semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 282 520k	input_ids sequencelengths 67 124k	attention_mask sequencelengths 67 124k	length int64 67 124k
© 2010 Gary L. Francione, The Abolitionist Approach There is a great deal of discussion about what “vegan” means. “Veganism” means at the very least not eating any flesh, dairy, or other animal products. In this sense, “vegan” means “vegan diet.” Donald Watson, who originally coined the term “vegan” used the word in this way when he made statements such as: “Wherever Man lives, he can have a vegan diet.” Different people may have different reasons–ethical/spiritual, health, environmental–for eating a vegan diet. Those who pursue a vegan diet may also, and for various reasons, eschew the use of other animal products in contexts beyond diet. For example, someone who pursues a vegan diet may also not wear animal products on her skin for health reasons–products applied to the skin get into the body. Someone who pursues a vegan diet for environmental reasons may also not wear a particular animal product because of the effect on the environment of the production of the product. Those who adopt a vegan diet for ethical/spiritual reasons may also fall into different groups. Some see their vegan diet as a way of reducing animal suffering. That is, they do not think that it is wrong in and of itself to kill animals for human use but that it is wrong to inflict suffering on animals and so they avoid eating or using animal products. If there were a painless way to raise and slaughter animals for human use, these ethical vegans would not object to animal use. These people are not necessarily–and usually are not–committed to the abolition of animal exploitation and pursue regulatory reform that they believe, mistakenly in my view, will reduce animal suffering. “Ethical veganism,” which I use interchangeably with “abolitionist veganism,” goes beyond a vegan diet and rejects direct animal consumption or use of any kind. An ethical vegan has a vegan diet and rejects consuming animal products but also does not wear or use any animal products. An ethical vegan rejects the commodification of nonhumans as property. An ethical vegan is committed to the abolition of animal exploitation. Moreover, ethical vegans recognize that an animal-based agriculture harms other humans as well as non-humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. Ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. Ethical veganism represents a commitment to non-violence in one’s daily living. In my experience, ethical veganism is the only sort of approach that results in consistent behavior. Vegans for health reasons alone often “cheat” just as those who are on any diet for heath reasons often do. Vegans for environmental reasons may not only lapse but may decide that an animal product has fewer adverse environmental consequences than non-animal products. Someone who sees veganism only as a way of reducing animal suffering may eat or use an animal product if she thinks that more suffering will be caused if she does not. For example, some, such as Peter Singer and others, maintain that we ought to eat animal products if our not doing so will cause others to think that veganism is too difficult and thereby be dissuaded from thinking about veganism. These vegans then become “flexible” vegans which, in my view, means that they are not really vegans. An ethical vegan sees veganism as a general approach to life–a philosophy of living–and not as merely a matter of lifestyle. A final (for now) comment: health and environmental concerns may have a moral aspect. For example, those who pursue a vegan diet may do so because they believe that inflicting physical damage on their bodies by consuming animal products is a form of violence (harm to the self) and is immoral. Those who pursue a vegan diet or who eschew the use of animal products for environmental reasons may do so not because of a utilitarian concern to preserve the environment but because they believe that the environmental consequences directly affect humans and nonhumans and violate the rights of these sentient beings. An ethical or abolitionist vegan, who sees any consumption or use of animal products as violative of animal rights, may also shun animal products for reasons of health and environment. In sum, people may be vegans for different reasons. In my view, ethical or abolitionist veganism is the only approach that results in consistent behavior. We should, however, be clear that no form of veganism is consistent with eating any animal products. That is, following a “vegan diet” is the minimal meaning of “vegan.” In my view, a “vegan” is someone who does not eat, use, or wear any animal products. But it is also accurate to say that a person who eats no animal products follows a “vegan diet.” The absence of animal products is explicitly being limited to diet. As a said above, I do not regard “flexible” vegans as vegans and, by definition, they do not even follow a vegan diet. I will be writing at greater length about this topic soon. If you are not vegan, go vegan. It is incredibly easy to be vegan. It is better for your health and for the planet. But, most importantly, it is the morally right thing to do.	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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Izieu was the site of a Jewish orphanage during the Second World War. On April 6, 1944, three vehicles pulled up in front of the orphanage. The Gestapo, led by the 'Butcher of Lyon' Klaus Barbie, entered the orphanage and forcibly removed the forty-four children and their seven supervisors, throwing the crying and terrified children on to the trucks. As a witness later recalled: 'I was on my way down the stairs when my sister shouted to me: It's the Germans, save yourself! I jumped out the window. I hid myself in a bush in the garden. I heard the cries of the children that were being kidnapped and I heard the shouts of the nazis who were carrying them away.' Following the raid on their home in Izieu, the children were shipped directly to the "collection center" in Drancy, then put on the first available train towards the concentration camps in the East. Forty-two children and five adults were gassed in the concentration camp of Auschwitz. Two of the oldest children and Miron Zlatin , the superintendent, ended up in Tallinn a city in Estonia and were killed by a firing squad. One survivor of Auschwitz revealed during Klaus Barbie's trial what happened to the children: 'I asked myself where were the children who arrived with us? In the camp there wasn't a single child to be seen. Then those who had been there for a while informed us of the reality. 'You see that chimney, the one smoke never stops coming out of . .. you smell that odor of burned flesh ... ?' The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details	[ 26959, 7011, 4935, 36732, 198, 40, 89, 22304, 373, 262, 2524, 286, 257, 5582, 26051, 496, 1141, 262, 5498, 2159, 1810, 13, 1550, 3035, 718, 11, 16994, 11, 1115, 5672, 5954, 510, 287, 2166, 286, 262, 26051, 496, 13, 383, 44641, 41817, 11, 2957, 416, 262, 705, 1537, 2044, 286, 35193, 6, 49739, 46829, 11, 5982, 262, 26051, 496, 290, 30522, 4615, 262, 16571, 12, 14337, 1751, 290, 511, 3598, 36520, 11, 9644, 262, 13774, 290, 22144, 1751, 319, 284, 262, 13960, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 4973, 1568, 12433, 25, 705, 40, 373, 319, 616, 835, 866, 262, 16046, 618, 616, 6621, 17293, 284, 502, 25, 632, 338, 262, 16064, 11, 3613, 3511, 0, 314, 11687, 503, 262, 4324, 13, 314, 24519, 3589, 287, 257, 24484, 287, 262, 11376, 13, 314, 2982, 262, 24691, 286, 262, 1751, 326, 547, 852, 23384, 290, 314, 2982, 262, 34757, 286, 262, 299, 1031, 271, 508, 547, 6872, 606, 1497, 2637, 198, 14291, 262, 9513, 319, 511, 1363, 287, 28493, 22304, 11, 262, 1751, 547, 14338, 3264, 284, 262, 366, 43681, 3641, 1, 287, 1583, 3883, 11, 788, 1234, 319, 262, 717, 1695, 4512, 3371, 262, 10368, 11665, 287, 262, 3687, 13, 198, 21926, 88, 12, 11545, 1751, 290, 1936, 6490, 547, 308, 21390, 287, 262, 10368, 1413, 286, 37992, 13, 4930, 286, 262, 13325, 1751, 290, 337, 1934, 1168, 75, 10680, 837, 262, 32958, 11, 4444, 510, 287, 22676, 3732, 257, 1748, 287, 30912, 290, 547, 2923, 416, 257, 9645, 8244, 13, 198, 3198, 23446, 286, 37992, 4602, 1141, 49739, 46829, 338, 4473, 644, 3022, 284, 262, 1751, 25, 705, 40, 1965, 3589, 810, 547, 262, 1751, 508, 5284, 351, 514, 30, 554, 262, 1413, 612, 2492, 470, 257, 2060, 1200, 284, 307, 1775, 13, 3244, 883, 508, 550, 587, 612, 329, 257, 981, 7981, 514, 286, 262, 3950, 13, 705, 1639, 766, 326, 18205, 1681, 11, 262, 530, 7523, 1239, 9911, 2406, 503, 286, 764, 11485, 345, 8508, 326, 28192, 286, 11544, 11222, 2644, 5633, 6, 198, 464, 10154, 286, 428, 2708, 318, 11971, 422, 7324, 13, 31266, 13, 2398, 739, 262, 22961, 3232, 43925, 13789, 13, 6914, 994, 284, 766, 262, 13245, 4866, 290, 6634, 3307, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	366
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Red Tory is a nickname given to a political tradition in Canada's conservative political parties. Red Tories were traditionally to the left of the rest of the party. Originally it referred to the branch of the Tory party that was committed to the welfare state. Modern Red Tories, however, define themselves as "fiscally conservative and socially progressive". The term Blue Tory has been coined to describe more right wing Canadian conservatives. The notion of Red Toryism was developed by George Grant in the 1950s and 1960s who argued that Canadian conservatism was strongly influenced by ideals such as collectivism and community responsibility. These Tories rejected liberal values such as individualism. Red Tories were thus socially conservative supporting traditional institutions like religion and the monarchy but fiscally liberal with a strong belief in the welfare state. Grant traced Red Toryism to the beginning of Canadian history. The collective nation building policies of Sir John A. Macdonald are seen as the foundation of the Red Tory tradition. The origin of the adjective "red" is not known. The reference may be to progressive aspects of Red Tory principles, since parties of the left have traditionally used the colour red. It may have been a reference to the British roots of the Tory old guard. Others think it comes from the Liberal Party of Canada. The Liberals often used red as their colour, while the Conservatives used blue. Grant and Gad Horowitz contrasted Canada with the United States which was lacking this collectivist tradition. Horowitz argued that Canada's strong socialist movement grew from Red Toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much success in the United States. In some ways, Red Tories were thus closer to the NDP than to the Liberals. The Red Tories historically served as the most powerful faction within the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and most of its leaders have been labeled Red Tories. These include Sir John A. Macdonald, John George Diefenbaker, and Robert Stanfield. The heartland of Red Toryism was the Maritimes and Ontario and Red Tories dominated the provincial politics of these regions. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party has held power in that province for most of the time since Confederation. The Ontario PCs were often labelled Red Tory, for example under the leadership of William Davis from 1971 to 1985. Under Davis, the Tories often ran to the left of the Ontario Liberal Party. Some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives, John Tory, is in the mould of the Bill Davis Red Tory tradition. Throughout the Maritimes, Red Tories are the dominant force in the Conservative Party. This tends to explain why Canadian provinces are often ruled at the provincial level by a party that may be Conservative yet at the same time elect Liberal Members of Parliament to the Canadian House of Commons. Outsiders may not understand the large amount of ideological common ground shared by the two nominally different parties. The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international Post-War Consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. With the end of the consensus globally in the 1980s Canadian conservatism also split. Red Toryism never held much sway in Western Canada where small-government and socially conservatism has been dominant. The growing population and power of the west also played an important role in this transformation. Eventually the explicitly anti-Red Tory Reform Party arose in the west and soon was larger than the Progressive Conservatives. Throughout the federal PC Party's decline, Red Tories were generally seen as the most vocal opponents of the Unite the Right initiative, which proposed merging or co-operating with the competing Reform Party of Canada (later the Canadian Alliance). Red Tories considered the Canadian Alliance to be too radically conservative. In recent years, "Red Tories" clashed with neoconservatives within the Progressive Conservative Party. Joe Clark's leadership was challenged by more conservative Blue Tory PC Party members who endorsed Brian Mulroney. At the provincial level, Albertan Red Tory supporters of Peter Lougheed were marginalized following Ralph Klein's assumption of power. As right-wing support for the Progressive Conservatives bled away to the Reform Party and then the Canadian Alliance, Red Tories increasingly gained control of the federal party. The controversial election of leader Peter MacKay, however, paved the way for merger with the Canadian Alliance. When the PCs did ultimately merge in late 2003 with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada, many Red Tories expressed the view that they were "now without a political home." Notable Red Tories such as Scott Brison, John Herron and Keith Martin (who, although ideologically a Red Tory, was actually a Canadian Alliance MP) defected to the Liberal Party of Canada. Some Red Tories joined the new Conservative Party. Some prominent Red Tories, including Joe Clark and André Bachand, refused to join the new party, or any other, and sat for the remainder of their terms as independents. A small number formed the fledgling Progressive Canadian Party led by Ernie Schreiber, while others may have joined other centre or centre-left parties. With the conservative movement's drift to the political right, the term Red Tory is often used today not to refer to those in the traditional Red Tory tradition of George Grant or Robert Stanfield but simply to Blue Tory moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism such as James Moore, Gerald Keddy and Jim Prentice. For the most part the unmitigated faith in big government has disappeared from Canadian politics with even the NDP approaching the subject with some trepidation. Thus, in the 2004 Conservative Party leadership election, Tony Clement was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though Clement was on the right wing of the Mike Harris cabinet. Clement is a neoconservative, who advocates privatization, tax cuts, the curtailment of social and economic development spending and free trade with the United States. He opposes government intervention in the economy. Clement's stances are policies that most traditional Red Tories would reject. David Orchard and his supporters have put themselves as the modern inheritors of the Red Tory tradition, although many Red Tories would not embrace this strident opponent of free trade with the United States as a Red Tory. Red Tories post-merger One of the most important issues facing the newly created Conservative Party is what will happen with the Red Tories. Many high-profile Red Tories had opposed the merger and do not support the new party. The union has resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to defect to the Liberals. The latter group includes Members of Parliament (MPs) Scott Brison, André Bachand, Rick Borotsik, Keith Martin, and John Herron. Joe Clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a Progressive Conservative, outside of the new Conservative party caucus. Other high-profile Red Tories such as Sinclair Stevens and Flora MacDonald applied to re-register the old Progressive Conservative Party name; however this was refused by Elections Canada. On March 26, 2004, the Progressive Canadian Party was registered with Elections Canada. It aims to be perceived as a revival of the "PC Party". It is not clear how successful it will be in this regard, since no prominent former PC Tories such as Clark, Stevens, or MacDonald, or any sitting MP or senator, is associated with the new party. Finally, some Red Tories have decided to join the new Conservative Party. A group of them formed the Red Tory Council , a group constructed to give voice to the Red Tories, monitor the party and its positions, and to prevent too great a swing to the right. Belinda Stronach, an instigator of the new party yet relative newcomer to politics who placed second in the first Conservative leadership election, spoke up for government intervention to ensure growth in the economy, and generally stood against social conservatism, particularly in her personal support for same-sex marriage rights. Stronach's positions on these issues are ones that Red Tories typically support, and she might be considered the most prominent Red Tory member of the Conservative caucus in the 38th Parliament. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. 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The narrator is at an observatory in Ottershaw when explosions are witnessed on Mars, causing interest among the scientific community. Later a "meteor" lands on Horsell Common, southwest of London, close to the narrator's home in Woking, Surrey. He is among the first to discover that the object is a space-going artificial cylinder. When the cylinder opens, the Martians - bulky, octopus-like creatures the size of a bear - briefly emerge, show difficulty in coping with the Earth's atmosphere, and rapidly retreat into the cylinder. A human deputation moves towards the cylinder, but the Martians incinerate them with a heat-ray weapon, before beginning the construction of alien machinery.	[ 464, 32339, 318, 379, 281, 3799, 2870, 287, 19740, 1010, 26615, 618, 23171, 389, 13923, 319, 8706, 11, 6666, 1393, 1871, 262, 5654, 2055, 13, 11450, 257, 366, 4164, 13492, 1, 8604, 319, 6075, 7255, 8070, 11, 26283, 286, 3576, 11, 1969, 284, 262, 32339, 338, 1363, 287, 370, 5730, 11, 38805, 13, 679, 318, 1871, 262, 717, 284, 7073, 326, 262, 2134, 318, 257, 2272, 12, 5146, 11666, 24911, 13, 1649, 262, 24911, 9808, 11, 262, 3981, 1547, 532, 39392, 11, 19318, 25790, 12, 2339, 8109, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 6842, 532, 11589, 14740, 11, 905, 8722, 287, 35326, 351, 262, 3668, 338, 8137, 11, 290, 8902, 13703, 656, 262, 24911, 13, 317, 1692, 1207, 7094, 6100, 3371, 262, 24911, 11, 475, 262, 3981, 1547, 48244, 378, 606, 351, 257, 4894, 12, 2433, 4282, 11, 878, 3726, 262, 5103, 286, 8756, 20230, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	145
Community Voice Project Tells Stories of the Anacostia Two rivers run through Washington, D.C. The Potomac, famous in history, separates the city from Virginia. The Anacostia, forgotten by history, divides the nation’s capital into parallel universes — one monumental and booming, the other unseen and struggling. You could call it a tale of two cities. Polluted and degraded, the Anacostia became a monument of environmental neglect. But for those who know the river and all its troubles, the Anacostia has inspired hopes and dreams, culture and community. And remarkable human stories. Stories like Rodney Stotts’s. He grew up in southeast D.C., where, often enough, if you happen to be young and black and male, you learn early about life. And loss. When Rodney heard about a group called the Earth Conservation Corps, he signed on as a pioneer member and went to work trying to restore the river and reintroduce wildlife, like the bald eagle. Several years into it, four of his coworkers were murdered—strangled, shot, knifed, and bludgeoned to death. Rodney learned you don’t quit. More than 20 years later, he’s still working on the river and paying forward the break he caught to kids coming up behind him, training new recruits how to restore old rivers — and young lives. The story of Rodney Stotts and seven other “RiverStories,” captured digitally in words and video and photos, drew a crowd to American University’s Wechsler Theatre for a screening on December 14. ‘Stories from the Inside Out’ These eight stories documented pivotal experiences in the lives of people connected with the Anacostia. They were produced through a unique collaboration between community members and AU students working with Nina Shapiro-Perl in her course, Community Documentary: Stories of Transformation. “Stories from the inside out,” says Shapiro-Perl, anthropology professor and filmmaker in residence. Because they emerged from the inner lives and memories of these individuals, coaxed into the world by one or two students working closely, intimately, with each community member. “In their own words and in their own voice, with images and music of their own choosing, they tell us about their lives,” says Shapiro-Perl. “They were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. The students knew firsthand what it felt like to share their own sometimes buried feelings from the past in a story circle with almost perfect strangers. Or give feedback on another person’s story without overtaking it. Or create a first version of their digital story, only to go back again to get at a deeper truth. This is the method behind making digital stories,” she says. “This is the process that allows us to listen deeply to each other across the divides of neighborhood, class, race, and culture.” An ambitious project, it began as a partnership between American University and the Anacostia Community Museum, which wanted to document the stories of people of southeast Washington who engage with the river. And as the stories show, many people engage — in many ways. - Francis Wheeler recalls growing up black and poor in southeast D.C. with all the riches of a clean river and a bounty of fish. - Vaughn Perry found his passion while volunteering with Groundwork Anacostia and connecting young people with their environment. - Jamaica-born Sania Rose brings her love of nature to her hands-on efforts to eradicate pollution and restore the river’s beauty. - “River rat” Gabe Horchler, law librarian at the Library of Congress, commutes to work each day — on the river, in his boat. - Senegal native Kalin Williams is working to build sustainable “transition” communities through her nonprofit Earth’s Visible Energy (E.V.E.). - “Ecofeminist” Brenda Lee Richardson got involved in D.C. politics to clean up the Anacostia and her community, finding herself as she rediscovered the river. - Bob “Coach” Day, retired foreign service officer, runs the Organization for Anacostia Rowing and Sculling (OARS), a rowing program for at-risk teens. Many engaging, all dreaming big. Of bridging worlds. Of making connections. Of changing the conversation. Community members each wrote a story about a transformative experience, which they shared with the students. “We started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with,” says Kady Buchanan, MFA film and electronic media student, who partnered with Rodney Stotts. The students listened. And they asked questions. And then they were matched with a storyteller. “We wanted to work with Sania because she was just really positive and full of hope and we really liked how she expressed that,” says Sean Furmage, a second-year doctoral student in cultural anthropology. “And that’s what we wanted to capture.” The process was dynamic, and intense. “It was just us two,” says Buchanan. “We met sometimes weekly, sometimes not. We would just write ideas and write ideas, and go over it and over it. I would work on it in class and then bring it back, and then, ‘Let’s try this, and let’s try this.’” Camille Akeju, director of the Smithsonian Anacostia Community Museum, says, “We learn as much from the students as they learn from the process. It’s awe-inspiring to see a glow of recognition and appreciation from these students who, through this project, really are having worlds open up to them. It’s a facilitated process, but very spontaneous, too.” The digital stories are part of the Community Voice Project, an interdisciplinary initiative of faculty and students in the School of Communication’s film and media arts, journalism, and public communication divisions, and the College of Arts and Sciences’ anthropology department. “Most students in our film program make films about something,” says SOC dean Larry Kirkman. “This is a very different kind of course, and it is quite radical. It’s making films with people. And this really changes students’ relationship to their subjects.” Shapiro-Perl says that her students “document the stories and amplify the voices of marginalized communities to advance a more inclusive and progressive public policy.” In the process, they cross divides and develop tools to work with others to share common human bonds. 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- Historic Sites Landmarks On The Rim People visit the Grand Canyon for scenery, not architecture. But an assortment of buildings there, infused with history and the sensibility of one strong woman, are worth a long look. April 1996 \| Volume 47, Issue 2 Inside, the floors gleam with polyurethane. The Hopi wall paintings have been cleaned and put behind glass, heating ducts and electrical conduits have been hidden, and the second floor is now opened up to allow tourists “more room to browse, shop and feel at ease with making a purchase,” in the words of a feasibility study. It is a restoration superbly executed—in every respect except one: By Mary Colter’s standards, the building looks too new. We know that Colter imagined a past for the buildings she designed. When Hopi House opened in 1905, it already had a dusty look, as if it had been inhabited for generations. The building, as it was restored in 1995, has considerable presence, but visually it communicates little history. If she could see it today, we can be sure the outspoken Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter would have something to say about that.	[ 12, 30426, 37034, 198, 22342, 14306, 1550, 383, 29542, 198, 8061, 3187, 262, 5675, 22099, 329, 31068, 11, 407, 10959, 13, 887, 281, 36168, 286, 6832, 612, 11, 37681, 351, 2106, 290, 262, 3054, 2247, 286, 530, 1913, 2415, 11, 389, 2861, 257, 890, 804, 13, 198, 16784, 8235, 930, 14701, 6298, 11, 18232, 362, 198, 24441, 11, 262, 18570, 26852, 321, 351, 7514, 495, 400, 1531, 13, 383, 9996, 72, 3355, 21641, 423, 587, 20750, 290, 1234, 2157, 5405, 11, 16930, 28494, 82, 290, 12278, 36118, 896, 423, 587, 7104, 11, 290, 262, 1218, 4314, 318, 783, 4721, 510, 284, 1249, 15930, 564, 250, 3549, 2119, 284, 25675, 11, 6128, 290, 1254, 379, 10152, 351, 1642, 257, 5001, 11, 447, 251, 287, 262, 2456, 286, 257, 40460, 2050, 13, 632, 318, 257, 19414, 21840, 306, 10945, 960, 259, 790, 2461, 2845, 530, 25, 2750, 5335, 1623, 353, 447, 247, 82, 5423, 11, 262, 2615, 3073, 1165, 649, 13, 198, 1135, 760, 326, 1623, 353, 15758, 257, 1613, 329, 262, 6832, 673, 3562, 13, 1649, 9996, 72, 2097, 4721, 287, 37166, 11, 340, 1541, 550, 257, 36972, 804, 11, 355, 611, 340, 550, 587, 30671, 329, 10439, 13, 383, 2615, 11, 355, 340, 373, 15032, 287, 8735, 11, 468, 11091, 4931, 11, 475, 22632, 340, 48556, 1310, 2106, 13, 1002, 673, 714, 766, 340, 1909, 11, 356, 460, 307, 1654, 262, 27687, 5335, 10674, 12091, 1623, 353, 561, 423, 1223, 284, 910, 546, 326, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	246
\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \| Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics 1998; 275 pp; hardcover List Price: US$60 Member Price: US$48 Order Code: PSAPM/55 There exists a history of great expectations and large investments involving Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are also notable shortfalls and memorable disappointments. One major controversy regarding AI is just how mathematical a field it is or should be. This text includes contributions that examine the connections between AI and mathematics, demonstrating the potential for mathematical applications and exposing some of the more mathematical areas within AI. The goal is to stimulate interest in people who can contribute to the field or use its results. Included is work by M. Newborn on the famous Deep Blue chess match. He discusses highly mathematical techniques involving graph theory, combinatorics and probability and statistics. G. Shafer offers his development of probability through probability trees with some of the results appearing here for the first time. M. Golumbic treats temporal reasoning with ties to the famous Frame Problem. His contribution involves logic, combinatorics and graph theory and leads to two chapters with logical themes. H. Kirchner explains how ordering techniques in automated reasoning systems make deduction more efficient. Constraint logic programming is discussed by C. Lassez, who shows its intimate ties to linear programming with crucial theorems going back to Fourier. V. Nalwa's work provides a brief tour of computer vision, tying it to mathematics--from combinatorics, probability and geometry to partial differential equations. All authors are gifted expositors and are current contributors to the field. The wide scope of the volume includes research problems, research tools and good motivational material for teaching. Graduate students and research mathematicians interested in artificial intelligence; possibly those interested in philosophy. "Although this book was written to introduce mathematicians to AI, the book is also likely to be a valuable resource for cognitive scientists and mathematical psychologists." -- Journal of Mathematical Psychology "Seven excellent papers are included, covering important AI topics." -- Mathematical Reviews Table of Contents AMS Home \| © Copyright 2012, American Mathematical Society	[ 91, 1849, 15886, 1849, 15886, 1849, 15886, 1849, 15886, 1849, 15886, 1849, 15886, 1849, 91, 198, 2964, 2707, 654, 286, 15845, 1930, 544, 287, 27684, 39448, 198, 21113, 26, 25829, 9788, 26, 1327, 9631, 198, 8053, 7886, 25, 1294, 3, 1899, 198, 27608, 7886, 25, 1294, 3, 2780, 198, 18743, 6127, 25, 6599, 2969, 44, 14, 2816, 198, 1858, 7160, 257, 2106, 286, 1049, 9027, 290, 1588, 11115, 7411, 35941, 9345, 357, 20185, 737, 1318, 389, 635, 12411, 1790, 23348, 290, 18078, 6703, 902, 13, 1881, 1688, 10386, 5115, 9552, 318, 655, 703, 18069, 257, 2214, 340, 318, 393, 815, 307, 13, 198, 1212, 2420, 3407, 9284, 326, 10716, 262, 8787, 1022, 9552, 290, 19473, 11, 21135, 262, 2785, 329, 18069, 5479, 290, 21294, 617, 286, 262, 517, 18069, 3006, 1626, 9552, 13, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 26020, 1393, 287, 661, 508, 460, 8676, 284, 262, 2214, 393, 779, 663, 2482, 13, 198, 818, 10341, 318, 670, 416, 337, 13, 968, 6286, 319, 262, 5863, 10766, 4518, 19780, 2872, 13, 679, 19451, 4047, 18069, 7605, 7411, 4823, 4583, 11, 1974, 20900, 873, 290, 12867, 290, 7869, 13, 402, 13, 911, 34659, 4394, 465, 2478, 286, 12867, 832, 12867, 7150, 351, 617, 286, 262, 2482, 12655, 994, 329, 262, 717, 640, 13, 337, 13, 26849, 2178, 291, 18432, 21964, 14607, 351, 8470, 284, 262, 5863, 25184, 20647, 13, 2399, 10156, 9018, 9156, 11, 1974, 20900, 873, 290, 4823, 4583, 290, 5983, 284, 734, 15754, 351, 12219, 13460, 13, 367, 13, 7385, 354, 1008, 6688, 703, 16216, 7605, 287, 16359, 14607, 3341, 787, 24374, 517, 6942, 13, 1482, 2536, 2913, 9156, 8300, 318, 6693, 416, 327, 13, 10123, 325, 89, 11, 508, 2523, 663, 16584, 8470, 284, 14174, 8300, 351, 8780, 262, 382, 907, 1016, 736, 284, 34296, 5277, 13, 569, 13, 399, 282, 10247, 338, 670, 3769, 257, 4506, 4205, 286, 3644, 5761, 11, 28379, 340, 284, 19473, 438, 6738, 1974, 20900, 873, 11, 12867, 290, 22939, 284, 13027, 22577, 27490, 13, 198, 3237, 7035, 389, 22527, 1033, 418, 6742, 290, 389, 1459, 20420, 284, 262, 2214, 13, 383, 3094, 8354, 286, 262, 6115, 3407, 2267, 2761, 11, 2267, 4899, 290, 922, 49066, 2587, 329, 7743, 13, 198, 42731, 4985, 2444, 290, 2267, 33161, 1547, 4609, 287, 11666, 4430, 26, 5457, 883, 4609, 287, 8876, 13, 198, 1, 7003, 428, 1492, 373, 3194, 284, 10400, 33161, 1547, 284, 9552, 11, 262, 1492, 318, 635, 1884, 284, 307, 257, 8119, 8271, 329, 10870, 5519, 290, 18069, 30842, 526, 198, 438, 4913, 286, 30535, 605, 18430, 198, 1, 31334, 6275, 9473, 389, 3017, 11, 9505, 1593, 9552, 10233, 526, 198, 438, 30535, 605, 20871, 198, 10962, 286, 26714, 198, 40834, 5995, 930, 198, 16224, 15069, 2321, 11, 1605, 30535, 605, 7023, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	459
ROMAIN WACZIARG FINDS LINK BETWEEN GENETIC DISTANCE AND INCOME DIFFERENCES Study provides new perspective on technology adoption Why are some countries rich and others poor? Much has been written on this question from a historical perspective, says UCLA Anderson Associate Professor Romain Wacziarg. "Countries that were colonized and populated by Europeans are generally more economically developed than countries that were not colonized, or were colonized but not populated by Europeans," he says. Wacziarg thought this might have to do with the links between developed countries and Northwestern Europe, where the Industrial Revolution originated. "In particular," he says, "with the fact that the colonizers who settled in these regions had been close to the industrial breakthroughs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." So Wacziarg and Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University began looking at the long term determinants of economic performance by countries -- measured by per-capita income. The main hypothesis of their study was that, if a country has a significant population that is genetically related to the population in the country where a major technological innovation took place, the country is more likely to adopt this technology and develop economically. The results are presented in a paper by Wacziarg and Spolaore entitled, "The Diffusion of Development." "The idea is not about being European per se," says Wacziarg. "It's about being close to the source of innovation. Not just geographically close, but also genetically close. New Zealand and Australia are not geographically close to Europe, but they still got the industrial revolution sooner than Papua New Guinea in part because they were colonized by Europeans." Genetic distance measures the time since two populations had common ancestors. Much like siblings are more closely related than cousins since they share parents rather than grandparents, if two populations split apart 2,000 years ago, they will be genetically closer than two populations that split apart 10,000 years ago. The mechanism linking genetic distance to income differences can take a variety of forms. People who are genetically close are more likely to trust each other. Populations that are genetically close can also communicate more easily, understand each others' cultural norms and values, and adopt practices conducive to modern development -- such as rapid human capital accumulation, low fertility and better political institutions. One unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. Because of this, separation between populations is associated with a host of differences in skills, culture and language that are potential barriers to development. "We needed a way to measure the distance between populations of different countries," says Wacziarg. It turned out that geneticists have identified genetic markers that enable them to distinguish populations. And since these markers evolve at a steady rate, it is possible to determine the length of time since two populations had a common ancestor. It's like a molecular clock, he says. Genetic distance is based on blood samples. Enzymes and protein markers vary from one population to another. The measure of genetic distance is known as FST Genetic Distance. "It's what geneticists call the measure of heterozygosity, which summarizes how different your genes are," says Wacziarg. In the study, Wacziarg and Spolaore found that genetic distance is significantly correlated with current per-capita income differences between countries, even controlling statistically for geographic distance and other differences such as climate and resources. The results hold for income differences measured around the world since the year 1500. Interestingly, genetic distance correlates with the current differences in income among European countries despite their close geographic proximity. "It's really quite simple," says Wacziarg. "The more genetically related people are, the more they will communicate, trust each other, imitate each other and share ideas. Closely related populations will exchange practices, values, and modes of production that are conducive to economic development." "What the paper does not argue," says Wacziarg, "is that a country will never develop if it is really far from the technological frontier. It ultimately might get it, but the time it will take is proportional to its genetic distance from the source of innovation." The study suggests that anything that fosters the exchange of ideas between populations that are genetically distant might help overcome barriers to development. One example, says Wacziarg, was the migration of engineers from India to the Silicon Valley as the area became a hub for information technology. He notes that this certainly helped make India a leader in software and IT services. "You can overcome some genetic distance by bringing people close," he says. Another reason for India's commercial success with IT, notes Wacziarg, is that the Indian population, particularly in North India, is actually quite genetically close to European populations. Indians also had the advantage of speaking English, a heritage of the history of British colonization. A population more genetically and culturally distant from Europe may not have fared as well. Wacziarg admits that his study may not have immediate policy implications for poor countries. "There is an aspect of pessimism involved in any study that says a current economic situation has roots in deep history," he explains. "You can't change deep history. There is a notion that poverty results from extremely persistent forces that are very hard to change." But he maintains that economic development remains possible for any population. "This study suggests that anything that facilitates the flow of ideas and exchange between distant populations might help," he says. "Countries do develop and become richer. India and China are cases in point." Read more about the study in Economic Principles.	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Wildlife Damage Management Brown Treesnake Research at NWRC Trapping is central to the control activities carried out on Guam, yet it is only one component of an integrated control program that simultaneously uses multiple methods, and employs a sequential, strategic approach for snake removal over large areas. NWRC scientists work closely with other Wildlife Services biologists to design trap placement strategies and to develop snake-trap attractants. Several trap placement strategies (factoring in optimal trap spacing, plot dimensions etc.) have been applied to forested plots. Perimeter trapping, interior trapping, and boundary trapping regimens are all employed. Once snake populations have been reduced in an area, maintaining some strategically placed traps around the plot helps deter population recovery. October 11, 2007	[ 25946, 6042, 8995, 8549, 198, 20644, 34925, 77, 539, 4992, 379, 21966, 7397, 198, 15721, 2105, 318, 4318, 284, 262, 1630, 4568, 5281, 503, 198, 261, 39282, 11, 1865, 340, 318, 691, 530, 7515, 286, 281, 11521, 1630, 1430, 326, 198, 14323, 9560, 3481, 3544, 3294, 5050, 11, 290, 24803, 257, 35582, 11, 10039, 198, 21064, 620, 329, 17522, 9934, 625, 1588, 3006, 13, 21966, 7397, 5519, 670, 7173, 198, 4480, 584, 18006, 6168, 43149, 284, 1486, 12840, 13127, 10064, 198, 392, 284, 1205, 17522, 12, 46670, 4729, 1187, 13, 198, 14945, 12840, 13127, 10064, 357, 22584, 3255, 287, 16586, 12840, 31050, 11, 7110, 15225, 3503, 2014, 423, 587, 5625, 284, 8222, 276, 21528, 13, 2448, 16912, 43338, 11, 11087, 43338, 11, 290, 18645, 43338, 842, 12117, 389, 477, 9322, 13, 4874, 17522, 9684, 423, 587, 5322, 287, 281, 1989, 11, 10941, 617, 34235, 4624, 20348, 1088, 262, 7110, 5419, 2206, 3265, 7628, 13, 198, 18517, 1367, 11, 4343, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	160
THE APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD FOREST The Appalachian Hardwood Region is the mountainous area between New York and North Georgia with an approximate boundary at the 1,000-foot altitude contour. Within this area grow the finest hardwood timber to be found in the world. Thousands of years ago this area was bounded on the north by glaciers and on the east, south and west by a shallow sea. When the glaciers receded and the seas subsided, the mountains were the garden spot that seeded the surrounding areas. All species of trees found in the east are also found in these mountains. For nearly 200 years after the settlement of the coastal plains, the Appalachian mountains were the "Far West." The first white man to explore the Appalachian mountains is reported to have been Desoto in about 1540. He made no real settlement and few pioneers attempted to cross the rugged mountain ranges. Hunters who ventured into these lush mountains returned with glowing tales of the grandeur of the country. With the discovery of Cumberland Gap about 1750, a relatively easy route became available across the mountains. However, westward migration did not start until 1779 when Daniel Boone was commissioned by the Virginia Legislature to build a road through the Gap. He built what became known as the "Wilderness Road." From 1779 to 1795 a steady stream of settlers flowed across the mountain trail. Few stopped to settle in the rugged mountains to work out a living. Most of the people moved on through the mountains into the low rolling hills and river bottom lands of central Kentucky and beyond. The results of this migration can be seen in the timber stands of the region today. Within the Appalachian mountain territory there are vast areas of forest land containing billions of board feet of timber. Farther west beyond the mountains in Kentucky and Tennessee, the forest lands are mostly small tracts and farm wood When steam boat traffic started on the Ohio River, travel largely left the overland route, and the mountain section was nearly isolated from the outside world. Scattered logging operations were active near the river courses as early as 1825. However, it was not until about ten years after the Civil War when deposits of coal and iron were discovered that the railroads pushed into the mountains providing new transportation systems. The coming of the railroads was important to the timber industry because it provided outlets for the forest products so bountiful in the country. The demand for forest products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. Lumbermen from New England and New York and Pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the virgin forests of the northeast. Here was a new area of timber, the grandeur of which they had never seen. Great band mills were built throughout the mountains to saw the giant poplar, oak and ash. These Appalachian hardwoods found their way into furniture, flooring, wall paneling, railroad ties and hundreds of other products. They matched in elegance and beauty the foreign woods favored by woodworking craftsmen of the day. The area remains primarily a timber-producing region because the rugged nature of the country discouraged extensive land clearing for farming and conditions of soil, climate and topography are nearly perfect for growing trees. The Appalachian mountains, which represent about 15 percent of the hardwood forest land area, furnish more than 20 percent of the total hardwood lumber production. The story of early hardwood harvesting in the Appalachians is one of popularity for the different species. The first loggers went into the woods and cut white oak and yellow poplar 24 inches and larger in diameter. Timber harvest in the mountains continued to rise, with peak production reached in 1909 and 1910. During this period of timber production, the supply seemed infinite. Mammoth machines moved through the woods, knocking down what was not harvested and leaving great quantities of wasted wood in their wake. Following the harvests, fires often moved through the area, burning not only trees, but the soil as well, causing serious damage to the forest environment. The miracle of nature provided the vitality to recover from the devastating fires and today the forests have regenerated. In the old days of virgin timber, trees were cut for use and to clear the land. Now, with our frontier gone and our second growth timber before us, we are growing trees for use and changing our forest practices to meet not only the demands of today but the anticipated demands of generations to come. Today, landowners and operators alike have professional foresters in their employ who guide the destiny of our public, private and industrial forests. As our ancestors found wood important to their daily lives, we find it essential today. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. There would be no newspapers, magazines or books. Food would be very hard to find. New homes could not be built. Railroads could not operate. There would be no paper products---no toilet tissue, paper napkins, bags, boxes or containers. Fortunately for all of us, we will not run out of wood in the immediate future. Trees are our only major renewable resource. Unlike the oil and mineral resources of this nation, trees can go on forever. If we are intelligent enough as a society to grow, harvest and manage trees scientifically, we can count on a bountiful supply of wood forever. In the harvesting, sawing and processing of logs in the Appalachian region, thousands of jobs are created. People are needed to cut the trees, saw them into logs and haul them to sawmills. There the logs are cut into lumber. Other manufacturing plants process them into flooring, cabinets, panels, furniture and various finished products. Wood industry jobs now require highly skilled people and provide lifetime occupational employment for those who want meaningful productive work. Altogether the basic forest industries of the Appalachian region employ more than 50,000 people, with payrolls generating millions of dollars. Thus, you can see the forests of this region play and important part in the daily economic lives of Forest management practices in the region are making rapid strides. Future progress will depend on public cooperation and support. Trees were put here to use. Remember, timber is our only major natural resource. There is a direct relationship between the quality of timber and the quality of all other forest resources. When trees are maintained in a healthy vigorous condition, all other resources benefit. When trees are "cultured" or managed, watershed values, wildlife food and cover, recreational opportunities, and all other enjoyment values for people are the greatest.	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St. Josaphat Kuncevyc St. Josaphat Kuncevyc, a Virtuous Saint of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - Saint Josaphat On November 12, the Church remembers the life and tireless efforts of St. Josaphat Kuncevyc, the first Eastern Rite (Byzantine Catholic) saint to be canonized by Rome in 1876. This devout man preached and worked to encourage unity within the church and would eventually be martyred at the hands of the schismatic group he had worked to unite to the Apostolic See of Rome. St. Josaphat Kuncevyc was born and baptized as Johannes in the small Lithuanian town of Volodymyr in either 1580 or 1584. It was not a happy time for the Ruthenian Church, inwhich he was raised, and which united itself to Rome in 1595. There were, however, members of the Church who maintained a schism from Rome, and had disdain for the "Uniates," which was the term for those who were in full communion with Rome. Though Johannes's father was of noble heritage, he was devoted to commercial pursuits, and held the office of town-councilor. Both he and Johannes's mother contributed to the fostering of piety in the future saint. As a child, he didn't care much for typical child's play, but rather spent time praying and assisting at the liturgy. As a student he was both talented and zealous. While still a youth, he fervently studied ecclesiastical Slav, and learned almost the entire casoslov (breviary), which he began to pray daily. He was offered a well paying partnership with a successful merchant and the hand of the merchant's daughter in marriage. However, Johannes declined, discerning instead a calling to religious life. Life and Works as a Religious At the age of 20 or 24 (recalling the fact that it is unknown for sure whether he was born in 1580 or 1584), Johannes entered a Basilian monastery, the Ukrainian Order of Saint Basil at Vilna in 1604. Here, he lived as a monk and took the name Brother Josaphat. He was ordained a Byzantine Rite priest in 1609. At some point not too long after his ordination, Josaphat learned of his superiorSamuel's dissident views and works. Samuel had never accepted unity with Rome and sought ways to fight Roman Catholicism and those who brought about and supported union with Rome. Fearing the spiritual damage that could be brought about, Josaphat brought the matter to the attention of Samuel's superiors and the Archbishop of Kiev removed Samuel from his post, replacing him with Josaphat. Josaphat became a famous preacher, working to bring unity with Rome among the faithful, and to draw strayed Christians back to the Church. He believed unity was in the best interest of the Church and through teaching, clerical reform, and personal example, Josaphat brought many orthodox churches in Lithuania into union with Rome. He was consecrated Bishop of Vitebsk in 1617, and became Archbishop of Polotsk one year later in 1618. For years Josaphat worked for unity among the Christians in Lithuania, and his labors were indeed fruitful. However, his successes only increased the hatred of the schismatic, anti-Uniate groups in the area. In 1620, while Josaphat was away attending the Diet of Warsaw, a schismatic group, with the accusation that Josaphat had "gone Latin," set up anti-Uniate bishops to replace the true ordained Uniate bishops. Against warnings, Josaphat returned to his station; the army, which remained loyal to the union-loyal king, attempted to protect Josaphat and his clergy. However, November 12, 1623, an anti-Uniate priest shouted insults at Josaphat and tried to enter his residence. When the priest was removed, a mob assembled. Josaphat, who tried to ensure that his servants were able to flee to safety, was martyred by axe and bullet at the hands of the mob. 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Cleaner Water: North Carolina's Straight-Pipe Elimination Project by Fred D. Baldwin Some years ago, William and Elizabeth Thomas tried unsuccessfully to install a properly designed septic system that would replace a four-inch pipe draining household wastewater straight into a little creek a few yards behind their home. "I scrounged up enough money to put one in," William Thomas says. Spreading his hands about two feet apart, he adds, "But I didn't get down this far until we hit water." The Thomases live on a small hillside lot in a rural area of Madison County, North Carolina. Their situation is similar to that of many rural Appalachian families who for one reason or another-money, the lay of the land, or both-live in older homes with inadequate septic systems. By the end of the year, however, they and many other Madison County residents will have new septic systems in place, thanks to a county program backed by an impressive team of state, federal, and local partners ranging from area conservation groups to the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). The genesis of the program goes back to 1995, when Governor James B. Hunt created the Year of the Mountains Commission to assess current and future issues affecting North Carolina's western mountain communities. To protect and improve water quality, the commission recommended that, in addition to reducing mine drainage and agricultural runoff, the state Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) be directed to "aggressively pursue a program to eliminate the practice of 'straight-piping.' " For years, decades even, it had been politically easier to ignore this issue. The commission pointed out that the 1990 Census of housing showed that nearly 50,000 households in North Carolina did not have connections to either municipal sewage systems or adequate septic systems. This was true not only in mountainous areas, but also in low-income communities across the state. Some of these households were draining "black water," which includes raw sewage, into creeks or streams; others were piping toilet wastes to a septic tank but straight-piping soapy and bacteria-laden "gray water" from sinks, baths, and dishwashers. Still other households were relying on septic systems built before the installation of a dishwasher or a second bathroom; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. As early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight-piping. This and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. In 1996, Governor Hunt established a goal to eliminate straight-piping of untreated wastewater into western North Carolina's rivers and streams by the end of the decade. "Every child should grow up in a community with clean, safe water," Hunt says. That same year, in response to the Year of the Mountains Commission report, the North Carolina General Assembly created the Wastewater Discharge Elimination (WaDE) program, which differed significantly from earlier, essentially punitive measures. The new law provided a temporary "amnesty" for households reporting conditions violating state environmental health codes and, more important, provided technical assistance to communities wishing to take advantage of the state's Clean Water Management Trust Fund (a fund established to finance projects that address water pollution problems). Terrell Jones, the WaDE team leader, praises Madison County for being the first county to conduct a wastewater discharge survey under the new law, and he emphasizes that straight-piping, especially of gray water, is a statewide problem. Driving around Madison County, you see why wastewater problems are costly to correct. Roads wind up and down past rocky, fast-flowing streams and creeks that drain into the French Broad River, where white-water rafters come for excitement. Houses on back roads are far apart but near streams. If there's enough land suitable for a septic tank and drainage field downhill from one of those houses, a conventional septic system can be installed for about $2,000. But if wastewater has to be pumped uphill, the cost can easily reach $8,000 or more. This explains why punitive measures against straight-piping have been loosely enforced. Local officials know that even $2,000 is beyond the means of many families. Who would tell cash-strapped people-more often than not, elderly-that they had to sell or abandon their home or family farmstead because of a housing code violation? A Growing List of Partners Madison County officials decided to take the lead on a positive approach. They first turned to the Land-of-Sky Regional Council, an Asheville-based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four Appalachian counties, including Madison. The Land-of-Sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the North Carolina Division of Community Assistance and funds from ARC to begin a wastewater survey and community-planning process. From that point, the list of partners grew rapidly. They included the DENR WaDE program, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development, the North Carolina Rural Communities Assistance Project, the state-funded Clean Water Management Trust Fund, the Pigeon River Fund, the Community Foundation of Western North Carolina, the Western North Carolina Housing Partnership, and ARC. The Madison County Health Department and Land-of-Sky took the lead locally, working with a grassroots planning committee representing a broad base of organizations, outdoor sports enthusiasts, environmental groups, and private-property owners (some of them living in homes with straight-piping). Among the decisions: to test every building in Madison County not connected to a municipal system, not just the older units. That way, no one would feel singled out, and all faulty septic systems would be spotted. "It's made the process go slower," says Heather Bullock, the Land-of-Sky regional planner assisting the project, "but it's made it better." Not all that much slower, either. By the end of September 1999, health department employees had surveyed 4,594 of an estimated 10,000 houses in Madison County. Where plumbing configurations weren't self-evident, the surveyors dropped dye tablets into sinks and toilets (different colors for each) to see if colored water emerged into a stream or septic tank area. The survey identified 945 noncompliant systems (20 percent of the total). Of these, 258 were straight-piping black water; 535, gray water. Another 116 had failing septic systems, and 36 had only outhouses. The incidence of problems closely tracked household income. A welcome surprise, says Kenneth D. Ring, health director of the Madison County Health Department, was how well the inspectors were received. "The cooperation has been overwhelming," he says. Although most people with poor systems knew they had problems and wanted to correct them, some knew little or nothing about the design of their systems. For example, Ronnie Ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. "He thought he had a septic system," Ledford says. "He had a 55-gallon drum. We found a 'black' pipe draining into a ditch line. He was very shocked. It took him some time to get his money together, but he took care of it himself." The problem all along, however, had been that too few people had been able to get the money together to take care of things for themselves. All the agencies involved chipped in to the extent their guidelines permitted. A few septic systems were renovated with Community Development Block Grant funds, but that program's rules require that any unit being renovated in any way be brought up to code in all respects-prohibitively expensive for people in housing with other problems. The USDA provided Section 504 loans and grants for eligible elderly, low-income home owners. The largest pool of money came from the Clean Water Management Trust Fund, which awarded Madison County $750,000 for a revolving loan and grant fund, plus funds for administration. Even so, setting up a workable program wasn't easy. Many low-income area residents had poor credit ratings and little collateral with which to guarantee loans. If the program's loan requirements were too tight, applicants wouldn't qualify for loans, and pollutants would continue to drain into streams; too loose, and the loan fund itself would soon drain away. Help with Funding The Madison County Revolving Loan and Grant Program was established with these concerns in mind. The program includes both grants and loans, the ratios based on household income. In determining credit-worthiness, the program coordinator looks at whether difficulties were caused by circumstances beyond the family's control, such as a medical emergency. If a loan still looks too risky, the applicant is referred to an educational program run by the nonprofit Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Western North Carolina, in Asheville. When it appeared that Madison County might lack the legal flexibility for making the needed loans, the partners turned for help to the Center for Community Self-Help, a statewide nonprofit that offers loans as a community development tool. Self-Help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county's fund as its collateral. This somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. The default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate, but Self-Help makes sure applicants take the loan seriously. "The goal is to clean up the water," explains Tom Barefoot, the USDA Rural Development manager for the area. "We're trying to build on what it takes to get people in [the program], not on possible failure." "This is a multi-year program," adds Marc Hunt, a loan officer with Self-Help's western North Carolina regional office. "We say, ' Work on your credit and get back on the list in a few months.' We don't want to enable consumers to develop bad habits." Contracts were let this fall for installing the first batch of new septic systems (not counting a handful of early projects). By the end of the year 2000, Madison County hopes to have replaced 130 straight-pipes. The benefits will be both tangible and intangible. First of all, the streams of Madison County, some of which flow into a river providing drinking water for towns downstream, will be cleaner. That has important health and economic benefits for an area increasingly attractive to both outdoor recreationalists and people planning to build homes away from cities. Ironically, in some jurisdictions, worries about "image" have been a factor in unwillingness to deal more aggressively with straight-piping. "Madison County recognized an opportunity," says Barefoot, "and they had the courage to act. It's not always a politically safe decision." Marc Hunt agrees: "Many rural counties have similar situations. Any one of them could have done it, but Madison County took the lead." Governor Hunt also has praise for the county. "I am proud of everyone involved in Madison County's work to find and fix straight-piping problems in a cooperative effort. This will only help our economic development, our public health, and our environment. But most of all, we're helping to make sure our children can grow up in a community with clean, safe water." The various public and private partners involved hope that Madison County's experience will become a model for other counties. There have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the Appalachian areas of the state. "It's really incredible to me," says Jody Lovelace, a community development specialist with USDA Rural Development, "how we've been able to pull this together. Everyone said, 'Let's not just clean up the water. Let's help these folks develop financial responsibility and financial pride.' " For the individual households involved, there are direct benefits. Some will have a chance to build or improve a credit history. Most will benefit at least somewhat from improved property values. All, of course, will be glad to be rid of septic systems that back up or of the unpleasant and potentially dangerous discharge of wastewater of any kind near their homes. "It's a health hazard," Elizabeth Thomas says. The Thomases, who were defeated by waterlogged soil when they tried to replace their old system years earlier, this time received help from a neighbor. He agreed to let them install a septic tank on his vacant field, downhill and off to one side of their house. "He's a good neighbor," William Thomas says. That pretty much sums up what Madison County, Land-of-Sky, and their various partners have accomplished. The straight-pipe elimination project began with a blue-ribbon commission's straight talk about an old problem. It's grown into a program that gives everyone involved-from agency officials to rural people living in houses built by their grandparents many decades ago-a chance to prove that they can be good neighbors to each other. Fred D. Baldwin is a freelance writer based in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.	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Wednesday 15 May Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) Philippine duck fact file - Find out more - Print factsheet Philippine duck description With its rusty-cinnamon head and bluish-grey bill, the Philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. The cinnamon coloured head is boldly decorated with a black crown and a black stripe through the eye, while the rest of the plumage is brownish-grey. When in flight, a well-defined patch of glossy green on the wing can be clearly seen (2), which is bordered with black and has a narrow white edge (3), and the underside of the wing is also white (2). Immature Philippine ducks have slightly duller plumage than that of adults, while ducklings are olive-brown with a bright yellow face and neck (2). It calls with a typical duck-like quack (3). - Length: 48 – 58 cm (2) Philippine duck biology This shy and nervous species, which will quickly fly off if approached, may be seen in large flocks outside of the breeding season, but usually occurs in pairs or small groups (2). The breeding season is thought to extend between March and November, with a peak in activity in July and August, although this may vary throughout the range (2). The Philippine duck constructs a nest obscured from view under a thick cover of aquatic vegetation, such as water bindweed. Clutches consist of 8 to 10, sometimes 15 to 16, eggs, which are dull white with a brownish tinge. These are incubated for 25 to 26 days (2). Most active in the early morning, late afternoon, and during moonlit nights, the Philippine duck forages in shallow water for plants, molluscs and crustaceans (2). Fish and frogs may also be consumed, as well as insects, rice and the shoots of young plants; some farmers have complained of the damage this duck had done to newly sown fields and sprouting crops (4).Top Philippine duck rangeTop Philippine duck habitat The Philippine duck can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including small streams in forests, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, tidal creeks, and the open sea (2) (4). It prefers areas with marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres (2).Top Philippine duck status Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).Top Philippine duck threats Hunting and habitat loss pose the greatest threat to the Philippine duck’s survival, and evidence from the last 20 years suggest that numbers are declining (2). Since the 1960s, high levels of hunting and trapping of this species have been recorded, with thousands allegedly shot each week in certain months in the late 1980s (3), for both food and sport (5). Many wetland habitats of the Philippines have been drained, or converted for aquaculture and shrimp- or fish-ponds (3) (5). Most devastating to this species was the drainage of Candaba Marsh in the 1990s, which was once one of the most important sites for the Philippine duck, but is now too dry to support a large population (5). The recent extensive use of pesticides on rice-fields may also have had serious impacts on the Philippine duck (3).Top Philippine duck conservation The Philippine duck receives legal protection at five locations, including Lake Naujan National Park on Mindoro and Maria Aurora Memorial Natural Park on Luzon (3). In addition, hunting of all bird species is illegal in the Philippines, with the government banning firearms in 1972, although unfortunately, this law lacks enforcement (3) (5). Education and awareness programmes are required to enable local people to understand the effects of hunting on birds and the relevant laws (5). Further protection of the Philippine’s wetlands is also essential for this species’ survival; for example, the protection and restoration of Candaba Marsh has been recommended (3).Top Find out more For further information on the conservation of the Philippines’ wetlands see: - Society of the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands: For more information on this and other bird species please see: - BirdLife International: AuthenticationThis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: [email protected] - The cultivation of marine or freshwater food fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. - Diverse group of arthropods (a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles. - A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - A diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth (the radula), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. Includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. - IUCN Red List (April, 2008) - Kear, J. (2005) Ducks, Geese and Swans. Oxford University Press, Oxford. - BirdLife International (April, 2008) - BirdLife International. (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. - Crosby, M.J. (2003) Saving Asia’s Threatened Birds: A Guide for Government and Civil Society. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends. Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors. 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Hanging Temple (Xuankong Si) Heng Shan (Bei Yue), Shanxi Heng Shan is one of five sacred Daoist mountains, climbed by emperors to seek blessings from the time of Qin Shi Huang onwards. The spectacular Hanging Temple was first built by the Northern Wei, although its present structures only date from the Qing Dynasty. The long poles, that seem to prop up its buildings, are more for visual effect. The temple is actually cut into the side of the rock, with additional support from cantilevered floor beams that have been socketed into the cliff (closeup). Xuankong is religiously eclectic. Of the three major halls seen here, the leftmost is Buddhist, the middle is Daoist, and the rightmost is Confucian.	[ 39, 4924, 10857, 357, 55, 84, 962, 506, 15638, 8, 198, 39, 1516, 14866, 357, 3856, 72, 32854, 828, 14866, 29992, 198, 39, 1516, 14866, 318, 530, 286, 1936, 13626, 360, 5488, 396, 12269, 11, 19952, 416, 795, 49406, 284, 5380, 28388, 422, 262, 640, 286, 31482, 16380, 31663, 31719, 13, 383, 15013, 367, 4924, 10857, 373, 717, 3170, 416, 262, 8342, 29341, 11, 3584, 663, 1944, 8573, 691, 3128, 422, 262, 28927, 30908, 13, 383, 890, 24971, 11, 326, 1283, 284, 2632, 510, 663, 6832, 11, 389, 517, 329, 5874, 1245, 13, 383, 12505, 318, 1682, 2005, 656, 262, 1735, 286, 262, 3881, 11, 351, 3224, 1104, 422, 18548, 576, 21917, 4314, 26741, 326, 423, 587, 17802, 276, 656, 262, 19516, 357, 19836, 929, 737, 198, 55, 84, 962, 506, 318, 42194, 46644, 13, 3226, 262, 1115, 1688, 24350, 1775, 994, 11, 262, 1364, 1712, 318, 20838, 11, 262, 3504, 318, 360, 5488, 396, 11, 290, 262, 826, 1712, 318, 7326, 1229, 666, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	166
The 1913 Armory Show: Much Ado About Everything In the 1940s, modern art came to New York. Jackson Pollock dripped shimmering skeins of paint onto capacious canvases. Mark Rothko constructed sublime floating rectangles of diaphanous color while Willem de Kooning mutilated the female form using frenzied brushstrokes loaded with frighteningly vivid hues. Gone were explicit references to the figurative, recognizable perspective, and narrative- in their place were amorphous shapes, splashes, drips, and “zips.” This new art, “abstract expressionism” as it was deemed by a critic, did not spring up in a vacuum; it was possible because modern art had already come to New York almost thirty years earlier. In 1913, a single exhibition changed the face of American art forever. The International Exhibition of Modern Art, known as the Armory Show, endeavored to combine the newest and most striking examples of European art with their American counterparts in a magnificent, unparalleled show. It has often attracted general attention and scholarly analysis for its impact on the abstract expressionists of the forties. It was by declaring New York a contender in the modern art milieu, by exposing American artists to the artistic movements of cubism, post-impressionism, and fauvism, and by ultimately legitimating such aesthetic practices that post-WWII artists in America began to subvert, deny, challenge, and transform the prevailing notions of what was considered “good” or “true” art. However, the Armory Show is also fascinating for its reception in its own day- for how the press and public reacted to the shocking paintings that hung on the walls of the 69th Infantry Regiment Armory. The shocking nature of the show facilitated intense media interest and widespread curiosity; newspaper accounts and editorials ranged from commending to condemning and varied from tacit approval to virulent disparagement. The press coverage reveals the Armory Show as a disruption to the predominant aesthetic discourse, but one that was ultimately welcome and necessary. An understanding of the impact of the Armory Show requires a familiarity with the narrative of American art. The earliest American masters painted luminous, crisp portraits of political leaders and New England families. John Singleton Copley earned a name for himself by painting the likenesses of Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and the Winthrop family. His contemporary Benjamin West drew from the European history painting heritage to construct images of grandeur, solemnity, and dignity. As the Revolution gave birth to a republic, Charles Wilson Peale, Emmanuel Leutze, and Gilbert Stuart immortalized its leaders with heroicized, romantic portraits and depictions of their wartime exploits. In the 1800s, the country was enthralled with the vast, unexplored lands in the West, promulgating “Manifest Destiny” to travel, populate, and tame the beguiling wilderness. Artists responded accordingly, depicting jagged, monumental mountains, serenely still pools and rushing waters, dense and dark thickets of pines, brilliant sunsets, and astonishing cloud formations. Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Cole, Frederick Church, and Asher Brown Durand exemplified the American adaptation of European romanticism, forever immortalizing the hopes their countrymen had for the unsettled wilderness of the West. New England luminist artists like Martin Johnson Heade, Fitz Hugh Lane, and John Frederick Kensett placidly depicted the coasts, harbors, isolated dunes, and stately ships that heralded both a vibrant shipping trade and a quiet coastal lifestyle on the shores of the Atlantic. As the forests and empty territories disappeared and cities began to achieve prominence, art looked to the urban world. Monuments arose in cities, buildings grew taller and grander, and occasionally a brash realism seeped into the canvases of the late 19th century. Thomas Eakins, John Sloan, George Luks, and Winslow Homer shied away from John Singer Sargent’s radiant, mildly impressionistic society portraits to illustrate ironworkers, rowing competitions, playing children, and grappling wrestlers. At the turn of the century, the National Academy of Design (NAD) was the most influential presence in the American art scene, if the word “scene” can be employed to describe the loose grouping of painters and sculptors. NAD was a fundamentally conservative and elitist association of artists that held annual exhibitions of primarily European art. The leaders of NAD were exceedingly slow to accept new styles or subjects; many small organizations tried to challenge its narrow-mindedness but found it impossible to truly construct an alternative to the virtual hegemony of the Academy. It was in this context that the first strains of modern art began to subtly seep into the canvases of some American painters. John Marin and Arthur Dove began using sheer washes of color in the first decade of the 20th century, the former using watercolors to frenetically paint the Brooklyn Bridge in cool tones of blue and green and the latter painting abstract, organic shapes in rich Fauvist color. Most American artists, however, were still grounded in realism; many had not even seen what their European counterparts had been up to for the past decades. Landscapes, society portraits, and city scenes (like those of the “Ashcan” painters) were commonplace. New York as an art capital lagged far behind Paris and Berlin with little gallery space, few if any sales for modern painters and sculptors, and the conservative dominating presence of the NAD. It should not be surprising, then, that the Armory Show caused an impact. The state of American art before 1913 was assuredly not modern. The few artists that experimented with such strategies, like Marin, Dove, and Max Weber, were subject to derision. The environment was decidedly inhospitable for abstraction and distortion of the traditional hallmarks of successful painting, especially while the NAD was presiding atop the art world. Something had to be done to bring the vanguard of European art to America and support the few American artists who were discontented with the state of affairs. A group of American painters and sculptors, including Henry Fitch Taylor, Walt Kuhn, Arthur B. Davies, Walter Pach, and William Glackens, decided to take action. They formed the Association for American Painters and Sculptors (AAPS) in 1912 and elected Davies president. In a personal letter to his wife, Kuhn wrote: My idea about the new society is this: a big broad liberal organization embracing every kind of art, even those which I do not like, one that will interest the public…the thing must be started so that it can grow and be as big or bigger than the academy within two or three years. Almost immediately, ideas for a grand exhibition began germinating in the members’ minds. Some had participated in the wildly successful “Independents” show in 1910 that sought to combat the NAD’s influence by showcasing the work of early American modernists. The AAPS was far more ambitious and began looking abroad to discover the origins, impetus, and current practices of modernism in art. The Sonerbund exhibition in Cologne was just what the men had been looking for- Kuhn immediately flew to Germany and caught the exhibition right before it closed. His letters to his wife are characterized by enthusiasm and excitement for his task- he worked feverishly with dealers, collectors, and artists, and traveled extensively. He picked up many of the most significant Post-Impressionists like Cezanne, van Gogh, and Gauguin, met the nervous but pulchritudinous Edvard Munch (unfortunately only one of Munch’s drawings would be featured in the show), became enthralled with the work of Odilon Redon, and subsequently traveled to the art capitals of Paris and Munich. Davies met Kuhn abroad and the two continued the business of collecting the most striking examples of the European avant-garde for the show. Davies, who was more conversant with the developments occurring in European painting, was responsible for the few examples of German Expressionism- one Kandinsky, one Kirchner- that made it into the exhibition. The two also gathered up astonishing examples of Cubism, as seen in the work of Picasso, Braque, and Duchamp; Impressionist masters like Monet and Renoir; the Italian Futurist work of Brancusi; and the Fauvist canvases of Matisse. The trip was extremely successful in amassing most of the remarkable collection that the show would feature. Kuhn’s letters reveal his sentiments on the state of art at home and abroad. He felt both that “we have not been able to judge at home what this thing over here really means. The few imitators we knew, could not do justice to it. You have no idea of the enormity of it” and that “the more I get about the more I feel that New York is the coming place for art and every thing else.” The statements might seem contradictory, but they exemplify the burgeoning discourse concerning contemporary art’s future. Indeed, the best and most avant-garde art was in Europe, but New York was beginning to awaken to such currents and would, in time, become the art capital of the world. Kuhn’s words were quite prescient. Once back in New York, the AAPS began to confront the logistical elements of setting up their exhibition. Along with the help of Clara Davidge, owner of the Madison Art Gallery, one of the strikingly small number of public galleries that exhibited modern art, they booked the Sixty-Ninth Regiment’s Armory on Lexington and 24th/25th streets and began fundraising. The exhibition space was “a vast, high-ceilinged space, a parade ground without internal walls that paintings could be hung on. So the organizers used screens covered in fireproof burlap, dividing the floor into eighteen octagonal rooms- a maze inside a cavernous hall.” Davidge planned the opening reception and used her social ties to ensure that the guest list was dazzling and exhaustive. The more than 1300 works of art were hung in only two days, an extremely impressive feat. The show officially opened on February 17th, 1913 and ran until March 15th when it then traveled to Chicago and Boston. The show represented more than three hundred artists, with one-third American and the rest foreign. The main European movements were covered- Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, and Symbolism. As previously mentioned, only a few German Expressionist paintings were exhibited. Futurism was represented by Brancusi, but eventually the press would ignorantly begin to deem all of the most “confusing” modern works Futurist pieces even though they were expressly incongruent with that particular movement. The American artists shown are recognizable names in the present day, but were mostly unknowns in the art world when they were featured in the Armory Show. They included Marsden Hartley, John Marin, Joseph Stella, Edward Hopper, Stuart Davis, and Charles Sheeler. The New York Ashcan School was well represented, but their individual artistic style was perhaps the most provincial and outdated compared to the European works hanging nearby. At the exhibition’s formal opening, John Quinn presented a speech that deserves to be printed at length, effectively detailing what the AAPS was intending to accomplish with the Armory Show: - The members of this association have shown you that American artists- young American artists, that is- do not dread, and have no need to dread, the idea or culture of Europe. They believe that in the domain of art only the best should rule. This exhibition will be epoch making in the history of American art. Tonight will be the red-letter night in the history not only of American but of all modern art. The members of the Association felt that it was time the American people had an opportunity to see and judge for themselves concerning the work of the Europeans who are creating a new art. Now that the exhibition is a fact, we can say with pride that it is the most complete art exhibit that has been held in the world during the last quarter century. Now that an overview of American art and the factual basis to the Armory Show have been discussed, it is necessary to delve into the press accounts of the show to discover how it was received during its day. The newspaper and magazine articles do much to elucidate the surprise, shock, confusion, and excitement felt when the show debuted in New York. Almost all of the major newspapers had something to say about it the day it opened, and many devoted space in subsequent weeks to different opinions, new controversies, and further attempts to understand what was being shown. An analysis of the media coverage can begin with looking at first impressions of the show. The New York Sun was particularly devoted to covering the Armory Show. An article was published the Sunday before the show opened entitled “Notable International Art Show Now Ready.” The reviewer eagerly expressed his desire for the show to open, noting that “nothing so ambitious has been attempted before.” He detailed previous exhibitions that were moderately successful and endeavored to bring European art to America, but explained that their overall impact was muted. The 1913 show, by contrast, “will stand alone in its special field for magnitude and importance.” He attempted to capture the reasons for putting on such a show, and succeeded- “the aim of the international show…is to stimulate our American artists by showing them what the rest of the advanced world is about.” He concluded that the show would no doubt be a remarkable success if the widespread interest that was already surging through New York was any measure. A discerning hypothesis indeed, but the buzz was intense and it was only logical to conclude that it would be a triumphant accomplishment for the AAPS. Unsurprisingly, two days later the Sun had only glowing accolades to offer its readers clamoring for information on the exhibition. The headline announced “International Art Show A Sensation: An Extraordinary Array.” The reviewer opened his article by proclaiming, “sensational is the only word to apply to the international art show” and the AAPS have “wrought something very like a miracle.” He felt that there was a refreshing lack of agenda or desire for controversy, that the organizers merely wanted their viewers to make up their own minds concerning the relative merits of the paintings and sculptures on display. A tour of sorts explained for the readers the various rooms and movements, and at times the writer lapsed into verbal reverie about certain artists. Cezanne was an object of his affection- “the still voices of these pictures come to you with something like a thrill. If the exhibition had brought nothing beyond these Cézannes to the ken of Americans in their own country, it would have been worthwhile.” Even the jarring colors of Matisse barely offended, and readers of the Sun were exhorted that the show “is an event not on any account to be missed.” The Chicago Tribune focused on the show both the day before and the actual day of opening. On February 16th, the writer, Harriet Monroe, proclaimed that the “insurgents”- a common word used to describe the more controversial artists- had come to New York and that it was a show to be seen; it “promises to be worth going miles and miles to see-and hear.” On February 17th, Monroe had a lot more to say, wavering between approbation and confusion. She began her article by noting the cosmopolitan nature of the show. She believed that it was “enthusiastic, exuberant; it offers the glad hand to any one, young or old, who has something to say in modern art.” She was ambivalent about the Cubist room, however, and offered tacit criticism mingled with amusement. The Cubists along with Matisse were likened to children, but Monroe was not too hard on them- “We cannot always tell what they mean, but at least they are having a good time.” Finally, she observed with triumph that the American works seemed to hold their own against the Europeans’. Albert Pinkham Ryder, with his dark, simple, and mysterious scenes of the sea and dusky rural pathways was a notable success. It is thus jarring to realize that Monroe’s headlines read: “Art Show Open to Freaks…American Exhibition in New York Teems with the Bizarre…All Schools Welcome…Queer Conceptions of ‘Insurgents’ Vie with Conservative’s Works.” One can only surmise that she was perhaps shocked by the art that was featured but recognized the significance of its inclusion in such a worldly, modern show of incredible proportions. The New York Tribune also mixed notes of derision with praise when it reviewed the show on February 17th. The headline encapsulated such a point of view- “A Remarkable Affair Despite Some Freakish Absurdities.” The writer clearly relished his or her addition of witticisms into the article when it came time to evaluate. One such finely-drawn critique read: “We would counsel the reader to keep his head, to beware of the swooning sophist who, without presenting any intelligible reasons for the faith that is in him, simply declares in rhapsodical fashion that this or that Post-Impressionist or Cubist work is a masterpiece.” Many of the paintings look foolish, not terrible, the reviewer wrote, and “with Picasso and the rest of the Cubists the farce grows wilder. They throw upon the canvas a queer agglomeration of line and color.” There was an evident gross pretension to some of the more extreme artists, who felt they could take all the liberties their hearts desired and distort and destroy “art.” But the Tribune’s piece was not entirely negative. The reviewer found the pictures well hung and many were aesthetically pleasing. The conclusion was that “there is rubbish in this show, but as we have said, it does not preponderate.” The New York World was a little harsher. Their headline and following comic on February 17th have since become one of the most famous and amusing lampoons of the show- “Nobody Who Has Been Drinking Is Let In To See This Show.” The sub-headline continued with- “He’d Have Bellevue for Next Stop After Futurist Art Exhibition, Scoffers Assert.” The article complained that the Futurists (as mentioned, there were basically no Futurists in the show; this was a blanket term given to the Cubists and other advanced modernists) were untutored and peculiar. The piece also related a humorous and hyperbolic anecdote (no doubt fallacious) about an elderly man who approached a John Marin painting and was disconcerted that the spectators around him were heaping lavish praise upon the piece and that somehow he had missed its import. The man “became very red in the face. He was certainly disgusted with himself. Suddenly he withdrew about a yard, placed his high silk hat on the floor, bent over and surveyed the picture between his legs. The light of understanding was in his eyes when he resumed an erect position.” The comic strip above the article did even more to poke fun at the art of the avant-garde. One small sequence entitled “The Unsuspecting Art Critic Does The Show” featured a critic in five stages of emotion ranging from contemplation to bewilderment to shock, and in the last depiction, being carted off in an ambulance to Bellevue. It was an absurd commentary, but quite representative of the style in which reporters and critics attacked the show. Confusion, bewilderment, anger, and stubbornness were ubiquitous in the reports on the Armory Show. Some reviews were vitriolic and derisive in tone, often accompanied by comic strips and little rhymes that mocked and jibed the artwork. Critics were almost as innovative in fashioning an aspersion as the artists were in composing the pictures that received them. The criticism flung at the show on its opening day did not abate as the exhibition stretched into March. First impressions of the vastness of scale, the cosmopolitan aura, and the significance of New York as a venue were not denied, but the art itself, particularly the Cubists and the rest lumped under the “Futurists,” were mercilessly attacked. An editorial in the New York Times found the art ugly and juvenile. The jumble of lines and colors and the distortions of perspective resembled “savage” art of the primitives and children, according to Bolton Brown, the writer. The repulsive art was so backward that “the formula for their production is to compel a painter to use only 2 per cent of either his knowledge or his taste.” The World’s headline on February 23rd read “Cubists and Futurists Have Reached America…They Are to Be seen at the Sixty-Ninth Regiment Armory- A Colossal Exhibit of Up-to-Date Art, Some of It Understandable.” The reviewer, Charles Henry Dorr, opened his piece with some generally flattering comments on the impressive nature of the exhibition and the credible and progressive elements of the American painters’ work. Dorr was quick to turn to the fascinatingly ambiguous works by the Cubists, however, and noted that that room was the “chief volcanic eruption” of the show. He then delved into the issue of Duchamp’s “Nude Descending a Staircase,” a controversy to be discussed momentarily. On the same day the New York Times offered a deeper analysis of the show, delineating the progression of the featured art from the earliest piece of Ingres to the most contemporary work by Picasso, Matisse, and Duchamp. The first paragraph equated the sheer force of the Post-Impressionist and Cubist works to a cacophony of bass drums and violins playing simultaneously, succinctly stating that the exhibition “makes a lot of noise.” The critical analysis was relatively straightforward but shifted in tone when Matisse was reached. The reviewer concluded that Matisse’s work exhibited many defects, all the more disconcerting because his canvases overwhelmingly relied upon the basic structure of the human form as their subjects. The eschewing of psychology in the paintings was repellant, but the reviewer concluded, perhaps to his chagrin, that Matisse had indeed allowed younger artists to become looser and freer with color and planes. Harriet Monroe, the writer for the Chicago Tribune, included an anecdote about an indignant American artist at the show, who exclaimed, “I can’t see why this person is tolerated!…I believe the critics don’t dare speak the truth about abominable monstrosities…he ought to be pilloried!” One of the most ridiculous and colorfully outrageous critical reviews of the Armory Show was printed in the New York Herald, entitled “Flying Wedge of Futurists Armed with Paint and Brush Batters Line of Regulars in Terrific Art War.” The entire commentary used the analogy of war between the modernists and the conservatives, opening with “General Sherman was right. War is all he said it was and then some.” The modern artists- the “Futurists”- were against the traditional artists- the “regulars.” J.A. Fitzgerald, the writer, equates some of the modern paintings with the sanguinary battlefield scenes of war, stating, “the bleeding pictures that line the walls, every line indicating the awful agony of the artist, are shrieking evidence of the ferocity of the struggle.” The war motif continues- “Armed to the teeth with brushes and pencils, the rival factions are attacking each other’s artistic ideas at every opportunity.” The Cubist room was likened to a psychopathic ward because of the violent colors, frenzied brushstrokes, and off-kilter perspective. Fitzgerald then ruminated on the hypothetical scenario of an individual asking a Futurist to paint their portrait, derisively sneering, “you may not be a prize beauty now, but what a futurist would make of you would be a shock that you couldn’t possibly survive.” The review ends with Fitzgerald’s adaptation of the everyman, first-person point-of-view to describe a trip through the galleries where the titles of the works contemplated vastly differed from what one’s eyes thought they glimpsed. When a title was actually illustrated by that which it suggested, the joy of the spectators was unbounded. One painting of a cow with an apposite title caused one man to celebrate for seven minutes. “ ‘I was afraid it was going to be a bridge or something like that,’ he explained. ‘If it hadn’t turned out to be a cow I was going right down to Bellevue to reserve a place in the observation pavilion.” Fitzgerald’s piece was accompanied by comic drawings poking fun at the artwork. Comic strips were remarkably popular in the first few decades of the 20th century and were frequently utilized by the critics of the Armory Show to further illustrate their concern and frustration with the seemingly incomprehensible paintings. One mild-mannered example showed an elderly woman with a large quilt on her lap and was labeled “The Original Cubist.” Another showed a well-dressed couple looking at a drawing by Abel Faivre with the woman asking, “Perhaps it is a map of the Balkan Mountains?” Yet another took familiar scenes of the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, and Chambers Street and redid them in the style of the newest artists; the finished scenes are unsurprisingly messy and unappealing. A similar one above the headline “Extreme Art Draws Crowd at Opening” featured a street scene of New Yorkers on their way to the exhibition, depicted in weird, unnatural shapes and in odd situations, as in the horse-drawn carriage actually being pulled by a giraffe-like creature. In one called “The New Art,” a painter composed a painting by flinging a hammer at it, using a rapier to spread paint, spraying it with essence of garlic, and using his feet to add detail; in the final square he stood proudly behind the composition and deemed it “The Kneeling Woman.” Finally, a barnyard scene showed a hen standing proudly above her nest with three eggs in it. They were no ordinary eggs, however- the caption to the comic read “The Latest in Easter Eggs.” The eggs were, in fact, multifaceted cubist shapes. Little ditties were also written to disparage the Armory Show, many of them clever, many painfully unfunny. One lively one read: I called the canvas Cow with cud And hung it on the line, Altho’ to me ‘twas vague as mud, ‘Twas clear to Gertrude Stein. Another humorous one called “A Post Impression” went like: Awful lack of technique Awful lot of paint Makes a Cubist picture Look like what it ain’t. Writers clearly spared no excess of humor or creativity in fashioning responses to the show. The exhibition even attracted notice and elicited a response from Theodore Roosevelt, the former president. In a lengthy article in The Outlook after the show had closed, Roosevelt denigrated the pieces of modern art he had seen. He did not dismiss the necessity of bringing European art to America for her citizens to examine, but heartily disagreed with the AAPS on the merits of such art. He felt that the modern aesthetic did not necessarily mean life and progress but that such changes in the visual arts could instead embody death and retrogression. He succinctly averred, “probably we err in treating most of these pictures seriously.” Although the lack of banalities in all of the work featured pleased Roosevelt, “this does not in the least mean that the extremists whose paintings and pictures were represented are entitled to any praise, save, perhaps, that they have helped to break fetters.” It was not that Roosevelt decried forward-thinking artists, but he was quick to turn his nose up at the ones who seemed to be part of a radical fringe. Like previously mentioned newspaper critiques, he thought that they exemplified a regression. He marveled at the inability of the artists to portray man in any realistic manner, equating them with the Paleolithic artists of caves. He even poked fun at the names “Futurists” and “Cubists” by writing, “there is no reason that people should not call themselves Cubists, or Octagonists, Parallelopipedonists, or Knights of the Isosceles Triangle, or Brothers of the Cosine, if they so desire.” His concluded his review in a manner not dissimilar from other critics at the time. The Armory Show was valuable not for the examples of the European art themselves, but for the influence they had upon American artists, who profited from the exuberant modernist tendencies of the Europeans and strove to create work of heightened line, color, and originality. As a sort of side note, Roosevelt was not the only critic extremely impressed by American efforts. Although it may not immediately appear to be a point worth dissecting with any great analytical effort, the fierce approbation of American artists was in fact oftentimes an insult to the Europeans and a subtle denial of the validity of modern art. Hindsight and more astute critics in 1913 recognized that the European works were actually far superior to those of the Americans, some of whose efforts were indeed brilliant but most whose paintings were vastly inferior. The New York Times published an article pointing to the influence of the European school and the perceivable preeminence of the Americans: - Beneath the superficial resemblance lies, so far as we have observed, in almost every instance that spirit of moral reticence which is peculiar to America and differs entirely from the moral anxiety of the English spirit as it is revealed in the arts and, of course, still more from the sincere concerns of the modern European schools with primitive forces. The writer may have been essentially correct in his observation of the psychological concerns that plagued the European artists, but it is precisely those elements of moral contention that elevated their art and made most of the American paintings in the show look timid, tame, and placid. The piece of art that was absolutely the furthest from timorousness and garnered the most virulent criticism, disdain, wonder, and bafflement was Marcel Duchamp’s cubist “Nude Descending a Staircase.” After the Armory Show opened, it was only a short amount of time before that particular work captured New York’s attention and became a sort of rallying point for those who questioned the legitimacy of the modernist aesthetic. To contemporary eyes, it was an inscrutable, messy composition that was the furthest thing from “real” art that could possibly be imagined. The critics heartily embraced the discourse of disparagement and pulled out all of the stops. In the “Topics of the Times” section of the New York Times, Duchamp’s work was discussed. It “looks like almost anything except a nude descending a staircase, and most- though not much- like an explosion in a shingle mill.” The painting was then compared to the fairy tale of “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” with Duchamp apparently trying to convince his audience that there was indeed a picture there when there really was not. In Charles Henry Dorr’s review for the World, “ ‘Nu Descendant un Escalier,’ by Duchamp, is decidedly a puzzle of the cubist variety. It suggests an elevated railroad stairway in ruins after an earthquake.” The World, in the same sarcastic article about the need for Bellevue after looking at Futurist art, examined Duchamp. It stated, “a reporter for a newspaper that cares nothing about art surveyed the picture. He saw nothing but what resembled an explosion in a lumber yard. Had he known French the inscription would have informed him that the painting was of a nude person descending a ladder.” The Chicago Daily Tribune offered another analysis: “[The painting] looks like a pack of brown cards in a nightmare or a dynamited suit of Japanese armor.” A popular comic in the Evening Sun depicted a manic frenzy of people in a diagonal line across the picture plane and deemed it “The Rude Descending a Staircase (Rush Hour at the Subway).” The press was remarkably clever with their explanations of the content of the painting: “A lot of disused golf clubs and bags,” “an assortment of half-made leather saddles,” “an orderly heap of broken violins,” “an academic painting of an artichoke,” “a staircase descending a nude.” Few reviewers had anything good to say about the work, but there were some who were not completely taken aback by Duchamp’s audacity. One moderately positive piece about the “sensation of all sensations” was published in the Hartford Courant, saying, “this picture, at first glance, seems to represent what one might see at the upsetting of a tinware shop…[but] as a picture puzzle this canvas is a great success, and as an artistic design it is highly interesting, and even beautiful.” By the middle of March the Armory Show was preparing to close down and move to the Art Institute of Chicago. The media interest had been extreme, the attendance phenomenal, the sales impressive. Some reporters and critics had pleasant things to say about the show, even amidst the proliferation of negativism. One synthesis of opinions proclaimed, “we can hardly escape a sense of the vital nature of the exhibition. If it represents an aberration, it represent a worldwide aberration.” In the article a Mr. Laurvik was quoted as saying, “Realism is receiving its death blow and individualism is asserting itself once more. And the new art which is arousing so much discord and opposition is an expression of this self-assertion, of this effort of the individual to emerge from the mass.” A Mr. Hoeber felt the show had extreme historical significance, while a Mr. Borglum explained to his audience, “Do you know what’s the matter with American art today? We’re timid. Americans haven’t any aesthetic courage.” The Armory Show was a way to release the inhibitions of American artists. The Sun noted the intense public appeal of the show: - Nothing like this exhibition in point of its appeal to public interest has been seen in the town in way of an art show, according to veterans of the game. Not only the 25 cent afternoon and evening hours have been crowded, but the armory has been well filled also in the mornings from 10 to 12 when the admittance fee is $1. The Sun even contributed another article to the pantheon of Armory Show press on the day after the show left New York, with the headline “Cubists Migrate; Thousands Mourn.” The title smacked of subtle sarcasm, but the article gave a straightforward account of the show’s popularity, pointing to impressive sales and attendance and the genuine interest stirred up by the artwork. One media attendee remembered that closing night was the “wildest, maddest, most intensely excited crowd that ever broke decorum in any scene that I have witnessed…everyone came to witness the close, and the audience created a show equally as phenomenal as the exhibition itself.” A straightforward account of the Armory Show’s actual press coverage from 1913 cries out for some sort of explanation, some summary of what it all meant- what the negativity, befuddlement, and delight said about the American and European art worlds and the American public. It is abundantly clear that newspaper reporters and art critics did not always understand the new work and oftentimes refused to even attempt to do so. It was seen as an example of moral degeneracy or capricious absurdity. When viewed in light of the tradition of American art, it was a dramatic break. Only a few of the American artists featured in the show, including Stuart Davis, John Marin, and Marsden Hartley, were involved with the modernist aesthetic. The others like the members of the Ashcan School were blatant examples of America’s realist tendencies and reluctance to experiment with color, perception, and theory; these artists were favored by critics who disliked the avant-garde art. By contrast, the European “isms” were bold forays into uncharted territories, challenging antiquated notions and values. The European artists were demanding that their viewers contemplate the work with a more penetrating eye and open their minds to the heightened optical and theoretical possibilities that their work offered. To have such pieces of art in New York was seen as a great honor and as a sign of New York’s future importance in the art world. This fact above all else shines through even the most critical and disparaging writings on the Armory Show- the fact that for an exhibition of this magnitude and popularity and success to come to New York signaled America’s growing legitimacy as a purveyor of culture. Most of the critics grudgingly admitted that the show was impressive and grand despite their dislike for some of the art hung on the walls. The show’s success with the public was also difficult to ignore. The best estimate is that over 87,000 people attended the show. It also made a copious amount of money and most of the art sold amazingly well to American galleries and institutions. Like most examples of art that seem absurd or frightening or novel, it did not take long for their ideas to seep into the work of American artists and come to be respected by the public. The Europeans’ approach to the visual arts inspired American artists to break through the boundaries that previously constricted them. In the two decades that followed the show, artists like Georgia O’Keefe and Charles Demouth emerged, blending colors into abstract compositions of stunning grace and vibrancy. Stuart Davis and Marsden Hartley continued their experimentation with modernism; their canvases of the 1920s and 1930s were eye-poppingly bright, busy, and mesmerizing. And of course, the artists of the 1940s and 1950s who were mentioned much earlier were absolutely indebted to the Armory Show’s introduction of cutting-edge examples of avant-garde painting and sculpture. Without the path-breaking works of Picasso, Duchamp, and Matisse crossing the Atlantic, it is difficult perhaps to imagine the abstract expressionist’s total engagement with paint, perception, and abstraction. The press coverage in 1913, while often over-the-top and ignorant, did indeed have a sort of prescient understanding of the Armory Show’s monumentality. There was no way the reviewers could have known for sure that thirty years later men like Pollock and de Kooning would be looking at the show for inspiration as they created their art, but they most certainly were aware of its historic significance and the scary but exhilarating fact that American art could not and would not ever be the same again.	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1. What is sequestration? A: Sequestration is a fiscal policy procedure adopted by Congress to deal with the federal budget deficit. Simply put, sequestration is the cancellation of previously approved spending— an automatic form of spending cuts. As modified by the fiscal cliff deal passed by Congress January 1, sequestration will take effect March 1, 2013 but impose cuts over a period of nine years, 2013–2021. Some federal programs are called “mandatory” and are mostly spared from sequestration. However, the rest of the government, the so-called “discretionary” programs, are subject to significant cuts starting in 2013 that will be divided between nondefense spending ($700 billion) and defense spending ($500 billion). 2. Why is sequestration happening now? A: A law passed by Congress and signed by the president in August 2011 created a Congressional supercommittee to deal with the federal budget deficit and pass a package of spending cuts by Thanksgiving. As an incentive for Democrats and Republicans to reach agreement, the law contains the threat of the across-the-board cuts (sequestration) if the deadline arrived and the deal wasn’t struck. Congress failed to reach agreement, thus triggering sequestration in January 2013. 3. Can sequestration be stopped? A: Yes. Although sequestration is the law right now, Congress can pass another law that would repeal it. However, additional spending cuts would most likely be required to replace the automatic cuts. Last year, the House and Senate proposed legislation that would have replaced the sequester, but would also have imposed dramatically deeper cuts to education and all other nondefense discretionary programs. For example, a House-passed Republican bill would have prevented any cuts to defense by increasing the cuts to domestic programs, including education, by $19 billion. The president’s FY13 budget proposal also would have eliminated the need for sequestration by reducing government spending in most areas (although it proposed a slight increase in education spending). 4. What can I do? A: Send messages to your senators and representative urging them to repeal sequestration. First, use the Sequestration Effect Calculator on the sequestration page to determine the dollar amount of cuts that your school budget or programs will face if sequestration is not repealed. Then, go to the Action Center and use the figure generated by the calculator to customize the e-mail message to your lawmakers. ^ Return to top.	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Volume 19, Issue 1 (January 1974) Methadone—A Cause of Death The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in the use of methadone in the United States, predominantly as a method of treating narcotic addiction. Concomitant with this has been a proportionate rise in the number of deaths in which methadone is either the cause of death or an incidental toxicologic finding. This indicates an increasingly wide-spread abuse of methadone. In Philadelphia, for example, there were only 4 deaths related to methadone between 1967 and 1969. The number rose dramatically in 1970 to 22, in 1971 to 27, and in the first 10 months of 1972 to 37. Of those deaths in 1972, 17 were directly attributable to methadone, 15 were attributable to a combination of methadone and one or more other narcotic and dangerous drugs, and 5 were due to causes other than drugs but methadone was found by postmortem toxicology.	[ 31715, 678, 11, 18232, 352, 357, 21339, 16489, 8, 198, 44, 2788, 324, 505, 960, 32, 24228, 286, 5830, 198, 464, 1613, 1178, 812, 423, 1775, 257, 10092, 2620, 287, 262, 779, 286, 11248, 324, 505, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 20736, 355, 257, 2446, 286, 13622, 16946, 6210, 13230, 13, 1482, 785, 23737, 351, 428, 468, 587, 257, 9823, 378, 4485, 287, 262, 1271, 286, 7040, 287, 543, 11248, 324, 505, 318, 2035, 262, 2728, 286, 1918, 393, 281, 40521, 11422, 20781, 4917, 13, 770, 9217, 281, 6481, 3094, 12, 43639, 5076, 286, 11248, 324, 505, 13, 554, 8857, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 612, 547, 691, 604, 7040, 3519, 284, 11248, 324, 505, 1022, 15904, 290, 16450, 13, 383, 1271, 8278, 12034, 287, 8069, 284, 2534, 11, 287, 16382, 284, 2681, 11, 290, 287, 262, 717, 838, 1933, 286, 16101, 284, 5214, 13, 3226, 883, 7040, 287, 16101, 11, 1596, 547, 3264, 29816, 284, 11248, 324, 505, 11, 1315, 547, 29816, 284, 257, 6087, 286, 11248, 324, 505, 290, 530, 393, 517, 584, 16946, 6210, 290, 4923, 5010, 11, 290, 642, 547, 2233, 284, 5640, 584, 621, 5010, 475, 11248, 324, 505, 373, 1043, 416, 1281, 46515, 11422, 1435, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	202
A collective biography of the nine children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, who included King Edward VII; Victoria, Princess Royal, later Empress Frederick; and Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh Buy your copy! Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort, had nine children. Despite different characters and temperaments, they always remained a closely-knit, mutually supportive family group. Some married into European royal families and experienced the painful division of loyalties inevitable in the ever-changing world of 19th-century political and nationalist feeling. The life of Victoria, Princess Royal, later consort of the German Emperor Frederick III, was soured by the merciless opposition of Chancellor Bismarck and later her son, Emperor William II ('Kaiser Bill'). Similarly the marriage of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to a Russian Grand Duchess, gave Britain a dynastic alliance with a country whom she had defeated in the Crimean War, and nearly cause her to take up arms against her old enemy once more. Even the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, inadvertently provoked German anger by taking a Danish princess as his bride. Yet their lives were not totally dominated by political controversy. All made their own contributions to public life in Britain and Europe. Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, whose children included the last Tsarina of Russia, worked tirelessly throughout her tragically short life on behalf of welfare and educational services in Germany, an example which her younger sisters faithfully followed in England. Leopold, Duke of Albany, was an active patron of the arts, although he died at the early age of 31, while Arthur, Duke of Connaught, served with distinction in the army, and as Governor-General of Canada. After the death of Edward VII in 1910, the four surviving children of Queen Victoria all lived through the family tragedy of the Great War; all but one witnessed the outbreak of Hitler's conflict in 1939, It was fortunate for Vicky (the Empress Frederick), Alice (Grand Duchess of Hesse) and Affie (Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg Gotha) that they had all died at comparatively early ages, for the heartbreak of being at war with the country of their birth would surely have been too heavy a burden for them to bear. As it was, there would be distressing divisions of loyalty among the next generation. Charles, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and Ernest, Grand Duke of Hesse, were sovereign princes in the Fatherland. Like Prince and Princess Henry of Prussia, they were on much more friendly terms with their easy-going relations in England than with the German Emperor and his sabre-rattling military entourage at the unbearably military Berlin court. But family ties counted for as little in 1914 as they had during Bismarck's ascendancy. Again, 'every family feeling was rent asunder'.	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ONE SUMMER, BOB LEHR PUSHED A VIDEOCASSETTE of “Rain Man” into his VCR. It was a movie he had put off seeing, despite Dustin Hoffman’s Oscar-winning performance as an autistic man. Sitting in the room with Lehr was his 16-year-old son, Ben, who at a young age had been classified as autistic. Currently, the Lehrs were told, he had an I.Q. of about 37 and the reasoning ability of a preschooler. Although Ben attended high school in Syracuse, he wasn’t taking academic classes, and there was no evidence that he could read or understand arithmetic. His vocabulary was limited, and some of the things he said made no sense at all — they seemed to be random phrases picked up from television and school. Over the years Ben had gouged himself with knives, ripped electrical sockets out of walls, taken a hatchet to the fiberglass bathtub and used his head to smash most of the windows in the house. In calmer moods, Ben liked to stare at objects, like tape-recorder reels, or stand at the kitchen sink, running the water through his fingers for hours. When Raymond Babbitt, the Hoffman character, appeared on the screen, Ben rocked back and forth, moaned and hit the side of his neck, until his father grabbed a nearby laptop computer and asked, “Is there something you want to say?” With his hand resting on Bob’s for support, Ben typed out, “That man is autistic.” Ben was using “facilitated communication,” a writing technique introduced to the United States from Australia in late 1989 by Douglas Biklen, director of the division of special education and rehabilitation at Syracuse University. As the name suggests, it is not a cure for autism but an aid to communication: a parent or teacher supports the arm of an autistic person as he or she types out messages on a keyboard, using the hunt-and-peck method. In the Syracuse area, 45 autistic children and adults using facilitated communication are expressing their feelings and helping explain some of the enigmatic behaviors associated with autism. Autism is characterized by, among other things, an inability to feel love or form social attachments, a lack of self-awareness, mental retardation, difficulty understanding speech and an inability to grasp abstract concepts or symbols. Biklen’s researchers, however, are finding that some people who have been labeled unteachable can read, write, calculate and do schoolwork appropriate for their age. Preschoolers use facilitation to tattle on classmates, and teen-age boys try to find out if girls are interested in them. At their keyboards, students write poetry, tell lies and even crack jokes. When Ben Lehr was asked, as part of his biology homework, to name two causes of high blood pressure, he answered, “Cholesterol and tests.” At home, Ben has been using the keyboard to try to help his family understand his behavior. He attempts to describe the difference between being the gentle, likable young man so fondly regarded by his teachers and many friends, and being capable of such anger that it frightens him. It’s not “Ben” who causes such damage and pain, he has spelled out, but “host,” a term his sister Penny guesses came from his biology classes. Explaining host seems excruciating for Ben; in one two-hour session he ekes out the typing while screaming, banging his head on the floor, biting himself and hitting his mother, Sue, and his sister Sherry. Facilitation has given Ben and others a voice, not a cure. It is therefore profoundly encouraging and profoundly frustrating. “What the students are telling us is that they don’t want to have autism, and that they want to be able to talk,” Biklen says. “And these are things that are probably not going to change.” BIKLEN’S WORK IN SYRACUSE HAS ALREADY challenged the traditional understanding of autism. If it can be applied to a broader group of autistic people, facilitated communication could upset a half-century of thought about this baffling cluster of disabilities. Before 1943, when Leo Kanner, a child psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University, published the first systematic description of the disorder in a medical journal called Nervous Child, autism was generally regarded as “childhood schizophrenia” or “childhood psychosis.” Kanner’s term, “infantile autism,” pointed to the child’s apparent preference to dwell in a self-generated world rather than form relationships with other people. And for decades, such withdrawal was blamed on insufficiently nurturing parents, popularly called “refrigerator mothers.” Then in his 1964 book “Infantile Autism,” Bernard Rimland, founder of the Autism Society of America and director of the Autism Research Institute, argued that the causes of autism were neurological, not psychological. He cited, among other things, studies in which sets of identical twins were found to be autistic — while other siblings are almost never autistic, despite being raised in the same home. Other leaders in the field, notably Bruno Bettelheim, continued to treat autism primarily as a mental illness. Even today the precise physical cause of autism remains elusive. Two hypotheses currently lead the pack: it may be a result of excess levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, or underdevelopment of the brain. In the meantime, relatives of the autistic find themselves bombarded with new causation theories, behavior modification techniques, medications and teaching methods. Some of these have improved the lives of some people, but many have merely disappointed. Biklen initially regarded facilitated communication with skepticism. A specialist in mental retardation, he has worked for many years to integrate developmentally disabled children into mainstream classrooms, and in 1972 he helped start the nationally renowned program at Edward Smith Elementary School in Syracuse, at which developmentally disabled children attend classes with “normal” students. He first read about facilitation in a 1980 book, “Annie’s Coming Out,” written by Rosemary Crossley and Anne McDonald. McDonald was born with cerebral palsy and lived from the age of 3 in St. Nicholas Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, a state-run institution, now defunct, for severely retarded people. When Crossley, who had an undergraduate degree in humanities, became a “play leader” at the hospital in 1975, McDonald was 14 and her mental age was measured in months. Two years later, Crossley had taught her to read, and McDonald revealed a sophisticated ability to write and do math, although she required Crossley’s support on her arm to fight her powerful muscle spasms and point accurately to her answers. In 1979, McDonald successfully sued for the right to leave St. Nicholas Hospital and has lived with Crossley ever since. McDonald went on to college and published journal articles about rights of the disabled. Her case generated a white-hot controversy, with Australian psychologists and speech therapists accusing Crossley of putting words in McDonald’s hands, as it were. But the Supreme Court of the state of Victoria decided otherwise, ruling that McDonald could control her own life and finances. Five years ago, the Government recognized Crossley’s work with nonverbal people by honoring her as a Member of the Order of Australia. While giving a series of talks in 1985 on integrating the disabled into conventional schools, Biklen had dinner at Crossley’s house in Melbourne and observed facilitation in action. He had never doubted that such a technique could work for some people with cerebral palsy, many of whom have normal or above-average I.Q.’s. But a year later when he got a letter saying that Crossley was using the same technique with an autistic child, he replied perfunctorily. “They were nice people, and I didn’t want to have to say, ‘You’re crazy,’ ” he recalls. “From what I knew about autism, and I knew quite a bit, it just didn’t make sense to me.” Curious nonetheless, he revisited Australia twice, briefly in November 1988, and for six weeks in mid-1989. There he observed Crossley’s work at the DEAL (Dignity, Education and Language) Communication Center. Supported by the Government, the center has helped more than 800 people with non-speech communication. Some Australian professionals warned Biklen away from the center, calling it a hoax. But the clients Biklen saw communicating through facilitation — including people labeled autistic — erased his doubts. Among them was the autistic boy Crossley had written to Biklen about in 1986, who, she says, had been used in Australia as a benchmark of the “unteachable, unreachable autistic child with no potential.” In Biklen’s presence, with a staff member’s hand resting on his shoulder, the boy typed: “I like Dougg butt hhe is maad . . . He talks to me like I’m human.” On returning to the United States, Biklen described what he had seen in an article titled “Communication Unbound: Autism and Praxis,” which appeared in the August 1990 issue of the Harvard Educational Review. 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Digital Painting Fundamentals with Corel Painter 12: Draw What You See - Part 2 Make a fresh Quick Clone of the apples in a bowl. Sample a warm light brown from the wooden planks or just choose a pleasing neutral color for the paper. Use the technique for changing paper color you did earlier, or just “pour” the new color into the clone with the Paint Bucket. It won’t matter unless you erase. My motto, incidentally is “Life is short[md]don’t erase.” I actually had 500 golf pencils printed up. Make a Cloner You can turn a variant from any category into a Cloner brush instantly. All you do is click the little rubber stamp icon in the Color panel. The hue ring and value/saturation triangle will go gray, indicating that your brush is now using clone color. You can toggle regular color control back on by clicking the Rubber Stamp icon again. Instead of working with the Chalk Cloner this time, turn Square Hard Pastel from the custom palette into a Cloner, by enabling clone color. Increase its size to about 25 pixels. A Hard Pastel shows paper grain very boldly, so it’s important to choose a paper that will enhance the painting. Figure 2.18 shows three possible textures that are available in the Paper library. From left to right, they are Italian Watercolor, Coarse Cotton Canvas, and Pebble Board. You can adjust the size of the paper grain, as well as its strength, by changing the brightness and/or contrast of the paper element. Open the Papers panel, shown in Figure 2.19, to make those changes as desired. The challenge at this stage is to keep from getting too “tight” and simply reproducing the original photo. Also, it’s tempting to rely on Cloner brushes too much. Remember to take control from time to time, using colors that you actually pick yourself! A good drawing will have a focal point or two, with other sections less important. Ways to reduce the visual impact of portions of your drawing include blurring, erasing, and altering color or contrast.	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Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is not an age-related degenerative form of arthritis of the spine such as spondylosis, but can sometimes be treated through back surgery to relieve patients’ pain and discomfort. This is particularly true of cervical rheumatoid arthritis where nerve problems in the neck may be caused by inflammation and changes in the structure of the joints. Decompression back surgery, or cervical spinal surgery, may be able to relieve the pinched nerves and provide stability to the spine. Although the usual perception of this condition is of patients having deformities in the hands and feet, Rheumatoid Arthritis of the spine is evident in around 20% of RA patients and can cause significant disability and pain. Most patients will be given a treatment programme incorporating conservative therapies such as anti-inflammatory medications and analgesics, immuno-suppressant drugs, and physical therapy before surgery is considered for RA. The Goal of Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery If, however, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis has pain which no longer responds to medication and is suffering neurological dysfunction, or if the cervical spine is unstable, weak, and is causing myelopathy, then it is likely that surgery is required. Back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis aims to decompress the structures of the spine and remove the material causing pinched nerves or spinal cord compression; it also aims to restore or maintain spinal stability. Where spinal deformity and instability are present, back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis will usually involve some element of spinal fusion using instrumentation and bone grafts. Surgery for Rheumatoid Arthritis is more effective when done early on in the disease’s progression in order to decompress the back and remove material causing pinched nerves. As the disease becomes more virulent the chances of back surgery easing a patient’s pain or relieving their condition become less likely with diseased joints and spinal structures often osteoporotic and degenerated beyond repair. Back surgery at this stage may do more harm than good as surgical trauma can increase inflammation, raise stress levels, and affect the immune system in all patients, which can clearly have more damaging consequences for those with an inflammatory autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis. Patients will usually be given more medication to help with pain management. Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis effectively relies on catching the disease early and using appropriate therapies consistently to inhibit its progression. Are you a candidate for Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery? As RA often appears between the ages of forty and sixty, when the signs of osteoarthritis might also develop, diagnosis is sometimes delayed and serious joint damage may occur prior to effective treatment being initiated. Around 1% of the population is thought to have Rheumatoid Arthritis. Symptoms to look out for include pain at the base of the skull, the neck and back, and problems with balance or irregular gait. Some Rheumatoid Arthritis sufferers may experience blackouts as the cervical spine and blood vessels are compressed by abnormal growth and inflammation. Neuropathy, with tingling in the arms and legs can also occur, and bowel or bladder incontinence indicates an urgent need for surgical intervention in some cases due to spinal cord compression. 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DHAKA: Calcium supplements may increase the risk of having a heart attack by two-fold and should be ‘taken with caution’, researchers say. The findings also indicate that, increasing an overall calcium intake from dietary sources confers no significant advantage in terms of staving off heart disease and stroke. Previous research has linked higher calcium intake with a decreased risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, all of which are risk factors for heart disease and stroke. Calcium supplements are commonly recommended to older people and women who have gone through the menopause to prevent bone thinning. The authors base their results on almost 24,000 participants of one of the German arms of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study in Heidelberg. All the participants aged between 35 and 64 when they joined the study in 1994-8. Normal diet for the preceding 12 months was assessed using food frequency questionnaires and they were enquired about whether they regularly took vitamin or mineral supplements. Their health was followed for an average of 11 years, during which time 354 heart attacks, 260 strokes, and 267 associated deaths occurred. After taking account of factors likely to influence the results, those whose diets included a moderate amount (820 mg daily) of calcium from all sources, including supplements, had a 31 percent lower risk of having a heart attack than those in the bottom 25 percent of calcium intake. But those with an intake of more than 1100 mg per day did not have a significantly lower risk. There was no proof that any level of calcium intake either protected against or increased the risk of stroke, which backs up the findings of other research, say the authors. But when the analysis looked at vitamin/mineral supplements, it discovered that those who took calcium supplements regularly were 86 percent more likely to have a heart attack than those who didn’t use any supplements. And this risk increased further among those who used only calcium supplements. They were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who didn’t take any supplements. “This study suggests that increasing calcium intake from diet might not confer significant cardiovascular benefits, while calcium supplements, which might raise [heart attack] risk, should be taken with caution,” said the authors. In an accompanying editorial, Professors Ian Reid and Mark Bolland from the Faculty of Medical and Health Science at the University of Auckland in New Zealand said that the safety of calcium supplements “is now coming under increasing scrutiny.” They point to previous research, showing a link between these supplements and kidney stones, and gut and abdominal symptoms, and note that while trial evidence suggests that calcium supplements cut levels of cardiovascular risk factors, this doesn’t actually turn into fewer heart attacks and strokes. They also suggest that many women taking calcium supplements to ward off brittle bones are already healthier than those who don’t, and that the overall protective effect is modest-in the order of just 10%. The authors claim that the evidence that dietary calcium is helpful while calcium supplements are not can be explained by the fact that dietary calcium is taken in small amounts, spread throughout the day, so is absorbed slowly. They suggest that the supplements, on the other hand, cause calcium levels in the blood to soar above the normal range, and it is this flooding effect which might ultimately be harmful. “Calcium supplements have been widely embraced by doctors and the public, on the grounds that they are a natural and therefore safe way of preventing osteoporotic fractures,” the authors write. “It is now becoming clear that taking this micronutrient in one or two daily [doses] is not natural, in that it does not reproduce the same metabolic effects as calcium in food,” they said. They insist that given the fact that it is neither safe nor effective, boosting calcium intake from supplements should be discouraged. “We should return to seeing calcium as an important component of a balanced diet, and not as a low cost panacea to the universal problem of postmenopausal bone loss,” they add. The study has been published in the online issue of the journal Heart. 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TIMOTHY ACKER AND DRAKE BRANNON PERFORM WATER QUALITY TESTS. Students in James Galvin’s Agriculture classes are getting hands on education in Fresh Water Shrimp production. Yes, that’s right fresh water shrimp. The students are involved with the production with five hundred fresh water shrimp. The shrimp that the students are working with are close relatives of the shrimp that swim in the ocean, but these shrimp live in a fresh water environment. ACHS students are raising their shrimp in a closed recycling tank system. When working with this type of system students are taught that water quality is critical. Each day students must test the water for oxygen content, pH, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite levels. The students have discovered that the temperature of the water must be maintained at 80 degrees. Students learned that when the water temperature falls below 75 degrees that the shrimp will live, but will not consume feed and grow. Students working with the shrimp can clearly see and understand how chemistry, math and biology principles effect and play into everyday life. Technology plays a very large role in helping students test the water and maintain the environment for proper water quality and balance. Students have developed a strong interest in the shrimp project and look forward to continuing on with its development. The students would like to thank Mr. Starr for his continued support and enthusiasm for the project. The fresh water shrimp project has partnered with White Water Aqua Farms and they have been providing tremendous amount of technical advice, knowledge and experience to enhance this project. KALEB WRIGHT PREPARES THE FEED FOR FRESH WATER SHRIMP.	[ 51, 3955, 26946, 56, 7125, 42839, 5357, 360, 3861, 7336, 11177, 22846, 1340, 19878, 21389, 370, 23261, 19604, 1847, 9050, 309, 1546, 4694, 13, 198, 28239, 287, 3700, 5027, 7114, 447, 247, 82, 19717, 6097, 389, 1972, 2832, 319, 3707, 287, 20138, 5638, 911, 23750, 3227, 13, 3363, 11, 326, 447, 247, 82, 826, 4713, 1660, 30060, 13, 198, 464, 2444, 389, 2950, 351, 262, 3227, 351, 1936, 3470, 4713, 1660, 30060, 13, 383, 30060, 326, 262, 2444, 389, 1762, 351, 389, 1969, 12772, 286, 262, 30060, 326, 9422, 287, 262, 9151, 11, 475, 777, 30060, 2107, 287, 257, 4713, 1660, 2858, 13, 317, 3398, 50, 2444, 389, 8620, 511, 30060, 287, 257, 4838, 25914, 6873, 1080, 13, 1649, 1762, 351, 428, 2099, 286, 1080, 2444, 389, 7817, 326, 1660, 3081, 318, 4688, 13, 198, 10871, 1110, 2444, 1276, 1332, 262, 1660, 329, 11863, 2695, 11, 22918, 11, 44957, 11, 13759, 4873, 290, 13759, 6525, 2974, 13, 383, 2444, 423, 5071, 326, 262, 5951, 286, 262, 1660, 1276, 307, 9456, 379, 4019, 7370, 13, 14882, 4499, 326, 618, 262, 1660, 5951, 8953, 2174, 5441, 7370, 326, 262, 30060, 481, 2107, 11, 475, 481, 407, 15000, 3745, 290, 1663, 13, 14882, 1762, 351, 262, 30060, 460, 4084, 766, 290, 1833, 703, 16585, 11, 10688, 290, 17219, 7811, 1245, 290, 711, 656, 10908, 1204, 13, 8987, 5341, 257, 845, 1588, 2597, 287, 5742, 2444, 1332, 262, 1660, 290, 5529, 262, 2858, 329, 1774, 1660, 3081, 290, 5236, 13, 198, 28239, 423, 4166, 257, 1913, 1393, 287, 262, 30060, 1628, 290, 804, 2651, 284, 8282, 319, 351, 663, 2478, 13, 383, 2444, 561, 588, 284, 5875, 1770, 13, 37884, 329, 465, 3767, 1104, 290, 17131, 329, 262, 1628, 13, 383, 4713, 1660, 30060, 1628, 468, 29806, 351, 2635, 5638, 24838, 39045, 290, 484, 423, 587, 4955, 12465, 2033, 286, 6276, 5608, 11, 3725, 290, 1998, 284, 9494, 428, 1628, 13, 198, 42, 21358, 33, 11342, 9947, 22814, 27082, 1546, 3336, 18630, 1961, 7473, 8782, 44011, 370, 23261, 6006, 49, 3955, 47, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	340
Sugar 'comforts babies during immunisations' It appears that sugar really may help the medicine go down - studies suggest a few drops can comfort babies who are having their jabs. The Cochrane team reviewed 14 studies involving more than 1,500 infants going for routine childhood immunisations or a heel-prick blood test. Babies given a sugary solution to suck as they were about to be injected cried far less than those given water. While sugar may pacify, it is unclear if it also relieves pain. Experts say more research is needed to explore this. End Quote Dr David Elliman Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health If you do the usual holding and comforting, I'm not sure how much sucrose would add” A small study published a couple of years ago in The Lancet medical journal looked at the responses of 44 infants given either sugar or water as they had a heel-prick blood test. The sugar did not appear to make a difference to pain - all babies similarly grimaced and had comparable electrical activity measured with EEG readings in areas of the brain that process pain. The lead researcher in the Cochrane review, Dr Manal Kassab of the Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irib, Jordan, said: "Giving babies something sweet to taste before injections may stop them from crying for as long. "Although we can't confidently say that sugary solutions reduce needle pain, these results do look promising." Dr David Elliman of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health said sugar solution was not used routinely in practice. "Generally, doctors recommend that the mother holds the baby and comforts it while they have their immunisation. If she is breastfeeding still, she might want to breastfeed her baby at the same time. "With older children we try to distract them. If you do the usual holding and comforting, I'm not sure how much sucrose would add. "What we do know is that using a shorter needle tends to be more painful, even though this might seem counterintuitive. That's because the injections need to go into the muscle." By the time a child has reached its second birthday it should have had around 10 different injections to protect against various infectious diseases, including measles, mumps and rubella.	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By John Myers Even if scientists, regulators, politicians and industry leaders find common ground on how much sulfate is too much for wild rice, the issue of sulfate in Minnesota waterways isn’t going away. Scientists studying wetlands in northern Minnesota recently published the findings of a study that ties elevated sulfate to elevated toxic mercury levels and shows that, when sulfate stops flowing into a wetland, the level of toxic mercury goes back down. “Sulfate is an issue even if and where wild rice is not,” said Ed Swain, research scientist for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and a national authority on mercury in the environment. Scientists know the same bacteria that convert sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which might damage wild rice, are the same ones that convert benign mercury that falls from the sky into methyl mercury — the toxic form of mercury that is unsafe for animals and humans in large doses. That means the more sulfate, the more active the bacteria, and the more bacteria, the more mercury turns toxic, at least in areas of low oxygen, such as underwater in wetlands. Swain said added sulfate will not stimulate bacterial growth if there is no organic matter such as plants and weeds. Wetlands and lakes that have a lot of plant growth would be much more affected by an increase in sulfate than a fast-moving stream that has a gravel bottom and little organic matter, he added. Added sulfate from human activity also has more impact in waters that had been low in sulfate naturally. Mercury “concentrations in fish may be the result of increased sulfate” in what had been low-sulfate waters, an earlier study by Minnesota scientists notes. A study published this summer by Minnesota scientists in the journal Environmental Science & Technology confirmed the correlation. Scientists are also tracking down a link between sulfate in the water and higher levels of phosphate, a key ingredient in algae blooms. That may be why some lakes that have seen increased levels of sulfate are showing signs of rapid aging, with more weeds and algae growth, a process called eutrophication. When bacteria convert sulfate to sulfide, it releases phosphate from sediment into the water, Swain noted, making it available for algae. That’s because phosphate is usually held in the sediment by iron, but sulfide binds with iron so that it no longer holds onto the phosphate. Meanwhile, higher water temperatures from a warming climate may be bolstering the bacteria that make all the conversions possible. The mercury comes from all over the world, going up in smoke from power plants as far away as China, and as close as taconite plants on the Iron Range. The sulfate also can come from all over the world, in the form of acid rain, but also originates locally, in the runoff from mining operations. Suddenly, sulfate has become a hot topic in Minnesota environmental protection. And officials agree that efforts to reduce the flow of sulfate into the environment are only likely to grow. “Its time has come,” Mark Tomasek, the PCA’s supervisor of water quality standards, said of sulfate. In the past, the primary source of human-caused sulfate increases came for acid rain. But rain has been getting less acidic for more than 20 years, thanks to controls on coal-burning power plants and other manufacturing. Now, the main sources of sulfate to Minnesota streams are municipal and industrial wastewater discharges and diffuse sources such as runoff from waste rock piles on the Iron Range, Swain said. Nancy Schuldt, water quality coordinator for the Fond du Lac band’s environmental program, said the PCA is late to the game in addressing the sulfate issue. Sulfate should have been a key part of water pollution permits for industry for decades, she said. But the state only recently began raising the issue, prompting vocal resistance from industry and the Legislature. “We’ve been concerned about sulfate for years,” Schuldt said. “We’re hoping this means the state is going to take it seriously.” Sulfate naturally leaches from rock and soil. But it is often seen at higher levels in some areas because of human activity, such as mining, mills and treatment plants. Some sulfate comes from the sky during rain and snow. And some runs off the land as water flows into local streams and lakes. On the Iron Range, it’s coming out of wastewater ponds and old stockpiles of mine rubble left behind by operations long since closed. The St. Louis River, for example, appears to have had a natural sulfate level of about 3 parts per million. But below mining areas, the river runs as high as 50 parts per million sulfate. Research by Department of Natural Resources scientists, however, notes that the amount of methyl mercury in streams below mining areas is about the same as nearby streams that don’t see runoff from mining, water where any sulfate would come from air pollution or naturally, hinting that sulfate from mining isn’t the reason fish have more toxic mercury. Another nearly $1 million study under way by the DNR this summer seeks to find a connection, if any, between Iron Range mining, sulfate and high toxic mercury levels in fish, also looking at whether high iron concentrations and other elements in the water may play a role. In other parts of the state, ethanol plants appear to be contributing sulfate into waterways, Swain said, and humans also pass it on to wastewater treatment plants. 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Want to live longer? Eat less. Sorry. Don’t kill the messenger. Calorie restriction is the only strategy that has been consistently shown to extend life in every species studied so far. Feed rats about one-third less than they normally eat, and faster than you can say “Methuselah,” they live approximately 50 percent longer than their normal lifespan. It’s worked in yeast, fruit flies, mice, the aforementioned rats, and—most recently—in rhesus monkeys. And though the likelihood of a long-term human trial comparing “free-eating” and “calorie-restricted” subjects over a couple of decades is pretty remote, all indications are that reducing calories would extend life in our own species just as it does in every other one that’s been studied. So that’s simple enough, right? Just reduce your calories by about 33 percent, and you’ll have a nice, long, healthy life. OK, class dismissed, lesson learned. Yeah, right. As you can imagine, that particular strategy is not winning the popularity sweepstakes. Which is why there’s been so much attention focused on a little plant chemical called resveratrol. To understand exactly how resveratrol exerts its antiaging magic, we have to go back to those calorie-deprived rats. Apparently, caloric restriction turns on a set of genes known as the sirtuin genes, which are considered to be major influencers of how long we live. “The sirtuin genes are the holy grail of medicine and nutrition,” says Mark Houston, MD. “These genes turn on or turn off different metabolic pathways that are designed to promote longevity and health.” Back in 2003, David Sinclair, MD, a researcher at Harvard Medical School, began investigating the sirtuin genes. To everyone’s delight, Sinclair discovered that there was another way to turn on these genes. He and his associates published a now-famous paper reporting that plant compounds known as polyphenols could activate the human SIRT1 gene. And the polyphenol that seemed to do this best was resveratrol. Resveratrol is found in red wine; the skin of young, unripe red grapes; grape seeds; purple grape juice; and, to a lesser extent, in peanuts and mulberries. Recent research has shown that resveratrol may reduce insulin resistance, a key factor in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. If resveratrol lives up to its promise, it may not only extend life, but also improve its quality. Resveratrol has been shown in studies to inhibit the growth of several cancer cell lines and tumors. It’s a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory; it ramps up detoxification enzymes in the liver; protects the heart through several different mechanisms; and also protects brain cells. So should you add resveratrol to your daily supplement regimen? I certainly think so, and I’m not alone. The total amount of resveratrol in a capsule isn’t as important as the amount of trans-resveratrol—the bioactive form that seems to have all the benefit. The higher quality resveratrol products on the market are “standardized” for a certain percentage of trans-resveratrol. “No one knows the correct dose in humans,” says Houston, “but any amount should have health benefits.” The smart money is betting that 250 milligrams or more of the trans-resveratrol form should have an effect on aging and health. For 500-milligram capsules standardized to 20 percent trans that would be two-and-a-half capsules per day, three just to be safe! Enzymatic Therapy Resveratrol Forte is a high-potency supplement formulated with 100 percent trans-resveratrol, the most absorbable form. ReserveAge Organics World’s Finest Resveratrol 250 mg is a potent combination of organic French red wine grapes and wild-crafted natural Polygonum cuspidatum root extract. Nature’s Way Resveratrol Synergic Formula combines a comprehensive blend of antioxidants, including red wine and grape seed extracts, to protect cells against lipid peroxidation and free radicals.	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Description of the Procedure The male, if fertile, refrains from ejaculating for two or three days. He then collects semen through masturbation. Penile scar tissue or other conditions may block the natural release of sperm. If this is the case, a sperm aspiration from the testicles may be done. Sometimes, the man's sperm can be frozen ahead of time. If the male partner is unable to produce viable sperm, donor sperm may be used. If male sperm counts are low, the chance of successful fertilization may be improved by directly injecting the sperm into the egg. This is called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). An ultrasound-guided technique is often used to harvest the eggs. The ultrasound probe has a needle attached to the end. The instruments are inserted into the vagina. The ultrasound uses sound waves to view the ovaries and the developed egg follicles in the ovaries. The needle punctures the egg follicles. fluid and eggs are removed through the needle. The fluid is inspected. It is immediately placed in a clean, nutritive culture material. The fluid will be kept in an incubator. Between 50,000 and 100,000 of the most mobile, healthy sperm are chosen. They are mixed with the harvested eggs. Sometimes, ICSI may be done. It may help to increase the chances of fertilization. The culture dish is kept at normal body temperature inside an incubator for 2-3 days. During that time, sperm are expected to fertilize 60%-80% of the eggs. Once fertilized, early cell division begins and embryos develop. A certain number of the embryos (usually 1-5) are placed into your uterus (womb). Fewer embryos decrease the chance of multiples (such as twins, triplets). The other embryos may be frozen. They may be saved for future IVF cycles. You may also choose to donate them to other infertile couples. A catheter tube is inserted into the vagina. It will be threaded through the cervical canal and into the uterus. The embryos are then passed into the uterus. You may be positioned face down with your knees at your chest. A special table that tilts the uterus downward may also be used. These positions allow gravity to help keep the embryos in the uterus for implantation. At the Care Center Following egg harvesting, expect to rest at the center for a few hours before going home. Following embryo transfer procedure: - You will probably be able to resume normal activities within a few days. - Follow the instructions for any medicine given. - Return in 10-12 days for a pregnancy test. - If the pregnancy test indicates conception, an ultrasound will be scheduled for a few weeks later. It will be able to see if more than one egg is growing. - If all is going well, you will start your prenatal care. It is important to go to all of your scheduled appointments. It can be difficult to wait two weeks for the results. Even if pregnancy occurs, a remains a possibility. If pregnancy did not occur, the next attempt should be at least one month later. Success rates for the first three cycles are about the same (about 10% per cycle). The rates then start to decrease. Success rates are influenced by both age and the cause of infertility. IVF has a 25%-30% success rate.	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Park History Links Bidwell Park, often called the "Jewel of Chico", is by far the greatest legacy Chico founders General John and Annie Bidwell left to the community. It was Gen. John Bidwell's wish that Annie would give this land to the City of Chico for public use. She did so by deeding 1,900 acres in 1905 and another 301 acres in 1911. This parkland stretched from Upper Park and Hooker Oak in the east to Children's Playground in the west. Over the years, additions to the park were purchased by the City of Chico bringing the total acreage of the park to almost 2,300 acreas by 1935. At that time, Bidwell Park was the fourth-largest municipal park in the country. In 1995, the City of Chico acquired 1417 acres on south side of Big Chico Creek bringing the total park land to its current 3,670 acres. Bidwell Park stretches nearly eleven miles, beginning at Bidwell Mansion in downtown Chico and ending five miles up into the foothills of Upper Park.	[ 25478, 7443, 21691, 198, 33, 312, 4053, 3250, 11, 1690, 1444, 262, 366, 23119, 417, 286, 609, 3713, 1600, 318, 416, 1290, 262, 6000, 10655, 609, 3713, 22202, 3611, 1757, 290, 25860, 43484, 4053, 1364, 284, 262, 2055, 13, 632, 373, 5215, 13, 1757, 43484, 4053, 338, 4601, 326, 25860, 561, 1577, 428, 1956, 284, 262, 2254, 286, 609, 3713, 329, 1171, 779, 13, 1375, 750, 523, 416, 390, 8228, 352, 11, 12865, 16051, 287, 37166, 290, 1194, 25643, 16051, 287, 32216, 13, 770, 3952, 1044, 19110, 422, 20390, 3250, 290, 18531, 263, 9121, 287, 262, 7627, 284, 8990, 338, 3811, 2833, 287, 262, 7421, 13, 3827, 262, 812, 11, 19885, 284, 262, 3952, 547, 8155, 416, 262, 2254, 286, 609, 3713, 6079, 262, 2472, 31244, 496, 286, 262, 3952, 284, 2048, 362, 11, 6200, 31244, 292, 416, 30704, 13, 1629, 326, 640, 11, 43484, 4053, 3250, 373, 262, 5544, 12, 28209, 13474, 3952, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 554, 8735, 11, 262, 2254, 286, 609, 3713, 9477, 1478, 1558, 16051, 319, 5366, 1735, 286, 4403, 609, 3713, 13509, 6079, 262, 2472, 3952, 1956, 284, 663, 1459, 513, 11, 43798, 16051, 13, 43484, 4053, 3250, 23687, 3016, 22216, 4608, 11, 3726, 379, 43484, 4053, 38560, 287, 9436, 609, 3713, 290, 7464, 1936, 4608, 510, 656, 262, 36522, 2171, 286, 20390, 3250, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	222
Refine my search Brown sugar is a delectable addition to cakes, puddings, and vegetable glazes. It’s also popular in main-dish sauces and marinades. Brown sugars (light and dark) are produced from a blending of white sugar and natural or processed molasses. They are made from sugar cane or sugar beets and add a delicate sweet flavor to a wide range of foods. Light (golden) and dark brown sugars are classified as either sticky or free-flowing. Most of the mass-produced products are a blend of purified, or refined, sugar and molasses. Raw cane sugars that have a brown coating also fall into this category. Piloncillo (little pylons) is a Mexican unrefined brown sugar with no molasses, but is similar in taste to American versions. The compressed hard cone can be scraped with a serrated knife. It is sold as light or dark. Other derivatives of raw brown sugars are labeled “muscavado,” “turbinado,” and “demerera.” These must be refined to some extent for sale in the Brown sugar is also available in liquid form. Store brown sugar in a cool dry place. Place boxes or bags in an airtight container. Hardening is a common problem. To restore, spread on a foil-lined cookie sheet and bake for about five minutes in a 250-degree oven. You can also add a slice of bread or piece of apple – in a separate unsealed bag - to the container and leave for two days. • The choice between light and dark is a matter of taste preference, but darker color will have a heavier molasses note. Unless a recipe states a specific type, it is acceptable to use either. • Dissolve a little brown sugar in coffee for a pleasantly sweet taste. • For most recipe measurements, tightly pack brown sugar. • To replace dark brown sugar, use one cup granulated white plus two tablespoons molasses. • When a recipe requires brown sugar, using a substitute of any kind may affect texture and flavor. 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Many, see text. Hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings (15 to 80 beats per second, depending on the size of the bird). They are named for the characteristic hum of this rapid wing motion. They are the only birds that can fly backwards. Hummingbirds bear the most glittering plumage and some of the most elegant adornments. Male hummingbirds are usually brightly coloured, females duller. The males take no part in nesting. The nest is usually a neat cup in a tree. Two white eggs are laid, which are quite small, but large relative to the bird's size. Incubation is typically 14-19 days. The names that admiring naturalists have given to hummingbirds suggest exquisite, fairylike grace and gemlike refulgence. Fiery-tailed Awlbill , Ruby-topaz Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald , Brazilian Ruby , Green-crowned Brilliant --are some of the names applied to the 233 species of the hummingbirds briefly described in Meyer de Schauensee's scientific Guide to Birds of South America. Iridescent colors are common among hummingbirds. By changing position, the direction of the reflected light might give the effect of two completely different colors of the same plumage parts. On the hummingbird's glittering throat or crown, the exposed surfaces of the barbules resemble tiny flat mirrors, which send forth their resplendence in the favored direction. This mechanism plays an important role in social interaction and species recognition. All the metallic colours of hummingbirds are caused by interference. Source (Skutch, 1973 Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of all animals except insects in flight, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their heartbeat can reach 500 beats per minute. They also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do that, they have to visit hundreds of flowers every day. But at any given moment, they're hours away from starving. Fortunately, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heartrate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically, reducing their need for food. Studies of hummingbirds' metabolism are highly relevant to the question of whether a migrating ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 500 miles of Gulf of Mexico on a nonstop flight, as field observations suggest it does. The ruby-throated hummingbird like other birds preparing to migrate, stores up fat to serve as fuel, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 40 to 50 per cent--this would increase the bird's flying time. (Skutch, 1973) --Ccson 10:06, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC) Hummingbirds of the U.S. and Canada generally migrate to warmer climates, though some remain in the warmest coastal regions. In addition, there is an increasing trend for Rufous Hummingbirds to migrate east to winter in the eastern United States, rather than south to Central America, this trend being the result of increased survival with the provision of artificial feeders in gardens. In the past, individuals that migrated east would usually die, but now they survive, and their tendency to migrate east is inherited by their offspring. Provided sufficient food and shelter is available, they are surprisingly hardy, able to tolerate temperatures down to at least -20°C. Hummingbirds owe their wide distribution to their great power of flight and wandering habits no less than to their hardiness. Hummingbirds and People Hummingbirds will use feeders, particularly red ones. A suitable artificial nectar consists of one part sugar to four parts water. It is easiest to dissolve the sugar in boiling water, then cool it completely before putting it out for the birds. Sweet foods other than white sugar, such as honey, ferment too quickly and can injure the birds. Some commercial hummingbird foods are available, but they contain red dyes which are unnecessary and have been anecdotally reported to poison the birds. They also contain small amounts of nutrients, but hummingbirds apparently get their nutrients from the insects they eat, not from nectar, so the nutrients are also unnecessary. Thus plain white sugar and water make the best nectar. The feeder should be rinsed and the water changed weekly, or more often in warm weather. At least once a month, or whenever black mold appears, it should be soaked in a solution of chlorine bleach. Hummingbirds tend to avoid feeders that have been cleaned with soap, possibly because they dislike the smell. Much more detailed information is available at . Hummingbirds sometimes fly into garages and become trapped. It is widely believed that this is because they mistake the hanging (usually red-colored) door-release handle for a flower, although hummingbirds can also get trapped in enclosures that do not contain anything red. Once inside, they may be unable to escape because their natural instinct when threatened or trapped is to fly upward. This is a life-threatening situation for hummingbirds, as they can become exhausted and die in a relatively short period of time, possibly as little as an hour. If a trapped hummingbird is within reach, it can often be caught gently and released outdoors. It will lie quietly in the space between cupped hands until released. The Ohlone tells the story of how a Hummingbird brought fire to the world. Traditionally hummingbirds were placed in the order Apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. In the modern Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, hummingbirds are separated as a new hummingbird order Trochiliformes. There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera), and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others). Hummingbirds have been thought by evolutionists to have evolved in South America, and the great majority of the species are found there. All the most familiar North American species are thought to be of relatively recent origin, and are therefore (following the usual procedure of lists starting with more 'ancestral' species and ending with the most recent) listed close to the end of the list. Genetic analysis has indicated that hummingbirds diverged from other birds 30 to 40 million years ago, but fossil evidence has proved elusive. Fossil hummingbirds have been found as old as a million years, but older fossils had not been securely identifiable as hummingbirds. Then, in 2004, Dr. Gerald Mayr of the Senkenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt-am-Main identified two 30-million-year old German hummingbird fossils and published his results in Nature. The fossils of the extinct hummingbird species, Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird") had been sitting in a museum drawer in Stuttgart. They had been unearthed in a claypit in Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg.	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To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. With an accout for my.bionity.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - My watch list - My saved searches - My saved topics - My newsletter Acute renal failure Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury, is a rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys, resulting in retention of nitrogenous (urea and creatinine) and non-nitrogenous waste products that are normally excreted by the kidney. Depending on the severity and duration of the renal dysfunction, this accumulation is accompanied by metabolic disturbances, such as metabolic acidosis (acidification of the blood) and hyperkalaemia (elevated potassium levels), changes in body fluid balance, and effects on many other organ systems. It can be characterised by oliguria or anuria (decrease or cessation of urine production), although nonoliguric ARF may occur. It is a serious disease and treated as a medical emergency. Acute renal failure is usually categorised (as in the flowchart below) according to pre-renal, renal and post-renal causes. In general, renal failure is diagnosed when either creatinine or blood urea nitrogen tests are markedly elevated in an ill patient, especially when oliguria is present. Previous measurements of renal function may offer comparison, which is especially important if a patient is known to have chronic renal failure as well. If the cause is not apparent, a large amount of blood tests and examination of a urine specimen is typically performed to elucidate the cause of acute renal failure, medical ultrasonography of the renal tract is essential to rule out obstruction of the urinary tract. Kidney biopsy may be performed in the setting of acute renal failure, to provide a definitive diagnosis and sometimes an idea of the prognosis, unless the cause is clear and appropriate screening investigations are reassuringly negative. Acute renal failure may be reversible if treated promptly and appropriately. Resuscitation to normotension and a normal cardiac output is key. The main interventions are monitoring fluid intake and output as closely as possible; insertion of a urinary catheter is useful for monitoring urine output as well as relieving possible bladder outlet obstruction, such as with an enlarged prostate. In the absence of fluid overload, administering intravenous fluids is typically the first step to improve renal function. Fluid administration may be monitored with the use of a central venous catheter to avoid over- or under-replacement of fluid. If the cause is obstruction of the urinary tract, relief of the obstruction (with a nephrostomy or urinary catheter) may be necessary. Metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia, the two most serious biochemical manifestations of acute renal failure, may require medical treatment with sodium bicarbonate administration and antihyperkalemic measures, unless dialysis is required. Should hypotension prove a persistent problem in the fluid replete patient, inotropes such as norepinephrine and/or dobutamine may be given to improve cardiac output and hence renal perfusion. While a useful pressor, there is no evidence to suggest that dopamine is of any specific benefit., and at least a suggestion of possible harm. A Swan-Ganz catheter may be used, to measure pulmonary artery occlusion pressure to provide a guide to left atrial pressure (and thus left heart function) as a target for inotropic support. The use of diuretics such as furosemide, while widespread and sometimes convenient in ameliorating fluid overload, does not reduce the risk of complications and death..In practice, diuretics may simply mask things, making it more difficult to judge the adequacy of resuscitation. Lack of improvement with fluid resuscitation, therapy-resistant hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or fluid overload may necessitate artificial support in the form of dialysis or hemofiltration. Depending on the cause, a proportion of patients will never regain full renal function, thus having end stage renal failure requiring lifelong dialysis or a kidney transplant. Before the advancement of modern medicine, acute renal failure might be referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term used to describe the contamination of the blood with urine. Starting around 1847 this term was used to describe reduced urine output, now known as oliguria, which was thought to be caused by the urine's mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra. Acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was recognised in the 1940s in the United Kingdom, where crush victims during the Battle of Britain developed patchy necrosis of renal tubules, leading to a sudden decrease in renal function. During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the incidence of ARF decreased due to better acute management and intravenous infusion of fluids. \|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Acute_renal_failure". 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A study by Carnegie Mellon University researchers in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy (EPP) has found that cell phones and other portable electronic devices, like laptops and game-playing devices, can pose dangers to the normal operation of critical electronics on airplanes. The study will be featured in an article appearing in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. The researchers found that on average one to four cell phone calls are typically made from every commercial flight in the northeast United States. Some of these calls are made during critical flight stages such as climb-out, or on final approach. This could cause accidents, the investigators report. “We found that the risk posed by these portable devices is higher than previously believed,” said Bill Strauss, who recently completed his Ph.D. in EPP at Carnegie Mellon. “These devices can disrupt normal operation of key cockpit instruments, especially Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, which are increasingly vital for safe landings.” Strauss is an expert in aircraft electromagnetic compatibility at the Naval Air Warfare Center in Patuxent River, Md. With support from the Federal Aviation Administration, three major airlines and the Transportation Security Agency, EPP researchers crisscrossed the northeast United States on commercial flights, monitoring radio emissions from passenger use of cell phones and other electronic devices. They tracked these radio emissions via a broadband antenna attached to a compact portable spectrum analyzer that fit into an innocuous carry-on bag. “A laptop computer controlled the system and logged the data,” said Granger Morgan, head of the EPP Department. “While we looked primarily at wireless phones, we also discovered that emissions from other portable electronic devices were problematic.” Both Strauss and Morgan, along with Carnegie Mellon researchers Jay Apt and Dan Stancil, recommend that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the FAA begin to coordinate electronic emission standards. At the moment, there is no formal coordination between the two federal agencies. The researchers also recommend routine monitoring of on-board radio emissions by flight data recorders and deploying specially designed tools for flight crews to monitor passenger use of electronic devices during final approach. While the FCC recently suggested that it might be appropriate to allow passengers to use cell phones and other electronic devices on airplanes, Morgan disagrees. “We feel that passenger use of portable electronic devices on aircraft should continue to be limited for the safety of all concerned,” Morgan said.	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When you have completed this chapter, you should be able to: - Describe the main diagnostic criteria for the DSM-IV-TR listed personality disorders, and evaluate some of the controversial issues concerning both diagnosis and comorbidity. - Describe and evaluate the main theories of the aetiology of a number of personality disorders, particularly Cluster A disorders, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and Cluster C disorders. - Describe and evaluate the factors that make the treatment of people with a diagnosis of personality disorder so problematic. - Describe and evaluate 3 or 4 psychological therapies that have been developed to treat people with a diagnosis of personality disorder.	[ 2215, 345, 423, 5668, 428, 6843, 11, 345, 815, 307, 1498, 284, 25, 198, 12, 39373, 4892, 262, 1388, 23584, 9987, 329, 262, 37297, 12, 3824, 12, 5446, 5610, 8806, 11916, 11, 290, 13446, 617, 286, 262, 8381, 2428, 9305, 1111, 13669, 290, 401, 273, 14065, 414, 13, 198, 12, 39373, 4892, 290, 13446, 262, 1388, 10946, 286, 262, 257, 316, 12371, 286, 257, 1271, 286, 8806, 11916, 11, 3573, 38279, 317, 11916, 11, 33064, 9402, 8806, 8967, 11, 38422, 8806, 8967, 11, 290, 38279, 327, 11916, 13, 198, 12, 39373, 4892, 290, 13446, 262, 5087, 326, 787, 262, 3513, 286, 661, 351, 257, 13669, 286, 8806, 8967, 523, 15833, 13, 198, 12, 39373, 4892, 290, 13446, 513, 393, 604, 10590, 29596, 326, 423, 587, 4166, 284, 2190, 661, 351, 257, 13669, 286, 8806, 8967, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	137
The Rogue River The Rogue River is located in southwestern Oregon and flows 215 miles from Crater Lake to the Pacific Ocean. The 84 mile, Congressionally designated "National Wild and Scenic" portion of the Rogue begins 7 miles west of Grants Pass and ends 11 miles east of Gold Beach. The Rogue was one of the original eight rivers included in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The Rogue National Wild and Scenic River is surrounded by forested mountains and rugged boulder and rock-lined banks. Check out the Rogue River Float Guide (PDF) for more information on the Wild and Scenic Rogue River. Steelhead and salmon fishery, challenging whitewater, and extraordinary wildlife viewing opportunities have made the Rogue a national treasure. Black bear, river otter, black-tail deer, bald eagles, osprey, Chinook salmon, great blue heron, water ouzel, and Canada geese are common wildlife seen along the Rogue River. Popular activities include: whitewater rafting, fishing, jet boat tours, scenic driving, hiking, picnicking, and sunbathing. National Landscape Conservation System The Rogue National Wild and Scenic River is part of the Bureau of Land Management's National Landscape Conservation (NLCS). This system includes nearly 27 million acres of National Monuments, National Conservation Areas, Wild and Scenic Rivers, and National Scenic and Historic Trails. The NLCS works to conserve the essential fabric of the West, while offering exceptional opportunities for recreation, solitude, wildlife viewing, exploring history, and scientific research. Oregon Stream Flow The US Geological Survey hosts real-time water data readings for the state of Oregon. Types of data available include current water height, stream flow, median flow, etc. View the US Geological Survey National Water Information System for the state of Oregon. Smullin Visitor Center The visitor center is on the river near the town of Galice and is approximately 20 miles from I-5 on the Merlin-Galice Road. The center is called the Smullin Visitor Center and is located at the Rand National Historic Site (PDF). 14335 Galice Road Merlin, Oregon 97532 Hours of Operation - May 5th through October 15th 7:00 am to 3:00 pm - seven days a week - Phone Access Hours - 8:00 am to 3:00 pm For directions, click here.	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Green Urban Economy It is widely acknowledged that cities play a leading role in the transformation from consumptive to eco-efficient societies in short, to a “green economy”. The process of urbanisation is advancing rapidly. Towns and cities are now the locus of almost four fifths of global GDP. Their share in global resource consumption and CO2 emissions is of a similar order. A panel of 25 international experts representing diverse disciplines met on 11.-12.05.2012 to elaborate the defining elements of a green urban economy, a concept that, as yet, has remained indeterminate. Meeting in the run-up to the Rio+20 summit, the experts produced proposals and recommendations on how to shape the “Green Economy Transformation” at local (urban) level. The expert forum was organised in cooperation with ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability For further information: cities-bonn-perspectives[at]giz.de	[ 13719, 14665, 18493, 198, 1026, 318, 6768, 10810, 326, 4736, 711, 257, 3756, 2597, 287, 262, 13389, 422, 2784, 21665, 284, 34286, 12, 16814, 14515, 287, 1790, 11, 284, 257, 564, 250, 14809, 3773, 447, 251, 13, 383, 1429, 286, 7876, 5612, 318, 19988, 8902, 13, 40752, 290, 4736, 389, 783, 262, 1179, 385, 286, 2048, 1440, 8150, 82, 286, 3298, 12396, 13, 5334, 2648, 287, 3298, 8271, 7327, 290, 7375, 17, 8971, 318, 286, 257, 2092, 1502, 13, 317, 6103, 286, 1679, 3230, 6154, 10200, 10084, 29861, 1138, 319, 1367, 7874, 1065, 13, 2713, 13, 6999, 284, 15962, 262, 16215, 4847, 286, 257, 4077, 7876, 3773, 11, 257, 3721, 326, 11, 355, 1865, 11, 468, 6150, 773, 13221, 378, 13, 22244, 287, 262, 1057, 12, 929, 284, 262, 15338, 10, 1238, 14237, 11, 262, 6154, 4635, 11628, 290, 10763, 319, 703, 284, 5485, 262, 564, 250, 13719, 18493, 49127, 447, 251, 379, 1957, 357, 32679, 8, 1241, 13, 198, 464, 5887, 10041, 373, 20325, 287, 11113, 351, 12460, 2538, 40, 10714, 40343, 329, 311, 19542, 1799, 198, 1890, 2252, 1321, 25, 4736, 12, 4189, 77, 12, 19276, 806, 1083, 58, 265, 60, 70, 528, 13, 2934, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	198
I am not one of those who believe that the voice of the people is, without exception, the voice of God. It was not so at the Deluge, but quite the reverse. It was not so when Israel clamored for a king—not in mercy but in anger, God gave them their request. It was not so when Absalom stole the hearts of the people, and stirred up rebellion against his father. And yet, when a nation, independent of party, free from the excitements of momentary interest, without the influence of ambitious leaders, under the calm guidance of reason, history, and the spirit of the age,—rises spontaneously against oppression, against iniquity, and demands just laws; rights for all; free thought, free speech, free labor, free worship; when compacts are not violated; when moderation is maintained; when the spirit of humanity is preserved,—then, I believe, “the voice of the people is the voice of God.” I have no question that, in the great principle, Cromwell and his puritan hosts were right in their revolutionary action. I could never doubt that our fathers did a noble, glorious, and Christian deed in throwing off the yoke of Britain, and proclaiming a new government for themselves and their posterity. It was right to contend and bleed for equal representation, for freedom of conscience, and for an independent nationality in which these high ends could be secured. The first government of which we have account was a Theocracy—that is, “the government of God.” He was the only King. He revealed the law, appointed leaders, gave rules for worship, instruction and warfare. Thus in the outset did he set up his claims among men. He established the great precedent, which men ought to have followed, which the world has ignored; but to which the thoughts and the will of the race shall ultimately return. It is true now that government, as such, is ordained of God. All government, in its elemental authority, is a theocracy. All power is of God; he ordains law. He originates the idea of civil compact. While, therefore, the principles of governments among men may be defective, and the administration wrong and hurtful, the great fact of government is a Divine fact. 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Mid-Book Test (up to Chapter 7, Love) \|Name: _____________________________\|\|Period: ___________________________\| This test consists of 15 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. Multiple Choice Questions Directions: Circle the correct answer. 1. Where does Joey think he is going in life? a) Joey thinks he's going to careen out of control. b) Joey thinks he's headed toward success. c) Joey doesn't think he's going anywhere. d) Joey thinks he's headed for failure. 2. How does Kopydra react when Joey tries to engage him in the schoolyard battle? a) He ignores Joey completely. b) He jumps out the window. c) He punches Joey in the face. d) He joins the battle. 3. How do the children react when they read Pimko's notes about their behavior? a) They are outraged. b) They are confused. c) They are apathetic. d) They are excited. 4. What language does Joey's... This section contains 555 words\| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)	[ 22622, 12, 10482, 6208, 357, 929, 284, 7006, 767, 11, 5896, 8, 198, 91, 5376, 25, 220, 32941, 29343, 15886, 5990, 2101, 25, 220, 32941, 17569, 91, 198, 1212, 1332, 10874, 286, 1315, 3294, 3572, 290, 642, 1790, 3280, 2683, 13, 198, 31217, 18502, 20396, 198, 13470, 507, 25, 16291, 262, 3376, 3280, 13, 198, 16, 13, 6350, 857, 26154, 892, 339, 318, 1016, 287, 1204, 30, 198, 64, 8, 26154, 6834, 339, 338, 1016, 284, 1337, 268, 503, 286, 1630, 13, 198, 65, 8, 26154, 6834, 339, 338, 9153, 3812, 1943, 13, 198, 66, 8, 26154, 1595, 470, 892, 339, 338, 1016, 6609, 13, 198, 67, 8, 26154, 6834, 339, 338, 9153, 329, 5287, 13, 198, 17, 13, 1374, 857, 40500, 5173, 430, 6324, 618, 26154, 8404, 284, 8209, 683, 287, 262, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 3344, 30, 198, 64, 8, 679, 24245, 26154, 3190, 13, 198, 65, 8, 679, 18045, 503, 262, 4324, 13, 198, 66, 8, 679, 25495, 26154, 287, 262, 1986, 13, 198, 67, 8, 679, 15449, 262, 3344, 13, 198, 18, 13, 1374, 466, 262, 1751, 6324, 618, 484, 1100, 350, 320, 7204, 338, 4710, 546, 511, 4069, 30, 198, 64, 8, 1119, 389, 27697, 13, 198, 65, 8, 1119, 389, 10416, 13, 198, 66, 8, 1119, 389, 2471, 18874, 13, 198, 67, 8, 1119, 389, 6568, 13, 198, 19, 13, 1867, 3303, 857, 26154, 338, 986, 198, 1212, 2665, 4909, 44717, 2456, 91, 198, 7, 1324, 13907, 13, 362, 5468, 379, 5867, 2456, 583, 2443, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	253
Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter. They highlight major plot events and detail the important relationships and characteristics of characters and objects. The Chapter Abstracts can be used to review what the students have read, or to prepare the students for what they will read. Hand the abstracts out in class as a study guide, or use them as a "key" for a class discussion. They are relatively brief, but can serve to be an excellent refresher of the text for either a student or teacher. Chapter 1 Abstract * Virginia "Vinnie" Miner is flying to London to research Play-Rhymes. * She is accompanied by Fido, an invisible dog that manifests when Vinnie is feeling depressed. Chapter 2 Abstract * A Western-attired man sits next to Vinnie. * He attempts to strike up conversation with Vinnie, even though she... This section contains 647 words\| (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)	[ 14126, 12531, 82, 389, 1790, 16969, 286, 2995, 326, 3051, 287, 1123, 6843, 13, 1119, 7238, 1688, 7110, 2995, 290, 3703, 262, 1593, 6958, 290, 9695, 286, 3435, 290, 5563, 13, 383, 7006, 27741, 82, 460, 307, 973, 284, 2423, 644, 262, 2444, 423, 1100, 11, 393, 284, 8335, 262, 2444, 329, 644, 484, 481, 1100, 13, 7157, 262, 12531, 82, 503, 287, 1398, 355, 257, 2050, 5698, 11, 393, 779, 606, 355, 257, 366, 2539, 1, 329, 257, 1398, 5114, 13, 1119, 389, 5365, 4506, 11, 475, 460, 4691, 284, 307, 281, 6275, 17434, 372, 286, 262, 2420, 329, 2035, 257, 3710, 393, 4701, 13, 198, 14126, 352, 27741, 198, 9, 6025, 366, 53, 49708, 1, 29295, 318, 7348, 284, 3576, 284, 2267, 3811, 12, 38576, 22009, 13, 198, 9, 1375, 318, 11791, 416, 376, 17305, 11, 281, 14836, 3290, 326, 42190, 618, 569, 49708, 318, 4203, 19095, 13, 198, 14126, 362, 27741, 198, 9, 317, 4885, 12, 1078, 1202, 582, 10718, 1306, 284, 569, 49708, 13, 198, 9, 679, 6370, 284, 5587, 510, 5273, 351, 569, 49708, 11, 772, 996, 673, 986, 198, 1212, 2665, 4909, 718, 2857, 2456, 91, 198, 7, 1324, 13907, 13, 513, 5468, 379, 5867, 2456, 583, 2443, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	206
This section provides a short description of all the major characters in the book. This can be printed out as a study guide for students, used as a "key" for leading a class discussion, or you can jump to the quiz/homework section to find worksheets that incorporate these descriptions into a variety of question formats. Niccolo Machiavelli - This person was a well-known Italian statesman, writer, philosophy, diplomat and political scientist and is most well-known for writing "The Prince", which was composed in 1513 and published after his death in 1532. His name is synonymous with wily and deceptive politicking. The Roman Empire/Republic - "The Discourses" is ostensibly a commentary on Titus Livius's history of this ancient civilization formed in 509 B.C. and continued for over 450 years. It was the basis for a wide range of modern governments. The Republic - "The Discourses" is focused on... This section contains 390 words\| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)	[ 1212, 2665, 3769, 257, 1790, 6764, 286, 477, 262, 1688, 3435, 287, 262, 1492, 13, 770, 460, 307, 10398, 503, 355, 257, 2050, 5698, 329, 2444, 11, 973, 355, 257, 366, 2539, 1, 329, 3756, 257, 1398, 5114, 11, 393, 345, 460, 4391, 284, 262, 38964, 14, 26452, 6433, 2665, 284, 1064, 2499, 258, 1039, 326, 19330, 777, 16969, 656, 257, 4996, 286, 1808, 17519, 13, 198, 30403, 45745, 7080, 544, 303, 15516, 532, 770, 1048, 373, 257, 880, 12, 4002, 8200, 2585, 805, 11, 6260, 11, 8876, 11, 28278, 290, 1964, 11444, 290, 318, 749, 880, 12, 4002, 329, 3597, 366, 464, 9005, 1600, 543, 373, 13160, 287, 1315, 1485, 290, 3199, 706, 465, 1918, 287, 1315, 2624, 13, 2399, 1438, 318, 33271, 351, 266, 813, 290, 34036, 1408, 7958, 13, 198, 464, 7993, 8065, 14, 15431, 532, 366, 464, 8444, 39975, 1, 318, 31454, 257, 14604, 319, 49207, 32020, 3754, 338, 2106, 286, 428, 6156, 14355, 7042, 287, 2026, 24, 347, 13, 34, 13, 290, 3767, 329, 625, 18523, 812, 13, 632, 373, 262, 4308, 329, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 3660, 6905, 13, 198, 464, 2066, 532, 366, 464, 8444, 39975, 1, 318, 5670, 319, 986, 198, 1212, 2665, 4909, 33882, 2456, 91, 198, 7, 1324, 13907, 13, 362, 5468, 379, 5867, 2456, 583, 2443, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	219
Multiple Choice Questions This section contains 180 multiple choice questions about Watermelon: A Novel. Multiple choice questions test a student's recall and understanding of the text. Use these questions for chapter quizzes, homework assignments or tests. Jump to the quiz/homework section for the multiple choice worksheets. Multiple Choice - Prologue to Chapter 5 1. How old is Claire Webster as the novel begins? 2. What date is Claire talking about as the novel opens? a) June 25. b) September 15. c) May 7. d) February 15. 3. In what city does Claire live? 4. What is Claire's husband's name? 5. What does Claire's husband tell her on the day she gives birth to their daughter? a) He loves her with all his heart. b) He is leaving... This section contains 4,127 words\| (approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)	[ 31217, 18502, 20396, 198, 1212, 2665, 4909, 11546, 3294, 3572, 2683, 546, 5638, 45690, 25, 317, 24467, 13, 20401, 3572, 2683, 1332, 257, 3710, 338, 10014, 290, 4547, 286, 262, 2420, 13, 5765, 777, 2683, 329, 6843, 48258, 274, 11, 26131, 25815, 393, 5254, 13, 15903, 284, 262, 38964, 14, 26452, 6433, 2665, 329, 262, 3294, 3572, 2499, 258, 1039, 13, 198, 31217, 18502, 532, 44157, 5119, 284, 7006, 642, 198, 16, 13, 1374, 1468, 318, 20758, 31890, 355, 262, 5337, 6140, 30, 198, 17, 13, 1867, 3128, 318, 20758, 3375, 546, 355, 262, 5337, 9808, 30, 198, 64, 8, 2795, 1679, 13, 198, 65, 8, 2693, 1315, 13, 198, 66, 8, 1737, 767, 13, 198, 67, 8, 3945, 1315, 13, 198, 18, 13, 554, 644, 1748, 857, 20758, 2107, 30, 198, 19, 13, 1867, 318, 20758, 338, 5229, 338, 1438, 30, 198, 20, 13, 1867, 857, 20758, 338, 5229, 1560, 607, 319, 262, 1110, 673, 3607, 4082, 284, 511, 4957, 30, 198, 64, 8, 679, 10408, 607, 351, 477, 465, 2612, 13, 198, 65, 8, 679, 318, 4305, 986, 198, 1212, 2665, 4909, 604, 11, 16799, 2456, 91, 198, 7, 1324, 13907, 13, 1478, 5468, 379, 5867, 2456, 583, 2443, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	203
Saint John IArticle Free Pass Saint John I, (born , Tuscany [Italy]—died May 18, 526, Ravenna; feast day May 18), pope from 523 to 526. He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus reuniting the Eastern and Western churches by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. He also ratified the Alexandrian computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West. Unfortunately the reunion ended friendly relations between the papacy and Theodoric the Great, the Ostrogothic ruler at Rome. Theodoric mistrusted the rapprochement, and his hostility flared when Justin took harsh measures against the heretical Arian sect in the Byzantine Empire. Theodoric was himself an Arian Christian, and in 525 he ordered Pope John to negotiate a withdrawal of Justin’s edict. John was the first pope to go to Constantinople, but his attempt there to obtain a reversal of Justin’s policies was only partly successful. After he returned to Ravenna (526), Theodoric had him cast into prison, where he soon died, probably of starvation. He is honoured as a martyr. What made you want to look up "Saint John I"? Please share what surprised you most...	[ 48615, 1757, 314, 14906, 3232, 6251, 198, 48615, 1757, 314, 11, 357, 6286, 837, 309, 16241, 1092, 685, 45001, 60, 960, 67, 798, 1737, 1248, 11, 642, 2075, 11, 12552, 2616, 26, 26951, 1110, 1737, 1248, 828, 26850, 422, 642, 1954, 284, 642, 2075, 13, 679, 4444, 262, 4013, 330, 666, 3059, 1042, 357, 34137, 1906, 47785, 828, 4145, 15398, 1780, 262, 8345, 290, 4885, 14422, 416, 25646, 4167, 1022, 262, 20461, 1590, 290, 262, 45772, 23129, 10799, 314, 13, 679, 635, 39067, 262, 21000, 4484, 29964, 286, 262, 3128, 286, 20111, 11, 543, 373, 4191, 6292, 3690, 262, 2688, 13, 198, 13898, 262, 30321, 4444, 8030, 2316, 1022, 262, 20461, 1590, 290, 383, 375, 8146, 262, 3878, 11, 262, 38919, 3828, 849, 291, 22740, 379, 10598, 13, 383, 375, 8146, 4020, 81, 8459, 262, 374, 21064, 2395, 434, 11, 290, 465, 23594, 50017, 618, 10799, 1718, 11859, 5260, 1028, 262, 994, 22869, 317, 4484, 15951, 287, 262, 45772, 8065, 13, 383, 375, 8146, 373, 2241, 281, 317, 4484, 4302, 11, 290, 287, 45719, 339, 6149, 13258, 1757, 284, 16674, 257, 15220, 286, 10799, 447, 247, 82, 1225, 713, 13, 1757, 373, 262, 717, 26850, 284, 467, 284, 46369, 11, 475, 465, 2230, 612, 284, 7330, 257, 27138, 286, 10799, 447, 247, 82, 4788, 373, 691, 11476, 4388, 13, 2293, 339, 4504, 284, 12552, 2616, 357, 48531, 828, 383, 375, 8146, 550, 683, 3350, 656, 3770, 11, 810, 339, 2582, 3724, 11, 2192, 286, 32143, 13, 679, 318, 45870, 355, 257, 28009, 13, 198, 2061, 925, 345, 765, 284, 804, 510, 366, 48615, 1757, 314, 13984, 4222, 2648, 644, 6655, 345, 749, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	274
Conservative Party of CanadaArticle Free Pass Conservative Party of Canada, French Parti Conservateur du Canada, conservative Canadian political party. The party was formed in 2003 by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party. The idea for a merger of Canada’s main conservative parties arose in the 1990s when national support for the Progressive Conservatives dwindled and the Reform Party (later the Canadian Alliance) was unable to expand its national support beyond its base in western Canada. Following the third successive election victory of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2000, support for establishing a united conservative party increased, and in December 2003 more than 90 percent of the members of both the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives endorsed a merger. The Conservative Party of Canada was officially registered with Elections Canada (an independent agency established by the Canadian Parliament to regulate elections and political parties) on December 8, 2003. In 2004, in its first federal general election, the party won nearly 30 percent of the vote and 99 seats in the House of Commons, emerging as the official opposition to a Liberal minority government. In the subsequent election of January 2006, the Conservatives were elected to lead a minority government, and their leader, Stephen Harper, became prime minister. Harper proved adept at coalition building, and in November 2006 he co-opted members of the opposition Bloc Québécois with a motion that recognized the distinct national identity of the Québécois people while still asserting Quebec’s place in a united Canada. Hoping to build on those gains, Harper called early federal elections for October 2008, but the Conservatives failed to gain a parliamentary majority, though they added 19 seats to their to 2006 election results, reaching a total of 143 seats and remaining a minority government. Conservative stock rose as Canada ably weathered the global economic downturn that began in 2007, but failure to release budgetary information to Parliament led to the party’s being found in contempt in March 2011. In response, Liberal opposition leader Michael Ignatieff sponsored a no-confidence vote that brought down the Harper government. In the federal election held on May 2, 2011, however, the Conservatives captured 166 seats (up 23 from 2008), enabling Harper to win a clear majority for the first time in his prime ministership. The party generally supports conservative social and economic policies, a strong federal system of government, and the use of Canada’s armed forces in international peacekeeping missions. What made you want to look up "Conservative Party of Canada"? Please share what surprised you most...	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In the current era of massive deficits, federal, state and local government agencies are seeking ways to lower expenditures and still maintain essential services. Child welfare programs represent an area where significant savings could be achieved while actually improving the life circumstances of the young people affected. The way this could be accomplished is by increasing the number of children and youth who are adopted out of foster care. Findings from a recent national survey of child health provide new evidence that adoption can save the public money while improving the life prospects of youngsters who have been maltreated in their early years. Public Costs of Foster Care Children in foster care are children who were born to substance-abusing or mentally ill women, or youngsters who have been neglected or abused in the homes of their birth parents. They have been legally removed from their birth families and placed under the care and control of state-run child welfare agencies. There are close to a half-million children in the United States who are in foster care at any one time. Some are in foster care for only a brief period of days or weeks before being returned to their families. But almost a quarter of a million will remain in foster care for a year or more. Nearly 50,000 will stay in foster care five years or more, while 30,000 will remain there until they reach adulthood. The public costs of removing all these maltreated children from their birth families and caring for them in foster families, group homes, or institutions are substantial. Annual state and federal expenditures for foster care total more than $9 billion under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act alone. Although exact amounts are difficult to disentangle, even more money is spent for publicly-subsidized medical care for foster children and food stamps, cash welfare, and child care payments to the families that care for them. On top of that, there are longer-term costs that society incurs because of the developmental risks associated with child maltreatment and family disruption. Although children in long-term foster care represent only a small fraction of the total child population of the United States, they represent a much bigger portion of the young people who go on to create serious disciplinary problems in schools, drop out of high school, become unemployed and homeless, bear children as unmarried teenagers, abuse drugs and alcohol, and commit crimes. A recent study of a Midwest sample of young adults aged twenty-three or twenty-four who had aged out of foster care found that they had extremely high rates of arrest and incarceration. 81 percent of the long-term foster care males had been arrested at some point, and 59 percent had been convicted of at least one crime. This compares with 17 percent of all young men in the U.S. who had been arrested, and 10 percent who had been convicted of a crime. Likewise, 57 percent of the long-term foster care females had been arrested and 28 percent had been convicted of a crime. The comparative figures for all female young adults in the U.S. are 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Former foster youth are over-represented among inmates of state and federal prisons. In 2004 there were almost 190,000 inmates of state and federal prisons in the U.S. who had a history of foster care during their childhood or adolescence. These foster care alumni represented nearly 15 percent of the inmates of state prisons and almost 8 percent of the inmates of federal prisons. The cost of incarcerating former foster youth was approximately $5.1 billion per year. Adopting from Foster Care Increased adoption from foster care is a way of decreasing the number of young people who must spend much of their youth in unstable and less than ideal living arrangements. It may also be a way of preventing the long-term detrimental consequences of such an upbringing. As things stand now, less than 15 percent of all children in foster care will be adopted. There were 57,000 children adopted from foster care during Fiscal Year 2009, but there were twice as many-115,000-waiting to be adopted on September 30, 2009. (That is, adoption was the agency's case goal for the child and the parental rights of the biological parents had been legally terminated.) Adopting children from foster care is a risky proposition for prospective adoptive parents because of possible long-term effects on the child of both the traumatic early experiences they have endured and the detrimental genes they may carry in their DNA. Despite the risks involved, sizable numbers of middle-class couples are prepared to adopt these maltreated children. However, their efforts to adopt are often frustrated by federal laws and child welfare agency practices that require time-consuming efforts to preserve and reunify biological families and give preference to the placement of foster children with relatives. As a consequence, qualified couples who are eager to adopt an unrelated foster child may find themselves turned down by social workers in favor of a grandmother, aunt, or cousin of the child. This can occur even though the relative is reluctant to adopt and has only meager financial resources. An American couple can often complete an international adoption in less time and with fewer complications than adopting a child from foster care in the U.S. In addition, they have a better chance of obtaining an adoptive daughter or son near the time of the child's birth or within the first year or two of the child's life. Congress has passed a series of laws with provisions aimed at facilitating and encouraging adoption of foster children, such as by providing financial incentives including an income tax credit, subsidized medical care, and regular support payments for less affluent adoptive parents. There was an initial upward jump in the annual number of children adopted from foster care following the passage of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act in 1997, from a base-period level of around 28,000 children per year to a level of around 51,000 children per year in 2000. Since then, however, the number of children adopted from foster care has fluctuated around 55,000, with no clear sustained upward trend. Likewise, the proportion of foster children waiting to be adopted to those who actually are adopted has hovered around 50 percent. There would be benefits for both the children who await adoption and for U.S. society as a whole if adoption of children in foster care by qualified non-relatives were made easier, faster, and more frequent. Yet advocates of family preservation have resisted efforts to make it so. Much of the controversy over adoption of children from foster care has gone on without the benefit of statistically reliable comparisons of how children fare if they are adopted from foster care as opposed to remaining in foster care or being reunited with their birth parents. Although definitive answers to this question can only be obtained through longitudinal studies and random-assignment experiments, there is useful information to be gleaned from a recent federal survey called the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP). A major purpose of this brief is to summarize the results of a special analysis of data from this survey that the author carried out in collaboration with Matthew Bramlett, a survey statistician at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The analysis was aimed at shedding as much light as possible on the life situations and wellbeing of children who had been adopted from foster care as well as those who were currently in foster care.	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A new study out from Germany indicates that bacteria-killing jets of plasma could soon replace the dental drills currently used to remove the cavities in our teeth making visits to the dentist’s office less painful. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, after solids, liquids and gases. It is formed when gases are energized to the point where electrons fly off some or all of their atoms. Researchers recently demonstrated that a small, blowtorch-like device emitting a relatively cool beam of purple plasma can eliminate oral bacteria in cavities, leaving more tooth structure intact than a drill does. Get ready for this. The first dentist to market himself as a mad scientist wins.	[ 32, 649, 2050, 503, 422, 4486, 9217, 326, 11492, 12, 43764, 20792, 286, 16074, 714, 2582, 6330, 262, 22727, 26721, 3058, 973, 284, 4781, 262, 22357, 871, 287, 674, 9941, 1642, 11864, 284, 262, 38408, 447, 247, 82, 2607, 1342, 12132, 13, 198, 3646, 11797, 318, 262, 5544, 1181, 286, 2300, 11, 706, 1540, 2340, 11, 38236, 290, 21678, 13, 632, 318, 7042, 618, 21678, 389, 19647, 1143, 284, 262, 966, 810, 28722, 6129, 572, 617, 393, 477, 286, 511, 23235, 13, 198, 25606, 2904, 9555, 326, 257, 1402, 11, 6611, 13165, 354, 12, 2339, 3335, 48143, 257, 5365, 3608, 15584, 286, 14032, 16074, 460, 11005, 12886, 11492, 287, 22357, 871, 11, 4305, 517, 16162, 4645, 16572, 621, 257, 16007, 857, 13, 198, 3855, 3492, 329, 428, 13, 383, 717, 38408, 284, 1910, 2241, 355, 257, 8805, 11444, 7864, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	141
The Solid Waste Management Department is committed to helping maintain a healthy environment for Albuquerque's current and future generations. Recycling helps keep disposal costs down while preserving natural resources and protecting the air, soil, and groundwater. Much of the more than 1,800 tons of trash generated by the city each day can be recycled. The manufacturing of new products requires considerable energy. If these materials are reused or recycled instead of being disposed of at landfills, less energy will be used, saving on scarce resources. For example, the production of an aluminum can from recycled metal uses 95% less energy than a can produced from raw aluminum. For more information on the Three R's - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - call the Solid Waste Management Department at (505) 761-8100. Recyclables are collected curbside at Albuquerque households, at recycling drop-off sites throughout the city, and at the city's . But collection is only the first step in the recycling process. To close the loop, materials then need to be processed into a form that allows them to be converted into a reusable product. For a complete data base of all recycling locations visit New Mexico Recycling Coalition.	[ 464, 15831, 35304, 8549, 2732, 318, 5364, 284, 5742, 5529, 257, 5448, 2858, 329, 38633, 338, 1459, 290, 2003, 10439, 13, 198, 6690, 88, 8493, 5419, 1394, 18264, 3484, 866, 981, 23934, 3288, 4133, 290, 10192, 262, 1633, 11, 9260, 11, 290, 34573, 13, 13111, 286, 262, 517, 621, 352, 11, 7410, 10860, 286, 13913, 7560, 416, 262, 1748, 1123, 1110, 460, 307, 32099, 13, 198, 464, 9138, 286, 649, 3186, 4433, 11091, 2568, 13, 1002, 777, 5696, 389, 46823, 393, 32099, 2427, 286, 852, 29947, 286, 379, 1956, 69, 2171, 11, 1342, 2568, 481, 307, 973, 11, 8914, 319, 18549, 4133, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 262, 3227, 286, 281, 15955, 460, 422, 32099, 6147, 3544, 6957, 4, 1342, 2568, 621, 257, 460, 4635, 422, 8246, 15955, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 319, 262, 7683, 371, 338, 532, 44048, 11, 797, 1904, 11, 3311, 39297, 532, 869, 262, 15831, 35304, 8549, 2732, 379, 357, 31654, 8, 767, 5333, 12, 23, 3064, 13, 198, 6690, 88, 565, 2977, 389, 7723, 1090, 1443, 485, 379, 38633, 12503, 11, 379, 25914, 4268, 12, 2364, 5043, 3690, 262, 1748, 11, 290, 379, 262, 1748, 338, 764, 887, 4947, 318, 691, 262, 717, 2239, 287, 262, 25914, 1429, 13, 1675, 1969, 262, 9052, 11, 5696, 788, 761, 284, 307, 13686, 656, 257, 1296, 326, 3578, 606, 284, 307, 11513, 656, 257, 42339, 1720, 13, 198, 1890, 257, 1844, 1366, 2779, 286, 477, 25914, 7064, 3187, 968, 5828, 3311, 88, 8493, 15135, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	247
Musica et scolica enchiriadis The ninth century Musica enchiriadis begins by comparing musical notes to letters. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. J P MIgne, vol 132, p957 The same text also apparently enjoinders uniting the phrasing of words and music. Item ut in unum terminentur particulae neumarum atque verborum. Likewise, let the particles of neumes and of words end as one. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. J P MIgne, vol 132, p982 The comparison between music and language is also seen in the treatise De harmonica institutione by Hucbald (c.850-930). Hucbald states that all chant is performed in distinct and predetermined sounds in 'rational' quantities, a comment which is more likely to refer to proportional pitch than to proportional rhythm but is anyway characteristic of the ancient belief in the appropriateness of ratio in music. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latin, ed. J. P. Migne, vol 132, p911 English: Hucbald, Guido and John on Music: Three Medieval Treatises, by Warren Babb (1978) p20 Just as the elementary and indivisible articulated parts of speech are letters, out of which syllables are put together, they in turn make up verbs and nouns, the web of even and accomplished speech; thus are the phtongi of the melodious voice, which are called soni in Latin and the content/restraining of all music ends in their [but] Only those sounds ['voces'] which they thought were distinguished and determined by calculable quantities and were serviceable for melody - only those did they set as the sure foundation for all song. These, then, they called "elements" or phtongi. Just as all the diversity of language is contained in its elements, the letters, and whatever can be said is expressed through them. Sicut vocis articulatae elementariae atque individuae partes sunt litterae, ex quibus compositae syllabae rursum componunt verba et nomina, eaquae perfectae orationis textum; sic canorae vocis phthongi, qui latine dicuntur soni origines sunt, et totius musicae continentia in eorum ultimam ... sed eos tantum, quos rationabili discretos ac determinatos quantitate, quique melodiae apti existerent, ipsi certissima totius cantilenae fundamenta jecerunt. Unde et elementa vel phthongos eosdem nuncupaverunt; quod scilicet, quemadmodum litterarum elementis sermonum cuncta multiplicitas coarctatur, et quidquid dici potest, per	[ 10694, 3970, 2123, 629, 349, 3970, 551, 354, 14783, 324, 271, 198, 464, 19646, 4289, 2629, 3970, 551, 354, 14783, 324, 271, 6140, 416, 14176, 10530, 4710, 284, 7475, 13, 198, 49022, 25, 20989, 519, 544, 13882, 385, 1224, 83, 385, 11, 2168, 3042, 1437, 11, 1225, 13, 449, 350, 15789, 70, 710, 11, 2322, 21761, 11, 279, 24, 3553, 198, 464, 976, 2420, 635, 5729, 551, 7639, 29700, 555, 1780, 262, 7607, 2313, 286, 2456, 290, 2647, 13, 198, 7449, 3384, 287, 555, 388, 5651, 298, 333, 1344, 377, 3609, 497, 44844, 388, 379, 4188, 3326, 2865, 388, 13, 198, 45872, 11, 1309, 262, 13166, 286, 497, 8139, 290, 286, 2456, 886, 355, 530, 13, 198, 49022, 25, 20989, 519, 544, 13882, 385, 1224, 83, 385, 11, 2168, 3042, 1437, 11, 1225, 13, 449, 350, 15789, 70, 710, 11, 2322, 21761, 11, 279, 4089, 17, 198, 464, 7208, 1022, 2647, 290, 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General Information About Small Cell Lung Cancer Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of bronchogenic carcinomas. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 30% of patients with SCLC will have tumors confined to the hemithorax of origin, the mediastinum, or the supraclavicular lymph nodes. These patients are designated as having limited-stage disease (LD). Patients with tumors that have spread beyond the supraclavicular areas are said to have extensive-stage disease (ED). SCLC is more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than other cell types of lung cancer; however, a cure is difficult to achieve because SCLC has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis.Incidence and Mortality The overall incidence and mortality rates of SCLC in the United States have decreased during the past few decades. Estimated new cases and deaths from lung cancer (SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC] combined) in the United States in 2013: - New cases: 228,190. - Deaths: 159,480. Lung cancer may present with symptoms or be found incidentally on chest imaging. Symptoms and signs may result from the location of the primary local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, distant metastases, or paraneoplastic phenomena. The most common symptoms at presentation are worsening cough, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. Other presenting symptoms include the following: - Chest pain. - Weight loss. Symptoms may result from local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, such as compression involving the esophagus causing dysphagia, compression involving the laryngeal nerves causing hoarseness, or compression involving the superior vena cava causing facial edema and distension of the superficial veins of the head and neck. Symptoms from distant metastases may also be present and include neurological defect or personality change from brain metastases or pain from bone metastases. Infrequently, patients with SCLC may present with symptoms and signs of one of the following paraneoplastic syndromes: - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. - Cushing syndrome from secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. - Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. - Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Physical examination may identify enlarged supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion or lobar collapse, unresolved pneumonia, or signs of associated disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Diagnosis Treatment options for patients are determined by histology, stage, and general health and comorbidities of the patient. Investigations of patients with suspected SCLC focus on confirming the diagnosis and determining the extent of the disease. The procedures used to determine the presence of cancer include the following: - Physical examination. - Routine laboratory evaluations. - Chest x-ray. - Chest computed tomography scan with infusion of contrast material. Before a patient begins lung cancer treatment, an experienced lung cancer pathologist must review the pathologic material. This is critical because SCLC, which responds well to chemotherapy and is generally not treated surgically, can be confused on microscopic examination with NSCLC. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are invaluable techniques for diagnosis and subclassification, but most lung tumors can be classified by light microscopic criteria.Prognosis and Survival Regardless of stage, the current prognosis for patients with SCLC is unsatisfactory despite improvements in diagnosis and therapy made during the past 25 years. Without treatment, SCLC has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with median survival from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months. About 10% of the total population of SCLC patients remains free of disease during the 2 years from the start of therapy, which is the time period during which most relapses occur. Even these patients, however, are at risk of dying from lung cancer (both small and non-small cell types). The overall survival at 5 years is 5% to 10%.[1,5-7] An important prognostic factor for SCLC is the extent of disease. Patients with LD have a better prognosis than patients with ED. For patients with LD, median survival of 16 to 24 months and 5-year survivals of 14% with current forms of treatment have been reported.[1,6,8,9] Patients diagnosed with LD who smoke should be encouraged to stop smoking before undergoing combined-modality therapy because continued smoking may compromise survival. Improved long-term survival in patients with LD has been shown with combined-modality therapy.[9,11][Level of evidence: 1iiA] Although long-term survivors have been reported among patients who received either surgery or chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy combined with thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) is considered the standard of care. Adding TRT increases absolute survival by approximately 5% over chemotherapy alone.[11,13] The optimal timing of TRT relative to chemotherapy has been evaluated in multiple trials and meta-analyses with the weight of evidence suggesting a small benefit to early TRT.[1,14,15][Level of evidence: 1iiA] In patients with ED, median survival of 6 to 12 months is reported with currently available therapy, but long-term disease-free survival is rare. All patients with this type of cancer may appropriately be considered for inclusion in clinical trials at the time of diagnosis. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.References - Murray N, Coy P, Pater JL, et al.: Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 11 (2): 336-44, 1993. [PUBMED Abstract] - Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D, et al.: Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 24 (28): 4539-44, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] - American Cancer Society.: Cancer Facts and Figures 2013. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2013. Available online. Last accessed May 2, 2013. - Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, et al.: Histological typing of lung and pleural tumours. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. - Johnson BE, Grayson J, Makuch RW, et al.: Ten-year survival of patients with small-cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy with or without irradiation. J Clin Oncol 8 (3): 396-401, 1990. [PUBMED Abstract] - Fry WA, Menck HR, Winchester DP: The National Cancer Data Base report on lung cancer. Cancer 77 (9): 1947-55, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] - Lassen U, Osterlind K, Hansen M, et al.: Long-term survival in small-cell lung cancer: posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18+ years--an analysis of 1,714 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 13 (5): 1215-20, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] - Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al.: Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 340 (4): 265-71, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] - Jänne PA, Freidlin B, Saxman S, et al.: Twenty-five years of clinical research for patients with limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma in North America. Cancer 95 (7): 1528-38, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract] - Videtic GM, Stitt LW, Dar AR, et al.: Continued cigarette smoking by patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer is associated with decreased survival. J Clin Oncol 21 (8): 1544-9, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract] - Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al.: A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 327 (23): 1618-24, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract] - Chandra V, Allen MS, Nichols FC 3rd, et al.: The role of pulmonary resection in small cell lung cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 81 (5): 619-24, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] - Warde P, Payne D: Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 10 (6): 890-5, 1992. 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Finding the cause of your fever This page has information on finding the cause of fever. You can go straight to sections on To treat a fever, you need to know what is causing it. If you develop a fever, your doctor will want to examine you and ask you a number of questions. This is so they can find out the exact cause of the fever and treat it in the best way. They are likely to ask such things as - When did the fever start? - What symptoms do you have? - What cancer treatments are you having? - How long is it since your last treatment? - Do you have any difficulty passing urine or opening your bowels? - What medications are you taking? - Do you have any pain? If so, where? - Do you have any lines into your veins (for example a PICC line or central line)? - Do you have any tubes or catheters? - Is the fever there all the time, or does it come and go? - Do you have night sweats? - Do you have any wounds that have not completely healed? - Do you have any other illnesses? Your doctor will examine you if they suspect you have an infection. They will closely examine parts of your body where infection is most likely to occur. Sometimes your signs and symptoms can give your doctor some idea as to where in your body your infection is. For example, if you have burning and stinging sensations when passing urine, then you may have a bladder infection. The doctor will also check your breathing and you may have a chest X-ray to rule out lung infection. If you have a drip or central line in place, they will carefully examine the entry site for any signs of infection. Your doctor will arrange for you to have a blood sample taken. This is to check that your blood cell counts are normal. And to look for infection in your blood. Doctors call this test blood cultures. Your doctor may also take urine and sputum specimens to check for infection. And perhaps a throat swab, or a swab from around a drip site or from any wound you have. It is not always possible for your doctor to find out exactly what is causing your fever. Doctors cannot find the cause of infection in half of those (50%) with cancer who have an infection. But you can still have treatment with a broad spectrum antibiotic. This is a type of antibiotic that is active against a wide variety of bacteria. Choosing antibiotics can be a bit hit and miss if the doctor can't actually find the bacteria. You may need to have some tests repeated. And you may need your antibiotics changed if tests show up a bacteria that needs treating with a specific antibiotic. Some infections are very hard to find and it is important that your doctor keeps checking to find the cause. Rated 2 out of 5 based on 3 votes Question about cancer? 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Experiencing Mathematics and Technology Education This course builds on understandings of Mathematics and Statistics and Technology developed in the 100 level course Mathematics and Technology Introductory Studies. Course content will include exploring components of The New Zealand Curriculum relevant to Mathematics and Statistics, and Technology and critiquing national assessment tools. Planning, assessing and evaluating units of work will be a key focus of this course. The New Zealand Numeracy Development Project Number Framework and The Diagnostic Interview will be used in conjunction with school visits to diagnose and teach to individual numeracy needs. Students will also participation in, document and reflect on an authentic technological practice experience.	[ 20468, 2013, 2259, 39448, 290, 8987, 7868, 198, 1212, 1781, 12188, 319, 1833, 654, 286, 39448, 290, 14370, 290, 8987, 4166, 287, 262, 1802, 1241, 1781, 39448, 290, 8987, 11036, 25977, 10422, 13, 20537, 2695, 481, 2291, 13504, 6805, 286, 383, 968, 8936, 4424, 1173, 14452, 5981, 284, 39448, 290, 14370, 11, 290, 8987, 290, 1955, 1557, 278, 2260, 8922, 4899, 13, 21913, 11, 24171, 290, 22232, 4991, 286, 670, 481, 307, 257, 1994, 2962, 286, 428, 1781, 13, 383, 968, 8936, 399, 6975, 1590, 7712, 4935, 7913, 25161, 290, 383, 31549, 15132, 19371, 481, 307, 973, 287, 17856, 351, 1524, 11864, 284, 37489, 290, 4545, 284, 1981, 5470, 1590, 2476, 13, 14882, 481, 635, 10270, 287, 11, 3188, 290, 4079, 319, 281, 16425, 14614, 3357, 1998, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	129
Each year U.S. hospitals have 300,000 admissions for broken hips. Falling is often the cause of those fractures. As we age, many physical factors put us at an increased risk of falling such as: hearing loss, vision loss, lack of mobility and loss of muscles mass. The average person will lose about one percent of their muscle mass per year after the age of forty five. The best way to counteract that is to use your muscles by leading an active lifestyle. Balance exercises can help you stay independent by helping you avoid the often permanent physical disabilities that may result from falling. And you don’t have to have fancy equipment to strengthen your muscles and improve your balance. There are many easy exercises you can do at home. Stand on one foot. - Stand on one foot behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - Hold position for up to 10 seconds. - Repeat 10 to 15 times. - Repeat with opposite leg Walk heel to toe. - Position the heel of one foot just in front of the toes of the other foot. Your heel and toes should touch or almost touch. - Choose a spot ahead of you and focus on it to keep you steady as you walk. - Take a step. Put your heel just in front of the toe of your other foot. - Repeat for 20 steps. Back leg raises (strengthens buttocks and low back) - Stand behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - Flex your left foot, then slowly lift left leg straight back without bending your knee. Try not to lean forward. Hold position for 1 second. - Keep your right standing leg slightly bent. - Repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg Side leg raises (strengthens hips, thighs, and buttocks) - Stand behind a sturdy chair with feet slightly apart, holding on for balance. - Flex your left foot and slowly lift your left leg out to the side. Keep your back straight and your toes facing forward. - Keep your right standing leg slightly bent and hold position for 1 second. - Breathe in as you slowly lower your leg. - Repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg.	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From power plants to paper mills, quarries to crematoriums – every year companies across North Carolina pump millions of pounds of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. And no matter where you are in North Carolina, one thing remains constant – you’ve got to pay to pollute. Most air polluters in the state pay for their emissions with permits, and sometimes fines, from the North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Division of Air Quality. But there are three places in the state where air quality isn’t regulated from agency headquarters in Raleigh, and one of those places is Buncombe County. In Buncombe County, the Western North Carolina Regional Air Quality Agency monitors air quality and enforces state and federal air quality standards. The other two local regulating agencies in North Carolina are in Mecklenburg and Forsyth counties. Ashley Featherstone, engineering supervisor for WNCRAQA, said the Buncombe County agency actually predates the state Division of Air Quality and federal Environmental Protection Agency. The WNCRAQA was started as a smoke abatement agency in the 1940s to regulate smoke from coal-fired boilers in the area, Featherstone said. At that time, four counties were involved in the agency — Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson and Transylvania. The Clean Air Act of 1970 allowed local governments to establish their own air quality programs, which Featherstone said resulted in the formation of the WNCRAQA. The agency downsized to two counties — Buncombe and Haywood — in 1970 before Haywood ultimately left the agency in 1999. Today, the agency is governed by a five-member board with three appointees from Buncombe County and two from the City of Asheville, although the agency operates independently of both governments. Buncombe County government administers the agency’s personnel policy. Despite its small size and limited resources in comparison to statewide agencies, Kevin Lance, enforcement and monitoring supervisor, said he believes the WNCRAQA’s size is an advantage. “I think it allows us to be better at enforcement and, you know, better at a lot of things,” he said. The agency issues permits for 70 facilities in Buncombe County, and the fees for those permits are its primary source of funding, Featherstone said. It also receives an EPA STAR grant and some funding from North Carolina’s gas tax. The WNCRAQA’s operating budget for the current fiscal year is $1,009,526, Featherstone said, adding that the budget includes $72,000 for the one-time purchase of new ozone detection equipment. She said the agency’s annual budget must be approved by its board and then by Buncombe County. The WNCRAQA uses its funds to monitor air quality in the county, focusing primarily on ozone and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, also known as PM2.5. Although ozone hazards are more well-known, particulate matter can have serious health effects due to its ability to lodge deeply into the lungs, according to the EPA. The agency monitors ozone levels from a monitoring station at Bent Creek Experimental Forest on Brevard Road and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns from monitoring equipment on top of the Buncombe County Board of Education building. Lance said WNCRAQA and the state poll these monitoring sites every hour. The air-quality information also is available at the government-backed AirCompare website. The agency also conducts inspections on each of the facilities in Buncombe County that it permits. Title V facilities – the largest polluters – are inspected yearly to ensure compliance, Featherstone said. Title V references Title V of the federal Clean Air Act. The next largest polluters, designated as “synthetic minor,” also are inspected yearly. Small facilities are inspected every other year, Featherstone said. Based on compliance with permits and air quality standards, Featherstone said the agency also has both civil and criminal enforcement authority. Most of the violations the agency deals with are due to clerical errors like record-keeping and reporting, Featherstone said. Criminal enforcement is much more infrequent. “It’s very hard to do a criminal case because you have to prove intent,” Featherstone said. So far this year, the agency has issued six notices of violations, mostly for late reports or failure to conduct audits, which Featherstone said is pretty typical. “That’s the most common type of violation that we have,” she said. Overall, Lance said he thinks a hardy sense of stewardship in the area is what has kept the agency successful for so many years. “I think this is a good area to protect,” he said. “I think we have some good input in this area, and I think that’s why we stayed around.” Agency hosting free gas can exchange The Western North Carolina Regional Air Quality Agency will hold a free gas can exchange program in conjunction with the Buncombe County Solid Waste Department at the Buncombe County Landfill from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Aug. 3 and 10. The WNCRAQA will replace old gas cans with new, environmentally-friendly cans. The project is part of an effort to reduce emissions by American Suzuki Motor Corp. and the EPA. Visit WNCRAQA’s website for more information.	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English Revolution of 1688 James II, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of Monmouth's rebellion in 1685, then had the Tory reaction in his favour, complete control over Parliament and the town corporations, a regular army in England, a thoroughly Catholic army in process of formation in Ireland, and a large revenue granted by Parliament for life. His policy was to govern England as absolute monarch and to restore Catholics to their full civil and religious rights. Unfortunately, both prudence and statesmanship were lacking, with the result that in three years the king lost his throne. The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole. The execution of Monmouth (July, 1685) made the Revolution possible, for it led to the Whig party accepting William of Orange as the natural champion of Protestantism against the attempts of James. Thus the opposition gained a centre round which it consolidated with ever-increasing force. What the Catholics as a body desired was freedom of worship and the repeal of the penal laws ; but a small section of them, desirous of political power, aimed chiefly at the repeal of the Test Act of 1673 and the Act of 1678 which excluded Catholics from both houses of Parliament. Unfortunately James fell under the influence of this section, which was directed by the unprincipled Earl of Sunderland, and he decided on a policy of repeal of the Test Act. Circumstances had caused this question to be closely bound up with that of the army. For James, who placed his chief reliance on his soldiers, had increased the standing army to 30,000, 13,000 of whom, partly officered by Catholics, were encamped on Hounslow Heath to the great indignation of London which regarded the camp as a menace to its liberties and a centre of disorder. Parliament demanded that the army should be reduced to normal dimensions and the Catholic officers dismissed; but James, realizing that the test would not be repealed, prorogued Parliament and proceeded to exercise the "dispensing and suspending power". By this he claimed that it was the prerogative of the crown to dispense with the execution of the penal laws in individual cases and to suspend the operation of any law altogether. To obtain the sanction of the Law Courts for this doctrine a test case, known as Hales's case, was brought to decide whether the king could allow a Catholic to hold office in the army without complying with the Test Act. After James had replaced some of the judges by more complaisant lawyers, he obtained a decision that "it was of the king's prerogative to dispense. with penal laws in particular instances". He acted on the decision by appointing Catholics to various positions, Lord Tyrconnel becoming Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Arundel Lord Privy Seal, and Lord Bellasyse Lord Treasurer in place of the Tory minister Lord Rochester, who was regarded as the chief mainstay of the Established Church. The Church of England, which was rendered uneasy by the dismissal of Rochester, was further alienated by the king's action in appointing a Court of High Commission, which suspended the Bishop of London for refusing to inhibit one of his clergy from preaching anti-Catholic sermons. The feeling was intensified by the liberty which Catholics enjoyed in London during 1686. Public chapels were opened, including one in the Royal Palace, the Jesuits founded a large school in the Savoy, and Catholic ecclesiastics appeared openly at Court. At this juncture James, desiring to counterbalance the loss of Anglican support, offered toleration to the dissenters, who at the beginning of his reign had been severely persecuted. The influence of William Penn induced the king to issue on 4 April, 1687, the Declaration of Indulgence, by which liberty of worship was granted to all, Catholic and Protestant alike. He also replaced Tory churchmen by Whig dissenters on the municipal corporations and the commission of the peace, and, having dissolved Parliament, hoped to secure a new House of Commons which would repeal both the penal laws and the Test. But he underestimated two difficulties, the hatred of the dissenters for "popery" and their distrust of royal absolutism. His action in promoting Catholics to the Privy Council, the judicial bench, and the offices of Lord lieutenant, sheriff, and magistrate, wounded these susceptibilities, while he further offended the Anglicans by attempting to restore to Catholics some of their ancient foundations in the universities. Catholics obtained some footing both at Christ Church and University College, Oxford, and in March 1688, James gave the presidency of Magdalen College to Bonaventure Giffard, the Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District. This restoration of Magdalen as a Catholic college created the greatest alarm, not only among the holders of benefices throughout the country, but also among the owners of ancient abbey lands. The presence of the papal nuncio, Mgr. d'Adda, at Court and the public position granted to the four Catholic bishops, who had recently been appointed as vicars Apostolic, served to increase both the dislike of the dissenters to support a king whose acts, while of doubtful legality, were also subversive of Protestant interests, and likewise the difficulty of the Anglicans in practicing passive obedience in face of such provocation. Surrounded by these complications, James issued his second Declaration of Indulgence in April, 1688, and ordered that it should be read in all the churches. This strained Anglican obedience to the breaking point. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his suffragans presented a petition questioning the dispensing power. The seven bishops were sent to the Tower prosecuted, tried, and acquitted. This trial proved to be the immediate occasion of the Revolution, for, as Halifax said, "it hath brought all Protestants together and bound them up into a knot that cannot easily be untied". While the bishops were in the Tower, another epoch-marking event occurred -- the birth of an heir to the crown (10 June, 1688). Hitherto the hopes of the king's opponents had been fixed on the succession of his Protestant daughter Mary, wife of William of Orange, the Protestant leader. The birth of Prince James now opened up the prospect of a Catholic dynasty just at a moment when the ancient anti-Catholic bigotry had been aroused by events both in England and France. For besides the ill-advised acts of James, the persecution of the Huguenots by Louis XIV, consequent on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, revived old religious animosities. England was flooded with French Protestant refugees bearing everywhere the tale of a Catholic king's cruelty. Unfortunately for James his whole foreign policy had been one of subservience to France, and at this moment of crisis the power of France was a menace to all Europe. Even Catholic Austria and Spain supported the threatened Protestant states, and the pope himself, outraged by Louis XIV in a succession of wrongs, joined the universal resistance to France and was allied with William of Orange and other Protestant sovereigns against Louis and his single supporter, James. William had long watched the situation in England, and during 1687 had received communications from the opposition in which it was agreed that, whenever revolutionary action should become advisable, it should be carried out under William's guidance. As early as the autumn of 1687 the papal secretary of state was aware of the plot to dethrone James and make Mary queen, and a French agent dispatched the news to England through France. The Duke of Norfolk then in Rome also learned it, and sent intelligence to the king before 18 Dec., 1687 (letter of d'Estrées to Louvois, cited by Ranke, II, 424). But James, though early informed, was reluctant to believe that his son-in-law would head an insurrection against him. On the day the seven bishops were acquitted seven English statesmen sent a letter to William inviting him to rescue the religion and liberties of England. But William was threatened by a French army on the Belgian frontier, and could not take action. Louis XIV made a last effort to save James, and warned the Dutch States General that he would regard any attack on England as a declaration of war against France. This was keenly resented by James who regarded it as a slight upon English independence, and he repudiated the charge that he had made a secret treaty with France. Thereupon Louis left him to his fate, removed the French troops from Flanders to begin a campaign against the empire, and thus William was free to move. When it was too late James realized his danger. By hasty concessions granted one after another he tried to undo his work and win back the Tory churchmen to his cause. But he did not remove the Catholic officers or suggest the restriction of the dispensing power. In October Sunderland was dismissed from office, but William was already on the seas, and, though driven back by a storm, he re-embarked and landed at Torbay on 5 Nov., 1688. James at first prepared to resist. The army was sent to intercept William, but by the characteristic treachery of Churchill, disaffection was spread, and the king, not knowing in whom he could place confidence, attempted to escape. At Sheerness he was stopped and sent back to London, where he might have proved an embarrassing prisoner had not his escape been connived at. On 23 Dec., 1688, he left England to take refuge with Louis XIV ; the latter received him generously and granted him both palace and pension. On his first departure the mob had risen in London against the Catholics, and attacked chapels and houses, plundering and carrying off the contents. Even the ambassadors' houses were not spared, and the Spanish and Sardinian embassy chapels were destroyed. Bishops Giffard and Leyburn were arrested and committed to the Tower. Father Petre had escaped, and the Nuncio disguised himself as a servant at the house of the envoy from Savoy, till he was enabled to obtain from William a passport. So far as the English Catholics were concerned, the result of the Revolution was that their restoration to freedom of worship and liberation from the penal laws was delayed for a century and more. So completely had James lost the confidence of the nation that William experienced no opposition and the Revolution ran its course in an almost regular way. A Convention Parliament met on 22 January, 1689, declared that James "having withdrawn himself out of the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant ", and "that experience had shown it to be inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a Popish Prince". The crown was offered to William and Mary, who accepted the Declaration of Right, which laid down the principles of the constitution with regard to the dispensing power, the liberties of Parliament, and other matters. After their proclamation as king and queen, the Declaration was ratified by the Bill of Rights, and the work of the Revolution was complete. English Catholics have indeed had good cause to lament the failure of the king's well-meant, if unwise, attempts to restore their liberty, and to regret that he did not act on the wise advice of Pope Innocent XI and Cardinal Howard to proceed by slow degrees and obtain first the repeal of the penal laws before going on to restore their full civil rights. But on the other hand we can now realize that the Revolution had the advantage of finally closing the long struggle between king and Parliament that had lasted for nearly a century, and of establishing general principles of religious toleration in which Catholics were bound sooner or later to be included. More Catholic Encyclopedia Browse Encyclopedia by Alphabet The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. 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Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online	[ 15823, 9303, 286, 1467, 3459, 198, 14731, 2873, 11, 1719, 4251, 262, 30032, 286, 465, 1176, 706, 262, 4388, 22711, 286, 2892, 14775, 338, 21540, 287, 1467, 5332, 11, 788, 550, 262, 19037, 6317, 287, 465, 7075, 11, 1844, 1630, 625, 8411, 290, 262, 3240, 10225, 11, 257, 3218, 5428, 287, 4492, 11, 257, 13770, 7835, 5428, 287, 1429, 286, 9978, 287, 7517, 11, 290, 257, 1588, 6426, 7520, 416, 8411, 329, 1204, 13, 2399, 2450, 373, 284, 1089, 4492, 355, 4112, 26464, 290, 284, 11169, 21374, 284, 511, 1336, 3026, 290, 4158, 2489, 13, 8989, 11, 1111, 25220, 594, 290, 2585, 25428, 547, 14394, 11, 351, 262, 1255, 326, 287, 1115, 812, 262, 5822, 2626, 465, 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A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases. INCREASE OF MERIT Factors that increase a person's supernatural reward for good works performed in the state of grace. There are four such factors: 1. the degree of sanctifying grace in which a person does some morally good action; 2. the intensity of will with which an act is done; 3. the sublimity of the action performed; and 4. the purity of love or selflessness that animates the performance. Difficulties of themselves do not increase supernatural merit, but, provided that a difficulty is not culpable, it normally demands additional effort of will and thus indirectly adds to the merit derived from a morally good act done in the state of grace. All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.	[ 32, 3660, 22155, 286, 7835, 2846, 11, 1111, 2219, 290, 18611, 13, 9938, 7187, 17336, 286, 2456, 290, 20144, 13, 198, 30158, 2200, 11159, 3963, 34482, 2043, 198, 29054, 669, 326, 2620, 257, 1048, 338, 22239, 6721, 329, 922, 2499, 6157, 287, 262, 1181, 286, 11542, 13, 1318, 389, 1440, 884, 5087, 25, 352, 13, 262, 4922, 286, 25417, 4035, 11542, 287, 543, 257, 1048, 857, 617, 22388, 922, 2223, 26, 362, 13, 262, 12245, 286, 481, 351, 543, 281, 719, 318, 1760, 26, 513, 13, 262, 850, 2475, 414, 286, 262, 2223, 6157, 26, 290, 604, 13, 262, 25590, 286, 1842, 393, 2116, 17587, 326, 2355, 689, 262, 2854, 13, 10631, 2249, 444, 286, 2405, 466, 407, 2620, 22239, 17004, 11, 475, 11, 2810, 326, 257, 8722, 318, 407, 21286, 540, 11, 340, 7685, 8665, 3224, 3626, 286, 481, 290, 4145, 20762, 6673, 284, 262, 17004, 10944, 422, 257, 22388, 922, 719, 1760, 287, 262, 1181, 286, 11542, 13, 198, 3237, 3709, 287, 428, 22155, 389, 422, 1305, 13, 1757, 6912, 261, 338, 12495, 7835, 28261, 11, 10673, 21475, 5155, 13, 16718, 351, 7170, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	187
What is intestinal cancer? Cancer of the small intestine is a rare form of cancer typically caused by four types of tumors or classifications. The most common type of small intestine cancer is adenocarcinoma. Other, less common types are: carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and lymphomas. Celiac Disease and Small Intestinal Cancer: If a person with celiac had the disease undiagnosed for a long period of time, or fails to maintain a gluten-free lifestyle after diagnosis, the chance of developing small intestinal cancer increases. Those with celiac disease are especially more likely to develop lymphomas in the small intestine because of their compromised immune system. In the past the increased risk of celiacs developing lymphomas was quite high, 40-100% more likely. However, more recent studies have shown that the risk of lymphoma is slightly higher than the normal population—much less than previously believed—and that this risk reaches unity with the normal population after a gluten-free diet has been maintained for several years. Types of Intestinal Cancers: Adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of the small intestine, usually the duodenum. Adenocarcinomas make up 40-50% of all small intestinal cancers. Who Gets Adenocarcinoma? This type of intestinal cancer occurs most often in men later in life, the average age being 60 years. People with Crohns Disease and certain other inherited conditions—such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Peuts-Jegherssyndrome are at a higher risk of developing adenocarinomas. Carcinoid Tumors: Occurs when neuroendocrine cells grow abnormally, carcinoid tumors may also be refered to as neuroendocrine tumors or less aggressive neuroendocrine cancer. Carcinoid tumors often cause symptoms throughout the entire body, rather than just in the affected organ. Who Gets Carcinoid Tumors? People with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia—a rare inherited disease that causes increased risk of getting tumors in certain glands, or those with a family history of neurofibromatosis. Carcinoid tumors are more common in women and among African Americans. People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of stomach acid have an increased risk of developing carinoid tumors. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: These are fairly rare tumors that are now believed to start in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the walls of the GI tract. Some stromal tumors are benign. Who Gets Stromal Tumors? There are very few known risk factors that cause stromal tumors, it is believed that a family history of neurofibromatosis or familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndrome will increase a person's risk of getting stromal tumors. Lymphomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphoid tissue. Who Gets GI Lymphomas? Most patients have no known risk factors, old age seems to be the greatest factor in developing lymphomas. Some genetic risks factors that cause abnormal function of the immune system can also lead to lymphomas, as well as a diet high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables. Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals can increase the risk of lymphomas. Immune deficiencies—from organ transplants, etc, autoimmune diseases, and some infections can also increase the likelihood of a lymphoma developing. What are the Symptoms of Intestinal Cancer? Symptoms tend to be vague and unspecific. Complaints are often for pain throughout the body, not just focused in the digestive tract area. Abdominal pain and unexplained weight-loss are the two most common symptoms of intestinal cancer. Other symptoms include, but are not limited to, pain or cramping in the middle of the abdomen, a lump in the abdomen, blood in the stool, nausea, bloating, iron deficient anemia and jaundice. Screening and Diagnosis of Intestinal Cancer If your doctor suspects intestinal cancer they might order a barium contrast study, an upper GI tract endoscopy, an ultrasound or a colonoscopy depending on what type of cancer is suspected and the likely location. If tumors are found a biopsy will be performed to confirm that the cells are cancerous. Treatment of Small Intestinal Cancer The most common method of treatment of small intestinal cancer is surgery. The doctor will remove all of the visible tumor and some of the surrounding healthy area to ensure that all cancer has been removed. With lymphomas, the most common treatment is radiation therapy. Celiac Disease and Other Malignancies Although cancers of the small intestine might seem to be the only related malignancy with celiac, other studies have shown relations with other types of cancer. There is some evidence that patients with celiac have an increased risk of esophageal and pharyngeal carcinomas, a Swedish study found celiac 2.3 times more likely to develop these carcinomas. The same study also found an increased risk for colorectal cancer (SIR=1.5), however an English study found NO patients with celiac disease and colorectal cancer. Celiacs also seem to have an increased risk of developing primary liver cancer. Breast cancer, on the other hand, is seen at a much lower frequency in celiacs than among the general population. This is possibly related to a lower frequency of smoking or lower body weight in celiacs. The development of malignancies is rare, and although celiac disease does appear to coincide with increased frequencies of certain cancers it is by no means a common occurrence. If you suspect that you might have cancer, or are worried about developing cancer in the future, please discuss your concerns with your physician. Coeliac disease and lymphoma, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2006 18:131-2. Do you or a family member suffer from this disease? You may have celiac disease, find ouy now, take our celiac disease symptoms checklist.	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(S.D.)-Search For Radioactive Decay Continues In SD Lab LEAD, S.D. (AP) - Physicists in South Dakota have started assembling "detector units" in the search for a rare form of radioactive decay that could help explain how the universe evolved. The Majorana Demonstrator Experiment is under construction in the Davis Campus of a shuttered gold mine in Lead in the Black Hills. It's next door to another experiment meant to detect dark matter. Both experiments are housed nearly a mile beneath the earth in the former Homestake Gold Mine. Officials with the Sanford Underground Research Facility say that the first detector units were built through Monday when physicist Ryan Martin "attached a polished germanium-crystal detector the size of a hockey puck to a wafer-thin glass electronics board." The experiment will need about 70 such units to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. (Copyright 2012 The Associated Press) Back to News Printer Friendly Version Send Story to a friend.	[ 7, 50, 13, 35, 2014, 12, 18243, 1114, 8829, 5275, 39087, 6389, 947, 554, 9834, 3498, 198, 2538, 2885, 11, 311, 13, 35, 13, 357, 2969, 8, 532, 8687, 291, 1023, 287, 2520, 13336, 423, 2067, 40525, 366, 15255, 9250, 4991, 1, 287, 262, 2989, 329, 257, 4071, 1296, 286, 25521, 22119, 326, 714, 1037, 4727, 703, 262, 6881, 12572, 13, 198, 464, 8386, 2271, 7814, 2536, 1352, 29544, 318, 739, 5103, 287, 262, 7802, 25005, 286, 257, 4423, 4400, 3869, 6164, 287, 20116, 287, 262, 2619, 14379, 13, 632, 338, 1306, 3420, 284, 1194, 6306, 4001, 284, 4886, 3223, 2300, 13, 198, 10265, 10256, 389, 23707, 3016, 257, 10591, 11061, 262, 4534, 287, 262, 1966, 8074, 395, 539, 3561, 11517, 13, 28244, 351, 262, 42862, 22153, 4992, 29118, 910, 326, 262, 717, 31029, 4991, 547, 3170, 832, 3321, 618, 33013, 6047, 5780, 366, 1078, 2317, 257, 23895, 308, 2224, 1505, 12, 20470, 7757, 31029, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 12217, 20695, 284, 257, 266, 34659, 12, 40871, 5405, 17075, 3096, 526, 198, 464, 6306, 481, 761, 546, 4317, 884, 4991, 284, 2989, 329, 22190, 12769, 349, 408, 4274, 12, 31361, 22119, 13, 198, 7, 15269, 2321, 383, 10575, 4332, 8, 198, 7282, 284, 3000, 198, 6836, 3849, 38683, 10628, 198, 25206, 8362, 284, 257, 1545, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	217
Zombies are serious business. Just ask the woman who was shot (non-fatally) by her boyfriend after they got in a fierce argument over the probability of a real-life zombie apocalypse, a conversation sparked by AMC's hit drama The Walking Dead. She thinks it's pure fantasy, but he thinks a "military mishap" could make the ravenous undead a reality. And so he shot her (accidentally, he claims). Jeez, overreact much? And as crazy as his actions were, the shooter isn't alone in his beliefs. Stay with us here. We're not condoning his unbalanced response to what should be a rather open-and-shut debate (e.g. zombies = fiction). But there's a reason why zombies are appealing to many: that tiny, niggling idea that maybe, possibly they could exist (even when our brainsss tell us otherwise). That's what makes them both scary and intriguing. 'Fess up. You either have a zombie preparedness plan or know somebody who does. And even though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first used zombies as a tongue-in-cheek approach to offer tips to the public, the agency has kept zombies a presence on its website because the response has been so positive. Chances are that if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you'll be prepared for anything. Plus, although supernatural or magical reasons were given for the mortally challenged in the past, the trend now (seen in such projects as The Walking Dead and 28 Days Later) is to offer explanations rooted in science, pathology and ultimately, reality. If the Bubonic plague or other similar epidemics have us taught anything, it's to not underestimate the rapid, far-reaching effects of insidious viruses or fungi. Hey, scientists, can you develop a zombie inoculation (covered by insurance, of course) or an over-the-counter Preparation Z? What's your verdict? Are zombies purely a fictional, albeit fun, diversion? Or is it possible for an unknown disease or experiment gone wrong to create the undead? What's your zombie preparedness plan? Share your thoughts in the comments below! 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18 Feb 2009 Corn starch/water on an audio speaker. There is a very interesting video at this link of oobleck dancing on an audio speaker: Subject:University of Iowa Hydraulics Center Films on Youtube (six films) Introduction to the study of fluid motion (1961, 25 minutes) http://youtu.be/EIuU9Q8CGDk The first in a widely used series of films on fluid mechanics, produced at IIHR under the direction of Hunter Rouse. This introductory program, designed to orient engineering students, shows examples of flow phenomena from a host of everyday experiences. Empirical solutions by means of scale models are illustrated. The significance of the Euler, Froude, Reynolds, and Mach numbers as similitude parameters is illustrated. Dr. Hunter Rouse served as Director of IIHR from 1944 to 1966. During this time, he was instrumental in strengthening IIHRs fundamental research emphasis and in developing teaching programs for hydraulic engineers. Through his writings, research, and global travels, he established IIHR as an internationally acclaimed innovative research and teaching laboratory. Fundamental Principles of flow (23 min) Second in the series, this video departs from the essential generality of the first by explicitly illustrating, through experi ment and animation, the basic concepts and physical relation ships that are involved in the analysis of fluid motion. The concepts of velocity, acceleration, circulation, and vorticity are introduced, and the use of integral equations of motion is demonstrated by a simple example. Fluid Motion in a gravitational field (24 min) http://youtu.be/-xoyLhiEOus In this third video of the series, which proceeds from the intro ductory and the basic material presented in the first two videos, emphasis is laid upon the action of gravity. Principles of wave propagation are illustrated, including aspects of gen eration, celerity, reflection, stability, and reduction to steadiness by relative motion. Simulation of comparable phenomena in the atmosphere and the ocean is considered. Characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow (26 min) http://youtu.be/eIHVh3cIujU The fourth video deals with the effect of viscosity. Dye, smoke, suspended particles, and hydrogen-bubbles are used to reveal the Various combinations of Couette and plane Poiseuille flow introduce the principles of lubrication. Axisymmetric Poiseuille flow and development of the flow around an elliptic cylinder are related to variation in the Reynolds number, and the growth of the boundary layer along a flat plate is shown. Instability in boundary layers and pipe flow is shown to lead to turbulence. The eddy viscosity and apparent stress are intro duced by hotwire-anemometer indications. The processes of turbulence production, turbulent mixing, and turbulence decay are considered. Form, drag, lift, and propulsion (24 In the fifth video of the series, emphasis is laid upon the role of boundary-layer separation in modifying the flow pattern and producing longitudinal and lateral components of force on a moving body. Various conditions of separation and methods of separation control are first illustrated. Attention is then given to the distribution of pressure around typical body profiles and its relation to the resulting drag. The concept of circulation introduced in the second film is developed to explain the forces on rotating bodies and the forced vibration of cylin dri cal bodies. Structural failure of unstable sections is Effects of fluid compressibility (17 The last in the six-video series makes extensive use of the analogy between gravity and sound waves and illustrates, through laboratory demonstrations and animation, the con cepts of wave celerity, shock waves and surges, wave reflec tion and water hammer. Two-dimensional waves are produced by flow past a point source at various speeds relative to the wave celerity to illus trate the effect of changing Mach number, and the principle is applied to flow at curved and abrupt wall deflections. Axisymmetric and three-dimensional wave patterns are then portrayed using color Schlieren pictures.	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Latest Field News Mkomazi: ‘Born Wild’ book Tuesday, November 09, 2010 Mkomazi National Park is a hugely important part of Tanzania's national Black rhino conservation strategy - the park holds 20% of Tanzania's Black Rhino population. Chester Zoo has supported Mkomazi in various ways over the years, presently the focus is support of an environmental education programme - this has seen the purchase of an education bus and materials, plus the salary for an education officer. Chester Zoo education staff have been key to this project, helping Mkomazi set up an education programme for the local community. Previous support for Mkomazi has included infrastructure improvements, reinforcing the fence of the Mkomazi Rhino Sanctuary and help in funding the translocation of three rhinos to the park in 2009. The success of Mkomazi has been due to the dedication and work of Tony Fitzjohn and the George Adamson Wildlife preservation Trust. Tony Fitzjohn has recently released his book 'Born Wild', telling his personal story from the time he worked at Kora in Kenya with George Adamson (of 'Born Free' fame) to the success of Mkomazi and the newly created National Park. Photo - courtesy of Save The Rhino International. Back to latest news	[ 39478, 7663, 3000, 198, 44, 74, 296, 7761, 25, 564, 246, 28524, 6183, 447, 247, 1492, 198, 26133, 11, 3389, 7769, 11, 3050, 198, 44, 74, 296, 7761, 2351, 3250, 318, 257, 22641, 1593, 636, 286, 37270, 338, 2260, 2619, 9529, 2879, 14903, 4811, 532, 262, 3952, 6622, 1160, 4, 286, 37270, 338, 2619, 47759, 3265, 13, 198, 7376, 1706, 21980, 468, 4855, 24798, 296, 7761, 287, 2972, 2842, 625, 262, 812, 11, 27606, 262, 2962, 318, 1104, 286, 281, 6142, 3707, 11383, 532, 428, 468, 1775, 262, 5001, 286, 281, 3707, 1323, 290, 5696, 11, 5556, 262, 9588, 329, 281, 3707, 3818, 13, 26943, 21980, 3707, 3085, 423, 587, 1994, 284, 428, 1628, 11, 5742, 24798, 296, 7761, 900, 510, 281, 3707, 11383, 329, 262, 1957, 2055, 13, 21801, 1104, 329, 24798, 296, 7761, 468, 3017, 6884, 8561, 11, 40991, 262, 13990, 286, 262, 24798, 296, 7761, 47759, 27036, 290, 1037, 287, 4918, 262, 4779, 5040, 286, 1115, 9529, 11996, 284, 262, 3952, 287, 3717, 13, 198, 464, 1943, 286, 24798, 296, 7761, 468, 587, 2233, 284, 262, 22445, 290, 670, 286, 8832, 16703, 30686, 290, 262, 4502, 7244, 1559, 18006, 22459, 9870, 13, 8832, 16703, 30686, 468, 2904, 2716, 465, 1492, 705, 28524, 6183, 3256, 5149, 465, 2614, 1621, 422, 262, 640, 339, 3111, 379, 509, 5799, 287, 21506, 351, 4502, 7244, 1559, 357, 1659, 705, 28524, 3232, 6, 16117, 8, 284, 262, 1943, 286, 24798, 296, 7761, 290, 262, 8308, 2727, 2351, 3250, 13, 198, 6191, 532, 12537, 286, 12793, 383, 47759, 4037, 13, 198, 7282, 284, 3452, 1705, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	263
Pediatric Health Library :: Pediatric Health Library Topics Water Safety - Injury Statistics and Incidence Rates The following statistics are the latest available from the National SAFE KIDS Campaign and the National Safety Council: Injury and death rates: - Approximately 838 children ages 14 and under drowned in 2002; more than 60 percent of these children were under age four. - Approximately 15 percent of children admitted to hospitals for near-drowning die, while another 20 percent will suffer severe and permanent brain damage. - More than half of drownings among infants occur in bathtubs. - Among children ages four and under, there are about 300 residential swimming pool drownings each year. - In 2003, about 200 children ages 14 and under experienced personal watercraft injuries. Where and when: - Most infants under the age of one drown in bathtubs. Other drownings in this age group tend to occur in toilets and buckets. Drownings in bathtubs account for 10 percent of all childhood drownings, most often when the child is unsupervised. - Since 1984, more than 327 children have drowned in buckets containing water or other liquids. The majority (89 percent) of the children were between the ages of seven and 15 months. - More than half of childhood drownings in pools occur in the child's home pool, with one-third of these drownings occurring at the homes of friends, neighbors, or relatives. - Most drownings and near-drownings occur on the weekend (40 percent) during late spring and summer (May through August). - More fatal drownings occur in the South and West. - More fatal drownings occur in rural areas than suburban or urban areas. - The majority (more than 85 percent) of children who drown in swimming pools are between the ages of one to four. - Each year, 300 children ages four and under drown in swimming pools, while another 2,600 children in this age group are treated for near-drowning in hospital emergency rooms. - Children ages four and under are two to three times as likely to drown than other age groups and account for 80 percent of home drownings. - Boys are two to four times more likely to drown than girls. - Girls are twice as likely to drown in bathtubs than boys. - African-American children ages five to nine are four-and-a-half times more likely to drown in swimming pools than Caucasian children. - Non-swimming pool drownings are more common among low-income children. Click here to view the Online Resources of Safety & Injury Prevention It is important to remember the health information found on this website is for reference only not intended to replace the advice and guidance of your healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately.	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December 15, 2010 Contact: John Ascenzi, Department of Public Relations, 267-426-6092 or [email protected] Researchers at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia contributed important pediatric data to the largest-ever genetic study of Crohn’s disease. In this study, the International IBD Genetic Consortium drew on samples from more than 22,000 patients and 29,000 controls from around the world. A chronic, painful inflammation of the digestive tract, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease (affecting any part of the digestive tract) and ulcerative colitis (limited to the large intestine). It affects some 2 million U.S. children and adults. An abnormal overreaction in the body’s immune system is believed to trigger the inflammation in IBD. Like many common disorders, IBD has complex causes, resulting from any of a number of genes that may interact with each other and with environmental factors. Hakon Hakonarson, MD, PhD, director of the Center for Applied Genomics; Kai Wang, PhD, also from that Center; and Robert N. Baldassano, MD, director of the Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, were co-authors of the current paper, and have collaborated previously with each other on genetic studies of pediatric IBD. The current study appeared online Nov. 21, 2010 in Nature; the study leader was Miles Parkes from the University of Cambridge in the UK. The international study consortium identified 30 new locations at which gene variants were associated with a higher risk of having Crohn’s disease. When added to previous studies, a total of 71 gene variants have now been discovered, and the total is expected to grow in the future. Currently, more genes have been linked to Crohn’s disease than to any other disease. Because the gene variants found in this study are believed not to directly cause IBD, but instead act as signposts to other gene variants more directly involved in causation, further studies are needed to identify causative genes and understand their biological functions. However, many of the candidate genes affect signaling within the immune system and regulate immune responses. Many of the gene locations found in the current study have previously been linked to other autoimmune diseases such as asthma, celiac diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The CHOP researchers contributed genotype data from more than 1,600 pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease and 4,000 controls to the discovery set of the study. When combined with data from adult-onset cases, the joint analysis identified 31 new genetic variants linked to IBD. Hakonarson said that genetics tends to play a stronger role in children with IBD than adults with the disease: “In childhood-onset IBD, genetic factors play a stronger role and hence there is early onset of the disease,” said Hakonarson. In adult-onset IBD, by contrast, there is a longer period of time for non-genetic effects, such as infections and dietary factors and their interactions, as well as exposures to medications and various environmental toxins to come into play to trigger the disease in subjects who may have weaker genetic susceptibility and hence a later disease onset.” “Our goal is to use better understanding of how specific genes contribute to IBD to develop more appropriate and effective treatments for the disease,” said Baldassano. “Ultimately, personalized medicine will help us to select the best treatment for each patient, based on the patient’s genetic profile.” Visit the Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia	[ 20588, 1315, 11, 3050, 198, 17829, 25, 1757, 29469, 268, 17027, 11, 2732, 286, 5094, 13883, 11, 37364, 12, 42780, 12, 1899, 5892, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 25606, 379, 383, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 9256, 286, 8857, 8639, 1593, 29775, 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March 17, 2011 Contact: Joey McCool Ryan, Department of Public Relations, 267-426-6070, [email protected] A pilot study in healthy children and adolescents shows that it is feasible to screen for undiagnosed heart conditions that increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Adding a 10-minute electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) to a history and physical examination identified unsuspected cases of potentially serious heart conditions. Although more research is needed, the preliminary results suggest that a relatively low-cost screening might help identify children who are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest, possibly preventing childhood death. "In the United States, the current American Heart Association guidelines recommend screening only competitive athletes, not all children, using history and physical examination alone," said the study leader, Victoria L. Vetter, MD, MPH, a pediatric cardiologist at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. She noted that in Italy and Japan, which have compulsory screening of all athletes or schoolchildren, researchers have found that adding an ECG to the history and physical increases the likelihood of detecting children at risk for SCA. "Our pilot study evaluated the feasibility of adding an ECG to cardiac screening of healthy school-aged children," Vetter added. The Children's Hospital research team published their study on March 15 in the American Heart Journal. In children, sudden cardiac arrest is caused by structural or electrical abnormalities in the heart that frequently cause no symptoms and may go undiagnosed. It results in an estimated 100 to 1,000 or more annual deaths in childhood in the U.S. The current study evaluated 400 healthy subjects, 5 to 19 years old, recruited from Children's Hospital’s Care Network. The researchers screened the subjects using a medical family history questionnaire, a physical examination, an ECG and an echocardiogram. The study team identified previously undiagnosed cardiac abnormalities in 23 subjects, and hypertension in an additional 20. Ten of the 400 subjects (about 2.5 percent) had potentially serious cardiac conditions. Of those 10 subjects, only one had experienced symptoms, and those had previously been dismissed. None of the 10 subjects had a family history of SCA. "In our study, using ECG outperformed the history and physical examination and found previously unidentified potentially serious abnormalities that would not have been identified by history and physical examination alone," the study authors wrote. The authors added that the children in the screening were not all high school athletes, and most would not have undergone athletic cardiac screening. Regular physical examinations by primary care physicians had not detected the cardiac conditions found in the current study "Performing the ECG and its interpretation added less than 10 minutes to each subject's total evaluation," said Vetter, added that the ECG machines are portable and relatively inexpensive. "Our pilot study showed that adding ECG to the currently recommended guideline of history and physical examination is feasible for screening children and adolescents, and offers the potential to identify serious cardiovascular abnormalities," said Vetter. "However, our study was not designed to be generalizable to a larger population of children at risk for SCA. Larger, more representative studies must be done, as well as cost-effectiveness research." She added that larger pediatric studies may establish better standards for ECG measurements, and determine how broad ECG-screening of school-aged children could best be implemented. Vetter et al, "A pilot study of the feasibility of heart screening for sudden cardiac arrest in healthy children," American Heart Journal, published online [March 15, 2011]; doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.01.022 Vetter is the Medical Director of Youth Heart Watch at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, an affiliate of Project ADAM. The mission of Youth Heart Watch is to prevent sudden cardiac death among children and adolescents by placing automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in schools, recreation centers and other public places. For more information, visit http://www.chop.edu/service/cardiac-center/our-services/youth-heart-watch.html.	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The Search for God Is Never a Search in the Dark Although it is a dangerous business to select a passage from a Shakespeare play and hold it up as a mouthpiece of the poet, there are nevertheless a few key passages that seem to express the bard's own thoughts on the creative process. In Act V, Scene I of A Midsummer Night's Dream, for example, Theseus, King of Athens, offers a mini-dissertation on the surprising similarities between lunatics, lovers, and poets. Of the poet's art in particular, he says: "Such tricks hath strong imagination, / That, if it would but apprehend some joy, / It comprehends some bringer of that joy." Dictionaries, even the Oxford English Dictionary, offer little help at understanding Shakespeare's distinction between apprehend and comprehend. If we read the lines, however, in the context of Theseus's full speech, the following distinction emerges: To apprehend is to perceive some force or feeling that transcends our ordinary human faculties. To comprehend, by contrast, is to create some rational or artistic framework for making sense of, and thus "containing," the very force or feeling which seems to defy description. Thus, in the poet's case, an apprehended feeling of unbounded, free-floating joy is comprehended, through the device of poem-writing, into a single, concrete bringer of that joy. In The Mystery of God: Theology for Knowing the Unknowable (Baker Academic), Steven Boyer and Christopher Hall seem to translate (unconsciously) Theseus's distinction into the realm of theology. Too often, they argue, theology attempts to put into concrete words and images an experience that is finally too large for us to take in—and not just quantitatively (there is too much of God for us to grasp), but qualitatively as well (as Uncreated Creator, God is wholly other than his creatures and cannot be contained in logical categories). When we try to force the essence of the eternal, omnipresent Creator into our own structures of thought, we often find that we have not so much explained him as explained him away. At this juncture, one might expect Boyer and Hall either to treat theology as a branch of subjective poetry—beautiful, perhaps even awe inspiring, but incapable of expressing universal truth—or to give up on putting into words (comprehending) that glory, majesty, and holiness of God that we can only barely apprehend. Thankfully, they resist both options, instead offering a different distinction that maintains both the otherness and mystery of God and our capacity, through theological exploration, to reliably know his nature. Too often, modern theologians, especially pluralists, think of God as an "investigative mystery." If we are to understand him, we must amass scattered clues and then figure out how they might fit together. The Bible and traditional Christianity, in contrast, present God as a "revelational mystery." God has revealed himself to us through the Law and Prophets, the Old and New Testament, and Christ himself. We haven't been left to search in the dark. Still, because the God who reveals himself is beyond our comprehension, the mystery remains and cannot be fully contained in doctrinal statements.	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\|« Back to Article\| Make a resolution for a sustainable 2013 Lindsey Cromwell Kalkbrenner \| December 31, 2012 While world leaders work to hammer out global solutions to climate change, there are many ways individuals can make sustainability a personal New Year's resolution in 2013. Sustainability requires us to more closely examine our relationship with the environment as well as with others around us. Here are five simple resolutions you can make to help the planet and save you money and time. 1. Spend your time doing things with people instead of buying energy-sucking, landfill-bound gifts. For friends' and family birthdays this year, give experiences that can be enjoyed together. Memories last longer than gadgets, and leave you more fulfilled as a gift giver. Rather than spend the weekend indoors in front of a screen (TV, tablet, gaming console), volunteer with friends or as a family. The happier we are, the better we get along with others. Cooperation and collaboration are essential to solving the climate crisis and many other problems we face. Why not approach them from a better frame of mind? 2. Eat less meat. You don't need to be a vegetarian, but meat is a large contributor to global warming and uses a lot of resources. Reduce portion sizes by making veggies the focus of the meal. Try Meatless Mondays. For the meat you do eat, buy locally raised products. You'll help the local economy as well as reduce emissions associated with transportation. 3. Cook at home and buy organic - for more reasons than you might think. Organically grown produce is said to improve our health and reduce chemicals released in the environment, but it is also better for the farmers who grow our produce. Conventional farmers frequently are exposed to harmful chemicals via fertilizers and pesticides, so choosing organic produce supports farmer health. That means more efficient use of our health care system. If you can't purchase all-organic, be strategic. The Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit that disseminates information to protect public health and the environment, provides a shopping guide to pesticides in produce. Their guide calls out a "dirty dozen" fruits and vegetables that absorb or retain pesticides more than others. To avoid them, buy organic, the group suggests. This list is available at www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary. Cook dinner at home one more night a week than you do now. Make it a family affair. You'll save money, reduce packaging (if you tend to order takeout), and spend quality time with the kids while teaching them healthy food habits. Consider buying in bulk. You can find healthy food that's cheaper and requires less packaging. You'll make fewer trips to the store. If you shop in bulk bins for grains and nuts, you can buy only what you need and reduce wasted food. 4. Understand your trash. Many cities now offer curbside collection of food scraps/compostable waste. Dedicate January to learning your city's system. Starting in February, focus on one type of landfill waste each month and figure out how to avoid it or substitute a reusable/recyclable/compostable alternative. One idea: Stop junk mail with CatalogChoice.org, a free online tool that contacts mailers on your behalf. This will reduce wasted paper, and save time - yours and your postal worker's. (I noticed a 75 percent decrease in junk mail just a few weeks after signing up.) 5. Use energy efficiently. Plugged-in electronics continue to draw electricity even when they are off or in "sleep mode." Plug kitchen appliances into a power strip and turn it off when you leave the house or go to bed. That will save you time and money. Also, consider turning off your car's engine if you plan to idle for more than a minute. Idling emissions are really bad for the people near the car. It's something to think about while picking up or dropping off kids at school. This year, make the conscious choice to improve your quality of life. Build relationships in your community, know that your food choices are fulfilling your body and positively affecting the farmers who grew it. Know that your daily decisions have an impact on the world around you. For more information Check out these links: Top 10 home efficiency tips: sfg.ly/Z52m20. Do-gooder apps: sfg.ly/Tt41dW. Lindsey Cromwell Kalkbrenner is the director of the Office of Sustainability at Santa Clara University. Santa Clara University is on its way to becoming carbon neutral by the end of 2015 and has a STARS Silver Rating. STARS is a rating system developed by the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. www.aashe.org.	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Smart Buildings for Sustainable Energy Consumption VALERIE ST JOHN: Hello I'm Valerie St John. Our focus today on BizWiseTV smart buildings for sustainable energy consumption. It's where climate concerns and the nation's economic crisis intersect, this need to seize control of our nation's energy consumption. But where to begin? BizWiseTV joins you today from Washington DC where we check in with the experts. We start with a visit to the Urban Land Institute for a big picture look at what must be done. The Obama Administration's message to the public sector is loud and clear. Taking steps to cut down on the emission of greenhouse gases is no longer an option, it's a requirement. RICHARD ROSAN: I think the administration has taken a giant step forward and really acknowledging that the idea of the greenhouse gases have got to be reduced and they are really trying to see how that can be done at all fronts. And we know that one of the big things is that we have to do something about existing buildings. VALERIE ST JOHN: Rick Rosan of the Urban Land Institute, ULI, says existing building emit nearly half of all greenhouse gas carbons, far more even than the much maligned automotive where much of the focus has been. RICHARD ROSAN: Retrofitting existing buildings is one way to save enormous amounts of energy. VALERIE ST JOHN: This is especially the case in some of the nation's oldest government structures, beautiful architecturally and from an energy usage perspective incredibly inefficient. So Congress has set aside $10 billion to assist federal facilities managers in footing the bill for upgrades, improvements to air and heating systems, motion sensors for lighting, whatever high tech tools will do the trick.	[ 25610, 49308, 329, 45276, 6682, 42158, 198, 23428, 1137, 10008, 3563, 39263, 25, 18435, 314, 1101, 45603, 520, 1757, 13, 3954, 2962, 1909, 319, 347, 528, 54, 786, 6849, 4451, 6832, 329, 13347, 2568, 7327, 13, 632, 338, 810, 4258, 4786, 290, 262, 3277, 338, 3034, 4902, 36177, 11, 428, 761, 284, 21031, 1630, 286, 674, 3277, 338, 2568, 7327, 13, 887, 810, 284, 2221, 30, 347, 528, 54, 786, 6849, 15449, 345, 1909, 422, 2669, 6257, 810, 356, 2198, 287, 351, 262, 6154, 13, 775, 923, 351, 257, 3187, 284, 262, 14665, 6379, 5136, 329, 257, 1263, 4286, 804, 379, 644, 1276, 307, 1760, 13, 383, 2486, 8694, 338, 3275, 284, 262, 1171, 6567, 318, 7812, 290, 1598, 13, 20879, 4831, 284, 2005, 866, 319, 262, 25592, 286, 16325, 21678, 318, 645, 2392, 281, 3038, 11, 340, 338, 257, 9079, 13, 198, 49, 20739, 9795, 48263, 1565, 25, 314, 892, 262, 3662, 468, 2077, 257, 6175, 2239, 2651, 290, 1107, 25937, 326, 262, 2126, 286, 262, 16325, 21678, 423, 1392, 284, 307, 5322, 290, 484, 389, 1107, 2111, 284, 766, 703, 326, 460, 307, 1760, 379, 477, 29324, 13, 843, 356, 760, 326, 530, 286, 262, 1263, 1243, 318, 326, 356, 423, 284, 466, 1223, 546, 4683, 6832, 13, 198, 23428, 1137, 10008, 3563, 39263, 25, 8759, 10018, 272, 286, 262, 14665, 6379, 5136, 11, 471, 31271, 11, 1139, 4683, 2615, 27588, 3016, 2063, 286, 477, 16325, 3623, 13265, 684, 11, 1290, 517, 772, 621, 262, 881, 6428, 3916, 29393, 810, 881, 286, 262, 2962, 468, 587, 13, 198, 49, 20739, 9795, 48263, 1565, 25, 29884, 32232, 4683, 6832, 318, 530, 835, 284, 3613, 9812, 6867, 286, 2568, 13, 198, 23428, 1137, 10008, 3563, 39263, 25, 770, 318, 2592, 262, 1339, 287, 617, 286, 262, 3277, 338, 13325, 1230, 8573, 11, 4950, 7068, 20221, 290, 422, 281, 2568, 8748, 6650, 8131, 30904, 13, 1406, 3162, 468, 900, 7263, 720, 940, 2997, 284, 3342, 2717, 7291, 11663, 287, 32687, 262, 2855, 329, 16608, 11, 8561, 284, 1633, 290, 16930, 3341, 11, 6268, 15736, 329, 12019, 11, 4232, 1029, 7261, 4899, 481, 466, 262, 6908, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	356
Last Updated on Wednesday, 13 June 2012 09:33 Posted by Clash Wednesday, 13 June 2012 08:45 Professor Ian Juby explains science/origins better than anyone I have seen. He has produced a 12-hour exhaustive look at the Creation/Evolution debate that can be watched in 30-minute segments on his website, Creation Week. The video series features tons of props, exhibits, photographs, artifacts, and experiments that explain science and origins and the age of the earth in an extremely compelling manner. The segment on dinosaur tracks with human tracks is jaw-dropping! He also has The traveling Creation Museum, Creation Exhibition, where you can see the scientific evidence and judge for yourself whether the evidence supports the Biblical account of Creation, or evolution. Showing scientific evidence from the dinosaurs, biology, geology, and fossils, as well as a model of Noah’s ark and one of the largest collections on display in the world of fossil human and dinosaur footprints found together, and dinosaurs in ancient art. The footprints show that humans lived right alongside (and according to the evolutionary timescale, even before) the dinosaurs. You can watch his videos here: Creation Week	[ 5956, 19433, 319, 3583, 11, 1511, 2795, 2321, 7769, 25, 2091, 12918, 416, 33117, 3583, 11, 1511, 2795, 2321, 8487, 25, 2231, 198, 25031, 12930, 38075, 88, 6688, 3783, 14, 11612, 1040, 1365, 621, 2687, 314, 423, 1775, 13, 679, 468, 4635, 257, 1105, 12, 9769, 36049, 804, 379, 262, 21582, 14, 15200, 2122, 4384, 326, 460, 307, 7342, 287, 1542, 12, 11374, 17894, 319, 465, 3052, 11, 21582, 6119, 13, 198, 464, 2008, 2168, 3033, 10860, 286, 25744, 11, 27508, 11, 12566, 11, 20316, 11, 290, 10256, 326, 4727, 3783, 290, 15587, 290, 262, 2479, 286, 262, 4534, 287, 281, 4457, 13206, 5642, 13, 383, 10618, 319, 28257, 8339, 351, 1692, 8339, 318, 19218, 12, 37554, 0, 198, 1544, 635, 468, 383, 11300, 21582, 9594, 11, 21582, 48064, 11, 810, 345, 460, 766, 262, 5654, 2370, 290, 5052, 329, 3511, 1771, 262, 2370, 6971, 262, 31752, 1848, 286, 21582, 11, 393, 6954, 13, 5438, 278, 5654, 2370, 422, 262, 27199, 11, 17219, 11, 4903, 1435, 11, 290, 34066, 11, 355, 880, 355, 257, 2746, 286, 18394, 447, 247, 82, 610, 74, 290, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 17268, 319, 3359, 287, 262, 995, 286, 12584, 1692, 290, 28257, 48012, 1043, 1978, 11, 290, 27199, 287, 6156, 1242, 13, 383, 48012, 905, 326, 5384, 5615, 826, 7848, 357, 392, 1864, 284, 262, 16673, 1661, 38765, 11, 772, 878, 8, 262, 27199, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 2342, 465, 5861, 994, 25, 21582, 6119, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	242
As the year comes to a close, once again solar has experienced record growth in the U.S. This comes as new reports show that solar and renewables continue to fall in price and renewables are seen more and more as a mainstream power source. It also comes as some of the largest PV arrays ever conceived of are nearing completion just a few short years after they were first envisioned. More solar was installed by the third quarter of 2012 in the U.S. than in the whole year of 2011—which previously was the best year for solar in the country. That’s according to the latest GTM Research and the Solar Energy Industries Association “U.S. Solar Market Insight: Third Quarter 2012.” By the end of third quarter 2012, 1,992 megawatts of new photovoltaics came online in the U.S. That compares to slightly more than 1,885 MWs installed in all of 2011. In all, the report projected that roughly 3.2 gigawatts of solar will come online in 2012, with 2013 being even better. The increase in installations is coinciding with a drop in price, according to a new report, “Module Cost Structure Update: The Path to Profitability,” from Lux. The report contended that because of overcapacity and other issues the cost of solar photovoltaics is likely to drop to 48 cents per watt by 2017. Already, the report said, the price for modules has fallen to roughly 70 cents per watt. While manufacturers have been forced to reduce their costs, the costs for the raw materials that go into solar have not declined at the same rate, which means that to compete, some PV manufacturers are losing money to sell their products. With news like that, perhaps it’s apropos that another recent study predicted that adding in significant amounts of wind and solar could halve the cost of electricity by 2030. A new study released by the University of Delaware predicted that if 90 percent of the electric grid was powered with solar and wind and other renewables, it would drastically cut the cost of electricity. In developing the study researchers tested 28 billion combinations of renewable energy sources and storage mechanisms using data from the PJM Interconnection. The report contended that the best way to use renewables in such a manner is to create an oversupply of renewables on the grid that could produce more energy than needed during peak hours. In terms of large-scale solar deployments, two made the news last week. First off, the first large utility-scale solar project on Native American lands got a big nod last week when Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa announced that the city would get solar power through long-term contracts from a number of new providers, including a 250 megawatt contract with the Moapa Band of Paiutes in Nevada, who plan to build a 350 megawatt solar farm on their tribal lands. It’s the majority of the 460 megawatts of solar the contracts the mayor announced the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power totaling 460 megawatts of clean solar power for LADWP customers. Another one of the giant solar projects in California, SunPower Corp.’s California Valley Solar Ranch, expects to have 130 megawatts of the 250 megawatt project operational by the end of 2012. The project will supply power to Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) customers. To help make sure solar continues to spread worldwide, the U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot Initiative has partnered with the Australia Solar Institute (ASI) to create the United States-Australia Solar Energy Collaboration (USASEC) in an effort to fund the next generation of solar technologies. Under the partnership, the countries have already promised to fund $83 million in collaborative projects.	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\|The Wisdom Tooth\| \|Friday, 20 April 2012 11:09\| More than 75% of Americans experience gingivitis at some level!Gingivitis, simply speaking, is gum disease in its mild form. Gingivitis is when the gums become inflamed and change color from the normal pink to red. The change of color is accompanied by bleeding, swelling, tenderness of the gums, and persistent bad breath or bad taste in the mouth. These symptoms occur when bacteria or plaque accumulate along the gum line. Plaque is a sticky substance that consists of bacteria, food debris and mucous. This material develops on the surfaces of our teeth that are exposed. If the plaque accumulates, it will mineralize and turn into tartar, a hard white substance that will form around the base of the teeth. The plaque and tartar inflame the gums causing gingivitis. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, please consult your dentist immediately! Mild gingivitis, can progress into moderate, and severe gingivitis, which can result in periodontitis. Brush regularly, at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. Brush with a soft bristle toothbrush. Move the brush in small circular movements along the gum line and chewing surfaces of your teeth. A power toothbrush may make brushing easier and more efficient. Flossing every day is also an important part of your dental hygiene. Visit your dentist every three to six months for professional cleanings and checkups. If you are diagnosed with gingivitis, your dentist may prescribe antibiotics as well as an oral rinse, in addition to treating you in the office. Dr. Sharon Robinson, DDS may be reached at 954-792-1857. The Dental Place is located at 6738 W Sunrise Blvd, #105, Plantation, Fl. 33313. 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We at Codecademy think everyone should be exposed to programming and computer science—especially kids. This back-to-school season, Codecademy wants to help every school to start an after-school programming club—an easy way for kids to start learning the programming skills that formal education doesn't yet provide. Programming is a fun and rewarding way to learn about the technology that surrounds us, and anyone can learn it. Programming will change the way kids think, fostering solid algorithmic thinking skills that will help them in a myriad of pursuits going forward. Millions of students will go back to school this year to institutions that don't have computer science programs. Great organizations like the Computer Science Teachers Association are working hard to make CS a part of high school and middle school curricula. Since launching Codecademy, we've seen teachers take things into their own hands, with hundreds of them using Codecademy in their classroom and starting clubs after school to expose their students to programming. Based on their feedback, we put together a simple kit for teachers (or students!) who want to start an after-school programming club at their school. We wanted to make it as easy as possible for anyone to get started so we've included everything you need. No installing, no downloading, and no background in programming necessary (the kit comes with curriculum). Best of all, it's completely free. We worked with teachers across the world to put together a whole year of learning, starting students at the beginning and showing them the magic of programming through real projects in real programming languages. Kids love creating and customizing their code through our interactive interface. And when they're done, they with web pages and projects that they have built themselves. Exposing students to programming is one of the most important things we can do—and we can't do it without teachers. That's why we're also launching the "teachers' lounge" for teachers to share stories, ideas, and support among themselves. We're excited to learn even more from the great teachers who are using Codecademy! Read more and get started at After-School Programming. If you sign up and give us your address, we'll mail you a kit with flyers, the curriculum book, letters to parents, and more. If you'd prefer to get them online, it's all there as well. Have a wonderful start to the school year!	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What are AS Levels AS level, or Advanced Subsidiary Level exams are the first half of an 'A Level'. AS Levels are normally taken in Year 12, with most schools asking students to choose between 3 and 5 AS Levels. These were introduced to give students more choice in their subjects. AS Levels comprise of 3 units. After doing your AS Level (passing all your AS exams and course work) you can then do the second year, called A2 Level. An entire A level is made up of 6 units. So you do a further 3 units in the second year. AS Levels mean you don't have to buckle down and choose exactly what you want to do at 16. It gives you another year to get a little bit deeper in the subjects you choose, and see which ones you'd like to carry on forward. \|City College Coventry principal leaves after lacklustre performance - Fri, 17 May 2013\| \|Construction building opened at Myerscough College - Fri, 03 May 2013\| \|Puppy room opening to relieve Aberdeen student exam stress - Fri, 05 Apr 2013\|	[ 2061, 389, 7054, 28248, 198, 1921, 1241, 11, 393, 13435, 3834, 30255, 8042, 5684, 26420, 389, 262, 717, 2063, 286, 281, 705, 32, 5684, 4458, 198, 1921, 28248, 389, 7685, 2077, 287, 6280, 1105, 11, 351, 749, 4266, 4737, 2444, 284, 3853, 1022, 513, 290, 642, 7054, 28248, 13, 2312, 547, 5495, 284, 1577, 2444, 517, 3572, 287, 511, 7481, 13, 198, 1921, 28248, 28889, 286, 513, 4991, 13, 198, 3260, 1804, 534, 7054, 5684, 357, 6603, 278, 477, 534, 7054, 26420, 290, 1781, 670, 8, 345, 460, 788, 466, 262, 1218, 614, 11, 1444, 317, 17, 5684, 13, 198, 2025, 2104, 317, 1241, 318, 925, 510, 286, 718, 4991, 13, 1406, 345, 466, 257, 2252, 513, 4991, 287, 262, 1218, 614, 13, 198, 1921, 28248, 1612, 345, 836, 470, 423, 284, 44983, 866, 290, 3853, 3446, 644, 345, 765, 284, 466, 379, 1467, 13, 632, 3607, 345, 1194, 614, 284, 651, 257, 1310, 1643, 9211, 287, 262, 7481, 345, 3853, 11, 290, 766, 543, 3392, 345, 1549, 588, 284, 3283, 319, 2651, 13, 198, 91, 14941, 5535, 39751, 13000, 10033, 5667, 706, 3092, 38878, 260, 2854, 532, 19480, 11, 1596, 1737, 2211, 91, 198, 91, 36687, 2615, 4721, 379, 25434, 66, 619, 5535, 532, 19480, 11, 7643, 1737, 2211, 91, 198, 91, 47, 7211, 88, 2119, 4756, 284, 26958, 44985, 3710, 2814, 5503, 532, 19480, 11, 8870, 2758, 2211, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	232
The issue of affordable, dependable energy haunts the American public inasmuch as fuel or energy costs affect the economy in both short-term and future projections. The proposed solutions to provide a sustainable energy policy are varied, but can be lumped into three fundamental categories — conservation; drilling/mining/exploration for petroleum; and conversion to renewable or "green" energy. Solving the energy crisis needs to go beyond conservation To read the full article, please sign up or login. Get full access to the Columbia Missourian on your computer, phone, and tablet for just $5.95 per month. Or click here for full access for one day for only 99 cents. * All the high-quality, in-depth journalism of the Columbia Missourian and Vox Magazine, updated 24/7 * Your news. Your device. Your time. If you'd like to read more about the value of being a member, read this column from the Missourian's executive editor, Tom Warhover.	[ 464, 2071, 286, 10935, 11, 4745, 540, 2568, 17791, 912, 262, 1605, 1171, 287, 8597, 794, 355, 5252, 393, 2568, 3484, 2689, 262, 3773, 287, 1111, 1790, 12, 4354, 290, 2003, 19887, 13, 383, 5150, 8136, 284, 2148, 257, 13347, 2568, 2450, 389, 15641, 11, 475, 460, 307, 23844, 276, 656, 1115, 7531, 9376, 851, 14903, 26, 19747, 14, 45374, 14, 20676, 6944, 329, 30918, 26, 290, 11315, 284, 15713, 393, 366, 14809, 1, 2568, 13, 198, 50, 10890, 262, 2568, 4902, 2476, 284, 467, 3675, 14903, 198, 2514, 1100, 262, 1336, 2708, 11, 3387, 1051, 510, 393, 17594, 13, 198, 3855, 1336, 1895, 284, 262, 9309, 4544, 280, 4484, 319, 534, 3644, 11, 3072, 11, 290, 14147, 329, 655, 720, 20, 13, 3865, 583, 1227, 13, 1471, 3904, 994, 329, 1336, 1895, 329, 530, 1110, 329, 691, 7388, 16059, 13, 198, 9, 1439, 262, 1029, 12, 13237, 11, 287, 12, 18053, 14033, 286, 262, 9309, 4544, 280, 4484, 290, 28035, 11175, 11, 6153, 1987, 14, 22, 198, 9, 3406, 1705, 13, 3406, 3335, 13, 3406, 640, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 1549, 588, 284, 1100, 517, 546, 262, 1988, 286, 852, 257, 2888, 11, 1100, 428, 5721, 422, 262, 4544, 280, 4484, 338, 4640, 5464, 11, 4186, 1810, 43753, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	211
It’s the one thing every U.S. taxpayer dreads: to receive an audit notice from the Internal Revenue Service. Because auditing is typically a stressful process, people who receive such a notice often exude a sour disposition for weeks afterward. Whenever someone asks them what is wrong, they respond grouchily, “I’m being audited by the IRS.” But who or what is the IRS? Is the IRS the computer that identified the tax accounting error and requested the audit? Is it the organization’s director? Is it the person that mailed the audit notice? Or is it the laws that established the IRS and describe proper tax accounting methods? According to a concept called Actor-Network Theory (ANT), it’s all of the above. Scientists proposed ANT to explain how people, objects and ideas (i.e., actors) work together to form structured entities, or networks. Actors create networks by adapting resources, taking on defined roles, forming interdependent relationships and repeating predetermined behaviors to solve problems or accomplish goals. For example, the IRS exists because every year its agents receive millions of tax forms, feed them into computers for analysis, check for errors in the paperwork and then respond to taxpayers by mailing tax refunds, collection bills, or audit notices. If the agents and computers suddenly failed to engage in these actions, or if the laws upholding the actions were repealed, the IRS would cease to function as a viable organization. Scholars in the field of science and technology proposed Actor-Network Theory in the 1980s to debunk claims that heroism or advanced innovation was responsible for the development of useful inventions. Instead, scientists stated that the process of scientific invention could be explained more accurately and rationally by taking into account all of the factors involved: the knowledge of the inventor, the tools or technology used, history, societal pressures, the influence of institutions or other networks, and the ideas that inspired the invention. With ANT, scientists wanted to show that scientific production does not result from a higher form of thought, but is naturally translated from the complex interactions between actors and networks. For the purposes of Actor-Network Theory, anything can be an actor within a network: a law, a text, a person, an idea, an inanimate object and even another network. Even more interestingly, however, is that each of these elements receives equal consideration in ANT. For example, the IRS agent who enters data into a computer may be more complex or contribute more to the organization than the computer, but both the computer and the agent function as actors within the IRS and derive their role and purpose from that network. Since agents and computers (theoretically) came together to form the IRS, the organization cannot (theoretically) operate or exist without them both, implying a basic equality shared among actors. To form a network, human actors first identify a problem that the network will attempt to solve. This is known as problematisation. During problematisation, leaders are selected to represent actors and establish roles within the network. Next, actors negotiate the terms of their assigned roles, a process called interessement. Enrollment occurs when actors accept their roles. Finally, actors mobilize their allies and resources to support the network. ANT, unlike other sociological theories, functions on the principle that scholars should view all actors within the same theoretical framework regardless of their status, and that all assumptions concerning the nature of networks or actors should be abandoned prior to study. In other words, ANT demands total impartiality when describing actors and networks. The terminology used must be consistently applied to every actor, and conclusions drawn must be based on what is actually observed, not on the scholar’s presuppositions. Even an actor’s non-network purpose or behavior is excluded from the methodology. This allows networks to be described accurately, in concrete terms, taking into account all of their various elements. Because of its strong sociological implications, Actor-Network Theory has been used in sociology to examine how humans organize through interaction. ANT does not attempt to explain why networks are formed, but how. It is primarily concerned with how networks grow stronger and stabilize; attract, enroll and motivate actors; organize actors and resources; and maintain actor loyalty. For this reason, ANT is a useful tool for observing and evaluating human behavior, resource adaptation and object utility. Consequently, the theory has been applied to economics, business, geography and health studies, among other fields. Of course, no theory is without its critics. Some scholars say that evaluating both human and non-human actors through the same theoretical lens is ridiculous because humans, unlike objects, possess intent, and intentionality can influence networks. Others have accused ANT of being amoral and overly managerial. Because ANT only describes networks and does not explain why they are created, some critics claim the theory is useless to sociologists. Nevertheless, its consideration of the agency of non-human actors, while controversial, remains relevant to fully understanding network processes and interactions.	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Two-year-old Emma was born with anthrogryposis (AMC), a rare congenital disease that affects muscle strength. At a family conference, Emma's mother learned about the Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton (WREX), an assistive device made of hinged metal bars and resistance bands that enables people with underdeveloped arms to play and feed themselves. Tariq Rahman and Whitney Sample of the Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children had created an early prototype of the WREX, that worked for children as young as six. But the device was attached to a wheelchair and some children with AMC, including Emma, had use of their legs. The early version of the WREX was just too large and heavy for a child of Emma's size. Rahman and Sample found that, with the use of 3D printers, they were able to create a lightweight and flexible working prosthetic for Emma, that is customizable with easily replicated broken parts. The custom exoskeletons are printed in ABS plastic and attached to a plastic vest. Because of the ease of manufacturing, the exoskeleton can grow with the child which makes 3D printing especially exciting for those working in pediatric care. Currently, fifteen children now use a custom 3D printed WREX device. Watch the full video of Emma's story after the jump.	[ 7571, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 18966, 373, 4642, 351, 26794, 3828, 563, 1930, 271, 357, 2390, 34, 828, 257, 4071, 41174, 1287, 4369, 326, 10975, 8280, 4202, 13, 1629, 257, 1641, 4495, 11, 18966, 338, 2802, 4499, 546, 262, 47251, 3851, 6210, 1475, 418, 38800, 357, 54, 2200, 55, 828, 281, 3342, 425, 3335, 925, 286, 289, 24431, 6147, 9210, 290, 6625, 11760, 326, 13536, 661, 351, 739, 33082, 5101, 284, 711, 290, 3745, 2405, 13, 198, 51, 2743, 80, 46611, 290, 34701, 27565, 286, 262, 22547, 4662, 14, 32, 1652, 445, 314, 13, 7043, 48039, 9256, 329, 8990, 550, 2727, 281, 1903, 14879, 286, 262, 370, 2200, 55, 11, 326, 3111, 329, 1751, 355, 1862, 355, 2237, 13, 887, 262, 3335, 373, 7223, 284, 257, 27181, 290, 617, 1751, 351, 36239, 11, 1390, 18966, 11, 550, 779, 286, 511, 7405, 13, 383, 1903, 2196, 286, 262, 370, 2200, 55, 373, 655, 1165, 1588, 290, 4334, 329, 257, 1200, 286, 18966, 338, 2546, 13, 198, 47135, 805, 290, 27565, 1043, 326, 11, 351, 262, 779, 286, 513, 35, 34654, 11, 484, 547, 1498, 284, 2251, 257, 18700, 290, 12846, 1762, 11825, 6587, 329, 18966, 11, 326, 318, 38322, 351, 3538, 35108, 5445, 3354, 13, 383, 2183, 409, 418, 365, 1616, 684, 389, 10398, 287, 29950, 7309, 290, 7223, 284, 257, 7309, 19750, 13, 4362, 286, 262, 10152, 286, 9138, 11, 262, 409, 418, 38800, 460, 1663, 351, 262, 1200, 543, 1838, 513, 35, 13570, 2592, 7895, 329, 883, 1762, 287, 29775, 1337, 13, 198, 21327, 11, 17280, 1751, 783, 779, 257, 2183, 513, 35, 10398, 370, 2200, 55, 3335, 13, 6305, 262, 1336, 2008, 286, 18966, 338, 1621, 706, 262, 4391, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	283
Saturday, May 18, 2013 Fun in the Sun: Summer Safety Tips to Avoid Injuries Summertime outdoor activities can be fun, but it’s important to follow good summer safety habits to avoid injuries. Swimming pools are a perfect way to cool off from the hot sun, but safety comes first when enjoying the water. According to National SAFE Kids , drowning is: Keep the following safety precautions in mind: Adult supervision is key. An adult should always be able to see and hear children who are swimming and be close enough to intervene in case of an emergency. The pool environment is important. Separate home pools from the rest of the property to prevent children from walking directly into the pool area. If possible, use a fence or other barrier at least 4 feet high with openings no more than 4 inches apart and extend it completely around the pool. Teach children to swim. Parents should enroll children before the age of eight in swimming lessons with a certified instructor. Outdoor cooking is popular during the summer months. Unfortunately, grilling can be dangerous. According to the most recent statistics from the National Fire Protection Association, the improper use of grills causes: To keep families and their homes out of harm’s way, the Home Safety Council recommends the following safe grilling techniques: Be cautious of nearby tree branches or other items which could catch on fire. Know how to use a fire extinguisher and keep one handy. Keep your grill at least 10 feet from a home or building. Leave a grill unattended, especially when small children and pets are present. Attempt to restart a charcoal flame by adding additional lighter fluid. Keep filled propane tanks in a hot car or truck. Prolonged unprotected exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays damages skin and eyes. According to the American Cancer Society: A majority of the more than 2 million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosed annually are sun related. An estimated 68,130 new melanomas are diagnosed each year. To lower the risk of skin cancer practice the following sun safety tips recommended by the American Cancer Society: Avoid intense sunlight for long periods of time Seek shade between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun’s rays are strongest. Wear a shirt to guard against excessive sun exposure. Apply sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher. Wear a hat to shade your face, ears and neck. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes and surrounding skin from UV ray damage. Relaxing in the pool, grilling outdoors and enjoying the sun are all great summer activities, but don’t let summer fun turn dangerous – Practice good summer safety.	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In 2005, a woman showed up at Emory University's sleep center in Atlanta complaining of being sleepy just about every moment of every day. She slept for 14, then 16, then 18 hours a night, but still woke up feeling drowsy. Doctors had prescribed her stimulants, which worked for a bit. But when they wore off, she would go on a sleeping binge, becoming unarousable for days at a time. Her diagnosis? Hypersomnia, a rare and debilitating condition in which people sleep excessively, are extremely drowsy while awake, and respond poorly to existing anti-sleep treatments. The condition can make people unable to work or maintain relationships. When the woman showed up at the sleep center, researchers did a range of tests and finally took samples of her cerebrospinal fluid. They discovered it had some unusual properties. Namely, something in it caused GABA, the main neurotransmitter molecule responsible for reducing the activity of brain cells, to have an outsized effect. In essence, a mystery molecule appeared to be working with GABA to tamp down brain activity, acting as a sort of constant sleeping pill. There's another class of molecules that has a similar effect on GABA’s action in the brain. They are called benzodiazepines, which include Valium and Ambien. The research team wondered whether something similar was at work in this patient, so they checked to see whether a drug used to counteract benzodiazepines, called flumazenil, would neutralize the effect of whatever was floating around in her cerebrospinal fluid. And it worked -- at least in a dish: Applying flumazenil to the woman's cerebrospinal fluid eliminated that strange effect of GABA. But would it work in people? That's what the team, led by sleep expert Dr. David Rye, has been investigating since their discovery. And according to a study published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the answer is yes. For the study, Rye and his team recruited seven people with various forms of hypersomnia and analyzed their cerebrospinal fluid. All had the same GABA-enhancing effect as the initial patient. And when the researchers treated the study subjects with flumazenil, they all became more alert. According to an article on the project’s early days in Emory’s alumni magazine, that first Atlanta patient turned to her doctors after receiving the drug and exclaimed, after months of listlessness and days of nothing but sleeping, “I feel alive!” The moment brought her physicians to tears. The finding is particularly noteworthy because flumazenil is not a stimulant and does not make normal people more alert. Though flumazenil does appear to counteract the activity of the mysterious sleep-promoting molecule in the brains of these patients, laboratory analyses presented in the report suggest the molecule is not a benzodiazepine, and the researchers are still unsure just what it is. That leaves the possibility that a better drug might come along for those with hypersomnia once researchers can identify what exactly causes the disorder. But for now, flumazenil appears to work well enough to get many with hypersomnia back to their lives. Return to the Science Now blog.	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2 Hailstone Sequences [12 marks] A hailstone sequence is a sequence of integers found by applying the following rule: Hailstone Iteration: For an integer n in a hailstone sequence, the next item in the sequence is 3n + 1 if n is odd, or n / 2 if n is even. For example, the... a. What are some limitations of the present Windows 2000 and Windows XP computers for use in the context of this library, compared to the more modern operating systems? In what way would library patrons and staff benefit from using more modern operating systems? A solid sphere of radius 40.0 cm has a total positive charge of 26.0 C uniformly distributed throughout its volume. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field (a) 0 cm, (b) 10.0 cm, (c) 40.0 cm, and (d) 60.0 cm from the center of the sphere An aerosol spray can with a volume of 441 mL contains 3.09 g of propane gas as a propellant. What volume would propane occupy at STP? Refrigerators are usually kept at about 5^C, while room temperature is about 20^C. If you were to take an "empty" sealed 2-liter soda bottle at room temperature and place it in the fridge, would you expect it to contract to one-fourth its original volume? Suppose you accidently add too much NaOH during the titration. You then add a volume of HCl exactly equal to the volume of NaOH actually used in the titration. What effect does this have on the Ka	[ 17, 42913, 6440, 24604, 3007, 685, 1065, 8849, 60, 317, 32405, 6440, 8379, 318, 257, 8379, 286, 37014, 1043, 416, 11524, 262, 1708, 3896, 25, 42913, 6440, 40806, 341, 25, 1114, 281, 18253, 299, 287, 257, 32405, 6440, 8379, 11, 262, 1306, 2378, 287, 262, 8379, 318, 513, 77, 1343, 352, 611, 299, 318, 5629, 11, 393, 299, 1220, 362, 611, 299, 318, 772, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 262, 986, 198, 64, 13, 1867, 389, 617, 11247, 286, 262, 1944, 3964, 4751, 290, 3964, 11961, 9061, 329, 779, 287, 262, 4732, 286, 428, 5888, 11, 3688, 284, 262, 517, 3660, 5361, 3341, 30, 554, 644, 835, 561, 5888, 25720, 290, 3085, 4414, 422, 1262, 517, 3660, 5361, 3341, 30, 198, 32, 4735, 16558, 286, 16874, 2319, 13, 15, 12067, 468, 257, 2472, 3967, 3877, 286, 2608, 13, 15, 327, 42096, 9387, 3690, 663, 6115, 13, 27131, 378, 262, 14735, 286, 262, 5186, 2214, 357, 64, 8, 657, 12067, 11, 357, 65, 8, 838, 13, 15, 12067, 11, 357, 66, 8, 2319, 13, 15, 12067, 11, 290, 357, 67, 8, 3126, 13, 15, 12067, 422, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 16558, 198, 2025, 41376, 349, 11662, 460, 351, 257, 6115, 286, 604, 3901, 36226, 4909, 513, 13, 2931, 308, 286, 2632, 1531, 3623, 355, 257, 46059, 415, 13, 1867, 6115, 561, 2632, 1531, 22265, 379, 3563, 47, 30, 198, 8134, 18096, 2024, 389, 3221, 4030, 379, 546, 642, 61, 34, 11, 981, 2119, 5951, 318, 546, 1160, 61, 34, 13, 1002, 345, 547, 284, 1011, 281, 366, 28920, 1, 15283, 362, 12, 17201, 20584, 9294, 379, 2119, 5951, 290, 1295, 340, 287, 262, 25772, 11, 561, 345, 1607, 340, 284, 2775, 284, 530, 12, 49393, 663, 2656, 6115, 30, 198, 15979, 577, 345, 5778, 306, 751, 1165, 881, 11013, 12096, 1141, 262, 5259, 1358, 13, 921, 788, 751, 257, 6115, 286, 367, 2601, 3446, 4961, 284, 262, 6115, 286, 11013, 12096, 1682, 973, 287, 262, 5259, 1358, 13, 1867, 1245, 857, 428, 423, 319, 262, 11611, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	335
The holly genus, Ilex, offers a variety of plants from which to choose. There are about 700 species worldwide, some horticulturists estimate. And there is a great number of cultivated varieties. Not all hollies have spiny leaves. Many of the Japanese hollies (Ilex crenata) have spineless leaves. They are often mistaken for boxwoods with their small, shiny leaves. But boxwoods (Buxus) leaves are attached directly opposite one another on the stem, while holly leaves have an alternate leaf arrangement along the stem. Holly plants range from 2 to more than 60 feet tall. Some dwarf types are great choices for foundation plantings. These include Helleri holly, Carissa holly, Dwarf yaupon holly and Stokes dwarf, thought to be the same cultivar as Shilling dwarf. Don’t let the word dwarf fool you. Many hollies in this category may reach 3 to 5 feet tall. And Dwarf Burford may grow 8 feet or taller. Some “tree form” hollies can reach heights approaching 60 feet. These can stand alone as specimen plants or may provide a tall hedge. A few hollies that form large shrubs or small trees include many of the American holly cultivars such as Miss Helen, Hedgeholly and Savannah. Hollies respond well to pruning if needed, but it’s best to know the mature height before planting to avoid future problems of overgrown plants and unnecessary pruning. Other tree-form holly hybrids develop by crossing two or more plant species within a given genus. A few include Foster, East Palatka, Nellie R. Stevens and Mary Nell. Hollies with multicolored leaves include variegated English holly. And there are a few hollies that shed annually such as Ambiguous winterberry and Possumhaw holly. There are hollies that produce bright red berries. But berry color varies from red, orange and yellow to even black or white, depending on variety. Only female plants produce berries. Hollies are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are located on separate plants. Male flowers produce pollen required, in most cases, to pollinate female flowers. Many dwarf types of holly don’t produce berries because they come from male plants. To ensure that your plants produce berries, ask for female plants when purchasing. If the plant already has berries on it, you know it is a female. You should consider other characteristics when selecting hollies. There are weeping forms available such as the weeping yaupon holly. There are those that have a very narrow, upright habit such as the cultivar ‘Will Fleming.’ Hollies are not foolproof. They may attract pests and must be planted and cared for properly. However, for the most part, this group of plants has much to offer. Once established, they require little care and have very good drought tolerance. Free online class: Small Steps to Health & Wealth, Jan. 9, 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Practical steps to improve health and finances and tools to help participants reach their goals. Register at http://bit.ly/SmallSteps2013. Small Steps to Health and Wealth Challenge. Jan. 13 through Feb. 23, open to anyone who enrolls at http://rutgers.ancc.net. Larry Williams is an agent at the Okaloosa County Extension office in Crestview.	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Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History The Weather History for January 18th - Extreme cold weather prevails across the eastern United States. In Lower Michigan, a temperature of 28 degrees below zero was reported in Grand Rapids. - Arctic air and deep snow results in record cold across interior Lower Michigan. The temperature plunges to 25 below zero at Lansing and 20 below at Jackson. Along Lake Michigan, clouds and an onshore flow keep lows from falling below zero. The low of 10 above at Muskegon is 35 degrees warmer than the low at Lansing. - A blizzard moving through the Dakotas pulls warm air up over Michigan. Record highs in the upper 50s and lower 60s are followed by a line of heavy rain and severe thunderstorms. At least one weak tornado is spawned by the squall line, which is quickly followed by a blast of arctic air and rain changing to snow. Rapids snowmelt and heavy rains, followed by a quick freeze, leads to many areas of ice jam flooding. Select Other Dates in Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History	[ 14942, 7038, 16048, 7055, 15615, 7443, 198, 464, 15615, 7443, 329, 3269, 1248, 400, 198, 12, 18111, 4692, 6193, 8654, 1768, 1973, 262, 10183, 1578, 1829, 13, 554, 16048, 7055, 11, 257, 5951, 286, 2579, 7370, 2174, 6632, 373, 2098, 287, 5675, 27466, 13, 198, 12, 15723, 1633, 290, 2769, 6729, 2482, 287, 1700, 4692, 1973, 11087, 16048, 7055, 13, 383, 5951, 41904, 274, 284, 1679, 2174, 6632, 379, 49860, 290, 1160, 2174, 379, 6612, 13, 17159, 6233, 7055, 11, 15114, 290, 281, 319, 14640, 5202, 1394, 34119, 422, 7463, 2174, 6632, 13, 383, 1877, 286, 838, 2029, 379, 2629, 365, 14520, 318, 3439, 7370, 23254, 621, 262, 1877, 379, 49860, 13, 198, 12, 317, 698, 16191, 3867, 832, 262, 11775, 313, 292, 16194, 5814, 1633, 510, 625, 7055, 13, 13266, 28227, 287, 262, 6727, 2026, 82, 290, 2793, 3126, 82, 389, 3940, 416, 257, 1627, 286, 4334, 6290, 290, 6049, 18355, 38563, 13, 1629, 1551, 530, 4939, 33718, 318, 29013, 416, 262, 2809, 439, 1627, 11, 543, 318, 2952, 3940, 416, 257, 11975, 286, 610, 11048, 1633, 290, 6290, 5609, 284, 6729, 13, 27466, 6729, 76, 2120, 290, 4334, 29424, 11, 3940, 416, 257, 2068, 16611, 11, 5983, 284, 867, 3006, 286, 4771, 16853, 17448, 13, 198, 17563, 3819, 44712, 287, 24320, 16048, 7055, 15615, 7443, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	218
© Paul P. Reuben Chapter 7: William Faulkner (1897-1962) Outside Links: \| Film Adaptions of Faulkner's Fiction \| Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech \| Page Links: \| Primary Works \| Selected Bibliography 1980-1999 \| Selected Bibliography 2000-Present \| Study Questions \| MLA Style Citation of this Web Page \| \| A Brief Biography \| Site Links: \| Chap. 7: Index \| Alphabetical List \| Table Of Contents \| Home Page \| October 31, 2011 Source: William Faulkner on the Web "The past is never dead; it's not even - Gavin Stevens to Temple Drake Stevens, Requiem for a Nun, Act I Scene iii "[I] discovered that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it, and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own." - WF Winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, Faulkner's recognition as a writer came years after he had written his best work. Today he is regarded as an important interpreter of the universal theme of "the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself." He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi, which became the prototype of Jefferson, in the mythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of many of his works. Sometimes difficult to read, Faulkner experimented in the use of stream-of-consciousness technique and in the dislocation of narrative time. His fiction discusses issues of sex, class, race relations, and relations with nature. The Marble Faun, 1924; Soldier's Pay, 1926; Mosquitoes, 1927; Sartoris, 1929; The Sound and the Fury, 1929; As I Lay Dying, 1930; Sanctuary, 1931; These 13, 1931; Light in August, 1932; Doctor Martino and Other Stories, 1934; Pylon, 1935; Absalom, Absalom!, 1936; The Unvanquished, 1938; The Wild Palms, 1939; The Hamlet, 1940; Go Down, Moses, 1942; Intruder in the Dust, 1948; Knight's Gambit, 1949; Collected Stories of William Faulkner, 1950; Requiem for a Nun, 1951; A Fable, 1954; Big Woods, 1955; The Town, 1957; The Mansion, 1959; The Reivers, 1962. William Faulkner: New Orleans Sketches. Collins, Carvel (ed. and preface). Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002. \| Top \| Selected Bibliography 1980-1999 Abadie, Ann, and Doreen Fowler. eds. Faulkner and the Short Story: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1990. Jackson: UP OF Mississippi, 1992. Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner: Biographical and Reference Guide. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z773 Brodhead, Richard H. Faulkner, New Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z7832124 Ferguson, James. Faulkner's Short Fiction. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. Friedman, Alan W. William Faulkner. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1984. PS3511 .A86 Z783265 Goldberg, Wendy Fay. Faulkner's Haunted House: The Figure of the Recluse in 'Light in August' and 'Absolom, Absolom!' Ann Arbor: MI 1996. Kinney, Arthur F., ed. Critical Essays on William Faulkner--the Sartoris Family. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985. PS3511 .A86 Z778 Matthews, John T. The Play of Faulkner's Language. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z8916 McKee, Patricia. Producing American Races: Henry James, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison. Durham: Duke UP, 1999. Minter, David L. William Faulkner: His Life and Work. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. PS3511 .A86 Z913. Mortimer, Gail L. Faulkner's Rhetoric of Loss: A Study in Perception and Meaning. Austin: U of Texas P, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z914 Phillips, Gene. Fiction, Film AND Faulkner: The Art Of Adaptation. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1988. Pikoulis, John, 1941-The Art of William Faulkner. London: Macmillan, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z9462 Pilkington, John. The Heart of Yoknapatawpha. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1981. PS3511.A86 Z9463 Railey, Kevin. Natural Aristocracy: History, Ideology, and the Production of William Faulkner. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1999. Singal, Daniel J. William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1997. Sundquist, Eric J. Faulkner: The House Divided. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z9735 Vanderwerken, David L. Faulkner's Literary Children: Patterns of Development. NY: Peter Lang, 1997. Wagner-Martin, Linda. ed. New Essays on Go Down, Moses. NY: Cambridge UP, 1996. Yarup, Robert L. Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. Washington. 1996 \| Top \|Selected Bibliography 2000 to Present Abernathy, Jeff. To Hell and Back: Race and Betrayal in the Southern Novel. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2003. Aiken, Charles S. William Faulkner and the Southern Landscape. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2009. Atkinson, Ted. Faulkner and the Great Depression: Aesthetics, Ideology, and Cultural Politics. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2006. Baker, Charles. William Faulkner's Postcolonial South. NY: Peter Lang, 2000. Bassett, John E. William Faulkner: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism since 1988. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009. Bauer, Margaret D. William Faulkner's Legacy: "What Shadow, What Stain, What Mark." Gainesville: UP of Florida, 2005. Brivic, Sheldon. Tears of Rage: The Racial Interface of Modern American Fiction: Faulkner, Wright, Pynchon, Morrison. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008. Davis, Thadious M. Games of Property: Law, Race, Gender and Faulkner's Go Down, Moses. Durham: Duke UP, 2003. Doyle, Don H. Faulkner's County: The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2001. Duvall, John N. Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Evans, David H. William Faulkner, William James, and the American Pragmatic Tradition. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008. Fant, Joseph L., III. and others. eds. Faulkner at West Point. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002. Fulton, Lorie W. William Faulkner, Gavin Stevens, and the Cavalier Tradition. NY: Peter Lang, 2011. Godden, Richard. William Faulkner: An Economy of Complex Words. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2007. Koloze, Jeff, and Anne B. Gardiner. An Ethical Analysis of the Portrayal of Abortion in American Fiction: Dreiser, Hemingway, Faulkner, Dos Passos, Brautigan, and Irving. Lewiston: Mellen, 2005. Labatt, Blair. Faulkner the Storyteller. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2005. Lurie, Peter. Vision's Immanence: Faulkner, Film, and the Popular Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004. Minter, David. Faulkner's Questioning Narratives: Fictions of His Major Phase, 1929-42. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2001. Parini, Jay. One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. NY: HarperCollins, 2004. Polk, Noel. Faulkner and Welty and the Southern Literary Tradition. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2008. Rio-Jelliffe, R. Obscurity's Myriad Components: The Theory and Practice of William Faulkner. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2001. Rovit, Earl, and Arthur Waldhorn. eds. Hemingway and Faulkner in Their Time. NY: Continuum, 2005. Rueckert, William H. Faulkner from Within: Destructive and Generative Being in the Novels of William Faulkner. West Lafayette: Parlor, 2004. Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women Who Shaped His Art. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2009. Skaggs, Merrill M. Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2007. Stewart, George C. Yoknapatawpha, Images and Voices: A Photographic Study of Faulkner's County. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 2009. Stringer, Dorothy. 'Not Even Past': Race, Historical Trauma, and Subjectivity in Faulkner, Larsen, and Van Vechten. NY: Fordham UP, 2010. Towner, Theresa M. Faulkner on the Color Line: The Later Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000. Volpe, Edmond L. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Novels. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2003. - - -. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Short Stories. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2004. Wainswright, Michael. Darwin and Faulkner's Novels: Evolution and Southern Fiction. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Watson, James G. William Faulkner: Self-Presentation and Performance. Austin: U of Texas P, 2000. Weinstein, Arnold. Recovering Your Story: Proust, Joyce, Woolf, Faulkner, Morrison. NY: Random House, 2006. Wells, Dean F. Every Day by the Sun: A Memoir of the Faulkners of Mississippi. NY: Crown, 2011. Wells, Jeremy. Romances of the White Man's Burden: Race, Empire, and the Plantation in American Literature, 1880-1936. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2011. Welty, Eudora, Hunter Cole, and Noel Polk. On William Faulkner. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2003. Wolff, Sally. Ledgers of History: William Faulkner, and Almost Forgotten Friendship, and an Antebellum Plantation Diary: Memories of Dr. Edgar Wiggin Francisco III. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2010. Zender, Karl F. Faulkner and the Politics of Reading. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2002. A Student Project by Christa Pollex William Faulkner was born September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi to Murry and Maud Falkner. His baptized name is William Cuthbert Falkner. Murry and Maud had four boys; William, Murry Jr., John, and Dean. William was the oldest of all the children. Shortly after Faulkner's fourth birthday William and Murry Jr., were nearly lost to scarlet fever. On September 22, 1902, the Falkner family moved to Oxford, Mississippi. Just two months after their arrival in Oxford twelve people were killed due to the yellow fever. All white residents had been evacuated. Faulkner started to show his technique through drawing and writing poetry at an early age. During this time, Faulkner met his childhood sweetheart, Estelle Oldham, and his lifetime friend Phil Stone; Estelle lived in the neighborhood. To Faulkner's surprise Estelle's parents sent her away to school the following year. Upon her last return home from school Estelle accepted a proposal of marriage from Cornell Franklin. In 1914, Faulkner met Phil Stone. One day Stone became curious about Faulkner's writing and read his poems with excitement. His reply to these works was "Anybody could have seen that he had a real talent. It was perfectly obvious." (Blotner 162) Phil Stone encouraged Faulkner to write and thus started their long friendship. Faulkner was denied acceptance into the U.S. Air Force so he turned to the Canadian Royal Air Force. On his application he had to change a few details like the spelling of his last name and for his place of birth he wrote Finchley, in the county of Middlesex, England. He also changed his birth date to May 25, 1898, and stated that his civil occupation was a student. July 9,1918, he reported to the Recruit's Depot, in Toronto, for active service. In December, Faulkner was discharged from the RAF (Royal Air Force) and returned to Oxford. Faulkner's return brought him back to school where he entered the University of Mississippi as a special student in September, 1919. This is where he began to publish poems in "The Mississippian" and the "Oxford Eagle." During his time at the University, Faulkner founded the "Marionettes," a drama club, in the fall of 1920. He tried his hand at play writing. He wrote a one act play called The Marionettes, but it never made it to the stage. Only after three semesters he dropped out of school, but he accepted a job as a postmaster at the University of Mississippi post office. Also, in November of 1920, Faulkner received a commission as honorable 2nd Lieutenant. Phil Stone sends The Marble Faun to the Four Seas Co. and it agrees to publish the book for $400 and publishes it on December 15, 1924. In the same year, Faulkner resigns as postmaster at the University because of charges brought up by the postal inspector. February 25, 1926, Soldiers Pay was published. This was the start when many of Faulkner's works began to be published. Between the years of 1927 and 1934, he had a book published every year. In 1931, Sanctuary and These 13 , two of his works were published. "Sanctuary is a brilliant novel, one of his best." (Kawin 31) In 1929, Faulkner's childhood sweetheart, Estelle divorced Franklin and William and Estelle marry on June 20. In 1931, a daughter was born but dies nine days later and two years later, Jill, their second daughter was born. In 1932, Faulkner goes to Culver City, California on a MGM contract writer. He also worked for 20th Century Fox and Universal Studios. He co-wrote for many screenplays. A couple of the screenplays he worked on were "To Have and Have Not" written by Hemingway in 1944 for Warner Brothers, and "Barn Burning" that he wrote and A.I. Bezzerides helped with the screenplay. In 1948, Faulkner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In November of 1950, the announcement that Faulkner had received the Nobel Prize was made. He also received the National Book Award for A Fable in March and the Pulitzer in May of 1955. One month before his death The Reivers was published and the following year he received another Pulitzer for this book. Faulkner died on July 6,1962, of a heart attack, in Oxford. Blotner, Joseph Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1974. Kawin, Bruce F. Faulkner and Film. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co, 1977. Warren, Robert Penn Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1966. 1. How does the setting in a faraway age contribute to the mood of the story "A Courtship"? How do we know that we are dealing with an Indian narrator? Why is this an important aspect of the story and its total effect? 2. How does the location in a hunting camp function as an appropriate setting for the themes manifest in the story "Delta Autumn"? In what ways is Roth Edmonds meant to function as a representative of contemporary man? How is Uncle Ike different from his kinsman? 3. Examine As I Lay Dying from the point of view of family dynamics or social process. Is "Bundren" an identity these family members all share? What is the ontology, the way of being a Bundren? To what extent is Faulkner commenting on the American, especially the southern, family? Evaluate the perspectives with which the outsiders in the novel view the Bundrens. Which is reality? How does Faulkner demonstrate his characters constructing it? 1. How does one establish individual independence as a teenager? Do you remember any crucial moment in your own life when you realized that you had to make a choice between what your parent(s) and/or family believed and your own values? 2. Is the destruction of another person's property ever something we can justify? Explain. 3. Does it matter that this story is rendered through Sarty's consciousness? What were Faulkner's options, and how would the story be different if he had exercised them? 4. What are the key symbols in the story, and how do they serve the thematic purposes Faulkner had in mind? 5. Do the class issues the story raises have any parallels today? 6. What is the tone of the story and how is it established? 7. Critics often associate Faulkner's portrait of the Snopeses with his perception that the "New South" following Reconstruction had lost its agrarian values. Analyze the particular "Snopesism" in "Barn Burning. " "A Rose for Emily" 1. Discuss the ways in which Faulkner uses Miss Emily's house as an appropriate setting and as a metaphor for both her and the themes established by the narrative. 2. What are the different uses of the themes of "love," "honor," and "respectability" in the story? 3. Why does Faulkner use this particular narrator? What do you know about him? Can you list his "values," and if so, are they shared by the town? Is this narrator reliable? Does the fact he is male matter? 4. Many critics have read Miss Emily as a symbol of the post-Civil-War South. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this stance. 5. Those of you who have read Charles Dickens's Great Expectations will see a resemblance. How does Faulkner's tale echo but also differ significantly from Dickens's? 6. How does this story handle the linked themes of female oppression and empowerment? What does it say about the various kinds of male-female relationships in American society of this period? MLA Style Citation of this Web Page Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 7: William Faulkner." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. 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Scientists can look to tree rings to supplement the history of an area, but for David Milarch, the entire tree is significant. Milarch founded the Champion Tree Project with his sons, Jared and Jake, 20 years ago to create living libraries of the 846 species of trees in the United States. In 2009, the three men decided to give their organization a new name, Archangel Ancient Tree Archive, and to expand it globally. Based in Traverse City, Mich., the Archangel Ancient Tree Archive's mission is to archive the genetics of ancient trees in living libraries around the world by propagating old-growth trees and using their offspring to reforest. "We need to archive the genetics of the remaining old-growth trees that are growing on Earth," said David Milarch. "Here in the United States, 98 percent of all the old-growth trees have been cut down. In California, about 96 percent of all Coast Redwoods have been cut down. "Why is that a tragedy? Because we never even studied them before we cut them down, we didn't know what roles they played in the ecosystem." Milarch believes that the genetics of long-living trees should be studied to understand how they have managed to survive and thrive. One reason may be due to better immune systems, which would make their genetics vital to successful reforestation. Working with a range of sources, from professional tree finders to big-tree lists, When planting, Archangel recommends that no more than 10 percent cloned trees are used for reforestation to maintain genetic diversity and to also allow their genes to mix with the existing trees. The goal is to strengthen the forest overall. Care is given to the selection of the site where the trees are to be planted and why. Sites may be selected in order to aid in phytoremediation, erosion control, runoff management and habitat settings. Volunteers with the Milarchs' nonprofit organization give their time to assist in all areas of the process, from gathering samples for Archangel's nurseries to planting new trees. Schoolchildren in New York, Michigan and Northern California have also become part of the organization's outreach, helping to plant trees in the thousands. David Milarch's great-grandfather was a nurseryman, and his passion became a family business. Traverse City is known for its large cherry production, so the Milarch family began growing shade trees for the fruit trees in the area. Milarch's grandchildren mark the sixth generation living on the same land. "We're tuned into nature," Milarch said. "With that many generations, you have a pretty good grasp of what makes trees tick. " Milarch and his tree archive caught the attention of New York Times science writer Jim Robbins 11 years ago. After his first story about the project, Robbins continued to follow and write about Milarch's efforts. Last April, "The Man Who Planted Trees: Lost Groves, Champion Trees and an Urgent Plan to Save the Planet" (Spiegel & Grau, $25) was published. It includes information Robbins has gained from his talks with many scientists about trees. "People are amazed at some of the latest science on what trees really do. Most people don't know that trees communicate with each other. Trees feel pain and when a tree feels pain, it puts out signals and other trees in the area go into a protection mode. Trees emit aerosols out of their leaves and out of their roots that are natural antibiotics and natural disinfectants," Milarch said. Milarch credits Robbins' book to helping raise awareness about Archangel, which in turn has helped with getting funding. Most recently, the organization planted an old-redwood forest in Oregon from cloned trees. It is looking for sites to plant two old-growth groves in California, in an arboretum or on a large parcel of unused land. The group is also seeking donations to create a living archive in Ireland. Milarch hopes that the work Archangel is doing can serve as a model for others around the world to follow and lead to more reforestation. "All is not lost. We can put the trees back for our children and grandchildren," he said. A clone of a 3,000-year-old tree can be cloned again and again, "and with the science and with our work, the great trees and the genetic lineage of those trees never has to die. 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"We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall," Obama said. The statement was the strongest that the president has made in support of the rights of gays during his presidency. In contrast, in his 2009 inaugural address, Obama did not mention gays and lesbians at all. Obama's words also represented the first time a president discussed gay rights during an inauguration speech. "It is now our generation's task to carry on what those pioneers began. For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers, and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts," Obama said. "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law - for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." Gay rights activists throughout the region, such as the Rev. Don Crail, a retired Presbyterian minister living in Claremont, commended Obama for his framing the struggle for equality. "He put it in the context of civil rights and it is, I think: It's the next chapter in equality in this country. I think instead of being "I think gay marriage will become a reality in many more states in this next four years. He's also instructed his attorney general to not defend the Defense of Marriage Act. I think he's been prophetic on that issue." Obama supported same-sex marriage in 2012 and pushed for the 2011 repeal of "don't ask, don't tell," which curtailed gays ability to serve openly in the military. Crail was also pleased by the participation of gay poet Richard Blanco, who recited a poem during Obama's inauguration ceremonies. "The fact that it's Martin Luther King's special day, I think it's very right and appropriate for him to let the world know how he feels," said Patti Loitz, president of the Pasadena chapter of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays. Loitz said she doesn't think Obama's comments will necessarily translate into legal changes. "We know how he feels, but he doesn't make the laws," she said. "It's just a matter of whether can they get the cooperation from all the parties involved." Loitz wasn't surprised he would address gay rights during his speech: PFLAG had a float in Monday's inauguration parade - the first time the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community was represented in the parade. "It fits right in with the message of equality for women, blacks and gays," she said. "It's at the forefront now." Obama's evolving views on gay marriage accompany a shift in the views of many Americans: In the most recent survey on gay marriage by the Pew Research Center, 47 percent of the 3,008 adults surveyed in April supported gay marriage, 43 percent opposed it and 11 percent of those surveyed didn't know. Four years ago, only 39 percent of those surveyed supported it and 51 percent opposed it. And in 2004, shortly before George W. Bush won his second term in office, only 31 percent of those surveyed supported it and 60 percent opposed it. Members of the Long Beach and Signal Hill's gay community also reacted positively to Obama's speech and found his words - spoken in front of the public as well as some U.S. Supreme Court justices - meaningful at a time when landmark judicial issues such the Defense of Marriage Act and Proposition 8 are being examined. The Defense of Marriage Act forbids federal officials from recognizing same-sex marriage and Prop. 8 is California's ban on same-sex marriage. "The idea that he said that love should be shared by all - he was spectacular," Signal Hill Councilman Larry Forester said. Forester said the president has come a long way from his initial views on gay marriage, which Obama did not favor until recently despite supporting gay rights. "Over time, he finally decided that love is love and love between two people of the same sex is love between two people of the opposite sex," Forester said. "He said it to the public and I could not be more elated." Long Beach Vice Mayor Robert Garcia also applauded Obama's speech and its emphasis on civil rights for not only the LGBT community but for women and minorities. "He talked about America being at its best when it's equal and that's what came across for a lot of people," he said. Obama's words may help further marriage equality, Garcia said, adding four more states passed same sex marriage laws after the president spoke out in favor of gay marriage about a year ago. "It's a step forward when our leaders acknowledge that we have to work for all Americans, that all Americans should be treated equally," Garcia said. "It's going to make the country stronger." Staff writer Karen Robes Meeks contributed to this report. Reach Beau via email, call him at 909-386-3826, or find him on Twitter @InlandEd.	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Acne affects nearly 100% of the population at some point. For some, acne is mild and transient; for others, it can be severe and long lasting. Scarring from severe acne can be permanent and disfiguring (see section on Acne Scars). Acne usually begins around the time of puberty. Acne may improve after puberty, but for many, acne persists into and during middle age. Acne lesions form when the opening of oil glands (called sebaceous glands) in the skin become blocked. Trapped oil builds up within the gland, causing inflammation. The swelling within the oil gland can become so intense that the oil gland (and associated hair follicle) can rupture, leading to further inflammation. While the surge of hormones during puberty likely triggers this process, other factors such as stress, diet, and the influence of other hormones may also play a role. A bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes that is normally present on the skin likely plays a role in acne, but the precise link is still unclear. Any person with moderate or worse acne should be seen by a physician to discuss treatment options, because of the risk of permanent scarring. Treatment for acne has improved dramatically in the last 2 decades. Effective over-the-counter medications include salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide preparations. First line prescription acne treatment usually involves a combination of topical treatments, such as one of the retinoids (such as Retin A) and a topical antibiotic (such as benzoyl peroxide mixed with clindamycin). Common side effects are irritation and redness and you and your doctor will decide what is best for your individual needs. For acne that resists topical treatment, or for more severe acne, systemic treatments may be necessary. The tetracycline antibiotics are effective in many people. Erythromycin, Bactrim, and other antibiotics are second-line antibiotic therapies. However, long term antibiotic use can cause bacterial resistance in those who use them and should be used with caution. There are other side effects that must be discussed with your doctor. For women, oral contraceptives (“the pill”) may also improve acne. For adult woman with acne, other hormonal therapies may be considered. For severe acne that is associated with scarring, isotretinoin (Accutane) is prescribed. This drug is very effective and can cure acne but must be used very cautiously because of the risk of severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy. There are other common side effects (dry lips, peeling skin, etc) of isotretinoin that may limit its use as well. Some people believe that isotretinoin can lead to suicidal symptoms. This is controversial and should be discussed with your doctor. Because of the risks of systemic medications, newer, less invasive treatments have been sought. With the development of new cosmetic treatment modalities such as lasers and light therapy, new acne treatments have also been developed. In general, because these methods are new, they are not as well tested. In the early studies, most of the new treatments have proven to be mildly to moderately effective. The side effect profiles are usually minimal. The specific treatment modalities are discussed below. You and your doctor can discuss the best treatment to suit your individual needs. Other Acne Treatment Options: • Light therapy Blue light therapy takes advantage of the fact that bacteria in the skin produce a product called porphyrin. Porphyrin can absorb blue light, leading to a chemical reaction in the skin that destroys the bacteria. Red light therapy can reduce inflammation in the skin which in turn improves acne. Acne lesions treated with light therapy tend to reoccur over 3-12 months. In one study, patients who had severe acne had no improvement compared to patients who had moderate acne who did improve. There have been no reported side effects. • Laser therapy Although there are many different lasers available, only a few of them have successfully been used in the treatment of acne. For example, the pulsed-dye laser was tested in a randomized, double blinded controlled trial (the best kind of trial available) and was shown to significantly reduce acne after a single treatment with no serious side effects. The 1450 nm infrared laser has been used in one uncontrolled study and decreased lesion counts by 83% after three treatments. Temporary pain, redness, and swelling was reported in most patients. In patients with darker skin tones, hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) was reported. • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) This therapy combines a drug (called a photosensitizer) that is preferentially absorbed by certain kinds of cells and a special light source. When used together, the photosensitizer and the light destroy the targeted cells. For acne, the hyperactive sebaceous glands are targeted. The photosensitizer, called amino-levulinic acid, is applied to the skin and is left on for a variable period of time. The skin is exposed to the light source (blue, red, or laser light) and the photosensitizer is then removed. Side effects include pain during the procedure and discoloration afterwards. • Radiofrequency therapy A few studies have evaluated the effect of radiofrequency energy in the treatment of acne. One uncontrolled study reported a 75% improvement in 81% of the patients. Elamax, a topical anesthetic was used during the procedure for pain control. • Chemical peels Chemical peels have long been used for facial rejuvenation and to reverse the signs of aging. More recently, they have been used for the treatment of acne. In one study of Asian patients, salicylic acid peels performed twice a week for 12 weeks significantly improved acne. In a few preliminary studies, microdermabrasion treatments have reduced acne lesions and improved the texture of the skin in the majority of patients. » Find an Acne Treatment Specialist All photos courtesy of S. Zimmet, MD and P. Bitter Jr., MD DermaNetwork.org Featured Acne Treatment Providers in the following locations: Beverly Hills, CA \| Dallas, TX \| Denver, CO \| Los Angeles, CA \| Miami, FL \| New York, NY \| Phoenix, AZ \| Washington, DC Local Acne Treatment Specialists near Ashburn, VA Age Defy Dermatology and Wellness Age Defy Dermatology & Wellness Welcome to Age Defy Dermatology and Wellness™, a complete dermatology and integrative health center located in Campbell, California. We offer medically supervised services that promote health and span all aspects of the care of the skin, hair, and nails to help our patients achieve healthy skin and physical well being.	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A strong stain and fade resistant fiber made from a synthetic polymer consisting of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units. A striped fabric woven with shades of the same color from light to dark. Powdered pigment mixed to a thick consistency with linseed, poppy or nut oil which remains wet for long periods. Gradual oxidization causes the paint to harden and a full cure can take many months. Soft gradations of one color blending into another. The level of opaqueness of a paint. Any paint that is not transparent or translucent. It completely covers fabric and other paints. Optical Color Mixing An optical illusion produced when small amounts of two different colors are put next to each other, appearing to create a different color. After scouring and bleaching, Optical Brightening Agents (OBA), are applied to make the textile material to appear more brilliant whites. These OBA are available in different tints such as blue, violet and red. A dyeing technique used to change a color by re-dyeing it a new shade. The over-dyed shade is always darker than the original color and is altered by the original color. A group of cotton fabrics, including pinpoint, made with a modified plain or basket weave. Used primarily for shirting. Used in marbling as an agent that helps the paints float on the surface of the solution. It is made from an animal product and some books recommend it. An excellent alternative is Versatex Dispersant.	[ 32, 1913, 18746, 290, 22100, 18290, 13608, 925, 422, 257, 18512, 30528, 17747, 286, 4555, 37880, 11, 2632, 37880, 11, 393, 584, 267, 293, 15643, 4991, 13, 198, 32, 49807, 9664, 36932, 351, 23787, 286, 262, 976, 3124, 422, 1657, 284, 3223, 13, 198, 47, 322, 67, 1068, 43385, 7668, 284, 257, 6546, 15794, 351, 9493, 28826, 11, 47867, 393, 6701, 3056, 543, 3793, 9583, 329, 890, 9574, 13, 17701, 723, 18762, 1634, 5640, 262, 7521, 284, 1327, 268, 290, 257, 1336, 13996, 460, 1011, 867, 1933, 13, 198, 18380, 3915, 602, 286, 530, 3124, 34863, 656, 1194, 13, 198, 464, 1241, 286, 1034, 36129, 9449, 286, 257, 7521, 13, 198, 7149, 7521, 326, 318, 407, 13245, 393, 45323, 13, 632, 3190, 8698, 9664, 290, 584, 32281, 13, 198, 27871, 605, 5315, 15561, 278, 198, 2025, 18480, 17878, 4635, 618, 1402, 6867, 286, 734, 1180, 7577, 389, 1234, 1306, 284, 1123, 584, 11, 12655, 284, 2251, 257, 1180, 3124, 13, 198, 3260, 629, 21823, 290, 7245, 8103, 11, 49593, 17558, 3101, 28295, 357, 46, 4339, 828, 389, 5625, 284, 787, 262, 45293, 2587, 284, 1656, 517, 10457, 13216, 13, 2312, 440, 4339, 389, 1695, 287, 1180, 256, 29503, 884, 355, 4171, 11, 45725, 290, 2266, 13, 198, 32, 30121, 278, 8173, 973, 284, 1487, 257, 3124, 416, 302, 12, 67, 5948, 278, 340, 257, 649, 17979, 13, 383, 625, 12, 9892, 276, 17979, 318, 1464, 18646, 621, 262, 2656, 3124, 290, 318, 14294, 416, 262, 2656, 3124, 13, 198, 32, 1448, 286, 15985, 39533, 11, 1390, 30534, 11, 925, 351, 257, 9518, 8631, 393, 7988, 37982, 13, 16718, 7525, 329, 427, 35355, 13, 198, 38052, 287, 1667, 11108, 355, 281, 5797, 326, 5419, 262, 32281, 12178, 319, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 4610, 13, 632, 318, 925, 422, 281, 5044, 1720, 290, 617, 3835, 4313, 340, 13, 1052, 6275, 5559, 318, 18535, 378, 87, 3167, 19276, 415, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	318
Nitrate vs Nitrite Both nitrate and nitrite are oxy anions of Nitrogen. Although they both seem to look alike, there are differences between them. These differences can be with respect to their structure, bonding, geometrical shape, oxidation state of Nitrogen, chemical reactivity, uses of them and etc. These differences are mainly discussed here. NO3- ion is the conjugate base of HNO3 (nitric V acid) which is a strong acid. It is a planer molecule with sp3 hybridization in Nitrogen atom. All three oxygen atoms are equivalent. There are 24 electrons in the valence shells. NO3- ion has the molecular weight of 62.004 g mol-1. NO2- ion is the conjugate base of HNO2 (nitric III acid) which is a weak acid (pKa=3.5). It is also a planer molecule with sp2 hybridization. In the valence shells, there are only 18 electrons. NO2- ion has the molecular weight of 46.006 g mol-1. When the bonding in both the ions are considered, in NO3- ion the pi bonding involves four 2pz atomic orbitals (one orbitla from N and three orbitals from 3 oxygen atoms). These four atomic orbitals form 4, four-centred pi molecular orbitals. The molecular orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital. The orbital with the largest energy is the anti-bonding orbital. Other two orbitals are degenerate (equal in energy) which are non-bonding orbitals. In the case of NO2- ion, the pi bonding involves only three 2pz atomic orbitals. Here, the orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital, the middle one is the non-bonding orbital, and the other one is the anti-bonding orbital. In both the ions, the bonding orbitals involve in making the σ-bond (sigma-bond) and non-bonding orbitals involve in making π-bonds (pi-bonds). Therefore, in NO3- ion each bond has a bond order of 11/3. 1 from σ-bond and 1/3 from the π-bonds. In NO2- ion, the bond order is 11/2. 1 from σ-bond and 1/2 from the π-bonds. Although, both the ions are from the same electronic geometry, as the bond order is different, their geometrical shapes are also different. The NO3- ion has a shape of planer triangular and the NO2- ion has an angular shape (or V shape). The bond angles are also different. ONO bond angle of NO3- ion and NO2- ion are 1200 and 1150 respectively. The oxidation state of Nitrogen in both NO3- ion and NO2- ion are +5 and +3 respectively. Because of these reasons (especially the difference in bonding), the chemical reactivity (such as basicity, oxidizing/reducing ability, products of thermal decomposition of the compounds consist of these ions) is also different. In practice, NO2- ion is a weaker base while NO3- ion is a very weaker base. When the oxidation state of Nitrogen atom in these ions is taken in to consideration, NO2- ion can act as a reducing agent as well as an oxidizing agent while NO3- ion can only act as an oxidizing agent. The examples for products obtained from thermal decomposition of NO3- and NO2- ions containing compounds are given below to show the difference in reactivity. Even, when they form complexes with metal ions they behave in a dissimilar manner. That is, NO2- ion acts as a monodentate ligand while NO3- ion acts as a bidentate ligand. These differences in chemical reactivity help us to differentiate the uses of them. For example, nitrites are generally used in the processing of meat (sometimes nitrates are also used), and nitrates are used for producing of explosives. Nitrates are naturally occurring and are cancerous. But Nitrites are not cancerous.	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Columbus Installed on International Space Station Astronauts have attached the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Columbus laboratory to the International Space Stations (ISS). The Space Shuttle Atlantis ferried Columbus to the ISS along with two ESA astronauts yesterday. The laboratory is the ESA’s main contribution to the ISS. It is 27-foot (7-meter) long by 14.7-feet (4.5-meters) wide and weighs 12.8 tonnes. It adds 2,648 cubic feet (75 cubic meters) of space to the ISS. Columbus was installed during the first spacewalk of the STS-122 mission. From outside the ISS, astronauts Rex Walheim and Stanley Love prepared the module for installation before the Station's robotic arm was used to lift Columbus into position. ESA astronaut Leopold Eyharts, who was at the controls of the Station's robotic arm for the final capture and initial berthing of Columbus, reported to Mission Control, "The European Columbus module is now part of the ISS" at 22:44 CET. Columbus will allow astronauts to carry out scientific experiments in a weightless, shirtsleeve environment. It presently carries 2.5 tonnes of science payloads, consisting of five equipment racks. Other payloads will be delivered later. It will eventually hold 16 racks, 10 of which will be used for scientific research. Columbus was inspected earlier today and will be officially opened at 2:55 p.m. EST (1955 GMT). Catch it live on NASA TV	[ 36063, 385, 2262, 4262, 319, 4037, 4687, 9327, 198, 33751, 1313, 17712, 423, 7223, 262, 3427, 4687, 7732, 447, 247, 82, 357, 43279, 8, 14939, 14010, 284, 262, 4037, 4687, 520, 602, 357, 16744, 737, 383, 4687, 35143, 34779, 11354, 2228, 14939, 284, 262, 33805, 1863, 351, 734, 42212, 26835, 7415, 13, 198, 464, 14010, 318, 262, 42212, 447, 247, 82, 1388, 10156, 284, 262, 33805, 13, 632, 318, 2681, 12, 5898, 357, 22, 12, 27231, 8, 890, 416, 1478, 13, 22, 12, 39690, 357, 19, 13, 20, 12, 4164, 364, 8, 3094, 290, 24034, 1105, 13, 23, 26840, 13, 632, 6673, 362, 11, 34287, 27216, 3625, 357, 2425, 27216, 10700, 8, 286, 2272, 284, 262, 33805, 13, 198, 36063, 385, 373, 6589, 1141, 262, 717, 34752, 413, 971, 286, 262, 3563, 50, 12, 18376, 4365, 13, 3574, 2354, 262, 33805, 11, 26835, 17853, 6445, 9096, 290, 14167, 5896, 5597, 262, 8265, 329, 9988, 878, 262, 9327, 338, 25810, 3211, 373, 973, 284, 10303, 14939, 656, 2292, 13, 198, 43279, 33779, 1004, 404, 727, 21566, 71, 5889, 11, 508, 373, 379, 262, 6973, 286, 262, 9327, 338, 25810, 3211, 329, 262, 2457, 8006, 290, 4238, 18157, 1197, 286, 14939, 11, 2098, 284, 12633, 6779, 11, 366, 464, 3427, 14939, 8265, 318, 783, 636, 286, 262, 33805, 1, 379, 2534, 25, 2598, 46632, 13, 198, 36063, 385, 481, 1249, 26835, 284, 3283, 503, 5654, 10256, 287, 257, 3463, 1203, 11, 20858, 49189, 2858, 13, 632, 27606, 10732, 362, 13, 20, 26840, 286, 3783, 21437, 82, 11, 17747, 286, 1936, 5112, 39843, 13, 3819, 21437, 82, 481, 307, 6793, 1568, 13, 632, 481, 4191, 1745, 1467, 39843, 11, 838, 286, 543, 481, 307, 973, 329, 5654, 2267, 13, 198, 36063, 385, 373, 34295, 2961, 1909, 290, 481, 307, 8720, 4721, 379, 362, 25, 2816, 279, 13, 76, 13, 17160, 357, 1129, 2816, 16987, 737, 25750, 340, 2107, 319, 8884, 3195, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	319
\|— Municipality and Town —\| \|• Mayor\|\|Živorad Smiljanić\| \|• Municipality\|\|333 km2 (129 sq mi)\| \|Population (2011 census)\| \|Time zone\|\|CET (UTC+1)\| \|• Summer (DST)\|\|CEST (UTC+2)\| \|Area code\|\|+381 25\| Apatin (Serbian Cyrillic: Апатин) is a town and municipality in the Vojvodina administrative region of Serbia, located in the West Bačka District, at . The town of Apatin is the administrative, economic, cultural, educational and tourist centre of the municipality of Apatin (333 km²). The population of the town is 17,411, while the municipality has 28,929 inhabitants. In Serbian, the town is known as Apatin (Апатин), while the same name is also used in German, Romanian, Croatian (Šokac), and Hungarian. According to some claims, the name Apatin is derived from the old form Opaty, by which the town was first mentioned in the 11th century. The Municipality of Apatin is located on the left bank of the Danube river (natural border with Croatia), between the Municipality of Sombor (in the northeast) and Municipality of Odžaci (in the southeast). The favourable geographic position, proximity to the Danube, and natural wealth of this area (fruitful ground, woods next to the river, abundance of fish in swampy regions and backwaters, and game in woods) attracted people through all ages and made them settle here. Because of these reasons, even in pre-historic times, cultures such as the Sarmatians, the Celts, the Goths and many others were replacing each other within this region, one by one. In the 1st century, during the Roman conquest, the settlement was turned into a military trench with fortifications, and played an important role in the defense of the Pannonia province. Subsequently, the area came under control of the Huns, Gepids and Avars. In the 6th century the Slavs settled, and in the 9th century, the area was included into the Bulgarian Empire. Bulgarian duke Salan who had residence in Titel ruled over region of Bačka. In the 10th century the Hungarians came to Central Europe, thereby establishing a state, which was populated by both, Hungarians and Slavs. The first mentioning of Apatin in any written script was in the year 1011, by the Abbey of Kalocsa Bishopric. According to other source, Apatin was firstly mentioned in 1407. During this time, settlement was part of the Bodrogiensis County within the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the area became feudalistic, and in exchange for lands, the vassals would need to complete military service to the lord of the property. Many fishermen, hunters, and millers then began to settle down in this area. In 1417, Apatin is mentioned as a property of Stefan Lazarević, who was crowned as the Despot of Serbia in 1402. In 1526-1527 it belonged to the short-lived Serb state of Emperor Jovan Nenad, and soon after (in 1541) this area became part of the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottoman administration Apatin was part of the Sanjak of Segedin and was mainly populated by ethnic Serbs. In the end of the 17th century it became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Many of the refugees during the massive migration of Serbs led by Arsenije Čarnojević in 1690, came to Apatin, Sombor and Prigrevica, thus the Serb population in this area increased. A new wave of colonisation occurred in 1748 when many German colonists settled in Apatin, pushing out the Serbs mostly by force, who then evacuated towards Stapar. The German colonists came from many different regions. The gathering centre was in Ulm, Germany and from that point they were transported by the Danube to Apatin, which became the main base of the German expansion in Vojvodina. The church was built near the port and the city square was also built at this time. The real estate value of buildings, such as schools, fishermen’s station, hand craft’s workshops, began to rise. The Chamber of Court decided to put forth economic objectives to better the economy, and in 1756 the brewery and distillery were built. In 1764 a large textiles factory was built. In 1760 Apatin was officially proclaimed a town and a main trade centre with a special status. At the end of the 18th century, a catastrophic flood destroyed the old town square, and ruined half of the settlement. The new square was built north-westward from the brewery. The town as seen today, began to take shape. During the 18th and in the early part of 19th century, Apatin had prospered economically, mostly because of developed trade, handcraft and shipbuilding. During the initial years of the Habsburg administration, Apatin was administratively a part of the Batsch County within the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Subsequently it was included into the newly formed Batsch-Bodrog County. In 1848-1849 Apatin was part of the Serbian Voivodship, a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, and between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, a separate Austrian province. After abolishment of the voivodeship, in 1860 it was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County within the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, which became one of two autonomous parts of the Monarchy after 1867. In the year of 1869 numerous banks and saving-banks were established, and that opened the door to industrial development. A great number of brickyards produced brick and tile, which were used to construct many buildings in Vienna and almost all in Pest. In 1912 Apatin was connected to Sombor and Sonta by the railroad, and the following year, a shipyard was founded. Today, the shipyard has been modernized as it the only shipyard on the whole Danube which has a special lift for quickly drawing boats out onto the docks. According to 1910 census, most of the inhabitants of Apatin spoke the German language. In 1918, as part of Banat, Bačka and Baranja, Apatin became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, which later together with the Kingdom of Montenegro and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). In 1918-1919, Apatin was part of the Banat, Bačka and Baranja region and also (from 1918 to 1922) part of the Novi Sad District. Between 1922 and 1929, the town was part of the Bačka Oblast and between 1929 and 1941, part of the Danube Banovina, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. When Axis Powers invaded, occupied and partitioned Yugoslavia in 1941, Apatin was included into Bács-Bodrog County within the Horthy's Hungary. The town remained under Axis control until 1944. During the Battle of Batina, the front was stretched all the way to Apatin and Bogojevo, and these places became military bases overnight. Yugoslav Partisans entered Apatin on October 24, 1944, and since then Apatin was part of the Yugoslav Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which (from 1945) was part of the People's Republic of Serbia within new Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1944, as a consequence of World War II events in Yugoslavia, one part of Yugoslav citizens of German ethnicity left from the area, together with defeated German army. The antifascist council for deliberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) declared the remaining German population as public enemies and sent them to communist prison camps, where one part of them died from disease, cold and malnutrition. The death toll among the German population of Apatin amounts to 2,074 people known by name. This figure includes the victims of deportation to the USSR. After prison camps were dissolved (in 1948), most of the remaining German population left Yugoslavia in subsequent decades, mainly because of economic reasons. After the war, Apatin was populated by (mainly Serb) settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia, largely from Lika. Population censuses conducted after World War II recorded Serbs as the largest ethnic group in the town. Between 1992 and 2003, Apatin was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, between 2003 and 2006 part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and since 2006 it is part of an independent Serbia. Inhabited places Apatin municipality includes the city of Apatin and the following villages: Demographics (2011 census) Ethnic groups in the municipality - Serbs = 18,164 (62.79%) - Hungarians = 3,102 (10.72%) - Croats = 3,015 (10.42%) - Romanians = 1,148 (3.97%) - Roma = 654 (2.26%) - Others (including Montenegrins, Macedonians, Muslims, Albanians, Germans, Slovaks, etc.). Settlements by ethnic majority Ethnic groups in the town - Serbs = 13,990 (72.41%) - Romanians = 967 (5.01%) - Hungarians = 848 (4.39%) - Croats = 658 (3.41%) - Yugoslavs = 612 (3.17%) - Roma = 369 (1.91%) - Germans = 142 (0.74%) - Montenegrins = 100 (0.52%) Near the city of Apatin lies the Junaković spa. It is a modern and well-equipped rehabilitation and recreation centre with sports fields, outdoor pools, indoor therapy, and saunas. The largest companies in Apatin today are the Apatinska pivara AD (brewery, built in 1756), Rapid (silicate bricks factory), Jedinstvo (agricultural company) and Apatin Shipyard (formerly known as "Boris Kidrič"). Free port Apatin The Free port Apatin is a free customs zone, cargo-transportation center and port with wharf, which will form an economic unit known under the name "Slobodna zona Apatin" (and will cover 160 hectares of ground next to river Danube). It will also represent one of the potentially largest economical undertakings in the region. Tourist attraction Apatin has popular tourist location, and because of its proximity to the Danube river and the forests, it is gathering place for fishermen and hunters. There is also an annual gathering called "Apatinske ribarske večeri" (Apatin Fishermen Nights), which has taken place for the last forty some years. "Ribarske večeri" usually starts on July 1, and lasts five or seven days. Apatin has a rich history in sports. Željko Rebrača is by far the most famous athlete from this area, but in the past, Apatin has had athletes represent Yugoslavia (and now Serbia) on the international stage. Today, some of the well known professional sports clubs are: - FK Mladost - member of the Serbia First League Soccer Association - RK Apatin - member of the Serbia Second League Handball Association Notable natives and residents - Paul Abraham (1892–1960), a Jewish composer, born in Apatin. - Frank Dancevic (born 1984), a Croatian-Canadian tennis player whose father hails from Apatin. - Mirko Đurić (born in 1960), a famous classical guitarist. - Jovan Lakatoš (born in 1944), ornitologist of Hungarian origin, born in Apatin. - Pavle Marčetić (born in 1957), a writer and ethnic Serb, born in Apatin. - Nenad Medić (born 1983), poker player. - Gyula Pártos (1845–1916), an architect and ethnic Hungarian, born in Apatin. - Željko Rebrača (born in 1972), a professional basketball player, and ethnic Serb, playing in the NBA with the L.A. Clippers. He was born in 1972 in the village of Prigrevica near Apatin. - Josef Sayer (born 1941), German Roman Catholic priest, theologian and development aid official. - Ervin Šinko (1898–1967), a writer and ethnic Hungarian, born in Apatin. See also - "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28. - "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in The Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity - Data by municipalities and cities". Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2012. ISBN 978-86-6161-023-3. Retrieved 2012-11-30. - DATANET.RS Galerija Meander/Gallery Meander - Arbeitskreis Dokumentation: Verbrechen an den Deutschen in Jugoslawien 1944-1948, Die Stationen eines Völkermordes, 2000, Munich - "Population by ethnicity – Apatin". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS). 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- uploaded: Feb 12, 2013 - Hits: 93 With the news that Benedict the 16th is stepping down, thoughts are now turning to who his replacement might be. A new Pope is expected to be elected by the end of March, ahead of the feast of Easter. Some of the most likely successors come from Africa and Latin America. Al Jazeera's Rory Challands reports. Source, credit to Aljazeera- http://www.aljazeera.com/video FAIR USE NOTICE: This video has been posted to further advance our understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, Technological, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues which constitutes a "fair use" of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 for research and educational purposes. Benedict XVI was elected Pope at the age of 78. He is the oldest person to have been elected Pope since Pope Clement XII (1730--40). He had served longer as a cardinal than any Pope since Benedict XIII (1724--30). He is the ninth German Pope, the eighth having been the Dutch-German Pope Adrian VI (1522--23) from Utrecht. The last Pope named Benedict was Benedict XV, an Italian who reigned from 1914 to 1922, during World War I (1914--18). Born in 1927 in Marktl, Bavaria, Germany, Ratzinger had a distinguished career as a university theologian before being appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising by Pope Paul VI (1963--78). Shortly afterwards, he was made a cardinal in the consistory of 27 June 1977. He was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and was also assigned the honorific title of the cardinal bishop of Velletri-Segni on 5 April 1993. In 1998, he was elected sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. On 30 November 2002, he was elected dean, taking, as is customary, the title of cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia. He was the first Dean of the College elected Pope since Paul IV (1555--59) and the first cardinal bishop elected Pope since Pius VIII (1829--30). Even before becoming Pope, Ratzinger was one of the most influential men in the Roman Curia, and was a close associate of John Paul II. As Dean of the College of Cardinals, he presided over the funeral of John Paul II and over the Mass immediately preceding the 2005 conclave in which he was elected. During the service, he called on the assembled cardinals to hold fast to the doctrine of the faith. He was the public face of the church in the sede vacante period, although, technically, he ranked below the Camerlengo in administrative authority during that time. Like his predecessor, Benedict XVI affirms traditional Catholic doctrine. In addition to his native German, Benedict speaks French and Italian fluently. He also has a very good command of Latin and speaks English and Spanish adequately. Furthermore, he has some knowledge of Portuguese. He can read Ancient Greek and biblical Hebrew. He has stated that his first foreign language is French. He is a member of several scientific academies, such as the French Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He plays the piano and has a preference for Mozart and Bach. 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Whether you are taking the Holiday Challenge for the first time or you are a veteran nutritarian, rich holiday foods packed with oils, animal products, white flour, and sugar may look tempting to you. Maybe tempting enough for you to say to yourself “It’s just for today, just this one meal. I’ll go back to my healthy nutritarian diet tomorrow – one unhealthy meal can’t possibly harm me.” Is that true? Aside from the fact that a single low-nutrient meal may awaken old addictive drives that could then lead to many more low-nutrient meals, a single meal is enough to cause damage to your cardiovascular system. As Dr. Fuhrman mentioned in his recent Twitter chat, there are more cardiac deaths on December 25, 26, and January 1 than any other days of the year.1 This sobering observation suggests that overindulging at a holiday meal can be extremely hazardous to your heart. First, I’d like to define the phrase “endothelial function,” which will be used frequently in this post: The endothelium is a specialized layer of cells that forms the inner lining of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells produce nitric oxide and other substances that regulate blood pressure, maintain balance between pro-thrombotic (blood clotting) and anti-thrombotic mechanisms, and act as a selective barrier between the blood and surrounding tissues. The functions of the endothelium are crucial; endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherosclerotic plaque development and cardiovascular disease.2 Now let’s take a look at the traditional components of a holiday meal, and how they affect our cardiovascular system… Meat, cheese, and oils. Fifteen years ago, a study reported that eating a high saturated fat, high animal product meal impaired endothelial function for four hours following the meal, and this effect has been confirmed in the literature over and over.3,4 For example, a study presented earlier this year reported the detrimental effects of a sausage, egg and cheese breakfast sandwich on endothelial function.5 In addition to impaired endothelial function, single low-nutrient, high fat meals have been reported to induce insulin resistance, increase circulating adhesion molecules (which allows excess LDL and inflammatory cells to enter the vessel wall – a contributor to atherosclerosis), induce oxidative stress, and deplete the body’s circulating antioxidants.6-8 The detrimental effects of a high saturated fat meal on endothelial function are believed to occur via oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways.4,9 Although most of the studies have focused on high saturated fat meals, there is also evidence that animal protein and excess oils (high in omega-6 fatty acids) may also negatively affect the endothelium and induce oxidative stress.10,11 Bread, pasta, and sugary desserts. For a refresher on some of the harms of added sugar, revisit Dr. Klaper’s post from last year’s Holiday Challenge. In addition to those effects, refined carbohydrate is just as harmful to endothelial function as saturated fat. Refined carbohydrates cause dangerous spikes in blood glucose – repeated spikes over time promote diabetes and other chronic diseases, but what about a single high glycemic meal? Acute hyperglycemia (short term elevated blood glucose after a single refined carbohydrate-rich meal) has been shown to impair endothelial function, promote blood clotting (which increases heart attack risk), induce oxidative stress and deplete circulating antioxidants, increase blood pressure, increase circulating adhesion molecules, impair the body’s ability to fight infection, and decrease blood flow to the heart.7,12-17 Salty snacks, beer, and wine. A single high salt meal impairs endothelial function, just like high saturated fat or high sugar meals, and alcohol magnifies the increase in blood glucose from a refined carbohydrate-rich meal.18,19 The point: A SINGLE unhealthy holiday meal inflicts damage on the cardiovascular system, contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, and in susceptible individuals may even provoke a cardiac event. When I see a fatty, sugary dessert, I try to think up some scary images to deter myself from indulging – here are some examples: - Sugar crystals floating around in my bloodstream, scratching up the delicate surface of my endothelium. - All the circulating antioxidants from my previous nutritarian meals being used up and destroyed. - My vessels constricting, failing to deliver adequate blood to my heart muscle. - My blood pressure rising, and my heart becoming fatigued from pumping against that extra pressure. - LDL cholesterol and inflammatory cells pouring through the gaps in my compromised endothelial barrier and building the beginnings of atherosclerotic plaque. …and I stick with my G-BOMBS. But that doesn’t mean that I have to choose between excellent health and tasty food. I get the best of both worlds - I enjoy preparing and serving a special dish for the holidays, while sharing health-promoting foods with my friends and family. And if I bring a nutritarian dessert, I don’t have to conjure up scary images of what an unhealthy dessert will do to my body; the nutritarian option is always far more appetizing! For the past few family holidays, I’ve made apple pie, key lime pie, raw chocolate pudding pie, and pumpkin chai ice cream. Trust me – no one missed the sugar, oil, or white flour! This year I’m excited to share a new main dish recipe I created: Layered Sweet Potatoes with Rosemary Cream Sauce. Seasonal winter squash and rosemary make it perfect for the holidays! Layered Sweet Potatoes with Rosemary Cream Sauce 1 medium sweet potato 1 small winter squash, such as butternut or dumpling 1 large red onion 16 ounces cremini mushrooms 1.5 cups cooked white beans 2 tablespoons raw tahini or cashew butter 5 cloves garlic 1/3 cup nutritional yeast 1 cup water 2 teaspoons dried rosemary (or 1-2 Tablespoons fresh rosemary) 1/2 teaspoon dried sage 1/4 teaspoon black pepper 1. Preheat oven to 350 F 2. Slice the sweet potato, squash, red onion, and mushrooms thinly (preferably with a mandoline). 3. Combine the remaining ingredients in a high-power blender and blend until creamy. 4. Spread a thin layer of rosemary cream sauce on the bottom of a 9x13 pan. 5. Layer one-third of each ingredient, and repeat to make three layers. 6. Bake at 350 for 40 minutes, then turn down heat to 300 and bake an additional 30 minutes. 1. Kloner RA. The "Merry Christmas Coronary" and "Happy New Year Heart Attack" phenomenon. Circulation 2004;110:3744-3745. 2. Higashi Y, Noma K, Yoshizumi M, et al. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Circ J 2009;73:411-418. 3. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:350-354. 4. Hall WL. Dietary saturated and unsaturated fats as determinants of blood pressure and vascular function. Nutr Res Rev 2009;22:18-38. 5. Lacroix S, Des Rosiers C, Gayda M, et al: Abstract 752: Baseline Triglyceridemia Influences Postprandial Endothelial Response to a Single Mixed Mediterranean-type Meal Compared to a High-saturated fat meal. In Canadian Cardiovascular Congress. Toronto, Canada; 2012. 6. Ramirez-Velez R. [Postprandial lipemia induces endothelial dysfunction and higher insulin resistance in healthy subjects]. Endocrinol Nutr 2011;58:529-535. 7. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, et al. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes 2004;53:701-710. 8. Tsai WC, Li YH, Lin CC, et al. Effects of oxidative stress on endothelial function after a high-fat meal. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004;106:315-319. 9. Lacroix S, Rosiers CD, Tardif JC, et al. The role of oxidative stress in postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Nutr Res Rev 2012;25:288-301. 10. Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Hamouda W, et al. Both lipid and protein intakes stimulate increased generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:767-772. 11. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:97-105. 12. Lemkes BA, Hermanides J, Devries JH, et al. Hyperglycemia: a prothrombotic factor? J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1663-1669. 13. Mohanty P, Hamouda W, Garg R, et al. Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2970-2973. 14. Turina M, Fry DE, Polk HC, Jr. Acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system: clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1624-1633. 15. Fujimoto K, Hozumi T, Watanabe H, et al. Acute hyperglycemia induced by oral glucose loading suppresses coronary microcirculation on transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy young adults. Echocardiography 2006;23:829-834. 16. Rammos G, Peppes V, Zakopoulos N. Transient insulin resistance in normal subjects: acute hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in normal subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008;6:159-170. 17. Lee IK, Kim HS, Bae JH. Endothelial dysfunction: its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2002:59-64. 18. Hatonen KA, Virtamo J, Eriksson JG, et al. Modifying effects of alcohol on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:44-49. 19. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2011.	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become an editor the entire directory only in Pacific/Pearl_Harbor By Time Period Wars and Conflicts World War II Theaters of Operations Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Wars and Conflicts: World War II: Theaters of Operations: Pacific: Pearl Harbor USS West Virginia Arts: Movies: Titles: P: Pearl Harbor Arts: Movies: Titles: T: Tora Tora Tora Games: Video Games: Action: P: Pearl Harbor - Zero Hour Kids and Teens: School Time: Social Studies: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: World War II: Pearl Harbor Society: History: By Region: North America: United States: Presidents: Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: Scandals: Pearl Harbor Conspiracy After the Day of Infamy - Collection of audio recordings documents public reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Attack on Pearl Harbor - Find history, pictures, eyewitness accounts, casualty lists, ship info, forum, plus museum shop, posters, travel info. Attack on Pearl Harbor - Photo galleries documenting the Japanese raid on Hawaii that brought the United States into the war. Includes before and after images, as well as maps. - Biography and photos of this Purple Heart recipient. - Another view on Pearl Harbor By Bob Fink, 1992 and Wartime Crimes of Big Business, excerpts from a 1943 pamphlet. Day of Infamy Exhibit - Online collection of Pearl Harbor documents from East Carolina University. Includes telegrams, photographs, letters, and interview transcripts. Franco's Map of Pearl Harbor - Historical account of the Day of Infamy, December 7, 1941. Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List - Simple alphabetical list of all individuals injured during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Name, rank, and assignment of military personnel; age and location, if civilian. Marines at Pearl Harbor - Detailed accounts of actions of United States Marines during the attack on Pearl Harbor, with photographs. My Story: Pearl Harbor - Timeline, photos, and interview. - Pearl Harbor photos, letters, time line, map, and information on ships involved. - Images of Pearl Harbor before, during, and after the air raid. Pearl Harbor After 25 Years - Harry Elmer Barnes recaps findings of the official investigations and reconstructs the events in Washington and Tokyo that made the Japanese raid on Oahu in 1941 not only successful, but inevitable. Pearl Harbor Attacked - Message board; photographs and recollections of the fate of USS Arizona; quiz on Pearl Harbor facts; links to other Pearl Harbor sites. Pearl Harbor Operations: General Outline of Orders and Plans - Recreation of Japanese plans for the attack. Pearl Harbor Remembered - Maps, timeline, and survivor's remembrances. Pearl Harbor Survivors Association - Membership information and association history. The American Experience: The Presidents - Text of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor speech given to Congress. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School - Pearl Harbor documents. The History Place - Five photos and the sequence of events. Wikipedia: Attack on Pearl Harbor - Hyperlinked encyclopedia article has information about the attack and its historic significance. CNN.com - Body of Pearl Harbor sailor identified - One elderly sister called it a miracle and another said she had finally found closure after the body of their brother, a sailor killed at Pearl Harbor 62 years ago, was identified. (November 25, 2003) " search on: to edit this category. 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A huge study of millions of kids revealed for the first time the true measure of type 2 diabetes in children in the United States. The results appeared in the June 27, 2007 Journal of the American Medical Association. In the recent past, type 2 diabetes was called adult-onset diabetes because this obesity-related condition was a problem of the middle-aged and the elderly. It usually takes years of unhealthy eating to tip someone into this type of diabetes. It was rarely seen before age 30 or even 40. Sadly, today we do see type 2 diabetes in children. A family I saw yesterday had a 10-year-old who already had it. Pediatricians across the country are having similar experiences. But until this significant study none of us knew exactly how large the problem had become. Stunningly, 22 percent of all diabetes diagnosed in US children was type 2. And in kids aged 10-19, type 2 diabetes was more common than the autoimmune type 1 (previously called juvenile diabetes) – even though type 1 has also been increasing over the last 2 decades around the world. The consequences of overfed, undernourished, inactive lifestyles have reached from middle age into childhood. The message is clear: it’s time to feed our kids healthy amounts of healthy foods and to ensure that they get a liberal dose of active play every day. The Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. “Incidence of Diabetes in Youth in the United States.” JAMA 2007, 297, pp. 2716-2724.	[ 32, 3236, 2050, 286, 5242, 286, 3988, 4602, 329, 262, 717, 640, 262, 2081, 3953, 286, 2099, 362, 12593, 287, 1751, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 383, 2482, 4120, 287, 262, 2795, 2681, 11, 4343, 4913, 286, 262, 1605, 8366, 5396, 13, 554, 262, 2274, 1613, 11, 2099, 362, 12593, 373, 1444, 4044, 12, 684, 316, 12593, 780, 428, 13825, 12, 5363, 4006, 373, 257, 1917, 286, 262, 3504, 12, 1886, 290, 262, 13830, 13, 632, 3221, 2753, 812, 286, 27942, 6600, 284, 8171, 2130, 656, 428, 2099, 286, 12593, 13, 632, 373, 8365, 1775, 878, 2479, 1542, 393, 772, 2319, 13, 27213, 11, 1909, 356, 466, 766, 2099, 362, 12593, 287, 1751, 13, 198, 32, 1641, 314, 2497, 7415, 550, 257, 838, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 508, 1541, 550, 340, 13, 13457, 11439, 1547, 1973, 262, 1499, 389, 1719, 2092, 6461, 13, 887, 1566, 428, 2383, 2050, 4844, 286, 514, 2993, 3446, 703, 1588, 262, 1917, 550, 1716, 13, 198, 1273, 16596, 306, 11, 2534, 1411, 286, 477, 12593, 14641, 287, 1294, 1751, 373, 2099, 362, 13, 843, 287, 3988, 9722, 838, 12, 1129, 11, 2099, 362, 12593, 373, 517, 2219, 621, 262, 46938, 2099, 352, 357, 3866, 8647, 1444, 21904, 12593, 8, 784, 772, 996, 2099, 352, 468, 635, 587, 3649, 625, 262, 938, 362, 4647, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 198, 464, 6948, 286, 625, 19082, 11, 739, 77, 454, 1348, 11, 28621, 43644, 423, 4251, 422, 3504, 2479, 656, 9963, 13, 383, 3275, 318, 1598, 25, 340, 447, 247, 82, 640, 284, 3745, 674, 3988, 5448, 6867, 286, 5448, 9013, 290, 284, 4155, 326, 484, 651, 257, 7270, 10742, 286, 4075, 711, 790, 1110, 13, 198, 464, 22183, 4912, 329, 262, 7946, 31315, 329, 39569, 287, 17582, 12481, 4912, 13, 564, 250, 25517, 1704, 286, 39569, 287, 17582, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 447, 251, 449, 25087, 4343, 11, 41103, 11, 9788, 13, 2681, 1433, 12, 1983, 1731, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	323
The Cardinal is probably one of the most recognizable and popular backyard birds because of its brilliant red color and crested head. It is a great bird to admire year-round. The color contrast of the brilliant red against fresh white snow really is a high point during the winter months. Early settlers were said to have named this bird after the Cardinals of the Catholic Church who wore red robes. Both sexes are accomplished songsters and may be heard at any time of year. Cardinals will mate for life and remain together throughout the entire year. That's why you will usually see a male and female together at your feeding station. \|\|They can be found across the eastern U.S. from lower Canada south to the Gulf Coast and west to Arizona and parts of Southern California. The Cardinal's range has expanded dramatically since 1886 when it was rarely seen north of the Ohio River. Habitat is typically dense thickets along fields, hedges, swamps, and parks and gardens. \|\|Cardinals are not migratory. Their bright plumage brings color to our yards during the winter when many other species have flown south. In winter, most cardinals flock and roost together but, at other times of the year, they are quite territorial. In flocks, males dominate females when feeding. It is also nice to hear a pair calling to each other in late winter or early spring. \|\|A Cardinal's nesting season lasts from March to August. They usually raise 2-3 broods a year. The female builds a nest of small twigs and grasses in a shrub or dense bush. She lays about 3-4 white to greenish eggs that average about one inch in length. The female usually incubates the eggs, which takes 12-13 days. However, after the eggs hatch, the male tends to the chicks while the female incubates her next brood. Young leave the nest after 9-10 days. Male Cardinals often feed the females while courting and when they're nesting. \|\|About 90% of the Cardinal's food consists of weed seeds, grains, insects, fruits, and sunflower seeds. They prefer seeds that are easily husked. Cardinals are less selective during winter in the colder climates. Cardinals also drink maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers. \|Size and Color: \|\|Cardinals range from 8 to 9 inches long, with a wingspread of 10-1/4 to 12 inches across. The adult male is bright red with a black face and red bill. The adult female is buff-brown with a red tinge to the crest, wings, and tail. Like the male, the face is black and the bill orange. \|\|Male and female Cardinals both sing. Songs are loud, beautiful whistled phrases. Some songs you may hear sound like "whoit whoit whoit" and "whacheer whacheer." These songs are used in forming territories and in courtship. Male and female cardinals use "chirps" as contact calls and alarms. They also have many visual displays such as "tail-flicks" to signal alarm. The crest may be raised and lowered. Strongly territorial, males will fight other males, along with their own reflection in windows! \|\|Create a dense hedge or thicket around your backyard. Cardinals are especially fond of roosting and nesting in honeysuckle thickets. Provide open areas with trees and berry producing shrubs such as mulberry, blueberry, grape, and dogwood. At feeding stations, they prefer unhulled black-oil sunflower seeds over all other foods. They will also eat white proso millet, bread, nutmeats and peanut butter mixes. Offer a source of water for drinking and bathing. \|\|Up to 15 years.	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Create a Continuous Binding Strip for Your Quilt When making bias strips for your quilt, you can either create one long strip or cut individual strips and then sew them together to get the length you need. You can use either of these methods to produce different types of bias binding. To end up with a continuous binding strip, follow these steps: Cut a 44" x 44" square of fabric (with selvages removed) in half diagonally to make two large triangles (see a in the following figure). The square is cut on-grain at this point.Making a continuous bias strip. You now have a trapezoid shape with two bias edges (upper and lower). Decide how wide you need the binding to be, and mark lines on the wrong side of the fabric using a ruler (refer to c in the preceding figure). Stitch the short ends of the fabric together (right sides facing), off-setting the lines by one strip line to form a funny-looking tube (refer to d in the preceding figure). Carefully press the seam allowance open. With scissors, cut the binding in one continuous strip, starting at the offset overhang and cutting along the marked lines. A symbol (asterisk) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. A symbol (bullet) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. A synthetic fiber used to make yarn that mimics the look and feel of natural materials. 1. The Afghan crochet stitch produces a rather solid fabric that closely resembles a knitted fabric. 2. An afghan (lowercase a) is a soft blanket or shawl, crocheted or knitted, often in a geometric design Abbreviation for approximately. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the back (or wrong) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. A type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns that appear to recede on the side of the fabric facing you. A stitch used to assemble knitted pieces by using a tapestry needle, going in and out of the stitches in knitted fabrics. Yarn wound around a cardboard center or an open hole. A knitted border on a piece of knitted fabric that keeps the center edge from stretching; adds a neat trim to an otherwise rough-looking edge; and creates a place for fastenings such as buttons. Most often appears on cardigan sweaters. 1. A type of knitting increase that leaves a horizontal bar under the increased stitch. 2. In filet crochet, a long space that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. A knitting stitch pattern that creates a fabric that looks like a woven basket. Knitting pattern abbreviation for beginning. Crochet pattern abbreviation for between. To make a finished edge by securing the knitted stitches in the last row worked, which prevents unraveling. A crochet stitch used to assemble crocheted pieces, adding some stability to the backside of a seam made with long stitches, such as triple crochet. 1. (verb) To wet down or steam a piece of knitting or crochet in order to coax it into its final shape. The moisture and/or heat smoothes out uneven stitches and straightens out wavy, rolling edges. 2. (noun) The actual crocheted substance of a filet crochet design. Wooden sock- or mitten-shaped template with biscuit-type holes cut out to aid air circulation when blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. A flat surface made from a material that you can stick a pin into, often marked with a 1-inch grid to aid in blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. Long, slightly flexible stainless steel wires in various lengths that you thread through the edges of your knitted pieces so that you can pin a knitted or crocheted piece into place for blocking without the edges becoming scalloped at the pin sites. Crochet pattern abbreviation for back loop only. A piece of shaped plastic used to keep colored yarns separate while knitting or crocheting with multiple colors and strands of yarn. You wrap one color of yarn per bobbin. Commonly used in Fair Isle and intarsia knitting. A highly bumpy, textured yarn composed of loops. A knitting stitch that has the same look and feel as seed stitch, but on a larger scale. A thick, heavy fabric into which raised patterns have been woven. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 back, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches from behind your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 front, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches in front of your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 back, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches from behind your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 front, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches in front of your work. A knit pattern in which you cross one group of stitches over another by knitting them out of order. A short knitting needle that's point at both ends, has a divot or curve toward the middle, and is used to hold stitches temporarily while you work on their neighbors. When knitting or crocheting with different colors, the process of moving yarn not in use to the next position it will be used by working it into the stitches being made in another color, rather than fastening off and rejoining the yarn with each color change. Create a series of loops on one needle as a knitted starting row. The opposite is to bind off or cast off. Crocheting or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for contrasting color. A simple, common crocheting stitch used to make a crochet piece's foundation and to start new rows. A type of yarn material (usually made of rayon or cotton) with an attractive appearance and velvety texture. Knitting pattern that makes the fabric form arrow-like shapes. A crocheting or knitting technique that works the stitches in a continuous, spiral-like fashion without turning the piece; also called crocheting or knitting in the round. A knitting needle designed especially for circular knitting, made up of one long double-pointed needle in a circular shape. A set of crochet stitches that you work across an equal number of stitches and join together at the top, forming a triangle shape that resembles an upside-down shell stitch. Knitting style in which you hold the yarn in your left hand and pick the stitches through each loop. A soft, white natural fiber from plants, often made into yarn. Worked like a single crochet stitch, but from left to right, rather than right to left. A style of embroidery that's worked with any type of yarn, rather than thread. A kind of needlework in which loops of a yarn are interwoven by means of a single hooked needle, or crochet hook. A specialized needle with a hook at one end used to create crochetwork. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap; crosses can be in the back or front of a stitched fabric. A type of needlework, usually done with thread, in which stitches are crossed in the form of an X on some surface. A band or fold at the end of a sleeve. Removing stitches from a crocheted or knitted row to create a piece with sophisticated shaping; abbreviated dec. One of the most common crochet stitches, it's about twice as tall as a single crochet; abbreviated dc. Compare with single crochet. Decreasing 2 stitches at the same time; abbreviated dbl dec. Increasing 2 stitch in the same place; abbreviated dbl inc. A long space in filet crochet that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. A tall crochet stitch that creates a loose and holey fabric. Knitting needle that has a point at each end. How a knitted or crocheted fabric falls, including how much movement the fabric allows. Adding loops to your crochet hook by crocheting a row onto a foundation chain. A knit stitch or purl stitch that has fallen off the knitting needle, leaving that stitch unworked. A simple way of adding an additional color to your knitting without actually knitting with that color; instead, you embroider the additional color on the fabric, mimicking the stitch it covers. The batch of dye with which a certain yarn was colored. The quality or condition of being elastic, meaning springy, flexible, and resilient. To decorate a fabric with a design in needlework, usually by using embroidery floss. A style of knitting in which the knitter holds the yarn in his or her right hand and wraps it around the right-hand (RH) needle as he or she creates stitches. 1. A small hole through which you pass something, such as a button. 2. A type of lace pattern characterized by small openwork motifs distributed over a solid fabric. A liquid medium that you apply to a worked piece during blocking, which dries invisible and makes your fabric rigid. A kind of knitted lace pattern composed of nothing but the simplest lace-making unit — a yarn over followed (or preceded) by a decrease. Knitting technique, also called stranding, that involves color patterns using more than one color in a row. You can work with two strands of yarn, carrying them along the back of your work, and picking up and dropping them as needed. A filet crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a V and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. To cut the yarn in a crocheted piece and then draw it through a loop on the crochet hook at the end of the design or the end of that particular yarn's use in the design. To transform knitting or crochetwork into a dense, sturdy fabric by running the finished piece through the washing machine. A crochet technique that imitates a 17th-century form of lace worked on mesh netting stretched across a frame, which has evolved into a series of blocks and spaces that form a design. Wool from a sheep or similar animal. The strand on the wrong side of loose stitches that connects those stitches. A soft, loosely twisted thread or yarn used in embroidery. A crochet stitch pattern abbreviation for front loop only. A crochet or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation meaning follows or following. A series of chain stitches that creates your first row of crochet. A border or trimming of cords or threads, hanging loose or tied in bunches. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the front (or right) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. A type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns on the surface of the fabric facing you. A knitting stitch that you create by simply knitting (or purling) every row. The number of knitted or crocheted stitches and rows there are to an inch of fabric. A way to join two knitted pieces that mock knits by using a tapestry needle, creating a very stretchy and almost invisible join. A crochet stitch in between a single crochet and a double crochet in height, which you work by drawing the yarn through three loops on the crochet hook. A knitting stitch that creates a fabric that looks and feels like a woven fabric. A technique used to make combination stitches, such as the puff or cluster. The stitch is worked only partway, and then finished at the end of the combination. A large circle of yarn twisted into a figure-8 shape. A type of yarn that has been blended from a number of different-colored or -dyed fleeces, and then spun; muted in color. A border on a garment or piece of cloth, usually made by folding the edge and sewing it down. A technique used to knit a cord that curls in on itself. To add stitches to a row so that the row has more stitches than the previous row. A knitting technique that works with different colors without using floats; instead, each color area has its own strand of yarn, and you intertwine the yarns when it's time to work in another color. To connect separate pieces of knitting or crochet by using one of a variety of techniques. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit 2 stitches together. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit in stitch below An explanation of symbols used in a stitch chart. 1. (verb) To make cloth by interconnecting loops of yarn or thread in rows of stitches by using a pair of special needles. 2. (noun) A particular stitch in knitting that goes into the stitch from front to back. A crochet stitch that looks like rows of Vs nesting in the row below, much like a knitting knit stitch. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit stitch through the back of the loop. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knitwise (as if to knit). A fabric knitted or crocheted in ornamental designs with various-sized holes. A fancy crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a V and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. Left-hand needle; the knitting needle that you hold in your left hand. A slick, smooth strand of floss or yarn that you thread with a tapestry needle through the last row of stitches below a mistake you've made in knitted lace, which allows you to put stitches back on your needle if you rip out too many when correcting the mistake. A yarn, cloth, or thread made of flax, a plant fiber. Description of a stitch that's still on the knitting needle. A single crochet stitch that you work into either the tops of stitches or spaces between stitches one or more rows below the current row, creating a vertical spike of yarn that extends over several rows of stitches. 1. The section of yarn wrapped around your crochet hook or knitting needle with which you work to form new stitches. 2. Three or more crochet chain stitches worked in a row. A knitting increase in which you create a new, separate stitch between 2 stitches that are already on the needle. A type of plied yarn in which the plies are different colors. A type of knitting stitch that creates a practically invisible and nicely flexible seam for joining pieces side by side. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for main color, used in multicolored patterns. A fuzzy yarn made from the long, silky hair of the Angora goat, often mixed with other fibers. A knitting pattern of repeating geometric shapes. A knitting stitch that's an elongated version of seed stitch, in which you work 2 rows of the same sequence of knits and purls, then alternate them. A crocheting or knitting design with a repeating figure or shape. A knitting needle; an eyeless, usually long, needle of metal or plastic that has a blunt point at one or both ends, used in pairs when knitting by hand. A synthetic fiber with great strength and elasticity. A lace pattern that has more openings than solid spaces in its composition. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl 2 stitches together. The sequence of crochet or knit stitches that, when repeated, create a certain fabric; either written out with abbreviations or presented in a chart. Abbreviated as pat. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl in the stitch below. 1. To use knitting needles and yarn to pull up new loops along a knitted edge and knit a border on that edge. 2. To fix a dropped stitch. A little round-shaped crochet stitch that add a decorative touch to an edging or fill an empty space in a mesh design. 1 (noun) A small, thin piece of rustproof metal, often T-shaped. 2. (verb) To secure a knitted or crocheted fabric to the blocking board by using rustproof, non-plastic pins. A finished slit on a garment that has a fastener, such as on the collar of a shirt, to make it easy to put on and take off. The number of smaller strands twisted together to form the larger single strand of yarn. A type of synthetic compound, such as nylon. A fabric made from synthetic material also used in making plastics. An ornamental ball or tuft of yarn often attached to garments and curtains. A crochet stitch that forms a rounded, compact oval that stands out from the fabric. A crochet stitch made by inserting your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row; can be worked in the front or back of the post. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for pass slipped stitch over; used for decreasing. A crochet stitch that gently puffs up into an oval shape. A knitting stitch that you create by working a knit stitch backwards, going into the stitch from back to front. A crochet stitch that looks like rows of rounded bumps, much like a knitting purl stitch. A synthetically produced textile fiber produced by pressing a cellulose solution through small holes and solidifying it into filaments. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for remains or remaining. A given stitch sequence or combination. Stitch patterns are based on stitch repeats and row repeats. A given stitch sequence repeats horizontally across a row. A series of rows of given stitch sequences repeats vertically. Together they make up a stitch pattern that makes the fabric smooth, bumpy, cabled, or striped. Right-hand needle; the knitting needle that you hold in your right hand. A crochet or knit stitch pattern that creates textured vertical stripes. To undo knitted stitches by removing the loops from the needle and pulling the yarn to unravel the stitches. A knitting stitch pattern in whcih purl stitches make wavy lines. A single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in the round; abbreviated rnd. A single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in a flat pattern. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for right side, meaning the side that will be displayed when used/worn. The horizontal strand of yarn that connects the first stitch on each needle when working a make 1 increase. A small outline drawing of each piece of a knitted or crocheted project pattern. 1. (verb) Joining two pieces of material with a line of stitches. 2. (noun) The line along which two pieces of material are joined. A knitting stitch that has a regular texture of little bumps that look a bit like seeds. An extra stitch at the edge of your knitted fabric that (in combination with others) serves to create an even, stable border. Also spelled selvage. To join or fasten with stitches using a sewing needle and thread. The portion of a crochet hook that holds the loops you're working with; its diameter largely determines the size of the stitches. A projection, such as a ring, on the back of a button by which you sew it onto a fabric. A crochet stitch that involves working from 3 to 5 double crochet stitches all in the same stitch; the pattern looks like a seashell. A yarn material made from the soft, shiny fiber produced by silkworms from their cocoons. A long crocheted strip of very short vertical single crochet rows. A compact, fundamental crochet stitch that creates a tight, dense fabric. Compare with double crochet. The most common form of yarn packaging; an oblong, machine-wound bundle of yarn. To move a stitch from one knitting needle to the other without working that stitch. The first stitch you form on your knitting needle or crochet hook to begin a project. A flat or small knitting or crochet stitch that you use mostly as a utility stitch or a technique for activities like making a seam or joining a new ball of yarn. The opening in a piece of crochetwork created by working 1 or more chain stitches in between other stitches. A process to block your crochetwork or knitting by spraying the fabric with water to dampen it, then laying the fabric in the intended shape. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for slip, slip, knit the slip stitches together, which creates a left-slanting decrease. A tasteless, odorless substance used to stiffen and shape fabrics. Using a steam iron to block the shape of a knitted or crocheted piece. A shortcut used to open up a knitted tube in which you sew or crochet two vertical lines of stitches an inch or so apart, then cut the stitches that fall between those lines. A small ring that you add to your knitting or crochet work to remind you where you need to make a change to your needlework, such as the beginning of a round or the spot to work an increase. A single loop of yarn worked off a needle in knitting or crocheting. A knitting stitch which you create by alternating a knit row with a purl row. To crochet, generally with yarn, onto a crocheted background; resembles embroidery. 1. (verb) To make a sample of knitted fabric for various reasons, including measuring gauge and practice. 2. (noun) The knitted fabric sample created by swatching. A tool that looks like a wooden umbrella, which is specially designed to help untwist a hank of yarn. The loose bit of yarn left after you finish knitting or crocheting your pattern. A large-eye needle with a blunt point that you use to sew knitted pieces together. An ornamental tuft of threads of equal length, hanging loosely from a knob or from the knot by which they're tied together. 1. (noun) A light, fine, string-like length of material made up of two or more spun fibers. 2. (verb) To put a thread through the eye of a sewing or tapestry needle, or to work that threaded needle through a fabric. The part of a crochet hook that does the actual hooking of the yarn and pulls that yarn through a stitch. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for together. A type of closure that has a ring on one end and bar on the other; the bar slides through the ring vertically and then lays on the ring horizontally to keep it from coming back through. A crochet stitch which is slightly longer than the double crochet and which creates longer openings between the stitches, producing a very loose fabric. A crochet stitch that involves creating a length equivalent to 5 chain stitches by using a yarn over 4 times. Reversing your crochet work so that you can start a new row of stitches. The 1 or more chain stitches that you crochet after you've turned your work and are about to begin your next row so that your yarn is at the height necessary to work the first stitch of the next row or round. A wool yarn with a background color flecked with bits of fiber in different colors. A smaller version of a knit cable that consists of 2 stitches, 1 crossing over its neighbor. Dyed in several different colors or shades, such as yarn. A synthetic material often used to make rayon and other synthetic yarns. A crochet stitch made up of a double crochet, chain, and double crochet stitch all in the same stitch, forming a V shape. To work the remaining bit of yarn into already-created stitches to hide the tail. The thickness of a yarn. An ancient name for a knitted horizontal stripe. Getting a piece of knitting or crochetwork completely wet in a sink or basin of water before laying it out to shape it. A stitch used to join crocheted rows of short stitches, such as single crochet, worked with a tapestry or sewing needle and yarn or thread. A machine with a crank that turns a spindle, which can wind and unwind a skein of yarn attached to the winder. Yarn spun from the fibers of sheep, goat, llama, or other animal hair. An adjustable wooden frame with arms that you can dress with your wet, knitted or crocheted garment to block that garment. Crochet a designated stitch or stitches across the whole length of a row. A smooth, firmly twisted thread or yarn made from long-staple wool combed to make the fibers lie in the same direction. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for wrong side, meaning the side that will be hidden when used/worn. Any fiber, such as wool or nylon, spun into strands for knitting or crocheting. The hand that's feeding the yarn from the ball or skein. In crochet, the hand not holding the hook. 1. A knitting method of making an extra stitch on your needle and creating a deliberate little hole in your fabric, as in lace. 2. 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Famous Women in Astronomy Part of the Astronomy For Dummies Cheat Sheet When you’re studying astronomy don’t forget the women that made an impact in the field. Check out this list of amazing achievements by women astronomers and astrophysicists: Caroline Herschel (1750–1848) Discovered eight comets. Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941) Devised the basic method for classifying the stars. Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921) Discovered the first accurate method for measuring great distances in space. Sally Ride (1951–2012) A trained astrophysicist, she is the first American woman in space. Jocelyn Bell Burnell Discovered pulsars in her work as a graduate student. E. Margaret Burbidge Pioneered modern studies of galaxies and quasars. Wendy Freedman Leader in measuring the expansion rate of the universe. Carolyn C. Porco Leads the Cassini imaging science team in the study of Saturn and its moons and rings. Nancy G. Roman As NASA’s first chief astronomer, she led the development of telescopes in space. Vera C. Rubin Investigated the rotation of galaxies and detected the existence of dark matter. Carolyn Shoemaker Discovered many comets, including one that smashed into Jupiter. Jill Tarter Leader in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.	[ 37, 10877, 6926, 287, 25398, 9145, 198, 7841, 286, 262, 25398, 9145, 1114, 360, 39578, 2580, 265, 21616, 198, 2215, 345, 447, 247, 260, 11065, 37145, 836, 447, 247, 83, 6044, 262, 1466, 326, 925, 281, 2928, 287, 262, 2214, 13, 6822, 503, 428, 1351, 286, 4998, 16970, 416, 1466, 33162, 290, 48782, 893, 291, 1023, 25, 198, 9914, 14453, 28492, 29232, 357, 1558, 1120, 1906, 1507, 2780, 8, 8444, 2557, 3624, 401, 1039, 13, 198, 2025, 11952, 15903, 20585, 357, 1507, 5066, 1906, 1129, 3901, 8, 6245, 1417, 262, 4096, 2446, 329, 1398, 4035, 262, 5788, 13, 198, 26055, 380, 15253, 21491, 1004, 615, 715, 357, 1507, 3104, 1906, 1129, 2481, 8, 8444, 2557, 262, 717, 7187, 2446, 329, 15964, 1049, 18868, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 50, 453, 21640, 357, 1129, 4349, 1906, 6999, 8, 317, 8776, 48782, 893, 48187, 11, 673, 318, 262, 717, 1605, 2415, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 9908, 344, 6213, 7459, 8942, 695, 8444, 2557, 22271, 945, 287, 607, 670, 355, 257, 10428, 3710, 13, 198, 36, 13, 19579, 5481, 65, 3130, 27507, 1068, 3660, 3640, 286, 27982, 290, 627, 292, 945, 13, 198, 54, 437, 88, 38728, 805, 10540, 287, 15964, 262, 7118, 2494, 286, 262, 6881, 13, 198, 9914, 34742, 327, 13, 20139, 1073, 1004, 5643, 262, 14154, 5362, 19560, 3783, 1074, 287, 262, 2050, 286, 23135, 290, 663, 31093, 290, 13917, 13, 198, 45, 3883, 402, 13, 7993, 1081, 8884, 447, 247, 82, 717, 4039, 47603, 11, 673, 2957, 262, 2478, 286, 42067, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 53, 8607, 327, 13, 34599, 16203, 515, 262, 13179, 286, 27982, 290, 12326, 262, 6224, 286, 3223, 2300, 13, 198, 9914, 34742, 16509, 32174, 8444, 2557, 867, 401, 1039, 11, 1390, 530, 326, 23354, 656, 22721, 13, 198, 41, 359, 309, 2571, 10540, 287, 262, 2989, 329, 42024, 23522, 4430, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	307
How to Enter Basic Formulas in Excel 2007 As entries go in Excel 2007, formulas are the real workhorses of the worksheet. If you set up a formula properly, it computes the right answer when you first enter it into a cell. From then on, it keeps itself up to date, recalculating the results whenever you change any of the values that the formula uses. You let Excel know that you’re about to enter a formula in the current cell by starting the formula with the equal sign (=). Some formulas follow the equal sign with a built-in function, such as SUM or AVERAGE. Many simple formulas use a series of values or cell references that contain values separated by one or more of the following mathematical operators: + (plus sign) for addition - (minus sign or hyphen) for subtraction * (asterisk) for multiplication / (slash) for division ^ (caret) for raising a number to an exponential power For example, to create a formula in cell C2 that multiplies a value entered in cell A2 by a value in cell B2, enter the following formula in cell C2: =A2B2 To enter this formula in cell C2, follow these steps: Select cell C2. Type the entire formula =A2B2 in the cell. Select cell C2. Type = (equal sign). Select cell A2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. This action places the cell reference A2 in the formula in the cell.To start the formula, type = and then select cell A2. Type * (Shift+8 on the top row of the keyboard). The asterisk is used for multiplication in Excel. Select cell B2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. This action places the cell reference B2 in the formula.To complete the second part of the formula, type * and select cell B2. Click the Enter box (the check mark in the Formula bar) to complete the formula entry, while at the same time keeping the cell cursor in cell C2. Excel displays the calculated answer in cell C2 and the formula =A2*B2 in the Formula bar.Click the Enter box, and Excel displays the answer in cell C2 while the formula appears in the Formula bar above. If you select the cell you want to use in a formula, either by clicking it or moving the cell pointer to it, you have less chance of entering the wrong cell reference. After creating a formula like the preceding one that refers to the values in certain cells (rather than containing those values itself), you can change the values in those cells, and Excel automatically recalculates the formula, using these new values and displaying the updated answer in the worksheet! Using the example shown in the figures, suppose that you change the value in cell B2 from 100 to 50. The moment that you complete this change in cell B2, Excel recalculates the formula and displays the new answer, 1000, in cell C2.	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In 1990, the U.S. set the example for protection of the rights of people with disabilities in its Americans with Disabilities Act. The ADA became the template for many nationsí laws on disability rights and was recently the model used to design the United Nationsí Treaty on Disabilities Rights. Knowing this, it is difficult to understand why the U.S. Senate recently failed to pass that very treaty. The U.N. Treaty on Disabilities, first adopted in December 2006, sets a standard for all nations in assuring full human rights for people with disabilities. The Guiding Principles include such ideals as respect for inherent dignity; individual autonomy; the independence of all people; nondiscrimination; full and effective participation and inclusion in society; equality of opportunity; accessibility; and respect for difference and acceptance of people with disabilities as part of human diversity. The U.N. treaty sets forth a set of articles that specify for every nation the benchmarks for protecting the human rights of people with disabilities. Anyone familiar with the ADA will recognize the origins of these articles, which address such issues as reasonable accommodations, equal recognition under the law and the right to vote, access to the justice system, free and public education, the right to fair employment practices, the right to habilitation and rehabilitation. As with any rights, it is the responsibility of the governmental body to protect these rights and the choice of each individual whether to exercise them. U.S. citizens with disabilities who have travelled internationally attest to the need for many other nations to come to the standards of our country when it comes to accessibility for people with disabilities. The U.N. treaty establishes those standards. It does not change any nationís laws or constitutions. A variety of nations have specified their own application of the treatyís principles and excluded any clause that appeared to be in conflict with their own constitution or practices. Yet it was not because of this flexibility in interpretation that the U.S. Senate voted against ratification of the U.N. Treaty on Disabilities. Those who opposed it claimed to do so because of their fear that the treaty would affect the ability of American people with disabilities and their parents to make their own choices about how to live and educate their children. A particular fear was the fear of some parents that the treaty would prevent them from choosing to home-school their children. The U.N. has no such powers, nor do the rights afforded through the treaty compel any person with a disability to exercise those rights. On Dec. 4, 38 senators opposed ratification of the treaty, and the vote failed to get the two-thirds majority needed to pass. Daily life for people with disabilities in America wonít change, but what message have we sent to the 650 million people with disabilities at home and abroad? Tara Kiene is the director of case management with Community Connections Inc.	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The alarm went off at 7 a.m. the morning my wife and I were leaving for Hawaii some years ago – but I was already awake. I had been hit early in the evening with severe nausea and stomach cramps. The ride to the airport was pretty rough, but the eight-hour flight to the island paradise was near misery. I spent most of my time at cruising altitude out of my seat and, shall we say, indisposed. Pretty soon, I knew that I had been struck by the dreaded norovirus. In retrospect, I recalled a similar illness among co-workers the previous week. Noroviruses are actually a whole family of viruses, which collectively are responsible for more than 20 million cases of gastroenteritis in the United States each year. Gastroenteritis is a viral infection of the stomach and intestines. The main symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and frequent watery diarrhea. Norovirus is extremely infectious. It is passed along in fecal matter (yes, that means poop), typically on the hands of infected persons or on the inanimate objects they touch (think doorknobs, phones and countertops), where it can survive for many hours. Once the virus reaches the hand of a new victim, it takes only a little itch to bring it to the mouth, and then there’s no going back. Nearly everyone who becomes infected gets sick – unlike other viruses. For most otherwise healthy people, norovirus is only an inconvenience. Its symptoms typically last only a couple of days and resolve as quickly as they start. It does contribute to lost workdays and, as in my case, has ruined many a vacation. Cruise ship outbreaks are the stuff of legend. However, for infants, the elderly and those with chronic illness, norovirus can lead to dangerous levels of dehydration. Norovirus accounts for 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths each year in the United States. Previous infection does not confer much protective immunity because norovirus constantly mutates into new forms. Perhaps you have heard reports of a new norovirus strain from Australia, which is circulating this season. It seems especially potent and difficult to kill. Because it’s new, most people do not have immunity. Infected people should avoid food preparation for at least three days and up to two weeks after resolution of symptoms. In all cases, food preparation surfaces should be thoroughly cleansed with a bleach-based household cleaner before and after meals. Utensils should not be shared. Potentially infected laundry should be thoroughly washed in hot water. The best protection against norovirus infection is good hand hygiene. This new strain seems not to be stopped by hand sanitizer. Good old-fashioned hand washing with soap and water is the key. I’m talking lathering up your hands for 30 seconds, washing all surfaces (including under nails) and using a hot-water rinse. My infection was mercifully short. The symptoms resolved by the time I got to the hotel – just in time for me and my wife to head out to the beach. Unfortunately, a couple of days later on the way back from snorkeling it hit my wife. Whoops ... sorry, Sweetie. Dr. Matthew A. Clark is a board-certified physician in internal medicine and pediatrics practicing at the Ute Mountain Ute Health Center in Towaoc.	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Why Teach Engineering In High School? This PDF document and this PowerPoint file from the American Society for Engineering Education provide an overview of why teaching engineering in high school makes sense. Some of the benefits include: - Engineering topics are everywhere - Engineering combines math and science topics into real world projects - Engineering requires group work, so all students can participate while learning their math and science - Engineering is fun and creative	[ 5195, 42015, 14044, 554, 3334, 3961, 30, 198, 1212, 12960, 3188, 290, 428, 43563, 2393, 422, 262, 1605, 7023, 329, 14044, 7868, 2148, 281, 16700, 286, 1521, 7743, 8705, 287, 1029, 1524, 1838, 2565, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 4034, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 14044, 10233, 389, 8347, 198, 12, 14044, 21001, 10688, 290, 3783, 10233, 656, 1103, 995, 4493, 198, 12, 14044, 4433, 1448, 670, 11, 523, 477, 2444, 460, 8277, 981, 4673, 511, 10688, 290, 3783, 198, 12, 14044, 318, 1257, 290, 7325, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	85
The report shows that the majority of Iowa public school students in grades 3-8 and 11 met the state's annual objectives. In addition, 92.5 percent of Iowa's public school districts and 75 percent of Iowa schools were not identified as needing assistance for the 2009-2010 academic year. The report card has some new information based on federal reporting requirements. For the first time, the State Report Card for No Child Left Behind reflects changes in how race and ethnicity are reported as mandated by the U.S. Department of Education (USDE). The USDE's mandate is aligned with requirements for all federal agencies and with the U.S. Census Bureau's 2000 collection. The change will help Iowa schools better serve and support their students. More information on race/ethnicity reporting changes is available here. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 requires each state to provide an annual report card to inform stakeholders and the public about the progress of students and schools on indicators of student achievement and other information that relates to student success. The State Report Card for No Child Left Behind provides state-level data to serve as a comparison for schools and districts as they consider and implement improvement efforts to increase the success for all Iowa students.	[ 464, 989, 2523, 326, 262, 3741, 286, 9406, 1171, 1524, 2444, 287, 19051, 513, 12, 23, 290, 1367, 1138, 262, 1181, 338, 5079, 15221, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 10190, 13, 20, 1411, 286, 9406, 338, 1171, 1524, 12815, 290, 5441, 1411, 286, 9406, 4266, 547, 407, 5174, 355, 18139, 6829, 329, 262, 3717, 12, 10333, 8233, 614, 13, 198, 464, 989, 2657, 468, 617, 649, 1321, 1912, 319, 2717, 6447, 5359, 13, 1114, 262, 717, 640, 11, 262, 1812, 6358, 5172, 329, 1400, 5932, 9578, 20787, 12497, 2458, 287, 703, 3234, 290, 26289, 389, 2098, 355, 28853, 416, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 7868, 357, 2937, 7206, 737, 383, 1294, 7206, 338, 14598, 318, 19874, 351, 5359, 329, 477, 2717, 5942, 290, 351, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 20962, 9840, 338, 4751, 4947, 13, 383, 1487, 481, 1037, 9406, 4266, 1365, 4691, 290, 1104, 511, 2444, 13, 3125, 1321, 319, 3234, 14, 38546, 414, 6447, 2458, 318, 1695, 994, 13, 198, 464, 1400, 5932, 9578, 20787, 2191, 357, 45, 5097, 33, 8, 286, 5878, 4433, 1123, 1181, 284, 2148, 281, 5079, 989, 2657, 284, 4175, 26138, 290, 262, 1171, 546, 262, 4371, 286, 2444, 290, 4266, 319, 21337, 286, 3710, 13293, 290, 584, 1321, 326, 18436, 284, 3710, 1943, 13, 383, 1812, 6358, 5172, 329, 1400, 5932, 9578, 20787, 3769, 1181, 12, 5715, 1366, 284, 4691, 355, 257, 7208, 329, 4266, 290, 12815, 355, 484, 2074, 290, 3494, 9025, 4040, 284, 2620, 262, 1943, 329, 477, 9406, 2444, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	252
Ten Steps to Better Student Engagement Project-learning teaching strategies can also improve your everyday classroom experience. Tristan de Frondeville Credit: Courtesy of PBL Associates As a teacher, my goal was to go home at the end of each day with more energy than I had at the beginning of the day. Seriously. Now, as I travel the country coaching teachers on how to successfully use project learning, my goal remains the same. And I try to teach educators the strategies they need to achieve this goal in their own classrooms. A teacher in one of my workshops said, "When my students and I are in the flow, then I don't feel like I have to work as hard." I heartily agree. When 90 to 100 percent of my students are excitedly engaged in their tasks and asking deep and interesting questions, I experience joy, and joy is a lot less tiring than the frustration that comes with student apathy. Project-based classrooms with an active-learning environment make such in-the-flow moments more common. Yet these same classrooms require many teacher and student skills to work well. As teachers, we can feel overwhelmed when we try something new and experience chaos instead of flow. The good news is that the strategies for creating and managing high-quality project-learning environments are productive in any classroom, whether project learning is a central part of the curriculum or not. Here are ten ideas that you can start practicing in your classroom today to help you create more moments of flow. Create an Emotionally Safe Classroom Students who have been shamed or belittled by the teacher or another student will not effectively engage in challenging tasks. Consider having a rule such as "We do not put others downs, tell others to shut up, or laugh at people." Apply it to yourself as well as your students. This is the foundation of a supportive, collaborative learning environment. To learn and grow, one must take risks, but most people will not take risks in an emotionally unsafe environment. Create an Intellectually Safe Classroom Begin every activity with a task that 95 percent of the class can do without your help. Get your students used to the fact that when you say, "Please begin," they should pick up a pencil and start working successfully. This gets everyone on the bus. Then make sure your students know that these initial easy tasks will always be followed by increasingly challenging ones. Create rich and complex tasks so that various students have a chance to excel and take on the role of helping others. Cultivate Your Engagement Meter Be acutely aware of when your students are paying strong attention or are deeply engaged in their tasks. Master teachers create an active-learning environment in which students are on task in their thinking and speaking or are collaboratively working close to 100 percent of the time. Such teachers notice and measure not only when students are on task but also the quality of their engagement. Although it may take years to develop the repertoire of skills and lessons that enable you to permanently create this active-learning environment, you can begin by discerning which activities truly engage your students. The more brutally honest you are with yourself, the faster you will get there. Create Appropriate Intermediate Steps The first question I ask educators when I coach them on project learning is how many of their students say, "We can't wait to do another project," versus "Oh, no! Not another project." Teachers tend to get the first response when they scaffold challenging tasks so that all students are successful. For example, take the typical task of interviewing an adult outside the classroom. Some teachers assign the task on Monday and expect it to be done the following Monday, confident that by including the weekend, they are providing sufficient support. Other teachers realize that finding, cold calling, and interviewing an adult are challenging tasks for most young people, so they create intermediate steps -- such as brainstorming, searching online for phone numbers, crafting high-quality interview questions, and role-playing the interview -- that train all students for success. Practice Journal or Blog Writing to Communicate with Students Japanese teachers highly value the last five minutes of class as a time for summarizing, sharing, and reflecting. A nice way to change the pace of your class is to have students write regular reflections on the work they have done. Encourage and focus their writing with a prompt, such as "The Muddiest Point and the Clearest Point: What was most confusing about the work you did today, and what new thing was the most clear?" Use this approach to guide future lessons and activities. Consider writing responses to student journal entries in order to carry on a conversation with students about their work. Create a Culture of Explanation Instead of a Culture of the Right Answer You know you have created a rich learning event when all students are engaged in arguing about the best approach to the assignment. When you use questions and problems that allow for multiple strategies to reach a successful outcome, you give students the opportunity to make choices and then compare their approaches. This strategy challenges them to operate at a higher level of thinking than when they can share only the "correct" answer. Avidly collect problems and tasks that have multiple paths to a solution. As a math teacher, I create problems that have a lot of numbers instead of the usual two. For example, I can present this problem: 5 + 13 + 24 - 8 + 47 - 12 + 59 - 31 - 5 + 9 - 46 - 23 + 32 - 60 Then I can say, "There are at least three fundamentally different strategies for doing the following problem. Can you find them all?" Teach Self-Awareness About Knowledge All subjects build on prior knowledge and increase in complexity at each successive level of mastery. Effective learning requires that certain skills and processes be available for quick recall. Many students let too much of their knowledge float in a sea of confusion and develop a habit of guessing, sometimes without even knowing that they are guessing. Credit: Courtesy of Tristan de Frondeville To help students break this habit, paste the graphic at right next to each question on your assessments. After the students answer a question, have them place an X on the line to represent how sure they are that their answer is correct. This approach encourages them to check their answer and reflect on their confidence level. It is informative when they get it wrong but marked "for sure" or when they do the opposite and mark "confused" yet get the answer right. Use Questioning Strategies That Make All Students Think and Answer Pay a visit to many classrooms and you'll see a familiar scene: The teacher asks questions and, always, the same reliable hands raise up. This pattern lends itself to student inattention. Every day, include some questions you require every student to answer. Find a question you know everyone can answer simply, and have the class respond all at once. You can ask students to put a finger up when they're ready to answer, and once they all do, ask them to whisper the answer at the count of three. They can answer yes, no, or maybe with a thumbs-up, thumbs-down, or thumbs-sideways gesture. That also works for "I agree," "I disagree," or "I'm not sure." Numerical answers under ten are easy to show with fingers, but don't limit yourself to math questions. For instance, if you're teaching time management, have students let you know what their progress is halfway through the class by putting up one or more fingers to show whether they are one-, two-, or three-quarters done with the assignment, or finished. Do these exercises at least two or three times per class. Practice Using the Design Process to Increase the Quality of Work Students in school get used to doing work at a consistent level of quality. Unfortunately, low-performing students get used to doing poor-quality work. To help them break the habit, use a draft-and-revision process. Many professionals use such a design process to increase the quality of their work. Engineers build prototypes, respond to critical feedback, and refine their design before going into production. Artists make sketches of big works and revise their ideas before creating their final piece. Use the design process to drive your students to produce higher-quality work than they are used to doing when they create only a first effort. Include peer evaluation as part of the feedback they receive. Market Your Projects When your students ask, "Why do we need to know this?" you must be ready with the best answer possible. Great projects incorporate authentic tasks that will help students in their lives, jobs, or relationships. Engage students by developing an inventory of big ideas to help you make the connections between your assignments and important life skills, expertise, high-quality work, and craftsmanship. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills provides a good starter list. Also, search out the powerful processes and ideas experts in your own subject use repeatedly. (In math, for instance, my list includes generalizing and parts and wholes.) Keep a journal of the big ideas you've discovered simply by teaching your subject. By continually referring to these big ideas, you will encourage students to think and act like subject-matter experts and develop skills they will use throughout their lives.	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Skip to main content More Search Options A member of our team will call you back within one business day. Risk factors are habits and conditions that make heart disease more likely. The more you have, the higher your chances of heart attack, also known as acute myocardial infarction, or AMI, and other problems. Most risk factors can be managed to help make your heart healthier. Below are factors that increase your risk for having heart disease. This is the biggest of all the risk factors you can change. Smoking damages the lining of the blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Research shows that smoking makes women up to 6 times more likely to have a heart attack. Also avoid secondhand smoke (smoke from other people’s tobacco products). Diabetes causes high blood sugar, which can damage blood vessels if not kept under control. Having diabetes also makes you more likely to have a silent heart attack—one without any symptoms. You’re at risk if your blood sugar level is above 100 mg/dL. Lipids are fatty substances in the blood. LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (both bad lipids) can build up in artery walls, narrowing the arteries. HDL cholesterol (a good lipid) helps clear bad lipids away. You’re at risk if you have: HDL cholesterol 50 mg/dL or lower; LDL cholesterol 100 mg/dL or higher; triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or higher. High blood pressure occurs when blood pushes too hard against artery walls as it travels through the arteries. This damages the lining of the blood vessels making them narrow and stiff. You’re at risk if your blood pressure is 120/80 or higher. Excess weight makes your heart work harder. This raises your risk of a heart attack. Being overweight also puts you at risk of developing diabetes. Excess weight around the waist or stomach increases your risk the most. Being obese puts you at risk for developing heart disease. Without regular exercise, you’re more likely to develop other risk factors, such as being overweight and developing diabetes. High blood pressure and unhealthy lipid levels are also more likely. Emotions such as stress and pent-up anger have been linked to heart disease. Over time, these emotions could raise your heart disease risk. If you have heart disease, emotion such as anxiety and depression can make it worse. This is caused by a combination of certain risk factors. It puts you at extra high risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. You have metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the following: low HDL cholesterol; high triglycerides; high blood pressure; high blood sugar; extra weight around the waist. A few risk factors can’t be changed. But they still raise your heart disease risk. Family history. If your mother or sister had heart trouble before age 65 or your father or brother before age 55, you’re at higher risk of having a heart attack. Age. The older you are, the higher your heart disease risk.	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Fungal Nail Infections What is a fungal nail infection? A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. Fungi (plural of fungus) can attack your nails through small cuts in the skin around your nail or through the opening between your nail and nail bed. See a picture of a fungal nail infection. If you are healthy, a fungal nail infection probably won't cause serious problems. But it may look bad, hurt, or damage your nail or nail bed. A fungal nail infection could lead to more serious problems if you have diabetes or a weak immune system. Talk to your doctor about the best way to treat a nail infection if you have one of these problems. What causes a fungal nail infection? Yeasts, molds, and different kinds of fungi can cause fungal nail infections. Most are caused by the same type of fungus that causes athlete's foot. Fungi grow best in warm, moist places, and they can spread from person to person. You can get a fungal nail infection from walking barefoot in public showers or pools or by sharing personal items, such as towels and nail clippers. If you have athlete's foot, the fungus can spread from your skin to your nails. You are more likely to get a nail infection if you: What are the symptoms? A nail with a fungal infection may: When you have a fungal nail infection, it can be uncomfortable or even painful to wear shoes, walk, or stand for a long time. The fungus could also spread to other nails or your skin. Over time, the infection can cause permanent damage to your nail or nail bed. How is a fungal nail infection diagnosed? Your doctor will diagnose a fungal nail infection by looking at the nail, asking about your symptoms and past health, and possibly doing tests to look for fungi. Finding out what is causing the infection can help you get the best treatment. How is it treated? Whether to treat a fungal nail infection is up to you. If it is not treated, it won't go away, and it might get worse. But fungal infections can be hard to treat. If you do treat it, you could spend a lot of money, and the treatment might not work. If you decide to treat a fungal nail infection, you can try an antifungal cream, lotion, or nail polish. You can buy some types without a prescription, or your doctor can prescribe a stronger one. You may need to use this medicine for a few weeks or for as long as a year. Even so, it may not get rid of the infection. Antifungal pills give the best chance of curing a severe fungal nail infection, but they may cost a lot and have serious side effects. You will need to see your doctor for regular testing if you take these pills. You should not take them if you have liver or heart problems. How can you prevent a fungal nail infection? Fungal nail infections often come back after treatment. It is important to take steps to prevent this. Frequently Asked Questions eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need. 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© 2010 Gary L. Francione, The Abolitionist Approach There is a great deal of discussion about what “vegan” means. “Veganism” means at the very least not eating any flesh, dairy, or other animal products. In this sense, “vegan” means “vegan diet.” Donald Watson, who originally coined the term “vegan” used the word in this way when he made statements such as: “Wherever Man lives, he can have a vegan diet.” Different people may have different reasons–ethical/spiritual, health, environmental–for eating a vegan diet. Those who pursue a vegan diet may also, and for various reasons, eschew the use of other animal products in contexts beyond diet. For example, someone who pursues a vegan diet may also not wear animal products on her skin for health reasons–products applied to the skin get into the body. Someone who pursues a vegan diet for environmental reasons may also not wear a particular animal product because of the effect on the environment of the production of the product. Those who adopt a vegan diet for ethical/spiritual reasons may also fall into different groups. Some see their vegan diet as a way of reducing animal suffering. That is, they do not think that it is wrong in and of itself to kill animals for human use but that it is wrong to inflict suffering on animals and so they avoid eating or using animal products. If there were a painless way to raise and slaughter animals for human use, these ethical vegans would not object to animal use. These people are not necessarily–and usually are not–committed to the abolition of animal exploitation and pursue regulatory reform that they believe, mistakenly in my view, will reduce animal suffering. “Ethical veganism,” which I use interchangeably with “abolitionist veganism,” goes beyond a vegan diet and rejects direct animal consumption or use of any kind. An ethical vegan has a vegan diet and rejects consuming animal products but also does not wear or use any animal products. An ethical vegan rejects the commodification of nonhumans as property. An ethical vegan is committed to the abolition of animal exploitation. Moreover, ethical vegans recognize that an animal-based agriculture harms other humans as well as non-humans and sees the connection between human rights and animal rights. Ethical veganism is the moral baseline of the animal rights movement. Ethical veganism represents a commitment to non-violence in one’s daily living. In my experience, ethical veganism is the only sort of approach that results in consistent behavior. Vegans for health reasons alone often “cheat” just as those who are on any diet for heath reasons often do. Vegans for environmental reasons may not only lapse but may decide that an animal product has fewer adverse environmental consequences than non-animal products. Someone who sees veganism only as a way of reducing animal suffering may eat or use an animal product if she thinks that more suffering will be caused if she does not. For example, some, such as Peter Singer and others, maintain that we ought to eat animal products if our not doing so will cause others to think that veganism is too difficult and thereby be dissuaded from thinking about veganism. These vegans then become “flexible” vegans which, in my view, means that they are not really vegans. An ethical vegan sees veganism as a general approach to life–a philosophy of living–and not as merely a matter of lifestyle. A final (for now) comment: health and environmental concerns may have a moral aspect. For example, those who pursue a vegan diet may do so because they believe that inflicting physical damage on their bodies by consuming animal products is a form of violence (harm to the self) and is immoral. Those who pursue a vegan diet or who eschew the use of animal products for environmental reasons may do so not because of a utilitarian concern to preserve the environment but because they believe that the environmental consequences directly affect humans and nonhumans and violate the rights of these sentient beings. An ethical or abolitionist vegan, who sees any consumption or use of animal products as violative of animal rights, may also shun animal products for reasons of health and environment. In sum, people may be vegans for different reasons. In my view, ethical or abolitionist veganism is the only approach that results in consistent behavior. We should, however, be clear that no form of veganism is consistent with eating any animal products. That is, following a “vegan diet” is the minimal meaning of “vegan.” In my view, a “vegan” is someone who does not eat, use, or wear any animal products. But it is also accurate to say that a person who eats no animal products follows a “vegan diet.” The absence of animal products is explicitly being limited to diet. As a said above, I do not regard “flexible” vegans as vegans and, by definition, they do not even follow a vegan diet. I will be writing at greater length about this topic soon. If you are not vegan, go vegan. It is incredibly easy to be vegan. It is better for your health and for the planet. But, most importantly, it is the morally right thing to do.

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262, 5440, 13, 887, 11, 749, 11003, 11, 340, 318, 262, 22388, 826, 1517, 284, 466, 13, 50256 ]

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1,117

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Izieu was the site of a Jewish orphanage during the Second World War. On April 6, 1944, three vehicles pulled up in front of the orphanage. The Gestapo, led by the 'Butcher of Lyon' Klaus Barbie, entered the orphanage and forcibly removed the forty-four children and their seven supervisors, throwing the crying and terrified children on to the trucks. As a witness later recalled: 'I was on my way down the stairs when my sister shouted to me: It's the Germans, save yourself! I jumped out the window. I hid myself in a bush in the garden. I heard the cries of the children that were being kidnapped and I heard the shouts of the nazis who were carrying them away.' Following the raid on their home in Izieu, the children were shipped directly to the "collection center" in Drancy, then put on the first available train towards the concentration camps in the East. Forty-two children and five adults were gassed in the concentration camp of Auschwitz. Two of the oldest children and Miron Zlatin , the superintendent, ended up in Tallinn a city in Estonia and were killed by a firing squad. One survivor of Auschwitz revealed during Klaus Barbie's trial what happened to the children: 'I asked myself where were the children who arrived with us? In the camp there wasn't a single child to be seen. Then those who had been there for a while informed us of the reality. 'You see that chimney, the one smoke never stops coming out of . .. you smell that odor of burned flesh ... ?' The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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366

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Red Tory is a nickname given to a political tradition in Canada's conservative political parties. Red Tories were traditionally to the left of the rest of the party. Originally it referred to the branch of the Tory party that was committed to the welfare state. Modern Red Tories, however, define themselves as "fiscally conservative and socially progressive". The term Blue Tory has been coined to describe more right wing Canadian conservatives. The notion of Red Toryism was developed by George Grant in the 1950s and 1960s who argued that Canadian conservatism was strongly influenced by ideals such as collectivism and community responsibility. These Tories rejected liberal values such as individualism. Red Tories were thus socially conservative supporting traditional institutions like religion and the monarchy but fiscally liberal with a strong belief in the welfare state. Grant traced Red Toryism to the beginning of Canadian history. The collective nation building policies of Sir John A. Macdonald are seen as the foundation of the Red Tory tradition. The origin of the adjective "red" is not known. The reference may be to progressive aspects of Red Tory principles, since parties of the left have traditionally used the colour red. It may have been a reference to the British roots of the Tory old guard. Others think it comes from the Liberal Party of Canada. The Liberals often used red as their colour, while the Conservatives used blue. Grant and Gad Horowitz contrasted Canada with the United States which was lacking this collectivist tradition. Horowitz argued that Canada's strong socialist movement grew from Red Toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much success in the United States. In some ways, Red Tories were thus closer to the NDP than to the Liberals. The Red Tories historically served as the most powerful faction within the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and most of its leaders have been labeled Red Tories. These include Sir John A. Macdonald, John George Diefenbaker, and Robert Stanfield. The heartland of Red Toryism was the Maritimes and Ontario and Red Tories dominated the provincial politics of these regions. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party has held power in that province for most of the time since Confederation. The Ontario PCs were often labelled Red Tory, for example under the leadership of William Davis from 1971 to 1985. Under Davis, the Tories often ran to the left of the Ontario Liberal Party. Some political commentators have suggested that the new leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives, John Tory, is in the mould of the Bill Davis Red Tory tradition. Throughout the Maritimes, Red Tories are the dominant force in the Conservative Party. This tends to explain why Canadian provinces are often ruled at the provincial level by a party that may be Conservative yet at the same time elect Liberal Members of Parliament to the Canadian House of Commons. Outsiders may not understand the large amount of ideological common ground shared by the two nominally different parties. The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international Post-War Consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. With the end of the consensus globally in the 1980s Canadian conservatism also split. Red Toryism never held much sway in Western Canada where small-government and socially conservatism has been dominant. The growing population and power of the west also played an important role in this transformation. Eventually the explicitly anti-Red Tory Reform Party arose in the west and soon was larger than the Progressive Conservatives. Throughout the federal PC Party's decline, Red Tories were generally seen as the most vocal opponents of the Unite the Right initiative, which proposed merging or co-operating with the competing Reform Party of Canada (later the Canadian Alliance). Red Tories considered the Canadian Alliance to be too radically conservative. In recent years, "Red Tories" clashed with neoconservatives within the Progressive Conservative Party. Joe Clark's leadership was challenged by more conservative Blue Tory PC Party members who endorsed Brian Mulroney. At the provincial level, Albertan Red Tory supporters of Peter Lougheed were marginalized following Ralph Klein's assumption of power. As right-wing support for the Progressive Conservatives bled away to the Reform Party and then the Canadian Alliance, Red Tories increasingly gained control of the federal party. The controversial election of leader Peter MacKay, however, paved the way for merger with the Canadian Alliance. When the PCs did ultimately merge in late 2003 with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada, many Red Tories expressed the view that they were "now without a political home." Notable Red Tories such as Scott Brison, John Herron and Keith Martin (who, although ideologically a Red Tory, was actually a Canadian Alliance MP) defected to the Liberal Party of Canada. Some Red Tories joined the new Conservative Party. Some prominent Red Tories, including Joe Clark and André Bachand, refused to join the new party, or any other, and sat for the remainder of their terms as independents. A small number formed the fledgling Progressive Canadian Party led by Ernie Schreiber, while others may have joined other centre or centre-left parties. With the conservative movement's drift to the political right, the term Red Tory is often used today not to refer to those in the traditional Red Tory tradition of George Grant or Robert Stanfield but simply to Blue Tory moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism such as James Moore, Gerald Keddy and Jim Prentice. For the most part the unmitigated faith in big government has disappeared from Canadian politics with even the NDP approaching the subject with some trepidation. Thus, in the 2004 Conservative Party leadership election, Tony Clement was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though Clement was on the right wing of the Mike Harris cabinet. Clement is a neoconservative, who advocates privatization, tax cuts, the curtailment of social and economic development spending and free trade with the United States. He opposes government intervention in the economy. Clement's stances are policies that most traditional Red Tories would reject. David Orchard and his supporters have put themselves as the modern inheritors of the Red Tory tradition, although many Red Tories would not embrace this strident opponent of free trade with the United States as a Red Tory. Red Tories post-merger One of the most important issues facing the newly created Conservative Party is what will happen with the Red Tories. Many high-profile Red Tories had opposed the merger and do not support the new party. The union has resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to defect to the Liberals. The latter group includes Members of Parliament (MPs) Scott Brison, André Bachand, Rick Borotsik, Keith Martin, and John Herron. Joe Clark served the balance of his parliamentary term as a Progressive Conservative, outside of the new Conservative party caucus. Other high-profile Red Tories such as Sinclair Stevens and Flora MacDonald applied to re-register the old Progressive Conservative Party name; however this was refused by Elections Canada. On March 26, 2004, the Progressive Canadian Party was registered with Elections Canada. It aims to be perceived as a revival of the "PC Party". It is not clear how successful it will be in this regard, since no prominent former PC Tories such as Clark, Stevens, or MacDonald, or any sitting MP or senator, is associated with the new party. Finally, some Red Tories have decided to join the new Conservative Party. A group of them formed the Red Tory Council , a group constructed to give voice to the Red Tories, monitor the party and its positions, and to prevent too great a swing to the right. Belinda Stronach, an instigator of the new party yet relative newcomer to politics who placed second in the first Conservative leadership election, spoke up for government intervention to ensure growth in the economy, and generally stood against social conservatism, particularly in her personal support for same-sex marriage rights. Stronach's positions on these issues are ones that Red Tories typically support, and she might be considered the most prominent Red Tory member of the Conservative caucus in the 38th Parliament. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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1,680

The narrator is at an observatory in Ottershaw when explosions are witnessed on Mars, causing interest among the scientific community. Later a "meteor" lands on Horsell Common, southwest of London, close to the narrator's home in Woking, Surrey. He is among the first to discover that the object is a space-going artificial cylinder. When the cylinder opens, the Martians - bulky, octopus-like creatures the size of a bear - briefly emerge, show difficulty in coping with the Earth's atmosphere, and rapidly retreat into the cylinder. A human deputation moves towards the cylinder, but the Martians incinerate them with a heat-ray weapon, before beginning the construction of alien machinery.

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145

Community Voice Project Tells Stories of the Anacostia Two rivers run through Washington, D.C. The Potomac, famous in history, separates the city from Virginia. The Anacostia, forgotten by history, divides the nation’s capital into parallel universes — one monumental and booming, the other unseen and struggling. You could call it a tale of two cities. Polluted and degraded, the Anacostia became a monument of environmental neglect. But for those who know the river and all its troubles, the Anacostia has inspired hopes and dreams, culture and community. And remarkable human stories. Stories like Rodney Stotts’s. He grew up in southeast D.C., where, often enough, if you happen to be young and black and male, you learn early about life. And loss. When Rodney heard about a group called the Earth Conservation Corps, he signed on as a pioneer member and went to work trying to restore the river and reintroduce wildlife, like the bald eagle. Several years into it, four of his coworkers were murdered—strangled, shot, knifed, and bludgeoned to death. Rodney learned you don’t quit. More than 20 years later, he’s still working on the river and paying forward the break he caught to kids coming up behind him, training new recruits how to restore old rivers — and young lives. The story of Rodney Stotts and seven other “RiverStories,” captured digitally in words and video and photos, drew a crowd to American University’s Wechsler Theatre for a screening on December 14. ‘Stories from the Inside Out’ These eight stories documented pivotal experiences in the lives of people connected with the Anacostia. They were produced through a unique collaboration between community members and AU students working with Nina Shapiro-Perl in her course, Community Documentary: Stories of Transformation. “Stories from the inside out,” says Shapiro-Perl, anthropology professor and filmmaker in residence. Because they emerged from the inner lives and memories of these individuals, coaxed into the world by one or two students working closely, intimately, with each community member. “In their own words and in their own voice, with images and music of their own choosing, they tell us about their lives,” says Shapiro-Perl. “They were assisted by anthropology and film students in my class who had just gone through the somewhat frightening, frustrating, and exhilarating experience of producing their own digital story. The students knew firsthand what it felt like to share their own sometimes buried feelings from the past in a story circle with almost perfect strangers. Or give feedback on another person’s story without overtaking it. Or create a first version of their digital story, only to go back again to get at a deeper truth. This is the method behind making digital stories,” she says. “This is the process that allows us to listen deeply to each other across the divides of neighborhood, class, race, and culture.” An ambitious project, it began as a partnership between American University and the Anacostia Community Museum, which wanted to document the stories of people of southeast Washington who engage with the river. And as the stories show, many people engage — in many ways. - Francis Wheeler recalls growing up black and poor in southeast D.C. with all the riches of a clean river and a bounty of fish. - Vaughn Perry found his passion while volunteering with Groundwork Anacostia and connecting young people with their environment. - Jamaica-born Sania Rose brings her love of nature to her hands-on efforts to eradicate pollution and restore the river’s beauty. - “River rat” Gabe Horchler, law librarian at the Library of Congress, commutes to work each day — on the river, in his boat. - Senegal native Kalin Williams is working to build sustainable “transition” communities through her nonprofit Earth’s Visible Energy (E.V.E.). - “Ecofeminist” Brenda Lee Richardson got involved in D.C. politics to clean up the Anacostia and her community, finding herself as she rediscovered the river. - Bob “Coach” Day, retired foreign service officer, runs the Organization for Anacostia Rowing and Sculling (OARS), a rowing program for at-risk teens. Many engaging, all dreaming big. Of bridging worlds. Of making connections. Of changing the conversation. Community members each wrote a story about a transformative experience, which they shared with the students. “We started out going to these story circles and not knowing who we would work with,” says Kady Buchanan, MFA film and electronic media student, who partnered with Rodney Stotts. The students listened. And they asked questions. And then they were matched with a storyteller. “We wanted to work with Sania because she was just really positive and full of hope and we really liked how she expressed that,” says Sean Furmage, a second-year doctoral student in cultural anthropology. “And that’s what we wanted to capture.” The process was dynamic, and intense. “It was just us two,” says Buchanan. “We met sometimes weekly, sometimes not. We would just write ideas and write ideas, and go over it and over it. I would work on it in class and then bring it back, and then, ‘Let’s try this, and let’s try this.’” Camille Akeju, director of the Smithsonian Anacostia Community Museum, says, “We learn as much from the students as they learn from the process. It’s awe-inspiring to see a glow of recognition and appreciation from these students who, through this project, really are having worlds open up to them. It’s a facilitated process, but very spontaneous, too.” The digital stories are part of the Community Voice Project, an interdisciplinary initiative of faculty and students in the School of Communication’s film and media arts, journalism, and public communication divisions, and the College of Arts and Sciences’ anthropology department. “Most students in our film program make films about something,” says SOC dean Larry Kirkman. “This is a very different kind of course, and it is quite radical. It’s making films with people. And this really changes students’ relationship to their subjects.” Shapiro-Perl says that her students “document the stories and amplify the voices of marginalized communities to advance a more inclusive and progressive public policy.” In the process, they cross divides and develop tools to work with others to share common human bonds. And the university “bridges the sometimes difficult divide between itself and the surrounding community.” Rodney Stotts felt the difference. “Of all the documentaries I’ve done, this one means the most,” he says. “It’s beautiful.”

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- Historic Sites Landmarks On The Rim People visit the Grand Canyon for scenery, not architecture. But an assortment of buildings there, infused with history and the sensibility of one strong woman, are worth a long look. April 1996 | Volume 47, Issue 2 Inside, the floors gleam with polyurethane. The Hopi wall paintings have been cleaned and put behind glass, heating ducts and electrical conduits have been hidden, and the second floor is now opened up to allow tourists “more room to browse, shop and feel at ease with making a purchase,” in the words of a feasibility study. It is a restoration superbly executed—in every respect except one: By Mary Colter’s standards, the building looks too new. We know that Colter imagined a past for the buildings she designed. When Hopi House opened in 1905, it already had a dusty look, as if it had been inhabited for generations. The building, as it was restored in 1995, has considerable presence, but visually it communicates little history. If she could see it today, we can be sure the outspoken Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter would have something to say about that.

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| || || || || || || | Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics 1998; 275 pp; hardcover List Price: US$60 Member Price: US$48 Order Code: PSAPM/55 There exists a history of great expectations and large investments involving Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are also notable shortfalls and memorable disappointments. One major controversy regarding AI is just how mathematical a field it is or should be. This text includes contributions that examine the connections between AI and mathematics, demonstrating the potential for mathematical applications and exposing some of the more mathematical areas within AI. The goal is to stimulate interest in people who can contribute to the field or use its results. Included is work by M. Newborn on the famous Deep Blue chess match. He discusses highly mathematical techniques involving graph theory, combinatorics and probability and statistics. G. Shafer offers his development of probability through probability trees with some of the results appearing here for the first time. M. Golumbic treats temporal reasoning with ties to the famous Frame Problem. His contribution involves logic, combinatorics and graph theory and leads to two chapters with logical themes. H. Kirchner explains how ordering techniques in automated reasoning systems make deduction more efficient. Constraint logic programming is discussed by C. Lassez, who shows its intimate ties to linear programming with crucial theorems going back to Fourier. V. Nalwa's work provides a brief tour of computer vision, tying it to mathematics--from combinatorics, probability and geometry to partial differential equations. All authors are gifted expositors and are current contributors to the field. The wide scope of the volume includes research problems, research tools and good motivational material for teaching. Graduate students and research mathematicians interested in artificial intelligence; possibly those interested in philosophy. "Although this book was written to introduce mathematicians to AI, the book is also likely to be a valuable resource for cognitive scientists and mathematical psychologists." -- Journal of Mathematical Psychology "Seven excellent papers are included, covering important AI topics." -- Mathematical Reviews Table of Contents AMS Home | © Copyright 2012, American Mathematical Society

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ROMAIN WACZIARG FINDS LINK BETWEEN GENETIC DISTANCE AND INCOME DIFFERENCES Study provides new perspective on technology adoption Why are some countries rich and others poor? Much has been written on this question from a historical perspective, says UCLA Anderson Associate Professor Romain Wacziarg. "Countries that were colonized and populated by Europeans are generally more economically developed than countries that were not colonized, or were colonized but not populated by Europeans," he says. Wacziarg thought this might have to do with the links between developed countries and Northwestern Europe, where the Industrial Revolution originated. "In particular," he says, "with the fact that the colonizers who settled in these regions had been close to the industrial breakthroughs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." So Wacziarg and Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University began looking at the long term determinants of economic performance by countries -- measured by per-capita income. The main hypothesis of their study was that, if a country has a significant population that is genetically related to the population in the country where a major technological innovation took place, the country is more likely to adopt this technology and develop economically. The results are presented in a paper by Wacziarg and Spolaore entitled, "The Diffusion of Development." "The idea is not about being European per se," says Wacziarg. "It's about being close to the source of innovation. Not just geographically close, but also genetically close. New Zealand and Australia are not geographically close to Europe, but they still got the industrial revolution sooner than Papua New Guinea in part because they were colonized by Europeans." Genetic distance measures the time since two populations had common ancestors. Much like siblings are more closely related than cousins since they share parents rather than grandparents, if two populations split apart 2,000 years ago, they will be genetically closer than two populations that split apart 10,000 years ago. The mechanism linking genetic distance to income differences can take a variety of forms. People who are genetically close are more likely to trust each other. Populations that are genetically close can also communicate more easily, understand each others' cultural norms and values, and adopt practices conducive to modern development -- such as rapid human capital accumulation, low fertility and better political institutions. One unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. Because of this, separation between populations is associated with a host of differences in skills, culture and language that are potential barriers to development. "We needed a way to measure the distance between populations of different countries," says Wacziarg. It turned out that geneticists have identified genetic markers that enable them to distinguish populations. And since these markers evolve at a steady rate, it is possible to determine the length of time since two populations had a common ancestor. It's like a molecular clock, he says. Genetic distance is based on blood samples. Enzymes and protein markers vary from one population to another. The measure of genetic distance is known as FST Genetic Distance. "It's what geneticists call the measure of heterozygosity, which summarizes how different your genes are," says Wacziarg. In the study, Wacziarg and Spolaore found that genetic distance is significantly correlated with current per-capita income differences between countries, even controlling statistically for geographic distance and other differences such as climate and resources. The results hold for income differences measured around the world since the year 1500. Interestingly, genetic distance correlates with the current differences in income among European countries despite their close geographic proximity. "It's really quite simple," says Wacziarg. "The more genetically related people are, the more they will communicate, trust each other, imitate each other and share ideas. Closely related populations will exchange practices, values, and modes of production that are conducive to economic development." "What the paper does not argue," says Wacziarg, "is that a country will never develop if it is really far from the technological frontier. It ultimately might get it, but the time it will take is proportional to its genetic distance from the source of innovation." The study suggests that anything that fosters the exchange of ideas between populations that are genetically distant might help overcome barriers to development. One example, says Wacziarg, was the migration of engineers from India to the Silicon Valley as the area became a hub for information technology. He notes that this certainly helped make India a leader in software and IT services. "You can overcome some genetic distance by bringing people close," he says. Another reason for India's commercial success with IT, notes Wacziarg, is that the Indian population, particularly in North India, is actually quite genetically close to European populations. Indians also had the advantage of speaking English, a heritage of the history of British colonization. A population more genetically and culturally distant from Europe may not have fared as well. Wacziarg admits that his study may not have immediate policy implications for poor countries. "There is an aspect of pessimism involved in any study that says a current economic situation has roots in deep history," he explains. "You can't change deep history. There is a notion that poverty results from extremely persistent forces that are very hard to change." But he maintains that economic development remains possible for any population. "This study suggests that anything that facilitates the flow of ideas and exchange between distant populations might help," he says. "Countries do develop and become richer. India and China are cases in point." Read more about the study in Economic Principles.

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1,180

Wildlife Damage Management Brown Treesnake Research at NWRC Trapping is central to the control activities carried out on Guam, yet it is only one component of an integrated control program that simultaneously uses multiple methods, and employs a sequential, strategic approach for snake removal over large areas. NWRC scientists work closely with other Wildlife Services biologists to design trap placement strategies and to develop snake-trap attractants. Several trap placement strategies (factoring in optimal trap spacing, plot dimensions etc.) have been applied to forested plots. Perimeter trapping, interior trapping, and boundary trapping regimens are all employed. Once snake populations have been reduced in an area, maintaining some strategically placed traps around the plot helps deter population recovery. October 11, 2007

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160

THE APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD FOREST The Appalachian Hardwood Region is the mountainous area between New York and North Georgia with an approximate boundary at the 1,000-foot altitude contour. Within this area grow the finest hardwood timber to be found in the world. Thousands of years ago this area was bounded on the north by glaciers and on the east, south and west by a shallow sea. When the glaciers receded and the seas subsided, the mountains were the garden spot that seeded the surrounding areas. All species of trees found in the east are also found in these mountains. For nearly 200 years after the settlement of the coastal plains, the Appalachian mountains were the "Far West." The first white man to explore the Appalachian mountains is reported to have been Desoto in about 1540. He made no real settlement and few pioneers attempted to cross the rugged mountain ranges. Hunters who ventured into these lush mountains returned with glowing tales of the grandeur of the country. With the discovery of Cumberland Gap about 1750, a relatively easy route became available across the mountains. However, westward migration did not start until 1779 when Daniel Boone was commissioned by the Virginia Legislature to build a road through the Gap. He built what became known as the "Wilderness Road." From 1779 to 1795 a steady stream of settlers flowed across the mountain trail. Few stopped to settle in the rugged mountains to work out a living. Most of the people moved on through the mountains into the low rolling hills and river bottom lands of central Kentucky and beyond. The results of this migration can be seen in the timber stands of the region today. Within the Appalachian mountain territory there are vast areas of forest land containing billions of board feet of timber. Farther west beyond the mountains in Kentucky and Tennessee, the forest lands are mostly small tracts and farm wood When steam boat traffic started on the Ohio River, travel largely left the overland route, and the mountain section was nearly isolated from the outside world. Scattered logging operations were active near the river courses as early as 1825. However, it was not until about ten years after the Civil War when deposits of coal and iron were discovered that the railroads pushed into the mountains providing new transportation systems. The coming of the railroads was important to the timber industry because it provided outlets for the forest products so bountiful in the country. The demand for forest products, job opportunities, and new accessibility made the mountains more hospitable and hundreds of new settlements were established along the rail junctions. Lumbermen from New England and New York and Pennsylvania were looking for new sources of timber, having moved through the virgin forests of the northeast. Here was a new area of timber, the grandeur of which they had never seen. Great band mills were built throughout the mountains to saw the giant poplar, oak and ash. These Appalachian hardwoods found their way into furniture, flooring, wall paneling, railroad ties and hundreds of other products. They matched in elegance and beauty the foreign woods favored by woodworking craftsmen of the day. The area remains primarily a timber-producing region because the rugged nature of the country discouraged extensive land clearing for farming and conditions of soil, climate and topography are nearly perfect for growing trees. The Appalachian mountains, which represent about 15 percent of the hardwood forest land area, furnish more than 20 percent of the total hardwood lumber production. The story of early hardwood harvesting in the Appalachians is one of popularity for the different species. The first loggers went into the woods and cut white oak and yellow poplar 24 inches and larger in diameter. Timber harvest in the mountains continued to rise, with peak production reached in 1909 and 1910. During this period of timber production, the supply seemed infinite. Mammoth machines moved through the woods, knocking down what was not harvested and leaving great quantities of wasted wood in their wake. Following the harvests, fires often moved through the area, burning not only trees, but the soil as well, causing serious damage to the forest environment. The miracle of nature provided the vitality to recover from the devastating fires and today the forests have regenerated. In the old days of virgin timber, trees were cut for use and to clear the land. Now, with our frontier gone and our second growth timber before us, we are growing trees for use and changing our forest practices to meet not only the demands of today but the anticipated demands of generations to come. Today, landowners and operators alike have professional foresters in their employ who guide the destiny of our public, private and industrial forests. As our ancestors found wood important to their daily lives, we find it essential today. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live a week without touching anything that required the cutting of a tree. There would be no newspapers, magazines or books. Food would be very hard to find. New homes could not be built. Railroads could not operate. There would be no paper products---no toilet tissue, paper napkins, bags, boxes or containers. Fortunately for all of us, we will not run out of wood in the immediate future. Trees are our only major renewable resource. Unlike the oil and mineral resources of this nation, trees can go on forever. If we are intelligent enough as a society to grow, harvest and manage trees scientifically, we can count on a bountiful supply of wood forever. In the harvesting, sawing and processing of logs in the Appalachian region, thousands of jobs are created. People are needed to cut the trees, saw them into logs and haul them to sawmills. There the logs are cut into lumber. Other manufacturing plants process them into flooring, cabinets, panels, furniture and various finished products. Wood industry jobs now require highly skilled people and provide lifetime occupational employment for those who want meaningful productive work. Altogether the basic forest industries of the Appalachian region employ more than 50,000 people, with payrolls generating millions of dollars. Thus, you can see the forests of this region play and important part in the daily economic lives of Forest management practices in the region are making rapid strides. Future progress will depend on public cooperation and support. Trees were put here to use. Remember, timber is our only major natural resource. There is a direct relationship between the quality of timber and the quality of all other forest resources. When trees are maintained in a healthy vigorous condition, all other resources benefit. When trees are "cultured" or managed, watershed values, wildlife food and cover, recreational opportunities, and all other enjoyment values for people are the greatest.

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1,477

St. Josaphat Kuncevyc St. Josaphat Kuncevyc, a Virtuous Saint of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church - Saint Josaphat On November 12, the Church remembers the life and tireless efforts of St. Josaphat Kuncevyc, the first Eastern Rite (Byzantine Catholic) saint to be canonized by Rome in 1876. This devout man preached and worked to encourage unity within the church and would eventually be martyred at the hands of the schismatic group he had worked to unite to the Apostolic See of Rome. St. Josaphat Kuncevyc was born and baptized as Johannes in the small Lithuanian town of Volodymyr in either 1580 or 1584. It was not a happy time for the Ruthenian Church, inwhich he was raised, and which united itself to Rome in 1595. There were, however, members of the Church who maintained a schism from Rome, and had disdain for the "Uniates," which was the term for those who were in full communion with Rome. Though Johannes's father was of noble heritage, he was devoted to commercial pursuits, and held the office of town-councilor. Both he and Johannes's mother contributed to the fostering of piety in the future saint. As a child, he didn't care much for typical child's play, but rather spent time praying and assisting at the liturgy. As a student he was both talented and zealous. While still a youth, he fervently studied ecclesiastical Slav, and learned almost the entire casoslov (breviary), which he began to pray daily. He was offered a well paying partnership with a successful merchant and the hand of the merchant's daughter in marriage. However, Johannes declined, discerning instead a calling to religious life. Life and Works as a Religious At the age of 20 or 24 (recalling the fact that it is unknown for sure whether he was born in 1580 or 1584), Johannes entered a Basilian monastery, the Ukrainian Order of Saint Basil at Vilna in 1604. Here, he lived as a monk and took the name Brother Josaphat. He was ordained a Byzantine Rite priest in 1609. At some point not too long after his ordination, Josaphat learned of his superiorSamuel's dissident views and works. Samuel had never accepted unity with Rome and sought ways to fight Roman Catholicism and those who brought about and supported union with Rome. Fearing the spiritual damage that could be brought about, Josaphat brought the matter to the attention of Samuel's superiors and the Archbishop of Kiev removed Samuel from his post, replacing him with Josaphat. Josaphat became a famous preacher, working to bring unity with Rome among the faithful, and to draw strayed Christians back to the Church. He believed unity was in the best interest of the Church and through teaching, clerical reform, and personal example, Josaphat brought many orthodox churches in Lithuania into union with Rome. He was consecrated Bishop of Vitebsk in 1617, and became Archbishop of Polotsk one year later in 1618. For years Josaphat worked for unity among the Christians in Lithuania, and his labors were indeed fruitful. However, his successes only increased the hatred of the schismatic, anti-Uniate groups in the area. In 1620, while Josaphat was away attending the Diet of Warsaw, a schismatic group, with the accusation that Josaphat had "gone Latin," set up anti-Uniate bishops to replace the true ordained Uniate bishops. Against warnings, Josaphat returned to his station; the army, which remained loyal to the union-loyal king, attempted to protect Josaphat and his clergy. However, November 12, 1623, an anti-Uniate priest shouted insults at Josaphat and tried to enter his residence. When the priest was removed, a mob assembled. Josaphat, who tried to ensure that his servants were able to flee to safety, was martyred by axe and bullet at the hands of the mob. Read more about modern martyrs of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church here. - Adapted from the New Catholic Encyclopedia

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880

Cleaner Water: North Carolina's Straight-Pipe Elimination Project by Fred D. Baldwin Some years ago, William and Elizabeth Thomas tried unsuccessfully to install a properly designed septic system that would replace a four-inch pipe draining household wastewater straight into a little creek a few yards behind their home. "I scrounged up enough money to put one in," William Thomas says. Spreading his hands about two feet apart, he adds, "But I didn't get down this far until we hit water." The Thomases live on a small hillside lot in a rural area of Madison County, North Carolina. Their situation is similar to that of many rural Appalachian families who for one reason or another-money, the lay of the land, or both-live in older homes with inadequate septic systems. By the end of the year, however, they and many other Madison County residents will have new septic systems in place, thanks to a county program backed by an impressive team of state, federal, and local partners ranging from area conservation groups to the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). The genesis of the program goes back to 1995, when Governor James B. Hunt created the Year of the Mountains Commission to assess current and future issues affecting North Carolina's western mountain communities. To protect and improve water quality, the commission recommended that, in addition to reducing mine drainage and agricultural runoff, the state Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) be directed to "aggressively pursue a program to eliminate the practice of 'straight-piping.' " For years, decades even, it had been politically easier to ignore this issue. The commission pointed out that the 1990 Census of housing showed that nearly 50,000 households in North Carolina did not have connections to either municipal sewage systems or adequate septic systems. This was true not only in mountainous areas, but also in low-income communities across the state. Some of these households were draining "black water," which includes raw sewage, into creeks or streams; others were piping toilet wastes to a septic tank but straight-piping soapy and bacteria-laden "gray water" from sinks, baths, and dishwashers. Still other households were relying on septic systems built before the installation of a dishwasher or a second bathroom; these older systems were now prone to backups or leaks. As early as 1958, the state took the first of many steps to regulate or eliminate straight-piping. This and subsequent measures were loosely enforced. In 1996, Governor Hunt established a goal to eliminate straight-piping of untreated wastewater into western North Carolina's rivers and streams by the end of the decade. "Every child should grow up in a community with clean, safe water," Hunt says. That same year, in response to the Year of the Mountains Commission report, the North Carolina General Assembly created the Wastewater Discharge Elimination (WaDE) program, which differed significantly from earlier, essentially punitive measures. The new law provided a temporary "amnesty" for households reporting conditions violating state environmental health codes and, more important, provided technical assistance to communities wishing to take advantage of the state's Clean Water Management Trust Fund (a fund established to finance projects that address water pollution problems). Terrell Jones, the WaDE team leader, praises Madison County for being the first county to conduct a wastewater discharge survey under the new law, and he emphasizes that straight-piping, especially of gray water, is a statewide problem. Driving around Madison County, you see why wastewater problems are costly to correct. Roads wind up and down past rocky, fast-flowing streams and creeks that drain into the French Broad River, where white-water rafters come for excitement. Houses on back roads are far apart but near streams. If there's enough land suitable for a septic tank and drainage field downhill from one of those houses, a conventional septic system can be installed for about $2,000. But if wastewater has to be pumped uphill, the cost can easily reach $8,000 or more. This explains why punitive measures against straight-piping have been loosely enforced. Local officials know that even $2,000 is beyond the means of many families. Who would tell cash-strapped people-more often than not, elderly-that they had to sell or abandon their home or family farmstead because of a housing code violation? A Growing List of Partners Madison County officials decided to take the lead on a positive approach. They first turned to the Land-of-Sky Regional Council, an Asheville-based local development district that represents 19 governmental units in four Appalachian counties, including Madison. The Land-of-Sky staff took advantage of an infrastructure demonstration grant from the North Carolina Division of Community Assistance and funds from ARC to begin a wastewater survey and community-planning process. From that point, the list of partners grew rapidly. They included the DENR WaDE program, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development, the North Carolina Rural Communities Assistance Project, the state-funded Clean Water Management Trust Fund, the Pigeon River Fund, the Community Foundation of Western North Carolina, the Western North Carolina Housing Partnership, and ARC. The Madison County Health Department and Land-of-Sky took the lead locally, working with a grassroots planning committee representing a broad base of organizations, outdoor sports enthusiasts, environmental groups, and private-property owners (some of them living in homes with straight-piping). Among the decisions: to test every building in Madison County not connected to a municipal system, not just the older units. That way, no one would feel singled out, and all faulty septic systems would be spotted. "It's made the process go slower," says Heather Bullock, the Land-of-Sky regional planner assisting the project, "but it's made it better." Not all that much slower, either. By the end of September 1999, health department employees had surveyed 4,594 of an estimated 10,000 houses in Madison County. Where plumbing configurations weren't self-evident, the surveyors dropped dye tablets into sinks and toilets (different colors for each) to see if colored water emerged into a stream or septic tank area. The survey identified 945 noncompliant systems (20 percent of the total). Of these, 258 were straight-piping black water; 535, gray water. Another 116 had failing septic systems, and 36 had only outhouses. The incidence of problems closely tracked household income. A welcome surprise, says Kenneth D. Ring, health director of the Madison County Health Department, was how well the inspectors were received. "The cooperation has been overwhelming," he says. Although most people with poor systems knew they had problems and wanted to correct them, some knew little or nothing about the design of their systems. For example, Ronnie Ledford, the chief building inspector and environmental health supervisor on the health department staff, recalls a visit with a man living in a mobile home. "He thought he had a septic system," Ledford says. "He had a 55-gallon drum. We found a 'black' pipe draining into a ditch line. He was very shocked. It took him some time to get his money together, but he took care of it himself." The problem all along, however, had been that too few people had been able to get the money together to take care of things for themselves. All the agencies involved chipped in to the extent their guidelines permitted. A few septic systems were renovated with Community Development Block Grant funds, but that program's rules require that any unit being renovated in any way be brought up to code in all respects-prohibitively expensive for people in housing with other problems. The USDA provided Section 504 loans and grants for eligible elderly, low-income home owners. The largest pool of money came from the Clean Water Management Trust Fund, which awarded Madison County $750,000 for a revolving loan and grant fund, plus funds for administration. Even so, setting up a workable program wasn't easy. Many low-income area residents had poor credit ratings and little collateral with which to guarantee loans. If the program's loan requirements were too tight, applicants wouldn't qualify for loans, and pollutants would continue to drain into streams; too loose, and the loan fund itself would soon drain away. Help with Funding The Madison County Revolving Loan and Grant Program was established with these concerns in mind. The program includes both grants and loans, the ratios based on household income. In determining credit-worthiness, the program coordinator looks at whether difficulties were caused by circumstances beyond the family's control, such as a medical emergency. If a loan still looks too risky, the applicant is referred to an educational program run by the nonprofit Consumer Credit Counseling Service of Western North Carolina, in Asheville. When it appeared that Madison County might lack the legal flexibility for making the needed loans, the partners turned for help to the Center for Community Self-Help, a statewide nonprofit that offers loans as a community development tool. Self-Help agreed to make the loans from its funds, using the county's fund as its collateral. This somewhat complicated arrangement gives everyone involved some freedom to maneuver. The default rate is likely to be substantially higher than a bank could tolerate, but Self-Help makes sure applicants take the loan seriously. "The goal is to clean up the water," explains Tom Barefoot, the USDA Rural Development manager for the area. "We're trying to build on what it takes to get people in [the program], not on possible failure." "This is a multi-year program," adds Marc Hunt, a loan officer with Self-Help's western North Carolina regional office. "We say, ' Work on your credit and get back on the list in a few months.' We don't want to enable consumers to develop bad habits." Contracts were let this fall for installing the first batch of new septic systems (not counting a handful of early projects). By the end of the year 2000, Madison County hopes to have replaced 130 straight-pipes. The benefits will be both tangible and intangible. First of all, the streams of Madison County, some of which flow into a river providing drinking water for towns downstream, will be cleaner. That has important health and economic benefits for an area increasingly attractive to both outdoor recreationalists and people planning to build homes away from cities. Ironically, in some jurisdictions, worries about "image" have been a factor in unwillingness to deal more aggressively with straight-piping. "Madison County recognized an opportunity," says Barefoot, "and they had the courage to act. It's not always a politically safe decision." Marc Hunt agrees: "Many rural counties have similar situations. Any one of them could have done it, but Madison County took the lead." Governor Hunt also has praise for the county. "I am proud of everyone involved in Madison County's work to find and fix straight-piping problems in a cooperative effort. This will only help our economic development, our public health, and our environment. But most of all, we're helping to make sure our children can grow up in a community with clean, safe water." The various public and private partners involved hope that Madison County's experience will become a model for other counties. There have been expressions of interest from county officials inside and outside the Appalachian areas of the state. "It's really incredible to me," says Jody Lovelace, a community development specialist with USDA Rural Development, "how we've been able to pull this together. Everyone said, 'Let's not just clean up the water. Let's help these folks develop financial responsibility and financial pride.' " For the individual households involved, there are direct benefits. Some will have a chance to build or improve a credit history. Most will benefit at least somewhat from improved property values. All, of course, will be glad to be rid of septic systems that back up or of the unpleasant and potentially dangerous discharge of wastewater of any kind near their homes. "It's a health hazard," Elizabeth Thomas says. The Thomases, who were defeated by waterlogged soil when they tried to replace their old system years earlier, this time received help from a neighbor. He agreed to let them install a septic tank on his vacant field, downhill and off to one side of their house. "He's a good neighbor," William Thomas says. That pretty much sums up what Madison County, Land-of-Sky, and their various partners have accomplished. The straight-pipe elimination project began with a blue-ribbon commission's straight talk about an old problem. It's grown into a program that gives everyone involved-from agency officials to rural people living in houses built by their grandparents many decades ago-a chance to prove that they can be good neighbors to each other. Fred D. Baldwin is a freelance writer based in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

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2,652

Wednesday 15 May Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) Philippine duck fact file - Find out more - Print factsheet Philippine duck description With its rusty-cinnamon head and bluish-grey bill, the Philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. The cinnamon coloured head is boldly decorated with a black crown and a black stripe through the eye, while the rest of the plumage is brownish-grey. When in flight, a well-defined patch of glossy green on the wing can be clearly seen (2), which is bordered with black and has a narrow white edge (3), and the underside of the wing is also white (2). Immature Philippine ducks have slightly duller plumage than that of adults, while ducklings are olive-brown with a bright yellow face and neck (2). It calls with a typical duck-like quack (3). - Length: 48 – 58 cm (2) Philippine duck biology This shy and nervous species, which will quickly fly off if approached, may be seen in large flocks outside of the breeding season, but usually occurs in pairs or small groups (2). The breeding season is thought to extend between March and November, with a peak in activity in July and August, although this may vary throughout the range (2). The Philippine duck constructs a nest obscured from view under a thick cover of aquatic vegetation, such as water bindweed. Clutches consist of 8 to 10, sometimes 15 to 16, eggs, which are dull white with a brownish tinge. These are incubated for 25 to 26 days (2). Most active in the early morning, late afternoon, and during moonlit nights, the Philippine duck forages in shallow water for plants, molluscs and crustaceans (2). Fish and frogs may also be consumed, as well as insects, rice and the shoots of young plants; some farmers have complained of the damage this duck had done to newly sown fields and sprouting crops (4).Top Philippine duck rangeTop Philippine duck habitat The Philippine duck can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including small streams in forests, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, tidal creeks, and the open sea (2) (4). It prefers areas with marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres (2).Top Philippine duck status Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).Top Philippine duck threats Hunting and habitat loss pose the greatest threat to the Philippine duck’s survival, and evidence from the last 20 years suggest that numbers are declining (2). Since the 1960s, high levels of hunting and trapping of this species have been recorded, with thousands allegedly shot each week in certain months in the late 1980s (3), for both food and sport (5). Many wetland habitats of the Philippines have been drained, or converted for aquaculture and shrimp- or fish-ponds (3) (5). Most devastating to this species was the drainage of Candaba Marsh in the 1990s, which was once one of the most important sites for the Philippine duck, but is now too dry to support a large population (5). The recent extensive use of pesticides on rice-fields may also have had serious impacts on the Philippine duck (3).Top Philippine duck conservation The Philippine duck receives legal protection at five locations, including Lake Naujan National Park on Mindoro and Maria Aurora Memorial Natural Park on Luzon (3). In addition, hunting of all bird species is illegal in the Philippines, with the government banning firearms in 1972, although unfortunately, this law lacks enforcement (3) (5). Education and awareness programmes are required to enable local people to understand the effects of hunting on birds and the relevant laws (5). Further protection of the Philippine’s wetlands is also essential for this species’ survival; for example, the protection and restoration of Candaba Marsh has been recommended (3).Top Find out more For further information on the conservation of the Philippines’ wetlands see: - Society of the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands: For more information on this and other bird species please see: - BirdLife International: AuthenticationThis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: [email protected] - The cultivation of marine or freshwater food fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. - Diverse group of arthropods (a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles. - A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - A diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth (the radula), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. Includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. - IUCN Red List (April, 2008) - Kear, J. (2005) Ducks, Geese and Swans. Oxford University Press, Oxford. - BirdLife International (April, 2008) - BirdLife International. (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. - Crosby, M.J. (2003) Saving Asia’s Threatened Birds: A Guide for Government and Civil Society. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends. Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors. 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1,836

Hanging Temple (Xuankong Si) Heng Shan (Bei Yue), Shanxi Heng Shan is one of five sacred Daoist mountains, climbed by emperors to seek blessings from the time of Qin Shi Huang onwards. The spectacular Hanging Temple was first built by the Northern Wei, although its present structures only date from the Qing Dynasty. The long poles, that seem to prop up its buildings, are more for visual effect. The temple is actually cut into the side of the rock, with additional support from cantilevered floor beams that have been socketed into the cliff (closeup). Xuankong is religiously eclectic. Of the three major halls seen here, the leftmost is Buddhist, the middle is Daoist, and the rightmost is Confucian.

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166

The 1913 Armory Show: Much Ado About Everything In the 1940s, modern art came to New York. Jackson Pollock dripped shimmering skeins of paint onto capacious canvases. Mark Rothko constructed sublime floating rectangles of diaphanous color while Willem de Kooning mutilated the female form using frenzied brushstrokes loaded with frighteningly vivid hues. Gone were explicit references to the figurative, recognizable perspective, and narrative- in their place were amorphous shapes, splashes, drips, and “zips.” This new art, “abstract expressionism” as it was deemed by a critic, did not spring up in a vacuum; it was possible because modern art had already come to New York almost thirty years earlier. In 1913, a single exhibition changed the face of American art forever. The International Exhibition of Modern Art, known as the Armory Show, endeavored to combine the newest and most striking examples of European art with their American counterparts in a magnificent, unparalleled show. It has often attracted general attention and scholarly analysis for its impact on the abstract expressionists of the forties. It was by declaring New York a contender in the modern art milieu, by exposing American artists to the artistic movements of cubism, post-impressionism, and fauvism, and by ultimately legitimating such aesthetic practices that post-WWII artists in America began to subvert, deny, challenge, and transform the prevailing notions of what was considered “good” or “true” art. However, the Armory Show is also fascinating for its reception in its own day- for how the press and public reacted to the shocking paintings that hung on the walls of the 69th Infantry Regiment Armory. The shocking nature of the show facilitated intense media interest and widespread curiosity; newspaper accounts and editorials ranged from commending to condemning and varied from tacit approval to virulent disparagement. The press coverage reveals the Armory Show as a disruption to the predominant aesthetic discourse, but one that was ultimately welcome and necessary. An understanding of the impact of the Armory Show requires a familiarity with the narrative of American art. The earliest American masters painted luminous, crisp portraits of political leaders and New England families. John Singleton Copley earned a name for himself by painting the likenesses of Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and the Winthrop family. His contemporary Benjamin West drew from the European history painting heritage to construct images of grandeur, solemnity, and dignity. As the Revolution gave birth to a republic, Charles Wilson Peale, Emmanuel Leutze, and Gilbert Stuart immortalized its leaders with heroicized, romantic portraits and depictions of their wartime exploits. In the 1800s, the country was enthralled with the vast, unexplored lands in the West, promulgating “Manifest Destiny” to travel, populate, and tame the beguiling wilderness. Artists responded accordingly, depicting jagged, monumental mountains, serenely still pools and rushing waters, dense and dark thickets of pines, brilliant sunsets, and astonishing cloud formations. Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Cole, Frederick Church, and Asher Brown Durand exemplified the American adaptation of European romanticism, forever immortalizing the hopes their countrymen had for the unsettled wilderness of the West. New England luminist artists like Martin Johnson Heade, Fitz Hugh Lane, and John Frederick Kensett placidly depicted the coasts, harbors, isolated dunes, and stately ships that heralded both a vibrant shipping trade and a quiet coastal lifestyle on the shores of the Atlantic. As the forests and empty territories disappeared and cities began to achieve prominence, art looked to the urban world. Monuments arose in cities, buildings grew taller and grander, and occasionally a brash realism seeped into the canvases of the late 19th century. Thomas Eakins, John Sloan, George Luks, and Winslow Homer shied away from John Singer Sargent’s radiant, mildly impressionistic society portraits to illustrate ironworkers, rowing competitions, playing children, and grappling wrestlers. At the turn of the century, the National Academy of Design (NAD) was the most influential presence in the American art scene, if the word “scene” can be employed to describe the loose grouping of painters and sculptors. NAD was a fundamentally conservative and elitist association of artists that held annual exhibitions of primarily European art. The leaders of NAD were exceedingly slow to accept new styles or subjects; many small organizations tried to challenge its narrow-mindedness but found it impossible to truly construct an alternative to the virtual hegemony of the Academy. It was in this context that the first strains of modern art began to subtly seep into the canvases of some American painters. John Marin and Arthur Dove began using sheer washes of color in the first decade of the 20th century, the former using watercolors to frenetically paint the Brooklyn Bridge in cool tones of blue and green and the latter painting abstract, organic shapes in rich Fauvist color. Most American artists, however, were still grounded in realism; many had not even seen what their European counterparts had been up to for the past decades. Landscapes, society portraits, and city scenes (like those of the “Ashcan” painters) were commonplace. New York as an art capital lagged far behind Paris and Berlin with little gallery space, few if any sales for modern painters and sculptors, and the conservative dominating presence of the NAD. It should not be surprising, then, that the Armory Show caused an impact. The state of American art before 1913 was assuredly not modern. The few artists that experimented with such strategies, like Marin, Dove, and Max Weber, were subject to derision. The environment was decidedly inhospitable for abstraction and distortion of the traditional hallmarks of successful painting, especially while the NAD was presiding atop the art world. Something had to be done to bring the vanguard of European art to America and support the few American artists who were discontented with the state of affairs. A group of American painters and sculptors, including Henry Fitch Taylor, Walt Kuhn, Arthur B. Davies, Walter Pach, and William Glackens, decided to take action. They formed the Association for American Painters and Sculptors (AAPS) in 1912 and elected Davies president. In a personal letter to his wife, Kuhn wrote: My idea about the new society is this: a big broad liberal organization embracing every kind of art, even those which I do not like, one that will interest the public…the thing must be started so that it can grow and be as big or bigger than the academy within two or three years. Almost immediately, ideas for a grand exhibition began germinating in the members’ minds. Some had participated in the wildly successful “Independents” show in 1910 that sought to combat the NAD’s influence by showcasing the work of early American modernists. The AAPS was far more ambitious and began looking abroad to discover the origins, impetus, and current practices of modernism in art. The Sonerbund exhibition in Cologne was just what the men had been looking for- Kuhn immediately flew to Germany and caught the exhibition right before it closed. His letters to his wife are characterized by enthusiasm and excitement for his task- he worked feverishly with dealers, collectors, and artists, and traveled extensively. He picked up many of the most significant Post-Impressionists like Cezanne, van Gogh, and Gauguin, met the nervous but pulchritudinous Edvard Munch (unfortunately only one of Munch’s drawings would be featured in the show), became enthralled with the work of Odilon Redon, and subsequently traveled to the art capitals of Paris and Munich. Davies met Kuhn abroad and the two continued the business of collecting the most striking examples of the European avant-garde for the show. Davies, who was more conversant with the developments occurring in European painting, was responsible for the few examples of German Expressionism- one Kandinsky, one Kirchner- that made it into the exhibition. The two also gathered up astonishing examples of Cubism, as seen in the work of Picasso, Braque, and Duchamp; Impressionist masters like Monet and Renoir; the Italian Futurist work of Brancusi; and the Fauvist canvases of Matisse. The trip was extremely successful in amassing most of the remarkable collection that the show would feature. Kuhn’s letters reveal his sentiments on the state of art at home and abroad. He felt both that “we have not been able to judge at home what this thing over here really means. The few imitators we knew, could not do justice to it. You have no idea of the enormity of it” and that “the more I get about the more I feel that New York is the coming place for art and every thing else.” The statements might seem contradictory, but they exemplify the burgeoning discourse concerning contemporary art’s future. Indeed, the best and most avant-garde art was in Europe, but New York was beginning to awaken to such currents and would, in time, become the art capital of the world. Kuhn’s words were quite prescient. Once back in New York, the AAPS began to confront the logistical elements of setting up their exhibition. Along with the help of Clara Davidge, owner of the Madison Art Gallery, one of the strikingly small number of public galleries that exhibited modern art, they booked the Sixty-Ninth Regiment’s Armory on Lexington and 24th/25th streets and began fundraising. The exhibition space was “a vast, high-ceilinged space, a parade ground without internal walls that paintings could be hung on. So the organizers used screens covered in fireproof burlap, dividing the floor into eighteen octagonal rooms- a maze inside a cavernous hall.” Davidge planned the opening reception and used her social ties to ensure that the guest list was dazzling and exhaustive. The more than 1300 works of art were hung in only two days, an extremely impressive feat. The show officially opened on February 17th, 1913 and ran until March 15th when it then traveled to Chicago and Boston. The show represented more than three hundred artists, with one-third American and the rest foreign. The main European movements were covered- Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, and Symbolism. As previously mentioned, only a few German Expressionist paintings were exhibited. Futurism was represented by Brancusi, but eventually the press would ignorantly begin to deem all of the most “confusing” modern works Futurist pieces even though they were expressly incongruent with that particular movement. The American artists shown are recognizable names in the present day, but were mostly unknowns in the art world when they were featured in the Armory Show. They included Marsden Hartley, John Marin, Joseph Stella, Edward Hopper, Stuart Davis, and Charles Sheeler. The New York Ashcan School was well represented, but their individual artistic style was perhaps the most provincial and outdated compared to the European works hanging nearby. At the exhibition’s formal opening, John Quinn presented a speech that deserves to be printed at length, effectively detailing what the AAPS was intending to accomplish with the Armory Show: - The members of this association have shown you that American artists- young American artists, that is- do not dread, and have no need to dread, the idea or culture of Europe. They believe that in the domain of art only the best should rule. This exhibition will be epoch making in the history of American art. Tonight will be the red-letter night in the history not only of American but of all modern art. The members of the Association felt that it was time the American people had an opportunity to see and judge for themselves concerning the work of the Europeans who are creating a new art. Now that the exhibition is a fact, we can say with pride that it is the most complete art exhibit that has been held in the world during the last quarter century. Now that an overview of American art and the factual basis to the Armory Show have been discussed, it is necessary to delve into the press accounts of the show to discover how it was received during its day. The newspaper and magazine articles do much to elucidate the surprise, shock, confusion, and excitement felt when the show debuted in New York. Almost all of the major newspapers had something to say about it the day it opened, and many devoted space in subsequent weeks to different opinions, new controversies, and further attempts to understand what was being shown. An analysis of the media coverage can begin with looking at first impressions of the show. The New York Sun was particularly devoted to covering the Armory Show. An article was published the Sunday before the show opened entitled “Notable International Art Show Now Ready.” The reviewer eagerly expressed his desire for the show to open, noting that “nothing so ambitious has been attempted before.” He detailed previous exhibitions that were moderately successful and endeavored to bring European art to America, but explained that their overall impact was muted. The 1913 show, by contrast, “will stand alone in its special field for magnitude and importance.” He attempted to capture the reasons for putting on such a show, and succeeded- “the aim of the international show…is to stimulate our American artists by showing them what the rest of the advanced world is about.” He concluded that the show would no doubt be a remarkable success if the widespread interest that was already surging through New York was any measure. A discerning hypothesis indeed, but the buzz was intense and it was only logical to conclude that it would be a triumphant accomplishment for the AAPS. Unsurprisingly, two days later the Sun had only glowing accolades to offer its readers clamoring for information on the exhibition. The headline announced “International Art Show A Sensation: An Extraordinary Array.” The reviewer opened his article by proclaiming, “sensational is the only word to apply to the international art show” and the AAPS have “wrought something very like a miracle.” He felt that there was a refreshing lack of agenda or desire for controversy, that the organizers merely wanted their viewers to make up their own minds concerning the relative merits of the paintings and sculptures on display. A tour of sorts explained for the readers the various rooms and movements, and at times the writer lapsed into verbal reverie about certain artists. Cezanne was an object of his affection- “the still voices of these pictures come to you with something like a thrill. If the exhibition had brought nothing beyond these Cézannes to the ken of Americans in their own country, it would have been worthwhile.” Even the jarring colors of Matisse barely offended, and readers of the Sun were exhorted that the show “is an event not on any account to be missed.” The Chicago Tribune focused on the show both the day before and the actual day of opening. On February 16th, the writer, Harriet Monroe, proclaimed that the “insurgents”- a common word used to describe the more controversial artists- had come to New York and that it was a show to be seen; it “promises to be worth going miles and miles to see-and hear.” On February 17th, Monroe had a lot more to say, wavering between approbation and confusion. She began her article by noting the cosmopolitan nature of the show. She believed that it was “enthusiastic, exuberant; it offers the glad hand to any one, young or old, who has something to say in modern art.” She was ambivalent about the Cubist room, however, and offered tacit criticism mingled with amusement. The Cubists along with Matisse were likened to children, but Monroe was not too hard on them- “We cannot always tell what they mean, but at least they are having a good time.” Finally, she observed with triumph that the American works seemed to hold their own against the Europeans’. Albert Pinkham Ryder, with his dark, simple, and mysterious scenes of the sea and dusky rural pathways was a notable success. It is thus jarring to realize that Monroe’s headlines read: “Art Show Open to Freaks…American Exhibition in New York Teems with the Bizarre…All Schools Welcome…Queer Conceptions of ‘Insurgents’ Vie with Conservative’s Works.” One can only surmise that she was perhaps shocked by the art that was featured but recognized the significance of its inclusion in such a worldly, modern show of incredible proportions. The New York Tribune also mixed notes of derision with praise when it reviewed the show on February 17th. The headline encapsulated such a point of view- “A Remarkable Affair Despite Some Freakish Absurdities.” The writer clearly relished his or her addition of witticisms into the article when it came time to evaluate. One such finely-drawn critique read: “We would counsel the reader to keep his head, to beware of the swooning sophist who, without presenting any intelligible reasons for the faith that is in him, simply declares in rhapsodical fashion that this or that Post-Impressionist or Cubist work is a masterpiece.” Many of the paintings look foolish, not terrible, the reviewer wrote, and “with Picasso and the rest of the Cubists the farce grows wilder. They throw upon the canvas a queer agglomeration of line and color.” There was an evident gross pretension to some of the more extreme artists, who felt they could take all the liberties their hearts desired and distort and destroy “art.” But the Tribune’s piece was not entirely negative. The reviewer found the pictures well hung and many were aesthetically pleasing. The conclusion was that “there is rubbish in this show, but as we have said, it does not preponderate.” The New York World was a little harsher. Their headline and following comic on February 17th have since become one of the most famous and amusing lampoons of the show- “Nobody Who Has Been Drinking Is Let In To See This Show.” The sub-headline continued with- “He’d Have Bellevue for Next Stop After Futurist Art Exhibition, Scoffers Assert.” The article complained that the Futurists (as mentioned, there were basically no Futurists in the show; this was a blanket term given to the Cubists and other advanced modernists) were untutored and peculiar. The piece also related a humorous and hyperbolic anecdote (no doubt fallacious) about an elderly man who approached a John Marin painting and was disconcerted that the spectators around him were heaping lavish praise upon the piece and that somehow he had missed its import. The man “became very red in the face. He was certainly disgusted with himself. Suddenly he withdrew about a yard, placed his high silk hat on the floor, bent over and surveyed the picture between his legs. The light of understanding was in his eyes when he resumed an erect position.” The comic strip above the article did even more to poke fun at the art of the avant-garde. One small sequence entitled “The Unsuspecting Art Critic Does The Show” featured a critic in five stages of emotion ranging from contemplation to bewilderment to shock, and in the last depiction, being carted off in an ambulance to Bellevue. It was an absurd commentary, but quite representative of the style in which reporters and critics attacked the show. Confusion, bewilderment, anger, and stubbornness were ubiquitous in the reports on the Armory Show. Some reviews were vitriolic and derisive in tone, often accompanied by comic strips and little rhymes that mocked and jibed the artwork. Critics were almost as innovative in fashioning an aspersion as the artists were in composing the pictures that received them. The criticism flung at the show on its opening day did not abate as the exhibition stretched into March. First impressions of the vastness of scale, the cosmopolitan aura, and the significance of New York as a venue were not denied, but the art itself, particularly the Cubists and the rest lumped under the “Futurists,” were mercilessly attacked. An editorial in the New York Times found the art ugly and juvenile. The jumble of lines and colors and the distortions of perspective resembled “savage” art of the primitives and children, according to Bolton Brown, the writer. The repulsive art was so backward that “the formula for their production is to compel a painter to use only 2 per cent of either his knowledge or his taste.” The World’s headline on February 23rd read “Cubists and Futurists Have Reached America…They Are to Be seen at the Sixty-Ninth Regiment Armory- A Colossal Exhibit of Up-to-Date Art, Some of It Understandable.” The reviewer, Charles Henry Dorr, opened his piece with some generally flattering comments on the impressive nature of the exhibition and the credible and progressive elements of the American painters’ work. Dorr was quick to turn to the fascinatingly ambiguous works by the Cubists, however, and noted that that room was the “chief volcanic eruption” of the show. He then delved into the issue of Duchamp’s “Nude Descending a Staircase,” a controversy to be discussed momentarily. On the same day the New York Times offered a deeper analysis of the show, delineating the progression of the featured art from the earliest piece of Ingres to the most contemporary work by Picasso, Matisse, and Duchamp. The first paragraph equated the sheer force of the Post-Impressionist and Cubist works to a cacophony of bass drums and violins playing simultaneously, succinctly stating that the exhibition “makes a lot of noise.” The critical analysis was relatively straightforward but shifted in tone when Matisse was reached. The reviewer concluded that Matisse’s work exhibited many defects, all the more disconcerting because his canvases overwhelmingly relied upon the basic structure of the human form as their subjects. The eschewing of psychology in the paintings was repellant, but the reviewer concluded, perhaps to his chagrin, that Matisse had indeed allowed younger artists to become looser and freer with color and planes. Harriet Monroe, the writer for the Chicago Tribune, included an anecdote about an indignant American artist at the show, who exclaimed, “I can’t see why this person is tolerated!…I believe the critics don’t dare speak the truth about abominable monstrosities…he ought to be pilloried!” One of the most ridiculous and colorfully outrageous critical reviews of the Armory Show was printed in the New York Herald, entitled “Flying Wedge of Futurists Armed with Paint and Brush Batters Line of Regulars in Terrific Art War.” The entire commentary used the analogy of war between the modernists and the conservatives, opening with “General Sherman was right. War is all he said it was and then some.” The modern artists- the “Futurists”- were against the traditional artists- the “regulars.” J.A. Fitzgerald, the writer, equates some of the modern paintings with the sanguinary battlefield scenes of war, stating, “the bleeding pictures that line the walls, every line indicating the awful agony of the artist, are shrieking evidence of the ferocity of the struggle.” The war motif continues- “Armed to the teeth with brushes and pencils, the rival factions are attacking each other’s artistic ideas at every opportunity.” The Cubist room was likened to a psychopathic ward because of the violent colors, frenzied brushstrokes, and off-kilter perspective. Fitzgerald then ruminated on the hypothetical scenario of an individual asking a Futurist to paint their portrait, derisively sneering, “you may not be a prize beauty now, but what a futurist would make of you would be a shock that you couldn’t possibly survive.” The review ends with Fitzgerald’s adaptation of the everyman, first-person point-of-view to describe a trip through the galleries where the titles of the works contemplated vastly differed from what one’s eyes thought they glimpsed. When a title was actually illustrated by that which it suggested, the joy of the spectators was unbounded. One painting of a cow with an apposite title caused one man to celebrate for seven minutes. “ ‘I was afraid it was going to be a bridge or something like that,’ he explained. ‘If it hadn’t turned out to be a cow I was going right down to Bellevue to reserve a place in the observation pavilion.” Fitzgerald’s piece was accompanied by comic drawings poking fun at the artwork. Comic strips were remarkably popular in the first few decades of the 20th century and were frequently utilized by the critics of the Armory Show to further illustrate their concern and frustration with the seemingly incomprehensible paintings. One mild-mannered example showed an elderly woman with a large quilt on her lap and was labeled “The Original Cubist.” Another showed a well-dressed couple looking at a drawing by Abel Faivre with the woman asking, “Perhaps it is a map of the Balkan Mountains?” Yet another took familiar scenes of the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, and Chambers Street and redid them in the style of the newest artists; the finished scenes are unsurprisingly messy and unappealing. A similar one above the headline “Extreme Art Draws Crowd at Opening” featured a street scene of New Yorkers on their way to the exhibition, depicted in weird, unnatural shapes and in odd situations, as in the horse-drawn carriage actually being pulled by a giraffe-like creature. In one called “The New Art,” a painter composed a painting by flinging a hammer at it, using a rapier to spread paint, spraying it with essence of garlic, and using his feet to add detail; in the final square he stood proudly behind the composition and deemed it “The Kneeling Woman.” Finally, a barnyard scene showed a hen standing proudly above her nest with three eggs in it. They were no ordinary eggs, however- the caption to the comic read “The Latest in Easter Eggs.” The eggs were, in fact, multifaceted cubist shapes. Little ditties were also written to disparage the Armory Show, many of them clever, many painfully unfunny. One lively one read: I called the canvas Cow with cud And hung it on the line, Altho’ to me ‘twas vague as mud, ‘Twas clear to Gertrude Stein. Another humorous one called “A Post Impression” went like: Awful lack of technique Awful lot of paint Makes a Cubist picture Look like what it ain’t. Writers clearly spared no excess of humor or creativity in fashioning responses to the show. The exhibition even attracted notice and elicited a response from Theodore Roosevelt, the former president. In a lengthy article in The Outlook after the show had closed, Roosevelt denigrated the pieces of modern art he had seen. He did not dismiss the necessity of bringing European art to America for her citizens to examine, but heartily disagreed with the AAPS on the merits of such art. He felt that the modern aesthetic did not necessarily mean life and progress but that such changes in the visual arts could instead embody death and retrogression. He succinctly averred, “probably we err in treating most of these pictures seriously.” Although the lack of banalities in all of the work featured pleased Roosevelt, “this does not in the least mean that the extremists whose paintings and pictures were represented are entitled to any praise, save, perhaps, that they have helped to break fetters.” It was not that Roosevelt decried forward-thinking artists, but he was quick to turn his nose up at the ones who seemed to be part of a radical fringe. Like previously mentioned newspaper critiques, he thought that they exemplified a regression. He marveled at the inability of the artists to portray man in any realistic manner, equating them with the Paleolithic artists of caves. He even poked fun at the names “Futurists” and “Cubists” by writing, “there is no reason that people should not call themselves Cubists, or Octagonists, Parallelopipedonists, or Knights of the Isosceles Triangle, or Brothers of the Cosine, if they so desire.” His concluded his review in a manner not dissimilar from other critics at the time. The Armory Show was valuable not for the examples of the European art themselves, but for the influence they had upon American artists, who profited from the exuberant modernist tendencies of the Europeans and strove to create work of heightened line, color, and originality. As a sort of side note, Roosevelt was not the only critic extremely impressed by American efforts. Although it may not immediately appear to be a point worth dissecting with any great analytical effort, the fierce approbation of American artists was in fact oftentimes an insult to the Europeans and a subtle denial of the validity of modern art. Hindsight and more astute critics in 1913 recognized that the European works were actually far superior to those of the Americans, some of whose efforts were indeed brilliant but most whose paintings were vastly inferior. The New York Times published an article pointing to the influence of the European school and the perceivable preeminence of the Americans: - Beneath the superficial resemblance lies, so far as we have observed, in almost every instance that spirit of moral reticence which is peculiar to America and differs entirely from the moral anxiety of the English spirit as it is revealed in the arts and, of course, still more from the sincere concerns of the modern European schools with primitive forces. The writer may have been essentially correct in his observation of the psychological concerns that plagued the European artists, but it is precisely those elements of moral contention that elevated their art and made most of the American paintings in the show look timid, tame, and placid. The piece of art that was absolutely the furthest from timorousness and garnered the most virulent criticism, disdain, wonder, and bafflement was Marcel Duchamp’s cubist “Nude Descending a Staircase.” After the Armory Show opened, it was only a short amount of time before that particular work captured New York’s attention and became a sort of rallying point for those who questioned the legitimacy of the modernist aesthetic. To contemporary eyes, it was an inscrutable, messy composition that was the furthest thing from “real” art that could possibly be imagined. The critics heartily embraced the discourse of disparagement and pulled out all of the stops. In the “Topics of the Times” section of the New York Times, Duchamp’s work was discussed. It “looks like almost anything except a nude descending a staircase, and most- though not much- like an explosion in a shingle mill.” The painting was then compared to the fairy tale of “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” with Duchamp apparently trying to convince his audience that there was indeed a picture there when there really was not. In Charles Henry Dorr’s review for the World, “ ‘Nu Descendant un Escalier,’ by Duchamp, is decidedly a puzzle of the cubist variety. It suggests an elevated railroad stairway in ruins after an earthquake.” The World, in the same sarcastic article about the need for Bellevue after looking at Futurist art, examined Duchamp. It stated, “a reporter for a newspaper that cares nothing about art surveyed the picture. He saw nothing but what resembled an explosion in a lumber yard. Had he known French the inscription would have informed him that the painting was of a nude person descending a ladder.” The Chicago Daily Tribune offered another analysis: “[The painting] looks like a pack of brown cards in a nightmare or a dynamited suit of Japanese armor.” A popular comic in the Evening Sun depicted a manic frenzy of people in a diagonal line across the picture plane and deemed it “The Rude Descending a Staircase (Rush Hour at the Subway).” The press was remarkably clever with their explanations of the content of the painting: “A lot of disused golf clubs and bags,” “an assortment of half-made leather saddles,” “an orderly heap of broken violins,” “an academic painting of an artichoke,” “a staircase descending a nude.” Few reviewers had anything good to say about the work, but there were some who were not completely taken aback by Duchamp’s audacity. One moderately positive piece about the “sensation of all sensations” was published in the Hartford Courant, saying, “this picture, at first glance, seems to represent what one might see at the upsetting of a tinware shop…[but] as a picture puzzle this canvas is a great success, and as an artistic design it is highly interesting, and even beautiful.” By the middle of March the Armory Show was preparing to close down and move to the Art Institute of Chicago. The media interest had been extreme, the attendance phenomenal, the sales impressive. Some reporters and critics had pleasant things to say about the show, even amidst the proliferation of negativism. One synthesis of opinions proclaimed, “we can hardly escape a sense of the vital nature of the exhibition. If it represents an aberration, it represent a worldwide aberration.” In the article a Mr. Laurvik was quoted as saying, “Realism is receiving its death blow and individualism is asserting itself once more. And the new art which is arousing so much discord and opposition is an expression of this self-assertion, of this effort of the individual to emerge from the mass.” A Mr. Hoeber felt the show had extreme historical significance, while a Mr. Borglum explained to his audience, “Do you know what’s the matter with American art today? We’re timid. Americans haven’t any aesthetic courage.” The Armory Show was a way to release the inhibitions of American artists. The Sun noted the intense public appeal of the show: - Nothing like this exhibition in point of its appeal to public interest has been seen in the town in way of an art show, according to veterans of the game. Not only the 25 cent afternoon and evening hours have been crowded, but the armory has been well filled also in the mornings from 10 to 12 when the admittance fee is $1. The Sun even contributed another article to the pantheon of Armory Show press on the day after the show left New York, with the headline “Cubists Migrate; Thousands Mourn.” The title smacked of subtle sarcasm, but the article gave a straightforward account of the show’s popularity, pointing to impressive sales and attendance and the genuine interest stirred up by the artwork. One media attendee remembered that closing night was the “wildest, maddest, most intensely excited crowd that ever broke decorum in any scene that I have witnessed…everyone came to witness the close, and the audience created a show equally as phenomenal as the exhibition itself.” A straightforward account of the Armory Show’s actual press coverage from 1913 cries out for some sort of explanation, some summary of what it all meant- what the negativity, befuddlement, and delight said about the American and European art worlds and the American public. It is abundantly clear that newspaper reporters and art critics did not always understand the new work and oftentimes refused to even attempt to do so. It was seen as an example of moral degeneracy or capricious absurdity. When viewed in light of the tradition of American art, it was a dramatic break. Only a few of the American artists featured in the show, including Stuart Davis, John Marin, and Marsden Hartley, were involved with the modernist aesthetic. The others like the members of the Ashcan School were blatant examples of America’s realist tendencies and reluctance to experiment with color, perception, and theory; these artists were favored by critics who disliked the avant-garde art. By contrast, the European “isms” were bold forays into uncharted territories, challenging antiquated notions and values. The European artists were demanding that their viewers contemplate the work with a more penetrating eye and open their minds to the heightened optical and theoretical possibilities that their work offered. To have such pieces of art in New York was seen as a great honor and as a sign of New York’s future importance in the art world. This fact above all else shines through even the most critical and disparaging writings on the Armory Show- the fact that for an exhibition of this magnitude and popularity and success to come to New York signaled America’s growing legitimacy as a purveyor of culture. Most of the critics grudgingly admitted that the show was impressive and grand despite their dislike for some of the art hung on the walls. The show’s success with the public was also difficult to ignore. The best estimate is that over 87,000 people attended the show. It also made a copious amount of money and most of the art sold amazingly well to American galleries and institutions. Like most examples of art that seem absurd or frightening or novel, it did not take long for their ideas to seep into the work of American artists and come to be respected by the public. The Europeans’ approach to the visual arts inspired American artists to break through the boundaries that previously constricted them. In the two decades that followed the show, artists like Georgia O’Keefe and Charles Demouth emerged, blending colors into abstract compositions of stunning grace and vibrancy. Stuart Davis and Marsden Hartley continued their experimentation with modernism; their canvases of the 1920s and 1930s were eye-poppingly bright, busy, and mesmerizing. And of course, the artists of the 1940s and 1950s who were mentioned much earlier were absolutely indebted to the Armory Show’s introduction of cutting-edge examples of avant-garde painting and sculpture. Without the path-breaking works of Picasso, Duchamp, and Matisse crossing the Atlantic, it is difficult perhaps to imagine the abstract expressionist’s total engagement with paint, perception, and abstraction. The press coverage in 1913, while often over-the-top and ignorant, did indeed have a sort of prescient understanding of the Armory Show’s monumentality. There was no way the reviewers could have known for sure that thirty years later men like Pollock and de Kooning would be looking at the show for inspiration as they created their art, but they most certainly were aware of its historic significance and the scary but exhilarating fact that American art could not and would not ever be the same again.

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8,301

1. What is sequestration? A: Sequestration is a fiscal policy procedure adopted by Congress to deal with the federal budget deficit. Simply put, sequestration is the cancellation of previously approved spending— an automatic form of spending cuts. As modified by the fiscal cliff deal passed by Congress January 1, sequestration will take effect March 1, 2013 but impose cuts over a period of nine years, 2013–2021. Some federal programs are called “mandatory” and are mostly spared from sequestration. However, the rest of the government, the so-called “discretionary” programs, are subject to significant cuts starting in 2013 that will be divided between nondefense spending ($700 billion) and defense spending ($500 billion). 2. Why is sequestration happening now? A: A law passed by Congress and signed by the president in August 2011 created a Congressional supercommittee to deal with the federal budget deficit and pass a package of spending cuts by Thanksgiving. As an incentive for Democrats and Republicans to reach agreement, the law contains the threat of the across-the-board cuts (sequestration) if the deadline arrived and the deal wasn’t struck. Congress failed to reach agreement, thus triggering sequestration in January 2013. 3. Can sequestration be stopped? A: Yes. Although sequestration is the law right now, Congress can pass another law that would repeal it. However, additional spending cuts would most likely be required to replace the automatic cuts. Last year, the House and Senate proposed legislation that would have replaced the sequester, but would also have imposed dramatically deeper cuts to education and all other nondefense discretionary programs. For example, a House-passed Republican bill would have prevented any cuts to defense by increasing the cuts to domestic programs, including education, by $19 billion. The president’s FY13 budget proposal also would have eliminated the need for sequestration by reducing government spending in most areas (although it proposed a slight increase in education spending). 4. What can I do? A: Send messages to your senators and representative urging them to repeal sequestration. First, use the Sequestration Effect Calculator on the sequestration page to determine the dollar amount of cuts that your school budget or programs will face if sequestration is not repealed. Then, go to the Action Center and use the figure generated by the calculator to customize the e-mail message to your lawmakers. ^ Return to top.

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510

Volume 19, Issue 1 (January 1974) Methadone—A Cause of Death The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in the use of methadone in the United States, predominantly as a method of treating narcotic addiction. Concomitant with this has been a proportionate rise in the number of deaths in which methadone is either the cause of death or an incidental toxicologic finding. This indicates an increasingly wide-spread abuse of methadone. In Philadelphia, for example, there were only 4 deaths related to methadone between 1967 and 1969. The number rose dramatically in 1970 to 22, in 1971 to 27, and in the first 10 months of 1972 to 37. Of those deaths in 1972, 17 were directly attributable to methadone, 15 were attributable to a combination of methadone and one or more other narcotic and dangerous drugs, and 5 were due to causes other than drugs but methadone was found by postmortem toxicology.

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202

A collective biography of the nine children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, who included King Edward VII; Victoria, Princess Royal, later Empress Frederick; and Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh Buy your copy! Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort, had nine children. Despite different characters and temperaments, they always remained a closely-knit, mutually supportive family group. Some married into European royal families and experienced the painful division of loyalties inevitable in the ever-changing world of 19th-century political and nationalist feeling. The life of Victoria, Princess Royal, later consort of the German Emperor Frederick III, was soured by the merciless opposition of Chancellor Bismarck and later her son, Emperor William II ('Kaiser Bill'). Similarly the marriage of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to a Russian Grand Duchess, gave Britain a dynastic alliance with a country whom she had defeated in the Crimean War, and nearly cause her to take up arms against her old enemy once more. Even the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, inadvertently provoked German anger by taking a Danish princess as his bride. Yet their lives were not totally dominated by political controversy. All made their own contributions to public life in Britain and Europe. Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, whose children included the last Tsarina of Russia, worked tirelessly throughout her tragically short life on behalf of welfare and educational services in Germany, an example which her younger sisters faithfully followed in England. Leopold, Duke of Albany, was an active patron of the arts, although he died at the early age of 31, while Arthur, Duke of Connaught, served with distinction in the army, and as Governor-General of Canada. After the death of Edward VII in 1910, the four surviving children of Queen Victoria all lived through the family tragedy of the Great War; all but one witnessed the outbreak of Hitler's conflict in 1939, It was fortunate for Vicky (the Empress Frederick), Alice (Grand Duchess of Hesse) and Affie (Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg Gotha) that they had all died at comparatively early ages, for the heartbreak of being at war with the country of their birth would surely have been too heavy a burden for them to bear. As it was, there would be distressing divisions of loyalty among the next generation. Charles, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, and Ernest, Grand Duke of Hesse, were sovereign princes in the Fatherland. Like Prince and Princess Henry of Prussia, they were on much more friendly terms with their easy-going relations in England than with the German Emperor and his sabre-rattling military entourage at the unbearably military Berlin court. But family ties counted for as little in 1914 as they had during Bismarck's ascendancy. Again, 'every family feeling was rent asunder'.

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ONE SUMMER, BOB LEHR PUSHED A VIDEOCASSETTE of “Rain Man” into his VCR. It was a movie he had put off seeing, despite Dustin Hoffman’s Oscar-winning performance as an autistic man. Sitting in the room with Lehr was his 16-year-old son, Ben, who at a young age had been classified as autistic. Currently, the Lehrs were told, he had an I.Q. of about 37 and the reasoning ability of a preschooler. Although Ben attended high school in Syracuse, he wasn’t taking academic classes, and there was no evidence that he could read or understand arithmetic. His vocabulary was limited, and some of the things he said made no sense at all — they seemed to be random phrases picked up from television and school. Over the years Ben had gouged himself with knives, ripped electrical sockets out of walls, taken a hatchet to the fiberglass bathtub and used his head to smash most of the windows in the house. In calmer moods, Ben liked to stare at objects, like tape-recorder reels, or stand at the kitchen sink, running the water through his fingers for hours. When Raymond Babbitt, the Hoffman character, appeared on the screen, Ben rocked back and forth, moaned and hit the side of his neck, until his father grabbed a nearby laptop computer and asked, “Is there something you want to say?” With his hand resting on Bob’s for support, Ben typed out, “That man is autistic.” Ben was using “facilitated communication,” a writing technique introduced to the United States from Australia in late 1989 by Douglas Biklen, director of the division of special education and rehabilitation at Syracuse University. As the name suggests, it is not a cure for autism but an aid to communication: a parent or teacher supports the arm of an autistic person as he or she types out messages on a keyboard, using the hunt-and-peck method. In the Syracuse area, 45 autistic children and adults using facilitated communication are expressing their feelings and helping explain some of the enigmatic behaviors associated with autism. Autism is characterized by, among other things, an inability to feel love or form social attachments, a lack of self-awareness, mental retardation, difficulty understanding speech and an inability to grasp abstract concepts or symbols. Biklen’s researchers, however, are finding that some people who have been labeled unteachable can read, write, calculate and do schoolwork appropriate for their age. Preschoolers use facilitation to tattle on classmates, and teen-age boys try to find out if girls are interested in them. At their keyboards, students write poetry, tell lies and even crack jokes. When Ben Lehr was asked, as part of his biology homework, to name two causes of high blood pressure, he answered, “Cholesterol and tests.” At home, Ben has been using the keyboard to try to help his family understand his behavior. He attempts to describe the difference between being the gentle, likable young man so fondly regarded by his teachers and many friends, and being capable of such anger that it frightens him. It’s not “Ben” who causes such damage and pain, he has spelled out, but “host,” a term his sister Penny guesses came from his biology classes. Explaining host seems excruciating for Ben; in one two-hour session he ekes out the typing while screaming, banging his head on the floor, biting himself and hitting his mother, Sue, and his sister Sherry. Facilitation has given Ben and others a voice, not a cure. It is therefore profoundly encouraging and profoundly frustrating. “What the students are telling us is that they don’t want to have autism, and that they want to be able to talk,” Biklen says. “And these are things that are probably not going to change.” BIKLEN’S WORK IN SYRACUSE HAS ALREADY challenged the traditional understanding of autism. If it can be applied to a broader group of autistic people, facilitated communication could upset a half-century of thought about this baffling cluster of disabilities. Before 1943, when Leo Kanner, a child psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University, published the first systematic description of the disorder in a medical journal called Nervous Child, autism was generally regarded as “childhood schizophrenia” or “childhood psychosis.” Kanner’s term, “infantile autism,” pointed to the child’s apparent preference to dwell in a self-generated world rather than form relationships with other people. And for decades, such withdrawal was blamed on insufficiently nurturing parents, popularly called “refrigerator mothers.” Then in his 1964 book “Infantile Autism,” Bernard Rimland, founder of the Autism Society of America and director of the Autism Research Institute, argued that the causes of autism were neurological, not psychological. He cited, among other things, studies in which sets of identical twins were found to be autistic — while other siblings are almost never autistic, despite being raised in the same home. Other leaders in the field, notably Bruno Bettelheim, continued to treat autism primarily as a mental illness. Even today the precise physical cause of autism remains elusive. Two hypotheses currently lead the pack: it may be a result of excess levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, or underdevelopment of the brain. In the meantime, relatives of the autistic find themselves bombarded with new causation theories, behavior modification techniques, medications and teaching methods. Some of these have improved the lives of some people, but many have merely disappointed. Biklen initially regarded facilitated communication with skepticism. A specialist in mental retardation, he has worked for many years to integrate developmentally disabled children into mainstream classrooms, and in 1972 he helped start the nationally renowned program at Edward Smith Elementary School in Syracuse, at which developmentally disabled children attend classes with “normal” students. He first read about facilitation in a 1980 book, “Annie’s Coming Out,” written by Rosemary Crossley and Anne McDonald. McDonald was born with cerebral palsy and lived from the age of 3 in St. Nicholas Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, a state-run institution, now defunct, for severely retarded people. When Crossley, who had an undergraduate degree in humanities, became a “play leader” at the hospital in 1975, McDonald was 14 and her mental age was measured in months. Two years later, Crossley had taught her to read, and McDonald revealed a sophisticated ability to write and do math, although she required Crossley’s support on her arm to fight her powerful muscle spasms and point accurately to her answers. In 1979, McDonald successfully sued for the right to leave St. Nicholas Hospital and has lived with Crossley ever since. McDonald went on to college and published journal articles about rights of the disabled. Her case generated a white-hot controversy, with Australian psychologists and speech therapists accusing Crossley of putting words in McDonald’s hands, as it were. But the Supreme Court of the state of Victoria decided otherwise, ruling that McDonald could control her own life and finances. Five years ago, the Government recognized Crossley’s work with nonverbal people by honoring her as a Member of the Order of Australia. While giving a series of talks in 1985 on integrating the disabled into conventional schools, Biklen had dinner at Crossley’s house in Melbourne and observed facilitation in action. He had never doubted that such a technique could work for some people with cerebral palsy, many of whom have normal or above-average I.Q.’s. But a year later when he got a letter saying that Crossley was using the same technique with an autistic child, he replied perfunctorily. “They were nice people, and I didn’t want to have to say, ‘You’re crazy,’ ” he recalls. “From what I knew about autism, and I knew quite a bit, it just didn’t make sense to me.” Curious nonetheless, he revisited Australia twice, briefly in November 1988, and for six weeks in mid-1989. There he observed Crossley’s work at the DEAL (Dignity, Education and Language) Communication Center. Supported by the Government, the center has helped more than 800 people with non-speech communication. Some Australian professionals warned Biklen away from the center, calling it a hoax. But the clients Biklen saw communicating through facilitation — including people labeled autistic — erased his doubts. Among them was the autistic boy Crossley had written to Biklen about in 1986, who, she says, had been used in Australia as a benchmark of the “unteachable, unreachable autistic child with no potential.” In Biklen’s presence, with a staff member’s hand resting on his shoulder, the boy typed: “I like Dougg butt hhe is maad . . . He talks to me like I’m human.” On returning to the United States, Biklen described what he had seen in an article titled “Communication Unbound: Autism and Praxis,” which appeared in the August 1990 issue of the Harvard Educational Review. For Biklen, facilitated communication had become something more than an intriguing line of research. “It was important for me not only that I could in some way prove what I had seen,” he says. “But I also felt an absolute moral obligation to get it in place in the United States.”

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2,050

Digital Painting Fundamentals with Corel Painter 12: Draw What You See - Part 2 Make a fresh Quick Clone of the apples in a bowl. Sample a warm light brown from the wooden planks or just choose a pleasing neutral color for the paper. Use the technique for changing paper color you did earlier, or just “pour” the new color into the clone with the Paint Bucket. It won’t matter unless you erase. My motto, incidentally is “Life is short[md]don’t erase.” I actually had 500 golf pencils printed up. Make a Cloner You can turn a variant from any category into a Cloner brush instantly. All you do is click the little rubber stamp icon in the Color panel. The hue ring and value/saturation triangle will go gray, indicating that your brush is now using clone color. You can toggle regular color control back on by clicking the Rubber Stamp icon again. Instead of working with the Chalk Cloner this time, turn Square Hard Pastel from the custom palette into a Cloner, by enabling clone color. Increase its size to about 25 pixels. A Hard Pastel shows paper grain very boldly, so it’s important to choose a paper that will enhance the painting. Figure 2.18 shows three possible textures that are available in the Paper library. From left to right, they are Italian Watercolor, Coarse Cotton Canvas, and Pebble Board. You can adjust the size of the paper grain, as well as its strength, by changing the brightness and/or contrast of the paper element. Open the Papers panel, shown in Figure 2.19, to make those changes as desired. The challenge at this stage is to keep from getting too “tight” and simply reproducing the original photo. Also, it’s tempting to rely on Cloner brushes too much. Remember to take control from time to time, using colors that you actually pick yourself! A good drawing will have a focal point or two, with other sections less important. Ways to reduce the visual impact of portions of your drawing include blurring, erasing, and altering color or contrast.

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448

Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is not an age-related degenerative form of arthritis of the spine such as spondylosis, but can sometimes be treated through back surgery to relieve patients’ pain and discomfort. This is particularly true of cervical rheumatoid arthritis where nerve problems in the neck may be caused by inflammation and changes in the structure of the joints. Decompression back surgery, or cervical spinal surgery, may be able to relieve the pinched nerves and provide stability to the spine. Although the usual perception of this condition is of patients having deformities in the hands and feet, Rheumatoid Arthritis of the spine is evident in around 20% of RA patients and can cause significant disability and pain. Most patients will be given a treatment programme incorporating conservative therapies such as anti-inflammatory medications and analgesics, immuno-suppressant drugs, and physical therapy before surgery is considered for RA. The Goal of Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery If, however, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis has pain which no longer responds to medication and is suffering neurological dysfunction, or if the cervical spine is unstable, weak, and is causing myelopathy, then it is likely that surgery is required. Back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis aims to decompress the structures of the spine and remove the material causing pinched nerves or spinal cord compression; it also aims to restore or maintain spinal stability. Where spinal deformity and instability are present, back surgery for rheumatoid arthritis will usually involve some element of spinal fusion using instrumentation and bone grafts. Surgery for Rheumatoid Arthritis is more effective when done early on in the disease’s progression in order to decompress the back and remove material causing pinched nerves. As the disease becomes more virulent the chances of back surgery easing a patient’s pain or relieving their condition become less likely with diseased joints and spinal structures often osteoporotic and degenerated beyond repair. Back surgery at this stage may do more harm than good as surgical trauma can increase inflammation, raise stress levels, and affect the immune system in all patients, which can clearly have more damaging consequences for those with an inflammatory autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis. Patients will usually be given more medication to help with pain management. Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis effectively relies on catching the disease early and using appropriate therapies consistently to inhibit its progression. Are you a candidate for Rheumatoid Arthritis Back Surgery? As RA often appears between the ages of forty and sixty, when the signs of osteoarthritis might also develop, diagnosis is sometimes delayed and serious joint damage may occur prior to effective treatment being initiated. Around 1% of the population is thought to have Rheumatoid Arthritis. Symptoms to look out for include pain at the base of the skull, the neck and back, and problems with balance or irregular gait. Some Rheumatoid Arthritis sufferers may experience blackouts as the cervical spine and blood vessels are compressed by abnormal growth and inflammation. Neuropathy, with tingling in the arms and legs can also occur, and bowel or bladder incontinence indicates an urgent need for surgical intervention in some cases due to spinal cord compression. Continued Reading: Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Cervical Spine

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700

DHAKA: Calcium supplements may increase the risk of having a heart attack by two-fold and should be ‘taken with caution’, researchers say. The findings also indicate that, increasing an overall calcium intake from dietary sources confers no significant advantage in terms of staving off heart disease and stroke. Previous research has linked higher calcium intake with a decreased risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, all of which are risk factors for heart disease and stroke. Calcium supplements are commonly recommended to older people and women who have gone through the menopause to prevent bone thinning. The authors base their results on almost 24,000 participants of one of the German arms of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study in Heidelberg. All the participants aged between 35 and 64 when they joined the study in 1994-8. Normal diet for the preceding 12 months was assessed using food frequency questionnaires and they were enquired about whether they regularly took vitamin or mineral supplements. Their health was followed for an average of 11 years, during which time 354 heart attacks, 260 strokes, and 267 associated deaths occurred. After taking account of factors likely to influence the results, those whose diets included a moderate amount (820 mg daily) of calcium from all sources, including supplements, had a 31 percent lower risk of having a heart attack than those in the bottom 25 percent of calcium intake. But those with an intake of more than 1100 mg per day did not have a significantly lower risk. There was no proof that any level of calcium intake either protected against or increased the risk of stroke, which backs up the findings of other research, say the authors. But when the analysis looked at vitamin/mineral supplements, it discovered that those who took calcium supplements regularly were 86 percent more likely to have a heart attack than those who didn’t use any supplements. And this risk increased further among those who used only calcium supplements. They were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who didn’t take any supplements. “This study suggests that increasing calcium intake from diet might not confer significant cardiovascular benefits, while calcium supplements, which might raise [heart attack] risk, should be taken with caution,” said the authors. In an accompanying editorial, Professors Ian Reid and Mark Bolland from the Faculty of Medical and Health Science at the University of Auckland in New Zealand said that the safety of calcium supplements “is now coming under increasing scrutiny.” They point to previous research, showing a link between these supplements and kidney stones, and gut and abdominal symptoms, and note that while trial evidence suggests that calcium supplements cut levels of cardiovascular risk factors, this doesn’t actually turn into fewer heart attacks and strokes. They also suggest that many women taking calcium supplements to ward off brittle bones are already healthier than those who don’t, and that the overall protective effect is modest-in the order of just 10%. The authors claim that the evidence that dietary calcium is helpful while calcium supplements are not can be explained by the fact that dietary calcium is taken in small amounts, spread throughout the day, so is absorbed slowly. They suggest that the supplements, on the other hand, cause calcium levels in the blood to soar above the normal range, and it is this flooding effect which might ultimately be harmful. “Calcium supplements have been widely embraced by doctors and the public, on the grounds that they are a natural and therefore safe way of preventing osteoporotic fractures,” the authors write. “It is now becoming clear that taking this micronutrient in one or two daily [doses] is not natural, in that it does not reproduce the same metabolic effects as calcium in food,” they said. They insist that given the fact that it is neither safe nor effective, boosting calcium intake from supplements should be discouraged. “We should return to seeing calcium as an important component of a balanced diet, and not as a low cost panacea to the universal problem of postmenopausal bone loss,” they add. The study has been published in the online issue of the journal Heart. BDST: 0900 HRS, MAY 28, 2012 Edited by: Tania Afrin, Newsroom Editor All rights reserved. Sale, redistribution or reproduction of information/photos/illustrations/video/audio contents on this website in any form without prior permission from banglanews24.com are strictly prohibited and liable to legal action.

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945

TIMOTHY ACKER AND DRAKE BRANNON PERFORM WATER QUALITY TESTS. Students in James Galvin’s Agriculture classes are getting hands on education in Fresh Water Shrimp production. Yes, that’s right fresh water shrimp. The students are involved with the production with five hundred fresh water shrimp. The shrimp that the students are working with are close relatives of the shrimp that swim in the ocean, but these shrimp live in a fresh water environment. ACHS students are raising their shrimp in a closed recycling tank system. When working with this type of system students are taught that water quality is critical. Each day students must test the water for oxygen content, pH, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite levels. The students have discovered that the temperature of the water must be maintained at 80 degrees. Students learned that when the water temperature falls below 75 degrees that the shrimp will live, but will not consume feed and grow. Students working with the shrimp can clearly see and understand how chemistry, math and biology principles effect and play into everyday life. Technology plays a very large role in helping students test the water and maintain the environment for proper water quality and balance. Students have developed a strong interest in the shrimp project and look forward to continuing on with its development. The students would like to thank Mr. Starr for his continued support and enthusiasm for the project. The fresh water shrimp project has partnered with White Water Aqua Farms and they have been providing tremendous amount of technical advice, knowledge and experience to enhance this project. KALEB WRIGHT PREPARES THE FEED FOR FRESH WATER SHRIMP.

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340

Sugar 'comforts babies during immunisations' It appears that sugar really may help the medicine go down - studies suggest a few drops can comfort babies who are having their jabs. The Cochrane team reviewed 14 studies involving more than 1,500 infants going for routine childhood immunisations or a heel-prick blood test. Babies given a sugary solution to suck as they were about to be injected cried far less than those given water. While sugar may pacify, it is unclear if it also relieves pain. Experts say more research is needed to explore this. End Quote Dr David Elliman Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health If you do the usual holding and comforting, I'm not sure how much sucrose would add” A small study published a couple of years ago in The Lancet medical journal looked at the responses of 44 infants given either sugar or water as they had a heel-prick blood test. The sugar did not appear to make a difference to pain - all babies similarly grimaced and had comparable electrical activity measured with EEG readings in areas of the brain that process pain. The lead researcher in the Cochrane review, Dr Manal Kassab of the Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irib, Jordan, said: "Giving babies something sweet to taste before injections may stop them from crying for as long. "Although we can't confidently say that sugary solutions reduce needle pain, these results do look promising." Dr David Elliman of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health said sugar solution was not used routinely in practice. "Generally, doctors recommend that the mother holds the baby and comforts it while they have their immunisation. If she is breastfeeding still, she might want to breastfeed her baby at the same time. "With older children we try to distract them. If you do the usual holding and comforting, I'm not sure how much sucrose would add. "What we do know is that using a shorter needle tends to be more painful, even though this might seem counterintuitive. That's because the injections need to go into the muscle." By the time a child has reached its second birthday it should have had around 10 different injections to protect against various infectious diseases, including measles, mumps and rubella.

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477

By John Myers Even if scientists, regulators, politicians and industry leaders find common ground on how much sulfate is too much for wild rice, the issue of sulfate in Minnesota waterways isn’t going away. Scientists studying wetlands in northern Minnesota recently published the findings of a study that ties elevated sulfate to elevated toxic mercury levels and shows that, when sulfate stops flowing into a wetland, the level of toxic mercury goes back down. “Sulfate is an issue even if and where wild rice is not,” said Ed Swain, research scientist for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and a national authority on mercury in the environment. Scientists know the same bacteria that convert sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which might damage wild rice, are the same ones that convert benign mercury that falls from the sky into methyl mercury — the toxic form of mercury that is unsafe for animals and humans in large doses. That means the more sulfate, the more active the bacteria, and the more bacteria, the more mercury turns toxic, at least in areas of low oxygen, such as underwater in wetlands. Swain said added sulfate will not stimulate bacterial growth if there is no organic matter such as plants and weeds. Wetlands and lakes that have a lot of plant growth would be much more affected by an increase in sulfate than a fast-moving stream that has a gravel bottom and little organic matter, he added. Added sulfate from human activity also has more impact in waters that had been low in sulfate naturally. Mercury “concentrations in fish may be the result of increased sulfate” in what had been low-sulfate waters, an earlier study by Minnesota scientists notes. A study published this summer by Minnesota scientists in the journal Environmental Science & Technology confirmed the correlation. Scientists are also tracking down a link between sulfate in the water and higher levels of phosphate, a key ingredient in algae blooms. That may be why some lakes that have seen increased levels of sulfate are showing signs of rapid aging, with more weeds and algae growth, a process called eutrophication. When bacteria convert sulfate to sulfide, it releases phosphate from sediment into the water, Swain noted, making it available for algae. That’s because phosphate is usually held in the sediment by iron, but sulfide binds with iron so that it no longer holds onto the phosphate. Meanwhile, higher water temperatures from a warming climate may be bolstering the bacteria that make all the conversions possible. The mercury comes from all over the world, going up in smoke from power plants as far away as China, and as close as taconite plants on the Iron Range. The sulfate also can come from all over the world, in the form of acid rain, but also originates locally, in the runoff from mining operations. Suddenly, sulfate has become a hot topic in Minnesota environmental protection. And officials agree that efforts to reduce the flow of sulfate into the environment are only likely to grow. “Its time has come,” Mark Tomasek, the PCA’s supervisor of water quality standards, said of sulfate. In the past, the primary source of human-caused sulfate increases came for acid rain. But rain has been getting less acidic for more than 20 years, thanks to controls on coal-burning power plants and other manufacturing. Now, the main sources of sulfate to Minnesota streams are municipal and industrial wastewater discharges and diffuse sources such as runoff from waste rock piles on the Iron Range, Swain said. Nancy Schuldt, water quality coordinator for the Fond du Lac band’s environmental program, said the PCA is late to the game in addressing the sulfate issue. Sulfate should have been a key part of water pollution permits for industry for decades, she said. But the state only recently began raising the issue, prompting vocal resistance from industry and the Legislature. “We’ve been concerned about sulfate for years,” Schuldt said. “We’re hoping this means the state is going to take it seriously.” Sulfate naturally leaches from rock and soil. But it is often seen at higher levels in some areas because of human activity, such as mining, mills and treatment plants. Some sulfate comes from the sky during rain and snow. And some runs off the land as water flows into local streams and lakes. On the Iron Range, it’s coming out of wastewater ponds and old stockpiles of mine rubble left behind by operations long since closed. The St. Louis River, for example, appears to have had a natural sulfate level of about 3 parts per million. But below mining areas, the river runs as high as 50 parts per million sulfate. Research by Department of Natural Resources scientists, however, notes that the amount of methyl mercury in streams below mining areas is about the same as nearby streams that don’t see runoff from mining, water where any sulfate would come from air pollution or naturally, hinting that sulfate from mining isn’t the reason fish have more toxic mercury. Another nearly $1 million study under way by the DNR this summer seeks to find a connection, if any, between Iron Range mining, sulfate and high toxic mercury levels in fish, also looking at whether high iron concentrations and other elements in the water may play a role. In other parts of the state, ethanol plants appear to be contributing sulfate into waterways, Swain said, and humans also pass it on to wastewater treatment plants. By John Myers

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1,166

Want to live longer? Eat less. Sorry. Don’t kill the messenger. Calorie restriction is the only strategy that has been consistently shown to extend life in every species studied so far. Feed rats about one-third less than they normally eat, and faster than you can say “Methuselah,” they live approximately 50 percent longer than their normal lifespan. It’s worked in yeast, fruit flies, mice, the aforementioned rats, and—most recently—in rhesus monkeys. And though the likelihood of a long-term human trial comparing “free-eating” and “calorie-restricted” subjects over a couple of decades is pretty remote, all indications are that reducing calories would extend life in our own species just as it does in every other one that’s been studied. So that’s simple enough, right? Just reduce your calories by about 33 percent, and you’ll have a nice, long, healthy life. OK, class dismissed, lesson learned. Yeah, right. As you can imagine, that particular strategy is not winning the popularity sweepstakes. Which is why there’s been so much attention focused on a little plant chemical called resveratrol. To understand exactly how resveratrol exerts its antiaging magic, we have to go back to those calorie-deprived rats. Apparently, caloric restriction turns on a set of genes known as the sirtuin genes, which are considered to be major influencers of how long we live. “The sirtuin genes are the holy grail of medicine and nutrition,” says Mark Houston, MD. “These genes turn on or turn off different metabolic pathways that are designed to promote longevity and health.” Back in 2003, David Sinclair, MD, a researcher at Harvard Medical School, began investigating the sirtuin genes. To everyone’s delight, Sinclair discovered that there was another way to turn on these genes. He and his associates published a now-famous paper reporting that plant compounds known as polyphenols could activate the human SIRT1 gene. And the polyphenol that seemed to do this best was resveratrol. Resveratrol is found in red wine; the skin of young, unripe red grapes; grape seeds; purple grape juice; and, to a lesser extent, in peanuts and mulberries. Recent research has shown that resveratrol may reduce insulin resistance, a key factor in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. If resveratrol lives up to its promise, it may not only extend life, but also improve its quality. Resveratrol has been shown in studies to inhibit the growth of several cancer cell lines and tumors. It’s a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory; it ramps up detoxification enzymes in the liver; protects the heart through several different mechanisms; and also protects brain cells. So should you add resveratrol to your daily supplement regimen? I certainly think so, and I’m not alone. The total amount of resveratrol in a capsule isn’t as important as the amount of trans-resveratrol—the bioactive form that seems to have all the benefit. The higher quality resveratrol products on the market are “standardized” for a certain percentage of trans-resveratrol. “No one knows the correct dose in humans,” says Houston, “but any amount should have health benefits.” The smart money is betting that 250 milligrams or more of the trans-resveratrol form should have an effect on aging and health. For 500-milligram capsules standardized to 20 percent trans that would be two-and-a-half capsules per day, three just to be safe! Enzymatic Therapy Resveratrol Forte is a high-potency supplement formulated with 100 percent trans-resveratrol, the most absorbable form. ReserveAge Organics World’s Finest Resveratrol 250 mg is a potent combination of organic French red wine grapes and wild-crafted natural Polygonum cuspidatum root extract. Nature’s Way Resveratrol Synergic Formula combines a comprehensive blend of antioxidants, including red wine and grape seed extracts, to protect cells against lipid peroxidation and free radicals.

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32842, 13, 50256 ]

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919

Description of the Procedure The male, if fertile, refrains from ejaculating for two or three days. He then collects semen through masturbation. Penile scar tissue or other conditions may block the natural release of sperm. If this is the case, a sperm aspiration from the testicles may be done. Sometimes, the man's sperm can be frozen ahead of time. If the male partner is unable to produce viable sperm, donor sperm may be used. If male sperm counts are low, the chance of successful fertilization may be improved by directly injecting the sperm into the egg. This is called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). An ultrasound-guided technique is often used to harvest the eggs. The ultrasound probe has a needle attached to the end. The instruments are inserted into the vagina. The ultrasound uses sound waves to view the ovaries and the developed egg follicles in the ovaries. The needle punctures the egg follicles. fluid and eggs are removed through the needle. The fluid is inspected. It is immediately placed in a clean, nutritive culture material. The fluid will be kept in an incubator. Between 50,000 and 100,000 of the most mobile, healthy sperm are chosen. They are mixed with the harvested eggs. Sometimes, ICSI may be done. It may help to increase the chances of fertilization. The culture dish is kept at normal body temperature inside an incubator for 2-3 days. During that time, sperm are expected to fertilize 60%-80% of the eggs. Once fertilized, early cell division begins and embryos develop. A certain number of the embryos (usually 1-5) are placed into your uterus (womb). Fewer embryos decrease the chance of multiples (such as twins, triplets). The other embryos may be frozen. They may be saved for future IVF cycles. You may also choose to donate them to other infertile couples. A catheter tube is inserted into the vagina. It will be threaded through the cervical canal and into the uterus. The embryos are then passed into the uterus. You may be positioned face down with your knees at your chest. A special table that tilts the uterus downward may also be used. These positions allow gravity to help keep the embryos in the uterus for implantation. At the Care Center Following egg harvesting, expect to rest at the center for a few hours before going home. Following embryo transfer procedure: - You will probably be able to resume normal activities within a few days. - Follow the instructions for any medicine given. - Return in 10-12 days for a pregnancy test. - If the pregnancy test indicates conception, an ultrasound will be scheduled for a few weeks later. It will be able to see if more than one egg is growing. - If all is going well, you will start your prenatal care. It is important to go to all of your scheduled appointments. It can be difficult to wait two weeks for the results. Even if pregnancy occurs, a remains a possibility. If pregnancy did not occur, the next attempt should be at least one month later. Success rates for the first three cycles are about the same (about 10% per cycle). The rates then start to decrease. Success rates are influenced by both age and the cause of infertility. IVF has a 25%-30% success rate.

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702

Park History Links Bidwell Park, often called the "Jewel of Chico", is by far the greatest legacy Chico founders General John and Annie Bidwell left to the community. It was Gen. John Bidwell's wish that Annie would give this land to the City of Chico for public use. She did so by deeding 1,900 acres in 1905 and another 301 acres in 1911. This parkland stretched from Upper Park and Hooker Oak in the east to Children's Playground in the west. Over the years, additions to the park were purchased by the City of Chico bringing the total acreage of the park to almost 2,300 acreas by 1935. At that time, Bidwell Park was the fourth-largest municipal park in the country. In 1995, the City of Chico acquired 1417 acres on south side of Big Chico Creek bringing the total park land to its current 3,670 acres. Bidwell Park stretches nearly eleven miles, beginning at Bidwell Mansion in downtown Chico and ending five miles up into the foothills of Upper Park.

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222

Refine my search Brown sugar is a delectable addition to cakes, puddings, and vegetable glazes. It’s also popular in main-dish sauces and marinades. Brown sugars (light and dark) are produced from a blending of white sugar and natural or processed molasses. They are made from sugar cane or sugar beets and add a delicate sweet flavor to a wide range of foods. Light (golden) and dark brown sugars are classified as either sticky or free-flowing. Most of the mass-produced products are a blend of purified, or refined, sugar and molasses. Raw cane sugars that have a brown coating also fall into this category. Piloncillo (little pylons) is a Mexican unrefined brown sugar with no molasses, but is similar in taste to American versions. The compressed hard cone can be scraped with a serrated knife. It is sold as light or dark. Other derivatives of raw brown sugars are labeled “muscavado,” “turbinado,” and “demerera.” These must be refined to some extent for sale in the Brown sugar is also available in liquid form. Store brown sugar in a cool dry place. Place boxes or bags in an airtight container. Hardening is a common problem. To restore, spread on a foil-lined cookie sheet and bake for about five minutes in a 250-degree oven. You can also add a slice of bread or piece of apple – in a separate unsealed bag - to the container and leave for two days. • The choice between light and dark is a matter of taste preference, but darker color will have a heavier molasses note. Unless a recipe states a specific type, it is acceptable to use either. • Dissolve a little brown sugar in coffee for a pleasantly sweet taste. • For most recipe measurements, tightly pack brown sugar. • To replace dark brown sugar, use one cup granulated white plus two tablespoons molasses. • When a recipe requires brown sugar, using a substitute of any kind may affect texture and flavor. Beans, cereal, catsup, fruit, ice cream, mustard, pancakes, tea

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467

Many, see text. Hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings (15 to 80 beats per second, depending on the size of the bird). They are named for the characteristic hum of this rapid wing motion. They are the only birds that can fly backwards. Hummingbirds bear the most glittering plumage and some of the most elegant adornments. Male hummingbirds are usually brightly coloured, females duller. The males take no part in nesting. The nest is usually a neat cup in a tree. Two white eggs are laid, which are quite small, but large relative to the bird's size. Incubation is typically 14-19 days. The names that admiring naturalists have given to hummingbirds suggest exquisite, fairylike grace and gemlike refulgence. Fiery-tailed Awlbill , Ruby-topaz Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald , Brazilian Ruby , Green-crowned Brilliant --are some of the names applied to the 233 species of the hummingbirds briefly described in Meyer de Schauensee's scientific Guide to Birds of South America. Iridescent colors are common among hummingbirds. By changing position, the direction of the reflected light might give the effect of two completely different colors of the same plumage parts. On the hummingbird's glittering throat or crown, the exposed surfaces of the barbules resemble tiny flat mirrors, which send forth their resplendence in the favored direction. This mechanism plays an important role in social interaction and species recognition. All the metallic colours of hummingbirds are caused by interference. Source (Skutch, 1973 Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of all animals except insects in flight, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their heartbeat can reach 500 beats per minute. They also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do that, they have to visit hundreds of flowers every day. But at any given moment, they're hours away from starving. Fortunately, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heartrate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically, reducing their need for food. Studies of hummingbirds' metabolism are highly relevant to the question of whether a migrating ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 500 miles of Gulf of Mexico on a nonstop flight, as field observations suggest it does. The ruby-throated hummingbird like other birds preparing to migrate, stores up fat to serve as fuel, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 40 to 50 per cent--this would increase the bird's flying time. (Skutch, 1973) --Ccson 10:06, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC) Hummingbirds of the U.S. and Canada generally migrate to warmer climates, though some remain in the warmest coastal regions. In addition, there is an increasing trend for Rufous Hummingbirds to migrate east to winter in the eastern United States, rather than south to Central America, this trend being the result of increased survival with the provision of artificial feeders in gardens. In the past, individuals that migrated east would usually die, but now they survive, and their tendency to migrate east is inherited by their offspring. Provided sufficient food and shelter is available, they are surprisingly hardy, able to tolerate temperatures down to at least -20°C. Hummingbirds owe their wide distribution to their great power of flight and wandering habits no less than to their hardiness. Hummingbirds and People Hummingbirds will use feeders, particularly red ones. A suitable artificial nectar consists of one part sugar to four parts water. It is easiest to dissolve the sugar in boiling water, then cool it completely before putting it out for the birds. Sweet foods other than white sugar, such as honey, ferment too quickly and can injure the birds. Some commercial hummingbird foods are available, but they contain red dyes which are unnecessary and have been anecdotally reported to poison the birds. They also contain small amounts of nutrients, but hummingbirds apparently get their nutrients from the insects they eat, not from nectar, so the nutrients are also unnecessary. Thus plain white sugar and water make the best nectar. The feeder should be rinsed and the water changed weekly, or more often in warm weather. At least once a month, or whenever black mold appears, it should be soaked in a solution of chlorine bleach. Hummingbirds tend to avoid feeders that have been cleaned with soap, possibly because they dislike the smell. Much more detailed information is available at . Hummingbirds sometimes fly into garages and become trapped. It is widely believed that this is because they mistake the hanging (usually red-colored) door-release handle for a flower, although hummingbirds can also get trapped in enclosures that do not contain anything red. Once inside, they may be unable to escape because their natural instinct when threatened or trapped is to fly upward. This is a life-threatening situation for hummingbirds, as they can become exhausted and die in a relatively short period of time, possibly as little as an hour. If a trapped hummingbird is within reach, it can often be caught gently and released outdoors. It will lie quietly in the space between cupped hands until released. The Ohlone tells the story of how a Hummingbird brought fire to the world. Traditionally hummingbirds were placed in the order Apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. In the modern Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, hummingbirds are separated as a new hummingbird order Trochiliformes. There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera), and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others). Hummingbirds have been thought by evolutionists to have evolved in South America, and the great majority of the species are found there. All the most familiar North American species are thought to be of relatively recent origin, and are therefore (following the usual procedure of lists starting with more 'ancestral' species and ending with the most recent) listed close to the end of the list. Genetic analysis has indicated that hummingbirds diverged from other birds 30 to 40 million years ago, but fossil evidence has proved elusive. Fossil hummingbirds have been found as old as a million years, but older fossils had not been securely identifiable as hummingbirds. Then, in 2004, Dr. Gerald Mayr of the Senkenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt-am-Main identified two 30-million-year old German hummingbird fossils and published his results in Nature. The fossils of the extinct hummingbird species, Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird") had been sitting in a museum drawer in Stuttgart. They had been unearthed in a claypit in Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg.

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To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. With an accout for my.bionity.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - My watch list - My saved searches - My saved topics - My newsletter Acute renal failure Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury, is a rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys, resulting in retention of nitrogenous (urea and creatinine) and non-nitrogenous waste products that are normally excreted by the kidney. Depending on the severity and duration of the renal dysfunction, this accumulation is accompanied by metabolic disturbances, such as metabolic acidosis (acidification of the blood) and hyperkalaemia (elevated potassium levels), changes in body fluid balance, and effects on many other organ systems. It can be characterised by oliguria or anuria (decrease or cessation of urine production), although nonoliguric ARF may occur. It is a serious disease and treated as a medical emergency. Acute renal failure is usually categorised (as in the flowchart below) according to pre-renal, renal and post-renal causes. In general, renal failure is diagnosed when either creatinine or blood urea nitrogen tests are markedly elevated in an ill patient, especially when oliguria is present. Previous measurements of renal function may offer comparison, which is especially important if a patient is known to have chronic renal failure as well. If the cause is not apparent, a large amount of blood tests and examination of a urine specimen is typically performed to elucidate the cause of acute renal failure, medical ultrasonography of the renal tract is essential to rule out obstruction of the urinary tract. Kidney biopsy may be performed in the setting of acute renal failure, to provide a definitive diagnosis and sometimes an idea of the prognosis, unless the cause is clear and appropriate screening investigations are reassuringly negative. Acute renal failure may be reversible if treated promptly and appropriately. Resuscitation to normotension and a normal cardiac output is key. The main interventions are monitoring fluid intake and output as closely as possible; insertion of a urinary catheter is useful for monitoring urine output as well as relieving possible bladder outlet obstruction, such as with an enlarged prostate. In the absence of fluid overload, administering intravenous fluids is typically the first step to improve renal function. Fluid administration may be monitored with the use of a central venous catheter to avoid over- or under-replacement of fluid. If the cause is obstruction of the urinary tract, relief of the obstruction (with a nephrostomy or urinary catheter) may be necessary. Metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia, the two most serious biochemical manifestations of acute renal failure, may require medical treatment with sodium bicarbonate administration and antihyperkalemic measures, unless dialysis is required. Should hypotension prove a persistent problem in the fluid replete patient, inotropes such as norepinephrine and/or dobutamine may be given to improve cardiac output and hence renal perfusion. While a useful pressor, there is no evidence to suggest that dopamine is of any specific benefit., and at least a suggestion of possible harm. A Swan-Ganz catheter may be used, to measure pulmonary artery occlusion pressure to provide a guide to left atrial pressure (and thus left heart function) as a target for inotropic support. The use of diuretics such as furosemide, while widespread and sometimes convenient in ameliorating fluid overload, does not reduce the risk of complications and death..In practice, diuretics may simply mask things, making it more difficult to judge the adequacy of resuscitation. Lack of improvement with fluid resuscitation, therapy-resistant hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or fluid overload may necessitate artificial support in the form of dialysis or hemofiltration. Depending on the cause, a proportion of patients will never regain full renal function, thus having end stage renal failure requiring lifelong dialysis or a kidney transplant. Before the advancement of modern medicine, acute renal failure might be referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term used to describe the contamination of the blood with urine. Starting around 1847 this term was used to describe reduced urine output, now known as oliguria, which was thought to be caused by the urine's mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra. Acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was recognised in the 1940s in the United Kingdom, where crush victims during the Battle of Britain developed patchy necrosis of renal tubules, leading to a sudden decrease in renal function. During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the incidence of ARF decreased due to better acute management and intravenous infusion of fluids. |This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Acute_renal_failure". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|

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1,074

A study by Carnegie Mellon University researchers in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy (EPP) has found that cell phones and other portable electronic devices, like laptops and game-playing devices, can pose dangers to the normal operation of critical electronics on airplanes. The study will be featured in an article appearing in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. The researchers found that on average one to four cell phone calls are typically made from every commercial flight in the northeast United States. Some of these calls are made during critical flight stages such as climb-out, or on final approach. This could cause accidents, the investigators report. “We found that the risk posed by these portable devices is higher than previously believed,” said Bill Strauss, who recently completed his Ph.D. in EPP at Carnegie Mellon. “These devices can disrupt normal operation of key cockpit instruments, especially Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, which are increasingly vital for safe landings.” Strauss is an expert in aircraft electromagnetic compatibility at the Naval Air Warfare Center in Patuxent River, Md. With support from the Federal Aviation Administration, three major airlines and the Transportation Security Agency, EPP researchers crisscrossed the northeast United States on commercial flights, monitoring radio emissions from passenger use of cell phones and other electronic devices. They tracked these radio emissions via a broadband antenna attached to a compact portable spectrum analyzer that fit into an innocuous carry-on bag. “A laptop computer controlled the system and logged the data,” said Granger Morgan, head of the EPP Department. “While we looked primarily at wireless phones, we also discovered that emissions from other portable electronic devices were problematic.” Both Strauss and Morgan, along with Carnegie Mellon researchers Jay Apt and Dan Stancil, recommend that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the FAA begin to coordinate electronic emission standards. At the moment, there is no formal coordination between the two federal agencies. The researchers also recommend routine monitoring of on-board radio emissions by flight data recorders and deploying specially designed tools for flight crews to monitor passenger use of electronic devices during final approach. While the FCC recently suggested that it might be appropriate to allow passengers to use cell phones and other electronic devices on airplanes, Morgan disagrees. “We feel that passenger use of portable electronic devices on aircraft should continue to be limited for the safety of all concerned,” Morgan said.

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497

When you have completed this chapter, you should be able to: - Describe the main diagnostic criteria for the DSM-IV-TR listed personality disorders, and evaluate some of the controversial issues concerning both diagnosis and comorbidity. - Describe and evaluate the main theories of the aetiology of a number of personality disorders, particularly Cluster A disorders, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and Cluster C disorders. - Describe and evaluate the factors that make the treatment of people with a diagnosis of personality disorder so problematic. - Describe and evaluate 3 or 4 psychological therapies that have been developed to treat people with a diagnosis of personality disorder.

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137

The Rogue River The Rogue River is located in southwestern Oregon and flows 215 miles from Crater Lake to the Pacific Ocean. The 84 mile, Congressionally designated "National Wild and Scenic" portion of the Rogue begins 7 miles west of Grants Pass and ends 11 miles east of Gold Beach. The Rogue was one of the original eight rivers included in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The Rogue National Wild and Scenic River is surrounded by forested mountains and rugged boulder and rock-lined banks. Check out the Rogue River Float Guide (PDF) for more information on the Wild and Scenic Rogue River. Steelhead and salmon fishery, challenging whitewater, and extraordinary wildlife viewing opportunities have made the Rogue a national treasure. Black bear, river otter, black-tail deer, bald eagles, osprey, Chinook salmon, great blue heron, water ouzel, and Canada geese are common wildlife seen along the Rogue River. Popular activities include: whitewater rafting, fishing, jet boat tours, scenic driving, hiking, picnicking, and sunbathing. National Landscape Conservation System The Rogue National Wild and Scenic River is part of the Bureau of Land Management's National Landscape Conservation (NLCS). This system includes nearly 27 million acres of National Monuments, National Conservation Areas, Wild and Scenic Rivers, and National Scenic and Historic Trails. The NLCS works to conserve the essential fabric of the West, while offering exceptional opportunities for recreation, solitude, wildlife viewing, exploring history, and scientific research. Oregon Stream Flow The US Geological Survey hosts real-time water data readings for the state of Oregon. Types of data available include current water height, stream flow, median flow, etc. View the US Geological Survey National Water Information System for the state of Oregon. Smullin Visitor Center The visitor center is on the river near the town of Galice and is approximately 20 miles from I-5 on the Merlin-Galice Road. The center is called the Smullin Visitor Center and is located at the Rand National Historic Site (PDF). 14335 Galice Road Merlin, Oregon 97532 Hours of Operation - May 5th through October 15th 7:00 am to 3:00 pm - seven days a week - Phone Access Hours - 8:00 am to 3:00 pm For directions, click here.

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502

Green Urban Economy It is widely acknowledged that cities play a leading role in the transformation from consumptive to eco-efficient societies in short, to a “green economy”. The process of urbanisation is advancing rapidly. Towns and cities are now the locus of almost four fifths of global GDP. Their share in global resource consumption and CO2 emissions is of a similar order. A panel of 25 international experts representing diverse disciplines met on 11.-12.05.2012 to elaborate the defining elements of a green urban economy, a concept that, as yet, has remained indeterminate. Meeting in the run-up to the Rio+20 summit, the experts produced proposals and recommendations on how to shape the “Green Economy Transformation” at local (urban) level. The expert forum was organised in cooperation with ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability For further information: cities-bonn-perspectives[at]giz.de

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198

I am not one of those who believe that the voice of the people is, without exception, the voice of God. It was not so at the Deluge, but quite the reverse. It was not so when Israel clamored for a king—not in mercy but in anger, God gave them their request. It was not so when Absalom stole the hearts of the people, and stirred up rebellion against his father. And yet, when a nation, independent of party, free from the excitements of momentary interest, without the influence of ambitious leaders, under the calm guidance of reason, history, and the spirit of the age,—rises spontaneously against oppression, against iniquity, and demands just laws; rights for all; free thought, free speech, free labor, free worship; when compacts are not violated; when moderation is maintained; when the spirit of humanity is preserved,—then, I believe, “the voice of the people is the voice of God.” I have no question that, in the great principle, Cromwell and his puritan hosts were right in their revolutionary action. I could never doubt that our fathers did a noble, glorious, and Christian deed in throwing off the yoke of Britain, and proclaiming a new government for themselves and their posterity. It was right to contend and bleed for equal representation, for freedom of conscience, and for an independent nationality in which these high ends could be secured. The first government of which we have account was a Theocracy—that is, “the government of God.” He was the only King. He revealed the law, appointed leaders, gave rules for worship, instruction and warfare. Thus in the outset did he set up his claims among men. He established the great precedent, which men ought to have followed, which the world has ignored; but to which the thoughts and the will of the race shall ultimately return. It is true now that government, as such, is ordained of God. All government, in its elemental authority, is a theocracy. All power is of God; he ordains law. He originates the idea of civil compact. While, therefore, the principles of governments among men may be defective, and the administration wrong and hurtful, the great fact of government is a Divine fact. Good government is emphatically God’s government—intended to suppress evil, to promote holiness and happiness. “The powers that be are ordained of God.” “Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance

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522

Mid-Book Test (up to Chapter 7, Love) |Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________| This test consists of 15 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. Multiple Choice Questions Directions: Circle the correct answer. 1. Where does Joey think he is going in life? a) Joey thinks he's going to careen out of control. b) Joey thinks he's headed toward success. c) Joey doesn't think he's going anywhere. d) Joey thinks he's headed for failure. 2. How does Kopydra react when Joey tries to engage him in the schoolyard battle? a) He ignores Joey completely. b) He jumps out the window. c) He punches Joey in the face. d) He joins the battle. 3. How do the children react when they read Pimko's notes about their behavior? a) They are outraged. b) They are confused. c) They are apathetic. d) They are excited. 4. What language does Joey's... This section contains 555 words| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

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Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter. They highlight major plot events and detail the important relationships and characteristics of characters and objects. The Chapter Abstracts can be used to review what the students have read, or to prepare the students for what they will read. Hand the abstracts out in class as a study guide, or use them as a "key" for a class discussion. They are relatively brief, but can serve to be an excellent refresher of the text for either a student or teacher. Chapter 1 Abstract * Virginia "Vinnie" Miner is flying to London to research Play-Rhymes. * She is accompanied by Fido, an invisible dog that manifests when Vinnie is feeling depressed. Chapter 2 Abstract * A Western-attired man sits next to Vinnie. * He attempts to strike up conversation with Vinnie, even though she... This section contains 647 words| (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)

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This section provides a short description of all the major characters in the book. This can be printed out as a study guide for students, used as a "key" for leading a class discussion, or you can jump to the quiz/homework section to find worksheets that incorporate these descriptions into a variety of question formats. Niccolo Machiavelli - This person was a well-known Italian statesman, writer, philosophy, diplomat and political scientist and is most well-known for writing "The Prince", which was composed in 1513 and published after his death in 1532. His name is synonymous with wily and deceptive politicking. The Roman Empire/Republic - "The Discourses" is ostensibly a commentary on Titus Livius's history of this ancient civilization formed in 509 B.C. and continued for over 450 years. It was the basis for a wide range of modern governments. The Republic - "The Discourses" is focused on... This section contains 390 words| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

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Multiple Choice Questions This section contains 180 multiple choice questions about Watermelon: A Novel. Multiple choice questions test a student's recall and understanding of the text. Use these questions for chapter quizzes, homework assignments or tests. Jump to the quiz/homework section for the multiple choice worksheets. Multiple Choice - Prologue to Chapter 5 1. How old is Claire Webster as the novel begins? 2. What date is Claire talking about as the novel opens? a) June 25. b) September 15. c) May 7. d) February 15. 3. In what city does Claire live? 4. What is Claire's husband's name? 5. What does Claire's husband tell her on the day she gives birth to their daughter? a) He loves her with all his heart. b) He is leaving... This section contains 4,127 words| (approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)

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Saint John IArticle Free Pass Saint John I, (born , Tuscany [Italy]—died May 18, 526, Ravenna; feast day May 18), pope from 523 to 526. He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus reuniting the Eastern and Western churches by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. He also ratified the Alexandrian computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West. Unfortunately the reunion ended friendly relations between the papacy and Theodoric the Great, the Ostrogothic ruler at Rome. Theodoric mistrusted the rapprochement, and his hostility flared when Justin took harsh measures against the heretical Arian sect in the Byzantine Empire. Theodoric was himself an Arian Christian, and in 525 he ordered Pope John to negotiate a withdrawal of Justin’s edict. John was the first pope to go to Constantinople, but his attempt there to obtain a reversal of Justin’s policies was only partly successful. After he returned to Ravenna (526), Theodoric had him cast into prison, where he soon died, probably of starvation. He is honoured as a martyr. What made you want to look up "Saint John I"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Conservative Party of CanadaArticle Free Pass Conservative Party of Canada, French Parti Conservateur du Canada, conservative Canadian political party. The party was formed in 2003 by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party. The idea for a merger of Canada’s main conservative parties arose in the 1990s when national support for the Progressive Conservatives dwindled and the Reform Party (later the Canadian Alliance) was unable to expand its national support beyond its base in western Canada. Following the third successive election victory of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2000, support for establishing a united conservative party increased, and in December 2003 more than 90 percent of the members of both the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives endorsed a merger. The Conservative Party of Canada was officially registered with Elections Canada (an independent agency established by the Canadian Parliament to regulate elections and political parties) on December 8, 2003. In 2004, in its first federal general election, the party won nearly 30 percent of the vote and 99 seats in the House of Commons, emerging as the official opposition to a Liberal minority government. In the subsequent election of January 2006, the Conservatives were elected to lead a minority government, and their leader, Stephen Harper, became prime minister. Harper proved adept at coalition building, and in November 2006 he co-opted members of the opposition Bloc Québécois with a motion that recognized the distinct national identity of the Québécois people while still asserting Quebec’s place in a united Canada. Hoping to build on those gains, Harper called early federal elections for October 2008, but the Conservatives failed to gain a parliamentary majority, though they added 19 seats to their to 2006 election results, reaching a total of 143 seats and remaining a minority government. Conservative stock rose as Canada ably weathered the global economic downturn that began in 2007, but failure to release budgetary information to Parliament led to the party’s being found in contempt in March 2011. In response, Liberal opposition leader Michael Ignatieff sponsored a no-confidence vote that brought down the Harper government. In the federal election held on May 2, 2011, however, the Conservatives captured 166 seats (up 23 from 2008), enabling Harper to win a clear majority for the first time in his prime ministership. The party generally supports conservative social and economic policies, a strong federal system of government, and the use of Canada’s armed forces in international peacekeeping missions. What made you want to look up "Conservative Party of Canada"? Please share what surprised you most...

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In the current era of massive deficits, federal, state and local government agencies are seeking ways to lower expenditures and still maintain essential services. Child welfare programs represent an area where significant savings could be achieved while actually improving the life circumstances of the young people affected. The way this could be accomplished is by increasing the number of children and youth who are adopted out of foster care. Findings from a recent national survey of child health provide new evidence that adoption can save the public money while improving the life prospects of youngsters who have been maltreated in their early years. Public Costs of Foster Care Children in foster care are children who were born to substance-abusing or mentally ill women, or youngsters who have been neglected or abused in the homes of their birth parents. They have been legally removed from their birth families and placed under the care and control of state-run child welfare agencies. There are close to a half-million children in the United States who are in foster care at any one time. Some are in foster care for only a brief period of days or weeks before being returned to their families. But almost a quarter of a million will remain in foster care for a year or more. Nearly 50,000 will stay in foster care five years or more, while 30,000 will remain there until they reach adulthood. The public costs of removing all these maltreated children from their birth families and caring for them in foster families, group homes, or institutions are substantial. Annual state and federal expenditures for foster care total more than $9 billion under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act alone. Although exact amounts are difficult to disentangle, even more money is spent for publicly-subsidized medical care for foster children and food stamps, cash welfare, and child care payments to the families that care for them. On top of that, there are longer-term costs that society incurs because of the developmental risks associated with child maltreatment and family disruption. Although children in long-term foster care represent only a small fraction of the total child population of the United States, they represent a much bigger portion of the young people who go on to create serious disciplinary problems in schools, drop out of high school, become unemployed and homeless, bear children as unmarried teenagers, abuse drugs and alcohol, and commit crimes. A recent study of a Midwest sample of young adults aged twenty-three or twenty-four who had aged out of foster care found that they had extremely high rates of arrest and incarceration. 81 percent of the long-term foster care males had been arrested at some point, and 59 percent had been convicted of at least one crime. This compares with 17 percent of all young men in the U.S. who had been arrested, and 10 percent who had been convicted of a crime. Likewise, 57 percent of the long-term foster care females had been arrested and 28 percent had been convicted of a crime. The comparative figures for all female young adults in the U.S. are 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Former foster youth are over-represented among inmates of state and federal prisons. In 2004 there were almost 190,000 inmates of state and federal prisons in the U.S. who had a history of foster care during their childhood or adolescence. These foster care alumni represented nearly 15 percent of the inmates of state prisons and almost 8 percent of the inmates of federal prisons. The cost of incarcerating former foster youth was approximately $5.1 billion per year. Adopting from Foster Care Increased adoption from foster care is a way of decreasing the number of young people who must spend much of their youth in unstable and less than ideal living arrangements. It may also be a way of preventing the long-term detrimental consequences of such an upbringing. As things stand now, less than 15 percent of all children in foster care will be adopted. There were 57,000 children adopted from foster care during Fiscal Year 2009, but there were twice as many-115,000-waiting to be adopted on September 30, 2009. (That is, adoption was the agency's case goal for the child and the parental rights of the biological parents had been legally terminated.) Adopting children from foster care is a risky proposition for prospective adoptive parents because of possible long-term effects on the child of both the traumatic early experiences they have endured and the detrimental genes they may carry in their DNA. Despite the risks involved, sizable numbers of middle-class couples are prepared to adopt these maltreated children. However, their efforts to adopt are often frustrated by federal laws and child welfare agency practices that require time-consuming efforts to preserve and reunify biological families and give preference to the placement of foster children with relatives. As a consequence, qualified couples who are eager to adopt an unrelated foster child may find themselves turned down by social workers in favor of a grandmother, aunt, or cousin of the child. This can occur even though the relative is reluctant to adopt and has only meager financial resources. An American couple can often complete an international adoption in less time and with fewer complications than adopting a child from foster care in the U.S. In addition, they have a better chance of obtaining an adoptive daughter or son near the time of the child's birth or within the first year or two of the child's life. Congress has passed a series of laws with provisions aimed at facilitating and encouraging adoption of foster children, such as by providing financial incentives including an income tax credit, subsidized medical care, and regular support payments for less affluent adoptive parents. There was an initial upward jump in the annual number of children adopted from foster care following the passage of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act in 1997, from a base-period level of around 28,000 children per year to a level of around 51,000 children per year in 2000. Since then, however, the number of children adopted from foster care has fluctuated around 55,000, with no clear sustained upward trend. Likewise, the proportion of foster children waiting to be adopted to those who actually are adopted has hovered around 50 percent. There would be benefits for both the children who await adoption and for U.S. society as a whole if adoption of children in foster care by qualified non-relatives were made easier, faster, and more frequent. Yet advocates of family preservation have resisted efforts to make it so. Much of the controversy over adoption of children from foster care has gone on without the benefit of statistically reliable comparisons of how children fare if they are adopted from foster care as opposed to remaining in foster care or being reunited with their birth parents. Although definitive answers to this question can only be obtained through longitudinal studies and random-assignment experiments, there is useful information to be gleaned from a recent federal survey called the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP). A major purpose of this brief is to summarize the results of a special analysis of data from this survey that the author carried out in collaboration with Matthew Bramlett, a survey statistician at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The analysis was aimed at shedding as much light as possible on the life situations and wellbeing of children who had been adopted from foster care as well as those who were currently in foster care.

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1,468

A new study out from Germany indicates that bacteria-killing jets of plasma could soon replace the dental drills currently used to remove the cavities in our teeth making visits to the dentist’s office less painful. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, after solids, liquids and gases. It is formed when gases are energized to the point where electrons fly off some or all of their atoms. Researchers recently demonstrated that a small, blowtorch-like device emitting a relatively cool beam of purple plasma can eliminate oral bacteria in cavities, leaving more tooth structure intact than a drill does. Get ready for this. The first dentist to market himself as a mad scientist wins.

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The Solid Waste Management Department is committed to helping maintain a healthy environment for Albuquerque's current and future generations. Recycling helps keep disposal costs down while preserving natural resources and protecting the air, soil, and groundwater. Much of the more than 1,800 tons of trash generated by the city each day can be recycled. The manufacturing of new products requires considerable energy. If these materials are reused or recycled instead of being disposed of at landfills, less energy will be used, saving on scarce resources. For example, the production of an aluminum can from recycled metal uses 95% less energy than a can produced from raw aluminum. For more information on the Three R's - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - call the Solid Waste Management Department at (505) 761-8100. Recyclables are collected curbside at Albuquerque households, at recycling drop-off sites throughout the city, and at the city's . But collection is only the first step in the recycling process. To close the loop, materials then need to be processed into a form that allows them to be converted into a reusable product. For a complete data base of all recycling locations visit New Mexico Recycling Coalition.

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247

Musica et scolica enchiriadis The ninth century Musica enchiriadis begins by comparing musical notes to letters. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. J P MIgne, vol 132, p957 The same text also apparently enjoinders uniting the phrasing of words and music. Item ut in unum terminentur particulae neumarum atque verborum. Likewise, let the particles of neumes and of words end as one. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latina, ed. J P MIgne, vol 132, p982 The comparison between music and language is also seen in the treatise De harmonica institutione by Hucbald (c.850-930). Hucbald states that all chant is performed in distinct and predetermined sounds in 'rational' quantities, a comment which is more likely to refer to proportional pitch than to proportional rhythm but is anyway characteristic of the ancient belief in the appropriateness of ratio in music. Latin: Patrologia cursus completus, series latin, ed. J. P. Migne, vol 132, p911 English: Hucbald, Guido and John on Music: Three Medieval Treatises, by Warren Babb (1978) p20 Just as the elementary and indivisible articulated parts of speech are letters, out of which syllables are put together, they in turn make up verbs and nouns, the web of even and accomplished speech; thus are the phtongi of the melodious voice, which are called soni in Latin and the content/restraining of all music ends in their [but] Only those sounds ['voces'] which they thought were distinguished and determined by calculable quantities and were serviceable for melody - only those did they set as the sure foundation for all song. These, then, they called "elements" or phtongi. Just as all the diversity of language is contained in its elements, the letters, and whatever can be said is expressed through them. Sicut vocis articulatae elementariae atque individuae partes sunt litterae, ex quibus compositae syllabae rursum componunt verba et nomina, eaquae perfectae orationis textum; sic canorae vocis phthongi, qui latine dicuntur soni origines sunt, et totius musicae continentia in eorum ultimam ... sed eos tantum, quos rationabili discretos ac determinatos quantitate, quique melodiae apti existerent, ipsi certissima totius cantilenae fundamenta jecerunt. Unde et elementa vel phthongos eosdem nuncupaverunt; quod scilicet, quemadmodum litterarum elementis sermonum cuncta multiplicitas coarctatur, et quidquid dici potest, per

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706

General Information About Small Cell Lung Cancer Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of bronchogenic carcinomas. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 30% of patients with SCLC will have tumors confined to the hemithorax of origin, the mediastinum, or the supraclavicular lymph nodes. These patients are designated as having limited-stage disease (LD). Patients with tumors that have spread beyond the supraclavicular areas are said to have extensive-stage disease (ED). SCLC is more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than other cell types of lung cancer; however, a cure is difficult to achieve because SCLC has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis.Incidence and Mortality The overall incidence and mortality rates of SCLC in the United States have decreased during the past few decades. Estimated new cases and deaths from lung cancer (SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC] combined) in the United States in 2013: - New cases: 228,190. - Deaths: 159,480. Lung cancer may present with symptoms or be found incidentally on chest imaging. Symptoms and signs may result from the location of the primary local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, distant metastases, or paraneoplastic phenomena. The most common symptoms at presentation are worsening cough, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. Other presenting symptoms include the following: - Chest pain. - Weight loss. Symptoms may result from local invasion or compression of adjacent thoracic structures, such as compression involving the esophagus causing dysphagia, compression involving the laryngeal nerves causing hoarseness, or compression involving the superior vena cava causing facial edema and distension of the superficial veins of the head and neck. Symptoms from distant metastases may also be present and include neurological defect or personality change from brain metastases or pain from bone metastases. Infrequently, patients with SCLC may present with symptoms and signs of one of the following paraneoplastic syndromes: - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. - Cushing syndrome from secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. - Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. - Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Physical examination may identify enlarged supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion or lobar collapse, unresolved pneumonia, or signs of associated disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Diagnosis Treatment options for patients are determined by histology, stage, and general health and comorbidities of the patient. Investigations of patients with suspected SCLC focus on confirming the diagnosis and determining the extent of the disease. The procedures used to determine the presence of cancer include the following: - Physical examination. - Routine laboratory evaluations. - Chest x-ray. - Chest computed tomography scan with infusion of contrast material. Before a patient begins lung cancer treatment, an experienced lung cancer pathologist must review the pathologic material. This is critical because SCLC, which responds well to chemotherapy and is generally not treated surgically, can be confused on microscopic examination with NSCLC. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are invaluable techniques for diagnosis and subclassification, but most lung tumors can be classified by light microscopic criteria.Prognosis and Survival Regardless of stage, the current prognosis for patients with SCLC is unsatisfactory despite improvements in diagnosis and therapy made during the past 25 years. Without treatment, SCLC has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with median survival from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months. About 10% of the total population of SCLC patients remains free of disease during the 2 years from the start of therapy, which is the time period during which most relapses occur. Even these patients, however, are at risk of dying from lung cancer (both small and non-small cell types). The overall survival at 5 years is 5% to 10%.[1,5-7] An important prognostic factor for SCLC is the extent of disease. Patients with LD have a better prognosis than patients with ED. For patients with LD, median survival of 16 to 24 months and 5-year survivals of 14% with current forms of treatment have been reported.[1,6,8,9] Patients diagnosed with LD who smoke should be encouraged to stop smoking before undergoing combined-modality therapy because continued smoking may compromise survival. Improved long-term survival in patients with LD has been shown with combined-modality therapy.[9,11][Level of evidence: 1iiA] Although long-term survivors have been reported among patients who received either surgery or chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy combined with thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) is considered the standard of care. Adding TRT increases absolute survival by approximately 5% over chemotherapy alone.[11,13] The optimal timing of TRT relative to chemotherapy has been evaluated in multiple trials and meta-analyses with the weight of evidence suggesting a small benefit to early TRT.[1,14,15][Level of evidence: 1iiA] In patients with ED, median survival of 6 to 12 months is reported with currently available therapy, but long-term disease-free survival is rare. All patients with this type of cancer may appropriately be considered for inclusion in clinical trials at the time of diagnosis. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.References - Murray N, Coy P, Pater JL, et al.: Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 11 (2): 336-44, 1993. [PUBMED Abstract] - Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D, et al.: Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 24 (28): 4539-44, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] - American Cancer Society.: Cancer Facts and Figures 2013. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2013. Available online. Last accessed May 2, 2013. - Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, et al.: Histological typing of lung and pleural tumours. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. - Johnson BE, Grayson J, Makuch RW, et al.: Ten-year survival of patients with small-cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy with or without irradiation. J Clin Oncol 8 (3): 396-401, 1990. [PUBMED Abstract] - Fry WA, Menck HR, Winchester DP: The National Cancer Data Base report on lung cancer. Cancer 77 (9): 1947-55, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] - Lassen U, Osterlind K, Hansen M, et al.: Long-term survival in small-cell lung cancer: posttreatment characteristics in patients surviving 5 to 18+ years--an analysis of 1,714 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 13 (5): 1215-20, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] - Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al.: Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 340 (4): 265-71, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] - Jänne PA, Freidlin B, Saxman S, et al.: Twenty-five years of clinical research for patients with limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma in North America. Cancer 95 (7): 1528-38, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract] - Videtic GM, Stitt LW, Dar AR, et al.: Continued cigarette smoking by patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer is associated with decreased survival. J Clin Oncol 21 (8): 1544-9, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract] - Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al.: A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 327 (23): 1618-24, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract] - Chandra V, Allen MS, Nichols FC 3rd, et al.: The role of pulmonary resection in small cell lung cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 81 (5): 619-24, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] - Warde P, Payne D: Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 10 (6): 890-5, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract] - Perry MC, Eaton WL, Propert KJ, et al.: Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 316 (15): 912-8, 1987. [PUBMED Abstract] - Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al.: Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J Clin Oncol 20 (14): 3054-60, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract] - Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al.: Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 341 (7): 476-84, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] - Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al.: Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 357 (7): 664-72, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract]

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2,188

Finding the cause of your fever This page has information on finding the cause of fever. You can go straight to sections on To treat a fever, you need to know what is causing it. If you develop a fever, your doctor will want to examine you and ask you a number of questions. This is so they can find out the exact cause of the fever and treat it in the best way. They are likely to ask such things as - When did the fever start? - What symptoms do you have? - What cancer treatments are you having? - How long is it since your last treatment? - Do you have any difficulty passing urine or opening your bowels? - What medications are you taking? - Do you have any pain? If so, where? - Do you have any lines into your veins (for example a PICC line or central line)? - Do you have any tubes or catheters? - Is the fever there all the time, or does it come and go? - Do you have night sweats? - Do you have any wounds that have not completely healed? - Do you have any other illnesses? Your doctor will examine you if they suspect you have an infection. They will closely examine parts of your body where infection is most likely to occur. Sometimes your signs and symptoms can give your doctor some idea as to where in your body your infection is. For example, if you have burning and stinging sensations when passing urine, then you may have a bladder infection. The doctor will also check your breathing and you may have a chest X-ray to rule out lung infection. If you have a drip or central line in place, they will carefully examine the entry site for any signs of infection. Your doctor will arrange for you to have a blood sample taken. This is to check that your blood cell counts are normal. And to look for infection in your blood. Doctors call this test blood cultures. Your doctor may also take urine and sputum specimens to check for infection. And perhaps a throat swab, or a swab from around a drip site or from any wound you have. It is not always possible for your doctor to find out exactly what is causing your fever. Doctors cannot find the cause of infection in half of those (50%) with cancer who have an infection. But you can still have treatment with a broad spectrum antibiotic. This is a type of antibiotic that is active against a wide variety of bacteria. Choosing antibiotics can be a bit hit and miss if the doctor can't actually find the bacteria. You may need to have some tests repeated. And you may need your antibiotics changed if tests show up a bacteria that needs treating with a specific antibiotic. Some infections are very hard to find and it is important that your doctor keeps checking to find the cause. Rated 2 out of 5 based on 3 votes Question about cancer? Contact our information nurse team

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607

Experiencing Mathematics and Technology Education This course builds on understandings of Mathematics and Statistics and Technology developed in the 100 level course Mathematics and Technology Introductory Studies. Course content will include exploring components of The New Zealand Curriculum relevant to Mathematics and Statistics, and Technology and critiquing national assessment tools. Planning, assessing and evaluating units of work will be a key focus of this course. The New Zealand Numeracy Development Project Number Framework and The Diagnostic Interview will be used in conjunction with school visits to diagnose and teach to individual numeracy needs. Students will also participation in, document and reflect on an authentic technological practice experience.

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129

Each year U.S. hospitals have 300,000 admissions for broken hips. Falling is often the cause of those fractures. As we age, many physical factors put us at an increased risk of falling such as: hearing loss, vision loss, lack of mobility and loss of muscles mass. The average person will lose about one percent of their muscle mass per year after the age of forty five. The best way to counteract that is to use your muscles by leading an active lifestyle. Balance exercises can help you stay independent by helping you avoid the often permanent physical disabilities that may result from falling. And you don’t have to have fancy equipment to strengthen your muscles and improve your balance. There are many easy exercises you can do at home. Stand on one foot. - Stand on one foot behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - Hold position for up to 10 seconds. - Repeat 10 to 15 times. - Repeat with opposite leg Walk heel to toe. - Position the heel of one foot just in front of the toes of the other foot. Your heel and toes should touch or almost touch. - Choose a spot ahead of you and focus on it to keep you steady as you walk. - Take a step. Put your heel just in front of the toe of your other foot. - Repeat for 20 steps. Back leg raises (strengthens buttocks and low back) - Stand behind a sturdy chair, holding on for balance. - Flex your left foot, then slowly lift left leg straight back without bending your knee. Try not to lean forward. Hold position for 1 second. - Keep your right standing leg slightly bent. - Repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg Side leg raises (strengthens hips, thighs, and buttocks) - Stand behind a sturdy chair with feet slightly apart, holding on for balance. - Flex your left foot and slowly lift your left leg out to the side. Keep your back straight and your toes facing forward. - Keep your right standing leg slightly bent and hold position for 1 second. - Breathe in as you slowly lower your leg. - Repeat 10 to 15 times with each leg.

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454

From power plants to paper mills, quarries to crematoriums – every year companies across North Carolina pump millions of pounds of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. And no matter where you are in North Carolina, one thing remains constant – you’ve got to pay to pollute. Most air polluters in the state pay for their emissions with permits, and sometimes fines, from the North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Division of Air Quality. But there are three places in the state where air quality isn’t regulated from agency headquarters in Raleigh, and one of those places is Buncombe County. In Buncombe County, the Western North Carolina Regional Air Quality Agency monitors air quality and enforces state and federal air quality standards. The other two local regulating agencies in North Carolina are in Mecklenburg and Forsyth counties. Ashley Featherstone, engineering supervisor for WNCRAQA, said the Buncombe County agency actually predates the state Division of Air Quality and federal Environmental Protection Agency. The WNCRAQA was started as a smoke abatement agency in the 1940s to regulate smoke from coal-fired boilers in the area, Featherstone said. At that time, four counties were involved in the agency — Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson and Transylvania. The Clean Air Act of 1970 allowed local governments to establish their own air quality programs, which Featherstone said resulted in the formation of the WNCRAQA. The agency downsized to two counties — Buncombe and Haywood — in 1970 before Haywood ultimately left the agency in 1999. Today, the agency is governed by a five-member board with three appointees from Buncombe County and two from the City of Asheville, although the agency operates independently of both governments. Buncombe County government administers the agency’s personnel policy. Despite its small size and limited resources in comparison to statewide agencies, Kevin Lance, enforcement and monitoring supervisor, said he believes the WNCRAQA’s size is an advantage. “I think it allows us to be better at enforcement and, you know, better at a lot of things,” he said. The agency issues permits for 70 facilities in Buncombe County, and the fees for those permits are its primary source of funding, Featherstone said. It also receives an EPA STAR grant and some funding from North Carolina’s gas tax. The WNCRAQA’s operating budget for the current fiscal year is $1,009,526, Featherstone said, adding that the budget includes $72,000 for the one-time purchase of new ozone detection equipment. She said the agency’s annual budget must be approved by its board and then by Buncombe County. The WNCRAQA uses its funds to monitor air quality in the county, focusing primarily on ozone and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, also known as PM2.5. Although ozone hazards are more well-known, particulate matter can have serious health effects due to its ability to lodge deeply into the lungs, according to the EPA. The agency monitors ozone levels from a monitoring station at Bent Creek Experimental Forest on Brevard Road and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns from monitoring equipment on top of the Buncombe County Board of Education building. Lance said WNCRAQA and the state poll these monitoring sites every hour. The air-quality information also is available at the government-backed AirCompare website. The agency also conducts inspections on each of the facilities in Buncombe County that it permits. Title V facilities – the largest polluters – are inspected yearly to ensure compliance, Featherstone said. Title V references Title V of the federal Clean Air Act. The next largest polluters, designated as “synthetic minor,” also are inspected yearly. Small facilities are inspected every other year, Featherstone said. Based on compliance with permits and air quality standards, Featherstone said the agency also has both civil and criminal enforcement authority. Most of the violations the agency deals with are due to clerical errors like record-keeping and reporting, Featherstone said. Criminal enforcement is much more infrequent. “It’s very hard to do a criminal case because you have to prove intent,” Featherstone said. So far this year, the agency has issued six notices of violations, mostly for late reports or failure to conduct audits, which Featherstone said is pretty typical. “That’s the most common type of violation that we have,” she said. Overall, Lance said he thinks a hardy sense of stewardship in the area is what has kept the agency successful for so many years. “I think this is a good area to protect,” he said. “I think we have some good input in this area, and I think that’s why we stayed around.” Agency hosting free gas can exchange The Western North Carolina Regional Air Quality Agency will hold a free gas can exchange program in conjunction with the Buncombe County Solid Waste Department at the Buncombe County Landfill from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Aug. 3 and 10. The WNCRAQA will replace old gas cans with new, environmentally-friendly cans. The project is part of an effort to reduce emissions by American Suzuki Motor Corp. and the EPA. Visit WNCRAQA’s website for more information.

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1,144

English Revolution of 1688 James II, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of Monmouth's rebellion in 1685, then had the Tory reaction in his favour, complete control over Parliament and the town corporations, a regular army in England, a thoroughly Catholic army in process of formation in Ireland, and a large revenue granted by Parliament for life. His policy was to govern England as absolute monarch and to restore Catholics to their full civil and religious rights. Unfortunately, both prudence and statesmanship were lacking, with the result that in three years the king lost his throne. The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole. The execution of Monmouth (July, 1685) made the Revolution possible, for it led to the Whig party accepting William of Orange as the natural champion of Protestantism against the attempts of James. Thus the opposition gained a centre round which it consolidated with ever-increasing force. What the Catholics as a body desired was freedom of worship and the repeal of the penal laws ; but a small section of them, desirous of political power, aimed chiefly at the repeal of the Test Act of 1673 and the Act of 1678 which excluded Catholics from both houses of Parliament. Unfortunately James fell under the influence of this section, which was directed by the unprincipled Earl of Sunderland, and he decided on a policy of repeal of the Test Act. Circumstances had caused this question to be closely bound up with that of the army. For James, who placed his chief reliance on his soldiers, had increased the standing army to 30,000, 13,000 of whom, partly officered by Catholics, were encamped on Hounslow Heath to the great indignation of London which regarded the camp as a menace to its liberties and a centre of disorder. Parliament demanded that the army should be reduced to normal dimensions and the Catholic officers dismissed; but James, realizing that the test would not be repealed, prorogued Parliament and proceeded to exercise the "dispensing and suspending power". By this he claimed that it was the prerogative of the crown to dispense with the execution of the penal laws in individual cases and to suspend the operation of any law altogether. To obtain the sanction of the Law Courts for this doctrine a test case, known as Hales's case, was brought to decide whether the king could allow a Catholic to hold office in the army without complying with the Test Act. After James had replaced some of the judges by more complaisant lawyers, he obtained a decision that "it was of the king's prerogative to dispense. with penal laws in particular instances". He acted on the decision by appointing Catholics to various positions, Lord Tyrconnel becoming Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Arundel Lord Privy Seal, and Lord Bellasyse Lord Treasurer in place of the Tory minister Lord Rochester, who was regarded as the chief mainstay of the Established Church. The Church of England, which was rendered uneasy by the dismissal of Rochester, was further alienated by the king's action in appointing a Court of High Commission, which suspended the Bishop of London for refusing to inhibit one of his clergy from preaching anti-Catholic sermons. The feeling was intensified by the liberty which Catholics enjoyed in London during 1686. Public chapels were opened, including one in the Royal Palace, the Jesuits founded a large school in the Savoy, and Catholic ecclesiastics appeared openly at Court. At this juncture James, desiring to counterbalance the loss of Anglican support, offered toleration to the dissenters, who at the beginning of his reign had been severely persecuted. The influence of William Penn induced the king to issue on 4 April, 1687, the Declaration of Indulgence, by which liberty of worship was granted to all, Catholic and Protestant alike. He also replaced Tory churchmen by Whig dissenters on the municipal corporations and the commission of the peace, and, having dissolved Parliament, hoped to secure a new House of Commons which would repeal both the penal laws and the Test. But he underestimated two difficulties, the hatred of the dissenters for "popery" and their distrust of royal absolutism. His action in promoting Catholics to the Privy Council, the judicial bench, and the offices of Lord lieutenant, sheriff, and magistrate, wounded these susceptibilities, while he further offended the Anglicans by attempting to restore to Catholics some of their ancient foundations in the universities. Catholics obtained some footing both at Christ Church and University College, Oxford, and in March 1688, James gave the presidency of Magdalen College to Bonaventure Giffard, the Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District. This restoration of Magdalen as a Catholic college created the greatest alarm, not only among the holders of benefices throughout the country, but also among the owners of ancient abbey lands. The presence of the papal nuncio, Mgr. d'Adda, at Court and the public position granted to the four Catholic bishops, who had recently been appointed as vicars Apostolic, served to increase both the dislike of the dissenters to support a king whose acts, while of doubtful legality, were also subversive of Protestant interests, and likewise the difficulty of the Anglicans in practicing passive obedience in face of such provocation. Surrounded by these complications, James issued his second Declaration of Indulgence in April, 1688, and ordered that it should be read in all the churches. This strained Anglican obedience to the breaking point. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his suffragans presented a petition questioning the dispensing power. The seven bishops were sent to the Tower prosecuted, tried, and acquitted. This trial proved to be the immediate occasion of the Revolution, for, as Halifax said, "it hath brought all Protestants together and bound them up into a knot that cannot easily be untied". While the bishops were in the Tower, another epoch-marking event occurred -- the birth of an heir to the crown (10 June, 1688). Hitherto the hopes of the king's opponents had been fixed on the succession of his Protestant daughter Mary, wife of William of Orange, the Protestant leader. The birth of Prince James now opened up the prospect of a Catholic dynasty just at a moment when the ancient anti-Catholic bigotry had been aroused by events both in England and France. For besides the ill-advised acts of James, the persecution of the Huguenots by Louis XIV, consequent on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, revived old religious animosities. England was flooded with French Protestant refugees bearing everywhere the tale of a Catholic king's cruelty. Unfortunately for James his whole foreign policy had been one of subservience to France, and at this moment of crisis the power of France was a menace to all Europe. Even Catholic Austria and Spain supported the threatened Protestant states, and the pope himself, outraged by Louis XIV in a succession of wrongs, joined the universal resistance to France and was allied with William of Orange and other Protestant sovereigns against Louis and his single supporter, James. William had long watched the situation in England, and during 1687 had received communications from the opposition in which it was agreed that, whenever revolutionary action should become advisable, it should be carried out under William's guidance. As early as the autumn of 1687 the papal secretary of state was aware of the plot to dethrone James and make Mary queen, and a French agent dispatched the news to England through France. The Duke of Norfolk then in Rome also learned it, and sent intelligence to the king before 18 Dec., 1687 (letter of d'Estrées to Louvois, cited by Ranke, II, 424). But James, though early informed, was reluctant to believe that his son-in-law would head an insurrection against him. On the day the seven bishops were acquitted seven English statesmen sent a letter to William inviting him to rescue the religion and liberties of England. But William was threatened by a French army on the Belgian frontier, and could not take action. Louis XIV made a last effort to save James, and warned the Dutch States General that he would regard any attack on England as a declaration of war against France. This was keenly resented by James who regarded it as a slight upon English independence, and he repudiated the charge that he had made a secret treaty with France. Thereupon Louis left him to his fate, removed the French troops from Flanders to begin a campaign against the empire, and thus William was free to move. When it was too late James realized his danger. By hasty concessions granted one after another he tried to undo his work and win back the Tory churchmen to his cause. But he did not remove the Catholic officers or suggest the restriction of the dispensing power. In October Sunderland was dismissed from office, but William was already on the seas, and, though driven back by a storm, he re-embarked and landed at Torbay on 5 Nov., 1688. James at first prepared to resist. The army was sent to intercept William, but by the characteristic treachery of Churchill, disaffection was spread, and the king, not knowing in whom he could place confidence, attempted to escape. At Sheerness he was stopped and sent back to London, where he might have proved an embarrassing prisoner had not his escape been connived at. On 23 Dec., 1688, he left England to take refuge with Louis XIV ; the latter received him generously and granted him both palace and pension. On his first departure the mob had risen in London against the Catholics, and attacked chapels and houses, plundering and carrying off the contents. Even the ambassadors' houses were not spared, and the Spanish and Sardinian embassy chapels were destroyed. Bishops Giffard and Leyburn were arrested and committed to the Tower. Father Petre had escaped, and the Nuncio disguised himself as a servant at the house of the envoy from Savoy, till he was enabled to obtain from William a passport. So far as the English Catholics were concerned, the result of the Revolution was that their restoration to freedom of worship and liberation from the penal laws was delayed for a century and more. So completely had James lost the confidence of the nation that William experienced no opposition and the Revolution ran its course in an almost regular way. A Convention Parliament met on 22 January, 1689, declared that James "having withdrawn himself out of the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant ", and "that experience had shown it to be inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a Popish Prince". The crown was offered to William and Mary, who accepted the Declaration of Right, which laid down the principles of the constitution with regard to the dispensing power, the liberties of Parliament, and other matters. After their proclamation as king and queen, the Declaration was ratified by the Bill of Rights, and the work of the Revolution was complete. English Catholics have indeed had good cause to lament the failure of the king's well-meant, if unwise, attempts to restore their liberty, and to regret that he did not act on the wise advice of Pope Innocent XI and Cardinal Howard to proceed by slow degrees and obtain first the repeal of the penal laws before going on to restore their full civil rights. But on the other hand we can now realize that the Revolution had the advantage of finally closing the long struggle between king and Parliament that had lasted for nearly a century, and of establishing general principles of religious toleration in which Catholics were bound sooner or later to be included. More Catholic Encyclopedia Browse Encyclopedia by Alphabet The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. Browse the Catholic Encyclopedia by Topic Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online

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2,803

A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases. INCREASE OF MERIT Factors that increase a person's supernatural reward for good works performed in the state of grace. There are four such factors: 1. the degree of sanctifying grace in which a person does some morally good action; 2. the intensity of will with which an act is done; 3. the sublimity of the action performed; and 4. the purity of love or selflessness that animates the performance. Difficulties of themselves do not increase supernatural merit, but, provided that a difficulty is not culpable, it normally demands additional effort of will and thus indirectly adds to the merit derived from a morally good act done in the state of grace. All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.

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187

What is intestinal cancer? Cancer of the small intestine is a rare form of cancer typically caused by four types of tumors or classifications. The most common type of small intestine cancer is adenocarcinoma. Other, less common types are: carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and lymphomas. Celiac Disease and Small Intestinal Cancer: If a person with celiac had the disease undiagnosed for a long period of time, or fails to maintain a gluten-free lifestyle after diagnosis, the chance of developing small intestinal cancer increases. Those with celiac disease are especially more likely to develop lymphomas in the small intestine because of their compromised immune system. In the past the increased risk of celiacs developing lymphomas was quite high, 40-100% more likely. However, more recent studies have shown that the risk of lymphoma is slightly higher than the normal population—much less than previously believed—and that this risk reaches unity with the normal population after a gluten-free diet has been maintained for several years. Types of Intestinal Cancers: Adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of the small intestine, usually the duodenum. Adenocarcinomas make up 40-50% of all small intestinal cancers. Who Gets Adenocarcinoma? This type of intestinal cancer occurs most often in men later in life, the average age being 60 years. People with Crohns Disease and certain other inherited conditions—such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Peuts-Jegherssyndrome are at a higher risk of developing adenocarinomas. Carcinoid Tumors: Occurs when neuroendocrine cells grow abnormally, carcinoid tumors may also be refered to as neuroendocrine tumors or less aggressive neuroendocrine cancer. Carcinoid tumors often cause symptoms throughout the entire body, rather than just in the affected organ. Who Gets Carcinoid Tumors? People with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia—a rare inherited disease that causes increased risk of getting tumors in certain glands, or those with a family history of neurofibromatosis. Carcinoid tumors are more common in women and among African Americans. People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of stomach acid have an increased risk of developing carinoid tumors. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: These are fairly rare tumors that are now believed to start in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the walls of the GI tract. Some stromal tumors are benign. Who Gets Stromal Tumors? There are very few known risk factors that cause stromal tumors, it is believed that a family history of neurofibromatosis or familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndrome will increase a person's risk of getting stromal tumors. Lymphomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphoid tissue. Who Gets GI Lymphomas? Most patients have no known risk factors, old age seems to be the greatest factor in developing lymphomas. Some genetic risks factors that cause abnormal function of the immune system can also lead to lymphomas, as well as a diet high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables. Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals can increase the risk of lymphomas. Immune deficiencies—from organ transplants, etc, autoimmune diseases, and some infections can also increase the likelihood of a lymphoma developing. What are the Symptoms of Intestinal Cancer? Symptoms tend to be vague and unspecific. Complaints are often for pain throughout the body, not just focused in the digestive tract area. Abdominal pain and unexplained weight-loss are the two most common symptoms of intestinal cancer. Other symptoms include, but are not limited to, pain or cramping in the middle of the abdomen, a lump in the abdomen, blood in the stool, nausea, bloating, iron deficient anemia and jaundice. Screening and Diagnosis of Intestinal Cancer If your doctor suspects intestinal cancer they might order a barium contrast study, an upper GI tract endoscopy, an ultrasound or a colonoscopy depending on what type of cancer is suspected and the likely location. If tumors are found a biopsy will be performed to confirm that the cells are cancerous. Treatment of Small Intestinal Cancer The most common method of treatment of small intestinal cancer is surgery. The doctor will remove all of the visible tumor and some of the surrounding healthy area to ensure that all cancer has been removed. With lymphomas, the most common treatment is radiation therapy. Celiac Disease and Other Malignancies Although cancers of the small intestine might seem to be the only related malignancy with celiac, other studies have shown relations with other types of cancer. There is some evidence that patients with celiac have an increased risk of esophageal and pharyngeal carcinomas, a Swedish study found celiac 2.3 times more likely to develop these carcinomas. The same study also found an increased risk for colorectal cancer (SIR=1.5), however an English study found NO patients with celiac disease and colorectal cancer. Celiacs also seem to have an increased risk of developing primary liver cancer. Breast cancer, on the other hand, is seen at a much lower frequency in celiacs than among the general population. This is possibly related to a lower frequency of smoking or lower body weight in celiacs. The development of malignancies is rare, and although celiac disease does appear to coincide with increased frequencies of certain cancers it is by no means a common occurrence. If you suspect that you might have cancer, or are worried about developing cancer in the future, please discuss your concerns with your physician. Coeliac disease and lymphoma, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2006 18:131-2. Do you or a family member suffer from this disease? You may have celiac disease, find ouy now, take our celiac disease symptoms checklist.

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(S.D.)-Search For Radioactive Decay Continues In SD Lab LEAD, S.D. (AP) - Physicists in South Dakota have started assembling "detector units" in the search for a rare form of radioactive decay that could help explain how the universe evolved. The Majorana Demonstrator Experiment is under construction in the Davis Campus of a shuttered gold mine in Lead in the Black Hills. It's next door to another experiment meant to detect dark matter. Both experiments are housed nearly a mile beneath the earth in the former Homestake Gold Mine. Officials with the Sanford Underground Research Facility say that the first detector units were built through Monday when physicist Ryan Martin "attached a polished germanium-crystal detector the size of a hockey puck to a wafer-thin glass electronics board." The experiment will need about 70 such units to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. (Copyright 2012 The Associated Press) Back to News Printer Friendly Version Send Story to a friend.

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Zombies are serious business. Just ask the woman who was shot (non-fatally) by her boyfriend after they got in a fierce argument over the probability of a real-life zombie apocalypse, a conversation sparked by AMC's hit drama The Walking Dead. She thinks it's pure fantasy, but he thinks a "military mishap" could make the ravenous undead a reality. And so he shot her (accidentally, he claims). Jeez, overreact much? And as crazy as his actions were, the shooter isn't alone in his beliefs. Stay with us here. We're not condoning his unbalanced response to what should be a rather open-and-shut debate (e.g. zombies = fiction). But there's a reason why zombies are appealing to many: that tiny, niggling idea that maybe, possibly they could exist (even when our brainsss tell us otherwise). That's what makes them both scary and intriguing. 'Fess up. You either have a zombie preparedness plan or know somebody who does. And even though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first used zombies as a tongue-in-cheek approach to offer tips to the public, the agency has kept zombies a presence on its website because the response has been so positive. Chances are that if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you'll be prepared for anything. Plus, although supernatural or magical reasons were given for the mortally challenged in the past, the trend now (seen in such projects as The Walking Dead and 28 Days Later) is to offer explanations rooted in science, pathology and ultimately, reality. If the Bubonic plague or other similar epidemics have us taught anything, it's to not underestimate the rapid, far-reaching effects of insidious viruses or fungi. Hey, scientists, can you develop a zombie inoculation (covered by insurance, of course) or an over-the-counter Preparation Z? What's your verdict? Are zombies purely a fictional, albeit fun, diversion? Or is it possible for an unknown disease or experiment gone wrong to create the undead? What's your zombie preparedness plan? Share your thoughts in the comments below! Other Links From TVGuide.com

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18 Feb 2009 Corn starch/water on an audio speaker. There is a very interesting video at this link of oobleck dancing on an audio speaker: Subject:University of Iowa Hydraulics Center Films on Youtube (six films) Introduction to the study of fluid motion (1961, 25 minutes) http://youtu.be/EIuU9Q8CGDk The first in a widely used series of films on fluid mechanics, produced at IIHR under the direction of Hunter Rouse. This introductory program, designed to orient engineering students, shows examples of flow phenomena from a host of everyday experiences. Empirical solutions by means of scale models are illustrated. The significance of the Euler, Froude, Reynolds, and Mach numbers as similitude parameters is illustrated. Dr. Hunter Rouse served as Director of IIHR from 1944 to 1966. During this time, he was instrumental in strengthening IIHRs fundamental research emphasis and in developing teaching programs for hydraulic engineers. Through his writings, research, and global travels, he established IIHR as an internationally acclaimed innovative research and teaching laboratory. Fundamental Principles of flow (23 min) Second in the series, this video departs from the essential generality of the first by explicitly illustrating, through experi ment and animation, the basic concepts and physical relation ships that are involved in the analysis of fluid motion. The concepts of velocity, acceleration, circulation, and vorticity are introduced, and the use of integral equations of motion is demonstrated by a simple example. Fluid Motion in a gravitational field (24 min) http://youtu.be/-xoyLhiEOus In this third video of the series, which proceeds from the intro ductory and the basic material presented in the first two videos, emphasis is laid upon the action of gravity. Principles of wave propagation are illustrated, including aspects of gen eration, celerity, reflection, stability, and reduction to steadiness by relative motion. Simulation of comparable phenomena in the atmosphere and the ocean is considered. Characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow (26 min) http://youtu.be/eIHVh3cIujU The fourth video deals with the effect of viscosity. Dye, smoke, suspended particles, and hydrogen-bubbles are used to reveal the Various combinations of Couette and plane Poiseuille flow introduce the principles of lubrication. Axisymmetric Poiseuille flow and development of the flow around an elliptic cylinder are related to variation in the Reynolds number, and the growth of the boundary layer along a flat plate is shown. Instability in boundary layers and pipe flow is shown to lead to turbulence. The eddy viscosity and apparent stress are intro duced by hotwire-anemometer indications. The processes of turbulence production, turbulent mixing, and turbulence decay are considered. Form, drag, lift, and propulsion (24 In the fifth video of the series, emphasis is laid upon the role of boundary-layer separation in modifying the flow pattern and producing longitudinal and lateral components of force on a moving body. Various conditions of separation and methods of separation control are first illustrated. Attention is then given to the distribution of pressure around typical body profiles and its relation to the resulting drag. The concept of circulation introduced in the second film is developed to explain the forces on rotating bodies and the forced vibration of cylin dri cal bodies. Structural failure of unstable sections is Effects of fluid compressibility (17 The last in the six-video series makes extensive use of the analogy between gravity and sound waves and illustrates, through laboratory demonstrations and animation, the con cepts of wave celerity, shock waves and surges, wave reflec tion and water hammer. Two-dimensional waves are produced by flow past a point source at various speeds relative to the wave celerity to illus trate the effect of changing Mach number, and the principle is applied to flow at curved and abrupt wall deflections. Axisymmetric and three-dimensional wave patterns are then portrayed using color Schlieren pictures.

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Latest Field News Mkomazi: ‘Born Wild’ book Tuesday, November 09, 2010 Mkomazi National Park is a hugely important part of Tanzania's national Black rhino conservation strategy - the park holds 20% of Tanzania's Black Rhino population. Chester Zoo has supported Mkomazi in various ways over the years, presently the focus is support of an environmental education programme - this has seen the purchase of an education bus and materials, plus the salary for an education officer. Chester Zoo education staff have been key to this project, helping Mkomazi set up an education programme for the local community. Previous support for Mkomazi has included infrastructure improvements, reinforcing the fence of the Mkomazi Rhino Sanctuary and help in funding the translocation of three rhinos to the park in 2009. The success of Mkomazi has been due to the dedication and work of Tony Fitzjohn and the George Adamson Wildlife preservation Trust. Tony Fitzjohn has recently released his book 'Born Wild', telling his personal story from the time he worked at Kora in Kenya with George Adamson (of 'Born Free' fame) to the success of Mkomazi and the newly created National Park. Photo - courtesy of Save The Rhino International. Back to latest news

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Pediatric Health Library :: Pediatric Health Library Topics Water Safety - Injury Statistics and Incidence Rates The following statistics are the latest available from the National SAFE KIDS Campaign and the National Safety Council: Injury and death rates: - Approximately 838 children ages 14 and under drowned in 2002; more than 60 percent of these children were under age four. - Approximately 15 percent of children admitted to hospitals for near-drowning die, while another 20 percent will suffer severe and permanent brain damage. - More than half of drownings among infants occur in bathtubs. - Among children ages four and under, there are about 300 residential swimming pool drownings each year. - In 2003, about 200 children ages 14 and under experienced personal watercraft injuries. Where and when: - Most infants under the age of one drown in bathtubs. Other drownings in this age group tend to occur in toilets and buckets. Drownings in bathtubs account for 10 percent of all childhood drownings, most often when the child is unsupervised. - Since 1984, more than 327 children have drowned in buckets containing water or other liquids. The majority (89 percent) of the children were between the ages of seven and 15 months. - More than half of childhood drownings in pools occur in the child's home pool, with one-third of these drownings occurring at the homes of friends, neighbors, or relatives. - Most drownings and near-drownings occur on the weekend (40 percent) during late spring and summer (May through August). - More fatal drownings occur in the South and West. - More fatal drownings occur in rural areas than suburban or urban areas. - The majority (more than 85 percent) of children who drown in swimming pools are between the ages of one to four. - Each year, 300 children ages four and under drown in swimming pools, while another 2,600 children in this age group are treated for near-drowning in hospital emergency rooms. - Children ages four and under are two to three times as likely to drown than other age groups and account for 80 percent of home drownings. - Boys are two to four times more likely to drown than girls. - Girls are twice as likely to drown in bathtubs than boys. - African-American children ages five to nine are four-and-a-half times more likely to drown in swimming pools than Caucasian children. - Non-swimming pool drownings are more common among low-income children. Click here to view the Online Resources of Safety & Injury Prevention It is important to remember the health information found on this website is for reference only not intended to replace the advice and guidance of your healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately.

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December 15, 2010 Contact: John Ascenzi, Department of Public Relations, 267-426-6092 or [email protected] Researchers at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia contributed important pediatric data to the largest-ever genetic study of Crohn’s disease. In this study, the International IBD Genetic Consortium drew on samples from more than 22,000 patients and 29,000 controls from around the world. A chronic, painful inflammation of the digestive tract, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease (affecting any part of the digestive tract) and ulcerative colitis (limited to the large intestine). It affects some 2 million U.S. children and adults. An abnormal overreaction in the body’s immune system is believed to trigger the inflammation in IBD. Like many common disorders, IBD has complex causes, resulting from any of a number of genes that may interact with each other and with environmental factors. Hakon Hakonarson, MD, PhD, director of the Center for Applied Genomics; Kai Wang, PhD, also from that Center; and Robert N. Baldassano, MD, director of the Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, were co-authors of the current paper, and have collaborated previously with each other on genetic studies of pediatric IBD. The current study appeared online Nov. 21, 2010 in Nature; the study leader was Miles Parkes from the University of Cambridge in the UK. The international study consortium identified 30 new locations at which gene variants were associated with a higher risk of having Crohn’s disease. When added to previous studies, a total of 71 gene variants have now been discovered, and the total is expected to grow in the future. Currently, more genes have been linked to Crohn’s disease than to any other disease. Because the gene variants found in this study are believed not to directly cause IBD, but instead act as signposts to other gene variants more directly involved in causation, further studies are needed to identify causative genes and understand their biological functions. However, many of the candidate genes affect signaling within the immune system and regulate immune responses. Many of the gene locations found in the current study have previously been linked to other autoimmune diseases such as asthma, celiac diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The CHOP researchers contributed genotype data from more than 1,600 pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease and 4,000 controls to the discovery set of the study. When combined with data from adult-onset cases, the joint analysis identified 31 new genetic variants linked to IBD. Hakonarson said that genetics tends to play a stronger role in children with IBD than adults with the disease: “In childhood-onset IBD, genetic factors play a stronger role and hence there is early onset of the disease,” said Hakonarson. In adult-onset IBD, by contrast, there is a longer period of time for non-genetic effects, such as infections and dietary factors and their interactions, as well as exposures to medications and various environmental toxins to come into play to trigger the disease in subjects who may have weaker genetic susceptibility and hence a later disease onset.” “Our goal is to use better understanding of how specific genes contribute to IBD to develop more appropriate and effective treatments for the disease,” said Baldassano. “Ultimately, personalized medicine will help us to select the best treatment for each patient, based on the patient’s genetic profile.” Visit the Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

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766

March 17, 2011 Contact: Joey McCool Ryan, Department of Public Relations, 267-426-6070, [email protected] A pilot study in healthy children and adolescents shows that it is feasible to screen for undiagnosed heart conditions that increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Adding a 10-minute electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) to a history and physical examination identified unsuspected cases of potentially serious heart conditions. Although more research is needed, the preliminary results suggest that a relatively low-cost screening might help identify children who are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest, possibly preventing childhood death. "In the United States, the current American Heart Association guidelines recommend screening only competitive athletes, not all children, using history and physical examination alone," said the study leader, Victoria L. Vetter, MD, MPH, a pediatric cardiologist at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. She noted that in Italy and Japan, which have compulsory screening of all athletes or schoolchildren, researchers have found that adding an ECG to the history and physical increases the likelihood of detecting children at risk for SCA. "Our pilot study evaluated the feasibility of adding an ECG to cardiac screening of healthy school-aged children," Vetter added. The Children's Hospital research team published their study on March 15 in the American Heart Journal. In children, sudden cardiac arrest is caused by structural or electrical abnormalities in the heart that frequently cause no symptoms and may go undiagnosed. It results in an estimated 100 to 1,000 or more annual deaths in childhood in the U.S. The current study evaluated 400 healthy subjects, 5 to 19 years old, recruited from Children's Hospital’s Care Network. The researchers screened the subjects using a medical family history questionnaire, a physical examination, an ECG and an echocardiogram. The study team identified previously undiagnosed cardiac abnormalities in 23 subjects, and hypertension in an additional 20. Ten of the 400 subjects (about 2.5 percent) had potentially serious cardiac conditions. Of those 10 subjects, only one had experienced symptoms, and those had previously been dismissed. None of the 10 subjects had a family history of SCA. "In our study, using ECG outperformed the history and physical examination and found previously unidentified potentially serious abnormalities that would not have been identified by history and physical examination alone," the study authors wrote. The authors added that the children in the screening were not all high school athletes, and most would not have undergone athletic cardiac screening. Regular physical examinations by primary care physicians had not detected the cardiac conditions found in the current study "Performing the ECG and its interpretation added less than 10 minutes to each subject's total evaluation," said Vetter, added that the ECG machines are portable and relatively inexpensive. "Our pilot study showed that adding ECG to the currently recommended guideline of history and physical examination is feasible for screening children and adolescents, and offers the potential to identify serious cardiovascular abnormalities," said Vetter. "However, our study was not designed to be generalizable to a larger population of children at risk for SCA. Larger, more representative studies must be done, as well as cost-effectiveness research." She added that larger pediatric studies may establish better standards for ECG measurements, and determine how broad ECG-screening of school-aged children could best be implemented. Vetter et al, "A pilot study of the feasibility of heart screening for sudden cardiac arrest in healthy children," American Heart Journal, published online [March 15, 2011]; doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.01.022 Vetter is the Medical Director of Youth Heart Watch at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, an affiliate of Project ADAM. The mission of Youth Heart Watch is to prevent sudden cardiac death among children and adolescents by placing automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in schools, recreation centers and other public places. For more information, visit http://www.chop.edu/service/cardiac-center/our-services/youth-heart-watch.html.

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855

The Search for God Is Never a Search in the Dark Although it is a dangerous business to select a passage from a Shakespeare play and hold it up as a mouthpiece of the poet, there are nevertheless a few key passages that seem to express the bard's own thoughts on the creative process. In Act V, Scene I of A Midsummer Night's Dream, for example, Theseus, King of Athens, offers a mini-dissertation on the surprising similarities between lunatics, lovers, and poets. Of the poet's art in particular, he says: "Such tricks hath strong imagination, / That, if it would but apprehend some joy, / It comprehends some bringer of that joy." Dictionaries, even the Oxford English Dictionary, offer little help at understanding Shakespeare's distinction between apprehend and comprehend. If we read the lines, however, in the context of Theseus's full speech, the following distinction emerges: To apprehend is to perceive some force or feeling that transcends our ordinary human faculties. To comprehend, by contrast, is to create some rational or artistic framework for making sense of, and thus "containing," the very force or feeling which seems to defy description. Thus, in the poet's case, an apprehended feeling of unbounded, free-floating joy is comprehended, through the device of poem-writing, into a single, concrete bringer of that joy. In The Mystery of God: Theology for Knowing the Unknowable (Baker Academic), Steven Boyer and Christopher Hall seem to translate (unconsciously) Theseus's distinction into the realm of theology. Too often, they argue, theology attempts to put into concrete words and images an experience that is finally too large for us to take in—and not just quantitatively (there is too much of God for us to grasp), but qualitatively as well (as Uncreated Creator, God is wholly other than his creatures and cannot be contained in logical categories). When we try to force the essence of the eternal, omnipresent Creator into our own structures of thought, we often find that we have not so much explained him as explained him away. At this juncture, one might expect Boyer and Hall either to treat theology as a branch of subjective poetry—beautiful, perhaps even awe inspiring, but incapable of expressing universal truth—or to give up on putting into words (comprehending) that glory, majesty, and holiness of God that we can only barely apprehend. Thankfully, they resist both options, instead offering a different distinction that maintains both the otherness and mystery of God and our capacity, through theological exploration, to reliably know his nature. Too often, modern theologians, especially pluralists, think of God as an "investigative mystery." If we are to understand him, we must amass scattered clues and then figure out how they might fit together. The Bible and traditional Christianity, in contrast, present God as a "revelational mystery." God has revealed himself to us through the Law and Prophets, the Old and New Testament, and Christ himself. We haven't been left to search in the dark. Still, because the God who reveals himself is beyond our comprehension, the mystery remains and cannot be fully contained in doctrinal statements.

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|« Back to Article| Make a resolution for a sustainable 2013 Lindsey Cromwell Kalkbrenner | December 31, 2012 While world leaders work to hammer out global solutions to climate change, there are many ways individuals can make sustainability a personal New Year's resolution in 2013. Sustainability requires us to more closely examine our relationship with the environment as well as with others around us. Here are five simple resolutions you can make to help the planet and save you money and time. 1. Spend your time doing things with people instead of buying energy-sucking, landfill-bound gifts. For friends' and family birthdays this year, give experiences that can be enjoyed together. Memories last longer than gadgets, and leave you more fulfilled as a gift giver. Rather than spend the weekend indoors in front of a screen (TV, tablet, gaming console), volunteer with friends or as a family. The happier we are, the better we get along with others. Cooperation and collaboration are essential to solving the climate crisis and many other problems we face. Why not approach them from a better frame of mind? 2. Eat less meat. You don't need to be a vegetarian, but meat is a large contributor to global warming and uses a lot of resources. Reduce portion sizes by making veggies the focus of the meal. Try Meatless Mondays. For the meat you do eat, buy locally raised products. You'll help the local economy as well as reduce emissions associated with transportation. 3. Cook at home and buy organic - for more reasons than you might think. Organically grown produce is said to improve our health and reduce chemicals released in the environment, but it is also better for the farmers who grow our produce. Conventional farmers frequently are exposed to harmful chemicals via fertilizers and pesticides, so choosing organic produce supports farmer health. That means more efficient use of our health care system. If you can't purchase all-organic, be strategic. The Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit that disseminates information to protect public health and the environment, provides a shopping guide to pesticides in produce. Their guide calls out a "dirty dozen" fruits and vegetables that absorb or retain pesticides more than others. To avoid them, buy organic, the group suggests. This list is available at www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary. Cook dinner at home one more night a week than you do now. Make it a family affair. You'll save money, reduce packaging (if you tend to order takeout), and spend quality time with the kids while teaching them healthy food habits. Consider buying in bulk. You can find healthy food that's cheaper and requires less packaging. You'll make fewer trips to the store. If you shop in bulk bins for grains and nuts, you can buy only what you need and reduce wasted food. 4. Understand your trash. Many cities now offer curbside collection of food scraps/compostable waste. Dedicate January to learning your city's system. Starting in February, focus on one type of landfill waste each month and figure out how to avoid it or substitute a reusable/recyclable/compostable alternative. One idea: Stop junk mail with CatalogChoice.org, a free online tool that contacts mailers on your behalf. This will reduce wasted paper, and save time - yours and your postal worker's. (I noticed a 75 percent decrease in junk mail just a few weeks after signing up.) 5. Use energy efficiently. Plugged-in electronics continue to draw electricity even when they are off or in "sleep mode." Plug kitchen appliances into a power strip and turn it off when you leave the house or go to bed. That will save you time and money. Also, consider turning off your car's engine if you plan to idle for more than a minute. Idling emissions are really bad for the people near the car. It's something to think about while picking up or dropping off kids at school. This year, make the conscious choice to improve your quality of life. Build relationships in your community, know that your food choices are fulfilling your body and positively affecting the farmers who grew it. Know that your daily decisions have an impact on the world around you. For more information Check out these links: Top 10 home efficiency tips: sfg.ly/Z52m20. Do-gooder apps: sfg.ly/Tt41dW. Lindsey Cromwell Kalkbrenner is the director of the Office of Sustainability at Santa Clara University. Santa Clara University is on its way to becoming carbon neutral by the end of 2015 and has a STARS Silver Rating. STARS is a rating system developed by the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. www.aashe.org.

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Smart Buildings for Sustainable Energy Consumption VALERIE ST JOHN: Hello I'm Valerie St John. Our focus today on BizWiseTV smart buildings for sustainable energy consumption. It's where climate concerns and the nation's economic crisis intersect, this need to seize control of our nation's energy consumption. But where to begin? BizWiseTV joins you today from Washington DC where we check in with the experts. We start with a visit to the Urban Land Institute for a big picture look at what must be done. The Obama Administration's message to the public sector is loud and clear. Taking steps to cut down on the emission of greenhouse gases is no longer an option, it's a requirement. RICHARD ROSAN: I think the administration has taken a giant step forward and really acknowledging that the idea of the greenhouse gases have got to be reduced and they are really trying to see how that can be done at all fronts. And we know that one of the big things is that we have to do something about existing buildings. VALERIE ST JOHN: Rick Rosan of the Urban Land Institute, ULI, says existing building emit nearly half of all greenhouse gas carbons, far more even than the much maligned automotive where much of the focus has been. RICHARD ROSAN: Retrofitting existing buildings is one way to save enormous amounts of energy. VALERIE ST JOHN: This is especially the case in some of the nation's oldest government structures, beautiful architecturally and from an energy usage perspective incredibly inefficient. So Congress has set aside $10 billion to assist federal facilities managers in footing the bill for upgrades, improvements to air and heating systems, motion sensors for lighting, whatever high tech tools will do the trick.

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Last Updated on Wednesday, 13 June 2012 09:33 Posted by Clash Wednesday, 13 June 2012 08:45 Professor Ian Juby explains science/origins better than anyone I have seen. He has produced a 12-hour exhaustive look at the Creation/Evolution debate that can be watched in 30-minute segments on his website, Creation Week. The video series features tons of props, exhibits, photographs, artifacts, and experiments that explain science and origins and the age of the earth in an extremely compelling manner. The segment on dinosaur tracks with human tracks is jaw-dropping! He also has The traveling Creation Museum, Creation Exhibition, where you can see the scientific evidence and judge for yourself whether the evidence supports the Biblical account of Creation, or evolution. Showing scientific evidence from the dinosaurs, biology, geology, and fossils, as well as a model of Noah’s ark and one of the largest collections on display in the world of fossil human and dinosaur footprints found together, and dinosaurs in ancient art. The footprints show that humans lived right alongside (and according to the evolutionary timescale, even before) the dinosaurs. You can watch his videos here: Creation Week

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As the year comes to a close, once again solar has experienced record growth in the U.S. This comes as new reports show that solar and renewables continue to fall in price and renewables are seen more and more as a mainstream power source. It also comes as some of the largest PV arrays ever conceived of are nearing completion just a few short years after they were first envisioned. More solar was installed by the third quarter of 2012 in the U.S. than in the whole year of 2011—which previously was the best year for solar in the country. That’s according to the latest GTM Research and the Solar Energy Industries Association “U.S. Solar Market Insight: Third Quarter 2012.” By the end of third quarter 2012, 1,992 megawatts of new photovoltaics came online in the U.S. That compares to slightly more than 1,885 MWs installed in all of 2011. In all, the report projected that roughly 3.2 gigawatts of solar will come online in 2012, with 2013 being even better. The increase in installations is coinciding with a drop in price, according to a new report, “Module Cost Structure Update: The Path to Profitability,” from Lux. The report contended that because of overcapacity and other issues the cost of solar photovoltaics is likely to drop to 48 cents per watt by 2017. Already, the report said, the price for modules has fallen to roughly 70 cents per watt. While manufacturers have been forced to reduce their costs, the costs for the raw materials that go into solar have not declined at the same rate, which means that to compete, some PV manufacturers are losing money to sell their products. With news like that, perhaps it’s apropos that another recent study predicted that adding in significant amounts of wind and solar could halve the cost of electricity by 2030. A new study released by the University of Delaware predicted that if 90 percent of the electric grid was powered with solar and wind and other renewables, it would drastically cut the cost of electricity. In developing the study researchers tested 28 billion combinations of renewable energy sources and storage mechanisms using data from the PJM Interconnection. The report contended that the best way to use renewables in such a manner is to create an oversupply of renewables on the grid that could produce more energy than needed during peak hours. In terms of large-scale solar deployments, two made the news last week. First off, the first large utility-scale solar project on Native American lands got a big nod last week when Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa announced that the city would get solar power through long-term contracts from a number of new providers, including a 250 megawatt contract with the Moapa Band of Paiutes in Nevada, who plan to build a 350 megawatt solar farm on their tribal lands. It’s the majority of the 460 megawatts of solar the contracts the mayor announced the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power totaling 460 megawatts of clean solar power for LADWP customers. Another one of the giant solar projects in California, SunPower Corp.’s California Valley Solar Ranch, expects to have 130 megawatts of the 250 megawatt project operational by the end of 2012. The project will supply power to Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) customers. To help make sure solar continues to spread worldwide, the U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot Initiative has partnered with the Australia Solar Institute (ASI) to create the United States-Australia Solar Energy Collaboration (USASEC) in an effort to fund the next generation of solar technologies. Under the partnership, the countries have already promised to fund $83 million in collaborative projects.

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|The Wisdom Tooth| |Friday, 20 April 2012 11:09| More than 75% of Americans experience gingivitis at some level!Gingivitis, simply speaking, is gum disease in its mild form. Gingivitis is when the gums become inflamed and change color from the normal pink to red. The change of color is accompanied by bleeding, swelling, tenderness of the gums, and persistent bad breath or bad taste in the mouth. These symptoms occur when bacteria or plaque accumulate along the gum line. Plaque is a sticky substance that consists of bacteria, food debris and mucous. This material develops on the surfaces of our teeth that are exposed. If the plaque accumulates, it will mineralize and turn into tartar, a hard white substance that will form around the base of the teeth. The plaque and tartar inflame the gums causing gingivitis. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, please consult your dentist immediately! Mild gingivitis, can progress into moderate, and severe gingivitis, which can result in periodontitis. Brush regularly, at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. Brush with a soft bristle toothbrush. Move the brush in small circular movements along the gum line and chewing surfaces of your teeth. A power toothbrush may make brushing easier and more efficient. Flossing every day is also an important part of your dental hygiene. Visit your dentist every three to six months for professional cleanings and checkups. If you are diagnosed with gingivitis, your dentist may prescribe antibiotics as well as an oral rinse, in addition to treating you in the office. Dr. Sharon Robinson, DDS may be reached at 954-792-1857. The Dental Place is located at 6738 W Sunrise Blvd, #105, Plantation, Fl. 33313. You may also visit her website at www.dentalplace4u.com

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We at Codecademy think everyone should be exposed to programming and computer science—especially kids. This back-to-school season, Codecademy wants to help every school to start an after-school programming club—an easy way for kids to start learning the programming skills that formal education doesn't yet provide. Programming is a fun and rewarding way to learn about the technology that surrounds us, and anyone can learn it. Programming will change the way kids think, fostering solid algorithmic thinking skills that will help them in a myriad of pursuits going forward. Millions of students will go back to school this year to institutions that don't have computer science programs. Great organizations like the Computer Science Teachers Association are working hard to make CS a part of high school and middle school curricula. Since launching Codecademy, we've seen teachers take things into their own hands, with hundreds of them using Codecademy in their classroom and starting clubs after school to expose their students to programming. Based on their feedback, we put together a simple kit for teachers (or students!) who want to start an after-school programming club at their school. We wanted to make it as easy as possible for anyone to get started so we've included everything you need. No installing, no downloading, and no background in programming necessary (the kit comes with curriculum). Best of all, it's completely free. We worked with teachers across the world to put together a whole year of learning, starting students at the beginning and showing them the magic of programming through real projects in real programming languages. Kids love creating and customizing their code through our interactive interface. And when they're done, they with web pages and projects that they have built themselves. Exposing students to programming is one of the most important things we can do—and we can't do it without teachers. That's why we're also launching the "teachers' lounge" for teachers to share stories, ideas, and support among themselves. We're excited to learn even more from the great teachers who are using Codecademy! Read more and get started at After-School Programming. If you sign up and give us your address, we'll mail you a kit with flyers, the curriculum book, letters to parents, and more. If you'd prefer to get them online, it's all there as well. Have a wonderful start to the school year!

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488

What are AS Levels AS level, or Advanced Subsidiary Level exams are the first half of an 'A Level'. AS Levels are normally taken in Year 12, with most schools asking students to choose between 3 and 5 AS Levels. These were introduced to give students more choice in their subjects. AS Levels comprise of 3 units. After doing your AS Level (passing all your AS exams and course work) you can then do the second year, called A2 Level. An entire A level is made up of 6 units. So you do a further 3 units in the second year. AS Levels mean you don't have to buckle down and choose exactly what you want to do at 16. It gives you another year to get a little bit deeper in the subjects you choose, and see which ones you'd like to carry on forward. |City College Coventry principal leaves after lacklustre performance - Fri, 17 May 2013| |Construction building opened at Myerscough College - Fri, 03 May 2013| |Puppy room opening to relieve Aberdeen student exam stress - Fri, 05 Apr 2013|

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232

The issue of affordable, dependable energy haunts the American public inasmuch as fuel or energy costs affect the economy in both short-term and future projections. The proposed solutions to provide a sustainable energy policy are varied, but can be lumped into three fundamental categories — conservation; drilling/mining/exploration for petroleum; and conversion to renewable or "green" energy. Solving the energy crisis needs to go beyond conservation To read the full article, please sign up or login. Get full access to the Columbia Missourian on your computer, phone, and tablet for just $5.95 per month. Or click here for full access for one day for only 99 cents. * All the high-quality, in-depth journalism of the Columbia Missourian and Vox Magazine, updated 24/7 * Your news. Your device. Your time. If you'd like to read more about the value of being a member, read this column from the Missourian's executive editor, Tom Warhover.

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211

It’s the one thing every U.S. taxpayer dreads: to receive an audit notice from the Internal Revenue Service. Because auditing is typically a stressful process, people who receive such a notice often exude a sour disposition for weeks afterward. Whenever someone asks them what is wrong, they respond grouchily, “I’m being audited by the IRS.” But who or what is the IRS? Is the IRS the computer that identified the tax accounting error and requested the audit? Is it the organization’s director? Is it the person that mailed the audit notice? Or is it the laws that established the IRS and describe proper tax accounting methods? According to a concept called Actor-Network Theory (ANT), it’s all of the above. Scientists proposed ANT to explain how people, objects and ideas (i.e., actors) work together to form structured entities, or networks. Actors create networks by adapting resources, taking on defined roles, forming interdependent relationships and repeating predetermined behaviors to solve problems or accomplish goals. For example, the IRS exists because every year its agents receive millions of tax forms, feed them into computers for analysis, check for errors in the paperwork and then respond to taxpayers by mailing tax refunds, collection bills, or audit notices. If the agents and computers suddenly failed to engage in these actions, or if the laws upholding the actions were repealed, the IRS would cease to function as a viable organization. Scholars in the field of science and technology proposed Actor-Network Theory in the 1980s to debunk claims that heroism or advanced innovation was responsible for the development of useful inventions. Instead, scientists stated that the process of scientific invention could be explained more accurately and rationally by taking into account all of the factors involved: the knowledge of the inventor, the tools or technology used, history, societal pressures, the influence of institutions or other networks, and the ideas that inspired the invention. With ANT, scientists wanted to show that scientific production does not result from a higher form of thought, but is naturally translated from the complex interactions between actors and networks. For the purposes of Actor-Network Theory, anything can be an actor within a network: a law, a text, a person, an idea, an inanimate object and even another network. Even more interestingly, however, is that each of these elements receives equal consideration in ANT. For example, the IRS agent who enters data into a computer may be more complex or contribute more to the organization than the computer, but both the computer and the agent function as actors within the IRS and derive their role and purpose from that network. Since agents and computers (theoretically) came together to form the IRS, the organization cannot (theoretically) operate or exist without them both, implying a basic equality shared among actors. To form a network, human actors first identify a problem that the network will attempt to solve. This is known as problematisation. During problematisation, leaders are selected to represent actors and establish roles within the network. Next, actors negotiate the terms of their assigned roles, a process called interessement. Enrollment occurs when actors accept their roles. Finally, actors mobilize their allies and resources to support the network. ANT, unlike other sociological theories, functions on the principle that scholars should view all actors within the same theoretical framework regardless of their status, and that all assumptions concerning the nature of networks or actors should be abandoned prior to study. In other words, ANT demands total impartiality when describing actors and networks. The terminology used must be consistently applied to every actor, and conclusions drawn must be based on what is actually observed, not on the scholar’s presuppositions. Even an actor’s non-network purpose or behavior is excluded from the methodology. This allows networks to be described accurately, in concrete terms, taking into account all of their various elements. Because of its strong sociological implications, Actor-Network Theory has been used in sociology to examine how humans organize through interaction. ANT does not attempt to explain why networks are formed, but how. It is primarily concerned with how networks grow stronger and stabilize; attract, enroll and motivate actors; organize actors and resources; and maintain actor loyalty. For this reason, ANT is a useful tool for observing and evaluating human behavior, resource adaptation and object utility. Consequently, the theory has been applied to economics, business, geography and health studies, among other fields. Of course, no theory is without its critics. Some scholars say that evaluating both human and non-human actors through the same theoretical lens is ridiculous because humans, unlike objects, possess intent, and intentionality can influence networks. Others have accused ANT of being amoral and overly managerial. Because ANT only describes networks and does not explain why they are created, some critics claim the theory is useless to sociologists. Nevertheless, its consideration of the agency of non-human actors, while controversial, remains relevant to fully understanding network processes and interactions.

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1,030

Two-year-old Emma was born with anthrogryposis (AMC), a rare congenital disease that affects muscle strength. At a family conference, Emma's mother learned about the Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton (WREX), an assistive device made of hinged metal bars and resistance bands that enables people with underdeveloped arms to play and feed themselves. Tariq Rahman and Whitney Sample of the Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children had created an early prototype of the WREX, that worked for children as young as six. But the device was attached to a wheelchair and some children with AMC, including Emma, had use of their legs. The early version of the WREX was just too large and heavy for a child of Emma's size. Rahman and Sample found that, with the use of 3D printers, they were able to create a lightweight and flexible working prosthetic for Emma, that is customizable with easily replicated broken parts. The custom exoskeletons are printed in ABS plastic and attached to a plastic vest. Because of the ease of manufacturing, the exoskeleton can grow with the child which makes 3D printing especially exciting for those working in pediatric care. Currently, fifteen children now use a custom 3D printed WREX device. Watch the full video of Emma's story after the jump.

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Saturday, May 18, 2013 Fun in the Sun: Summer Safety Tips to Avoid Injuries Summertime outdoor activities can be fun, but it’s important to follow good summer safety habits to avoid injuries. Swimming pools are a perfect way to cool off from the hot sun, but safety comes first when enjoying the water. According to National SAFE Kids , drowning is: Keep the following safety precautions in mind: Adult supervision is key. An adult should always be able to see and hear children who are swimming and be close enough to intervene in case of an emergency. The pool environment is important. Separate home pools from the rest of the property to prevent children from walking directly into the pool area. If possible, use a fence or other barrier at least 4 feet high with openings no more than 4 inches apart and extend it completely around the pool. Teach children to swim. Parents should enroll children before the age of eight in swimming lessons with a certified instructor. Outdoor cooking is popular during the summer months. Unfortunately, grilling can be dangerous. According to the most recent statistics from the National Fire Protection Association, the improper use of grills causes: To keep families and their homes out of harm’s way, the Home Safety Council recommends the following safe grilling techniques: Be cautious of nearby tree branches or other items which could catch on fire. Know how to use a fire extinguisher and keep one handy. Keep your grill at least 10 feet from a home or building. Leave a grill unattended, especially when small children and pets are present. Attempt to restart a charcoal flame by adding additional lighter fluid. Keep filled propane tanks in a hot car or truck. Prolonged unprotected exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays damages skin and eyes. According to the American Cancer Society: A majority of the more than 2 million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosed annually are sun related. An estimated 68,130 new melanomas are diagnosed each year. To lower the risk of skin cancer practice the following sun safety tips recommended by the American Cancer Society: Avoid intense sunlight for long periods of time Seek shade between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun’s rays are strongest. Wear a shirt to guard against excessive sun exposure. Apply sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher. Wear a hat to shade your face, ears and neck. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes and surrounding skin from UV ray damage. Relaxing in the pool, grilling outdoors and enjoying the sun are all great summer activities, but don’t let summer fun turn dangerous – Practice good summer safety.

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578

In 2005, a woman showed up at Emory University's sleep center in Atlanta complaining of being sleepy just about every moment of every day. She slept for 14, then 16, then 18 hours a night, but still woke up feeling drowsy. Doctors had prescribed her stimulants, which worked for a bit. But when they wore off, she would go on a sleeping binge, becoming unarousable for days at a time. Her diagnosis? Hypersomnia, a rare and debilitating condition in which people sleep excessively, are extremely drowsy while awake, and respond poorly to existing anti-sleep treatments. The condition can make people unable to work or maintain relationships. When the woman showed up at the sleep center, researchers did a range of tests and finally took samples of her cerebrospinal fluid. They discovered it had some unusual properties. Namely, something in it caused GABA, the main neurotransmitter molecule responsible for reducing the activity of brain cells, to have an outsized effect. In essence, a mystery molecule appeared to be working with GABA to tamp down brain activity, acting as a sort of constant sleeping pill. There's another class of molecules that has a similar effect on GABA’s action in the brain. They are called benzodiazepines, which include Valium and Ambien. The research team wondered whether something similar was at work in this patient, so they checked to see whether a drug used to counteract benzodiazepines, called flumazenil, would neutralize the effect of whatever was floating around in her cerebrospinal fluid. And it worked -- at least in a dish: Applying flumazenil to the woman's cerebrospinal fluid eliminated that strange effect of GABA. But would it work in people? That's what the team, led by sleep expert Dr. David Rye, has been investigating since their discovery. And according to a study published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the answer is yes. For the study, Rye and his team recruited seven people with various forms of hypersomnia and analyzed their cerebrospinal fluid. All had the same GABA-enhancing effect as the initial patient. And when the researchers treated the study subjects with flumazenil, they all became more alert. According to an article on the project’s early days in Emory’s alumni magazine, that first Atlanta patient turned to her doctors after receiving the drug and exclaimed, after months of listlessness and days of nothing but sleeping, “I feel alive!” The moment brought her physicians to tears. The finding is particularly noteworthy because flumazenil is not a stimulant and does not make normal people more alert. Though flumazenil does appear to counteract the activity of the mysterious sleep-promoting molecule in the brains of these patients, laboratory analyses presented in the report suggest the molecule is not a benzodiazepine, and the researchers are still unsure just what it is. That leaves the possibility that a better drug might come along for those with hypersomnia once researchers can identify what exactly causes the disorder. But for now, flumazenil appears to work well enough to get many with hypersomnia back to their lives. Return to the Science Now blog.

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680

2 Hailstone Sequences [12 marks] A hailstone sequence is a sequence of integers found by applying the following rule: Hailstone Iteration: For an integer n in a hailstone sequence, the next item in the sequence is 3n + 1 if n is odd, or n / 2 if n is even. For example, the... a. What are some limitations of the present Windows 2000 and Windows XP computers for use in the context of this library, compared to the more modern operating systems? In what way would library patrons and staff benefit from using more modern operating systems? A solid sphere of radius 40.0 cm has a total positive charge of 26.0 C uniformly distributed throughout its volume. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field (a) 0 cm, (b) 10.0 cm, (c) 40.0 cm, and (d) 60.0 cm from the center of the sphere An aerosol spray can with a volume of 441 mL contains 3.09 g of propane gas as a propellant. What volume would propane occupy at STP? Refrigerators are usually kept at about 5^C, while room temperature is about 20^C. If you were to take an "empty" sealed 2-liter soda bottle at room temperature and place it in the fridge, would you expect it to contract to one-fourth its original volume? Suppose you accidently add too much NaOH during the titration. You then add a volume of HCl exactly equal to the volume of NaOH actually used in the titration. What effect does this have on the Ka

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The holly genus, Ilex, offers a variety of plants from which to choose. There are about 700 species worldwide, some horticulturists estimate. And there is a great number of cultivated varieties. Not all hollies have spiny leaves. Many of the Japanese hollies (Ilex crenata) have spineless leaves. They are often mistaken for boxwoods with their small, shiny leaves. But boxwoods (Buxus) leaves are attached directly opposite one another on the stem, while holly leaves have an alternate leaf arrangement along the stem. Holly plants range from 2 to more than 60 feet tall. Some dwarf types are great choices for foundation plantings. These include Helleri holly, Carissa holly, Dwarf yaupon holly and Stokes dwarf, thought to be the same cultivar as Shilling dwarf. Don’t let the word dwarf fool you. Many hollies in this category may reach 3 to 5 feet tall. And Dwarf Burford may grow 8 feet or taller. Some “tree form” hollies can reach heights approaching 60 feet. These can stand alone as specimen plants or may provide a tall hedge. A few hollies that form large shrubs or small trees include many of the American holly cultivars such as Miss Helen, Hedgeholly and Savannah. Hollies respond well to pruning if needed, but it’s best to know the mature height before planting to avoid future problems of overgrown plants and unnecessary pruning. Other tree-form holly hybrids develop by crossing two or more plant species within a given genus. A few include Foster, East Palatka, Nellie R. Stevens and Mary Nell. Hollies with multicolored leaves include variegated English holly. And there are a few hollies that shed annually such as Ambiguous winterberry and Possumhaw holly. There are hollies that produce bright red berries. But berry color varies from red, orange and yellow to even black or white, depending on variety. Only female plants produce berries. Hollies are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are located on separate plants. Male flowers produce pollen required, in most cases, to pollinate female flowers. Many dwarf types of holly don’t produce berries because they come from male plants. To ensure that your plants produce berries, ask for female plants when purchasing. If the plant already has berries on it, you know it is a female. You should consider other characteristics when selecting hollies. There are weeping forms available such as the weeping yaupon holly. There are those that have a very narrow, upright habit such as the cultivar ‘Will Fleming.’ Hollies are not foolproof. They may attract pests and must be planted and cared for properly. However, for the most part, this group of plants has much to offer. Once established, they require little care and have very good drought tolerance. Free online class: Small Steps to Health & Wealth, Jan. 9, 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Practical steps to improve health and finances and tools to help participants reach their goals. Register at http://bit.ly/SmallSteps2013. Small Steps to Health and Wealth Challenge. Jan. 13 through Feb. 23, open to anyone who enrolls at http://rutgers.ancc.net. Larry Williams is an agent at the Okaloosa County Extension office in Crestview.

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749

Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History The Weather History for January 18th - Extreme cold weather prevails across the eastern United States. In Lower Michigan, a temperature of 28 degrees below zero was reported in Grand Rapids. - Arctic air and deep snow results in record cold across interior Lower Michigan. The temperature plunges to 25 below zero at Lansing and 20 below at Jackson. Along Lake Michigan, clouds and an onshore flow keep lows from falling below zero. The low of 10 above at Muskegon is 35 degrees warmer than the low at Lansing. - A blizzard moving through the Dakotas pulls warm air up over Michigan. Record highs in the upper 50s and lower 60s are followed by a line of heavy rain and severe thunderstorms. At least one weak tornado is spawned by the squall line, which is quickly followed by a blast of arctic air and rain changing to snow. Rapids snowmelt and heavy rains, followed by a quick freeze, leads to many areas of ice jam flooding. Select Other Dates in Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History

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218

© Paul P. Reuben Chapter 7: William Faulkner (1897-1962) Outside Links: | Film Adaptions of Faulkner's Fiction | Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech | Page Links: | Primary Works | Selected Bibliography 1980-1999 | Selected Bibliography 2000-Present | Study Questions | MLA Style Citation of this Web Page | | A Brief Biography | Site Links: | Chap. 7: Index | Alphabetical List | Table Of Contents | Home Page | October 31, 2011 Source: William Faulkner on the Web "The past is never dead; it's not even - Gavin Stevens to Temple Drake Stevens, Requiem for a Nun, Act I Scene iii "[I] discovered that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it, and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own." - WF Winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, Faulkner's recognition as a writer came years after he had written his best work. Today he is regarded as an important interpreter of the universal theme of "the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself." He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi, which became the prototype of Jefferson, in the mythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of many of his works. Sometimes difficult to read, Faulkner experimented in the use of stream-of-consciousness technique and in the dislocation of narrative time. His fiction discusses issues of sex, class, race relations, and relations with nature. The Marble Faun, 1924; Soldier's Pay, 1926; Mosquitoes, 1927; Sartoris, 1929; The Sound and the Fury, 1929; As I Lay Dying, 1930; Sanctuary, 1931; These 13, 1931; Light in August, 1932; Doctor Martino and Other Stories, 1934; Pylon, 1935; Absalom, Absalom!, 1936; The Unvanquished, 1938; The Wild Palms, 1939; The Hamlet, 1940; Go Down, Moses, 1942; Intruder in the Dust, 1948; Knight's Gambit, 1949; Collected Stories of William Faulkner, 1950; Requiem for a Nun, 1951; A Fable, 1954; Big Woods, 1955; The Town, 1957; The Mansion, 1959; The Reivers, 1962. William Faulkner: New Orleans Sketches. Collins, Carvel (ed. and preface). Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002. | Top | Selected Bibliography 1980-1999 Abadie, Ann, and Doreen Fowler. eds. Faulkner and the Short Story: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1990. Jackson: UP OF Mississippi, 1992. Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner: Biographical and Reference Guide. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z773 Brodhead, Richard H. Faulkner, New Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z7832124 Ferguson, James. Faulkner's Short Fiction. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. Friedman, Alan W. William Faulkner. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1984. PS3511 .A86 Z783265 Goldberg, Wendy Fay. Faulkner's Haunted House: The Figure of the Recluse in 'Light in August' and 'Absolom, Absolom!' Ann Arbor: MI 1996. Kinney, Arthur F., ed. Critical Essays on William Faulkner--the Sartoris Family. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985. PS3511 .A86 Z778 Matthews, John T. The Play of Faulkner's Language. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z8916 McKee, Patricia. Producing American Races: Henry James, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison. Durham: Duke UP, 1999. Minter, David L. William Faulkner: His Life and Work. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. PS3511 .A86 Z913. Mortimer, Gail L. Faulkner's Rhetoric of Loss: A Study in Perception and Meaning. Austin: U of Texas P, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z914 Phillips, Gene. Fiction, Film AND Faulkner: The Art Of Adaptation. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1988. Pikoulis, John, 1941-The Art of William Faulkner. London: Macmillan, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z9462 Pilkington, John. The Heart of Yoknapatawpha. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1981. PS3511.A86 Z9463 Railey, Kevin. Natural Aristocracy: History, Ideology, and the Production of William Faulkner. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1999. Singal, Daniel J. William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1997. Sundquist, Eric J. Faulkner: The House Divided. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z9735 Vanderwerken, David L. Faulkner's Literary Children: Patterns of Development. NY: Peter Lang, 1997. Wagner-Martin, Linda. ed. New Essays on Go Down, Moses. NY: Cambridge UP, 1996. Yarup, Robert L. Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. Washington. 1996 | Top |Selected Bibliography 2000 to Present Abernathy, Jeff. To Hell and Back: Race and Betrayal in the Southern Novel. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2003. Aiken, Charles S. William Faulkner and the Southern Landscape. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2009. Atkinson, Ted. Faulkner and the Great Depression: Aesthetics, Ideology, and Cultural Politics. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2006. Baker, Charles. William Faulkner's Postcolonial South. NY: Peter Lang, 2000. Bassett, John E. William Faulkner: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism since 1988. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009. Bauer, Margaret D. William Faulkner's Legacy: "What Shadow, What Stain, What Mark." Gainesville: UP of Florida, 2005. Brivic, Sheldon. Tears of Rage: The Racial Interface of Modern American Fiction: Faulkner, Wright, Pynchon, Morrison. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008. Davis, Thadious M. Games of Property: Law, Race, Gender and Faulkner's Go Down, Moses. Durham: Duke UP, 2003. Doyle, Don H. Faulkner's County: The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2001. Duvall, John N. Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Evans, David H. William Faulkner, William James, and the American Pragmatic Tradition. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008. Fant, Joseph L., III. and others. eds. Faulkner at West Point. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002. Fulton, Lorie W. William Faulkner, Gavin Stevens, and the Cavalier Tradition. NY: Peter Lang, 2011. Godden, Richard. William Faulkner: An Economy of Complex Words. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2007. Koloze, Jeff, and Anne B. Gardiner. An Ethical Analysis of the Portrayal of Abortion in American Fiction: Dreiser, Hemingway, Faulkner, Dos Passos, Brautigan, and Irving. Lewiston: Mellen, 2005. Labatt, Blair. Faulkner the Storyteller. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2005. Lurie, Peter. Vision's Immanence: Faulkner, Film, and the Popular Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004. Minter, David. Faulkner's Questioning Narratives: Fictions of His Major Phase, 1929-42. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2001. Parini, Jay. One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. NY: HarperCollins, 2004. Polk, Noel. Faulkner and Welty and the Southern Literary Tradition. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2008. Rio-Jelliffe, R. Obscurity's Myriad Components: The Theory and Practice of William Faulkner. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2001. Rovit, Earl, and Arthur Waldhorn. eds. Hemingway and Faulkner in Their Time. NY: Continuum, 2005. Rueckert, William H. Faulkner from Within: Destructive and Generative Being in the Novels of William Faulkner. West Lafayette: Parlor, 2004. Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women Who Shaped His Art. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2009. Skaggs, Merrill M. Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2007. Stewart, George C. Yoknapatawpha, Images and Voices: A Photographic Study of Faulkner's County. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 2009. Stringer, Dorothy. 'Not Even Past': Race, Historical Trauma, and Subjectivity in Faulkner, Larsen, and Van Vechten. NY: Fordham UP, 2010. Towner, Theresa M. Faulkner on the Color Line: The Later Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000. Volpe, Edmond L. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Novels. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2003. - - -. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Short Stories. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2004. Wainswright, Michael. Darwin and Faulkner's Novels: Evolution and Southern Fiction. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Watson, James G. William Faulkner: Self-Presentation and Performance. Austin: U of Texas P, 2000. Weinstein, Arnold. Recovering Your Story: Proust, Joyce, Woolf, Faulkner, Morrison. NY: Random House, 2006. Wells, Dean F. Every Day by the Sun: A Memoir of the Faulkners of Mississippi. NY: Crown, 2011. Wells, Jeremy. Romances of the White Man's Burden: Race, Empire, and the Plantation in American Literature, 1880-1936. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2011. Welty, Eudora, Hunter Cole, and Noel Polk. On William Faulkner. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2003. Wolff, Sally. Ledgers of History: William Faulkner, and Almost Forgotten Friendship, and an Antebellum Plantation Diary: Memories of Dr. Edgar Wiggin Francisco III. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2010. Zender, Karl F. Faulkner and the Politics of Reading. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2002. A Student Project by Christa Pollex William Faulkner was born September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi to Murry and Maud Falkner. His baptized name is William Cuthbert Falkner. Murry and Maud had four boys; William, Murry Jr., John, and Dean. William was the oldest of all the children. Shortly after Faulkner's fourth birthday William and Murry Jr., were nearly lost to scarlet fever. On September 22, 1902, the Falkner family moved to Oxford, Mississippi. Just two months after their arrival in Oxford twelve people were killed due to the yellow fever. All white residents had been evacuated. Faulkner started to show his technique through drawing and writing poetry at an early age. During this time, Faulkner met his childhood sweetheart, Estelle Oldham, and his lifetime friend Phil Stone; Estelle lived in the neighborhood. To Faulkner's surprise Estelle's parents sent her away to school the following year. Upon her last return home from school Estelle accepted a proposal of marriage from Cornell Franklin. In 1914, Faulkner met Phil Stone. One day Stone became curious about Faulkner's writing and read his poems with excitement. His reply to these works was "Anybody could have seen that he had a real talent. It was perfectly obvious." (Blotner 162) Phil Stone encouraged Faulkner to write and thus started their long friendship. Faulkner was denied acceptance into the U.S. Air Force so he turned to the Canadian Royal Air Force. On his application he had to change a few details like the spelling of his last name and for his place of birth he wrote Finchley, in the county of Middlesex, England. He also changed his birth date to May 25, 1898, and stated that his civil occupation was a student. July 9,1918, he reported to the Recruit's Depot, in Toronto, for active service. In December, Faulkner was discharged from the RAF (Royal Air Force) and returned to Oxford. Faulkner's return brought him back to school where he entered the University of Mississippi as a special student in September, 1919. This is where he began to publish poems in "The Mississippian" and the "Oxford Eagle." During his time at the University, Faulkner founded the "Marionettes," a drama club, in the fall of 1920. He tried his hand at play writing. He wrote a one act play called The Marionettes, but it never made it to the stage. Only after three semesters he dropped out of school, but he accepted a job as a postmaster at the University of Mississippi post office. Also, in November of 1920, Faulkner received a commission as honorable 2nd Lieutenant. Phil Stone sends The Marble Faun to the Four Seas Co. and it agrees to publish the book for $400 and publishes it on December 15, 1924. In the same year, Faulkner resigns as postmaster at the University because of charges brought up by the postal inspector. February 25, 1926, Soldiers Pay was published. This was the start when many of Faulkner's works began to be published. Between the years of 1927 and 1934, he had a book published every year. In 1931, Sanctuary and These 13 , two of his works were published. "Sanctuary is a brilliant novel, one of his best." (Kawin 31) In 1929, Faulkner's childhood sweetheart, Estelle divorced Franklin and William and Estelle marry on June 20. In 1931, a daughter was born but dies nine days later and two years later, Jill, their second daughter was born. In 1932, Faulkner goes to Culver City, California on a MGM contract writer. He also worked for 20th Century Fox and Universal Studios. He co-wrote for many screenplays. A couple of the screenplays he worked on were "To Have and Have Not" written by Hemingway in 1944 for Warner Brothers, and "Barn Burning" that he wrote and A.I. Bezzerides helped with the screenplay. In 1948, Faulkner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In November of 1950, the announcement that Faulkner had received the Nobel Prize was made. He also received the National Book Award for A Fable in March and the Pulitzer in May of 1955. One month before his death The Reivers was published and the following year he received another Pulitzer for this book. Faulkner died on July 6,1962, of a heart attack, in Oxford. Blotner, Joseph Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1974. Kawin, Bruce F. Faulkner and Film. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co, 1977. Warren, Robert Penn Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1966. 1. How does the setting in a faraway age contribute to the mood of the story "A Courtship"? How do we know that we are dealing with an Indian narrator? Why is this an important aspect of the story and its total effect? 2. How does the location in a hunting camp function as an appropriate setting for the themes manifest in the story "Delta Autumn"? In what ways is Roth Edmonds meant to function as a representative of contemporary man? How is Uncle Ike different from his kinsman? 3. Examine As I Lay Dying from the point of view of family dynamics or social process. Is "Bundren" an identity these family members all share? What is the ontology, the way of being a Bundren? To what extent is Faulkner commenting on the American, especially the southern, family? Evaluate the perspectives with which the outsiders in the novel view the Bundrens. Which is reality? How does Faulkner demonstrate his characters constructing it? 1. How does one establish individual independence as a teenager? Do you remember any crucial moment in your own life when you realized that you had to make a choice between what your parent(s) and/or family believed and your own values? 2. Is the destruction of another person's property ever something we can justify? Explain. 3. Does it matter that this story is rendered through Sarty's consciousness? What were Faulkner's options, and how would the story be different if he had exercised them? 4. What are the key symbols in the story, and how do they serve the thematic purposes Faulkner had in mind? 5. Do the class issues the story raises have any parallels today? 6. What is the tone of the story and how is it established? 7. Critics often associate Faulkner's portrait of the Snopeses with his perception that the "New South" following Reconstruction had lost its agrarian values. Analyze the particular "Snopesism" in "Barn Burning. " "A Rose for Emily" 1. Discuss the ways in which Faulkner uses Miss Emily's house as an appropriate setting and as a metaphor for both her and the themes established by the narrative. 2. What are the different uses of the themes of "love," "honor," and "respectability" in the story? 3. Why does Faulkner use this particular narrator? What do you know about him? Can you list his "values," and if so, are they shared by the town? Is this narrator reliable? Does the fact he is male matter? 4. Many critics have read Miss Emily as a symbol of the post-Civil-War South. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this stance. 5. Those of you who have read Charles Dickens's Great Expectations will see a resemblance. How does Faulkner's tale echo but also differ significantly from Dickens's? 6. How does this story handle the linked themes of female oppression and empowerment? What does it say about the various kinds of male-female relationships in American society of this period? MLA Style Citation of this Web Page Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 7: William Faulkner." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. URL:http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/faulkner.html (provide page date or date of your login). | Top |

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4,288

Scientists can look to tree rings to supplement the history of an area, but for David Milarch, the entire tree is significant. Milarch founded the Champion Tree Project with his sons, Jared and Jake, 20 years ago to create living libraries of the 846 species of trees in the United States. In 2009, the three men decided to give their organization a new name, Archangel Ancient Tree Archive, and to expand it globally. Based in Traverse City, Mich., the Archangel Ancient Tree Archive's mission is to archive the genetics of ancient trees in living libraries around the world by propagating old-growth trees and using their offspring to reforest. "We need to archive the genetics of the remaining old-growth trees that are growing on Earth," said David Milarch. "Here in the United States, 98 percent of all the old-growth trees have been cut down. In California, about 96 percent of all Coast Redwoods have been cut down. "Why is that a tragedy? Because we never even studied them before we cut them down, we didn't know what roles they played in the ecosystem." Milarch believes that the genetics of long-living trees should be studied to understand how they have managed to survive and thrive. One reason may be due to better immune systems, which would make their genetics vital to successful reforestation. Working with a range of sources, from professional tree finders to big-tree lists, When planting, Archangel recommends that no more than 10 percent cloned trees are used for reforestation to maintain genetic diversity and to also allow their genes to mix with the existing trees. The goal is to strengthen the forest overall. Care is given to the selection of the site where the trees are to be planted and why. Sites may be selected in order to aid in phytoremediation, erosion control, runoff management and habitat settings. Volunteers with the Milarchs' nonprofit organization give their time to assist in all areas of the process, from gathering samples for Archangel's nurseries to planting new trees. Schoolchildren in New York, Michigan and Northern California have also become part of the organization's outreach, helping to plant trees in the thousands. David Milarch's great-grandfather was a nurseryman, and his passion became a family business. Traverse City is known for its large cherry production, so the Milarch family began growing shade trees for the fruit trees in the area. Milarch's grandchildren mark the sixth generation living on the same land. "We're tuned into nature," Milarch said. "With that many generations, you have a pretty good grasp of what makes trees tick. " Milarch and his tree archive caught the attention of New York Times science writer Jim Robbins 11 years ago. After his first story about the project, Robbins continued to follow and write about Milarch's efforts. Last April, "The Man Who Planted Trees: Lost Groves, Champion Trees and an Urgent Plan to Save the Planet" (Spiegel & Grau, $25) was published. It includes information Robbins has gained from his talks with many scientists about trees. "People are amazed at some of the latest science on what trees really do. Most people don't know that trees communicate with each other. Trees feel pain and when a tree feels pain, it puts out signals and other trees in the area go into a protection mode. Trees emit aerosols out of their leaves and out of their roots that are natural antibiotics and natural disinfectants," Milarch said. Milarch credits Robbins' book to helping raise awareness about Archangel, which in turn has helped with getting funding. Most recently, the organization planted an old-redwood forest in Oregon from cloned trees. It is looking for sites to plant two old-growth groves in California, in an arboretum or on a large parcel of unused land. The group is also seeking donations to create a living archive in Ireland. Milarch hopes that the work Archangel is doing can serve as a model for others around the world to follow and lead to more reforestation. "All is not lost. We can put the trees back for our children and grandchildren," he said. A clone of a 3,000-year-old tree can be cloned again and again, "and with the science and with our work, the great trees and the genetic lineage of those trees never has to die. "

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904

"We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall," Obama said. The statement was the strongest that the president has made in support of the rights of gays during his presidency. In contrast, in his 2009 inaugural address, Obama did not mention gays and lesbians at all. Obama's words also represented the first time a president discussed gay rights during an inauguration speech. "It is now our generation's task to carry on what those pioneers began. For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers, and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts," Obama said. "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law - for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." Gay rights activists throughout the region, such as the Rev. Don Crail, a retired Presbyterian minister living in Claremont, commended Obama for his framing the struggle for equality. "He put it in the context of civil rights and it is, I think: It's the next chapter in equality in this country. I think instead of being "I think gay marriage will become a reality in many more states in this next four years. He's also instructed his attorney general to not defend the Defense of Marriage Act. I think he's been prophetic on that issue." Obama supported same-sex marriage in 2012 and pushed for the 2011 repeal of "don't ask, don't tell," which curtailed gays ability to serve openly in the military. Crail was also pleased by the participation of gay poet Richard Blanco, who recited a poem during Obama's inauguration ceremonies. "The fact that it's Martin Luther King's special day, I think it's very right and appropriate for him to let the world know how he feels," said Patti Loitz, president of the Pasadena chapter of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays. Loitz said she doesn't think Obama's comments will necessarily translate into legal changes. "We know how he feels, but he doesn't make the laws," she said. "It's just a matter of whether can they get the cooperation from all the parties involved." Loitz wasn't surprised he would address gay rights during his speech: PFLAG had a float in Monday's inauguration parade - the first time the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community was represented in the parade. "It fits right in with the message of equality for women, blacks and gays," she said. "It's at the forefront now." Obama's evolving views on gay marriage accompany a shift in the views of many Americans: In the most recent survey on gay marriage by the Pew Research Center, 47 percent of the 3,008 adults surveyed in April supported gay marriage, 43 percent opposed it and 11 percent of those surveyed didn't know. Four years ago, only 39 percent of those surveyed supported it and 51 percent opposed it. And in 2004, shortly before George W. Bush won his second term in office, only 31 percent of those surveyed supported it and 60 percent opposed it. Members of the Long Beach and Signal Hill's gay community also reacted positively to Obama's speech and found his words - spoken in front of the public as well as some U.S. Supreme Court justices - meaningful at a time when landmark judicial issues such the Defense of Marriage Act and Proposition 8 are being examined. The Defense of Marriage Act forbids federal officials from recognizing same-sex marriage and Prop. 8 is California's ban on same-sex marriage. "The idea that he said that love should be shared by all - he was spectacular," Signal Hill Councilman Larry Forester said. Forester said the president has come a long way from his initial views on gay marriage, which Obama did not favor until recently despite supporting gay rights. "Over time, he finally decided that love is love and love between two people of the same sex is love between two people of the opposite sex," Forester said. "He said it to the public and I could not be more elated." Long Beach Vice Mayor Robert Garcia also applauded Obama's speech and its emphasis on civil rights for not only the LGBT community but for women and minorities. "He talked about America being at its best when it's equal and that's what came across for a lot of people," he said. Obama's words may help further marriage equality, Garcia said, adding four more states passed same sex marriage laws after the president spoke out in favor of gay marriage about a year ago. "It's a step forward when our leaders acknowledge that we have to work for all Americans, that all Americans should be treated equally," Garcia said. "It's going to make the country stronger." Staff writer Karen Robes Meeks contributed to this report. Reach Beau via email, call him at 909-386-3826, or find him on Twitter @InlandEd.

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1,065

Acne affects nearly 100% of the population at some point. For some, acne is mild and transient; for others, it can be severe and long lasting. Scarring from severe acne can be permanent and disfiguring (see section on Acne Scars). Acne usually begins around the time of puberty. Acne may improve after puberty, but for many, acne persists into and during middle age. Acne lesions form when the opening of oil glands (called sebaceous glands) in the skin become blocked. Trapped oil builds up within the gland, causing inflammation. The swelling within the oil gland can become so intense that the oil gland (and associated hair follicle) can rupture, leading to further inflammation. While the surge of hormones during puberty likely triggers this process, other factors such as stress, diet, and the influence of other hormones may also play a role. A bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes that is normally present on the skin likely plays a role in acne, but the precise link is still unclear. Any person with moderate or worse acne should be seen by a physician to discuss treatment options, because of the risk of permanent scarring. Treatment for acne has improved dramatically in the last 2 decades. Effective over-the-counter medications include salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide preparations. First line prescription acne treatment usually involves a combination of topical treatments, such as one of the retinoids (such as Retin A) and a topical antibiotic (such as benzoyl peroxide mixed with clindamycin). Common side effects are irritation and redness and you and your doctor will decide what is best for your individual needs. For acne that resists topical treatment, or for more severe acne, systemic treatments may be necessary. The tetracycline antibiotics are effective in many people. Erythromycin, Bactrim, and other antibiotics are second-line antibiotic therapies. However, long term antibiotic use can cause bacterial resistance in those who use them and should be used with caution. There are other side effects that must be discussed with your doctor. For women, oral contraceptives (“the pill”) may also improve acne. For adult woman with acne, other hormonal therapies may be considered. For severe acne that is associated with scarring, isotretinoin (Accutane) is prescribed. This drug is very effective and can cure acne but must be used very cautiously because of the risk of severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy. There are other common side effects (dry lips, peeling skin, etc) of isotretinoin that may limit its use as well. Some people believe that isotretinoin can lead to suicidal symptoms. This is controversial and should be discussed with your doctor. Because of the risks of systemic medications, newer, less invasive treatments have been sought. With the development of new cosmetic treatment modalities such as lasers and light therapy, new acne treatments have also been developed. In general, because these methods are new, they are not as well tested. In the early studies, most of the new treatments have proven to be mildly to moderately effective. The side effect profiles are usually minimal. The specific treatment modalities are discussed below. You and your doctor can discuss the best treatment to suit your individual needs. Other Acne Treatment Options: • Light therapy Blue light therapy takes advantage of the fact that bacteria in the skin produce a product called porphyrin. Porphyrin can absorb blue light, leading to a chemical reaction in the skin that destroys the bacteria. Red light therapy can reduce inflammation in the skin which in turn improves acne. Acne lesions treated with light therapy tend to reoccur over 3-12 months. In one study, patients who had severe acne had no improvement compared to patients who had moderate acne who did improve. There have been no reported side effects. • Laser therapy Although there are many different lasers available, only a few of them have successfully been used in the treatment of acne. For example, the pulsed-dye laser was tested in a randomized, double blinded controlled trial (the best kind of trial available) and was shown to significantly reduce acne after a single treatment with no serious side effects. The 1450 nm infrared laser has been used in one uncontrolled study and decreased lesion counts by 83% after three treatments. Temporary pain, redness, and swelling was reported in most patients. In patients with darker skin tones, hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) was reported. • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) This therapy combines a drug (called a photosensitizer) that is preferentially absorbed by certain kinds of cells and a special light source. When used together, the photosensitizer and the light destroy the targeted cells. For acne, the hyperactive sebaceous glands are targeted. The photosensitizer, called amino-levulinic acid, is applied to the skin and is left on for a variable period of time. The skin is exposed to the light source (blue, red, or laser light) and the photosensitizer is then removed. Side effects include pain during the procedure and discoloration afterwards. • Radiofrequency therapy A few studies have evaluated the effect of radiofrequency energy in the treatment of acne. One uncontrolled study reported a 75% improvement in 81% of the patients. Elamax, a topical anesthetic was used during the procedure for pain control. • Chemical peels Chemical peels have long been used for facial rejuvenation and to reverse the signs of aging. More recently, they have been used for the treatment of acne. In one study of Asian patients, salicylic acid peels performed twice a week for 12 weeks significantly improved acne. In a few preliminary studies, microdermabrasion treatments have reduced acne lesions and improved the texture of the skin in the majority of patients. » Find an Acne Treatment Specialist All photos courtesy of S. Zimmet, MD and P. Bitter Jr., MD DermaNetwork.org Featured Acne Treatment Providers in the following locations: Beverly Hills, CA | Dallas, TX | Denver, CO | Los Angeles, CA | Miami, FL | New York, NY | Phoenix, AZ | Washington, DC Local Acne Treatment Specialists near Ashburn, VA Age Defy Dermatology and Wellness Age Defy Dermatology & Wellness Welcome to Age Defy Dermatology and Wellness™, a complete dermatology and integrative health center located in Campbell, California. We offer medically supervised services that promote health and span all aspects of the care of the skin, hair, and nails to help our patients achieve healthy skin and physical well being.

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1,395

A strong stain and fade resistant fiber made from a synthetic polymer consisting of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units. A striped fabric woven with shades of the same color from light to dark. Powdered pigment mixed to a thick consistency with linseed, poppy or nut oil which remains wet for long periods. Gradual oxidization causes the paint to harden and a full cure can take many months. Soft gradations of one color blending into another. The level of opaqueness of a paint. Any paint that is not transparent or translucent. It completely covers fabric and other paints. Optical Color Mixing An optical illusion produced when small amounts of two different colors are put next to each other, appearing to create a different color. After scouring and bleaching, Optical Brightening Agents (OBA), are applied to make the textile material to appear more brilliant whites. These OBA are available in different tints such as blue, violet and red. A dyeing technique used to change a color by re-dyeing it a new shade. The over-dyed shade is always darker than the original color and is altered by the original color. A group of cotton fabrics, including pinpoint, made with a modified plain or basket weave. Used primarily for shirting. Used in marbling as an agent that helps the paints float on the surface of the solution. It is made from an animal product and some books recommend it. An excellent alternative is Versatex Dispersant.

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318

Nitrate vs Nitrite Both nitrate and nitrite are oxy anions of Nitrogen. Although they both seem to look alike, there are differences between them. These differences can be with respect to their structure, bonding, geometrical shape, oxidation state of Nitrogen, chemical reactivity, uses of them and etc. These differences are mainly discussed here. NO3- ion is the conjugate base of HNO3 (nitric V acid) which is a strong acid. It is a planer molecule with sp3 hybridization in Nitrogen atom. All three oxygen atoms are equivalent. There are 24 electrons in the valence shells. NO3- ion has the molecular weight of 62.004 g mol-1. NO2- ion is the conjugate base of HNO2 (nitric III acid) which is a weak acid (pKa=3.5). It is also a planer molecule with sp2 hybridization. In the valence shells, there are only 18 electrons. NO2- ion has the molecular weight of 46.006 g mol-1. When the bonding in both the ions are considered, in NO3- ion the pi bonding involves four 2pz atomic orbitals (one orbitla from N and three orbitals from 3 oxygen atoms). These four atomic orbitals form 4, four-centred pi molecular orbitals. The molecular orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital. The orbital with the largest energy is the anti-bonding orbital. Other two orbitals are degenerate (equal in energy) which are non-bonding orbitals. In the case of NO2- ion, the pi bonding involves only three 2pz atomic orbitals. Here, the orbital with the lowest energy is the bonding orbital, the middle one is the non-bonding orbital, and the other one is the anti-bonding orbital. In both the ions, the bonding orbitals involve in making the σ-bond (sigma-bond) and non-bonding orbitals involve in making π-bonds (pi-bonds). Therefore, in NO3- ion each bond has a bond order of 11/3. 1 from σ-bond and 1/3 from the π-bonds. In NO2- ion, the bond order is 11/2. 1 from σ-bond and 1/2 from the π-bonds. Although, both the ions are from the same electronic geometry, as the bond order is different, their geometrical shapes are also different. The NO3- ion has a shape of planer triangular and the NO2- ion has an angular shape (or V shape). The bond angles are also different. ONO bond angle of NO3- ion and NO2- ion are 1200 and 1150 respectively. The oxidation state of Nitrogen in both NO3- ion and NO2- ion are +5 and +3 respectively. Because of these reasons (especially the difference in bonding), the chemical reactivity (such as basicity, oxidizing/reducing ability, products of thermal decomposition of the compounds consist of these ions) is also different. In practice, NO2- ion is a weaker base while NO3- ion is a very weaker base. When the oxidation state of Nitrogen atom in these ions is taken in to consideration, NO2- ion can act as a reducing agent as well as an oxidizing agent while NO3- ion can only act as an oxidizing agent. The examples for products obtained from thermal decomposition of NO3- and NO2- ions containing compounds are given below to show the difference in reactivity. Even, when they form complexes with metal ions they behave in a dissimilar manner. That is, NO2- ion acts as a monodentate ligand while NO3- ion acts as a bidentate ligand. These differences in chemical reactivity help us to differentiate the uses of them. For example, nitrites are generally used in the processing of meat (sometimes nitrates are also used), and nitrates are used for producing of explosives. Nitrates are naturally occurring and are cancerous. But Nitrites are not cancerous.

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878

Columbus Installed on International Space Station Astronauts have attached the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Columbus laboratory to the International Space Stations (ISS). The Space Shuttle Atlantis ferried Columbus to the ISS along with two ESA astronauts yesterday. The laboratory is the ESA’s main contribution to the ISS. It is 27-foot (7-meter) long by 14.7-feet (4.5-meters) wide and weighs 12.8 tonnes. It adds 2,648 cubic feet (75 cubic meters) of space to the ISS. Columbus was installed during the first spacewalk of the STS-122 mission. From outside the ISS, astronauts Rex Walheim and Stanley Love prepared the module for installation before the Station's robotic arm was used to lift Columbus into position. ESA astronaut Leopold Eyharts, who was at the controls of the Station's robotic arm for the final capture and initial berthing of Columbus, reported to Mission Control, "The European Columbus module is now part of the ISS" at 22:44 CET. Columbus will allow astronauts to carry out scientific experiments in a weightless, shirtsleeve environment. It presently carries 2.5 tonnes of science payloads, consisting of five equipment racks. Other payloads will be delivered later. It will eventually hold 16 racks, 10 of which will be used for scientific research. Columbus was inspected earlier today and will be officially opened at 2:55 p.m. EST (1955 GMT). Catch it live on NASA TV

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319

|— Municipality and Town —| |• Mayor||Živorad Smiljanić| |• Municipality||333 km2 (129 sq mi)| |Population (2011 census)| |Time zone||CET (UTC+1)| |• Summer (DST)||CEST (UTC+2)| |Area code||+381 25| Apatin (Serbian Cyrillic: Апатин) is a town and municipality in the Vojvodina administrative region of Serbia, located in the West Bačka District, at . The town of Apatin is the administrative, economic, cultural, educational and tourist centre of the municipality of Apatin (333 km²). The population of the town is 17,411, while the municipality has 28,929 inhabitants. In Serbian, the town is known as Apatin (Апатин), while the same name is also used in German, Romanian, Croatian (Šokac), and Hungarian. According to some claims, the name Apatin is derived from the old form Opaty, by which the town was first mentioned in the 11th century. The Municipality of Apatin is located on the left bank of the Danube river (natural border with Croatia), between the Municipality of Sombor (in the northeast) and Municipality of Odžaci (in the southeast). The favourable geographic position, proximity to the Danube, and natural wealth of this area (fruitful ground, woods next to the river, abundance of fish in swampy regions and backwaters, and game in woods) attracted people through all ages and made them settle here. Because of these reasons, even in pre-historic times, cultures such as the Sarmatians, the Celts, the Goths and many others were replacing each other within this region, one by one. In the 1st century, during the Roman conquest, the settlement was turned into a military trench with fortifications, and played an important role in the defense of the Pannonia province. Subsequently, the area came under control of the Huns, Gepids and Avars. In the 6th century the Slavs settled, and in the 9th century, the area was included into the Bulgarian Empire. Bulgarian duke Salan who had residence in Titel ruled over region of Bačka. In the 10th century the Hungarians came to Central Europe, thereby establishing a state, which was populated by both, Hungarians and Slavs. The first mentioning of Apatin in any written script was in the year 1011, by the Abbey of Kalocsa Bishopric. According to other source, Apatin was firstly mentioned in 1407. During this time, settlement was part of the Bodrogiensis County within the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the area became feudalistic, and in exchange for lands, the vassals would need to complete military service to the lord of the property. Many fishermen, hunters, and millers then began to settle down in this area. In 1417, Apatin is mentioned as a property of Stefan Lazarević, who was crowned as the Despot of Serbia in 1402. In 1526-1527 it belonged to the short-lived Serb state of Emperor Jovan Nenad, and soon after (in 1541) this area became part of the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottoman administration Apatin was part of the Sanjak of Segedin and was mainly populated by ethnic Serbs. In the end of the 17th century it became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Many of the refugees during the massive migration of Serbs led by Arsenije Čarnojević in 1690, came to Apatin, Sombor and Prigrevica, thus the Serb population in this area increased. A new wave of colonisation occurred in 1748 when many German colonists settled in Apatin, pushing out the Serbs mostly by force, who then evacuated towards Stapar. The German colonists came from many different regions. The gathering centre was in Ulm, Germany and from that point they were transported by the Danube to Apatin, which became the main base of the German expansion in Vojvodina. The church was built near the port and the city square was also built at this time. The real estate value of buildings, such as schools, fishermen’s station, hand craft’s workshops, began to rise. The Chamber of Court decided to put forth economic objectives to better the economy, and in 1756 the brewery and distillery were built. In 1764 a large textiles factory was built. In 1760 Apatin was officially proclaimed a town and a main trade centre with a special status. At the end of the 18th century, a catastrophic flood destroyed the old town square, and ruined half of the settlement. The new square was built north-westward from the brewery. The town as seen today, began to take shape. During the 18th and in the early part of 19th century, Apatin had prospered economically, mostly because of developed trade, handcraft and shipbuilding. During the initial years of the Habsburg administration, Apatin was administratively a part of the Batsch County within the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Subsequently it was included into the newly formed Batsch-Bodrog County. In 1848-1849 Apatin was part of the Serbian Voivodship, a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, and between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, a separate Austrian province. After abolishment of the voivodeship, in 1860 it was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County within the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, which became one of two autonomous parts of the Monarchy after 1867. In the year of 1869 numerous banks and saving-banks were established, and that opened the door to industrial development. A great number of brickyards produced brick and tile, which were used to construct many buildings in Vienna and almost all in Pest. In 1912 Apatin was connected to Sombor and Sonta by the railroad, and the following year, a shipyard was founded. Today, the shipyard has been modernized as it the only shipyard on the whole Danube which has a special lift for quickly drawing boats out onto the docks. According to 1910 census, most of the inhabitants of Apatin spoke the German language. In 1918, as part of Banat, Bačka and Baranja, Apatin became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, which later together with the Kingdom of Montenegro and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). In 1918-1919, Apatin was part of the Banat, Bačka and Baranja region and also (from 1918 to 1922) part of the Novi Sad District. Between 1922 and 1929, the town was part of the Bačka Oblast and between 1929 and 1941, part of the Danube Banovina, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. When Axis Powers invaded, occupied and partitioned Yugoslavia in 1941, Apatin was included into Bács-Bodrog County within the Horthy's Hungary. The town remained under Axis control until 1944. During the Battle of Batina, the front was stretched all the way to Apatin and Bogojevo, and these places became military bases overnight. Yugoslav Partisans entered Apatin on October 24, 1944, and since then Apatin was part of the Yugoslav Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which (from 1945) was part of the People's Republic of Serbia within new Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1944, as a consequence of World War II events in Yugoslavia, one part of Yugoslav citizens of German ethnicity left from the area, together with defeated German army. The antifascist council for deliberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) declared the remaining German population as public enemies and sent them to communist prison camps, where one part of them died from disease, cold and malnutrition. The death toll among the German population of Apatin amounts to 2,074 people known by name. This figure includes the victims of deportation to the USSR. After prison camps were dissolved (in 1948), most of the remaining German population left Yugoslavia in subsequent decades, mainly because of economic reasons. After the war, Apatin was populated by (mainly Serb) settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia, largely from Lika. Population censuses conducted after World War II recorded Serbs as the largest ethnic group in the town. Between 1992 and 2003, Apatin was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, between 2003 and 2006 part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and since 2006 it is part of an independent Serbia. Inhabited places Apatin municipality includes the city of Apatin and the following villages: Demographics (2011 census) Ethnic groups in the municipality - Serbs = 18,164 (62.79%) - Hungarians = 3,102 (10.72%) - Croats = 3,015 (10.42%) - Romanians = 1,148 (3.97%) - Roma = 654 (2.26%) - Others (including Montenegrins, Macedonians, Muslims, Albanians, Germans, Slovaks, etc.). Settlements by ethnic majority Ethnic groups in the town - Serbs = 13,990 (72.41%) - Romanians = 967 (5.01%) - Hungarians = 848 (4.39%) - Croats = 658 (3.41%) - Yugoslavs = 612 (3.17%) - Roma = 369 (1.91%) - Germans = 142 (0.74%) - Montenegrins = 100 (0.52%) Near the city of Apatin lies the Junaković spa. It is a modern and well-equipped rehabilitation and recreation centre with sports fields, outdoor pools, indoor therapy, and saunas. The largest companies in Apatin today are the Apatinska pivara AD (brewery, built in 1756), Rapid (silicate bricks factory), Jedinstvo (agricultural company) and Apatin Shipyard (formerly known as "Boris Kidrič"). Free port Apatin The Free port Apatin is a free customs zone, cargo-transportation center and port with wharf, which will form an economic unit known under the name "Slobodna zona Apatin" (and will cover 160 hectares of ground next to river Danube). It will also represent one of the potentially largest economical undertakings in the region. Tourist attraction Apatin has popular tourist location, and because of its proximity to the Danube river and the forests, it is gathering place for fishermen and hunters. There is also an annual gathering called "Apatinske ribarske večeri" (Apatin Fishermen Nights), which has taken place for the last forty some years. "Ribarske večeri" usually starts on July 1, and lasts five or seven days. Apatin has a rich history in sports. Željko Rebrača is by far the most famous athlete from this area, but in the past, Apatin has had athletes represent Yugoslavia (and now Serbia) on the international stage. Today, some of the well known professional sports clubs are: - FK Mladost - member of the Serbia First League Soccer Association - RK Apatin - member of the Serbia Second League Handball Association Notable natives and residents - Paul Abraham (1892–1960), a Jewish composer, born in Apatin. - Frank Dancevic (born 1984), a Croatian-Canadian tennis player whose father hails from Apatin. - Mirko Đurić (born in 1960), a famous classical guitarist. - Jovan Lakatoš (born in 1944), ornitologist of Hungarian origin, born in Apatin. - Pavle Marčetić (born in 1957), a writer and ethnic Serb, born in Apatin. - Nenad Medić (born 1983), poker player. - Gyula Pártos (1845–1916), an architect and ethnic Hungarian, born in Apatin. - Željko Rebrača (born in 1972), a professional basketball player, and ethnic Serb, playing in the NBA with the L.A. Clippers. He was born in 1972 in the village of Prigrevica near Apatin. - Josef Sayer (born 1941), German Roman Catholic priest, theologian and development aid official. - Ervin Šinko (1898–1967), a writer and ethnic Hungarian, born in Apatin. See also - "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28. - "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in The Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity - Data by municipalities and cities". Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2012. ISBN 978-86-6161-023-3. Retrieved 2012-11-30. - DATANET.RS Galerija Meander/Gallery Meander - Arbeitskreis Dokumentation: Verbrechen an den Deutschen in Jugoslawien 1944-1948, Die Stationen eines Völkermordes, 2000, Munich - "Population by ethnicity – Apatin". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS). Retrieved 23 February 2013. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Apatin|

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- uploaded: Feb 12, 2013 - Hits: 93 With the news that Benedict the 16th is stepping down, thoughts are now turning to who his replacement might be. A new Pope is expected to be elected by the end of March, ahead of the feast of Easter. Some of the most likely successors come from Africa and Latin America. Al Jazeera's Rory Challands reports. Source, credit to Aljazeera- http://www.aljazeera.com/video FAIR USE NOTICE: This video has been posted to further advance our understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, Technological, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues which constitutes a "fair use" of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 for research and educational purposes. Benedict XVI was elected Pope at the age of 78. He is the oldest person to have been elected Pope since Pope Clement XII (1730--40). He had served longer as a cardinal than any Pope since Benedict XIII (1724--30). He is the ninth German Pope, the eighth having been the Dutch-German Pope Adrian VI (1522--23) from Utrecht. The last Pope named Benedict was Benedict XV, an Italian who reigned from 1914 to 1922, during World War I (1914--18). Born in 1927 in Marktl, Bavaria, Germany, Ratzinger had a distinguished career as a university theologian before being appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising by Pope Paul VI (1963--78). Shortly afterwards, he was made a cardinal in the consistory of 27 June 1977. He was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and was also assigned the honorific title of the cardinal bishop of Velletri-Segni on 5 April 1993. In 1998, he was elected sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. On 30 November 2002, he was elected dean, taking, as is customary, the title of cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia. He was the first Dean of the College elected Pope since Paul IV (1555--59) and the first cardinal bishop elected Pope since Pius VIII (1829--30). Even before becoming Pope, Ratzinger was one of the most influential men in the Roman Curia, and was a close associate of John Paul II. As Dean of the College of Cardinals, he presided over the funeral of John Paul II and over the Mass immediately preceding the 2005 conclave in which he was elected. During the service, he called on the assembled cardinals to hold fast to the doctrine of the faith. He was the public face of the church in the sede vacante period, although, technically, he ranked below the Camerlengo in administrative authority during that time. Like his predecessor, Benedict XVI affirms traditional Catholic doctrine. In addition to his native German, Benedict speaks French and Italian fluently. He also has a very good command of Latin and speaks English and Spanish adequately. Furthermore, he has some knowledge of Portuguese. He can read Ancient Greek and biblical Hebrew. He has stated that his first foreign language is French. He is a member of several scientific academies, such as the French Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He plays the piano and has a preference for Mozart and Bach. Read more here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI

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Whether you are taking the Holiday Challenge for the first time or you are a veteran nutritarian, rich holiday foods packed with oils, animal products, white flour, and sugar may look tempting to you. Maybe tempting enough for you to say to yourself “It’s just for today, just this one meal. I’ll go back to my healthy nutritarian diet tomorrow – one unhealthy meal can’t possibly harm me.” Is that true? Aside from the fact that a single low-nutrient meal may awaken old addictive drives that could then lead to many more low-nutrient meals, a single meal is enough to cause damage to your cardiovascular system. As Dr. Fuhrman mentioned in his recent Twitter chat, there are more cardiac deaths on December 25, 26, and January 1 than any other days of the year.1 This sobering observation suggests that overindulging at a holiday meal can be extremely hazardous to your heart. First, I’d like to define the phrase “endothelial function,” which will be used frequently in this post: The endothelium is a specialized layer of cells that forms the inner lining of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells produce nitric oxide and other substances that regulate blood pressure, maintain balance between pro-thrombotic (blood clotting) and anti-thrombotic mechanisms, and act as a selective barrier between the blood and surrounding tissues. The functions of the endothelium are crucial; endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherosclerotic plaque development and cardiovascular disease.2 Now let’s take a look at the traditional components of a holiday meal, and how they affect our cardiovascular system… Meat, cheese, and oils. Fifteen years ago, a study reported that eating a high saturated fat, high animal product meal impaired endothelial function for four hours following the meal, and this effect has been confirmed in the literature over and over.3,4 For example, a study presented earlier this year reported the detrimental effects of a sausage, egg and cheese breakfast sandwich on endothelial function.5 In addition to impaired endothelial function, single low-nutrient, high fat meals have been reported to induce insulin resistance, increase circulating adhesion molecules (which allows excess LDL and inflammatory cells to enter the vessel wall – a contributor to atherosclerosis), induce oxidative stress, and deplete the body’s circulating antioxidants.6-8 The detrimental effects of a high saturated fat meal on endothelial function are believed to occur via oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways.4,9 Although most of the studies have focused on high saturated fat meals, there is also evidence that animal protein and excess oils (high in omega-6 fatty acids) may also negatively affect the endothelium and induce oxidative stress.10,11 Bread, pasta, and sugary desserts. For a refresher on some of the harms of added sugar, revisit Dr. Klaper’s post from last year’s Holiday Challenge. In addition to those effects, refined carbohydrate is just as harmful to endothelial function as saturated fat. Refined carbohydrates cause dangerous spikes in blood glucose – repeated spikes over time promote diabetes and other chronic diseases, but what about a single high glycemic meal? Acute hyperglycemia (short term elevated blood glucose after a single refined carbohydrate-rich meal) has been shown to impair endothelial function, promote blood clotting (which increases heart attack risk), induce oxidative stress and deplete circulating antioxidants, increase blood pressure, increase circulating adhesion molecules, impair the body’s ability to fight infection, and decrease blood flow to the heart.7,12-17 Salty snacks, beer, and wine. A single high salt meal impairs endothelial function, just like high saturated fat or high sugar meals, and alcohol magnifies the increase in blood glucose from a refined carbohydrate-rich meal.18,19 The point: A SINGLE unhealthy holiday meal inflicts damage on the cardiovascular system, contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, and in susceptible individuals may even provoke a cardiac event. When I see a fatty, sugary dessert, I try to think up some scary images to deter myself from indulging – here are some examples: - Sugar crystals floating around in my bloodstream, scratching up the delicate surface of my endothelium. - All the circulating antioxidants from my previous nutritarian meals being used up and destroyed. - My vessels constricting, failing to deliver adequate blood to my heart muscle. - My blood pressure rising, and my heart becoming fatigued from pumping against that extra pressure. - LDL cholesterol and inflammatory cells pouring through the gaps in my compromised endothelial barrier and building the beginnings of atherosclerotic plaque. …and I stick with my G-BOMBS. But that doesn’t mean that I have to choose between excellent health and tasty food. I get the best of both worlds - I enjoy preparing and serving a special dish for the holidays, while sharing health-promoting foods with my friends and family. And if I bring a nutritarian dessert, I don’t have to conjure up scary images of what an unhealthy dessert will do to my body; the nutritarian option is always far more appetizing! For the past few family holidays, I’ve made apple pie, key lime pie, raw chocolate pudding pie, and pumpkin chai ice cream. Trust me – no one missed the sugar, oil, or white flour! This year I’m excited to share a new main dish recipe I created: Layered Sweet Potatoes with Rosemary Cream Sauce. Seasonal winter squash and rosemary make it perfect for the holidays! Layered Sweet Potatoes with Rosemary Cream Sauce 1 medium sweet potato 1 small winter squash, such as butternut or dumpling 1 large red onion 16 ounces cremini mushrooms 1.5 cups cooked white beans 2 tablespoons raw tahini or cashew butter 5 cloves garlic 1/3 cup nutritional yeast 1 cup water 2 teaspoons dried rosemary (or 1-2 Tablespoons fresh rosemary) 1/2 teaspoon dried sage 1/4 teaspoon black pepper 1. Preheat oven to 350 F 2. Slice the sweet potato, squash, red onion, and mushrooms thinly (preferably with a mandoline). 3. Combine the remaining ingredients in a high-power blender and blend until creamy. 4. Spread a thin layer of rosemary cream sauce on the bottom of a 9x13 pan. 5. Layer one-third of each ingredient, and repeat to make three layers. 6. Bake at 350 for 40 minutes, then turn down heat to 300 and bake an additional 30 minutes. 1. Kloner RA. The "Merry Christmas Coronary" and "Happy New Year Heart Attack" phenomenon. Circulation 2004;110:3744-3745. 2. Higashi Y, Noma K, Yoshizumi M, et al. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Circ J 2009;73:411-418. 3. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:350-354. 4. Hall WL. Dietary saturated and unsaturated fats as determinants of blood pressure and vascular function. Nutr Res Rev 2009;22:18-38. 5. Lacroix S, Des Rosiers C, Gayda M, et al: Abstract 752: Baseline Triglyceridemia Influences Postprandial Endothelial Response to a Single Mixed Mediterranean-type Meal Compared to a High-saturated fat meal. In Canadian Cardiovascular Congress. Toronto, Canada; 2012. 6. Ramirez-Velez R. [Postprandial lipemia induces endothelial dysfunction and higher insulin resistance in healthy subjects]. Endocrinol Nutr 2011;58:529-535. 7. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, et al. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes 2004;53:701-710. 8. Tsai WC, Li YH, Lin CC, et al. Effects of oxidative stress on endothelial function after a high-fat meal. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004;106:315-319. 9. Lacroix S, Rosiers CD, Tardif JC, et al. The role of oxidative stress in postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Nutr Res Rev 2012;25:288-301. 10. Mohanty P, Ghanim H, Hamouda W, et al. Both lipid and protein intakes stimulate increased generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:767-772. 11. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:97-105. 12. Lemkes BA, Hermanides J, Devries JH, et al. Hyperglycemia: a prothrombotic factor? J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1663-1669. 13. Mohanty P, Hamouda W, Garg R, et al. Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2970-2973. 14. Turina M, Fry DE, Polk HC, Jr. Acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system: clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1624-1633. 15. Fujimoto K, Hozumi T, Watanabe H, et al. Acute hyperglycemia induced by oral glucose loading suppresses coronary microcirculation on transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy young adults. Echocardiography 2006;23:829-834. 16. Rammos G, Peppes V, Zakopoulos N. Transient insulin resistance in normal subjects: acute hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in normal subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008;6:159-170. 17. Lee IK, Kim HS, Bae JH. Endothelial dysfunction: its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2002:59-64. 18. Hatonen KA, Virtamo J, Eriksson JG, et al. Modifying effects of alcohol on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:44-49. 19. Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2011.

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2,361

become an editor the entire directory only in Pacific/Pearl_Harbor By Time Period Wars and Conflicts World War II Theaters of Operations Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Wars and Conflicts: World War II: Theaters of Operations: Pacific: Pearl Harbor USS West Virginia Arts: Movies: Titles: P: Pearl Harbor Arts: Movies: Titles: T: Tora Tora Tora Games: Video Games: Action: P: Pearl Harbor - Zero Hour Kids and Teens: School Time: Social Studies: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: World War II: Pearl Harbor Society: History: By Region: North America: United States: Presidents: Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: Scandals: Pearl Harbor Conspiracy After the Day of Infamy - Collection of audio recordings documents public reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Attack on Pearl Harbor - Find history, pictures, eyewitness accounts, casualty lists, ship info, forum, plus museum shop, posters, travel info. Attack on Pearl Harbor - Photo galleries documenting the Japanese raid on Hawaii that brought the United States into the war. Includes before and after images, as well as maps. - Biography and photos of this Purple Heart recipient. - Another view on Pearl Harbor By Bob Fink, 1992 and Wartime Crimes of Big Business, excerpts from a 1943 pamphlet. Day of Infamy Exhibit - Online collection of Pearl Harbor documents from East Carolina University. Includes telegrams, photographs, letters, and interview transcripts. Franco's Map of Pearl Harbor - Historical account of the Day of Infamy, December 7, 1941. Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List - Simple alphabetical list of all individuals injured during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Name, rank, and assignment of military personnel; age and location, if civilian. Marines at Pearl Harbor - Detailed accounts of actions of United States Marines during the attack on Pearl Harbor, with photographs. My Story: Pearl Harbor - Timeline, photos, and interview. - Pearl Harbor photos, letters, time line, map, and information on ships involved. - Images of Pearl Harbor before, during, and after the air raid. Pearl Harbor After 25 Years - Harry Elmer Barnes recaps findings of the official investigations and reconstructs the events in Washington and Tokyo that made the Japanese raid on Oahu in 1941 not only successful, but inevitable. Pearl Harbor Attacked - Message board; photographs and recollections of the fate of USS Arizona; quiz on Pearl Harbor facts; links to other Pearl Harbor sites. Pearl Harbor Operations: General Outline of Orders and Plans - Recreation of Japanese plans for the attack. Pearl Harbor Remembered - Maps, timeline, and survivor's remembrances. Pearl Harbor Survivors Association - Membership information and association history. The American Experience: The Presidents - Text of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor speech given to Congress. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School - Pearl Harbor documents. The History Place - Five photos and the sequence of events. Wikipedia: Attack on Pearl Harbor - Hyperlinked encyclopedia article has information about the attack and its historic significance. CNN.com - Body of Pearl Harbor sailor identified - One elderly sister called it a miracle and another said she had finally found closure after the body of their brother, a sailor killed at Pearl Harbor 62 years ago, was identified. (November 25, 2003) " search on: to edit this category. Copyright © 2013 Netscape Visit our sister sites Last update: Wednesday, March 24, 2010 3:15:18 AM EDT -

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789

A huge study of millions of kids revealed for the first time the true measure of type 2 diabetes in children in the United States. The results appeared in the June 27, 2007 Journal of the American Medical Association. In the recent past, type 2 diabetes was called adult-onset diabetes because this obesity-related condition was a problem of the middle-aged and the elderly. It usually takes years of unhealthy eating to tip someone into this type of diabetes. It was rarely seen before age 30 or even 40. Sadly, today we do see type 2 diabetes in children. A family I saw yesterday had a 10-year-old who already had it. Pediatricians across the country are having similar experiences. But until this significant study none of us knew exactly how large the problem had become. Stunningly, 22 percent of all diabetes diagnosed in US children was type 2. And in kids aged 10-19, type 2 diabetes was more common than the autoimmune type 1 (previously called juvenile diabetes) – even though type 1 has also been increasing over the last 2 decades around the world. The consequences of overfed, undernourished, inactive lifestyles have reached from middle age into childhood. The message is clear: it’s time to feed our kids healthy amounts of healthy foods and to ensure that they get a liberal dose of active play every day. The Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. “Incidence of Diabetes in Youth in the United States.” JAMA 2007, 297, pp. 2716-2724.

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The Cardinal is probably one of the most recognizable and popular backyard birds because of its brilliant red color and crested head. It is a great bird to admire year-round. The color contrast of the brilliant red against fresh white snow really is a high point during the winter months. Early settlers were said to have named this bird after the Cardinals of the Catholic Church who wore red robes. Both sexes are accomplished songsters and may be heard at any time of year. Cardinals will mate for life and remain together throughout the entire year. That's why you will usually see a male and female together at your feeding station. ||They can be found across the eastern U.S. from lower Canada south to the Gulf Coast and west to Arizona and parts of Southern California. The Cardinal's range has expanded dramatically since 1886 when it was rarely seen north of the Ohio River. Habitat is typically dense thickets along fields, hedges, swamps, and parks and gardens. ||Cardinals are not migratory. Their bright plumage brings color to our yards during the winter when many other species have flown south. In winter, most cardinals flock and roost together but, at other times of the year, they are quite territorial. In flocks, males dominate females when feeding. It is also nice to hear a pair calling to each other in late winter or early spring. ||A Cardinal's nesting season lasts from March to August. They usually raise 2-3 broods a year. The female builds a nest of small twigs and grasses in a shrub or dense bush. She lays about 3-4 white to greenish eggs that average about one inch in length. The female usually incubates the eggs, which takes 12-13 days. However, after the eggs hatch, the male tends to the chicks while the female incubates her next brood. Young leave the nest after 9-10 days. Male Cardinals often feed the females while courting and when they're nesting. ||About 90% of the Cardinal's food consists of weed seeds, grains, insects, fruits, and sunflower seeds. They prefer seeds that are easily husked. Cardinals are less selective during winter in the colder climates. Cardinals also drink maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers. |Size and Color: ||Cardinals range from 8 to 9 inches long, with a wingspread of 10-1/4 to 12 inches across. The adult male is bright red with a black face and red bill. The adult female is buff-brown with a red tinge to the crest, wings, and tail. Like the male, the face is black and the bill orange. ||Male and female Cardinals both sing. Songs are loud, beautiful whistled phrases. Some songs you may hear sound like "whoit whoit whoit" and "whacheer whacheer." These songs are used in forming territories and in courtship. Male and female cardinals use "chirps" as contact calls and alarms. They also have many visual displays such as "tail-flicks" to signal alarm. The crest may be raised and lowered. Strongly territorial, males will fight other males, along with their own reflection in windows! ||Create a dense hedge or thicket around your backyard. Cardinals are especially fond of roosting and nesting in honeysuckle thickets. Provide open areas with trees and berry producing shrubs such as mulberry, blueberry, grape, and dogwood. At feeding stations, they prefer unhulled black-oil sunflower seeds over all other foods. They will also eat white proso millet, bread, nutmeats and peanut butter mixes. Offer a source of water for drinking and bathing. ||Up to 15 years.

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Create a Continuous Binding Strip for Your Quilt When making bias strips for your quilt, you can either create one long strip or cut individual strips and then sew them together to get the length you need. You can use either of these methods to produce different types of bias binding. To end up with a continuous binding strip, follow these steps: Cut a 44" x 44" square of fabric (with selvages removed) in half diagonally to make two large triangles (see a in the following figure). The square is cut on-grain at this point.Making a continuous bias strip. You now have a trapezoid shape with two bias edges (upper and lower). Decide how wide you need the binding to be, and mark lines on the wrong side of the fabric using a ruler (refer to c in the preceding figure). Stitch the short ends of the fabric together (right sides facing), off-setting the lines by one strip line to form a funny-looking tube (refer to d in the preceding figure). Carefully press the seam allowance open. With scissors, cut the binding in one continuous strip, starting at the offset overhang and cutting along the marked lines. A symbol (asterisk) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. A symbol (bullet) in a written stitch pattern indicating that whatever follows gets repeated. A synthetic fiber used to make yarn that mimics the look and feel of natural materials. 1. The Afghan crochet stitch produces a rather solid fabric that closely resembles a knitted fabric. 2. An afghan (lowercase a) is a soft blanket or shawl, crocheted or knitted, often in a geometric design Abbreviation for approximately. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the back (or wrong) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. A type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns that appear to recede on the side of the fabric facing you. A stitch used to assemble knitted pieces by using a tapestry needle, going in and out of the stitches in knitted fabrics. Yarn wound around a cardboard center or an open hole. A knitted border on a piece of knitted fabric that keeps the center edge from stretching; adds a neat trim to an otherwise rough-looking edge; and creates a place for fastenings such as buttons. Most often appears on cardigan sweaters. 1. A type of knitting increase that leaves a horizontal bar under the increased stitch. 2. In filet crochet, a long space that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. A knitting stitch pattern that creates a fabric that looks like a woven basket. Knitting pattern abbreviation for beginning. Crochet pattern abbreviation for between. To make a finished edge by securing the knitted stitches in the last row worked, which prevents unraveling. A crochet stitch used to assemble crocheted pieces, adding some stability to the backside of a seam made with long stitches, such as triple crochet. 1. (verb) To wet down or steam a piece of knitting or crochet in order to coax it into its final shape. The moisture and/or heat smoothes out uneven stitches and straightens out wavy, rolling edges. 2. (noun) The actual crocheted substance of a filet crochet design. Wooden sock- or mitten-shaped template with biscuit-type holes cut out to aid air circulation when blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. A flat surface made from a material that you can stick a pin into, often marked with a 1-inch grid to aid in blocking a knitted or crocheted piece. Long, slightly flexible stainless steel wires in various lengths that you thread through the edges of your knitted pieces so that you can pin a knitted or crocheted piece into place for blocking without the edges becoming scalloped at the pin sites. Crochet pattern abbreviation for back loop only. A piece of shaped plastic used to keep colored yarns separate while knitting or crocheting with multiple colors and strands of yarn. You wrap one color of yarn per bobbin. Commonly used in Fair Isle and intarsia knitting. A highly bumpy, textured yarn composed of loops. A knitting stitch that has the same look and feel as seed stitch, but on a larger scale. A thick, heavy fabric into which raised patterns have been woven. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 back, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches from behind your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 4 front, meaning a cable worked over 4 stitches in front of your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 back, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches from behind your work. Knit pattern abbreviation for cable 6 front, meaning a cable worked over 6 stitches in front of your work. A knit pattern in which you cross one group of stitches over another by knitting them out of order. A short knitting needle that's point at both ends, has a divot or curve toward the middle, and is used to hold stitches temporarily while you work on their neighbors. When knitting or crocheting with different colors, the process of moving yarn not in use to the next position it will be used by working it into the stitches being made in another color, rather than fastening off and rejoining the yarn with each color change. Create a series of loops on one needle as a knitted starting row. The opposite is to bind off or cast off. Crocheting or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for contrasting color. A simple, common crocheting stitch used to make a crochet piece's foundation and to start new rows. A type of yarn material (usually made of rayon or cotton) with an attractive appearance and velvety texture. Knitting pattern that makes the fabric form arrow-like shapes. A crocheting or knitting technique that works the stitches in a continuous, spiral-like fashion without turning the piece; also called crocheting or knitting in the round. A knitting needle designed especially for circular knitting, made up of one long double-pointed needle in a circular shape. A set of crochet stitches that you work across an equal number of stitches and join together at the top, forming a triangle shape that resembles an upside-down shell stitch. Knitting style in which you hold the yarn in your left hand and pick the stitches through each loop. A soft, white natural fiber from plants, often made into yarn. Worked like a single crochet stitch, but from left to right, rather than right to left. A style of embroidery that's worked with any type of yarn, rather than thread. A kind of needlework in which loops of a yarn are interwoven by means of a single hooked needle, or crochet hook. A specialized needle with a hook at one end used to create crochetwork. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap; crosses can be in the back or front of a stitched fabric. A type of needlework, usually done with thread, in which stitches are crossed in the form of an X on some surface. A band or fold at the end of a sleeve. Removing stitches from a crocheted or knitted row to create a piece with sophisticated shaping; abbreviated dec. One of the most common crochet stitches, it's about twice as tall as a single crochet; abbreviated dc. Compare with single crochet. Decreasing 2 stitches at the same time; abbreviated dbl dec. Increasing 2 stitch in the same place; abbreviated dbl inc. A long space in filet crochet that crosses over the two blocks or spaces, or the one lacet, below it. A tall crochet stitch that creates a loose and holey fabric. Knitting needle that has a point at each end. How a knitted or crocheted fabric falls, including how much movement the fabric allows. Adding loops to your crochet hook by crocheting a row onto a foundation chain. A knit stitch or purl stitch that has fallen off the knitting needle, leaving that stitch unworked. A simple way of adding an additional color to your knitting without actually knitting with that color; instead, you embroider the additional color on the fabric, mimicking the stitch it covers. The batch of dye with which a certain yarn was colored. The quality or condition of being elastic, meaning springy, flexible, and resilient. To decorate a fabric with a design in needlework, usually by using embroidery floss. A style of knitting in which the knitter holds the yarn in his or her right hand and wraps it around the right-hand (RH) needle as he or she creates stitches. 1. A small hole through which you pass something, such as a button. 2. A type of lace pattern characterized by small openwork motifs distributed over a solid fabric. A liquid medium that you apply to a worked piece during blocking, which dries invisible and makes your fabric rigid. A kind of knitted lace pattern composed of nothing but the simplest lace-making unit — a yarn over followed (or preceded) by a decrease. Knitting technique, also called stranding, that involves color patterns using more than one color in a row. You can work with two strands of yarn, carrying them along the back of your work, and picking up and dropping them as needed. A filet crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a V and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. To cut the yarn in a crocheted piece and then draw it through a loop on the crochet hook at the end of the design or the end of that particular yarn's use in the design. To transform knitting or crochetwork into a dense, sturdy fabric by running the finished piece through the washing machine. A crochet technique that imitates a 17th-century form of lace worked on mesh netting stretched across a frame, which has evolved into a series of blocks and spaces that form a design. Wool from a sheep or similar animal. The strand on the wrong side of loose stitches that connects those stitches. A soft, loosely twisted thread or yarn used in embroidery. A crochet stitch pattern abbreviation for front loop only. A crochet or knitting stitch pattern abbreviation meaning follows or following. A series of chain stitches that creates your first row of crochet. A border or trimming of cords or threads, hanging loose or tied in bunches. To knit or crochet stitches at an angle on the front (or right) side of a fabric, producing a pattern in which the stitches overlap. A type of crochet stitch in which you insert your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row, creating raised patterns on the surface of the fabric facing you. A knitting stitch that you create by simply knitting (or purling) every row. The number of knitted or crocheted stitches and rows there are to an inch of fabric. A way to join two knitted pieces that mock knits by using a tapestry needle, creating a very stretchy and almost invisible join. A crochet stitch in between a single crochet and a double crochet in height, which you work by drawing the yarn through three loops on the crochet hook. A knitting stitch that creates a fabric that looks and feels like a woven fabric. A technique used to make combination stitches, such as the puff or cluster. The stitch is worked only partway, and then finished at the end of the combination. A large circle of yarn twisted into a figure-8 shape. A type of yarn that has been blended from a number of different-colored or -dyed fleeces, and then spun; muted in color. A border on a garment or piece of cloth, usually made by folding the edge and sewing it down. A technique used to knit a cord that curls in on itself. To add stitches to a row so that the row has more stitches than the previous row. A knitting technique that works with different colors without using floats; instead, each color area has its own strand of yarn, and you intertwine the yarns when it's time to work in another color. To connect separate pieces of knitting or crochet by using one of a variety of techniques. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit 2 stitches together. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit in stitch below An explanation of symbols used in a stitch chart. 1. (verb) To make cloth by interconnecting loops of yarn or thread in rows of stitches by using a pair of special needles. 2. (noun) A particular stitch in knitting that goes into the stitch from front to back. A crochet stitch that looks like rows of Vs nesting in the row below, much like a knitting knit stitch. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knit stitch through the back of the loop. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for knitwise (as if to knit). A fabric knitted or crocheted in ornamental designs with various-sized holes. A fancy crochet stitch that looks somewhat like a V and is worked across five stitches or the width of two spaces. Left-hand needle; the knitting needle that you hold in your left hand. A slick, smooth strand of floss or yarn that you thread with a tapestry needle through the last row of stitches below a mistake you've made in knitted lace, which allows you to put stitches back on your needle if you rip out too many when correcting the mistake. A yarn, cloth, or thread made of flax, a plant fiber. Description of a stitch that's still on the knitting needle. A single crochet stitch that you work into either the tops of stitches or spaces between stitches one or more rows below the current row, creating a vertical spike of yarn that extends over several rows of stitches. 1. The section of yarn wrapped around your crochet hook or knitting needle with which you work to form new stitches. 2. Three or more crochet chain stitches worked in a row. A knitting increase in which you create a new, separate stitch between 2 stitches that are already on the needle. A type of plied yarn in which the plies are different colors. A type of knitting stitch that creates a practically invisible and nicely flexible seam for joining pieces side by side. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for main color, used in multicolored patterns. A fuzzy yarn made from the long, silky hair of the Angora goat, often mixed with other fibers. A knitting pattern of repeating geometric shapes. A knitting stitch that's an elongated version of seed stitch, in which you work 2 rows of the same sequence of knits and purls, then alternate them. A crocheting or knitting design with a repeating figure or shape. A knitting needle; an eyeless, usually long, needle of metal or plastic that has a blunt point at one or both ends, used in pairs when knitting by hand. A synthetic fiber with great strength and elasticity. A lace pattern that has more openings than solid spaces in its composition. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl 2 stitches together. The sequence of crochet or knit stitches that, when repeated, create a certain fabric; either written out with abbreviations or presented in a chart. Abbreviated as pat. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for purl in the stitch below. 1. To use knitting needles and yarn to pull up new loops along a knitted edge and knit a border on that edge. 2. To fix a dropped stitch. A little round-shaped crochet stitch that add a decorative touch to an edging or fill an empty space in a mesh design. 1 (noun) A small, thin piece of rustproof metal, often T-shaped. 2. (verb) To secure a knitted or crocheted fabric to the blocking board by using rustproof, non-plastic pins. A finished slit on a garment that has a fastener, such as on the collar of a shirt, to make it easy to put on and take off. The number of smaller strands twisted together to form the larger single strand of yarn. A type of synthetic compound, such as nylon. A fabric made from synthetic material also used in making plastics. An ornamental ball or tuft of yarn often attached to garments and curtains. A crochet stitch that forms a rounded, compact oval that stands out from the fabric. A crochet stitch made by inserting your hook around the post of a stitch that's one or more rows below the current row; can be worked in the front or back of the post. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for pass slipped stitch over; used for decreasing. A crochet stitch that gently puffs up into an oval shape. A knitting stitch that you create by working a knit stitch backwards, going into the stitch from back to front. A crochet stitch that looks like rows of rounded bumps, much like a knitting purl stitch. A synthetically produced textile fiber produced by pressing a cellulose solution through small holes and solidifying it into filaments. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for remains or remaining. A given stitch sequence or combination. Stitch patterns are based on stitch repeats and row repeats. A given stitch sequence repeats horizontally across a row. A series of rows of given stitch sequences repeats vertically. Together they make up a stitch pattern that makes the fabric smooth, bumpy, cabled, or striped. Right-hand needle; the knitting needle that you hold in your right hand. A crochet or knit stitch pattern that creates textured vertical stripes. To undo knitted stitches by removing the loops from the needle and pulling the yarn to unravel the stitches. A knitting stitch pattern in whcih purl stitches make wavy lines. A single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in the round; abbreviated rnd. A single line of stitches crocheted or knitted in a flat pattern. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for right side, meaning the side that will be displayed when used/worn. The horizontal strand of yarn that connects the first stitch on each needle when working a make 1 increase. A small outline drawing of each piece of a knitted or crocheted project pattern. 1. (verb) Joining two pieces of material with a line of stitches. 2. (noun) The line along which two pieces of material are joined. A knitting stitch that has a regular texture of little bumps that look a bit like seeds. An extra stitch at the edge of your knitted fabric that (in combination with others) serves to create an even, stable border. Also spelled selvage. To join or fasten with stitches using a sewing needle and thread. The portion of a crochet hook that holds the loops you're working with; its diameter largely determines the size of the stitches. A projection, such as a ring, on the back of a button by which you sew it onto a fabric. A crochet stitch that involves working from 3 to 5 double crochet stitches all in the same stitch; the pattern looks like a seashell. A yarn material made from the soft, shiny fiber produced by silkworms from their cocoons. A long crocheted strip of very short vertical single crochet rows. A compact, fundamental crochet stitch that creates a tight, dense fabric. Compare with double crochet. The most common form of yarn packaging; an oblong, machine-wound bundle of yarn. To move a stitch from one knitting needle to the other without working that stitch. The first stitch you form on your knitting needle or crochet hook to begin a project. A flat or small knitting or crochet stitch that you use mostly as a utility stitch or a technique for activities like making a seam or joining a new ball of yarn. The opening in a piece of crochetwork created by working 1 or more chain stitches in between other stitches. A process to block your crochetwork or knitting by spraying the fabric with water to dampen it, then laying the fabric in the intended shape. A knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for slip, slip, knit the slip stitches together, which creates a left-slanting decrease. A tasteless, odorless substance used to stiffen and shape fabrics. Using a steam iron to block the shape of a knitted or crocheted piece. A shortcut used to open up a knitted tube in which you sew or crochet two vertical lines of stitches an inch or so apart, then cut the stitches that fall between those lines. A small ring that you add to your knitting or crochet work to remind you where you need to make a change to your needlework, such as the beginning of a round or the spot to work an increase. A single loop of yarn worked off a needle in knitting or crocheting. A knitting stitch which you create by alternating a knit row with a purl row. To crochet, generally with yarn, onto a crocheted background; resembles embroidery. 1. (verb) To make a sample of knitted fabric for various reasons, including measuring gauge and practice. 2. (noun) The knitted fabric sample created by swatching. A tool that looks like a wooden umbrella, which is specially designed to help untwist a hank of yarn. The loose bit of yarn left after you finish knitting or crocheting your pattern. A large-eye needle with a blunt point that you use to sew knitted pieces together. An ornamental tuft of threads of equal length, hanging loosely from a knob or from the knot by which they're tied together. 1. (noun) A light, fine, string-like length of material made up of two or more spun fibers. 2. (verb) To put a thread through the eye of a sewing or tapestry needle, or to work that threaded needle through a fabric. The part of a crochet hook that does the actual hooking of the yarn and pulls that yarn through a stitch. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for together. A type of closure that has a ring on one end and bar on the other; the bar slides through the ring vertically and then lays on the ring horizontally to keep it from coming back through. A crochet stitch which is slightly longer than the double crochet and which creates longer openings between the stitches, producing a very loose fabric. A crochet stitch that involves creating a length equivalent to 5 chain stitches by using a yarn over 4 times. Reversing your crochet work so that you can start a new row of stitches. The 1 or more chain stitches that you crochet after you've turned your work and are about to begin your next row so that your yarn is at the height necessary to work the first stitch of the next row or round. A wool yarn with a background color flecked with bits of fiber in different colors. A smaller version of a knit cable that consists of 2 stitches, 1 crossing over its neighbor. Dyed in several different colors or shades, such as yarn. A synthetic material often used to make rayon and other synthetic yarns. A crochet stitch made up of a double crochet, chain, and double crochet stitch all in the same stitch, forming a V shape. To work the remaining bit of yarn into already-created stitches to hide the tail. The thickness of a yarn. An ancient name for a knitted horizontal stripe. Getting a piece of knitting or crochetwork completely wet in a sink or basin of water before laying it out to shape it. A stitch used to join crocheted rows of short stitches, such as single crochet, worked with a tapestry or sewing needle and yarn or thread. A machine with a crank that turns a spindle, which can wind and unwind a skein of yarn attached to the winder. Yarn spun from the fibers of sheep, goat, llama, or other animal hair. An adjustable wooden frame with arms that you can dress with your wet, knitted or crocheted garment to block that garment. Crochet a designated stitch or stitches across the whole length of a row. A smooth, firmly twisted thread or yarn made from long-staple wool combed to make the fibers lie in the same direction. A crocheting and knitting stitch pattern abbreviation for wrong side, meaning the side that will be hidden when used/worn. Any fiber, such as wool or nylon, spun into strands for knitting or crocheting. The hand that's feeding the yarn from the ball or skein. In crochet, the hand not holding the hook. 1. A knitting method of making an extra stitch on your needle and creating a deliberate little hole in your fabric, as in lace. 2. The most basic step to every crochet stitch, in which you wrap the yarn over your crochet hook

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5,315

Famous Women in Astronomy Part of the Astronomy For Dummies Cheat Sheet When you’re studying astronomy don’t forget the women that made an impact in the field. Check out this list of amazing achievements by women astronomers and astrophysicists: Caroline Herschel (1750–1848) Discovered eight comets. Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941) Devised the basic method for classifying the stars. Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921) Discovered the first accurate method for measuring great distances in space. Sally Ride (1951–2012) A trained astrophysicist, she is the first American woman in space. Jocelyn Bell Burnell Discovered pulsars in her work as a graduate student. E. Margaret Burbidge Pioneered modern studies of galaxies and quasars. Wendy Freedman Leader in measuring the expansion rate of the universe. Carolyn C. Porco Leads the Cassini imaging science team in the study of Saturn and its moons and rings. Nancy G. Roman As NASA’s first chief astronomer, she led the development of telescopes in space. Vera C. Rubin Investigated the rotation of galaxies and detected the existence of dark matter. Carolyn Shoemaker Discovered many comets, including one that smashed into Jupiter. Jill Tarter Leader in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

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307

How to Enter Basic Formulas in Excel 2007 As entries go in Excel 2007, formulas are the real workhorses of the worksheet. If you set up a formula properly, it computes the right answer when you first enter it into a cell. From then on, it keeps itself up to date, recalculating the results whenever you change any of the values that the formula uses. You let Excel know that you’re about to enter a formula in the current cell by starting the formula with the equal sign (=). Some formulas follow the equal sign with a built-in function, such as SUM or AVERAGE. Many simple formulas use a series of values or cell references that contain values separated by one or more of the following mathematical operators: + (plus sign) for addition - (minus sign or hyphen) for subtraction * (asterisk) for multiplication / (slash) for division ^ (caret) for raising a number to an exponential power For example, to create a formula in cell C2 that multiplies a value entered in cell A2 by a value in cell B2, enter the following formula in cell C2: =A2*B2 To enter this formula in cell C2, follow these steps: Select cell C2. Type the entire formula =A2*B2 in the cell. Select cell C2. Type = (equal sign). Select cell A2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. This action places the cell reference A2 in the formula in the cell.To start the formula, type = and then select cell A2. Type * (Shift+8 on the top row of the keyboard). The asterisk is used for multiplication in Excel. Select cell B2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the keyboard. This action places the cell reference B2 in the formula.To complete the second part of the formula, type * and select cell B2. Click the Enter box (the check mark in the Formula bar) to complete the formula entry, while at the same time keeping the cell cursor in cell C2. Excel displays the calculated answer in cell C2 and the formula =A2*B2 in the Formula bar.Click the Enter box, and Excel displays the answer in cell C2 while the formula appears in the Formula bar above. If you select the cell you want to use in a formula, either by clicking it or moving the cell pointer to it, you have less chance of entering the wrong cell reference. After creating a formula like the preceding one that refers to the values in certain cells (rather than containing those values itself), you can change the values in those cells, and Excel automatically recalculates the formula, using these new values and displaying the updated answer in the worksheet! Using the example shown in the figures, suppose that you change the value in cell B2 from 100 to 50. The moment that you complete this change in cell B2, Excel recalculates the formula and displays the new answer, 1000, in cell C2.

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650

In 1990, the U.S. set the example for protection of the rights of people with disabilities in its Americans with Disabilities Act. The ADA became the template for many nationsí laws on disability rights and was recently the model used to design the United Nationsí Treaty on Disabilities Rights. Knowing this, it is difficult to understand why the U.S. Senate recently failed to pass that very treaty. The U.N. Treaty on Disabilities, first adopted in December 2006, sets a standard for all nations in assuring full human rights for people with disabilities. The Guiding Principles include such ideals as respect for inherent dignity; individual autonomy; the independence of all people; nondiscrimination; full and effective participation and inclusion in society; equality of opportunity; accessibility; and respect for difference and acceptance of people with disabilities as part of human diversity. The U.N. treaty sets forth a set of articles that specify for every nation the benchmarks for protecting the human rights of people with disabilities. Anyone familiar with the ADA will recognize the origins of these articles, which address such issues as reasonable accommodations, equal recognition under the law and the right to vote, access to the justice system, free and public education, the right to fair employment practices, the right to habilitation and rehabilitation. As with any rights, it is the responsibility of the governmental body to protect these rights and the choice of each individual whether to exercise them. U.S. citizens with disabilities who have travelled internationally attest to the need for many other nations to come to the standards of our country when it comes to accessibility for people with disabilities. The U.N. treaty establishes those standards. It does not change any nationís laws or constitutions. A variety of nations have specified their own application of the treatyís principles and excluded any clause that appeared to be in conflict with their own constitution or practices. Yet it was not because of this flexibility in interpretation that the U.S. Senate voted against ratification of the U.N. Treaty on Disabilities. Those who opposed it claimed to do so because of their fear that the treaty would affect the ability of American people with disabilities and their parents to make their own choices about how to live and educate their children. A particular fear was the fear of some parents that the treaty would prevent them from choosing to home-school their children. The U.N. has no such powers, nor do the rights afforded through the treaty compel any person with a disability to exercise those rights. On Dec. 4, 38 senators opposed ratification of the treaty, and the vote failed to get the two-thirds majority needed to pass. Daily life for people with disabilities in America wonít change, but what message have we sent to the 650 million people with disabilities at home and abroad? Tara Kiene is the director of case management with Community Connections Inc.

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591

The alarm went off at 7 a.m. the morning my wife and I were leaving for Hawaii some years ago – but I was already awake. I had been hit early in the evening with severe nausea and stomach cramps. The ride to the airport was pretty rough, but the eight-hour flight to the island paradise was near misery. I spent most of my time at cruising altitude out of my seat and, shall we say, indisposed. Pretty soon, I knew that I had been struck by the dreaded norovirus. In retrospect, I recalled a similar illness among co-workers the previous week. Noroviruses are actually a whole family of viruses, which collectively are responsible for more than 20 million cases of gastroenteritis in the United States each year. Gastroenteritis is a viral infection of the stomach and intestines. The main symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and frequent watery diarrhea. Norovirus is extremely infectious. It is passed along in fecal matter (yes, that means poop), typically on the hands of infected persons or on the inanimate objects they touch (think doorknobs, phones and countertops), where it can survive for many hours. Once the virus reaches the hand of a new victim, it takes only a little itch to bring it to the mouth, and then there’s no going back. Nearly everyone who becomes infected gets sick – unlike other viruses. For most otherwise healthy people, norovirus is only an inconvenience. Its symptoms typically last only a couple of days and resolve as quickly as they start. It does contribute to lost workdays and, as in my case, has ruined many a vacation. Cruise ship outbreaks are the stuff of legend. However, for infants, the elderly and those with chronic illness, norovirus can lead to dangerous levels of dehydration. Norovirus accounts for 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths each year in the United States. Previous infection does not confer much protective immunity because norovirus constantly mutates into new forms. Perhaps you have heard reports of a new norovirus strain from Australia, which is circulating this season. It seems especially potent and difficult to kill. Because it’s new, most people do not have immunity. Infected people should avoid food preparation for at least three days and up to two weeks after resolution of symptoms. In all cases, food preparation surfaces should be thoroughly cleansed with a bleach-based household cleaner before and after meals. Utensils should not be shared. Potentially infected laundry should be thoroughly washed in hot water. The best protection against norovirus infection is good hand hygiene. This new strain seems not to be stopped by hand sanitizer. Good old-fashioned hand washing with soap and water is the key. I’m talking lathering up your hands for 30 seconds, washing all surfaces (including under nails) and using a hot-water rinse. My infection was mercifully short. The symptoms resolved by the time I got to the hotel – just in time for me and my wife to head out to the beach. Unfortunately, a couple of days later on the way back from snorkeling it hit my wife. Whoops ... sorry, Sweetie. Dr. Matthew A. Clark is a board-certified physician in internal medicine and pediatrics practicing at the Ute Mountain Ute Health Center in Towaoc.

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Why Teach Engineering In High School? This PDF document and this PowerPoint file from the American Society for Engineering Education provide an overview of why teaching engineering in high school makes sense. Some of the benefits include: - Engineering topics are everywhere - Engineering combines math and science topics into real world projects - Engineering requires group work, so all students can participate while learning their math and science - Engineering is fun and creative

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85

The report shows that the majority of Iowa public school students in grades 3-8 and 11 met the state's annual objectives. In addition, 92.5 percent of Iowa's public school districts and 75 percent of Iowa schools were not identified as needing assistance for the 2009-2010 academic year. The report card has some new information based on federal reporting requirements. For the first time, the State Report Card for No Child Left Behind reflects changes in how race and ethnicity are reported as mandated by the U.S. Department of Education (USDE). The USDE's mandate is aligned with requirements for all federal agencies and with the U.S. Census Bureau's 2000 collection. The change will help Iowa schools better serve and support their students. More information on race/ethnicity reporting changes is available here. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 requires each state to provide an annual report card to inform stakeholders and the public about the progress of students and schools on indicators of student achievement and other information that relates to student success. The State Report Card for No Child Left Behind provides state-level data to serve as a comparison for schools and districts as they consider and implement improvement efforts to increase the success for all Iowa students.

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252

Ten Steps to Better Student Engagement Project-learning teaching strategies can also improve your everyday classroom experience. Tristan de Frondeville Credit: Courtesy of PBL Associates As a teacher, my goal was to go home at the end of each day with more energy than I had at the beginning of the day. Seriously. Now, as I travel the country coaching teachers on how to successfully use project learning, my goal remains the same. And I try to teach educators the strategies they need to achieve this goal in their own classrooms. A teacher in one of my workshops said, "When my students and I are in the flow, then I don't feel like I have to work as hard." I heartily agree. When 90 to 100 percent of my students are excitedly engaged in their tasks and asking deep and interesting questions, I experience joy, and joy is a lot less tiring than the frustration that comes with student apathy. Project-based classrooms with an active-learning environment make such in-the-flow moments more common. Yet these same classrooms require many teacher and student skills to work well. As teachers, we can feel overwhelmed when we try something new and experience chaos instead of flow. The good news is that the strategies for creating and managing high-quality project-learning environments are productive in any classroom, whether project learning is a central part of the curriculum or not. Here are ten ideas that you can start practicing in your classroom today to help you create more moments of flow. Create an Emotionally Safe Classroom Students who have been shamed or belittled by the teacher or another student will not effectively engage in challenging tasks. Consider having a rule such as "We do not put others downs, tell others to shut up, or laugh at people." Apply it to yourself as well as your students. This is the foundation of a supportive, collaborative learning environment. To learn and grow, one must take risks, but most people will not take risks in an emotionally unsafe environment. Create an Intellectually Safe Classroom Begin every activity with a task that 95 percent of the class can do without your help. Get your students used to the fact that when you say, "Please begin," they should pick up a pencil and start working successfully. This gets everyone on the bus. Then make sure your students know that these initial easy tasks will always be followed by increasingly challenging ones. Create rich and complex tasks so that various students have a chance to excel and take on the role of helping others. Cultivate Your Engagement Meter Be acutely aware of when your students are paying strong attention or are deeply engaged in their tasks. Master teachers create an active-learning environment in which students are on task in their thinking and speaking or are collaboratively working close to 100 percent of the time. Such teachers notice and measure not only when students are on task but also the quality of their engagement. Although it may take years to develop the repertoire of skills and lessons that enable you to permanently create this active-learning environment, you can begin by discerning which activities truly engage your students. The more brutally honest you are with yourself, the faster you will get there. Create Appropriate Intermediate Steps The first question I ask educators when I coach them on project learning is how many of their students say, "We can't wait to do another project," versus "Oh, no! Not another project." Teachers tend to get the first response when they scaffold challenging tasks so that all students are successful. For example, take the typical task of interviewing an adult outside the classroom. Some teachers assign the task on Monday and expect it to be done the following Monday, confident that by including the weekend, they are providing sufficient support. Other teachers realize that finding, cold calling, and interviewing an adult are challenging tasks for most young people, so they create intermediate steps -- such as brainstorming, searching online for phone numbers, crafting high-quality interview questions, and role-playing the interview -- that train all students for success. Practice Journal or Blog Writing to Communicate with Students Japanese teachers highly value the last five minutes of class as a time for summarizing, sharing, and reflecting. A nice way to change the pace of your class is to have students write regular reflections on the work they have done. Encourage and focus their writing with a prompt, such as "The Muddiest Point and the Clearest Point: What was most confusing about the work you did today, and what new thing was the most clear?" Use this approach to guide future lessons and activities. Consider writing responses to student journal entries in order to carry on a conversation with students about their work. Create a Culture of Explanation Instead of a Culture of the Right Answer You know you have created a rich learning event when all students are engaged in arguing about the best approach to the assignment. When you use questions and problems that allow for multiple strategies to reach a successful outcome, you give students the opportunity to make choices and then compare their approaches. This strategy challenges them to operate at a higher level of thinking than when they can share only the "correct" answer. Avidly collect problems and tasks that have multiple paths to a solution. As a math teacher, I create problems that have a lot of numbers instead of the usual two. For example, I can present this problem: 5 + 13 + 24 - 8 + 47 - 12 + 59 - 31 - 5 + 9 - 46 - 23 + 32 - 60 Then I can say, "There are at least three fundamentally different strategies for doing the following problem. Can you find them all?" Teach Self-Awareness About Knowledge All subjects build on prior knowledge and increase in complexity at each successive level of mastery. Effective learning requires that certain skills and processes be available for quick recall. Many students let too much of their knowledge float in a sea of confusion and develop a habit of guessing, sometimes without even knowing that they are guessing. Credit: Courtesy of Tristan de Frondeville To help students break this habit, paste the graphic at right next to each question on your assessments. After the students answer a question, have them place an X on the line to represent how sure they are that their answer is correct. This approach encourages them to check their answer and reflect on their confidence level. It is informative when they get it wrong but marked "for sure" or when they do the opposite and mark "confused" yet get the answer right. Use Questioning Strategies That Make All Students Think and Answer Pay a visit to many classrooms and you'll see a familiar scene: The teacher asks questions and, always, the same reliable hands raise up. This pattern lends itself to student inattention. Every day, include some questions you require every student to answer. Find a question you know everyone can answer simply, and have the class respond all at once. You can ask students to put a finger up when they're ready to answer, and once they all do, ask them to whisper the answer at the count of three. They can answer yes, no, or maybe with a thumbs-up, thumbs-down, or thumbs-sideways gesture. That also works for "I agree," "I disagree," or "I'm not sure." Numerical answers under ten are easy to show with fingers, but don't limit yourself to math questions. For instance, if you're teaching time management, have students let you know what their progress is halfway through the class by putting up one or more fingers to show whether they are one-, two-, or three-quarters done with the assignment, or finished. Do these exercises at least two or three times per class. Practice Using the Design Process to Increase the Quality of Work Students in school get used to doing work at a consistent level of quality. Unfortunately, low-performing students get used to doing poor-quality work. To help them break the habit, use a draft-and-revision process. Many professionals use such a design process to increase the quality of their work. Engineers build prototypes, respond to critical feedback, and refine their design before going into production. Artists make sketches of big works and revise their ideas before creating their final piece. Use the design process to drive your students to produce higher-quality work than they are used to doing when they create only a first effort. Include peer evaluation as part of the feedback they receive. Market Your Projects When your students ask, "Why do we need to know this?" you must be ready with the best answer possible. Great projects incorporate authentic tasks that will help students in their lives, jobs, or relationships. Engage students by developing an inventory of big ideas to help you make the connections between your assignments and important life skills, expertise, high-quality work, and craftsmanship. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills provides a good starter list. Also, search out the powerful processes and ideas experts in your own subject use repeatedly. (In math, for instance, my list includes generalizing and parts and wholes.) Keep a journal of the big ideas you've discovered simply by teaching your subject. By continually referring to these big ideas, you will encourage students to think and act like subject-matter experts and develop skills they will use throughout their lives.

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1,913

Skip to main content More Search Options A member of our team will call you back within one business day. Risk factors are habits and conditions that make heart disease more likely. The more you have, the higher your chances of heart attack, also known as acute myocardial infarction, or AMI, and other problems. Most risk factors can be managed to help make your heart healthier. Below are factors that increase your risk for having heart disease. This is the biggest of all the risk factors you can change. Smoking damages the lining of the blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Research shows that smoking makes women up to 6 times more likely to have a heart attack. Also avoid secondhand smoke (smoke from other people’s tobacco products). Diabetes causes high blood sugar, which can damage blood vessels if not kept under control. Having diabetes also makes you more likely to have a silent heart attack—one without any symptoms. You’re at risk if your blood sugar level is above 100 mg/dL. Lipids are fatty substances in the blood. LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (both bad lipids) can build up in artery walls, narrowing the arteries. HDL cholesterol (a good lipid) helps clear bad lipids away. You’re at risk if you have: HDL cholesterol 50 mg/dL or lower; LDL cholesterol 100 mg/dL or higher; triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or higher. High blood pressure occurs when blood pushes too hard against artery walls as it travels through the arteries. This damages the lining of the blood vessels making them narrow and stiff. You’re at risk if your blood pressure is 120/80 or higher. Excess weight makes your heart work harder. This raises your risk of a heart attack. Being overweight also puts you at risk of developing diabetes. Excess weight around the waist or stomach increases your risk the most. Being obese puts you at risk for developing heart disease. Without regular exercise, you’re more likely to develop other risk factors, such as being overweight and developing diabetes. High blood pressure and unhealthy lipid levels are also more likely. Emotions such as stress and pent-up anger have been linked to heart disease. Over time, these emotions could raise your heart disease risk. If you have heart disease, emotion such as anxiety and depression can make it worse. This is caused by a combination of certain risk factors. It puts you at extra high risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. You have metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the following: low HDL cholesterol; high triglycerides; high blood pressure; high blood sugar; extra weight around the waist. A few risk factors can’t be changed. But they still raise your heart disease risk. Family history. If your mother or sister had heart trouble before age 65 or your father or brother before age 55, you’re at higher risk of having a heart attack. Age. The older you are, the higher your heart disease risk.

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Fungal Nail Infections What is a fungal nail infection? A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. Fungi (plural of fungus) can attack your nails through small cuts in the skin around your nail or through the opening between your nail and nail bed. See a picture of a fungal nail infection. If you are healthy, a fungal nail infection probably won't cause serious problems. But it may look bad, hurt, or damage your nail or nail bed. A fungal nail infection could lead to more serious problems if you have diabetes or a weak immune system. Talk to your doctor about the best way to treat a nail infection if you have one of these problems. What causes a fungal nail infection? Yeasts, molds, and different kinds of fungi can cause fungal nail infections. Most are caused by the same type of fungus that causes athlete's foot. Fungi grow best in warm, moist places, and they can spread from person to person. You can get a fungal nail infection from walking barefoot in public showers or pools or by sharing personal items, such as towels and nail clippers. If you have athlete's foot, the fungus can spread from your skin to your nails. You are more likely to get a nail infection if you: What are the symptoms? A nail with a fungal infection may: When you have a fungal nail infection, it can be uncomfortable or even painful to wear shoes, walk, or stand for a long time. The fungus could also spread to other nails or your skin. Over time, the infection can cause permanent damage to your nail or nail bed. How is a fungal nail infection diagnosed? Your doctor will diagnose a fungal nail infection by looking at the nail, asking about your symptoms and past health, and possibly doing tests to look for fungi. Finding out what is causing the infection can help you get the best treatment. How is it treated? Whether to treat a fungal nail infection is up to you. If it is not treated, it won't go away, and it might get worse. But fungal infections can be hard to treat. If you do treat it, you could spend a lot of money, and the treatment might not work. If you decide to treat a fungal nail infection, you can try an antifungal cream, lotion, or nail polish. You can buy some types without a prescription, or your doctor can prescribe a stronger one. You may need to use this medicine for a few weeks or for as long as a year. Even so, it may not get rid of the infection. Antifungal pills give the best chance of curing a severe fungal nail infection, but they may cost a lot and have serious side effects. You will need to see your doctor for regular testing if you take these pills. You should not take them if you have liver or heart problems. How can you prevent a fungal nail infection? Fungal nail infections often come back after treatment. It is important to take steps to prevent this. Frequently Asked Questions eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need. Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies

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