1061, 5220, 5055, 1661, 13, 198, 11041, 257, 3424, 21969, 15635, 11, 543, 5260, 262, 5387, 5951, 286, 15847, 9013, 11, 284, 787, 1654, 6174, 11, 34101, 11, 5935, 16759, 11, 269, 24929, 4316, 290, 584, 9013, 389, 15847, 477, 262, 835, 832, 13, 35835, 262, 21969, 15635, 287, 1180, 10222, 284, 4155, 772, 10801, 13, 22892, 534, 2057, 21969, 15635, 351, 3024, 11, 523, 12826, 1660, 878, 1262, 340, 757, 13, 2986, 270, 1096, 340, 329, 262, 33630, 2482, 13, 198, 28937, 284, 19978, 48125, 6691, 25, 198, 8567, 379, 262, 5951, 8262, 393, 2800, 534, 1957, 1535, 4934, 329, 3338, 5387, 10101, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	339
Santa's magic based on science Ever wondered how Santa Claus can travel around the world in just one night on his reindeer-pulled sleigh and deliver toys to all the children? "He exploits the space-time continuum," says Larry Silverberg, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University. Santa's magic may go far beyond merely travelling across 322 million square kilometres to visit hundreds of millions of homes of children in just one night, Silverberg says. "He understands that space stretches, he understands that you can stretch time, compress space and therefore he can, in a sense, actually have six Santa months to deliver the presents," says Silverberg. "In our reference frame it appears as though he does it in the wink of an eye and in fact there have been sightings of Santa, quick sightings, and that's in our reference frame, but in Santa's reference frame he really has six months". Building on demand Silverberg says his research has established that Santa does not, as commonly thought, carry enough presents for each child in his sleigh. "How could he?" he says. "We believe that he uses nanotechnology to grow the presents under the tree and really, what he's done, is he's figured out how to turn what we call irreversible thermo-dynamic properties into reversible ones and so he really starts with soot, candy, other types of natural materials, he puts them under the tree and he actually grows them in a reverse process to create the presents, wrapping and all." And then there's the age-old question that Santa has to address every year - who's been naughty and who's been nice? "We believe, that there are large antennas miles long under the snow up at the north pole and we think the grid-spacing is in the order of millimetres so that you can receive radar-type signals," says Silverberg. Santa's trip takes in all continents and all time zones. Silverberg says his sleigh is equipped with an onboard sleigh guidance system. He says the reindeer are genetically bred to fly, balance on rooftops and see in the dark. Silverberg has been researching Santa for more than a decade. "It's certainly a worthy thing to spend time on and it has all sorts of ramifications in everyday life," he says.	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(BPT) - Each year, millions of Americans seek hospital care to treat a wide range of medical problems - from accidental injuries to chronic or life-threatening illnesses. While the majority of patients have positive outcomes, it is imperative to remember patient safety should be a top priority for everyone. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) notes patient safety is a serious global public health issue. Even in developed countries such as the United States, as many as one in 10 patients may be harmed while hospitalized. Injury rates are even higher in developing countries, making patient safety a high priority around the world. You can take steps to help ensure your safety whether in the hospital for a planned or unexpected circumstance. Here are three things to keep in mind to make your hospital stay as safe as possible: Reduce infection risks: Hospital infections are a top concern, especially for surgical patients. According to WHO, hand hygiene is the single most important measure to reduce health-care-related infections. Patients should keep hand sanitizer at their bedside and use it often. Additionally, the National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) recommends: * Reminding your care team about hand-washing before any direct interaction. * Keeping an eye on intravenous catheters and wound dressings, and notifying your health care provider right away if something looks wrong. * Taking charge of health problems such as diabetes, excess weight and smoking, which can increase infection risk in the hospital. * Following doctors' directions about breathing treatments to avoid lung infections. Over the past century, anesthesiologists have advanced patient safety through innovative research, science and technology advancements. Whether in the operating room, procedure room, intensive care unit or pain clinic, anesthesiologists are committed to patient safety. Today, anesthesia-related fatalities only occur in less than one in every 200,000 procedures. To help ensure the highest quality and safest care, anesthesiologists lead Anesthesia Care Teams to supervise non-physician providers during the administration of anesthesia to make critical life decisions when there are only seconds to make them. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), anesthesiologists have more than 10,000 hours of related medical training and education to diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. In addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre-operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery. Also, be sure your anesthesiologist is aware of your prior anesthesia history and any medications you take. For more information about anesthesia and preparing for surgery, please visit LifelinetoModernMedicine.com. Be aware of setbacks: While unpredictable progress in recovery is not unusual, it's important to minimize the risk of avoidable setbacks such as falls and readmissions. Tumbles are a major concern for the elderly, but even younger patients are at risk of falling in the hospital. NPSF often points to research indicating more than 500,000 falls occur in U.S. hospitals each year, causing 150,000 injuries. Muscle weakness, medication-related impairment and age can increase a patient's risk of falling. Follow your physician's directions and the hospital's procedures for surer footing. Before you leave the hospital, make sure you understand the doctor's after-care instructions to reduce your risk of readmission. Bring any questions or suspicions of complications to follow-up appointments to help your physician assess your recovery. Health care is incredibly intricate and complex, and while medical science has made great strides for patient safety, patients need to play an active role in their care. With diligent research and advocacy for their own health, patients' collaboration with their care team can make them informed and, most importantly, safe.	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is a crime Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction... , the essence of which is illicit entry into a building for the purposes of committing an offense. Usually that offense will be theft In common usage, theft is the illegal taking of another person's property without that person's permission or consent. The word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting and fraud... , but most jurisdictions specify others which fall within the ambit of burglary. To engage in the act of burglary is to burgle (in British English British English, or English , is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere... ) or to burglarize (in American English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two-thirds of the world's native speakers of English live in the United States.... Common law definition The common law Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... burglary was defined by Sir Matthew Hale Sir Matthew Hale SL was an influential English barrister, judge and jurist most noted for his treatise Historia Placitorum Coronæ, or The History of the Pleas of the Crown. Born to a barrister and his wife, who had both died by the time he was 5, Hale was raised by his father's relative, a strict... - Breaking can be either actual, such as by forcing open a door, or constructive, such as by fraud or threats. Breaking does not require that anything be "broken" in terms of physical damage occurring. A person who has permission to enter part of a house, but not another part, commits a breaking and entering when they use any means to enter a room where they are not permitted, so long as the room was not open to enter. - Entering can involve either physical entry by a person or the insertion of an instrument with which to remove property. Insertion of a tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. Note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. Breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - Although rarely listed as an element, the common law required that entry occur as a consequence of the breaking. For example, if a wrongdoer partially opened a window by using a pry bar and then noticed an open door through which he entered the dwelling, there is no burglary at common law. The use of the pry bar would not constitute an entry even if a portion of the prybar "entered" the residence. Under the instrumentality rule the use of an instrument to effect a breaking would not constitute an entry. However, if any part of the perpetrator's body entered the residence in an attempt to gain entry, the instrumentality rule did not apply. Thus, if the perpetrator uses the prybar to pry open the window and then used his hands to lift the partially opened window, an "entry" would have taken place when he grasped the bottom of the window with his hands. - House includes a temporarily unoccupied dwelling, but not a building used only occasionally as a habitation - Night time is defined as hours between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise - Typically this element is expressed as the intent to commit a felony “therein”. The use of the word “therein” adds nothing and certainly does not limit the scope of burglary to those wrongdoers who break and enter a dwelling intending to commit a felony on the premises. The situs of the felony does not matter, and burglary occurs if the wrongdoer intended to commit a felony at the time he broke and entered. The common law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. The common law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and the intent may be to commit any felony or theft. Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon may refer to:* Anglo-Saxons, a group that invaded Britain Old English, their language Anglo-Saxon England, their history, one of various ships* White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, an ethnicity* Anglo-Saxon economy, modern macroeconomic term... or Old English, one of the Germanic languages The Germanic languages constitute a sub-branch of the Indo-European language family. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic , which was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe... . According to one textbook, "The word burglar comes from the two German German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union.... , meaning "house," and laron , meaning "thief" (literally "house thief"). Another suggested etymology is from the later Latin word burgare , "to break open" or "to commit burglary", from burgus , meaning "fortress" or "castle", with the word then passing through French and Middle English, with influence from the Latin latro , "thief". The British verb "burgle" is a late back-formation. Burglary is prosecuted as a felony A felony is a serious crime in the common law countries. The term originates from English common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person's land and goods; other crimes were called misdemeanors... A misdemeanor is a "lesser" criminal act in many common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished much less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions and regulatory offences... and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or remaining unlawfully with intent to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism Vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the Vandals, by the Romans, in respect of culture: ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable... . Even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. Buildings can include sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, and railway cars is possible. Burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. The... Arson is the crime of intentionally or maliciously setting fire to structures or wildland areas. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires... In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against that person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority... , identity theft Identity theft is a form of stealing another person's identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person's identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person's name... , or violation of civil rights; indeed the "plumbers" of the Watergate scandal The Watergate scandal was a political scandal during the 1970s in the United States resulting from the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement... were technically burglars. As with all legal definitions in the U.S., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus Federal and territorial codes in force. Technically, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is not burglary, but housebreaking. In many jurisdictions in the U.S., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. In California California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area... , for example, burglary was punished as burglary in the first degree, while housebreaking was punished as burglary in the second degree. California now distinguishes between entry into a residence and into a commercial building, with the burglary into a residence with heavier punishment. In states that continue to punish burglary more severely than housebreaking twilight Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise or between sunset and dusk, during which sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere illuminates the lower atmosphere, and the surface of the earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark. The sun itself is not directly visible because it is below... , night is traditionally defined as hours between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise. Some academics consider burglary as an inchoate crime. Others say that because the intrusion itself is harmful, this justifies punishment even when no further crime is committed. Possession of burglar's tools, in jurisdictions that make this an offense, has also been viewed as an inchoate crime: Under Florida State Statutes The Florida law is based on the Florida Constitution , which defines how the statutes must be passed into law, and defines the limits of authority and basic law that the Florida Statutes must be complied with... , "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter. Depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third-, second-, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. A person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1 Burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. Burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one "enters or remains unlawfully" in the building, expanding the common law definition. It has three degrees. Third-degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. Second-degree burglary retains the common-law element of a dwelling, and first-degree burglary requires one to be in a dwelling and to be armed with a weapon or to cause injury. A related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without the intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation. Possession of burglar's tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010... uses the term "burglary" to refer to a night-time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. Burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years; should the burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life. Unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled "breaking and entering" and punishments vary according to structure. In Maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. The first three degrees are felonies, while fourth-degree burglary is a misdemeanor. Breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first-degree burglary. Breaking and entering into a "storehouse" (a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second-degree burglary. Third-degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit a crime. Simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth-degree burglary. This degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element: Being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar's tools with the intent to use them in a burglary offense. In the criminal code of New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian... , "A person is guilty of burglary if he enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter." Under the penal law In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs... in New York, burglary is always a felony, even in third degree. It is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon, or if he or she enters a dwelling. In Pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned In Virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as "Common Law Burglary" and "Statutory Burglary." Common Law Burglary is defined as: if any person breaks and enters the dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny (Theft < 200$) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony; provided, however, that if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Statutory Burglary is defined as: If any person in the nighttime enters without breaking, or in the daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enters without breaking or at any time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of Virginia State code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. However, if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Additionally, if any person commits any of the acts mentioned in the VA state code section 18.2-90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of VA state code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, or if any person commits any acts mentioned in 18.2-89 or 18.2-90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $2,500, either or both. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony. Finally, if any person break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in the day or nighttime, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass (which falls under the previous paragraph), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. In Wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. Burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck or trailer or a ship. The crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary. England and Wales Burglary is defined by section 9 of the Theft Act 1968 The Theft Act 1968 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates a number of offences against property in England and Wales.On 15 January 2007 the Fraud Act 2006 came into force, redefining most of the offences of deception.-History:... which created two variants: The offence is defined in similar terms to England and Wales by the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969. Under Scots law Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. With English law and Northern Irish law it forms the legal system of the United Kingdom; it shares with the two other systems some... , the crime of burglary does not exist. Instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome. It does not include any other aspect of burglary found in England and Wales. It is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure An indictment , in the common-law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that lack the concept of felonies often use that of an indictable offence—an... in a superiour court. Another common law crime still used is Hamesukin which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. Common law Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... crimes in Scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes. In Canada, burglary is labelled as "Breaking and Entering" under section 348 of the Criminal Code A criminal code is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law... and is a hybrid offence A hybrid offence, dual offence, Crown option offence, dual procedure offence, or wobbler are the special class offences in the common law jurisdictions where the case may be prosecuted either summarily or as indictment... . Breaking and entering is defined as trespassing with intent to commit an indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions , an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury... . The crime is commonly referred to in Canada as "break and enter" which in turn is often shortened to "B and E". In Sweden, burglary does not exist as an offence in itself, instead there are two available offences. If a person simply breaks into any premise, he is technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion or breach of domiciliary peace ), depending on the premise in question. Breach of domiciliary peace is only applicable when a person "unlawfully intrudes or remains where another has his living quarters" The only punishment available for any of these offences is fines, unless the offence is considered gross. In that case, the maximum punishment is two years in prison. However, if the person who has forced himself into a house, steals anything (literally "takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it" ), he is guilty of (ordinary) theft ). However, the section regarding gross theft (Chapter 6, 4s of the Penal Code, grov stöld ) states "in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling." For theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years. As in Sweden, there is no crime of burglary as such in Finland. In the case of breaking and entering, the Finnish penal code states that A person who unlawfully (1) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in such premises [...] shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months. However, if theft is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony. (1) If in the theft the offender breaks into an occupied residence, and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most - R v Collins R v Collins 1973 QB 100 is a case decided by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales which examined the meaning of "enters as a trespasser" in the definition of burglary... Trespass is an area of tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land.Trespass to the person, historically involved six separate trespasses: threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem, and maiming... - Home Invasion Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album (which was originally set to be released in 1992 under the deal with... - Watergate burglaries - "Cat burglar" at Wiktionary Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in 158 languages...	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Ask a question about 'Grabow' Start a new discussion about 'Grabow' Answer questions from other users (ˈɡʁaːbo) is a town in the Ludwigslust-Parchim Ludwigslust-Parchim is a district in the west of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by the state Schleswig-Holstein, the district Nordwestmecklenburg, the district-free city Schwerin, the districts Rostock and Mecklenburgische Seenplatte and the states Brandenburg and Lower Saxony... district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is a federal state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin... Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... . It is situated on the river Elde The Elde is a river in northern Germany , a right tributary of the Löcknitz. Its total length is 220 km. The Elde originates near Altenhof, south of Malchow. It first flows southeast towards the southern end of Lake Müritz, which it enters at Vipperow. It flows out of the Müritz at its... , 7 km (4.35 mi) southeast of Ludwigslust Ludwigslust is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, 40 km south of Schwerin. It was the capital of the former district of Ludwigslust, and is part of the district Ludwigslust-Parchim since September 2011.-History:... , and 34 km (21.12 mi) northwest of Wittenberge Wittenberge is a town of twenty thousand people on the lower Elbe in the district of Prignitz , Brandenburg, Germany.-History:... The historical center of Grabow is distinguished by its close core of timber-framed houses Timber framing , or half-timbering, also called in North America "post-and-beam" construction, is the method of creating structures using heavy squared off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs . It is commonplace in large barns... of the 18th century. Otto Emil Plath, the father of Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. Born in Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College, Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a professional poet and writer... , had immigrated from Grabow to America.	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Milton's first publication, A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle, is examined. Milton's vision of a poet's heaven in "Ad Patrem," paired with the letter to Charles Diodati, with its particular emphasis on the need for chastity in poets, is used as a springboard to a discussion of the depiction of sexual ideals in the masque. Revelation 14, 1 Corinthians, and the Apology for Smectymnuus are also discussed at length, as are the poet's biography and the history of the masque's title. A study of Milton's poetry, with some attention to his literary sources, his contemporaries, his controversial prose, and his decisive influence on the course of English poetry. As one of the world's great universities, Yale traces its roots back to the early 1640s when colonial clergyman sought to establish a school in order to continue the tradition of European education within the Americas. Yale has now grown to educate over 11,000 students from over 100 countries on a 310-acre campus in New Haven, Connecticut. Within the school's 260 buildings are over 2,000 undergraduate programs in 65 departments taught by a distinguished faculty. As Academic Earth's first partner school, Yale has been a leader within the space of OpenCourseWare by consistently delivering on its esteemed mission to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn.	[ 44, 9044, 338, 717, 9207, 11, 317, 18007, 1763, 4714, 379, 24177, 9319, 11312, 11, 318, 11068, 13, 30979, 338, 5761, 286, 257, 21810, 338, 9538, 287, 366, 2782, 3208, 2787, 553, 20312, 351, 262, 3850, 284, 7516, 360, 2101, 7246, 11, 351, 663, 1948, 12476, 319, 262, 761, 329, 30819, 414, 287, 39939, 11, 318, 973, 355, 257, 6076, 3526, 284, 257, 5114, 286, 262, 33016, 286, 3206, 22247, 287, 262, 12422, 4188, 13, 33722, 1478, 11, 352, 39546, 11, 290, 262, 5949, 1435, 329, 2439, 478, 4948, 28803, 385, 389, 635, 6693, 379, 4129, 11, 355, 389, 262, 21810, 338, 26444, 290, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 12422, 4188, 338, 3670, 13, 198, 32, 2050, 286, 30979, 338, 19518, 11, 351, 617, 3241, 284, 465, 16716, 4237, 11, 465, 46028, 11, 465, 8381, 27149, 11, 290, 465, 21112, 4588, 319, 262, 1781, 286, 3594, 19518, 13, 198, 1722, 530, 286, 262, 995, 338, 1049, 11155, 11, 19681, 20675, 663, 11135, 736, 284, 262, 1903, 1467, 1821, 82, 618, 17091, 26014, 805, 7194, 284, 4474, 257, 1524, 287, 1502, 284, 2555, 262, 6761, 286, 3427, 3707, 1626, 262, 25733, 13, 19681, 468, 783, 7334, 284, 20771, 625, 1367, 11, 830, 2444, 422, 625, 1802, 2678, 319, 257, 28947, 12, 12345, 7611, 287, 968, 21425, 11, 14493, 13, 12511, 262, 1524, 338, 21148, 6832, 389, 625, 362, 11, 830, 22952, 4056, 287, 6135, 13346, 7817, 416, 257, 18876, 12829, 13, 1081, 31421, 3668, 338, 717, 5212, 1524, 11, 19681, 468, 587, 257, 3554, 1626, 262, 2272, 286, 4946, 49046, 38824, 416, 9835, 13630, 319, 663, 48243, 4365, 284, 4292, 1895, 284, 9856, 5696, 329, 477, 508, 4601, 284, 2193, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	280
kruptos & phanero Posted 09 April 2007 - 11:40 AM I am studying the words kruptos and phanero. What I am wondering is if any of you know what the best way to translate these words are? My research shows that kruptos is primarily hidden/concealed; Phanero is primarily revealed/known. However, in Romans 2.28 – 2.29 they has been translated as inward and outward. i have found no other occurrence for this in the English texts. This brings question to the translation. Can any of you help me to understand why SHOULD be translated inward and outward? Within context it can maintain the idea of conceal or revealed and still make plain sense. Posted 09 April 2007 - 07:22 PM "28. Which is one outwardly (ho en tośi phanerośi). Ioudaios (Jew) has to be repeated (ellipse) with the article, “the in the open Jew” (circumcision, phylacteries, tithes, etc.). Likewise repeat peritomeś (circumcision). 29. Who is one inwardly (ho en tośi kruptośi). Repeat Ioudaios (Jew) here also, “the in the inward part Jew” (circumcision of the heart peritomeś kardias and not a mere surgical operation as in Col. 2:11, in the spirit en pneumati, with which compare 2 Cor. 3:3, 6). This inward or inside Jew who lives up to his covenant relation with God is the high standard that Paul puts before the merely professional Jew described above. Whose praise (hou ho epainos). The antecedent of the relative hou is Ioudaios (Jew). Probably (Gifford) a reference to the etymology of Judah (praise) as seen in Gal. 49:8." The "Gal. 49.8" is from the Accordance text. It should read Gen. 49:8. Posted 09 April 2007 - 08:30 PM It appears to me that this verse should possibly read... [UPDATE: Right you were Rob! That was an accident of hurried writing. It didn't even match my notes ] Then not he who [is] a revealed Jew, neither he who [is] revealed circumcised in the flesh. In other words this "Jew" is showing off circumcision and Jewishness to gain praise. It's not about whether or not he is a real Jew. But he who is a hidden Jew and his heart is circumcised by the Spirit not he who is praised of people but of God. This hidden is connected to Jesus' statement of entering a prayer chamber and not praying in front of other to be thought righteous. Because the Father who sees in secret (phaneros) will reward. I understand the want/need to try to make this an inward and outward issue but there are words for that. Why would Paul use words that specifically mean concealing or revealing? Reading it as an inward issue makes it possible that a Jew of birth is not one of heart. This doesn't seem to fit within context. Nor does it seem to fit with in NT practice. I am willing to read it as inward outward if I can gain a clear reasoning. Edited by yetsirah, 16 April 2007 - 05:12 AM. Posted 11 April 2007 - 09:30 AM It seems Paul's very point is that Jews of birth are not necessarily Jews of heart. That would also seem to be his point in Romans 9:6-13. Whatever way you interpret Paul's words in this passage, sufficient weight must be given to the flesh/heart contrast he sets up, which is very common in his epistles, especially Romans and Galatians. The flesh/heart contrast gives rise to the outward/inward translation so common in English versions. The Greek words themselves might not usually mean inward/outward, but the contrast Paul establishes is so common in his writings that translators have perhaps seen it as more weighty than the typical word usage. 0 user(s) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users	[ 74, 3622, 418, 1222, 872, 272, 3529, 198, 14231, 7769, 3035, 4343, 532, 1367, 25, 1821, 3001, 198, 40, 716, 11065, 262, 2456, 479, 3622, 418, 290, 872, 272, 3529, 13, 1867, 314, 716, 11263, 318, 611, 597, 286, 345, 760, 644, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 15772, 777, 2456, 389, 30, 2011, 2267, 2523, 326, 479, 3622, 418, 318, 7525, 7104, 14, 1102, 344, 3021, 26, 1380, 272, 3529, 318, 7525, 4602, 14, 4002, 13, 2102, 11, 287, 22482, 362, 13, 2078, 784, 362, 13, 1959, 484, 468, 587, 14251, 355, 29879, 290, 23537, 13, 1312, 423, 1043, 645, 584, 19810, 329, 428, 287, 262, 3594, 13399, 13, 770, 6774, 1808, 284, 262, 11059, 13, 198, 6090, 597, 286, 345, 1037, 502, 284, 1833, 1521, 40312, 307, 14251, 29879, 290, 23537, 30, 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Agriculture Production Profile Why is agriculture important anyway? Aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage. The City of Kawartha Lakes is home to approximately 1,500 farms. Assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6,000 people live on farms in the municipality. The 2006 Census estimated 8,387 people in the area are employed year round and 4,013 seasonal in the agri-food and related industries. Agriculture and agri-food sector is a mainstay of the economy. Kawartha Lakes has the largest number of beef cows in Central Ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in Ontario. Farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $87.5 million in 2006. (Source: OMAFRA, Census 2006) Kawartha Lakes at a Glance (PDF) Farm Cash Receipts - Main Commodities: 2002 - 2006 Major Farm Types Kawartha Lakes is the fourth largest municipality/county in Ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. The fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. With respect to total animal numbers, Kawartha Lakes has the third largest community pasture in Ontario. The largest field crop in acres is hay with 95,825 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop. (Source: OMAFRA 2006) What else is growing in Kawartha Lakes? Over $8 million in Floriculture, Nursery & sod sales, covering 306,117 square feet of total greenhouse area. (Source: Census 2006) This area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1,800's. The European settlers established mixed farms on these lands. Many of today's farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. The area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business. Kawartha Lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities. Production Profile Field crops The largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95,824 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop. Fruit & Vegetable Production Comparative Acres 2006 Beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 Beef cattle in Kawartha Lakes. Farms By Industry 2006 Livestock Types 2006 - 271,460 hens and chickens (all types) - 792 turkeys (Source: 2006 Census)	[ 10262, 1173, 6456, 19174, 13118, 198, 5195, 318, 14510, 1593, 6949, 30, 198, 32602, 422, 262, 24000, 1988, 286, 2057, 11, 14510, 318, 1593, 284, 661, 11, 262, 3773, 11, 290, 674, 15012, 13, 198, 464, 2254, 286, 23043, 11999, 64, 24153, 318, 1363, 284, 6702, 352, 11, 4059, 15893, 13, 33238, 281, 2811, 286, 604, 661, 583, 5318, 11, 326, 1724, 6702, 718, 11, 830, 661, 2107, 319, 15893, 287, 262, 27264, 13, 383, 4793, 20962, 6108, 807, 11, 32220, 661, 287, 262, 1989, 389, 9322, 614, 2835, 290, 604, 11, 30273, 21819, 287, 262, 556, 380, 12, 19425, 290, 3519, 11798, 13, 198, 10262, 1173, 6456, 290, 556, 380, 12, 19425, 6567, 318, 257, 1388, 31712, 286, 262, 3773, 13, 23043, 11999, 64, 24153, 468, 262, 4387, 1271, 286, 12023, 22575, 287, 5694, 10553, 290, 262, 604, 400, 4387, 1271, 286, 12023, 22575, 287, 10553, 13, 11272, 5003, 29946, 329, 1388, 24392, 39398, 720, 5774, 13, 20, 1510, 287, 4793, 13, 198, 7, 7416, 25, 440, 5673, 37, 3861, 11, 20962, 4793, 8, 198, 42, 707, 11999, 64, 24153, 379, 257, 2671, 590, 357, 20456, 8, 198, 48412, 16210, 19520, 10257, 82, 532, 8774, 1520, 375, 871, 25, 6244, 532, 4793, 198, 24206, 11272, 24897, 198, 42, 707, 11999, 64, 24153, 318, 262, 5544, 4387, 27264, 14, 9127, 88, 287, 10553, 351, 2461, 284, 12023, 9875, 3146, 13, 383, 5544, 287, 304, 732, 3146, 290, 1218, 4387, 287, 35199, 13, 2080, 2461, 284, 2472, 5044, 3146, 11, 23043, 11999, 64, 24153, 468, 262, 2368, 4387, 2055, 46753, 287, 10553, 13, 383, 4387, 2214, 13833, 287, 16051, 318, 27678, 351, 6957, 11, 47338, 16051, 7334, 11, 10200, 513, 13, 4524, 4, 286, 262, 17812, 13833, 13, 198, 7, 7416, 25, 440, 5673, 37, 3861, 4793, 8, 198, 2061, 2073, 318, 3957, 287, 23043, 11999, 64, 24153, 30, 198, 5886, 720, 23, 1510, 287, 4432, 47428, 11, 28916, 1924, 1222, 32581, 4200, 11, 9505, 37255, 11, 17657, 6616, 3625, 286, 2472, 16325, 1989, 13, 198, 7, 7416, 25, 20962, 4793, 8, 198, 1212, 1989, 373, 6198, 20840, 290, 12539, 329, 14510, 287, 262, 1903, 352, 11, 7410, 338, 13, 383, 3427, 25371, 4920, 7668, 15893, 319, 777, 8604, 13, 4650, 286, 1909, 338, 9818, 389, 25321, 286, 262, 2656, 25371, 284, 428, 1989, 13, 383, 1989, 468, 7334, 284, 2291, 257, 995, 1398, 9403, 3227, 6841, 290, 257, 1588, 4795, 1641, 6898, 17659, 7587, 1597, 13, 198, 42, 707, 11999, 64, 24153, 318, 257, 7915, 3641, 329, 5318, 7124, 290, 5318, 5127, 351, 257, 24424, 5466, 25203, 11, 1588, 5068, 13020, 7662, 2024, 290, 4477, 284, 10660, 10084, 290, 1988, 2087, 14240, 6443, 13, 198, 35027, 13118, 7663, 14450, 198, 464, 4387, 31244, 496, 2214, 13833, 7334, 318, 27678, 351, 6957, 11, 23, 1731, 16051, 7334, 11, 10200, 513, 13, 4524, 4, 286, 262, 17812, 13833, 13, 198, 37, 4872, 1222, 23892, 540, 19174, 22565, 876, 4013, 411, 4793, 198, 3856, 891, 16035, 3793, 262, 4387, 2099, 286, 16035, 351, 625, 21489, 35309, 17025, 287, 23043, 11999, 64, 24153, 13, 198, 37, 8357, 2750, 17420, 4793, 198, 43, 452, 395, 735, 24897, 4793, 198, 12, 33797, 11, 34716, 339, 5907, 290, 25972, 357, 439, 3858, 8, 198, 12, 767, 5892, 7858, 13083, 198, 7, 7416, 25, 4793, 20962, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	550
Chromosomes are structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry long pieces of DNA. DNA is the material that holds genes. It is the building block of the human body. Chromosomes also contain proteins that help DNA exist in the proper form. Chromosomes come in pairs. Normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes). Half come from the mother; the other half come from the father. Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine if you are born a boy or a girl (your gender). They are called sex chromosomes: Females have 2 X chromosomes. Males have 1 X and 1 Y chromosome. The mother gives an X chromosome to the child. The father may contribute an X or a Y. It is the chromosome from the father that determines if the baby is a girl or a boy. The remaining chromosomes are called autosomal chromosomes. They are known as chromosome pairs 1 through 22. Stein CK. Applications of Cytogenetics in Modern Pathology. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds.Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 68. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.	[ 1925, 398, 418, 2586, 389, 8573, 1043, 287, 262, 3641, 357, 77, 14913, 385, 8, 286, 4778, 326, 3283, 890, 5207, 286, 7446, 13, 7446, 318, 262, 2587, 326, 6622, 10812, 13, 632, 318, 262, 2615, 2512, 286, 262, 1692, 1767, 13, 198, 1925, 398, 418, 2586, 635, 3994, 15568, 326, 1037, 7446, 2152, 287, 262, 1774, 1296, 13, 198, 1925, 398, 418, 2586, 1282, 287, 14729, 13, 29282, 11, 1123, 2685, 287, 262, 1692, 1767, 468, 2242, 14729, 286, 42742, 357, 3510, 2472, 42742, 737, 13139, 1282, 422, 262, 2802, 26, 262, 584, 2063, 1282, 422, 262, 2988, 13, 198, 7571, 286, 262, 42742, 357, 1169, 1395, 290, 262, 575, 34348, 8, 5004, 611, 345, 389, 4642, 257, 2933, 393, 257, 2576, 357, 14108, 5279, 737, 1119, 389, 1444, 1714, 42742, 25, 198, 37, 368, 2040, 423, 362, 1395, 42742, 13, 198, 44, 2040, 423, 352, 1395, 290, 352, 575, 34348, 13, 198, 464, 2802, 3607, 281, 1395, 34348, 284, 262, 1200, 13, 383, 2988, 743, 8676, 281, 1395, 393, 257, 575, 13, 632, 318, 262, 34348, 422, 262, 2988, 326, 15947, 611, 262, 5156, 318, 257, 2576, 393, 257, 2933, 13, 198, 464, 5637, 42742, 389, 1444, 44619, 18048, 42742, 13, 1119, 389, 1900, 355, 34348, 14729, 352, 832, 2534, 13, 198, 7447, 259, 45233, 13, 26622, 286, 5934, 83, 6644, 14596, 287, 12495, 10644, 1435, 13, 554, 25, 1982, 47, 372, 1559, 17926, 11, 350, 1939, 385, 17242, 11, 1225, 82, 13, 32476, 338, 21234, 31549, 5958, 290, 8549, 416, 18643, 25458, 13, 2534, 358, 1225, 13, 8857, 11, 11243, 25, 35896, 25974, 49663, 26, 2813, 25, 354, 499, 8257, 13, 198, 11006, 327, 13, 27436, 14597, 11, 6711, 11, 10670, 11, 8129, 286, 11558, 11, 7458, 286, 3611, 11558, 11, 2732, 286, 11558, 11, 2059, 286, 2669, 3961, 286, 11558, 13, 4418, 11765, 416, 317, 13, 35, 13, 32, 13, 44, 13, 3893, 23555, 11, 12119, 844, 11, 3457, 1539, 39525, 4816, 25, 3271, 1168, 12311, 11, 10670, 11, 337, 7801, 11, 3271, 371, 13, 412, 2528, 89, 11, 26085, 3454, 261, 11, 290, 399, 747, 72, 15233, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	354
The 1989 Calendar of Black History All the individuals in Aetna's 1989 calendar share a common quality: the courage to overcome the most difficult obstacles. Although blind from birth, pianist Thomas Greene Bethune became one of the "musical wonders of the world," writing more than 100 pieces of music before the age of 5. Charlotte Hawkins Brown who began educating children at the early of 12 when she formed a kindergarten class in her church, later founded the Palmer Memorial Institute. Elijah McCoy, the son of fugitive slaves, patented more than 50 inventions, including the tread for tires and a folding iron table. The phrase we use today, 'the Real McCoy,' was created for his originality. Blanche Kelso Bruce \| Patricia Roberts Harris Richard Robert Wright	[ 464, 11104, 26506, 286, 2619, 7443, 198, 3237, 262, 3925, 287, 317, 316, 2616, 338, 11104, 11845, 2648, 257, 2219, 3081, 25, 262, 11917, 284, 10980, 262, 749, 2408, 17648, 13, 4900, 7770, 422, 4082, 11, 43923, 396, 5658, 28132, 19223, 1726, 2627, 530, 286, 262, 366, 14664, 605, 19294, 286, 262, 995, 553, 3597, 517, 621, 1802, 5207, 286, 2647, 878, 262, 2479, 286, 642, 13, 14685, 32534, 4373, 508, 2540, 36267, 1751, 379, 262, 1903, 286, 1105, 618, 673, 7042, 257, 38717, 1398, 287, 607, 4928, 11, 1568, 9393, 262, 18918, 14861, 5136, 13, 38646, 28901, 11, 262, 3367, 286, 43799, 13384, 11, 34824, 517, 621, 2026, 39405, 11, 1390, 262, 23153, 329, 17920, 290, 257, 29909, 6953, 3084, 13, 383, 9546, 356, 779, 1909, 11, 705, 1169, 6416, 28901, 4032, 373, 2727, 329, 465, 2656, 414, 13, 198, 3629, 6362, 15150, 568, 11088, 930, 30223, 10918, 10026, 198, 22245, 5199, 12206, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	155
Chess requires you to think hard, analyze, plan, and execute. Problem-solving and learning are become a game! Studies conducted over the last 30 years show an increase in student IQ's, and test scores improve after less than a year of systematic chess study. Chess is also valuable due to its intellectual brand attributes: Chess is known to be a smart person's game, and kids who play chess believe they are smart. Why is this important? Because what kids believe can be self-fulfilling. What does chess do? - Develops self-esteem - Builds team spirit - Increases concentration. - Encourages and promotes pattern recognition - Enhances logical deductive reasoning to solve problems Chess levels the playing field. Age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and spoken language are irrelevant factors when playing chess. Why Offer Chess in Schools? By Chessmaster Jerry Meyers - www.youthchess.net Chess is a classic game of strategy, invented more than 1500 years ago in India. Legend has it that the ruler of India asked his wise men to devise a way to teach the children of the royal family to become better thinkers and better generals on the battlefield. Chess was the result. In the centuries since its invention, chess has spread to every country in the world. While countless other games have died out, chess lives on. In the United States, it has received endorsements by many educators, ranging from Benjamin Franklin to former U.S. Secretary of Education, Terrell Bell. In Western Pennsylvania, more than 70 schools and a dozen libraries offer chess programs, reaching several thousand students each year. 2) Academic Benefits We have brought chess to the schools because we believe it directly contributes to academic performance. Chess makes kids smarter. It does so by teaching the following skills: Focusing - Children are taught the benefits of observing carefully and concentrating. If they don't watch what is happening, they can't respond to it, no matter how smart they are. Visualizing - Children are prompted to imagine a sequence of actions before it happens. We actually strengthen the ability to visualize by training them to shift the pieces in their mind, first one, then several moves ahead. Thinking Ahead - Children are taught to think first, then act. We teach them to ask themselves "If I do this, what might happen then, and how can I respond?" Over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. Weighing Options - Children are taught that they don't have to do the first thing that pops into their mind. They learn to identify alternatives and consider the pros and cons of various actions. Analyzing Concretely - Children learn to evaluate the results of specific actions and sequences. Does this sequence help me or hurt me? Decisions are better when guided by logic, rather than impulse. Thinking Abstractly - Children are taught to step back periodically from details and consider the bigger picture. They also learn to take patterns used in one context and apply them to different, but related situations. Planning - Children are taught to develop longer range goals and take steps toward bringing them about. They are also taught of the need to reevaluate their plans as new developments change the situation. Juggling Multiple Considerations Simultaneously - Children are encouraged not to become overly absorbed in any one consideration, but to try to weigh various factors all at once. None of these skills are specific to chess, but they are all part of the game. The beauty of chess as a teaching tool is that it stimulates children's minds and helps them to build these skills while enjoying themselves. As a result, children become more critical thinkers, better problem solvers, and more independent decision makers. 3) Educational Research These conclusions have been backed up by educational research. Studies have been done in various locations around the United States and Canada, showing that chess results in increased scores on standardized tests for both reading and math. A study on a large scale chess program in New York City, which involved more than 100 schools and 3,000 children, showed higher classroom grades in both English and Math for children involved in chess. Studies in Houston, Texas and Bradford, Pennsylvania showed chess leads to higher scores on the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. 4) Social Benefits In the schools, chess often serves as a bridge, bringing together children of different ages, races and genders in an activity they can all enjoy. Chess helps build individual friendships and also school spirit when children compete together as teams against other schools. Chess also teaches children about sportsmanship - how to win graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. For children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self-image, and even improved attendance. Chess provides a positive social outlet, a wholesome recreational activity that can be easily learned and enjoyed at any age. Why does chess have this impact? Why did chess players score higher on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as well as the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal? Briefly, there appear to be at least seven significant factors: - Chess accommodates all modality strengths. - Chess provides a far greater quantity of problems for practice. - Chess offers immediate punishments and rewards for problem solving. - Chess creates a pattern or thinking system that, when used faithfully, breeds success. The chess-playing students had become accustomed to looking for more and different alternatives, which resulted in higher scores in fluency and originality. - Competition. Competition fosters interest, promotes mental alertness, challenges all students, and elicits the highest levels of achievement (Stephan, 1988). - A learning environment organized around games has a positive affect on students’ attitudes toward learning. This affective dimension acts as a facilitator of cognitive achievement (Allen & Main, 1976). Instructional gaming is one of the most motivational tools in the good teacher’s repertoire. Children love games. Chess motivates them to become willing problem solvers and spend hours quietly immersed in logical thinking. These same young people often cannot sit still for fifteen minutes in the traditional classroom. - Chess supplies a variety and quality of problems. As Langen (1992) states: “The problems that arise in the 70-90 positions of the average chess game are, moreover, new. Contexts are familiar, themes repeat, but game positions never do. This makes chess good grist for the problem-solving mill.” First Move Video See what First Move is all about. Watch our foundation video to see how chess is used in the classroom as a learning tool.	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Neolithic Man: The First Lumberjack? Thursday, August 9, 2012 Transition from hunting to agricultural society parallels development of woodworking tools, TAU research reveals A polished axe from the PPNB period. During the Neolithic Age (approximately 10000–6000 BCE), early man evolved from hunter-gatherer to farmer and agriculturalist, living in larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. This transition brought about significant changes in terms of the economy, architecture, man's relationship to the environment, and more. Now Dr. Ran Barkai of Tel Aviv University's Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations has shed new light on this milestone in human evolution, demonstrating a direct connection between the development of an agricultural society and the development of woodworking tools. "Intensive woodworking and tree-felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages," says Dr. Barkai, whose research was published in the journal PLoS One. Prior to the Neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. But new archaeological evidence suggests that as the Neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture. Evolution of axes The use of functional tools in relation to woodworking over the course of the Neolithic period has not been studied in detail until now. Through their work at the archaeological site of Motza, a neighbourhood in the Judean Hills, Dr. Barkai and his fellow researchers, Prof. Rick Yerkes of Ohio State University and Dr. Hamudi Khalaily of the Israel Antiquity Authority, have unearthed evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements. The early part of the Neolithic age is divided into two distinct eras — Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). Agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear only in PPNB, so the transition between these two periods is a watershed moment in human history. And these changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says Dr. Barkai. Within PPNA, humans remained gatherers but lived in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. Axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. In PPNB, the tools have evolved to much larger and heavier axes, formed by a technique called polishing. The researchers' in-depth analysis of these tools shows that they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects. "We can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools," Dr. Barkai says, and this follows the "actual transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture." He also identifies a trial-and-error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. Eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in PPNB. Whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa remains to be determined, says Dr. Barkai, who characterizes it as a "circular argument." Whatever the answer, the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle. Beyond the change from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. Not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. The round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in PPNB, explains Dr. Barkai. "Evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. Prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams." In addition, humans began to produce limestone-based plaster floors for their homes — which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone. These architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities. For more archaeology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.	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Is Seaweed the Future of Biofuel? Monday, March 5, 2012 TAU scientist takes the search for alternative energy sources to the sea As scientists continue the hunt for energy sources that are safer, cleaner alternatives to fossil fuel, an ever-increasing amount of valuable farmland is being used to produce bioethanol, a source of transportation fuel. And while land-bound sources are renewable, economists and ecologists fear that diverting crops to produce fuel will limit food resources and drive up costs. Now, Prof. Avigdor Abelson of Tel Aviv University's Department of Zoology and the new Renewable Energy Center, and his colleagues Dr. Alvaro Israel of the Israel Oceanography Institute, Prof. Aharon Gedanken of Bar-Ilan University, Dr. Ariel Kushmaro of Ben-Gurion University, and their Ph.D. student Leor Korzen, have gone to the seas in the quest for a renewable energy source that doesn't endanger natural habitats, biodiversity, or human food sources.He says that marine macroalgae — common seaweed — can be grown more quickly than land-based crops and harvested as fuel without sacrificing usable land. It's a promising source of bioethanol that has remained virtually unexplored until now. The researchers are now developing methods for growing and harvesting seaweed as a source of renewable energy. Not only can the macroalgae be grown unobtrusively along coastlines, Prof. Abelson notes, they can also clear the water of excessive nutrients — caused by human waste or aquaculture — which disturb the marine environment. A man-made "ecosystem" While biomasses grown on land have the potential to inflict damage on the environment, the researchers believe that producing biofuel from seaweed-based sources could even solve problems that already exist within the marine environment. Many coastal regions, including the Red Sea in the south of Israel, have suffered from eutrophication — pollution caused by human waste and fish farming, which leads to excessive amounts of nutrients and detrimental algae, ultimately harming endangered coral reefs. Encouraging the growth of seaweed for eventual conversion into biofuel could solve these environmental problems. The system that the researchers are developing, called the "Combined Aquaculture Multi-Use Systems" (CAMUS), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. Ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic "man-made ecosystem," explains Prof. Abelson. Man-made fish feeders, which produce pollution in the form of excess nutrients and are generally considered harmful to the marine environment, would become a positive link in this chain. Used alongside an increased population of filter feeders such as oysters, which suck in extra particles and convert them food that the microalgae can consume, this "pollution" could be used to sustain a much greater yield of seaweed, which is needed for seaweed to become a sustainable source of fuel. "By employing multiple species, CAMUS can turn waste into productive resources such as biofuel, at the same time reducing pollution's impact on the local ecosystem," he says. Turning waste into opportunity The researchers are now working to increase the carbohydrate and sugar contents of the seaweed for efficient fermentation into bioethanol, and they believe that macroalgae will be a major source for biofuel in the future. The CAMUS system could turn seaweed into a sustainable bioethanol source that is productive, efficient, and cost-effective. For more environment and ecology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.	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Anyone wanting to comment on the U.S. Department of Labor’s proposed changes to the Hazardous Occupations Orders For Agricultural Employment has until the end of the month to do so. These changes impact children between the ages of 14 and 16 who are hired to work on farms or other agricultural endeavors not owned or operated by their parents. If implemented, the proposed changes would be the first made to the orders in more than three decades. The six major changes that crop producers need to be aware of are: - 14- to 16-year-olds hired to work on farms that are not owned or operated by their parents would be banned from handling pesticides. - The tractor-safety certification requirement for these hired workers would be expanded from the current 24 hours of training to 90 hours, but children enrolled in the program—and in good standing—could work while taking the training. - The height at which these children could work would be lowered from the current 20 feet to six feet. - 14- to 16-year-olds would be banned from working in grain elevators. - These kids would not be able to use electronic devices like iPods or cell phones while operating a motor vehicle such as a tractor (GPS is an exception). - All motor vehicles operated by these workers must have rollover protection. The U.S. Department of Labor expects the proposed changes to be implemented sometime in 2012. Penalties for violations would range between zero for minor infractions and $100,000, the maximum allowed by law, in cases that result in a fatality or severe dismemberment. To read the complete proposal, go to http://www.dol.gov/WHD/ . The "Highlights" box has the most recent news on the subject.	[ 21129, 10291, 284, 2912, 319, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 7882, 447, 247, 82, 5150, 2458, 284, 262, 32224, 516, 48227, 30689, 1114, 36694, 24656, 468, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1227, 284, 466, 523, 13, 198, 4711, 2458, 2928, 1751, 1022, 262, 9337, 286, 1478, 290, 1467, 508, 389, 9657, 284, 670, 319, 15893, 393, 584, 14240, 40273, 407, 6898, 393, 12228, 416, 511, 3397, 13, 1002, 9177, 11, 262, 5150, 2458, 561, 307, 262, 717, 925, 284, 262, 6266, 287, 517, 621, 1115, 4647, 13, 198, 464, 2237, 1688, 2458, 326, 13833, 11408, 761, 284, 307, 3910, 286, 389, 25, 198, 12, 1478, 12, 284, 1467, 12, 1941, 12, 10119, 9657, 284, 670, 319, 15893, 326, 389, 407, 6898, 393, 12228, 416, 511, 3397, 561, 307, 9301, 422, 9041, 27482, 13, 198, 12, 383, 38278, 12, 44708, 18094, 9079, 329, 777, 9657, 3259, 561, 307, 9902, 422, 262, 1459, 1987, 2250, 286, 3047, 284, 4101, 2250, 11, 475, 1751, 18724, 287, 262, 1430, 960, 392, 287, 922, 5055, 960, 24089, 670, 981, 2263, 262, 3047, 13, 198, 12, 383, 6001, 379, 543, 777, 1751, 714, 670, 561, 307, 17788, 422, 262, 1459, 1160, 3625, 284, 2237, 3625, 13, 198, 12, 1478, 12, 284, 1467, 12, 1941, 12, 10119, 561, 307, 9301, 422, 1762, 287, 13020, 7662, 2024, 13, 198, 12, 2312, 3988, 561, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 779, 7914, 4410, 588, 9736, 12978, 393, 2685, 9512, 981, 5361, 257, 5584, 4038, 884, 355, 257, 38278, 357, 38, 3705, 318, 281, 6631, 737, 198, 12, 1439, 5584, 5672, 12228, 416, 777, 3259, 1276, 423, 4836, 2502, 4800, 13, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 7882, 13423, 262, 5150, 2458, 284, 307, 9177, 17291, 287, 2321, 13, 7507, 10355, 329, 11734, 561, 2837, 1022, 6632, 329, 4159, 1167, 37810, 290, 720, 3064, 11, 830, 11, 262, 5415, 3142, 416, 1099, 11, 287, 2663, 326, 1255, 287, 257, 3735, 1483, 393, 6049, 18099, 1491, 434, 13, 198, 2514, 1100, 262, 1844, 6961, 11, 467, 284, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 67, 349, 13, 9567, 14, 54, 10227, 14, 198, 13, 383, 366, 11922, 8091, 1, 3091, 468, 262, 749, 2274, 1705, 319, 262, 2426, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	368
We want to help young people understand energy, how it's produced, how it gets to us and how to use it wisely. That's why we've developed this section, which provides information, resources and opportunities for pupils and teachers. If you can't see the Flash game above then you may need to download Adobe Flash Player. To do this, please visit the Adobe website. You can also download and print out PDFs of the Flash game. Most computers will open PDF files automatically. If not, you may need to download Adobe Reader. To do this, please visit the Adobe website.	[ 1135, 765, 284, 1037, 1862, 661, 1833, 2568, 11, 703, 340, 338, 4635, 11, 703, 340, 3011, 284, 514, 290, 703, 284, 779, 340, 32773, 13, 1320, 338, 1521, 356, 1053, 4166, 428, 2665, 11, 543, 3769, 1321, 11, 4133, 290, 6443, 329, 25613, 290, 7799, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 460, 470, 766, 262, 9973, 983, 2029, 788, 345, 743, 761, 284, 4321, 21771, 9973, 7853, 13, 1675, 466, 428, 11, 3387, 3187, 262, 21771, 3052, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 635, 4321, 290, 3601, 503, 12960, 82, 286, 262, 9973, 983, 13, 198, 6943, 9061, 481, 1280, 12960, 3696, 6338, 13, 1002, 407, 11, 345, 743, 761, 284, 4321, 21771, 25342, 13, 1675, 466, 428, 11, 3387, 3187, 262, 21771, 3052, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	123
Technically SSL works as follows: At the "https" Your browser recognises that he mentioned server, a certificate request. For the server the browser has returned a certificate, it must be certified by the certification body. Then notify the server of this certificate directly to the browser. The browser receives from the directory service of the certification authority information, whether the certificate is valid. Based on these data, the browser can now check whether he really is connected to the server, in the URL. If so, your browser indicates a secure connection. For Internet Explorer and Firefox, this is done by a closed padlock. The Netscape Navigator / Communicator shows a secure page by the key intact. Then the two agree on a balanced computer keys. This understanding is happening in the safe asymmetric encryption. To really on the safe side, your browser sends the server before the start of the actual data exchange some test messages. This can only answer the server when it is actually the server, which he pretends to be. Looking even further the three objectives of encryption: does the SSL protocol so that a secure connection: 1st Your data is confidential, because the content of your messages only encrypted over the network. 2nd The authenticity of the server. 3rd Your data is protected from tampering, as effective algorithms examine whether the data is complete and unaltered their respective recipients. Meanwhile, SSL as a standard for encryption established browser. Meanwhile, but also Transport Layer Security (TLS). TLS is in place by SSL 3.0 standardized and expanded the range of use encryption methods to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). TLS is based on the more complex encryption methods Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard - Datenverschlüsselungs standard) or other algorithms. It supports the encryption of e-mails and the proof of identity for commercial online transactions.	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(b Crevalcore; d before 1525). Italian painter and musician. Although Antonio da Crevalcore was highly regarded by his contemporaries as both a painter of still-lifes and a musician, his artistic oeuvre remains the subject of debate. It has been suggested that he trained in Ferrara, because of the stylistic similarities his work shares with other Ferrarese painters working in Bologna, such as Francesco del Cossa and Ercole de’ Roberti. The influence of Cossa’s Bolognese painting on Crevalcore is clear, especially of the Pala dei Mercanti (Bologna, Pin. N.), but the connection between Cossa’s Ferrarese works or Ercole de’ Roberti’s later Ferrarese paintings and Crevalcore is less evident. The Holy Family with St. John as a Boy The Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist and another Saint Deposizione di Cristo dalla Croce Please note: site admin does not answer any questions. This is our readers discussion only.	[ 7, 65, 5844, 2100, 7295, 26, 288, 878, 1315, 1495, 737, 8200, 34537, 290, 21623, 13, 198, 7003, 11366, 12379, 5844, 2100, 7295, 373, 4047, 11987, 416, 465, 198, 3642, 368, 1819, 3166, 355, 1111, 257, 34537, 286, 991, 12, 36195, 274, 290, 257, 21623, 11, 465, 198, 433, 2569, 267, 12496, 43933, 3793, 262, 2426, 286, 4384, 13, 632, 468, 587, 5220, 198, 5562, 339, 8776, 287, 19130, 3301, 11, 780, 286, 262, 22152, 2569, 20594, 198, 14363, 670, 7303, 351, 584, 12880, 430, 260, 325, 2356, 1010, 1762, 287, 347, 928, 2616, 11, 198, 10508, 355, 27025, 1073, 1619, 327, 793, 64, 290, 5256, 1073, 293, 390, 447, 247, 5199, 72, 13, 383, 4588, 286, 198, 34, 793, 64, 447, 247, 82, 347, 928, 2516, 68, 12036, 319, 5844, 2100, 7295, 318, 1598, 11, 2592, 286, 262, 198, 47, 6081, 390, 72, 12185, 17096, 357, 33, 928, 2616, 11, 13727, 13, 399, 12179, 475, 262, 4637, 1022, 198, 34, 793, 64, 447, 247, 82, 12880, 430, 260, 325, 2499, 393, 5256, 1073, 293, 390, 447, 247, 5199, 72, 447, 247, 82, 1568, 12880, 430, 260, 325, 198, 79, 2913, 654, 290, 5844, 2100, 7295, 318, 1342, 10678, 13, 198, 464, 7439, 7884, 351, 520, 13, 1757, 355, 257, 6387, 198, 464, 42345, 290, 5932, 351, 9281, 1757, 262, 21724, 290, 1194, 9281, 198, 12156, 418, 528, 7935, 2566, 24568, 78, 288, 30315, 9325, 344, 198, 5492, 3465, 25, 2524, 13169, 857, 407, 3280, 597, 2683, 13, 770, 318, 674, 7183, 5114, 691, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	256

Study Reveals the Crazy Lengths We Go to Avoid Other People While trying to avoid the forced socializing that sometimes comes when traveling with strangers might not seem like a difficult task, new research reveals that it actually takes a lot of work to be anti-social. Yale University researcher Esther Kim spent three years riding coach across the great American roadways in order to observe the obsessive quirks and bizarre behavior of those people being transported across the country in the company of strangers. “We live in a world of strangers, where life in public spaces feels increasingly anonymous,” said Kim. “However, avoiding other people actually requires quite a lot of effort and this is especially true in confined spaces like public transport.” During her journey, Kim says she discovered that the greatest unspoken rule of bus travel is that if other seats are available you shouldn’t sit next to someone else because most passengers claim it makes a person look weird. However, it is when the bus starts filling up and more passengers are still getting on that things start to get interesting. Kim says that she found that most people will go out of their way to avoid others. Pretending to be busy, checking cell phones, looking past people or falling asleep are just some of the many ways people avoid fraternizing with the unknown. • Avoiding eye contact with other people • Leaning against the window and stretching out your legs • Placing a large bag on the empty seat • Sitting on the aisle seat and turning on your iPod so you can pretend you cannot hear people asking for the window seat. • Placing several items on the spare seat so it is not worth the passenger’s time waiting for you to move them. • Looking out the window with a blank stare to look crazy • Pretending to be asleep • Putting your coat on the seat to make it appear already taken • If all else fails, lying and saying the seat has been taken by someone else While all of this sounds like such painstaking efforts just to keep from sitting next to a stranger, Kim says the good news is that race, class, gender and other background characteristics were of no concern to travelers — everyone just wants to avoid the “crazy person.”

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Radiation Levels Along the West Coast Not A Concern The unprecedented earthquake occurring in Japan on Friday, March 11, 2011 and subsequent tsunami that devastated Japan’s western seaboard also affected a nuclear power plant in Fukushima. Despite valiant on-going containment efforts, radioactive materials have escaped into the air, elevating radiation levels in surrounding areas. As of March 16, emergency evacuation has been ordered for people who live withing 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from the troubled nuclear power plant. While these events are occurring more than 4500 miles from the West Coast of the United States, there is growing public concern regarding radiation. However, authorities from the Departments of Health in Washington, Oregon and Alaska (the three states in NN/LM PNR along the coast), state that there is no public health risk from the damaged nuclear reactor. Visit the Washington State Department of Health website for more information about the nuclear reactor in Japan and any associated health risks. Oregonians can visit the Oregon Health Authority’s web site. Alaskans can go to the State of Alaska Health and Social Services site to read about radiological preparedness. Lastly, the journal Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness has published an open-access supplement on nuclear preparedness: http://www.dmphp.org/content/vol5/Supplement_1/index.dtl Articles from this and other publications of the Nuclear Detonation Scarce Resources Project Working Group can be accessed through the Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM) tool at http://www.remm.nlm.gov/triagetool_intro.htm . REMM is a source of evidence-based, online and downloadable guidance about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury for health care providers. And, for resources for disaster planning and response, remember to visit the NN/LM Emergency Preparedness Toolkit – http://nnlm.gov/ep/

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Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993 Chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the Summit area of Greenland, 1989-1993 includes major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, SO4), oxygen isotopes (18O) and H2O2. Four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two in 1991, one in 1992 and one in 1993. All snow pits had a 3 cm sampling interval except the snow pits in 1990, which had either a 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval. Chemistry and isotope information were obtained from each of the snow pits. The pits and surface snow samples were collected by the Glacier Research Group (GRG), using established protocols to prevent contamination. The samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the GISP2 drilling camp. All data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the University of Washington, were generated by GRG at the University of New Hampshire. The following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. For more information, see our Use and Copyright Web page. Paul A. Mayewski and Sallie Whitlow. 1999. Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993. [indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.

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The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four-year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. The results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. Survey items on The National Survey of Student Engagement represent empirically confirmed "good practices" in undergraduate education. That is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college. Institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. This information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences. More than 1300 different colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada have participated in NSSE since it was first administered in 2000. NSSE's widespread use has spawned several other nationally-used instruments including the Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement, the Community College Survey of Student Engagement, the Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, and the Law School Survey of Student Engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees.

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The Digital Library is a database of articles about successful VoiceThread projects. Our hope is to create a resource that offers guidance and inspiration for people undertaking new projects. Please contribute a VoiceThread to help the Digital Library grow. Using VoiceThread in an online course from Professor Russ Meade VoiceThread "humanizes" the on-line classroom experience. As a college Professor, I teach all over the US exclusively asynchronously. One of the drawbacks of online learning has always been that the student feels isolated and unconnected with either his or her classmates... Higher Ed from Della Curtis An engaging discussion between graduate students looking to earn a master's degree in education. This example showcases the collaboration that can be captured in a VoiceThread between colleagues... 7th grade radio advertisements from Terry Casey We explored the power of radio advertising and then students created their own advertisements. VoiceThread allowed us to host our ads and the other students are then able to listen and leave their opinions. Book Review: A Single Shard by Linda Sue Park from C Vidor This VoiceThread aims to make these elements a bit more familiar to students with brief explanations and interesting images. The VoiceThread also suggests ways in which some themes of the book are evident in the story's imagery. 2nd graders play I-Spy The project incorporates many tech skills as well as many literacy skills into a fun project they children loved. The parents and teachers also loved sharing their students work. Higher Ed analysis of Tim O'Brien's "The Things They Carried" This VoiceThread encouraged my students to critically examine the story and post their insights for the entire world to see. I saw them go from being reluctant and nervous students to enthusiastic and totally engaged teachers of one another. 8th grade Historical Fiction from Shirley Scamardella This picture book was written, illustrated and told by students. It was entered into the Scholastic Books, Kids are Authors Contest and it won Honorable Mention. I feel this is a good VoiceThread because this is the finished product of a two month project. Poetry and Illustration from Constance Vidor The Poetry and Illustration VoiceThread shows how illustration can be used to interpret and illuminate poetry written for young readers. It begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of Edward Lear's The Owl and the Pussycat. Comparing J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney, Constance Vidor The J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney VoiceThread introduces young learners to the great baroque composer by way of a comparison/contrast with a musician with whom they are more familiar. 1st grade - Reading Analysis from Leanne Windsor This VoiceThread was a culmination of a project we did in library to get the children thinking about the books they were choosing to read and why they liked them. They were also learning about story structure... Kindergarten Storybook from Leanne Windsor This VoiceThread displays the illustrations that the children drew with author Alison Lester when she visited our school. We followed the pattern of her picture book series about children and what they are doing day to day. 4th Grade - Where I'm From Poems from Tara McCartney Students shared personally significant poetry against a backdrop of their own self portrait. This VoiceThread gave students a chance to share their work orally, as well as to explore the cultural differences between our students in a safe environment. 12th Grade - A Day in the Life from Joanie Batts These High-School seniors used VoiceThread to create the final segment to a school wide literacy project, "A Day in the Life of Dunnellon High School." 4th Grade - I Am Poems from Jackie Gerstein The "I am" feedback project demonstrates a method for providing qualitative feedback to students' poetry: students began with a hands-on activity: the magnetic poetry, and later put it into a VoiceThread. 4th Grade English from Ms. Naugle VoiceThread enabled my students to put their poems out in an audio format to be shared with others. They eagerly practiced their speaking fluency to get it "just right" because they wanted to impress their "audience". 4th Grade book-reading discussion from Krystina Kelly This VoiceThread shows how a wide number of students from different classes and grades can use VoiceThread to have an asynchronous conversation about books. Kindergarten reading from Heather Taylor I think that this is a good project because the children are able to share some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb This is a great example of what a VoiceThread can do when embedded in a blog: foster global conversation. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb 2 In place of a written assessment the students were asked to take all the information they gathered from their study on Edgar Allan Poe and put it all into the "What do you know about Poe?" VoiceThread. 7th Grade from Amy Cobb 3 This is a powerful reflection of a young girl's seventh grade experience. It tells a story using six photos that defined her middle school year. 3rd Grade from Alice Mercer This VoiceThread demonstrates the use of features that are unique to the application. The creator has used both voice and text to "teach" the lesson. 10th grade Chinese language practice from Lilia Hurteau VoiceThread can be used to teach Chinese in a high school setting. Students have to repeat the words and then make sentences with the new vocabulary. They record themselves and they have to be creative. 9th grade Chinese language lesson from James Rolle VoiceThread provides a medium for this character-by-character explanation of a commonly used phrase in Chinese that students can listen to and learn on their own time. Language learners use VoiceThread to practice speaking This is a great example of how an ESL student can practice her computer skills and her language skills to talk about everyday activities. Students can practice speaking as many times as they like before they can show it to their teachers/classmates. 11th grade - French fluency and history from Hassina Taylor Students found that responding to my questions orally via the Internet was a great way to improve on their fluency, and they found it very challenging to use the visual cues to find answers. They concentrated much better and retained information because it is a "hands-on"... 3rd grade language "Les Trois Petits Cochons" from Mme Smith Using VoiceThread, students realized the power of voice as a tool of expression. All students in the class were able to contribute to this VoiceThread presentation of a play they had learned. Higher-Ed, Studying Abroad in Ecuador, David Thompson This VoiceThread is a good example of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience. 7th Grade Spanish from Eve Millard Learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language. Higher Ed blogs in teaching from Kristen Kozloski, Ph.D. We used blogging as a reflective practice in my course on Designing Multimedia for Learning. This is an example of our final reflection, as a class, of that blogging process. Higher Ed online technologies from Jen Hegna The goal of this project was to have each team member reflect upon tools we utilized to collaborate and complete our online project entitled - Disrupting TCS 702. 7th graders practice Math in Action from Ms Redd VoiceThread showcases this great example of Math in Action. My students love the idea that they can comment on a video featuring one of their teachers and it feels like they aren't even doing math!! 7th Grade - Exploring Probability from Britt Gow Students from two countries were able to comment on the slides which show images of probability problems. My students enjoyed this exercise and another teacher has used it in her class to extend each of the problems. 7th Grade - Measurement from Britt Gow Year 7 students from Hawkesdale P12 college were able to share their knowledge with Grade 5/6 students from a Ballarat Primary School about measurement and ratio. Students were required to articulate their thinking... 6th Grade math from Jackie Ionno This VoiceThread was created by the student and shows that he really got the intent of the assignment. It shows effort, creativity, organization, and a mathematical knowledge of the the real world. 4th Grade problem-solving from Krystina Kelly This is a great VoiceThread example because it shows how an entire 4th grade class can work together to develop problem-solving strategies. Higher Ed teaching with technology from Ellen Dobson This VoiceThread, entitled "Surfometry," was created by a student-teacher as an assignment for a "Computers in Education" course. The creator incorporated images, video and graphics into an engaging geometry lesson. Language from Carla Arena This VoiceThread shows current and new educators how VoiceThread can be used in English/Language Arts courses by asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks: poetry, personification... Language from Carla Arena 2 This professional-development instructor used VoiceThread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators. 9th graders write Children's stories about astronomy, Mrs. Edenstrom I had all of my 9th grade science students do a Children's story about astronomy. They had to have facts, but tell it in a creative way that could be read and understood by elementary aged students! I had great success with this. 4th graders study plants in collaboration with Pakistani students Students from the US collaborate with Pakistani students to learn about a common interest! This project can be used by teachers of any grade level, can be shown to parents, can be a model for showing kids the possibilities of the medium. 7th Grade - The Water Cycle from Britt Gow Year 7 Science students did a unit of work on water and the water cycle. They were asked to draw a picture containing mountains, clouds, the sea, a lake, a forest and an underground water reservoir (aquifer). 7th graders Go Green from Mrs. Beatrice Reiser This VoiceThread is an excellent example because it is interactive and promotes environmental issues. 1st Grade Science from Michele Green First grade students researched fish in the library, used Paint to draw pictures of them, and then recorded their voices. The Silk Road - from Constance Vidor This VoiceThread provides a scaffolding for research and active engagement with an important topic of world history. Digital storytelling - Abraham Lincoln's dog, Fido, from Clare Caddell VoiceThread brought a little-known story about Lincoln to life, with images as well as voice. It was created in response to my second and third graders, who wanted to know more about Lincoln's dog, Fido. History Podcast with secondary-ed students from Laurie Cohen This project gives students an opportunity to be creative while demonstrating their content knowledge and technological skills. After developing the Lesson Plan and creating this sample, our US History teacher loved it for his class. He is using it in the 10th grade class. 5th Grade - Ellis Is. Narratives from Barbara De Santis I wanted this project to enable the students to truly feel the immigrant experience. While primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding. 3rd Grade - School Community from Trish Harrison The objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities. They practiced discussion; brainstorming; writing down ideas; using ideas in small-group talk as conversations. 11th Grade - Reconstruction from Molly Lynde This is a great VoiceThread foremost because my students were actively engaged and finished with a clearer understanding of what the post Civil War era was really about... they no longer thought of a "universal freed slave" dancing in the street. 4th Grade - Letters from the Internment Camps In this VoiceThread, students explore an historical event that is relevant to their physical community, the removal of Japanese-Americans to internment camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. 8th Grade - Colors of the Night from Mrs. Brosnan My goal was to further enhance their Art History knowledge that by using VoiceThread enabled me to extend my teaching "outside of the class room". K-12 art, poetry, and music from Erin Berg This VT is an example of the power of collaboration using technology. This encompasses art through words, visuals, and music. 5th grade music/video project from Elissa Reichstein I believe (this VoiceThread) shows an interesting way to use VoiceThread to motivate learning and celebrate student interests and accomplishments. 2nd Grade from Donna Lubin A great example of how a PowerPoint presentation can be uploaded easily and used as an archive of a PowerPoint-assisted lecture... Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock An engaging and dynamic lecture delivered within an interactive environment engages in a way no 'downloadable' lecture can. Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock 2 By engaging in discussions, students explore and engage in course material more deeply while practicing critical-thinking and discourse. 5th and 6th-grade Digital literacy project from Julienne Hogarth I gave the learners the images and they researched and posted information and comments about Dale Chihuly's life and art. The learners were thrilled to use Voicethread as a tool in their learning as well as becoming very excited about the art work. 5th Grade - Digital portfolios for student-led parent confs. As we're an international school, I was looking for a seamless way that relatives in other countries (Grandparents, parents away working etc) could view, comment, give feedback on the digital portfolio. 8th Grade - Refugee stories from Creative Technology VoiceThread has enabled refugee communities to share stories about what it means to come to a new country to live. 6th Grade Class trip from Jennifer Bamsberger We used VoiceThread to document our class trip to the Maker Faire 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area as part of our study of the Spirit of Creativity. For some of our sixth graders, this was the first long trip away from home without family. 10th Grade Child Development from Andrea Holtry This project was a collaboration of the high school students in four Child Development classes, illustrating many of the problems facing children today.

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3,017

Lamp Shell Terebratulina septentrionalis It would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. Lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. The shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. Lamp shells attach their pear-shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. With the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. Taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. The beating of the cilia creates the water current. Lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, Terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of North America, it commonly occurs in shallow water. This species is very similar to Terebratulina retusa.

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290

Tuesday, April 24, 2012 Ed White Space Walk We continue to look at important "firsts" in the American space program today. This picture is an important one . . . it shows Ed White on the first American Space Walk. You can see earth in the background. The metallic cylinders in his hand are are propellant system to allow him to maneuver in vacuum of space. The spacewalk occurred on June 3, 1965. Ed died about two years later in the Apollo capsule accident.

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102

Southern Louisiana fisherman battle cold weather and drastic changes in barometric pressure as they fight to successfully catch fish. Southern Louisiana is home to some of the coldest and most frantic weather changes in the United States. This leads to chaos and confusion not just on land but in the water as well. It has been recently discovered that the constant increase and decrease in weather climate creates a high level of pressure through out the bodies of water in the area. This contributes to, as stated by Jerald Horst, a retired Louisiana State University fisheries biologist, "the quelling effect on the feeding activity of speckled trout and redfish. There's no scientific proof that barometric pressure causes fish to feed less, but we can definitely show a cause and effect." Horst continues in explaining that while there is no proof that barometric pressure is the direct result of a change in the eating habits of fish it does seem to correlate. Fish tend to be exceptionally sensitive to a change of environment and it would be fairly reasonable to assume that a change in barometric pressure would cause an alteration in their behavior. Additionally effective is the relationship that fish have to cold water. As water temperatures decrease it is known that cold-blooded creatures have a hard time feeling energize. As water looses warmth it reaches a level that matches the same temperature as the bodies of cold-blooded creatures. This causes these animals to go into a lethargic "comatose state." As soon as the cold front drifts in it is overtly noticeable that the fish stop biting the lures of fisherman. It has become a routine known to this area so often that fisherman now recognize the change and stay home for a day or two avoiding the sport all together until temperatures rise again. Anglers of Southeast Louisiana have even learned to cancel a whole fishing trip due to a drop in barometric pressure. Don't wait for the weather report to guess where the fish will be biting, log on to fishtrack.com and have all of your fishing forecasts, fishing maps and more at your fingertips. Avoid educated guessing and turn to professionals who know fishing best. At Fishtrack a user can properly plan a fishing trip well in advance by knowing where the fish are before stepping off the dock. Whether an amateur with a passion for fishing or a professional who lives on the water, by subscribing to Fishtrack any fishing enthusiast can avoid mother natures set backs with accurate updates of weather conditions and more. For more information: 300 Pacific Coast Highway, Suite #310 Huntington Beach, CA 92648

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521

Right after I finished mulching my rose garden with free wood chips I got from a tree service, I read that wood chips suck all the nitrogen out of the soil. Should I fertilize now? As soon as you spread mulch, there’s a population boom of bacteria, fungi, and other soil microbes that work to decompose organic matter. These beneficial organisms consume some of the nitrogen present in the soil. The nitrogen loss is temporary, however, because the nitrogen is once again available to plants when the microbes die. But in the meantime, the thin layer of soil that is in direct contact with the mulch will relinquish some of its fertility. The depletion of nutrients does not extend deep into the soil, so it won’t likely affect anything other than the shallowest-rooted annuals. The benefits of organic mulch outweigh the possibility of a temporary nitrogen shortage. Mulch conserves moisture and contributes to a healthy root zone. It also helps to suppress weeds. As mulch decomposes, the nutrients held within it—including a small amount of nitrogen—are released. For roses and other plants with high nutrient needs, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for nitrogen deficiency, whether you’ve mulched with wood chips or not. Plants lacking nitrogen grow slowly and exhibit pale or yellow-green leaves; in extreme cases, growth may be stunted. To preclude the chance of nitrogen deficiency, many gardeners make a habit of distributing a small dose of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer every spring to roses, perennials, edible crops, and other heavy feeders. Good organic sources include alfalfa meal (about 5 percent nitrogen by weight), fish meal or fish emulsion (5 percent), blood meal (12 percent), and feather meal (15 percent). Compost and worm castings also contain small amounts of nitrogen. —Doug Hall Someone told me that sugar is good for plants. I sprinkled some around my vegetable garden this year but didn’t notice anything different. How much should I apply? Plants don’t need you to add sugar to their soil; they make their own. Through the process of photosynthesis, which is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Plants use their self-made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction. Sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. These naturally occurring microbes are nature’s recyclers; they help to nourish plants by breaking down the bits of organic debris in soil into their nutrient components—including the potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, and other elements that are essential for plant life. In this sense, sugar could benefit the plants in your garden by boosting the microbial population, thereby speeding up the rate at which nutrients become available. But plants already have a process for encouraging microbial life. Soil scientists have discovered that plant roots exude sugars—sugars produced by photosynthesis—as a way of developing mutually beneficial relationships with microbes. By controlling the types and amounts of sugars they release, plants can select which kinds of microorganisms will colonize the soil around their roots. Not coincidentally, plants choose to feed the microbes that will provide them with the nutrients they need most. Compared to this sophisticated à la carte system, a sprinkle of processed sugar from your pantry is just junk food for bacteria. By the way, there’s another reason some gardeners haul the sugar canister out to the garden. Sugar added to the planting holes of vegetable transplants is said to discourage root knot nematodes, a destructive soil-dwelling parasite that plagues many Southern gardens. —Doug Hall

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770

Nourishable Places grow a significant portion of their food within a few miles of where it is eaten, and could grow more in a long emergency. Today, the ingredients of an average meal in the US travel over 1,300 miles to get to your table, and that number is growing every day. The data for meals in the EU is probably fairly similar. Currently, very few places in the United States are Nourishable Places, but as the industrializations of China and India continue, resulting in a billion new cars competing for gas over the next several years, the cost of food transportation will become much more significant. Nourishable Places are found almost nowhere in the First World today because of the shallow inflections in real estate value. Because we can drive for miles in a short period of time, we tend to value farmland similar to developable land in town a few miles away. This means that the farmland is easily gobbled up for new development. In order to be able to look from a town to the fields where your food is raised, conditions must be developed that allow for sharp inflections in real estate value at the edge of town. There is much work to do in this regard. The most promising development leading to Nourishable Places is work over recent decades to make agriculture more compact. Large-scale agriculture is very man-hour efficient, allowing huge quantities of food to be raised using very few laborers, but it does not use land area so efficiently. But bio-intensive methods, some of which have existed for centuries, allow all of the food needs of one person to be met on as little as one quarter of an acre. Nourishable Places usually incorporate the following principles: Nourishable Places Resources Nourishable Places Bookshelf contains a growing collection of books that contribute to various aspects of Nourishable Places. Lovable Edible Gardens is a list of gardens designed to be ornamental as well as nourishing. Nourishable Places Links Slow Food USA is the epicenter of the Slow Food movement, which celebrates the enjoyment of food, rather than the speed of food Nourishable Places Blog Posts the Chael-Dover Cottage - What the Original Green Looks Like paints a picture of a highly sustainable house using the Original Green standard. The Coming Golden Age of Great Necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably. The Green Academy - Or Not is a report card on today's architectural education measured by Original Green foundations. The Gizmo Green Conundrum pits an icon of Gizmo Green (a Chicago parking deck promoting itself as being green) against the eight foundations of the Original Green. Earth Day - A Symptom of Our Disease? takes a critical look at our habit of pledging allegiance to sustainability one day out of the year, but for getting the basics (like Nourishable Places) for the rest of the year. LEED for Homes Awards - or - How To Shoot Yourself in the Foot measures award-winning homes against the foundation principles of the Original Green. Original Green Places - South Main examines a Colorado community through the lenses of Original Green foundations. Hydroponics - Miracle or Threat? takes a critical look at this increasingly popular way of growing vegetables. Local Places - Aurea in San Francisco tells the story of a restaurant that makes a big deal of its use of local ingredients. SmartDwelling I - The Kitchen Garden describes the bio-intensive vegetable garden in SmartDwelling I SmartDwelling I - Green Walls details the harvestable walls of this design. Michael Pollan - In Defense of Food - and the Original Green recounts the In Defense of Food author's lecture, and the striking similarities between it and several Original Green principles. After Earth Day - What Next? What Can I Do? is the top ten things we each can do to be more sustainable, and includes planting a victory garden to help make your place more nourishable. Tiny Places - Mike & Patty's takes a look at why tiny restaurants are more likely to serve locally-grown food. Diagramming the Original Green shows the relationship between the foundations of sustainable places and sustainable buildings. Serenbe - A Nourishing Place begins with a story on Serenbe and steps through several recent advances in the move toward Nourishable Places. Towards Sustainable Architecture describes the foundation of principles of the New Urban Guild’s Project:SmartDwelling, and is based firmly on allowing onsite gardening. Green Sheds can be the centerpiece of gardening on your lot. Nourishable Places on OGTV Andrés Duany on Garden Cities is Duany's pecha kucha presentation on his new book at CNU19 in Madison. Nourishable Places Albums The SmartDwelling I poster illustrates several features of this home design that help to nourish its inhabitants. Nourishable Places Presentations All presentations entitled "Original Green" on the Presentations page deal with all eight foundations of sustainability, including Nourishable Places. Urban Agriculture Design Elements describe numerous techniques and patterns for creating a nourishable place.

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1,071

Mark of Ephesus Our father among the saints Mark of Ephesus (Evgenikos; Greek: Μάρκος Ευγενικός), Archbishop of Ephesus, was famous for his courageous defense of Orthodoxy at the Council of Florence (1439 A.D.) in spite of the Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus and the pope of Rome Eugenius IV. He held Rome to be in schism and heresy for its acceptance of the Filioque clause added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and for the claims of the papacy to universal jurisdiction over the Church, and was thus the only Eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council. Sometimes he is called "the conscience of Orthodoxy." He died peacefully in the year 1444 A.D. On his deathbed, Mark implored Gregory, his disciple, and later Patriarch Gennadius II of Constantinople, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy. For his efforts at the Council of Florence and his defense against: the addition of the Filioque, the primacy of the Pope, and purgatorial fire purification, the Orthodox Church considers him a saint, calling him a Pillar of Orthodoxy. His feast day is January 19. "It is impossible to recall peace without dissolving the cause of the schism—the primacy of the Pope exalting himself equal to God." "The Latins are not only schismatics but heretics... we did not separate from them for any other reason other than the fact that they are heretics. This is precisely why we must not unite with them unless they dismiss the addition from the Creed filioque and confess the Creed as we do." "Our Head, Christ our God... does not tolerate that the bond of love be taken from us entirely." "We seek and we pray for our return to that time when, being united, we spoke the same things and there was no schism between us." "The Symbol of the Faith must be preserved inviolate, as at its origin. Since all the holy doctors of the Church, all the Councils and all the Scriptures put us on our guard against heterodoxy, how dare I, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union—those who have corrupted the holy and divine Symbol of Faith and brought in the Son as second cause of the Holy Spirit" (s.v. Jan 19th in The Synaxarion, ed. Hieromonk Makarios of Simonas Petra, and trans. Christopher Hookway; Ormylia: Holy Convent of The Annunciation of Our Lady, 2001). "The souls of the departed can indeed benefit to their 'advancement,' and even the damned to a relative 'relief' of their lot, thanks to the prayers of the Church and through the infinite mercy of God; but the notion of a punishment prior to the Last Judgment and of a purification through a material fire is altogether foreign to the tradition of the Church" (ibid.). Death, Miracle and Canonization He died peacefully at the age of 52 on June 23, 1444, after an excruciating two-week battle with intestinal illness. On his death bed, Mark implored Georgios Scholarios, his former pupil, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy. According to his brother John, his last words were "Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, into Thy hands I commit my spirit." Mark was buried in the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople. There is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by St. Mark of Ephesus. Doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of Demetrios Zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. After losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. She related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, "Return now; you no longer have any illness." She asked him who he was and he informed her, "I am the Metropolitan of Ephesus, Mark Eugenikos." After being miraculously healed, she made an icon of St. Mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years. - "All of us of the holy Eastern Church of Christ acknowledge the holy Mark Evgenikos of Ephesus. We honor and receive this saintly, God-bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all our sacred dogmas and correct piety. He is an emulator and equal to the holy theologians, and those that adorned the Church of ancient times." (The Lives of the Pillars of Orthodoxy, p. 500, via ) Troparion (Tone 4) - By your profession of faith, O all-praised Mark - The Church has found you to be a zealot for truth. - You fought for the teaching of the Fathers; - You cast down the darkness of boastful pride. - Intercede with Christ God to grant forgiveness to those who honor you! Kontakion (Tone 3) - Clothed with invincible armor, O blessed one, - You cast down rebellious pride, - You served as the instrument of the Comforter, - And shone forth as the champion of Orthodoxy. - Therefore we cry to you: "Rejoice, Mark, the boast of the Orthodox!" Mark of Ephesus |Archbishop of Ephesus - St. Mark of Ephesus and the False Union of Florence - St. Mark of Ephesus: A True Ecumenist - Address of St. Mark of Ephesus on the Day of His Death - Icon and Story of St. Mark of Ephesus - St. Mark of Ephesus - Mark, Bishop of Ephesus (GOARCH) - St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus (OCA) - Ο Άγιος Μάρκος ο Ευγενικός Center of Patristic Studies - St. Markos Eugenikos (Greek)

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1,353

Collective Action Federalism: A General Theory of Article I, Section 8 Robert D. Cooter University of California, Berkeley - School of Law Duke University - School of Law December 15, 2010 Stanford Law Review, Vol 63, p. 115, 2010 UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 1692835 The Framers of the United States Constitution wrote Article I, Section 8 in order to address some daunting collective action problems facing the young nation. They especially wanted to protect the states from military warfare by foreigners and from commercial warfare against one another. The states acted individually when they needed to act collectively, and Congress lacked power under the Articles of Confederation to address these problems. Section 8 thus authorized Congress to promote the “general Welfare” of the United States by tackling many collective action problems that the states could not solve on their own. Subsequent interpretations of Section 8, both outside and inside the courts, often have focused on the presence or absence of collective action problems involving multiple states - but not always. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States, in trying to distinguish the “truly national” from the “truly local” in the context of the Commerce Clause, United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 617–18 (2000), has differentiated “economic” activity, which Congress may regulate, from “noneconomic” activity, which Congress may not regulate. A federal constitution ideally gives the central and state governments the power to do what each does best. Economic activity does not generally cause collective action problems among the states, and noneconomic activity is not generally free from collective action problems. Consequently, Congress is not generally better at regulating economic activity, and the states are not generally better at regulating noneconomic activity. The distinction between economic and noneconomic activity seems mostly irrelevant to the problems of federalism. We propose a better foundation for American federalism in Section 8. Our theory distinguishes activities that pose collective action problems from those that do not. This approach flows directly from the relative advantages of the federal government and the states. We show that Section 8 mostly concerns collective action problems created by interstate externalities and national markets. We conclude that Section 8 authorizes Congress to tax, spend, and regulate to solve these collective action problems. Collective action federalism finds that the limits and expanse of congressional power in Section 8 turn on the difference between individual and collective action by the states. The theory uses this distinction to differentiate interstate commerce from intrastate commerce, not the economic/noneconomic distinction. Our distinction best explains why Congress may not ordinarily use its commerce power to regulate such crimes as assault or gun possession in schools. Collective action federalism also identifies a constitutional “hook” for Congress to regulate multi-state problems of collective action that may not involve commerce: Clause 1 of Section 8 authorizes some forms of regulation of noneconomic harms that spill over state boundaries, such as contagious diseases and certain kinds of environmental pollution. Number of Pages in PDF File: 72 Keywords: General Welfare Clause, Commerce Clause, FederalismAccepted Paper Series Date posted: October 16, 2010 ; Last revised: January 6, 2011 © 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This page was processed by apollo8 in 0.500 seconds

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697

Surrounded just by the constant murmur of the Patagonian wind, open the Pinturas River Canyon. There, among the folds of its high walls, rock art is found in the Cueva de las Manos, where people from 9,000 years ago sealed their art and their life testimony. Its fame is not for nothing. Those hands, guanacos and geometric patterns in the stone of the cave are the oldest expression of South American peoples are aware. Unesco understood this when in 1999 it was appointed Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Its location, alone, in the middle of the desert northwest of Santa Cruz, lets kept intact. The nearest town, Perito Moreno, is 163 kilometers away. And beyond, and near the mountain range, there is Los Antiguos, which was the resting place of the elders of the tribes that disappeared. This whole area and not just the cave, including the Perito Moreno National Park, is a rich archaeological and paleontological site. The valleys, canyons, lakes and rivers that make it up jealously shelter paintings and different types of archaeological sites in which men walked 14,000 years before Christ. And between the weeds there are fossils that testify the existence of a sea in this region long before man inhabited. In fact, the town of Perito Moreno is called the Archaeological Capital of the Province of Santa Cruz. Caves of Pinturas river saved works done by the Indians and their ancestors tehuelches. Its age is 9300 years, according to research. There are, besides negative handprints, pictures of guanacos, geometric patterns, clusters of lines, dots and solar figure. The largest congregation is in the actual cave, Cueva de las Manos, which is 24 meters deep, 15 meters wide at the entrance and about 10 meters high up to the beginning of the visor. On both sides of the entrance, there are small spaces in the light, but partially protected by the projection of the Visors. The eaves are formed by protrusions that protect the paintings from the wind and sun. It includes three levels of culture, with an estimated range from 7370 BC to 1000 AD. Although this assessment is relative, since the realization of the paintings may have taken place in short time, in an almost synchronous or far apart in time. The color of the negative imprints of hands depended on obtaining raw materials close to each site, but most are in red (hematite), white (limestone), black (manganese or charcoal) and yellow (limonite or yellow ocher).

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537

Pronounced: Gas-tro-ee-sof-a-geal re-flux diseaseEn Español (Spanish Version) Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the back up of acid or food from the stomach to the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects your mouth and stomach. GER is common in infants. It may cause them to spit up. Most infants outgrow GER within 12 months. GER that progresses to esophageal injury and other symptoms is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The backed-up acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. It causes heartburn, a pain in the stomach and chest. GERD can occur at any age. Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. GERD is caused by acid or food from the stomach that regularly backs up into the esophagus. It is not always clear why the acid backs up. The reasons may vary from person to person. There may also be a genetic link in some GERD. Acid is kept in the stomach by a valve at the top of the stomach. The valve opens when food comes in. It should close to keep in the food and acid. If this valve does not close properly, the acid can flow out of the stomach. In addition to GERD, the valve may not close because of: The following factors increase the chances of developing GERD: Symptoms of GERD include: Your doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your child may need to see a pediatric gastroenterologist. This type of doctor focuses on diseases of the stomach and intestines. Tests may include: Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. Treatment options include the following: Medications options include: Many of these are over-the-counter medications. Surgery or endoscopy may be recommended for more severe cases. It may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications do not work. The most common surgery is called fundoplication . During this procedure, a part of the stomach will be wrapped around the stomach valve. This makes the valve stronger. It should prevent stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus. This surgery is often done through small incisions in the skin. Last reviewed May 2013 by Michael Woods Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

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596

|Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson| General Jackson's "Chancellorsville" Portrait, taken at a Spotsylvania County farm on April 26, 1863, seven days before he was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville. |Nickname||Stonewall, Old Jack, Old Blue Light, Tom Fool| |Born||)January 21, 1824 Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia) |Died||May 10, 1863) (aged 39) |Place of burial||Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery |Years of service|| Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. The general survived with the loss of an arm to amputation, but died of complications from pneumonia eight days later. His death was a severe setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and of the general public. Jackson in death became an icon of Southern heroism and commitment, joining Lee in the pantheon of the "Lost Cause". Military historians consider Jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history . His Valley Campaign and his envelopment of the Union Army right wing at Chancellorsville are studied worldwide even today as examples of innovative and bold leadership. He excelled as well in other battles; the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) where he received his famous nickname "Stonewall", Second Bull Run (Second Manassas), Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Jackson was not universally successful as a commander, however, as displayed by his weak and confused efforts during the Seven Days Battles around Richmond in 1862. Early life Paternal ancestry Thomas Jonathan Jackson was the great-grandson of John Jackson (1715 or 1719 – 1801) and Elizabeth Cummins (also known as Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723 – 1828). John Jackson was a Protestant from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland. While living in London, England, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing £170; the judge at the Old Bailey sentenced him to a seven-year indenture in America. Elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, born in London, England was also convicted of larceny in an unrelated case for stealing 19 pieces of silver, jewelry, and fine lace, and received a similar sentence. They both were transported on the prison ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts. John and Elizabeth met on board and were in love by the time the ship arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Maryland for their indentures, the couple married in July 1755. The family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to settle near Moorefield, Virginia, (now West Virginia) in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to the Tygart Valley. They began to acquire large parcels of virgin farmland near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) in Elizabeth's name. John and his two teenage sons were early recruits for the American Revolutionary War, fighting in the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780; John finished the war as captain and served as a lieutenant of the Virginia Militia after 1787. While the men were in the Army, Elizabeth converted their home to a haven, "Jackson's Fort," for refugees from Indian attacks. John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second son was Edward Jackson (March 1, 1759 – December 25, 1828), and Edward's third son was Jonathan Jackson, Thomas's father. Early childhood Thomas Jackson was the third child of Julia Beckwith (née Neale) Jackson (1798–1831) and Jonathan Jackson (1790–1826), an attorney. Both of Jackson's parents were natives of Virginia. The family already had two young children and were living in Clarksburg, in what is now West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named for his maternal grandfather. Thomas's sister Elizabeth (age six) died of typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas at her bedside. His father also died of a typhoid fever on March 26. Jackson's mother gave birth to Thomas's sister Laura Ann the day after Jackson's father died. Julia Jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with much debt and three young children (including the newborn). She sold the family's possessions to pay the debts. She declined family charity and moved into a small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing and taught school to support herself and her three young children for about four years. In 1830, Julia Neale Jackson remarried. Her new husband, Blake Woodson, an attorney, did not like his stepchildren. There were continuing financial problems. The following year, after giving birth to Thomas's half-brother, Julia died of complications, leaving her three older children orphaned. Julia was buried in an unmarked grave in a homemade coffin in Westlake Cemetery along the New River and Kanawha Turnpike in Fayette County within the corporate limits of present-day Ansted, West Virginia. Working and teaching at Jackson's Mill As their mother's health continued to fail, Jackson and his sister Laura Ann were sent to live with their uncle, Cummins Jackson, who owned a grist mill in Jackson's Mill (near present-day Weston in Lewis County in central West Virginia). Their older brother, Warren, went to live with other relatives on his mother's side of the family, but he later died of tuberculosis in 1841 at the age of 20. Thomas and Laura Ann returned from Jackson's Mill in November 1831 to be at their dying mother's bedside. They spent four years together at the Mill before being separated—Laura Ann was sent to live with her mother's family, Thomas to live with his Aunt Polly (his father's sister) and her husband, Isaac Brake, on a farm 4 miles from Clarksburg. Thomas was treated by Brake as an outsider and, having suffered verbal abuse for over a year, ran away from the family. When his cousin in Clarksburg besought him to return to Aunt Polly's, he replied, "Maybe I ought to, ma'am, but I am not going to." He walked 18 miles through mountain wilderness to Jackson's Mill, where he was welcomed by his uncles and he remained there for the following seven years. Cummins Jackson was strict with Thomas, who looked up to Cummins as a schoolteacher. Jackson helped around the farm, tending sheep with the assistance of a sheepdog, driving teams of oxen and helping harvest wheat and corn. Formal education was not easily obtained, but he attended school when and where he could. Much of Jackson's education was self-taught. He once made a deal with one of his uncle's slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons; Thomas would stay up at night reading borrowed books by the light of those burning pine knots. Virginia law forbade teaching a slave, free black or mulatto to read or write, as enacted following Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion in Southampton County in 1831. Nevertheless, Jackson secretly taught the slave to write, as he had promised. Once literate, the young slave fled to Canada via the underground railroad. In his later years at Jackson's Mill, Thomas was a school teacher. Early military career West Point In 1842, Jackson was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Because of his inadequate schooling, he had difficulty with the entrance examinations and began his studies at the bottom of his class. As a student, he had to work harder than most cadets to absorb lessons. Displaying a dogged determination that was to characterize his life, however, he became one of the hardest working cadets in the academy, and moved steadily up the academic rankings. Jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the Class of 1846. It was said by his peers that if he had stayed there another year, he would have graduated first. His roommate in his junior year at West Point was George Stoneman, who later served as a Union cavalry general and became the Governor of California. U.S. Army and the Mexican War Jackson began his United States Army career as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery Regiment and was sent to fight in the Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848. He served at the Siege of Veracruz and the battles of Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City, eventually earning two brevet promotions, and the regular army rank of first lieutenant. It was in Mexico that Thomas Jackson first met Robert E. Lee. During the assault on Chapultepec Castle, he refused what he felt was a "bad order" to withdraw his troops. Confronted by his superior, he explained his rationale, claiming withdrawal was more hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. His judgment proved correct, and a relieving brigade was able to exploit the advantage Jackson had broached. In contrast to this display of strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was a "bad order" when he raked a civilian throng with artillery fire after the Mexican authorities failed to surrender Mexico City at the hour demanded by the U.S. forces. The former episode, and later aggressive action against the retreating Mexican army, earned him field promotion to the brevet rank of major. Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute In the spring of 1851, Jackson accepted a newly created teaching position at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), in Lexington, Virginia. He became Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Instructor of Artillery. Parts of Jackson's curriculum are still taught at VMI, regarded as timeless military essentials: discipline, mobility, assessing the enemy's strength and intentions while attempting to conceal your own, and the efficiency of artillery combined with an infantry assault. However, despite the high quality of his work, he was not popular as a teacher, and the students called him "Tom Fool." He memorized his lectures and then recited them to the class; any students who came to ask for help were only given the same explanation as before. And if students came to ask again, Jackson viewed this as insubordination and likewise punished them. The students mocked his apparently stern, religious nature and his eccentric traits. In 1856, a group of alumni attempted to have Jackson removed from his position. Little as he was known to the white inhabitants of Lexington, Jackson was revered by many of the African-Americans in town, both slaves and free blacks. He was instrumental in the organization in 1855 of Sunday School classes for blacks at the Presbyterian Church. His second wife, Mary Anna Jackson, taught with Jackson, as "he preferred that my labors should be given to the colored children, believing that it was more important and useful to put the strong hand of the Gospel under the ignorant African race, to lift them up." The pastor, Dr. William Spottswood White, described the relationship between Jackson and his Sunday afternoon students: "In their religious instruction he succeeded wonderfully. His discipline was systematic and firm, but very kind. ... His servants reverenced and loved him, as they would have done a brother or father. ... He was emphatically the black man's friend." He addressed his students by name and they in turn referred to him affectionately as "Marse Major." Jackson's family owned six slaves in the late 1850s. Three (Hetty, Cyrus, and George, a mother and two teenage sons) were received as a wedding present. Another, Albert, requested that Jackson purchase him and allow him to work for his freedom; he was employed as a waiter in one of the Lexington hotels and Jackson rented him to VMI. Amy also requested that Jackson purchase her from a public auction and she served the family as a cook and housekeeper. The sixth, Emma, was a four-year-old orphan with a learning disability, accepted by Jackson from an aged widow and presented to his second wife, Mary Anna, as a welcome-home gift. After the American Civil War began he appears to have hired out or sold his slaves. Mary Anna Jackson, in her 1895 memoir, said, "our servants ... without the firm guidance and restraint of their master, the excitement of the times proved so demoralizing to them that he deemed it best for me to provide them with good homes among the permanent residents." James Robertson wrote about Jackson's view on slavery: Jackson neither apologized for nor spoke in favor of the practice of slavery. He probably opposed the institution. Yet in his mind the Creator had sanctioned slavery, and man had no moral right to challenge its existence. The good Christian slaveholder was one who treated his servants fairly and humanely at all times. While an instructor at VMI in 1853, Thomas Jackson married Elinor "Ellie" Junkin, whose father, George Junkin, was president of Washington College (later named Washington and Lee University) in Lexington. An addition was built onto the president's residence for the Jacksons, and when Robert E. Lee became president of Washington College he lived in the same home, now known as the Lee-Jackson House. Ellie gave birth to a stillborn son on October 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage an hour later that proved fatal. After a tour of Europe, Jackson married again, in 1857. Mary Anna Morrison was from North Carolina, where her father was the first president of Davidson College. They had a daughter named Mary Graham on April 30, 1858, but the baby died less than a month later. Another daughter was born in 1862, shortly before her father's death. The Jacksons named her Julia Laura, after his mother and sister. Jackson purchased the only house he ever owned while in Lexington. Built in 1801, the brick town house at 8 East Washington Street was purchased by Jackson in 1859. He lived in it for two years before being called to serve in the Confederacy. Jackson never returned to his home. In November 1859, at the request of the governor of Virginia, Major William Gilham led a contingent of the VMI Cadet Corps to Charles Town to provide an additional military presence at the hanging of militant abolitionist John Brown on December 2, following his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry on October 16. Major Jackson was placed in command of the artillery, consisting of two howitzers manned by 21 cadets. Civil War In 1861, as the American Civil War broke out, Jackson became a drill master for some of the many new recruits in the Confederate Army. On April 27, 1861, Virginia Governor John Letcher ordered Colonel Jackson to take command at Harpers Ferry, where he would assemble and command the famous "Stonewall Brigade", consisting of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments. All of these units were from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia, where Jackson located his headquarters throughout the first two years of the war. Jackson became known for his relentless drilling of his troops; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battlefield. Following raids on the B&O Railroad on May 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 17. First Bull Run Jackson rose to prominence and earned his most famous nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on July 21, 1861. As the Confederate lines began to crumble under heavy Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided crucial reinforcements on Henry House Hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in his men. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr., exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!" There is some controversy over Bee's statement and intent, which could not be clarified because he was killed almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle. Major Burnett Rhett, chief of staff to General Joseph E. Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee's and Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee's statement was meant to be pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing there like a damned stone wall!" Regardless of the controversy and the delay in relieving Bee, Jackson's brigade, which would thenceforth be known as the Stonewall Brigade, stopped the Union assault and suffered more casualties than any other Southern brigade that day; Jackson has since then been generally known as Stonewall Jackson. During the battle, Jackson displayed a gesture common to him and held his left arm skyward with the palm facing forward—interpreted by his soldiers variously as an eccentricity or an entreaty to God for success in combat. His hand was struck by a bullet or a piece of shrapnel and he suffered a small loss of bone in his middle finger. He refused medical advice to have the finger amputated. After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general (October 7, 1861) and given command of the Valley District, with headquarters in Winchester. Valley Campaign In the spring of 1862, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac approached Richmond from the southeast in the Peninsula Campaign, Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large corps were poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army threatened the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson was ordered by Richmond to operate in the Valley to defeat Banks' threat and prevent McDowell's troops from reinforcing McClellan. Jackson possessed the attributes to succeed against his poorly coordinated and sometimes timid opponents: a combination of great audacity, excellent knowledge and shrewd use of the terrain, and the ability to inspire his troops to great feats of marching and fighting. The campaign started with a tactical defeat at Kernstown on March 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence led him to believe he was attacking a small detachment. But it became a strategic victory for the Confederacy, because his aggressiveness suggested that he possessed a much larger force, convincing President Abraham Lincoln to keep Banks' troops in the Valley and McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting about 50,000 soldiers from McClellan's invasion force. As it transpired, it was Jackson's only defeat in the Valley. By adding Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's large division and Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's small division, Jackson increased his army to 17,000 men. He was still significantly outnumbered, but attacked portions of his divided enemy individually at McDowell, defeating both Brig. Gens. Robert H. Milroy and Robert C. Schenck. He defeated Banks at Front Royal and Winchester, ejecting him from the Valley. Lincoln decided that the defeat of Jackson was an immediate priority (though Jackson's orders were solely to keep Union forces occupied away from Richmond). He ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men to Front Royal and Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont to move to Harrisonburg. If both forces could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up the Valley would be cut. It was a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver. Jackson pressed his army to travel 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against a combined force of 60,000. Stonewall Jackson's reputation for moving his troops so rapidly earned them the oxymoronic nickname "foot cavalry". He became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until he was eventually eclipsed by Lee) and lifted the morale of the Southern public. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign toward Richmond stalled at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1. After the Valley Campaign ended in mid-June, Jackson and his troops were called to join Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in defense of the capital. By utilizing a railroad tunnel under the Blue Ridge Mountains and then transporting troops to Hanover County on the Virginia Central Railroad, Jackson and his forces made a surprise appearance in front of McClellan at Mechanicsville. Reports had last placed Jackson's forces in the Shenandoah Valley; their presence near Richmond added greatly to the Union commander's overestimation of the strength and numbers of the forces before him. This proved a crucial factor in McClellan's decision to re-establish his base at a point many miles downstream from Richmond on the James River at Harrison's Landing, essentially a retreat that ended the Peninsula Campaign and prolonged the war almost three more years. Jackson's troops served well under Lee in the series of battles known as the Seven Days Battles, but Jackson's own performance in those battles is generally considered to be poor. He arrived late at Mechanicsville and inexplicably ordered his men to bivouac for the night within clear earshot of the battle. He was late and disoriented at Gaines' Mill. He was late again at Savage's Station and at White Oak Swamp he failed to employ fording places to cross White Oak Swamp Creek, attempting for hours to rebuild a bridge, which limited his involvement to an ineffectual artillery duel and a missed opportunity. At Malvern Hill Jackson participated in the futile, piecemeal frontal assaults against entrenched Union infantry and massed artillery, and suffered heavy casualties (but this was a problem for all of Lee's army in that ill-considered battle). The reasons for Jackson's sluggish and poorly-coordinated actions during the Seven Days are disputed, although a severe lack of sleep after the grueling march and railroad trip from the Shenandoah Valley was probably a significant factor. Both Jackson and his troops were completely exhausted. It has also been said by Longstreet that, "General Jackson never showed his genius when under the immediate command of General Lee." Second Bull Run to Fredericksburg The military reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized as Stonewall Jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of Lee's army, whereas his counterpart, James Longstreet, more typically advocated and executed defensive strategies and tactics. Jackson has been described as the army's hammer, Longstreet its anvil. In the Northern Virginia Campaign of August 1862 this stereotype did not hold true. Longstreet commanded the Right Wing (later to become known as the First Corps) and Jackson commanded the Left Wing. Jackson started the campaign under Lee's orders with a sweeping flanking maneuver that placed his corps into the rear of Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia. At Manassas Junction, Jackson was able to capture all of the supplies of the Union Army depot. Then he had his troops destroy all of it, for it was the main depot for the Union Army. Jackson then retreated and then took up a defensive position and effectively invited Pope to assault him. On August 28–29, the start of the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas), Pope launched repeated assaults against Jackson as Longstreet and the remainder of the army marched north to reach the battlefield. On August 30, Pope came to believe that Jackson was starting to retreat, and Longstreet took advantage of this by launching a massive assault on the Union army's left with over 25,000 men. Although the Union troops put up a furious defense, Pope's army was forced to retreat in a manner similar to the embarrassing Union defeat at First Bull Run, fought on roughly the same battleground. When Lee decided to invade the North in the Maryland Campaign, Jackson took Harpers Ferry, then hastened to join the rest of the army at Sharpsburg, Maryland, where they fought McClellan in the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Antietam was primarily a defensive battle against superior odds, although McClellan failed to exploit his advantage. Jackson's men bore the brunt of the initial attacks on the northern end of the battlefield and, at the end of the day, successfully resisted a breakthrough on the southern end when Jackson's subordinate, Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill, arrived at the last minute from Harpers Ferry. The Confederate forces held their position, but the battle was extremely bloody for both sides, and Lee withdrew the Army of Northern Virginia back across the Potomac River, ending the invasion. Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general. On October 10 his command was redesignated the Second Corps. Before the armies camped for winter, Jackson's Second Corps held off a strong Union assault against the right flank of the Confederate line at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in what became a decisive Confederate victory. Just before the battle, Jackson was delighted to receive a letter about the birth of his daughter, Julia Laura Jackson, on November 23. Also before the battle, Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, Lee's dashing and well-dressed cavalry commander, presented to Jackson a fine general's frock that he had ordered from one of the best tailors in Richmond. Jackson's previous coat was threadbare and colorless from exposure to the elements, its buttons removed by admiring ladies. Jackson asked his staff to thank Stuart, saying that although the coat was too handsome for him, he would cherish it as a souvenir. His staff insisted that he wear it to dinner, which caused scores of soldiers to rush to see him in uncharacteristic garb. So embarrassed was Jackson with the attention that he did not wear the new uniform for months. During the night at Fredericksburg, a medic asked would could be done after observing the destruction and looting done to the city. Jackson venomously replied, "Kill 'em, sir. Kill 'em all." At the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Army of Northern Virginia was faced with a serious threat by the Army of the Potomac and its new commanding general, Major General Joseph Hooker. General Lee decided to employ a risky tactic to take the initiative and offensive away from Hooker's new southern thrust—he decided to divide his forces. Jackson and his entire corps were sent on an aggressive flanking maneuver to the right of the Union lines. This flanking movement would be one of the most successful and dramatic of the war. While riding with his infantry in a wide berth well south and west of the Federal line of battle, Jackson employed Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry to provide for better reconnaissance in regards to the exact location of the Union right and rear. The results were far better than even Jackson could have hoped. Lee found the entire right side of the Federal lines in the middle of open field, guarded merely by two guns that faced westward, as well as the supplies and rear encampments. The men were eating and playing games in carefree fashion, completely unaware that an entire Confederate corps was less than a mile away. What happened next is given in Fitzhugh Lee's own words: So impressed was I with my discovery, that I rode rapidly back to the point on the Plank road where I had left my cavalry, and back down the road Jackson was moving, until I met "Stonewall" himself. "General," said I, "if you will ride with me, halting your column here, out of sight, I will show you the enemy's right, and you will perceive the great advantage of attacking down the Old turnpike instead of the Plank road, the enemy's lines being taken in reverse. Bring only one courier, as you will be in view from the top of the hill." Jackson assented, and I rapidly conducted him to the point of observation. There had been no change in the picture. I only knew Jackson slightly. I watched him closely as he gazed upon Howard's troops. It was then about 2 P.M. His eyes burned with a brilliant glow, lighting up a sad face. His expression was one of intense interest, his face was colored slightly with the paint of approaching battle, and radiant at the success of his flank movement. To the remarks made to him while the unconscious line of blue was pointed out, he did not reply once during the five minutes he was on the hill, and yet his lips were moving. From what I have read and heard of Jackson since that day, I know now what he was doing then. Oh! "beware of rashness," General Hooker. Stonewall Jackson is praying in full view and in rear of your right flank! While talking to the Great God of Battles, how could he hear what a poor cavalryman was saying. "Tell General Rodes," said he, suddenly whirling his horse towards the courier, "to move across the Old plank road; halt when he gets to the Old turnpike, and I will join him there." One more look upon the Federal lines, and then he rode rapidly down the hill, his arms flapping to the motion of his horse, over whose head it seemed, good rider as he was, he would certainly go. I expected to be told I had made a valuable personal reconnaissance—saving the lives of many soldiers, and that Jackson was indebted to me to that amount at least. Perhaps I might have been a little chagrined at Jackson's silence, and hence commented inwardly and adversely upon his horsemanship. Alas! I had looked upon him for the last time. — Fitzhugh Lee, address to the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1879 Jackson immediately returned to his corps and arranged his divisions into a line of battle to charge directly into the oblivious Federal right. The Confederates marched silently until they were merely several hundred feet from the Union position, then released a bloodthirsty cry and full charge. Many of the Federals were captured without a shot fired, the rest were driven into a full rout. Jackson pursued relentlessly back toward the center of the Federal line until dusk. Darkness ended the assault. As Jackson and his staff were returning to camp on May 2, they were mistaken for a Union cavalry force by the 18th North Carolina Infantry regiment who shouted, "Halt, who goes there?", but fired before evaluating the reply. Frantic shouts by Jackson's staff identifying the party were replied to by Major John D. Barry with the retort, "It's a damned Yankee trick! Fire!" A second volley was fired in response; in all, Jackson was hit by three bullets, two in the left arm and one in the right hand. Several other men in his staff were killed, in addition to many horses. Darkness and confusion prevented Jackson from getting immediate care. He was dropped from his stretcher while being evacuated because of incoming artillery rounds. Because of his injuries, Jackson's left arm had to be amputated by Dr. Hunter McGuire. Jackson was moved to Thomas C. Chandler's 740 acres (3.0 km2) plantation named Fairfield. He was offered Chandler's home for recovery, but Jackson refused and suggested using Chandler's plantation office building instead. He was thought to be out of harm's way; but unknown to the doctors, he already had classic symptoms of pneumonia, complaining of a sore chest. This soreness was mistakenly thought to be the result of his rough handling in the battlefield evacuation. Lee wrote to Jackson after learning of his injuries, stating "Could I have directed events, I would have chosen for the good of the country to be disabled in your stead." Jackson died of complications from pneumonia on May 10, 1863. On his death bed, though he became weaker, he remained spiritually strong, saying towards the end "It is the Lord's Day; my wish is fulfilled. I have always desired to die on Sunday." Dr. McGuire wrote an account of his final hours and his last words: A few moments before he died he cried out in his delirium, "Order A.P. Hill to prepare for action! Pass the infantry to the front rapidly! Tell Major Hawks"—then stopped, leaving the sentence unfinished. Presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he said quietly, and with an expression, as if of relief, "Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees." His body was moved to the Governor's Mansion in Richmond for the public to mourn, and he was then moved to be buried in the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia. However, the arm that was amputated on May 2 was buried separately by Jackson's chaplain, at the J. Horace Lacy house, "Ellwood", in the Wilderness of Orange County, near the field hospital. Upon hearing of Jackson's death, Robert E. Lee mourned the loss of both a friend and a trusted commander. As Jackson lay dying, Lee sent a message through Chaplain Lacy, saying "Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right." The night Lee learned of Jackson's death, he told his cook, "William, I have lost my right arm" and "I'm bleeding at the heart." Harpers Weekly reported Jackson's death on May 23, 1863, as follows: DEATH OF STONEWALL JACKSON. - General "Stonewall" Jackson was badly wounded in the arm at the battles of Chancellorsville, and had his arm amputated. The operation did not succeed, and pneumonia setting in, he died on the 10th inst., near Richmond, Virginia. Jackson's sometimes unusual command style and personality traits, combined with his frequent success in battle, contribute to his legacy as one of the most remarkable characters of the Civil War. Although martial, stern in attitude, he was profoundly religious and a deacon in the Presbyterian Church. One of his many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights," a term applied to a military man whose evangelical zeal burned with the intensity of the blue light used for night-time display. He disliked fighting on Sunday, although that did not stop him from doing so after much personal debate. He loved his wife very much and sent her tender letters. In direct contrast to Lee, Jackson was not a striking figure, often wearing old, worn-out clothes rather than a fancy uniform. Physical ailments Jackson held a lifelong belief that one of his arms was longer than the other, and thus usually held the "longer" arm up to equalize his circulation. He was described as a "champion sleeper", even falling asleep with food in his mouth occasionally. A paper delivered to the Society of Clinical Psychologists hypothesized that Jackson had Asperger syndrome, although other possible explanations, such as a herniated diaphragm, exist. Indeed Jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief via contemporary practices of his day including hydrotherapy, popular in America at that time, visiting establishments at Oswego, New York (1850) and Round Hill, Massachusetts (1860) although with little evidence of success. Jackson also suffered a significant hearing loss in both of his ears as a result of his prior service in the U.S. Army as an artillery officer. A recurring story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole to alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia. General Richard Taylor, son of President Zachary Taylor, wrote a passage in his war memoirs about Jackson eating lemons: "Where Jackson got his lemons 'no fellow could find out,' but he was rarely without one." However, recent research by his biographer, James I. Robertson, Jr., has found that none of his contemporaries, including members of his staff, friends, or his wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons and Jackson thought of a lemon as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained from the enemy's camp". Jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly peaches, "but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available." Jackson's religion has often been discussed. His biographer, Robert Lewis Dabney, suggested that "It was the fear of God which made him so fearless of all else." Jackson himself had said, "My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed." Stephen W. Sears suggests that "Jackson was fanatical in his Presbyterian faith, and it energized his military thought and character. Theology was the only subject he genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches invariably credited an ever-kind Providence." However, according to Sears, "this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. It warped Jackson's judgment of men, leading to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians to good soldiers." James I. Robertson, Jr. suggests that Jackson was "a Christian soldier in every sense of the word." According to Robertson, Jackson "thought of the war as a religious crusade," and "viewed himself as an Old Testament warrior - like David or Joshua - who went into battle to slay the Philistines." Jackson encouraged the Confederate States Army revival that occurred in 1863, although it was probably more of a grass-roots movement than a top-down revival. Jackson strictly observed the Sunday Sabbath. James I. Robertson, Jr. notes that "no place existed in his Sunday schedule for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation." Command style In command, Jackson was extremely secretive about his plans and extremely meticulous about military discipline. This secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions. Robert E. Lee could trust Jackson with deliberately non-detailed orders that conveyed Lee's overall objectives, what modern doctrine calls the "end state". This was because Jackson had a talent for understanding Lee's sometimes unstated goals and Lee trusted Jackson with the ability to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had this ability. At Gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities. Thus, after the Federals retreated to the heights south of town, Lee sent one of his new corps commanders, Richard S. Ewell, discretionary orders that the heights (Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill) be taken "if practicable". Without Jackson's intuitive grasp of Lee's orders or the instinct to take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault, and this failure is considered by historians to be the greatest missed opportunity of the battle. Jackson had a poor reputation as a horseman. One of his soldiers, Georgia volunteer William Andrews, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man of medium size, his uniform badly soiled as though it had seen hard service. He wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse that did not look much like a charger, unless it would be on hay or clover. He certainly made a poor figure on a horseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse's back, and his heels turned out with his toes sticking behind his horse's foreshoulder. A sorry description of our most famous general, but a correct one." His horse was named "Little Sorrel" (also known as "Old Sorrel"), a small chestnut gelding. He rode Little Sorrel throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville. Little Sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a statue of Jackson on the parade grounds of VMI. (His mounted hide is on display in the VMI Museum.) Mourning his death Jackson was greatly admired and respected throughout the South, and his death had a profound effect there on civilians and soldiers alike. A poem penned by one of his soldiers soon became a very popular song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way". Many theorists through the years have postulated that if Jackson had lived, Lee might have prevailed at Gettysburg. Certainly Jackson's discipline and tactical sense were sorely missed, and might well have carried an extremely close-fought battle. Many Southerners tried to put up a brave front following Jackson's death. As Margaret Mitchell noted in her historical novel, Gone with the Wind, "[t]rue, the South had suffered a sickening loss when Stonewall Jackson had been fatally wounded at Chancellorsville. True, Georgia had lost one of her bravest and most brilliant sons when General T. R. R. Cobb had been killed at Fredericksburg. But the Yankees just couldn't stand any more defeats like Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. They'd have to give in, and then this cruel war would be over." Remembering Jackson After the war, Jackson's wife and young daughter Julia moved from Lexington to North Carolina. Mary Anna Jackson wrote two books about her husband's life, including some of his letters. She never remarried, and was known as the "Widow of the Confederacy", living until 1915. His daughter Julia married, and bore children, but she died of typhoid fever at the age of 26 years. A former Confederate soldier who admired Jackson, Captain Thomas R. Ranson of Staunton, Virginia, also remembered the tragic life of Jackson's mother. Years after the War, he went to the tiny mountain hamlet of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia, and had a marble marker placed over the unmarked grave of Julia Neale Jackson in Westlake Cemetery, to make sure that the site was not lost forever. West Virginia's Stonewall Jackson State Park is named in his honor. Nearby, at Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood home, his uncle's grist mill is the centerpiece of a historical site at the Jackson's Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp. The facility, located near Weston, serves as a special campus for West Virginia University and the WVU Extension Service. He is memorialized on historic Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia; on the grounds of the state capitol in his native West Virginia; and in many other places. At VMI, a bronze statue of Jackson stands outside the main entrance to the cadet barracks; first-year cadets exiting the barracks through that archway are required to honor Jackson's memory by saluting the statue. The lineage of Jackson's Confederate Army unit, the Stonewall Brigade, continues to the present day in form of the 116th Infantry Brigade of the U.S. Army, currently part of the Virginia National Guard. The unit's shoulder sleeve insignia worn until 2008 depicted Stonewall Jackson mounted on horseback. The United States Navy submarine U.S.S. Stonewall Jackson (SSBN 634), commissioned in 1964, was named for him. The words "Strength—Mobility" are emblazoned on the ship's banner, words taken from letters written by General Jackson. It was the third U.S. Navy ship named for him. The submarine was decommissioned in 1995. During World War II, the Navy named a Liberty ship the SS T.J. Jackson in his honor. The Commonwealth of Virginia honors Jackson's birthday on Lee-Jackson Day, a state holiday observed as such since 1904. It is currently observed on the Friday preceding the third Monday in January. Jackson also appears prominently in the enormous bas-relief carving on the face of Stone Mountain riding with Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee. The carving depicts the three on horseback, appearing to ride in a group from right to left across the mountainside. The lower parts of the horses' bodies merge into the mountainside at the foot of the carving. The three riders are shown bare-headed and holding their hats to their chests. It is the largest such carving in the world. "Stonewall" Jackson appeared on the CSA $500 bill (7th Issue, February 17, 1864). The towns of Stonewall in Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Kentucky are named in his honor as is Stonewall County in Texas. During a training exercise in Virginia by U.S. Marines in 1921, the Marine commander, General Smedley Butler was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong!" Butler found the arm in a box under the marker. He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one, and reburied the arm. He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield visitor's center . In popular media - Jackson is featured prominently in the novel and film Gods and Generals. In the film, he is portrayed by Stephen Lang. - The Theater at Lime Kiln, a local outdoor theater company in Lexington, Virginia, has performed a country-style musical about the life and times of Stonewall Jackson entitled Stonewall Country since 1984. - In the 2012 film Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies, Jackson is portrayed by Don McGraw as one of the heroes of the story, giving his life to save Lincoln and the rest of the surviving team. - John Dwyer's historical novel Stonewall covers Jackson's entire life, from childhood to death, with particular attention paid to the role his Presbyterian faith played in his life. - Stonewall Jackson has appeared in a number of alternative history novels. He is the subject of Douglas Lee Gibboney's short novel Stonewall Jackson at Gettsyburg, which dwells on Jackson's presence on the outcome of the Gettysburg Campaign. Jackson also appears in Harry Turtledove's How Few Remain, where Jackson leads the main army of an independent Confederacy in an 1881 war against the United States. Stonewall Jackson is the protagonist of Stonewall Goes West by R.E. Thomas, where Jackson survives his wounding at Chancellorsville to replace Braxton Bragg at the head of the Army of Tennessee. - In popular culture, the phrase "Stone Wall" has come to mean individuals whose combat styles are defensive, rather than offensive. Always mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy, if possible; and when you strike and overcome him, never let up in the pursuit so long as your men have strength to follow; for an army routed, if hotly pursued, becomes panic-stricken, and can then be destroyed by half their number. The other rule is, never fight against heavy odds, if by any possible maneuvering you can hurl your own force on only a part, and that the weakest part, of your enemy and crush it. Such tactics will win every time, and a small army may thus destroy a large one in detail, and repeated victory will make it invincible. —Jackson to General Imboden To move swiftly, strike vigorously, and secure all the fruits of victory, is the secret of successful war. The only true rule for cavalry is to follow the enemy as long as he retreats. —Jackson to Colonel Munford on June 13, 1862 War means fighting. The business of the soldier is to fight. Armies are not called out to dig trenches, to live in camps, but to find the enemy and strike him; to invade his country, and do him all possible damage in the shortest possible time. This will involve great destruction of life and property while it lasts; but such a war will of necessity be of brief continuance, and so would be an economy of life and property in the end. Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees. —Jackson, last words The time for war has not yet come, but it will come, and that soon; and when it does come, my advice is to draw the sword and throw away the scabbard. My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. God has fixed the time for my death. I do not concern myself about that, but to be always ready, no matter when it may overtake me. ... That is the way all men should live, and then all would be equally brave. See also - List of American Civil War generals - George Francis Robert Henderson (biographer) and his work Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War - William B. Ebbert, 1st Lt., W. Virginia Infantry, Union Army. (1923 quote recalling battle of Winchester, March 1862) - Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum - Farwell, p. xi, states that the overwhelmingly common usage of the middle name Jonathan was never documented and that Jackson did not acknowledge it, instead using the signature form "T. J. Jackson." Robertson, p. 19, states that a county document on February 28, 1841, was the first recorded instance of Jackson using a middle initial, although "whether it stood for his father Jonathan's name is not known." All of the other references to this article cite his full name as Thomas Jonathan Jackson. - Eicher, High Commands, p. 316; Robertson, p. 7. The physician, Dr. James McCally, recalls delivering baby Thomas just before midnight on January 20, but the family has insisted since then that he was born in the first minutes of January 21. The later date is the one generally acknowledged in biographies. - Jackson biography at Civil War Home. - Wallace Hettle, Inventing Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Hero in History and Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2011) - Robertson, pp. 1-2. - Robertson, pp. 2-3. - VMI Jackson genealogy site; Robertson, p. 4. - Robertson, p. 7. - Robertson, p. 8. - Robertson, p. 10. - Robertson, pp. 9-16. Robertson refers to multiple bachelor uncles in residence at the mill, but does not name them. - Robertson, p. 17. - Robertson, p. 40. - Robertson, p. 69. - Robertson, pp. 108-10. He left the Army on March 21, 1851, but stayed on the rolls, officially on furlough, for nine months. His resignation took effect formally on February 2, 1852, and he joined the VMI faculty in August 1851. - Virginia Military Institute Archives: Stonewall Jackson FAQ - Jackson, Mary Anna, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, by His Widow (Louisville, Ky, 1895), 78. - Robertson, p. 169. - Robertson, pp. 191-92. - Jackson, 152. - Robertson, p. 191. - Isbell, Sherman. "Archibald Alexander Travelogue". Archived from the original on September 14, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-17. "After 1844, the presidents resided in the neighboring brick house, known as the Lee-Jackson House. While Presbyterian minister George Junkin was president, the appendage on the right side of the Lee-Jackson house was from 1853 the residence of Junkin's daughter and her husband, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. After Jackson's wife died the next year, Jackson remained in the house for another three years. Robert E. Lee, president of the college from 1865 to 1870, resided in the brick house until 1869..." - Robertson, p. 157. - Eicher, High Commands, p. 316. - Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 82; Robertson, p. 264. McPherson, p. 342, reports the quotation after "stone wall" as being "Rally around the Virginians!" - See, for instance, Goldfield, David, et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States, Prentice Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-088243-7 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all. See Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants, vol. 1, pp. 733–34. - McPherson, p. 342. - Robertson, pp. 263, 268. - See, for instance, Freeman, R.E. Lee, vol. 2, p. 247: "... by every test, Jackson had failed throughout the Seven Days. This is in part to being unfamiliar with the area and to following orders which stated he was to wait until he had communicated with the others before starting a battle." Confederate politician Robert Toombs wrote that "Stonewall Jackson and his troops did little or nothing in these battles of the Chickahominy" (Robertson, p. 504). - Wert, p. 206. - Robertson, p. 645. - Robertson, p. 630. - Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. 2 - Apperson, p. 430. - Robertson, p. 739 - McGuire, pp. 162-63. - Sorensen, James. "Stonewall Jackson's Arm" American Heritage, April/May 2005. - Robertson, p. 746. - Hall, Kenneth. Stonewall Jackson and religious faith in military command. McFarland, 2005. - Harpers Weekly, May 23, 1863 - "Stonewall Jackson: Popular Questions". Virginia Military Institute. Retrieved 2009-05-06. - "Stonewall Jackson's Way". Retrieved December 24, 2011. - Gareth Atkins, review of Evangelicals in the Royal Navy, 1775-1815: Blue Lights and Psalm-Singers by Richard Blake (review no. 799) accessed Dec. 24, 2011 at www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/799 - Fitzgerald, Michael, Society of Clinical Psychologists paper. - Schildkrout, Enid (1997). Medical Diagnosis in Psychotherapy Patients: Identifying Medical Conditions Manifesting as Psychiatric Disorders. Canada: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-16872-6 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Cartmell, Donald (2001). "The Legend of Stonewall". The Civil War Book of Lists. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: The Career Press Inc. pp. 187–192. ISBN 1-56414-504-2 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Samaritan Medical Center (September 2008). "Stonewall Jackson and the Henderson Hydropath". in Samaritan Medical Center Newsletter. No.42. Retrieved 13 December 2009. - Taylor, p. 50 - Robertson, p. xi. - Dabney, Robert L.. "True Courage: A Memorial Sermon for General Thomas J. "Stone-wall Jackson". Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Selby, John Millin (2000). Stonewall Jackson As Military Commander. p. 25. - Sears, Stephen W. (16 March 1997). "Onward, Christian Soldier". New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2013. Unknown parameter - White, Davin (15 October 2010). "Stonewall Jackson biographer says religion drove Civil War general". The Charleston Gazette. Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Duewel, Wesley L. (2010). Revival Fire. Zondervan. p. 128. - Summers, Mark. "The Great Harvest: Revival in the Confederate Army during the Civil War". Religion & Liberty 21 (3). Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Robertson, James I.. ""Stonewall" Jackson": Christian Soldier". Virginia Center for Civil War Studies. Retrieved 26 February 2013. - Robertson, p. xiv. - Pfanz, p. 344; Eicher, Longest Night, p. 517; Sears, p. 228; Trudeau, p. 253. Both Sears and Trudeau record "if possible". - Robertson, p. 499. - Robertson, p. 230. - "Little Sorrel Buried at VMI July 20, 1997"; Robertson, p. 922, n. 16. - See, for instance, Sears, Gettysburg, pp. 233-34. Alternative theories about Gettysburg are prominent ideas in the literature about the Lost Cause. - Jackson, Mary Anna (1895). Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson by His Widow. Louisville, KY: The Prentice Press. - VMI article about Jackson - Farwell, 1993, p. 513 - Horwitz, 1999, p. 232 - BroadwayWorld.com article - "Stone Wall". Television Tropes & Idioms. Retrieved October 22, 2012. - Underwood and Buel, Vol.2, p. 297. - Henderson, Vol. 2, chapter XXV, p. 481. - Henderson, Vol. 1, chapter XI, S. 392. - "Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Bull's Run", New York Times, May 3, 1885, citing the recollections of John D. Imboden. - Alexander, Bevin. Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson. New York: Holt, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8050-1830-1 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Apperson, John Samuel. Repairing the "March of Mars": The Civil War diaries of John Samuel Apperson, hospital steward in the Stonewall Brigade, 1861-1865. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-86554-779-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Bryson, Bill. A Walk in the Woods. New York: Broadway Books, 1998. ISBN 0-7679-0251-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Farwell, Byron. Stonewall: A Biography of General Thomas J. Jackson. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1993. ISBN 978-0-393-31086-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. ISBN 0-684-85979-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. OCLC 166632575. - Henderson, G. F. R. Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War. New York: Smithmark, 1995. ISBN 0-8317-3288-1 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. First published in 1898 by Longman, Greens, and Co. (The 1900 version has an introduction by Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley.) - Hettle, Wallace. Inventing Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Hero in History and Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2011) - Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. OCLC 2048818. - McGuire, Dr. Hunter. "Death of Stonewall Jackson". Southern Historical Society Papers 14 (1886). - McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – The First Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8078-2624-3 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-02-864685-1 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0-395-86761-4 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Sharlet, Jeff. "Through a Glass, Darkly: How the Christian Right is Reimagining U.S. History." Harpers, December 2006. - Taylor, Richard. Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War. Nashville, TN: J.S. Sanders & Co., 2001. ISBN 1-879941-21-X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. First published 1879 by D. Appleton. - Trudeau, Noah Andre. Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-019363-8 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Wert, Jeffry D. General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. ISBN 0-671-70921-6 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Jackson genealogy site at Virginia Military Institute Further reading - Chambers, Lenoir. Stonewall Jackson. New York: Morrow, 1959. OCLC 186539122. - Cooke, John Esten, Moses Drury Hoge, and John William Jones. http://books.google.com/books?id=DKHFaHBX2isC Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography]. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876. OCLC 299589. - Cozzens, Peter. Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8078-3200-4 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Dabney, R. L. Life of Lieut.-Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall Jackson). London: James Nisbet and Co., 1866. OCLC 457442354. - Douglas, Henry Kyd. I Rode with Stonewall: The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson's Staff. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940. ISBN 0-8078-0337-5 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson's Book of Maxims. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2002. ISBN 1-58182-296-0 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Shackel, Paul A. Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. ISBN 978-0-306-46177-4 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - White, Henry A. Stonewall Jackson. Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs and Co., 1909. OCLC 3911913. - Wilkins, J. Steven. All Things for Good: The Steadfast Fidelity of Stonewall Jackson. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-58182-225-1 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. - Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. Macmillan Pub.; 1 edition (February 18, 1997). # ISBN-10: 0028646851 - ISBN-13: 978-0028646855 - Virginia Military Institute Archives Stonewall Jackson Resources - Jackson genealogy site - "Death of 'Stonewall' Jackson, Southern Confederacy, May 12, 1863. Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive. Digital Library of Georgia. - Find-a-Grave entry for Jackson - Find-a-Grave entry for Jackson's arm - Fitzhugh Lee's 1879 address on Chancellorsville - The Stonewall Jackson House - Animated history of the campaigns of Stonewall Jackson - Details on John Jackson's larceny trial in the Court Records of the Old Bailey - Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters, Winchester VA - Guinea Station, the place where Thomas Jackson died |Commander of the Stonewall Brigade April 27, 1861 – October 28, 1861 Richard B. Garnett

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13,713

Many of us live in older homes, and we may have lead in our OLD pipes. We are buying fruit juices from the grocery store with arsenic in it. Go to this website to find out more information about Safe Drinking Water: cfpub.epa.gov/savewater/ccr Young children should not be drinking lots of fruit juice, as it can be full of sugar, causes obesity and even tooth decay. Besides some of it has too much arsenic in it. For many years or until the 1980′s pesticides were banned. Crops were sprayed with pesticides that leaked into the crops, the soil, and the ground water. Consequently, arsenic ended up contaminating the water, fertilizer and the soil. Even bottled water can have arsenic in it. Is that scary or what? All the bottled water we drink in this country could be borderline unsafe. The federal government limits arsenic in bottled water to 10 parts per billion. There are no limits in food and in fruit juices. I remember last year some media about arsenic in apple juice, so I stopped drinking it for awhile. I switched to eating an apple a day. (Thinking an apple a day kept the doctor away. Thought I would get you to laugh this morning.) Parents need to think twice about what they have their young children drink. Diluting juices could be helpful. Don’t you feel some days like you are darned if you do and darned if you don’t. I know that sounds like a clique but it is true.

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317

Image Size is the size of your original digital photo file, measured in pixels and DPI (Dots Per Inch, sometimes referred to as PPI, Pixels Per Inch). What is a pixel? A pixel is a small square dot. DPI refers to the number of dots (pixels) per inch. Why is this important? Well, if an image is too small, you might not be able to order a large size print or other photo product. A general rule of thumb for image size versus print size is: the image size should be at least the size of the print you want multiplied by 300, at 300 DPI. For example, if you want to order a 4x6 print, the image size should be 1200 pixels (4 x 300) by 1800 pixels (6 x 300) at 300 DPI. If the image size was half of that (600 by 900), then the 4x6 print would likely come out distorted or pixilated if you were to order a print. Camera Settings Decide in advance what is more important: image quality or room on your memory card. You can set your camera to take photos that are larger or smaller in size. If you know you will only be printing 4x6 photos, then you can reduce the image quality, which allows you to store more photos on your memory card. If you will be printing enlargements or other photo products like photo books, then keep the setting on "high" for higher quality images. The image sizes will be larger and you will not be able to store as many on your memory card at one time. Also, set the file type as "jpeg" if your camera allows you to control that detail. You might have a "tiff" option, but it is not necessary to save the photos as "tiff" files, and it will only take up more room on your memory card. If you have a point and shoot camera, open your main menu, and find the setting for "image quality" (or something similar). Usually, the options are "low," "medium," and "high." Choose "high" for higher quality (larger) photos. If you have an SLR camera, you probably have additional options. Just stick to high quality jpeg images, unless you know you will be doing extensive image editing and post-production. In that case, you might want to shoot RAW files. Resolution The resolution of your photo is directly impacted by the image size. The more pixels your photos have, the higher their resolution is. When you upload photos to your online account, you are given three upload options: "Regular," "Fast," and "Fastest." When you choose "Fast" or "Fastest," the photos are compressed, so the resolution will be less than the original photo file. So, if you are just uploading to order 4x6 prints, "Fastest" will be fine. But, if you wish to order enlargements, photo books, calendars, and other photo products, choose the "Regular" speed, which uploads the photos at their original resolution. Once the photos are uploaded, you will notice three bars for each photo in your account. If all three bars are green, that means that the resolution of the photo that is in the account is sufficient enough to order just about anything on the site. If the bars are all red, you have uploaded a low resolution photo. Try to find the original photo file and check the size. If the size is sufficient enough to order prints (based on the rule we mentioned above about multiplying the desired print size by 300 and comparing to the actual image size), re-upload the photo at "Regular" upload speed. Photos with two or three red bars will generate poor quality prints, especially if you are trying to order anything larger than 4x6 prints. We also will double check the resolution on our end. If we catch a low res file when printing, we always stop and notify you. We want you to be happy with your prints. Now that you understand image size and resolution a bit more, and understand why they are important when working in your online photo account, here are a few more extra tips about image size and resolution: - Most computer screens display photos at 72 DPI. That means the printed photo will look different than how it appears on your computer screen. - If you crop a photo too much (zoom in too much), it will always look pixilated and distorted, no matter how large the image size is. - Once you take the photo, you cannot increase the size or resolution by increasing the number of pixels in any photo editing program. If you wish to increase the resolution or file size, you must do so by adjusting your camera settings before you take any more photos.

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986

Indian and Himalayan Art Mahakala/Bhairava with Buddhas, Ganesha, Karttikeya, Achala, and DevoteesMade in Nepal, Asia Malla Dynasty (1200-1769), Late 16th century Artist/maker unknown, Nepalese Colors on cloth Currently not on view 1963-141-1Gift of Stella Kramrisch, 1963 LabelNewar religious practice employs a unique mix of Buddhist and Hindu elements. The five transcendental buddhas at the top of this painting and Achala (the blue-skinned Buddhist protector at the bottom center) are joined by deities more often affiliated with Hinduism. These include the elephant-headed Ganesha and dancing Karttikeya, who flank their father, Shiva, in his form as Mahakala/Bhairava. Another important feature of Newar art and practice is the depiction and participation of both men and women devotees. In the lower two registers seventeen men (in white-and-red-striped outfits) and seven women (in Malla period red skirts with white-and-blue stripes) offer flowers. Also typical of the Malla period are the shapes of Mahakala's triangular eyebrows, his neatly trimmed moustache and beard, and his round, full eyes.

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274

The interplay between indigenous Indian painting traditions and imported Persianate influences invigorated painting on the Indian subcontinent for over three hundred years. Primary Colors, featuring some thirty works from the Museum's collection, juxtaposes two intriguingly similar groups of paintings, one from seventeenth-century Central India and another from eighteenth-century Nepal. These works reflect indigenous painting traditions, characterized by expanses of intense red, blue, and yellow as well as figures seen in sharp profile, but they also include imagery of costume and architecture drawn from Islamic prototypes. Dynamic painting traditions flourished in Central India under Hindu, Jain, and Muslim patronage even before Mughal rulers imported Persian painters in the early sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, the Hindu rulers of Malwa (an area of Central India) developed active workshops that re-emphasized pre-Mughal forms. In the eighteenth century, Nepalese painting took a surprising turn, leading to forms closely related to those produced in seventeenth-century Malwa. The installation explores why patrons and painters, separated by distance and time, chose a closely related aesthetic. Among the highlights of the installation are two recently acquired Nepalese paintings that will be seen in Philadelphia for the first time. The Celestial Abode of Shiva and Devi is a great sunburst-like representation of a divine palace surrounded by courtly and ascetic devotees, while Pilgrimage to Gosainkund—a fourteen-foot-long scroll—illuminates a meandering path through cities and towns, peppered by pilgrims and animals, ultimately leading to a sacred lake in the high Himalayas. CuratorsDarielle Mason • The Stella Kramrisch Curator of Indian and Himalayan Art Katherine Anne Paul • Assistant Curator, Indian and Himalayan Art

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011) |Abstract||Laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. Laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. Traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual claims. But, although this claim about laws might be true with respect to physics, laws in the special sciences (such as biology, psychology, economics etc.) appear to have—maybe not surprisingly—different features than the laws of physics. Special science laws—for instance, the economic law “Under the condition of perfect competition, an increase of demand of a commodity leads to an increase of price, given that the quantity of the supplied commodity remains constant” and, in biology, Mendel's Laws—are usually taken to “have exceptions”, to be “non-universal” or “to be ceteris paribus laws”. How and whether the laws of physics and the laws of the special sciences differ is one of the crucial questions motivating the debate on ceteris paribus laws. Another major, controversial question concerns the determination of the precise meaning of “ceteris paribus”. Philosophers have attempted to explicate the meaning of ceteris paribus clauses in different ways. The question of meaning is connected to the problem of empirical content, i.e., the question whether ceteris paribus laws have non-trivial and empirically testable content. Since many philosophers have argued that ceteris paribus laws lack empirically testable content, this problem constitutes a major challenge to a theory of ceteris paribus laws.| |Through your library||Configure| Similar books and articles Markus Schrenk (2007). Can Capacities Rescue Us From Ceteris Paribus Laws? In B. Gnassounou & M. Kistler (eds.), Dispositions in Philosophy and Science. Ashgate. John Earman & John Roberts (1999). C Eteris Paribus , There is No Problem of Provisos. Synthese 118 (3):439--478. Nancy Cartwright (2002). In Favor of Laws That Are Not Ceteris Paribus After All. Erkenntnis 57 (3):425Ð439. Marc Lange (2002). Who's Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws? Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Them. Erkenntnis 57 (3):281Ð301. James Woodward (2002). There is No Such Thing as a Ceteris Paribus Law. Erkenntnis 57 (3):303Ð328. Charles Wallis (1994). Ceteris Paribus Laws and Psychological Explanations. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994:388 - 397. Paul M. Pietroski & Georges Rey (1995). When Other Things Aren't Equal: Saving Ceteris Paribus Laws From Vacuity. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46 (1):81-110. Marcello Guarini (2000). Horgan and Tienson on Ceteris Paribus Laws. Philosophy of Science 67 (2):301-315. Markus Schrenk (2003). Real Ceteris Paribus Laws. In R. Bluhm & C. Nimtz (eds.), Proceedings of GAP.5, Bielefeld 2003. mentis. Barry Ward (2009). Cartwright, Forces, and Ceteris Paribus Laws. Southwest Philosophy Review 25 (1):55-62. Gerhard Schurz (2002). Ceteris Paribus Laws: Classification and Deconstruction. Erkenntnis 57 (3):351Ð372. Alice Drewery (2001). Dispositions and Ceteris Paribus Laws. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52 (4):723-733. Stephen R. Schiffer (1991). Ceteris Paribus Laws. Mind 100 (397):1-17. Robert Klee (1992). Anomalous Monism, Ceteris Paribus, and Psychological Explanation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 43 (3):389-403. Added to index2011-07-24 Total downloads59 ( #16,371 of 548,972 ) Recent downloads (6 months)4 ( #19,222 of 548,972 ) How can I increase my downloads?

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A wolverine first photographed by a remote-controlled camera on the Tahoe National Forest in February 2008 is most closely related to Rocky Mountain populations, according to a team of 10 federal, state and university scientists. Their findings are published in the latest edition of Northwest Science and focus on genetic analysis of hair collected from the first scientifically verified California wolverine in 86 years. The U.S. Forest Service funded the study, which demonstrated the first evidence of connectivity between wolverine populations living in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains. Determining where the male wolverine originated is important because it is a state-threatened species, and California wolverines are genetically unique from other North American populations. Last year, scientists collected hair and fecal samples from the photographed animal so that its DNA could be examined to help determine whether the wolverine had somehow survived as part of a historic population, escaped or was released from captivity, or dispersed on its own from outside of California. Scientists at the agency's Wildlife Genetics Laboratory in Missoula, Mont., later found the animal was not part of a historic population by comparing its genetic samples with specimens found in California museums. These scientists previously used the specimens to learn California wolverines are a distinct North American genotype. Further genetic analysis suggested the California wolverine most resembled a population comprised mostly of wolverines from Idaho, with a 73 percent confidence level. By comparison, the California wolverine had less than a five percent probability of belonging to most of the other North American wolverine populations evaluated. The scientists also used carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses to support the genetic results in the study, which is titled "Wolverine Confirmation in California after Nearly a Century: Native or Long-Distance Immigrant?" "We still can't be sure how this animal came to the Tahoe National Forest," said Bill Zielinski, one of the study's authors and a research ecologist at the Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station. "But, this peer-reviewed study shows that other scientists agreed with our interpretation that it likely traveled here from the Rockies." Zielinski said the photographed animal would have traveled more than 400 miles to reach the national forest if it naturally dispersed from the nearest Rocky Mountain population. He said if the wolverine was accidentally or deliberately transplanted, it would have more likely originated from an area where wolverines are more common and legally trapped, such as Alaska or the Yukon Territory. Sierra Pacific Industries wildlife biologists also photographed the wolverine this winter using remote-controlled cameras on land it manages in California. Wildlife Genetics Laboratory scientists determined it to be the same wolverine photographed last year. More information: The published study is available online at www.bioone.org/toc/nwsc/83/2 . Source: US Forest Service Explore further: Front-row seats to climate change

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600

The European Society of Cardiology welcomes new research published in the New England Journal of Medicine which quantifies for the first time the annual number of new cases of coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarction that could be prevented by populations reducing daily intakes of salt. The data, says the ESC, underline the urgent need for European Union public health measures to substantially reduce the population's salt intake across Europe. "This study provides excellent ammunition both to convince patients about the benefits of reducing their individual salt intakes and also to persuade the EU of the urgent need to introduce legislation to restrict the salt content of processed foods," said ESC spokesman Professor Frank Ruschitzka, a cardiologist and hypertension specialist from the University of Zurich, Switzerland. "This study represents the evidence that a reduction of salt intake not only lowers blood pressure but also prevents cardiovascular events. The case for population-wide salt reduction is now compelling," he added. In the paper, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues, from the University of California, San Francisco, USA, undertook a computer simulation showing the effects of population wide reductions of dietary salt intakes in all adults aged 35 to 85 years in the USA. Reducing dietary salt intake by 3 g per day (1200mg less sodium per day) could result in 60,000 to 120,000 fewer cases of heart disease , 32,000 to 66,000 fewer strokes and 54,000 to 100,000 fewer heart attacks. A reduction in dietary salt of 3g per day, the authors went on to say, would have approximately the same effect on reducing cardiac events as a 50 % reduction in tobacco use, a 5% reduction in body mass index among obese adults or the use of statins to treat people at low or intermediate risk for CHD events. Furthermore, reducing dietary salt intakes by 3g per day would save $10 billion to $ 24 billion in annual health care costs. ESC spokesperson Professor Giuseppe Mancia, from the University of Milano-Bicocca, St. Gerardo Hospital (Milan, Italy), said the annual health cost savings outlined in the study would be likely to prove a persuasive argument for both the EU and individual European governments. Recent studies clearly show that salt reduction reduces cardiovascular deaths.4 Epidemiological studies have also firmly established that increased intakes of salt directly increase blood pressure. High salt intakes are believed to exert their detrimental effects by influencing fluid retention, which in turn increases blood pressure. "But it's important for patients to appreciate that not all cardiovascular problems relating to salt are mediated through hypertension. Salt can have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health, even among people with normal blood pressure," said Ruschitzka. Salt intakes across Europe are known to vary widely, ranging from 8.6 g of salt per day in the UK, to around 12 g salt in Croatia. Even the best intakes, however, are falling widely short of the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension(2), based on WHO data, that recommend that only 5g of salt should be consumed per day. This amounts to just one teaspoonful. While individuals may use salt sparingly at home, around 75 % of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy. This, says the ESC, underlines the need for legislation to lay down guidelines. "The reality of international food production in Europe means that such public health initiatives need to be tackled on a European wide basis, rather than an individual country basis," said Ruschitzka. Furthermore, added Mancia, concerted action is usually more effective. "It has the advantage of preventing country to country inequalities and furthermore prevents the reinvention of the wheel in each individual country," he said. But calls for legislation do not mean that physicians should stop their efforts to persuade patients to introduce individual changes in lifestyle. Patients, they stress, need to be taught about the importance of reducing salt in their cooking and also for the need to check food labels. People need to learn to appreciate that the salt contents can vary widely even in the same product. Take bread, for example. Recent research from Consensus Action on Salt and Health (a charity lobbying food manufacturers in the UK) has shown that the highest salt content was 3g salt per 100 g of bread, while the lowest was 0.7 g salt per 100g. To improve cardiovascular health, salt reduction cannot be undertaken in isolation. "It needs to be remembered that lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical exercise, and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables are also important for reducing cardiovascular disease," said Mancia. Salt will again be on the agenda with World Salt Awareness Week 2010 , which runs from February 1- 7 (3). The week is being run by World Action on Salt and Health (WASH), a global group that works with governments to highlight the need for widespread introduction of population based salt reduction strategies. Much can be done to reduce salt intakes through public health policy, say WASH. They cite the success of Consensus Action on Salt and Health (CASH), launched in 1996 to encourage food manufacturing companies in the UK to make voluntary reductions in their salt content. Since the start of the policy salt intakes among UK adults (calculated from 24-hour urine samples) have fallen from 9.5 to 8.6 g per day. In July 2009, WASH surveyed over 260 food products available around the world from food manufacturers such as KFC, McDonalds, Kellogg's, Nestle, Burger King and Subway, finding surprisingly wide spread variations. For example, Kellogg's All Bran for sale in France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands contains 1.30 g salt per 100 g compared to salt levels of 0.65 g per 100g for the product in the US. Such data underlines the urgent need to eradicate country to country inequalities, and bring everyone up to the highest possible standards. "The paper by Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues is an urgent call to action. Policy makers in the European Community need to implement public health interventions that result in reductions in salt intake now. Reducing the salt content of our unneccesarily oversalted ,processed food is an inexpensive, yet highly effective public health intervention that we can't afford to miss," concluded Ruschitzka. Explore further: New research identifies risks, interventions for children's GI health 1. Bibbins-Domingo K, Glenn CC, Coxson PG et al. Projected Effect of Dietary Salt Reductions on Future Cardiovascular Disease. New Engl J Med. 2010. Published on-line January 20. 4. Pasquale Strazzullo, Lanfranco D'Elia, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, and Francesco P Cappuccio. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009;339:b4567, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4567 (Published 24 November 2009)

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1,453

Eliminating diabetes and depression, as well as increasing education and fruit and vegetable consumption, are likely to have the biggest impact on reducing levels of dementia in the coming years, should no effective treatment be found, concludes a study published in the British Medical Journal today. These findings suggest priorities for future public health interventions. While the exact cause of dementia is still unknown, several modifiable risk factors have already been identified. These include vascular risk factors (heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol), a history of depression, diet, alcohol consumption, and education level. Based on this knowledge, a team of researchers based in France and the UK estimated which of these risk factors might be most effective in reducing the future burden of dementia, should no effective treatment be found. Their analysis involved 1,433 healthy people aged over 65 years living in the south of France and recruited between 1999 and 2001. Participants underwent cognitive testing at the start of the study and again at two, four and seven years. A reading test (the Neale score) was also used as an indicator of lifetime intelligence. Medical history and information on measures such as height, weight, education level, monthly income, mobility, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use was obtained. An individual's genetic risk of dementia was also measured: although it's not a factor that can be changed it served as a useful benchmark for dementia risk. Results showed that eliminating depression and diabetes and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption were estimated to lead to an overall 21% reduction in new cases of dementia, with depression making the greatest contribution (just over 10%). However, the researchers point out that the direct (causal) relationship between depression and dementia remains unclear. Increasing education would also lead to an estimated 18% reduction in new cases of dementia across the general population over the next seven years. By contrast, eliminating the principal known genetic risk factor from the general population would lead only to a 7% reduction in the number of new cases over the next seven years. Given these findings, the authors suggest that public health initiatives should focus on encouraging literacy at all ages irrespective of ability, prompt treatment of depressive symptoms, and early screening for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (early stages in the development of diabetes). While these calculations can only provide a crude estimate of impact on incidence, they do make a significant statement about public health priorities in disease prevention in the face of current knowledge, conclude the authors. Further studies including younger adults are clearly needed to test the impact of intervention measures. A second study, also published in the British Medical Journal today, finds that death rates are more than three times higher in people with dementia than in those without dementia in the first year after diagnosis. The study also says that earlier and better detection of dementia in primary care is needed. An accompanying editorial suggests that key areas to focus on include better education and training in primary care, developing more integrated systems of care, and ensuring that policy makers and commissioners plan services that reflect the effects of dementia on primary care and other services. Explore further: New case of SARS-like virus in Saudi: ministry

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641

As a result of the historic election of Barack Obama in the U.S., other countries have started wondering whether a similar occurrence would be possible in their nations — none more so than the Obama-worshiping United Kingdom. Its press, race industry, and political classes are all aflutter about whether or not it would be possible for a minority to become prime minister of the country. Britain has, unlike the U.S., already had a female prime minister: Margaret Thatcher in the ’80s. While Bejamin Disreali, a conservative prime minister of the late 19th century, was Jewish, the debate is whether or not a non-European minority would make it to Number 10 Downing Street in the near future. The head of the Commission for Racial Equality, Trevor Philips, has clearly stated that he thinks “institutional racism” will prevent a non-white from ever being prime minister of the United Kingdom. Much navel gazing and self-examination resulted from his comments. Philips believes Britain’s governing Labor Party would not let someone like Obama rise to the top. If Barack Obama had lived here I would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the Labor Party,” said the head of the Equality and Human Rights Commission. He said that there was an “institutional resistance” to selecting black and Asian candidates. “The parties and unions and think-tanks are all very happy to sign up to the general idea of advancing the cause of minorities but in practice they would like somebody else to do the business. It’s institutional racism.

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347

This is the first is a 3 part series. Part 1: Pagan origins of Christmas, Part 2: Christian origins of Christmas, and Part 3: Santa Claus and his Ilk. In part 1, I discussed the pagan origins of Christmas. However, that is not the whole story. Christmas, in its current form, did not simply spring up or evolve from just one source, Christian, pagan or otherwise. Therefore, in the interest of fairness, here are the Christian origins of Christmas. In the last post, I mentioned how Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was the reason that Christmas is celebrated on December 25. Well, that isn’t the whole story. While it is true that the celebration of the Sun (or Sun God) was celebrated on this day, and that some early Church Fathers commented on how appropriate it would be to celebrate Jesus’ birth on the day of the unconquered Sun, it is also true that the idea of Jesus’ birth being on December 25, predated those decisions. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd century theologian, makes it clear that he believes Jesus’ birth to have happened on December 25, not because of the Sun celebration, but because he believes that Jesus’ conception took place during the traditional date of the creation of the world on March 25 (which also happened to line up with the vernal equinox and often with the Jewish Passover), although he also put forth April 2nd as a date of conception in some writings. Regardless, Hippolytus felt that this proved a date of Jesus’ birth at December 25th. Still, it could have been an attempt of a Christian apologist to retroactively prove Jesus’ birth after other’s had connected the date already to Saturnalia or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti. Except… that Saturnalia was not celebrated on December 25. It was celebrated on December 17, and was lengthened over time to December 23, but never the 25. Sorry Mythicists. Further, while Dies Natalis Solis Invicti WAS indeed celebrated on December 25, there is no mention of this celebration being held on December 25 prior to AD 354, since before this, the celebration was held every 4 years, and not on the 25th of December, and often not in December at all. This is relevant because Hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was practiced on December 25. In fact, around 200 AD, Clement of Alexandria gives us an even better clue (through his consternation), complaining in frustration that some Egyption theologians are celebrating Jesus’ birth on December 25 (Stromata 1:21). So it seems that the December 25 date for Christmas IS actually a Christian tradition, not a lender from a pagan source. Note: this does not actually make it true that Jesus’ was born on December 25. He almost surely wasn’t. But it does mean that Christians have honored Jesus’ birth on that day by our own (often flawed) resources, and not as a direct result of other holidays. I did make a mention last time about Romans bringing in trees during this time, and even decorating them with 12 candles. However, no Christians are ever mentioned as taking on this tradition during the time of the Roman Empire. While this practice does seem similar to our Christmas tree tradition, the practice of bringing trees into homes to celebrate Saturnalia (or other mid-winter holidays) was long dead (by a millennium) by the time Christians began to celebrate it during Christmas time. While it is also true that many different cultures brought greenery and trees into the home during winter (from Egypt to Norway), it appears that the 16th century German Christians were the first to bring Evergreen trees into their homes and decorate them for Christmas. There is little chance that 16th century Germans relied on long forgotten Roman practice to initiate theirs. As the story goes, Martin Luther, the 16th Century German reformer, was the first to use candles and light up a Christmas tree. And while the tree has not always been accepted as a good thing in all Christian circles, it can certainly be said however, that it too, is of Christian origin. The Name “Christmas” Of course, it doesn’t really take a genius to realize that the actual word “Christmas” is of Christian origin. Cristes Maesse in old English, it appeared around 1038. Christes – Christ, Maesse meaning dismissal, or colloquially, the way to refer to a church service, as in “we are dismissed to be about the mission of God.” It came to refer to the service on Dec. 25. Not much pagan there. The first nativity scene is said to be the work of St. Francis of Assisi. He was attempting to reverse the tide of materialism encroaching in on Christmastime around 1223 CE. Imagine if he had been around today…. mercy. He made it up in a cave near Greccio and had live animals and people. Soon, it spread all around Italy, and was soon common practice in most churches. Statues soon replaced live people and eventually, homes adopted smaller versions. Clearly Christian in origin. St. Francis is hard to be for sheer Christianity. Early in the 20th century, electric lights became available for use on Christmas trees (don’t believe me? Watch Downton Abby). Soon after in the mid-2oth Century, folks began using Christmas tree light on the outside of their homes. Hmmm…. since this took place mostly in America, i don’t think we can call this one Christian origin…. but it is derivative of a Christian practice. Well, i don’t want to spoil next week’s addition to the conversation on Santa Claus, so it will have to suffice to say that this practice of hanging stockings on Christmas Eve is particular to his legend, and not anywhere beforehand. But I won’t give anymore away, next week’s will be awesome. So to summarize: December 25 date: Of Christian origin Trees in the house: Of Christian Origin (and yet attested to in many other cultures in parallel, not dependence) The word “Christmas:” of Christian origin Nativity Scenes: of Christian origin Christmas Lights: of Christian origin Stockings: of Christian origin

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1,349

If left untreated, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can seriously affect your daily functioning, relationships, success in school, ability to work, and mental health. OCD is usually treated with a combination of behavioral therapy (counseling) and medications. Behavioral therapy can help you gradually confront feared objects or ideas, either directly or by imagination. Medications are used to treat the obsessions, anxiety, distress, and other associated brain disorders. Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specially trained primary care providers are trained to treat OCD. If your doctor doesn't have special training, ask for the name of a doctor or counselor who does. Treatment involves the following:MedicationsOther treatments—therapy Surgical procedures are not a treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 11/2012 - - Update Date: 11/26/2012 -

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194

PILOT STORIES: Pilot's The early U.S. Air Mail pilots who flew in open cockpits needed protection from the elements. Fur-lined leather flying suits and boots helped keep pilots warm as they flew through blizzards and rain at 8,000 feet in the sky. Leather helmets and even masks helped pilots keep their faces and ears from freezing on long, cold flights.

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88

This section of the website provides tips and information on how to conserve water inside and outside your home and/or office. You can help the program achieve a 10% reduction in water use per person within 10 years by saving 10 gallons of water per day or start by saving 1 gallon of water per day every year for 10 years. Here are some ways you can accomplish that: - Reduce shower time ~ 2.5 gallons/minute - Turn off water while brushing teeth ~ 2 gallons/minute Why Should We Conserve Water? Water is constantly being recycled through the earth’s water cycle. However, humans can consume fresh water faster than it is naturally replenished. We all use water, so we should do our part to protect and preserve it. Approximately 3% of the earth’s water supply is fresh but less than one third of 1% is available for human use! As water users, we must preserve our water supply so it will be available today and for generations to come. Water conservation allows us to use water more efficiently and reduce water waste. Making a habit of conservation makes sense. Conserving water is beneficial to our community, because it: - Helps protect our water supply for the future - Protects the environment and natural ecosystems - Saves energy - Saves money For more information about the water cycle, visit the US Geological Survey’s website Where Does Our Water Come From? The Great Lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on earth, containing roughly 18% of the world fresh water supply. Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes. Nearly 750,000 people in DuPage County get their water from Lake Michigan, provided to them by their local water utility. The DWC buys water from the City of Chicago and sells it to the local water utilities in DuPage County. The people in DuPage County who do not get their water from Lake Michigan are served by ground water sources. The Great Lakes Compact limits how much water can be taken from Lake Michigan and requires all water utilities to have a water conservation program. Source: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. USEPA For more information on the Great Lakes Compact visit the websites for the Great Lakes Commission , Council of Great Lakes Governors , or Great Lakes and Saint Laurence Cities Initiative DuPage County Water Usage Summary Before we can start to preserve every drop, we must first understand how much water we use and for what purposes. Water usage in DuPage County can be divided up into four main categories as shown in the figure below. Did you know? - The average daily water use for Lake Michigan water users in DuPage County is 106 gallons/person/day. - Over 71% of total water use is for residential customers.

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580

User Interface design is not a pure science, primarily because people's preferences are different. However, there are a few principles that we've learned over the years: - The eye naturally gravitates to "power points". i.e. in art it is the golden rule, and photography it is simplified to "the rule of thirds". In essence if you drew a grid on your screen three cells across and three cells down, the points where the lines intersect are the power points. These are very important real estate, and it also explains why the 1/3-2/3 split works so well. - We've learned that there is an order of importance when we learn to read. In short, the most important column on a the screen is the one that comes first in reading order. For us western hemisphere folks, that means the left (left-to-right reading order). For folks in the middle east and some far eastern countries that means the right (right-to-left reading order). For other folks in other far eastern countries that means the top (top-to-bottom, typically right-to-left reading order). Using these two principles, we can organize the screen in a way that users can get the most out of it. The MS Visual Studio developers surmised that the source code is the most important element, and the other panels support that content. Now, if you have a preference to have the navigation on the left, it is because you place a different value on the importance of the navigation than the VS developers. Neither position is right or wrong. If you find yourself jumping from file to file often, it can be handy to have the navigation on the left. You'll notice that even in this site, the content is on the left and the navigation and support information is on the right. This echoes what the designers felt were the most important aspects of the site.

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Wan Ali, Wan Zah and Mohd Ayub, Ahmad Fauzi and Wong, Su Luan and King, Hasnah Yee Tang and Wan Jaafar, Wan Marzuki (2008) Students teacher attitudes towards computer and online learning : are they a factor in students' usage? The International Journal of Learning, 15 (6). pp. 35-41. ISSN 1447-9494 Full text not available from this repository. Computers and online learning are rapidly becoming important components in fundamental curriculum of Malaysian educational systems. In Malaysia, the computer and online learning curriculum have been incorporated into all levels of the educational systems. However, the instructional effectiveness of computer and online learning are related to many factors including students’ attitudes towardsthese technologies. Hence, positive attitudes towards computers and online learning are important variables to be studied among pre-service teachers. The main purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of pre-service teachers at Universiti Putra Malaysia toward computer and online learning and its relationships. In addition, the relationship between this attitudes and the usage of computer and online learning is also studied. The findings indicate that pre-service teachers have positive attitudes towards computers and online learning. The correlation between students’ attitude towards computers and online learning was significant. |Keyword:||Online Learning; Attitudes toward Computer; Attitudes towards Online Learning| |Subject:||Computer-assisted instruction - Malaysia| |Subject:||College teachers - In-service training| |Faculty or Institute:||Faculty of Educational Studies| |Publisher:||Common Ground Publishing| |Deposited By:||Emelda Mohd Hamid| |Deposited On:||25 May 2012 15:08| |Last Modified:||12 Nov 2012 14:41| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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Table of Contents "Modeling" techniques are used when anxiety is related to lack of confidence and the patient looks to the therapist as a model of how to handle anxiety-provoking situations. The relaxation techniques used by hypnotists and behavior therapists may prove helpful to many patients, especially those who are suggestible. In the initial stages, after therapists have instructed their patients in the various methods of relaxation, they should allow the patients to practice the methods in the office. In that way, therapists may add their encouragement and positive suggestion to their patients' efforts. The ultimate goal is to enable patients to employ the techniques alone in the course of their daily lives. Patients should not only follow a regular daily schedule of exercises, but should be encouraged to employ those exercises at any time when they are facing an anxiety-provoking situation or feel their inner tension rising. For those patients with a capacity for hypnotic trance, instruction in the techniques of self-hypnosis may potentiate the effect of the relaxation exercises. Simple forms of meditation that do not have religious implications, by reversing the processes that lead to autonomic arousal, may be effective in combating the symptoms arising from autonomic nervous system discharge. A recent study suggests that the symptoms of those individuals who have a capacity for hypnotic trance induction are particularly responsive to the use of meditative techniques. Patients can be encouraged to try out new coping skills and emotion regulation with people they meet within support groups. They can be an important part of expanding the individual's skill set and develop new, healthier social relationships. Copyright 1998-2006 Psych Central. All Rights Reserved. This text may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written permission from Psych Central. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 1 Jun 2010 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

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MRSA rates have been increasing worldwide over the past decades write Hajo Grundman (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands) and colleagues. Even in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, where MRSA rates have been fairly low and stable for many years, the frequency is beginning to rise. "Of the expected 2 billion individuals carrying S aureus worldwide, conservative estimates based on either Dutch or US prevalence figures would predict that between 2 million and 52 million carry MRSA," states Professor Grundmann. In their Review the authors also warn of the threat of community acquired MRSA. Genetic changes in strains of community acquired MRSA have led to the evolution of 'fitter' strains that can combine antimicrobial resistance with transmissibility and virulence. If these strains are sufficiently fit to maintain a high prevalence in the community, the MRSA situation in hospitals could potentially become explosive, write the authors. They conclude: "The onus is therefore on health-care authorities to develop not only surveillance systems that are able to monitor the clonal dynamics of MRSA over wide geographical areas but also to provide the resources for early recognition of MRSA carriers through rapid screening. Hospital staff have a responsibility to implement, maintain, and adhere to strict contact precautions, should hospitals remain places where citizens can aspire to positive health-care outcomes with confidence." Contact: Dr Hajo Grundmann, Project Leader, Scientific Coordinator, European Antimircrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Institute for Public Health, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, PO BOX 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. T) 31 30 274 4239 [email protected] / [email protected] Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

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404

(Washington, DC • 11/6/06) – The second of five Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) remote sensing instruments, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, was launched on November 4, 2006 on board the DMSP F-17 satellite. SSULI is the first operational instrument of its kind and provides a new technique for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere from space. SSULI's measurements will provide scientific data supporting military and civil systems and will assist in predicting atmospheric drag effects on satellites and reentry vehicles. A Boeing Delta 4 vehicle launched the Air Force's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-17 satellite and the SSULI sensor into low earth orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. SSULI will be powered on and start initial sensor checkout 30 days after launch. "Characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere is a critical goal for Department of Defense (DoD) and civilian users," said Andrew Nicholas, the SSULI Principal Investigator at NRL. He discussed the significance of the planned SSULI observations, saying, "The upper atmosphere affects many systems from global to tactical scales. These systems include GPS positioning, HF radio communications, satellite drag and orbit determination, and over-the-horizon radar. Both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere are driven by solar and geomagnetic forcing that occur on many timescales ranging from short (minute, hours) to medium (days to months) to long (years). Real-time global observations that yield altitude profiles of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, over an extended period of time (DMSP through the year 2016) will fill a critical need." SSULI measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules, and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere from low earth orbit aboard the DMSP satellite. It builds on the successes of the NRL High Resolution Airglow/Aurora Spectroscopy (HIRAAS) experiment recently flown aboard the Space Test Program (STP) Advanced Research and Global Observations Satellite (ARGOS). SSULI makes measurements from the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the far ultraviolet (FUV) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm with 2.4 nm resolution. SSULI also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. SSULI uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds. These observations represent a vertical slice of the Earth's atmosphere from 750 km to 50 km in depth. Use of these data enables the development of new techniques for global ionospheric remote sensing and new models of global electron density variation. Commenting on the practical application of the instrument, Mr. Ken Weldy, the Program Manager at NRL said, "Since natural atmospheric phenomena can disrupt day-to-day operations in the military use of space, we look forward to providing SSULI operational products to feed into the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model. This will provide an important piece of the characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere." An extensive data processing suite was developed to support on-orbit observations and flight operations. It includes data reduction software using unique science algorithms developed at NRL, comprehensive data validation techniques, and graphical interfaces for the user community. After launch, the SSULI sensor, software, and derived atmospheric specification will under go an extensive validation. After validation, SSULI products will be distributed by the Air Force Weather Agency to support operational DoD systems. Additional information about the SSULI instrument and its data processing software is available at http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains several near-polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Additional information is available at the DMSP web site (http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html). NRL is the Department of the Navy's corporate laboratory. NRL conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology, and advanced development. The Laboratory, with a total complement of approximately 2,500 personnel, is located in southwest Washington, DC, with other major sites at the Stennis Space Center, MS; and Monterey, CA. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

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991

Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Philosophy Index: Aesthetics · Epistemology · Ethics · Logic · Metaphysics · Consciousness · Philosophy of Language · Philosophy of Mind · Philosophy of Science · Social and Political philosophy · Philosophies · Philosophers · List of lists Skepticism (or scepticism) has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude of knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. The word may characterise a position on a single matter, as in the case of religious skepticism, which is "doubt concerning basic religious principles (such as immortality, providence, and revelation)", but philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all new information to be well supported by evidence. Skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own senses. Classical philosophical skepticism derives from the 'Skeptikoi', a school who "asserted nothing". Adherents of Pyrrhonism, for instance, suspend judgment in investigations. - (a) an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; - (b) the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain; or - (c) the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster). In philosophy, skepticism refers more specifically to any one of several propositions. These include propositions about: - (a) an inquiry, - (b) a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual testing, - (c) the arbitrariness, relativity, or subjectivity of moral values, - (d) the limitations of knowledge, - (e) a method of intellectual caution and suspended judgment. - Main article: Scientific skepticism A scientific (or empirical) skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding. Most scientists, being scientific skeptics, test the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation using some form of the scientific method. As a result, a number of claims are considered "pseudoscience" if they are found to improperly apply or ignore the fundamental aspects of the scientific method. Scientific skepticism does not address religious beliefs, since these beliefs are, by definition, outside the realm of systematic, empirical testing/knowledge. - Main article: Philosophical skepticism In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible (which would be a truth claim). The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as "radical empiricism." Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. The Greek Sophists of the 5th century BC were for the most part skeptics. Pyrrhonism was a school of skepticism founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BC and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century AD. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled and studied as far as India and propounded the adoption of "practical" skepticism. Subsequently, in the "New Academy" Arcesilaus (c. 315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted as uncertain. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus (c. A.D. 200), the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge. Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity (see the five tropes of Agrippa the Sceptic). In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument (as p implies q and q implies p). For the skeptics, such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth and could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth. In Islamic philosophy, skepticism was established by Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), known in the West as "Algazel", as part of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, whose method of skepticism shares many similarities with Descartes' method. René Descartes is credited for developing a global skepticism as a thought experiment in his attempt to find absolute certainty on which to base the foundation of his philosophy. Descartes discussed skeptical arguments from dreaming and radical deception. David Hume has also been described as a global skeptic. However, Descartes was not ostensibly a skeptic and developed his theory of an absolute certainty to disprove other skeptics who argued that there is no certainty. - ↑ See R. H. Popkin, The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (rev. ed. 1968); C. L. Stough, Greek Skepticism (1969); M. Burnyeat, ed., The Skeptical Tradition (1983); B. Stroud, The Significance of Philosophical Skepticism (1984). Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com - ↑ "Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted." URM.edu - ↑ Merriam–Webster - ↑ "Philosophical skepticism should be distinguished from ordinary skepticism, where doubts are raised against certain beliefs or types of beliefs because the evidence for the particular belief or type of belief is weak or lacking..." Skepdic.com - ↑ "...the two most influential forms of skepticism have, arguably, been the radical epistemological skepticism of the classical Pyrrhonian skeptics and the Cartesian form of radical epistemological skepticism" UTM.edu - ↑ Liddell and Scott - ↑ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines Of Pyrrhonism, Translated by R. G. Bury, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1933, p. 21 - ↑ Skeptoid.com: What is skepticism? - ↑ Scepticism – History of Scepticism - ↑ Najm, Sami M. (July–October 1966), "The Place and Function of Doubt in the Philosophies of Descartes and Al-Ghazali", Philosophy East and West (Philosophy East and West, Vol. 16, No. 3/4) 16 (3–4): 133–141, doi:10.2307/1397536 - A Greek-English Lexicon, Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1940. Online, perseus.tufts.edu. - Richard Hönigswald, Die Skepsis in Philosophie und Wissenschaft, 1914, new edition (ed. and introduction by Christian Benne and Thomas Schirren), Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-7675-3056-0 - Keeton, Morris T., "skepticism", pp. 277–278 in Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962. - Runes, D.D. (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1962. - Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, Unabridged, W.A. Neilson, T.A. Knott, P.W. Carhart (eds.), G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1950. - Butchvarov, Panayot, Skepticism About the External World (Oxford University Press, 1998). - Daniels, M.D., D.; Price, PhD, V. (2000), The Essential Enneagram, New York: HarperCollins - Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, R.G. Bury (trans.), Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1990. - Richard Wilson, Don't Get Fooled Again - The skeptic's guide to life, Icon Books, London, 2008. ISBN 978-184831014-8 - Skeptical Inquiry at the Open Directory Project - "Most Scientific Papers are Probably Wrong", NewScientist, 30 August 2005 - "In the Name of Skepticism: Martin Gardner's Misrepresentations of General Semantics", by Bruce I. Kodish, appeared in General Semantics Bulletin, Number 71, 2004. - Classical Skepticism by Peter Suber - "Outstanding skeptics of the 20th century" – Skeptical Inquirer magazine - "CSICOP and the Skeptics" – critical essay by paranormal believer George P. Hansen - "Nonsense (And Why It's So Popular)" – course syllabus from The College of Wooster. - Template:CathEncy – A Christian (Catholic) account of scepticism Template:Template group Template:Use dmy datesar:شكوكية an:Scepticismo az:Skeptisizm br:Amgredoni bg:Скептицизъм ca:Escepticisme cs:Skepticismus da:Skepticisme de:Skeptizismus et:Skeptitsism es:Escepticismo eo:Metodologia Dubo eu:Eszeptizismo fa:شکگرایی fr:Scepticisme (philosophie) gl:Escepticismo ko:회의주의 hi:संशयवाद hr:Skepticizam id:Skeptisisme ia:Scepticismo is:Efahyggjahe:ספקנות kk:Скептицизм la:Scepticismus hu:Szkepticizmus nl:Scepticismeno:Skeptisisme uz:Skeptitsizmpt:Ceticismo ro:Scepticism ru:Скептицизм sq:Skepticizmi simple:Skepticism sk:Skepticizmus (filozofia) sl:Skepticizem sr:Скептицизам sh:Skepticizam fi:Skeptismi sv:Skepticism ta:ஐயுறவியல் te:సంశయవాదంuk:Скептицизм ur:ارتیابیت vi:Chủ nghĩa hoài nghi zh:怀疑论 |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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2,644

In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. Large furrows (sulci) that divide the brain into lobes are often called fissures. The large furrow that divides the two hemispheres—the interhemispheric fissure—is very rarely called a "sulcus". The sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by Ono, Kubick and Abernathey: Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci. Some of the larger sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - so it is possible to establish a nomenclature. The variation in the amount of fissures in the brain (gyrification) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. Mammals that have smooth-surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics. The division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3–4 cm3. Large rodents such as beavers (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) and capybaras (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic. In humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop. It has been found that the width of cortical sulci not only increases with age , but also with cognitive decline in the elderly. ↑ 2.02.1Hofman MA. (1985). Size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. I. The cortical surface. Brain Behav Evol. 27(1):28-40. PMID 3836731 ↑ 3.03.1Hofman MA. (1989).On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Prog Neurobiol.32(2):137-58. PMID 2645619 ↑Martin I. Sereno, Roger B. H. Tootell, "From Monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies," Current Opinion in Neurobiology15:135-144, (2005). Caviness VS Jr. (1975). Mechanical model of brain convolutional development. Science. 189(4196):18-21. PMID 1135626 Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Julian Trollor, Simone Reppermund, John Crawford, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev (2010) The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. Neuroimage 51:1. 19-27 May. PMID 20156569 ↑ Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Nicole A Kochan, Julian N Trollor, Simone Reppermund, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder S Sachdev (2011) The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. Neuroimage 56:3. 865-873 Jun. PMID 21397704 ↑Gerhardt von Bonin, Percival Bailey, The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta, The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1947

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768

In order for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to respond to evolving national and global priorities, it must periodically reflect on, and optimize, its strategic directions. This report is the first comprehensive science strategy since the early 1990s to examine critically major USGS science goals and priorities. The development of this science strategy comes at a time of global trends and rapidly evolving societal needs that pose important natural-science challenges. The emergence of a global economy affects the demand for all resources. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new model for managing Federal lands—ecosystem-based management. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program predicts that the next few decades will see rapid changes in the Nation’s and the Earth’s environment. Finally, the natural environment continues to pose risks to society in the form of volcanoes, earthquakes, wildland fires, floods, droughts, invasive species, variable and changing climate, and natural and anthropogenic toxins, as well as animal-borne diseases that affect humans. The use of, and competition for, natural resources on the global scale, and natural threats to those resources, has the potential to impact the Nation’s ability to sustain its economy, national security, quality of life, and natural environment. Responding to these national priorities and global trends requires a science strategy that not only builds on existing USGS strengths and partnerships but also demands the innovation made possible by integrating the full breadth and depth of USGS capabilities. The USGS chooses to go forward in the science directions proposed here because the societal issues addressed by these science directions represent major challenges for the Nation’s future and for the stewards of Federal lands, both onshore and offshore. The six science directions proposed in this science strategy are listed as follows. The ecosystems strategy is listed first because it has a dual nature. It is itself an essential direction for the USGS to pursue to meet a pressing national and global need, but ecosystem-based approaches are also an underpinning of the other five directions, which all require ecosystem perspectives and tools for their execution. The remaining strategic directions are listed in alphabetical order. Posted April 2007 U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Facing tomorrow’s challenges—U.S. Geological Survey science in the decade 2007–2017: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1309, x + 70 p.

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491

To start this off, I wound up with The Dangerous Book for Boys which is a lovely compendium of knowledge targeting young boys (there is now a similar book for girls).The page I flipped to was in a section called “7 poems every boy should know”, and the poem I found on that page was Robert Frost’s famous The Road Not Taken. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Interestingly, as often as the last three lines of this poem are quoted, it is seldom in the intended context. Frost wrote this piece about a friend who was in the army, and was deciding between two roads in the field of battle, fully expecting whichever choice he made would be the wrong one and lead to his demise. If you think about that, it really changes the entire meaning of those oft spoken words. Today’s connotative meaning is usually the exact opposite of Frost’s intent for the passage. When people use the phrase today, they are talking about how they are “being their own person”. In this case, the “misuse” is probably a good thing. Many an inspiring speech, has been punctuated by these words. Their simple (despite being out of context) message conveying a strong call to independent adventurous action. But even with its original meaning, the words convey strength and courage. The young trooper could, of course, opted to shrink from the challenge, to cower from the unknown and make no progress at all. However this was not the course or content of our representatives character, nor shall it be ours. I say embrace the adventure of the unknown, be frontiersmen, even within our your community, be dangerous (whether or not you are a boy!). Whether you take the road less traveled by, or not… strike out… and make your life your own adventure story!

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406

BOY, born May 1, 2007 This handsome young man, with dark hair and dark eyes, was born with a rare genetic condition called Stickler Syndrome. His medical records also indicate microcephaly, a common symptom of SS. Individuals with Stickler syndrome experience a range of signs and symptoms. Some people have no signs and symptoms; others have some or all of the features described below. In addition, each feature of this syndrome may vary from subtle to severe. A characteristic feature of Stickler syndrome is a somewhat flattened facial appearance. This is caused by underdeveloped bones in the middle of the face, including the cheekbones and the bridge of the nose. A particular group of physical features, called the Pierre Robin sequence, is common in children with Stickler syndrome. Robin sequence includes a U-shaped or sometimes V-shaped cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth) with a tongue that is too large for the space formed by the small lower jaw. Children with a cleft palate are also prone to ear infections and occasionally swallowing difficulties. Many people with Stickler syndrome are very nearsighted (described as having high myopia) because of the shape of the eye. People with eye involvement are prone to increased pressure within the eye (ocular hypertension) which could lead to glaucoma and tearing or detachment of the light-sensitive retina of the eye (retinal detachment). Cataract may also present as an ocular complication associated with Stickler’s Syndrome. The jelly-like substance within the eye (the vitreous humour) has a distinctive appearance in the types of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL2A1 and COL11A1 genes. As a result regular appointments to a specialist ophthalmologist are advised. The type of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL11A2 gene does not affect the eye. People with this syndrome have problems that affect things other than the eyes and ears. Arthritis, abnormality to ends of long bones, vertebrae abnormality, curvature of the spine, scoliosis, joint pain, and double jointedness are all problems that can occur in the bones and joints. Physical characteristics of people with Stickler can include flat cheeks, flat nasal bridge, small upper jaw, pronounced upper lip groove, small lower jaw, and palate abnormalities, these tend to lessen with age and normal growth and palate abnormalities can be treated with routine surgery. Another sign of Stickler syndrome is mild to severe hearing loss that, for some people, may be progressive (see hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes). The joints of affected children and young adults may be very flexible (hypermobile). Arthritis often appears at an early age and worsens as a person gets older. Learning difficulties, not intelligence, can also occur because of hearing and sight impairments if the school is not informed and the student is not assisted within the learning environment. Stickler syndrome is thought to be associated with an increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse of the heart, although no definitive research supports this.

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633

Maria Teresa Tula Photo by Eddie Adams "We held a press conference telling the public about the work .… As a result, a death threat appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one." Maria Teresa Tula is a leader of the Co-Madres (Mothers of the Disappeared) of El Salvador, a group of impoverished, mostly illiterate women whose husbands or children were kidnapped or killed by death squads and government security forces during El Salvador’s bloody civil war. The 1980s conflict pitted leftist organizations and campesino farmer-based guerrillas against an entrenched alliance of landowners and the military, with each side aided by different Cold War backers. In 1992, when a peace accord was signed by the government and the Farabundo Martí Liberation Front, the reign of terror that had ruled El Salvador for over a decade finally ended. After Tula was threatened, abducted, and tortured, she returned to Co-Madres to continue her work for justice and for women’s empowerment. A self-described feminist, Tula escaped to the United States, crossing the border as an illegal alien. She spent the next several years running the Co-Madres office in Washington, D.C., and fighting deportation for herself and all Salvadorans. She now lives in the U.S., fulfilling her dream of providing her children with a safe environment and a good education. I was born on April 23, 1951, in the village of Izalco, in the Department of Sonsonate in El Salvador. My father was a bus dispatcher and my mother worked in a factory in Santa Ana nearby. I had eight brothers and sisters. Like most people in the village, we were poor. I received only a first-grade education. After that I began helping my mother in the house until the day I was married. My husband, José Rafael Canales Guevarra, was killed by the Salvadoran military in June 1980. We had five children together. I also have a sixth child, Oscar Feliciano Tula, born on July 5, 1986, while I was being held in prison without charges. Until 1978 I was never involved in politics in any way. My husband was working in the Central Azucarrero de Izalco (Izalco Sugar Company), owned by one of the richest families in El Salvador—and I was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing. Conditions at the company were very bad. There was no job safety, wages were low, and there were no health benefits. The seventeen hundred workers decided to go on strike and refused to leave the plantation. Some stayed inside the processing plant. Others guarded the gates of the hacienda to make sure no trucks could get in. My husband was very active in the strike. On the second day I went to bring him medicine and food at 10:00 a.m., just as the security forces arrived and arrested everyone. Many ran into the sugar cane fields to escape. The police beat those who were caught, tied their hands behind their backs and told them to lie face down. All of us family members were there watching and waiting to see what they were going to do with our husbands and sons. They separated twenty-two people and let the rest go. My husband was one of those they kept. He was taken to the National Guard headquarters in San Salvador and held incommunicado for three days. On the fourth day, a military tribunal sentenced him to six months in prison. The only witnesses were Guard members. At first they wouldn’t even tell me where he was, but I finally found out and visited him in Santa Tecla Prison. He told me how he had been tortured—beaten in the testicles, then hung from the ceiling and beaten all over, a torture described as "the airplane." Then I started working with the Co-Madres—an organization of women formed in 1977 to fight for the release of husbands and other family members jailed or disappeared or assassinated and to demand that the government respect human rights. In June 1978, my husband was released from prison. We decided to move to Santa Ana, since it would have been dangerous for us to remain in Izalco. Once a person has been in prison they are in even greater danger of being assassinated or disappeared by the security forces or death squads. In Santa Ana my husband got work as a bricklayer. He was not involved in politics. He worked and spent time at home with our children. I kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with Co-Madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. During this time there were continual assassinations and disappearances. On the highway from Santa Ana to San Salvador you could see fifteen corpses in different places on any given day: students, workers, peasants, old people, women. The Co-Madres would call press conferences when people were disappeared, or place ads in the newspaper announcing that someone was being charged and tried. I worked mostly with governmental organizations, international officials, and institutions and churches. I also distributed food to people who visited the office, visited political prisoners in jail and brought them supplies, and solicited food and other donations from international and domestic organizations. Like other independent human rights organizations, we came under attack from the right wing. In October 1979 I was in San Salvador with a group when we learned that the body of one of these mothers’ sons had been found on the streets; he had been disappeared. It was 7 p.m. and we were returning with the body in a minibus, when we were stopped by the police. They accused us of carrying arms and made all ten of us, including a child, lie face down with our arms stretched above our heads. The six policemen walked in single file around us, beating us on our backs with rifle butts and stepping on us. We were lying about three hours, while more police arrived, including a commander. Meanwhile it kept getting closer to the curfew time—midnight—when everyone had to be off the street. If anyone was on the street after midnight they could be machinegunned. So they were detained until then—many people died this way. Around 11:40 p.m. they started to let us go. Six women were released, but four of us—including me—they kept. They asked us questions—where were we from, our names, the names of our parents, what were we doing. Meanwhile, they kept on saying we were carrying arms, a complete lie, and joking that the boy whose corpse we were carrying had died of mosquito bites. Finally, at ten minutes to twelve, they told us to put our hands behind our head and start walking. Then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. They kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our stomachs. They asked us if we wanted to die. We were silent. I felt complete terror and thought they were surely going to kill me. Finally, they told us we could leave. It was two minutes to twelve, which meant we had only two minutes to get off the street. They brought back the chauffeur, who had been taken a short distance away; he had been badly beaten. We all got into the bus with the corpse. Fortunately there was a funeral home nearby and we arrived there before the curfew began. This was my first personal experience of torture and the kind of tactics used by the security forces. I had heard many stories but this was the first time I had experienced it myself. In 1980 I moved with my family to Sonsonate, where my husband had gotten a job building big houses. Barely a month later he was assassinated. On June 19 four men in civilian clothes, heavily armed, came to our house. They asked for my husband and said they were taking him to the municipal police station because he had been witness to a robbery. When he didn’t return I inquired at the police station, but he wasn’t registered there. The following day the newspaper had a picture of him saying he was a guerrilla who died in a confrontation with the armed forces in a clandestine house full of arms. This was a complete lie since he hadn’t been involved with anything since the strike. When I went to get my husband’s body, the judge who had identified it told me that it was the armed forces who had killed my husband, that his hands and feet had been bound and there was a bullet hole through his head. At the cemetery in Sonsonate, I saw his tied hands and feet and the bullet hole through his head. My neighbors warned me that my house was "militarizado," with soldiers surrounding it and going through all our things. Once they kill one member of a family, they often kill others. So I never went back. Instead I went to San Salvador. I was pregnant at the time with my fifth child. I continued to be very active with Co-Madres, which was under intense pressure from the right-wing death squads and security forces. In 1980 the Co-Madres office, which we shared with the nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDH), was bombed twice. The first bombing took place on March 13, 1980. Afterward the National Guard came, supposedly to investigate, but did nothing. The second bombing occurred in September 1980, and several unknown decapitated bodies were left at the front of the office, as a further warning of what would happen to us. Several members of the Human Rights Commission were also assassinated during this period. In the beginning of 1982, Archbishop Rivera y Damas recognized the work that we at Co-Madres were doing and he gave us office space along with the Human Rights Commission, Socorro Juridico, and Tutela Legal—the Archdiocese’s own human rights and legal offices. To announce our move, we held a press conference, telling the public about the work we were doing and where they should come for help. As a result, a death threat from the death squad leader Maximiliano Hernandez appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one. Fifteen days after this, a member of Co-Madres, Ophelia, was captured by members of the security forces dressed as civilians, and then taken to the National Police Station. We started paid advertising to get her released and to force a tribunal to investigate why she had been captured. The police confirmed that she was being held, "for investigation." We later learned that during those days she had been tortured and raped, and eighteen days after she had been captured, she was dumped near the Santa Ana–San Salvador Highway, about fifty kilometers outside of San Salvador, early in the morning. Some workers called us to say a woman had been found. Her hands were still tied behind her and her mouth was gagged. She was so disfigured that we didn’t even recognize her. Her whole face was inflamed; she couldn’t talk because her teeth had been broken inside her mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body. When we asked her who she was, and she managed to say "Ophelia," we couldn’t believe it. We took her to a doctor, and after she had recovered she testified about what had happened to her. She said there were photos of all of us at the National Police Station, but they were asking her about a few people in particular. I was one of the people they were asking about. It was shortly after this that men dressed as civilians started coming to my house, asking questions. Others were constantly watching the house and whenever I left they would come and talk to the children. The children were nervous about what would happen to me. Around this time in the street the army and the security forces were also stepping up their street searches. They would make people get off buses and show their registration and they would physically search you and everything you were carrying, including diapers. The terrorization of Co-Madres continued. In 1982, Elena Gonzalez was shot and killed by death squads in her home in Cuzcatancingo. Three Co-Madres mothers, Haydee Moran, Blanca Alvarado, and Carmen Sorto Ruano and her nineteen-year-old daughter, were taken one by one by National Police to the famous body dump, "Puerta del Diablo," where they laid their heads on a stone and told them their heads would be cut off with a machete if they didn’t talk about Co-Madres. Haydee and Blanca were released; Carmen and her daughter were imprisoned until 1983. It was clear to me that my life was in danger. I decided to flee El Salvador for Mexico. I left on August 4, 1982, taking four of my children, and leaving the eldest in San Salvador with my mother. I stayed in Mexico until 1984, and worked there with the Co-Madres office. Then my visa expired so I was afraid of being deported back. The United Nations Committee on Refugees recognized me as a refugee and they gave me papers to apply for political asylum in Mexico, and though I had a number of interviews I never received any response. This made me even more nervous since I knew other Salvadorans whose applications were granted; I might be on some kind of blacklist. In 1984, after the Co-Madres received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award I decided to return to El Salvador as I believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, I would now be safer. Also, Napoleon Duarte had recently been elected president after a campaign in which he promised to respect human rights and initiate investigations into disappearances and assassinations. But when the four of us applied for our visas to travel to the United States for the RFK award, they were denied. An article appeared in La Prensa Grafica quoting a U.S. State Department declaration saying they were denied since we had Communist connections. To have our names printed in the newspaper linked to Communists was very dangerous. It was like giving permission for the death squads to come in and assassinate us. A few days after, the U.S. Embassy told the public, the Kennedy Memorial, and a human rights delegation that the visas were denied because we were dangerous and terrorists and we had direct connections to guerrillas. We asked for an audience with the ambassador so he could provide proof, but he wouldn’t see us. A visiting U.S. delegation also asked for proof, but nothing was forthcoming. From that moment we noticed an increase in surveillance, but luckily, around this same time, three of the four of us were invited for a European tour. We left on January 20, 1985, and spent three months touring Spain, Holland, Switzerland, England, Greece, West Germany, France, Italy, Norway, and Sweden. We met with Mrs. Mitterand, Mrs. Papandreou, and other prominent women; also with Willy Brandt in West Germany and with United Nations representatives in Geneva. We hoped this kind of international exposure would give us more protection, and on our return on April 20, 1985, we were accompanied by European parliamentarians. Meanwhile, the assassinated body of a Co-Madres member, Isabel, who had disappeared some eleven months earlier, was found in her home. Only a few months later, Maria Ester Grande was detained by the Treasury Police and threatened; they picked up her son and tortured and interrogated him for fifteen days to get information about his mother and where she lived. (During this time, those of us who were active in Co-Madres never lived in one place. We moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces). Finally, he told them and the Treasury Police went and picked her up; then they returned four times to her house, treated her children brutally and threatened to kill their mother and brother if they didn’t tell where arms were hidden. They never found any arms. But they presented her with her son tied up and beaten, and said if she wanted her son to live she would have to go back to Co-Madres and get the names of all who worked there and their addresses. Then she was dropped off at our office. Instead of cooperating with them, she told us what happened. We immediately went to the Red Cross and finally her son was transferred to Mariona Prison until 1987. Shortly after this, there was a break-in of the Co-Madres office and everything was taken—documents, testimony, tapes, photos, and money. As a result they had those lists of everyone involved with Co-Madres. From this point on, there was constant surveillance and repression. In November 1985, Joaquin Antonio Caceres, of the Human Rights Commission, with whom we worked closely, was captured and held for forty-five days and later brought to prison and accused of being a guerrilla. Around the same time, Co-Madres was awarded the Bruno Krisky Human Rights Award. I traveled to Austria to receive it, visiting other European countries as well. I was away until March, and when I returned, all my movements were monitored by the police. I lived in constant fear. On May 6, 1986, I was grabbed suddenly by a man at a bus stop, a pistol was pressed in my side and I was told to walk and not make any noise. Then I was pushed into a white car that was waiting with its doors open. They forced me to lie on the floor with my head down, so that I couldn’t see outside, and then the car drove around in circles so I wouldn’t know where I was being taken. Finally I was taken to a house with the three men who captured me. They blindfolded me and put me in a chair with my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who I was, what was I doing in the neighborhood, and whether I knew people from Co-Madres. I was held for three days, during which time I was beaten and raped by the three men, all while blindfolded. I was seven months pregnant at the time. There was no way for me to know if it was day or night. They gave me no food and only a little water. Later they started carving my belly with a knife. They didn’t make deep wounds but scrapes which left blood. They questioned me about Co-Madres and when I continued to tell them I knew nothing, they told me I would die. Then they left me for the night, blindfolded, with my hands tied to the chair. The next day they asked me the same questions and again wounded me with the sharp object, but this time the wounds were deeper—I still have scars. Finally, they blindfolded me again, put me in a car, and told me not to look where we were going or they would shoot me in the head. Then they dropped me in the Cucatlan Park. It was nine in the morning. I was bleeding, disoriented, and my clothes were torn since they had sliced them with the sharp, pointed object. I was holding my wound to stop the bleeding. I had no money; they had taken everything from me. I asked a woman at a bus stop to help me, telling her that I had been robbed. She gave me some money. I didn’t know if I should go first to the hospital, my home, or the office. I decided the office and told them everything that had happened. Several days later we published a "denuncia" (an accusation). The security forces’ arrests of people connected with human rights organizations intensified. And on Friday, May 26, I was arrested again. They were dressed as civilians, heavily armed, but I later learned that they were members of the Treasury Police. I was tortured for four days, beaten all over, on my head, my back. At one point a towel was put over my head and one of my torturers sat on my head and neck. Ten days later I was visited by the International Red Cross and the Human Rights Commission who told me that I was accused of being a terrorist. Though I was never tried or sentenced, I was held in Ilopango Women’s Prison until late 1986. I was able to find homes for four of my children. But my six-year-old daughter stayed with me in prison, along with my son, who was born there. On September 22, I was ordered released by President Duarte, in a public ceremony. At that ceremony I pointed to a man there who had been one of my torturers. Following my release I was terrified to go to the Co-Madres office, I was scared at bus stops, and if any vehicle stopped, I was afraid someone would jump out and grab me. I was frightened that I would be machine-gunned on the street. My house continued under surveillance and attacks against the Human Rights Commission also continued. I knew that there was no way I could remain in El Salvador. I began planning my escape. I learned that I was being invited to the United States in January to talk to members of Congress and other groups: this would be a good opportunity to find temporary safety. I was no longer safe in El Salvador or Mexico, which was no longer accepting Salvadorans for asylum. I was forced to leave three of my children in Mexico, living with different families. My two youngest children came with me. There is another story to tell about my efforts to get asylum in the United States in the 1980s, when many in the U.S. government were supporting the regime in power, but that is for another time. I rejoice that peace has come to my country at last and that the human rights we fought for during those dark years now seem within our reach, not just in our dreams. Speak Truth To Power (Umbrage, 2000)

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4,589

Before the glory that was Greece and Rome, even before the first cities of Mesopotamia or temples along the Nile, there lived in the Lower Danube Valley and the Balkan and Carpathian foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long-distance trade. http://www.tkinter.smig.net/News/images/NYT2009-11-30a.jpg Rumyana Kostadinova Ivanova and Marius Amarie Harsova, (Gumelnita Culture) The Chalcolitic Village- 6,000 yers old whistle in working condition at: Spondylus artifacts in the Carpathian land at: The Institute for the Study of the Ancient World will present a series of public programs, accompanying The Lost World of Old Europe exhibition with the goal of furthering the understanding and appreciation of Romanian, Bulgarian and Moldovan culture. Public programs will include a Romanian Film Series, music nights, a scholarly lecture series, which will further elucidate topics explored in the exhibition and public tours. For 1,500 years, starting earlier than 5000 B.C., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2,000 dwellings. They mastered large-scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. Their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world. The striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture’s visual language. Until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta “goddess” figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society. New research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of “civilization” status. Writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. To some scholars, the people and the region are simply Old Europe. The little-known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, “The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500 B.C.,” which opened last month at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. More than 250 artifacts from museums in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania are on display for the first time in the United States. The show will run through April 25. At its peak, around 4500 B.C., said David W. Anthony, the exhibition’s guest curator, “Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world” and was developing “many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization.” Dr. Anthony is a professor of anthropology at Hartwick College in Oneonta, N.Y., and author of “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.” Historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern Europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the Old Europe culture by 3500 B.C. At the exhibition preview, Roger S. Bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now “a great many archaeologists had not heard of these Old Europe cultures.” Admiring the colorful ceramics, Dr. Bagnall, a specialist in Egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time “Egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this.” A show catalog, published by Princeton University Press, is the first compendium in English of research on Old Europe discoveries. The book, edited by Dr. Anthony, with Jennifer Y. Chi, the institute’s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from Britain, France, Germany, the United States and the countries where the culture existed. Dr. Chi said the exhibition reflected the institute’s interest in studying the relationships of well-known cultures and the “underappreciated ones.” Although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth-millennium B.C. cemetery at Varna, Bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. Even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the Iron Curtain, Bulgarians and Romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the West. The story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 B.C. moving north into Old Europe from Greece and Macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. They established colonies along the Black Sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct cultures, archaeologists have learned. The settlements maintained close contact through networks of trade in copper and gold and also shared patterns of ceramics. The Spondylus shell from the Aegean Sea was a special item of trade. Perhaps the shells, used in pendants and bracelets, were symbols of their Aegean ancestors. Other scholars view such long-distance acquisitions as being motivated in part by ideology in which goods are not commodities in the modern sense but rather “valuables,” symbols of status and recognition. Noting the diffusion of these shells at this time, Michel Louis Seferiades, an anthropologist at the National Center for Scientific Research in France, suspects “the objects were part of a halo of mysteries, an ensemble of beliefs and myths.” Page 2 of 2) In any event, Dr. Seferiades wrote in the exhibition catalog that the prevalence of the shells suggested the culture had links to “a network of access routes and a social framework of elaborate exchange systems — including bartering, gift exchange and reciprocity.” At first, the absence of elite architecture led scholars to assume that Old Europe had little or no hierarchical power structure. This was dispelled by the graves in the Varna cemetery. For two decades after 1972, archaeologists found 310 graves dated to about 4500 B.C. Dr. Anthony said this was “the best evidence for the existence of a clearly distinct upper social and political rank.” Vladimir Slavchev, a curator at the Varna Regional Museum of History, said the “richness and variety of the Varna grave gifts was a surprise,” even to the Bulgarian archaeologist Ivan Ivanov, who directed the discoveries. “Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with golden ornaments,” Dr. Slavchev said. More than 3,000 pieces of gold were found in 62 of the graves, along with copper weapons and tools, and ornaments, necklaces and bracelets of the prized Aegean shells. “The concentration of imported prestige objects in a distinct minority of graves suggest that institutionalized higher ranks did exist,” exhibition curators noted in a text panel accompanying the Varna gold. Yet it is puzzling that the elite seemed not to indulge in private lives of excess. “The people who donned gold costumes for public events while they were alive,” Dr. Anthony wrote, “went home to fairly ordinary houses.” Copper, not gold, may have been the main source of Old Europe’s economic success, Dr. Anthony said. As copper smelting developed about 5400 B.C., the Old Europe cultures tapped abundant ores in Bulgaria and what is now Serbia and learned the high-heat technique of extracting pure metallic copper.Smelted copper, cast as axes, hammered into knife blades and coiled in bracelets, became valuable exports. Old Europe copper pieces have been found in graves along the Volga River, 1,200 miles east of Bulgaria. Archaeologists have recovered more than five tons of pieces from Old Europe sites. An entire gallery is devoted to the figurines, the more familiar and provocative of the culture’s treasures. They have been found in virtually every Old Europe culture and in several contexts: in graves, house shrines and other possibly “religious spaces.” One of the best known is the fired clay figure of a seated man, his shoulders bent and hands to his face in apparent contemplation. Called the “Thinker,” the piece and a comparable female figurine were found in a cemetery of the Hamangia culture, in Romania. Were they thinking, or mourning? Many of the figurines represent women in stylized abstraction, with truncated or elongated bodies and heaping breasts and expansive hips. The explicit sexuality of these figurines invites interpretations relating to earthly and human fertility. An arresting set of 21 small female figurines, seated in a circle, was found at a pre-Cucuteni village site in northeastern Romania. “It is not difficult to imagine,” said Douglass W. Bailey of San Francisco State University, the Old Europe people “arranging sets of seated figurines into one or several groups of miniature activities, perhaps with the smaller figurines at the feet or even on the laps of the larger, seated ones.” Others imagined the figurines as the “Council of Goddesses.” In her influential books three decades ago, Marija Gimbutas, an anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, offered these and other so-called Venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a Mother Goddess that reigned in prehistoric Europe. Although the late Dr. Gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. The power of the objects, Dr. Bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in “a shared understanding of group identity.” As Dr. Bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance: miniature, representational depictions of the human form. He thus “assumed (as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, Neolithic men, women and children, and the Paleolithic painters in caves.” Or else the “Thinker,” for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a “lost” culture in southeastern Europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned. Before the establishment of the first cities in Mesopotamia ca. 4500 BC, highly sophisticated societies with advanced technology and complex systems of symbolic representation had emerged in the southeastern part of Europe. The Neolithic people of the Balkans were the first in Europe to adopt of a new type of economy, based on agriculture and animal breeding. This happened in the 7th millennium BC and marked a radical shift in the way humans interacted with their environment. After a million of years of nomadic life – during which little had changed – people settled in permanent habitations and started developing new skills and modes of social interaction. Houses became foci of settled life and people started exploring previously unaddressed material and spiritual needs. They replaced their flimsy basket containers with sturdy vases made of clay. They understood the properties of metals creating new, more effective types of tools. They expressed their beliefs through the manufacture of figurines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. And they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities. By the 5th millennium BC, the thriving cultures of the Balkans were among the most advanced in the Old World – featuring densely populated settlements, a sophisticated system of social hierarchy, highly symbolic cult rituals, complex long-distance exchange networks, and an amazing copper- and gold-working industry. By the mid-4th millennium, however, this brilliant world came to an abrupt end. The reasons are not clear: Invasions? Climatic changes? Overexploitation of natural resources? International Tour of the exhibit: The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology Oxford University, England May 20 - August 15, 2010 Museum of Cycladic Art September 30, 2010 - January 11, 2011 (dates to be confirmed) Please note, the dates are subject to change without notice. For more information on the venues please click on the link and you will be navigated to the exhibiting museum's website.In the media: "Dr. Jennifer Chi," television broadcast: Sunday Arts, WNET, January 27, 2010. "The Lost World of Old Europe," radio broadcast: The Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC, January 14, 2010. mp3 and slideshow of objects from the exhibition. "Ancient Artifacts," television broadcast: Eye on New York, WCBS, 6 December, 2009. Andrew Moseman, “Advanced, Overlooked Ancient European Culture Arrives in America,” 80beats | Discover Magazine, December 1, 2009. John Noble Wilford, “A Lost European Culture, Pulled from Obscurity” The New York Times, November 30, 2009. Michael Balter, “The Lost World of Old Europe: See It in New York” Origins: A History of Beginnings (ScienceMag.org), November 25, 2009. Christine Lin, “Lost Artifacts of Old Europe Arrive in New York.” Epoch Times, November 13, 2009.

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But for the parents of that teenager, even the most trusting among them, anxiety is often the emotion that clouds all others. Warnings are plastered in plain view from fliers on school bulletin boards to public service announcements on TV urging new drivers to make the best decisions regarding their safety on the road. Parents and members of the Rome and Floyd County community are encouraged to attend a free presentation on safe teen driving at Darlington School on Jan. 22. Lauren Winborne, founder of the nonprofit organization SteerSmart, will speak to students in grades 8-12 about the topic of teen driving at 2 p.m. in the Huffman Athletic Center. “Because teen driving fatalities are usually caused by inexperience and unsafe driving habits, SteerSmart seeks to educate parents as well as teens. We hope those parents who are able to will join us for this presentation,” said Jill Pate, director of personal counseling. “Car crashes are the number one cause of fatality among teenage drivers, and this program walks through and dissects the anatomy of specific crashes that resulted in fatalities or severely injured youth.” Pate said the program will depict examples of severe crashes that happened as a result of speeding, texting, driving with too many passengers, alcohol and drugs, driving without wearing seatbelts, intersection awareness, over correcting, weather related problems and more. The program will offer safe driving tips and solutions for teens who are ready to take on the road. Winborne, a mother of six, founded SteerSmart to encourage schools, associations and communities to help prevent wrecks that take lives and leave survivors impaired for life. The programs she developed arose out of research and interviews with parents who had lost their children to wrecks. According to the organization’s website, presentations focus on decisions and consequences of decisions made by young drivers. Whether a youth is a driver or a passenger, he or she will learn that there are ramifications for every decision made behind the wheel. Students learn from their peers in the program who have been killed by making just one fatal decision. They also learn from victims who survived crashes but are wheelchair bound because of decisions made just before their crashes. “The program emphasizes that all students start their day virtually in the same way,” Winborne said. “No one begins their day by thinking, ‘I could die this afternoon.’ The myth that all kids who get killed or injured in these crashes are wasted kids at 1 a.m. is also dispelled. “The program shows victims from all walks of life, types of towns, socioeconomic statuses, public and private schools as well as married, divorced and troubled homes,” she continued. “We talk about athletes, musicians, artists, actors and scholars, encompassing the eclectic background of those affected by crashes. Car crashes do not discriminate.” The SteerSmart program has been delivered in all types of venues to all kinds of audiences. For more information about the program, visit www.steersmart.org. For information about the driving expo, contact Tannika Wester at [email protected].

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654

How the Short-Sword was the easier known when sought for by reason of the notch in the blade. THORSTEIN Dromund was a mighty man, and of the greatest account; and now he heard that Thorbiorn Angle had got him gone from the land out to Micklegarth; speedy were his doings thereon, he gave over his lands into his kinsmen's hands, and betook himself to journeying and to search for Angle; and ever he followed after whereas Angle had gone afore, nor was Angle ware of his goings. So Thorstein Dromund came out to Micklegarth a little after Angle, and was fain above all things. to slay him, but neither knew the other. Now had they will to be taken into the company of the Varangians, and the matter went well as soon as the Varangians knew that they were Northmen; and in those days was Michael Katalak king over Micklegarth. Thorstein Dromund watched for Angle, if in some wise be might know him, but won not the game because of the many people there; and ever would he lie awake, ill content with his lot, and thinking how great was his loss. Now hereupon it befell that the Varangians were to go on certain warfare, and free the land from harrying; and their manner and law it was before they went from home to hold a weapon-show, and so it was now done; and when the weapon-show was established, then were all Varangians to come there, and those withal who were minded to fall into their company, and they were to show forth their weapons. Thither came both Thorstein and Angle; but Thorbiorn Angle showed forth his weapons first; and he had the shorts-word, Grettir's-loom; but when he showed it many praised it and said that it was an exceeding good weapon, but that it was a great blemish, that notch in the edge thereof; and asked him withal what had brought that to pass. Angle said it was a thing worthy to be told of, "For this is the next thing to be said," says he, "that out in Iceland I slew that champion who was called Grettir the Strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest-hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till I came forth for that end; and whereas I had the good hap to win him, I took his life; though indeed he had my strength many times over; then I drave this short-sword into his head, and thereby was a shard broken from out its edge." So those who stood nigh said, that he must have been hard of head then, and each showed the short-sword to the other; but hereby Thorstein deemed he knew now who this man was, and he prayed withal to see the short-sword even as the others; then Angle gave it up with good will, for all were praising his bravery and that daring onset, and even in such wise did he think this one would do; and in no Wise did he misdoubt him that Thorstein was there, or that the man was akin to Grettir. Then Dromund took the short-sword, and raised it aloft, and hewed at Angle and smote him on the head, and so great was the stroke that it stayed but at the jaw-teeth, and Thorbiorn Angle fell to earth dead and dishonoured. Thereat all men became hushed; but the Chancellor of the town seized Thorstein straightway, and asked for what cause he did such an ill-deed there at the hallowed Thing. Thorstein said that he was the brother of Grettir the Strong, and that withal he had never been able to bring vengeance to pass till then; so thereupon many put in their word, and said that the strong man must needs have been of great might and nobleness, in that Thorstein had fared so far forth into the world to avenge him: the rulers of the city deemed that like enough; but whereas there was none there to bear witness in aught to Thorstein's word, that law of theirs prevailed, that whosoever slew a man should lose nought but his life. So then speedy doom and hard enow did Thorstein get; for in a dark chamber of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. But when Thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death's door from misery; and both foul and cold was that abode; Thorstein spake to that man and said, "How deemest thou of thy life?" He answered, "As of a right evil life, for of nought can I be holpen, nor have I kinsmen to redeem me." Thorstein said, "Nought is of less avail in such matters than lack of good rede; let us be merry then, and do somewhat that will be glee and game to us." The man said that he might have no glee of aught. "Nay, then, but let us try it," said Thorstein. And therewithal he fell to singing; and he was a man of such goodly voice that scarcely might his like be found therefor, nor did he now spare himself. Now the highway was but a little way from the dungeon, and Thorstein sang so loud and clear that the walls resounded therewith, and great game this seemed to him who had been half-dead erst; and in such wise did Thorstein keep it going till the evening.

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1,210

ideo Byte: Jacana Class: Aves (Birds) Length: males—6 to 15 inches (15 to 39 centimeters); females—6 to 23 inches (15 to 58 centimeters) Weight: males—1.4 to 4.8 ounces (41 to 137 grams); females—1.4 to 9 ounces (41 to 261 grams) Life span: unknown Number of eggs laid: 4 eggs Incubation: 20 to 26 days Age of maturity: 1 year Status in the wild: Stable When spread out, a jacana’s toes and claws can cover an area up to 5 by 8 inches (12 by 20 centimeters). • Pheasant-tailed and northern jacana males will pick up the empty shell of their newly hatched chick and fly several yards (meters) away before dropping it. This may keep predators away from the nest. • Female jacanas can be almost twice as big as the males. Jacanas are colorful birds with long legs and incredibly long toes and claws. The super-long toes spread the bird’s weight over a large area. This allows them to walk across floating vegetation, especially lily pads. Jacanas often appear to be walking on the water itself! They are also very good swimmers and divers, and they can swim through open water from one area of vegetation to another while searching for food or to avoid danger. At home on the pad Lily pads and other floating vegetation in swamps and marshes are home to jacanas. They live out much of their lives on these floating islands, foraging for fish and insects to eat and building their nests. Jacanas are carnivores that use their bills to turn over lily pads or other aquatic vegetation. They can also grasp the edges of these plants with their toes to partially turn them over in search of food. These waterbirds often send out noisy alarms when they think predators are near. If threatened, young chicks, as well as adults, stay underwater for long periods of time with only the tips of their bills above water. They can also swim underwater to avoid predators. It is not known what types of animals prey on jacanas, as predation has not actually been observed. Researchers believe that jacana predators may be other birds, as well as fish or other aquatic life. Jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. Some species, such as the African jacana Actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time and are unable to fly until their new feathers grow in. Some jacana species, such as the northern jacana Jacana spinosa and the wattled jacana Jacana jacana, have chestnut- to cinnamon-colored bodies, with yellow to greenish yellow flight feathers, dark brown to black neck and head, and a yellow bill. The African jacana also has a chestnut body, but its neck and head are white in front and black in back, with a golden yellow breast. The Madagascar jacana Actophilornis albinucha has the same colors as the African jacana, but with the neck and head colors exactly reversed. There is even a pheasant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus with (what else!) a long tail like a pheasant. Most jacana species also have what is called a frontal shield, which is a bare, fleshy area that extends from the bill to as far as the top of the head. Most of these shields are red, but the African and Madagascar jacanas have a bright blue shield. It is thought that the blue color reflects light, or that it allows the bird to blend in with the water, allowing it to escape being seen by predators. Jacana eggs are true works of art. They are a deep tan color, with very dark markings that look like dribbled lines of paint, crisscrossing the entire egg in an abstract design that is different on each egg. The eggs are very glossy and shiny and look as though they have been highly polished. This “wet” appearance is nature’s camouflage, helping the eggs resemble the glossy surface of surrounding vegetation. Male jacanas do most of the nest building. After the female has laid a clutch of four eggs, the male takes over the parenting responsibilities. He incubates the eggs and protects them from danger. Jacana nests are built on mostly submerged plants. If the nest starts to sink, or the eggs are otherwise endangered, the male may pick them up and carry them under his wings to a new site. Meanwhile, the female has left the male to find more males to breed with. She does not participate in raising chicks. If, however, the eggs or chicks are lost, she will return to breed and produce a replacement clutch with the first male. Only one species, the lesser jacana Microparra capensis, is known to be monogamous. Jacana chicks are precocial, so the male quickly teaches them how to forage for the insects, snails, worms, small crabs, fish, mollusks, and seeds that make up their diet. Jacana species at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park are fed mealworm larvae, crickets, a special zoo carnivore food, and commercial flamingo food. Chicks stay with the male for their first 40 to 70 days. The father will even carry his young chicks under his wings if they are in danger.

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1,155

Roland Piquepaille points out a news release from the University of Michigan where researchers are looking to birds and bats for insights into aerospace engineering. Wei Shyy and his colleagues are learning from solutions developed by nature and applying them to the technology of flight. A presentation on this topic was also given at the 2005 TED conference. From the news release: "The roll rate of the aerobatic A-4 Skyhawk plane is about 720 degrees per second. The roll rate of a barn swallow exceeds 5,000 degrees per second. Select military aircraft can withstand gravitational forces of 8-10 G. Many birds routinely experience positive G-forces greater than 10 G and up to 14 G. Flapping flight is inherently unsteady, but that's why it works so well. Birds, bats and insects fly in a messy environment full of gusts traveling at speeds similar to their own. Yet they can react almost instantaneously and adapt with their flexible wings."

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195

Table o contents Chai Nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central Thailand's Chao Phraya River valley. In the sooth o the province the Chao Phraya (umwhile Chai Nat) Dam impunds the Chao Phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra's lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. The dam, pairt o the Greater Chao Phraya Project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in Thailand. Oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at Sankhaburi. In the reign o Keeng Mongkut (Rama IV) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present-day location. Durin the wars wi the Burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the Burmese Airmy. As aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name Chai Nat, which means place o victory. The slogan o the province is Venerable Luangpu Suk, Renouned Chao Phraya Dam, Famous Bird Park an Tasty Khao Taengkwa Pomelo. Admeenistrative diveesions Straw Bird Fair, Chai Nat’s Product Fair and Red Cross Fair (งานมหกรรมหุ่นฟางนกนานาชาติ งานของดี และงานกาชาดจังหวัดชัยนาท) This annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi-product in rice farmin. Various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall. The event is held annually durin Cheenese New Year in Februar. Chai Nat Pomelo Fair (งานส้มโอชัยนาท) Chai Nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. The best kent are o the Khao Taengkwa variety haein a well-roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet-crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. The fair is held durin late August - early September in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales.

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641

This depends very much on the type of application you run. If you've got applications which are very trigger-happy WRT syscalls you can expect to see high amounts of context switching. If most of your applications idle around and only wake up when there's stuff happening on a socket, you can expect to see low context switch rates. System calls cause context switches by their very own nature. When a process does a system call, it basically tells the kernel to take over from it's current point in time and memory to do stuff the process isn't privileged to do, and return to the same spot when it's done. When we look at the definition of the write(2) syscall from Linux, this becomes very clear: write - write to a file descriptor ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count); write() writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the file referred to by the file descriptor fd. [..] On success, the number of bytes written is returned (zero indicates nothing was written). On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set This basically tells the kernel to take over operation from the process, move up to count bytes, starting from the memory address pointed at by *buf to file descriptor fd of the current process and then return back to the process and tell him how it went. A nice example to show this is the dedicated game server for Valve Source based games, hlds. http://nopaste.narf.at/f1b22dbc9 shows one second worth of syscalls done by a single instance of a game server which had no players on it. This process takes about 3% CPU time on a Xeon X3220 (2.4Ghz), just to give you a feeling for how expensive this is. Another source of context switching might be processes which don't do syscalls, but need to get moved off a given CPU to make room for other processes. A nice way to visualize this is cpuburn. cpuburn doesn't do any syscalls itself, it just iterates over it's own memory, so it shouldn't cause any context switching. Take an idle machine, start vmstat and then run a burnMMX (or any different test from the cpuburn package) for every CPU core the system has. You should have full system utilization by then but hardly any increased context switching. Then try to start a few more processes. You'll see that the context switching rate increases as the processes begin to compete over CPU cores. The amount of switching depends on the processes/core ratio and the multitasking resolution of your kernel. linfo.org has a nice writeup on what context switches and system calls are. Wikipedia has generic information and a nice link collection on System calls.

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603

We live in the age of information. It pours upon us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, radio loudspeakers, tv and computer screens. The main part of this information has the form of natural language texts. Even in the area of computers, a larger part of the information they manipulate nowadays has the form of a text. It looks as if a personal computer has mainly turned into a tool to create, proofread, store, manage, and search for text documents. Our ancestors invented natural language many thousands of years ago for the needs of a developing human society. Modern natural languages are developing according to their own laws, in each epoch being an adequate tool for human communication, for expressing human feelings, thoughts, and actions. For the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully serve people in their everyday life. In the second half of the twentieth century, human attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. People now want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts. The most-used language on the Internet according to Wikipedia is English. Although the total number of native English speakers in the world is about 322 millions, which is only around one fifth of the total internet users; the amount of English web content approaches 80%. Generally speaking, when a language has got the position of a universal language, the position tends to be affirmed and extended by itself. Since "everyone" knows and uses English, people are almost forced to learn English and use it, and learn it better. Besides the importance of the Internet grows rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and education but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. This implies that it becomes more and more important to know how to use Internet services and, as a part of this, to read and write English. But English is changing fast too. There is no area of the culture that collision's more intensely than that, for the web has changed English more radically than any invention since paper, and much faster. According to Paul Payack, who runs the Global Language Monitor, "there are currently 988,974 words in the English language, with thousands more emerging every month". By his calculation, English will adopt its one millionth word in late November. To put that statistic another way, for every French word, there are now ten in English. So far from debasing the language, the rapid expansion of English on the web may be enriching the mother tongue. Like Latin, it has developed different forms that bear little relation to one another: a speaker of Hinglish (Hindi-English) would have little to say to a Chinglish speaker. But while the root of Latin took centuries to grow its linguistic branches, modern non-standard English is evolving at fabulous speed. The language of the internet itself, the cyberisms that were once the preserve of a few web boffins, has simultaneous expanded into a new argot of words and idioms: Ancient or Classic Geek has given way to Modern Geek.

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637

Greenhouse Effect Basics: Warm Earth, Cold Atmosphere Posted on 29 February 2012 by Tom Curtis Heating and Heat Flow Some physics, everyone knows. In our daily lives we encounter the effects of physics all the time, and as a result, we know what physics predicts in those circumstances at a gut level. We may not be able to put it into numbers. We may not be able to apply it in novel situations. But we know it all the same. One example is as simple as putting on a blanket. We know that if we want warm something up, we can increase the supply of heat - or we can reduce the escape of heat. Either is effective. If you have a pot that is simmering and you want to bring it to the boil, you can turn the heat up, or you can put on the lid. If we put on the lid, the pot will go nicely from simmering to boiling, and we don't need to turn up the heat even slightly. Indeed, if we are not careful to turn down the heat, the pot may well boil over. Likewise, if you have two identical motors running with an identical load and speed (Revolutions Per Minute), one with the water pump working and one without, we are all physicist enough to say that the second one will run hotter. It does not matter that the energy supplied as fuel is identical in both cases. The fact that heat escapes more easilly with water circulating through the radiator will keep the first cooler. The consequence is that stopping the the water from circulating will lead second motor to disaster. Nor do we find people who doubt this. Suppose somebody told us their water pump was broken, but that the Second Law of Thermodynamics prohibited transfer of heat from a cooler place (the water) to a hotter place (the engine block), so they'ld be fine so long as they didn't rev any faster than normal, we'ld look at them in complete disbelief. Or we would if we were too polite to burst out laughing. And if they set out cross country confident in their belief, it doesn't matter what destination they claim they're heading for. Rather, as we all know, they're really heading for a breakdown! (Image copyright to iStock, and not to be reproduced without their permission.) Heat Flow to Space This physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. It is true of the Earth as well. The Earth is warmed by our remarkably stable Sun. As a result, the Earth's surface radiates energy to space, and over time the incoming energy balances the outgoing energy. The process is made more complicated, however, by the existence of Infra Red (IR) absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. Without those molecules, Infra Red radiation from the Earth's surface would travel directly to space, cooling the Earth quickly and efficiently. At certain wavelengths of Infra Red radiation, however, those molecules absorb many, or all, of the photons emitted from the Earth's surface. That energy is often redistributed among other molecules by collision, but eventually some of the redistributed energy will be reradiated by the Infra Red absorbing molecules. This process absorption, redistribution and then re-emission may occur many times before the energy escapes the atmosphere, but eventually it will either by being emitted to space, or back to the surface. Intuitively, the energy that goes through multiple stages of absorption, redistribution and re-emission will not escape to space as fast that which is emitted directly to space from the surface. This intuition is sound, but it depends essentially on one factor, the temperature of the atmosphere. We can see this by considering a fundamental law that governs the radiation of energy, the Stefan-Boltzmann Law: In words, that is J-star equals epsilon sigma T to the fourth power, but we don't need to worry about that. What we need to notice is that J-star, which is the energy radiated over a given time from a given area, is proportional to the fourth power of T, ie, temperature. If the temperature doubles, the energy radiated increases sixteen-fold. If it triples, it increases eighty-one- fold. And so on. So, if the temperature of the atmosphere is different from that of the surface, the absorption, redistribution and re-emission of IR radiation by molecules in the atmosphere will certainly change the rate at which heat escapes to space. Higher is Colder There is another piece of physics everyone knows. It is that as you go higher in the atmosphere, the atmosphere gets colder. That is the reason why some mountain peaks are snow covered while their bases are still warm. This is not a universal law. It is not true, for example, in the stratosphere where the absorption of UltraViolet radiation from the Sun causes temperatures to rise with increased height. But eighty percent of the Earth's atmosphere is in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere), and most radiation leaving the top of the troposphere escapes to space. And in the troposphere, as you get higher, the temperature gets lower. On average, the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees C for every thousand meters of altitude you climb. That means, for example, that the temperatures fall by about 24.5 degrees C as you climb to the summit of Mount Fuji, and by 50 to 100 degrees as you rise to the top of the troposphere. We have already seen that temperature significantly effects the radiation of heat. Colder objects radiate less energy, and the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere are colder than the surface. Therefore it is no surprise that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the warmer surface. That difference is the essence of the greenhouse effect. No More Arm Waving It would be helpfull to recapitulate at this point. So far we have noted four simple facts: - That if you reduce the escape of heat, but do not reduce the incoming heat, things warm up; - That the atmosphere contains molecules that absorb Infra-Red radiation; - That radiated energy depends on the temperature of the radiating object; and - That the atmosphere gets cooler as you get higher, so that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the surface. These four facts imply the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect, ie, that the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere results in the surface being warmer than it otherwise would be. In science, however, purely verbal reasoning like this is considered suspect. The reason is that sometimes odd effects occur that render verbal reasoning moot. So in science, there is no substitute for putting the theory into a mathematical form. It gets rid of the arm waving. Fortunately for us, scientists have already put this theory into mathematical form, at a very detailed level. We can access this work, free of charge, by using the Modtran Model. The Modtran Model shows the radiation up or down over a column of atmosphere under particular conditions. By changing the conditions, you can explore the predicted effects of those changes on upward or downward radiation at any level of the atmosphere from 0 to 70 kilometers altitude. Setting the altitude to 70 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward to space from the top of the atmosphere, or downward from space at the top of the atmosphere. Setting the altituded to 0 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward, or downward at the surface. Using Modtran, I determined the energy output looking downwards from an altitutude of 70 kilometers using the US Standard Atmosphere (1). The result can be seen on the following graph as the green shaded area. I repeated the model run, but this time with the altitude set at 0 km. The result is shown by the outer curve defining the red area in the graph below. That means that the red area itself, which is the upwards radiation from the surface minus the upward radiation to space, is the reduction in energy radiated to space because of the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. That is, it is the greenhouse effect. We have all heard how inaccurate models can be. Therefore the fact that a particular model predicts this difference in radiation only shows what the theory predicts. It does not show what is actually happening. Scientists are not happy with theories whose only support is a model. So in 1969, Conrath and associates compared the results of model calculations of radiation to space with the actually observed radiation using the IRIS instrument on the Nimbus 3 Satellite. The following graph shows the result of their comparison. The dotted line shows the modelled values, while the solid line shows the observed values: The effect of a particular Infra-Red absorbing molecule, Carbon Dioxide, is clearly visible. With the publication of this data in 1970, the greenhouse effect ceased to be theoretical. It was an observed fact. (1) Default settings except for adjusting surface temperatures (Ground T offset, c) to approximately match the Earths Global Mean Surface Temperature (about -10 degrees C offset).

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1,894

In 1863 Bill Fairweather and his party discovered gold in southwestern Montana. They were on their way to Yellowstone Country from Bannack but were waylaid by a band of Crows. While hiding from the Indians in a gulch they found gold. They named the gulch after the alder trees lining the gulch. Alder was one of the great gold producers of all time. The site of the largest placer gold strike in world history. It produced $10,000,000.00 during the first year. A year later the boom town of Virginia City had a population of 10,000. People lived in makeshift tents and shacks and every third construction was a saloon. The site gave birth to two of Montana's most famous towns: Virginia City and Nevada City. The discoveries at Alder Gulch drew people away from Bannack, reducing the population, making Virginia City the territorial capital from 1865 to 1875. - American Heritage - Art Gallery - Art Show - Childrens Activities - Folk Art Alder Gulch is located west of Virginia City, in the southwestern area of Montana, on US Highway 287. Season / Hours Of Operation - Memorial Day - Labor Day

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252

I am working up a new media literacy unit for next semester. A colleague at SSU showed me a really fantastic Introduction to Media Literacy resource from the Media Literacy Project. What I like about the article is the clear delineation between beginning, intermediate and advanced literacy techniques. The 16 page document covers media literacy (in general terms) and then gives examples of different persuasion techniques media uses to influence viewers. There are concrete questions at the end of the document students can use to evaluate images and videos. Once I develop a lesson plan, I will decide if I want students to evaluate a particular image, or if part of the unit will be them finding AND evaluating their own image from a normal daily activity (bus add, tv commercial, etc.). I highly recommend the resource.

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158

To the people of the ancient world, every bright star had a personality. Some stars were welcomed into the dawn sky like a lost child, while some were treated more like a mother-in-law packing a month's worth of luggage. And sometimes, a single star could bring both responses. A prime example is Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. It's lost in the twilight now, but it'll start popping into view before sunrise within a few days or weeks, depending on your location. Thousands of years ago, the star made its first morning appearance a little earlier in the year. From ancient Greece and Rome, it showed up at the start of summer's heat -- a time that could bring disease and famine. Since Sirius is known as the Dog Star, this time of year was known as the Dog Days -- a time that hardly brought rejoicing. Even earlier, though, the star did bring rejoicing to the people of Egypt. Sirius first appeared around the time of the annual Nile floods, which deposited fertile soil on the fields. This time was so important that the first appearance of Sirius marked the beginning of the Egyptian year. Because of its role in resurrecting the land, the star itself represented the goddess Isis. In Egyptian lore, she resurrected her husband Osiris, and bore their son, Horus, who united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom. So Sirius was a welcome presence in the morning sky -- a star with a pleasant personality. Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2008 For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine.

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330

This fascinating documentary presents the details of Eric’s life, who was perhaps best known as an athlete in the 1924 Olympics, as depicted in the Academy Award-winning film, Chariots of Fire. His story is told by David McCasland, author of Eric Liddell: Pure Gold, Eric’s daughter Patricia, and Rev. John Keddie, consultant on Chariots of Fire, along with fellow prisoners form the internment camp in China. Growing up, Eric was a gifted athlete, excelling in rugby and later in track. He entered the 1924 Olympics in Paris and was favored to win the 100-meter race. But when he learned that he would have to race on Sunday, he refused. Instead, he competed in other races and still brought home gold for Scotland. Now a national hero, Eric announced his intentions to go to China as a missionary. There he taught Chemistry and oversaw the school’s sports programs, sharing his faith at sporting events. He later married, then left teaching to become an evangelist By 1941, China was becoming more unstable and Japan was increasing its control. Concerned for his family’s safety, he sent them off to Canada while he remained in China. It wasn’t long until the Japanese began moving people into internment camps. There, Eric became friend and mentor to 300 children, many of whom were separated from their missionary parents. Fellow prisoners observed as he rose early each day to read and pray. He continued living out his faith in the camp and was admired and respected by all. In 1944, however, he began showing signs of a possible brain tumor and died the following year. Eric Liddell was a humble man with a simple and personal faith whose life’s purpose was to glorify God. His life and legacy continue to impact people’s lives around the world. Studio: Christian History Institutue Time: 100 minutes Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction (DVD): - Item Price: $12.95 - Listed On: March 14, 2012

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(This post was prepared in collaboration with Dan Drinkard) Congress now speaks at almost a full grade level lower than it did just seven years ago, with the most conservative members of Congress speaking on average at the lowest grade level, according to a new Sunlight Foundation analysis of the Congressional Record using Capitol Words. Of course, what some might interpret as a dumbing down of Congress, others will see as more effective communications. And lawmakers of both parties still speak above the heads of the average American, who reads at between an 8th and 9th grade level. Today’s Congress speaks at about a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005. By comparison, the U.S. Constitution is written at a 17.8 grade level, the Federalist Papers at a 17.1 grade level, and the Declaration of Independence at a 15.1 grade level. The Gettysburg Address comes in at an 11.2 grade level and Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is at a 9.4 grade level. Most major newspapers are written at between an 11th and 14th grade level. (You can find more comparisons here) All these analyses use the Flesch-Kincaid test, which produces the 'reads at a n-th grade level' terminology that is likely familiar to many readers. At its core, Flesch-Kincaid equates higher grade levels with longer words and longer sentences. It is important to understand the limitations of this metric: it tells us nothing about the clarity or correctness of a passage of text. But although an admittedly crude tool, Flesch-Kincaid can nonetheless provide insights into how different legislators speak, and how Congressional speech has been changing. To see how different legislators rank, click here for a full database of all current members of Congress. To see how many top SAT words lawmakers speak, click here. Overall, the complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has declined steadily since 2005, with the drop among Republicans slightly outpacing that for Democrats (see Figure 1). Through April 25, 2012, this year's Congressional Record clocks in at a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005. Between 1996 and 2005, Republicans overall spoke at consistently 2/10ths of a grade level higher than Democrats, except for 2001, when a rare moment of national unity also seems to have extended to speaking at the same grade level. But following 2005, something happened, and Congressional speech has been on the decline since. For Republicans as a whole, the decline was from an 11.6 grade level to a 10.3 grade level in 2011 (up slightly to 10.4 in 2012 so far). For Democrats, it was a decline from 11.4 to 10.6 in 2011 (also up slightly to 10.8 in 2012 so far.) Figure 1. Congressional speech grade level by year Ideology and speech complexity To analyze the relationship between ideology and speech level, we took the first dimension DW-Nominate scores (DW1) for the current Congress, as of April 25, 2012. For the non-political scientists in the audience, DW1 scores take roll call voting data to place members of Congress on a liberal-conservative scale. On this scale, -1 is most liberal and 1 is most conservative. A negative value on the scale implies that the member votes most often with Democrats; a positive value implies that the member votes most often with Republicans. Turning to Figure 2, we can immediately notice that grade level of Congressional Record speeches declines among Republicans as the voting record becomes more conservative. Among Republicans, the drop from the most moderate to most conservative is, on average, almost three whole grade levels, from 13th to 10th grade. Among Democrats, the scatterplot does not reveal any relationship between grade level and ideology. However, when we hold all other factors constant in the regression analysis (see further below), we find that being on the far left is associated with lower speech grade levels. There is also a clearer correlation between further left voting score and lower grade level among more junior members. Figure 2. The relationship of ideology to speech grade level Changing members and members’ changes It’s hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the decline. Perhaps it reflects lawmakers speaking more in talking points, and increasingly packaging their floor speeches for YouTube. Gone, perhaps, are the golden days when legislators spoke to persuade each other, thoughtfully wrestled with complex policy trade-offs, and regularly quoted Shakespeare. The data indicate that part of the decline has to do with new junior members speaking at a lower grade level than more senior members, and some of it has to do with individual senior members simplifying their speech over time. Figure 3 (below) breaks Congress into four seniority cohorts and details the relationship between ideology and grade level for speeches in the 112th Congress. Here, a telling pattern emerges. Among the newest members (those with 1-3 years in their seat), there is drop off in speech level as we move from the center out to either extreme of the political spectrum, though the pattern is more pronounced on the far right. For the next cohort (4-10 years of experience), the same pattern continues on both the political right and left, though the relationship is much stronger among Republicans. For the next cohort (11-20 years in their seat), the pattern on the right (more conservative, simpler speech) remains, but the pattern on the left reverses (there is a slight correlation between more liberalism and higher speech grade level). In the most senior cohort (more than 20 years in their seat), Republicans speak, on average, at a higher level than Democrats, with only the slightest relationship between conservatism and more simple speech. Figure 3. Ideology and Seniority At the individual level, prior to the 109th Congress (2005-2006), both individual Democrats and Republicans on average grew more sophisticated in their speech with each passing session of Congress. Individual Democrats gained on average 0.06 grade levels per session, and Republicans gained on average 0.12 grade levels per session. Then, starting with the 109th Congress, the trends reversed. Individual Democrats began dropping 0.07 grade levels of speech per session and individual Republicans began dropping 0.12 grade levels per session. Table 1. Average estimated effect of each passing Congress on individual member grade level (results from regression analysis estimating annual member change with member fixed effects) The top and bottom lawmakers by grade level Table 2 (below) shows the 20 members of Congress with the lowest grade level score for their Congressional record corpus dating back to 1996. Of them, 85% (17 of 20) are Republicans; 65% (13/20) are freshmen, and another 15% (3/20) are sophomores. Additionally, 90% (18/20) are House members. The two Senators to make the bottom 20 are Rand Paul (R-KY) and Ron Johnson (R-WI), both Tea Party-supported freshmen. Table 2. Bottom 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996) Republicans also outnumber Democrats among the members who speak at the highest grade levels. Among the top 20, 12 are Republicans, 7 are Democrats, and one (Joe Lieberman) is an Independent. And eight of the top ten are Republicans. There are also 14 House members and six Senators. And perhaps most notably, there are only two freshmen and three sophomores. More than half of the members have been in their seat for at least 15 years, which is well above the median of nine years across all members of the 112th Congress. Table 3. Top 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996) To estimate the effects of all the different factors (holding all the other factors constant), we estimated two ordinary least squared regression models. Model 1 uses the different factors to explain the variation in the grade level of individual members’ combined speeches since 1996. Model 2 uses the same factors to explain the grade level of member speeches just in the 112th Congress. (The correlation between all speeches since 1996 and just 112th Congress speeches for non-freshmen members is 0.74. For freshmen, these two measures will obviously be the same.) For Democrats, moving from most moderate (DW1 score of 0) to most liberal (DW1 score of -1) is associated with a decrease in 1.59 grade levels for all speeches since 1996 combined, and an decrease of 1.35 grade levels for speeches from just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. This estimate is statistically significant. For Republicans, moving from most moderate (0) to most conservative (1) is associated with a decrease in 2.07 grade levels in speech for all speeches since 1996 combined, and 2.06 grade levels for just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. Both are statistically significant. That the estimates for the relationship between ideology and grade level are consistent across the two models shows that this is both a current and a historic phenomenon. Another takeaway point from the regression analysis is that the more a member speaks overall, the more simply that member is likely to speak, all else being equal. For just the 112th Congress, going from least to most talkative is associated with a decrease in almost a grade level and a half. For the historic corpus, going from the least talkative to most talkative member is associated with a decrease in a full grade level. Socioeconomic status of member district does not play much of a role, so there is no story to tell of members speaking to their constituents. If anything, the reverse is true. Having a higher percentage of high school graduates in the district or state is associated with members speaking at a slightly lower grade level (though since half of the districts have high school graduation levels between 82% and 90%, this doesn’t add up to all that much). District median income (which is closely correlated with education generally) has no relationship to speech grade level. There is also no statistically significant difference between chambers. Members of Congress from the Northeast speak at a slightly higher grade level than their colleagues from the rest of the country. Of course, a fair amount of variation remains unexplained. There are many reasons why members speak at different levels, and these explanations only tell part of the story. Table 4. OLS Regression explaining member speech level (standard errors in parenthesis, significant variables bolded) Does it matter? Earlier this year, the University of Minnesota’s Smart Politics noted that Obama’s 2012 State of the Union address clocked in at an eighth-grade level for the third year in a row, and that Obama’s average grade level of 8.4 was well below the average of 10.7 for the previous 67 addresses. Fox News ran the story alongside the image of a child in a dunce cap, and right-wing blogs mocked the President’s intelligence. Others pointed out that maybe speaking clearly was a good thing. After all, the SOTU speech was pretty much right at the level of the average American’s reading level. And writing gurus like George Orwell (“If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out”) and Strunk & White (“omit needless words”) famously advise simplicity. But whether you see it as plain speak or you see it as a dumbing down, the data are clear: The overall complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has dropped almost a full grade level since 2005. And those on the political extremes, especially those on the far right, tend to be associated with the most simple speech patterns. Methodology for generating grade level scores (by Dan Drinkard) Grade levels were calculated using Flesch-Kincaid readability tests applied to various facets of text queries against the Capitol Words API. For example, Barbara Lee's entire corpus of words spoken can be retrieved by paging through the following url: http://capitolwords.org/api/text.json?bioguide_id=L000551&apikey=####. Flesch-Kincaid scores can be determined as: 0.39 * (Words/Sentences) + 11.8 * (Syllables/Words) - 15.59. To derive counts: The python Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)'s sentence tokenizer was used to count sentences, the Capitol Words ngram tokenizer was used to count words, and the Carnegie Mellon pronouncing dictionary was used to count syllables. For fallback syllable counting when a word wasn't present in the dictionary, three different sets of calculations employing different methods were tried—discarding unknown words, treating unknown words as the average word of 1.66 syllables, and using a trained fallback syllable counter from NLTK_Contrib. We found the results of each method to be nearly indistinguishable from the others. An example F-K calculator (this one using the aforementioned 'padding with averages' method) can be found at https://gist.github.com/2483508.

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2,718

See here for an explanation of the bengali transliteration scheme used Before discussing bengali history, it is useful to define the scope of the investigation. In these pages, Bengal, as a historical entity, refers to the land bounded on the north by himAlaya and the lands of nepAla, sikima, and bhoTAna; on the north east by the brahmaputra river and its highlands; extending to the northwest along the northern plains of bhAgirathi upto dvArbhAGga; bounded on the east by the gAro, khAsia, jaintiA, tripurA, and caTTagrAma ranges; and on the west by mountaineous forests of rAjamahala, sA~otAla parganA, choTanAgpura, mAnabhUma, dhalabhUma, keoJjar and mayUrabhaJja. It thus extends beyond the combined region comprising the present state of West Bengal in India and the country of Bangladesha; and is a people united by a common language, Bengali, a common social structure, a common religious mixture of Hindus and Muslims, and a largely shared history. Little is known about the prehistory of Bengal, or the origin of the name itself. The name may be of Austrasiatic or Dravidian origin, which form a substratum to the predominantly Indoeuropean Bengali language. Archaelogy shows that parts of this land supported an agricultural culture since at least 1250 B.C. However, the identity of these people can only be guessed from anthropological and linguistic evidence. The historic period of Bengal is usually classified into the Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods: as opposed to the custom in Indian history, the customary beginning of the medieval period in bengal starts with the period of muslim domination. You are visitor number since I started counting. For other pages discussing Bengali history, you can also look at NOVO's page and Bongoz' page about the history of bengal. Palash Biswas's blog often cuts and pastes information about Bengal: see this as an example. The official pages of the West Bengal government also have a short history section. Finally, there is a site giving a timeline of Indian history in general. Among the various sources, I should especially acknowledge extensive help from the classic work by nIhAraraJjana rAYa, a book by Irfan Habib, and the textbooks by ramezacandra majumadAra. Research by various individuals and/or their views have often been consolidated into my understanding, and that understanding or lack thereof is represented in these pages. At this stage of this project, I do not provide references to the original articles as I am concentrating more on finishing an overview. This lack of verifiable references to the original sources means one should not take these pags as serious historical writing, just my musings on the origins and development of a culture and a people. It would probably be remiss of me to not mention my views about the epistemology of historical truth, and my views about history in general. So, I state my views in brief here.

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679

" A hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a three-dimensional image. A hologram may also project a three-dimensional image into the air—a lifelike image that can be photographed although it cannot be touched. Because they cannot be copied by ordinary means, holograms are widely used to prevent counterfeiting of documents such as credit cards, driver's licenses, and admission tickets. The word hologram comes from the Greek roots holos meaning whole and gramma meaning message. The process of making a hologram is called holography. When a hologram is made, light from a laser records an image of the desired object on film or a photographic plate." Each cell of a hologram contains the whole message--the entire picture. When light is shined on it, it reaches into a new dimension (e.g. a two dimensional picture becomes three dimensional). In a normal photograph, each cell contains a portion of the picture. In a hologram, each cell contains 'the whole message.' Sheep follow the leader. They go unthinkingly where the leader goes. If the leader is bad, the sheep will follow him to their destruction. My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their resting place. Only the good shepherd leads the sheep in the paths of righteousness. 1The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 2He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. 3He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. Yet, the object is not to remain sheep but to grow up into the head of Christ. The object is for each cell(person) to become a complete image of Christ, as in a hologram. The object is for each part of the body (each person) to become complete and perfected. 2 Corinthians 3:18 But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. It is my hope that when this happens to enough people (a critical mass?) , the light of Christ will shine on the hologram, showing a picture of Christ that will fill the whole earth, and our prayer will be answered--on earth as it is in heaven. It is my hope that truth will fill the whole earth, bringing down the kings of satan whose feet of clay (lies) is their fatal flaw. The sons of God will stand for truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. 34Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. 35Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth. 44And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. 45Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.

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816

Islam is everywhere in the news these days, from reports of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims battling each other in Iraq to violent protests against cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. Extremist factions are in the spotlight, but the real Islam remains largely a mystery to non-Muslims. What is this religion, practiced by 1.3 billion people and the second-largest faith in the world? The Beliefnet® Guide to Islam demystifies everything about Islamic beliefs and practices, from the famous “five pillars” to views of the afterlife to the real meaning of jihad. The book features important insights on issues facing Islam today, such as violence, the status of women, and relations with other faiths—and dispels numerous myths along the way. Written by Beliefnet columnist Dr. Hesham A. Hassaballa and Sufi poet Kabir Helminski, the book also features a foreword by Ambassador Akbar Ahmed, a noted scholar. Whether you’re curious about the basics or searching for deeper understanding of Qur’anic verses and sayings of the Prophet, this book is an invaluable resource.

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228

Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. The snow looks pretty, but winter can be a scary season due to increased chances of falling on snow or ice. But there are a few things you can do to help prevent falls besides being homebound or packing up and moving to warmer climate. Take a moment to look at your shoes and boots. Are they worn smooth? If you can answer "yes" to this question, then it is time to purchase a new pair. Shoes with better traction will grip the ground better; you might want to avoid dress shoes as they tend to be quite slippery. Remember to wear proper foot wear for the winter, which should include winter boots or similar winter shoes. If you have stairs with a railing leading up to the entrance of your home, have your railing checked to make sure it is sturdy. You may ask yourself this question would it hold you if you were to slip? Could the railing catch you? Shovel and Salt Keep your shovel and salt in your home so it is available for you to use. What good is your shovel and salt when it is in your garage away from your home and you have to walk through the snow and ice to get to them? Cellphone or Emergency Response System Yes, the older population should have and carry a cellphone. If you do not have a cellphone you may want to consider getting an emergency response system installed. One may slip and fall; it can sometimes be difficult in getting back up. Carrying your cellphone or wearing an emergency response system personal help button, can give you peace of mind, knowing that you can call for assistance. Modification of Cane If you need a cane to assist you with walking, you can modify your cane by adding a metal grip to the bottom of your cane. The metal grip will help increase stability. In addition, you may want to take a look at the handle grip. If it is worn, take a moment to replace it, this will help you maintain your balance especially if you walk on patches of snow or ice. The weather can change in a matter of a few minutes. If you are walking out of a restaurant, shopping mall, church, etc. and the parking lot has turned into an ice rink, you should ask for a steady arm to help guide you. This could be a friend, a family member, employee or even a passerby walking in your direction. Don't be afraid to ask for help. What's your plan? During the winter months you need to think about where you are going and ask yourself, "If I were to fall, what would I do? Did I remember my cellphone? If I'm close to my home, do I have my personal emergency response help button on me?" When running behind scheduled you may end up hurrying and sometimes pushing the limits of what you can handle. Allow extra time getting to your appointments, especially in inclement weather. If you are a little late it's better than rushing and causing a fall and a potentially serious injury. What can you do to help strengthen your leg muscles so you can catch yourself before you hit the ground? Exercising your leg muscles regularly should be done to keep them strong. A few simple exercises you can do help strengthen your leg muscles would be to walk up and down the stairs repeatedly and/or getting up out of a chair. The best thing to strengthen your legs is use them other wise you will loose them. Remember falls can affect seniors in many ways. If a senior falls and is injured, this can limit their confidence and ability to live independently. My hope for each senior after reviewing these winter safety tips is that they are able to reduce if not avoid their chances of any falls. Wayne L. Shepard is director of the Delaware County Office for the Aging. 'Senior Scene' columns can be found at www.thedailystar.com/seniorscene. Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population. Why did you serve? Numerous local residents have spent time in service to our country in the military. Some joined out of a duty to our county, others were pressed into service through the draft, still others wanted to take advantage of the G.I. Bill. In honor of their service and Armed Forces Day on Saturday, we asked our readers why they served and what they took away from their service.Continued ... Fitness key during pregnancy Women have been having babies since well before time has been recorded by humans.Continued ... Beyond the stacks: Local libraries offer everything from history to technology The local libraries within the Four County Library System still make information available to their patrons in the traditional way -- books. They are also storehouses of local history: old photos, newspapers, genealogy records, diaries and letters.Continued ... Romantic times at Fenimore When one thinks of the romantic, usually one ponders wistfully the early days of a courtship and marriage.Continued ... Prom fashions bright, blingy, different Prom night can be one of the biggest events of a high school student's life. It is the last bash before college for many, and the memories are often recorded. That is why prom fashion is so important to high school seniors.Continued ... - Why did you serve? - Around The Arts Local programs help children's creativity grow I am not a stage mom. But, the other day I ended up in the middle of a discussion with a stage dad who, for many years, has designated a great deal of his time and resources to support his teenage sonâ€™s performing career. The cry of the stage parent: chauffeuring from one rehearsal to the next, scouting costumes, building sets, selling tickets and program ads, and, of course, sitting in the audience for the entire production run. Then, without a breath, off to the next one!Continued ... An artist label can be placed on many types of people "You are such an artist."Continued ... Dip your toe in the art world through Pinterest I am a magazine ripper. I always have been. I have shoesboxes and file folders filled with decorating ideas, recipes and other miscellaneous projects. No matter how hard I've tried, I can never seem to organize or tame the scraps of inspiration floating around my house.Continued ... Arts encompasses so much more than visual, performing, musical things This column was due when I was in the throes of our season at The Glimmerglass Festival, when all we are thinking about is the arts -- how to make people more aware of the arts, to engage in the arts. And -- what exactly do "the arts" entail?Continued ... School may be out, but there's lots to do to keep kids busy By June Dzialo Now that school's out for the summer, my daughter is proclaiming that we are, "the most boring family on Earth."Continued ... - Local programs help children's creativity grow - Music Beat Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians Musicians know that every performance they play is an audition for their next engagement.Continued ... Practice really does make perfect for professionals Shortly after I was hired at the age of 25 to work in the Music Department at State University College at Oneonta, I played a concert for members of this community. At the end of the concert, a young audience member said to me, â€œHow many years have you been playing the cello and do you still have to practice?â€�Continued ... Stepping on the flag, and other memories If we are to be defined all our lives by our high school mascots, then I suppose I am a Viking. But I'm also a Panther, having transferred schools after my freshman year.Continued ... From SUNY Oneonta to CBS Sports Some people say the music business is failing, but I don’t agree with that point of view. Neither does Joseph Miller.Continued ... - 12 Music Industry Tips from Joseph Miller - Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians - Parenting Imperfect I'm relieved it's not just me For the last few years, I've been convinced that I'm just harder on things than other people are.Continued ... A tactical error in the handoff My kids are lucky enough to have half of their grandparents within a three-hour drive.Continued ... A potentially quiet afternoon interrupted by a dog and a balloon The kids spent most of Martin Luther King Jr. Day bickering.Continued ... The dog is a getting to be an expert at training This sentence took 20 minutes to type.Continued ... Bad things can happen when trends are no longer trendy When I was a kid, it used to drive me bonkers that my mom didn't know anything about the most important things in my world. She had no idea what a friendship pin was or how you'd make one. She couldn't name any good band, i.e., the ones a pre-teen would listen to like Duran Duran or Wham. And she didn't find Robert Downey Jr. nearly as dreamy as I did.Continued ... - I'm relieved it's not just me - Senior scene Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes Another unwanted drop-off? Yes and so I must write this.Continued ... As Time Goes By: Dealing with side effect of pills can really be a pain At age 76, I find myself incontinent. Actually the problem started well before that date but now it has gone beyond "a problem," to "holy smoke the dam broke."Continued ... - From the Office: Try spring cleaning, organizing for stress release Looking Back: Take your time, think ahead before making decisions A lifetime may seem forever for some, especially when we were young and couldn't wait to grow up and get to do all things we saw the adults do. Come to think of it, perhaps that wasn't too good.Continued ... As Time Goes By: Getting sick in the southern sun I went and did it - I have heard about southern hospitality so much that I thought I would see if it extended to the hospitals as well.Continued ... - Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes - Tech, GP Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings Well, I'm almost ready to let out a cheer.Continued ... Businesses need backups for their computer people, systems In the interest of full disclosure, I want to let you know that I have taken a new position, professionally. I recently joined Eastman Associates, a local general contractor, to do its IT work, as well as taking care of some other functions of the business.Continued ... Windows 8 seems to be made for the good of Microsoft, not the user By Bruce Endries The software company everybody loves to hate, Microsoft, recently released what it calls a "consumer preview" of their next operating system, Windows 8.Continued ... The Granite State got it right on software purchases Believe it or not, I have found a bright spot in the political landscape, amid all the vitriolic partisan fighting.Continued ... Visit a construction site and you'll probably find an iPad It was just about two years ago now, that the iPad came out, and I wrote a column about it. At that time, I went out on a limb and said that thought it was a product which would fill certain niches very well, but that it wasn't very likely to fill in for what is normally considered a computer.Continued ... - Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings - Teen Talk On the Go: Patriotism doesn't mean keeping status quo I've been labeled many things, but when anti-American and unpatriotic came into the picture recently I was surprised. I know I have some controversial opinions, but since when does that equate to not loving America? I'm a born and raised American kid, and I love America.Continued ... Luhrmann brings Gatsby new life Sure, you would think that being a college student and having finals rapidly approaching would equate to my growing anticipation for the summer and being done with my first year of college.Continued ... Teenhood Today: Only you can determine your impact The question I am most often asked is, "What do you want to do with your life?"Continued ... A Word of Advice: Just do something If you're not going upward, the only direction you can go is down. To stagnate is to surrender; to do nothing for yourself; to give up on a better day completely. If we sit around feeling good enough in all aspects of life, or just too lazy to fix them, well, as Albert Einstein put it, "Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results."Continued ... On the Go: Life is like the Cliff Walk Over spring break, my family and I spent time in Newport, R.I. While we were there, we walked a path known as the Cliff Walk. This walk is nestled between some Newport mansions and some cliffs overlooking the ocean. While we were walking, my sister and I noticed how this path was a perfect metaphor for life and the journey it is.Continued ... - On the Go: Patriotism doesn't mean keeping status quo

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2,855

By Begüm Burak In the contemporary world, the relations between nations have become much more as borders have become less important in a globalizing world. On the other hand today, people around the world share some common values such as the importance of democracy, human rights, rule of law and freedom in a much more challenging way compared to yesterday. However, despite the existence of such hopeful developments, world politics also witnesses inhumane practices that cause global reactions but cannot be ended immediately, like the Esad terror in Syria. What is obvious is that global problems today – be they political, environmental, economic or related to scarce resources such as poverty and hunger – need the establishment of a global cooperation in order to get solved. That is why charity organizations organize worldwide programs with the aim of helping the needy in different parts of the world, regardless of their nation or ethnic origin. It can be argued that in today’s world, non-state units such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society associations, all play an undisputedly major role in the management of global crises and the establishment of global order and stability. The Gulen movement is the most reputable and widespread civil society movement in Turkey. Despite having its roots in Anatolia, the movement (which is also called as the ‘Hizmet Movement’ – Service Movement: Service for humanity) has succeeded to have a global outreach thanks to the education activities it has been performing for several decades. The Gulen movement and millions of supporters of this movement follow and treasure Mr. Fethullah Gulen’s principles and values. Fethullah Gulen is an authoritative mainstream Turkish Muslim scholar, author, thinker, poet, opinion leader and educational activist who supports interfaith and intercultural dialogue, science, democracy and spirituality while opposing violence and turning religion into a political ideology. The movement is a faith-based movement and it embraces all nations, races, colors, etc. The reason why this is so is that this movement is engaged in education activities all over the world from Africa to Asia and it inevitably has got an embracing character. Some other features of the Hizmet movement can be summarized as follows: “First of all, Hizmet is a voluntary movement without neatly defined borders, a hierarchy, central organization or membership. It is based on hearts, minds, volunteer work and donations by people from all walks of life. There are of course several organizations, schools, charities and media outlets that are affiliated with the movement, and they employ professional staff, who are salaried. But they can only represent their own institutions if they are in managerial positions. Writers, columnists, journalists and academics working in these institutions are not engaged in social, intellectual and political life on behalf of the movement. They only represent themselves. Sometimes they may agree on certain points so that one can faintly deduce the stand of the movement, but this is not definitive and binding for the movement as a whole.” On the other hand, the education activities of the movement have been betting stronger and stronger every year. Every year Turkish Olympiads are organized and the number of the participants has been increasing. It is so obvious that the movement treasures education. According to the philosophy of the Gulen movement, education is the key to the solution of our main problems which are ignorance, division, and poverty. The educational activities of the movement can be described as follows: “Around half of Gulen schools are located abroad, and of those the majority are found in Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan, where there are also half a dozen Gulen-sponsored universities and numerous other educational, welfare, and economic institutions and activities. Indeed, the movement’s focus is on Turkic communities, including those of the Russian Federation such as Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan, and Bashkotorstan, and other former Soviet states containing Turkic or formerly Ottoman Muslim minorities such as Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova, and in the Balkans. One can readily see why the movement targeted Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan for the main thrust of its activities. After all, many in Turkey’s political class made a similar assessment of Turkish prospects in the region in the immediate aftermath of the Soviet collapse. It shares a linguistic and ethnic root with Turkey, and a “folk Islam” that, as in Turkey, incorporates numerous Sufisects and has absorbed pre-Islamic traditions, beliefs, and rituals. Furthermore, the Soviet era left behind a legacy of secular education and a commitment to science and modernity that broadly corresponds with the Gulen movement’s aspirations.” It can be said that the Gulen movement contributes to global peace through building interfaith dialogue on the basis of education and this contribution is supposed to go ahead in a much more vibrant way in the following years. * I use “the” not “a” in the title. That is because I see the Gulen movement as the only real actor in promoting global tolerance and peace. In terms of politics, Gulen advises his movement to remain non-partisan and apolitical.Unlike other Islamic groups, Gulen argues that there is no such as thing as a puritan Islamic State, and that therefore there can be no ultimate goal to work for its fulfillment. Instead, Gulen argues that states and governments should follow certain fundamental principles as espoused by Islam, see Ozcan Keles, “Promoting Human Rights Values in the Muslim World: the Case of the Gülen Movement”, Gulen Conference, House of Lords, SOAS, LSE, October 2007, at http://gulenmovement.info/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Keles,%20O.pdf, [Last access, june 22, 2012]. An analysis about M. Fethullah Gulen and his understanding of tolerance : Jane B. Schlubach, “Tolerance Is Love: Gülen, Ghazali, and Rûmî”, Rumi Forum, November 12, 2005, at http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/tolerance-is-love-guelen-ghazali-and-rumi.html [Last access, June 22, 2012]. A piece about interfaith dialogue and peace-building: Fr. Thomas Michel, “The Contribution of Interfaith Dialogue to Peace Building”, at http://www.thomasmichel.us/interfaith-dialogue.html. Fethullah Gulen Official Website, “Introducing Fethullah Gülen”, at http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/introducing-fethullah-gulen, June 22, 2012. For an overview of the movement, see Yuksel A. Aslandogan, “The Gulen Movement”, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, June 17, 2009, at http://csis.org/files/attachments/090617_overview_gulen_movement.pdf, [Last access, June 22, 2012]. Ihsan Yilmaz, “Hizmet, forming a party and capturing the state”, Today’s Zaman, February 15, 2012, at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-271536-hizmet-forming-a-party-and-capturing-the-state.html, [Last access, June 22, 2012]. Turkish Language Olympiads, Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Language_Olympiads, [Last access, 22, 2012]. Bill Park, “The Fethullah Gulen Movement”, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol.12, No.3, September, 2008, at http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/documents/Movement.pdf. This contribution is highly respected by different groups too: http://www.interfaithdialog.org/press-room-main2menu-29/898-texas-senate-honors-mr-fethullah-gulen-and-the-gulen-movement, June 22, 2012.

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1,755

The lion’s mane season has arrived, bringing white, cascading icicles from the forest to my plate! I conveniently use the common name “lion’s mane” to refer to a constellation of fungi of the genus Hericium, including the native northeastern representatives H. americanum and H. coralloides, as well as the commonly cultivated H. erinaceus. Most mycology texts call these three mushrooms bear’s-head tooth, comb tooth, and bearded tooth, respectively. Distinguishing amongst Hericium species can be difficult at first, but this is irrelevant to the forager interested in a good meal. Lion’s mane has no look-a-likes, edible or poisonous, and all forms are edible and delicious in the kitchen. With that said, Jenna does prefer the texture of H. erinaceus, which looks like a faceless hedgehog or a truffula tree out of Dr. Seuss’ The Lorax. Instead of H. erinaceus’ tight, pom-pom shaped clusters, H. americanum forms looser, interconnected clumps that look like the tufted form of a weeping willow tree. H. coralloides resembles H. americanum, but reminds me of branched brain coral with its shorter teeth. Fruiting occasionally in the spring but typically in the fall in the Northeast, lion’s mane is fairly common and easy to spot. This saprophytic fungus is not very discriminating when it comes to log selection, growing on many dead or dying hardwood trees including maple, beech, oak, birch, walnut, and sycamore. It can be cultivated indoors on sawdust or outdoors on logs or totems, though H. erinaceus is the only lion’s mane species you can readily buy spawn for on the Internet. However, Jeanne Grace, a recent Masters student of Dr. Ken Mudge in Horticulture at Cornell University, cloned several strains of wild H. americanum growing near Ithaca and has had great success cultivating it on hardwood totems in its native habitat. The totems, which are created by sandwiching spawn between two large log butts, produced bumper crops both this summer and last, forming much bigger fruits than I have ever seen with H. erinaceus. The wild Hericium strains did not perform as well in her indoor experiments on sawdust in “The Mushroom,” a grow room in the Cornell Department of Horticulture’s Plant Science building. In this environment they “pinned,” but were unable to find their way out of the plastic bag to grow as their cultivated relative does. You usually have to wait a year from the inoculation date to enjoy cultivated lion’s mane, but the impatient mycophile can find lion’s mane in the woods right now! Last fall I stumbled upon a large, rotting log covered in frozen waterfalls of lion’s mane. I was so transfixed by the sight that it took me a few minutes to notice a hidden pocket in the log, harboring the biggest lion’s mane I have seen to date. The mushroom was bigger and heavier than a soccer ball! Today I returned to the spot, expecting either nothing or another jackpot. I got something in between; four medium sized lion’s mane clusters had fruited in the hollowed out portion of the log, all perfectly ripe. Two were covered in debris from the eroding ceiling of the log cavity in which they had formed, so I took the cleaner two and walked out of the forest a satisfied man. When not overripe, lion’s mane has a delicate seafoody flavor and sublime texture that reminds me of scallops. Cooking it perfectly takes practice, however. I like it best sautéed in butter and garlic on a medium heat, until it gets just slightly brown and crispy on the tips. Today’s lion’s mane I sautéed with sliced local apples in ginger, garlic, and butter. Yum! All lion’s mane species are very absorbent, so specimens should be squeezed out like a sponge after washing (or not washed at all if fairly clean when found). The mushroom holds up to a good wringing out surprisingly well, whereas sautéing wet lion’s mane spoils the texture. If you are fairly new to mushroom foraging, lion’s mane is a great species to start with. In the words of mycologist David Fischer, “If it looks like a cluster of white fungal icicles hanging off a decaying log, stump, or dead tree trunk, and it seems very fresh, bake it (or fry it slowly in a mix of butter and oil) and enjoy!”

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1,032

The fifth saying of Jesus as He hung on the Cross, living up to His Name, which was to save His people from their sins was a request in which Jesus expressed a need. His saying was ‘I thirst’ (John 19:28). Though cursorily it may seem like an expression of his physical condition, is there more to this than what is evident. One of the dictionary definitions of the word, ‘thirst’ is an ardent desire, craving or longing. Interestingly, one can go without food for days, but not without water. Thirst is a physical condition that can bring the strongest of the strong to their knees, some even to the point of death. Samson the strong after killing a thousand warriors in battle cried to the Lord when he felt thirsty, questioning, now shall I die of thirst? (Judges 15:18-20). The grumbling Israelite pilgrims questioned Moses, if he had led them out of Egypt to kill them and their children and cattle with thirst (Exodus 17:3). When no water in the desert of Beersheba was found, Hagar, unable to bear the possibility of her son, Ishmael dying of thirst, goes a bow shot length away until God miraculous opens her eyes and she sees a well (Genesis 21:14-16). So thirst can make the strong weak, and the living dead. And here we hear Jesus saying that He thirsted. Why did Jesus say that he thirsted? The logical human explanation was that He experienced a human physical condition and that is certainly plausible. Jesus hungered (Matthew 4:2), slept (Mark 4:38), grew (Luke 2:42), groaned (John 11:33), wept (John 11:35) and so in his Humanity also thirsted (John 19:28). Now if this was merely a personal physical need to be satisfied, isn’t it interesting that Jesus only asks for being quenched after he accomplished all the things He knew He had to fulfill (John 19:28). Jesus’ personal needs came only after doing what God wanted Him to do. He satisfied God before He prayed to be satisfied himself. We must have the same attitude as well. But the scripture gives us evidence that there is more. Jesus said, ‘I thirst’ so that the scripture may be fulfilled (John 19:28). Jesus came to fulfill the scripture and fulfilled it (Psalm 69:21). Jesus, who knew no sin was made sin for us (2 Corinthians 5:21) and the imputation of our sins on Him made him experience a separation from God the Holy Father as expressed by the prophet Isaiah who said “… your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear” (Isaiah 59:2) . So Jesus’ relationship with God the Father had been broken because of our sins. This is further substantiated by the fact that Jesus addressed God, in His previous saying as My God, my God (Eloi, Eloi) and not as Father (which is how He addressed God in the first saying from the Cross). Jesus very well could have thirsted for the oneness He had with God the Father (John 10:30). Another explanation as to why Jesus thirsted is that he experienced the thirst of hell. Acts 2:27 and 31 are very explicit that God would not let soul of his Holy One (Jesus) in hell. In Matthew 12:40, we hear Jesus saying that “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly: so shall the Son of man (Jesus) be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ” Revelation refers to hell as the bottomless pit or abyss (Revelation 9:1-2). Ephesians 4:9 tells us that Jesus ascended into heavens, but that he also first descended into the lower parts (heart) of the earth. So Jesus descended down to hell on our account, but what is the state of affairs in hell? An overbearing need to be quenched. We see this in the parable that Jesus told about Lazarus and the rich man. The rich man died and was buried and in hell he was tormented by thirst. (Luke 16:19-31). So it is not implausible that when Jesus’ soul descended to hell, he thirsted as well. But in hell, the thirst that is to be quenched is not physical as the rich man describes but more in the spiritual realms. Jesus spiritually thirsted that his desire to bring many sons unto glory be quenched (Hebrews 2:10); that all are saved and none perish (2 Peter 3:9); that God’s eternal wrath would now be quenched as he accomplishes his task of saving all men and women in totality and that all will drink of Him (Jesus) and receive from Him living water (the Holy Spirit – John 7:38-39) so that they will no longer be thirsty. Finally, when the curtain falls, we can find ourselves in only one of two states – eternally thirsty or eternally quenched and this depends on whether we agree to drink of (believe) Him, Jesus Christ, who with a craving, a longing and an ardent desire said, ‘I thirst’ [for you]. Filed under: Christian, Seven Sayings | Tagged: I thirst, Jesus in hell, Living Water, Seven last words of Jesus Christ, Seven Sayings of Jesus from the Cross, The power of thirst, The source of Living Water, The state of affairs in hell, The two states when we die, What did Jesus thirst for?, Who is the living water?, Why did Jesus say I thirst? | 2 Comments »

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The Art of Ancient Civilizations Reproduced by Thomas Baker Thomas Baker Paintings Home Page Reproduction of a Theran wall mural "Woman With a Necklace" (approx. 3600 years old) by Thomas Baker 48 X 48 inches, oil on plaster-textured wood panel This painting is available for purchase; price $6500.00 (U.S.) Contact Thomas Baker Prints of this painting are available--click here for info The Minoan dress shown in the above fresco was replicated and worn by a model to create a new painting, "Ariadne" (see thumbnail below; click to enlarge) Prints of this painting are available--click here for prices and ordering info Contact Thomas Baker The Theran Frescoes: A Tantalizing Glimpse of Atlantis Thera was an island colony of the Minoan civilization of seafarers that was centered on the island of Crete , off the southern coast of Greece, and was the forerunner of classical Greek culture. Located on the island known today as Santorini, Thera was destroyed and buried when the island exploded in a catastrophic volcanic eruption around 1630 BC., an event that may have ultimately doomed the entire Minoan world, and which many scholars now believe gave rise to the legend of Atlantis. The buried city of Akrotiri was discovered on Thera in the early 1970's, and the Greek government began excavation. The work continues today, made difficult by overlaying volcanic ash as much as fifty feet deep in places. Fragments of beautiful wall murals such as this one, that I have named "Woman With a Necklace," have been found in many of the houses, and are being painstakingly reassembled in archaeological laboratories like large jigsaw puzzles (although, as this reconstruction shows, sometimes not all the pieces can be found). I have recreated some of these murals as they appear today in the Athens Museum of Archaeology. (For more information on Thera, see this website, and there are more links in the text beneath my Girl Gathering Crocus Flowers reproduction). As noted above, I also replicated the clothing shown in this and other Theran paintings and used it as the basis of my modern painting "Ariadne." Unlike Egyptian, Hittite, and similar art of the time, which usually featured stiff, symbolic representations of humans and military themes, the Minoans painted light, natural, airy scenes of everyday life, showing flowers, birds, monkeys, and sea life such as octopi and leaping dolphins. In these paintings Minoan women wear elaborate jewelry and and colorful costumes that bare their breasts, as seen here. This girl wore a blouse of transparent fabric thousands of years before women of the Edwardian era put on similar garments (though not quite as revealing) to have their portraits painted by John Singer Sargent (see my reproductions of Sargent's paintings). In an interesting exercise in practical archaeology, I used modern sheer fabrics to recreate this blouse, along with an authentic Minoan skirt, and used the costume on a model to paint my illustration of the Greek legend of Ariadne. Return to Ancient Civilizations painting reproductions Thomas Baker Paintings Home Page Original paintings by Thomas Baker: Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 Portraits | Old Masters copies | Ancient civilizations reproductions | Prehistoric reproductions Art lessons | Tutorial DVDs About the Artist | Contact Thomas Baker

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720

- The Flight of Moses to Midian. Moses made the first effort to Emancipate his enslaved brethren. At the age of forty he forsook the Court of Pharaoh and attempted to ally himself with the chosen people (Exodus 2:11,12; Acts 7:22-25; Hebrews 11:23-27). His brethren understood him not; his efforts on their behalf were futile, and he was compelled to flee For Midian for his life (Exodus 2:11-15). - Sojourn in Midian. Moses spent forty years in Midian (Acts 7:29,30). He married Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, a descendant of Abraham by his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-3; Exodus 2:16-25), and became the father of two sons (Exodus 2:22; Exodus 4:20; Exodus 18:1-4). - Moses Commission'. While in the land of Midian, Moses led the Quiet and peaceful life of a shepherd (Exodus 3:1). The angel of the Lord appeared to him in the burning bush and commanded him to return to Egypt and lead his brethren out of their bitter bondage (Exodus 3:2-10 Acts 7:30-35). Moses declined to go because of - his insignificance, (Exodus 3:11,12), - the fear that his brethren would not believe him (Exodus 4:1), - and his inability to speak with fluency (Exodus 4:10-12). - Aaron Chosen. The Lord met every objection urged by Moses, but Still he persisted in his desire to shrink from the task (Exodus 3:2-22; Exodus 4:1-13). Aaron was therefore selected to assist him and to be the Spokesman (Exodus 4:14-16). - The Return to Egypt. Moses departed from Midian, taking his wife And two sons with him. On the way the Lord met him and was about to Take his life, but this calamity was averted by Zipporah, who took a Sharp stone and circumcised her son (Exodus 4:18-26). - Brothers Meet. Moses and Aaron met at the mount of God. After an Affectionate greeting Moses communicated to him the word of the Lord And showed him the signs that had been given him (Exodus 4:27,28). - Arrival in Egypt. They arrived in Egypt and informed the elders Of Israel of the revelation from God, and the people believed and bowed Their heads in worship (Exodus 4:30,31). - Demand on Pharaoh. Moses and Aaron approached the king and in The name of God demanded the release of his children. Pharaoh Insolently and rebelliously refused the request, and the great contest Between the King of Heaven and the mighty earthly potentate began (Exodus 5:1-6). - Ten Plagues. The Lord plagued the Egyptians in order to multiply His signs and wonders, and that they might known that He is God (Exodus 7:1-5). The first nine plagues were - the waters turned to blood (Exodus 7:15-25), - frogs filled the land (Exodus 8:1-14), - lice afflicted people and beasts (Exodus 8:16-19), - flies filled the land (Exodus 8:20-24), - murrain destroyed the cattle (Exodus 9:1-7), - people afflicted with boils and blains (Exodus 9:8-14), - hail smote the growing crops (Exodus 9:13-35), - locusts filled the land (Exodus 10:13-15), - and darkness covered Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23). - Special Command to Moses. The Lord commanded Moses to tell the People to borrow of their Egyptian neighbors jewels of silver and gold (Exodus 11:1,2). The justice of this command can be seen in the fact that they had served the Egyptians many years without remuneration (Exodus 1:6-14; Exodus 5:1-19). - Harmony of Exodus 9:6,19,25. It is asserted that all the cattle of Egypt died. But is is plain that only the cattle died that remained (Exodus 9:3) in the field during the murrain. The cattle that were destroyed by the hail-storm were those that were saved from the murrain (Exodus 9:17-25). - Explanation of Exodus 9:16; Romans 9:17. The Egyptians were idolaters (Exodus 5:1-3; Exodus 9:30; Exodus 14:18). Pharaoh was "raised up" in order that God might manifest His power and glory. "Raised up" has no Reference to his birth or his elevation to the throne of Egypt. It Means "roused up" or "made to stand." When Moses and Aaron demanded the Release of the Hebrews he wickedly, rebelliously, and insolently denied The true God and refused to let them go (Exodus 5:1-3). He had already made himself a vessel of wrath fitted for destruction (Romans 9:22). God listened to the cries of his people and endured for a while this vessel fitted for destruction, and at last, when the time Came, unloosed the burning fires of judgment, roused Pharaoh up from His infidelity, and proclaimed his name throughout Egypt, and in the Ears of Israel (Exodus 7:5; Exodus 14:17,18,31). - The Passover. The Lord commanded Moses to speak unto the Children of Israel and command them to select a lamb for each household On the tenth day of the month, assuring them that this should be to Them the first month of the year (Exodus 12:1-5). They were to keep the lamb until the fourteenth day of the month and kill it at the going Down of the sun. They were to strike the posts of the doors of their Dwellings with the blood. They were to roast the flesh and eat it in Haste, with bitter herbs and unleavened bread (Exodus 12:6-20). On that night the Lord passed through the land and smote the firstborn of Man and beast (Exodus 12:21-29). - The Emancipation Proclamation. When Pharaoh heard the mighty Cry he called for Moses and Aaron and gave them permission to depart And take their property with them (Exodus 12:30-33). - The Departure. The children of Israel departed from Rameses 2513 Years after the creation of Adam (Genesis 5:3-32; Genesis 7:6; Genesis 11:10-32; Genesis 12:4,5 Genesis 21:5; Genesis 25:26; Genesis 41:46,53,54; Genesis 45:4-6; Genesis 47:9; Genesis 50:26; Exodus 7:7; Exodus 12:40,41; Galatians 3:17). There were six hundred thousand men. Allowing one woman to each man, And two children to each family, the population was at least two Million four hundred thousand (Exodus 12:37). - Sanctification of the Firstborn. In memory of the preservation Of the children of Israel during the last night in Egypt, the Lord took Unto himself the first born of man and beast (Exodus 13:1-16). - The Precious Burden. The triumphant host of Israel carried the Remains of their great benefactor Joseph with them (Genesis 50:24-26 Exodus 13:19). - The Great Leader. As they departed from Egypt the Lord went Before them in a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exodus 13:20-22). - At the Red Sea. Moses and his mighty host encamped by the Red Sea. Pharaoh and his army drew near. The people were afraid, but Moses Commanded them to stand still and see the salvation of the Lord, Assuring them that they would see the Egyptians no more, for the Lord Would fight for them, and they should hold their peace (Exodus 14:1-18). The angel of the Lord took his position between the two camps, Appearing as darkness to the Egyptians and light to the children of God. The Lord opened the sea, and the children of Israel went forward On dry ground, but the Egyptians following were drowned (Exodus 14:19-31). - Apostolic Endorsement. This mighty historical event was Endorsed by the apostle Paul (1 1 1 Corinthians 10:1-12). - Salvation of Israel. - The Lord saved the children of Israel by opening up the way for them; - and they saved themselves by using the means placed within their reach; God opened the way, and they passed through! of the Israelites from Egypt. the common chronology places the date of this event at B.C. 1491, deriving it in this way: --In (1 Kings 6:1) it is stated that the building of the temple, in the forth year of Solomon, was in the 480th year after the exodus. The fourth year of Solomon was bout B.C. 1012. Add the 480 years (leaving off one years because neither the fourth nor the 480th was a full year), and we have B.C. 1491 as the date of the exodus. This is probably very nearly correct; but many Egyptologists place it at 215 years later, --about B.C. 1300. Which date is right depends chiefly on the interpretation of the Scripture period of 430 years, as denoting the duration of the bondage of the Israelites. The period of bondage given in (Genesis 15:13,14; Exodus 12:40,41) and Gala 3:17 As 430 years has been interpreted to cover different periods. The common chronology makes it extend from the call of Abraham to the exodus, one-half of it, or 215 years, being spend in Egypt. Others make it to cover only the period of bondage spend in Egypt. St. Paul says in (Galatians 3:17) that from the covenant with (or call of) Abraham the giving of the law (less than a year after the exodus) was 430 years. But in (Genesis 15:13,14) it is said that they should be strangers in a strange land,a nd be afflicted 400 years, and nearly the same is said in (Exodus 12:40) But, in very truth, the children of Israel were strangers in a strange land from the time that Abraham left his home for the promised land, and during that whole period of 430 years to the exodus they were nowhere rulers in the land. So in (Exodus 12:40) it is said that the sojourning of the children of Israel who dwelt in Egypt was 430 years. But it does not say that the sojourning was all in Egypt, but this people who lived in Egypt had been sojourners for 430 years. (a) This is the simplest way of making the various statements harmonize. (b) The chief difficulty is the great increase of the children of Israel from 70 to 2,000,000 in so short a period as 215 years, while it is very easy in 430 years. But under the circumstances it is perfectly possible in the shorter period. See on ver. 7 (C) If we make the 430 years to include only the bondage in Egypt, we must place the whole chronology of Abraham and the immigration of Jacob into Egypt some 200 years earlier, or else the exodus 200 years later, or B.C. 1300. in either case special difficulty is brought into the reckoning. (d) Therefore, on the whole, it is well to retain the common chronology, though the later dates may yet prove to be correct. The history of the exodus itself commences with the close of that of the ten plagues. [PLAGUES, THE TEN, THE TEN COMMANDMENTS] In the night in which, at midnight, the firstborn were slain, (Exodus 12:29) Pharaoh urged the departure of the Israelites. vs. (Exodus 12:31,32) They at once set forth from Rameses, vs. (Exodus 12:37,39) apparently during the night v. (Exodus 12:42) but towards morning on the 15th day of the first month. (Numbers 33:3) They made three journeys, and encamped by the Red Sea. Here Pharaoh overtook them, and the great miracle occurred by which they were saved, while the pursuer and his army were destroyed. [RED SEA SEA, PASSAGE OF] 1841. exodos -- a departure ... Phonetic Spelling: (ex'-od-os) Short Definition: an exit, departure, death Definition: (a) an exit, going out, departure from a place; the exodus, (b) death. ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/1841.htm - 6k ... EXODUS. ... i.19). It may therefore originally have stood after Exodus 34:9 or before Numbers 10:29.] [Footnote 2: Or rather, the ten words. ... //christianbookshelf.org/mcfadyen/introduction to the old testament/exodus.htm ... The Exodus. A Sermon (No.55). Delivered on Sabbath Morning, December 9, 1855, by the. REV. CH SPURGEON. At New Park Street Chapel, Southwark. ... /...//christianbookshelf.org/spurgeon/spurgeons sermons volume 2 1856/the exodus.htm Exodus iii. 6 ... LECTURE XXVIII. EXODUS iii. 6. EXODUS iii.6. And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look upon God. Luke 23:30. Then shall ... /.../arnold/the christian life/lecture xxviii exodus iii 6.htm ... Book I. Chapter XXXV."The Exodus. "After this, Moses, by the command of God, whose providence is over all, led out the people ... /.../unknown/recognitions of clement /chapter xxxv the exodus.htm Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26. ... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. The question was addressed by Moses to the professed people of God, immediately after their ... /.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords.htm Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26. ... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. Last Friday evening, you will remember, that in discoursing from this text, I mentioned ... /.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords 2.htm Lii. Manna. Exodus xvi. 4. ... LII. MANNA. EXODUS xvi. 4. I."Manna like salvation, because undeserved. The people murmured at the very first difficulty. If they ... //christianbookshelf.org/champness/broken bread/lii manna exodus xvi 4.htm ... For the Outline Study of the Bible by Books. * * * * Chapter II. Exodus. Chapter 2. Exodus. Name. The name Exodus means a going out or departure. ... /.../gerberding/the way of salvation in the lutheran church/chapter ii exodus.htm It is Proved that Jesus was the Name of God in the Book of Exodus. ... Chapter LXXV."It is proved that Jesus was the name of God in the book of Exodus. ... Footnotes: Exodus 23:20, 21. [Numbers 13:16.]. ... /.../chapter lxxv it is proved that.htm Of the Old Testament, Therefore, First of all There have Been ... ... Of the Old Testament, therefore, first of all there have been handed down five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Then Jesus Nave ... /.../37 of the old testament.htm The After Life The Age of Accountability The Age of Earth The Alabaster Box the Amorites Amorite The Angel of Death The Angel of Light The Appearance of Evil The Ark of Covenant The Armor of God The Babylonish Captivity the Baptize John The Battle is the Lords The Bermuda Triangle The Big Bang Theory The Birth of Christ The Blood Covenant The Blood of Jesus The Body of Christ The Body of the Church The Book Of the Book Of Daniel the Book Of Enoch the Book Of Esther the Book Of Jeremiah the Book Of Judith the Book Of Micah the Book Of Nehemiah the Book Of Numbers the Book Of Proverb the Book Of Psalms The Book of the Secrets Of the Book Of Zechariah The Bride of Christ the Brook Besor the Brook Cherith the Brook of The Willows The Canon of Scripture The Christian Family The Christmas Tree The City Underwater the Cliff Of Ziz The Color Blue The Color Purple The Color Yellow The Consequences of Sin The Cost of Discipleship The Cost to Follow Jesus The Daniel Fast the Day Of Atonement The Day of Judgement The Day of Pentecost The Earth Orbiting the Sun The End of Days the Epistle Of James the Epistle of Paul To Philemon the Epistle To The Colossians the Epistle To The Ephesians the Epistle To The Galatians The Ethiopian Eunuch the Feast Of Tabernacles the First Epistle General Of John The First Resurrection The Five Senses The Fivefold Ministry The Four Seasons The Fruit of the Spirit The Fullers Field the Garden Of Uzza the General Epistle Of James The Great Commission the Great Synagogue The Great Tribulation The Greek Language The Hebrew Monarchy the Hill Gareb the Hill Hachilah The Holy Land The Holy Spirit The Holy Trinity the House Of Millo The Ice Age the Jews of The Dispersion The Kingdom or Church of Christ the Land Of Benjamin the Land Of Canaan the Land Of Shalim the Land Of Shalisha the Land Of Shual The Last Supper The Law of Moses the Lord Of Sabaoth the Lords Brother Judas The Lords Day the Man of God Moses The Moabite Stone The New Jerusalem The Number 10 The Number 12 The Number 30 The Number 5 The Number 7 The Number One the Plain Of Tabor the Pool Of Siloah The Potters Field The Power of Prayer The Prodigal Son The Prophet Isaiah The Red Heifer the Rock Etam the Rock Oreb The Rose of Sharon the Salt Sea the Sea Of Tiberias the Second and Third Epistles Of John the Second Book Of Esdras the Ten Plagues the Three Taverns the Tribe Of Benjamin the Tribe Of Gad The Twelve Apostles the Two Thieves the Valley Eshcol the Valley Of Charashim the Valley Of Elah the Valley Of Rephaim the Valley Of Zared the Waters Of Shiloah the Wife Of Pharaoh The Wisdom of Solomon the Wood Of Ephraim The World Ending The Year 2012 The Year of Jubilee

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4,219

The United States Supreme Court's decision to review Grutter v. Bollinger could have long-term consequences in how our society approaches issues of race, affirmative action, quotas and diversity as we enter this new millennium. The case began when Barbara Grutter, a 43-year-old white woman, sued the University of Michigan law school for racial discrimination when it denied her admission while accepting many other applicants with objectively inferior academic credentials. The school admitted that it considered the applicant's race as one of many factors in its admissions decisions but denied that it used quotas. It sought to justify its consideration of race to promote diversity, which it contended created a better educational environment. The United States District Court didn't buy the school's arguments. While the Court didn't find that the school was using quotas per se, it did reject the school's attempt to downplay race as a factor in its admission decisions. The Court found "the evidence indisputably demonstrates that the law school places a very heavy emphasis on an applicant's race in deciding whether to accept or reject." Such "racial classifications," by a state-funded institution, according to the Court, can only be justified under the law if they serve the "compelling state interest" of remedying past discrimination committed specifically by that institution. Promoting diversity, in other words, was not a "compelling state interest" to warrant this "reverse" discrimination. Since there was no proof that the law school had ever discriminated against the favored groups: African-Americans, Native-Americans or Hispanics, the Court ruled that the school's admissions policy was unconstitutional and in violation of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals reversed the District Court, holding that a race-conscious admissions program could be justified for reasons other than to remedy past discrimination and promoting diversity is one of those reasons. The United States Supreme Court, presumably, will tell us which court is correct. How will the Supremes rule? Well, there seems to be a consensus that the 1978 Bakke case (Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke) outlawed quotas. But what about the use of racial classifications that don't quite rise to the level of quotas? Can such classifications ever be justified in the absence of evidence of past discrimination by the specific institution involved? The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment has been interpreted to mean that the "Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." But the actual decision in this case will turn on the exceptions to that principle. The Supreme Court will have to decide whether the goal of promoting diversity will become another exception (along with the goal of remedying past discrimination) to the rule against racial discrimination. When it's all said and done, the Court's decision will likely be based more on policy than legal considerations. It will involve value judgments having little to do with the law. Sure, the decision will be couched in esoteric legalese, but it will ultimately be a question of whether the Court determines that diversity is an essential policy. The Supreme Court in these types of issues, like it or not, often becomes a super legislature. If it were merely an interpreter of the law -- strictly a judicial body as I believe it was intended to be -- it would be hard pressed to carve out exceptions to the constitutional and statutory prescriptions against racial discrimination. It is clearly the Court's prerogative to decide whether racial classifications violate the Equal Protection Clause in the first place. But once that decision is made, the Court crosses the line when it invents exceptions, no matter how socially desirable it deems them to be. But while we're talking about these value judgments, I remain firmly convinced that our society is thinking way too much in terms of groups and classes than individuals. This is not only foreign to the American ideal of equal opportunity, but is insulting and destructive to the individuals comprising these favored groups and classes, as well as damaging to race relations overall. America will be a better place in the long run if it resists the temptation to yield to societal pressure to impose politically correct value judgments and musters the courage to adhere to colorblindness.

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April 12, 2011 5:43 AM Kathryn Hobgood Ray Imagine a future where buildings are smart enough to “talk” — at least to tell you when you are wasting precious natural resources and need to adjust temperature, water consumption, power or lighting. The Tulane University School of Architecture has teamed up with IBM to launch a pilot program to do just that, by uniting computer technology with green building practices. Richardson Memorial Hall, the home of the School of Architecture, will be the first Tulane building to go online in the pilot program, officially called “Smart Building Solutions.” Technology is being installed in the building now, with an eye toward a future renovation project. “Richardson Memorial will undergo a major renovation starting in a few years,” says architecture dean Kenneth Schwartz. “The challenge for us is to take a structure that’s over 100 years old and make it smarter, more efficient and effective in the way it operates.” According to Schwartz, Tulane’s opportunity to participate in the program came about thanks to Randall Dalia, an IBM executive who is an alumnus of the architecture school and the A. B. Freeman School of Business. Two Tulane departments are involved in the project — technology services will oversee the computer programming and databases, while facilities services will manage the building. “We’re operating under the mantra, ‘If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it,”’ says Charlie McMahon, Tulane’s chief technology officer. “We’ll be able to collect data about usage and incorporate what we learn into the renovation project so we can have a more energy efficient building when we are done.” McMahon says that Richardson Memorial will serve as a “living laboratory” for the architecture faculty and students to see firsthand the impact of building energy management techniques into a historic structure. Says McMahon, “They’ll learn about what works and doesn’t work in energy management in an older building like Richardson.” Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 504-865-5000 [email protected]

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One hundred years ago, at the beginning of the history of the National Art Museum of Ukraine, which was first called the City Museum of Antiques and Art, there was hardly any concept of Ukrainian professional art. Ukraine was always famous for its national ethnographical applied art. The founders of the museum’s collections decided to prove that this opinion was wrong and defined the list of main representatives of Ukrainian fine art. These scientists have included in the list not only those who were born and worked in Ukraine, but also those national-conscious artists who lived abroad. They thought that foreigners who worked in Ukraine have enriched a national culture too. These principles were the basis of their collective work. So works of T. Shevchenko, I. Repin, V. Borovikovskiy, V. Tropinin, N. Pimonenko, M. Vrubel, N. Ge, G. Narbut, A. Murashko and V. Krichevskiy became a part of the museum’s collection. The collectors have found even some older works ranging from medieval icons to Cossacks times portraits of military and church leaders and humorous comic pictures “Cossack Mamay”. Things came to collection from different areas ranging from far western Galitsia to eastern Tchernigovshina areas. They looked for masterpieces of Ukrainian art in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and even wrote correspondence to Ukrainian artists living in Europe and America. Though this activity was stopped during the Stalin’s repressions, and a big part of collection was dispersed or hidden, the tradition is still alive. Today there are a lot of new works of art coming to museum’s collections. Among these new comings are: unique icon relief “St. George in His Lifetime” dating to the 12th century; works of the founder of international abstractionism Kazimir Malevitch, who was native Ukrainian; masterpiece of Ukrainian rococo “The Great Martyr” icon, graphics of world famous Ukrainian living in the USA, Y. Gnizdovskiy. Now there are thousands of exhibits presented in the museum’s collection. The 1990s, the first decade of Ukrainian independence, were the time when museum came to an international level. For the first time in the museum’s history its collections were exhibited in famous museums of Canada, France, Denmark, Croatia. The world discovered an advanced culture of the country with 10,000 years of history. As a result, some previously infamous artists became a part of international art elite. For example, A. Petritskiy is considered to be one of the best set designers of the 20th century, V. Yermilov is known as the most laconic constructivist of the 20s, and O. Bogomazov is ranked as one of the best futurists of Europe. Those exhibitions also have discovered the Ukrainian side of some famous Russian artists as O. Exter, A. Arkhipenko, D. Burluk. The items from museum’s collections often become the sensations on international exhibitions. In 1997 on “The Fame of Byzantium” exhibition the 12th century icon “St. Geroge in His Lifetime” gained the steadfast attention of the specialists. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is of course not the oldest in the list of most famous museums of the world. But its prestige is constantly becoming higher. And the belief of museum founders that Ukrainian culture is valuable on international level today has spread around the world.

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734

The obvious answer to drought stress on lawns is to apply water. Deep, infrequent watering to the depth of the root system is the ideal situation. This should be done when lawns show the first signs of drought stress, such as wilting, darkening color, and footprints remaining after walking across the lawn. A variety of factors, including budgets, site factors, and watering restrictions all might make this impossible. When an organic lawn care program is in place, the organic matter used to topdress and the resulting improved soil structure will likely extend the greening period farther into the summer before the lawn goes dormant. This improved soil structure will also allow the grass plant to take full advantage of the moisture present and food uptake into the grass plant. Good soil structure will allow the lawn to return to active growth and recover quickly. Once cool-season turfgrasses have gone dormant (stopped active growth, turned off-color) it's best to leave them in that condition rather than watering heavily to cause the grass to green-up again. Breaking dormancy actually drains reserves within the plant, and if conditions remain dry and the weather is hot, the plant is not likely to replace those reserves. In a 'typical' summer, lawns go dormant and resume active growth when conditions improve. The downside of dormancy is the appearance of the lawn and the risk of problems arising on the inactive lawn, such as weed invasions. The common question is how much water is enough to keep the turf alive? Applying 1/4 to 1/2 inch every two to four weeks should be enough to maintain moisture in the crown and roots so the turf can survive and resume growing when conditions improve. Mow lawns higher for the summer. A range of 2.5 to 3 inches would be suggested for most turf stands where Kentucky bluegrass is the primary species. As always, mowing should be on a frequent basis so that no more than one-third of the leaf blade is removed in any one cutting. Taller turf allows more shading of the soil, conserving what moisture is in the soil. Avoid applying excess nitrogen fertilizer during hot, dry conditions. Lawn grasses will respond by putting out excessive growth when they should be going dormant. Wait until the early September period for fertilizing most lawns, rather than summer. Use fertilizers providing adequate potassium, in addition to nitrogen. When growing using organic materials, nitrogen will be available as needed but never in excess. Whenever possible, limit traffic of any type on the lawn. Drought stress will occur faster on turf stands with poor soil conditions underneath. Soil compaction, clay fill, high pH, and general poor conditions for root growth becomes very evident under stress conditions such as drought. Although immediate corrections may not be possible, make notes of problem areas that will need to be addressed later. Work on improving rooting of the lawn grasses. Lawns with problem thatch layers will experience drought stress sooner. Many of the same soil factors just mentioned are likely to be the cause. In addition, take a close look at management practices that may contribute to thatch, such as overfertilizing or overwatering.

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650

Enlistment Data on Soldier from the 27th US Colored Infantry Source: Military Service Record, Pvt. Jacob Thomas, National Archives Publication M1824 As one who has researched their ancestors' involvement in the Civil War, I have come to understand something about the myths and the realities of who did and did not serve in the Civil War. The reasons why some stories are not refuted even when they are purely nonsensical, and downright untrue, is because many of us who descend from enslaved people, have never studied the Civil War. For example---in a recent genealogy chat, the involvement of black men who enlisted in the Union Army came up. One member described information about her ancestor who served in a unit from Mississippi. Another member of the same group---a regular to the chat for over 10 years, remarked that it was amazing to him, to hear that her Mississippi Ancestor enlisted in the Union Army. Soldier is buried in Dripping Springs Cemetery in Crawford County Arkansas. (Cemetery was documented by Tonia Holleman) I asked him why that was so unusual. and he replied that "well, her ancestor was not from the North, but he lived in the South." I wanted to make sure that I understood what he meant, and I wondered if he was going to start talking about the infamous mythical confederate issue, but he did not. He then innocently and sincerely asked the question, "well----weren't most black soldiers in the Union Army from places in the north, like Massachusetts?" I pointed out to him that a majority of the United States Colored Troops were units that were organized in the South. He was surprised, amazed and confused! He was truly trying to understand---- "But how could that be? " he asked. I was stunned by his word. But then I got it----I realized that other than what he had learned from the movie "Glory!" his knowledge of the role of African American soldiers from the south, in the Civil War, was non-existent! He knew nothing! And this is a man in his 60s, who has been dabbling in family history for more than a decade! He was curious and asked honest and innocent questions---how could they get up north to enlist? The impression that he had, was that black men had to escape to the north to enlist in the Union Army. His sense was that all black Civil War soldiers were organized in the north like the soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry. Famous Image of the 54th Massachusetts at Ft. Wagner. Source: Library of Congress There was no sense of time, nor place----and I pointed out to him that the war was fought in the south, on southern soil, and as federal soldiers came into an area, THAT provided the opportunity for them to enlist! This was foreign to him. Now I must point out, this is a gentleman whom I have respected as being a long lasting researcher, but I was so surprised at how there was almost no concept of how black men entered the Civil War, and where and under what circumstances. He did ask good questions-----how did they get a chance when they were still held as slaves? Wouldn't the slave masters have prevented their leaving to fight? Another member then reminded him----this was wartime! The slave masters and the overseers were not there----they had entered the confederate army to fight! When Union soldiers came--they could raid area farms both large estates and small farms, and so many times the white men folk were not present, and slaves had access to the Union lines for the first time! Recruitment Handbill, for soldiers to join Union Army This small concept had never occurred to him, and he had never read anything about the recruitment of black soldiers---and up until that time----he always thought that a majority of black soldiers came from New England!!! It was pointed out that the 130 + regiments of United States Colored Troops, were organized in the south and he was truly amazed! I too was amazed, but for another reason---I had to ask, how many of our own elders in our communities were also under the impression that either we had no role in the War, or that only a few blacks from New England enlisted in the Union Army to fight? Was he alone in his misconception of black participation? Is this why the black confederate myth went unchallenged for so long? Could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the Fight for Freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? After all, the story was created by hobbyists, reenactors and not by historians. But as we who descend from US Colored Troops have had so few Civil War enthusiasts in our own midst, until recent years, and there was no one for a long time to refute this revised history and newly created myths. I realized that until the past 20 years----there were no monuments to the USCTs. African American Civil War Memorial Monument But---almost every town large and small in the south has confederate monuments in the town square or on the ground of the local courthouse. And they have had them for decades! Monuments such as this one in Arkansas are found in hundreds of towns throughout the south. The local and state histories show the photos of the confederate reunions well into the 20th century. But no textbooks or state histories show images of USCT reunions. Though many GAR chapters were integrated, the reunions of black regiments were rare----if any occurred at all. And in the south----did any occur ever? What are the results of this lack of knowledge? Did the actions of Andrew Johnson to restore the secessionists to their status of "first class" status over an oppressed second class, lead to a silencing of the soldiers, denying those men who fought and died, who were of African descent no chance to spread honor and pride to their descendants. Were they thus prevented in their expressions of pride and dignity from passing this knowledge to the next generations? Did the use of the confederate flag----a flag of the enemy for the US Colored Troops---- did the use of the flag officially flown in front of courthouses and as well as the flag use in terrorist acts, such as lynchings, force these honorable men, into a silence, requiring them to never speak to the next generation about their fight for freedom? Is this how and why our stories got lost in our own families? And what was the result of this forced silence? Shame? Poor self-esteem, powerlessness? The better question----what comes from knowing one's history? I can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from Tennessee who served in the 111th US Colored Infantry, were captured, escaped and re-enlisted----I can only say that I saw with my own eyes----the changes in body language as the young males heard this story of our Uncle Sephus, Uncle Braxton, Cousins Henry and Emmanuel Bass. I was asked to tell this story again to a new generation only this past year and once again----the effect was amazing. Did they hear it and understand it? I don't know----but I know that in order for us to get to the story----we have to learn the Facts. * There were 138 regiments of the US Colored Troops who were volunteers in the Union Army. * Most of these regiments were organized in the South. * There were 7 additional units part of the regular army. They were from Mass, Conn, and La. * All of these units served and/or saw action in the south. * The US Colored Troops saw action in 268 different battles/skirmishes between 1863-1866. Memorize these few facts and pass them on!!! Many stories lie untold in the unread pages of the official records of the Civil War. As we speak of honoring our ancestors----we have to tell their stories and in order to get to the story----we must learn the facts! Unknown Soldier, United States Colored Troops Source: Library of Congress

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23169, 8621, 7537, 11, 23169, 9718, 22874, 11, 32644, 8616, 290, 32390, 19829, 13, 314, 373, 1965, 284, 1560, 428, 1621, 757, 284, 257, 649, 5270, 691, 428, 1613, 614, 290, 1752, 757, 650, 1169, 1245, 373, 4998, 13, 198, 11633, 484, 3285, 340, 290, 1833, 340, 30, 198, 40, 836, 470, 760, 650, 4360, 314, 760, 326, 287, 1502, 329, 514, 284, 651, 284, 262, 1621, 650, 732, 423, 284, 2193, 262, 26972, 13, 198, 9, 1318, 547, 21503, 842, 6800, 286, 262, 1294, 1623, 1850, 8498, 2840, 508, 547, 11661, 287, 262, 4479, 5407, 13, 198, 9, 4042, 286, 777, 842, 6800, 547, 8389, 287, 262, 2520, 13, 198, 9, 1318, 547, 767, 3224, 4991, 636, 286, 262, 3218, 5428, 13, 1119, 547, 422, 5674, 11, 20776, 11, 290, 4689, 13, 198, 9, 1439, 286, 777, 4991, 4983, 290, 14, 273, 2497, 2223, 287, 262, 5366, 13, 198, 9, 383, 1294, 1623, 1850, 8498, 2840, 2497, 2223, 287, 36678, 1180, 10181, 14, 8135, 2533, 5614, 1022, 47072, 12, 1507, 2791, 13, 198, 13579, 273, 1096, 777, 1178, 6419, 290, 1208, 606, 319, 10185, 198, 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1,722

Everybody knows cats don't have nine lives and black cats aren't a cover for witches. But these types of tall tales have contributed to people's incorrect notions about cats. Here are often-heard feline health yarns, and what to say to clients to unravel 1. Cats are aloof, unsocial creatures Dogs wag their tails and bark in delight when you come home. Cats show affection by nuzzling your leg. Even though they're not boisterous, they still want—and need—attention. Some cats do shun human affection, but these introverts don't represent the whole feline species. In fact, lack of interaction can be an early sign of illness. 2. Indoor cats don't need preventive medicine A cat doesn't have to go outside to get sick, especially if it lives with other pets that do head out. Animals that go from the outdoors in might harbor—and pass on—all sorts of infections, from respiratory viruses to internal parasites. And fleas and mosquitoes can easily make their way into the house then jump onto or bite an unsuspecting indoor cat. 3. Cats are independent and don't need care Cats don't need to be let out to go to the bathroom, but they can't open a can of food. Even though putting out extra food might satisfy their physical needs for a weekend alone, it doesn't cover their emotional needs. What's more, if a cat gets sick—say from ingesting a foreign object—while home by itself, it can be very sick by Sunday night. 4. Cats go outside the litter box to be spiteful Behavior problems aren't at the root of inappropriate elimination. Instead, missing the box often signals an underlying medical condition, such as urinary tract disease or infection, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. It can also be a sign of arthritis, which makes getting into the litter box difficult. Teach clients that when they notice their cats "going" in the wrong place, they should contact you immediately. 5. Cats don't get heartworms Heartworms affect dogs and cats differently, but they do affect cats. Cases of feline heartworm disease have been reported in all 50 states. Unlike dogs, cats are troubled by heartworm larvae (juvenile adult heartworms) rather than mature adult heartworms. When the larvae die in cats' lungs, they cause lesions that may lead to airway and arterial disease referred to as heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD). Cats that exhibit asthma-like symptoms may in fact be suffering from HARD. The disease can't be cured, but it's totally preventable with the proper use of preventive medication.

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Find Out Which Foods That Promote Sleep Will Give You a Good Night’s Rest We all know that sleep and diet are both key to good overall health, but what is less well known is the strong link between the two. Good sleep promotes a healthy appetite and foods that promote sleep can make it all happen. Those who do not eat well may be causing themselves a bad night of rest, and lack of sleep can cause poor eating habits. This can become a self-perpetuating cycle, with bad habits in one leading to bad habits in the other. The good news is that there are foods that are not only good for you, but that will also actually help you sleep as well. These foods that promote sleep do double duty on the health front, and thus you would do well to consider adding them to your diet. What and when you eat has a great effect on your sleep. Beyond the obvious effects of things like caffeine and alcohol on your sleep, regular foods can have great effects as well. Eating spicy foods such as peppers before bed is a bad idea because you could be kept up by indigestion or heartburn. Eating a full meal close to bed time is also not a good idea as it can cause these same issues as well. Drinking lots of fluids before bed is could also affect your sleep by causing you to wake in the middle of the night to take a trip to the bathroom. But besides the foods and eating habits that effect your sleep in obvious ways, what about foods that affect the brain in a more basic way? There are foods that can have effects on the brain at a chemical level that can help promote sleep. Foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid, when eaten along with foods contain simple sugars known as carbohydrates can have a powerful sleep inducing effect on the brain. Eating foods that contain calcium along with these other two further improves the effect. Tryptophan is a precursor to both melatonin and serotonin Serotonin and melatonin are both hormones manufactured in the brain that help it sleep. Tryptophan is a building block the brain uses to create these two sleep hormones. There are two ways to increase serotonin and melatonin production in the brain, the first is to eat foods that contain Tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. This is where carbohydrates come in. Carbohydrates make tryptophan more available to the brain by stimulating the release of insulin into the blood stream. The insulin clears the blood of other amino acids which would otherwise compete with the Tryptophan, thus making it more available to the brain. Calcium also aids the brain in using Tryptophan in producing melatonin. So now that the basics of how these foods promote sleep has been covered, it is important to know which foods and combinations of foods best produce this effect. Dairy is a good choice because dairy products contain both tryptophan and calcium. Below are some foods that contain tryptophan, calcium, protein, or a mixture of them. Oatmeal with Milk and Walnuts Carbohydrates and protein make this combination a great snack to eat before bed. These contain melatonin; just make sure it is the tart variety, the kind used for making pie. This is a perfect sleep inducing food because it contains half carbohydrates and half protein. Bananas are a triple treat as they contain tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin. Add a piece of bread for a carbohydrate. These have both tryptophan and carbohydrates, so they make a good sleep inducing food. So if you are having trouble falling asleep, try someof these foods that promote sleep. You will likely find that you are falling asleep faster and easier.

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Since 2010, schools across America have been taking part in Michelle Obama's 'Let's Move' initiative to help fight childhood obesity in America — with parents, principals and teachers trying to promote healthy living in and out of the classroom. So, how well is it working? Have schools in Walnut Creek found ways to keep local children fit and healthy? The Mount Diablo School District adheres to USDA nutrition standards for its school meals, offering unlimited fruits and vegetables and using whole grains. The district hired a chef for the 2012-13 school year to "introduce some exciting new healthy recipes" on school menus. The Walnut Creek School District has a wellness policy that provides nutrition guidelines for school meals and stipulates that students get an hour a day of exercise. But "Let's Move" wants schools to do more than ditch junk food and give P.E. lessons. Teachers are encouraged to incorporate nutrition education and physical activity into the curriculum, by making such concepts part of the daily routine. For example, the Active Schools Acceleration Program is currently offering grants for schools to take more innovative steps toward getting the kids active. Programs include "an academically integrated curriculum of in-class movement breaks," a before-school group aerobic work-out program, and a "100-mile club" where the kids work throughout the school year to run 100 miles. How is your child's school helping students stay fit and healthy? What do you think are the most effective methods to fight childhood obesity in school? Share your experience in the comments.

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314

Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea The drone of cicadas is one of Sydney's most recognisable sounds of summer. Cicadas are the loudest insects in the world and there are more than 200 species in Australia. It is thought that the sound produced by some communal species can act as a defence against predatory birds and some are even loud enough (120 decibels) to be painful to the human ear. Cicadas also often sing in chorus, which makes it more difficult for a predator to locate an individual. Cicadas are so conspicuous that many of their common names were initially given to them by children. As a result cicadas probably have the most colourful common names in the insect world. Some of these include: Black Prince (Psaltoda plaga), Double Drummer, Floury Baker, and the Green Grocer or Yellow Monday, Cyclochila australasiae. - Only male cicadas sing. They do this in an attempt to find a mate. - Different species have different songs to attract only their own kind. - Adult cicadas have short lives, usually only a few weeks. - Most of their lives are spent as nymphs underground. For some species this can be up to several years. - Cicadas feed only on plant sap using their piercing, sucking mouthparts. - Cicadas feed on a huge range of plants, including eucalypts and grasses. - Birds, bats, spiders, wasps, ants, mantids and tree crickets all prey on cicadas. What are cicadas? They are classified in the order Hemiptera, which includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth-parts. (Other insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects). There are more than 200 Australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the one large family, the Cicadidae. Cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in Australia, but that term is more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper. What do cicadas look like? Adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings. The wing spans of the different species range from about 2.5 cm - 15 cm. When not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. The longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. The fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a few species it is dull and opaque. The wings are strengthened by a number of thin, firm veins. Adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length. The femur (thigh joint) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other legs. Cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the head They also have three very small glistening simple eyes (ocelli) on the top of the head. The cicada's antennae (feelers) are quite small and bristle-like. The mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak-like sheath. The sheath (labium) passes backwards from the lower surface of the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. It contains four fine, needle-like stylets used in feeding. Cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth stylets. They then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave surfaces of two of the stylets. This piercing and sucking kind of feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars. Cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable. They do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws when handled. They are considered harmless to people, despite the fact that their high-pitched call may annoy some people. The adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or branches of trees in summer. They are often wary and fly away when approached. Smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long grass. Cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. They are also carried off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for many other animals Even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by the larvae of Feather-horned Beetles (family Rhipiceridae). Cicadas are notorious singers. The song is a mating call produced by the males only. Each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may co-exist. Cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and specialised means of producing sound. Some large species such as the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday and the Double Drummer produce a noise intensity in excess of 120 dB at close range (this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear). In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing. The apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is still continuing on the mechanisms involved. The organs which produce sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen. Contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound. By relaxing these muscles, the tymbals pop back to their original position. In some cicada species, a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles. Both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing. A pair of large, mirror-like membranes, the tympana, receive the sound. The tympana are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon. When a male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won't be deafened by its own noise. Many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day. The loud noise produced by some day-singing cicadas actually repels birds, probably because the noise is painful to the birds' ears and interferes with their normal communication. The males of many cicada species, including the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday, and the Double Drummer, tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of bird predation. Some cicada species only sing at dusk. Often these species are weak fliers (as in the case of the Bladder Cicada). They gain some protection from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk. Cicadas spend most of their life underground. It has been suggested that some of the large, common Australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6-7 years. This would explain why adult cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons that others, with peaks occurring every few years. The periodical cicadas of North America spend 13 or 17 years underground. In contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very short, lasting only a few weeks. After mating, the adult female cicada lays its eggs. It does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor (egg-laying spike at the tip of the abdomen) and inserting the eggs into the slits it has made. The eggs hatch into small wingless cicadas which are known as nymphs. They fall to the ground and burrow below the surface. Here they live on the sap from plant roots for a period which may last several years. They shed their skin at intervals as they grow. When the nymph reaches full size it digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially adapted for digging. It generally surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. The nymph then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin for the last time. The fully-winged adult cicada which emerges leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind. For enquiries relating to these insects in the Australian Museum collection please contact the Collection Manager - Moulds, M.S. 1990. Australian Cicadas. New South Wales University Press. 217 pp., 24 pls. Dr Dave Britton , Collection Manager, Entomology

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1,771

|Family XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES. GENUS XII. CORYTHUS, Cuv. PINE-FINCH. |Genus||CORYTHUS ENUCLEATOR, Linn. In WILSON'S time, this beautiful bird was rare in Pennsylvania; but since then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of 1836, my young friend J. TRUDEAU, M. D., procured several in the vicinity of Philadelphia. That season also they were abundant in the States of New York and Massachusetts. Some have been procured near the mouth of the Big Guyandotte on the Ohio; and Mr. NUTTALL has observed it on the lower parts of the Missouri. I have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the State of Maine, and have met with it on several islands in the Bay of Fundy, as well as in Newfoundland and Labrador. Dr. RICHARDSON mentions it as having been observed by the Expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at Hudson's Bay. It is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in North America, where even the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, though found during summer in Newfoundland and Labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the Texas, where as late as the middle of May I saw many in their richest plumage. The Pine Grosbeak is a charming songster. Well do I remember how delighted I felt, while lying on the moss-clad rocks of Newfoundland, near St. George's Bay, I listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of August, particularly about sunset. I was reminded of the pleasure I had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear Mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another Grosbeak. But, reader, at Newfoundland I was still farther removed from my beloved family; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. The stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as I thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. The glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great Gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer I gazed, the more I wished to remain; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. Silently I groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the Ripley. The young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son JOHN WOODHOUSE, and a Newfoundland Indian, had gone into the interior in search of Rein Deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. My son brought a number of Pine Grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. It was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. These sores or excrescences are, I believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir-trees on which they obtain their food. Some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and I was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. One of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores. I was assured that during mild winters, the Pine Grosbeak is found in the forests of Newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. A lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. I have observed the same to happen to the Cardinal and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. The flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. They alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. At such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. I have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little Hawks, they gazed upon me as if I were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. They are easily caught under snow-shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood-cutters' camps in the State of Maine, and are said to afford good eating. Their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. Occasionally also they seize a passing insect. I once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew. My kind friend THOMAS M'CULLOCH Of Pictou in Nova Scotia, has sent me the following notice, which I trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. Last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. The Pine Grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of Pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. A pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that I almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. Being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, I determined to make the attempt; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. Shortly after, I received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. By more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. To reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing I did was to give him a small quantity of seed. But three mornings in succession I happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning I was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. The third morning, I allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until I arose. As the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. About the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. During the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, I was awakened by him dashing against the glass. The desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days I could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. Unable to resist his appeals, I give him his release; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. Having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. He then alighted by the door, and I was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him. "These birds are subject to a curious disease, which I have never seen in any other. Irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. To the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey-comb. Sometimes, though rarely, I have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. An acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. It became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. By this person I was informed that his Grosbeak usually sang during a thunder-storm, or when rain was falling on the house." While in the State of Maine, I observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. They alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. But, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. They then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees. Male, 8 1/2, 14. Female, 8 1/4, 13 1/2. From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory. PINE GROSBEAK, Loxia Enucleator, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. i. p. 80. PYRRHULA ENUCLEATOR, Bonap. Syn., p. 119. PYRRHULA (CORYTHUS) ENUCLEATOR, Pine Bullfinch, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer. vol. ii. p. 262. PINE GROSBEAK or BULLFINCH, Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 535. PINE GROSBEAK, Pyrrhula Enucleator, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. iv. p. 414. Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower; the gap-line deflected at the base. Head rather large, ovate, flattened above; neck short; body full. Legs short, of moderate strength; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute. Plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. At the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. The wings of moderate length; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers. Bill reddish-brown. Iris hazel. Feet blackish-brown, claws black. The general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. Wings blackish-brown; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish-white, the secondaries more broadly with white; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white, the smaller coverts edged with red. Length to end of tail 8 1/2 inches, the end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 14; wing from flexure 4 3/4; tail 4; bill along the ridge (7 1/2)/12, along the edge of lower mandible 7/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; first toe (4 1/2)/12, its claw 5/12; middle toe 8/12, its claw 5/12. The female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. The bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. The upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish-brown, each feather with a central dusky streak; the rump brownish-yellow; the rest of the upper parts light brownish-grey. Wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey; the cheeks and throat greyish-white or yellowish; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash-grey, as are the lower tail-coverts. Length to end of tail 8 1/4 inches, to end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 13 1/2; wing from flexure 4 1/2; tail 3 10/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; middle toe and claw 1 1/12. Young fully fledged. The young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown. An adult male from Boston examined. The roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges; the lower mandible deeply concave. Tongue 4 1/2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. This remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill between the scales of a strobilus, to lay hold of the seed by pressing it against the roof of the mandible. In the Crossbills, the tongue is nearly of the same form, but more slender, and these birds feed in the same manner, in so far as regards the prehension of the food. In the present species, the tongue is much strengthened by the peculiar form of the basi-hyoid bone, to which there is appended as it were above a thin longitudinal crest, giving it great firmness in the perpendicular movements of the organ. The oesophagus [a b c d], Fig. 1, is two inches 11 twelfths long, dilated on the middle of the neck so as to form a kind of elongated dimidiate crop, 4 twelfths of an inch in diameter, projecting to the right side, and with the trachea passing along that side of the vertebrae. The proventriculus [c], is 8 twelfths long, somewhat bulbiform, with numerous oblong glandules, its greatest diameter 4 1/2 twelfths. A very curious peculiarity of the stomach [e], is, that in place of having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 8 1/2 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles 1/4 inch thick, the lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish colour. The duodenum, [f, g], first curves backward to the length of 1 1/4 inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the liver; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 11 twelfths long. The coeca are 1 1/4 twelfths in length and 1/4 twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1/2 inches (in another male 31); its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1/2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1/4 twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. The oesophagus [a b c]; the gizzard [d], turned forwards; the duodenum, [e f]; the rest of the intestine, [g h]; the coeca, [i]; the rectum, [i j], which is much dilated at the end. The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1/2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings; its muscles like those of all the other species of the Passerinae or Fringillidae. In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long; the intestine 31 inches long. In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire. Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird.

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4,118

Bereans Honor MLK, Jr. 1/17/2007 Author(s): Jay The Berea College community celebrated the life and vision of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during several public events beginning January 14. Bereans march to city hall during during Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Following a street march to City Hall, Bereans gathered in Phelps Stokes Chapel to hear activist Carl Ray recount witnessing his fatherís brutal 1962 murder by a white supremacist. Ray is a former engineer and stand-up comedian. Later that evening, Ray performed ďA Killing in Choctaw," a one-man, two-act play he wrote that depicts his life growing up in Alabama and the hate killing of his father. Through the end of January Hutchins Library will feature a timeline exhibit showing scenes from the struggle for civil rights.

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177

Fundoplication is a surgery on the stomach and esophagus. It is done to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is also called acid reflux, or heartburn. This occurs when acid from the stomach goes up the esophagus. A hiatal hernia may also be fixed during this procedure. This type of hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pokes into the chest cavity. This hernia increases the chance and severity of GERD. Reasons for Procedure The surgery is most often done for the following reasons: - Eliminate persistent GERD symptoms that are not relieved by medicine - Correct acid reflux that is contributing to asthma symptoms - Repair a hiatal hernia, which may be responsible for making GERD symptoms worse - Eliminate the source of serious, long-term complications resulting from too much acid in the esophagus If you are planning to have fundoplication, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include: - Anesthesia-related problems - Difficulty swallowing - Return of reflux symptoms - Limited ability to burp or vomit - Gas pains - Damage to other organs In rare cases, the procedure may need to be repeated. This may happen if the wrap was too tight, the wrap slips, or if a new hernia forms. Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include: What to Expect Prior to Procedure Your doctor may do the following: - Physical exam - X-ray —a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones - Endoscopy —use of a tube attached to a viewing device (an endoscope) to examine the inside of the lining of the esophagus and stomach; a biopsy may also be taken - Manometry—a test to measure the muscular contractions inside the esophagus and its response to swallowing Leading up to the surgery: Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like: - Anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin ) - Blood thinners, like warfarin (Coumadin) - Clopidogrel (Plavix) - Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. Also, arrange for help at home. - The night before, eat a light meal. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight. General anesthesia will be used. It will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery. Description of the Procedure The doctor will make a small incision. The laparoscope (a small tool with a camera on the end) will be inserted into the abdomen. It will allow the doctor to view the inside of the body on a video screen. Gas will be pumped into the abdomen to improve the view. The doctor will make other, small incisions in the skin. Small surgical instruments will be inserted. The stomach will then be wrapped around the esophagus. If needed, the hernia will be repaired. In some cases, the doctor may need to switch to an open surgery . He will make a wide incision in the abdomen to do the surgery. How Long Will It Take? How Much Will It Hurt? You will have discomfort during recovery. Ask your doctor about medicine to help with the pain. Average Hospital Stay Two days or more (depending on your condition) - Walk with assistance the day after surgery. - Keep the incision area clean and dry. - Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. - You will start by eating a liquid diet. You will slowly be able to eat more solid foods. - After a successful fundoplication, you may no longer need to take medicines for GERD. - Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions . It will take about two weeks to recover. Call Your Doctor After you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs: - Signs of infection, including fever and chills - Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - Nausea and/or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital - Increased swelling or pain in the abdomen - Difficulty swallowing that does not improve - Pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given - Pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine - Cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - Any other new symptoms

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993

DE-01 Historical Mining District Altenberg N 50°45'51", E 13°45'39" DE-02 Historical Mining District Freiberg N 50°55'12", E 13°20'32" DE-03 Historical Mining District Marienberg N 50°39'3", E 13°9'53" DE-04 Historical Mining District Annaberg N 50°34'46", E 13°0'11" DE-05 Historical Mining District Schneeberg N 50°35'15", E 12°38'2" DE-06 Historical Mining District Schwarzenberg N 50°32'14", E 12°47'14" DE-07 Uranium Mining N 50°48'33", E 12°50'32" DE-08 Coal Mining N 50°43'29“, E 12°43'46" CZ-KA-01 Mining Landscape Jáchymov N 50°22'23", E 12°53'55" CZ-KA-02 Mining Landscape Abertamy – Horní Blatná – Boží Dar N 50°25'18", E 12°49'57" CZ-KA-03 The Red Tower of Death N 50°19'44", E 12°57'12" CZ-US-01 Mining Landscape Krupka N 50°41'50", E 13°50'50" CZ-US-02 Mining Landscape Měděnec – Kovářská N 50°25'43", E 13°4'8" The transboundary serial nomination of 13 component parts is a large-scale example of a decentralised mining landscape in a Central European mountain region that lies in the southeast of Germany and extends to the Czech Republic – the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains). The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří illustrates the formative influence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture in an exceptional way. For more than 800 years, from the 12th to the 21th century, the region was actively shaped by mining activities. First silver and tin ores and later other ores such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. Based on mining and metallurgy, the “industrialization” of the region took place in different historical stages. The component parts of the serial nomination are composed of carefully selected historical witnesses including protected mines and associated over- and underground ensembles, historically distinct landscape features such as pits, heaps, dewatering channels and reservoirs, mining towns and settlements, and other important social buildings related to mining towns and settlements. These witnesses are not limited to work process related issues but particularly include witnesses of the economic, scientific, cultural, and social influences of mining and metallurgy. Together the component parts provide a lively comprehensive insight into all aspects of miner’s world.The component parts reflect also the transboundary nature of the Bohemian and Saxon Erzgebirge. The serial property has to be understood as a geographical, historical and cultural unit illustrating both the mining activities and the interaction between two communities which shared a long common history. Mining and metallurgy had formed an important and worldwide recognised trade and economic region which is still today strongly influenced by its mining traditions. Especially the developments in the field of mining sciences and technologies contributed to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the World. Description of the component part(s): In accordance with the spatial distribution of the numerous significant historic mining districts and their specific features, the serial property Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is represented by a selection of 13 significant separate component parts. The Saxon part will be represented by 8 individual component parts which are representing the layout of the six historical mining districts of the 19th century and the two historically important districts of uranium and coal mining of the 20th century. The Czech Republic is represented by 4 large-scale mining landscapes and a single monument. The component parts cover a wide temporal and spatial range to fully illustrate the whole development process of the mining landscape and its culture. Each component part features a distinctive character that is composed of three attributes: time depth, diversity of mineral resources, and cultural facets. The cultural facets do not only include work process related issues but also the far-reaching influence of mining activities on seemingly distant areas of life. The individual component parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. Each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. The individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its global importance and its formative influence from the 12th to the 21st century. They are of exceptional quality and diversity. Viewed as a whole, the components bear witness to the extent of the economic, social and cultural development of the entire mining region and its culture. For example: The very beginning of the development of the mining landscape is illustrated by the mining district of Freiberg with the mining cities of Freiberg and Brand-Erbisdorf and the surrounding mining landscape. Here in 1168, the silver ore was found for the first time in the Ore Mountains, and the transformation process of the landscape started. The search for silver and other kinds of ore in the rich deposits of the Ore Mountains led to the colonization of the cross border mountain region from both the Saxon and the Bohemian side. During the 15th and 16th century this process reached the upper parts of the Ore Mountains and led to the foundation of a large number of mining cities like Schneeberg, Marienberg and Annaberg in Saxony or Jáchymov in Bohemia with their specific buildings and highly valuable architecture. These cities became centres of unique cultural, economic, technological and scientific development of the mining region in the following centuries. Many of these developments influenced other mining regions worldwide. The temporarily last mining period of the Erzgebirge in the late 20th century – represented by the nominated properties of the mining district Altenberg in the eastern part and in Chemnitz, Schlema, Hartenstein and Jáchymov in the western part of the region – was characterized by tin and uranium mining. Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionelle The transboundary serial nomination Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an exceptional testimony of a unique landscape and culture which was influenced and shaped by mining activities and their environmental, economic and social impacts. The nominated series represents a Central European economic and cultural unit that has continuously developed since the early Middle Ages. The outstanding universal value particularly results from the unique combination of three determining attributes: an unprecedented diversity of mineral resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. A coherent series of well-preserved monuments, ensembles and landscapes demonstrating different periods of mining, different technological levels as well as different cultural periods represents the development of this Central European mining region of worldwide importance. They do not only illustrate the tangible attributes but also the intangible values which together constitute the distinctive character of the landscape. The almost exclusive formation of the entire region by mining and metallurgy led to worldwide important scientific discoveries and subsequent introduction of many technical and technological innovations, which substantially influenced the worldwide development of mining sciences and contributed significantly to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the rest of the world. Of particular importance and so far unique on the world’s scale is the transboundary nature of the nominated property. The mining landscape allows a comprehensive insight into cross-border relations between two states since the 12th century and the visible effects of this interrelation. As a whole, the nominated serial property provides comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of a globally significant mining region and its culture. Criterion (ii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří exhibits an important interchange of human values in the field of mining. As a consequence of more than 800-years of mining activities, a cross-border cultural area between Saxony and Bohemia was created, which is characterized by a unprecedented density of systematically established mining cities and their special architecture, by the development of advanced mining and ore processing technologies, by its great influence on the development of mining- and geo-sciences as well as mining education worldwide, and by its contribution to the development of minting as well as of the currency systems in Europe and in the whole world. The serial property proves interchange and knowledge transfer from the Middle Ages till the 21th century. The influence of mining in the Ore Mountains is provable in a large number of mining centres worldwide. Criterion (iii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an outstanding witness of the development of a society which was crucially formed by mining industries. The component parts provide a comprehensive insight into the cultural traditions of a more than 800-year-old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. They do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the continuous development of mining and the resulting impacts on society till today. Criterion (iv): The Ore Mountains are characterized by a multitude of ore and other deposits containing a wide spectrum of mineral resources. Their extraction and processing led in the course of time to the emergence of different mining landscapes with specific types of buildings. These characteristic mining infrastructures illustrate the different ways of exploitation of diverse resources, as well as the development of distinctive technologies and the resulting change of the mining intensity. The technological ensembles and mining landscapes are testimonies of the worldwide important technical and scientific achievements made by mining experts in the Ore Mountains in different mining periods. Criterion (v): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is the result of a long-term formation of a spacious area by human activities, which were focused on ore mining and ore processing, closely connected with social, economic and administrative factors of mining and the way of dealing with the natural conditions of the region. The geological characteristics of the ore deposits have crucially determined the way of dealing with the nature in the work processes of mining and metallurgy. Depending on the level of development of mining technologies in specific time periods, the landscape has changed several times. The traces of these changes can be seen in the landscape till today and represent a source of our present-day knowledge of past mining periods. The component parts reflect the successive stages of the development of mining techniques as well as characteristic forms of mining towns and settlements, the specific land-use shaped by mining, and the evidence of human settlement in specific conditions of upland locations with its direct impacts on landscape and culture. Criterion (vi): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří represents a region which is directly associated with the culture of an old mining territory as it is not only perceived in Europe but also elsewhere in the world. The serial property represents a mining region which is in a unique way tied to an identity shaped by long lasting and still ongoing mining. Over centuries these mining activities have generated specific artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. The history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. The global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in the development of mining and geosciences which are tangibly linked to the founding of the first major international and still existing mining academy in the world – the Bergakademie Freiberg (1765). This university has for long served as a worldwide center of training of mining experts, which substantially increased the international scientific prestige of the region in the field of mining. The early scientific examinations made by scholars of the Freiberg Bergakademie led to a series of discoveries and developments in mining and metallurgy which were crucial for the development of modern mining sciences and geosciences. The Erzgebirge is worldwide considered as the cradle of mineralogy and geology as well as temporarily the leading training place for international mining experts. This is extraordinary illustrated by the work “De re metallica” (1556) of the Renaissance scholar Georgius Agricola whose work was mainly inspired by the mining culture of the Ore Mountains. Satements of authenticity and/or integrity The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is a continuing cultural landscape in which exceptional evidence of past mining activities has survived in a comprehensive way. It is composed of a series of component parts linked together by a common historical narrative. The component parts of the series including well-preserved remains of mining and mining-related activities were carefully selected so that they bear witness to all important milestones in the history of the nominated serial property and to its outstanding universal value. Each part illustrates a different combination of characteristic attributes and thus contributes to the understanding of the whole property. As a living landscape, some areas have experienced new developments, some buildings have been adapted for continued use and some buildings have disappeared in the course of time but the intactness of the landscape and the authenticity of the remaining structures are still outstanding. The areal extent and number of preserved historical mining infrastructure with authentic traces from medieval time onwards is exceptional. The serial property preserved a completely unique and authentic character with clearly evident remains of mining activities. The nominated properties of the series benefit from legal protection. Comparison with other similar properties The comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property – time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets – and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. It also takes into consideration the specific thematic features of the region like its transboundary nature, which is so far unique in the context of mining world heritage as well as the global influence of the region in the field of mining and geosciences. Although there are some sites on the World Heritage and National Tentative lists directly associated with mining, most of these sites are not comparable with the nominated property because of their completely different time horizon and their belonging to a different geo-cultural area without any correlation to the Central European mining landscapes. The majority of the compared sites do not document the transformation of a landscape and the evolution of a culture strongly influenced by mining in such a coherent way like the nominated property. Although they document important aspects of mining, they hardly have a comparable range of attributes. The main attribute of most sites is based on a single aspect. Only a small selection of sites such as the network of mining installations in Goslar, Rammelsberg and the Upper Harz region has an almost similar complex approach with differing components. But they differ either in time-scale or in completeness still allowing only a limited insight into the complexity of a mining region. To summarize, there is no comparable World Heritage Site or otherwise known property providing such a comprehensive insight into a miner´s world like the Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří. The nominated serial property is not limited to the technological aspects but also covers social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects. The transformation process of a landscape exclusively formed by mining and its impacts on the environment can be traced here from the very beginning in the 12th up to the 21st century. Justification of the selection of the component part(s) in relation to the future nomination as a whole: The spatial arrangement of deposits and historically significant mining areas in the Ore Mountains requires a serial approach. The 13 separate component parts are necessary to illustrate all important characteristics of the mining and cultural landscape in space and time. The nominated properties of the component parts reflect a distinctive combination of specific attributes. Their selection was made in such a way that they cover all a distinctive combination of these attributes and fulfil the criteria of authenticity and integrity. Each component part is telling a peculiar chapter of the origin and development of a coherent mining region. All component parts are culturally, historically, socially and functionally linked. The boundaries of the components were chosen so that the individual objects and ensembles which constitute the component parts display completely and sufficiently all values necessary for the justification of the outstanding universal value. The Mining Culture Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří thus represents a series of several carefully selected unique locations that cover historically the most significant landscape units and most valuable monuments.

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3,502

Chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal. Chemical safety has many scientific and technical components. Among these are toxicology, ecotoxicology and the process of chemical risk assessment which requires a detailed knowledge of exposure and of biological effects. WHO programmes and activities Mechanisms of fibre carcinogenesis and assessment of chrysotile asbestos alternatives - WHO Policy paper: mercury in health care EHC 237 Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children - Guidelines on the prevention of toxic exposures

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161

This is a brief guide, designed to help you get familiar with using a terminal in Linux. By including very detailed instructions here, they should not be necessary in the main body of the wiki. Once you have worked through this tutorial, you may find LinuxCommand.org a useful next step. In Easy mode (the out-of-the-factory default Linux), press and hold the Control (Ctrl) and Alt keys at the same, and then press “T”, then release all keys. This is often written as Ctrl+Alt+t or Ctl+Alt+t. This will open up a simple terminal application. Also in Easy mode you can go Work > File Manager > Tools > Open Console Window (or Work > File Manager and Ctl+T). This gives you a more fully featured terminal application. If you already went ahead and installed Advanced mode, you can access the run command, but pressing Alt and F2 at the same time (Alt+F2), and then typing the name of a terminal: and then press “Enter” Type the command you want to run, along with any options, and finish by pressing “Enter” at the end of the line. For example, to check your TCP/IP settings, you would use the command ifconfig. To do so, type: and then press “Enter”. You should see an output similar to: ath0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) inet addr: 192.168.1.XXX Bcast: 192.168.1.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAT RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets: 33 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 125 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 3402 (3.3 KiB) TX Bytes: 14208 (13.8KiB) collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 69453 (67.8 KiB) TX Bytes: 69453 (67.8KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU: 16436 Metric: 1 RX packets:607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 wifi0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets 88602 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 29523 TX packets 513 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 199 RX Bytes: 8468525 (8.0 MiB) TX Bytes: 36584 (35.7KiB) Interrupt: 10 Memory: e0460000- e0470000 This section is for information only. You will not be able to run the commands set out below unless you have the build-essential package installed, and are running the commands in a directory containing source files. When people are writing a series of commands to be performed at a terminal, they are unlikely to include the 'and now press “Enter”' parts. They are more likely to write something like: ./configure make make install What this means is type and then press “Enter”. When the command has executed (which may or may not print text into the terminal window, and the terminal shows a prompt again, type and then press “Enter”. And so on, for each command in the list. You can save yourself an awful lot of typing by selecting the text of the commands (for example, in this wiki) and putting the text in the clipboard (using the menu “Edit –> Copy”). In the terminal window you can paste the text by pressing Shift+Insert. You can either click the “X” in the top right hand corner, or else type: and press “Enter” Alternatively, you can exit from a terminal session by typing <Ctrl><D> nano is a console-based text editor, which loads very quickly. To use it, type nano, and the path of the file you wish to edit. (If there is no file in the specified location, nano will create one. As such, you must be accurate in what you type, otherwise you will create unnecessary blank files, rather than opening existing files.) For the purposes of this tutorial, we will create a new text file in the /home/user directory, add a line of text, save the file, and exit nano. First, create the new text file, named “text” in the /home/user directory: nano will open, with a blank document. Type a line of text. Press “Enter” to start a new line. When you have typed your line of text, you need to save your changes, by writing the file. To do this, press Ctl+O together (that's “O” as in “MNOP” and not “0” as in “0123”). If you want to change the file name, you can change it here. Then, once you are happy with the file name, or if you wish to overwrite an existing file which you have opened, press “Enter” When you have saved your file, exit nano by pressing Ctl+X together. When you have done this, you can open the file to check that your changes have been saved: You should see whatever text you typed. If you wanted to create or open a file with a space in the name, you would need to include the whole path in quotation marks. It is advisable that you do not use spaces in names. nano "/home/user/text/name with spaces" If you need to open a text file in nano with root privileges, preface the usual nano command with sudo: sudo nano /home/user/text This is necessary when editing certain restricted system files. For example, to edit the list of repositories available to apt-get / Synaptic, you would need to use sudo: sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list Similarly, to edit the configuration of network interfaces on your EEE, you would need to use sudo: sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces Created by Neil. Reference to LinuxCommand.org thanks to deicidist and marduk.

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Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Loughmiller, Campbell and Lynn Phlox stolonifera Sims USDA Symbol: PHST3 USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. Creeping phlox is a mat-forming perennial with loose mats of semi-evergreen foliage and erect clusters of large flowers. The showy blossoms are lavender, blue or white with an eye of purple-red tinged in white. The leaves of this 6-10 in. plant are round or spoon-shaped. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Herb Fruit: Size Class: Bloom InformationBloom Color: White , Blue , Purple Bloom Time: Apr , May AL , GA , KY , MD , ME , NC , NY , OH , PA , SC , TN , VA , VT , WV Canada: QC Native Distribution: Chiefly mts., also Piedmont areas from PA & s. OH, to GA & TN Native Habitat: Woods & wooded stream banks USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(I) Growing ConditionsLight Requirement: Sun , Part Shade , Shade Soil Moisture: Moist Soil Description: Humus-rich soil. Conditions Comments: Creeping phlox will do poorly in full sun, and slugs can be troublesome in very moist soils. In congenial conditions, however, this is a vigorous plant that can become weedy. Ground Cover BenefitConspicuous Flowers: yes PropagationDescription: Propagated by seed, by softwood cuttings taken in late spring and stuck in sand, or by spring division. Seed Collection: Not Available Seed Treatment: Seeds should be planted fresh. Commercially Avail: yes From the National Organizations Directory According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following: Texas Discovery Gardens - Dallas, TXDelaware Nature Society - Hockessin, DE Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. View Recommended Species page Record Modified: 2009-01-07 Research By: TWC Staff

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533

Viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region. UC Davis Magazine Highlights Students Magic happens when food science and culinary art mix at UC Davis. They’ve followed different paths, but each journey has led to the same destination — UC Davis. Here, these foodies hope to marry their love for food, flavor and cooking with a fascination for the science that lies behind it all. No additional headlines available

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206

Locating thermophiles in other parts of the universe could very well aid in the search for extraterrestrial life. Most people have agreed that if life is found among the stars, it will be microbial (at least in the near-term future). Many individuals have also suggested that intelligent life forms might very well be extinct in other parts of the universe. If scientists could locate thermophile microbes, they could piece together an archaeological picture of once powerful civilizations. Taiwan is well known for its hot springs. Most tourists that visit the island end up visiting at least one. Many people like to take relaxing baths in them. Hot springs can be great for people with arthritis. New research is proving that they can also be a great place to find astrobiological data. Photosynthetic thermophiles that live in hot springs may potentially be removing significant amounts of industrially produced carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They’ve thrived because of fundamental changes to the atmosphere caused by humanity. In fact, there are some scientists who feel that these microbes could play a vital role in regulating the planet’s climate. That role might become increasingly important in the future. Planets that were once inhabited by industrially developed civilizations that have since passed might be teeming with life similar to these. If a planet was sufficiently changed by another race of beings, it could have ultimately favored the development of these tiny beings. They could indicate that intelligent lifeforms once inhabited a planet, and that planet could be different today than it was in the past. While discovering a planet full of microbes would be initially interesting, in the future it could be a relatively common occurrence. Therefore, news services of the future might very well pass by such stories after a few weeks – much like they do today with the discovery of new exoplanets. Finding sufficient numbers of photosynthetic thermophiles would be telling about the history of a world, but it would also require a great deal of geological activity. Then again, there’s nothing to say that other civilizations wouldn’t also have the ability to increase the amount of geological activity on other planets. They might even do it on purpose, as a way of terraforming for instance. For that matter, humans might want to give that a try. Venus is superheated because of thermal runaway as a result of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If water were transported to that very hot world, colonists could use the resulting geysers to grow bacteria that would absorb the atmospheric gas. Leu, J., Lin, T., Selvamani, M., Chen, H., Liang, J., & Pan, K. (2012). Characterization of a novel thermophilic cyanobacterial strain from Taian hot springs in Taiwan for high CO2 mitigation and C-phycocyanin extraction Process Biochemistry DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.019

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Today we ask that you take time to ground yourself. There is an enormous amount of energy moving through your reality. And your bodies conduct and absorb it — particularly your nervous system. The human brain generates and absorbs a vast amount of energy. Human brains are a lot like nuclear reactors. In order to function properly, they must be cooled down. Otherwise they overheat, and when this happens, things can get quite toxic. What heats the brain? Any kind of cogitative thought. Strategizing, planning, calculating. Imagination heats the brain even more — visualizing, fantasizing. Worry is a negative use of the imagination that heats the brain. All creative work heats the brain. Watching TV, or looking at information on a screen heats the brain. Computers are very heating for the brain and nervous system. What cools the brain? Being outdoors. Bathing in water. Engaging in activities that minimize cogitative or creative thought and require that you “be in your body.” Exercise, yoga, dance, many forms of martial arts. Meditation. Deep breathing is very cooling for the brain. Being around animals or small children cools the brain. Caffeine and sugar heat the brain. Water and green vegetables cool the brain. It is very important to cool the nervous system. Many forms of mental and physical imbalance and illness are really just side effects of nervous system “burnout.” Insomnia, anxiety, depression, fatigue and many other stress-related symptoms are a result of nervous overheating and burnout. Truly, it is wise to think of your brain as a nuclear reactor. It harnesses a vast amount of energy. It is a great engine of creation and cogitation. But you must keep it cool. Do not let it overheat — or you may well experience a meltdown.

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WASHINGTON - Maryland health officials reported the first hypothermia-related death of the winter Thursday. The man died in Frederick County and was at least 65 years old. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner confirmed the cause of his death during the past week. State health officials released no other details. Fifteen hypothermia-related deaths were reported last winter. One death had been reported by this time in December 2011, according to the medical examiner's office. With winds gusting Thursday and another round of snow headed for the region this weekend, health officials remind Marylanders to bundle up before heading outside. "A few extra moments to prepare could keep you safe as we head into the coldest months," said Laura Herrera, a deputy secretary with the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops below 95 degrees. Frostbite destroys frozen body tissue. Areas most likely to freeze are toes, fingers, ears, cheeks and the tip of the nose, the health department says. Those with poor circulation, the elderly, very young children and anyone who stays outside for prolonged periods of time are at greater risk for these conditions. Staying outside while wet increases the danger, the health department says. The health department offers these tips to stay warm in cold weather: - Cover your head to retain body heat. - Wear several layers of lightweight, loose-fitting clothing. The air between the layers help insulate you from the cold. - Cover your mouth with a scarf. Also cover your ears and the lower part of your face. - Wear mittens instead of gloves as the close contact of fingers keeps your hands warmer. - Wear warm leg coverings and heavy socks or two pairs of lightweight socks. - Wear waterproof boots or study shoes to keep your feet warm and dry. Follow @WTOP on Twitter. (Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.) How did a photographer get an inside view of a bear's mouth? (Video) Conn. zoo officials don't know how this baby came to be born. More cursing happens in Maryland than across the Potomac River. How much did a painting of a topless "Golden Girl" fetch?

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General Article Categories Special Article Categories The How To's... Mu'aadh ibn Jabal on Knowledge Excerpted from works by Ibn Taymiyyah and Abu Nu`aim The Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam said about Mu`aadh ibn Jabal: "Verily, when the people of knowledge will be present before their Lord, the Mighty and Sublime, Mu`aadh will be one step ahead of them." [Saheeh, Ibn Sa`d, Aboo Nu`aim, at-Tabaraanee] He, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said about Mu`aadh: "…the most knowledgeable of them [my Ummah] about the lawful and the prohibited is Mu`aadh bin Jabal…" [At-Tirmidhee, Ibn Hibbaan, ibn Maajah, al-Baihaqee, al-Haakim, who declared it Saheeh, and adh-Dhahabee and al-Albaanee agreed with him.] Ibn Taymeeyah writes in al-Wasiyyah: "Part of Mu`aadh’s excellence further is that the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, sent him to the people of Yemen as a preacher on his behalf, a caller, a teacher of understanding in the Deen, a giver of religious verdicts, and a judge." This is Mu`aadh, radhiallaahu ta`aalaa `anhu, to whom the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said: "O Mu`aadh! By Allaah, truly I love you." [Aboo Daawood, an-Nasaa’ee, ibn Hibbaa, Aboo Nu`aim, Ibn Khuzaimah and al-Haakim, who declared its isnaad to be saheeh, and adh-Dhaabee agreed] Aboo Nu`aim reports some sayings of Mu`aadh himself about the excellence of knowledge, among which we find the following: "Knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness, it is the best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. Knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of comfort, as well as those of hardships. Knowledge is your most powerful sword against your enemy, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close companions." "Through knowledge, Allah, blessed be His Name, raises some people in rank, and He makes them leaders in righteousness and models in morality. The vestige of their faith is avidly sought, their deeds are emulated perceptively, and people will seek and sanction their opinions solicitously and unequivocally. The heavenly angels seek their company and anoint them with their wings, every fresh or withered life they pass by implore Almighty Allah to forgive them their sins, even the fish in the oceans, the beasts of the lands and every bird of prey and migratory bird pray and solicit the mercy of Almighty Allah on their behalf. This is because knowledge revives the dead hearts and drives them out of darkness into light, and because knowledge is the light of the inner eyes that cures one’s blindness and restores his inner sight." author: Yaser Birjas total reads: 1855 author: Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid category: Soul Purification total reads: 7915

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A FightBac!® Focus on Cook Cook to proper temperatures. Cooking times vary for meats, poultry and fish. After cooking, keep foods out of the "danger zone" (4°C to 60°C or 40°F to 140°F) by preparing them quickly and serving them immediately. Keep it hot, hot, hot! When serving hot food buffet-style, keep it hot (at 60°C or 140°F) with chafing dishes, crock pots and warming trays. When eating out, return any undercooked food for additional cooking. Cook it Right: Foods are properly cooked when they are heated for a period of time at a high enough temperature to kill harmful bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. Keep all soups, chili and hot dips piping hot before serving. If you're travelling to a party or to work, keep hot foods hot in an insulated thermal container. Sizzling Cooking Tips: When cooking in a microwave oven, make sure the food is cooked thoroughly. For best results, cover food, stir and rotate for even cooking and follow suggested standing times. Use a clean thermometer, which measures the internal temperature of cooked foods, to make sure meat, poultry, egg dishes, casseroles and other foods are cooked all the way through. Insert the thermometer in different spots to ensure even cooking. Wash your food thermometer with hot, soapy water before using it again. Sanitize it for the safest results. Cook to Safe Temperatures: Look at the temperature chart or contact your local health authority for safe internal temperatures.

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Santa's magic based on science Ever wondered how Santa Claus can travel around the world in just one night on his reindeer-pulled sleigh and deliver toys to all the children? "He exploits the space-time continuum," says Larry Silverberg, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University. Santa's magic may go far beyond merely travelling across 322 million square kilometres to visit hundreds of millions of homes of children in just one night, Silverberg says. "He understands that space stretches, he understands that you can stretch time, compress space and therefore he can, in a sense, actually have six Santa months to deliver the presents," says Silverberg. "In our reference frame it appears as though he does it in the wink of an eye and in fact there have been sightings of Santa, quick sightings, and that's in our reference frame, but in Santa's reference frame he really has six months". Building on demand Silverberg says his research has established that Santa does not, as commonly thought, carry enough presents for each child in his sleigh. "How could he?" he says. "We believe that he uses nanotechnology to grow the presents under the tree and really, what he's done, is he's figured out how to turn what we call irreversible thermo-dynamic properties into reversible ones and so he really starts with soot, candy, other types of natural materials, he puts them under the tree and he actually grows them in a reverse process to create the presents, wrapping and all." And then there's the age-old question that Santa has to address every year - who's been naughty and who's been nice? "We believe, that there are large antennas miles long under the snow up at the north pole and we think the grid-spacing is in the order of millimetres so that you can receive radar-type signals," says Silverberg. Santa's trip takes in all continents and all time zones. Silverberg says his sleigh is equipped with an onboard sleigh guidance system. He says the reindeer are genetically bred to fly, balance on rooftops and see in the dark. Silverberg has been researching Santa for more than a decade. "It's certainly a worthy thing to spend time on and it has all sorts of ramifications in everyday life," he says.

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489

(BPT) - Each year, millions of Americans seek hospital care to treat a wide range of medical problems - from accidental injuries to chronic or life-threatening illnesses. While the majority of patients have positive outcomes, it is imperative to remember patient safety should be a top priority for everyone. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) notes patient safety is a serious global public health issue. Even in developed countries such as the United States, as many as one in 10 patients may be harmed while hospitalized. Injury rates are even higher in developing countries, making patient safety a high priority around the world. You can take steps to help ensure your safety whether in the hospital for a planned or unexpected circumstance. Here are three things to keep in mind to make your hospital stay as safe as possible: Reduce infection risks: Hospital infections are a top concern, especially for surgical patients. According to WHO, hand hygiene is the single most important measure to reduce health-care-related infections. Patients should keep hand sanitizer at their bedside and use it often. Additionally, the National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) recommends: * Reminding your care team about hand-washing before any direct interaction. * Keeping an eye on intravenous catheters and wound dressings, and notifying your health care provider right away if something looks wrong. * Taking charge of health problems such as diabetes, excess weight and smoking, which can increase infection risk in the hospital. * Following doctors' directions about breathing treatments to avoid lung infections. Over the past century, anesthesiologists have advanced patient safety through innovative research, science and technology advancements. Whether in the operating room, procedure room, intensive care unit or pain clinic, anesthesiologists are committed to patient safety. Today, anesthesia-related fatalities only occur in less than one in every 200,000 procedures. To help ensure the highest quality and safest care, anesthesiologists lead Anesthesia Care Teams to supervise non-physician providers during the administration of anesthesia to make critical life decisions when there are only seconds to make them. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), anesthesiologists have more than 10,000 hours of related medical training and education to diagnose, treat and respond to any medical complications that may occur. In addition to making sure a physician supervises your anesthesia care, it is important to follow all pre-operative instructions from your doctors and get plenty of rest before surgery. Also, be sure your anesthesiologist is aware of your prior anesthesia history and any medications you take. For more information about anesthesia and preparing for surgery, please visit LifelinetoModernMedicine.com. Be aware of setbacks: While unpredictable progress in recovery is not unusual, it's important to minimize the risk of avoidable setbacks such as falls and readmissions. Tumbles are a major concern for the elderly, but even younger patients are at risk of falling in the hospital. NPSF often points to research indicating more than 500,000 falls occur in U.S. hospitals each year, causing 150,000 injuries. Muscle weakness, medication-related impairment and age can increase a patient's risk of falling. Follow your physician's directions and the hospital's procedures for surer footing. Before you leave the hospital, make sure you understand the doctor's after-care instructions to reduce your risk of readmission. Bring any questions or suspicions of complications to follow-up appointments to help your physician assess your recovery. Health care is incredibly intricate and complex, and while medical science has made great strides for patient safety, patients need to play an active role in their care. With diligent research and advocacy for their own health, patients' collaboration with their care team can make them informed and, most importantly, safe.

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782

is a crime Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction... , the essence of which is illicit entry into a building for the purposes of committing an offense. Usually that offense will be theft In common usage, theft is the illegal taking of another person's property without that person's permission or consent. The word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting and fraud... , but most jurisdictions specify others which fall within the ambit of burglary. To engage in the act of burglary is to burgle (in British English British English, or English , is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere... ) or to burglarize (in American English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two-thirds of the world's native speakers of English live in the United States.... Common law definition The common law Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... burglary was defined by Sir Matthew Hale Sir Matthew Hale SL was an influential English barrister, judge and jurist most noted for his treatise Historia Placitorum Coronæ, or The History of the Pleas of the Crown. Born to a barrister and his wife, who had both died by the time he was 5, Hale was raised by his father's relative, a strict... - Breaking can be either actual, such as by forcing open a door, or constructive, such as by fraud or threats. Breaking does not require that anything be "broken" in terms of physical damage occurring. A person who has permission to enter part of a house, but not another part, commits a breaking and entering when they use any means to enter a room where they are not permitted, so long as the room was not open to enter. - Entering can involve either physical entry by a person or the insertion of an instrument with which to remove property. Insertion of a tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself. Note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common law burglary. Breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common law burglary. - Although rarely listed as an element, the common law required that entry occur as a consequence of the breaking. For example, if a wrongdoer partially opened a window by using a pry bar and then noticed an open door through which he entered the dwelling, there is no burglary at common law. The use of the pry bar would not constitute an entry even if a portion of the prybar "entered" the residence. Under the instrumentality rule the use of an instrument to effect a breaking would not constitute an entry. However, if any part of the perpetrator's body entered the residence in an attempt to gain entry, the instrumentality rule did not apply. Thus, if the perpetrator uses the prybar to pry open the window and then used his hands to lift the partially opened window, an "entry" would have taken place when he grasped the bottom of the window with his hands. - House includes a temporarily unoccupied dwelling, but not a building used only occasionally as a habitation - Night time is defined as hours between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise - Typically this element is expressed as the intent to commit a felony “therein”. The use of the word “therein” adds nothing and certainly does not limit the scope of burglary to those wrongdoers who break and enter a dwelling intending to commit a felony on the premises. The situs of the felony does not matter, and burglary occurs if the wrongdoer intended to commit a felony at the time he broke and entered. The common law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. The common law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and the intent may be to commit any felony or theft. Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during... originates from Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon may refer to:* Anglo-Saxons, a group that invaded Britain** Old English, their language** Anglo-Saxon England, their history, one of various ships* White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, an ethnicity* Anglo-Saxon economy, modern macroeconomic term... or Old English, one of the Germanic languages The Germanic languages constitute a sub-branch of the Indo-European language family. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic , which was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe... . According to one textbook, "The word burglar comes from the two German German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union.... , meaning "house," and laron , meaning "thief" (literally "house thief"). Another suggested etymology is from the later Latin word burgare , "to break open" or "to commit burglary", from burgus , meaning "fortress" or "castle", with the word then passing through French and Middle English, with influence from the Latin latro , "thief". The British verb "burgle" is a late back-formation. Burglary is prosecuted as a felony A felony is a serious crime in the common law countries. The term originates from English common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person's land and goods; other crimes were called misdemeanors... A misdemeanor is a "lesser" criminal act in many common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished much less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions and regulatory offences... and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or remaining unlawfully with intent to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft for example, vandalism Vandalism is the behaviour attributed originally to the Vandals, by the Romans, in respect of culture: ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable... . Even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. Buildings can include sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, and railway cars is possible. Burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. The... Arson is the crime of intentionally or maliciously setting fire to structures or wildland areas. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires... In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against that person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority... , identity theft Identity theft is a form of stealing another person's identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person's identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person's name... , or violation of civil rights; indeed the "plumbers" of the Watergate scandal The Watergate scandal was a political scandal during the 1970s in the United States resulting from the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement... were technically burglars. As with all legal definitions in the U.S., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus Federal and territorial codes in force. Technically, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is not burglary, but housebreaking. In many jurisdictions in the U.S., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. In California California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area... , for example, burglary was punished as burglary in the first degree, while housebreaking was punished as burglary in the second degree. California now distinguishes between entry into a residence and into a commercial building, with the burglary into a residence with heavier punishment. In states that continue to punish burglary more severely than housebreaking twilight Twilight is the time between dawn and sunrise or between sunset and dusk, during which sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere illuminates the lower atmosphere, and the surface of the earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark. The sun itself is not directly visible because it is below... , night is traditionally defined as hours between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise. Some academics consider burglary as an inchoate crime. Others say that because the intrusion itself is harmful, this justifies punishment even when no further crime is committed. Possession of burglar's tools, in jurisdictions that make this an offense, has also been viewed as an inchoate crime: Under Florida State Statutes The Florida law is based on the Florida Constitution , which defines how the statutes must be passed into law, and defines the limits of authority and basic law that the Florida Statutes must be complied with... , "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter. Depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third-, second-, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. A person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1 Burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. Burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one "enters or remains unlawfully" in the building, expanding the common law definition. It has three degrees. Third-degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. Second-degree burglary retains the common-law element of a dwelling, and first-degree burglary requires one to be in a dwelling and to be armed with a weapon or to cause injury. A related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without the intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation. Possession of burglar's tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010... uses the term "burglary" to refer to a night-time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. Burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years; should the burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life. Unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled "breaking and entering" and punishments vary according to structure. In Maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. The first three degrees are felonies, while fourth-degree burglary is a misdemeanor. Breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first-degree burglary. Breaking and entering into a "storehouse" (a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second-degree burglary. Third-degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit a crime. Simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth-degree burglary. This degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element: Being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar's tools with the intent to use them in a burglary offense. In the criminal code of New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian... , "A person is guilty of burglary if he enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter." Under the penal law In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs... in New York, burglary is always a felony, even in third degree. It is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon, or if he or she enters a dwelling. In Pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned In Virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as "Common Law Burglary" and "Statutory Burglary." Common Law Burglary is defined as: if any person breaks and enters the dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny (Theft < 200$) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony; provided, however, that if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Statutory Burglary is defined as: If any person in the nighttime enters without breaking, or in the daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enters without breaking or at any time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of Virginia State code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. However, if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Additionally, if any person commits any of the acts mentioned in the VA state code section 18.2-90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of VA state code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, or if any person commits any acts mentioned in 18.2-89 or 18.2-90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $2,500, either or both. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony. Finally, if any person break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in the day or nighttime, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass (which falls under the previous paragraph), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. In Wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. Burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck or trailer or a ship. The crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary. England and Wales Burglary is defined by section 9 of the Theft Act 1968 The Theft Act 1968 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates a number of offences against property in England and Wales.On 15 January 2007 the Fraud Act 2006 came into force, redefining most of the offences of deception.-History:... which created two variants: The offence is defined in similar terms to England and Wales by the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969. Under Scots law Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. With English law and Northern Irish law it forms the legal system of the United Kingdom; it shares with the two other systems some... , the crime of burglary does not exist. Instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome. It does not include any other aspect of burglary found in England and Wales. It is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure An indictment , in the common-law legal system, is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that maintain the concept of felonies, the serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that lack the concept of felonies often use that of an indictable offence—an... in a superiour court. Another common law crime still used is Hamesukin which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. Common law Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action... crimes in Scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes. In Canada, burglary is labelled as "Breaking and Entering" under section 348 of the Criminal Code A criminal code is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law... and is a hybrid offence A hybrid offence, dual offence, Crown option offence, dual procedure offence, or wobbler are the special class offences in the common law jurisdictions where the case may be prosecuted either summarily or as indictment... . Breaking and entering is defined as trespassing with intent to commit an indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions , an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury... . The crime is commonly referred to in Canada as "break and enter" which in turn is often shortened to "B and E". In Sweden, burglary does not exist as an offence in itself, instead there are two available offences. If a person simply breaks into any premise, he is technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion or breach of domiciliary peace ), depending on the premise in question. Breach of domiciliary peace is only applicable when a person "unlawfully intrudes or remains where another has his living quarters" The only punishment available for any of these offences is fines, unless the offence is considered gross. In that case, the maximum punishment is two years in prison. However, if the person who has forced himself into a house, steals anything (literally "takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it" ), he is guilty of (ordinary) theft ). However, the section regarding gross theft (Chapter 6, 4s of the Penal Code, grov stöld ) states "in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling." For theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years. As in Sweden, there is no crime of burglary as such in Finland. In the case of breaking and entering, the Finnish penal code states that A person who unlawfully (1) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in such premises [...] shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months. However, if theft is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony. (1) If in the theft the offender breaks into an occupied residence, and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most - R v Collins R v Collins 1973 QB 100 is a case decided by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales which examined the meaning of "enters as a trespasser" in the definition of burglary... Trespass is an area of tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land.Trespass to the person, historically involved six separate trespasses: threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem, and maiming... - Home Invasion Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album Home Invasion is the fifth solo album by Ice-T. Released in 1993, the album (which was originally set to be released in 1992 under the deal with... - Watergate burglaries - "Cat burglar" at Wiktionary Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in 158 languages...

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4,999

Ask a question about 'Grabow' Start a new discussion about 'Grabow' Answer questions from other users (ˈɡʁaːbo) is a town in the Ludwigslust-Parchim Ludwigslust-Parchim is a district in the west of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by the state Schleswig-Holstein, the district Nordwestmecklenburg, the district-free city Schwerin, the districts Rostock and Mecklenburgische Seenplatte and the states Brandenburg and Lower Saxony... district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is a federal state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin... Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... . It is situated on the river Elde The Elde is a river in northern Germany , a right tributary of the Löcknitz. Its total length is 220 km. The Elde originates near Altenhof, south of Malchow. It first flows southeast towards the southern end of Lake Müritz, which it enters at Vipperow. It flows out of the Müritz at its... , 7 km (4.35 mi) southeast of Ludwigslust Ludwigslust is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, 40 km south of Schwerin. It was the capital of the former district of Ludwigslust, and is part of the district Ludwigslust-Parchim since September 2011.-History:... , and 34 km (21.12 mi) northwest of Wittenberge Wittenberge is a town of twenty thousand people on the lower Elbe in the district of Prignitz , Brandenburg, Germany.-History:... The historical center of Grabow is distinguished by its close core of timber-framed houses Timber framing , or half-timbering, also called in North America "post-and-beam" construction, is the method of creating structures using heavy squared off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs . It is commonplace in large barns... of the 18th century. Otto Emil Plath, the father of Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. Born in Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College, Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a professional poet and writer... , had immigrated from Grabow to America.

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597

Milton's first publication, A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle, is examined. Milton's vision of a poet's heaven in "Ad Patrem," paired with the letter to Charles Diodati, with its particular emphasis on the need for chastity in poets, is used as a springboard to a discussion of the depiction of sexual ideals in the masque. Revelation 14, 1 Corinthians, and the Apology for Smectymnuus are also discussed at length, as are the poet's biography and the history of the masque's title. A study of Milton's poetry, with some attention to his literary sources, his contemporaries, his controversial prose, and his decisive influence on the course of English poetry. As one of the world's great universities, Yale traces its roots back to the early 1640s when colonial clergyman sought to establish a school in order to continue the tradition of European education within the Americas. Yale has now grown to educate over 11,000 students from over 100 countries on a 310-acre campus in New Haven, Connecticut. Within the school's 260 buildings are over 2,000 undergraduate programs in 65 departments taught by a distinguished faculty. As Academic Earth's first partner school, Yale has been a leader within the space of OpenCourseWare by consistently delivering on its esteemed mission to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn.

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280

kruptos & phanero Posted 09 April 2007 - 11:40 AM I am studying the words kruptos and phanero. What I am wondering is if any of you know what the best way to translate these words are? My research shows that kruptos is primarily hidden/concealed; Phanero is primarily revealed/known. However, in Romans 2.28 – 2.29 they has been translated as inward and outward. i have found no other occurrence for this in the English texts. This brings question to the translation. Can any of you help me to understand why SHOULD be translated inward and outward? Within context it can maintain the idea of conceal or revealed and still make plain sense. Posted 09 April 2007 - 07:22 PM "28. Which is one outwardly (ho en tośi phanerośi). Ioudaios (Jew) has to be repeated (ellipse) with the article, “the in the open Jew” (circumcision, phylacteries, tithes, etc.). Likewise repeat peritomeś (circumcision). 29. Who is one inwardly (ho en tośi kruptośi). Repeat Ioudaios (Jew) here also, “the in the inward part Jew” (circumcision of the heart peritomeś kardias and not a mere surgical operation as in Col. 2:11, in the spirit en pneumati, with which compare 2 Cor. 3:3, 6). This inward or inside Jew who lives up to his covenant relation with God is the high standard that Paul puts before the merely professional Jew described above. Whose praise (hou ho epainos). The antecedent of the relative hou is Ioudaios (Jew). Probably (Gifford) a reference to the etymology of Judah (praise) as seen in Gal. 49:8." The "Gal. 49.8" is from the Accordance text. It should read Gen. 49:8. Posted 09 April 2007 - 08:30 PM It appears to me that this verse should possibly read... [UPDATE: Right you were Rob! That was an accident of hurried writing. It didn't even match my notes ] Then not he who [is] a revealed Jew, neither he who [is] revealed circumcised in the flesh. In other words this "Jew" is showing off circumcision and Jewishness to gain praise. It's not about whether or not he is a real Jew. But he who is a hidden Jew and his heart is circumcised by the Spirit not he who is praised of people but of God. This hidden is connected to Jesus' statement of entering a prayer chamber and not praying in front of other to be thought righteous. Because the Father who sees in secret (phaneros) will reward. I understand the want/need to try to make this an inward and outward issue but there are words for that. Why would Paul use words that specifically mean concealing or revealing? Reading it as an inward issue makes it possible that a Jew of birth is not one of heart. This doesn't seem to fit within context. Nor does it seem to fit with in NT practice. I am willing to read it as inward outward if I can gain a clear reasoning. Edited by yetsirah, 16 April 2007 - 05:12 AM. Posted 11 April 2007 - 09:30 AM It seems Paul's very point is that Jews of birth are not necessarily Jews of heart. That would also seem to be his point in Romans 9:6-13. Whatever way you interpret Paul's words in this passage, sufficient weight must be given to the flesh/heart contrast he sets up, which is very common in his epistles, especially Romans and Galatians. The flesh/heart contrast gives rise to the outward/inward translation so common in English versions. The Greek words themselves might not usually mean inward/outward, but the contrast Paul establishes is so common in his writings that translators have perhaps seen it as more weighty than the typical word usage. 0 user(s) are reading this topic 0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users

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Agriculture Production Profile Why is agriculture important anyway? Aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage. The City of Kawartha Lakes is home to approximately 1,500 farms. Assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6,000 people live on farms in the municipality. The 2006 Census estimated 8,387 people in the area are employed year round and 4,013 seasonal in the agri-food and related industries. Agriculture and agri-food sector is a mainstay of the economy. Kawartha Lakes has the largest number of beef cows in Central Ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in Ontario. Farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $87.5 million in 2006. (Source: OMAFRA, Census 2006) Kawartha Lakes at a Glance (PDF) Farm Cash Receipts - Main Commodities: 2002 - 2006 Major Farm Types Kawartha Lakes is the fourth largest municipality/county in Ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. The fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. With respect to total animal numbers, Kawartha Lakes has the third largest community pasture in Ontario. The largest field crop in acres is hay with 95,825 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop. (Source: OMAFRA 2006) What else is growing in Kawartha Lakes? Over $8 million in Floriculture, Nursery & sod sales, covering 306,117 square feet of total greenhouse area. (Source: Census 2006) This area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1,800's. The European settlers established mixed farms on these lands. Many of today's farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. The area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business. Kawartha Lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities. Production Profile Field crops The largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95,824 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop. Fruit & Vegetable Production Comparative Acres 2006 Beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 Beef cattle in Kawartha Lakes. Farms By Industry 2006 Livestock Types 2006 - 271,460 hens and chickens (all types) - 792 turkeys (Source: 2006 Census)

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Chromosomes are structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry long pieces of DNA. DNA is the material that holds genes. It is the building block of the human body. Chromosomes also contain proteins that help DNA exist in the proper form. Chromosomes come in pairs. Normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes). Half come from the mother; the other half come from the father. Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine if you are born a boy or a girl (your gender). They are called sex chromosomes: Females have 2 X chromosomes. Males have 1 X and 1 Y chromosome. The mother gives an X chromosome to the child. The father may contribute an X or a Y. It is the chromosome from the father that determines if the baby is a girl or a boy. The remaining chromosomes are called autosomal chromosomes. They are known as chromosome pairs 1 through 22. Stein CK. Applications of Cytogenetics in Modern Pathology. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds.Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 68. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.

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354

The 1989 Calendar of Black History All the individuals in Aetna's 1989 calendar share a common quality: the courage to overcome the most difficult obstacles. Although blind from birth, pianist Thomas Greene Bethune became one of the "musical wonders of the world," writing more than 100 pieces of music before the age of 5. Charlotte Hawkins Brown who began educating children at the early of 12 when she formed a kindergarten class in her church, later founded the Palmer Memorial Institute. Elijah McCoy, the son of fugitive slaves, patented more than 50 inventions, including the tread for tires and a folding iron table. The phrase we use today, 'the Real McCoy,' was created for his originality. Blanche Kelso Bruce | Patricia Roberts Harris Richard Robert Wright

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155

Chess requires you to think hard, analyze, plan, and execute. Problem-solving and learning are become a game! Studies conducted over the last 30 years show an increase in student IQ's, and test scores improve after less than a year of systematic chess study. Chess is also valuable due to its intellectual brand attributes: Chess is known to be a smart person's game, and kids who play chess believe they are smart. Why is this important? Because what kids believe can be self-fulfilling. What does chess do? - Develops self-esteem - Builds team spirit - Increases concentration. - Encourages and promotes pattern recognition - Enhances logical deductive reasoning to solve problems Chess levels the playing field. Age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and spoken language are irrelevant factors when playing chess. Why Offer Chess in Schools? By Chessmaster Jerry Meyers - www.youthchess.net Chess is a classic game of strategy, invented more than 1500 years ago in India. Legend has it that the ruler of India asked his wise men to devise a way to teach the children of the royal family to become better thinkers and better generals on the battlefield. Chess was the result. In the centuries since its invention, chess has spread to every country in the world. While countless other games have died out, chess lives on. In the United States, it has received endorsements by many educators, ranging from Benjamin Franklin to former U.S. Secretary of Education, Terrell Bell. In Western Pennsylvania, more than 70 schools and a dozen libraries offer chess programs, reaching several thousand students each year. 2) Academic Benefits We have brought chess to the schools because we believe it directly contributes to academic performance. Chess makes kids smarter. It does so by teaching the following skills: Focusing - Children are taught the benefits of observing carefully and concentrating. If they don't watch what is happening, they can't respond to it, no matter how smart they are. Visualizing - Children are prompted to imagine a sequence of actions before it happens. We actually strengthen the ability to visualize by training them to shift the pieces in their mind, first one, then several moves ahead. Thinking Ahead - Children are taught to think first, then act. We teach them to ask themselves "If I do this, what might happen then, and how can I respond?" Over time, chess helps develop patience and thoughtfulness. Weighing Options - Children are taught that they don't have to do the first thing that pops into their mind. They learn to identify alternatives and consider the pros and cons of various actions. Analyzing Concretely - Children learn to evaluate the results of specific actions and sequences. Does this sequence help me or hurt me? Decisions are better when guided by logic, rather than impulse. Thinking Abstractly - Children are taught to step back periodically from details and consider the bigger picture. They also learn to take patterns used in one context and apply them to different, but related situations. Planning - Children are taught to develop longer range goals and take steps toward bringing them about. They are also taught of the need to reevaluate their plans as new developments change the situation. Juggling Multiple Considerations Simultaneously - Children are encouraged not to become overly absorbed in any one consideration, but to try to weigh various factors all at once. None of these skills are specific to chess, but they are all part of the game. The beauty of chess as a teaching tool is that it stimulates children's minds and helps them to build these skills while enjoying themselves. As a result, children become more critical thinkers, better problem solvers, and more independent decision makers. 3) Educational Research These conclusions have been backed up by educational research. Studies have been done in various locations around the United States and Canada, showing that chess results in increased scores on standardized tests for both reading and math. A study on a large scale chess program in New York City, which involved more than 100 schools and 3,000 children, showed higher classroom grades in both English and Math for children involved in chess. Studies in Houston, Texas and Bradford, Pennsylvania showed chess leads to higher scores on the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. 4) Social Benefits In the schools, chess often serves as a bridge, bringing together children of different ages, races and genders in an activity they can all enjoy. Chess helps build individual friendships and also school spirit when children compete together as teams against other schools. Chess also teaches children about sportsmanship - how to win graciously and not give up when encountering defeat. For children with adjustment issues, there are many examples where chess has led to increased motivation, improved behavior, better self-image, and even improved attendance. Chess provides a positive social outlet, a wholesome recreational activity that can be easily learned and enjoyed at any age. Why does chess have this impact? Why did chess players score higher on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as well as the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal? Briefly, there appear to be at least seven significant factors: - Chess accommodates all modality strengths. - Chess provides a far greater quantity of problems for practice. - Chess offers immediate punishments and rewards for problem solving. - Chess creates a pattern or thinking system that, when used faithfully, breeds success. The chess-playing students had become accustomed to looking for more and different alternatives, which resulted in higher scores in fluency and originality. - Competition. Competition fosters interest, promotes mental alertness, challenges all students, and elicits the highest levels of achievement (Stephan, 1988). - A learning environment organized around games has a positive affect on students’ attitudes toward learning. This affective dimension acts as a facilitator of cognitive achievement (Allen & Main, 1976). Instructional gaming is one of the most motivational tools in the good teacher’s repertoire. Children love games. Chess motivates them to become willing problem solvers and spend hours quietly immersed in logical thinking. These same young people often cannot sit still for fifteen minutes in the traditional classroom. - Chess supplies a variety and quality of problems. As Langen (1992) states: “The problems that arise in the 70-90 positions of the average chess game are, moreover, new. Contexts are familiar, themes repeat, but game positions never do. This makes chess good grist for the problem-solving mill.” First Move Video See what First Move is all about. Watch our foundation video to see how chess is used in the classroom as a learning tool.

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1,385

Neolithic Man: The First Lumberjack? Thursday, August 9, 2012 Transition from hunting to agricultural society parallels development of woodworking tools, TAU research reveals A polished axe from the PPNB period. During the Neolithic Age (approximately 10000–6000 BCE), early man evolved from hunter-gatherer to farmer and agriculturalist, living in larger, permanent settlements with a variety of domesticated animals and plant life. This transition brought about significant changes in terms of the economy, architecture, man's relationship to the environment, and more. Now Dr. Ran Barkai of Tel Aviv University's Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations has shed new light on this milestone in human evolution, demonstrating a direct connection between the development of an agricultural society and the development of woodworking tools. "Intensive woodworking and tree-felling was a phenomenon that only appeared with the onset of the major changes in human life, including the transition to agriculture and permanent villages," says Dr. Barkai, whose research was published in the journal PLoS One. Prior to the Neolithic period, there is no evidence of tools that were powerful enough to cut and carve wood, let alone fell trees. But new archaeological evidence suggests that as the Neolithic age progressed, sophisticated carpentry developed alongside agriculture. Evolution of axes The use of functional tools in relation to woodworking over the course of the Neolithic period has not been studied in detail until now. Through their work at the archaeological site of Motza, a neighbourhood in the Judean Hills, Dr. Barkai and his fellow researchers, Prof. Rick Yerkes of Ohio State University and Dr. Hamudi Khalaily of the Israel Antiquity Authority, have unearthed evidence that increasing sophistication in terms of carpentry tools corresponds with increased agriculture and permanent settlements. The early part of the Neolithic age is divided into two distinct eras — Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). Agriculture and domesticated plants and animals appear only in PPNB, so the transition between these two periods is a watershed moment in human history. And these changes can be tracked in the woodworking tools which belong to each period, says Dr. Barkai. Within PPNA, humans remained gatherers but lived in more permanent settlements for the first time, he says. Axes associated with this period are small and delicate, used for light carpentry but not suited for felling trees or other massive woodworking tasks. In PPNB, the tools have evolved to much larger and heavier axes, formed by a technique called polishing. The researchers' in-depth analysis of these tools shows that they were used to cut down trees and complete various building projects. "We can document step by step the transition from the absence of woodworking tools, to delicate woodworking tools, to heavier woodworking tools," Dr. Barkai says, and this follows the "actual transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture." He also identifies a trial-and-error phase during which humans tried to create an axe strong enough to undertake larger woodworking tasks. Eventually, they succeeded in creating a massive ground stone axe in PPNB. Whether the transition to an agricultural society led to the development of major carpentry tools or vice versa remains to be determined, says Dr. Barkai, who characterizes it as a "circular argument." Whatever the answer, the parallel changes led to a revolution in lifestyle. Beyond the change from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural economy, a new form of architecture also emerged. Not only did people begin to live in permanent villages, but the buildings in which they lived literally took a different shape. The round and oval structures of earlier domiciles were replaced by rectangular structures in PPNB, explains Dr. Barkai. "Evidence tells that us that for each home, approximately 10 wooden beams were needed. Prior to this, there were no homes with wooden beams." In addition, humans began to produce limestone-based plaster floors for their homes — which also represented a growing use of wood, since plaster is manufactured by heating limestone. These architectural developments, along with building pens and fences for domesticated animals, also necessitated the felling of trees in large quantities. For more archaeology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.

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897

Is Seaweed the Future of Biofuel? Monday, March 5, 2012 TAU scientist takes the search for alternative energy sources to the sea As scientists continue the hunt for energy sources that are safer, cleaner alternatives to fossil fuel, an ever-increasing amount of valuable farmland is being used to produce bioethanol, a source of transportation fuel. And while land-bound sources are renewable, economists and ecologists fear that diverting crops to produce fuel will limit food resources and drive up costs. Now, Prof. Avigdor Abelson of Tel Aviv University's Department of Zoology and the new Renewable Energy Center, and his colleagues Dr. Alvaro Israel of the Israel Oceanography Institute, Prof. Aharon Gedanken of Bar-Ilan University, Dr. Ariel Kushmaro of Ben-Gurion University, and their Ph.D. student Leor Korzen, have gone to the seas in the quest for a renewable energy source that doesn't endanger natural habitats, biodiversity, or human food sources.He says that marine macroalgae — common seaweed — can be grown more quickly than land-based crops and harvested as fuel without sacrificing usable land. It's a promising source of bioethanol that has remained virtually unexplored until now. The researchers are now developing methods for growing and harvesting seaweed as a source of renewable energy. Not only can the macroalgae be grown unobtrusively along coastlines, Prof. Abelson notes, they can also clear the water of excessive nutrients — caused by human waste or aquaculture — which disturb the marine environment. A man-made "ecosystem" While biomasses grown on land have the potential to inflict damage on the environment, the researchers believe that producing biofuel from seaweed-based sources could even solve problems that already exist within the marine environment. Many coastal regions, including the Red Sea in the south of Israel, have suffered from eutrophication — pollution caused by human waste and fish farming, which leads to excessive amounts of nutrients and detrimental algae, ultimately harming endangered coral reefs. Encouraging the growth of seaweed for eventual conversion into biofuel could solve these environmental problems. The system that the researchers are developing, called the "Combined Aquaculture Multi-Use Systems" (CAMUS), takes into account the realities of the marine environment and human activity in it. Ultimately, all of these factors function together to create a synthetic "man-made ecosystem," explains Prof. Abelson. Man-made fish feeders, which produce pollution in the form of excess nutrients and are generally considered harmful to the marine environment, would become a positive link in this chain. Used alongside an increased population of filter feeders such as oysters, which suck in extra particles and convert them food that the microalgae can consume, this "pollution" could be used to sustain a much greater yield of seaweed, which is needed for seaweed to become a sustainable source of fuel. "By employing multiple species, CAMUS can turn waste into productive resources such as biofuel, at the same time reducing pollution's impact on the local ecosystem," he says. Turning waste into opportunity The researchers are now working to increase the carbohydrate and sugar contents of the seaweed for efficient fermentation into bioethanol, and they believe that macroalgae will be a major source for biofuel in the future. The CAMUS system could turn seaweed into a sustainable bioethanol source that is productive, efficient, and cost-effective. For more environment and ecology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.

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742

Anyone wanting to comment on the U.S. Department of Labor’s proposed changes to the Hazardous Occupations Orders For Agricultural Employment has until the end of the month to do so. These changes impact children between the ages of 14 and 16 who are hired to work on farms or other agricultural endeavors not owned or operated by their parents. If implemented, the proposed changes would be the first made to the orders in more than three decades. The six major changes that crop producers need to be aware of are: - 14- to 16-year-olds hired to work on farms that are not owned or operated by their parents would be banned from handling pesticides. - The tractor-safety certification requirement for these hired workers would be expanded from the current 24 hours of training to 90 hours, but children enrolled in the program—and in good standing—could work while taking the training. - The height at which these children could work would be lowered from the current 20 feet to six feet. - 14- to 16-year-olds would be banned from working in grain elevators. - These kids would not be able to use electronic devices like iPods or cell phones while operating a motor vehicle such as a tractor (GPS is an exception). - All motor vehicles operated by these workers must have rollover protection. The U.S. Department of Labor expects the proposed changes to be implemented sometime in 2012. Penalties for violations would range between zero for minor infractions and $100,000, the maximum allowed by law, in cases that result in a fatality or severe dismemberment. To read the complete proposal, go to http://www.dol.gov/WHD/ . The "Highlights" box has the most recent news on the subject.

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We want to help young people understand energy, how it's produced, how it gets to us and how to use it wisely. That's why we've developed this section, which provides information, resources and opportunities for pupils and teachers. If you can't see the Flash game above then you may need to download Adobe Flash Player. To do this, please visit the Adobe website. You can also download and print out PDFs of the Flash game. Most computers will open PDF files automatically. If not, you may need to download Adobe Reader. To do this, please visit the Adobe website.

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Technically SSL works as follows: At the "https" Your browser recognises that he mentioned server, a certificate request. For the server the browser has returned a certificate, it must be certified by the certification body. Then notify the server of this certificate directly to the browser. The browser receives from the directory service of the certification authority information, whether the certificate is valid. Based on these data, the browser can now check whether he really is connected to the server, in the URL. If so, your browser indicates a secure connection. For Internet Explorer and Firefox, this is done by a closed padlock. The Netscape Navigator / Communicator shows a secure page by the key intact. Then the two agree on a balanced computer keys. This understanding is happening in the safe asymmetric encryption. To really on the safe side, your browser sends the server before the start of the actual data exchange some test messages. This can only answer the server when it is actually the server, which he pretends to be. Looking even further the three objectives of encryption: does the SSL protocol so that a secure connection: 1st Your data is confidential, because the content of your messages only encrypted over the network. 2nd The authenticity of the server. 3rd Your data is protected from tampering, as effective algorithms examine whether the data is complete and unaltered their respective recipients. Meanwhile, SSL as a standard for encryption established browser. Meanwhile, but also Transport Layer Security (TLS). TLS is in place by SSL 3.0 standardized and expanded the range of use encryption methods to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). TLS is based on the more complex encryption methods Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard - Datenverschlüsselungs standard) or other algorithms. It supports the encryption of e-mails and the proof of identity for commercial online transactions.

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(b Crevalcore; d before 1525). Italian painter and musician. Although Antonio da Crevalcore was highly regarded by his contemporaries as both a painter of still-lifes and a musician, his artistic oeuvre remains the subject of debate. It has been suggested that he trained in Ferrara, because of the stylistic similarities his work shares with other Ferrarese painters working in Bologna, such as Francesco del Cossa and Ercole de’ Roberti. The influence of Cossa’s Bolognese painting on Crevalcore is clear, especially of the Pala dei Mercanti (Bologna, Pin. N.), but the connection between Cossa’s Ferrarese works or Ercole de’ Roberti’s later Ferrarese paintings and Crevalcore is less evident. The Holy Family with St. John as a Boy The Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist and another Saint Deposizione di Cristo dalla Croce Please note: site admin does not answer any questions. This is our readers discussion only.

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